4 AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN OF THE STRAITS FEDERATED MALAY STATES EDITED BY H. N. RIDLEY. a6 A., F-8:S., F.L. $2: 2.2e S,, Director of Botanic Gardens, S. S. AND J. Bu CARRUTHERS, FR. Som, F285, Director of Agriculture & Government Botanist, F. M. S. Vol VI. NEW SERIES. ‘SINGAPORE - Printed at the COVER EMENT PRINTING OFFICE, SINGaporeE, by . TYLER, Government Printer 1907. di Index for Vol. VI. PAGE Abnormalities in Hevea, by H. N. RIDLEY oe Pe 38: Acclimatization of Plants, Notes on, by H. N. RIDLEY yes, SHES African Rubber Vines, by H. N. RIDLEY yee PR Afzelia palembanica, Pest of, by H.C. PRATT... 248 ee! in the Federated seme States, oF B. CARRU- RS 175 Acris Director's Report sii nhs i ae Agri-Horticultural Show sa a sas 0 Anti-Opium Drug, by H. N. RIDLEY say eS by J. B. CARRUTHERS re Annual Report of Botanic Gardens ... Ae a oO Beans, Poisonous ue ee Botanic Gardens, Aviad ‘Rivet re ee a oe “ British World ” : ne as oe Brucea Sumatrana, by H. N. RibLEY fe Be Camphor ... se OSE Camphor, Out-look for, by H.N. Rincet eas ie ge Capua sp. attacking Afzelia, by H.C. PRATT... i ee Caoutchouc in Indo-Chine oe os coe eae Carbon bisulphide, by B. T EATON ... pee ae ee Castiloa, by POLSON SEFFER _ rae ae Sk I Ceylon Rubber Exhibition os ce 32, 34, 40 Account of ee re Chain Gamma tapping, by C. B. KLoss > i 387 Chemist Government, Report of _... o es Chengei Damar, by H. N. RIDLEY ... ae i AO Chinese Anti-Opium Drug - aN i Coconuts, Report of Inspector of Planvations Ogee he 395 Defoliation of, ye CPRATE ee Diseases: of os ee Coolies, Medical Management of, by Dr. P. N. GERRARD Crinum Northianum, ee by H. N. RIDLEY Cyanogenesis in Plants . Cymbopogon Drugs, Malay, by H. W. THOMSON... vy Drugs, Malay Duchemin, Fibre Machine Elaeis gumeinsis, by H. N. RIDLEY ves Estates, Laying out, by W. R. ROWLAND os Estates Reports i Fibre Machine et Ficus elastica in Tonkin Frangipani, Fruiting of, by H. N. Ripe’ Fruits, Colonial Exhibition of _ a Funtumia elastica, by H. N. RIDLEY Gardens Report, by H. N. RIDLEY Girth of trees, Method of Measuring, by J. B. Dee Grammatophyllum, Late ea of, by H. N. RIDLEY Guayule Rubber Herbarium in Botanic Gardens, by H. N. RIDLEY . Hevea Braziliensis :— Abnormalities in stem of, by H. N. RIDLEY Capsules, gathering, by G. WELMAN Early fruiting of, by H. N. RIDLEY Enemies of vee ae Seed, Oil of Seed, Weight of . Tapping patterns, by C. 5, Koss Transmission of Seed ay Vitality of, by H. N. RipLey Wind Twist in ree Yield of rubber ... bas Imperata cylindrica as a Paper Material, by H. N. RIDLEy ... Lalang as Paper Material, by H. N. RIDLEY iil PAGE. Market Reports _ ses wo (AAO Medical Management of Goblies, by Dr. Genin ne 5 Nitrogen, Fixation of ... oy Pe. eer tiBad ~Oil grasses ... ee se fa 829 -Oil palm, by H. N. RIDLEY ae we ey Padi Pest. «.. ee ees 1 or ae 306 Palaquium Gutta, Pests of uy ae bie ane. ae Pandans, by H. N. RIDLEY es ss es we vent ape Paspalum Grass, by B. HARRISON rh ges agg Plant Houses, by A. W. STEPHENS ae eae ssn 580 ‘Plumiera, Fruiting of, by H. N. RIDLEY Sin tc ee Powell Wood Process. 4, oe ee --- 49 Rhodonéura myrtoea__... ee es as 244 Rubber § see also sub Hevea :— | ae as Planting in Mexico, by P. O. SEFFER... : ie : In New Guinea, e H. N. RIDLEY ae foc Soe : In Malaya : vr na A oe In Indo-China ... see oe se 127 From atuber .. ; ye ie ee Cultivation as an investment, ‘by oe ee 190 ‘ Industry eS he ** Cultivation in the British Empire” : (Review) a ee At the Ceylon Exhibition ... = 3442 Factory of, in Singapore, by H. N. ice: a ae ae Companies in the East oe OO a eae At the Agri-Horticultural Show, ue ee ee Malacca Plantations aes ok Plantation ee Tapioca, fungus on - 204. Timber Notes 170° United Planters Association Report ae pr Oe Weather Reports A: 120, 152, 234, 270, 321, 367, 433: PLATES AND FIGURES. The Oil-Palm to face 40° Cooly lines semi permanent go latrines permanent lines Plan of an Estate abe 136 Apparatus for Testing Rubber 203° Pandanus Kaida 241 The Herbarium oe 329. Permanent Plant House 389- Duchemin Defibreur No. 1] | AMUARY, too. [Vou. VI. AGRICULTURAL BU LLETIN OF THE STRAITS .- AND FEDERATED MALAY STATES. EDITED: BY H. N; RIDLEY,: Mas F.Ls Director of Botanic Gardens, S. S AND 1.8. CARRUTHERS, PRSE., BL ae _ Director. of Agriculture & Govt. Botanist, Pu. Ss: CONTENTS, eure Rubber Planting in Mexico and Central Lee, by Pehr Olsson-Seffer, Ph.D. ... SoS 2. The Ceylon Exhibition - 932 “3 _ 3. The Ceylon Rubber Exhibition, +668; by re C. Wills a cep Annual Subscripti tion as Straits Settlements and Federat y States—Three Dollars. : re Annual Subscription ites places in Malaya—%3. 50. = Annual Subscription for India and Ceylon—Rs. 6-8-0 5 (Six Rupees & Hight Annas.) Annual Subscription for Europe—Nine Shillings. _ Back Numbers (Old and New Series) Whole nian Dollars. ‘Single Copy (Old and New Series) Fifty Ce ——ooe : ao au scare caine are payable strictly es sek S : ee To be pucesat at the Botanic Saeicna. Singapore, ; or om pints KELLY & Watsn, Limite A pe See a see e Singap andres" ey | “KELLY & WAL LSH, LIMITED 5 No. 1} JANUARY, 1907. [VoL Vie AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN Or THE STRAITS AND FEDERATED MALAY STATES. EDITED BY . N. RIDLEY, M.A, F.L.S., Director of Botanic Gardens, Sa. AND B. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S.E., Director of Agriculture & Govt. Botanist, F. M.S. CONTENTS. PAGE: 1. Rubber Planting in Mexico and Central — by Pehr Olsson-Seffer, Ph.D. ... I 2. The Ceylon Exhibition 32 3. The Ceylon Rubber thition, socks by J. C. Wills 34 Annual Subscription for Strait Se Settlements and Federated Malay States—Three Dollars. Annual Subscription for other places in Malaya—#3.50. Annual Subscription for India — Ceylon—Rs. 6-8-0 (Six Rupees & Hight Annas.) Annual Subscription for Wurope.. ine Shillings. Back Numbers (Old and New Series) Whole volume—Five Dollars. Single Copy (Old and New Series)—Fifty Cents. All Subscriptions are payable strictly in advance. To be purchased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, or from Messrs. KELLY & WaALsH, Limited, 32 Raffles Place and 194 Orchard Road, Singapore. : Singapore: - KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED, PRINTERS, 32 RAFFLES PLACE AND 194 ORCHARD Roap, SINGAPORE. _ NOTICH, Tue SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DEPARTMENTS OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE. His Excellency the Governor has received a despatch from the Right Hon’ble the Secretary of State for the Colonies calling attention to the advantages offered by the Imperial Institute to Merchants, Planters and others, who may w wish to have samples submitted to scientific experts for opinion as to their commercial © value, etc. The following extracts from a Memorandum published by the Authorities of the Imperial aes will give an idea af the work undertaken and carried on ther “« The Scientific and Technical — of the Institute has s been established to pater information by special enquiries ant experimental research, t ical trials and commercial val ‘tion regarding new or little en natural or manufactured pro- “ducts of the. various Colonies and. Dependencies of the British (a 1 ‘‘ products procurable from new sources, and local products of ** manufacture which it is desired to export. This work is carried ‘‘out with a view to the creation of n new openings in trade, or the ‘‘ promotion of industria] developments. 2. In an —— and well-equipped series of Research Laboratories, a numerous staff of skilled chemists carry out the investigation of the chomien constitution and properties of new dye e-stuffs, tanning materials, seeds and food-stufts, oils, gums and resins, fibres, timbers, medicinal plants and products, with a view to their commercial utilization. aoe necessary these vaiaberiad are submitted to special scientific tts, by whom they are made the are of particular faivestinatice or practical tests. Reports are also obtained from technical or trade experts in regard to the probable ecnmnasciad or industrial value of any such products. The Federated i States Government has undertaken to grant a sum of £100 a year for 5 years to the Department with a view to the careful investigation and commercial development of the siioxcnes resources of the States. The Government Geologist is collecting specimens for chemical . cacniemeet and after analysis the Imperial Institute which } is in ry co he principal manu ng and o industries of the United Kingdom, will bring the specimens manufacturers and others for trie witha view to their commercial development. go It is expected that this action will do much tobe in feud: developing the | _a market for new ogee aed : soeté onic ited. ao ll Planters and residents in the Straits Settlements and Fe de- tates for examination at the Doers Institute by whom a report will be made, through the Colonial Secretary. Specimens should, if posits: consist of a few pounds of the material and should be accompan y full information especially respecting the eS locality in ek the material is found and the extent of its occurrence Attention may also be drawn to the “ Bulletin of the rin obvi Institute” published ee: be h_ contains records of the c uses of vegetable and mineral products. Copies of this a canes price 4s. 6d. per annum (including postage), —s be ordered through Messrs. Ketty & Watsu, Ltp., of Singapore Special sample rooms have been atoot ne at the Imperial Institute, for the information of enquirers, in which materials which have been investigated and valued are available for reference. rtant products are also shown in the secede Court in the Public Galleries of the Imperial Institute Communications should be addressed ia the Bivetiok Imperial Institute, South Kensington, London, S.\ AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN OF THE STRAITS AND FEDERAITLEDmALAY STATES. No. 1.] JANUARY, 1907. [Vot. VI. RUBBER PLANTING IN MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA By PEHR OLSSON—SEFFER, Pu.D. INTRODUCTORY. Very little has been ne or published so far about rubber planting in Mexico and Central America. So little, in fact, that people generally do not seem to know that anything is done in those countries as regards rubber, except a few erratic attempts at oe that much despised Castil/a rubber tree. A short time ago I met a Ceylon planter in Japan. When our conversation turned towards rubber and I had receiv ved many tales about Ceylon, I volunteered the information that we had one or two plantations also in Mexico. He was highly bneptlied. A desire to dispel some i views, which I have found in Singapore, has tempted me to publish this article, which partly consists of some advance toe from my small handbook, “ Culti- vation of the Castilla Rubber Tree,” now in the printer’s hands, y of fr pre will perhaps give this avtitlé a rather pronounced tendency, and I have advanced some ideas which all of the Mexican planters are not yet wes to entertain. The Name “Castilla.” I wish first to ola why I am persistently using the a = ie name Castilla, pine of Castilloa, to whi ch m accustomed, I goon the principle that ev by its true sae ” The right name of the te “American t cobb bi tree is Castilla. It was first described an 2 and the tree was named thus in honour of the Spanish botanist Caciiis who had died the previous year, while he was working on a flora of Mexico. In 1805 an English translation of the paper was published anonymously, and now the name was changed to Castilloa. The translator (who is believed to have been CHARLES KoeniG, the keeper of the ee department of the British Museum) had no right to alter the name. A Mexican botanist had already, with just as little right, fveae to change the name to Castella, sete — the plant had been described. Now we have in systematic any certain recognized rules of nomenclature, and in 1903 by O. F. dps in © The Culture of the Central American Rubber Tree” or Bulletin No. 49, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, but it seems to have been overlooked. Different Forms of Castilla. Another question which is causing considerable misconception ber dozen eee or more. I have personally observed nine bag m the planter’s point of view it is of little significance w hiether ss one or more species are cultivated so long as the rubber 1s vale But it is in this fact of the existence of many different orms in which we have to find an explanation of the reputed failure ‘ot Castilla in different places, where its success had been presupposed If we plant seeds of the Castilla of the Atlantic side of Southern Mexico, with an almost continuous rainfall, on the Pacific slope of smaller, and a planter would soon find out that he had made a great mistake, had he tried this experimen nt ona large scale. It seems to me probable that if attention had been paid to this ircumstance, Castilla would be more ofa fav ourite than it is. ; *} ‘ 3 Wea Station. se Eaten reain specimens are secured of Castillas from various parts of Central America, and seeds 4 different varieties i d e e expect to be able to throw some light on thia question. Seeds o our local Castilla lactiflua have been sent to various places in ‘i West Indies, to British Guiana, Gold Coast and other places in ai and I expect to obtain reports upon the progress and development of the plant under the different conditions prevailing in these different countries The Geographical Distribution of Castilla. Castilla grows ules from 21° north latitude in Mexico south- ward through Guatemala, Hondur uras, San Salvador, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Pama. and also in North-Western South America. he area in Mexico is a belt ranging from ten to one hundred miles in width and extending from the port of Tuxpan in the north to the western boundary of Campeche, a distance of about 500 miles. The extent of the rubber belt is also rather small in Central America, where it can be said to follow the Cordilleras on both sides, while in South America it grows on the western slope of the Andes of aint a and Peru. Guayaquil rubber, Barranquilla, Darien, Panama, Cartagena, Honduras, Nicaragua, West Indian, Guatemala, and Mexican rubber. The most epee s species is Castilla elastica Cervantes, but other species such as C. markhamiana and C. tunu occur in different regions. The ques estion ye the geographical distribution of the various representatives of the genus Castilla is not yet sufficiently investigated. On the Isthmus of Panama the Castilla is quite common in some districts. Mr. Cross writes about its occurrence in this country :-— ‘The Caucho tree grows not in inundated lands or marshes, but in moist, undulating, or flat situations, often by the banks of streamlets and on hillsides and summits where there are any loose stones and a little soil. It is ated to se Sa bonhee halen pectations that whi paves beam for formed been Neen ~ ones tu _. ~ 4 As to Castilla in Costa Rica, Mr. T. F. Koscuny states :— ‘“‘ The safest and most productive rubber plant is the Castilloa elastica of Central America. Its tenacity of life and adaptability to soil and climate are seldom exceeded by other eh the same is also true of the quantity and quality of the ru “It requires a humid, warm climate, st with respect to rainfall Tess d depends upon the amount of prea than upon the distribution of it. The shorter the dry season and the more the rain extends over the entire year the Better will the locality be adapted for rubber culture; regions with a long, absolutely dry season are unsuitable for this culture. In the valley of San Carlos, Costa Rica, upon the Atlantic slope, it rains occasionally also in the dry season, and even in the two dryest months, March and April. The Pacific slope of Central America has, on the contrary, a completely dry season of four months, and two months at the beginning and end with little rain. Both the wild and the planted rubber trees die there at bee! third tapping at the latest, in case this takes place in the dry se Co.ins writes in his ; ek on the Caoutchouc of Commerce, in regard to the occurrence of Castilla in Nicaragua :— ‘‘ The basin of the Rio San Juan is where the Ule tree grows. to perfection. This river is the natural vent of the two vast basins of the lakes of Nicaragua and Managua, receiving numerous tributaries, which have all their sources in the innumerable tracts hitherto virgin and unfrequented, and where the trees abound. The ground is very fertile. The district is very unhealthy.” Rubber Planting in Central America. Throughout’ the Central American republics very little fei as yet been done towards plantin countries there is a great snstibility of government, and foreign capital is not attracted under such conditions. Labour conditions. are also very unsatisfactory on account of the frequent revolu- tionary movements, which sporadically crop up and draw the greater part of the Avie Dees men to the ranks either of Govern- ment or el mies. See ieee also offers a serious drawback, aiid man lanters are deterred from settling because of the reported unhealthfulness of the climate. This tice ] is plenty of land suitable for rubber arta A year ago I rode mala. In this latter sees very little sete ea rubber has so far been done. orthern Guatemala there is only one plantation of any account devoted se abbee In the other Central Am States, rubber cultivation has nic commenced on a small scale. In Nicaragua there are a number of plantations, especially near the Pearl Lagoon, on the Bluefields and Escondido rivers. In Panama rubber is being planted, in Costa Rica there are a few young plantations, 0 in Honduras rubber has been planted 5 as shade for cacao. In San gees some rubber has recently been planted. Altogether there are in ge Central American sepa as far as I know 1 Ber acres under rubber. ing the year 1904 the pg note at ‘ies latex from cultieated trees were made in Nicaragua. These experimental tappings were made on a Miiation about thirty miles north ORTER. The trees tapped were — in a ein in 1897, transplanted in 1898, and in 1904, at an age of seven years, they measured 17 to 30 inches in girth and 40 to. 45 feet in height. Of the 6,000 trees that were tapped the largest received three incisions, the medium-sized two incisions, and the small ones only one. The average amount of rubber per tree was and a half ounce. ’ syrup,” as the rubber of that district iscommercially known. A few of the largest trees were tapped repeatedly at intervals of two weeks without apparent nue and they yielded each time almost the same amount of rubber . The Government of Nicaragua, a few years ago, issued a decree offer ring a premium of ten cents for every rubber tree planted, when ~ number does not go below 250 trees planted by any one pers The decree provides that the trees mus planted sixteen fest apart. Very few planters have, however, seen fit to accept this offer. According to recent press reports She devastating cyclone, which visited Central America a few months ago destroyed most of the Bluefields plantations. It is ciate that some 450,000 well developed trees were thus broken and uprooted. In August, this year, the Government of the Republic granted a concession to a syndicate for the revenue from the exportation of se aay part. Incisions of at than one-half of the aisles toed ‘fof the trunks or limbs of the trees are also prohibited.’ The ‘contravention of this article shall be punished by a fine of $ 5 for “*every tree damaged.” On account of this concession it is required that a planter who wants to export his rubber, must produce at the custom house a certificate from the authorities of the district where the plantation is situated specifying the locality whence the rubber comes. The Government of Nicaragua has cana a tax oo fru exported from the coun suite dp the value ce of ex sje Kania pense os 8 fourth. oe ‘ 6 n the cacao estates in the Rivas district rubber trees have been planted as shade. In Costa Rica rubber has not proved a success as shade for cacao. In this latter country rubber is culti- vated near the coasts and on the Nicaragua frontier. Sever varieties of Castilla are grown, but the plantations are not yet in bearing, so that ae results as to the yield of these forms are still uncertain. In 1905 about 160,000 pounds wild Castilla rubber was exported from this country. Planting in Mexico. One of the first attempts a ee rubber in Mexico was made by the Hon. Matias Rom who in 1872 planted 100,000 trees near Suchiate River in antec: on the Guatemalan border. The owner had to abandon the place for political reasons and the plantation was gradually destroyed by native rubber collectors and by fire, so that at present there is hardly any trace left. On the identical spot of the old plantation a new one has been started in recent years by a relative of Sefior Romero. en I visited ie place, about a year ago, it was in a thriving condition. Some nine years o On the upper Grijalva, above Huimanguillo, there is a line of farms for about 30 miles; most of these are tapping 10 year old trees. Senor ABALos, of Huimangillo, ae! an average of 14 ounces rubber from his 10 year old trees last yea All this was done on a comparatively small scale, however, the plantations being in Mexican hands not consisting of more than a few thousands or tens of thousands of trees. About 18 years ago a number of rubber trees were set out as shade for cacao on La Zacualpa, in Soconusco, by the then owner Sehor Soe Of these there are some 1,000 trees pak ets they have been r larly Bsr: for ered years, the now presenting a scarred appearance as a result of the primitive method of tapping employed by the native huleros, g0,o00 acres. Next year’s planting, at a low estimate, will be — 10,000 acres. In this total I have not included what ‘“ has been” planted, but is no more. And I ae not believe the entire area mentioned above can be counted — to become producing. 7 In order to explain this I have to mention that it is estimated t of this money has never ee: Mexico, but has been squandered promoters in Amer A very large amount has also been lost through the i sonrauce ‘of many so-called planters and planta- tion managers. Rubber Cultivation in the Experimental Stage. While I am willing to admit that rubber culture has passed Oo pro ral methods this industry is still in its undeveloped childhood. It has been clearly demonstrated in the progress of many xeric industries, that very little advance is made before the rsons concerned have learned to appreciate the value of co- operation for the purpose of comparing area individual experiences and to take advantage of wledge gain y previous experi- ments. Among the rubber plipicrs. and planks managers in Mexico and Central America there is no co-operation whatever. thod planting, although in most cases he started in without any ieee. the various methods employed. may be able to advance certain theories regarding plant- ing phe we know that the rubber tree under certain conditions will grow well, we may be able to peiteer and prepare a certain amount oe rubber from the trees, but we cannot yet sa: which method of growing rubber will give the largest possible return, we do not know whether the most rapid grower is the best producer, and in regard to the manner of obtaining the rubber we still remain on a very primitive footing. The experimental era of rubber culture, instead of being short and inexpensive, is growing too long for these modern times and it has certainly been unnecessarily costly. Where the experiments should have been conducted ona small scale by persons specially istry has colossal expe: t oney have been staked on the integrity, possible pencg wiv se pr probabe good fortune of men, who i in
5-
Scrap 4 Fair to medium, 4/- to 4/3.
2
PLANTATION FINE To-pay,— to 5/84, same period last year,
5/11 to 6/1}. 5/74 to 5/84 p
hse SCRAP.—2/3 to 4/5, same period last year, 3/84 to
5/54-
. FINE Harp Para (South American),.—5/2, same period last
“year, 5/3.
AVERAGE PRICE OF CEYLON AND STRAITS SETTLE-
MENTS PLANTATION RUBBER
217 packages at 5/2$ per lb,
at last auction.
. , against 301 packages at 5/24 per Ib.
Particulars and prices as follows :—
Ceylon.
i MARK. Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB.
Sirigalla I case good biscuits and scrap, bought in oe
Doranakande 4 cases darkish biscuits, bought in. 1 case dark Pigs e
sheet, 5/3}. 6 cases good palish scrap, 4/5. 3 cases
cuttings, 4/33.
Waharaka 2 cases darkish biscuits, bought in. 2 cases palish pressed
Scrap, 4/
Rangbodde
1 case fine pale biscuits, 5/73.
MARK,
Ambatenne
Tallagalla
Warriapolla
Glencorse
Dolahena
Ambatenne
Tallagalla
Aberdeen
Clontarf
Kumbukkan
Kumaradola
Elston
Langsland
Arapolakanda
Ellakande
eo
a
CMRE Ld.
Sungei Krudda
BRRCo., Ltd.
61
Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB.
1 case good scrap, bought in. 1 case darker and inferior, 4/-.
2 cases pea fe darkish biscuits, bought in. 1 case pressed
block s
3 cases ee pals biscuits, 5/64. 1 bag darker and pee
Se BMS i ae pressed block scrap, 4/6. 1 bag so
what Saar 4/6. 1 bag rejected biscuits, 4/6.
I case good scrap, bought in,
2 cases darkish cut sheet, 5/33, 1 case thick rejections, 4/-.
1 bag cut block opie 4/6.
3 cases thie scrap,
2 cases very inferior scrap, ; bought in,
1 case good pale pect: 5/83. 2 cases somewhat similar, 5/5.
I case little inferior, 5 5. Icase davicish pressed scrap, 4/54.
1 case darkish crepe, bought in.
1 case palish to darkish od bought in. 1 case somewhat
similar, bought in. 1 case rejections, 4/1}. 1 case heated
scrap, bought in. I case dela scrap, bought in
2 cases good palish biscuits, 5/8.
2 cases inferior biscuits, bought in
12 cases oe oe raat » 5/65. 1 case lump scrap, 4/14.
e darkish scrap and rejections, 4/43-
9 cases oer arkish Etaatts 5/63. 1 case fine palish biscuits,
5/6. 2 cases pressed block scrap, 4/3. 1 case black pres ssed
block scrap, 4/2.
I case rh eae to darkish biscuits, 5/44. 2 cases oe pale bis-
, 5/74 1 case darkish pressed crepe, 4/103
4 cases ine palish cut sheet, 5/4.
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.
4 a fine Les crepe, 5/73. 13 cases A sco to darkish crepe,
/7. 7 cases darkish nie bought
4 cases nee ‘palish sheet, 5/54. .
7 cases good palish sheet, bought in.
1 case darkish oat 5/43.
se dark pressed block ae bought i case palish
“preaded block 5 seias, bought I case aecied od biswalts,
bought in
3 cases stall peu sheet, bought in. 1 case large rejected
biscuits, 5/6. 4 cases dark sheet, bought in. 3 cases rejected
sheet bought i in. 1 case palish sheet, ie
se palish ae scrap, bought I case cut rejected
‘bi Ssitts, ee I case darkish pressed scrap, 4/23.
4 Pp o darkish scored sheet, bought in. 2 cases
cases palish s
darkish Sj biscuits and sheet, bought in. 2 cases palish
to darkish sheet, bought in. 2 cases Lae de boa ai in. 2
cases palish sheet and biscuits ,bought in. 3 ¢ somewhat
— et t76.:- I~ Case ates palsh to sarkish biscuits,
i ase darkish eae Bate in. 1 case dark crepe, 4/3-
3 cases block scrap, bought
4 cases ore palish s heet, ie 2 cases darkish pao sheet
4/03. ase good prested scrap, 4/4. 2 cases inferl ae
20 cases good palish scored sheet, 5/54 to 5/53. 4 cases palish ‘ -
crepe, 2/3. 10 cases darker aad inferior, s/t. 2 cases per
4/94. 4 cases somewhat si :
62
i i od palish
cases fine large palish sheet, bought in _ 4cases go
Seer scrap, bought 4 3 cases thick rejections, 4/3. 1 bag fine
pale scrap, bought in.
: cia 6 23 cases good small palish scored sheet, 5/54. 3 cases good
c
t
x FMS, palish pressed crepe, 5/43. 9 cases darker, 4/114.
\ ef
: i ] i d crepe,
ll palish sheet, 5/5. 1 case palish presse
ete : ak ame darker; 5/3%. 1 case somewhat similar, /Qt-
2 cases darkish pressed crepe, 4/93.
K P Co. Ltd.
5 cases palish cloudy sheet 5/4}. 2 cases palish pressed oe
4/3- 4cases small palish to darkish cut sheet, 3/4 om
large palish biscuits and cut sheet, 5/23. I case thic a p
rejections, bought in. *1 case palish pressed scrap, 4/4
I case palish rejected sheet, 5/14.
P R
Java.
Calorama
3 cases scrap, bought in. 1 case similar, 3/-. 1 case heated
EH
scrap, bought in.
GOW, WILSON & STANTON, LIMITED—
India Rubber Market Report.
13, Roop Lane, Lonpoy, E. C.
December, 18th 1906.
2 i ttle
At to-day’s auction, 346 packages of Ceylon and Straits Se
ments Plantation grown rubber were under offer, of which abot
300 were sold. The total weight amounted. to about 234 toms,
Ceylon contributing over g and Straits Settlements over 14}.
In consequence of the
the auction was held to-
near approach of the Christmas holidays,
day instead of on Friday the 21st inst.
There was
good active competition, generally fully up to rates
current last sale. :
Medium to good scrap was in strong demand, and prices for “
description showed a slightly upward tendency. Crepe Biscuits am
Sheet sold steadily.
Some pale Crepe from C.M.R.E. Ltd. and Culloden brought ‘I
per lb., and some fine Ceylon biscuits from Culloden realized 5/7
per lb., the highest price, while 5/6% was the top figure for Sheet.
QUOTATIONS.—Fine sheet
ine biscuits, 3/7 to 5/74.
ood biscuits, 5/6}.
Fine pale, 5/8.
Crepe 4 Palish to darkish, 5/4? to 5/74-
. Dark, 4/10 to 5/-.
Scrap
63
Fine, 4/5.
Fair to medium, 4/- to 4/4.
Low
ee hs
PLANTATION FINE TO-DAY BE s 5/74: same period last year, 6/o%
Do.
ScRAP—1/II to hg same period last year, 3/4 to 5/34.
FINE HARD PARA (South American).—5/2, same period last year, 5/4¢
AVERAGE PRICE OF CEYLON AND STRAITS SETTLEMENTS
300
at last a
PLANTATION RUBBER.
paren? at 5/34 per lb., against 217 packages at 5/2 per lb.
eae Sad prices as follows :—
Mark.
Hapugastenne
Ingoya
Ellakande
Culloden
Kahagalla
Katugastota
Halgolle
Maddagedera
Elkadua
Taldua
Warriapolla
Highlands Estate
Jebong
Ceylon,
Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB.
4 cases fine be worm, bought in.
chee bought in,
2 cases fine large palish — 5/64. 6 cases smaller, some-
what pace 5/64. 1 case darkish pressed scrap, 4/4
mewhat similar, 4/43 1 case good palish block,
bought 4 ‘a
2 cases darkish pressed
I case fine pale and palish to darkish biscuits, 5/7. case
dark and slightly heated, 5/63 1 case darkish pressed
crepe, 5/-.
6 cases nice pale biscuits, 5/7 to 5/74 __1 case fine pale pressed
crepe,'5/8, 1 case little darker, 5/63. 9 cases darkish, 5/23.
1 case darkish scrap, b 1 case paler, 4/4. 2 cases
1 bag pale pressed scrap,
I case soon "ice scrap, tae 1 case darker, 4/14. 1 bag
rejections, 3/11}.
1 case darkish scrap, 4/44
1 case biscuits, bought in.
8 cases — crepe, 5/0}. 2 cases mers Ais ge bought in.
bought in.
10 cases palish and darkish crepe, 1 case black
pressed spre [63 cases in cae @ 11}. 3 cases
wh: yrit 4/ I s darker, 4/11}
3 Py good palish to darkish biscuits, 5/6.
1 case fine pale and darkish biscuits, 5/64.
palish pressed scrap, 4/5.
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.
Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB.
cases good darkish yes sheet, 5/53.
: crepe, 5/24-
darker, Tae "4 cases ark 4/10
5 cases fine large = sheet, 5/63.
5/34. 1 case darker, 5/1.
1 case good
I case uae
64
MARK Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB.
omewhat
ood dark pressed block, 5/1}. 2 cases S$
ae . simian 5/1{ 1 case palish, s/o}. I case eng ats al
Soe 5/9 1 se dark, 5/0}. 16 cases palish scored sheet, 5
Sc 4 cases palish pressed crepe, 5/4. 3 cases darker, 5/-.
dark, 4/10.
i kish
CMRELd 7 cases fine He crepe, 5/8. 14 cases good palish to darkish,
5/7%- ses dark, 5/o}. ss cael
Io cases ood Bi sheet, bought i 5 ca ;
oe boug x tin. 3 cases palish serap, ‘4/4h I case pale sep, alte.
I case ma Hg 3/34 I case rejections, 4/63. 2 case
scrap, bought 2
BR RCo Ld, 20 cases good p “ to darkish weitere sheet, othe Se a
ood lish crepe, I ne pale , é
a darkish : repe, sin a 1 case dark aes 4/93. 3 cases some:
what iar 4/10:
AAA
5 cases good darkish sheet, 5/5}. 4 cases somewhat similar, 5/34
2 cases good palish crepe, bought in. 1 case darker, 4/1ot-
12 cases palish to darkish crepe, 4/11}.
6 cases palish to darkish crepe, 5/14.
I case darkish crepe, 4/9}.
2 cases es cut sheet,
ish
5/6.
pressed scrap, bought in.
sa tae palish cut sheet, 5/6.
T case darkish scrap, bought in.
3 cases palish cut sheet, 5/6.
1 case darkish pressed scrap, bought in.
I case palish shee
1 bag fa scrap, oe aA 1 bag dark rejected biscuits, ee
2 cases palish rejected biscuits, 4/23.
2 cases inferior scrap, ee in, I case Seis bought in. ae
10 cases dark sheet 5/5- cases inferior, 5/43. 2 cases Pp
essed scrap, 4/ 5. t be dark saexeed crepe, 4,
I case black Eeeved block, 4/2%. 1 case palish a block
scrap, 4/5. I case rejected fischits 4/44-
4 cases palish to darkish sheet, 5/5}. 3 cases darkish sheet,5/5#
case da . . y t
ee rkish pressed scrap, bought in. 1 case rejections, bough
In,
65
Lewis and Peat’s Ceylon, Straits and Malay States
Plantation Rubber Report.
oth November, 1906.
PARA The market has been very dull since our last
and not much business has been done. Fine
Hard has been very quiet and only small
sales of distant have been reported at 5/2}
per Ib. Near is worth 5/2 nomina
Soft Fine on the spot and afloat sold at 5/o}
(@ 5/1} per lb. Negroheads steady with sales
of Cametas at 3/0? @ 3/1. Islands at 3/-,
Manaos worth 4/14 per Ib.
PERUVIANS A fair business done in Fine at 5/1} @ 5/r4,
Entrefine 5/0}, Scrappy 4/- @ 4/14 per lb.
according to quality, Slab 3/2 nominal, Ball
done at 4/2 on the spot. Dec. 4/1, buyers.
Jan. 4/0} and Feb. 3/114 sellers.
BOLIVIAN Fine nominal at about 5/24 per lb.
MOLLENDO Fine 5/- per lb., quite nominal.
PLANTATION GROWN
PARA At sale to-day 44 tons Ceylon and 23 tons
Malaya offered and the bulk sold. Biscuits
and Sheets 5/54 @ 5/73, Crepe No. 1 5/74 @
5/84, inferior Scrap and Chip 3/8 @ 3/3 per lb.
MEDIUM GRADES Especially Madagascars in good supply and
selling at about steady prices.
PLANTATION Particulars of the auctions as follows:—-
374 packages offered and 274 sold. Biscuits
5/54 @ 5/7%, Sheets 5/54 @ 5/58, Crepe No.
1 5/72 @ 5/84; Scrap, chip and inferior 3/8
PARA AND PERU- 890 packages offered and 528 sold: Ball 3/10
VIAN @ 4/2, Virgin 4/5, inferior Negroheads 2/11
@ 3/4, Weak Fine 4/7, good Peruvian tails
3/82 @ 3/94. a
MATTOGROSSO 89 packages offered and 25 sold, Virgin sheets
4/84.
MANICOBA 208 packages offered and bought in.
MANGABEIRA 145 packages offered and bought in.
COLOMBIAN— 36 packages offered and 30 sold. Scrap 3/9 @
CENTRAL 4/14, Black roll 3/11, Slab 2/10 @ 3/12.
AMERICAN Etc.
MADAGASCAR 393 packages offered and 142 sold. Red Ball
4/3, Spun Ball 3/10, Pinky 3/14 @ 3/64,
Mottled Majunga 2/94 @ 3/34, Immature
Ball 2/6 @ 2/8, Low Niggers 9¢., Virgin
Lump 3/94, Brown Cake 2/7% @ 2/9. |
66
MOZAMBIQUE 180 ee offered and 137 sold. 7 Rel
Ball @ 4/84, Stickless sausa
4/44, og sausage 4/04, Inferior Ball Hee
@ 3/7. |
NYASSA 73 bags offered and 31 sold. Good clean red ;
Ball 4/44 @ 4/5. :
UGANDA | 25 bags offered and 16 sold. Fine Plantation 5
sheet 4/104, Good black sheet 3/24 @ 4/3.
CoNnGo 14 packages offered and bought in.
ASSAM 35 bags offered and bought in.
RANGOON 52 packages offered and bought in.
TONQUIN 44cases offered and 2 sold. Ball Lamu :
character 3/52 @ 3/8. .
BORNEO 37 cases offered and 13 sold at 1/54 @ 2/64. —
JAVA 45 cases ie and 1 sold. Good Red sighlp
heated 3/7%
WEsT INDIAN 2 cases sold. Castilloa Plantation a [2
Scrap slightly heated 3/11 per 3
Lewis and Peat’s Ceylon, Straits and Malay States -
Plantation Rubber Report. :
oth November, ‘i s
The following lots comprising about 44 tons Ceylon ‘and about
23 tons Straits and Malay States were offered at auctions to-day -
and sold as follows:— |
Ceylon.
ARK, Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. —
Tallagalla I case Darkish biscuits 6m
Vso
| KM i eee Scrap wane Sh
Taldua 2 5, Biscuits dull sat eh
Ly oe ”
2), Dark scrap ioe ”
Waharaka 2 , Dark biscuits se on
Culloden 6 ,, Pale biscuits rather mouldy sev aun
2 ,, Fine pale crepe aN os cee
8 ” Brown crepe eee ”
3 » Chip crepe vee
Nikakotua 3 » Scrap crepe eee
2, Palish and amber sheets mouldy eo”
Ellakande 2. Mouldy biscuits aoa
Heatherley 2 ,, Good palish biscuits eer)
Ellakande 3 » Biscuits mixed colors oon
Hatangalla 2 ,, Palish biscuits eres:
tw 1 ,, Brown crepe Bae
a aes
MARK.
Mahaberia £
Kumaradola
Kumbukkan
Sirigalla
Kahagalla
Halgolla
Maddagedera
Teluk Batu
SR Co. Ltd.
K-P C Ltd.
Jebong
Highlands
_ 27 ,, Dark rolled sheets (6 sold))
7 4 Mottled crepe
Dark crepe
67
QuanTiTy, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB.
Pale weakish Ceara biscuits @
Fine palish biscuits ce
3 packages Brown scrap
2 cases Dark scrap and cuttings
2 ,, Biscuits mixed colors
» Biscuits dark
»» Scrap barky and heated
», Biscuits mixed colors
ge as aaa slightly barky Me ae
mo OD OM mt
», Fair scrap ee 4/44
i Pais scrap and cuttings ae 4/2
Straits and Malay States.
2 cases Good palish crepe Piet /8%
10 ,, Brown, black and pairs crepe ee 4/104
4 ,» Dark rather rough shee a 5/5%
ee sttton scrap We as 4/6
i =; sBiack crepe Wey 4/8
1 bag Barky scrap = a eT) is <
23 cases Dark rolled s
3 , Thin palish “en ” 5/78 é ‘8
1, Darkish crepe
7». Dark - do ‘4lo8 @ int
2 Chip. am 4/53 @ 4/94
1 ,, “Amber sheets ey 5/5*
1 ,, Rough biscuits * 5/44
2 ,, Scrap in pieces . » 4/8 @ 4/84
5 ,, Brown scrap pert dirty ye by 4/14
3. ., Rough biscuits “ow 5/5
2 ,, Good brown scrap oO 4/8
t1 ,, Part fine pale sheets, part weak & mouldy ,, [5%
ay Scrap in sheets » 4/5 @ 4/6 -
= Cases Large dark amber sheets, few not quite os ” s/ 5 bid.
» Very fine thin pale crepe ”
1 ,, Chip and scrap crepe .
Palish and mottled crepe
”
5/54
5/6%
bought in.
dlok
MARK.
Batu Unfor
BRR Co. Ltd.
C MRE Led.
Tjidyeroek
WERES
68
Quantity, DEscRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB.
9 , Rolled amber sheets, mouldy + @ 5/54 om
3 ,, Dark sheets eer) at
1, Pale mottled crepe ” iot
5. Dare a0. ? ” 5
3 5/08
24 ,, Dark rolled sheets = ve
8 ,, Mottled crepe (5 sold) 9
It Dare: to. : : ,, bought
3 ” Brown do. ” 4/ 16.
11 ,, Darkish and dark rolled sheet % 658
cae Pale crepe ” 5/74 5/6
13 ,, Pale and mottled crepe mixed ” op
10-5, I, 2 & 3 crepe mixed ) )
2 , Java Castilloa sheet », bought Pe
I ,, West Indian Castilloa sheet wee 4 z
Ton do. astilloa scrap slightly heated ,, 3/
Lewis and Peat’s Ceylon, Straits and Malay States
The followin
2t tons Strait
and sold as follows :-—
Mark.
Culloden
Ellakande
Heatherley
Culloden
Kumbukkan
M
Clara
Glencorse
Densworth
Tallaga'la
Ambatenne
Upper Haloya
a
Be
s and
Plantation Rubber
”»
- AN 6 we ee ST
“NF MO NDS &
Ceylon.
Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB.
7 Cases very fine pale biscuits @ 37
rownish crepe se on
Dark crepe ae “7
Biscuits mixed colors ” " 4
Fine pale biscuits a sjo8 3
Darkish cre ES Fo
Inferior scra : a boug 2
Dark amber s Mek ey 5/43 & 5/58
Fine biscuits paleandamber .-. ,,
Inferior dirty scrap o
Ceara pale biscuits ea as
Rough biscuits pie a
Biscuits mixed colors “a
Scrap ‘ (1 sold) ney
Good small dark amber biscuits nS
Darkish biscuits Seas cy
Sera: ee as
Pale biscuits slightly mouldy ...- ,,
Tap eee 7
Small Ceara biscuits See ag
Scrap a oe
Report.
23rd November, 1906.
g lots comprising about 3% tons Ceylon and a
Malay States were offered at auction to- ay
69
Mark QUANTITY, eg RIPTION AND PRICE PER LB.
2 ,, Rambong cr cn /
21 ,, Chip and a - bought in
20. ,, ‘scrap crepe ig bought in
a ,, Chipeepe a bought in
2. ;, Low scrap , bought in.
Culloden Ij; Seraperepe s » 5/-.
Heatherley 2 -,, Scrap crepe eee 5/2
Elston 2 ., Rather rough biscuits gi. thay bought in.
Straits and Malay States.
GP) 3 Cases Scrap wy 4 @ 4/38
(sp) 11 ,, Biscuits and sheets rather rough bought in.
Me *
4 , Rolled sheets 0p ~ OGRE in.
1 ,, Pale amber sheets pan a6 bought in.
I, Sérap crepe ee oe 4/ Ir
1 ,, Chip crepe Si 4/93
(sf 1. ,, Grey sheet eG bought in.
Scare 5 » Serap ber ge bought in.
s : .
(s P) 3, Sheets pale se oy Ought im-
: 7 ,, Rough sheets Spacaas bought in.
JE 8 ,, Rough sheets ” 5/3 bid.
3 4 Scrap pieces Ae 4/64
8 ,, Palish scrap ee 4/4. @ 4/6
¥ . Co. Ld
1
F, M.S, 16 Rolled amber sheets ae 5/53
LB)
2 Cases Crepe palish
8 ,, Crepe darkish
s t ,,. Dark chip
sR Co. Ed. 11 ,, Rolled amber s' eets
‘1, ~ Palish crepe
I ,, Darkish crepe
PB 9. ,, Chip crepe
SB 10 =«,,_~_ Large sheets
9 4, Inferior scrap
: Scrap pieces
= 2 ” P Pp
ae te 2 ,, Chip cre
Co. Ld. 26 ,, Rolled sheets
5 ,, Mottled crepe
9 , Scrap crepe
I ,, Chip crepe
2 ,, Brown crepe
> 3 ” Palish crepe
— ee Io ,,_ Rather rough sheets
Severlac 4 : Sake =
7O
Mark. or: DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. ——
Pataling 6 , No. 2crepe @ 5/1 bi
- _* 3.» - Serap crepe so
Pr 1 ,, Pale crepe --- y, bought in ;
SR Co. 1, No. 2crepe tia agg
Beverlac 13, Darkish sheets rather rough :
few pale -. 5, BOUgMEE
6 ,, Darkish scrap
2 ” Chip cr ”
3», Dirty dark scrap + DOUgnTa
Highlands Est. 3.» Fine rolled sheet er)
14 os olled amber sheet wea a
8 ,, Mottled crepe ’ =)
12 ,, Scrap crepe » 4/114-5/08
Batu Unfer 4» Rolled sheets light and dark
amber Heng
I,» Mottled crepe troy ya
3.» Serap crepe we 99 Si @ 5/08
SSBRCoLd 3 ” Amber sheets “e ” bought i
4 4, Serap fair oes bought it
Jebong +. 2, Chip and scrap crepe oe oy 419!
EB
30 ” Fine block (abt. 1% tons.) oo ”
4 ,, Chip and scrap crepe aes oy
| M e
ee ee 2 ,» Small dark biscuits acs aye
1, Thick virgin biscuits Bea ee
1 ,,\ Darkish brown scrap tes age
4» Pale sheets oes ”
LEWIS AND PEat’s Son. STRAITS AND MALAY STATES.
PLANTATION RUBBER REPORT.
18th December, 1906 a
The following lots comprising about 4} tons Ceylon and abou
16 tons Straits sain Malay States were offered at auction to-da}
and sold as follows
Ceylon. ry
Tal gars Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB.
Wartiant, : Cases darkish biscuits dull resinous @
P » Fine pale and amber biscuits Behe,
Ingoya T ” Good se Tap eee ”
2» Fine large palish biscuits ee
6 » Good palish biscuits See
: ” _- od we
” ine blocked biscuits bgt, os
Bitskande ' » Fine pale biscuits rather bubbly ++» -
» Darkish biscuits oon
71
Mark, QuANTITY, DESCRIYTION AND PRICE PER LB.
Culloden 6 Fine pale a @ 5/7 & 5/74
Bee ee repe Geet 5/63 & 5/
eee Brown Bese erate 5/2}
Hapugastenne 4,5, Amber Worms .» 4, bought in,
a. Se s do.
oe = d-col ld 6} & s/o}
29 ~,, Crepe mixed colors (17 sold) eer 5/03
ae GE — 6 oe Scrap es ” 4/4
5/8 bi
ee 11 ,, Fine pale worms ie oe /8 bid
Straits and Malay States.
Teluk Batu 10 Cases Dark rough sheet a 5/5
2 » ark sheets otids and not properly
‘siead = 5/43
2» Serp rey 4/5
6 ,,. Smoked black block Ora ie 5/1%
2, Whitish block undried vince 5/03
1, Black bloc gee oe 5/ot
16 ,, Rolled sheets Prat 5/63
2% Sre8t a ae 5/4
3 ” Bro ee ” 5/-
bey Black yy Ce es 4/10
Jebong 5 Large amber sheets eer 5/6
1 ,, Mottled crepe ea 5/3
1 ,, Dark repe ae ity sb
BRR Co Ld. 20 , Pale and ees rolled sheets cos iy, SIO ee
8 ,, Mottled c eg 3/4
i y4) sale : 5/8
© geen cra ; pias 5/14
I ” Chip » aoe ” 4/9%
3, Brown ee peace rs 4/ =
; Cc M R E Ld. 7 ” Fine pale c 7 Ba
14 ,, Fine pale crepe — little darkish 5/ 74
7 Chip and scrap crep ” o8 .
Beverlac 165.5, Dae — Sie —— ee
5 , Mixed colors bie Se Ors
$ ,, soap (6 sold) - 44a & 4/63
Kahag 4, Dark scrap fs 5) » » 4/33 & 4/4
eee 3 5 Sap ‘a 4l
rdalgolle $3 2s 4/th & a
addagedera ne ss iva 4/45
Highlands Estate 7 ,, Dark amber rolled sheets [ees oor
8 ,, Scrap crepe oS Sa 53
I ” Black ” vee ” pd ;
; oe ee bs e : 4ttt
— See, pee sheets ies 5/54
- 4 ” , part damp aoe ” 7
2 ,, Crepe mottled anaes
y L nn, darkish me
ing 12. ,, Mixed mottled and dark crepe +» a gal
gana a3 6 ae erases
SB es ” p » 3 :
rt ,, Dark crepe re
9 ,, Sheets mixed colors
4 » Sctip :
4 oy
To-day’s price of Fine Para 5/14 pet
oy
No. 3} MARGH, 1907. [Vor. VI°
AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN
STRAITS
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
EDITED BY
Hi ON: -RIDEEY, A. Fis.
Director of Botanic Gardens, S.S.
AND
J. B. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S.£., F.L.S.,
Director of Agriculture & Govt. Botanist, F.M.S.
CONTENTS,
PAGE.
Concerning the Medical Management of Coolies
in Malaya, with an Appendix of Plans and
Estimates _.., cs ae et ee 2
naa aes
Annual Crees, oes for feted Settlements and Federated
tes—Three Dollars
Annual he pa other places in Malaya—t3. 50.
Annual eae ee pe: India io a 6-3-0
(Six Rupees & Hight 3.)
Annual Sihensston | for Scale wes Shillings.
Back Numbers (Old and New Series) Whole volume—Five Dollars.
“g Single Copy (Old and New Series)—Fifty Cents.
- All Subscriptions are payable strictly in advance.
To be purchased at the Botanic Garaece Sinpayore,
or from Messrs. KELLY & WALSH, Limited,
a Rafiles Place and bee pected —— “a ae
Rete | ingapot ee . me
KELLY & WALSH. LIMITED, "PRINTERS
> Rare LES PLACE AND rod RCHARD ‘Roa . SIN
No. 3] MARCH, 1907. [VoL. VI.
AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN
STRAITS
AND
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
EDITED BY
H; oN, “iY, M.A, FAGG,
Director of Botanic Gardens, S.S.
AND
. B. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S.8., BbLSe
Director of Agriculture & Govt. Botanist, F.M.S.
CONTENTS,
: PAGE.
I. Concerning the Medical Management of Coolies
in Malaya, with an es - of Plans and
Estimates Rigs *
Annual Bnterripies for Straits Settlements and Federated
y States—Three Dollars.
Annual Subscription for other places in Malaya—%3.50.
Annual Subscription for oor er io ee 6-8-0
( upees & Hight Annas.)
Annual Subscription for hace an
Back Numbers (Old and New Series) Whole volume—Five Dollars.
Single Copy (Old and New Series)—Fifty Cents.
All Subscriptions are payable strictly in advance
To be purchased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore,
or from Messrs. KELLY & WaALsH, Limited
32 Raffles Place and 194 Orchard Road, Singapore.
Singapore:
KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED, PRINTERS
32 RaFFLEs PLAcE AND 194 ORCHARD RoabD, SINGAPORE. =
i
:
a
NOTICE.
Tue SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DEPARTMENTS OF THE
IMPERIAL INSTITUTE.
His Excellency the Governor has received a despatch from
the Right Hon’ble the Secretary of State for the Colonies calling
attention to the advantages offered by the Imperial Institute to
Merchants, Planters and others, who may wish to have samples
submitted to scientific experts for opinion as to their commercial
value, etc. The following extracts from a Memorandum published
by the Authorities of the Imperial Institute will give an idea of the
work undertaken and carried on there.
“Empire and of Foreign countries, and also regarding known
“products procurable from new sources, and local products of
“manufacture which it is desired to export. This work is carried
“‘out with a view to the creation of new openings in trade, or the
‘promotion of industrial developments.”
2. In an extensive and well-equipped series of Research
Laboratories, a numerous staff of skilled chemists carry out the
investigation of the chemical constitution and properties of new
dye-stuffs, tanning materials, seeds and food-stuffs, oils, gums and
resins, fibres, timbers, medicinal plants and products, with a view
to their commercial utilization. Whenever necessary these
materials are submitted to special scientific experts, by whom they
are made the subject of particular investigation or practical tests.
Reports are also obtained from technical or trade experts in regard
to the probable commercial or industrial value of any such products.
3. The Federated Malay States Government has undertaken
to grant a sum of {100 a year for 5 years to the Department with
a view to the careful investigation and commercial development of
the mineral resources of the States.
The Government Geologist is collecting specimens for chemical
€xamination and after analysis the Imperial Institute, which is in
very complete touch with the principal manufacturing and other
industries of the United Kingdom, will bring the specimens before
manufacturers and others for trial with a view to their commer cial
development. eo
It is expected that this action will do much to help in fiiding _ : : “
a market for new products and developing the markets for t
already exploited. 7 Bee
ii
Planters and residents in the Straits Settlements and Fede-
sample rooms have been arranged at the Imperial
Special
Institute, for the information of enquirers, in which materials which —
have been investigated and valued are available for reference. —
portant products are also shown in the Malaya Courtin the —
Im
Public Galleries of the Imperial Institute.
Communications should be addressed to the Director, Imperial
Institute, South Kensington, London, S.W. -
ts
iy
a
S
AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN
OF THE
SPRA?ITS
AND
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
No. 3.] MARCH, 1907. [Vou VI.
CONCERNING
THE MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF COOLIES
IN MALAYA
By P. N. GERRARD,
B.A., B.C.H., B.A.O., M-D., DUBLIN UNIV.
D.T.M.H., CANTAB., L.M.,. ETC., ETC.
With an Appendix of Plans and Estimates
By W. A. WILKINSON, A.M.1.C.E.
. Whilst the cry of “Rubber! Rubber! and large profits!” resounds
t roughout Ceylon and the Straits and is wafted abroad from these
countries, may I be permitted, in the interest of both the capitalist
and the coolie, to draw the attention of employers of labour to a few
yrs which seem to me to affect the future of the industry ; certainly
of ine country, and probably in every country wherein a large amount
bour is employed.
will Firstly, then, I would point out that all the wealth in the world
“| Not profit a man broken down in health. pee
on Secondly, that a dead or broken down coolie is of no practical use
.
[72 -)
Thirdly, that unless due precautions be taken, both these lament:
able eventualities are at least liable to occur, and indeed, as faras!
ave seen of the conditions under which the immigrant lives after
importation to this country as an agricultural labourer, the failure of
the coolie is quite probable.
As it is my purpose to deal principally with the conditions d
life of the coolie—the pawn upon whom the question of profits mus!
toa large extent depend—it will probably be sufficient advice in dealing
with my first point if I say to managers and assistants :—
Take every reasonable opportunity of getting away {from B®
Estate—especially up an hill—and when you get “played out
really ‘‘ seedy ” look to it at once.
_ Remember that malaria, bowel-complaints, and severe colds, att
seflous diseases, and if undealt with frequently leave sequela wil
neither money nor science can deal with.
Lastly, wear flannel if you can. i.
There are four fundamental necessities for the establishment ®
healthy coolie lines :— “
1. A pure water supply.
2. Adequate ventilation. ooo
_ 3. Some inexpensive but efficient system of Sanitatiot
in and around the lines. ie
4. Sound drainage. -
__ With regard to number 1, if the well system be adopted of mee”
sity, then remember that the “circle of influence” is at least 20! ai
> that sewage contamination has been traced to upwards os
peered peta permanent the wells should be bricked
_ All well and river water is the better for a passage through 4 He
dripstone filter, but these filters when used casually without CY, ))
are a danger rather than a method of purification. They MQ”
periodically boiled and scraped, as fungi are able to grow
es .)
their interstices and thus to contaminate good water, the water, if any
serious doubt exists about its purity, should be boiled, and stored in
some clean place where dust cannot fall into it; the tank or jar must
be covered.
Speaking generally the deeper the well the better, and if any hard
stratum exist in hills in the vicinity, artesian water may perhaps be
struck at a reasonable depth.
_ Pure streams from the hills are probably the soundest water in
this country, aqueducts of bamboo are cheap, and can be made over
long distances satisfactorily. Always inspect the catchment area.
_ All the rivers of this country are polluted to some degree, and if
river water is the only possible source of supply it must be filtered
and boiled. That portion of the river near the lines should be divided
‘Into three parts: (1) An upper reach for the drinking and cooking
serra (2) A middle reach for watering cattle ; (3) A lower reach for
ing.
If rain water is the only source of supply it should be stored in
large underground tanks as at Gibraltar and other unfortunately
Situated stations.
All tanks and wells should be protected from the entrance of
surface flood water, unless the surface over which the water flows is
above reproach, if, on the addition of 4 ozs. of permanganate of potash
to an ordinary-sized well, the water does not become and remain pink
for about an hour, the water must be looked upon as doubtful, and
measures should be taken to further purify it or to have it analysed.
the permanganate should be mixed in a bucket before being poured
into the well.
2. Ventilation. The question of ventilation involves little extra
€xpense, as obviously the less we place between ourselves and “ :
§ood fresh air” the less it will cost us in houses, and yet the better
We shall be, the present Kuchi is wrong in principle—by the present
Kuchi I mean the one which has a straight attaped back, a short roof
behind and a longer roof in front, under which is a verandah where
Cooking, etc., is performed—its chief mistakes are :— .
(a.) The roof is not high enough as a rule. ;
(0.) There is not sufficient ventilation above nor below, in
front nor behind the cubicles or sleeping rooms.
(c.) The verandahs, being also kitchens, frequently are the —
receptacle for all sorts of rubbish.
. After mature consideration and ample proof of its benefits I now
believe that there is but one ideal type of lines which is advisable in the
best interests of both employer and coolie, namely the lines which
Consist of a simple roof on supports, under which the cubicles are built,
( 34 )
none of the line partitions are over nine feet high, all cubicle floors are ‘
3 ft. 6 ins. from the ground and. open underneath. (Plans of this and
other hygienic lines are attached). :
Of about 15 estates with which I am familiar, the healthiest is”
one on which the above type of lines are in occupation, and I believe
ground (and so close the space under the benches), and that they be
ore as soon as possible by one of the type suggested. (Appendix
plans). a
An excessive height off the ground is almost as obnoxious a5
excessive proximity to the earth, because if the lines are too high the
underneath will be used as a hen-house or store, in all human
probability. | 7 :
Of the two forms of ventilation—the overhead and the underneath —
—the latter is perhaps the more to be insisted upon as we know _
animal CQz2 gas as exhaled, is most poisonous, and also that its spe ce
gravity is greater than air, therefore, in the absence of draughts by
under ventilation, it is obviously only a matter of time and opportunity
to become suffocated by it. ey
e now come to the question of Sanitation at the lines. Everyone
who has had anything to do with the Tamil coolie is aware of el
roaming habits under certain circumstances, his love of variety ant
the fields, or preferably the road or pathway, but that Tamil oO
or Chinese coolies or any other coolies cannot be gently but firmly
educated I absolutely decline to believe !
: ‘ ed by the inspecting doctor or agent the
rp ay in the garish sunlight, for filthy habits, in other words
ee ul proper sanitary accommodation becomes a feature of every Or
porte tn the country and a special coolie be detailed to look after the matte
isease must continue to exist amongst the whole class.” :
The type of latrine tithe . ; < cl ee ap-
sdefed-checd-elewated iia. erected is of the simp. a ich
eS )
Lines are generally, in my opinion, better without any open earth
drains whatever, they only serve as receptacles for all sorts of filth
and rubbish. The very fact of a convenient hole to throw things into
running all round the lines, is quite sufficient inducement to create a
d habit amongst a much higher type of individual than the average
coolie. My ideal surrounding for lines would be _ short-cropped
grass, gravel, laterite, or coarse ashes, not very expensive luxuries any
of them. I would run French drains at right angles, from the kuchis
right round, in order to keep the immediate vicinity dry. Pools, if
they occurred after rain, should be filled in or levelled. (French drains
are made by digging first a graded trench, filling in the whole length
of it with coarse rubble, then over this fill in finer gravel, then sand or
earth, and cover the whole with earth, gravel, or grass. Some sinking
will, of course, occur, which must be dealt with, but the result is an
enormous and cheap improvement.)
Brick drains round lines are, of course, charming, but they must
be carefully graded and capable of dealing with all flood-water, kept
clean by frequent sweeping and disinfection, and, where they run deep,
weep holes to carry off surface water should be made.
Tidal drains, whether of earth or brick, unless properly controlled
by water gates are in my opinion inadvisable. If thoroughly under
control and regularly opened and the drains swept with the ebbing of
the tide they may be made use of. :
If the watergates are opened at high tide and closed until low
water then opened and the drains flushed out at a high velocity, with
much sweeping, twice a week, then good results may be expected.
Too much stress cannot be laid upon the system of facilitating
all sanitariness amongst coolies, at present they are blamed as a
class—I believe quite wrongfully—for being dirty in their habits and
altogether bestial, they have no opportunity of being otherwise unless
the European places every convenience within their reach.
_Let a sanitary mandor be appointed to every 100 coolies, erect a
latrine for eve M tcetyias individuals, punish defaulters, inform
your coolies of the arrangements, post notices for those who can r
and I shall deem it a personal favour if you will let me know the
result at the end of six months.
System must be the password, and every drainage and sanitary
Plan should be capable of Pesan to meet larger demands. _
Principal Diseases of the Coolie. a
For obvious reasons it woolk be improper of me to write a full
“escription of the methods of treatment and diagnosis of disease in
of Paper and it would be quite impossible to do so within the limits
a ordinary essay, but in the interests of both parties I may perhaps:
7m)
1 ‘ suspect |
sketch briefly the principal symptoms which rete: a siontd
serious disease, and suggest a sound amateur treatm a
in such cases.
Malarial Fever.
inci 1 i lie is liable is Malaria
The principal disease to which the coo i
Fever, but if te apse of this disease remain discrete—by wil 1
should be continued in 5 gt. doses daily for Rite mene ae
neglect of this most important “regime of propiy u 5 ed jeter
of the relapse cases which cause so much invali ing
ed . : : be “ru
The necessity of sleeping in mosquito cura? qt oe chy
into” coolies ; the Chinese have adopted them an
gauze. Iam st m ee ade tion |
but curtains must be supplied where serious obstacles to its adop ;
exist.
oe : ito natural
In dealing with the question of fever the mosquito natures
comes under notice,
to combat the existence of this pest, I must first make my p
the means of infected Ano
make the necess
Mosquito houses were the only means adopted by the Comma
sent out by the London School of Tropical Medicine to that 40)
of malaria the Roman Campagna, and no cases occurred pos
€ members of the expedition, and again, the European who 8
ted himself to the bites of Anopheles which were infected 4°
(97)
previously in Rome, still occasionally gets fever (Mr. WARREN, assistant
in the London Tropical School who had an attack while I was study- ©
ing there).
Of oils and paints to keep off the mosquito there are many,
amongst others I can state from personal experiment that citronelle
oil kills two species of Anopheles at least, within 30 minutes, an
if renewed about every three hours upon exposed surfaces, it effectually
keeps them away. Antikito cream is well advertised, but I have no
personal knowledge of its efficacy ; it can be obtained from the Antikito
Syndicate, 6 Great Portland Street, London.
Anti-mosquito measures generally speaking consist in: 1. Closing
all ponds; 2. Draining all swamps; 3. Covering all necessary water ;
4. Kerosining all large stagnant areas of water; 5. Clearing the banks
of all slow-flowing streams and drains, and to the above I would add
fom my own experience the felling of einer: jungle, and the
hey of weeiasd in the ee of houses
tines a form of ri sentery, etc. Malaria is not the ag Fs chal
disposed disease which planters frequently imagine.
Dysentery.
I do not intend to deal exhaustively with this question, but I wish
to impress the fact that I believe the vast majority of dysentery cases,
as seen amongst coolies, have their origin either in malaria, or are of
a bacillary nature and highly infectious, the impossibility of separating
the two form ms, from a layman’s point of view, render a general rule
necessary, that rule is: Segregate all dysentery cases.
Bilharziosis, when ‘it affects the rectum aeons symptoms _
Similar to dysentery, it is known, but uncommon
If the health of an estate is a matter of any importance, each ©
ci case should be looked upon as if it were cholera, and
Solated immediately on its appearan
i Asa routine treatment a dose of castor-oil, with say_ 20 Aarops of 2
ap euyne, is the safest medicine to start on, arid on alriv: vi inc Ree
am a believer in enemata of various ae a c
thts symptoms.
( 78 )
Diarrhea.
iarrhoea causes a large mortality and invaliding rate amongst
coolies. I consider it to be chiefly due to one of four causes: I. Mica
in their drinking water; 2. Eating uncooked rice; 3- Malaria; —
4. Ptomaine poisoning, by which we understand the eating of food —
which has commenced to decompose. (Quite recently I_ met a coolie —
homeward bound with a species of ray which was quite bad, and I~
have no doubt that his intention was to share it with his family, 1 —
confiscated the fish and got a conviction against the vendor.) ;
§ ptomaine poisoning diarrhcea is difficult of diagnosis, and the
protraction of the illness very variable, and as it may be confused with |
other diseases (which I shall deal with below) I think that these
cases ought to be segregated, many of them might be tubercular or
idal in nature. The necessity of regular inspections of the food
inthe estate shop is a fairly obvious duty and will help to prevent
the ptomaine cases if all questionable articles are confiscated and —
Anchylostomiasis.
This disease, of which little is as yet known amongst laymen, has
been of late years so threshed out pathologically, that it is now, to the
tropical phys f diagnosis
uly. This scourge of the West Indian gare at one =
time, will be one of the most serious diseases to be dealt with in this
country, unless prompt precautions are taken with regard to its pre-
vention and cure in such places as it now occurs.
The disease in its fully developed stage exhibits the following
symptoms: anemia, swelling oie a abdominal pains, muscular
Of pains in the joints, and a lassitude, which may be remarked
quently as the first symptom os
The disease untreated invariably terminates fatally, but if the
treatment be applied in time it is not very difficult to deal with, and
the patient usually recovers. It is due to the action of a minute worm
which lives in the upper of the small intestine and sucks blood
from the patient, eventually causing a deep anemia or wateriness
the blood, which is followed by the symptoms enumerated above. The
gravity of the disease is proportional to the number of worms present
in the intestine. ' ce
_ The parasite can enter the system either by the mouth in drin
te water, or by the skin, and it works Sueee amongst coolies |
infected areas.
,
‘el
The worm can live in moist earth for a considerable time,
many authorities believe that it can multiply outside the body.
from the disease and then underge development inte wore
fectin Persons through the skin.
(79 )
When the almost total absence of latrine accommodation for
coolies is considered, together with the habits of the Tamil, and the
fact that they work barefooted, the chance of a worm gaining
admission into a human being must be regarded as “ rosy.”
The treatment, consisting as it does in the administration of a
somewhat dangerous drug—namely, thymol—I do not intend to deal
with herein, but it may be useful to hospital dressers to remember that
the drug is soluable in the following: chloroform, oils, turpentine,
alcohol, glycerine, and Ether (a useful pneumonic for these drugs
Is cotage), if they be administered to patients when thymol has been
exhibited poisoning follows.
The prophylaxis of the disease is simple, but extremely
diffcult—if I may be permitted the bull, simple because it consists
in either compelling coolies to wear shoes and gaiters or putties when
at work, or in smearing their legs with some sticky substance, before
they go to work—in the West Indies the planters, driven to extreme
straits, eventually stamped out the disease by insisting upon the coolies
stepping into green Stockholm tar before going to work. I believe
any thick oily substance will serve the purpose, the prophylaxis is
difficult, because it is obviously a tedious process to prove to the native
mind that such simple measures are necessary and effective for the
Preservation of their health. Latrines and a lines watchman are
absolutely necessary to see that sanitary instructions are followed.
_ Debility.
One of the principal headings of disease under which a multitude
of diseases are in reality included, it is a serious cause of invaliding
and stoppage of work.
s of dressers employed usually in estate hospitals, and also reflects
detrimentally upon he plasitel? and upon the revenue of the country.
h That these cases which cause such an enormous number of
deh tbirds, and “slackers” amongst labour forces here, can be-
ealt with by similar methods to those quoted by me cuteness Te
( 80 )
Anchylostomiasis, I have no doubt. The cause lies beyond question
‘hidden in one word, wounds, whether caused by biting flies, the
Anchylostoma, sugar-cane leaves, stoney ground, or what not, the
original cause of ulcer amongst coolies is, I believe, a wound, and the
method of their prevention is quite obvious.
The admissions for this disease in Krian district during Bi
amounted to 5,322 in a +total labour force of approximately 7,200, a
if the average number of days for which each case was in hospital be
put at say ro, the total monetary loss to the estates must have been
about $14,000. During 1906, 3,617 cases were returned on a labour
force of 7,135.
Dum-Dum Fever.
___ This disease undoubtedly does occur in imported Indians, but that
It Can arise or ever has arisen de novo in this country, is not certain. —
Ss I have already stated it may be confused with Anchylosto-
miasis, and some other debilitating diseases, the diagnosis can ort
made microscopically, and considerable skill is necessary in t
preparation of the specimen. |
There is as yet no known cure for the disease.
The disease has also been called Kala-Azar.
The principal symptoms will be anemia, swelling, weakness
enlargement of the spleen and liver, and great general debility.
___The cases must, of course, be sent to hospital, if only to have the
diagnosis made.
Bilharzia Disease. i
Endemic in Africa, this disease has happily not invaded #*
country to any extent. .
Symptoms affect either the bladder or the rectum, causite”
position a discharge of blood and mucus. |
It may be confounded with dysentery when affecting the latter. :
The
in either
The accurate diagnosis can only be made microscopically and i ‘
first aid treatment is likely to be necessary. eye.
In the event of severe bladder pain occurring, the general treat:
ment of inflammation of that organ (irrespective of the cause), name?”
@ hot hip bath, and barley water to drink, should be kept in mind. a
The disease is caused through bad drinking water.
Worms.
Many natives harbour intestin- : the cBinthonese pelt
(he ron sf Wath. testinal parasites, ens
if )
Tape worms occur but rarely in my. experience, but of whip-
worms the same cannot be said.
Intestinal worms cause a marked amount of debility and
frequently anemia also.
treatment of the ine worm is frequently a_ protracted
procedure, as the head of the worm is not easy of expulsion, the
treatment is ext. of male fern, or thymol, both of which drugs require
careful handling.
The round worm is expelled b santonin, which drug—although
it may cause yellow Ht ered occupy in this country a position
more akin to that occupied by quinine than it at present holds
Despite the arbitrariness of the statement, I am of opinion that
every coolie arriving in poor condition should have an ounce ee paris
oil on the day of his arrival, and 6 grains of santonin next morning.
= question of the psychological moment for the pdhbeniagration of
e drug, I leave to the intelligence of managers or a assistants ;
ic ideal method would be to treat the whole batch at on
Whip worms will require injections for their removal and as the
cause no actual invaliding do not cause any material effect upon
the work of the estate. Filtration of or boiling of the drinking water
is the proper preventive of these diseases.
Elephantiasis, Chyluria and Varicose Glands.
The cause of all the above diseases which occur, but are not
common in this country, is a blood worm.
€ worm is transmitted by the bite of Culex ee so that
our anti-malarial measures will help to prevent the diseas
Elephantiasis is diagnosed by the swelling of a part, usually a leg
or a foot, the sw elling is hard and brawny, the skin usually wrinkled,
and very coarse, the disease is usually uni-lateral and the affected part
does not pit on pressure.
Chyluria, due to the Filaria also, consists in a milkiness of the urine.
_ Varicose glands usually occur in the groin, they are hard and ©
painless, Tie
All these diseases can onl y be diagnosed microscopically in their
early stages and have little effect upon health until long € established. —
The majority of cases require the ae for their treatment.
Unusual aniongst coolies who Be hao see itis,
nevertheless, most im sith ane hi hat the symptoms of this disease s i ud
receive all possible publicity, . co intoreate @f the public h ener:
[we ) |
Any thickening of the skin, circumscribed, and of a coppery red
tinge, should be suspected. ee
Loss of feeling, even to sharp bodies, such as a pin, if it is found
in a hardened patch of skin is very suspicious. Thickening of the
nerves, for example an enlargement ‘and hardness of: the nerve at the
inside of the elbow—“the funny-bone ”’—should lead one to examine for
anesthetic patches elsewhere.
Chronic ulcers of the feet particularly of the sole of the foot, ate
frequently leprous.
The physiognomy of a leper is quite distinctive to the trained
eye, and when the seared, leonine expression is present, cannot be
mistaken.
Irregular and usually slight attacks of fever occur early in leprosy,
the later signs, such as the loss of fingers and toes and repulsive
ulcerations of the body, are, mercifully, seldom seen save in ™
asylums provided for these unfortunate beings.
Abscess of the Liver.
The fever, emaciation and general illness preceding the fall
development of this disease are so variable and progressive, that Is
diagnosis is hardly a subject for this pamphlet. ;
Early operation is the secret of success, and all that I need oS
about it will be a quotation from Sir PaTRIcK Manson’s lectures ®
the London School of Tropical Medicine: ‘‘ Whenever you find 4
Progressive deterioration of health and vigour occurring, accom
y some fever and Sweats, always suspect liver abscess.”
Sprue. il
_ I feel that a précis of sprue is a difficult task. Where a
diarrhoea ends and sprue begins is not easy of definition, but if
driven to a descriptive epigram, I would say, “sprue is a ¢?
deterioration of mucous membranes of unknown causation.’ of of :
The symptoms may be represented by various combinations % ©
a conglomeration of the following i | ee
omit
_ Diarrhoea,’ sore ton le, ulceration of the mouth, a ght
pains, pain on swallowing, pale stools, gassy stools, loss of me
and energy, shrinkage of the liver. I consider sprue to be comm.
amongst coolies in this country, but the difficulty of accurate diagnos
causes the majority of the cases to be returned as diarrhoea. a
The treatment, which should be commenced very early, consists |
d milk, suk
and Ce
al diarrhcea or sore mouth
would not progress to the acute disease. ne:
Pe a a le ey en aE OER I ey ae SSE EE PB Se nr RS EM AG EL re
. ofthe last case — for i after the et or Papel tae,
(3
I may perhaps be pardoned for having digressed somewhat, and in
some instances for having invaded the domain of the manager’s illnesses
rather than the coolies—as in the case of the treatment given above—but
I submit that on such occasions if I have outlined the proper treatment
for the manager he can easily substitute for what is laid down as his
treatment, what should be the treatment for his eoolie sick of the
same disease.
Infectious Diseases.
I have already laid down the advisability of isolating cases of
dysentery, diarrhoea, anchylostomiasis, and other intestinal diseases,
the necessity in infectious cases—strictly such—is absolute, and if it be
remembered that in the case of cholera alone, the disease frequently
commences as a simple diarrhoea, the expediency is obvious. Of
epidemic disease affecting bodies of coolies the principal will, of course,
be small-pox, cholera, chicken-pox, influenza, measels, dengue,
gue, to a minor extent enteric fever, and amongst the Chinese
beri-beri (which is perhaps not directly infectious). The majority of
diseases can seen coming, and arrangements made for the
isolation of the cases directly they occur, the estate should establish
quarantine against infected areas in the vicinity, and every endeavour
ould be made to prevent coolies visiting such infected areas.
Small-pox.
h The incubation of the disease is about 13 days, during this time
the patient feels quite well.
Fever starts with shiverin d sweati iting,
g, and sweating, and frequently vomiting,
prehlo ons convulsions, pain in the back is severe. €
‘ ever the eruption appears, in appearance like pimples, and
with scleral hard feel to the uch. : rea
e
‘he ie The secondary fever is severe, and about the 14th day
me anges most offensive, and may quite unrecognisable.
— of the eruption is a favourable sign.
The infecti : -
dui d on lasts until all the crusts have fallen. Careful
non of the hands, and of all material which hascomeincontact _
fs € patient is imperative. : a
have i upon the sick should be chosen from amongst those who -
Strict gu har the disease, or who have good vaccination marks. —
-
( 84 )
The best form of isolation hospital—and the cheapest—is a shed
of ataps, bound to iron supports, the floor should be cemented if
possible, and the “whole show” burnt when the epidemic is at an |
d.
Chicken-pox.
The rash comes out on the first day of the fever, all the symptoms
are less severe than small-pox, and the eruption comes out in crops
The feel of the pimples is not so hard as those of small-pox. Suppt-
ration occurs in the pimples just as in small-pox, but the two diseases
are really unlikely to be confused.
Plague.
x 7
and
acute fever, lead one to isolate the case promptly, but the cases ¥
I wish to put you on your guard against are, the pmeumontc
= working and standing order is this, “isolate all cases of high
fever which is accompained by marked depression, or giddiness, ®
Constant cough,” and try not to mistake a plague case for a arunss
the severe
pul’
headache, vomiting, unsteady gai t of
Soe ’ ait, depression, enlargemen
the glands (if of the bubonic tyne’. a
Plague patients are infectious for about one month after reco™ .
Rats are known to disseminate plague. a
Infection may take place through wounds and scratches, and
through the bites of insects, e.g., rat-fleas, bugs, and Per
mosquitos.
The excreta and sputum are infective.
Attendants upon plague cases should wear shoes.
[35 >)
Thorough disinfection of all clothing (if it be not possible to burn
it) is imperative.
An anti-rat crusade is advisable early in the epidemic.
Quarantine should extend to ten days unless the medical officer
relaxes this rule for good reasons.
Cyllin is said to be the best disinfectant.
Haftkines plague serum has been variously reported upon.
Cholera.
Frequently commences as a simple painless diarrhoea, but may
start very suddenly during the night, the diagnosis—in the event of
cholera existing in the vicinity—of all cases of diarrhoea, must be
guarded, and when under such’ circumstances, such cases occur,
isolation, prompt and efficient is strongly to be recommended.
The next stage is one of collapse from which many cases never
recover, the motions at this period become like rice-water, cramps
occur, and no doubt about the diagnosis usually remains, more
especially if the disease has been reported from the nearest town or
and clothing
I found, however, when dealing with the disease in Pahang in the
year Igo1, that a grave suspicion fell upon the river fish, and whether
“post hoc” or “propter hoc” the disease certainly abated rapidly
when I got the “kathis” to place the river fish under a “pantang,
thus preventing their use as food.
.. During the stage of collapse stimulants are indicated by the mouth
(if retained) and b hypodermic medication, the application of heat,
mustard plasters and such like remedies also.
Contact with the discharges must be avoided, and disinfection
carried out thoroughly if such contact occur.
The vomited material, the urine, and saliva are infective, and of
course the motions.
The most prompt isolation of all diarrhoea cases in the event of
cholera being present in the district is necessary.
If possible, change the water supply at once, examine the food —
Supply and milk supply, and destroy all articles of doubtful virtue —
(except human beings) on the estate or works at once. eae
Vomiting is usually severe in cholera cases and is usuall:
iret fluid. The appearance of a cholera patient is most typ
lows round the eyes, the dazed or hunted appearance, taker
aecther with loss of voice, coldness of the extremities, a feeble pulse,
£ep collapse, and the macerated appearance of the hands all lead one
rapidly to the correct diagnosis. — fs en ON
The vehicles of infection are, water, milk, and contaminated food,
(26)
ate process (see
ells should be submitted to the permangan :
ni wrich ie highly praised, but I personally prefer to rely upon
boiling.
had much to do with the fact that Raub remained clear. -
All excreta must be either burnt or buried. :
ven some
Contacts must be also isolated, and they should es se:
acid mixture thrice daily in order to keep the stomac ae
Measures to be taken upon the i 2
Outbreak of Cholera, Plague, or Small-pox. __
ip with |
I. Form bearer, burial, and sanitary es Res to be
stretchers, etc., treat all as contacts, their clothes — contac
carefully rinsed in 1 in 500 Corrosive twice daily and — Fo patient
2: On the discovery of a case, bearer company ten sae opened t0
to hospital, medical officer will remain to see the me ps scrubbed —
the sunlight, and the room either completely limewas eo
with r in 500 corrosive sublimate
*_ . 3. When the washing gang are started the named Bis, requent
should be taken, they should be sent to the contact shed. =
roll calls of contacts are essential.
jent’s clothes
4. During the Progress of 2 and 3 above, the patients © oe
may be burnt, all his utensils destroyed or boiled.
590 corrosive, 1 to each 50 cool : a
clothes of everyone in the lines steeped therein for 12 hours- |
6. All utensils of al} coolies must be boiled.
er su}
- All wells must be closed, and a sound, fresh wat is
arranged for (this in the case of cholera only).
i,
8. All coolies must rinse their hands in a solution of 1 in
1,000 corrosive before meals.
g. Change the bathing places if possible.
10. Limewash or corrosive wash all benches in the kuchies.
11. In the case of small-pox universal vaccination.
12. In the case of plague, plague vaccination and disinfection as
.
Dengue.
This disease is an exceedingly sudden, and extremely infectious
fever, it is marked by severe pain in the bones and joints, a rast
usually appears, but in this country is rather fickle in its appearance,
in the early stage of the fever it occurs as a simple redness of the
general body surface, which is hard to demonstrate on dark skins.
_ The pain in the joints and bones is frequently very serious, and t
disease has hence acquired the name of “ break-bone” fever. It almost
invariably occurs in epidemic form, and rapidly spreads, it may be
“seen coming” and advances from the neighbouring towns rapidly,
when it has once declared itself.
After the primary fever a short interval of calm or freedom from
fever occurs, and patients may even feel fit to go to work, but the
secondary fever then breaks out, and arash the true rash of dengue
shows up, this commences on the palms and backs of the hands, is
best seen on the back of the body to which it quickly spreads. It
consists of slightly elevated, circular, reddish brown, spots, about
— inch in diameter, which eventually coalesce to form plates
red.
Peeling occurs, and may last for some time (2 to 3 weeks).
Isolation of the first cases is advisable, but the disease so
rapidly that it were advisable not to expect too much of isolation as
a preventive measure in this disease.
Influenza.
The rash comes out on the fourth day of fever, it is well
the “‘running at the eyes” usually helps to diagno!
Ree!
Ca )
Measles, influenza, and dengue are easily confused, but if the planter
will look about him he will frequently find assistance from the facta |
certain diseases existing in the vicinity. 7
Phthisis. -
Consumption is an infectious disease. Consumption is terribly
erect consumption sanitaria, but for the present I consider that whet
a coolie is found to be suffering from this dread disease, that he should
be immediately repatriated, as the cheapest and best method of pre
serving the health of those who must associate with him in his work
and on the lines while in this country.
Hydrophobia.
A word or two about this shocking disease may not come peor
here. The disease is caused by the contact of the saliva of a rabid
animal with a wound on another animal (man included). ne
It usually occurs as the result of the bite of any animal
from rabies.
The first symptoms of the disease in the dog (which is the
monest domestic animal affected) are: 1. A change in temperamls
2. Restlessness.
The stages of the disease have been divided as follows:—
1. The premonitory or melancholic.
2. The irritative or maniacal.
hide himself, as this stage progresses he is often observed to ne
sticks, to eat pieces of stone, etc. -
: He then becomes “mad,” symptoms of choking, spasm, e
take place, panting, difficulty of breathing, vomiting, and cough 0 ct
a may run away from home, and sometimes they trav@
—— at this stage the diagnosis is generally easily made.
e last stage is paralysis, his jaw d h longet *..
: , his jaw drops, he can no 10M5* ”
low, his back becomes paralysed, nd the unfortunate animal
either in a convulsion or quite suddenly.
oe measures to be taken if one be bitten, or a wound of
come in contact with the saliva of such an animal, are: 1- Apply
(09 )
ligature above the seat of the bite if possible; 2. Burn the bite itself
with t iron; 3. Apply carbolic acid. The ligation should be
retained in position for about three hours. The incubation period from
the bite or contact, to the development of hydrophobia is variable,
but may be set down at from 4 weeks to I
Suspected dogs and other animals should be firmly tied up and
kept under observation, or they may be killed by shooting them in the
head, their spinal cord or a portion of it removed, placed in a bottle
containing glycerin, and sent to the nearest laboratory to be examin-
ed as to the exact diagnosis.
All uncared for animals should be shot for an area of about Io
miles round the focus of the disease.
In the unfortunate event of one being bitten by an animal doubt-
fully mad, the patient should be sent to Saigon or one of the Indian
Pasteur Institutes, with a piece of the spinal cord of the animal whic
bit him, for confirmation of the fact of madness, and, if confirmed, for
treatment. The reason for taking the cord is that some animals show
very rapidly the effect of the poison, and the disease can be with
certainty diagnosed by injecting them, and treatment rapidly started.
Hospitals.
_ Under the Labour Code which deals practically exclusively with
Chinese, sec. 79 lays down “that the resident may order an hospital to
be built, and a dresser engaged provided not less than 50 labourers
be employed.”
I have seen every class in charge of the sick I think, and the more —
Isee of the estates which endeavour to economise on their medical
department, the more convinced am I that it is folly of the most
superior brand.
I much regret that I have yet to meet the dresser, on $30 to $50
a month, who is dependable for a diagnosis; returns one can obtain
Th :
ams disease, and anchylostomiasis (with which you are now L trast
the se
Ptomaine poisoni ost of similar cases which may require
poisoning, and a host prs dearer article
90 )
In my opinion the most important point in dealing with th
health of estates and large works is the instant separation of the sich
from the healthy. No sick coolie should remain one minute in contad
with his sound fellows, certainly not one hour, and to leave him om)
day is criminal! 4
With the able assistance of Mr. WiLktnson—both of us I my)
mention working under difficulties—I introduced on the Krian Irrigation
Works a system of prompt segregation of the sick, with a view
stamping out the infectious dysentery which played havoc amongst the
coolies for a time. The method adopted was: At each lines Ww
established a small isolation shed of from four to ten beds, if any cool.
complained of dysentry, or diarrhoea he was immediately sent to
shed, the furniture consisted of beds, chamber-pots, blankets, tinned
milk, and cups, an attendant had charge, and all motions were Ke»
for inspection by a dresser or the medical officer. -
The system which was directed against dysentry would wort
equally well in other cases, and malingerers, diarrhea, and typhoe
cases could be “spotted’’ with some approach to accuracy. Tf the
system be carried a step farther it becomes applicable to forms
disease, all that is necessary being a shed with partitions for
who complain of different diseases.
.
gerin
a
shall be most ha * t di : e ha
of the coolie in Mone Iscuss any matter which concerns
bl My earnest thanks are due to Mr. W. A. WILKINSON, whose
= seen mati In converting my plans from an amateur cha™
workmanlike drawings I cannot over-estimate, that they will
ene in establishing a sanitary uniformity in Malaya Is
the planters find nythi ; ee ss ae
| ng of useful instruction in this ©"
planters thanks will be a more f4+: 1s
anything I could write i — fitting reward for my benefactors
Pp. N. GE
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PERMANENT CGDLY-LINES
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|
APRIL, 1907. ne (VoL. VI
AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN
STRAITS
- FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
EDITED BY
at ON. RIDLEX, M.A.; F.R.S., F.L.S., F-R-H.S.,
Director of Botanic Gardens, Se ae
AND.
iG B. CARRUTHERS, ER.SEag FLe Bey
Director of Agriculture & Govt. Botanist, F lee Ss
; ‘CONTENTS, :
bs Annual Spree of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore: and —
= Pe a
g, for the year aU ge 3
a aap eens ee
Annual sumerigion for § Straits tg Settlements and Federated
: : y
fe other places in. Malaya—8.
No. fu _APRIL, . tale ee Vi.
AGRIC LTU RA BU LLETIN
OF THE
STRAITS
AND
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
EDITED BY
H. N. RIDLEY, Ma F.r.sS., F.LS., ERS,
Director of Botanic Gardens, S.S.
J. B. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S.E., F.L.S.,
Director of Agriculture & Govt. Botanist, F.M.S.
CONTENTS.
AGE.
I. Annual Report of the Botanic apes ie and
enang, for the year 1906 .. gr
2. Market Reports... ““ ses hee a Ie
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OCTOBER, 1907. [VoL VI.
AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN
OF THE
STRAITS
AND
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
; EDITED BY ' :
aes Ge F.S.4 8,
Director of Botanic Gardens, S. S.
| AND
Be bk: CARRUTHERS, F.R.S.E., F.L/S.,
‘Dire tor eg Agriculture & Government Botanist, F. M. a
CONTENTS.
rbarium (with photograph )
s of Rubbe
Notes—Fixation of eseasinert = oe Crops oe
ot for lepiasee
The Fourth Jc
at the ee Show—By J B. Cannuraers: : a
ize Winners, Rubber Exhibits Pek es
ded at the Fourth hail Exhibition on : Danae
Agricultural Show 190
Rubber farket Report—Gow, Wilson & Stanton, be ie
id Rubber Shares
* ‘ ee . ee
Rubber from Para and Radice | in I ake ee
LL,
NOTICE.
_ The Standing Committee for Agricultural Shows have, with
concurrence of His Excellency the Governor and High
missioner, selected Kuala Lumpur as the venue for next
$s Show. It will probably take place about August.
OCTOBER, 1907. [VoL. VI.
AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN
OF THE
STRAITS
AND
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
EDITED BY
HM, RIDLEY, M.A,, F.R.S., F..S., F.R.H.S., F.S.A., F.R.CL,
Director of Botanic Gardens, S. S.
: AND
» B.. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S. E., ¥.L.35,,
Director of ee tere & Government Botanist, F. M.S.
CON ITED N ITS.
Page.
Herbarium (with photograph ) ay one geo
Exports of Rubber from Para and Mikgos in 1006 ae ae 330
Science Notes—Fixation of Nitrogen by Leguminous Crops ... a O54
The Outlook for Camphor
The Fourth oint Annual Agri- Hosticultural Show: of Siraits Settlements
and Federated Malay States
apes wp ep
Rubber at the Agri-Horticultural Shai-By J, Be. Canntrnm ERS I
List of Prize Winners, Rubber Exhibits ee +++ 340
— awarded at the Fourth Annual Exhibition ... ae s+ 345
; lance Sheet—A gricultural Show 1907 --- 358
ndia Rubber Market Report—Gow, Wilson & Stanton, ike ve 358
Tea, Coffee we gg Shares * w+ 304
Weather Re “ 367
al Subscription for 7 is @ tlomente and Federated Malay
tates—Three Dollars,
Annual Subscription a other places in Malaya—$3.50.
Annual Subscription for India and —_ —Rs, 6-8-0
Six Eighé Annas.)
_ Banal Subscription for Daren Nie Shillings.
bers (Old and New Series) Whole volume—Five rs.
Single Copy (Old and New Series)—Fifty Cents.
3 All Subscriptions are payable strictly in advance.
be Ee cased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, S.5S.,
Or from Messrs. KELLY & WALSH, Limited,
"Rae Place and 194, Orchard Road, Singapore.
eos CovesnaenT oui OFFICE. ©
NOTICE.
THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DEPARTMENTS OF THE
IMPERIAL INSTITUTE.
His Excellency the Governor has received a despatch from the
Right Hon’ble the Secretary of State for the Colonies calling
attention to the advantages offered by the Imperial Institute to
Merchants, Planters and others, who may. wish to have samples
‘submitted to scientific experts for opinion as to their commercial
value, etc. The following extracts from a Memorandum published
bythe Authorities of the Imperial Institute will give an idea of the
Work undertaken and carried on there.
ae an extensive and well-equipped series of Research
tories, a numerous staff of skilled chemists carry out the
- agen tanning materials, seeds and food-stufts, oils, gums and
ae im fibres, timbers, medicinal plants and products, with a view
| si i are also obtained from technical or trade experts in regar
. on The Federated Malay States Government has undertaken
oh ig asum of £100 a year for 5 years to the Department with —
: at to the careful investigation and commercial development of
| ae resources of the States. |
ex 7OVernment Geologist is collecting specimens for chemical
‘ venination and after cate the ‘aig Institute which ts in
‘ indgcomPlete touch with the principal manufacturing and other |
ue Manuface of the United Kingdom, will bring the specimens mente
“eveloomerc:® and others for trial with a view to thet commercia:
= ay :
/ is expected that this action will do much to help in finding
il
Planters and residents in the Straits Settlements and Federated
Malay States are at liberty to send (through the Colonial Secretary
at Singapore) specimens of little known or new vegetable or mineral
products of the Straits Settlements or Federated Malay States for
examination at the Imperial Institute by whom a report will
made, through the Colonial Secretary. Specimens should, if pos-
sible, consist of a few pounds of the material and should be accom-
panied by full information especially respecting the precise locality
in which the material is found and the extent of its occurrence.
Attention may also be drawn to the “Bulletin of the Imperial
Institute” published quarterly, which contains records of the inves-
tigations conducted at the Imperial Institute, and special articles on
tropical agriculture and the commercial and industrial uses of vege-
table and mineral products. Copies of this publication, price 4s. 6d.
r annum (including postage), may be ordered through Messrs.
ELLY & WALSH, LTD., of Singapore.
~§ sample rooms have been arranged at the Imperial
Institute, for the information of enquirers, in which materials which
have been investigated and valued are available for reference.
Important products are also shown in the Malaya Court in the
Public Galleries of the Imperial Institute.
Communications should be addressed to the Director, Imperial
Institute, South Kensington, London, S. W.
A ee
4 *
*
=
AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN
STRAITS
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
NO. t0.] OCTOBER, 1907. [VoL. VI.
=—=—
THE HERBARIUM.
This month we give a photograph of the Herbarium and Museum
building put up in the Gardens in 1903 at a cost of $5,926.00.
_ The little building measures 100 feet by 28 feet, and is divided
to two portions, the larger of which contains the herbarium, the
: smaller a collection of specimens of fibres, rubbers, dammars,
_ ‘fatfans and other useful local products. The collection of wood
‘Pecimens is also housed in this building. The pillars of the verandah
on Ornamental work around it is made of branches and stems
- tough barked Tembusu tree Fagrea fragrans.
Nb importance of forming a collection of local vegetable
Estable for reference and study is recognized by all Botanic
: nets and resins, rubbers, fruits, drugs, etc., which was kept for —
4 arium was started by Mr. MurTON, the first head of the
. ftom s, but Mr. COLLINS had deueiht a number of dried =
Deed England, mostly from WARD'S collections and — oe
td Wig 0™ India and the peninsula collected by WALLICH —
: PRT ag well as many European, Australian an' American
Many of these were in poor condition and had been
330
somewhat neglected, but have proved useful. MURTON made
collections of local plants, some of which he sent to Kew but
what became ot the bulk of his collection said to be a large one
is not known. There were very few of his specimens to be found
in the Herbarium in 1888. Mr. CANTLEY who succeeded him in
1880, commenced to form the first collection of native plants
adding also specimens of those cultivated in the Gardens.
amateur who collected chiefly in Singapore and Malacca. His
collections were obtained by Kew. NATHANIEL WALLICH, the
well-known Indian Botanist resided in Singapore at its foundation
for a couple of years on his return from his Nepal trip, to recover
his health, and collected plants in Singapore and Penang, and a
received plants from the latter island from GEORGE PORTER, 4
Schoolmaster who was given charge of the Penang Botanic Gardens
then at Ayer Hitam. .
From these collections all in the Colony, all that was then
known of the Botany of the Malay Peninsula “e derived. Nothing
was known of the piants of the Malay States, and little or nothing
was known of the plants which produced the rattans, dammars,
rubbers, drugs or timbers of the peninsula.
The first Botanists in the Malay Peninsula were Father
R
SCORTECHINI and KUNSTLER. jest who 19
his travels made an extensive collection of Perak plants. KUNST
chie employed by the Botanic Gardens of Calcutta to cole
efly in the Taiping Hills and L. WRAY too made ex
expec *
In Perak and collected largely. These three collections werk:
Ope nS en
pei re ge ia As =
Berotiphn fe Meee Meee Mem eee ey ie ers
331
distributed by the authorities of the Calcutta Botanic Gardens
ada set was supplied to the Botanic Gardens, Singapore.
was proposed to publish a Flora of Perak based on these
llections, but it was considered advisable to add as much as was
to the mountain districts leaving unknown the flora of the lowlands,
N contained so many of the important timber trees of which
hing was known.
Mr. C. Curtis who arrived at Penang in 1884 and took charge
Gardens there, was an excellent Botanist and devoted much
allention to the trees of Penang and added not a little to our
inowledge of these, especially of the very important and little
Nn group of Dipterocarpex. A set of his plants is preserved
the Botanic Gardens Herbarium in Singapore, and the study
in Penang
LIN’S ¢
Te the flora of all parts of the peninsula which were accessible.
of guards were instructed to bring in what they found in
Gardens. No attempt was made to make a general
1) alayan and Siamese plants were chiefly required, and
ae obtained wherever’ se able. The collection of Malay
Plants is probably the best in the world, and contains
f types and cot pes. Sarawak is also very well
‘cates of plants collected by Mr. BARTLETT, formerly
ie Museum there. A number of plants obtained by em
pac
‘ak on the occasions of two visits, and <
Bornean ferns collected by the Right:
332
Sumatra and Java are less well represented as are others of
the Dutch Islands. Of Christmas Island as represented by two
collections made by myself on two occasions is tolerably complete.
Cellular cryptogams are less easy to preserve though mosses
keep well, in this climate. Fungi seem almost impossible to keep
owing to the dampness of the climate. Marine algz are scanty
in these seas, but such as have been procurable are preserve
with a number of exotic species obtained in exchange.
MALAY PENINSULA: —
Singapore—Wallich (a few), Hullett, Ridley, Cantley.
Johore—Luke and Kelsall, Ridley.
Pahang—Ridley.
Malacca—Derry, Ridley, Cantley.
Negri Sembilan—Cantley.
Selangor—Ridley, Curtis, Burn-Murdoch.
Perak —Scortechini, Kunstler, Wray, Ridley, Curtis.
Penang—Curtis.
Kedah—Ridley, Curtis.
Tringganu—Roctado.
Kelantan—Ridley, Dr, Gimlette.
Siam—Dr, Keith, Curtis.
INDIA—Wallich, Rosburgh, Hooker, Clarke, Griffith, Mann.
CEYLON—Thwaites.
CHINA—Hauce.
JAPAN—Yusun Kudo.
AUSTRALIA—Von Mueller,
BorNEO—Haviland, Hewitt, Bartlett, Bishop Hose, Ridley.
SUMATRA—Ridley, Curtis.
JavA—Buitenzorg Gardens, Hullett.
CHRISTMAS ISLAND—Ridley.
PHILIPPINES—Merrill, Copeland, Cuming.
NORTH AMERICA—
EUROPE—Vari«us collectors. -
in so wet @ ©
is certainly
It is perhaps unnecessary to dilate on the importance 4 ;
of a herbarium. It is quite impossible to do any botamics
333
without specimens of the leaves, flowers and fruits of the various
useful plants. Before a herbarium was made here we did no
_ know what kind of trees produced the different timbers, native
drugs, dammars, resins, or rubbers, nor could we certainly identify
_ the plants producing them. The herbarium forms a reference
__ series by which not only can any useful plant be identified but we
can be certain of having got the plant wanted for any purpose, by
_ comparing specimens of it with those named in the herbarium, and
_ «an know too where it can be found when required.
me Neh
Export of Rubber from Para and Manaos in 1906.
lhe Gummi Zeitung gives some details about the export of
_ Rubber from Para and Manaos in 1906 :-—
Grades. To Europe. | LOL, sheds Total.
Ibs. Ibs. Ibs.
4,218,833 3,360,331 7:579,164
568,772 810,034 1,378,806
1,462,769 2,481,587 3,944,356
ve 2,177,687 694,827 2,872,514
Total Export for 1506 | 8,428,061 | 7,346,779 15,774;540
ze 1905 8,464,866 | 6,923,931 15,388,797
t the half year, January to June, 1906, shewed an increase of
189,201 Ibs. ove i i
.
the work of rubber collecting in ellen : |
not hav
"eseen. While there was still an increase to record in
,sust the production decreased bens! va
Agger
there was an abatement of 317,600 Ibs.
334
result was due to the fact that in the previous year the upper river-
tributaries had in October begun to rise, while in December, 1906,
they were still dried up, and navigation at a standstill.
The value of the Rubber before shipping, z.., before duty had
been paid on it, probably exceeded £9,500,000.
W. J. GALLAGHER.
SCIENCE NOTES.
Fixation of Nitrogen by Leguminous Crops.
From an article entitled ‘Recent Progress in the Practice of
Green Manuring,’ which appeared in the Bulletin of the Impert
Institute, the following particulars, relating to the fixation of nitrogen
by leguminous crops, and the advantages of such crops for use in
green manuring, have been abstracted :—
Green manuring improves soils on which it is carried out, in
several ways. Vegetable organic matter is added, which not only
provides plant food, but also improves the mechanical texture of
heavy soils, by lightening it, and making it more open. urther,
the organic acids produced in the decomposition of this vegetable
matter act as solvents upon the soil constituents, and so render more
material available for plant nutrition.
a Crop, nitrogen from the air is fixed, or converted into nitrogenet :
compounds, and stored up in the soil, where it is available fort
succeeding crop,
stances, to extract a certain uantity of nitrogen from the air, and to
make use of it in their tissue building. The actual method o on |
tion of the nitrogen by these plants, however, was not understood untt
1886, when HELLRIEGEL and WILFARTH furnished an explanation
reserve of food
to their tissues was supplied by
from the soil. Messrs. HELLRIEGEL and
occur, nodules or swellings were to be found o
further found that le
335
_ tultivated soil was added, the plants recovered, formed nodules on
_ the roots, and also became capable of absorbing nitrogen. These
_ nodules, upon examination, were found to be full of organisms which,
since the sand in which the plants were growing had been sterilized,
could only have been derived from the water extract of the cultivated
soil that had been added. It was concluded from these observations
that the assimilation of free ‘nitrogen by leguminous plants takes
place after the formation of root nodules, which are caused by some
organism present in cultivated soil.
These organisms have been isolated, and further observation has
shewn that the different forms associated with different leguminous
plants are all modifications of one species, to which the name,
Pseudomonas radicicola, Beyerinck, has been assigned.
__As regards the actual way in which the bacterial organism enables
€ plant to assimilate nitrogen from the atmosphere, since it has
_been proved that the organism itself, even when isolated from the
plant nodule, can in certain forms, take up nitrogen, and store it up
In itself as nitrogenous matter, there seems little doubt that it also
absorbs nitrogen in this way when in the nodule.
___ The present view of the case, briefly stated, is that, firstly, the
_ bacterium enters the root of the plant, where its originally minute
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&xpensive nitrogenous manure, such as sodium nitrate or sulphate
ammonia, .
330
in the soil, or have lost their activity, as indicated by failure in the
growth of leguminous crops and absence cf root nodules.
Ho, He
The Outlook for Camphor.
The following extract from the Pharmaceutical Yournal for
June 22 last, refers to the possibility of a substitute being found for
camphor in the manufacture of celluloid, and to the production of
camphor by synthetic processes :—
There have been rumours of a substitute tor camphor in the
celluloid industry, ard although there may be little foundation for
such rumours, there is no doubt that research in this direction has
been encouraged by high prices. Then there is the problem of
synthetic camphor ; several processes are being worked in England,
in Switzerland, and in the United States, and there is a probability
that before long (provided the price of turpentine, on which these
prccesses depend, remains reasonably normal) the synthetic product
will be offered at a price lower than the present price of the natural
article.
H.-N. EK.
—_—
THE 4TH JOINT ANNUAL AGRI-HORTICUL-
TURAL SHOW OF STRAITS SETTLEMENTS
AND FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
The 4th annual Agri-Horticultural Show was held this year at
Kuala Kangsar on the gth, roth and rith August. So far as
beautiful Surroundings are concerned no finer spot could have been
selected, but the want of accommodation for Exhibitors and visitors
attending the Show was severely felt, a fact which must be recog-
nized in selecting the venues for future Shows.
Beautiful weather prevailed for the three days. The form of the
buildings was to some extent similar to the Penang Show 7.¢., three
sides of a square, with a band stand and Kiosk in the centre. The
shed for agricultural implements and the rubber coagulating machine
Were In an annexe at right angles to the building containing native
industries. The Poultry were housed a little distance from the last-
named shed whilst the cattle-sheds were some distance away near
the river.
As was to be expected Perak shewed up magnificently and may
be said to have monopolised the Show, fully four-fifths of the Ee
: His Excellency the Governor accompanic™
y Miss. ANDERSON, His Highness the Sultan of Johore_ etc. —
amid a brilliant throng of Europeans and natives opened the Show :
at 11 a.m. His Highness the Sultan of Perak who spoke in Malay
337
presence, he contrasted the country before the British occupation
and now and said how delighted he was when he heard that the
Show was to be in Perak, and that he was glad to point out the
interest taken in the Shows by his people of their free will. His
Excellency who spoke for about a quarter of an hour, after thanking
His Highness for his kind words referred to agriculture gencrally
and Coconuts and Rubber in particular. He also dwelt upon the
labour question and the methods Government was adopting for
putting it on a satisfactory basis, after a tribute of praise to the
hard working Committee he declared the Show open.
; Exhibits :—Speaking generally the Exhibits were of a high
_ Standard and as might have been expected the Rubber exhibited
Was an advance on previous Shows both as regards quantity and
improved appearance and gave the Judges a difficult task in deciding
_ the relative merits. Padi and Pulut was in strong force and shewn
ia variety of bags, bas.ets, etc. Betel-nuts were good, as likewise
Were the Coconuts which were an even lot. opra was very fair,
some thirty odd lots competing, the various other classes call for no
Special remark except perhaps the Exhibits of Medicinal and dried
plants shewn by Mr. Macuapo of Kamuning Estate, of the former
some 222 varieties were shewn, the labels in most cases giving
the uses to which they were put. The dried plants were also
__heatly arranged as were the samples of fibres put up by the same
_ gentleman.
___ The Horticulture Division so far as plants and fiowers were
_ ©oncerned was a failure, the few poor specimens that were shewn
_ only served to accentuate the fact On the other hand the fruit
_ Was distinctly good and more particularly the Durians sume 0
Which were of enormous size, all the classes in the Fruit Section
filled well.
___ The usual excellent collection of vegetables from Taiping Hills
_ Was again in evidence, very nicely arranged by the Honorary
General Secretary Mr. T. W: MAIN. ae
. There were a few interesting Exhibits of preserved fruits, Pickles,
_ Chutnies and Eggs which were really very good. pe ag
Unquestionably the strength of the Show lay in the mero
devoted to native Industries. In the three former Shows fre
. bi , Of their washing and coagulating machine, !r 7m sol
oo by Kamuning Estate some excelle rubber
338
turned out in less than half an hour, and could have been ready
dried and packed for shipment home in a few hours if need be.
Mention should be made of an exhibit in this Section by Mr. A,
B, STEPHENS of Taiping of a corrugated iron sheet, perforated with
slits on the arched or convex surface, it is designed for a covering
for plant houses where light is essential without heavy rain, by havin
the slits on the convex portion only, and the concave left intact the
latter forming water channels. Mr. STEPHEN was awarded a
Diploma for his invention.
The Divisions for Cattle and Dogs were of local interest only and
call for no special remark. The grand collection of Perak Elephants
gathered together for the occasions however was a source of never
ending admiration.
Mention should be made of a collection of Miscellaneous Exhibits
from Labuan the most interesting of which were the Gongs and
Metal works of very unique designs and apparently old. Many of
the best specimens were secured for Raffles Museum.
W. FOX.
Rubber at the Agri-Horticultural Show.
a
The Rubber shewn at the Peninsular Show this year exceeded all
previous Malayan Exhibitions in quantity and in quality. The Para
sheet and biscuit class contained the greatest number of Exhibits,
though crepe ran it close. In both so many exhibits approached a
high standard that the Judges found it difficult to separate the prize
winners. Very little of the material, particularly in sheet and biscuit,
was of that pale colour, which, according to advices from home,
seems to be favoured by buyers just now. Possibly the spell of dry
was high and the quality very uniform in dry block. The wt
exhibits were indifferent. _
There was a fair number of exhibits, in the Rambong class, oe
excepting the first few which were well ahead of the others, the
quality was more uniform than in any other group: bee Ph .
Cup for scrap drew few competitors, probably due to the fae
exhibit—crepe from Willughbeia sp.—was very good.
collection of various wild rubbers and seeds came from the
ment Gardens, Kuala Kangsar; their Ceara sheet was
ae
339
appearance and of fair quality. There are not enough people
willing to devote the amount of attention needed for collecting and
experimenting on rubbers of comparatively little financial value.
The Guttas were few ; the winning exhibit was a Gutta Taban.
It is extremely difficult owing to the lack of knowledge of definite
criteria in rubber to separate lots differing slightly in quality.
The following table gives the points on which the Judges marked
the exhibits; the maximum of marks under each heading and the
number actually awarded, which is the average of the different
judges, judging by points is the fairest method but is of necessity
a longer process than the rough and ready process of judging by
selection, so much so that the judges were unable to complete their
work on the first day. Fifty marks being the total by doubling
their total competitors arrive at the percentage of the total
maximum awarded to them.
It appears that most exhibits arrived late on the day before the
Show opened ; this caused considerable confusion, and accounts for
some exhibits appearing without numbers. It is hoped that in
future there will be no grounds to make this complaint. Further it
is desirable for Exhibitors sending in two or more exhibits of
different merit, to label them A, B, C, etc.
The judges, the Acting Director of Gardens, Singapore
r. W. Fox, the Chairman of the United Planters Association,
Mr. R. W. HARRISON, and the Director of Agriculture, Federated
Malay States, Mr. J. B. CARRUTHERS, were assisted in their task
by Mr. W. G. GALLAGHER, Government Mycologist and Assistant
tothe Director of Agriculture whose help hastened considerably an
interesting but lengthy task.
J. B. CARRUTHERS.
340
LIST OF PRIZE WINNERS, RUBBER EXHIBITS,
KUALA KANGSAR, 1907.
SPECIAL CLASS.
FOR THE BEST SAMPLE OF RUBBER IN ANY CLASS
IN THE SHOW.
PRIZE A SILVER CUP.
Presented by the United Planters Association.— Won by
Messrs. Pears, Lanadron Estate, Muar—Sample of dry block.
_
Class 8 —Para Crepe.
|
Resiliency Colour Absence :
| Uni i n fe)
Exhibition Number. schastieley apy ‘cd Presta Moisture, iene ae
Max. — Marks 10. ax. Max.
Marks 20. | Marks 1o.} Marks 10.
ee Geri eeae eReaareh sae setae
Ist aa 8 435
2nd ; , : : 3 bE |
ae 15'5 9°5 9 8 42 ,
628 16 9 8 7s ee ?
201 5 75 9 9 405 ;
2074 14, 8 9 85 30°5 )
henge 17 Ps bx 65 | eae
ey . 9 Quite oJ peas .
2016 14 9 8 g 38 “