4 AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN OF THE STRAITS FEDERATED MALAY STATES EDITED BY H. N. RIDLEY. a6 A., F-8:S., F.L. $2: 2.2e S,, Director of Botanic Gardens, S. S. AND J. Bu CARRUTHERS, FR. Som, F285, Director of Agriculture & Government Botanist, F. M. S. Vol VI. NEW SERIES. ‘SINGAPORE - Printed at the COVER EMENT PRINTING OFFICE, SINGaporeE, by . TYLER, Government Printer 1907. di Index for Vol. VI. PAGE Abnormalities in Hevea, by H. N. RIDLEY oe Pe 38: Acclimatization of Plants, Notes on, by H. N. RIDLEY yes, SHES African Rubber Vines, by H. N. RIDLEY yee PR Afzelia palembanica, Pest of, by H.C. PRATT... 248 ee! in the Federated seme States, oF B. CARRU- RS 175 Acris Director's Report sii nhs i ae Agri-Horticultural Show sa a sas 0 Anti-Opium Drug, by H. N. RIDLEY say eS by J. B. CARRUTHERS re Annual Report of Botanic Gardens ... Ae a oO Beans, Poisonous ue ee Botanic Gardens, Aviad ‘Rivet re ee a oe “ British World ” : ne as oe Brucea Sumatrana, by H. N. RibLEY fe Be Camphor ... se OSE Camphor, Out-look for, by H.N. Rincet eas ie ge Capua sp. attacking Afzelia, by H.C. PRATT... i ee Caoutchouc in Indo-Chine oe os coe eae Carbon bisulphide, by B. T EATON ... pee ae ee Castiloa, by POLSON SEFFER _ rae ae Sk I Ceylon Rubber Exhibition os ce 32, 34, 40 Account of ee re Chain Gamma tapping, by C. B. KLoss > i 387 Chemist Government, Report of _... o es Chengei Damar, by H. N. RIDLEY ... ae i AO Chinese Anti-Opium Drug - aN i Coconuts, Report of Inspector of Planvations Ogee he 395 Defoliation of, ye CPRATE ee Diseases: of os ee Coolies, Medical Management of, by Dr. P. N. GERRARD Crinum Northianum, ee by H. N. RIDLEY Cyanogenesis in Plants . Cymbopogon Drugs, Malay, by H. W. THOMSON... vy Drugs, Malay Duchemin, Fibre Machine Elaeis gumeinsis, by H. N. RIDLEY ves Estates, Laying out, by W. R. ROWLAND os Estates Reports i Fibre Machine et Ficus elastica in Tonkin Frangipani, Fruiting of, by H. N. Ripe’ Fruits, Colonial Exhibition of _ a Funtumia elastica, by H. N. RIDLEY Gardens Report, by H. N. RIDLEY Girth of trees, Method of Measuring, by J. B. Dee Grammatophyllum, Late ea of, by H. N. RIDLEY Guayule Rubber Herbarium in Botanic Gardens, by H. N. RIDLEY . Hevea Braziliensis :— Abnormalities in stem of, by H. N. RIDLEY Capsules, gathering, by G. WELMAN Early fruiting of, by H. N. RIDLEY Enemies of vee ae Seed, Oil of Seed, Weight of . Tapping patterns, by C. 5, Koss Transmission of Seed ay Vitality of, by H. N. RipLey Wind Twist in ree Yield of rubber ... bas Imperata cylindrica as a Paper Material, by H. N. RIDLEy ... Lalang as Paper Material, by H. N. RIDLEY iil PAGE. Market Reports _ ses wo (AAO Medical Management of Goblies, by Dr. Genin ne 5 Nitrogen, Fixation of ... oy Pe. eer tiBad ~Oil grasses ... ee se fa 829 -Oil palm, by H. N. RIDLEY ae we ey Padi Pest. «.. ee ees 1 or ae 306 Palaquium Gutta, Pests of uy ae bie ane. ae Pandans, by H. N. RIDLEY es ss es we vent ape Paspalum Grass, by B. HARRISON rh ges agg Plant Houses, by A. W. STEPHENS ae eae ssn 580 ‘Plumiera, Fruiting of, by H. N. RIDLEY Sin tc ee Powell Wood Process. 4, oe ee --- 49 Rhodonéura myrtoea__... ee es as 244 Rubber § see also sub Hevea :— | ae as Planting in Mexico, by P. O. SEFFER... : ie : In New Guinea, e H. N. RIDLEY ae foc Soe : In Malaya : vr na A oe In Indo-China ... see oe se 127 From atuber .. ; ye ie ee Cultivation as an investment, ‘by oe ee 190 ‘ Industry eS he ** Cultivation in the British Empire” : (Review) a ee At the Ceylon Exhibition ... = 3442 Factory of, in Singapore, by H. N. ice: a ae ae Companies in the East oe OO a eae At the Agri-Horticultural Show, ue ee ee Malacca Plantations aes ok Plantation ee Tapioca, fungus on - 204. Timber Notes 170° United Planters Association Report ae pr Oe Weather Reports A: 120, 152, 234, 270, 321, 367, 433: PLATES AND FIGURES. The Oil-Palm to face 40° Cooly lines semi permanent go latrines permanent lines Plan of an Estate abe 136 Apparatus for Testing Rubber 203° Pandanus Kaida 241 The Herbarium oe 329. Permanent Plant House 389- Duchemin Defibreur No. 1] | AMUARY, too. [Vou. VI. AGRICULTURAL BU LLETIN OF THE STRAITS .- AND FEDERATED MALAY STATES. EDITED: BY H. N; RIDLEY,: Mas F.Ls Director of Botanic Gardens, S. S AND 1.8. CARRUTHERS, PRSE., BL ae _ Director. of Agriculture & Govt. Botanist, Pu. Ss: CONTENTS, eure Rubber Planting in Mexico and Central Lee, by Pehr Olsson-Seffer, Ph.D. ... SoS 2. The Ceylon Exhibition - 932 “3 _ 3. The Ceylon Rubber Exhibition, +668; by re C. Wills a cep Annual Subscripti tion as Straits Settlements and Federat y States—Three Dollars. : re Annual Subscription ites places in Malaya—%3. 50. = Annual Subscription for India and Ceylon—Rs. 6-8-0 5 (Six Rupees & Hight Annas.) Annual Subscription for Europe—Nine Shillings. _ Back Numbers (Old and New Series) Whole nian Dollars. ‘Single Copy (Old and New Series) Fifty Ce ——ooe : ao au scare caine are payable strictly es sek S : ee To be pucesat at the Botanic Saeicna. Singapore, ; or om pints KELLY & Watsn, Limite A pe See a see e Singap andres" ey | “KELLY & WAL LSH, LIMITED 5 No. 1} JANUARY, 1907. [VoL Vie AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN Or THE STRAITS AND FEDERATED MALAY STATES. EDITED BY . N. RIDLEY, M.A, F.L.S., Director of Botanic Gardens, Sa. AND B. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S.E., Director of Agriculture & Govt. Botanist, F. M.S. CONTENTS. PAGE: 1. Rubber Planting in Mexico and Central — by Pehr Olsson-Seffer, Ph.D. ... I 2. The Ceylon Exhibition 32 3. The Ceylon Rubber thition, socks by J. C. Wills 34 Annual Subscription for Strait Se Settlements and Federated Malay States—Three Dollars. Annual Subscription for other places in Malaya—#3.50. Annual Subscription for India — Ceylon—Rs. 6-8-0 (Six Rupees & Hight Annas.) Annual Subscription for Wurope.. ine Shillings. Back Numbers (Old and New Series) Whole volume—Five Dollars. Single Copy (Old and New Series)—Fifty Cents. All Subscriptions are payable strictly in advance. To be purchased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, or from Messrs. KELLY & WaALsH, Limited, 32 Raffles Place and 194 Orchard Road, Singapore. : Singapore: - KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED, PRINTERS, 32 RAFFLES PLACE AND 194 ORCHARD Roap, SINGAPORE. _ NOTICH, Tue SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DEPARTMENTS OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE. His Excellency the Governor has received a despatch from the Right Hon’ble the Secretary of State for the Colonies calling attention to the advantages offered by the Imperial Institute to Merchants, Planters and others, who may w wish to have samples submitted to scientific experts for opinion as to their commercial © value, etc. The following extracts from a Memorandum published by the Authorities of the Imperial aes will give an idea af the work undertaken and carried on ther “« The Scientific and Technical — of the Institute has s been established to pater information by special enquiries ant experimental research, t ical trials and commercial val ‘tion regarding new or little en natural or manufactured pro- “ducts of the. various Colonies and. Dependencies of the British (a 1 ‘‘ products procurable from new sources, and local products of ** manufacture which it is desired to export. This work is carried ‘‘out with a view to the creation of n new openings in trade, or the ‘‘ promotion of industria] developments. 2. In an —— and well-equipped series of Research Laboratories, a numerous staff of skilled chemists carry out the investigation of the chomien constitution and properties of new dye e-stuffs, tanning materials, seeds and food-stufts, oils, gums and resins, fibres, timbers, medicinal plants and products, with a view to their commercial utilization. aoe necessary these vaiaberiad are submitted to special scientific tts, by whom they are made the are of particular faivestinatice or practical tests. Reports are also obtained from technical or trade experts in regard to the probable ecnmnasciad or industrial value of any such products. The Federated i States Government has undertaken to grant a sum of £100 a year for 5 years to the Department with a view to the careful investigation and commercial development of the siioxcnes resources of the States. The Government Geologist is collecting specimens for chemical . cacniemeet and after analysis the Imperial Institute which } is in ry co he principal manu ng and o industries of the United Kingdom, will bring the specimens manufacturers and others for trie witha view to their commercial development. go It is expected that this action will do much tobe in feud: developing the | _a market for new ogee aed : soeté onic ited. ao ll Planters and residents in the Straits Settlements and Fe de- tates for examination at the Doers Institute by whom a report will be made, through the Colonial Secretary. Specimens should, if posits: consist of a few pounds of the material and should be accompan y full information especially respecting the eS locality in ek the material is found and the extent of its occurrence Attention may also be drawn to the “ Bulletin of the rin obvi Institute” published ee: be h_ contains records of the c uses of vegetable and mineral products. Copies of this a canes price 4s. 6d. per annum (including postage), —s be ordered through Messrs. Ketty & Watsu, Ltp., of Singapore Special sample rooms have been atoot ne at the Imperial Institute, for the information of enquirers, in which materials which have been investigated and valued are available for reference. rtant products are also shown in the secede Court in the Public Galleries of the Imperial Institute Communications should be addressed ia the Bivetiok Imperial Institute, South Kensington, London, S.\ AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN OF THE STRAITS AND FEDERAITLEDmALAY STATES. No. 1.] JANUARY, 1907. [Vot. VI. RUBBER PLANTING IN MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA By PEHR OLSSON—SEFFER, Pu.D. INTRODUCTORY. Very little has been ne or published so far about rubber planting in Mexico and Central America. So little, in fact, that people generally do not seem to know that anything is done in those countries as regards rubber, except a few erratic attempts at oe that much despised Castil/a rubber tree. A short time ago I met a Ceylon planter in Japan. When our conversation turned towards rubber and I had receiv ved many tales about Ceylon, I volunteered the information that we had one or two plantations also in Mexico. He was highly bneptlied. A desire to dispel some i views, which I have found in Singapore, has tempted me to publish this article, which partly consists of some advance toe from my small handbook, “ Culti- vation of the Castilla Rubber Tree,” now in the printer’s hands, y of fr pre will perhaps give this avtitlé a rather pronounced tendency, and I have advanced some ideas which all of the Mexican planters are not yet wes to entertain. The Name “Castilla.” I wish first to ola why I am persistently using the a = ie name Castilla, pine of Castilloa, to whi ch m accustomed, I goon the principle that ev by its true sae ” The right name of the te “American t cobb bi tree is Castilla. It was first described an 2 and the tree was named thus in honour of the Spanish botanist Caciiis who had died the previous year, while he was working on a flora of Mexico. In 1805 an English translation of the paper was published anonymously, and now the name was changed to Castilloa. The translator (who is believed to have been CHARLES KoeniG, the keeper of the ee department of the British Museum) had no right to alter the name. A Mexican botanist had already, with just as little right, fveae to change the name to Castella, sete — the plant had been described. Now we have in systematic any certain recognized rules of nomenclature, and in 1903 by O. F. dps in © The Culture of the Central American Rubber Tree” or Bulletin No. 49, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, but it seems to have been overlooked. Different Forms of Castilla. Another question which is causing considerable misconception ber dozen eee or more. I have personally observed nine bag m the planter’s point of view it is of little significance w hiether ss one or more species are cultivated so long as the rubber 1s vale But it is in this fact of the existence of many different orms in which we have to find an explanation of the reputed failure ‘ot Castilla in different places, where its success had been presupposed If we plant seeds of the Castilla of the Atlantic side of Southern Mexico, with an almost continuous rainfall, on the Pacific slope of smaller, and a planter would soon find out that he had made a great mistake, had he tried this experimen nt ona large scale. It seems to me probable that if attention had been paid to this ircumstance, Castilla would be more ofa fav ourite than it is. ; *} ‘ 3 Wea Station. se Eaten reain specimens are secured of Castillas from various parts of Central America, and seeds 4 different varieties i d e e expect to be able to throw some light on thia question. Seeds o our local Castilla lactiflua have been sent to various places in ‘i West Indies, to British Guiana, Gold Coast and other places in ai and I expect to obtain reports upon the progress and development of the plant under the different conditions prevailing in these different countries The Geographical Distribution of Castilla. Castilla grows ules from 21° north latitude in Mexico south- ward through Guatemala, Hondur uras, San Salvador, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Pama. and also in North-Western South America. he area in Mexico is a belt ranging from ten to one hundred miles in width and extending from the port of Tuxpan in the north to the western boundary of Campeche, a distance of about 500 miles. The extent of the rubber belt is also rather small in Central America, where it can be said to follow the Cordilleras on both sides, while in South America it grows on the western slope of the Andes of aint a and Peru. Guayaquil rubber, Barranquilla, Darien, Panama, Cartagena, Honduras, Nicaragua, West Indian, Guatemala, and Mexican rubber. The most epee s species is Castilla elastica Cervantes, but other species such as C. markhamiana and C. tunu occur in different regions. The ques estion ye the geographical distribution of the various representatives of the genus Castilla is not yet sufficiently investigated. On the Isthmus of Panama the Castilla is quite common in some districts. Mr. Cross writes about its occurrence in this country :-— ‘The Caucho tree grows not in inundated lands or marshes, but in moist, undulating, or flat situations, often by the banks of streamlets and on hillsides and summits where there are any loose stones and a little soil. It is ated to se Sa bonhee halen pectations that whi paves beam for formed been Neen ~ ones tu _. ~ 4 As to Castilla in Costa Rica, Mr. T. F. Koscuny states :— ‘“‘ The safest and most productive rubber plant is the Castilloa elastica of Central America. Its tenacity of life and adaptability to soil and climate are seldom exceeded by other eh the same is also true of the quantity and quality of the ru “It requires a humid, warm climate, st with respect to rainfall Tess d depends upon the amount of prea than upon the distribution of it. The shorter the dry season and the more the rain extends over the entire year the Better will the locality be adapted for rubber culture; regions with a long, absolutely dry season are unsuitable for this culture. In the valley of San Carlos, Costa Rica, upon the Atlantic slope, it rains occasionally also in the dry season, and even in the two dryest months, March and April. The Pacific slope of Central America has, on the contrary, a completely dry season of four months, and two months at the beginning and end with little rain. Both the wild and the planted rubber trees die there at bee! third tapping at the latest, in case this takes place in the dry se Co.ins writes in his ; ek on the Caoutchouc of Commerce, in regard to the occurrence of Castilla in Nicaragua :— ‘‘ The basin of the Rio San Juan is where the Ule tree grows. to perfection. This river is the natural vent of the two vast basins of the lakes of Nicaragua and Managua, receiving numerous tributaries, which have all their sources in the innumerable tracts hitherto virgin and unfrequented, and where the trees abound. The ground is very fertile. The district is very unhealthy.” Rubber Planting in Central America. Throughout’ the Central American republics very little fei as yet been done towards plantin countries there is a great snstibility of government, and foreign capital is not attracted under such conditions. Labour conditions. are also very unsatisfactory on account of the frequent revolu- tionary movements, which sporadically crop up and draw the greater part of the Avie Dees men to the ranks either of Govern- ment or el mies. See ieee also offers a serious drawback, aiid man lanters are deterred from settling because of the reported unhealthfulness of the climate. This tice ] is plenty of land suitable for rubber arta A year ago I rode mala. In this latter sees very little sete ea rubber has so far been done. orthern Guatemala there is only one plantation of any account devoted se abbee In the other Central Am States, rubber cultivation has nic commenced on a small scale. In Nicaragua there are a number of plantations, especially near the Pearl Lagoon, on the Bluefields and Escondido rivers. In Panama rubber is being planted, in Costa Rica there are a few young plantations, 0 in Honduras rubber has been planted 5 as shade for cacao. In San gees some rubber has recently been planted. Altogether there are in ge Central American sepa as far as I know 1 Ber acres under rubber. ing the year 1904 the pg note at ‘ies latex from cultieated trees were made in Nicaragua. These experimental tappings were made on a Miiation about thirty miles north ORTER. The trees tapped were — in a ein in 1897, transplanted in 1898, and in 1904, at an age of seven years, they measured 17 to 30 inches in girth and 40 to. 45 feet in height. Of the 6,000 trees that were tapped the largest received three incisions, the medium-sized two incisions, and the small ones only one. The average amount of rubber per tree was and a half ounce. ’ syrup,” as the rubber of that district iscommercially known. A few of the largest trees were tapped repeatedly at intervals of two weeks without apparent nue and they yielded each time almost the same amount of rubber . The Government of Nicaragua, a few years ago, issued a decree offer ring a premium of ten cents for every rubber tree planted, when ~ number does not go below 250 trees planted by any one pers The decree provides that the trees mus planted sixteen fest apart. Very few planters have, however, seen fit to accept this offer. According to recent press reports She devastating cyclone, which visited Central America a few months ago destroyed most of the Bluefields plantations. It is ciate that some 450,000 well developed trees were thus broken and uprooted. In August, this year, the Government of the Republic granted a concession to a syndicate for the revenue from the exportation of se aay part. Incisions of at than one-half of the aisles toed ‘fof the trunks or limbs of the trees are also prohibited.’ The ‘contravention of this article shall be punished by a fine of $ 5 for “*every tree damaged.” On account of this concession it is required that a planter who wants to export his rubber, must produce at the custom house a certificate from the authorities of the district where the plantation is situated specifying the locality whence the rubber comes. The Government of Nicaragua has cana a tax oo fru exported from the coun suite dp the value ce of ex sje Kania pense os 8 fourth. oe ‘ 6 n the cacao estates in the Rivas district rubber trees have been planted as shade. In Costa Rica rubber has not proved a success as shade for cacao. In this latter country rubber is culti- vated near the coasts and on the Nicaragua frontier. Sever varieties of Castilla are grown, but the plantations are not yet in bearing, so that ae results as to the yield of these forms are still uncertain. In 1905 about 160,000 pounds wild Castilla rubber was exported from this country. Planting in Mexico. One of the first attempts a ee rubber in Mexico was made by the Hon. Matias Rom who in 1872 planted 100,000 trees near Suchiate River in antec: on the Guatemalan border. The owner had to abandon the place for political reasons and the plantation was gradually destroyed by native rubber collectors and by fire, so that at present there is hardly any trace left. On the identical spot of the old plantation a new one has been started in recent years by a relative of Sefior Romero. en I visited ie place, about a year ago, it was in a thriving condition. Some nine years o On the upper Grijalva, above Huimanguillo, there is a line of farms for about 30 miles; most of these are tapping 10 year old trees. Senor ABALos, of Huimangillo, ae! an average of 14 ounces rubber from his 10 year old trees last yea All this was done on a comparatively small scale, however, the plantations being in Mexican hands not consisting of more than a few thousands or tens of thousands of trees. About 18 years ago a number of rubber trees were set out as shade for cacao on La Zacualpa, in Soconusco, by the then owner Sehor Soe Of these there are some 1,000 trees pak ets they have been r larly Bsr: for ered years, the now presenting a scarred appearance as a result of the primitive method of tapping employed by the native huleros, g0,o00 acres. Next year’s planting, at a low estimate, will be — 10,000 acres. In this total I have not included what ‘“ has been” planted, but is no more. And I ae not believe the entire area mentioned above can be counted — to become producing. 7 In order to explain this I have to mention that it is estimated t of this money has never ee: Mexico, but has been squandered promoters in Amer A very large amount has also been lost through the i sonrauce ‘of many so-called planters and planta- tion managers. Rubber Cultivation in the Experimental Stage. While I am willing to admit that rubber culture has passed Oo pro ral methods this industry is still in its undeveloped childhood. It has been clearly demonstrated in the progress of many xeric industries, that very little advance is made before the rsons concerned have learned to appreciate the value of co- operation for the purpose of comparing area individual experiences and to take advantage of wledge gain y previous experi- ments. Among the rubber plipicrs. and planks managers in Mexico and Central America there is no co-operation whatever. thod planting, although in most cases he started in without any ieee. the various methods employed. may be able to advance certain theories regarding plant- ing phe we know that the rubber tree under certain conditions will grow well, we may be able to peiteer and prepare a certain amount oe rubber from the trees, but we cannot yet sa: which method of growing rubber will give the largest possible return, we do not know whether the most rapid grower is the best producer, and in regard to the manner of obtaining the rubber we still remain on a very primitive footing. The experimental era of rubber culture, instead of being short and inexpensive, is growing too long for these modern times and it has certainly been unnecessarily costly. Where the experiments should have been conducted ona small scale by persons specially istry has colossal expe: t oney have been staked on the integrity, possible pencg wiv se pr probabe good fortune of men, who i in

5- Scrap 4 Fair to medium, 4/- to 4/3. 2 PLANTATION FINE To-pay,— to 5/84, same period last year, 5/11 to 6/1}. 5/74 to 5/84 p hse SCRAP.—2/3 to 4/5, same period last year, 3/84 to 5/54- . FINE Harp Para (South American),.—5/2, same period last “year, 5/3. AVERAGE PRICE OF CEYLON AND STRAITS SETTLE- MENTS PLANTATION RUBBER 217 packages at 5/2$ per lb, at last auction. . , against 301 packages at 5/24 per Ib. Particulars and prices as follows :— Ceylon. i MARK. Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. Sirigalla I case good biscuits and scrap, bought in oe Doranakande 4 cases darkish biscuits, bought in. 1 case dark Pigs e sheet, 5/3}. 6 cases good palish scrap, 4/5. 3 cases cuttings, 4/33. Waharaka 2 cases darkish biscuits, bought in. 2 cases palish pressed Scrap, 4/ Rangbodde 1 case fine pale biscuits, 5/73. MARK, Ambatenne Tallagalla Warriapolla Glencorse Dolahena Ambatenne Tallagalla Aberdeen Clontarf Kumbukkan Kumaradola Elston Langsland Arapolakanda Ellakande eo a CMRE Ld. Sungei Krudda BRRCo., Ltd. 61 Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. 1 case good scrap, bought in. 1 case darker and inferior, 4/-. 2 cases pea fe darkish biscuits, bought in. 1 case pressed block s 3 cases ee pals biscuits, 5/64. 1 bag darker and pee Se BMS i ae pressed block scrap, 4/6. 1 bag so what Saar 4/6. 1 bag rejected biscuits, 4/6. I case good scrap, bought in, 2 cases darkish cut sheet, 5/33, 1 case thick rejections, 4/-. 1 bag cut block opie 4/6. 3 cases thie scrap, 2 cases very inferior scrap, ; bought in, 1 case good pale pect: 5/83. 2 cases somewhat similar, 5/5. I case little inferior, 5 5. Icase davicish pressed scrap, 4/54. 1 case darkish crepe, bought in. 1 case palish to darkish od bought in. 1 case somewhat similar, bought in. 1 case rejections, 4/1}. 1 case heated scrap, bought in. I case dela scrap, bought in 2 cases good palish biscuits, 5/8. 2 cases inferior biscuits, bought in 12 cases oe oe raat » 5/65. 1 case lump scrap, 4/14. e darkish scrap and rejections, 4/43- 9 cases oer arkish Etaatts 5/63. 1 case fine palish biscuits, 5/6. 2 cases pressed block scrap, 4/3. 1 case black pres ssed block scrap, 4/2. I case rh eae to darkish biscuits, 5/44. 2 cases oe pale bis- , 5/74 1 case darkish pressed crepe, 4/103 4 cases ine palish cut sheet, 5/4. STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. 4 a fine Les crepe, 5/73. 13 cases A sco to darkish crepe, /7. 7 cases darkish nie bought 4 cases nee ‘palish sheet, 5/54. . 7 cases good palish sheet, bought in. 1 case darkish oat 5/43. se dark pressed block ae bought i case palish “preaded block 5 seias, bought I case aecied od biswalts, bought in 3 cases stall peu sheet, bought in. 1 case large rejected biscuits, 5/6. 4 cases dark sheet, bought in. 3 cases rejected sheet bought i in. 1 case palish sheet, ie se palish ae scrap, bought I case cut rejected ‘bi Ssitts, ee I case darkish pressed scrap, 4/23. 4 Pp o darkish scored sheet, bought in. 2 cases cases palish s darkish Sj biscuits and sheet, bought in. 2 cases palish to darkish sheet, bought in. 2 cases Lae de boa ai in. 2 cases palish sheet and biscuits ,bought in. 3 ¢ somewhat — et t76.:- I~ Case ates palsh to sarkish biscuits, i ase darkish eae Bate in. 1 case dark crepe, 4/3- 3 cases block scrap, bought 4 cases ore palish s heet, ie 2 cases darkish pao sheet 4/03. ase good prested scrap, 4/4. 2 cases inferl ae 20 cases good palish scored sheet, 5/54 to 5/53. 4 cases palish ‘ - crepe, 2/3. 10 cases darker aad inferior, s/t. 2 cases per 4/94. 4 cases somewhat si : 62 i i od palish cases fine large palish sheet, bought in _ 4cases go Seer scrap, bought 4 3 cases thick rejections, 4/3. 1 bag fine pale scrap, bought in. : cia 6 23 cases good small palish scored sheet, 5/54. 3 cases good c t x FMS, palish pressed crepe, 5/43. 9 cases darker, 4/114. \ ef : i ] i d crepe, ll palish sheet, 5/5. 1 case palish presse ete : ak ame darker; 5/3%. 1 case somewhat similar, /Qt- 2 cases darkish pressed crepe, 4/93. K P Co. Ltd. 5 cases palish cloudy sheet 5/4}. 2 cases palish pressed oe 4/3- 4cases small palish to darkish cut sheet, 3/4 om large palish biscuits and cut sheet, 5/23. I case thic a p rejections, bought in. *1 case palish pressed scrap, 4/4 I case palish rejected sheet, 5/14. P R Java. Calorama 3 cases scrap, bought in. 1 case similar, 3/-. 1 case heated EH scrap, bought in. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, LIMITED— India Rubber Market Report. 13, Roop Lane, Lonpoy, E. C. December, 18th 1906. 2 i ttle At to-day’s auction, 346 packages of Ceylon and Straits Se ments Plantation grown rubber were under offer, of which abot 300 were sold. The total weight amounted. to about 234 toms, Ceylon contributing over g and Straits Settlements over 14}. In consequence of the the auction was held to- near approach of the Christmas holidays, day instead of on Friday the 21st inst. There was good active competition, generally fully up to rates current last sale. : Medium to good scrap was in strong demand, and prices for “ description showed a slightly upward tendency. Crepe Biscuits am Sheet sold steadily. Some pale Crepe from C.M.R.E. Ltd. and Culloden brought ‘I per lb., and some fine Ceylon biscuits from Culloden realized 5/7 per lb., the highest price, while 5/6% was the top figure for Sheet. QUOTATIONS.—Fine sheet ine biscuits, 3/7 to 5/74. ood biscuits, 5/6}. Fine pale, 5/8. Crepe 4 Palish to darkish, 5/4? to 5/74- . Dark, 4/10 to 5/-. Scrap 63 Fine, 4/5. Fair to medium, 4/- to 4/4. Low ee hs PLANTATION FINE TO-DAY BE s 5/74: same period last year, 6/o% Do. ScRAP—1/II to hg same period last year, 3/4 to 5/34. FINE HARD PARA (South American).—5/2, same period last year, 5/4¢ AVERAGE PRICE OF CEYLON AND STRAITS SETTLEMENTS 300 at last a PLANTATION RUBBER. paren? at 5/34 per lb., against 217 packages at 5/2 per lb. eae Sad prices as follows :— Mark. Hapugastenne Ingoya Ellakande Culloden Kahagalla Katugastota Halgolle Maddagedera Elkadua Taldua Warriapolla Highlands Estate Jebong Ceylon, Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. 4 cases fine be worm, bought in. chee bought in, 2 cases fine large palish — 5/64. 6 cases smaller, some- what pace 5/64. 1 case darkish pressed scrap, 4/4 mewhat similar, 4/43 1 case good palish block, bought 4 ‘a 2 cases darkish pressed I case fine pale and palish to darkish biscuits, 5/7. case dark and slightly heated, 5/63 1 case darkish pressed crepe, 5/-. 6 cases nice pale biscuits, 5/7 to 5/74 __1 case fine pale pressed crepe,'5/8, 1 case little darker, 5/63. 9 cases darkish, 5/23. 1 case darkish scrap, b 1 case paler, 4/4. 2 cases 1 bag pale pressed scrap, I case soon "ice scrap, tae 1 case darker, 4/14. 1 bag rejections, 3/11}. 1 case darkish scrap, 4/44 1 case biscuits, bought in. 8 cases — crepe, 5/0}. 2 cases mers Ais ge bought in. bought in. 10 cases palish and darkish crepe, 1 case black pressed spre [63 cases in cae @ 11}. 3 cases wh: yrit 4/ I s darker, 4/11} 3 Py good palish to darkish biscuits, 5/6. 1 case fine pale and darkish biscuits, 5/64. palish pressed scrap, 4/5. STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. cases good darkish yes sheet, 5/53. : crepe, 5/24- darker, Tae "4 cases ark 4/10 5 cases fine large = sheet, 5/63. 5/34. 1 case darker, 5/1. 1 case good I case uae 64 MARK Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. omewhat ood dark pressed block, 5/1}. 2 cases S$ ae . simian 5/1{ 1 case palish, s/o}. I case eng ats al Soe 5/9 1 se dark, 5/0}. 16 cases palish scored sheet, 5 Sc 4 cases palish pressed crepe, 5/4. 3 cases darker, 5/-. dark, 4/10. i kish CMRELd 7 cases fine He crepe, 5/8. 14 cases good palish to darkish, 5/7%- ses dark, 5/o}. ss cael Io cases ood Bi sheet, bought i 5 ca ; oe boug x tin. 3 cases palish serap, ‘4/4h I case pale sep, alte. I case ma Hg 3/34 I case rejections, 4/63. 2 case scrap, bought 2 BR RCo Ld, 20 cases good p “ to darkish weitere sheet, othe Se a ood lish crepe, I ne pale , é a darkish : repe, sin a 1 case dark aes 4/93. 3 cases some: what iar 4/10: AAA 5 cases good darkish sheet, 5/5}. 4 cases somewhat similar, 5/34 2 cases good palish crepe, bought in. 1 case darker, 4/1ot- 12 cases palish to darkish crepe, 4/11}. 6 cases palish to darkish crepe, 5/14. I case darkish crepe, 4/9}. 2 cases es cut sheet, ish 5/6. pressed scrap, bought in. sa tae palish cut sheet, 5/6. T case darkish scrap, bought in. 3 cases palish cut sheet, 5/6. 1 case darkish pressed scrap, bought in. I case palish shee 1 bag fa scrap, oe aA 1 bag dark rejected biscuits, ee 2 cases palish rejected biscuits, 4/23. 2 cases inferior scrap, ee in, I case Seis bought in. ae 10 cases dark sheet 5/5- cases inferior, 5/43. 2 cases Pp essed scrap, 4/ 5. t be dark saexeed crepe, 4, I case black Eeeved block, 4/2%. 1 case palish a block scrap, 4/5. I case rejected fischits 4/44- 4 cases palish to darkish sheet, 5/5}. 3 cases darkish sheet,5/5# case da . . y t ee rkish pressed scrap, bought in. 1 case rejections, bough In, 65 Lewis and Peat’s Ceylon, Straits and Malay States Plantation Rubber Report. oth November, 1906. PARA The market has been very dull since our last and not much business has been done. Fine Hard has been very quiet and only small sales of distant have been reported at 5/2} per Ib. Near is worth 5/2 nomina Soft Fine on the spot and afloat sold at 5/o} (@ 5/1} per lb. Negroheads steady with sales of Cametas at 3/0? @ 3/1. Islands at 3/-, Manaos worth 4/14 per Ib. PERUVIANS A fair business done in Fine at 5/1} @ 5/r4, Entrefine 5/0}, Scrappy 4/- @ 4/14 per lb. according to quality, Slab 3/2 nominal, Ball done at 4/2 on the spot. Dec. 4/1, buyers. Jan. 4/0} and Feb. 3/114 sellers. BOLIVIAN Fine nominal at about 5/24 per lb. MOLLENDO Fine 5/- per lb., quite nominal. PLANTATION GROWN PARA At sale to-day 44 tons Ceylon and 23 tons Malaya offered and the bulk sold. Biscuits and Sheets 5/54 @ 5/73, Crepe No. 1 5/74 @ 5/84, inferior Scrap and Chip 3/8 @ 3/3 per lb. MEDIUM GRADES Especially Madagascars in good supply and selling at about steady prices. PLANTATION Particulars of the auctions as follows:—- 374 packages offered and 274 sold. Biscuits 5/54 @ 5/7%, Sheets 5/54 @ 5/58, Crepe No. 1 5/72 @ 5/84; Scrap, chip and inferior 3/8 PARA AND PERU- 890 packages offered and 528 sold: Ball 3/10 VIAN @ 4/2, Virgin 4/5, inferior Negroheads 2/11 @ 3/4, Weak Fine 4/7, good Peruvian tails 3/82 @ 3/94. a MATTOGROSSO 89 packages offered and 25 sold, Virgin sheets 4/84. MANICOBA 208 packages offered and bought in. MANGABEIRA 145 packages offered and bought in. COLOMBIAN— 36 packages offered and 30 sold. Scrap 3/9 @ CENTRAL 4/14, Black roll 3/11, Slab 2/10 @ 3/12. AMERICAN Etc. MADAGASCAR 393 packages offered and 142 sold. Red Ball 4/3, Spun Ball 3/10, Pinky 3/14 @ 3/64, Mottled Majunga 2/94 @ 3/34, Immature Ball 2/6 @ 2/8, Low Niggers 9¢., Virgin Lump 3/94, Brown Cake 2/7% @ 2/9. | 66 MOZAMBIQUE 180 ee offered and 137 sold. 7 Rel Ball @ 4/84, Stickless sausa 4/44, og sausage 4/04, Inferior Ball Hee @ 3/7. | NYASSA 73 bags offered and 31 sold. Good clean red ; Ball 4/44 @ 4/5. : UGANDA | 25 bags offered and 16 sold. Fine Plantation 5 sheet 4/104, Good black sheet 3/24 @ 4/3. CoNnGo 14 packages offered and bought in. ASSAM 35 bags offered and bought in. RANGOON 52 packages offered and bought in. TONQUIN 44cases offered and 2 sold. Ball Lamu : character 3/52 @ 3/8. . BORNEO 37 cases offered and 13 sold at 1/54 @ 2/64. — JAVA 45 cases ie and 1 sold. Good Red sighlp heated 3/7% WEsT INDIAN 2 cases sold. Castilloa Plantation a [2 Scrap slightly heated 3/11 per 3 Lewis and Peat’s Ceylon, Straits and Malay States - Plantation Rubber Report. : oth November, ‘i s The following lots comprising about 44 tons Ceylon ‘and about 23 tons Straits and Malay States were offered at auctions to-day - and sold as follows:— | Ceylon. ARK, Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. — Tallagalla I case Darkish biscuits 6m Vso | KM i eee Scrap wane Sh Taldua 2 5, Biscuits dull sat eh Ly oe ” 2), Dark scrap ioe ” Waharaka 2 , Dark biscuits se on Culloden 6 ,, Pale biscuits rather mouldy sev aun 2 ,, Fine pale crepe aN os cee 8 ” Brown crepe eee ” 3 » Chip crepe vee Nikakotua 3 » Scrap crepe eee 2, Palish and amber sheets mouldy eo” Ellakande 2. Mouldy biscuits aoa Heatherley 2 ,, Good palish biscuits eer) Ellakande 3 » Biscuits mixed colors oon Hatangalla 2 ,, Palish biscuits eres: tw 1 ,, Brown crepe Bae a aes MARK. Mahaberia £ Kumaradola Kumbukkan Sirigalla Kahagalla Halgolla Maddagedera Teluk Batu SR Co. Ltd. K-P C Ltd. Jebong Highlands _ 27 ,, Dark rolled sheets (6 sold)) 7 4 Mottled crepe Dark crepe 67 QuanTiTy, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. Pale weakish Ceara biscuits @ Fine palish biscuits ce 3 packages Brown scrap 2 cases Dark scrap and cuttings 2 ,, Biscuits mixed colors » Biscuits dark »» Scrap barky and heated », Biscuits mixed colors ge as aaa slightly barky Me ae mo OD OM mt », Fair scrap ee 4/44 i Pais scrap and cuttings ae 4/2 Straits and Malay States. 2 cases Good palish crepe Piet /8% 10 ,, Brown, black and pairs crepe ee 4/104 4 ,» Dark rather rough shee a 5/5% ee sttton scrap We as 4/6 i =; sBiack crepe Wey 4/8 1 bag Barky scrap = a eT) is < 23 cases Dark rolled s 3 , Thin palish “en ” 5/78 é ‘8 1, Darkish crepe 7». Dark - do ‘4lo8 @ int 2 Chip. am 4/53 @ 4/94 1 ,, “Amber sheets ey 5/5* 1 ,, Rough biscuits * 5/44 2 ,, Scrap in pieces . » 4/8 @ 4/84 5 ,, Brown scrap pert dirty ye by 4/14 3. ., Rough biscuits “ow 5/5 2 ,, Good brown scrap oO 4/8 t1 ,, Part fine pale sheets, part weak & mouldy ,, [5% ay Scrap in sheets » 4/5 @ 4/6 - = Cases Large dark amber sheets, few not quite os ” s/ 5 bid. » Very fine thin pale crepe ” 1 ,, Chip and scrap crepe . Palish and mottled crepe ” 5/54 5/6% bought in. dlok MARK. Batu Unfor BRR Co. Ltd. C MRE Led. Tjidyeroek WERES 68 Quantity, DEscRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. 9 , Rolled amber sheets, mouldy + @ 5/54 om 3 ,, Dark sheets eer) at 1, Pale mottled crepe ” iot 5. Dare a0. ? ” 5 3 5/08 24 ,, Dark rolled sheets = ve 8 ,, Mottled crepe (5 sold) 9 It Dare: to. : : ,, bought 3 ” Brown do. ” 4/ 16. 11 ,, Darkish and dark rolled sheet % 658 cae Pale crepe ” 5/74 5/6 13 ,, Pale and mottled crepe mixed ” op 10-5, I, 2 & 3 crepe mixed ) ) 2 , Java Castilloa sheet », bought Pe I ,, West Indian Castilloa sheet wee 4 z Ton do. astilloa scrap slightly heated ,, 3/ Lewis and Peat’s Ceylon, Straits and Malay States The followin 2t tons Strait and sold as follows :-— Mark. Culloden Ellakande Heatherley Culloden Kumbukkan M Clara Glencorse Densworth Tallaga'la Ambatenne Upper Haloya a Be s and Plantation Rubber ”» - AN 6 we ee ST “NF MO NDS & Ceylon. Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. 7 Cases very fine pale biscuits @ 37 rownish crepe se on Dark crepe ae “7 Biscuits mixed colors ” " 4 Fine pale biscuits a sjo8 3 Darkish cre ES Fo Inferior scra : a boug 2 Dark amber s Mek ey 5/43 & 5/58 Fine biscuits paleandamber .-. ,, Inferior dirty scrap o Ceara pale biscuits ea as Rough biscuits pie a Biscuits mixed colors “a Scrap ‘ (1 sold) ney Good small dark amber biscuits nS Darkish biscuits Seas cy Sera: ee as Pale biscuits slightly mouldy ...- ,, Tap eee 7 Small Ceara biscuits See ag Scrap a oe Report. 23rd November, 1906. g lots comprising about 3% tons Ceylon and a Malay States were offered at auction to- ay 69 Mark QUANTITY, eg RIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. 2 ,, Rambong cr cn / 21 ,, Chip and a - bought in 20. ,, ‘scrap crepe ig bought in a ,, Chipeepe a bought in 2. ;, Low scrap , bought in. Culloden Ij; Seraperepe s » 5/-. Heatherley 2 -,, Scrap crepe eee 5/2 Elston 2 ., Rather rough biscuits gi. thay bought in. Straits and Malay States. GP) 3 Cases Scrap wy 4 @ 4/38 (sp) 11 ,, Biscuits and sheets rather rough bought in. Me * 4 , Rolled sheets 0p ~ OGRE in. 1 ,, Pale amber sheets pan a6 bought in. I, Sérap crepe ee oe 4/ Ir 1 ,, Chip crepe Si 4/93 (sf 1. ,, Grey sheet eG bought in. Scare 5 » Serap ber ge bought in. s : . (s P) 3, Sheets pale se oy Ought im- : 7 ,, Rough sheets Spacaas bought in. JE 8 ,, Rough sheets ” 5/3 bid. 3 4 Scrap pieces Ae 4/64 8 ,, Palish scrap ee 4/4. @ 4/6 ¥ . Co. Ld 1 F, M.S, 16 Rolled amber sheets ae 5/53 LB) 2 Cases Crepe palish 8 ,, Crepe darkish s t ,,. Dark chip sR Co. Ed. 11 ,, Rolled amber s' eets ‘1, ~ Palish crepe I ,, Darkish crepe PB 9. ,, Chip crepe SB 10 =«,,_~_ Large sheets 9 4, Inferior scrap : Scrap pieces = 2 ” P Pp ae te 2 ,, Chip cre Co. Ld. 26 ,, Rolled sheets 5 ,, Mottled crepe 9 , Scrap crepe I ,, Chip crepe 2 ,, Brown crepe > 3 ” Palish crepe — ee Io ,,_ Rather rough sheets Severlac 4 : Sake = 7O Mark. or: DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. —— Pataling 6 , No. 2crepe @ 5/1 bi - _* 3.» - Serap crepe so Pr 1 ,, Pale crepe --- y, bought in ; SR Co. 1, No. 2crepe tia agg Beverlac 13, Darkish sheets rather rough : few pale -. 5, BOUgMEE 6 ,, Darkish scrap 2 ” Chip cr ” 3», Dirty dark scrap + DOUgnTa Highlands Est. 3.» Fine rolled sheet er) 14 os olled amber sheet wea a 8 ,, Mottled crepe ’ =) 12 ,, Scrap crepe » 4/114-5/08 Batu Unfer 4» Rolled sheets light and dark amber Heng I,» Mottled crepe troy ya 3.» Serap crepe we 99 Si @ 5/08 SSBRCoLd 3 ” Amber sheets “e ” bought i 4 4, Serap fair oes bought it Jebong +. 2, Chip and scrap crepe oe oy 419! EB 30 ” Fine block (abt. 1% tons.) oo ” 4 ,, Chip and scrap crepe aes oy | M e ee ee 2 ,» Small dark biscuits acs aye 1, Thick virgin biscuits Bea ee 1 ,,\ Darkish brown scrap tes age 4» Pale sheets oes ” LEWIS AND PEat’s Son. STRAITS AND MALAY STATES. PLANTATION RUBBER REPORT. 18th December, 1906 a The following lots comprising about 4} tons Ceylon and abou 16 tons Straits sain Malay States were offered at auction to-da} and sold as follows Ceylon. ry Tal gars Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. Wartiant, : Cases darkish biscuits dull resinous @ P » Fine pale and amber biscuits Behe, Ingoya T ” Good se Tap eee ” 2» Fine large palish biscuits ee 6 » Good palish biscuits See : ” _- od we ” ine blocked biscuits bgt, os Bitskande ' » Fine pale biscuits rather bubbly ++» - » Darkish biscuits oon 71 Mark, QuANTITY, DESCRIYTION AND PRICE PER LB. Culloden 6 Fine pale a @ 5/7 & 5/74 Bee ee repe Geet 5/63 & 5/ eee Brown Bese erate 5/2} Hapugastenne 4,5, Amber Worms .» 4, bought in, a. Se s do. oe = d-col ld 6} & s/o} 29 ~,, Crepe mixed colors (17 sold) eer 5/03 ae GE — 6 oe Scrap es ” 4/4 5/8 bi ee 11 ,, Fine pale worms ie oe /8 bid Straits and Malay States. Teluk Batu 10 Cases Dark rough sheet a 5/5 2 » ark sheets otids and not properly ‘siead = 5/43 2» Serp rey 4/5 6 ,,. Smoked black block Ora ie 5/1% 2, Whitish block undried vince 5/03 1, Black bloc gee oe 5/ot 16 ,, Rolled sheets Prat 5/63 2% Sre8t a ae 5/4 3 ” Bro ee ” 5/- bey Black yy Ce es 4/10 Jebong 5 Large amber sheets eer 5/6 1 ,, Mottled crepe ea 5/3 1 ,, Dark repe ae ity sb BRR Co Ld. 20 , Pale and ees rolled sheets cos iy, SIO ee 8 ,, Mottled c eg 3/4 i y4) sale : 5/8 © geen cra ; pias 5/14 I ” Chip » aoe ” 4/9% 3, Brown ee peace rs 4/ = ; Cc M R E Ld. 7 ” Fine pale c 7 Ba 14 ,, Fine pale crepe — little darkish 5/ 74 7 Chip and scrap crep ” o8 . Beverlac 165.5, Dae — Sie —— ee 5 , Mixed colors bie Se Ors $ ,, soap (6 sold) - 44a & 4/63 Kahag 4, Dark scrap fs 5) » » 4/33 & 4/4 eee 3 5 Sap ‘a 4l rdalgolle $3 2s 4/th & a addagedera ne ss iva 4/45 Highlands Estate 7 ,, Dark amber rolled sheets [ees oor 8 ,, Scrap crepe oS Sa 53 I ” Black ” vee ” pd ; ; oe ee bs e : 4ttt — See, pee sheets ies 5/54 - 4 ” , part damp aoe ” 7 2 ,, Crepe mottled anaes y L nn, darkish me ing 12. ,, Mixed mottled and dark crepe +» a gal gana a3 6 ae erases SB es ” p » 3 : rt ,, Dark crepe re 9 ,, Sheets mixed colors 4 » Sctip : 4 oy To-day’s price of Fine Para 5/14 pet oy No. 3} MARGH, 1907. [Vor. VI° AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN STRAITS FEDERATED MALAY STATES. EDITED BY Hi ON: -RIDEEY, A. Fis. Director of Botanic Gardens, S.S. AND J. B. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S.£., F.L.S., Director of Agriculture & Govt. Botanist, F.M.S. CONTENTS, PAGE. Concerning the Medical Management of Coolies in Malaya, with an Appendix of Plans and Estimates _.., cs ae et ee 2 naa aes Annual Crees, oes for feted Settlements and Federated tes—Three Dollars Annual he pa other places in Malaya—t3. 50. Annual eae ee pe: India io a 6-3-0 (Six Rupees & Hight 3.) Annual Sihensston | for Scale wes Shillings. Back Numbers (Old and New Series) Whole volume—Five Dollars. “g Single Copy (Old and New Series)—Fifty Cents. - All Subscriptions are payable strictly in advance. To be purchased at the Botanic Garaece Sinpayore, or from Messrs. KELLY & WALSH, Limited, a Rafiles Place and bee pected —— “a ae Rete | ingapot ee . me KELLY & WALSH. LIMITED, "PRINTERS > Rare LES PLACE AND rod RCHARD ‘Roa . SIN No. 3] MARCH, 1907. [VoL. VI. AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN STRAITS AND FEDERATED MALAY STATES. EDITED BY H; oN, “iY, M.A, FAGG, Director of Botanic Gardens, S.S. AND . B. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S.8., BbLSe Director of Agriculture & Govt. Botanist, F.M.S. CONTENTS, : PAGE. I. Concerning the Medical Management of Coolies in Malaya, with an es - of Plans and Estimates Rigs * Annual Bnterripies for Straits Settlements and Federated y States—Three Dollars. Annual Subscription for other places in Malaya—%3.50. Annual Subscription for oor er io ee 6-8-0 ( upees & Hight Annas.) Annual Subscription for hace an Back Numbers (Old and New Series) Whole volume—Five Dollars. Single Copy (Old and New Series)—Fifty Cents. All Subscriptions are payable strictly in advance To be purchased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, or from Messrs. KELLY & WaALsH, Limited 32 Raffles Place and 194 Orchard Road, Singapore. Singapore: KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED, PRINTERS 32 RaFFLEs PLAcE AND 194 ORCHARD RoabD, SINGAPORE. = i : a NOTICE. Tue SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DEPARTMENTS OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE. His Excellency the Governor has received a despatch from the Right Hon’ble the Secretary of State for the Colonies calling attention to the advantages offered by the Imperial Institute to Merchants, Planters and others, who may wish to have samples submitted to scientific experts for opinion as to their commercial value, etc. The following extracts from a Memorandum published by the Authorities of the Imperial Institute will give an idea of the work undertaken and carried on there. “Empire and of Foreign countries, and also regarding known “products procurable from new sources, and local products of “manufacture which it is desired to export. This work is carried “‘out with a view to the creation of new openings in trade, or the ‘promotion of industrial developments.” 2. In an extensive and well-equipped series of Research Laboratories, a numerous staff of skilled chemists carry out the investigation of the chemical constitution and properties of new dye-stuffs, tanning materials, seeds and food-stuffs, oils, gums and resins, fibres, timbers, medicinal plants and products, with a view to their commercial utilization. Whenever necessary these materials are submitted to special scientific experts, by whom they are made the subject of particular investigation or practical tests. Reports are also obtained from technical or trade experts in regard to the probable commercial or industrial value of any such products. 3. The Federated Malay States Government has undertaken to grant a sum of {100 a year for 5 years to the Department with a view to the careful investigation and commercial development of the mineral resources of the States. The Government Geologist is collecting specimens for chemical €xamination and after analysis the Imperial Institute, which is in very complete touch with the principal manufacturing and other industries of the United Kingdom, will bring the specimens before manufacturers and others for trial with a view to their commer cial development. eo It is expected that this action will do much to help in fiiding _ : : “ a market for new products and developing the markets for t already exploited. 7 Bee ii Planters and residents in the Straits Settlements and Fede- sample rooms have been arranged at the Imperial Special Institute, for the information of enquirers, in which materials which — have been investigated and valued are available for reference. — portant products are also shown in the Malaya Courtin the — Im Public Galleries of the Imperial Institute. Communications should be addressed to the Director, Imperial Institute, South Kensington, London, S.W. - ts iy a S AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN OF THE SPRA?ITS AND FEDERATED MALAY STATES. No. 3.] MARCH, 1907. [Vou VI. CONCERNING THE MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF COOLIES IN MALAYA By P. N. GERRARD, B.A., B.C.H., B.A.O., M-D., DUBLIN UNIV. D.T.M.H., CANTAB., L.M.,. ETC., ETC. With an Appendix of Plans and Estimates By W. A. WILKINSON, A.M.1.C.E. . Whilst the cry of “Rubber! Rubber! and large profits!” resounds t roughout Ceylon and the Straits and is wafted abroad from these countries, may I be permitted, in the interest of both the capitalist and the coolie, to draw the attention of employers of labour to a few yrs which seem to me to affect the future of the industry ; certainly of ine country, and probably in every country wherein a large amount bour is employed. will Firstly, then, I would point out that all the wealth in the world “| Not profit a man broken down in health. pee on Secondly, that a dead or broken down coolie is of no practical use . [72 -) Thirdly, that unless due precautions be taken, both these lament: able eventualities are at least liable to occur, and indeed, as faras! ave seen of the conditions under which the immigrant lives after importation to this country as an agricultural labourer, the failure of the coolie is quite probable. As it is my purpose to deal principally with the conditions d life of the coolie—the pawn upon whom the question of profits mus! toa large extent depend—it will probably be sufficient advice in dealing with my first point if I say to managers and assistants :— Take every reasonable opportunity of getting away {from B® Estate—especially up an hill—and when you get “played out really ‘‘ seedy ” look to it at once. _ Remember that malaria, bowel-complaints, and severe colds, att seflous diseases, and if undealt with frequently leave sequela wil neither money nor science can deal with. Lastly, wear flannel if you can. i. There are four fundamental necessities for the establishment ® healthy coolie lines :— “ 1. A pure water supply. 2. Adequate ventilation. ooo _ 3. Some inexpensive but efficient system of Sanitatiot in and around the lines. ie 4. Sound drainage. - __ With regard to number 1, if the well system be adopted of mee” sity, then remember that the “circle of influence” is at least 20! ai > that sewage contamination has been traced to upwards os peered peta permanent the wells should be bricked _ All well and river water is the better for a passage through 4 He dripstone filter, but these filters when used casually without CY, )) are a danger rather than a method of purification. They MQ” periodically boiled and scraped, as fungi are able to grow es .) their interstices and thus to contaminate good water, the water, if any serious doubt exists about its purity, should be boiled, and stored in some clean place where dust cannot fall into it; the tank or jar must be covered. Speaking generally the deeper the well the better, and if any hard stratum exist in hills in the vicinity, artesian water may perhaps be struck at a reasonable depth. _ Pure streams from the hills are probably the soundest water in this country, aqueducts of bamboo are cheap, and can be made over long distances satisfactorily. Always inspect the catchment area. _ All the rivers of this country are polluted to some degree, and if river water is the only possible source of supply it must be filtered and boiled. That portion of the river near the lines should be divided ‘Into three parts: (1) An upper reach for the drinking and cooking serra (2) A middle reach for watering cattle ; (3) A lower reach for ing. If rain water is the only source of supply it should be stored in large underground tanks as at Gibraltar and other unfortunately Situated stations. All tanks and wells should be protected from the entrance of surface flood water, unless the surface over which the water flows is above reproach, if, on the addition of 4 ozs. of permanganate of potash to an ordinary-sized well, the water does not become and remain pink for about an hour, the water must be looked upon as doubtful, and measures should be taken to further purify it or to have it analysed. the permanganate should be mixed in a bucket before being poured into the well. 2. Ventilation. The question of ventilation involves little extra €xpense, as obviously the less we place between ourselves and “ : §ood fresh air” the less it will cost us in houses, and yet the better We shall be, the present Kuchi is wrong in principle—by the present Kuchi I mean the one which has a straight attaped back, a short roof behind and a longer roof in front, under which is a verandah where Cooking, etc., is performed—its chief mistakes are :— . (a.) The roof is not high enough as a rule. ; (0.) There is not sufficient ventilation above nor below, in front nor behind the cubicles or sleeping rooms. (c.) The verandahs, being also kitchens, frequently are the — receptacle for all sorts of rubbish. . After mature consideration and ample proof of its benefits I now believe that there is but one ideal type of lines which is advisable in the best interests of both employer and coolie, namely the lines which Consist of a simple roof on supports, under which the cubicles are built, ( 34 ) none of the line partitions are over nine feet high, all cubicle floors are ‘ 3 ft. 6 ins. from the ground and. open underneath. (Plans of this and other hygienic lines are attached). : Of about 15 estates with which I am familiar, the healthiest is” one on which the above type of lines are in occupation, and I believe ground (and so close the space under the benches), and that they be ore as soon as possible by one of the type suggested. (Appendix plans). a An excessive height off the ground is almost as obnoxious a5 excessive proximity to the earth, because if the lines are too high the underneath will be used as a hen-house or store, in all human probability. | 7 : Of the two forms of ventilation—the overhead and the underneath — —the latter is perhaps the more to be insisted upon as we know _ animal CQz2 gas as exhaled, is most poisonous, and also that its spe ce gravity is greater than air, therefore, in the absence of draughts by under ventilation, it is obviously only a matter of time and opportunity to become suffocated by it. ey e now come to the question of Sanitation at the lines. Everyone who has had anything to do with the Tamil coolie is aware of el roaming habits under certain circumstances, his love of variety ant the fields, or preferably the road or pathway, but that Tamil oO or Chinese coolies or any other coolies cannot be gently but firmly educated I absolutely decline to believe ! : ‘ ed by the inspecting doctor or agent the rp ay in the garish sunlight, for filthy habits, in other words ee ul proper sanitary accommodation becomes a feature of every Or porte tn the country and a special coolie be detailed to look after the matte isease must continue to exist amongst the whole class.” : The type of latrine tithe . ; < cl ee ap- sdefed-checd-elewated iia. erected is of the simp. a ich eS ) Lines are generally, in my opinion, better without any open earth drains whatever, they only serve as receptacles for all sorts of filth and rubbish. The very fact of a convenient hole to throw things into running all round the lines, is quite sufficient inducement to create a d habit amongst a much higher type of individual than the average coolie. My ideal surrounding for lines would be _ short-cropped grass, gravel, laterite, or coarse ashes, not very expensive luxuries any of them. I would run French drains at right angles, from the kuchis right round, in order to keep the immediate vicinity dry. Pools, if they occurred after rain, should be filled in or levelled. (French drains are made by digging first a graded trench, filling in the whole length of it with coarse rubble, then over this fill in finer gravel, then sand or earth, and cover the whole with earth, gravel, or grass. Some sinking will, of course, occur, which must be dealt with, but the result is an enormous and cheap improvement.) Brick drains round lines are, of course, charming, but they must be carefully graded and capable of dealing with all flood-water, kept clean by frequent sweeping and disinfection, and, where they run deep, weep holes to carry off surface water should be made. Tidal drains, whether of earth or brick, unless properly controlled by water gates are in my opinion inadvisable. If thoroughly under control and regularly opened and the drains swept with the ebbing of the tide they may be made use of. : If the watergates are opened at high tide and closed until low water then opened and the drains flushed out at a high velocity, with much sweeping, twice a week, then good results may be expected. Too much stress cannot be laid upon the system of facilitating all sanitariness amongst coolies, at present they are blamed as a class—I believe quite wrongfully—for being dirty in their habits and altogether bestial, they have no opportunity of being otherwise unless the European places every convenience within their reach. _Let a sanitary mandor be appointed to every 100 coolies, erect a latrine for eve M tcetyias individuals, punish defaulters, inform your coolies of the arrangements, post notices for those who can r and I shall deem it a personal favour if you will let me know the result at the end of six months. System must be the password, and every drainage and sanitary Plan should be capable of Pesan to meet larger demands. _ Principal Diseases of the Coolie. a For obvious reasons it woolk be improper of me to write a full “escription of the methods of treatment and diagnosis of disease in of Paper and it would be quite impossible to do so within the limits a ordinary essay, but in the interests of both parties I may perhaps: 7m) 1 ‘ suspect | sketch briefly the principal symptoms which rete: a siontd serious disease, and suggest a sound amateur treatm a in such cases. Malarial Fever. inci 1 i lie is liable is Malaria The principal disease to which the coo i Fever, but if te apse of this disease remain discrete—by wil 1 should be continued in 5 gt. doses daily for Rite mene ae neglect of this most important “regime of propiy u 5 ed jeter of the relapse cases which cause so much invali ing ed . : : be “ru The necessity of sleeping in mosquito cura? qt oe chy into” coolies ; the Chinese have adopted them an gauze. Iam st m ee ade tion | but curtains must be supplied where serious obstacles to its adop ; exist. oe : ito natural In dealing with the question of fever the mosquito natures comes under notice, to combat the existence of this pest, I must first make my p the means of infected Ano make the necess Mosquito houses were the only means adopted by the Comma sent out by the London School of Tropical Medicine to that 40) of malaria the Roman Campagna, and no cases occurred pos € members of the expedition, and again, the European who 8 ted himself to the bites of Anopheles which were infected 4° (97) previously in Rome, still occasionally gets fever (Mr. WARREN, assistant in the London Tropical School who had an attack while I was study- © ing there). Of oils and paints to keep off the mosquito there are many, amongst others I can state from personal experiment that citronelle oil kills two species of Anopheles at least, within 30 minutes, an if renewed about every three hours upon exposed surfaces, it effectually keeps them away. Antikito cream is well advertised, but I have no personal knowledge of its efficacy ; it can be obtained from the Antikito Syndicate, 6 Great Portland Street, London. Anti-mosquito measures generally speaking consist in: 1. Closing all ponds; 2. Draining all swamps; 3. Covering all necessary water ; 4. Kerosining all large stagnant areas of water; 5. Clearing the banks of all slow-flowing streams and drains, and to the above I would add fom my own experience the felling of einer: jungle, and the hey of weeiasd in the ee of houses tines a form of ri sentery, etc. Malaria is not the ag Fs chal disposed disease which planters frequently imagine. Dysentery. I do not intend to deal exhaustively with this question, but I wish to impress the fact that I believe the vast majority of dysentery cases, as seen amongst coolies, have their origin either in malaria, or are of a bacillary nature and highly infectious, the impossibility of separating the two form ms, from a layman’s point of view, render a general rule necessary, that rule is: Segregate all dysentery cases. Bilharziosis, when ‘it affects the rectum aeons symptoms _ Similar to dysentery, it is known, but uncommon If the health of an estate is a matter of any importance, each © ci case should be looked upon as if it were cholera, and Solated immediately on its appearan i Asa routine treatment a dose of castor-oil, with say_ 20 Aarops of 2 ap euyne, is the safest medicine to start on, arid on alriv: vi inc Ree am a believer in enemata of various ae a c thts symptoms. ( 78 ) Diarrhea. iarrhoea causes a large mortality and invaliding rate amongst coolies. I consider it to be chiefly due to one of four causes: I. Mica in their drinking water; 2. Eating uncooked rice; 3- Malaria; — 4. Ptomaine poisoning, by which we understand the eating of food — which has commenced to decompose. (Quite recently I_ met a coolie — homeward bound with a species of ray which was quite bad, and I~ have no doubt that his intention was to share it with his family, 1 — confiscated the fish and got a conviction against the vendor.) ; § ptomaine poisoning diarrhcea is difficult of diagnosis, and the protraction of the illness very variable, and as it may be confused with | other diseases (which I shall deal with below) I think that these cases ought to be segregated, many of them might be tubercular or idal in nature. The necessity of regular inspections of the food inthe estate shop is a fairly obvious duty and will help to prevent the ptomaine cases if all questionable articles are confiscated and — Anchylostomiasis. This disease, of which little is as yet known amongst laymen, has been of late years so threshed out pathologically, that it is now, to the tropical phys f diagnosis uly. This scourge of the West Indian gare at one = time, will be one of the most serious diseases to be dealt with in this country, unless prompt precautions are taken with regard to its pre- vention and cure in such places as it now occurs. The disease in its fully developed stage exhibits the following symptoms: anemia, swelling oie a abdominal pains, muscular Of pains in the joints, and a lassitude, which may be remarked quently as the first symptom os The disease untreated invariably terminates fatally, but if the treatment be applied in time it is not very difficult to deal with, and the patient usually recovers. It is due to the action of a minute worm which lives in the upper of the small intestine and sucks blood from the patient, eventually causing a deep anemia or wateriness the blood, which is followed by the symptoms enumerated above. The gravity of the disease is proportional to the number of worms present in the intestine. ' ce _ The parasite can enter the system either by the mouth in drin te water, or by the skin, and it works Sueee amongst coolies | infected areas. , ‘el The worm can live in moist earth for a considerable time, many authorities believe that it can multiply outside the body. from the disease and then underge development inte wore fectin Persons through the skin. (79 ) When the almost total absence of latrine accommodation for coolies is considered, together with the habits of the Tamil, and the fact that they work barefooted, the chance of a worm gaining admission into a human being must be regarded as “ rosy.” The treatment, consisting as it does in the administration of a somewhat dangerous drug—namely, thymol—I do not intend to deal with herein, but it may be useful to hospital dressers to remember that the drug is soluable in the following: chloroform, oils, turpentine, alcohol, glycerine, and Ether (a useful pneumonic for these drugs Is cotage), if they be administered to patients when thymol has been exhibited poisoning follows. The prophylaxis of the disease is simple, but extremely diffcult—if I may be permitted the bull, simple because it consists in either compelling coolies to wear shoes and gaiters or putties when at work, or in smearing their legs with some sticky substance, before they go to work—in the West Indies the planters, driven to extreme straits, eventually stamped out the disease by insisting upon the coolies stepping into green Stockholm tar before going to work. I believe any thick oily substance will serve the purpose, the prophylaxis is difficult, because it is obviously a tedious process to prove to the native mind that such simple measures are necessary and effective for the Preservation of their health. Latrines and a lines watchman are absolutely necessary to see that sanitary instructions are followed. _ Debility. One of the principal headings of disease under which a multitude of diseases are in reality included, it is a serious cause of invaliding and stoppage of work. s of dressers employed usually in estate hospitals, and also reflects detrimentally upon he plasitel? and upon the revenue of the country. h That these cases which cause such an enormous number of deh tbirds, and “slackers” amongst labour forces here, can be- ealt with by similar methods to those quoted by me cuteness Te ( 80 ) Anchylostomiasis, I have no doubt. The cause lies beyond question ‘hidden in one word, wounds, whether caused by biting flies, the Anchylostoma, sugar-cane leaves, stoney ground, or what not, the original cause of ulcer amongst coolies is, I believe, a wound, and the method of their prevention is quite obvious. The admissions for this disease in Krian district during Bi amounted to 5,322 in a +total labour force of approximately 7,200, a if the average number of days for which each case was in hospital be put at say ro, the total monetary loss to the estates must have been about $14,000. During 1906, 3,617 cases were returned on a labour force of 7,135. Dum-Dum Fever. ___ This disease undoubtedly does occur in imported Indians, but that It Can arise or ever has arisen de novo in this country, is not certain. — Ss I have already stated it may be confused with Anchylosto- miasis, and some other debilitating diseases, the diagnosis can ort made microscopically, and considerable skill is necessary in t preparation of the specimen. | There is as yet no known cure for the disease. The disease has also been called Kala-Azar. The principal symptoms will be anemia, swelling, weakness enlargement of the spleen and liver, and great general debility. ___The cases must, of course, be sent to hospital, if only to have the diagnosis made. Bilharzia Disease. i Endemic in Africa, this disease has happily not invaded #* country to any extent. . Symptoms affect either the bladder or the rectum, causite” position a discharge of blood and mucus. | It may be confounded with dysentery when affecting the latter. : The in either The accurate diagnosis can only be made microscopically and i ‘ first aid treatment is likely to be necessary. eye. In the event of severe bladder pain occurring, the general treat: ment of inflammation of that organ (irrespective of the cause), name?” @ hot hip bath, and barley water to drink, should be kept in mind. a The disease is caused through bad drinking water. Worms. Many natives harbour intestin- : the cBinthonese pelt (he ron sf Wath. testinal parasites, ens if ) Tape worms occur but rarely in my. experience, but of whip- worms the same cannot be said. Intestinal worms cause a marked amount of debility and frequently anemia also. treatment of the ine worm is frequently a_ protracted procedure, as the head of the worm is not easy of expulsion, the treatment is ext. of male fern, or thymol, both of which drugs require careful handling. The round worm is expelled b santonin, which drug—although it may cause yellow Ht ered occupy in this country a position more akin to that occupied by quinine than it at present holds Despite the arbitrariness of the statement, I am of opinion that every coolie arriving in poor condition should have an ounce ee paris oil on the day of his arrival, and 6 grains of santonin next morning. = question of the psychological moment for the pdhbeniagration of e drug, I leave to the intelligence of managers or a assistants ; ic ideal method would be to treat the whole batch at on Whip worms will require injections for their removal and as the cause no actual invaliding do not cause any material effect upon the work of the estate. Filtration of or boiling of the drinking water is the proper preventive of these diseases. Elephantiasis, Chyluria and Varicose Glands. The cause of all the above diseases which occur, but are not common in this country, is a blood worm. € worm is transmitted by the bite of Culex ee so that our anti-malarial measures will help to prevent the diseas Elephantiasis is diagnosed by the swelling of a part, usually a leg or a foot, the sw elling is hard and brawny, the skin usually wrinkled, and very coarse, the disease is usually uni-lateral and the affected part does not pit on pressure. Chyluria, due to the Filaria also, consists in a milkiness of the urine. _ Varicose glands usually occur in the groin, they are hard and © painless, Tie All these diseases can onl y be diagnosed microscopically in their early stages and have little effect upon health until long € established. — The majority of cases require the ae for their treatment. Unusual aniongst coolies who Be hao see itis, nevertheless, most im sith ane hi hat the symptoms of this disease s i ud receive all possible publicity, . co intoreate @f the public h ener: [we ) | Any thickening of the skin, circumscribed, and of a coppery red tinge, should be suspected. ee Loss of feeling, even to sharp bodies, such as a pin, if it is found in a hardened patch of skin is very suspicious. Thickening of the nerves, for example an enlargement ‘and hardness of: the nerve at the inside of the elbow—“the funny-bone ”’—should lead one to examine for anesthetic patches elsewhere. Chronic ulcers of the feet particularly of the sole of the foot, ate frequently leprous. The physiognomy of a leper is quite distinctive to the trained eye, and when the seared, leonine expression is present, cannot be mistaken. Irregular and usually slight attacks of fever occur early in leprosy, the later signs, such as the loss of fingers and toes and repulsive ulcerations of the body, are, mercifully, seldom seen save in ™ asylums provided for these unfortunate beings. Abscess of the Liver. The fever, emaciation and general illness preceding the fall development of this disease are so variable and progressive, that Is diagnosis is hardly a subject for this pamphlet. ; Early operation is the secret of success, and all that I need oS about it will be a quotation from Sir PaTRIcK Manson’s lectures ® the London School of Tropical Medicine: ‘‘ Whenever you find 4 Progressive deterioration of health and vigour occurring, accom y some fever and Sweats, always suspect liver abscess.” Sprue. il _ I feel that a précis of sprue is a difficult task. Where a diarrhoea ends and sprue begins is not easy of definition, but if driven to a descriptive epigram, I would say, “sprue is a ¢? deterioration of mucous membranes of unknown causation.’ of of : The symptoms may be represented by various combinations % © a conglomeration of the following i | ee omit _ Diarrhoea,’ sore ton le, ulceration of the mouth, a ght pains, pain on swallowing, pale stools, gassy stools, loss of me and energy, shrinkage of the liver. I consider sprue to be comm. amongst coolies in this country, but the difficulty of accurate diagnos causes the majority of the cases to be returned as diarrhoea. a The treatment, which should be commenced very early, consists | d milk, suk and Ce al diarrhcea or sore mouth would not progress to the acute disease. ne: Pe a a le ey en aE OER I ey ae SSE EE PB Se nr RS EM AG EL re . ofthe last case — for i after the et or Papel tae, (3 I may perhaps be pardoned for having digressed somewhat, and in some instances for having invaded the domain of the manager’s illnesses rather than the coolies—as in the case of the treatment given above—but I submit that on such occasions if I have outlined the proper treatment for the manager he can easily substitute for what is laid down as his treatment, what should be the treatment for his eoolie sick of the same disease. Infectious Diseases. I have already laid down the advisability of isolating cases of dysentery, diarrhoea, anchylostomiasis, and other intestinal diseases, the necessity in infectious cases—strictly such—is absolute, and if it be remembered that in the case of cholera alone, the disease frequently commences as a simple diarrhoea, the expediency is obvious. Of epidemic disease affecting bodies of coolies the principal will, of course, be small-pox, cholera, chicken-pox, influenza, measels, dengue, gue, to a minor extent enteric fever, and amongst the Chinese beri-beri (which is perhaps not directly infectious). The majority of diseases can seen coming, and arrangements made for the isolation of the cases directly they occur, the estate should establish quarantine against infected areas in the vicinity, and every endeavour ould be made to prevent coolies visiting such infected areas. Small-pox. h The incubation of the disease is about 13 days, during this time the patient feels quite well. Fever starts with shiverin d sweati iting, g, and sweating, and frequently vomiting, prehlo ons convulsions, pain in the back is severe. € ‘ ever the eruption appears, in appearance like pimples, and with scleral hard feel to the uch. : rea e ‘he ie The secondary fever is severe, and about the 14th day me anges most offensive, and may quite unrecognisable. — of the eruption is a favourable sign. The infecti : - dui d on lasts until all the crusts have fallen. Careful non of the hands, and of all material which hascomeincontact _ fs € patient is imperative. : a have i upon the sick should be chosen from amongst those who - Strict gu har the disease, or who have good vaccination marks. — - ( 84 ) The best form of isolation hospital—and the cheapest—is a shed of ataps, bound to iron supports, the floor should be cemented if possible, and the “whole show” burnt when the epidemic is at an | d. Chicken-pox. The rash comes out on the first day of the fever, all the symptoms are less severe than small-pox, and the eruption comes out in crops The feel of the pimples is not so hard as those of small-pox. Suppt- ration occurs in the pimples just as in small-pox, but the two diseases are really unlikely to be confused. Plague. x 7 and acute fever, lead one to isolate the case promptly, but the cases ¥ I wish to put you on your guard against are, the pmeumontc = working and standing order is this, “isolate all cases of high fever which is accompained by marked depression, or giddiness, ® Constant cough,” and try not to mistake a plague case for a arunss the severe pul’ headache, vomiting, unsteady gai t of Soe ’ ait, depression, enlargemen the glands (if of the bubonic tyne’. a Plague patients are infectious for about one month after reco™ . Rats are known to disseminate plague. a Infection may take place through wounds and scratches, and through the bites of insects, e.g., rat-fleas, bugs, and Per mosquitos. The excreta and sputum are infective. Attendants upon plague cases should wear shoes. [35 >) Thorough disinfection of all clothing (if it be not possible to burn it) is imperative. An anti-rat crusade is advisable early in the epidemic. Quarantine should extend to ten days unless the medical officer relaxes this rule for good reasons. Cyllin is said to be the best disinfectant. Haftkines plague serum has been variously reported upon. Cholera. Frequently commences as a simple painless diarrhoea, but may start very suddenly during the night, the diagnosis—in the event of cholera existing in the vicinity—of all cases of diarrhoea, must be guarded, and when under such’ circumstances, such cases occur, isolation, prompt and efficient is strongly to be recommended. The next stage is one of collapse from which many cases never recover, the motions at this period become like rice-water, cramps occur, and no doubt about the diagnosis usually remains, more especially if the disease has been reported from the nearest town or and clothing I found, however, when dealing with the disease in Pahang in the year Igo1, that a grave suspicion fell upon the river fish, and whether “post hoc” or “propter hoc” the disease certainly abated rapidly when I got the “kathis” to place the river fish under a “pantang, thus preventing their use as food. .. During the stage of collapse stimulants are indicated by the mouth (if retained) and b hypodermic medication, the application of heat, mustard plasters and such like remedies also. Contact with the discharges must be avoided, and disinfection carried out thoroughly if such contact occur. The vomited material, the urine, and saliva are infective, and of course the motions. The most prompt isolation of all diarrhoea cases in the event of cholera being present in the district is necessary. If possible, change the water supply at once, examine the food — Supply and milk supply, and destroy all articles of doubtful virtue — (except human beings) on the estate or works at once. eae Vomiting is usually severe in cholera cases and is usuall: iret fluid. The appearance of a cholera patient is most typ lows round the eyes, the dazed or hunted appearance, taker aecther with loss of voice, coldness of the extremities, a feeble pulse, £ep collapse, and the macerated appearance of the hands all lead one rapidly to the correct diagnosis. — fs en ON The vehicles of infection are, water, milk, and contaminated food, (26) ate process (see ells should be submitted to the permangan : ni wrich ie highly praised, but I personally prefer to rely upon boiling. had much to do with the fact that Raub remained clear. - All excreta must be either burnt or buried. : ven some Contacts must be also isolated, and they should es se: acid mixture thrice daily in order to keep the stomac ae Measures to be taken upon the i 2 Outbreak of Cholera, Plague, or Small-pox. __ ip with | I. Form bearer, burial, and sanitary es Res to be stretchers, etc., treat all as contacts, their clothes — contac carefully rinsed in 1 in 500 Corrosive twice daily and — Fo patient 2: On the discovery of a case, bearer company ten sae opened t0 to hospital, medical officer will remain to see the me ps scrubbed — the sunlight, and the room either completely limewas eo with r in 500 corrosive sublimate *_ . 3. When the washing gang are started the named Bis, requent should be taken, they should be sent to the contact shed. = roll calls of contacts are essential. jent’s clothes 4. During the Progress of 2 and 3 above, the patients © oe may be burnt, all his utensils destroyed or boiled. 590 corrosive, 1 to each 50 cool : a clothes of everyone in the lines steeped therein for 12 hours- | 6. All utensils of al} coolies must be boiled. er su} - All wells must be closed, and a sound, fresh wat is arranged for (this in the case of cholera only). i, 8. All coolies must rinse their hands in a solution of 1 in 1,000 corrosive before meals. g. Change the bathing places if possible. 10. Limewash or corrosive wash all benches in the kuchies. 11. In the case of small-pox universal vaccination. 12. In the case of plague, plague vaccination and disinfection as . Dengue. This disease is an exceedingly sudden, and extremely infectious fever, it is marked by severe pain in the bones and joints, a rast usually appears, but in this country is rather fickle in its appearance, in the early stage of the fever it occurs as a simple redness of the general body surface, which is hard to demonstrate on dark skins. _ The pain in the joints and bones is frequently very serious, and t disease has hence acquired the name of “ break-bone” fever. It almost invariably occurs in epidemic form, and rapidly spreads, it may be “seen coming” and advances from the neighbouring towns rapidly, when it has once declared itself. After the primary fever a short interval of calm or freedom from fever occurs, and patients may even feel fit to go to work, but the secondary fever then breaks out, and arash the true rash of dengue shows up, this commences on the palms and backs of the hands, is best seen on the back of the body to which it quickly spreads. It consists of slightly elevated, circular, reddish brown, spots, about — inch in diameter, which eventually coalesce to form plates red. Peeling occurs, and may last for some time (2 to 3 weeks). Isolation of the first cases is advisable, but the disease so rapidly that it were advisable not to expect too much of isolation as a preventive measure in this disease. Influenza. The rash comes out on the fourth day of fever, it is well the “‘running at the eyes” usually helps to diagno! Ree! Ca ) Measles, influenza, and dengue are easily confused, but if the planter will look about him he will frequently find assistance from the facta | certain diseases existing in the vicinity. 7 Phthisis. - Consumption is an infectious disease. Consumption is terribly erect consumption sanitaria, but for the present I consider that whet a coolie is found to be suffering from this dread disease, that he should be immediately repatriated, as the cheapest and best method of pre serving the health of those who must associate with him in his work and on the lines while in this country. Hydrophobia. A word or two about this shocking disease may not come peor here. The disease is caused by the contact of the saliva of a rabid animal with a wound on another animal (man included). ne It usually occurs as the result of the bite of any animal from rabies. The first symptoms of the disease in the dog (which is the monest domestic animal affected) are: 1. A change in temperamls 2. Restlessness. The stages of the disease have been divided as follows:— 1. The premonitory or melancholic. 2. The irritative or maniacal. hide himself, as this stage progresses he is often observed to ne sticks, to eat pieces of stone, etc. - : He then becomes “mad,” symptoms of choking, spasm, e take place, panting, difficulty of breathing, vomiting, and cough 0 ct a may run away from home, and sometimes they trav@ —— at this stage the diagnosis is generally easily made. e last stage is paralysis, his jaw d h longet *.. : , his jaw drops, he can no 10M5* ” low, his back becomes paralysed, nd the unfortunate animal either in a convulsion or quite suddenly. oe measures to be taken if one be bitten, or a wound of come in contact with the saliva of such an animal, are: 1- Apply (09 ) ligature above the seat of the bite if possible; 2. Burn the bite itself with t iron; 3. Apply carbolic acid. The ligation should be retained in position for about three hours. The incubation period from the bite or contact, to the development of hydrophobia is variable, but may be set down at from 4 weeks to I Suspected dogs and other animals should be firmly tied up and kept under observation, or they may be killed by shooting them in the head, their spinal cord or a portion of it removed, placed in a bottle containing glycerin, and sent to the nearest laboratory to be examin- ed as to the exact diagnosis. All uncared for animals should be shot for an area of about Io miles round the focus of the disease. In the unfortunate event of one being bitten by an animal doubt- fully mad, the patient should be sent to Saigon or one of the Indian Pasteur Institutes, with a piece of the spinal cord of the animal whic bit him, for confirmation of the fact of madness, and, if confirmed, for treatment. The reason for taking the cord is that some animals show very rapidly the effect of the poison, and the disease can be with certainty diagnosed by injecting them, and treatment rapidly started. Hospitals. _ Under the Labour Code which deals practically exclusively with Chinese, sec. 79 lays down “that the resident may order an hospital to be built, and a dresser engaged provided not less than 50 labourers be employed.” I have seen every class in charge of the sick I think, and the more — Isee of the estates which endeavour to economise on their medical department, the more convinced am I that it is folly of the most superior brand. I much regret that I have yet to meet the dresser, on $30 to $50 a month, who is dependable for a diagnosis; returns one can obtain Th : ams disease, and anchylostomiasis (with which you are now L trast the se Ptomaine poisoni ost of similar cases which may require poisoning, and a host prs dearer article 90 ) In my opinion the most important point in dealing with th health of estates and large works is the instant separation of the sich from the healthy. No sick coolie should remain one minute in contad with his sound fellows, certainly not one hour, and to leave him om) day is criminal! 4 With the able assistance of Mr. WiLktnson—both of us I my) mention working under difficulties—I introduced on the Krian Irrigation Works a system of prompt segregation of the sick, with a view stamping out the infectious dysentery which played havoc amongst the coolies for a time. The method adopted was: At each lines Ww established a small isolation shed of from four to ten beds, if any cool. complained of dysentry, or diarrhoea he was immediately sent to shed, the furniture consisted of beds, chamber-pots, blankets, tinned milk, and cups, an attendant had charge, and all motions were Ke» for inspection by a dresser or the medical officer. - The system which was directed against dysentry would wort equally well in other cases, and malingerers, diarrhea, and typhoe cases could be “spotted’’ with some approach to accuracy. Tf the system be carried a step farther it becomes applicable to forms disease, all that is necessary being a shed with partitions for who complain of different diseases. . gerin a shall be most ha * t di : e ha of the coolie in Mone Iscuss any matter which concerns bl My earnest thanks are due to Mr. W. A. WILKINSON, whose = seen mati In converting my plans from an amateur cha™ workmanlike drawings I cannot over-estimate, that they will ene in establishing a sanitary uniformity in Malaya Is the planters find nythi ; ee ss ae | ng of useful instruction in this ©" planters thanks will be a more f4+: 1s anything I could write i — fitting reward for my benefactors Pp. N. GE SEMI- ielthit iy AA fe A CGDLY-LINES SCALE “ike INCH To OAF Fear =) : =e! sy May fue ath ngs ri mt mein yh? to Ys a Hy ” ie ety Ean mj . ys = h j§ ovr! aR ae 2 7* for F585 3, 1 aca ICE eee neers an ~,, IO oe BT cae » MTP aig : ait 9 tie ~ R Wy : learn Re ihe Mi matt i . . s * 1 ELEVATION , “ a EACAVA TIAN OU (20" —y«-- 12:0" -y«-- 12'0° aS- j2*o'—»ic-— 12°05 ae 720 —— CONCRETE ta) ° Carey ° Trae wa ATTAP WALLS WALL PLATES PIA &. e pe % * \-feaei 2 \43| PURLIA fy 2 Dia® yee: (mat a ia Do © \7e2 4 Pere he Aeetiaa 3383838. | Yee [194 3¢ 45 $27 £5. Lithegraphed at the Surveyor General's Office Singasore November LAT RIAE Pars! SCALE ye" INCH TA ONm FWwT peer ore gl] SECTION * amt) Opsmumaress sy 8 © en acne —_PARTIEVEARS anren wa mrs ap See - xcavari 16me TT fe €-¥. ‘Ya0 | Se 4 STS, WALL PLATES, BA” Bia \W4#4 QF | Ves | 4 | 32 » 9 osts S“Diat $7.48. | Vt$7 1 | 67 4 a. “trae WALLS ‘346 Sg.Fe| Vos IP | 30 ATTAP ROOF ARCO 376 « Yes oo 2 O RAFTERS, COLARS EU A" DiA® — | 18S | “703 s \ss ! PURLINS £44" DIAS: 434 *« | Yz e148 : ee AAR OWOSD Sy. TIMBER 2 C.F. | Yee / |'8o : oO 3 WEATHER BOARDING 65 36 | Yort | 4 187 3 EARTARNWARE BUCKETS i | ete |_¢ {zo * ms } ' F . aTTAP | 58 ce © i v PALL . + --#' 0 410: $F or > ~——— ot 4 O Meme eR — $i e a PLAN Lithagraphed at the Surveyor General : Oftiee Singacere Nevember 66 LAT RIAL ES ANP 2 (GARTH & ume) ALE & PReT ro oie WICH ELEVATION pees, oye 4 120 ears SSS = Seen SS a a PARTICULARS CONTENTS : ee Saas lw ey. 2 4 H ye WALL PLATES BS 401A | fhe hs 4 ars 3°D fy HA fot ino SEAMS ETC, | 13 ©. 79a | r | 70 ; > RISERS, THREADS, SIDR PLANKS BPS S457 yer | 3 | w = ATYTAP WALLS | SSE ‘ef | 20| 90 a: ROE NRCO | d7fs5 cba is | 73 es aldopigg gr psoanag #r¢, 401A. ene fe | F | SF ‘4 “ol a z4a~ yoo | 2 | 6&8 ; raat BQAR BING 6358 Set fe 4 | 7% y a me ‘ De Go Se : ah Ad | WA ' oJ fo n ° pee ole JB fo) FPLAAI TERRA LTRS SaRin Aeaap we Vanda : Aaja" 9 x ---6'9 ley ated Vt I i || yo ins Bes Desa ad SENSE AT ogee S ees “ it N\ A.CONGRETE RENDERED oved |! A. a 4 ; at WEL” @. CaM ENT. Hi ‘ iid |! (Your lu -¥- AT ee |X CONCHETE. “oe SECNON — PARTIC CLARO “ee seareeg| mares Jent 4 EXCAVATION Tew | Yael / | go | x1 HARDW00D THM BE S2464| yoo | 29 | 40 | ! CONCRETE Fi0ok $344 CF| Yar | 22 1 4 | | a" CRMENT RENDERING su SF | 19% | £0 | eg | CHETE: DKAIN ‘ “(40 | 429!a2g9 tol SS ee RQDFIN G Boo hg SF We | $6 £2 % ANGLE IRON 2°x2."x Fy? a LF! 484 | 412 | 32 | 14 FLAT IRON 2"viioe. ip raice. ‘Ou 1 436! 3 | 6a"! ' % IRON PILLAR PULLED WITH CONCRETE 4° D1At oe oe 186 lee. | oo . ~. Len . Zoe | 5, 5o | eae AP? an COR! IRON WALLING 415 3m, | fis 162 | 25 | nes IRONW Comepes 12 YY. | 84 | oe! : OF : {RON BUCKET. : 2 7/65 | 7 gy | eo ee , WRATHERBOARDING | $3 ATA AL 4 rr a ¥ IFT LONG TUKES EACH $6.00 [yi | 1% ty t | Yu tied PR eas cee since al Lithographed at the Surveyor General's Office Singipere Rovember ¢6. PERMANENT CGDLY-LINES SEALE Ne To One Foor ELEVATION BARTH mite LIME CONCRETE I FOUNDATION BRICK ORK 6%. ecnea gai FLOOR WITH SE RO RENDERING shales FwooR ” 100 Cithegraphed ai the Surveyer Consra! $ Office Singazore Novembar G4 SEMI PERMAAEMT C@LYUANES SCALE OF Vig incu r@ a Foor ~ w BAM Ba rea) wis eS ae fe wren 2 aM oe ae sae 5" 4 “6 eT ot gee ha Paths) 1 e int ety alt yt? ' 5 ~ es Pe AA? RIAFING me He Lal rH 4 ent 1] Pest a aad Satygf WER” a De Nua Waa TV “et Zt, Awe. < ot ie Wai wey ~ UAT mig sins Wy iM ceule SS Ree bald "See reig't Tot 4 awa, | =liltS=I = hey pe ebeh =< ————— Ss —_ | all i i | ! : ELEVATION . at 103-0 xa ce wom bd ‘o" 12:0 7 12:0 ap Ae fe (2/e@'—y'e— 12/0" oS le" * ” sig “ ee) | ok 6:0" £6: - 6:0" >k <é ©: 08-620 "3e-6:0"-e- 6:0" k-c:0".: =e ; + yy a a =e PLAN lithe sto% aefr. ® 7 ae cvs tSvayer S:ne-a! § 0 Vice SinSaro-e Novumttes 2¢ SECTION ae SS = ; PARTICUL ARS T SS ——— a —- EXCAVATION LIM CONCRETE EARTH FLOOR POST PLANK PARTITION Door BED BIARU 1 “THICK WALi PLATES FTORS oe f3e | : se PURLIA | 36 wot g¢ | 40 ATTAP ROOFING SHB SgIT) -/oS| 298 | 40 af 74 iii itthographes at the Survayer Gensral s Office Singanocs Yovember LETS SE ae se “EXCAVATION a et L.CONER ETE 1M POUNDATION 76 BRICKWORK 243 HARD W@D Pes $93 ANK FLOOR 297 Bar's b minpetws 593 PARTITIONS | £2 (ae rere} W@DEN STEPS | 24 yr BEAM, recta 4 PURLUIY ETE @OFI NY | 27 ‘Tune WAY STRAP 4 il ae | 26 | Jyigeup srkae Vex | 32 ¥50| @ RAP 1 YA KHz i bf | oy: fy Pe es | 2778 NOTE: A FEET WIDE STRPS $6.00 = 3.00 EBLE VATION ONIN. i INCH TO 1 Fag CALE DISPENIARY AAD HOSPITAL. WARD SCALE Vere one * aga Mae der ean Mae \Bal= Wea ‘a i sel ae | ae at apt an ae Ag met nape te ALE WARD 90:0"K 750" if FEMALES 30-0" xa5-0" = or = =e : ar oo. Be TN eR ae ea ne rT : TE MRO PY COOLY LINES ee E G INCH TO ONE Por i ae i 2! a) ? j +o t BACK ELEVATION ce] ‘# ‘ iden) ow o im a ie ~~~ 100. = x ~=-IE-O- -- H+ ---6- - ae =~ ae Se -h<-oee ~ »k-- Pe ah A aR rst . ae LF s+ badhoes re 60! 5h. - ¢'o-. pene e100 - —-bithagraphed at the Surveyor Genacal's Office Singapore November 06 i | APRIL, 1907. ne (VoL. VI AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN STRAITS - FEDERATED MALAY STATES. EDITED BY at ON. RIDLEX, M.A.; F.R.S., F.L.S., F-R-H.S., Director of Botanic Gardens, Se ae AND. iG B. CARRUTHERS, ER.SEag FLe Bey Director of Agriculture & Govt. Botanist, F lee Ss ; ‘CONTENTS, : bs Annual Spree of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore: and — = Pe a g, for the year aU ge 3 a aap eens ee Annual sumerigion for § Straits tg Settlements and Federated : : y fe other places in. Malaya—8. No. fu _APRIL, . tale ee Vi. AGRIC LTU RA BU LLETIN OF THE STRAITS AND FEDERATED MALAY STATES. EDITED BY H. N. RIDLEY, Ma F.r.sS., F.LS., ERS, Director of Botanic Gardens, S.S. J. B. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Director of Agriculture & Govt. Botanist, F.M.S. CONTENTS. AGE. I. Annual Report of the Botanic apes ie and enang, for the year 1906 .. gr 2. Market Reports... ““ ses hee a Ie 3- Weather Reports ae a Staff. . 1.—There was no change in the Staff during the year, except ; st an apprentice Sub-Overseer, by name of SILvESTER PAUL, was ; én on in May. The Superintendent of Penang went on sick “vad for a year, in March, and it was suggested that the Assistant Sreecintendent of the Singapore Gardens should take his place uring his absence as has had to be the system previously, but, in Visitors. dix i very large number of visitors, sometimes as many aS chiefly gorming, came during the year to consult the Director, . yon the subject of rubber planting. The opening up of the rubber ed Malay States, due to immense bare ent of cultivation, has immensely increased the number of visitors up of the territory of Johore which will follow on the comple tt the borate will, without doubt, largely increase the work in the ~ near futur Among the more important scientists, agriculturists and others who visited the Gardens and = some time there were P. OLsoN- SEFFER (Mexico), Dr. ScHLECHTER, Dr. DEISLER, Mr. Uncer — Hage Peoieacet Cornet (Stanford University, Meni - SHAW-HELLIER (Jamai Mr. | Me Ryan Vegenaee Mr. or (Madagascar), Dr. Adis ee (Mexico), Mr. H. Price (Boston, U.S.A.), Mr. BIENENFELS { ae M. Vernet, Dr. WeGENER (Berlin), H. H. Pe YuGava (Siam). Thefts. e€ most important theft during the year was of 3.-—The hundred rubber seedlings by natives at night from the Ec on Gardens. Very extensive thefts had occurred of this nature @ that it was dismissed, A Chinaman was caught in the e collecting Wormia leave s, and fined five dollars, and there ¥ few thefts of flowers, fruit, etc., of the usual style. strictly enforced agai aad some little trouble was caused thoughtless riders galloping their horses on the turf and spo Roads and Drives. —The exceptional humidity of the year caused much to the Garden drives, and the Pollowine urgently needed - were executed and paid for out of the Gardens Vote. The drive from the top of the plant house to the cross plant house to below the band-stand Wir teabetalicd with three reo of lat fibers and rolled, being of length of 200 yards an 11 feet The drive from the fetrace steps to the cross ways by of the red-stemmed palm Ce ak remetalled with three men ne gravelled and flied: ‘e's length of 80 yards a = The road from the h was godown to the plant house with thiee inches of laterite, gravelled and consolidated f and 11 feet width, The four-foot way from the main entrance to the 4 the old aviary was regravelled for 135 yards. : 93 e road from Garden Road to the officers’ quarters was remetalled with three inches of laterite, gravelled and consolidated for 200 yards and 15 feet in width, and regravelled for 97 yards, main drive from the office to the band-stand, which is steep and had scoured, was patched to a considerable extent. The Garden road of a length of nearly five hundred yards, running from Tyersall Road to Dalvey Road, was remetalled by the Public Works Department. Drains and Culverts. were renewed. he side drains along the four-foot path from the main entrance to the old aviary were patched and repaired. The side drain from the main entrance along the drive for 295 yards was renewed. The large culvert near the officers’ quarters was New or Noteworthy Plants. _6.—Among the more interesting novelties which flowered during the year were:— Malayan :—Didymocarpus perdita.—(Pulau Battam). Vanda hastifera.—(Borneo). Aeschynanthus tricolor.—( Borneo). Aeschynanthus Lobbiana var ?—(Borneo). Habenaria xanthocheila.—(Penang). Gastrochilus pulchellus n. sp.—(Borneo). Globba brachyanthera.—(Borneo). Clerodendron n. sp.—(Borneo). Begonia oblongifolia.—({ Borneo). Begonia promethea.—(Borneo). Peperomia n. sp.—(Borneo). pan Hapaline appendiculata n. sp.—(Borneo). — Schismatoglottis brevipes—(Perak). eat tee = 94 Medinilla spectosa.—(Selangor). Tacca vespertilio n. sp.—(Perak). Tacca minor.—( Kelantan). Strophanthus Jackianus.—(Sumatra). Ceratolobus levigatus.—(Perak). Cypripedium glaucophyllum.—(Java). Saccolabium sp. new.—(Perak). Siam :—Aneilema sinicum. Habenaria geniculata.—(Shan States). Ruellia sp. China :-—Lycoris radiata. Licuala peltata. Christmas Island :—) 00 000'g ose eee eee are go61 gz o16 ‘+ yrodsuviy s,juepuajutiedng Ivo ay} 1OJ JUvINH JUBUIUIOAON juyjsissy pue sesuedxy A}J0qg | £0 19z‘1 °° es “+ £o61 Arenuef 60 6€659 +: rhe *** SQITOOD JO SOBB AA jsI uo yueg ur soureq Ag "s379 "399 ‘aA NLIGNAdX "‘SLd1d9ay \ ‘Q061 YOd SNAGUV®) OINVLOG AHL 40 ANNALIGNadXy ANV SLdIgd9ayY 103 00 OO00T Cg gt og €zL‘g1 oS 161‘! 00 oof o£ 9go0z Lo go6‘I1 "79 ¢ ‘auNLIAGNad “xy aaa wInteqse Fy J0J GanjTUINg—'L "AUNLIGNAdXY IIOGdS © aouBMOTIe [VUOSIOg puB SuljaAv1y—"9 eee wae suapiery) o1Uv}Og 0} JUBIDN—S ae oes say Suiddy 7, aqqny jejuowiedxg yno Suth11vD jo sosuedxq—"b i _, UeT[NG peinzpnousy ,, 94} Jo uoy -BOl[Gng 94} YIM uoTjOeUUOD UI sasuodxy—'t eee eee eee eae s0uRrU | SuoIstAolg ay} No Burkss"o jo sosuedxy—e ! ‘SHDUVHD AAHLO “+ sjusuinjouly [euoslag—'l "SHLVWILSY AO SNALT ‘9061 uvVaX AHL ONINNG ‘aUOdVONIG ‘LNAWNLAVdIAG SNACUVS) DINVLOG AHL AO AUNLIAGNAdXY ANV SLdigoay 104 Botanic Gardens, Penang. Staff. 1.—Mr. Fox went on leave on March 23rd, and there being no Officer of the Department available to take his place, I was placed in temporary charge in addition to my other duties. This arrangement continued during the remainder of the year, but it could hardly be considered satisfactory. The Overseer, Manomep Hanirr, looked after the technical work and did it extremely well; the Gardens were kept by him in excellent order, but in the absence of a properly qualified European, scientific research made little or no progress. In addition to this the Clerk was transferred and a new man with no experience of the work took his place. The Inspector under the Coconut Trees Preservation Ordinance and the Mandor on the Hill died during the year. Buildings and Upkeep. 2.—The office ceiling partially collapsed and it was found necessary to make immediate repairs. So much damage had been done in the past to the wood flooring by white ants that it was granted by Government and this work was carried out. The roof of the building was raised and the whole structure generally _ In the plant houses the atap roofing was replaced by ruberoid, which has proved quite satisfactory and is more lasting. , In several of the houses the tables were cemented as a means of keeping away the white ants. The roads were kept in good repair and the general condition of the grounds and buildings reflects great credit on the Overseer in charge. , rustic been placed there, and a large specimen of the Impatiens Mirabilis or Gouty Balsam obtained from the Langkawi Islands added. This rockery forms a very pleasant addition to the Gardens. Plants. 3-—No new variety of plant was added to the Gardens during the year. The Overseer, however, performed sever grafting experiments, oes The grafting of the well known ‘‘La France’ rose on eT Suenos local variety proved a success, a fine rose with a most elicate odour being obtained. Some interesting results were *” 105 A visit was paid to the Langkawi Islands in August, when a number of orchids and another specimen of the Impatiens Mirabilis were obtained. mber of plants were supplied to the Government Plant- ations, Perak, and some promised in return from the Taiping Hills. Plant sales, exclusive of $74.25 received for rubber seeds, realised $319.25 as against $566.80 in 1905. This falling off was the Gardens. Publications. ; _4.—The usual periodicals were received during the year, and an interesting work presented by Messrs. Vertcn & Sons contain- ing a good deal of useful information especially with regard to varieties of Orchids. Para Rubber. standing there. As the altitude is about 2,000 feet the results were If proper implements for tapping the trees and drying the rubber were obtained, it might be of advantage to systematically — all these trees as well as those in the Botanic Gardens themselves, where 21 trees exist ready for tapping. 3,600 rubber seeds were sold from the Gardens during the year for $74.25, the price ranging om $20 to $7.50 per thousand. Penang Hill. ‘creased severity of the tasks they were called on to perform. — Bi additional vegetable garden was started just below — . Vue Bungalow and has proved a success. 106 Preservation of Coconut Trees. 7.—Owing to the death of Mr. ae the returns for the first four months of the year could not be The number of notices issued during ha last eight months of the year in Penang and Province Wellesley was 450. There were 13 prosecutions in Penang, 12 convictions being obtained; ‘the fines realised amounted to $40. Appendix B. summarises the work done under this head. The fines inflicted by the Magistrates for breaches of this Ordinance are so small that they do not act as a sufficient deterrent. General. —As Honorary Secretary for Penang, I attended the Agr Horticultural Show at Singapore in August. A _ number of exhibits were taken from Penang and a large proportion of prizes obtained, including the cup for the best collection of fruits and the first prize for the best Palm 9.—The weather tae « the year was more irregular usual ; rain fell sp SBNET during the first pent days of November, while the fall in December was unusually high. The total rainfall on the Hill was 123°79 ee and at the Gaol 112 inches, as against 100-9 inches and 78°31 inches res- ita in 1905. The latter year was, however, an exceptionally Ty 0 o-—Nothing further was said regarding the proposal to | lange impounding reservoir on the site of the Gardens, ae it < is hoped that the necessity for it may not arise. = = the. watet Commissioners acquired a large eet of land ve the waterfall ee Catchment Area for the purpose of improving present Expenditure. bee usual statement of expenditure is to be aie in : W. PEEL, Acting Superintendent of Gardens. ‘suapavyy fo quopuagutaagns ‘3p “THadd ‘M ‘IITH 9} UO S901} 94} WIOIZ s9OUNO JieY B puv sag puUB ‘sUSPIL®) 94} Ul 991} 94} WOT} P9}99][09 B19M\ deios jo S9ouno jyeY & puv OMT —: ALON | | Le ad br | Z | #€) 9 fe | Fe) ee) > | > | FE) HE | HE] HE] © | Hr | Er | $8 | tr.) ee] fh ee ee le |r er) er] e Sr) $1} x] $i} 9 a | | | a | = ysnany yg 0} Aynf yqir wo. . fr | Hld) rt] r ir) bl el el tl eel tt |e el] ale S a | | : Poi. | Hy} 1 | St fe rt Be ht | a ot Pee ee | | | | | —i tT Fuvuag uo saoa P hae re ) + | FE w |e | + | FS $ | sequieceq wS1 0} soquieaoN qy6r Wo. #9 42) 9 wees ab | E90] + | — SUIPAD IUBIOT Ut AT PIO—'] ‘ZO ‘qy | $x.) €1 | ex | rr 0/6) 8 2 5 oa 1 ee es ‘SNUVN AY SAC ERR, eee oe mee Oe aT a et er et are 2 ‘9061 ‘suidde , jo 91eq | A | . oe ae, oni ‘soouno ur uolyeiedo yove Jv poure}qo raqqny AIp JO SIO AA ‘WY XIMNAddv ‘UMBIPYUAA I ‘Po}DIAUOD ZI *suotynoesoig £1 *SNUYNAY 00 | ot z | C6z Loz'1 10 RNASE Bas ba — : a : . tee os4 | t+ | git . | | fyanagsiq] maayynos / / ote ans +“ €€ zO0z bZ / 89 | 1 J9tagsiq] ywaquay oss a “oe / ot | €€1 601 Lg 1 YMApSIG] uaaypsony | / oo oF z 6L1 . 91g 99! of i i gagsiqg Suvuay ae | ~ : *pafoisap *pefonsep *‘pasoisep ‘pakoijsap ‘sequisceq] 1£ 01 ke geen gg ysny- 6 cases large dull sheets, 5/8. 1 case pressed scrap, 4/7. S "De: “3 I case brown scrap, 4/3$- 2 cases palish and amber sheets, 5/84. re I case sheets, boughtin. 2 cases inferior biscuits, bought in. ngie 2 ng rolled scra _ > cases » 5) 4 cases brown scrap 4 4/63. 7 case Krudda ge amber sheeban te 1 case white virgin slab, 4/64. Patt a 28 —— ine pale crépe, 5/93. 3 cases brownish crépe, 5/64. cases brown block, 5/44. CMRE Id. 12 “og ag io Pale crépe, 5/9. 3 — dark mottled crépe, bought cases scrap chip crépe, 5 a> 2 cases large amber sheets, 5/8. 1 case brown scrap, “alt. > 4 cases large palish sheets, 5/8. 3 cases brown scrap, 4/72- West Indian Plantation. I case fine black eset 4/44. 1 case good black Scrap, ast ase badly heated, 2/- Fine Para, to-day’s price, 5/1} per Ib. WIRPs Iit2 CEYLON, STRAITS, & MALAY STATES PLANTATION RUBBER REPORT. March 1st, 1907. The following were offered in auction to-day, and amount to about 31 tons Straits and Malay States, and about 8 tons of Ceylon. The largest weight yet offered. Straits and Malay States. MARK. QUANTITY, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. Telu Batu G 16 cases brown unsightly sheets, 5/83. 1 case brown pressed Seon B ligt ok. «sag ak I case ue pressed crépe, 4/4. 8 fee: shee ase S nd r rk scrap rather tiated a and barky, 4/54. BO ed rap ball a SEE “npn » 4/ : cate ood le thin sheet, 5/8 KD comet a Lad 4/74. pete Bees biscuit, bought in. 1 case da : Ss P) I bag pag scrap crépe thick, 5/2. 1 case chip crépe, 4/6. - aioe s brow - essed ee bo ught in 2 cases ects, épe, 5/04 @ 5 mixed crépe, 5/63. ases mottled crepe, 5/7 @: af II cases Hx block, a @ 5/4}. 4 cases grey DI @ 5/24. S R Co.. 34 Cases sheets darkish rather — 5/8 @ 5/83. -_ mottled cré crépe, 5/ pape ottled crepe, @ 5/65. oa NG 5/53 @ 5/7. 15 pati hy Se black cle ae 5/23 @ 5/3- s . . ee 2 cases amber sheets, 5/84. 1 case scrappy biscuit, 4/5%- 2 Io cases large amber sheets, 5/83. 9 cases dark scrap, at virgin pieces, 4/64. Highlands Est. 104 Cases large Seeish sheets (one lot 5/82) 5/84 @ 5/84- (‘ete mottled cr e ‘ 5/74. 14 50a Pilg ductor, 5 i 4h @ 5/5. 17 cases black pieit 5/38 @3 ases brown crépe, oF . 5/34. Sungie Krudda 6 cases large sheets, bought in. 4 cases brown scrap, 4/68 4 cases scrap and virgin pieces, bought in Glanrhos cases dark amber biscuits, bought in. 2 cases rough shee ” Nae oe Coates 2 Cases darkish amber bisceiits, bought in. 1 casé nat BAD 4/63. ey iesetomoes 2 cases good amber biscuits, bought in. 1 case brown 4/7. a BRRCo. Ld. 14 Cases dark amber sheets, 5/8. 113 MARK. QUANTITY, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. 22 cases dark gros block (14 sold) 5/83 @ 5/93. 2 cases good SP scrap, bought ie et. a oe in. 1 bag red Ra mbong, Longhtt . I case cuttings and virgin, bought in. TEP 1 case black chip crépe, 4/8. TES 13 cases lumps and pieces, bought in. 10 cases low dirty pieces, bought in. AMRC 1 case Virgin biscuits, bought in. 2 cases fair scrap, 4/73. CMRELd. 1 — ga and ae crépe, 5/83. 5 cases mottled crépe, 5/7. e brown chip, bought in. Shelford 2 cases pis sheets, 5/8. 2 casesdark scrap, 4/6. 1 case cuttings and pieces, 4/8. Ceylon. Taldua 4 cases dark biscuits, 5/8#. Warriapolla I case fine pale Ceara biscuits, 5/9. cases fine _ biscuits, i 5/94. 2 cases fine eh biscuits, 3/88 @ 5/9. 2 packages scrap, 4/6. | VB I case fair sheets, bought in. | Sunnycroft I case fine palish biscuit, 5/9. 2 cases pale scrap, 4/7%- | Ballacadua 2 cases mostly good, 5/9. | B . & Co. I case crépe mixed pale and grey, bought in. | Various Marks 13 cases scrap dark (6 cases sold), 3/9- | Culloden 3 — palish crepe 5/9. 6 cases brown crépe, 5/44. I case k chip, 4/11 | Heatherly 3 cases fine pale biscuits, 5/98. ra 4 cases darkish biscuits, 5/83. 3 cases “ crépe, 5/94 @ 5/98- makotua 5 cases mixed colors sheets, 5/84 @ 5/8 Sas baad 10 cases good darkish biscuits, 5/83 @ ade 3 cases dark scrap, 4/6. goya 1 7 cases fine amber biscuits, 5/9. Kumaradola 3 cases darkish amber eng bought I case lumps and El pieces, bought in. case cass rk neBaes biscuits, bought in = 2 — —— biscuits, ee 1 case fair scrap, 4/53: 8 cases. — led crépe, 5/6. 16 os brown crepe, 5/2 @ 5/4. 3 cases CL black crépe, 4/54 at 4/9. Suduganga 5 cases dark amber biscuits, 5/8. Kepitigalla 2 cases pieces, 4/74. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, LTD. INDIA RUBBER MARKET REPORT. 13 Roop Lanz, Lonpon, E.C. February 15th, 7907. = AE sats. S auction packages of Ceylon and Eaers Planta- Tete Sag were rol offer, of we about 443 ere sold. 114 There was good competition at about last sale rates for all kinds, Several taint parcels were included in the offerings, the most _ noticeable being two invoices from Lanadron Estate, Muar; of these about 4 tons were composed of very fine block rubber and realised the eer price of the sale, viz., 5/11 per lb., except two cases which oe 5/102. e pale crepe was again in request from 5/9 to 5/94, one very fine aed fetching 5/93. Medium grades of sere were slightly irregular, while dark sold — well = to about 5/4 per me “rt fine biscuits and sheet fetched 5/84, the general price bie 5/8 per Ib . QuotaTions.— Fine block, 5/11. Fine sheet, 5/74 to 5/83. Fine biscuits, 5/8 to 5/83. Very fine pale, 5/9} to 5/93. Fine pale, 5/9. Crepe, Palish to darkish, 5/4 to 5/7- | Dark, 5/1} to 5/4. Dark block, 5/4 to 5/44. Fine, 4/5 to 4/7. Scrap! 5 ir to medium, 4/4 to 4/5. PLANTATION Fine To-pay.—5/74 to 5/11, same period last yeats 6/14 to 6/2. Do Scrap.—4/4 to 4/7, same period last year, 3/8 tosi+ Fine Harp Para (South American).—5/1, same period ae year, 5/43 AVERAGE Price or Ceyton anp MALAYA PLaNnTaTION RUBBER 443 packages at ? kages at yee same period — ye 5/64 per lb., against 238 packages 5/ Particulars and Prices as follows:— Ceylon. eatin QUANTITY, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. — 1 case fine pale biscuits, ee . Udapolla imilae, 5/8 sp 18 : I case good biscuits, 5/8. 2 cases somewhat — sana good palish to darkish biscuits, 5/8. 1 case fine We'Oya ; 2 cases find pale to darkish biscuits, 5/84- Culloden 5 Cases find amber biscuits 5/8. G canes 5/94. «bag palish, bought in. 6 cases a 5/44. 1 case good darkish ditto, 5/33. 2 cases 115 MARK. QUANTITY, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. Ellakande 3 cases good yellow biscuits, 5/8}. Nikakotua 3 cases fine amber sheet, 5/84. J] V&Co. 2cases good pressed scrap, Bonght n. 1 case fine, bought in. I case dark scrap, 4/5. ee rap, 4/7. good case py scrap, 4/7. 3 cases g d ark biscuits, eghe in. ase good rejections, 4/11}. Wiharagama 2 cases dull biscuits, 5/8. D> I case good biscuits, sheet and scrap, bought in. Ambatenne I case fine biscuits, 5/8}. 1 case darker, 5/8. 1 case fine scra I case Geet scrap, 4/52. 1 case dark earthy scrap bought in Good View I case good biscuits, 5/8. Waharaka 3 — shoei scrap, 4/4: 1 case fine palish to darkish bis- its, 5/8. Ballacadua 2 cases Pate crepe, 5/2. 2 cases fine palish to darkish biscuits, 5/8}. Malan BRR Co. La. 14 cases fine washed sheet, 5/74. 1 case fine dark blocks, 5/ 8 cases fine pale crepe, 5/9. 1 case fine small blocks, 5/ 2 cases fine palish scrap aeee, at 5 cases darkish, 5/4. 4 Cases good a répe, 5/13 cases brown crepe, 5/2. I case dark block, 5/4. CMRELg 12 jeans fine pale eee 5/9. 3 cases good palish and darkish jet crepe, bought g cases good dark crepe, 5/14. . 7 cases fine pater ease 5/83. 5 cases very fine pale a si94 I case a pali sh, 5/5%. 2 cases fine darkish, 5/3. sid good d 5 ae fine amber sheet, 5/8. 1 case fine pale scrap, 4/63. SSBRCo,Ld ase darkish scrap, 4/5. 1 case pressed scrap (part un- 9 aed 4/54. 3 oe Case fine pressed sheet, bought in. 1 case good dark scrap, ~ a3 34- 3 bags rejections and scrap, 4/52. PS 2 Cases fine es sheet, . i8t. I bag good ball scrap, 415: 1 case Scrap and re: ree bought in. cases pressed cu tings amd Scrap, eit i case good pale dui bought in. 1 case rejected biscuits, bought Bag case rejections, bought in. 1 “case good ht in. one pal ish, 5/7. 13 abd Gark omoked Block: 5 3/4 18 cases fine palish sh eet, 5/8. r case rejected sheet, 5/73. 2 cases ri sheet, 5 cases fine scrap, to 4/63. 1 "hs Sregee ts eae case scrappy waite sheet alt onus Sec cele aie ue as Cases washed sheet, 5/8. 8 cases fine pale crepe , 5/92- — a 116 MARK, QUANTITY, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. Yam Seng to cases fine amber sheet, 5/8. 10 cases dark scrap, 4/63. 2 casts rejections, 4/10}. R > 6 cases fine amber, 5/8 PR 3 > I case fine scrap, 4/7. Ku 2 cases fine amber sheet, 5/8. 1 case scrappy rejections, 4/7}. K 4 cases fine amber sheet, 5/8. 3 cases scrappy rejections, 4/7} Sungei Krudda 2 cases scrappy washed sheet, 5/0}. 4 cases good erate | ; 7 cases fine amber sheet, 5/8}. 1 case fine pressed un . 5/6}. 2 cases good lump scrap, 4/53. Linggi Plantns. 28 cases fine pale crepe, 5/92. 3 cases fine palish, 5/63. 14 °° i good smoked block, 5/4}. : LE | M 40 cases fine block, 5/11. 11 cases fine darkish crepe, 5/4. 210° uar Straits BM & Co, 17 Cases fine amber sheet, 5/84. 8 cases good scrap, 46. 1N ark lumpy scrap, 4/5. 2 cases rejections, 4[8. 5 } fine block, 5/102 to 5/11. 4 cases fine darkish crepe, 5/4 | | mixed darkish scrap, 4/5. | 2 Cases good darkish biscuits, bought in. Pr = GOW, WILSON & STANTON, LTD., INDIA RUBBER MARKET REPORT. 13 Roop Lang, Lonpon, E.C. March 1st, 1907. At to-day’s auction, 649 packages of Ceylon and Malaya © 4g. The sale passed off with good competition for all grades, $d. per Ib. advance off last ak rates being sometimes recorded fort” finer kinds, | | There were severa} large invoices of fine washed sheet and aie these being one from the Highland Estate /3 to 53 nearly 13 tons, which was keenly competed for at from 5, 117 Fine pale crepe was also in oe Se up to 5/10 for finest, this being the highest price in the aucti There was more enquiry for unwashed scrap, which marked an advance of about 1d. per Ib. QuoTaTIONS.— Good to fine block, 5/84 to 5/93. Fine sheet, 5/8 to 5/9. Fine biscuits, 5/83 5/94- Very fine pale, 5/9 to 5/I0. (rine pale, 5/8? to 5/9. Crepe Palish to darkish, 5/4 to 5/72: | Dark, 4/t¥ to 5/3. Dark ces ana block, 4/4 to 5/44- Fine, 4/63 to 4/8. Scrap, Fair to medium, 4/5 to 4/6. -Low, 2/9 to 3/94. PranTation Fine To-pay.—5/8 to 5/10, same period last year 6/- to 6/2. Do. Scrap.—4/5 to 4/8, same period last year, 4/3% to 5/33- Five Harp Para (South American).—5/1Z, same period last year, 5/43: AVERAGE Price or CEYLON AND Maraya PLANTATION RUBBER. peiiiecen at 5/5} per lb., against 139 packages at 5/10} per Ib. same Particulars and prices as follows :— Ceylon. — QUANTITY, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. Glanrhos 6 cases good dark bi ood palish to % iscuits, bought im. 2 cases 8 dackish Diseniin bought in. 2 cases good dull sheet, C] bought 2 cases iE? aue biscuits, boughtin. 1 case good darkishand es dark crepe, 5/23. 1 case good scrap, 4 kan 2 cases fine palish to darkish biscuits, iail in. 3 case good Elkady palish scrap, 4/7. 1 bag good lump serep, 4/ Ku 1 box good pale Ceara biscuits, bought in ola 3 cases fine pale to darkish biscuits, Dough in, 1 case gi scrap, bought in. I dull Ceara biscuits, bought 1 « Elston 1 bag dark scrap, bought in - 2 cases good darkish biscuits, bought in. 1 case good pressed, 4/52- hat ; 8 cases good to darkish er case wiape > “SESS ‘crepe, dark pressed iis . yo MARK. Suduganga Kepitigalla Culloden Heatherley Nikakotua Arapolakande Ingoya JJ] V&Co. I 7 Taldua Warriapolla Cureé VB Sunnycroft Sungei Krudda BRRCoLd CMRELd Shelford SSBR Co Ld Ze B R 118 QUANTITY, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. 3 cases good dull biscuits, 5/8. 2 cases similar, 5/8. I case scrappy sheet and biscuits, 5/7}. 2 cases rejections, 4/7}. "3 cases fine palish Bere: 5/9. 6 cases good bron: — po crepe, 5/44. good dark crepe, 4 darkish aes. 5/88 I case very fine nals eae png darker, 5/94. 3 cases very fine pale and darkish biscuits, 5/94. 4 case fine palish to darkish sheet, 5/83. 1 case dark, 5/8}. 9 cases fine dark ets, 5/9. 1 case lighter, 5/83. 3 cases fine pressed scrap, 4/6. ase dark block, 4/63. 7 case fine darkish ee 5/9. 1 case fine biscuits and blocked sheet and biscuits, 5/6}. I case low scrap, 4/5. 4 cases fine palish to darkish biscuits, 5/83. I ~~ ae e pale Ceara biscuits, 5/9. 2 very fine d palish biscuits, 5/9}. case fine patie sh and neck biscutts; 5/9. I cas case letiat, 5/82. 1 case good scrap, 4{6- 1 bag darker and heated, 4/6. I case Ceara biscuits and low scrap, 4/9. I case fine amber sheet, bought in. _ I case good palish biscuits, 5/9. 2 cases good scrap, 4/6. 1 bag scrappy biscui uits, 4/8. 1 bag scrap and rejections, 4/8. 1 bag dull Ceara biscuits, 5/T. 2 cases fine darkish biscuits, 5/9. I case good palish to darkish crepe, bought in. I case earthy scrap, bought in. I case earthy scrap, bought in. : 6 cases low scrap, part sold, 3/9}. 3 cases dark scrap, 3/9%- 2 cases earthy scrap, bought in. Malaya. 6 cases fine amber sheet, eres ng in. 4 cases good sheet, be 4 cases low scrap, bought in. 1 rein cet 4 Cases good washed sheet, 5/8. case Bier” sheet, s/o#. 6 Sot Bock; 4/ol- cases good darkish block 5/83. 8 cases good dark block, ndoght i 14 cases fine _ crepe, 5/83. 5 cases fine palish to darkish crepe, 5/7. 1 case good dark crepe, bought in -_ 2 cases good amber sheet, 5/8. 2 cases good scrap, 4/6. 7% good scrappy rejections, 4/8. 5 Cases fine amber t, bought cases fine pale scraf bought in aus é ood eri kish, feherey in. 2 se Pressed scrap falicored): 4/6. — ood in: | g Saxe Scrap, bought in. ‘ I a pesish ee bought : Bares Y scrap es eee bag Ram bong, sera? ghtin. 1 en cuttings, bought in. 119 7 MARK. QUANTITY, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. Highland Est. 11 cases fine washed sheet, 5/8}. 5 cases similar, 5/8} to 5/8}. 7 cases fine palish to darkish crepe, 5/64. 4 cases darker, 5/5. 4 cases good darkish, 5/44. 6 cases good brown, 5/4. 49 cases fine washed sheet, 5/84. 5 cases similar, I fine palish to darkish crepe, 5/64. 10 = little darker, 5/4 7 cases dark, 5/34. 17 cases ean se 2 eoees fine washed sheet, 5/84 to 5/83. Idy, 5/84, 6 cases fine palish crepe, tal 3 cases good darkish to dark, 5/33. case similar, 5/3. 9, cases good brown, 5/3. LEP I case dark pressed crepe, 4/8. re S > I case low scrap, bought in. 12 cases similar, 2/9. 10 Cases _ B earthy scrap, bought in. AMRC I Case rejections, bought in. 2 cases good scrap, 4/74. ° 2 cases good washed sheet, 5/84. 10 cases fine pale to palish nnd _ crepe, 5/9 s good palish to datvich crepe, 5/6%. 1 bag good washed sheet 5/83 3 cases good palish crepe, 5/72 6 sag — smoked block, 5/4}. 1 case palish, 5/2. = fine pale crepe, 5/10. 18 mae fine pale to darkish crepe, 5/93. I sae ght 5/9. 4.¢ good palish to darkish crepe, 5/7. 5 cases darkish Besthoed blot re 3 cases palish, 5/24. SR Co. 21 cases aa washed sheet, 5/: 5/82. 3 °¢ ases good crepe, 5/6}. 1 case good pa alis ae I case goad darkish, 5/52. brown 5/28. t 13 cases good washed sheet, 5/83. 3 af s good darkish crepe, 5/63. 2 cases darker, 5/3. I case dagxish, 5/4- 5/24- 4 cases dark, : © 2 cases good amber sheet, 5/84. 1 case rejections, 4/53. R Yam Seng to cases fine amber sheet, 5/8}. 9 cases good scrap, 4/7. 1 case scrap and rejections, 4/63. 1 case rejections, 4/64. 16 — fine amber sheet, 5/83. 1 case pressed darkish smoked repe, 5/23. 6 cases good blocked scrap crepe, 5/22. dark block, 4/4. 1 bag rejected sheet, 5/- Teluk Batu 3 Cases very hae pale amber sheet, 5/9. 1 case rejections and ball scrap, 4/64. RSaDSR ae 2 cases fine cut sheet, 5/82. 3 cases scrappy rejections, 4/72. Ree I Case cr Parties en in. k scrap, ae age sla e dar! pressed sheet, 5/ r es on scrappy cr I © bag baz crepe, 3f8h cases darkish, bought in Yom pane ae eet, 5/8. Exports or PrantaTion Rusper FRoM CEYLON. thos From 1st January to 4th i 1906 e +. Ir tons 1905 ee ie *royoUIOISATY ‘ainjeioduia | : “7061 ‘Kavnagag fo ysuoum ayy sof vig ay, fo SJrrajsiq] snotava ayy ur ssurpvay yvorsozozoajayy fo jova4sq py ‘suvsyedg 1TTV “THAZAAD NVA 'U Sg'z * IVLOL ¢ o 10/90 Sg | 9S z Zod: | GL | SgZ | E1d | grog 2L ‘aS ac z c 6 fs i Sbg ‘ & 0:10 [Oe i) mee s L6L: | 264" | cog | Sed | weg | OL | E'S oy 4 c 1 c | +8 0 |O jo | $65 | gh | 1 gS: | SéZ° | gtd: | gros | griZ | 10d Ss ‘eg jf ‘ i ( { | Sog 0 |90 |o | Seg | && z pod: | ef£' | £84: | eid | gL | Gos | “A'S a v ci c te f | o8 z jo lo | £1 §6 | 10 | ¥62° | See | Sod | gos | SOL | BIZ | 'S ‘Ss £ é : a o |o |o | $2 { 19 t 42° '| 26£°° | xSL"'| 1d | ees | LOL | "a's ‘a's I Z (i c sSg° o fo jo | §2 | 47 § 1g9' | $99° | 969° | g’49 | 2 S39 | ‘a's aig] Ss ae S28 0 |0 |o 19 | gS t oSZ: | 6b4 | 1$Z° | god | grog | 4°04 “a a ¢ g d $'Sg- £o" € 190 lo | $99 S9 § Stg: | Sog’ | gee’ | I°bd | ObZ vEZ ere |: aS + C $98 o |o jo 99 | g9 | bo | €og | gzgr | 194° | gree | HEL | IL | “A'S “a 9 { 8 z lo |o | $6S | ss | t zee | €82 | $2 | Fog | 04 | 406 | as | “a's | § ‘ ‘ : 98 Fo: eo |e I 19 1 Coz | z6Z* | gf | 1d | eed | 1°02 i “a Ss Z d J 3 98 o fo | s§ | $0 9S | Sg | 4g | gat: | dog’ | SEZ | ree | SL) A “a id § r ( > 58 £g° sail ie Ea Be = b gf z gog' | oSg: | £84" | gizd | £:hZ | Gos | “A'S ‘ae. | Sd or 3 eg gr: 018: pe oO og | og | S9g° | g&6 | 64° | gbs | H4L | EL | “A'S “a S Z ZS 2 | Szg os: o |¢ |o | $09 | go | €$ | 969° | gee" | 29S | 99 | HEL | oo | “A'S ‘a y f 3 | $8 O bbe 120 g gs 2 $og' | 109° | o gizl | L£eZ €Z ac | a 4 ¢ [ ) 98 2 1¢€ jo | 6s og | 49 | 694° | 6¥g" }.069° 1Z 7) a9 | RS | ae 1 OF € obr 3 | S'0g. O--e aL Se +9 £ £99' | 14° | 94S" | g'99 | £°02 | 9°29 ee cf I t S'zg 6 he |.8 19 | 09 €9 | ogg: | orZ' | oS" | g’Z9 | 1°69 | S'99 ‘a “a 4 vbr I zg £5 1 t GZ |} €$ | 6¥gq: | zzZ° | ofS | 99 | $*69 | Q'z9 “a “a S y 0% S62 ~ oud fo 69 | 99 | 14 | 969° | StZ° | 199° | S*g9 | £°69 | 8°49 a “a z ‘ ¢ tr $64 Sy Or Set 6 ce) 1Z 6 grZ: | z&Z° | soz | SoZ | 66g | 1d | “A by é s ¢ € 64 Be o |e Pe | So zl 6 ozg’ | ovg’ | 10g’ | EEL tL | gel ‘a “aS $ Z - c £ z ¢ og | Sg’ f fer he z wh z Szg | og’ | og: | SEL tZ €Z ‘a's ‘a's £ fe f fi + c Sfg Oho, 10 | 8S 19 | oO 199° | Z¥g° | 9g! CL | £2 | 994 “a “7 I C 1 € ( f Sg o |o lo | Std 6S of $Zg | €£g" | g16 | rSZ | LEZ | gros | TA “a I ¢ f oz +g CIE lo €Z | 9S | 06 | 28g | 94° | gt6> | EZ | red | O94 | “A'S kc | 1 f o! a ) Sg £70 106 17 gs oO gSg° | 10g" | g16" | g'bZ | £24 | 9°94 “a | I fi 6 ¢ d c S'tg S fee 76 | 06. | +6. | egg | gr6" | ghgr | PSL | geod | EPC “a ‘ae | a 18 ad od } 94 pra [ o |o jo £g.| 94 06 | co6:0| 9gg'0| g160} 1:92 | £84 | 9°94 | “A'S “a fe) 0 6r | 4 S od 2g i) fe) fe] ‘ul ‘Ul ‘url te] ! oO oO fe) oO oO Oo oO o 0 ° z x E vl oa! ys Lp Ciel *® , i] ~O wt * i=] v4 i : : ef RPE Fa |e] ee Y |H|H|H|H/|H|H H |.H H | H Hu {Hun} * 6 3 8 ‘ g iz | St | 6 | rz | $1] 6 Sr 6 Sr 6 Sr 6 z : : *UONDSITT z E Rl bal id a -O1 oe : " qWoTs' . Nove : ce aS oe ae ae, | OO aes lg i ved anodea re jo Pei dl “PUM Gopeipex jo ssnjerodureL *LO6L ‘havnuv{ fo yquom ay, sof ‘upguigars sqynsea Aqeop ayn Fusmoys 79PL Te Terigalas-| ag Register of Rainfall at Negri Sembilan Hospitals for January, 1907. K. Pilah. Jelebu. Port Dickson. 5 a dcs. Inches al me ONO CONI AMS WN : Inches! | I 03 2 47 STATE SuRGEON’s OFFICE, SEREMBAN, 16th February, 1907. des. dcs. 21 04 R. VAN GEYZEL, A pothecaly- : ‘soa EG ee See amet earn ee aT yatta” Nee Rate aes Cee Yo. ‘J | MAY, 1907. (VoL, Vi. AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN OF THE STRAITS AND FEDERATED MALAY STATES. EDITED BY H.. WN. RIDLEY; M.A. 8. R.S:, F.L.S.,; F, RS, Director of Botanic Gardens, S. a5 AND J; B. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S. E.,-F..LS,, Director of Agriculture & Government Botanist, FM. S. CON TEN ITS. Page . African Rubber- -Vines—by H. N. RIDLEy ry 2, Funtumia Elastica Flowering in Johore—By H. N. RIDLEY 127 3 Le Caoutchouc en Indo-Chin H. N. RIpLey Y M lay Drugs—Fruiting of the ee Se coit sg cts H. ‘N, RIDLEY. 128 Bibliography y } 12. The Oil-grasses—By H. N. Pincay oe. of eee , a yanogenesis in Plants—By H. N. RIDLEY - 131 8. Vitality of Para Rubber—By H. N. RIDLEY 132 is tess t—( Times Malaya oo $54 To, Gathering Capsules of Para Rubber—By G. WEL 134 fe: Sy oO ing out Estates in 10-Acre Block — By W. R. RowLanp 135 - Transmission of Ru eeds ei Damar—By.H.N.R. . 8 3 Poisonous Beans—Rubber in New Guinea—By H.N.R. ... 139 %4 Fruiting of Crinum Northianum—B : 139 ig Ly Titgled Prat’s Ceylon, Straits & M. States Plantn. ‘Rubber Report 140, a7 8 46 e i Re n bber Market port—Gow, Wilson & Stanton, Ltd. 145 MW, Weather Rep orts | : we ge Annual Subscription for Straits = haa dewieute and Federated Malay States—Three Dollars. - Annual Subscription for other places in Malayé- $3.60. Annual Subscription for India and catia x Rupees & Eight A han Annual Subscription for Saripe_Niae Shillings. - ‘cK Numbers Old and New Series) Whole volume—Five Sollee. Single Copy (Old and New Series)—Fifty Cents. All Subscriptions are 2 payable strictly in advance. To be petrtaced at the Botanic Gardens Singapore, Ss. a No, from Messrs, KE LLY & WALSH, Limited, 32, Raft Place and 1h Orchard Road, Singapore Pea AT THE “GOVERNMENT PRINTING opRCE No. No. 5] MAY, 1907. (Vou. | VI. AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN OF THE STRAITS FEDERATED MALAY STATES. EDITED BY Hi N. RIDLEY, M.AqF.R.S., F.L.S., F-R.o.84 Director of Botanic Gardens, S. S. AND j- B. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S.E., F. Lee Director of i Loheiddag & Government Botanist, F. M.S. CON TEN TS. Page 1, African Rubber-Vines—by H. N. Rpt ye re i 2. Funtumia Elastica Flowering in n johore—By H, N. “RIDLEY ove 3 187 , aS Le Cacatehote en indo-Chine— a H. N. Riprey i Cyanogenesis in Plants —By H.W, ... > = 131 Ma he of Para Rutierseiy H. N. RIDLEY ae 1 . 5 Malaya) I + Gathering Capsules of Para Rubber. —By G G. WEL I ‘< System of Laying out Estates in 10-Acre Block—By W. x RowLAnp I os Transmission “ Rubber so. Damar—By H. N. R. ae 3 Poisonous Beans—Rubbe . Guinea—By H. N. 2 roe 4 ; ng of Coin Noethian y H.N. I 2 ea & Pzar’s Ceylon, Straits & M. States Plantn. Rubber Report aes 7 & ; i vidia Rubber monueg Reporte ie & Stanton, Ltd. 7. Weather Re eport : . GESSS mtn & tS te Annual Subscription for rte iis Settiements and Federated Malay States—Three Dollars. Annual Sabsiciptied! for other places in Mee Annual sempre tore: for India and — —Rs. 6-8-0 An 8 “poset: as.) Shi ili nual Raton tion for Euro > Mies illings. Back Numbers Old ag Series) Whole volume—Five Dollars. — Single Copy (Old and New Series)—Fifty Cents. - All Subscriptions are payable strictly in advance. To be one at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, Ss. S. N tom Messrs. KELLY & WALSH, Limited, Et 34) Rifts Place and i Or Orchard Road, SS Pen AT THE GOVERNMENT PRINT! NOTICE. THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DEPARTMENTS OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE. ea The Federated Malay States Government has undertaken | Sag asum of £100 a year for 5 years to the Department with the €w to the careful investigation and commercial development of i resources of the States. : ae he Government Geologist is collecting specimens for chemical amination and after analysis the Imperial Institute which is in omplete touch with the principal manufacturing and other tists of the United Kingdom, will bring the specimens befor : e d cturers and others for trial with a view to their commercial evelopment. It is expected that this action will do much to help in finding eet d i rkets for those already exploited. products and developing the ma il ; derated Planters and residents in the Straits Settlements and Fe ‘ Imperial Attention may also be drawn to the “ tiger: ie erie Institute” published quarterly, which contains ‘d special articles on tigations conducted at the Imperial Institute, scleaant uses of vege- tropical agriculture and the commercial and sbiicaed price 4s. 6d. table and mineral products. Copies of this £5 ed through essrs, per annum (including postage), may be order KELLY & WALSH, LTD., of Singapore. — Imperial Special sample rooms have been Se ere which e Institute, for the information of enquirers, In W fe r reference. have been investigated and valued are available - Coa ee Important products are also shown in the Malay Public Galleries of the Imperial Institute. sector, Impenil Communications should be addressed to the Director, | Institute, South Kensington, London, S. W. TAIPING, PERAK, 23rd April, 1907. FOURTH JOINT ANNUAL | AGRI-HORTICULTURAL SHOW. Sir,—I am instructed by my Committee to inform you that the Fourth of the large Exhibitions of Agri-Horticultural and Native Industries will take place in Kuala Kangsar, Perak, on the gth, Ieth and rith August next. It is hoped that you wil) make the date of the Show as widely known in your district as possible and that exhibits will be as humerous and excellent as formerly. The competitions are restricted to exhibits from the Federated Malay States and the Straits Settlements. gs, and all kinds of Native made Articles, of which, on previous ccasions, there has been a very extensive exhibition. € competition in Plantation Rubber is expected to be larger and keener than ever and it is hoped that your district will be well tepresented. A number of valuable Cups will be offered in this and other sections of the Show. pe of Prize Lists and other literature can be obtained from ; Honorary Secretary of the Standing Committee for your State, © whom you should apply for all further particulars. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient Servant, T. W. MAIN, Hon. General Secretary. The Hon. Secretary, Singapore. AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN OF THE STRAITS AND FEDERATED MALAY STATES. No. 5.] MAY, 1907. [Vou. VI. AFRICAN RUBBER-VINES. The story of the African Rubber-vines is the subject of a paper by M. E. DE WILDEMAN in the Wotes sur les plantes ute dela Flore du Congo, Vol. Il, fasc. p.§. He gives an account of the discovery and exploitation of the rubber-vines of the Cameroons from M. WaLpDAN, Extinction of African Rubbers (/xdia Rubber World Jan. 1, 1905). M. WALDAN discovered Landolphias wild in abun- dance in the mountains, and taught the natives to collect the rubber Warning them against destroying the vines. one must remember that the destruction of the upper parts of the ndolphias must destroy the fruit and prevent the rapid repro- GN LDEMAN niges Uber Landol- ‘a i quotes M. BOOTH’S paper Loniges Ue se Aneto ropanpflanzer (Dec. 12, 1905), in which he proposes only way to preserve the vines against irrational exploitation 126 is to reserve the richest rubber regions, and if the natives have invaded these regions to clear them out. To make, in fact, forest reserves for Landolphias as has been done in the Malay Peninsula for Gutta percha and put them under the management 0 Europeans. The return given by these vines is however, very ma balls, but ‘then’ the old stems differ milking it appears very apt : e. to di This certainly does not seem very promising. A Dutch planter M, SEEMBRUGGEN in Tijdschrift voor Negver- heeid en Landboow, Batavia, June 1906, discusses the cultivation of Willughbeta in Java. He considers that rubber trees can only be cultivated by people who can afford to wait many years, while _rubber-vines can be more quickly grown. Our experience in the Straits is that rubber vines are much slower to give a returl than rubber trees. But that the rubber must be obtained by - mechanical methods: from the vines. Apparently by beating the bark on blocks of wood. He describes the method -of cultivating Willughbeia which not being a native of Java would have to be -Introduced from Sumatra. The objection raised by some people that this introduction, cultivation and preparation would be too cultivate rubber-vines profitably, but at present it seems Sita poe TREE Re at toed ote improbable. Their habit of producing numerous small stems from which it is difficult to et d th ir very slow ae et any,rubber at all, and thei ’ é growth, militate considerably ae their ever playing an eee een ‘ oduction of the world’s rubber supply, age exploited: essible forests in which they occur wild, have H, N. RIDLEY: 127 FUNTUMIA ELASTICA FLOWERING IN JOHO Funtumia elastica is not a tree that has so far done very well in the Malay Peninsula. It seems to be unsuited to our soil and sandy and dry. H. N. RIDLEY. LE CAOUTCHOUC EN INDO-CHINE. This is a nicely illustrated work of 260 pages by Messrs. C. and A. SPIRE on the native rubber plants of French Indo-China, It com- mences with descriptions and figures of Ecdysanthera rosea, Para- artum Tourniert, P. latifolium, P. spireanum, P. Quintareti, P. napeense, P, verneti, P. linocarpum and others Parameria glandult- se Aganonerion polymorphum, Michrechites Facqueti, X. ‘ylinabarta oe naudi X. minutiflora and X. 1ret. emorpha gran- cold C. Megacalyx, C. Griffithi, Nonettea cochinchinensis, ns microlobus, Rynchodia C apusit, Aganosma Harman-’ ie Melodinus Tourniert, Bousigonta mekongensts, and B. angustt- L 1a, Pottsia cantonensis, several species of Ervatamua, Holarrhena Chnocarpus frutescens. ao of these are hardly to be classed as rubber-vines as their re is poor and scanty. The Puvabariums, seem to give Se erubber, which on analysis of several kinds give 82°22 to 88°45 a. pure rubber of good quality. =) onemorpha Griffithii, a plant which occurs on Penang hill the cab but its rubber was sticky and evidently very poor stuff. be pr ylinbarias and Nucrechites, are the species recommended to Mites f ted. There is some difficulty in preventing the Anna- the vi aia destroying the vines by cutting them to death and as hes are smaller than Landolphia and very twisted it is difficult u The treatment ae by pounding in a mortar also used for Landolphia at 1 bber-vines do not seem really very inviting as cultivated Pott ic — we have in the Peninsula Chonemorpha Gr iffithit, f Chnocay peo ensis (a very weedy thing) Paramerzas, Ecdysantheras any i Sart rutescens, are slow growers, and never seem to attain t size, Willughbeias and Urceolas a more likely group of 128 . of the rubber producers do not seem to occur in the county oe in. rubber trees however have been introduced tae! it has Seems troduced in 1891, disappeared soon afterwar “it region south of been reintroduced and seems to do well in t bbe “ioe not seem Annam and can be tapped in six years. Ceara sar err of Hanoi: able to stand the dry season, at Saigon nor the Ficus elastica, Castilloa introduced in 1889 disappeared in ab st hope of French is indigenous in Annam and seems to offer the best hop Indo-China becoming a rubber producing country. H. N. RIDLEY. MALAY DRUGS. : : ear The papers published on Malay drugs in the: Bae have been translated into Dutch by Dr. oer Mercuur, under Museum, Haarlem, and published in De / — the title De /nlandsche Geneesmiddelen de Ma i, e. RIDLEY. , | : RA). FRUITING OF THE FRANGIPANI (PLUMIE ares -yards, where which is cultivated evry where, and acme ae evhite flowers with very large specimens may often be seen. It has more or less pink backs, : -coloured P. rubra is easily distinguished by its — pe having flowers. It is not very common, in cultivation in been introduced comparatively lately. 1 His quite rare These plants do not as a rule fruit very esos = pe. however to see, P. acutifolia in fruit common as it is here, P. seems to fruit more easily. : and Mr. MACHADO has lately sent seeds from Kenna me two it is fruiting too in the Botanic Gardens. _ The frut idely apart like follicles rather thick, and cylindric spreading ont “i t and oblong uffalo horns. The seed is about an inch long fa from its rather broad dry brown wings. H. N. RIDLEY. aco of the account of the Ceylon manuals as the first of a series of Persdeays 7 of ubber in the East, an official acco We have received Exhibition published under the title of R 129 Ceylon Exhibition. The account is a full one of the exhibition and the discussions on various points of Agricultural work in Ceylon and the speeches at the dinner that followed. H. N. RIDLEY. _—_— THE OIL-GRASSES. f Cymbopogon Schenanthus. The Camel hay is an Arabian species, lormerly used by the Romans and Greeks for flavouring wine, and ie medecine, and it has been found mixed with other plants laid as offerings in the form of funeral wreaths on the Sarcophagi of the ite ir Thebes, entombed between 1200 and 1000 BA. & ui or its oil appears to be made in the Punjab, but it has been quite neglected in commerce for several centuries. is ( Twarancusa, isa native of Northern India, and nothing mae that wn of its use except medicinally being used by natives 0 Part in fever, hence its name Jwara-ancusa, lit. fever restrainer. . Confused it with Lemon-grass and Malabar-grass, but the Confusion has been unravelled. It is first mentioned as cultivated od the Malay Peninsula in Penang in 1872, by GLADSTONE in a only’ to the Journal of the Chemical Society. In Java it appear® as th ave been introduced in 1891, but this may be doubted, e Plant is well known to all the Malay races, under the name of for setts angi. It is however only used medicinally, being too strong T ng or flavouring purposes, for which Lemon-grass 15 usec Leiisies kinds of Citronella grass are known, vig: Maha Pengiri i plant >... °', Lana Batu Pengiri. The former is apparently the grown here. It is described as a surface feeder which soon 130 ows out of the ground and gets exhausted dying off after 10 or -? years’ Cultivation, the leaves are somewhat broad and the bushes formed are larger than that of the Lena batu. The oil is finer containing 50°45 per cent. of citronella and 38°15 of geraniol as against 28-2 of citronella and 32°9 of geraniol in Lena batu. The latter however requires replanting less frequently and so is said to be replacing the former. C. confertiforus is a native of Ceylon which is said to aoe a good oil, but it does not appear to have ever been use commercially. C. flexuosus is a Malabar species which produces the eee grass oil or Malabar Lemon-grass oil. It is distilled and eae under the name of Lemon-grass oil but it is not to be confused wi the real oil of that name. C. coloratus is a smaller plant from Southern India of yee lite is known. It is very aromatic but does not appear to be distilled. C. cttratus —The Lemon-grass, The origin of this plant pres very obscure. It appears to have been first described in! ud : Java by Bontius and 1635 in the Philippines by MEREINBE As Spanish Jesuit. Since that time it has been carried all over world, appears in India in 1695, in Africa and hires a beginning of last century. Its value in medicine and its ee use in Malay curries, no doubt caused its transportation <5 the Archipelago and to other countries where the Portuguese te: ighly appreciated it, made their colonies. It is interesting torically to find that Queen CHARLOTTE was very seb” Lemon-grass tea, the plant being grown at Kew. She frequ tea treated Dr. MATON her physicion to a dish of Lemon-grass from the Kew plants, its O one seems ever to have seen the plant wild, so ‘ieee original home is quite unknown. The plant very ionally Ihave never seen or heard of flowers here, but they have “Malate to been met with elsewhere. It is known here as Sereh Makan distinguish it from Citronella Sereh Wangi. oil of - Martini is an Indian species producing the me: mounts Geranium-oil, an oil in much demand. The production a to 44,080 Ibs., chiefly produced in Khandeish and payee rnatic. C. coesius, Kamakshi grass replaces this last im the Cai made Its oil seems to be locally used, but has never is commercially, Filohiris and . polyneuros known as Delft grass, is found in the Nulgit Ceylon. ~ Its oil scems never to have been made commerct ug ys ‘sung, Vetiver, Vetiveria odorata to which the new name in gardens, The roots wh oil is seldom if ever extracted, 131 Andropogon odoratus the Usadhana, produces a yellow oil with a scent of cassia and rosemary. It is a native of Phana in India, but little seems to be known of it. The whole paper which is illustrated by a figure of the Lemon- grass in flower is well worthy of the attention of planters and consumers and manufacturers of grass oils. HN, CYANOGENESIS IN PLANTS. The researches on this important subject are being continued by Professor DUNSTAN, Dr. HENRY and Dr. AULD, and we have received a continuation -published in the proceedings of the Royal Society dealing with the production of the cyanogenetic glucoside, Phaseolunatin in the common flax and also in Tapioca. There are two kinds of Tapioca-plants known and used to provide the starch known as Tapioca, Manioc, Cassava Mandioca and by other names, of these one is known to be intensely poisonous unless cooked. This is the bitter Cassava. It has long been cultivated in Singapore in the Botanic Gardens and is a very distinct looking narrow leaved plant. It isthe manihot utilissima of Botanis s. This bitter Cassava is the only kind used in South America at least in Pernambuco, as the natives did not care about the sweet Cassava. It is there the Staple food of the country and is eaten in a variety of ways. The roots are rasped and then ground up toa fine flour, and scalded with boiling water, which destroys the glucoside and makes the food passava has been regarded as a cultivated form of this ered bee razilian botanist regarded it as distinct in which he comlbtedly right and named it’ Manihot Aipi although this. the Say tapioca of the East does contain the glucoside it 1s chiefly in bite tind of the root and not dispersed through the whole Ao as and She: Cassava, and is in such small quantities that if Is harm at is left € cooking of the roots or flower destroys the little poison tha H. N.R. 132 VITALITY OF PARA RUBBER. Mr. LE Dovux of Nelson Rubber Estate Johor, writes “In our tapping block (8 year-old trees) there is a tree in the middle ofa girth of 12 inches at three feet from the base. This tree has been tapped on two sides. Its leaves are of the same colour and size as its neighbours’. Four years ago this tree was completely ringed 4 inches from the base and the wood cut into all round for an inch and a-half deep. With a moderate shove it would break off. The thin bit of wood which connects the main trunk to the base is rotten and black in colour. There is not a hair’s breadth of bark between the sections. Despite all this the tree has lived for four years looks healthy and yields latex.” This is certainly curious, the water supply for the trunk _ must be obtained through the small piece of remaining wood. One knows here how in girdling a tree to kill it, it is necessary to cut well into the wood, as merely removing a strip of bark is not necessarily fatal, but one would hardly imagine that a tree cut as this one has been would continue living, H, N. RIDLEY. In a later letter M. Le Doux adds further details. The dia- meter of the tree at 3 feet from the base is 114 inches at 6 inches, 17% inches and at 2 inches from base 164 inches. The bark curves some reason the cooly sto s forgotten. pped and the tree wa g really a most remarkable instance of the vitality of Para rubber. H.R. N. RUBBER. MALAYA StiLL LEADING. Wednesday, 16th Fanuary. In a communicati * Lewis and ion t P lon, Messrs. PEAT, the well.kno 0 the Press of Ceylon, draw te i in They State that recently numerous marks have suffered se i is Price In Consequence of the roughness and black colour, ai : 133 London, This defect, say Messrs. LEWIS and PEAT, arises from want of care in curing—whether from want of factory space, or from hurrying—and that imperfectly cured lots deteriorate on the voyage home and fermentation goes on, resulting in the resin exud- ing and spoiling both biscuits and sheets. ‘‘ That this can be avoided is proved by the high standard maintained by such marks as Cullo- den, Heatherley, etc., from Ceylon; Bukit Rajah, Selangor, Pataling, Jebong, etc., from the Straits and F. M. S.” BLOCKS THE BEsT. “Of course, the Lanadron block leaves nothing to be desired; but everyone is not as yet in a position to block their rubber, and asa difference in price varying from 3d. to 6d. per Ib. has often of late been made between fine biscuits, sheets, etc., and the dark discoloured and inferior lots, we venture to suggest that, as manufacturers have more or less got over their prejudice against crepe rubber, planters should send it home in this form, and, we think, they will greatly €crease the evil referred to. In other words, it is much better to send home good crepe than bad biscuits or sheets. Good scrap Shag is also realizing excellent prices and chip crepe up to and 4s.” IMPORTANT FORECAST. l Continuing, Messrs, Lewis and PEAT say:—Recently, with arger supplies, buyers have been discriminating much more, and we ne’ 55: Od. @ §s. 8d. being paid for fine pale biscuits and sheet against 5s. 2¢. @ 5s. 4d. for inferior dark and mixed lots, while fine crepe has brought 5s. 8d. @ 5s. 10}d. and fine pale Ceara peta up to 5s. 7%¢. Scrap have been very irregular but much carer than it was formerly, although we do not understand buyers Paying the prices they have for this kind, whether the quality was of » bad, or indifferent. We do not think this will continue, but a “rence of 6d. @ ts. per Ib. will be established later on between common and good, DEMAND STILL ENORMOUS. ms ally, this eminent firm draw attention to the fact that, as as enable with the increase of supplies of plantation, the price continues nearer the price of fine Amazon smoke-cured Para which plantsti.. firm at 5s. 2d. per Ib., although very fine pale lots of bautation, which have sold for colour, still realize 6d. @ 8d. per Ib . a F : THE MARKET IN 1906, ther oh a diagram issued with the India Rubber Journal it appears € highest point reached by plantation rubber in 1906, was the end of March and the early part of April, since the fall has been steady and almost uninterrupted until 134 it stands at 5s. 54¢. In 1905 plantation — conte » ear at 6s. ofd., touching 6s. tod. in May and finis ne P Starting tn December. Fine hard para has also suffered sia 7 fe ieee the year at 5s. 4%d. it has gone down to 5s. a dene at 4 aid. eee a a oe In 1905 fine hard para commenced at 55. 1d. prea apr after touching 5s, 2d. at the end of October rec | by the 31st of December, PRESENT VALUE. os Messrs. LATHAM & Co., Singapore, have advices to he ibe during the current month there has been an Br on ea London auction prices, 5/6 to 5/74 being the see n $285 to $300 instant, with the market strong; Singapore quotatio on same date, EXPORTS IN 1905 AND 1906. - in 1906 aol From Singapore (1905) 57,426 lbs. were ae fee 906. about 500,000 Ibs. From Penang (1905) 29,600 Ibs.; while in 1906 80,000 Ibs. Ceylon exported 89,095 Ibs. in 1905, there was an increase of 129,051 lbs. (Times of Malaya.) nT, BER. GATHERING CAPSULES OF PARA RUB ; writes from The Manager of the North Borneo Trading Company Sandakan as follows THE NortH Borneo TRADING CO., wee 1907. Sandakan, Fanuary Lown, 19 FEN; RIDLEY, Esq. Singapore, lad . hall be g Dear Sit,—Referring to mine of the Ist nls ae capsule © to know if the seed contained in the mature bu the seed col “ Para Rubber is just as suitable for planting as after the capsule has burst. num ads la The pigs eat a great number of the fallen oe de long bers are lost by the seeds being thrown into the Stass on the banks when the capsule explodes. ‘ficially open all If it is feasible to collect from the trees, and a peal from seed mature capsules with the certainty that the trees 0 seed ses 0 obtained in this Way will be just as vigorous, large los could be obviated. thus ing if the seed We are experimenting with a view to abe: - have not had gathered will produce strong seedlings: at presen time to judge results, - tc., $35 It is certainly quite possible to collect capsules of rubber seed quite ripe and either to crack them or allow them to explode of emselves in a closed space. One year we collected the greater part of the crop in this manner, the capsules were pulled off the trees with a sharp edged iron hook on a long stick and the capsules were then cracked frequently they exploded when touched and often in falling or when they reached the ground. The important thing is S of course that the coolies should only pull the ripe fruit ready to explode. When the capsule is ripe the green husk turns blackish and begins to wrinkle, then splits and retracts exposing the white husk after a little supervision the coolies soon learn to make no mistakes in pulling the fruit after the husk has begun to shrink. It would probably be best to allow the seed to explode of themselves 4 : closed space so that any that were not quite ready would dry a Ittle BON KR: ON A SYSTEM OF LAYING OUT ESTATES — IN 10-ACRE BLOCK. | _In compliance with the terms of a certain Government Grant I had once to submit to the tiresome task of planting a considerable area of Rubber in jungle without previously clearing it. By mere chance I decided on running long parallel rentices through the whole block, 33 feet, viz, 4 chain apart; for the sake of better intercom- munication. I can crossrentices through them at right angles, the make it superior to any other I have heard of that I may be allowed = publish my experience for the information of fellow planters. do So all the more readily because I have never heard of anyone pening land in this way, neither here nor in Ceylon; in the latter Place I was told of some planters cutting up their land into 30 or 7>-Aicre blocks, but I venture to say that the 10-Acre system is by ar the more useful. I shall explain in which way I have lately opened up new blocks of Jungle alienated from Gavmimnent: ae the land to have Shape as per the sketch below containing approximately 500 ie The Principal thing is to find or make a base-line; any line, oe oe More or less at a tangent to the block, is suitable; it need © touch the block, but it must not cross (into it) any part of it, diffe, Wis€ Complications will arise with regard to the naming of the “rent fields. In this country our new blocks are mostly such 136 that almost any of the boundaries may serve as a base-line; | always use one surveyed by Government and clearly marked with stones so whatever may happen, as long as the base-line is fixed the whole co-ordinate system may be reconstructed on it. In the attached plan I would chose X-Y as my base-line; as soon as it has been properly cleared, pegs are put in along it correctly 10 chains apart, starting at X. On the point marking the last 6th length of whole fo chains the right angle-line, Y-Z is put in, if possible with a theodolite; prismatic compasses are sometimes unreliable and as this is the one line which cannot be checked it is as well to take some trouble in getting it accurately at right angles to base-line. On this second line lengths of 10 chains are again marked and the rest is detail work which cannot only be easily done by any man conversant with a prismatic compass but which can also be easily checked and amended by taking and measuring frequent cross-shots to either base-line or right-angle-line, or to the last paralled line to these two which has been checked previously. The main difference between these two important lines is that from the base-lines all shots will have to go in one direction whereas from right-angle-line rentices start towards right and left. In laying out a block of jungle it is of course essential that the crossing points of any two rentices indicating, as they do, one of the and posts, h i tirely disappeat : posts, however big, are not safe as they can entire J Aa € ground and covered with 3-6 big stones to answer well, put in the bottom of a 5 ft: x 3 ft. x 2 ft. hole.- 41a flat land be has to be thoroughly drained | fancy that drains could advantageously be made to take the place of dividing rentices. which it may be Proposed t¢ en a Ioo-acre field, tie: required js the ane g Re ae part of the “ right-angle-line ; hai between A, B, C, D, E and F chains each between fields I and 2, and 2 and 3. It will, however be alwa he whole syste™ ; ) ‘ays useful to complete the all over the Estate to begin epee opening work can then always watercourse, etc., have to be constructed through part of the juns™ works undertaken at any distance from the first clearing, the loc could be immediately located, It course essenti ginning a recor’ y tial that from the beginning t only everything is taken, beginning with the two mainlines ; that ee rk a ) and complete squares made clearly distinguishable, further hill, ridge, path : : Plan of an Estate, approximately. 500 A. 137 or whatever it may be, across which you come in cutting the rentices. By making such remarks on the plan along the rentice under work it will be easy after a time to connect these across the ‘wa of the square even without having opened and actually seen the land, Thus, without having had to go to any additional trouble and expense a very nearly accurate plan of the whole property will gradually develop itself, which cam at any time be made into an accurate one as soon as the jungle goes down. There are very few of the old Estates in the country that can boast of such a plan and the making of one is likely to cost many times more than the laying down of such a co-ordinate system. The advantages offered by the system for the ordinary Estate work are considerable. In a district where it is difficult to get teliable felling contractors the 10-acre blocks are a boon; I find it much easier to get 10-acre taken up and well done than 100 and before everything else: it is so much easier to control the men and Progress and quality of their work. They do not mind paying a little attention to not throwing trees across the rentices and if this should happened by accident it is hardly a waste of money in the Interest of supervision to spend a few dollars on clearing the rentices when work is done ; There is nothing more depressing than starting clearing work on a big field after a bad or indifferent burn. With my system I have, In such a case, gone in search of the best block and after defining the boundaries started work there when done with it. I did no only know that 10-acres were ready but I could start lining it immediately without having had to fear the chaos which gore probably have been inevitable if starting lining in the old way. For the linin i r f the work has 1g of a field practically the worst part o been done by the man ‘ae out these ro-acre blocks. It Is 4 and T have not found a gang of coolies yet too silly to make a mess a eatin i i dug a chain apart | ng and burning done I have big holes eug there oo of every 1o0-acre fields and a coconut-tree planted ma: 5°, #2., 250 trees if planted 13 ft. 2 in. X13 ft. 2 i oer Y Prefer 13 ft. 2 in, x 26 ft. 4 in., but this is a detail. I ’ s H ‘ i ingnitah that the whole working of an Estate cut up 1 this way is 138 bearing | believe that it is not likely that the system will be found anything but useful when it comes to tapping or picking, whether on days wages or contract. _ As will be seen from the sketch everyone of the blocks has its name; so for instance, there can be no mistake possible when I say that the stream running through fields E/2, D/2 and D/1 has its spring in the jungle at E/3 and it is impossible to miss a hill lying in G/5. In the same way as every square can be accurately designated it is also possible to name every individual tree within one of the 10- acre blocks which, with the 50 trees in every direction represents a fixed spot in a similar though smaller co-ordinate system. W. R. ROWLAND, 15th Fanuary, 1907. a ee TRANSMISSION OF RUBBER SEEDS. oe We have received the following letter from Mr. BARTLETT of the : Botanic Gardens, Demerara, as to a sending of seed of Para rubber : from the Botanic Gardens:—I am much obliged to you for the — three boxes containing 1,200 seed I] am glad to say that over 920 of the number ave grown into plants and a few more afe h i appearing which I regard as very satisfactory, considering the lengt @ of time that they were on the voyage. Theydid not arrive ~_ till nearly the end of October, i.2., about two months after they — dispatched. . = | 2 ission ite of its costli- 4 Fansmission Sy parcels post would appear in spite of 1 ae 3 ness to be far the most : He ing Fara re seeds for a distance, for out of another lot, of 12,000 obtained 4 =a private grower here from Ce lon and sent in boxes of pow wer - charcoal not one plant has been raised.” : : ; H. N. RB —— ; CHENGEI DAMAR. ‘ We see by the Malay Mail, that Messrs. LANHAM and ore : ae intend to start a Damar Industry in oe ae oes € damar is to be obfaj tapping the ‘Chen ee Balanocarpus maximus, re ee ; a This tree also known as Chengei and Penak, gives ae Lc | transparent damar, of good quality for which there is some @© ‘oe 4 his is perhaps the first European attempt to work the pang the tree directly. One would like to know details of the asi adopted for obtaining it. : Slee H. N. B 139 POISONOUS BEANS. The danger of the commonly cultivated Linia bean, Phaseolus lunatus has been pointed out in previous numbers of the Bulletin, the danger lying in the fact that in certain forms of the plant, the beans contain a glucoside accompanied with a ferment (enzyme) which on the addition of water produces hydrocyanic acid. Further experiments with these beans have been made and the results published in the Bulletin des Sciences Pharm, 13, 7 & 8, by M. L. GUIGNARD. It is shown that all forms of this bean contain the glucoside, and produce prussic acid, but the amount varies in different forms of the bean. In cultivated varieties it is scarcely perceptible, in wild or semiwild forms it is much larger and very dangerous to health. In Java beans it ranges from ‘06 to “32 per cent. Boiling the beans does not make them safe to eat, most of the compound is dissolved but not destroyed and if taken internally the digestive organs and blood containing ferments capable of acting on the glucoside can produce the prussic acid in the body not only the beans themselves but the water they have been boiled in May prove fatal if taken internally. Red and white Burmah beans only yield ‘oo2 per cent: prussi¢ acid. The Council of Hygiene in Paris has on the strength of these discoveries recommended the Prohibition of the importation of Java beans and the admission of urmese beans only on a certificate of origin and analysis. RUBBER IN NEW GUINEA. Cr PAUL PREUuUssS whose work in the Agriculture of the German olonies is well known, writes ina letter from Berlin: § = ~ “TD have tapped Hevea, Ficus elastica and Castilloa elastica in our plantations in New Guinea and with very satisfying results. < Hevea rubber is valued and paid for like first class Straits tubber, € Ficus rubber is almost as good and fetches 2 SIX ee Agee less. Castilloa gets four shillings up to five shillings nd. bo i att Pping on a large scale is to begin this year, and next year I ead 2 to New Guinea again. I am astonished on reading what the Success you have had in sending these seeds packed in moist rcoal powder even to Jamaica.” Y fat Eo looks as if Rubber Cultivation had come to stay in, New fea, in German territory at least. ass ; . Hi, N. Ry si Fruiting of Crinum Northianum. tame handsome Crinum:—C, Northianum was described deat ‘the to the B of 1904, p.310. In was sent from Kuching 17 Sarawak Hees Otanic Gardens that year by the Right Reve end Bishop » and a number of plants were planted in an open damp bed 140 in the gardens, as well as some in pots. Some of them flowered that year, and this year one or two planted out fruited in November, The fruit has never been described, and as it is very different from that of C. asiaticum which otherwise this plant much resembles, | give a description of it. It is obliquely pear-shaped 4 inches long, narrowed at the base, and 3 inches through at the top which 1s terminated by the perianth tube 3 inches of which remain. T ase is greenish on the inner side, the one facing the centre of the bunch of fruits, the upper part claret coloured polished. It contains three ovoid orbicular seeds each 2} inch long, } inch through, the back rounded, the inner side hardly angled but flattened and depressed. They are the biggest seeds of any Crinum I know of, The purple colouring of the pericarp resembles that of the pasture land C. defixum and is absent from that of Crinum astaticum in which the pericarp is greenish white. The fruit and seed are very much larger than those of C. astaticum, in fact they are the largest Crinum fruits I have seen. H. N. RB. Lewis and Peat’s Report on Plantation Grown Rubber from Ceylon, the Straits and Malay States for 1906. 6, MINCING LANE, London, Fanuary, 1907- There has been a great increase in the imports of Plantation Grown Rubbers to tna during the past year. The total quantity being about 500 tons from Ceylon and Malaya, against about a tons during 1905, and also a few tons each from Java, OY Buyers are and where, formerly, practically all grades fetched the same pe ae isfactory t and good pale has been in demand, also the lower SF have been selling extremely sib: It is better for planters t0 — fair to good Crépe than inferior biscuits or sheets, and scrap dinar made into Crépe is realizing a better price t . ae form of preparation. Block Rubber has taken a firm footing ! wa: market and is readily saleable. Prices realized have been arg and 3d. per Ib. above biscuits and sheets, but we do not Be continuance of so great a premium, 141 BISCUITS AND SHEETS.—These two forms may now be classed together and the quantity coming forward has not fallen off to any extent. Fine well prepared lots sell very well and fetch as much as fine Crépe, but there have been many parcels dark unsightly and resinous. These have been very hard to sell and as much as 4d. to 6d. has been the difference between fine lots and inferior looking ones. We have had some beautiful though small lots of Ceara biscuits and in many instances they fetched the top price. The fine large amber sheets, hand or machine rolled, have always been easily saleable. No lots of smoked of any consequence have been red. CREPE.—Lately fine pale No. 1 has been realizing 1d. and 2d. per lb. above the price for ordinary biscuits or sheets. Scrap Crépe is selling very well and fetches a better price than the old hand-made scrap. Chip also has now found its level, manufacturers having found that it dees not contain foreign matter, as from appearances one might be led to think. Worms.—This form of preparation has sold well, and extremely good prices have been realized for all fine pale parcels. BLOcK.—Has sold readily but very little has come on to the market except from Lanadron Estate. There is no doubt that clear block rubber even in texture and quality will always meet a ready demand at very full prices, CASTILLOA.—Not much has been seen on the market during the year, and the few lots sold have not been all that could be desired as regards preparation, Fine pale clear in biscuits, sheets or blocks would sell well, We have not seen this sort in Crépe form. RAMBONG.—This Rubber has also been in small supply, and the few small lots, especiall clean Crépe, have sold well. This form is better than the old lumps, and with a fair supply would command a ready sale at a high price. The closing quotations are :— For Sheets and Biscuits wee ... §/7. to5/8 per lb. Crépe se .. .. §/74to 5/9 » Scra one rears 4/5 to 4/6 ” — Para (Amazon) 5/9 st 5/10 fe orms 25 ces a ee Block m — .. 5/9 to 5/10 » GOW, WILSON & STANTON, LIMITED— India Rubber Market Report. 13, Roop LANE, LONDON, te OF Fanuary 18th, 1907- _ iit to-day’s auction kages of Ceylon and Malaya Planta- tion grown rubber werd adeanaier. of which about 481 were Se ) total weight amounted to over 31 tons, Ceylon contributing ver 7 and Malaya over 24. 142 There was very strong bidding in to-day’s auctions, and prices generally showed a decided advance, as much as threepence per lb, ing frequently recorded. There were several attractive parcels of crepe, sheet, etc. The highest price, 5/11, was realised for an exceptionally fine parcel of Rangbodde Ceara biscuits. All kinds of crepe were again keenly competed for, and a fine lot from the Consolidated Malay Co. brought the highest price for this grade, viz., 5/102 per Ib. QUOTATIONS.—Fine sheet, 5/84 to 5/94. Fine biscuits, 5/82 to 5/93. Very fine pale S Ceaie biscuits, 5/11. Good biscuits, abt. 5/8. Fine pale, a6} to 5/104. Crepe Palish to darkish, § 3/4 to 5/93 Dark, yee to 0 5/38 Fine , 4/6 - Scrap Fair to ear ore to 4/63. . Low, 1/9. a PLANTATION F FINE To-pay lot to 5/11, same period last aa ie SCRAP.—4/6} to 4/9, same period last tee fs to 3 FINE HARD PARA~ (South American).—5/3, same period ae year, 5/33. AVERAGE PRICE OF CEYLON AND STRAITS SETTLE NTIS PLANTATION RUBBER. 481 packages at 5/6% per Ib., against 292 paw at 5/38 per Ib. at last auction. Particulars and prices as follows : ‘Ceylon. Mark, Quantity, DescriPTION AND PRICE PER LB. merase 3 casés fine pale biscuits, 5/8%. ikakotua 3 cases good darkish pressed crepe, 5/23- pale crepe, Culloden 3 cases good pa alish biscuits, 5/8%. 6 cases. fine 5/108 6 cases good darkish crepe, 514%. 4 as an ' crepe, 5/10. 4 cases darker, 5/34. 2 cases ngoya ™2 5 cases fine palish to darkish biscuits, q ‘85. darkish sera ; . Hattangalla : 3 cases good cst 5/3%. 1 case palish pressed ee 5/43 : I case blac St. Langsland 12 cases good as 5/8¥- bag darkish sheet, 5 Choneet 2 cases good palish to faible biscuits, 5/98 / of. abe crepe, 5/3. case darkish and dark crepe, 5 Jo 1 case rege : T case fine palish — 5/94- 2 cases ssimil : 6h. Sac darker » 5/84. e darkish pressed scrap, 4/04. - thick iesions, ast. : 417 ! - Elston 2 cases good darkish biscuits, 5/93- 3 cases palish scrap," I case lump s 4/7- scrap, Tallagalla 2 cases good dak b 3 iscuits, 5/9 1 case darkish pressed : 417%. a. *, 143 Warriapolla 1 case fine palish biscuits, 5/9}. 1% case darker, 5/9. 1 case good scrap, 4/73. Taldua 2 cases dark biscuits, 5/9. ton fine palish sheet, 5/9. 1 case darker} 5/9, 6 cases good scrap, 4/7. I case dark rejections, 5/74. 2 cases cuttings, 5/03. Northumberland I case mixed dull biscuits, 5/9}. 1 case good scrap, 4/7%- Clara I case thick biscuits, 5/9. 1 case good palish scrap, 4/72. Ayr I case good palish biscuits, 5/9}. 1 case good pressed scrap, 4/73. I case very fine pale ceara biscuits, 5/11 Doranakande 2 =e tie dark biscuits, 5/9}. 1 case rough dull aes t, 5/84. 3 cases fine darkish scrap, 4/8. 2 ink pre , 4/9. Warriagalla 1 case fine blocked worm, 5/8}. 1 case similar, 5/8}. 1 case barky apres 4/6. 1 case good blocked worm, 5/6. 1 case : darker, 4 JJ 1. Co. 3 cases good pressed scrap, 4/9. ” I case fase scrap, bs be 1 case dark scrap and rejections, 4/4. MT I case similar, Ambatenne 2 cases Eee eg sc ae. 1/9. Tallagalla 2 cases low igs scrap, wi in. pa I case palish t oda e, 5/32. 15 cases darkish scrap crepe, IP Ic ae Wack crepe, 4/ 11, 3.cases good darkish scrap, 4l7t- . cases dark pressed scrap, 4/63. I case barky scrap, 4/ I case rejections, 4/53. 1 case heated pressed chest and crepe, 4/4. STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. Mark, Quantity, DEscripTION AND PRICE PER LB. VRCO, La 15 cases fine amber — — t, 5/83. 2 cases fine palish KI : to darkish crepe, 5/5. .1 case darker, 5/2}. 18 cases vias good dark block, 5/84 to 5/6) 4 cases smi 5/4¥ to 5/52. 3 cases good block, 5/1}. 22 cases fine washed sheet, 5/83. 2 —— — pale —_ crepe, 5/62. 4 cases darkish, 5/33- a eet Core ee €, 5/04. css a palish to a sheet, 5/83. 2 cases palish to darkish crepe, 5/4}. 11 cases darker, 5/1}. 1 cas? dark crepe, 4/114. 2 cases weak darkish sheet, 5/84. case similar, 5/83. 1 hi case darkish pressed crepe, Wee 2 cases dark pressed crepe, 4/11. 1 bag fine scrap, 4/5}- S$RCo, © 2 cases good sheet, 5/54. es I case fine scrap, 4/64. VRCo.Ld, Klang FMs II cases good brownish crepe, 5/33. Highland Est 17 coats good mammed sheet, 5/8% to 5/9. 5 cases darker, 5/82. ood palish a ea palish t te bb i palo scony crepe Bik ics, sf See ae 144 MARK. Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. BRR Co, Ld, 12 cases good palish to ‘cae scored sheet, 5/9}. 4 cases fine palish crepe, 5/6. 8 cases good darkish crepe, 5/3. 1 case rker, 5/13. 2 cases ‘cod brown crepe, bought in. 1 case block ,bought in Linggi Plts. Ld. 22 cases very fine paie crepe, 5/103. 4 cases palish to darkish crepe, 5/6. Jebong 14 cases Bees fine pale crepe, 5/10}. 2 cases darker, sist. ood dark crepe, 5/2}. 5 cases similar, 5/33. davkereae 5/1. ee RCo Rom pet fine dark sheet, 5/9}. 4 cases good palish to darkish : 4/7. / Ltd, 5 crap, 4/7. 1 case thick rejections, 4 I case good pale sheet, 5/9}. 2 bags scrap, 4/8. & 3 cases good rambong ball, 4/7. I case thick rejections, 4/84. Bila 1 case fine = sheet, 5/93 4 cases darker, sit good scrap, 4/7}. I case good rejections, 5/0. i S I case good pressed scrap, 4/8. 3 cases fine amber sheet, 5/9¢ I case good pale scrap, 4/8. 1 case rejections, 4/8. 4 cases darkish washed sheet, 5/94- So I Case fine amber sheet, 5/93- TEB imi : Cc I case darkish scrap crepe, 5/43. 1 case similar, 5/43 Pataling 9 cases = crepe, 5/34- K M : be pale sheet ae r case similar, 5/9- piscuits BNS é pales ‘6 me sheet, 5/8}. 2 cases dull pale > KL "5/83. WGS I case low heated crepe, bought in. 145 Mark. Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. oe I case good dull biscuits, 5/9. 1 case similar, 5/9, 8 cases ball scrap, bought in. 1 case rejections, bought in. BKS I case good scrap, bought in. BKA : : S 2 cases palish to darkish sheet, 4/7%- BKC 1 case dark scrap, bought in. CMRELtd, 9 cases fine pale crepe, 5/10}. 8 cases fine palish to darkish crepe, 5/9}. 7 cases somewhat similar, 3/8. 1ocases dark, 5/24. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, LIMITED— India Rubber Market Report. 13, Roop LANE, LONDON, E. C. February, 1st 1907. At to-day’s auction, 362 packages of Ceylon and Malaya Plantation grown rubber were under offer, of which about 226 were sold. The total weight amounted to over 203 tons, Ceylon contributing over 74 and Malaya nearly 13. In sympathy with Para grades, the market was quieter and Competition less animated, orders not being so plentiful as at last n. Most of the offerings changed hands at a slight decline on last sales's rates, all grades being affected. There was another very fine small lot of pale clear Ceara biscuits which again realised the highest price of the auction, namely, 5/104 per Ib. A small lot of good Rambong crepe also attracted atten- tion and sold at 5/12 per lb. QuoTaTIONS,—Fine sheet, 5/8} to 5/8%. Fine biscuits, 5/8 to 5/94. Very fine pale Ceara biscuits, 5/103. Fine pale, 5/9 to 5/93. Palish to darkish, 5/34 to 5/82: Dark, 4/19 to 5/23. Good dark Rambong crepe, 5/ i Fine, 4/6 to 4/73. Scrap | Fair to medium, 4/o% to 4/3%- P Rambong, 4/7. LANTATION FINE To-pay,—35/8# to 5/10}, same period last year, 5/8 to 6/2 Crepe Do. Scrap same peri r, 3/11 to 5/34- .—4/3} to 4/7}, same period last year, 3 FINE HARD PARA (South American)—5/24, same period last year 5/43. 2 AVERAGE PRICE OF CEYLON AND MALAYA 226 PLANTATION RUBBER. = ee pack ai ges at per 1b. at last ae at 5/5 per lb. against 481 packages @ 5/64 pe atticulars and prices as follows :-— Mark. Kipitiyagalla . Suduganga ch TEA Cc TEB C TES Gikiyanakande KMS Arapolakande Glencorse Culloden Ellakande Heatherley FIW Ambatenne | K M | Taldua Densworth Tallagalla ZciN iy Sirigalla Rangbodde Highlands Estate. TEC Cc 146 Ceylon, Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. 26 cases hoa darkish sheet, bought in. 2 cases good cuttings, : s fin bought in. 4 cases fine sate scrap, bought in 4 cases cal biscuits, bought it I case fine palish to ao “rep, s/t ae ae dar s y crepe, bou mm. 1-case n, pale scrap, Hee 3 sto darker, 4/7. 2 cases —_ “ie I case low scrap, bought in. 2 cases good darkish scrap, 46%. 2cases lace scrap, bought in 3 cases palish to darkish crepe, boight’ in, crepe, 2 cases ball scrap, 4/33. es bro le worm, bought 4 crepe, bought ht He fue ase dark et? peor “bought in, 2 cases rejected biscuits, 5/-. 3 cases good scrap, 4/64. I case fine pale scrap, bought in. 3 cases fine palish crepe, bought in. 2 cases dark pressed 4/10. 3 cases pressed scrap, bought in. 1 case dark pressed scrap, — bought in. cases fies’ darkish and dark biscuits, 5/8}. I case fine pressed Ce scrap, 4/6. 4 cases geod palish to darkish Le sae sik oF : paleo’ Fa pale s 4/73. 1 case dark, 4/2 ae crepe, 519% 3 cases ie ster biscuits, » 5/8 css els P ses fine Sorel ol pa ap Bong pal and darkih ses 9h 3c cases ; good darkish ie 5/34. 3 cases Catkro) . black ieee bloc I case very fine amber ‘cial 5/83. sheet, f8- T case good darkish biscuits, 5/83. 1 ee good I case good rough biscuits, 5/6. scra. Ta , 4/7 2 cases good biscuits, 5/8}. 1 case good scrap; arker, 4/64, I case good dark biscuits, 5/84 cae gone potent 2 cases good dark’ biscuits, 5/ 8}. 4/7. 8 cases palish and darkish crepe, bought in. I case fine pale scrap, 4/74- 1 case very fine pale Ceara biscuits, 5/103. crepe 7 cases fi rg aheea ve ' Malaya. 29 cases fine washed mae os in. 5/5- 5 cases darker, 5/3% 9 °@S 2 cases dark pressed crepe, 4/10. g. 1 bag : I case Ss: rough and pressed biscuits, 5/ : » 4/7. 1 case . 3 PSE SR Co. Sungei Krudda BRR Co. Ltd, Bila BB CMRE Lta Shelford 147 Quantity, DescRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB, 1 bag Castilloa, bought in. 20 cases fine washed sheet, 5/83. 2 cases very me aed ae 5/9. 6 cases fine palish crepe, 5/6. 1 case d h, 5/34 = ¥ case bee 5/2%. 32 cases datkish smoked ie: 5/4 to 5/5% (part sold). / cases 5 good large sheet, 5/83. 1 case darkish pressed crepe, 4/10 3 cases ‘palish pressed crepe, bought i 7 cases e008 basco h sheet (mouldy), «8k. 2 cases fine sca 4/73. 3 cases mixed scrap, 4/54- 6 cases fine amber shee “3 5/ 3 cases palish crepe, bought in. 10 cases darkish, bought in. 3 cases very fine pale sheet, 5/83. 6 cases little darker, 5/8%- 2 cases good darkish biscuits, bought in. Q cases oe A ses = 5 gto 5/9. 10 _— fine palish crepe, 5/83 to 5/83. 4 cases good dark cre gee 4 case amber Geet 2 5/08 obs palish 9 ght in. 1 case scrappy rejections “ae 1 case Ram on crepe, 5/1}. 1 case Rambong scrap , 4/7. case dark crepe, 5/23. Lewis and Peat’s Ceylon, Straits and Malay States The fol llo tons Straits Sold as follow. Marx Tallagalla Warriapolla Taldua <> | Northumberland Plantation Rubber Report. 18th Fanuary, 1907. wing lots comprising about 8 tons Ceylon and about 204 and 1 Ma alay States were offered at auctions to- day and Ceylon. Quantity, DescripTiON AND PRICE PER LB. 2 Cases Darkish biscuits 5/9 5, ir darkish cate a 4l74 esa risa pale bisc eg 5/9% rt ,» Goode se aie ene ee 5/9 1 ,, Fair brown scrap ae 4/74 2 ,, Very dark ppocatés mixed palish ++ » 5/9 4 , Pale and amber sheets see 5/9% t ,, Darkish sheets ve ~ 6 ,, Darkish scrap oe 7 oe Rather — resinous biscuits won el 1 ,, Brown scrap ak oe 4] oy gees dried biscuits won é a 1 ,, Fair brown scrap a : 1 ,, Good amber biscuits oe 5/94 1 ,,_ Pale Ceara biscuits os 5/tt 2 ,, Very dark biscuits — a 1 ,, Rough black biscuits oon an 3, Fair brown scrap wn 148 MARK. : Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB Elston 2 Cases Dark biscuits @ 1: scra ee Clontarf : * 2 4, Mixed biscuits Wel as I ,, Scrap crepe . I = Ghip cre Aberdeen 3.» Amber biscui « » Sean be 4, aekish ue biscuits pee 8-05) Fatescra soe oy Ellakande 3.» Fine Pale biscuits we oP Nirarotua 3 +," Dark crepe on Culloden 3 4, Pale biscuits oe oy 6 ,, Pale crepe ees 6 ,, Scrap crepe “ogy 4 4, Very fine pale crepe ewe 4 ,, Scrap crepe “on 2 jo Black “oe Ingoya 5 4 Pale amber biscuits ge Hattangalla Gisiy Biscuits mixed colours en : Ir » Led ” Langsland 33 Biscuits nae colours aioe I Bee Dark sheets soe Kop 16 Cases scrap we ow 5 5 5, Brown scrap Rieh Fine Para to-day price 5/24 per Ib. Straits and Malay States. > 3 Cases Good red Rambong Ball we @ I ” Picgn bis: oot ot 1» Serappy pee cuttings mon I + Fair Br rap ooo oF i 3» Good palish sheets — owe , oR Fine amber sheet won 4 ,, Fine dark sheets eon I ,, Fair brown scrap ots pln rm oe ~~ i a 2 .. Good amber sheets | aen a i r ~ ” Rolled amber sheets ee = ‘- Palish « ; one ad : 16 ” Darkish crepe ow ” 22 » Black block — a 3 » Undried oe 2 Wr one ” 15 Cases ) 149 sheet © seeks and rather i Good palish bise Darkish =. Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. Rolled amber sheets ws @ 5/84 Palish crepe ear say 5/44 Dark sc ge 5/1% Black chip ore on 4/1 14 Amber sheets ra 5/84 Dark crepe <8 ay 5/24 Black wes 4/11 Amber sheets, rather rough ey 5/84 Fair brown scrap wey [64 Fine pale cr oe pene 5/10% Palish part mottled ” 5/98 Palish part se and palish pee 5 5/8 Chip and scrap ” 5/24 Rolled amber sheets me 5/94 Mottled crepe saan 5/6 ene crepe seo” 5/3 Black ore 5/14 Good pale = we 5/103 M ottled cr dake 2 5/5% Scrap ose sea iy 514E SIE Chip crepe pa 5/18 Dark amber sheets soe 5/03 Fair brown scrap se oy 4/7 Pale sheets , se oy Rolled sheets ee 5/84 5/9 i 5 Lewis and Peat’s Ceylon, Straits and Malay States Plantation Rubber Report. The followitig lots comprising about 7 tons Ceylon and about 15 tons Straits and Malay States were offered at auctions to-day and ‘ | sold as follows :— Mark, Ambatenne | Km | Taldua Densworth Tallagulla Sets — Rangbodde Kepitagalla Suduganga i ee a: TEA TEB Arapolakande Glencorse FIW Cullodean 150 Ceylon. Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. 1 Case Good palish biscuits 1 Bag Darkish and pale sheets 1 Case rough dark biscuits 1 » Dark and rough biscuits and sheets I Bag Ordinary palish scrap 2 Cases Fair dark Para biscuits I ,, Fair brown scrap » Dark brown scra I I 2 ,, Darkish biscuits 2 ,, Fair brown scrap » Mottled scrap crape 2 Dark sheets Pieces » Fair scra »” Mi xed bise Scrap crepe » Brown crepe » Black chip crepe NODNH HR HNN WH DN » Small-dark amber biscuits » Very fine pale Ceara biscuits » Palish reg oe mottled » Darkish crepe part mottled won » Darkish crepe part mottled “ crepe » Fair mixed darkish crepe ist February, 1907. eee ” a a” ee a oe eT: aoe ” ; pa ees 5 * seis Rie ee fleece ne RA ®t A AVG ee 8 CH 151 MARK. Quantity, DEscRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. 3 Cases Darkish crepe Das (1 5/3% 3"; Black crepe viet 5/0% : t. ,, Black block es ee 5/24 _ Ellakande I, Fine pale biscuits ted 6. 5/8¢ Heatherly 3.» Fine pale biscuits eee 5/8 Straits and Malay States. Bila 3.» Fine large palish sheets ee 5/8% 6 ,, Fine large sheets and A. darker «.. 4, 5/8 2 ,, Mixed biscuits coe oy <> ixed biscui bought in. Highland 29 ,, Rolled sheets rather mouldy wee 4, Bought in, ea 7 ,, No. 1 crepe, part darkish suits 5/5 5» Scrap crepe Get 5/34 9 ,, Brown crepe eri Se 5/2 ~ ‘ " 2 ,, Black chip crepe ee 4/10 KL 2 ,, Small scrappy biscuits wc gy OGG in 3, Brown ae . yy bought in KM 1 ,, ‘Pale sce oy + eee in, neol 3-7; Preseed vei serap wey, ~~ ‘ought in. RCo : rae 20 ,, Rolled sheets i tos 5/83 2 ,, Fine pale crepe pres 5/9 6 ,, Good pale crepe jist me — erie crepe : oe oy ae I ,, Good chip PS ED 32 are pe k = veld 5/53 @ 3 SRCo 7 ,, Large dull sheets eh geri Seats 3 ,, Fair darkish crepe ps eae i fess Krudda 7 ,, .Amber sheets mouldy ae 5/8 PSE : 2 ,, Brown scrap pie 4/74 Sunoe: I ,, Inferior scrap crepe ae 4/105 di Krudda 3 ys Loose pieces scrap ate ” 4/5 CMREL 6 ,, Fair sheets 5/83 d. 9 ,, | Fine pale crepe » 5/94 @ 5/9 : Io ,, Good crepe - » 3/8 @ 4 , Black cre oe Searoy A yy t VEY, pe sheets as 5/ 8% I ,, Dark scrap ¢ » bought in. I, Pieces . ” 4/74 1, Red Rambong crepe oo. 5/1 5/2 Ib. 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Bie | | g$.h1 | 0.%g 0.16 eee a: Suojuag $9 Y gh.g eee | eee eee L1.Z1 0.09 0.06 ee ee. | Se eee qneyy cl.J IL.v Wales 6z-L1 | 0.f9 0.10 Bee ed igi | bee sidiy Eyenyy | | Ee Z SSO! | | wm | i { Lig | } i | | _ G | i | | | / | peo ee es ele lel bles | 21 4 | 8 | fee an: 4G oe os | et pee 4 | Peas p } “gaga (Hydrocotyle asiatica)—Leaves used for Asthma— ’ aa leaves with some leaves of both kinds of Ruku-ruku th ™M out on to ‘ x faerie ce atient’ “Seong the four “cardinal points of the patient's body (chest, back and sides). : = 162 ook 15. Tombok Bukit.—Roots used for shooting pains in the stomach. 16. Mata Pelandok (Ardisia crenulata).—Leaves used for ear-ache. 17. Lidah Jin (Hedyotis conferta)—Eaten with the juice of _ Ketula Pahit after confinement. The leaves of Lidah Jin are divided into three, and one-half of the leaf is red.* 18. Tampa Besi and Kesinan and Sena (Ficus quercifolta)— Used for syphilis—rub the roots on a grindstone w water, 19. Kuncha.—Leaves used for biliousness: and slight stomach trouble. : 20, Dukong Anak (Phyllanthus urinaria, a diuretic). —Roots used after confinement, : Champa and leaves of Sisek Puiyu-puiyu.—For worms 4 children’s eyes—crush the leaves under a grindstone an put them on the eyes. : 22, Sapucha Pelandok, an aphrodisiac—Take the roots eben them together with Aleh Betinggong and Ubi Besi—ta with Sireh, NS _ GIVEN BY Haji BIpAH, MIDWIFE, KAMPONG SIREH. Medicine for use at the time of confinement :— 7 leaves of Trong Prat 7 bulbs of Bawang Puteh (Onion) 7 corns of Lada Hitam (Black Pepper) 7 slices of Halia Bara (Ginger) 7 slices of Kunyit (Turmeric) ; the All these are pounded together and the juice taken: fea? ae : : day of confinement, (The words “‘sampai hari” are not pega a If they are correct, the actual day of birth is probably a Possibly “tiga” or some other numeral has been omitted). i Medicine to be taken three days after birth :— : Leaves of Ara Tanah - Shoots of Areca-nut which have not yet opened out | Leaves of Menalu Api ee All these are pounded together, and the juice taken: to be on the first three iitianiage aise confinement on an empty stom Another Prescription :-— Leaves of Tarum (Indigo) : : ves of Limau Kerbau (Lime) - eaves’ fee or aves of Kesum 5 terophglie) This description sounds more like that of the leaves of (Buphoraia. : 163 All these are pounded together and the juice taken: also to be taken on the first three mornings on an empty stomach. External Application :— Kunyit—C ontents of roots (Turmeric) Temu Kunchi—Contents of central root _Temu Lawak—Contents of roots Kunyit Tebu— Do. . do. Balai— Do do. All these are pounded together and the juice taken: this is then cooked and made warm: it is smeared on the woman’s body for twenty days. Prescription for use with the Abdominal Bandage :— Juice of Asam Limau Nipis (Small lime) Jadam Arab Seeds of Jintan Puteh Grains of Pulut Hitam (Black rice) Contents of root of Halia Bara (Ginger) Seeds of Adas Manis Seeds of Adas Pedas All these are pounded together, then mixed with water and ae ata fire: then they are smeared on the abdomen which is ed up and bandaged for three days after birth. PERKATAAN BIDAN Haji BIDAH, KAMPONG SIREH. Ubat dipakai di-dalam masa beranak :— gabe sikilian itu ditumbok, ambil ayer: habis diminum sampai Vbat makan lepas tiga hari beranak :— Daun Ara Tanah Puchok Pinang yang tiada kembang lagi : ; Daun Menalu Api z ee: tigg M2 sikilian itu ditumbok, ambil ayer: habis diminum sampai ~-S* Pagi sabelum makan apa-apa. Ubat makan juga :— Daun Tarum — Daun Limau Kerbau oe aun Kesum a fe dian in} expands ambil ayer: habis diminum tiga pag! pew 164 UVbat Luar :— Kunyit—pakai isi Ibu Temu Kunchi—pakai isi. Temu Lawak—pakai isi. Kunyit Tebu—pakai isi. Balai—pakai isi. Sikilian itu ditumbok, ambil ayer; kemdian dimasak, bri panas: habis chomor di badannya sampai dua puloh hari. UVbat Barut prut :— Asam Limau Nipis—pakai ayer Jadam Arab Jintan Puteh—pakai biji Sikilian itu ditumbok, kemdian dimasok dengan ayer juga; kemdian dihangatkan di api: habis dichomor di prut serta barut dendan kemas sampei tiga hari kemdian deripada beranak. PERKATAAN TUAN Haj1 AHMAD, KAMPONG LIPANG. Minyak Jarak—Dipakai juga fasal penyakit bengkak urat. Minyak Kayu Gharu.—Dipakai juga fasal meradak. , Klang Pasir—Dipakai juga fasal lengah didalam badan— pakai akar, Bermin.—)ipakai fasal penyakit kerawit—daun. Akar Tempu atau Tempu Ranak.—Pakai fasal kena penyakit kapanasan—akarnya. Akar Jolong Hitam.—Pakai fasal demam pialu—akarnya. Poko’ Ekor Kuching dan Poko’ Ekor Pari.—Pakai_fasal penyakit didalam pinggang—akarnya. 8. Akar Kemian Hantu.—Pakai fasal penyakit seduan—akat- nya, Q Non Pe Rumput Sabueh.—Pakai fasal belaram—dimasak dengan — : Kemian Arab, minum ayernya. a 10. Akar Sumpu Darah,—Pakai fasal penyakit rengat—akar. t1. Akar Priok Kra—Pakai fasal demam kura—asah, ca ayer serta makan buah Pisang Klat Benar. bil 12. Ribu-ribu.—Dipakai fasal demam kluar pluh malam— daunnya dan daun Lalang dilampit bawah tidor. . asal sopak —digoring es ad Chendawan Merah.—Pakai f: bulu burong Itek Ayer, kemdian dimasok Minyak serta dichomor pada sopak itu. oe 14. Pegaga.—Daun dipakai fasal penyakit lelah ; sembor a a pedahat dengan daun Ruku-ruku kadua (R. pact oe — a ee . 2 % 3 MINE SS CERES BE ESC Eee ape Ser eee eo eC ae roe Ne Pa aera ES 165 R. hutan) dan Bawang Puteh tiga hiris dan Halia Merah tiga hiris. 15. Tombok Bukit.—Pakai juga fasal meradak—akarnya. 16. Mata Pelandok.—Pakai fasal sakit telinga—daunnya. 17, Lidah Jin—Dimakan dengan ayer Ketula Pahit fasal mem- baik tuboh perampuan. Daun Lidah Jin itu berchabang tiga, daunnya merah sakrat. 18. Tampa Besi dan Késinan dan Sena.—Fasal penyakit seduan sundal; akarnya asah dengan ayer. ‘ 19: Kuncha.—Pakai fasal penyakit medu—daunnya. 20, Dukong Anak.—Fasal membaikki tuboh perampuan; pakai akarnya. 21. Champa dan daun Sisek Puiyu-puiyu.—Pakai fasal kanak- kanak kena chaching naik ka-mata—ambil daunnya giling, ; habis dipuput. 22. Sapucha Pelandok.——Fasal kuat zekar—pakai akarnya dima- an dengan Aleh Betinggong dan Ubi Besi. Makan dengan Sireh Pinang. DISEASES OF COCOA-NUT PALMS. The attention of cultivators of cocoa-nuts in the West India Islands has been called of late to the occurrence of a serious disease known as the ‘bud-rot.’ Mention has already been made of it in the Agricultural News (Vol. IV, pp. 299 and 369), and all the informa- Vion relating to the disease was collected and reprinted in the West gist on th mini August nut pal € Trinidad Royal Gazette, of February 14, 1907, publishes for Mation a report by Mr. STOCKDALE on this visit, in “escribed three different diseases attacking cocoa-nut isa nidad. The three diseases have been called the ‘ Root eXtract. As ‘Leaf disease,’ and the ‘Bud-rot.’ The following * Rave been taken from the report :— distributes: disease is, without doubt, the most serious ; it is widely €d, and is causing considerable loss in some districts. : Root DISEASE. This and ath apparently caused by a fungus, a species of Botryodiplodia, leaves the sopnized by the yellowing and hanging down of the ’ y € disorganized condition of the cortex of the roots, by 166 the red ring of discoloration that may be seen in the stem, and by the pustules bearing fungus spores that are invariably seen, sooner or later, on the dead leaf-stalks (petioles). The disease may spread through the soil by means of mycelium, by spores blown by the wind from tree to tree, and by means of the fall of diseased petioles, while replanting of supplies on diseased spots without proper cultivation and treatment may be a means of continuing the disease in the next corp of trees, The disease ap- pears in all soils, but apparently spreads more rapidly and is more destructive in damp, low lying, undrained hollows. _Undrained uncultivated, neglected portions of any estate are a standing menace to the whole estate and perhaps to the whole district. To prevent further spread of the disease, the following remedial measures have been suggested :— (a) All dead or dying trees, diseased leaves and petioles that have fallen to the ground, rubbish, etc., should be destroyed either by fire or by burying deeply with lime. All stumps should be grubbed up and as many diseased roots as pos sible destroyed, (2) When it is noticed that small areas are attacked, they may be isolated from the remainder of the estate by digging t good trench around them. This should prevent spread mycelium in the soil to other portions of the estate. - _(c) Resting and cultivation of infected land that has been cleared and burnt before replanting ‘ supplies.’ An (d) Spraying and application of chemicals to destroy spores : and also mycelium in the soil. : (e) Replanting should be done with ripe nuts from resistant trees, if such can be found. disease- LEAF DISEASE. ee _ The leaf disease is limited to small areas, which are apparently in want of better cultivation. of the leaf turn yellow, then brown, and eventually fe this portio® : nd of the rig’ . leaf. (This is characteristic of the disease, and is probably pte the weight of the dead tip causing it to break off.) Eventually 2 a This fungus (Pestalozzia sp.) reproduces itself by mea on the upper surfaces of the leaflets, and is frequen tly iF by another fungus, Diplodia epice cos, the fructifications “Sone the be observed as small, black spots, generally along ie ents 80 leaflets near the mid-rib or on the petioles. Exper 167 indicate that the latter fungus is either saprophytic or only com- pletes destruction commenced by Pestalozzia. The spread of this disease is accomplished by wind and rain, and therefore, besides making every effort to keep the cocoa-nut trees healthy and vigorous by improved cultural methods, all sources of infection should be removed, as they may be the cause of considerable damage during an unfavourable season. : The following remedial measures are recommended :— __ (a) All dead trees should be cut down and, with diseased leaves, etc., should be destroyed, preferably by fire. (4) Isolated trees that show signs of disease should be marked, carefully watched, and all leaves that become attacked cut out and burned. (c) All plants in the diseased area should, as a preventive, be sprayed repeatedly with Bordeaux mixture, particular atten- tion being given to the younger leaves. BuD-ROT DISEASE. Abud-rot disease was noticed in isolated cases in the Cedros district, and had apparently caused the death of many palms gn a savannah in the Siparia district. ! The cause of the trouble is somewhat obscure. The roots and — of the palm appear to be quite healthy, while the bud is in- Volved in a vile-smelling soft rot. In one instance, a fungus was Present in the advancing margin of the diseased part, but generally cterla were the only organisms present. Three kinds of bacteria pare Noticed, and two of them had previously been found in trees at were suffering from other causes. On no occasion could it be ered, with certainty, how the bacteria gain an entrance, or they are the primary cause of the trouble. Grune Siparia district the spread of the disease was very rapid ; prom . robable that more careful attention to cultivation, etc., an wit €struction of all diseased material would tend to keep this € well in hand. oly it must be urged that in dealing with the diseases of cocoa- systemat; adoption of remedial measures must be carried out Operation af by all interested in cocoa-nut cultivation ; for, by co- ate ce the planters in this matter, it would be possible to check ases and probably to eradicate them. (Agricultural News, West Indies), Vol. VI, No. 127, p- 75: N BIBLIOGRAPHY. TES ON RUBBER CULTIVATION BY LIEUT.-COL. WYLLIE Thi AND O. G. FERREIRA. Is little boo ee ‘ ; ; : # ‘ . Porty k was originally compiled for publication in Col. Wri pomy but an English edition has been brought out by E, formerly in charge of the Rubber plantations in ~ 168 Rangoon. There is little original matter in the book which treats of Hevea, Castilloa, Ceara rubber, Ficus elastica, Hancornia and some rubber vines. A rather curious standard table of Guttas and rubbers is given in the introduction, in which Hevea representing y n required in the rubber zone The spiral tapping system (now everywhere abandoned) is recommended. The description of the tree is very inaccurate. Thus the flowers are“hot white as stated but yellow, the fruit is not yellow but ste and is smaller than a garden tomato. The seed oil is not woe brown or yellow, and the statement that “the germ cone active purgative principle not found in the rest «f the seed” W a has of course to be removed } efore proceeding to extract ae is certainly news to those who have often eaten the, see impunity, The authors think that Para rubber will do well in oS | India, for one specimen at least is over 25 feet tall though a a the accounts ar € : . Wwe chiefty extracted from well known publications. The authors, a ; ; os ru ever, give some accounts of the Mangabeira Hancornia, 4 ; ; : account of tree little known, which has never been tried here not i — ae : ntefs, The Chapter on land tennure in India is useful for Indian pe In — and Bombax, as akind of catch crop does ssc itsell, and to suggest that “such important trees © ma glabra, C. alophylium inophyllum, Sterculia foetida might quite a valuable source of profit” is simply misleading. They y valueless trees, . : resting | | The book contains numerous photographs the most inte ae: which are those showing the root system of Hevea. 3 H, Nw x. oe oh 169 CASUARINAS. The order of plants known as Casuarinx, comprises but one genus of very limited area viz. Casuarina. There are about 50 species in the genus, of which most are peculiar to Australia with a number occurring in New Caledonia, and a few in the Malay Islands, The Casuarinas known here by the Malay name of Ru, or Javanese Eru, are trees of some size, with thin cylindric jointed branches, and no leaves unless certain little teeth at each joint of the branchlets represent these organs. The male flowers are borne small cones. The fruit is a small woody cone containing flat one winged seeds, which are drifted away by the wind when the cone Only one species is indigenous to the Malay Peninsula. Caswa- rina equisetifelia. This tree invariably occurs in a single line along the sea coast, above high water mark in sandy beaches. So regular is it in this that it often appears to have been planted in line. At Santubong in Sarawak, I have seen a line of these trees in a Sandy spot some distance from the sea which has evidently receded from the trees, and left them some way inland. Except where Planted one never sees these trees inland or away from the sea. et they grow very well away from the sea especially in dry exposed places and are frequently planted as roadside or shelter belt trees. here are some remarkably fine specimens by the sea at Malacca evidently of considerable age. i plants are readily grown from seed, and grow very fast. ig On the cultivation of Casuarina equisetifolia, have already n published in the Bulletin No. IV, 11, 57 wel, if any epiphytes seem able to grow on the bark, and it is nown that orchid planted on them never do well or live long. wil i Species of Loranthus, occurs as a parasite, however, on the ‘es on the Pahang Coast (L. Casuaring). Bulletin @suatina is cultivated for ornament and for fire wood (see the end » 292, and also supplies a good and durable timber. At 1 of the year its branches are often in request for Christmas C. : ably. "2¢rana, Mig. of which a photograph is given, is a remark- adult state. oF tree both in its young state as represented and in the tis a nati dB vhere it grows N sand native of Sumatra and Borneo, w g ile woods above the sea, usually in hilly places. ““Sunded cone shaped outline, the lower branches lying on 170 very seldom cultivated as an ornamental plant. SOME TIMBER NOTES. Mussaendopsis Beccariana (Rubiacex) Malabera, a Oe in 100 feet tall about three feet through with obovate si: Panicles green leaves 6 inches long and nearly as wide, o Levee fae 6 inches or more long, peduncle 4 inches long, bea: - whi ss bearing lax cymes of small white flowers, one of each In” an obovate white calyx lobe as in Mussaenda fruit. ee This superb tree occurs in Singapore (Chan Ch oe it in 1850), Perak, Goping, Kinta ( Kings coll). I geben 5 ecorded from the Kelantan river, in Siak, Sumatra, and it is a pte pa, Borneo. It is, however, apparently not a very BPE fawn, oldu The timber as sent by Mr. BURN-MURDOCH Is See close rays, with very numerous fine wavy rings, and very ae threes annual the pores numerous, irregular and often in gee close so th it rings tolerably distinct but very irregular anes ht. per cubic. foot may be judged to be a slow growing tree. Welg S4c06- 3 ee Fagract The name Malbera is used in Malacca for the | fastigiata a very different tree, — L-known is a wel Cumpassia parvifolia (L nos@).— The pierre of the f seem to DEN o wavy pale lines which frequently anastomose, se, ann up into short bits, the rays are very fine and very close, not very conspicuous, The timber is heavy 66 Ibs, a cubic foot. ee It is altogether a better class of timber than S¢ 171, with rather strong ribs, and about 4 inches long, the flowers dirty pale yellow with a silvery calyx, re The timber is fairly good of the Serayah class of timber light brown and rather light in weight, and by no means hard, pores __ €xtremely numerous and close medullary rays very numerous, close and fine annual rings very conspicuous and regular, pores very much more numerous in the period of rapid growth. Weight 50 lbs. per cubic foot. Shorea glauca, “ Balau.’—This timber now called Balau is not the original timber of that name which is Parinarium oblongifolium though it is constantly sent under this name from the Rumpin River in Pahang whence the original Balau was derived. The genuine Balau is now, it seems, quite a rare tree. I have occasionally come across it in Singapore, Johor and elsewhere, it is easily recognized by its large leaves white beneath. The tree having been almost exterminated, this timber (Shorea Slauca) very inferior has been substituted. It is dark brown in colour and heavy with numerots crowded small pores, and close fine rays. In fact it much resembles the genuine Damar Laut (Shorea utilis). Itisa good timber but for durability cannot be compared with the original timber known as Balau. Weight 69 lbs. per cubic foot. Lumnitzera coccinea the Teruntum, (Combretacez). Mr. BURN- URDOCH sends a good sample of this closegrained pale fawn poised Wood, tree is conspicuous in the mangrove swamps fom its tufts of brilliant red flowers. i eu isa good useful wood being fairly strong and heavy. : however, rather liable to split. Weight 58 Ibs. per cubic foot. Pete or Betis, Dichopsis sp.—This has already been described in tiabas one Mr. BURN-MURDOCH sends another specimen of the tise Ot really first class quality, a fine dark brown red heavy wood ver eth the pores very small in short rows, the transverse rings ¥ the and close and wavy. Weight 72 Ibs. per cubic foot. : : H. N. RIDLEY. RLS SE Pe ary RR ee eRe, Mie rene ee ee re sue teh ae iack 3 Sue : 5 RUBBER INDUSTRY. THE F. M.S. vs,. CEYLON. tates a f RFORD returned to Ceylon from the Federated Month Behn S ago, and will stay in the Isle of Spices about a Properties “lore going to the F. M. S. he visited the low-country i ot the C. T. P. Co. and other companies in which he ts We and on the present occasion will inspect the upcountry Rotuerrog previously described the prominence of Mr. * = Ceylon’s and F, M, S, planting annals and his 172 views on the progress made by the Colony during the decade which had passed since his previous visit. What he has to say now will be equally interesting to our readers, and was given in an interview with a Times of Ceylon representative immediately after landing at Colombo, It reads as follows :— “What do I| think of the F. M. S. as a rubber-producing country ?”’ “I consider for the growing of Para plantation rubber it would be exceedingly hard to beat, but I have not seen Java. et seem to grow equally well on ‘bukit’ or hilly land as they do on the alluvial flat. On the former the work of opening up the land is not SO expensive as it is on the flats which require costly drainage works. Some planters are of opinion that the rubber on the flat lands will prove the better ‘milkers’, while others hold a contrary opinion. do not suppose there is really sufficient evidence one way oF other for any one to state the case with absolute certainty.” “How does the growth compare with Ceylon?” “Well, I think it would be somewhat premat until I have thoroughly digested the figures cultivation, and which countr is going to stan a Undoubtedly the cost of a e much higher in the fF. ghd than in Ceylon. A Tamil gets 84d. per day there as oe nytt ; All “The opening out of new plantations is going meray ge Over the country estates are being carved out of Hitherto estates have been opened out in ¢ railway or alongside roads, but planters are §& outwards. I have no idea how many acres are planting this year, but it must be very considerable. : : 173 The Land Terms of the Two Countries Compared. “Are not the new land terms to some extent limiting the develop- ment of the industry?” “Although the conditions now are a premium of $3 and $1 quit rent for six years, and $4 per annum thereafter, I do not think in the meantime it is checking enterprise. Roughly speaking, compar- annum, while his Ceylon brother would be free. It is difficult to get applications for land put through with expedition, but nothing like to the same extent as it isin Ceylon. I think this latter fact, more than anything else, is driving Capital away from Ceylon to the F. M.S. The difficulties placed in the way of the Ceylon planter in the acquisition of useless lands (I mean useless to the native), and in the speedy settlement of native claims, which a planter may desire to have settled before concluding the purchase, are little short of disgraceful in a first-class Crown Colony. The vernment must be aware that thousands of acres of land in Ceylon, over which natives and Government alike have shadowy claims, will never be cultivated by the native either to his benefit or that of the State. It surely therefore is the duty of Government when they know there are men ready to develop these unproductive lands, to push forward the settlement of claims, and thus aid in the Speedy development of this new industry in which Ceylon hopes to play such an important part.’’—“ Times of Malaya,” March 6, 1907. CAMPHOR. “The Camphor production in Ceylon is unfortunately still in a very bad Way and although much attention has now for several yeats been given to this new cultivation it has not been possible t and it is being tried in various parts of the world less promise of success, In California the tree seems Me pas to do with this as all the plants were planted’ in: stiff. clay, a Ul _ friable, we hardly think they will do much in the plains. 174 Tonkin it justifies the most sanguine expectations. The. finest tree outside Japan that the Editor of this Bulletin has ever seen was One in Cornwall near Fowey. One would therefore hardly expect that the tree would thrive in the. tropics so close to’ the Equator. However, several planters in the Peninsula are having a try withit. Seeds and plants were imported from Japan by the Botanic fe Ee H. N, Ri : A RUBBER FACTORY IN SINGAPORE. egies poh aoe niarer Sa Pa The Netherland’s. Gutta Percha Company (Limited) has. lately - turned its attention to the manufacture of rubber tyres for carriage of all kinds, and under Mr. VAN Ryn is enlarging its remises 3 a Passir Panjang in Singapore, Machinery has been obtained and the work of making Carriage tyres has regularly commenced. ad = VAN RYN manufactures tyres for carriages; rubber plates, valves > and will eventually manufacture other rubber goods for localcel sumption besides doing all kinds of refining work and other su businesses connected with rubber, for all of which he has a a | plant. Some rubber scrap was supplied from the Botanic Gar! a trees, as also some rubber clot, and from this he has turned out | ; | | ; tyres which are the admiration. of all who see them, and very Superior to the usual rubbér fyre in use in the ses understand, made chiefly of African: rubber. picturesque-looking biscuits or sheet, seems aS ¥ than the scrap: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, F. M8. Dr. W. J. GALLAGHER, a distinguished student at Queen’s College, Cork, and a graduate of the Royal University of Ireland, has been appointed Mycologist to the Department of Agriculture, Federated Malay States. He has been engaged in research under Dr. HARTOG, Professor of Natural History, Queen’s College, and obtained a research studentship from the Commissioners of the 1851 Exhibition which was renewed on account of the. excellence of his first year’s work. Dr, GALLAGHER -has spent the last three _ months in,a tour of the great Continental. Universities, to see the latest methods.of. investigation in, plant, pathological and. mycolo- i laboratories and will take up his duties in the beginning of ~ pril. The laboratories and. offices of the Department. of Agriculture, Federated Malay States, are approaching completion. They are situated at the Rubber Experiment Plantations, Kuala, Lumpur, and: consist. of a two-storey building 130 feet long, containing a Capacious Chemical laboratory and other laboratories for the Director, the Government Mycologist, the Entomologist, the Superintendent's Experiment Station and other Scientific workers as well as Library and, Offices, The Department will be much helped in its work by getting into tS new quarters the present temporary accommodation, as th Institute for Medical Research being quite inadequate, as well being . Sur miles from the rubber experimental plots. : Foe he COCO-NUT BEETLES IN THE PHILIPPINES. _ In the “Phit.: : is ee useful e Philippines Journal of Science’’ Vol. I, No. 2, p. 143, 1s an bee icle on the principal insects injurious to the coco-nut palm vs t©.S. BANKS, In the Philippines, the rhinoceros beetle Oryctes 05.is. as troublesome as it is here, and: it. is. charged with mete for this is not-very. strong and may, be doubted. Ithas i €n known to do.so here. The plan of creosting. the insects OE areas Serrugineus. 1 i habits “@'S Settlements, being of quite different coloration and 176 This beetle not only eats the shoot or growing point but com- pletely tunnels out the tree hollowing it to the base. This we have never seen here. LF. ferrugineus never attacks the base of the tree as this insect is said to do, nor is there any fear of its entering the trunk by wounds made by the tree-climbers. It invades the holes made by Oryctes rhinoceros but it more often attacks the shoot without requiring any assistance from wounds, of any kind. Another Rhynchophorus is figured and described as attacking the tree which seems more to resemble 2. ferrugineus. Two other species of weevil are also described, which apparently chiefly attack trees already damaged by the other larger species. H.N.R. “Rubber Cultivation as an Investment.” now use the Bowman and Northway knives, and pricker. However, this H. N, R. BIBLIOGRAPHY. , t of In the “Tropen Flanzer” for March, 1907, appears . 52 R Para-rubber in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, by. SCHLECHTER, under the title Uber Hevea Braziliensts n Singa etc It gives an account of growth, appearance of the trees, tapping; 4 “Le Caoutchouc et la Gutta-percha” is a French re published monthly dealing with rubber and gutta-perci A D. from the view of the manufacturer. It is edited by RIER DE CILLARD, and contains articles by Mr. JUMELLE, ee BATHE and other authorities on rubber. H, N. B. EARLY FRUITING OF PARA RUBBER. Visiting the now extensive rubber plantations at Castlewood # ount Austin on the Tebran river in Johor, Mr. BRYCE § 177 a little lot of trees of three and a half year old which had already commenced fruiting and also seedlings coming away nicely from the trees. These trees were about as big as good five year olds over eighteen inches at 3 feet from the ground. This is an unusually rapid development even for Para-rubber in the Peninsula, N. KR, PARA RUBBER SEED OIL. Some notes of interest on experiments made with oil from seeds of the Para rubber tree are contributed by Mr. L. Wray to the Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum. He reports that, on an average, 1,000 husked and sun dried kernels were found to weigh 44 pounds avoirdupois. At an estimated 40 per cent of oil in the kernels, 1,000 seeds should yield 1 pound 12% ounces of oil. By the same figures, one ton of dried kernels would yield about 964 gallons of oil. According to Mr. Wray’s observations, one tree may be expected to average over 1,000 seeds, though some will pro- duce many more. In order to procure the most valuable commercial oil, it was found necessary to put the kernels into the press immediately after they been dried and pounded. Any delay tended to give the oil a’ darker and cloudy appearance. The longer it was kept the deeper became its colour. Some of the oil last expressed was quite thick. Sit became viscid it was more difficult to express and required greater pressure to expel it from the cake. As these experiments Were carried on with a locally made press without sufficient Pressure to expel all the oil from the meal, it was found impossible to determine the comparative yield of the fresh and the old meal, t there appeared to be a much greater yield from the former, Rhee are on exhibition at the Perak Museum three samples. of a oils, One is from freshly crushed seeds, one from seeds which ee crushed for about a week, and the third from seeds crushed t two weeks.— “Times of Malaya,’’ March 6, 1907. The Cultivation and great value of Paspalum Grass. THE Epiror, “AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN” SINGAPORE, STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, East INDIES. Dear Sir, I would esteem it i i blish a great favour if you would kindly publis es ~ : e on sae above subject as I feel i it may prove of great value to many of your readers— has been cultivated on the North Coast of New 178 _ Of this celebrated grass, W. S. CAMPBELL, Esq., Director of Agriculture, N.S.W., says:—“This grass has attained such remark- ‘able prominence, and so many persons have ‘become acquainted ‘with its great value, and so much has been written about its merits, uous... . He also says, speakin the farmers took to planting it, and as its excellent qualities became known the demand for seed and plants became enormous, g of its introduction, “Gradually by and its name has now become familiar to every man, woman and child, not only in-the Richmond and Tweed River districts, but allover the coastal districts of the State.” _ Mr. CAMPBELL, after his recent visit to these districts, also says: —“T have returned’ greatly impressed with the prosperity of the people in that part of the country. The Paspalum Grass grows with extraordinary luxuriance, and so high is the growth that if it Stood up straight, the stock would be quite lost in it. As it 15, _ though bending over with its own weight, in many places, only - an immense amount of succulent herbage, which is eagerly relished . rapid growth, quantity and quality of herbage, and its adaptability : Once established, this grass remains permanent for all time, an oe ves the farmer from the great annual expense entailed ce purchase and cultivation of other grass seeds. In the a district (N.S.W.) the seed is sown after the scrub or other a re : bee been felled. and fired, at the rate of about 10 lbs. to 15), c hs, In the dry districts the seed should. be sown in Autumn, W weather is cooler, and when there is a probability ) This grass has proved very effectual in preventin noxious growth of all kinds, and to those lando “a Very prolific seeder, and: when once established ee 179 : grass on the Tweed that’ have been in existence’for the past 10 or “12 years. It has been known to yield, at the Wollongbar ' Experi- mental Farm, on cultivated ground, when four months old, 22 tons ~ of green fodder, and several successive-cuttings of over 13;tons each per acre, within the year. ,On_ fairly rich soil, where. there is a good rainfall, this grass should easily sustain one bullock, or,10 sheep per acre, and from 50 to 100 pigs,could be kept in good condition on a few-acres, with the addition of some skim milk or other feed. ‘All-persons who have used it for this purpose speak very highly of it. oh This is what Mr. C.°F. JuLtus, Secretary Dairymen’s Union, Bucca Creek, says in. the (Government “Agricultural Gazette,”) N.S.W.:—“ This remarkable plant is quickly coming to the fore- front as a grass peculiarly adapted to our uncertain climate. Being a deep-rooter, its properties as a drought resister alone proclaim it invaluable; and while throughout the warmer seasons of the year it surpasses all other grasses in the rapidity and abundance of its growth, the severest of our’ frosts, although ;retarding its growth, fails to subdue its evergreen-state . .It.is most efficacious in sub- duing and preventing the growth of all noxious weeds. By the assistance of paspalum dilatatum many lands hitherto deemed worthless in their rocky, hilly or swampy situation have been triumphantly reclaimed.” : The (Agricultural Government Gazette) says:—“ Throughout, the length and breadth, of the Northern Dairy Districts, paspalum grass is tegarded as the king of pasture grasses, and at present it has, no — doubt, every claim to such a position.” Mr. H. MuNsEy, of Dundas (N.S.W.) says:—‘ Paspalum is the — has revolutionised the dairying, industry on the North oe -oast. Scores of instances can be quoted showing that the capacity : | dairy cattl = seo acres of PGS been kept all the. year round on-less than Sod ne iod during Autumn will provide a 08 supply si for a short period during Autumn will p “Xpressed in, thousands of pounds.” | : es BRANDON, the well-known Manager of the North Coast — a aah Butter Factory, says of paspalum: —‘‘I do not know ce this district would have done without it, especially during vty dry weather we experienced . some. time back. | With that the quahty of the butter manufactured from it, it 1s all a could be desired = This factor ; : ; ee a ad is OWne y, which was established about ten years ago, anc 15 — last, iand ‘controlled by our farmers, for the «month of October _ sum. Paid. away to its:suppliers for cream, and, pork the immense _ £45,000, or at the rate of more than half-a-million , sterling | i. 180 per annum. Nearly all the cows from which the milk is obtained for this factory are grazed on paspalum, and very few of them are either hand-fed or housed during the winter months. Mr. JAS. KING, President of the Tweed Dairymen’s Union, says “That to write of the merits of paspalum would require a newspaper.” In conclusion Mr. Editor, and thanking you in advance, I beg to say, I will be only too pleased to give any of your readers further information if they send postage for reply to, Yours faithfully, B. HARRISON. 30th Fanuary, 1907. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, LIMITED— India Rubber Market Report. 13, ROoD LANE, LONDON, E.G. March 15th, 1907: At to-day’s auction, kases of Ceylon and Malaya Plantation grown rubber tee offer, of which Cae last sales ot quite up . : te “and Fine crepe was again the chief feature, both in the strip a0 block form, and the highest figure mentioned was 5/103, which was offered for some very pale block crepe from Linggi Estate. fa A parcel of nice clean Rambong crepe realised 5/04 and t : Was a good enquiry for scrap, QUOTATIONS.—Good to Fine block, $/9% to 5/10% bid. : Fine sheet, 5/8 to 5 8. Fine biscuits, /7} to 5/83. bid Very fine pale, 5/9 to 5/104 bie. Palish to darkish, 5/5 to 5/83: I3t. Dark pressed and block, 4/7 t0 5 igre: oe ine, 4/7 to 4/°- =e Fair'te spedium, 4/3 t0 4/6: PLANTATION FINE To-Day,—s/8 to 5/10%, same Pet 1 to 5/34 4 . last yee Crepe iod ast YR: 6/2 to 6/3%- Do SCRAP.—4/6'to 4/8, Bie period last year, FINE HARD PARA (South American).—5/14, same 5/44. 181 AVERAGE PRICE OF CEYLON AND MALAYA PLANTATION RUBBER 433 packages at 5 f 58 per lb., against 121 packalises at 6/o} per Ib. same period last Particulars and Pees as follows :— e ’ Mark. Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. Ederapolla I case good biscuits, 3i7%. 1 small box 1 bag fine pale - p, 4/8. I case farky scrap 4/53 bag oe scrap, 3, 4 “0 toil I case good biscuits, (83 sf fala 3 cases Ae darkish biscuits, 5/84 3 cases good pres Ayr 4/73. Taldua I case ine darkish biscuits, 5/83. 1, DBM 4 cases good dark biscuits, 5/8. 1 case ~ scrap, 4/7 Sorana 2 cases pressed heated scrap, bought in I ge i. fine palish biscuits, 5/8%. 1 case similar, 5/83. Woharaky se good ‘ens sh, 5/83. : Rangbodd I case 5 ruse dark biscuits, 5/8}. 2 cases low scrap, 4l7- BBR c I case exceptionally fine pale biscuits, 5/94- : VR . 1 case fine palish crepe, bought in. 1 bag darkish, bought in. I case fine amber sheet, 5/84. ae Malaya. €hland Est. 18 cases fine — sheet, 5/8}. 10 cases fine palish crepe, : ases littles. heres, 5/43- 6 cases se 5/28. 3 cases teh ‘ s fine pali sheet, | ases darker, 5/8}. 7 cases fine palish crepe, 5/64 2 cases g ish, 5/5. 1 case CMRELq Rambong, s/o. I case pressed ditto, 4/9- bes : 33 cases fine palish Epes, 5/8t. 12 cases fue palish to darkish, Batu Tiga 5/7. 1 case : ee 2 cases good palish to poke biscuits, 5/8: ae VRC 25 cases fine palish crepe, bought in. 5 cases ses fine palish to ‘thea’ darkish oe 5/53%- 2 cases good vaials sh block, 5/9%- 3 cases dark, 5/33 5 re aoa 5/2 to 5/3. Pa ‘ cases fine 5/8% to 5, 3 cases ok : darkish, Se beste dak block, 5/33- anes 1%, 182 MARK. QuanTiTy, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PERLB, 2 S RCo. g cases fine amber sheet, 5/84 to 5/83.. 5 cases fine pale and _ palish ah 5/9. I case salish and darkish, 5/5. 8 cases _ dark, 5/24. 1 case brown, 5/43. 8 cases black, sit. a 3 cases fine nal sheet, 5/8. 3 cases beg ST T case os me fine pats 4/7%- 1 bag sage yee ses fine amber BEC Sa es 82. es darker, 5/83. ss reecia | os pod ad 4/8. 1 bag rougt sheet, 4/4. 1 case : madd “dell sheet, aR, 1 case eee 4 Linggi 21 cases very fine pale — areale 3 cases fine palish to Plantations Ld. darkish crepe, §/8. 3 ¢ very re pale blocked crepe, ston —_ in. 8 cases dake: ‘bloc k crepe, bought i in, § cases y fine pale. and palish. crepe, bought in. g cases fine palich to darkish, 5/8. 3 . paced dark biscuits, SI 1 bag rough cis <> s good dark scra>, 4/7%. 2 cases thick uncured Sacgits. 4/63. : ie 8 cases fine amber sheet, 5/8}. -1 case fine palish serap, 48 7 cases pressed scrappy sheet, a; 3 to 4/8 2 ke sey I case good Rambong scrap, 3/9. Se go 5/6. 1 bag Rambong, 3/6. «1 eae rejeony al cee i ag 1 bag see? sheet, 5/3. 1 bag rejections, 4/~ vo . mes I case good palish crepe, 5/73. 7 cases darkish, 5/4 BM&C : P 4 cases good dark biscuits, 5/73 SBC CKC 2 cases fine amber sheet, 5/84. 2a nae : Bokit Dugong gre (SP) 2 cases good pressed scrappy Crepes bought in. ‘GOW, WILSON & STANTON, LIMITED— : India Rubber Market Report. nae 13, Roop LANE, LONDON, _ March 26th, ae At to-day’s auction, 428 packages of Ceylon and were tion grown rubber we aeake a of which it 9 C The total weight amounted to about 26% tons, Cey'On about 5}, and Malaya over 20% tons. holidays. Fine block w was again in request, 4 large. cae Lanadron Estate (Johore) sae from 5/11 to a7 being the highest price of the auction. 183 The finest grades of eee mostly changed hands at about last rates, but the lower kinds were somewhat irregular. Quotations for fine sheet shewed little ranged but scrap was rather less enquired for. QUOTATIONS. —Good to Fine block, 5/9 to 5/114. ine sheet, 5/7% to 5/83 Fine biscuits, 5/72 to 5/84. ry Fine bale 5/9 to 5/I0. Crepe fe to darkish, 5/34 to 5/83 k a fo block, Wise to 5/44 Scra Fiste,q7 #0 P Fair to fasion, 4/4 to 4/43. _ PLANTATION FINE To-pAy.— to 5/114, same period last wea 6/24 to 6/3. J oo = ase 5 to 4/7, same period last year, 4/5 to st _ Fine Harp Para South American),—5/-, same period last year, 5/54. AVERAGE PRICE OF CEYLON AND MALAYA PLANTATION RUBBER. 329 packages at 5/63 per |b., against 100 packages at s/t per Ib. same period last year. Particulars and prices as follows Ceylon. : MARK. Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. EE SE RNY ge oe yy CE rg nM Seer Ye Retrn Oe Rag tok inne kik En ae ee a re Kumbukkan 3 cases fine darkish biscuits, 5/8. 1 case good scrap, 4/4. % Elkad 1 bag pressed lump scrap, bought in. | ky t_ box good Ceara biscuits and block (uncured), bought in. og I box good Ceara biscuits, bought in Wikia: 2 cases fine palish biscuits, of to 5/84. 1 case darker 5/8. Doranak 2 cases good dark bis : — 7 cases good dark Bete 5/8. 3 cases fine sree scrap, Arapolal 4/7. 2 cases rejections, 4/4}. 1 case pieces, ‘ande Q cases fine dark biscuits, 5/8. 1 case fine amber fas 5/8. Glenc 2 cases fine scrap, 4/5- lencorse I case fine palish to darkish biscuits ss ar swag Si Hatta I case rejections, 4/43. 1 case good pres Scie 4 cases fine pale — 5/8. 1 case fine co ai hee crepe, 5/33. I case dark pressed crepe, 4/9. 1 case blac Culloden pressed crepe, 4/9- 4 3 isa fine palish to darkish biscuits, 5/8}. 1 case fine pale case ressed a 2 4/84. 3 cases fine darkish bse, bought in. 10 cases fine pale and palish ht crepe, ; 7 = very fine aie biscuits, 5/83. 1 case good pressed rap and =a 4/5. I case rejections, bought in. 1 case pressed scrap, bought in. T case rejectignns bought in. Z case barky scrap, bought in. 1 case rejections, bought 1 case good biscuits ' scrap, and sro. bcnaht § hy e case good wound scrap, bought in, 2 cases good pressed scra’ p Bows in, 184 Mark, : Quantity, Description AND PRICE PER LB, Kumaradola I case fine palish biscuits, 5/8. 3 cases somewhat similar, ,$/8 I case cuttings, 4/53. Goonambil I case dull biscuits, 5/8. 1 bag good rejected nieces, 5/2 I box good palich scrap, 4/4. Malaya. MARK. ~ Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. Highlands Est. 2 cases fine washed sheet, 5/73. 9 cases darker, Size. 6 cases fine palish to darkish crepe, 5/4. 12 cases cases good brownish, 5/3 1 cases good dark, 5/1¥. 6 case: 5 cases fine washed sheet, 5/8. 3 cases darker, 5/8, 2 cass fine palish crepe, 5/42. 2 cases good I case good dark, 5/1. 6 cases good brown, 5/14. BRR Co La. 43 cases fine amber sheet, 5/8 to 5/8}. darkish crepe, 5/8. 3 cases ate pe crepe, yo 1 cast r fine dark block, 5/9. 6 cases ipo 5 palish to darkish crepe, 5/5. 4 cases palish ‘to darkish 5 cases good dark block, 5/4} Cc . ft es good brown, 5/2. : “ F (S) R Co Ld. 4 cases fine amber sheet, 5/8. 3 cases =F a block, 5/2 M 2 cases fine amber sheet, 5/8 to 5/8}. scrap, WRT bag earthy oe we bought in, 1b dark pressed crepe, bought i LE ; 4! cases very fine block, part sold, 5/11 to 5/114. aX fine pale crepe, 5/10. 11 cases fine palish and eal —— crepe, 5/3. | 20 case a le crepe, bought in. 7 cases good dark : bl ‘9 k, 5/§ 3 cases brown block, 5/23 12 <— fine amber i 5/8 to 5/8t. 2 cases grod Ps E ocked sera . Es 7 ———— > | Ss I case fine palish rolled crepe, 5/43. ‘ected sheet, bo 5 Cases fine amber sheet, 5/8. 2 cases rejected sheet, Jebong 3 cases fine | darkish 22 cases Ae li fine Messe good darks , bought err h, bou pais = darks Pian o ens re in. CMRE la 8 cases fine palish to seg eer pa # and brownish, bought i rine 185 Lewis and Peat’s Ceylon, Straits and Malay States Plantation Rubber Report. 15th March, 1907. ___ The following lots, comprising about 6 tons Ceylon and 18 tons _ Straits, were offered at auctions to-day, and sold as follows:— Straits and Malay States. Mark. Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. | MCL 3 Cases small dark biscuits oe 5/8 4 3 . 2 , Darkish scrap os oe 4/7% e.. 2 ,, Virgin biscuits, isa Sp 4/63 it 8 ,, Large darkish sheets eae 5/84 1 ,, Fair brown scrap ee yy B&D 7, Scrappy sheets » 4/75 @ 4/83 B M & t ” Re ng Cleef | f Lone I ,, Good palish crepe soe 99 5/73 7 4, Mottled and dark crepe, rather B sticky ey 5/4 ha 4 ,, Dark biscuits improperly dried ... ,, 4/73 ae ed 2 4, Palish sheets eon 5/8} ae I ,, Brown scrap in cakes soe yy 4/7 2, Brown pressed scrap ie | botght in. Mighlands Estate 36 ,, Darkish rolled sheets vey) 5/84 @ 5/84 26 ,, Mottled crepe ey 5/44 @ 5/64 6 ,, Black and dark crepe toy 5/2% 4, Brown chip crepe vee yy 5/3 2 ,, Scrap crey “oy 5/5 D 2, Rambong crepe, mauve ane 60 in > I L 1, Dull crepe +», bought in CMRE Ltd 9 , Dull crepe ,, bought in ; 33 ” Good pale crepe ose : 12 ,, Mottled mixed anes 5/7 V RCo La. 57,» Pale crepe (32 sold) we» — 5/88 @ 5/9 PMS : » Mottled crepe oe oy 5/5 8 Sane and black pressed eS ce 5/2 @ 5/34 SR Co Io ,, Brown and black block - » S/H @ 5/34 sete Rolled sheets soe oy 5/84 @ eis 5 ” Good pale crepe ono” 2 » Motted ae one 5/44 @ 5/54 : ” Dark crepe wi 5/24 5. Subaner anes nn 5/84 @ 5/88 9 , Palish sheets tee ee = 4 Very rough sheets ~ aa oe 5/84 21 ” Fine pale crepe ae LO ee ee 5/10 bid. MARK. Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND. Pan en, Plantations Ltd. 3. » Mottled crepe 3 4, Pale blocked crepe 8. , Dark blockedcrepe | 5 5 Fine pale blocked crepe 3 4, Mottled blocked crepe VRCoLd. Klang FMS 2 ,, Pressed crepe : Ceylon. Ambatenne : Cases = ‘ biscuits ” irt Tap Palli 43> Bic pe biscuits 3 ,, . Palish amber sheets Densworth . 2 4, Biscuits, mixed colors “aemAL I Bag Pale scrap I Rather 1 Bag Slightly dirty Ambanpitiya 1 Box Mottled biscuits Tallagalla 3 Cases Dark pie 3 32 - Brown 5 Ayr rt, Darkish abe biscuits Taldua 45 “se — I ” ete DBM 25 oa "Raisteag heated Sorana 2 ,, Fine palish biscuits - 1 ,, Rather darker biscuits Waharaka 1 ,, Dark biscuits 2 , Brown scrap. : Rangbodde 1 ,, Very fine pale Ceara biscuits BB & Co. | y» Palecrepe.- «-- fe B 1 ,, Darkish sheets : Ederapolla t , Mery mixed ae 2 Batu Tiga 2 ,, Amber.biscui Kepitigalla sag Large darkish ‘shoots oe ; oe = ‘Small mixed biscuits cL eset ” Mottled scrap crepe- ( 2 sold ) hes Se -- II, Darker scrap-crepe: : “1, Black chip blocked’ 5 3 » Pale scrap Ze 5 > Barky Ellakande 2 ,, Mixed biscuits 2 ,,; Brown scrap 2 ,, Pressed’ scrap crepe I, Black chip: Langsland It, Palish biscuits 2 , Brown serap J JV &Co. 3 » Brown scrap 2 4 Pressed serap I ” Brown scrap — Glanrhos 5 i Dark biscuits 12, Scrap crepe ca. Abstract of Meteorological Readings for the month of Fanuary; 1907. 187, ‘sinoy tz Sulinp |jeyurey ysoqearn Be aes gens “SpULAA JO UOIDaIIG, Sulpesoig Siege ater eae "yey ze Fe danssaig [Poljawoieg wea yy | ee ee eg 4 s 0 os dma | 6 ‘e SS z o o : a 2 JUIOg MOC] oO = © — ~ a STII ee mgt SEER eS 2 ae oe = oO - ‘uojsua yf anode, ~ a . wm qing 79M ure nde sone ER - ‘QDueyY] el ry) Xe) on ; + a WINWIUL mS g “ © on : 5 “WNT 3 fo ———.. S + amg Arq weON % Sy %6 “UNS UL WNWIxe ly + ‘1ap1o jo jno j9JaWIOIeg DISTRICT, Durian Daun Hospital F. B. CROUCHER, COLONIAL SURGEON’S OFFICE, Colonial Surgeon, Malacca. 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C1 0.29 | 0.88 oo . es | < Hagur pans OS.c | srZ Pe | a & a Of #1) et ee et ere Le ueyaq Seq | S211] «| oo nap Y0.71 | ea a “ee ae qoustns ts coe | SL + ae fas €o.£1 | 0.2 0.0) - : ae Suojua Bee) ocd ‘ ace me 4: H* 16Gb) O80. | $26 ; MO te cg vay G9.€1| 0.0L $.£6 : a Resi. Se. 4 21.¢ " F1.0z| 0.99 ©6096 sidr] eyeny fee | & | ry a | be S = - | = = = = a 5°2 oe oo | I = "S ra) fe =. re o> | ae — 2 a & = Ce es 3 s eo Oe 3 5 | 3 ar eG | y «) eon =r = a ~ re = c we ger a pai Bee Se 5" eee ee | 8 Ato ee a mae =, = a.98 : eA ® > | . bate ® © LOILSIG ye ee we Je . ] ee) 2 ES ee » 3 Ss | & — Z. z og ol eRe eee ‘ — ae he ee 8 % ig Loe oe | oO. fost : fg Sry Raa Ua hee Be TR See mity SS ERATE ahs a naa REA Ey | — = een ‘rajowIOasAPT | IS 7 - ‘Lobs ‘yoanypy fo yguou aug 40f 27015 aYZ f0 SZIIAISICT SNOLADA 24) Ut SHuUIpvay [vISO;0L0IJa LY f0 JIDLISGH ‘Suvyeg ju LY, 1907. “AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN STRAITS AND FEDERATED MALAY STATES. EDITED BY H. N. RIDLEY, M.A.,, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.R.H.S., Director of Botanic Gardens, S. S. AND J. B: CARRUTHERS, F-R.S. By Biles, Director of Agriculture & Government Botanist, F. Mu. s CONTENTS. Conifers cultivated in the Botanic Garden n ‘Apparatus for testing pps Tes RebberBy J. B. Careuriees: A Parasitic Fungus on Tapio Fae ptiat Cultivation i in the British “Empire—By Haneere ' . Planters’ sey, F. M.S., EsReport rt for 1906 ye India Rubber Market Re BR ews W ilson & Stanton, Eke ae ge Tea, Coffee. and ‘aaa Shar pS = ther “ray one eee i Se et States—Three Satins Annual Subscription for other places Annua oe (Six Rupees: sht Annas.) annual “ypanievin for Europe—Nine mbers ‘Old New Series) Whole No. 7.] JULY, 1907. [VoL. VI. AGRICULTURAL = BULLETIN | STRAITS FEDERATED *MALAY STATES. EDITED BY H. N. RIDLEY, M.A, F.R.S., F.L.S,, F.R.H.S., Director of Botanic Gardens, S. S. AND J. B. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S.£., F..5S., Director of Agriculture & Government Botanist, F. M.S. CONTENTS. ba 1. Conifers cultivated in the Botanic Garden 2, An Apparatus for testing unmanufactured Rebber—By Jad5s Carruta ERS 201 3 A Parasitic Fungus on Tapioca me a ser eanty Rubber opr vation in the British ‘Empire—By Hersert RIGHT * 5: United Ptiees”: pemhine, F. M.S, Report for 1906 206 6. India Rubber Market Report—Gow, Wilson & Stanton, Ltd. . 217 -226 7 Tea, Coffee and ae Shares she ef 8. Weather Report oe sai i vay ORE Annual Subscription for Straits ngeeerime and Federated Malay States—Three Dollar: Annual Subacription for other Sieces te in Malaya—$3.50. Annual ann enon for India and rr —Rs. 6-8-0 x Rupees & Eight A es Annual eS aul sige for Parais Nias Sh Numbers (Old and New Series) Whole voiding PN Dollars. Single Copy (Old and New Series)—Fifty Cents. —_——$——_ All Subscriptions are payable strictly in advance. Tob be a ese at the gen gee Singapore, ~~ No. t from Messrs. KELLY & WALSH, Limited, 32, Ruse Place and oe Orchard Road, Singapore. "" Singapere : ‘NTED AT THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. NOTICE. THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DEPARTMENTS OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE. , out with a view to the creation of new openings in trade, or the Promotion of industrial developments. ” a fibres, timbers, medicinal plants and products, with a view ei “ir commercial utilization. Whenever necessary these ie oa Federated Malay States Government has undertaken a say sum of £100 a year for 5 years to the Department with za the careful investigation. and commercial development of eral resources of the States. f Manufacture development I . : : a — ep pccted that this action will do much to help in finding ket for new lopi rkets for those already exploited, Products and developing the mar il Planters and residents in the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States are at liberty to send (through the Colonial Secreta at Singapore) specimens of little known or new vegetable or mineral products of the Straits Settlements or Federated Malay States for examination at the Imperial Institute by whom a report will be made, through the Colonial Secretary. Specimens should, if pos- sible, consist of a few pounds of the material and should be accom- panied by full information especially respecting the precise locality in which the material is found and the extent of its occurrence. _ Attention may also be drawn to the “Bulletin of the Imperial Institute” published quarterly, which contains records of the inves- tigations conducted at the Imperial Institute, and special articles on tropical agriculture and the commercial and industrial uses of vege- table and mineral products. Copies of this publication, price 45, 0% per annum (including postage), may be ordered through Messts. KELLY & WALSH, Ltp., of Singapore. Sp sample rooms have been arranged at the Impe He Institute, for the information of enquirers, in which materials which _ have been investigated and valued are available for reference. tant products are also shown in the Malaya Court in the ; I Public Galleries of the Imperial Institute. Communications should be addressed to the Director, Imperial 4 W; : Institute, South Kensington, London, S. AGRICULTURAL BULUETIN OF THE STRAITS: AND FEDERATED MALAY StATa&sS, No, 7.] JULY, 1907. [VoL. VI. CONIFERS CULTIVATED IN THE BOTANIC GARDENS. The coniferous trees are for the greatest part confined to € colder regions of the world, and are almost absent from hot tropical regions though some occur on the loftier mountains of the land country of the Malay Peninsula. As timber trees all that are large enough are valued for their wood, while many including our indigenous Dammara supply the resin known as turpentine. As ornamental plants also they will always be popular; their habit rat foliage contrasting very strongly with that of ordinary leafy ees, et Considerable number of these plants have been introduced Ho cultivation but of the exotic ones few thrive here owing to and Many years, aft due ‘to unsuit © not do better to y in part Many conifers, poverty of the si which is really hardly mee for 198 The best conifers for cultivation here are the Avaucarias, Dam- mara robusta, Dacrydium elatum, Cephalotaxus and the Podocarpi, most of which grow well and look handsome in any soil here. SPECIES CULTIVATED. Gingko biloba, L. Salisburia adiantifolia—This curious tree has been received here from Japan several times, but does not stand our climate well. It is only suitable for pot cultivation here. __ Cephalotaxus-pedunculata, Sieb—A good sized shrub, of which there is a fine example in Penang Gardens. It can be propagated by marcottage and does well. Taxus cuspidata, Sieb—The Japanese yew with its dark green leaves and bright green shoots looks very well ina pot. It not been tried or planted out yet. | Juniperus rigida, Sicb—This is the only Juniper which has — done well. A fair sized plant was for long time planted out in the gardens and grew toa fairly large size but died rather suddenly. well and attains a considerable size, suggesting fie» iderable habit, growing in a wild state in forest it attains a very er hardly ruit is looks as effective as it d rown on a law : oes when gro’ doged ah 1 Singapore 5 tained in Penang Hill at appearance. When, however, it gets a chance 0 strongly, it becomes a very fine tree as can be seen 0Y graph given with this number of a tree about thirty year® This tree in rather lowlying ground near the Lake in the Gardens. isle ike Is interesting from its possessing two forms of leaves, owe are the other acicular on the same branchlets. Tee mely smal. 5 very minute cones, and the female flowers are also extre ee The little scarlet fruit is not much bigger than 4 ae tly — tree often fruits in the Gardens and seedlings trae birds bate - around the tree and in other parts of the Gardens WE - borne the seeds, and weal: | As a pot or tub plant it is apt to be rather stragely ood soil it | but is by no means to be despised. Asa Jawn plant 12 5°” . 199 is difficult to surpass. In poor soil however like Dacrydium elatum, it is apt to throw up long erect branches, and these rather bare of leaves which gives it a weedy habit, which may be improved by judicious pruning. There are a number of the yew like Podocarpi in the Malay Peninsula which form a very difficult group to separate, as they are apt to vary a good deal in leaf-form and it is comparatively seldom that one can obtain flowers, or fruit. Among these the commonest is apparently the plant described as Podocarpus Polystachya, R. Br. by PARLATORE in Decandolle’s Prodromus, XVI, 515. This is a . Very common tree in Mangrove swamps near the sea, It forms a rather short tree usually but sometimes attains a considerable size. It is known as Sentada or S'tada, by the Malays and the timber is valued for axles of carts and other purposes. The tree is a native of all parts of the Coast of the Peninsula and Sumatra and Borneo, It frequently flowers and fruits here and is easily raised from seed, Seedlings too can be often found in the habitat of the tree and are easily removed. P. neriifolia, Don.—This is I take it the plant which occurs as a tree on Mount Ophir, and on the hills at Balik Pulau in Penang. It has narrower more acuminate leaves and is more of an erect tree. i bracteata, Bl.—A gigantic tree on Gunong Banang near Batu Pahat, and the biggest species I have seen in the peninsula. It also grows at Balik Pulau in Penang. The leaves acuminate and quite 6 inches long and 1 inch wide. oh Blume, P, agathifolia, has oval lanceolate leaves of the shape : Dammara but thinner. I have come across young plants of this rm Singapore, Sumatra and elsewhere but never found a full grown ? mi have been unable at present to cultivate it. Di the S Plant b Gardens Re. é data, R. Br.—A handsome species with rather broad leaves ws well in Singapore. It is a native of Queenslan — aaina, Sieb.—A native of Korea is cultivated in many Foes an in Singapore. It forms a small bushy tree, about 12 or 14 a * Salicifolia, Klolsch.—A tree probably of this species has been log phen Botanic Gardens, Singapore, and is conspicuous from ge New fem te willow like leaves. It is a native o C . regions st The plants of this genus are usually habitants of cold Planted ier do not usually thrive in the Straits, at least when ‘eos funebris.—The Weeping Cypress is a native of China 'S said to inhabit a very cold region. There are four 200 old trees of it in the Botanic Gardens, the remains of an old avenue which led to a Chinese house which existed here before the Gardens were founded, nearly all the trees are long dead but two remain good and strong. The plant grows so well it might be well worth introducing again, but there seems some difficulty in procuring it. It has never fruited. C. obtusa is well represented here in pot plants, a number of the pretty cultivated forms from Japan being introduced, but they do not do well out of doors. C. pisifera, Koch.—is equally good as a pot plant and several ornamental forms of this plant are in cultivation. | Thuia dolabrata, Zuec.—This has as yet been only cultivated as a pot plant, as which it is very attractive. Th, orientalis, L.—This which is often cultivated as a pot plant and also planted out, does not do really well in this country: Though plants live a long time when planted out, they have a habit of dying at the ends, and getting to look shabby, I have never seen a really good plant in the Straits, I am more inclined to attribute this to the unsuitable soil than to the climate, and it might do better at higher altitudes where the hill soils are more friable. _ Sciadopitys verticillata, Sieb.—The Umbrella pine does re here as a pot plant, and is very attractive. It is not at all pro s that it would thrive in our poor soil planted out, as it is difficult * grow well in Europe. 25 Cryptomeria japonica, Don. and its variety e/egans are cultivat as pot plants in the Botanic Gardens. growth soon becomes a striking tree. There are in Sing d out very | : mmon tree __ A. loranthifolia, Salesb,—The indigenous species, 4 il and ee in the hill-forests of the Peninsula such as Penang nie oe Thaiping Hills in Perak, does not thrive so well in the ow hs ood It attains a very large size in the forests. = ich it exudes quality and the tree is very rich in turpentine, ‘ ar Minyoh | much when wounded. It is known to the Malays a5 oe a Araucaria Bidwilli, Hook,—A native of Queens. iecail cultivated here, and attains a fairly large size, but pre a does not quite suit it as it never becomes VeTY ie and js oftel |. Cookii, Br—Of New Caledonia grows well ce cultivated. ral A. Cunninghami, Lamb. and its variety g/@ and New Guinea, grows very well and attains 4 uca, native of 2 Cea 201 A, excelsa, Brown.—The Norfolk Island pine, is also cultivated here and does well. A. Rulei—Of New Caledonia is occasionally cultivated in Singa- pore, but I know not of any planted out at present. LIST OF CONIFERS IN THE BOTANIC GRDENS. Gingko biloba, L. Japan. Cephalotaxus pedunculata, Sieb.- do. Taxus cuspidata, Sieb. see a. de. Dacrydium elatum — “a ... Malaya. dD, cupressinum — os do. Podocarpus australis ... Australia. af elata 5s . koraaina ies ‘ ee . olystachya re ... Singapore. #, a eina é “ ... Grenada Juniperus rigida ar a 2° Japan. F. Chinensis var. aurea Ss sj. ‘China Cupressus JSunebris, Staunt. oe a t, bought in. 4 cases low scrap, bought in. ee ase erty wis Fouyhe’ in, 8 cases good darkish block, eg re: in 6 cases darkish crepe, bought e good palish to darkish crepe, bought in. 46 cases good Matta? bought in, 3 cases S daenk pressed, bought i 7 cases palish and darkish crepe, bought in. 9 sae palish and gees crepe, bought in. 3 cases brown and black, 4/11 17 cases fine pale and palish crepe, bought in. 3 cases good palish to darkish, 5/4. 8 cases good dark smoked block, i ht i 4 cases fine washed sheet, 5/7}. 9 cases fine palish to darkish crepe, 5/33. 7 cases good darkish, 5/1 to 5/13. 4 cases oad ‘dar k, 5/1. — good sheet, 5/7. 1 case rejected sheet, 5/7. 1 case ood dark sheet, 5/7. 1 bag scrap and pieces, 4/1." — fine amber sheet, 5/7}, 2 cases good scr ase rejections, 4/33. 9 cases fine amber sheet, rai : a I case rejections, 5/34. 1 case scrap, 4/34- mar scrap, 4/33- 2 cases fine amber sheet, 5/7}. 1 case rejected sheet, 5/6. II cases fine amber sheet, 5/74. 7 cases dark scrap, 4/4. 3 cases rejections, 4/ 34. 8 cases fine amber sheet, 5/7} to 5/73. 4 cases good scrap, 3 cases gad scrap, 4/3%-... 2 cases Pyajections (part uncured ), 4/5. I case good wound oda a ee Mi: 2 ad ere: ections from biscuits, bought ian scrap, bought in. 1 case hy sera By ee ; 1 bag good biscuits, §/7- 1 ba ee aaa biscuits, 5/1. afer ught nei a case eee eck, ab 2 cases good pressed, bought i ® 2 cases very fine amber sheet, 5/74. 220 MARK, : QuaANTITY, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB, 8 cases fine amber sheet, 5/74. 1 case fine pale scrap, 4/6} I case good dark, 4/5}. 6 cases fine amber sheet, $/74. SSBRCoLd I case very fine scrap, 4/63. 1 case good rejections, 4/6. Kepong 3 cases pressed undried crepe, 4/4. Jebong 3 cases good dark crepe, bought in. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, LIMITED— India Rubber Market Report. 13, Roop LANE, Lonpon, E.C. April 26th, 1907. _ At to-day’s auction, 862 packages of Ceylon and Malaya Planta- tion grown rubber were under offer, of which about 379 were sold. The total weight amounted to over 46} tons, Ceylon contributing about 114, and Malaya over 343 tons. The largest quantity of Plantation Rubber yet offered was eee forward at to-day’s Auction. Competition was somewhat restricted, buyers’ ideas being frequently below sellers’ limits, resulting 1 unusually heavy withdrawals. Prices generally marked a decline over Id. per lb. on rates current at last sale. : A fine parcel of block from the Lanadron Estates brought the highest price, namely, 5 /10} to 5/11 per Ib. QUOTATIONS.—Fine block, 5/10} to 5/11. ood block, 5/-. Fine sheet, 5/6 to 5/63. Fine biscuits, 5/54 °to 5/64. Very fine pale, 5/73. Crepe | Pa to darkish, 5/2 to 5/44- Dark, pressed, and block, 4/10 to 5/14- Fine S le, 4/44 to 4/5. APT Ba medium, 3/11} to 4/33: + yeah 6) Warirags FINE To-pay.—5/7$ to 5/11, same period las 2% to 6/3. : - to eee SCRAP.—3/11 to 4/5, same period last year, 4! 5/33: jod last FINE HarD ParA (South American).—4/104, same period year, 5/44. AVERAGE PRICE OF CEYLON AND MALAYA — PLANTATION RUBBER. oa Three hundred and seventy-nine packages at 5/44 Pe ee eicuats eas : 227 packages at 5/114 per Ib., same period last year. : lon. MARK, Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. and prices as follows :— Wavena 14 = ge amber sheet, bought in. 4 cases darker, bought 1 ca 2 ao ‘ood a bou ught in. 1 case fine palish ocaie t in, case good scrap, Pi I case g lish and dark blotk; bought in, 1 bag dark, bought in Culloden 4 cases brownish pressed crepe, 5/14. 3 cases darkish pressed repe, 5/2. Ellakande 1 case very fine palish scrap, 4/5. Nikakatua 10 cases dark pressed crepe, bought in Langlands 10 cases good dull ta 5/63. 1 case mate f and rejections, , /24. ne pale and _palish biscuits, s, 5/6. Witheragama 3 ee a amber sheet, 5/6, 1 bag good dull biscuits, 5/3. ae e spun-ba all scrap, 3/84. 1 bag rejections, 3/84. Gikiyanakande 6 cases wi fine pale worm, bought in. 2 cases fic e brownish rolled crepe, bought in. 2 cases dark, bought in. 1 case ’ black, bought i ty) 3 cases fine palish to darkish biscuits, 5/6. CL 9 cases dark prea S Eve, bought in. 1 case good pale scrap, bought i s good darkish, bought in. 8 cases dark, sought} in ach black heated, bought in. worm, bou Sai | case reget biscuits, bought in, 5 cases good darkish and ae es epe, bought in. 17 cases good — bought in. 4 cases good pr Bed scrap, 4/33 ood dark pressed scrap, 4/3! 33. 3 cases earthy ball se pee Doron in. ase heated, ght in, 1! scrap, — tide ag in. 1 case B nections bought in. Ripitigalla 1 case good large ae fe 3 in. 34 cases fine amber — sheet, bought darker, bought in. 3 cases lum mp ties bout in. <6 aie eg dark scrap, bought in. I case pressed barky scrap, bought i 1 case fine pal s "block, 5/-. uduganga 2cases good biscuits, bought in. 2 cee — ues Yati bought in. 1 case dull biscules bought i M ee 7 cases good scrap, 4/3%- 6 cases fine amber sheet, ete in. :, bag black crepe, Dan bought in, 1 bag Ww ound se p, bought = 4 cases fine darkish a. bovght in. 1 case fine palish to darkish biscuits and sheet , bought act ‘ 1 case good Du ; Ss cied scrap, 4/2}. 1 case rejections, “ 2 . — I case very fine pale biscuits, bonge in bag good scrap, bought in. 1 bag very fine pale biscuits, "bought in, 1 bag fine thick "biscuits me lock bought in. 1 bag good block Kx (part uncured), boug oo 2 cases fine palish to darkish biscuits, bought in. 4 cases vee fine pale and palish biscuits, 5/6}. 2 cases darker, Ran Podde I case occ fine pale Ceara biscuits, bought in MAC 1 case low scrap, algae in. 1 bag rej ections, bought in., Taldua I case scrap, bought iat Waharaka I case good dark ae, 5/5%- I case dark scrap, 3, 114- Clara 2 cases eS scrap, 4/33- I case good thi ck darkish biscuits, 5/3- 1 case pressed scrap, 4/3. : , 222 Mark, Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB, Doranakande 3 er of e bse 5/53 I case rejected biscuits and t, 4/o. ase — pin 4/3%- ae 2 Ehiecs rejection Ss, 4/2. 37 ton Ballacadua 4 cases dark pressed crepe, bought in. Malaya. . Mark. able DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB, CMRE Ltd. 13 cases fine pale palish crepe, bought in. 3 palish and derkish, bol ght t in. 5 cases good p re fog ee Highlands 26 cases fine washed sheet, 5/ ot to 5/63. 4 cases good darkish » 5/3a- 6 cases 4 I8C crepe, 5/1} to 5/34- ee good dark, sie 6 cases He darkish and brown, bought : I case very fine pale crepe, 5/74. 34 cases fine palish, bog | in. 7 cases fine palish to darkish, 5/23. a S RCo. 18 cases ear suse sheet, 5/6}. 5 cases good darki ti she a 5/23. cases good dark, 4/11. 8 cases dark and black, — KP 10: Ld. Bap fine r sheet [Ot good la - a ees bay sap 4: 4/2. . aos ool, doe sad, he = nae 4/5. 2 cases 5 fine set Pp, 4/44- eee PSE 8 cases very fine amber sheet, 5/6}. 1 case dark p' : crepe, bough Yam Seng II cases fine a a ‘i: 5/64. 7 cases good dark scrap, 4/24 3 cases rejections, 4/14. i > "5 cases fine washed sheet, 5/6. 1 case dark scrap crepe, I case scrappy sheet, 4/23- ae Matang 6 cases a r sheet, 5/6. 2 cases , 1 bag me ae I case poe 3/93 1 bag tel sheet, ah i bag rough sheet, 4/14- eas tates 8 cases good palish block, bought in. i ea. aie 5 ss fine palish block, bought in. 3 C4 ss: case dark, bought in. i L . A . Ii eee _ to on a bought in. 4 cases pale LES : bought : Cc “dito ‘he darkish crepe, ‘tacit in. = Bee: cre ’ bo tin. I é s bought ag on good brown, bought in. C 2 I case good darkish crepe, bought in. 4 cases * ish crepe, bought in. 4 cases gout Patali bought in, 1 case darkish, boug ataling 18 spe foe palish crepe, bought in. 9 cases § TEB ee c oe Pee Se cae and La crepe, boug darkish, bought in 223 MARK, Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. t . C I case good dark crepe, bought in. 1 case black, bought in, be - I case good palish block, bought in. oe ¥ case dark block,bought in. * : . 3 cases dark pressed crepe, bought in. C R = I bag earthy scrap, 2/44. ee BRR Co. Ld. go cases or — sheet, bought in. 41 cases darker, ga s\ fine palish crepe, bought in. 5 cases pallatl poaphid in. 4 cases good palish and darkish, 3/3 ses good darkish, 5/28. 7 cases darker, bought i in, es good dark, bought i n, sheet, bought in. 1 bags a sheet, bought i SS 1 case darkish block, bought in. bag very fine oe pressed L/\E Mu 45 cases very fine block, 5/103 to 5/11. 9 cases good darkish a crepe, 5/23 to 5/3- Straits ee 3 Cases pron — sheet, 5/6. 5 cases good oa wert — B& palish os darkish heated ¢ e, bou ught Z 1 bag — rine pale sh t, 5/6. 1 case — ici and shes, /3- e locked ae 3/93: se good palis bisc alte 56 d dull anette, 5/53. 1 case D repections, Hi romney TO cases good blocked crepe, 5/43. 4 cases palish a vee ought in. 2 cases good dark, 4/3 to 4/6. 1 bag good pa S to dark, bought in : 2 cases good blocked scrap, bought in. I case wound ina bought in. 2 cases good rejections, bought in GOW, WILSON & STANTON, LIMITED— India Rubber Market Report. 13, ROOD LANE, LONDON, 5... May 10th, 1907- to-day’s auction, 357 packages of Ceylon and ‘Malaya N grown rubber were under offer, of which about 158 were butin otal weight amounted to over 18 tons, Ceylon contri- § over 5, and Malaya about 13 tons. : Pantation Sold, 224 _ On the whole the quality of the offerings was a little disappointing. _ There was fair competition for the better descriptions on the basis of last sales uve and in a few cases slight advances were recorded for some goo The highest price, v7z., 5/8} per Ib. was realised for some fine pale crepe. Scrap and the lower grades of crepe were inclined to be some- lected. what neglecte A good proportion of the sale was withdrawn for private treaty, a to lack of bidding. SRSA TIONS: —Fine sheet, 5/6 to 5 Crepe — biscuits, 5/64 = 5/ 7%: Very fine p 7 to 5/8. assis to darkish, 5/3 to 5/6. Fine, 4/54. Scrap Fair a 3/9 to 4/34- w, 2/104 PLANTATION FINE To-DAy.—s /6 to 5/8}, same period last year, 6/- to 6/2}. Do. SCRAP.—3/9 to 4/5}, same period last year, 4/- to “ FINE HARD PARA (South American).—4/94, same period last year, 5/3 AVERAGE PRICE OF CEYLON AND MALAYA PLANTATION RUBBER. 158 packages at 5/4} per Ib., against 227 packages at 5// id per Ib. same neiied last yea Particulars and prices as follows: — Mark, Aberdeen Welkandala Veralupitiya Rangalla 4 cases fine amber sheet, 5/64. KSL 1 case good scrap, 4/3}. 2 cases low earthy scrap, bought in. te 4 cases good palish to darkish crepe, bought in. Jebong 15 cases fine pale crepe, 5/7. cS aeucee: 8 cases fine amber sheet, 5/63. 1 case dark pressed crepe, ee ee 10}. 1 case thick rejections, bought in. 2 cases ine 1 scrap, 4/53. 1 bag rejections, 4/2% VR ppt 36 cases fine palish crepe, part sold, 5/53. 5 cases darker, 5/33: FMS 29 cases very fine palish crepe, 5/6 to 5/64. 2 cases darker, 5/ CMRE Ld, 13 cases fine pale and palish crepe, bought in, _g cases fine palish to darkish crepe, bought in. Beverlac 17 cases good to fine palish to darkish crepe, 5/6. 8 cases good scrap, bought in. e. % Mark, UANTITY, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. I case good biscuits and scrap, 4/-- ava. : Mark, Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB, Tjidjerock 6 cases good rolled sheet, bought in. 2 cases af po somewhat similar, bought in. I case Rambong, boug' in. I case pressed scrap, bought in. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, LIMITED— India Rubber Market Report. 13, Roop LANE, LONDON; E. C. May 24th, 1907: At to-day’s auction, about ackages of Ceylon and Malayé Plantation grown rubber were oie offer, of which about a oe “ni The total weight amounted to over 354 tons, Cys ot about 73, and Malaya over 28 tons. not _ In the present dull condition of the Para Market buyefs were inclined to operate very Secky. and, in consequence, the greater part of the offerings were withdrawn for want of support. Fine Sheet was in fair d ; 1d. to 2d. per Ib. ° emand at about from 14.! ne decline on last sale rates and sods sold, but other kinds ye a ion auction, enquired f 227 TO-DAY’S QUOTATIONS. Fine Block inl Se see 5/6 to 5/64 Fine Sheet se = | 5/5 to 5/52 Fine Biscuits ji a | 5/4 to 5/54 CREPE. Very fine pale ae ves .. | 5/6 to 5/7 Palish to darkish = .. ee 22k 6 5/54 — i ae .. | 4/to to 4/114 Dark, pressed & block a ae 3/6 to 5/23 SCRAP. yo lalate Fine — ai es ‘ 4/24 to 4/3 Fair to medium fe = se ie 3/7% to 4/2 Ball = iin 3/4 oS ee ee eae PLANTATION AVERAGE, AND COMPARATIVE PRICES. AVERAGE PRICE OF CEYLON AND MALAYA PLANTATION RUBBER. ee ee sa ee To-day a a _. | 265 Gees. 5/2% ————— nl _ Same period last year He ... | 106 pkgs. 5/94 i ee acs PLANTATION. , HARD . FINE PARA. Fine, Scrap. SR ere eee at tO s/6t~ 3/73 to 4/3 4/84 __ 81 to 6/ak 4l- to 5/3 5/34 Particulars and — as follows :— E eylon. Ww Marx, Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. — 14 cases pt! sheet, bought i 4c age sheet, bought in. 1 case good rough ise. ponght: i case fine palish biscuits bought in. 1 case fine block, bought in. I case Culloden od dark in. Arapolak ; 13 cases good darkish pressed crepe, 4 ses 15 cases good dark pecnits, oes ht se of cases fine Aone to darkish biscuits, p we 1 case good pressed scrap, bought in. MARK. Ingoya Kumbukkan . Warriagalla Tallagalla sg Ambanpitiya araka Dolahena So Shelford 228 Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. 4 cases fine dark block, 5/6 3 cases good palish to darkish biscuits, bought in. 1 case good — and rejections, bought in. 1 bag ball scrap, bought in I case srt blocked worm, 5/6. 1 Fist darker, bought in. 1 se good dark block, bought é 2 cases fine lg biscuits, 5/ an = me good dark scrap, 4/23. 7 I 7 — e pale crepe, cases little a 5/54. ; sea Rar = and tg Sites 5/54. Oc a elie , 5/3. 1 case fine palish to darkish, tought 18 in, - : cases fine Ease and palish, bought in. 3 cases fine darkish, 2 ht i I case fine baile to darkish biscuits, 5/4. 1 case good scrap, — 4}<, a 4 cases good dull biscuits, bought in. I case good dark biscuits, 5/44. 1 case dark earthy scrap, 3/53. 1 bag rejections, 3/54. 16 cases good darkish crepe, bought in. Malaya. 6 cases fine palish to darkish sheet, rouge in. 4 cases good dark block (whitish inside,) bought 2 20 cases fine Pe oe palish crepe, aid tin. 4 ¢ eer : ish dar ne 4 aes pepe bloc’ 4 (whitish inside), ought in, 6 cases good dark took, sat < ish : 3 cases fine washed sheet, 5/5. 7 cases fine palish crep® 5/3 : E s 9 cases fine amber sheet, 5/54- ase good rough sheet, 5/34- oe cases good darkish scrap, 4/23- 1 case good serappy I tions, 4/24. case scrappy rejections; 4l-. pressed ep, ae. 8 cases good palish “aocKed crepe; ought 7 Cases good rejections, 4/2. 1 case good scrap, 4/2. 3 = dark block, bought in. 6 cases very fine amber sg 16 cases ie dull nite a8 sheet, 5/5. 12 cases fine pale, sigh ses very fine pale amber crepe, bought Led 4 cases bought _ to 0 darkish bought in. 9g cases fine ee g cases go ood darkish and uae = \° i 2 cases dark crepe, bought in. es good d brown in. 5 cases fine pale amber oa . bough : BM & Co. 229 Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB, 3 cases good dark block, bought in. 1 case somewhat similar, bought in. II cases ae palish oad Paget — bought in. 52 very fine block, 5/6 b II cases fine pale, part whitish, -bou fe in, 1 box Soa darkish: block, bought i 6 cases good dark block, bought in. 6 cases fine brownish crepe, bought in. 1 case fine pale and brownish, bought in. 3 cases fine amber sheet, 5/43. 1 case good Be me 42h. 5 cases fine palish ‘and darkish crepe, bought fine pale, 5/6. 2 cases good darkish, — a 2: Pad Sood darkish ng dare bought in. bag good dark ock 3 cases oa amber sheet, 5/5. II cases gut cr td sheet, 5/5. 4 = fine ac scrap, 4/23. 3 cas jee k 4/2. ase thick rejections, bought % ectéd sheet, South in. 1 bag good pressed a Pe rejections, 4/2 _ 6 cases ine ane sheet, 5/5. 1 case good a rejections, I e dark blocked scrap, 3/73. 1 case good wound scrap, sae 2 cases = fine amber sheet, 5/ 53. 1 case good wound scrap, 3/4. 1 bag sheet and rejections, 4/24. I case good dark eee, bought in. 1 case good pal darkish, bought 3 cases fine darkish a ac ‘sist bid. I case fine palish scrap, 4/3. ases good he oe oe bought in. 1 bag good thick ‘eae bought in I case dull biscuits, bought in. > I case good palish to darkish crepe, bought ig. 2 cases good darkish, bought in I case gond wound scrap, 4/- bid. 3 cases good pressed Rambong, bought i in. 53 cases fine washed sheet, fe is to 5/5}. 8 cases fine palish ht in. cre + to 5/23 oS darkish, bought . “1 od date, > Sought i te _ = s good a o ‘10. cases darkish blocked crepe, —_ t in. diate k pressed, bought in. 6 cases goo ood brown, bought in. 1 case fine pale block, bought in. 20 cases good rough sheet, bought in. 7 cases good pale ard palish blocked crepe, bought in. Pataling Lac Glenmarie fg to FER € TESA Tjidjeroek 230 Quantity, DESCRIPTION AND PRICE PER LB. 1 case good darkish blocked crepe, bought in. I case good darkish blocked crepe, bought in. 2 cases good palish and darkish crepe, bought in. 2 cases good ay to darkish crepe, bought in. oa —— See ht in. 3 cases good brownish ae darkish, boug I case sai, greyish blocked crepe (part heated), bought in. 4 cases good brow. ish crepe, bought in. 5 cases good darkish crepe, bought in. 1 bag and 1 case good rough sheet and penne bought in. bag good rejections, bought in. 1 case lump scrap, 3) th 2 cases fine pale = a biscuits, 5/5}. 1 case black pressed crepe, bou 2 cases dark heated eis Bo gnt in. 2 cases good darkish crepe, bought in. I case gocd palish to darkish — bought in, I case good ish _— d crepe, bought ‘ . bom s fine ; pobas <3 heet, bought in. 1 case fine darkish pve bought 2 cases black ak crepe, bought in. 5¢ a ea rough sheet, 5/5. 1 aa dark pressed crepe, _ bought in in. 2 cases brown, bought i Java. 9 cases and 1 bag good rolled sheet, bought in. 231 TEA, COFFEE & RUBBER SHARES. Monpay, MAy 6TH, 1907. | rs | o ireete. 1 Wh ey » Bae es SO 1.4 Bg (oe iGo oe ose ele ee Ce he | d& [AS | As feos INDIAN. | % ow AMALGAMATED wow fully paid, Ord. -.. or 3-34 | nil _ ae m. Pref. ( ee al. 1" Og ie 3 Assam Co. ( 6a o b g6-97 |, Sh} Shit SSAM eras Ord. (£10) : -+| g-10 6 ne 6 6% Cum. tea (£10) -+ | 19-10} 6 ae 53 Artarse Kuat (£5 , : | 69-7 S.) "ae Barooara Ord. (£10 + 9-10 | 4 rm 4 5% = um. Pek (£10) 8-83 5 *2t 65 . 6% Deb, (4100) , a Cum. Pref. (£10) er wi] Us-16] 7 | CEYLON Propy., Ord. | (4) et wes [89 /O-ER(OrS 5 60 z mia... | ET 38 Le) Consoripatep poabars Ord, thio)... vss | 16-17 + 64 Eitto) ses | eESRTS 8 ; 6 3 Dimsuta. Vataey, Ord. (£5) a 6-64 3 6 2.34 6% Cum. Pref. (£5) ‘ | OME Te Alok EASTERN Proven, Ord. (£5) ee ote be 5 5 ab 52% Cum. Pref, as ses a5 = 7 New ‘Dimaupa, (£1) ee 7 ee es oe 7 oF Nuwara ELIvA, £10 i vee | TES895 7 5 s , PANAWATTE T & Russer, (£5) 5) : oe ae ea 2 HY id ... | I-14pm , STANDARD, (£10) £6 paid GS AS pai ; 134-134 = ~ 4 £10) £10 paid ee a3-a5 | "1 gt a Yarivantora, Ord. (£10) o sg ence, 2 6 | # 6z Cum. Pref, (£10) a s+ | TOR-IT : COFFEE COMPANIES. secneck Ord. (£10) i ed HA 74 Pref, (£10) oe | 74-8 (4) 1342) 3 | 98-101 | 54} 9 San PAauto, pg Deb, 2 2 ii SOO RUBBER COMPANIES. < ANGLO-Matay, £140,000 Ord. id ic] BE pe ee Batu Caves, £11, ooo Ord. te Ke eee chet ie 1ye-lis ae *5 Buxit Rajan, £66,700 Ord. (£1) full S1s-516 10 | ConsoLipaTED Matay, £55,000 (£1) fully paid fie Cryton Cocoa BBER, £15,000 Ord. ( 17-2 _ Cicery RusBer gies £6,000 Ord. (£1) oh is a : 3-3 ; b GoLpENn Hore, £40 ee gas push (£1) 13-15 | — 2 : HIGHLANDS Pine. ae Pad paid . wee | 2og-24 x =- » £60, en, £1,7/6 ‘paid se Freee ee 63,546 wecad eet ane Feb. Setan. Look % ot 41,7) shoe ol ae : Sma nana mene ia ee 233 Tea, Coffee & Rubber Shares.—Continued. | € to, |G |os re) caw c Ct ise by [38/88 [Ree RusBerR CompPaNigs.—Continued. Se [felon eee Om |ALZ|AL BES mort Java RusperR & PRopUCE 00 I id vs er ee on Propuce (£20,00 } ei a - tes a Ye Se 2 INGGI Puiketion, Ps eae, (£1) fully paid | Sl Oe ee ” ” £10,000, oe eras fe 2}-23 p| m4 ~~ 10,000, , 7a Pref... \tve-Is 7 = MALacca RUBBER, £115, 000 00 7A : P-, ige ‘ne Te 7 *3% 6 MONERAKELLE. is, ( me we Dres 7/6 fail part ya va i. - pais, £20,0 , £5,000 Mtge | 3-7 | 20 | 40 53 oo RupBer, £96,000 7/6 paid 4/o-s/o | pm—| — ae a NGoR, £26,300 Ord. (£1) fully paid | xD |(f)20|) 40 5 vaantges RusBeER Estates, £65,000 (41) f. pd. ee a V 1 Way, £41,920 Ord. (£1) 10/- eye $-1$p|mnil) nil | — ALLAMBROSA, £50,000 Ord | 73-78 ae Interim Div. 1906. Ale of Arrears. —_(c)_ Including 1% bonus (2) (d) cine 24% bonus. (e) For year 1903/4. (/) Paid in Sungei Way ‘Shares, GOW, WILSON & STANTON, Litd., TEA AND SHARE BROKERS, 13, Rood Lane, London, E.C iat Te SP eat hy Pe Be Die Ge ain aie aren ic AP a *Lo61 ‘aunf, y0z ‘WOOWIVIN ‘po9vID yy ‘uoadans 7n1U0;05 ‘A91dAQ S,NOUDANS IVINOTO5 ‘MHHONOU ‘dA ‘A S6.€ | 6€.11) “AA'N (og) Ov yeud 6.69 | gbo.t| 1.19 | 9.P1 ae I | “SoH uneq uerung ‘sul ‘suy | fx 3) fx, ° fy ° (x ° ‘osury *Iap1O Jo yno Jayowoi1eg fx ° fx ie) em oO W W . . *sinoy vz Sulinp [jejurey ysozeoIDy “Aupruinyy | 92 y, inode, — “oO N ‘Teyurey [20] ‘yulog Mod ging 79M URS “UINUWIIUT *WUNWIXe ‘qing Arq uke “‘uoIsUS ‘LOIALSIG ‘UNS Ul WINWIXe]y "yea ef lyawoieg Ueeyl ye einssolg [Bo ‘SPUIA\ JO UOTPeIIGG Sulpreasig 199 WOIBAT] ‘aanjzerod wa fT, | ‘Lor ‘Awpy fo yauom ay] 40f séurpway ywndojosongapy fo JIDAISO *BOORTRIT *Lo61 ‘App 4701 ‘ONVNAg “Suvuaq “uoadangy 791u0J0D ‘uoaTANS 7UDISISSY ‘A91dAQ S,NOADANG IVINO107) | ‘NOLSITONW ‘DO “L ‘NUAIMOS “a “W | | €S.0 | fb.1 'N zl | g-24 | €eg. | €.22 8-8! | 1.92 | 6.£6 | 6.€g (€.€S1 | $06.62) °* = AroyeasasgQ uosug jeu ‘suy | ‘suy % | ae {ap | do | do | del de) ae) ee | | | | a ee ee a a ee PILE) 2 | BL 8 | ee ee eo ee me S =P 3, =} 5 3 5 3 5 ce} 3 = 5 a a = “ i) < eer.) 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Their natural enemies parasitic or otherwise have not been studied owing to the lack of time at my disposal for this work. Before the elucida- tion of these essential points, any remedial measure should be considered as tentative, although the cure suggested may finally prove to be the soundest and the cheapest. The majority of planted Gutta Percha trees are between 2-4 years old, these being the ones that are chiefly suffering; the older ones however do not by any means remain untouched. With regard to the parasites, I have observed several species of Ichneum--nidze hovering round the leaf houses constructed by Rhodoneura myrtoea var: fenestrata, and it is highly probable that ms eggs are parasitised to some extent by other Parasitic Hymenop- era. The sudden increase of these pests is in all probability due to the cutting away of the undergrowth, thus interfering with . their food plants, and by supplying other trees which it seems evident are better suited as a food for these pests, and favourable to their multiplication. GUITA .PERCHA. PESI. Rhodoneura myrtoea var: fenestrata. Drury. Description. a few species attacking Palaquium are dealt with, and among these Is the species with which we are chiefly concerned here v22: Rhodo- Mur? myr toca var: fenestrata. On plate 3 Fig. 24, he figures this Single bud, this condition being d he number of young Shoots bei... ’: ig due to the num | “hha: insufficient to accommodate separately the larve that ave hatched from the eggs laid on the tree, a : 246 When this happens the greater part of the larval life is often passed in this mutual condition. By choosing for its first haunt the very young shoots which have not yet opened the necessity of drawing the leaf edges. together for concealment is avoided, seclusion being naturally afforded by the unopened leaf. The irritation caused by the larva to the young leaf prevents its subsequent opening in the natural manner. The length of the young caterpillar is from 2-2°5 mm., ($th inch) | its head varies greatly in colour, the abdomen is reddish pink. If we examine a newly attacked tree and open the young shoots containing the larvae, we shall find that the epidermis of the leaf is being eaten away in, sometimes a tortuous manner, in others in irregular small patches which appear of a fresh green colour and may be distinctly seen against the dull green of the upperside of the young leaf. When the epidermis has been partially devoured, fresh leaves are searched for, and it is fairly typical of this species to draw the some- what older leaves surrounding the young shoot around the latter, devouring these as necessity arises. It is unlikely that less than 20 eggs laid by the female of this insect, so that if we take this as the minimum number it will be obvious that a week after the larve have appeared and have dispersed into the young leaves, n0 new buds are visible, the surrounding leaves have been drawn together encircling the former, and forming a leaf house. bunches of leaves may be seen on nearly all the Gutta Percha trees About fourteen days after hatching the larva is adult; it ae S escape by pushing its way through the dead part of the leal_ ant a Fopping to the ground it pupates just below the surface. hes io weeks later the adult insect. emerges. ie While occupied the leaf is always moist inside, a condition “nq ol Sary to the well being of the larva, and in addition it Lepage Probability the effect of decomposing to a certain extent the © of the leaf, - 247 The foregoing gives a brief account of the life history of this insect as far as it is known to me; but it may be as well to mention another form of leaf house constructed by this species. Two leaves are employed in this case. That which is immediately above the one on which the larva intends feeding is drawn down and attached by threads to the lower usually in a crosswise manner. Its method of mining is the same but necessarily more confined, as, in being placed crosswise only a small portion of the leaves affords concealment, usually about 14 square inches. The excre- ment is packed away around the margin of the mined portion. The duration of the larval life is fourteen days, that of the pupal three weeks, and if we take the length of the egg stage as 8 days, the life cycle of this insect is completed in six or seven weeks, making it probable that five or more broods appear in the course of a year, Depredation—Taking as the typical mode of attack the rolled leaf and not the method last described of sewing two leaves together I a crosswise manner, the larva first commences its depredations in the young shoot. older leaves. These are mined, causing them after the larva has &scaped to wither and drop. The apex of the stem also dies back for some distance. Before the larva is adult it has done consider- wile damage to many leaves, and although fifteen or twenty larvee do not kill the tree, they are very successful in checking its growth. tmust also be noted that if allowed to increase at will this insect with its rapid metamorphosis renders it impossible for the trees to "cover from their previous injuries before they are again attacked, saa tt —The newly hatched larva is 2-2'5 mm. ($th inch) long, i colour somewhat light reddish brown. The thoracic legs are As it becomes older the young shoot is encircled by the somewhat lee adult larva is very variable in colour some specimens of a ».. blackish purple, others dull yellow their intestinal contents 4.” ma blackish hue dorsally. A double series of shiny th tack "regular shape. Head yellowish or reddish suffused with rst be ir si i ingi ides of the bod ‘Aeir single long hairs springing from the st ¥- Average length about 27 mm. (14th inch). _~ Pupa is about 1 inch) 1 dorsally dark in colour, ven 2 mm. (4 inch) long, dorsally | oa Somewhat lighter. It is contained within a cemented Papa amber a little below the surface of the ground. The : pig its way to the surface just before the adult insect 1s 47 emerge. | | 248 Moth of Rhodoneura myrtoea.—The following description is taken from Hampson’s Fauna British India Vol. 1, page 358. “‘ Differs from myrsusalis in being brick-red; the striz less distinct, Fore wing without the yellow costa. Under sides suffused wit pink, strize well defined; a dark brown subapical patch on the margin of the fore wing. The form fenestrata has two hyaline spots on the fore wing, with an ochreous streak between them.” The specimens I have do not entirely answer to this description, but do not differ sufficiently to demand a separate description. T ie form found here is nearest to fenestrata, although the yeilow costa 1s present. The colour however is brick-red. The suffused pink on the under side is not obvious. Tortricide. Pests attacking Merbau (Afzelia palembanica). ua Sp.—Certain species of this family are the cause in pie larval state of much damage to a large variety of cultivated an forest trees, In Ceylon Capua coffearia has been the source of consi derable trouble to. the planting community there, ‘and in Java Dr. ZIMMERMANN draws attention to a species of this family as attacking the coffee planted in that country. Here a Capua is defoliating the Merbau trees. Description —The eggs are laid on the upper side of the eee are flat and overlapping, rendering their appearance scaly. le is surface is shiny, and with a slight irridescence. A single fema capable of layi g a large number of eggs, batches collected Magers nh number between 50—400, The newly disclosed larva 1s © yellowish colour with 4 shining jet-black head. : Tam unable to say whether the young larve are at first ort icte or not, but judging from my observations I am inclined to be that they are until the first moult has taken place. : of feeding, a small portion of a leaf is drawn together, bein . this position by threads attached to either side of the leat. house, or before pupation takes place, the threads which leaf in position, are severed thus allowing th PE lene ee edgy Re OE Bak Pes Ay, een 249 To recognize leaves that are attacked, requires very little skill. They may be attacked by either this or the succeeding species). They are slightly drawn together, and present a contorted appear- ance, The holes made in the leaves are easily seen, and often a further indication of the presence of the insect is that the holes are woven over with silk which prevents ants and other natural enemies from Ju fis ae alae gaining an entrance. The length of the time occupied from the hatching of the egg to reach the adult larval state is rather variable, but three weeks may be taken as a fair average. When adult the larva coils a portion of the leaf over itself and pupates. The colour of the pupa is light brown at first, later attaining a darker colour. Length 10-13 mm. In about eight days the adult insect emerges. apex. Four abdominal feet one pair of claspers. Single long hairs spring from the body. Length when adult about 15 mm. M oth—The moth is a very variable insect in colour, descriptions are given of the two commonest forms. — a 7" = ot) > wn ie) Lan} me oO n © a, 2) 3 ol o co 98 oO oa ig) oot 9) n oa = 3 3 bee =] gQ = —_ ° c = =§ =) “a = on o = PB 1. Fore wing; upper side—Ground colour rich black purple or brownish, Thickly scaled; fringe of the outer margin brownish, at apex black. Irregular blotches of rich brown and yellow distributed over the wing, gene coil a Hind wing; upper side—White at costal margin, yellow before “PE, greyish posteriorly. Under side of fore wing white on inner margin. Costa with two Yellow spots, one half way along, and one near apex. Anterlor Portion of hind wing on under side suffused with yellow, remainder _ Seyish. Head and thorax thickly, scaled with rich purple scales. Antenne of same colour as head at basal joints, remainder yellow Palpi brownish or yellowish; four posterior legs yellow, anterior Pair darker, : 2. Fore wing; upper side—Red brown. Black and light yel- Perish brown striae. fs dark spot on costal margin of fore wing. oatkings on upper side of hind wing same as in the other form. re wi end- The far as di ] 1 f costa yellow. a ages iscocellular. Basal portion of costa _ ee As pacsular strie more distinct than on the upper side. /emain ©wards outer margin. Remainder of wing dull grey. 20 mm. ; ark ath ; under side—Costal margin pale yellow, Beeom™s 250 Tineide. Tinetd Sp.—Many of the species of this family are notorious for the destruction which they cause to vegetation and as a Tineid is defoliating Afzelia palembanica in Mala a few words on i fragmentary knowledge I have of its life history will not be out o place. The eggs although undoubtedly laid on Afzelia palembanica, have not been found. . | Young larve have been obtained. They are of a yellow colour, and possess three thoracic legs, and four abdominal feet. The head is light yellow. Length when adult 12 mm. (4 inch). usually eaten. The duration of the larval life is less than a fortnight. be pee stage is about one week, and the life cycle is probably pets. broods one month or even less. There must be at least six or seve per year. hite The moth is of a silvery grey colour with several irregular wW spots distributed over the fore wing. brown The hind wing pointed at apex with very long black fringes. Exp. 10 mm. - ae these Kemedy.—There should be but little difficulty in hap pests to a minimum number. In each species It 5 Cay the attacked leaves, t very leaf tha larva: frequent e. they have aves affected by these pests they will gradually decrease; *1°7 uy Rhodoneura. Owin to their habit of confining their first instance to hon young shoots, which they cause to 251 H. C.: PRA & Government Entomologist, F. M. S. TWO ENEMIES OF HEVEA. Tjikeumente, in Java. The borer is described as attacking fatally canals, and the bare portion the tissues had developed a thick callus, _ only one tree had been attacked. No insects were found to which , peace could be attributed, but small beetles and larve were id which were considered to be secondary attackers. Near the ' luscus which showed damage similar to that of the Hevea. The _—-Epepscotes or any other longicorn beetle which make straight solitary — orgs Necessary fatal. The callusing of the edges of the wound old oo y confirms this showing as it does that the damage was of Standing. The attacks the nurseries are due to this animal. Flowers of sulphur ough the nursery would probably be as good a remedy as would certainly be advisable to top the seedlings pPpings, H. N.R. 252 BRUCEA SUMATRANA. This drug seems well to maintain its reputation, although it has not received everywhere the attention it deserves. MONGEOT and MATHIEU in Nouveaux Remedes 1906, 22, 386 say, “ Kosam seeds or an aqueous alcoholic extract thereof have been employed in‘ the French Colonies with marked success in the treatment of dysentery. The dose is the kernel of one seed or a compressed tablet or dragée of the alcoholic aqueous extract equivalent thereto, four of which are given the first day, eight the second, twelve the third, eight the fourth and one the fifth. Ninety-six per cent of cases treated are stated to have been completely cured.” (Pharm. Fourn. February 2, 1907, p. 104) a good deal has been written in the Bulletin about this drug, the seed of Brucea Sumatrana, which has been so well spoken of that one wonders that it has not as yet come into general use for so terrible and common a disease. H. Now ———— RUBBER FROM A TUBER AT LAST. A Plant found in Portuguese West Africa, and not hitherto known to science as a source of rubber, is the subject of a recent report by P rofessor CARLOS EUGENIO DE MELLO GERALDES, of the agronoml- cal institute at Lisbon. The plant is referred to as flourishing " the sandy, treeless plateaus around Bailundo and Bihe, the seaport of Benguela, and lying particularly between the Kwanza producing the class of rubber here referred to. It is Professor J. HENRIQUES, of Coimbra, to the natural Asclepiadaceae, while the Landolphia T. hollonit and other rubber” species belong to the A pocynaceae. The new by the natives in different localities as “Ekanda” and “ small, violet-red, and’mostly sterile. In form they su 253 Rubber has been obtained from the “ Ekanda”’ tubers by various - ctude experimental processes, but chiefly by slicing them "and applying pressure. The latex is referred to as coagulating with the application of alcohol, but not of alum. It has been suggested that _ by means of centrifugalization of the expressed juices a creame ~ latex could be obtained which would yield a purer rubber than has _ yet resulted from the experiments. Tubers two years old are | referred as attaining a diameter of 54 inches and a weight of 11-3 pounds, and a rubber yield of 3 percent of the total weight resulted _ from crude processes. Professor GERALDES, who regards the plant _ asadapted to cultivation, has figured out estimates of yield and _ profits, but these must be regarded as yet as hypothetical, and need not be repeated at this time. It may be mentioned, however, that _ tubber came to market, particularly “ almeidina”’ a cheap gum e€x- ported in small quantities from Portuguese West Africa, but having India Rubber World, 1st Fuly, 1997, P- 309- ESTATE REPORTS. e : 3 eg following extracts are taken from a Report of the Directors a rs the Vallambrosa Rubber Company, Limited, Third Ordinary a “ogidag Meeting of Shareholders dated 8th July 1907. It shows ’ 4 most eloquent way the prosperity of our principal industry. | és ” a a Vallambrosa. . creage,— Acres. - Rubber in Tapping, 6 years and over 30 | : » wunder2 years... oe 1853 15 : I year sit se ee Nee ve 4. planted through Coconuts and Coffee 784 Coconuts and Coffee. - 2 i Aiea and cleared for Rubber ike ane 08 Tass and Building Sites fo es n Peak ie” L308 ————— was The Te : “+ mld amount of rubber harvested during the year as Te which netted £40,255, Or about 5s. 14d. pet Ib. ~“’pping, packing, and transport was Is. per b. 254 The estimated crop of rubber for the current year is 215,000 lbs, while the estimate for the sale of seeds, stumps, coffee and coconuts amounts to £4,709. : appine.—The following statement of approximate yield from the older fields is compiled from the Manager's reports, efi. hace a a | = a : ig tate ee n ly . : ad 5 F o + oS o as) & Se ch Se Mele} SP ee] S 5 ns pee AN cae 3 So SY reel Be q ® i) of |6 a) @ = nage ae Remarks, : e| g2 eo eee 8 ek Ss e| ga Zee ok 68] 5 a Se A ee 2 Ibs.| Ibs. Ibs. ; 60 | 24’ x 12 4,642; 3 | 28 | 12,765 77 | 2124 | Planted 1899 (about 150 ; trees per acre). 4 ¥s0'| ie"% to’ { 8,000 | 3} j 1| 242 |! 96 This field was planted ‘ 28,301 2 3 54,45 393 through coffee in 898, and was thin- : ed out to 260-270 trees per acre. 40 | 42’ * 10 6,925 |4 1b 6,225} 155 | 155 Planted 1900. Thinned | to 250 trees per acre. 10,000 32) 1 | 70,820 ; 680 | 12' x 10! 60,820, 2) 147 | 1173 | Planted from 1899 0 1e} 29,113| I | 5 ; g RSs trees per acre. ; 930 47,101 =>: | 153,358 SGA Sa SORE ESO are ee i ‘ CS ee bo eer The balance of the crop was obtained from trees Cut out for thinning, Owing to prevalence of white ants, and possibility of damage by — ‘wind, it has been decided to thin out very gradually. EXTRACTS FROM REPORT BY R. R. W. HARRISON. | i" 1901. 9,097 Thisned. | : —— : VALLAMBROSA. 2 Superintendent—Mr. H. M. DARBY. iS VISITED 3rd MAy, 1907. The Estate is in first-rate order, and weeding is well ae < Along the road frontage, which was bought from natives, ¥ uughout still gives a good deal of trouble, and is expensive; bet ‘be the 930 acres of old rubber there are practically no . 255 During the past year the area under rubber has been increased by 78 acres planted among coffee and coconuts along the roe frontage. The young rubber all over is coming away well, and the’, . young plants are now well above the coffee. ” The clearing along the road on the boundary of Sungei Kapar Estate is even and regular, and trees are thickening out fast. The old rubber all over the Estate is quite healthy and free from pests, with the exception of white ants, which give a great deal of trouble from time to time, and are a constant source of expense. Unfortunately, a very severe gale of wind struck the Estate about the 18th March, and a number of trees were either blown down or had their tops broken off. The portions of the Estate—one on the Marshalsea Division, near During the past year about 110 acres have been thinned out to about 150 trees per acre. Crop—The year’s output of rubber amounted to 156,922 lbs., gainst an original estimate of 100,000 lbs., which was subsequently creased to 120,000 Ibs. Expenditure-—In last year’s Report all charges connected with Pping, curing, etc., were included under one heading; but the actual cost of tapping and collecting scrap for the year athounted © 24'I cents per Ib. (7d. per Ib.), which I do not consider a high “eae the close planting all over the Estate is taken into onsideration, and the comparatively poor yield per tree. not ; otal cost of rubber produced, allowing for upkeep of land in bearing, is 61-28 cents per Ib., or, say, 15. §¢. The estimate 000 Ibs. rubber for the present year should be quite safe, Something unforeseen occurs. ag ‘tale prosperity of this Company is now assured; the 7 = orce Is well established, and there should be no possibility and ‘top being lost owing to lack of coolies to tap. ‘lhe whole 1S now opened up, and expenditure on all works should . Solin year by year on weeding owing to the rubber covering the I which More, and on other works owing to the increased yield ea May be regularly anticipated for some years to come. a | | ‘. si end of June it is anticipated that we shall have planted ing land en will have cost, including all buildings, but deduct- figure for narges, about $73.50, which I consider a very moderate Tad connect: clearings in a block situated like this without any — 256 TIMES OF MALAYA. RUBBER SHARE MARKET. Closin : No. of | Issue Company: Quotatinis capil shares. | value, STERLING. £ £ 4 a Anglo-Malay Rubber Co., Ltd, ... | 44 sales 150,000 | 46,500 : ” ” ” 7 .. | 34 Sales 150,000 | 93,500 | Pp 12/6 Batu Caves Rubber Co., Ve p-) ... | 22 3e,000 001 y ntrib.) | 2 — 11,000 | p 12/6 6 Bukit Rajah Rubber dss a Dp)... | 53 70,000 | 63,000 5 Contri ib} } a 7,000 | Pp I5/- c Cicely Rubber Estates Con, Ltd 3 12,000 | 6,000 ; 5 oe 6,000 I e rst arp Malay Rubber Ests. | 2 1 3/16 75,0C9 | 75,0 : Ni e Rubber Estate Co. | 14 sellers 40,000 | 40,000 : g Highlands, & Lowlands = .. | (con.) 1$ bys. 310,000 | 186,454 T , (Contrib). ... | 12 buyers fs 123,540 | pd7/6 h Malacca Rubber Plantations Ltd. 73% Pref. 20/- sales 300,000 | 115,000 : ” ” » Ord £ p) 18/- ose 11G,000 1 6 2 (Contrib, ) nominal oe 45,000 | pd 2 i Pataling Rubber C 63 buyers 30,000 | 30,000 7 Perak Rubber Savile Ltd... | 1 75,000 | 75,000 : j Selangor Rubber Co., Ltd ... | 82 sales ex. div. 30,000 | 30,000 : S. S. (Bertam) Rubber Co., Ltd. | 12 175,000 | 175,000 ; Sungei Way Rubber Co., Ltd. ... (con.) 14 bys. 50,000 | 15,000 a (Co n.) ... | 15/ pr. sellers ae 35,000 | P of Vallambrosa Rubber es Ltd. ... | 73 bys. ex. div. 60,000 | 60,000 : DOLLAR. $ Balgowni 3 oo | 1,700 | $108 gownie Rubber Estate (f. a 4 : se 8'$00 ne Batu ‘Unjor Rubber Co, rd ee go} sales 700,000 | 70,000 10 rieh Rubber Ca: me 10 150,000 15,000 Castlewood Rubber Co, Ltd. .../ 8 150, oan Isseng Rubber Co., Ltd. -»- | 40 sellers 150,000 | _1,75° 1 Jebong Rubber Co., Ltd. hes R. 1,200, 24,000 Kalumpong Rubber Co., Ltd. ... | Tis 32 sellers | Tls. 700,000 14,000 Ledbury Rubber Co., Ltd. | $ 143 sellers $250,000 | 25,000 adang Jawa Rubber €o: 1. DE TO buyers 100,000 1,c00 ibu Planting Co., Ltd. er 200,000 | 2.000 m Sandycroft ip Co. --» | 310 sales 100, 1,000 Rubber Co., Ltd. 14 sales 100,000 10,000 ee & Johor Rubber Co. 250,000 | 1.000 190 1,200 » (Con) | 155 rae Ewe eee a “18 ¢ per cent. for 1906, ent. for 1906. 15 Pet — 31-3-07. d. 20 per cent. year hedge : e. 10 per eas ‘for 1906. cent. for 1906. —_g. 11 per cent, for 1 906. h.. 7} per cent. for 1906. cent, for 1906. 7. 4o per cent, for 1906. h. 55 per cent. for 1906. cent. for 1906, m. 20 per cent. year end. 31-1-07- 257 TEA, COFFEE & RUBBER SHARES. | | Monpay, JULY IST, 1907. : | ome Pe om | | #5 | ee 58 348 | 2°) by) een INDIAN. oe an as #68 ) : 4 AuateamareD ao: ees paid, Ord. . » | 3 | nil nil : : . Pref. (£10) ..| 8-BF | (a)3 54 OS ae Sikes Tra TRADING Co. Ltp bo 10 | RO ee aS AncLo-AMERICAN Direct TEA TRADING Co., Lrp.,. ; 6% Cum. Pref. (£10) .. | 8-9 | 6 6 | & Assam Co. (£20) sa x | gga en ee Assam FRontipr Ord. (£10) ie | ORE te 6 6} 6% Cum. Pref. (£10) ...- ... | 10-10% | 6 ete Arranee Kuat (£5) Es a OES | ee ants Barooara Ord. (£10) S a | eet ee Sag al Be Ub (£10) Be 9) Oe 8 ; Be 5% D SS a ... | 95-100 5 5 BENGAL ioe Ord. bfr0 au: i Pr ce; eee eee: % Cum. Pref. .. | Seri = sS Sl SE BramaPoo RA (£5) Se (£10 ses open 10 | 14-1 2 — -Baitisu esian oe (£5) | 3-38 | al eae | i Cum. Pref. 2) 5 eee Ue, : Cachar & Dooars ond. ha ie (43) ae vb nil 4 . ' - } 1 ene ) Cc - al 7 ide Gren ora. 66) Piel (6t ge | ee . 7% Cum. Pref. ss | OE Fo 8 : Consotiparen Ord. (600) naa aid | eae | Ease ” Pee Pref. (£10) ee 83-9 | (2) 7 103 78 » - Cum. and Pref. (g10) we | W412 oe 7 7 a : ‘ae 4 Dagjeetine (£20 44x D e pe) ce “2 “ai = 5 _ Darjeetine Con, coe (£10) es ol ee oo ee % . 5% Cum. Pref. oe ... | 83-84 5 5 oe Doors Ord. (£10) = S) a eS ie 123 | 20 , ae 7% Cum. Pref. ne | 139-144] 7 ee ees poo Dooxa ma (£10) = - - | s06y De oe Burr M (£5) | eee 8 ee or aaa oe. (£10) ... | To-tog | 5 ie i eres 7 Tea Ord. ( - —_ Pref. (£10) «|e : 3 7 Cum. Pref. ... | 4-93 5 5 > ss oar Ord, iio 5% Cum. Pre (£10) - ake Pd Be 6% Cum. Pref. (£10) see wc | 12-125 6 6) Das : featur (61) goraa)| 10 | 2b) 6 eno rea ully paid)... pee Lewnt % Cum. Pref. 10 S : : gee a a Laser ee oe: 103-11 | ~ et og o = | 10-103 | 6 | : . Py ; a 5-101 he oe 2 posses: pe ie ea 10-10} 8 | 2 -. 258 Tea, Coffee & Rubber Shares.—Continued. do 8 tual ee nie ? Be [28 |S2|ehe o> ‘ Pot rays vi Las INDIAN—Continued. 5 ' Ag |ae fa Sy Moasunp Ord. (£1) ee ows | 19-13 6 10: 428 5% — he (£1) ee ~-s | ta-$8 5 5 6 5% Deb. (£100 os .«. | 90-100 | 5 5 5 NepEEM, Ord. feo a ies ... | 10-103 c= 2 Cum. Pref. (£10) oe .-- | 83-8} 5 5 5% SEPHINJURI BHEEL (5s.) new oS wee | 4B-$ 25 25 7” SINGLO, ees (£10) as w+ | 3-4 _ co = non Cum. Pref. (£10) ti is z _ eae a CEYLON, ALLIANCE, Ord. (410) = ae ye |LO¥—-11F 7 7 6) .. |[o0-103 | 6 6 54 AncLo CEyLon, PA ee (£ é 100,000) new --- | 98-100 5 5 > a. i 126-130 6 8 68 us ree eaten: 0 --- | 80-85 = ae ee BANDARAPOLA, Ord. (gio fully ere tea vse | 18-23 73 7 t (£10 \£ ” oe =. 8-83 7k bs “ | (£10) £5 ; (new) > | 73-8 = 7 a Ceyton Tea Pant, oe (£10 ++ 1359-354 | 15 | "5 H Cum, Er (£10) wee | 15-10 7 7 4 CEYLON Propy., Ord. (£1) ; oe | $8 2 nil - 5% Cum. P Pref, CS eee + | $-3 2 2 3 Conso.ipatep ESTATES, = in)... +++ | 18-20 Set # rhe er pac 1, LEO 8 4 Dimputa Vattey, Ord, ira ct GbE 8 8 a Cum Pettey <. | “g6: fo 8) Eastern Propuce, Ord. (£5) | B-8F | 6 ‘3 re um. Pret. | (£5) ee 5 7 New Dimeuta (£1) ~ | Oe-e | 44 6 Nuwara E iva (£10) see | 1OZ—IT 7 i ae Panawatre Tea & Rusper (£5) a ie Se : J id «+» |F-1G PM. STANDARD £6 paid soo 43 oes w+ | 13-19% | 15 15 6 Oe Bae ne one | 23-25 ie " 3 Simao Ord ig se eas w+ | 1§-152 5 2 te % Cum, ek (£10) sap -- | IOZ-II 6 COFFEE COMPANIES. Dumont, Ord (£10 oe |) a2 | oe au eh Loe (10) ee ye 6-7 (2) 113\(9 5} re Deb. 7 ee .| 98-101 | 54] 9 | : San As 54% Deb. a | 93-100 | = a | Ce RUBBER COMPANIES. a 4S ANGLO- Matay, suo Ord. (£1) 130 ee a3, oS 3 4 cow POTS SOL = een act u CAvEs, fret d. (£1) 1 15/- paid ues 2}-2}pm. % *e i Sout Rajan, £66,700 Ora. (£1) fully paid s+ | 58758 | 10 ConsotipaTeD MALay, £55,000 (£1) fully paid 24-28 ae oe Cevton Cocoa & RusBER, £tégoo Ord. (41) ss | HA CicELy RusBer Esrares, Stas, Ord, (£1) oe ml | 2 _— I ves 3-34 | en GoLpEN Hope, £40,000 f4 5005 = Pref. hos _ 1-15 | i : { 259 Tea, Coffee & Rubber Shares.— Concluded. | | lee Bete a | zg | 88/88 22° RusperR CoMPpANiEsS—Continued. | BS |) 7B ee oe ; : | Se | eo Pee ees : pA Le Ve seo | ee Higuianps Para, £181,454 fully aor : w» [2yg-2%e| — Mepar) 8 5 » £60,000 Ven. £1.7/6 paid oe nom. — — — ; £63,546 ag £1. 2 16 paid... |19/0-20/o] pm— |(g) 11 6 d Fep, SELANGOR, £20, ab ly paid wee (99-38 — nil = Java RuBBER & Pro CE, S35 000 (£1) “1s/- paid ... | par 7 pj|m— nil -- _ Kiananc Propuce wie 20,0 | 43-43 | 7B | 15 | 38 | Lincci PLANTATION, £19,860 (41) rly paid + te 4 15 33 » is — aes a ) 5s. paid oe i. Aol Be a : 1 full Oa 7% Pref. | Ixs-li 7 7 Matacca RuBBER, so ea (000 re c. Pref, (£1) «| ee 73 | *3% 6 o Ord. (f1 nom, — at Monerakette ag 6 6 paid L pm a E Panuxs, (20, ben sae = pai par + F ras 3 | eeeit Rusper, £96,000 7/6 paid .. 3/0 re Get NGOR £26,300 Ord. (2s.) fully paid | 439-# [(f)20; 40, 48 SHELFORD Russer E,. £65,000 (£1) fully paid —-.- $-1 ay ee UNGEI Way, £41,920 Ord, (£1) 10/- paid is Z-rp|m ail} nil | — VALLAMB BROSA, £50,000 Ord. ae - | Tee ee 7 AM SENG, £28, 600 Ord. : E 2-23 ee | 25 ae i aad " * Interim ae 1906. (a) a) A Sof Ai ‘hives te) Tnele iding 1% bonu (d) Including }t bonus, (6) For year 1903-C4. (f) Paid in Sungei Way tt. (g) For 6 GOW, WILSON & STANTON, Ltd. TEA AND SHARE BROKERS, 13 Rood Lane, London, E. C. ’ % a t | Months’ worki ng : GOW, WILSON & a tire Poor India Rubber Market Report. 13, ROOD ile Lonpon, E.C. Fuly 5th, 1907- Se t to-day’ s auction, about 583 packages of Ceylon and Malaya can oe grown rubber were ae offer, of which, only 180 were f vag he room. The total weight amounted to about 304 tons, a contributing over 10, and Malaya about 20} tons. ages sympathy with the Para market, there was a good demand for to 2g. ner grades. These changed hands at an advance of from 1d. seh Ib. on last sale rates. ighest as lized for a parcel : of price in the auction—5/74 was reall Phe ‘eel worm, while some pale sheet and Ceara biscuits met sae competition and sold at 5/64 per lb. — ihe apt crepe was ete te but some of the oe oe p were in rather less “hale a good proportion of = ds be being withdrawn, 260 As will be seen from the quotations below, the tendency onthe — part of buyers to pay a premium for the very pale kinds, in what- — ever form, is becoming more marked, thus showing the importance — of care and cleanness in preparation. TO-DAY’S QUOTATIONS. ) d SHEET, ETC. | | | 5/3 to 5/34 eee ee eS ee ee eee Fine Pale Worm | 5/74 Fine Pale Sheet | 5/64 Fine Amber Sheet | 5/24 to 5/4 Fine Ceara Biscuits ... | 5/64 3 Fine Pale Biscuits | 5/4 to 5/5 ; | emetrele Stine Fine Pale & Palish ee 15/210 ses Palish to darkish . a ... | 4/6% to 4/10 4 Dale... = = | 4/4 to [ad Darkish Block we ves ses | 2p ae 4/103 q UNWASHED SCRAP. } Z - | 4/- to 4/1 : Fine we Fair to medium 3/9 to 3/11 Low ie 2/- on set | i ee ee ee re PLANTATION AVERAGE, AND COMPARATIVE PRICES. io ee, aaD COM - AVERAGE PRICE uf CEYLON AND MALAYA | PLANTATION RUBBER. Seeger a 180 pkgs. St a ae Corresponding sale last year a | 22 pkgs. PLANTATION, Fine. a 5/2% to 5/74 ee TR 5/8 to 5/94 4/6 to 5/- paradise Sean kere ee ae ae ey Se ees oes eee Ee Meee ER eee ee Eg ee cs | ees Se CERT SRL nr Seo yt Soe eae \ sepa A ees, 8 Ror pee) Wer ase ete See eee OE er (DG Bee Re ee ee bee das Mechs: Pa Rail caer eer : oe er ‘Gikiy anakande 261 Particulars and prices as follows :-— Mark Sorana Northumberland Clara Waharaka - Ballacadua ~ Dolahena ‘ Doranakande _ Arapolakande - Ingoya Langsland : Ctatherley Culloden Ellakande . Nikakotua - JIV& Co, J J AS & Co. + ce PGS; — a = . NBN R Hh NWWH HF ORD BW He HNN OAWHNW NH MERA SDD ee Se Ge mM NNNWO Ww Ceylon. DESCRIPTION, Biscuits ” Scrap Dark biscuits Black crépe Dark sheet Biscuits Good pressed scrap er Rejections Fine biscuits G 00 a Good scrap Dark =, Dark block Fine pressed sheet Biscuits Pressed crépe %) ” Dark b ee crépe mbong Dark pressed crépe Blocked crépe Lumps Rejections Blocked ae Fine Sheet part Rejected sheet & steals umps Pressed scrap Rough biscuits n , 7 i ine = ant ”» 3 Dark pressed crépe ock pale w Darkish te dark rolled crépe PRICE. 5/34 to 5/4. 5/3- 5/3- 3/10. 5/2 & 5/33. 4/-. bought i in. Polataga ma Tudugalla Elston Oss CMR © La. Shelford B&D BM & Co. ot Noe aS ae CO oe No Lis) se ee Oe SC — 262 DESCRIPTION, A Crépe Rejected biscuits Whitish blocked crépe . pe sheet it Darkish & dark block Bisc Scrap MALAYA. Good to fine crépe ... boughtin. Sheet oe ie Block ... bought in Good sheet ... §/34 to 5/34: Dark pressed crépe ... boughtin heet bought 1n ce bought in. ee and scrap _—.--.-: bough Weg Good crépe .. bought in, Sheet ... bought a7 3 Crépe _.. bought in. , : : Fine Sheet a Sr : Ball scrap a See : Rejections i. Se : Good’ sheet 5/24 to 5/3t- : : ap 3/9. . Rejections : ery fine sheet Good scrap heet Rejections Rambong Good block Danish and dark block .. Good greyish block 263 PKGs. DESCRIPTION. 1 Scrap 8 Good crépe | | (agg 40 Good crépe FMS 2. Palish block 38 Dark =]. RES)R 10 Sheet PSE 3 Dark block I Palish pressed crépe : Par “ es TEA, Ete. 29 Good crépe C 28 Darker : P d cré Pataling I Pisa (38 AMRC — M BRRCo Ld. 8 I o Crépe 5 Crépe and rejections 6 4 I Sheet Good to fine crépe Dark block Darker Highlands NS com NWNY Sheet Darkish block Plantation Rubber Report. Tons Stra Straits and Malay States. PxGs. DESCRIPTION. 6 Cases Palish and darkish sheets 1 ,, Palish and darkish sheets, dull ” ine am ber sheets I ,, Pressed black and white crépe ce scrap eS Palish and mottled crépe Small amber sheets, dull PRICE. bought in. pt. sold, 4/4. bought in. bought in. bought in. ast bought 1n. .. bought in. Lewis and Peat’s Ceylon, Straits and Malay States Fuly 5th, 1907. The following Lots, comprising about 10 Tons Ceylon and 20 raits, were offered at auctions to-day, and sold as follows:— PRICE. Shelford 264 PKGs. DESCRIPTION. 2° fee aes darkish sheets ? 2 ee S i ye as darkish sheets I Amber and darkish sheets, not perfectly dried 1 Bag Brown and white scrap and pieces... 3 Cases Thin dull amber sheets 1 ,, Virgin biscuits and scrap oes 2 ,, Pale sheets, some little stained Good brown scrap : Bag st amber sheets, mouldly and | ' Cases ery ia brown pressed crépe oes » Good amber crépe Ae 5 » Datk brown pressed crépe I ,, Black run crépe iS. “Nes block » Good pale crépe ” i’ ale and m ottle de répe » Pale and dark mottled crépe » Dark mottled crépe Cas ea Bee een: 5 2 13 I2 2 , Large dullish sheets (2) ,, Black block (4) Black block 6 ,, Good darkish crépe ae £ Dark crépe rr »» Good darkish crépe » Darkish and mottled crépe, slightly heated a Wet block : » Black and brown blocked crépe ah » Large amber sheets » Black blocked pie 8 shite ” eat lige ked crépe ” bata past pe -_ MO oo Ads nPUh OO NH Oo = >. “Gied pale sae some mottled » Good palish crépe ” Darkish crépe » Palish crépe Grey crépe » Dark cré » Mottled crépe » Palish and grey crepe ” Brels ary crépe ” ott crépe 2 » Mottled crépe, slightly Treated pene Mark, PKGs. AMRC ee, M 3 _ BRR Co. Ld. 7 13 Pkgs. 2 Cases Highland s Estates 265 DESCRIPTION. 8 Cases Brown crépe Brown mottled crépe Ceylon. Fine pale and amber biscuits Dullish biscuits Dullish amber biscuits, rather resinous Dullish amber biscuits, rather resinous Brown pressed scrap Dull dark biscuits Brown Dark amber sh Ries th Secuiks and he Nu Z PRICE. 4/54 bid. bought in. Pxes, — Description. —_ Brown pressed crépe » Black pressed crépe 1, Very mixed biscuits ener oO oe biscuits I ” flea Small fale bideadls WEST INDIAN. Black scrap Good black castilloa sheets 267 | TEA, COFFEE & RUBBER SHARES. Monpbay, JULY 8TH, 1907. rs | os 5 ba © ae 2 * Slee) Cm > pa) awn ao nas : Es 3h) 32 |85° ! Se 5 . 2 te ae 7 Om [Rei Ae oe INDIAN. Bie: : _ AMALGAMATED A date nd paid, Ord. ... + | 33-38 | nil | nil se" 2 Pref, (£10) | “8-84 (a) 3) 5S ; : svouaAnmaie Dikect TEA TRADING Co., Lit. q| 56 Bape at i eemican Dinect Tea Travine Co., Lrp.,) 6 ek | | 84-9 6 | 6 63 Assam Co. (fs 20) see we | 2-34 84 | 84 | 44 SSAM FRONTIER hg (£10 . eee +) 6, 12 ® 64 : Cum. Jan (£10) -- | tere eo 6 5% ; Arraree KHAT ( £5 3 Re | 10 7 . Barooara Ord. (£10 aes | gto | 4) 5 4 | : 5% % Cum. ref. (£10) a -- “S8h| $ | 5 6% E % Deb. (£10 << -+ | gs-loo} 5 | hs 5 ; BENGAL picks Ord. lis ee | Jog-tr | 78) 78 4 : 5% Cum. Pref tial eee | oer SoS 54 ’ BRAHMAPOOTRA (£5) vl | goh-tr | 10 | 14 ee 3 Britis ‘age On (65) ee + | | nil | 4 32 4 5% m. Pref (£5) | ast} 3 | 5 ats : Cachar & Dooars Ord. ( £10 . er: pe! | nil 4 5 j 6% Cum ef. (£10) | eek 8 6 5? Cuarcota Ord. (£1) ; wos | MEI gs 7 To 52 7Z Cum. Pref. (£1) ae | I-13 7 7 58 Cuuswa Ord. (£5) oe FEA os | 74-8 10 | 415 9 7% Cum Sbeef (és ) ne (OEE 6 Corsourbareo ¢ — { £ 10 ack we ee an Pref ee --- | 84-0 (a)7 103 7s ” 7 Gum 2nd Pref. (oir; «| 124-12 nil er ‘ ore “uy ae. 5 ARJEELING os = | beta es He 5 Darjeetine Con. Ord. (£10 Se i ee ee nil o 5% Cum. Pref. (£10 sae bee 5 5 Dooars Ord. (£10) i ae | 21-92 | 128) 20 ; Das um. Pref. 4- 7 Duom Dooma ( tay (£10) : oF 10 Io 5% “ibe 5) A a ret MPIRE OF INDIA =. (£10 im ... | 10-10% 5 10 2 Ae a oes : 5 5 IMPERIAL Tea Ord. eae Pet (£10) ae ee on 4 6 a a 2 5% Cum. Pref. (£10) «= ee 5 5 oe Jokat Ord, (£10) ak ie wc | 12-124 7 8 3 : 6% Cum. Pref. (£10) ... hee 5. *“LOIMLSIG a | ° | | 7 F eo | ; 5 2 2 | j b 5. ‘sajawi0as AP] | ‘ginqesoduia J, | -1061 ‘aung, fo yzuom ay, 40f agv75 ay JO SJI14JSIG] SHOIADA IY} Ul sSuipvasy porsoposoapa py JO fIVLISY [7 -1oduej[es “ ia | 19.2 9z.01 | v.1z z.1Z 0.26 : _ USBIIS | | \ i ae . 5 : £e, zi. 0.£1 LZ | 9.98 foe uULULOY PPV ¢ | £0.) bl.g §.91 | z.il L.L8 a aige"y REN : Ao | Ao ) Ao | ‘soyouy ‘soyou] ‘URI, ‘UROIN / “URI | - | tsanoy te | | : i. Suunp yeyurmy ‘ypeyureyy [eIO_L ‘aduvy ‘WnUTUI UN UIXE yy a ysoyvasyy =| | = | “LOIN LSICL | | | | “[eyurey ‘ganyesoduia | | A ‘Lob1 ‘aung, fo yyuow ay) 40f siuypvay jwasojoaoaga yy f0 190445G 7 ‘uRjueleM ‘poyrmry ‘Auvdurog yuoutdojeacd Yn ous SEPTEMBER, 1907. [Vot. VI. AGRIGULTURAL ‘BULLETIN OF THE STRAITS AND FEDERATED MALAY STATES. EDITED BY N. RIDLEY, M.a., F.R.S., F.L.S., F-R-H.S., FeSeAsy F.R-C.1.5 : Divector of Botanic Gardens, S. S. a : AND f J. B. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S.k., F.L.S., Divector of Agriculture & Government Botanist, F.M.S. ‘ CONTENTS. Page. Report of Director of Agriculture, F.M.S. 1906 be + 273 Report of Inspector of Coconut Plantations 1906 295 Report of Government Entomologist 1906 -») 303 Report of Government Chemist 1906 308 India Rubber — errand: Wilson & Siantom, Lid. Pt ee, Weather Re Be A % ye (Six Rupees & Hight Annas.) Annual Su wong coe for Hurope—Nine 3 Shilings i Phi cen No. 9.] SEPTEMBER, 1907. [Vor. VI. AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN STRALTTS FEDERATED MALAY STATES. EDITED BY H. N. RIDLEY, M.a., F.R.S.; F-LsS., F.R-H.S., F.SeAs, F.R-C.L., Director of Botanic Gardens, S. S. AN J. B. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S.E., F-L.S-, Divector of Agriculture & Government Botanist, F.M.S. | CONTENTS. : Page. os Report of Director of Agriculture, F.M.S. 1906 cS i gs _ 2. Report of Inspector of Coconut Plantations 1906 a ++ 295 _ 3. Report of Government Entomologist 1906 .- . «« 3°39 : * Report of Government Chemist 1906 _ 2 India Rubber Market Report—Gow, Wilson & ne Ltd. «+ 312 6. Weather Reports ig ze AP Peay 4 Annual Subscription for Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States—Three Dollars. Annual Subscription for other places in Malay—$3.50. Annual Subscription for India and Ceylon—Rs. 6-8-0. ise sane sege & Hight Annas.) Back bscription for Hurope—N e Shillings. ibatars, (ola & New Series) whole Jolume-Five Dollars. Single Copy (Old ond See New Series)—Fifty Cents. = Subscriptions are > payable strictly in advance. To be purchased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, S-5-; or from Messrs. Ketty & Watsu, Limited. 32 Raffles Place and 194 Orchard Road, Singapore. Singapore : RELLY & WALSH, LIMITED, PRINTERS, oe oe Eofiles Place and 194 Orchard Road. NOTICE. Tue ScrenTiric aND TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT: OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE. His Excellency the Governor has received a despatch from the Right Hon’ble the Secretary of State for the Colonies calling attention to the advantages offered by the Imperial Institute to erchants, Planters and others, who may wish to have sam submitted to scientific experts for opinion as to their commercial value, etc. The following extracts from a Memorandum published by the Authorities of the Imperial Institute will give an idea of the work undertaken and carried on there. ion by special enquiries and 4“ . . = by experimental research, technical trials and commercial valua- eg The Federated Malay States Government has undertaken . grant a sum of £100 a year for 5 years to the Department with view to the careful investigation and commercial development of ‘mineral resources of the States. Government Geologist is collecting specim ich is i on and after analysis the Imperial Institute, which is in HOM ORE itt ERS g £ Se ae oie D : m t mane: of the United Kingdom, will bring the specimens before develop egg and others for trial with a view to their commercial li Planters and residents in the Straits Settlements and Federated Attention may also be drawn to the ‘“‘ Bulletin of the Imperial Institute,” published quarterly, which contains records of the inves- tigations conducted at the Imperial Institute, and special articles on trepical agriculture and the commercial and industrial uses of vege- table and mineral products. Copies of this publication, price 4s. 44 per annum (including postage), may be ordered through Messrs. Kevry & Watsu, Lrtp., of Singapore. - Special sample rooms have been arranged at the Imperial Institute, for the information of enquirers, in which materials which have been investigated and valued are available for reference. Important products are also shown in the Malaya Court in the Public Galleries of the Imperial Institute. Communicati hould be addressed to the Director, Imperial Institute, South Kensington, London, S.W. AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN OF THE SETBATES AND FEDERATED MALAY S&S t4a7ee. No. 9.] SEPTEMBER, 1907. [Vot. VI. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF AGRI- CULTURE F.M.S., FOR THE YEAR 1906. re SALVYLS *NOILISOdNOD IVOINVHOAW AV'IVN ee’ Se AO Sao 278 FEDERATED Malay STATES AGRICULTURE IN 1906. where prolonged periods of extremely small or absolute lack of : The only drawback to the equable climate is that there 1s no — “close time” for insects or fungal pests. Ina country wherea fought occurs at regular intervals parasitic fungi receive 4 Serious check, no spores can germinate in dry air and many are killed. Insects also are prevented from spreading by a drought and by constant heavy rainfall. Coconut PLANTATIONS. The various cultivations of the Native States have suffered from no abnormal pests or diseases. The report of the Inspector of Coconut Plantations gives an interesting account of the pre vention and cure of the disease due to beetles in this most useftl and profitable plant. The work in charge of Mr. BROWN and his subordinates is of great economic value to the country, and t fact that the coconut industry is in such a flourishing condition 1S In no small measure due to their efforts. Th exceptionally large profits, should prevent the appreciati cultivation, which PapI. : The rice crops in the north of Perak and in Kuang Di of Selangor suffered Saeakebly from insect pests last be which are dealt with in detail in the Government Entomo! Sole Teport. With these exceptions the crops during 1906 were 4 the the average, the plants were well grown and healthy, 20" Straw as well as the grain showed vigour and health. The © cultivated under padi was about 83,000 acres. er 279 In view of the large irrigation area in Krian, where rice can begrown under exceptionally favourable conditions, a series of experiments has been initiated to improve the methods of planting and cultivating rice. In order that the Malay and other rice- gfowers in the district might be able to observe and learn the tesults shown by these experiments, a plot of land near the main toad, situated in a central place at Bagan. Serai, was selected. The field is at the north side of the road from Bagan Serai to “a Gedong, about } mile from the Irrigation Engineer’s Mr. G. E. SHAw, 2nd Assistant District Officer, Krian, has ‘taken a great interest in these experiments and with the Irrigation Engineer, Mr. WiLkinson, has kindly superintended the various ‘erations. The following experiments were began in September last. nall the plots, except plot 7, Padi “Saraup” was used, this g the one considered best locally : j Plot 1. Planted as practised locally ; » 2. Drilled; 3. Planted more thickly ; 4 a less ‘s » 5- Manured with phosphate manure; 6. Selected seed ; » 7. Ceylon selected seed. experiments are not intended ‘to radically change the ei May be improved and crops increased. It is hie to try alternate pent of leguminous and other ‘plants does not ots and show the advantage of growing a plant which one much out of the soil, instead of allowing it to "to weeds. ata SU irrigation is of great value and in preventing the latves — evils. If water can be applied at the right time Ne Dest of Many non-aquatie pests are destroyed, and some ¢ tog larvee are aquatic are destroyed by taking the me the land at the right time. bea wt of these experiments will be published when they Ret is pagntinued long enough to give definite results. ‘Their cultivars ©? Show that by entirely altering present methe _With probably increased expense and labour, a ovement of existing methods of padi cultivation. 280 COFFEE. The acreage under coffee has again considerably decreased and only a few acres have been planted up. _A large proportion of coffee acreage has been interplanted with rubber, the former being gradually cut out. 7 Prices have remained fairly satisfactory, and were it not for the fact that rubber is considered to the exclusion of all other cultivations, coffee would be increasing instead of gradually being wiped out. Leaf disease on coffee is still with us, and there is little hope that while coffee remains this pest will cease, but the : crops have not been yery seriously affected by them. The Native - States has produced 22,291 cwts. of coffee from 9,708 acres, al average of about 2} cwts. per acre, but this acreage includes a great deal of coffee which is growing under rubber of three yeas | and upwards and consequently gives little or no crop. Selangot_ has nearly four-fifths of the coffee acreage, and the crops In that State work out at an average of a little under 3 cwts. per act RUBBER. The position of the rubber planting industry in Malaya at the end of 1906 compared with that at the end of the previous year 1s remarkable but not unexpected. in the Peninsula was probably less than 0,000 acres in Decermite 1906, it was 99,230, tically aac the year 1906 the me bled. The number of the trees, which was pro 7 under 7:000,000, is now 12,980,756. The output ti an which was about 150 tons in 1905, was in 1906, 412 tons © — increase of nearly three times. In December, 1905, the total acreage of rubber planted This result has not been achieved, without strenuot and that such an Saco has been felled, cleared, lined planted, and with a very few exceptions is now showing ous srowth of healthy rubber trees, is a tribute to the 2 energy of a body of about roo planters. The conditions under which new land is opened a favourable either to yj ag : eet importance in the profitable running of an estate | expended in building comfortable and even luxurious ae i and lines isa sound investment. ‘The Superintendent ’® likely to retain his health if when he finished his day's has a cool, airy and water-tight bungalow and a CO” 281 bathroom to refresh him, instead of a wooden hut, hastily built andfullofleaks. The Superintendents’ bungalows on most estates - five the impression that the rubber industry is in a parlous state, ‘stead of one of the most, if not the most, profitable industry i tropical agriculture. ,__ The lines, as a general rule, are relatively more comfortable - than the Superintendents’ houses. Most of them are raised some An interesting and instructive article on coolie sanitation and the methods to be adopted in various coolie diseases to which is : “Ona plans for lines has been prepared by Dr. GERRARD for _ ie“ Agricultural Bulletin.” It will be useful to plantersin Malaya ; hy handbook to the medical treatment of estate coolies. RUBBER STATISTICS. MALAYA, UP TO THE 31st DECEMBER, 1906. E, } | — | Federated | Straits Johote. Total | Malay States. | Settlements. ‘STs | = No. pean ory a Ome : 2 5 7 | 254 : = ym es = 85,579 II,341 2,310 | 99,230 No. of uring 1906, acres 42,154 4,098 1,355 47,607 rh. trees planted up t : . No obi December, 1906.. | 10,745,002 1,987,954 147,800 | 12,980,756 5 Dry rubs ta: ‘ 441,488 27,076 48,350 | 516,914 3 extracted, Ibs. 861,732 13,560 47,724 ) 923,016 YIELD oF Dry RUBBER PER TREE. Pade average amount of dry rubber extracted per tree, calcu- . e y Of th by the figures in the tables gives 1 lb. 12 oz. per tree. * trees in the Federated Malay States are 10 years old, and FEDERATED MaLay STATES RUBBER PROGRESS. Et the end of . Malay States alone f 1905 there were in the Federated Malay > 1906 About 49,000 acres planted with rubber. At the close of : e 7,000,000 ary this g(t 19,000,000. The output of dry rubber was about 130 a aed and in 1906 385 tons, three times as muc! » at while the acreage has more than doubled the 282 of trees has not proportionately increased so much, is that the — number of trees planted per acre during 1906 was not so many — as previously. of every estate. Every Superintendent endeavours to reduce the number of — these casualties as far as possible, but if one in every 300 trees — dies each year this need not be considered a high percentage in — trees of 5 years and upwards, and the mortality is greater before — that period. So that we may expect that of the 10 million trees — something between g and 10 million will be alive and flourishing — in 1912, and this at 1 Ib. per tree will give about 4,250 tons — gstd of the probable world’s consumption in 1912. Rupper Statistics, FEDERATED MALAys STATES, UP TO THE 31ST DECEMBER, 1906. | | | as Selangor. _—- Perak. clea | Pahang | Total ae a a | i eee Aes one ete No. of estates 8 me . wat a 9 25 9 : foetiiacreage sale 44,821 | 20012 | 10,663... 983 ro" " No. of : it a pacTes | 5 9,063 |. 271678 4045 | : up to } : a Sy apse 1906... 5.477.300 3 990, 462 1,196,150 | 81,000 TOA . of trees tap = 628 (67,710 91,410 | +s tubber extracted Ibs. , . ee neay ee 146,891 3,45 861,73? | t i THE Future or PLANTATION RUBBER. Accurate estimates of the world’s rubber consumption | ee not easy to make, the only reliable data seri oe ber export and import returns of the HV© Ue rubber consuming countries, viz.; Grézt Britain, United Stat Germany, France and Belgium. re The gross import returns include rubber which 1s pee ye? . exported from these five countries to each other, but import all the rubber which is exported to other countries whose returns are not available. 3 The nett import returns, i.c., the import minus the e do not give a correct f | 1’s consumption, ud ramps a figure of the world’s consumption, "" probable that the erie imports of these five countries oe 5 i 4 : Se Tt SO ee eee 3 3 3 : | a to 25. 283° nearer to the total of the whole world’s cousumption than the imports. I estimate the world’s consumption in 1906 to be approximately 80,000 tons. Of this amount the Malay Peninsula contributed 54th part or 3 percent. If the whole of the rubber trees planted at the end of 1906 are growing vigorously and yield- ing I Ib, of dry rubber per tree, in 1912 the total production will be 5,475 tons, which will be jth or little more than 4 per cent. of the total rubber required. In‘ order to estimate the world’s consumption in 1g12 the rate of increase (10 per cent.) during the last seven years has been added, giving a total estimated, consumption for 1912 of 142,352 tons. If we increase the yield to 14 lbs., i.e., estimating that every tree planted now will in 1912 give us 14 lbs. per annum, at that date the Malay Peninsula will furnish 8,213 tons or 7;th of the estimated world’s consumption at that date. only those with a knowledge of the Brazilian jungles can judge, and even such are not able to tell us whether the supply can be depended on to continue or may be expected to grow less in the few years. ¢ Th tlon of ithe past. New uses and expansion of old uses for rubber are HEALTH oF TREES ON RUBBER ESTATES. The general health of rubber trees of all ages, from seedlings year old trees, has been during 1906 excellent. Diseases 284 insect or fungal origin. The importance of this branch of the routine of an estate cannot be too often or too forcibly preached. _, My experience of nearly ten years’ investigation of and fighting with diseases of cultivated plants in the tropics leads me to the belief that the policy of waiting to shut the stable door until the horse has gone is still not unusual even with the most capable and practical planter. Oo Pp conditions for its growth, can be considered as not liable to oo some disease. These occasional deaths of plants may, it unattended to, eventually cause most serious loss. Insects, fungi or bacteria. The past history of plant doctoring it com- medicine, and should by this time have secured the confidence of ocd set that the technical knowledge of the officials may be utilised it is important’ that early information as to the outbreak of any pest is sent to the department, and specimens disease, wi WN S Bo) om ae o ss 7) 3 Q. ie) =] at Oo p =} yee a ~ n aad 1) ~~ 9 ia) eh wi Las ed w. ga = a re 23 o Q ° i) Qu 2 oe) i=) un 2. » is o aa ot |g oO 2g ie") 4g) n ra of - » OQ = 9) — = i 2) oe SD @?) mt o> = a i¢°) Qu. _ n io) ny n 14°) cS ry) n 3 = [el Q ia) Qu. 6 eae 3 one place or at different centres, how quickly it has spread, @ ich have been made. A full wee DISTANCE OF TREES IN PLANTING. i Planters have be Coe their trees gun to see the value of giving plenty of room, and the argument that to plant more trees tha falls ended to permanently keep has been seen tO. be ce cious and dangerous, Fallacious, because with prices * | | 285 and more per tb., and with a yery reasonable hope of continuance of such prices, owners will not keep to their intentions in thinning out trees which are giving them a profit of $1 or $2 each; and ) gerous because if they did steel their hearts and cut out their _ trees the policy of leaving large numbers of dead rubber roots among healthy trees is one which any one acquainted with root diseases, both due to fungi and insects, would condemn as running serious risks of encouraging that most insidious type of _ The practice, now very general, of planting at unequal distance, z.c., in avenues of trees 24 ft. by 30 ft. or 20 ft. by 17 ft. as many advantages. It admits direct sunlight all over the ground for a short period every day. The sun is the cheapest and most effective weapon against the attacks of fungi and bacteria that the planter possesses. When the trees are Io years old or more the avenue system allows of quicker and more effective supervision of the health and vigour of trees, and is a help in enabling the Superintendent to easily locate trees on the estate for ordinary or for disease prevention work. _ As to the exact distance which trees should be planted, situation, soil, rainfall and other factors must be considered, but it IS better with an eye to the future to err on the ‘side of planting to few rather than too many. On more than one-third of the total planted acreage in Malaya there are 200 trees or more per acre, that is the trees are, if planted at equal distances, 15 ft. by 15 ft. or closer. On only 9he-seventh of the acreage are the trees less than 18 ft. by 18 ft. The average figure conveys very little information. LABOUR. ' agricultural tasks, but are employed in building, road-making, etc. _ The average of trees tapped to coolies employed is only II “te Per coolie, but this Ngiae value as go per cent. of the coolies the wPloyed in opening, planting, weeding, etc. When, however, obama trees already planted in the Peninsula in say 5 the re al in bearing, about 50,000 coolies will be needed for of _ Ping operations alone, and the labour question 1s therefore a ree can | prea < Seras ts cashes wit fetch in th. = DE Sot to produce, or the price that the rub will L ‘he market, this required labour can be ned. rf ae 286 EsTaATE LABouR, FEDERATED MALAY STATES. Selangor. Perak. Ss Roe | Pahang. Total. Tamils .. “a ie 27,803 9,169 2,327 59 29,358 avanese .. in tt 1,799 1,859 395 a7 4,070 lays .: : 455 739 247 | 58 1,499 Chinese .. es et 642 2,353 418 20 3,433 Banjares and other races | 538 234 127 | 15 ita otal ¢. | 20.237. | 14,354 3,514 | 169 39,274 COOLIE SANITATION. _The question of the health of coolies on estates, the sanitation of their lines and the prevention or minimising of malaria, dysentery, and other diseases to which the labour force is specially exposed, is being particularly considered by Government. The health of the labour force is one of the most vital matters in the success of rubber-planting, and it therefore becomes as important from an agricultural point of view as the health of the plant or the soil in which it grows. ‘The observations which I have made in visiting estates and in asking the medi men in charge of planting districts all over the Peninsula leads me to the belief that there are two factors which militate against the highest state of health and vigour in estate coolies. _ The first being that a proportion of coolies come to an yee in what a lay-man may call a damaged condition, so that wi , not start with a clean bill of health as regards malaria or otNG specific disease, or Possessing an amount of reserve material ee | fits them to stand well any disease in itself trivial which they vies J contract soon after arriving, | | : : x : _ On one estate I specially observed the fat, healthy a : vigorous appearance of the whole of a large force of some sat which had joined the estate some weeks, and the Superintendt informed me that he attributed it to the fact that these coon been for four weeks or more kept in quarantine, resting, SUPP with good food, and medically attended. as well worth the cost of his being looked after and € comes. ‘ : . 99 hee The gain of the coolie « starting fair” when he fre befor rl be A Susstirure FOR WEEDING. pe One of the most j; in: relate ¢ 3 Mportant quesiions if sedan economical conduct of a Sabtce estate is that of the w ioe 287 eylon, the case of weeding is on a different footing to that which existson the large majority of estates in the Federated Malay States. In the former country the cultivation to some extent of the soil by weeding is in itself of value, as the soils are often packed on the surface and prevent the free passage of air _ and water, the pulling of weeds and scraping the surface is tillage _ Which benefits the rubber trees., In the rubber-growing districts _ of Malaya the soils generally are of so porous and friable a character that the partial cultivation which weeding gives, is of ittle Or no value. On undulating or steep lands the disadvantages of constantly disturbing the surface, causing the loss of top soil during heavy rainfall, is very marked, and the difficulty of making efficient drains is increased by the fact that each rainfall means the introduction into the drains of large quantities of silt. j : Ag Ne ee Eee i te i ha { The relatively high cost of weeding has led some planters to abandon weeding, or to weed only partially, either a space round | each tree or a strip down the line. In these cases the growth of __ §fass and other weeds is checked by regular cutting. That the presence of grass and other weeds retards to some Peps growth of young rubber can be demonstrated, *8 t that on many estates where this treatment has been Pang the trees are growing vigorously and yielding well, leads . at consider the damage done by weeds as not sufficiently | erkag Justify the cost of their extermination. : ; : | ey Position in the Federated Malay States is that the ar : como, Weeding in rubber estates is to prevent the harmiu Isms ‘mutual service to each other. These bacteria, whic Rodules on the roots, absorb free nitrogen from the air, and 288 washed away. The best plant for this purpose is one which is sufficiently vigorous under all conditions to spread and hold its own again other weeds when once introduced. A plant which needs careful attention in order to make it cover the ground is unsuitable and might be as costly to maintain as weeding. greater degree than any other the required conditions. I have examined a large number of plants on different soils, in the ope? and under partial shade, and have found in nearly all cases that eaten by animals or insects, and therefore it cannot ‘ee n - t is a native of Brazil, and like Lantana, Tithonta, and Hevea braziliensis itself is an interesting instance of an ced, , plant, finding here, in the country to which it has been introdu i conditions as favourable, and probably more so, than those pai native land, and consequently growing and spreading ™ great energy. f The only point against this plant is the presence — hard thorns which make walking bare-leggedthroughit unpleasne year I have been searching with not much success for § : individual plants which peas fewer or smaller thor : ‘ ; 289 possible an almost thornless plant. If such a plant or plants n be obtained e production of a race of. thornless Mimosa can be accomplished, and I would ask all planters and others interested in this question to be so good as to observe the Mimosa in their vicinity and let me have any plants that show any mmigaad to be less thorny than the average specimen of sensitive ant. The sowing down or planting of cuttings of this plant on areas after clearing them of weeds should, if efficiently done, need no further care. In order to get the largest amount of benefit from the nitryfying organisms on the Mimosa it is necessary each year to cut it down, forming a mulch, and allow it to grow up again. : ; As the mimosa does not thrive in shade when the branches of the trees in a plantation meet and keep out direct sunlight entirely, the sensitive plant will be gradually killed. The amount of nitrogen added each year to the soil by the presence of the roots of the Mimosa is estimated at from 150 to 200 lbs. per acre. _ Any planter laying down all or a portion of his estate with this plant will greatly help by sending to me figures of cost and results. It will be of greatly value if some area of similar rubber Is still weeded as a “control” experiment in order that the - rence can be more readily judged. Since writing the above notes, Mr. C. M. F. Ross, of Sungel Buloh Estate, has brought to my notice the fact that a small eeping plant of the clover tribe, Desmodium triflorum D. ee 's prevalent in his district on railway banks and bare spaces: i. ial weeds it has advantages over the Mimosa pudica, and the oe ment with it in order to test its value com to : interested in the Rubber ibits ae }ctures and discussions much that was of great practical the to them in their work. Iwas deputed to officially represent : y States and Straits Settlements att a “sper Roy nic | Curisty (Uganda), 290 i lon), and - M. KeLtway BamBer (Goverment Chemist, Ceylon), a : ay - H. M. Hype (Machinery Expert), judged pore rm ery, tapping knives and other classes. I also attende nthe Mae and discussions and contributed a lecture on ea in ee Peninsula. A full account of the proceedings have te ae in the official account of the exhibition entitled j : re aa East,” it is therefore not necessary to describe fully bests: points of interest which the show possessed. The hae dee The lessons which the exhibition and conferences — posh ve ol the quality of plantation rubber can be improve 3 fee Habis block form instead of crépe, sheet or biscuit. The oe preferred by buyers on account of its being a Pi Brazilian Para, which they consider the best ru “te gabe. facturing purposes. It has in comparison to me Ps saci biscuit, hardly any surface for the attacks of moulds ae PREPARATION OF RUBBER FOR THE MARKE . 1 ta- Our knowledge of the best methods of Passio: halen tion rubber for the market is still in the plastic a roducing Stage. Biscuits have had their day, and on all estates p i ich the to appreciate their fine qualities. But the goal to phe his rubber planter is making in relation to the ae Ne aaa product, is the preparation of a rubber which the buyer ‘the finest facturer will consider as good as or better than Brazilian Para. ee: lity which The qualities of resilience, elasticity and saute a characterise the Brazilian rubber must be produced in p two plantation rubber by mixing small quantities of th substances in solution. cast ecko : creoso! ._ _ The acetic acid produces quick coagulation, ane ie bacteria 's an efficient antiseptic and prevents the grow of the dry Bas Produce “tackiness” or other putrefaction ite rubber. | | : a é 291 g per cent. of moisture, the price of the dry rubber in the block instead of being 5s. tod. was 6s. 43d. ae bee ac be eed eg ee alaya plantation rubber. The manufacturer can get large esi of equal quality of Brazilian Para. He knows by Perienc i i bI eo being coagulated and asepticised is at once pressed into .? JS a great saving in time, and in the space and plant pegs ubber can be prepared for shipment a few hours SS the latex has been taken from the tree. rubber travels better without the deterioration a The manufacture of wet block rubber, #.¢., rubber which | SS The block «route to which the other forms having large surfaces expo So _ eo or every liable. - con The production of wet block, free from putrefaction, of Of wars ut Size and weight, and containing a uniform peoyeed water, say 10 per cent , seems at present \ thout dou t the thod. While it appears to be a pity to abandon pie N of our crépe and sheet, both of which the buyers AV™ ‘o appreciate, but if the preparation of wet block 1s more 292 economical and expeditious, and at the same time it will com- mand as good or a better price than crépe or sheet, then there can be little reason against making the change. MARKET PRICES. - The market prices of Malayan plantation Para showed a considerable decrease on the previous year, during which prices owing to shortage of stocks, stimulus to rubber manufacture and and other reasons, had reached the maximum of 6s, 10d., while at the same time Brazalian Para had also reached the highest price touched, 5s. gd. The close agreement in the fluctuations in the market prices of the two varieties of rubber, wild and cultivated, is interesting, showing that the demand for rubber as a whole an not for any special quality of rubber is the dominating factor. before the end of the year and at the time of writing being 58. 94- The factors which affect the price of rubber, and which must be considered in trying to foresee the future market price of this n ew and there seems no reason, except the perhaps natural one that on a satisfactory state of things is too . given for prophesying any considerable drop in price. ALIENATION oF LAND FOR PLANTING. The duty of decidin wh : ond class : g ther land is of first or sec C value, which falls to He actor of Agriculture, has occuP < gre i ni . n employ — products is most valuable, and leads me to the co that there are very large areas of land quite as 293 . for rubber cultivation as places already planted; new roads and branch railways will greatly assist in the opening up these new districts. While large areas have been planted in rubber, still larger areas, amounting at the end of 1906 to some 200,000 acres, have been applied for and granted for this cultivation: The State of Perak has gone ahead more rapidly than Selangor in rubber planting, and in Lower Perak an entirely new rubber district, in which rubber is growing with quite as good results as in the more popular rubber-growing districts, has been opened and planted. This district, S’tiawan, is at present very inaccessible but a connecting road has been begun. The fact that the Klang district, where rubber was first planted, has now been all taken up for rubber and no more remains unalienated, has forced would-be rubber planters to go further afield, with the result that in Selangor, Perak and Negri Sembilan fine clearings have been made in new districts. PROTECTIVE Forest BELTS. cupying my attention, and Government will be asked to Continue the policy and reserve more of these belts to cut off Various planting districts from each other. Dr. TREUB, of Java, Who is the greatest living authority on tropical agriculture, 1s much interested in these protective jungle belts, which, he Considers, a sound and wise provision which unfortunately in Java and other agricultural countries it is now too late to lay out as too St a ae ee already passed away from the control of the ate, CAMPHOR. Experiments have been made with the propagation of camphor by means of cuttings. The first trial of some thousands of these was not successful owing to lack of supervision, but More have been struck and it is hoped to be able to produce a “tock of young plants. As the camphor plant does not fruit until it is some 30 OF 4° eo itis See ane to learn how it can be propagated ty ‘Cuttings. “More seed will be obtained from Japan where the on 5 thes ®®s are known, and plants from these seeds when a : a trial will be available for planters who wish to g!ve this plan While not recommending that the cultivation of — Ould be taken up over large areas it must be rememD© * hi h ice of camphor is exceedingly high and the prospects of TS 204 profits are excellent. The growth of the trees at the experiment station is most encouraging and compares very favourably with the same age trees in Ceylon even at higher elevations, which are supposed to be more suitable for camphor cultivation, some 300 trees at the Experiment Plantations, Batu Tiga, growing only a few feet above sea-level, have attained in two years a height of 12. to 14 feet. ERADICATION OF LALANG. ~ Th continued during the year. The use of arsenite of soda was found to be effective if properly applied. € experiments with spraying to the eradicate _ were The want of efficient spraying machines at present prevents the general trial of this cheap method of killing out lalang and other persistent weeds. In addition the prohibitive local cost, 599-800 per cent. more than retail prices in Europe of the arsenic and the soda, make the cost per acre too high to pay. Arrange- ments have now been made to get supplies at reasonable rates from Calcutta. With the cost of the materials not much more than the retail price in England, and an efficient machine which gives a fine spray, the total cost per spray should be under $1.50 per acre; three or four sprays is enough to entirely kill the lalang. No damage is done to the roots of plants growing in the same ground, the spray being only a leaf poison. Some young rubber plants in pots in which the earth was regularly watered with the solution in twice as large a proportion as Is used in spraying lalang were in no way affected by the application. n experiment over some acres is in course of progress, and A ; when finished the result ‘ith f materials, labour, etc., will be published, ea RUBBER CULTIVATION at VaRIOUS ELEVATIONS. The rubber trees at the Experiment Station, Gunong Ansl, are gTowing vigorously. Mr, W. F. RowLA the base of the hill, kindly acted as Hon. Superintendent during SCIENTIFIC AND OTHER VISITORS. 3 eae Le ee. Several scientific and agricultural experts visited the Stas i ne ‘ during 1 nd nformation ‘ availed themselves of the 1 f at the disposal of the department. Professor ENGLER, Director © a systematic botanist, ma h the States col "ting Aroids, made ashort tour throug ee 295 Dr. OLSSEN-SEFFER, the Director of Agriculture, Mexico, investigated our rubber industry and gave interesting information respecting the rapidly growing rubber industry of his country. e Hon. Mr. STAINFORTH SMITH was delegated by the Australian Government to examine the methods in relation to agriculture, mining, etc., of the Federated Malay States and Java, and spent some weeks in the NativeStates. On his returnhe wrote a report dealing with the question of what he had learnt and in relation to the opening up of British New Guiana, has since been appointed Director of Agriculture, Public Works and Mines in New Guiana. Mr. M. KeLway BAMBER, Government Chemist, Ceylon, Mr. CREMER, late Secretary of State for the Colonies to the Netherlands Government. Among those interested chiefly m the rubber industry who visited the Native States were the Earl of CARNARVON, Messrs. T. N. Curistiz, G. A. TALBOT, A. Lamparp, R. Morrison, F. CRosBiE Roves and R. DAvipson. LIBRARY. year, Many necessary scienti obtained, and as one of the chief functions of the Department of Agriculture is the giving of advice on technical matters a working ey is essential, and within the next few years it is intended 0 tor be to The library of the department has been added to during the at: A card catalogue of the books, pamphlets and other sources p.. Duri —- Wricultur id ormation at the disposal of the department has been begun will much expedite the information bureau work. ing the year over 1,000 letters of enquiry relating to al matters were received and attended to, some 250 0 Were from foreign countries. J. B. CARRUTHERS, Director of Agriculture and Government Botanist, F.M.S. 4 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR OF COCONUT PLANTATIONS FOR THE YEAR 1906. he area under coconut cultivation at the end of 1906 in the ee F “adi Malay States may be estimated approximately 105,000 *Pportioned to the four States as follows :— Perak ue ES wee 539395 acres: Selangor .. ne we nop, 1001 we Negri Sembilan ... ee a Pahang .. 3 15,193 » of about five per cent. over the preceding year, 296 Of this acreage rather more than one-half is in bearing, and I value the whole roughly at 20,000,000 dollars. Some idea of the local importance of this industry may be gathered when I mention, taking an average of 40 nuts per tree (a very reliable return when the trees have reached maturity) that if the whole of the yield of the above acreage were converted into copra it would be capable of producing 800,000 pikuls; to say nothing of the large and very valuable stock of fibre that would be available for the manufacture of coir matting, rope, etc. Copra is at present fetching nearly $11 per pikul, and owing 1 its strong statistical position the price is more likely to rise than otherwise. a I now refer to the States in regular order. STATE OF PERAK.—The staff was the same as in the previous year, consisting of five Sub-Inspectors, stationed at Telok Anson (Lower Perak), Kuala Kangsar (Upper Perak), Bagan Serai (Krian, Selinsing and Selama), Batu Gajah (Kinta), and Matang (Matang and Larut), respectively. CuLTIVATION.—The total area under coconuts in the State at the end of 1906 I estimate approximately at 53,395 acte> : district of Lower Perak alone contributing nearly 30,000 acre These figures show an increase of 2,695 acres over the preceding year, made up from the various districts as follows :— Lower Perak ae is 347 acres. Kuala Kangsar (Upper Perak)... 155.» Krian, Selinsing and Selama ... 1,759 » Kinta La < oes yy 333°) Matang and Larut ae bis IIO 55 BEETLE PEsts.—The damage done by these insects : — ! the year throughout the State was ee pees [had dr d eigi ese sugar estates. One thousan pee ae ed of the black beetles were collected and 201 the ™ tles, . a 0 Lower P ERAK.—The Sub-Inspector has continued mes Some useful work. T ctl the na 297 more interest in their holdings; even those who have young trees, not yet in bearing and giving no return, are doing their best to _ keepthemclean. I amdisappointed that the export of copra, 23,514 _ pikuls, was so little in excess of the previous year, and [ can only — acccount for this by supposing that owing to demand for the coconuts themselves there must have been large deliveries for up- _ country consumption, and also perhaps for export to the Straits, _ but as regards this no record seems to have been made. The acreage opened up in coconuts during the year was much _ less than in rg05, but this I attribute to the difficulty of transport, _ communication, and want of drainage, which is more keenly felt as the planting is extending away from the present bridle-paths mn Circular Road from Bagan Datoh to Utan Melingtan, and I am _ assured that as soon as the works in contemplation, and which are how being carried out in the locality with the object of alleviating se troubles, are completed, there will be among the natives a great extension of coconut planting again in these parts. The European plantations at Bagan Datoh are making good progress; _ om Bagan Datoh estate about 1,400 acres are now planted, and -_tStrathmashie 700 acres. € compensation from Government. oberg KaNGsar (UppER PERAK).—The improvement in the , €p of the kampongs referred to in last year’s report has, I am this qi to say, been well maintained, and good progress made in “ag rection, and my Sub-Inspector reports that the crops were of Ig05. the price obtained for the nuts was high, and in many | MS averaged as much as $4 per hundred. Seay AND SELINSING. —Very good progress has been made ae district, while the extension in the cultivation ei mi isfactory, and from all I can learn there is likely to be a “Snsiderable increase in the current year. ne Martane AND Larut.—The general ukeep of the kampongs not. vtisfactory, and although the acreage | lanted uy 4hiuy extensive I learn from my Sub-Inspector that now i. + have introduced for protecting the young t * Tavages of the wild pigs has proved entirely successful, : rees ° 298 the natives who previously lost many young trees from this cause, which has now been overcome, are most anxious to go in heavily for coconuts, so I expect to see some further extension in the cultivation in these districts. KinTa.— With the exception of the Batang Padang district (and this will receive more attention from the Sub-Inspector during the current year) there has been a general improvement in the condition of the native holdings, and as it may be held to be mostly a mining district I consider the further increase in the cultivation satisfactory. My Sub-Inspector reports that a number of owners have putin coconut nurseries to plant up their lands immediately after the padi crop has been harvested, so I look for a further area being planted up in 1907. At Pusing Bahru, in the Sungei Trap mukim, all the trees in the locality were attacked by a small caterpillar, simply in thousands, which denuded the coconut leaves and left them in skeleton form. These attacks had the effect of the trees losing their vitality and dropping the fruit before it reached maturity. In all about 1,000 trees were affected. This happened during the dry weather. Although and the pest gradually disappeared. The trees, which were considerably thrown back, are now recovering, and in six months time will, I think, come again into good bearing. Both r. CARRUTHERS and Mr. Pratr visited the place; the latter in his annval report describes the insect. GENERAL CuLTivaTion.—From the tenor of the foregoing — remarks it will be noted that the natives throughout the State generally are giving more care and attention to their plantations; — and that the interest take in their kampongs is gradually increasing. TI have not been so successful as I should have in In getting owners to plant up the vacant places and eee planting of young trees among the coconuts that are beginning fall off in yield of fruit on account of age, but sufficient pr do has been made to give distinct encouragement, and I hope aie : more year by year in this direction by continual persuasiom ©” — the efforts of my Sub- Inspectors. p FE fi He : = 4 He = : i si i SE i : ie 2 Be the — ©Ontinu 299 STATE OF SELANGOR. STAFF.—In addition to the Sub- Inspectors stationed at Kuala Lumpur and Klang, another Sub-Inspector was appointed early in the year, and stationed at wala Selangor. The State Inspector, H. H, DAvISoN, was retired fromthe service on the 31st July, and the post continued vacant during the remainder of the year. _ Toinstance a case which happened towards the end of the Yeat—130 acres of healthy and well grown coconuts, just coming into bearing and worth fully $275 to $300 per acre—say $36,750 ~Were cut down to make room for some rubber, while the latter ‘Not been planted much over a year. In the face of the fact a other land was available on the estate for rubber planting, belj Was, to my-+mind, a work of wanton destruction, eet ently the company may have in course of time good cause to ee Lumpur, ULu SELANGoR AND ULU Lanonr--7 ie ‘Inspector at Kuala Lumpur supervises these districts, @ native holdings are in fair order. Kuata Lumpur.—The beetles are still very nopengiens —_ 1€ to infest the trees in Pudoh, Ampang and Batu mukim, The cause ll the 300 the earlier part of the year, which continued for a considerable time, and notwithstanding the strictest supervision it was quite impossible to cope with their raids altogether, or prevent a certain amount of harm being done to the trees from their attacks; however, the evil is now gradually disappearing, and the trees under these circumstances, even with the greatest precautions, it is almost impossible to prevent the beetles taking some advantage of the debris left lying about before the stems can be properly destroyed ; and again it may be partially accounted for by the many clearings of jungle and forest land in the vicinity, while there is always the difficulty of getting the natives to extricate the beetles from the trees that have be@H attacked. At Golden © ttle grub” caterpillars, a shout three months’ time, and, except that the trees were thrown back iss a time, the harm done otherwise did not seem to seriously em. Kuaa Lancat.—The plantations in this district are making good progress. Both on Jugra and Klanang Estates the trees are, for their age, giving excellent returns; on Mr. Munro’s estate ine {tees are coming on very well, Mr. Mvwxo is using the Indian Plough for getting rid of the lalang, and has done capital work with it. This method he finds very much cheaper than coolie little trouble in this distri : trees have ; t. Around Jugra itself the trees been slightly attacked by ; suppressed. y cked by them, but t . KUALA SELANGOR AND BernamM.—I am able to report some improvement ‘in these distin as ce the appointment of a Sub- nak aha Many of the Coconut plantations that were so muc neglected by the natives are now being cleaned up regularly, and be tse Fem distric 301 STATE OF NEGRI SEMBILAN.—STAFF.—There was no change inthe staff during the year. ~ CuLtivaATION.—The approximate area under coconut culti- vation at the end of the year I estimate at 17,196 acres, some increase over the preceding year, although, owing to the large - number of fruit and other trees interplanted in the kampongs, there is only an average of about 30 trees to the acre. SEREMBAN AND JELEBU accounts for most of the increased area planted out during the year. The native holdings in the district are‘on the whole well maintained. Kuata PiLan.—The beetles have been well suppressed, but the kampongs throughout the district would still be the better for more care and attention from their owners. _ Tampin.—The upkeep of the coconut plantations shows some improvement, and the beetles that appear from time to time in the mukims of Selemok, Tanjong Kling, Bongit and Chengkan have been effectively dealt with. : Coast Disrrict.—The majority of native holdings are . up at regular intervals, and are receiving more attention om the owners, — been informed that they have been quite frightened away, The Sub-Inspectors re h i 1 xood deal { port that pigs have given a good of trouble in Eeremban, Kuala Pilah and Tampin, but from the Present method that I have lately adopted for dealing with this ae do not anticipate much trouble in the future from this dan The squitrels were neither so numerous nor doing so. much Mage to the trees as was previously the case. STATE OF P : tors—who are ; AHANG.--The two Sub-Inspectors—W Stationed at —report that good has be ch are under their 302 from there proceeded to Kuala Pahang and Kuantan during the months of July and August. I was pleased to find a very marked improvement in several of the mukims, and that in the absence of my Sub-Inspectors many of the Penghulus saw that the kampongs were afterwards well maintained. Something too has been effected in persuading the natives to plant up the vacant — places with young trees. The squirrels as a whole are not nearly so numerous or doing so much harm as they previously did. e The fire evidently started from the Chinese plantation of et just above, and after passing over the whole of this area conte its course over about 15¢ acres of Mr. DuFF’s estate. The og done is very considerable. I should say some thousand — have been destroyed beyond recovery, while several beret have been retarded very much in their growth and will take year, if not more, to come round. At the Acri-HorticutturaL SHOW, held in SingaRy about the middle of August, there were, as at the two Ph ‘the shows, a great many fine exhibits of coconuts, and thoug ain Straits were well represented, the Federated Malay States succeeded in carrying off the highest awards in this section. not so promising or making the strides, which with greater ties from Government, it might do. Considering the eno and the cultivation of c this category. _ Under the circumstances, and recognising the yee importance of a mixed cultivation of products througne”” States, as far as possible, i : deserves to receive further cons 303 It will not, I think, be denied that for a sound, solid and what may fairly be regarded as a safe remunerative investment (though quite out of range of the anticipated large profits from Para rubber) coconuts, as a tropical product, are hard to beat, and for this reason alone their culture might well be fostered. Ihave already alluded to the value of the coconut industry in the States where the soil and climate are so eminently suited, but for the more rapid development of the cultivation, it is, I consider, really necessary that Government should do all they can to encourage Europeans to interest themselves in it and so attract influence and home capital for the purpose. The most favourable sites for coconuts undoubtedly are in Pfoximity to the Coasts all along Perak and Selangor, and I feel ee ete Se Nee ee ee 8 ona oO oO a’) al cr i) i] a8 = ot = 6 fo) 9 io” 2) < i) ie) = id rt) Cy 0 fo} oO “ae n = o Q oe ia) Under these more favourable conditions I feel confident that ‘much increased area must come under coconut cultivation, Year by year, than would otherwise be the case, and that with a q aid extensive acreage perhaps before long some other important a erests of the industry, as exemplified in Ceylon, may be itroduced into the States. L.. C. BROWN, Inspector of Coconut Plantations, F.M.S. REPORT OF GOVERNMENT ENTOMOLOGIST FOR THE YEAR 1906. nade On agricultural work. The results, such as could be Pe two short trips, are given below: 46) sear 304 KuanGc Papi PEstT. | On 12th and 13th December, in company with Mr. GLOVER, Assistant District Officer, I visited Kuang to investigate a padi pest which had been reported to this department as having ruined the padi, and I have the honour to report as follows :— A cultivated area of approximately 50 acres, situated about : one mile from Kuang Station, has been almost completely destroyed by apparently the larva ofseveralinsects. The serious damages, however, caused by the larva of “Nonagria (Sesamia) inferens. WIlk.” of the family Noctuidz, the others, though numerous 1n species, were causing but little harm. In parts the virulence of the disease is much more marked than in others; local areas badly affected resembling a field of cut hay. During December, the adult insects were almost ready to emerge, numerous adult larve being obtained. The eggs were not found, but it is probable that at any rate these are laid chiefly on the young padi, and during August or September. The young larve: bore’through the leaves covering the stem, and usually make their way into the hollow portion of the latter. It is here they commence their destructive work, usually working downwards an eating away the part surrounding the hollow portion of the stem. When the larva reaches to within about 4 inches of the ground the stem falls over and withers, and the great numbers so affected give the field the appearance mentioned above. In about 20 per cent. of the specimens gathered, pupation had taken place below the water, and these were always found in a putrefying condition. This no doubt is due to the percolation of the water through the epidermis of the stem, which had for 4 short time (perhaps while pupation was taking place) proved | sufficient protection from the water, but which subsequently re rotted. In the rest, pupation was above water and as many 45 — ten pupe were gathered in a single stem. __ Iwas unable to find any adult specimens of the pest, probably . It was too early in this month to obtainthem. They are, howevel, with difficulty disturbed, being essentially night fliers. A species of bug (Leptocorisa acuta Thunb) was observed If the field in great numbers, and on inquiring from the Ranieri 2 was informed that the ripening padi is sometimes injured by insect. * _ It attacks the plant by inserting its proboscis into the yous fruit and sucking out the ‘ice, = On Sientiodiag this to the peice a of Agriculture, and showing him the insect in question, recollected that in Ceylon a sort of tray, with a long har e used to collect this same insect, by sweeping over the | this tray early in the morning. This implement is being and next year the natives will be encouraged to use BT ISS ae eR ere bakes yes fee 395 seems highly probable that there is a root disease amongst the padi, and it is of importance that this be investigated during 1907. The time of year I visited Kuang, and the cursory examination I was able to give the disease renders it impossible to state with certainty whether such is the case. I am of opinion that, when more attention has been given to the irrigation of the padi, the disease will greatly decrease. __ Sharply defined areas that are badly attacked are coincident with patches that are below the true level of the field, and in these depressions the water remains behind, becoming stagnant when other portion of the field is dry. REMEDIAL AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES. With regard to remedial measures two things are important First, all padi in any way affected should be burnt. There ate many small areas at Kuang in which every plant is dead, and mall these there are numerous larvee and pupz; these should be destroyed The plants could be collected and burnt (care being taken to take up the roots of at any rate drier plants), or a preferable plan would.be to gather in what fruit is left and the whole area burnt. Secondly, depressed areas should be thoroughly dug up, the sound burnt over, lime mixed with it, and then levelled as far as Possible, Stagnant water should not be allowed to remain on € nleld. the field As before mentioned the eggs are presumably laid in August September. This being deeabe I woud suggest that all on at any tate in the infected district, be planted towards ae ool of April in order to avoid the larval stage of this pest. ith observation for some months is necessary before I can state i t “ertainty that this last suggestion will be effective as T am'not ye aware how many broods a year this insect has. ANG regret that this matter was not reported to this department Tee ' reason for this delay apy ae oe the first time. The probable hag sie? 0 ; te hole Feld District Ss Oren” field had better be burnt. I would urge the I = i . Glee observation and pe of et ie high sar 306 DESCRIPTION OF LARVA AND PUPA. NONAGRIA (SOSAMIA) INFERENS WLK.—The larva on its under surface is of a whitish-yellow colour, and the upper has a somewhat pink reflection in most specimens. The head is brown (sometimes darker), sub-quadrate in shape, and has a medium dorsal impression forming a Y. The anterior and posterior portions of the body bear some stiff outstanding bristles. Segments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 each bear a pair of elongate spiracles placed vertically and black in colour. There are three thoracic legs, and four abdominal prolegs. - The latter are borne on segments 6, 7, 8 and g, the anal segment bears the anal prolegs. The length of the larve vary from } to § of an inch. There is little to be said of the pupa. It is usually of a whitish- yellow colour (darker towards the anterior portion) when it first changes to this stage. Later it becomes darker. It is 0 cylindrical form, and the posterior part being obtusely pointed. t varies in size to about the same proportion as the larva. . About Io per cent. of the pup gathered were parasitised. One of the parasites is a small Chalcid and the other one of the Ichneumonide. A DEFOLIATION oF CocoNUT TREES. _ On 11th October, with the Inspector of Coconut Plantations, I visited Pusing Bharu, Batu Gajah district, with the object 0 examining the coconut trees which had been defoliated by lepidopterous larvze during March and April of this year. The eggs, larvee, pupz and moths, which had in two months 3 been present in great profusion, were, when I visited ene . plantations, very scarce, and the few notes which I could collec are here given. The coconut leaves were mined in a longitudinal manner, and a O them, but as I was unable to give careful attention to them they died. I therefore cannot say what the adult insect is, but of probably one of the Iortricide. According to the owner ® the plantations this same disease appeared some seven years” 307 and not since then until now, and as far as I can see there is little probability of it occurring again next year, even though numbers of these moths must have hatched and laid eggs. A sharp look-out should, however, be kept for its first appearance, and information forwarded to the Department of Agriculture directly it is noticed. If, as the owner stated, the virulence of the disease was as. seven years as during the present year, it seems likely that there are other food plants on which the larvee feed. This, of course, entails careful observation for some time, but should such prove to be the case, the preservation or cultivation of the food plant or plants would assist in preventing this insect’s attacks, these plants being used as traps. Rae a ie aC Wa cae li Se Te opal aan a is oe . The more probable reason, however, for the appearance of this insect at considerable intervals is that a disproportion may atise between the insect and its parasites. During one year the eggs of the insect may have been Parasitised to a large extent, and consequently a far greater number of parasites will appear than the true insect itself. The parasite, 8 It gradually gains the upper hand, will decrease in number on _ count of the greater rarity of food. Hence in the course of _ time the latter is reduced to a small number, and the pest again | asthe opportunity to increase in individuals, and will do so until , 3 destroyers again gain the upper hand. I think it is not unlikely {Jat 60 to 70 per cent. of the eggs from a large brood are parasitised. __ At present the long intervals between the attacks of this larva Tenders the harm done of no great importance, unless the fruit Is uently injured by the defoliation of the trees. Ce SEM ea, NES aa tee ene Nhe te ee Es Me od Bee eee © DESCRIPTION OF LARVA. : The larva is a small creature, the length of the specimen I _ being 8 mm., i.e., } in., and is ei nearly adult. It ti S of 13 segments, the three thoracic each bearing a pair of ober arte 6th, 7th, 8th and gth abdominal segments each bear a _ *~ % prolegs and the last the anal prolegs. | dope and first two thoracic segments ochraceous; mandibles but "head 2nd thoracic segment has a few dark stripes on it,. Y Vary in size in different individuals. : hey ©men below luteous, lateral margin of the same of a light he fag Low Dorsa d 308 sides of body, thorax, and head are single long hairs. Each segment, except the first thoracic and the anal, bear on either side four clusters of bristles. The spots on the sides of the 11th and 4th segments are sometimes more like stripes. 1. S. PRALS, Government Entomologist, F.M.S. REPORT OF GOVERNMENT CHEMIST FOR THE YEAR 1906. I arrived in Kuala Lumpur and assumed the duties of my appointment on the 18th June. Some time was occupied in the equipment of the present chemical laboratory in order to carry on investigations for the especially in connection with the rubber industry, which will et of necessity to be conducted in the vicinity of the experimen sion. efficacy of this valuable insecticide for more pests, including se : destructive white ant, for which it is principally required here, ha 3 w must be taken on account of its great volatility inflammability. ‘rector of _ The problem had already been commenced by the Dien Agriculture before my arial with an apparatus devised byt in a ction with Mr. Ke-way BAMBER, Government Ch eylon. ni inC on Carbon bisulphide is a compound of carbon ae atures analogous to carbon dioxide, but liquid at ordinary tempera’ and its preparation consists essentially in passing — aad in the over red hot carbon (usually in the form of wood torts, . absence of air or oxygen in long iron or earthenware reto® condensing the gas which is evolved. . B a i Re a : E “ 399 An exhaustive series of experiments have been carried out at different times, and under varying conditions, with the apparatus, using different fuels in the furnace, e.g., coal, coke, and charcoal, or mixtures of these. The chief difficulty, which it is hoped may eventually be surmounted, is the regulation of the requisite temperature in the tetorts. A sufficiently high temperature must first be obtained to start the reaction, and secondly this temperature must not be greatly exceeded otherwise the carbon bisulphide will be again broken down. Till the present time, both in the original apparatus and in modified forms of this apparatus, the necessary conditions have not been obtained. Experiments are still being carried on, and recently an earthenware retort has been tried, as the corrosive action of the sulphur on the iron retort at the elevated temperature used, was ound to disintegrate the latter completely in a very short time. In the event of this small field retort and furnace being isuccessful, either a large plant will have to be erected for the Production of this insecticide, on the same principle as those at Present in ue, or the liquid will have to be imported for : og p gricultura purposes; the latter method has many disadvantages ri there is no reason why the compound should not be success- Y manufactured here if necessary precautions are taken. EFFECTs oF ARSENICAL AND SULPHUR FUMES FROM TIN RoasTING FURNACES ON VEGETATION. The effects of arsenious acid on the root or stems of * a na solution of the acid is said to be similar to that o re ersed j ; : BS t water, the foliage turns a brown colour and rapidly withers. ts grown in earth containing arsenic are said to only take up rig quantities, and the toxic effect is negligible. The pene ct of arsenical fumes from factories on vegetation 1S that o defoliation. In order to demonstrate definitely the effects of the noxious fren chiefly arsenious acid and sulphur — si be mee the tin roasting furnaces in these States, a smal mace Di (about staear of the original size) has been erected Mea r of Agriculture in the grounds of the Institute for long poles, has been added for experimen ee g on for 310 and the fumes evolved will pass through the long atap shed mentioned above, in which a number of young plants of Para rubber (Hevea braziliensis), Rambong (Ficus elastica) and Inga saman (Pithecolobium saman), grown in pots, are placed at intervals. The ore will be completely calcined and the effect on the plants studied pathologically and otherwise. If possible, the furnace gases will be analysed to ascertain the percentage of arsenious acid and sulphur dioxide. To demonstrate the correctness or otherwise of. this view attempts are being m o condense the arsenic in the experimental model furnace and allow only the sulphur dioxide to _ The furnace and accessories for carrying out this investi- gation are now complete and the results will be embodied in the report for 1907. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS. Owing to the non-equipment of the laboratory 1 a Institute for Medical Research for agricultural chemic investigations and the lack of apparatus till quite recently, er experiments such as soil or rubber analyses or investigations the agricultural produce of this country have so been undertaken. ANTI-Opium DRuG. an SUE ere TaN: cere Pause t 6d 3 samples of the States for =] JQ ct Say @ oO <- Sc a S » o: Mes e 5%, bs © Nn 2) Lane | ot mg ca?) Qu is?) @) 2) OQ ag ie} 5 a g a ey B sundaicum, a member of the natural order Combretacee, hich are amily belongs the genus Terminalia, some species of which, used for their tanning properties. The drug, which is essen! ae an extract of the leaves and twigs of the plant, first roast Shallow iron pans over charcoal fires, and then — Pa TR Te toe iene Se ES ie Te ae Pe 311 received have contained residues varying from o'r to 0’6 per cent. This variation would be expected, when the empirical manner in which the drug is prepared, and the variation in the age of the leaves and the amount of extractive matter taken from them in the process of boilimg, is taken into consideration. Hyprocyanic ACID IN PLANTS. Some preliminary experiments have been carried out to ascertain whether the cyanogenetic glucoside known to be present in the seeds of the Para rubber plant (Hevea braziliensis) was also Present in the leaves and other parts of the plant. “aa specimen yielding 0°08 per cent. of prussic acid. The plants m which the leaves were obtained were planted in 1905- f It is proposed to continue the experiments with young plants inet ages, to ascertain the variation in the amount 0 Oside at different stages in the plant’s growth. These glucosides have now been insolated from a number of Plants, and their presence indicated by the production of gene oes hydrolysis from many other plants from which the a ‘An excellent résumé of the subject is given in the “ Bull., tial Institute,” Vol. IV, No. 4, 1906, which ear the uable Investigations of Dunstan and Henry and of Treu Se | B. J. EATON, i. Government Chemist, FMS. 312 GOW, WILSON & STANTON, LIMITED— India Rubber Market Report. 13, Roop Lane, Lonpon, E.C., August 9th, 1907. At to-day’s auction, about 843 packages a Meche: Malaya Plantation grown rubber were under offer, o ) about 427 were sold. The auction having been postponed until after rig re offerings were rather larger than usual, the epee pe mig ing to 45 tons, Ceylon contributing over 10, an y' 35 tons. | ntl There were a few parcels of finer crepe nee re: beige ped been offered at auction, and 5/8 was paid for one lo pale colour. ; wing Most of the unwashed scrap found buyers at prices sho little change on last rates. TO-DAY’S QUOTATIONS. SHEET, ETC. ee eee tere OO os UO seer ars Fine Amber Sheet Dull Sheet Ceara Biscuits ee Fine Palish Biscuits we Fine Biscuits oe Fine Pale Palish to darkish Dark Ke Darkish and Dark Block Rambong Block iad Fine Be Fair to medium 313 UNWASHED SCRAP. : PLANTATION AVERAGE, 4/1 to 4/3 3/9 to 3/103 AND COMPARATIVE PRICES. AVERAGE PRICE OF CEYLON AND MALAYA PLANTATION RUBBER. a ise o aos oe : ey 427 pkgs. 4/104 Sa a ee re ee a Se noiting sale int year | 161 pkgs. 5/6 . oe PLANTATION. Harp ee. | - Fine PARA. : Fine. Bore : 5/3 to 5/10 yo to 4 4/92 : 5/8 to 5/93 4/- to 4/8 5/2 Particulars and prices as follows :— ‘ CEYLON. . Marx. Pxes DESCRIPTION. : PRICE. : Arapollakande 12. Fine biscuits = bought oe 4 I od ae i bought in -—Glencors ‘| ee ee poe © ae Culloden : 4 Mtr. and rejections = ue otk Heatherley I arker . si 13 Pressed crepe «» 4/5%- 2. Black. G wed - o- 4 : ro ee : i be ‘ 5 Scrap and rejections -* en - Hat 2 . Dark. ss -- ee ‘angalla 2 Good biscuits - Sieg 1 Pressed crepe am “ee 3 Brown pressed crepe ep aa te 2 Dark block -. bought in is .. bought in bought in I Dark gece crepe * 4 Lump scrap cee bought in 2 Good biscuits - sist ; t Good scrap << o. 2 Marx. Sorana Waharaka Gonakelle Rangbodde Tallagalla Taldua Palli Densworth o, KM Poonagalla Glanrhos Clontarf Veralupi tiya Mipitiakande Tudugalla Kipitiagalla Suduganga ee LSH © Pxcs. NNO NH AHN NH DH HNDD Lal Che nh hb K adem e ee NE a Klang FM K P Co. Ld. Highlands Ww WORD quywno al Leal Lal aOnOS & oa Oo boa ° 314 DESCRIPTION. ‘Good biscuits Scra Very 8 eee Good s er Very fine a Ceara biscuits Fine Scr. Good bise Good ant ‘medium scrap Earthy sc rap Ceara biscuits Good biscuits Good and medium scrap Good block Very fine pale bisc Rough biscuits ply we Cea Gocdbie ike Cre Wet block Rough sheet MALAYA. Fine sheet Dark block Good to fine sheet Fine Sctaptane and rejections Crepe Good crepe Palish block Dark bl Darkish block Dark smoked block Dark block Pe a bigs Good sh Fine palish to crepe bong block Darkish to dark block Rejections ee ele > 8s ge ee ee ee ge Cae ng Ge Cenk . Pere ze an 4[t. bought in. 315 Mark Pxes DESCRIPTION. PRICE. 4 bess: and medium crepe ++ 3/6 to 4/10}. EB I er oe K K 2 Fim ine m8 . WY I Wound fall scrap is 9 1 Rejections Lat SEB. BM &Co 12 Sheet .. bought in. 6 Dark heated crepe -. bought in. LCK 2 Fine sheet .. bought iu. 1 Rejections «- 3/Io$. fi 3h \ of 4 Sheet -- 5/34- 1 Earthy scrap «+ 3/108. <> 7 Good to fine sheet oo S/34- 2 Rejections .. bought in SP 2 Dark scrap bo s 1 ejections .. boughtin 1 Scrap bought in I ap - bought in 2 Biscuits -. bought in 1 eet bought in 2 Rambong .- bought in Damansara 5 Darkish block .- 4/6. 1 Dark is -. 4f-- aN 10 Rambong : .. bought in. CMR G ood 3 ‘ E Ltd medi .. pt. sold 4/8. Shelford ee ee aT Eeaght te ~INgg1 39 Your ig crepe .* a 45/8. 9 ; 53 8 Dark pressed crepe -- bought in Bila 1 Palish blocked crepe yar eres 32 Good to very fine sheet s+ pt. sold Ae 4 Good to fine scrap . po Bed ss C4 Ine scrap ip ‘bou ght in 6 Rejections “ a 5 Dark serap sas Biel, BEE Tebong 23 Very fine pale pressed crepe a dei a to Fine pressed crepe boug 4 a. tt : “ bought in. bought * "7 Lendl ww Su bow wrn® ww 316 Mark PxGs. DEscRIPTION. PRICE. Batu Tiga 4 Good biscuits -- 5/34 to 5/4. 3 repe -- bought in. 1 Dark rolled crepe -- bought in. Petaling 15 Crepe bought in. 1 Rejections -. bought in. AMRC 6 Good and medium crepe -+ pt. sold, 4/10}. F (S) R Co. Ld. 10 Good sheet .. bought in. BRR Co, Ld Io - Fine block - bought in. 12. Darker Zz bought in. Sheet pt. sold, 5/34 te 5/33. 1g Good dark block .. bought in. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, LIMITED— India Rubber Market Report. 13, Roop Lang, Lonpon, E.C. August 23rd, 1907. At to-day’s auction, about 683 packages of Ceylon and Malaya Plantation grown rubber were under offer, of which, about 219 were sold. The total weight amounted to about 36% tons. (Ceylon nearly 7 tons, and Malaya and Sumatra over 294 tons.) These offerings met a somewhat irregular demand, and . rather large proportion was withdrawn for want of competition. The highest price of the auction was obtained for some fine Lanadron Block, part of which sold at 5/6 per Ib. Fine pale Ceara Biscuits were again enquired for, am ‘competition was less animated, and 5/5 was the highest pr realised for these kinds against 5/10 at the last sale. 'n sympathy with other grades, unwashed scrap was als? somewhat easier. : __TODAY'S QUOTATIONS. _ oe SHEET, ETC. eee Fine Sheet a : ~ 5/2 to 5/38 Dull Sheet : is sh . Ceara Biscuits a = ee 5/- to. 5/5 Fine Biscuits _ BG ‘ne 5/1% to 5/38 Ae 1 CREPE. Fine Pale ag to darkish oh Block Fine aoe Fair to medium Unesith éegape 5/4 to 5/54 4/- to 4/03 3/94 to 3/11 PLANTATION AVERAGE, “AND COMPARATIVE “PRICES. DR feace Paice OF fives AND MALAYA PLANTATION RUBBER. 219 pkgs. 5/08 To-day a a Corresponding sale last year va | 189 pkgs. 5/3% PLANTATION. Hie ay FINE Para. Fine. Scrap. 5/1 to 5/6 3/9} to 4/0} 4/83 5/9 to 5/x08 3/- to 4/6 5/2 A Particulars and prices as follows :— ’ CEYLON. pane Pcs. DEscRIPTION. Paice. Eisai I Black crepe .. bought in 2 be per os ee M cr *- i filivanakande n tee gt : oats : bea sas 5 aus pressed sheet . ioe a ga : ace Ba .. bought in. I Dark pressed scrap - i i crepe i : Paced icone oil si a 2 6 rkish pre : o- ae 12‘ Fine biscuits He 3 24 “A 318 iguana 3 : % a Fine bise Fine ore ¢ oe to fine cain Dark scrap Good to fine biscuits 5 if Waharaka Densworth Taldua Palli Riverside Estate Gammadua Dangan Kumbukkan Kahawattee Duckwari rood to fine biscuits fery fine pale biscuits crap ery fine pale biscuits Tudugalla ery fine ovsacer crepe Jarker ‘ine palish Polatagama 700d biscuits cra Weoya nbn, CE Ku ine biscuits pt. sold PWHNYNAHD HH HERD H HMO OHH WW MALAYA AND SUMATRA, Mark. PxGs. DESCRIPTION. Linggi 2 Very fine pale cr : s Good to + yl epe 5 ine Salaen soa ish crepe 12 Palish motion and pressed crepe a pt. sold Bila Good to fine sheet pt. sold ou ine pale and palish scrap Rejections. = Ornw , Hig ia WHNW OAD NOW ND HH NAW ON WW §8 ae ee 319 Pxcs. DEEcRIPTION. PRICE. Palish -- bought in ediu - bought in 4 Dark pa tin 2 Black 1 Noughé in. 12 Fine palish c .. bought in. 8 Darkish and Sows pressed crepe -- bought in. Etc. 6 Sheet .. bought in. : II Scrappy sheet -. bought in. I Dark block -. bought in : 7 sheet pt. sold - ee 3 Gocd p x I Good rejections - 3/10 I Earthy scra 1/4 - Matang 7 Fine sheet bought in 2 Scrappy s - boug 3 Scrappy sheet, etc .. bought in 3 Good scra V RCo.,, Ld. Klang I Fine pale crepe +. 5/54 FMS 3 Darkish bought in. 6 Fine block ' . bought in. ? Palish opaque block - bought in. 20 Darkish and dark block - boughtin. , 15 crepe . bought in. I Medium .. bought in. 5 hae darkish block .. bought in. - SR 9 Dar -. bought in. > R Co. 12 Fine mete .. 5/2}to 5/23 I Fine er! mottled crepe -- 4/112 = 21 Good to medium pt. sold +» 4/63 14 Fine sheet

6 Uncured rejections, etc. pt. sold .. 3/9}to4/- M 6 Sheet ae - -BRRCo., Ld. Io —— Dark block ; ms F (S) R Co., Ld 4 Sheet ; .. bought in. te 8 Fine sheet mae 3 Fine scrap = eee in 4 k and pressed crepe bought in 11 Dark block crepe [83 BM &Co. Rejections bought in Jebong | 8 Fine rolled crepe i 321 “YVdad ‘U02SANS 2401S LHDINM © L6°€ | go Sx 62 Orr | Sgz : LL o6' | 26'S | + of Gof | Le-b1 oe GL €g we Se Crib 6S'91 ace lg oc'£ | Eg'g = 0g ofr | orZ = ZL eg'l | goer : 64 89° | g&*1 . 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' ELE] ge] | LBL gE eS ER] | sma 2. | es 2 o S18 8. | — i ot H o) 5 8 Au 5 | : 7} fp g 5 | | | E- mie oO | da fe, | "JoyoUIOIBAFT | ‘ainjerodura J, | 2061 ‘aunf fo yquom ay3 sof ag045 243 fo s42tagstq] snotava ay; ut sSurpooy pwrsrdopoaoaqa py fo 7204189 ¥ ‘sUuBye ae te 4 2s ea , eet OCTOBER, 1907. [VoL VI. AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN OF THE STRAITS AND FEDERATED MALAY STATES. ; EDITED BY ' : aes Ge F.S.4 8, Director of Botanic Gardens, S. S. | AND Be bk: CARRUTHERS, F.R.S.E., F.L/S., ‘Dire tor eg Agriculture & Government Botanist, F. M. a CONTENTS. rbarium (with photograph ) s of Rubbe Notes—Fixation of eseasinert = oe Crops oe ot for lepiasee The Fourth Jc at the ee Show—By J B. Cannuraers: : a ize Winners, Rubber Exhibits Pek es ded at the Fourth hail Exhibition on : Danae Agricultural Show 190 Rubber farket Report—Gow, Wilson & Stanton, be ie id Rubber Shares * ‘ ee . ee Rubber from Para and Radice | in I ake ee LL, NOTICE. _ The Standing Committee for Agricultural Shows have, with concurrence of His Excellency the Governor and High missioner, selected Kuala Lumpur as the venue for next $s Show. It will probably take place about August. OCTOBER, 1907. [VoL. VI. AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN OF THE STRAITS AND FEDERATED MALAY STATES. EDITED BY HM, RIDLEY, M.A,, F.R.S., F..S., F.R.H.S., F.S.A., F.R.CL, Director of Botanic Gardens, S. S. : AND » B.. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S. E., ¥.L.35,, Director of ee tere & Government Botanist, F. M.S. CON ITED N ITS. Page. Herbarium (with photograph ) ay one geo Exports of Rubber from Para and Mikgos in 1006 ae ae 330 Science Notes—Fixation of Nitrogen by Leguminous Crops ... a O54 The Outlook for Camphor The Fourth oint Annual Agri- Hosticultural Show: of Siraits Settlements and Federated Malay States apes wp ep Rubber at the Agri-Horticultural Shai-By J, Be. Canntrnm ERS I List of Prize Winners, Rubber Exhibits ee +++ 340 — awarded at the Fourth Annual Exhibition ... ae s+ 345 ; lance Sheet—A gricultural Show 1907 --- 358 ndia Rubber Market Report—Gow, Wilson & Stanton, ike ve 358 Tea, Coffee we gg Shares * w+ 304 Weather Re “ 367 al Subscription for 7 is @ tlomente and Federated Malay tates—Three Dollars, Annual Subscription a other places in Malaya—$3.50. Annual Subscription for India and —_ —Rs, 6-8-0 Six Eighé Annas.) _ Banal Subscription for Daren Nie Shillings. bers (Old and New Series) Whole volume—Five rs. Single Copy (Old and New Series)—Fifty Cents. 3 All Subscriptions are payable strictly in advance. be Ee cased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, S.5S., Or from Messrs. KELLY & WALSH, Limited, "Rae Place and 194, Orchard Road, Singapore. eos CovesnaenT oui OFFICE. © NOTICE. THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DEPARTMENTS OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE. His Excellency the Governor has received a despatch from the Right Hon’ble the Secretary of State for the Colonies calling attention to the advantages offered by the Imperial Institute to Merchants, Planters and others, who may. wish to have samples ‘submitted to scientific experts for opinion as to their commercial value, etc. The following extracts from a Memorandum published bythe Authorities of the Imperial Institute will give an idea of the Work undertaken and carried on there. ae an extensive and well-equipped series of Research tories, a numerous staff of skilled chemists carry out the - agen tanning materials, seeds and food-stufts, oils, gums and ae im fibres, timbers, medicinal plants and products, with a view | si i are also obtained from technical or trade experts in regar . on The Federated Malay States Government has undertaken oh ig asum of £100 a year for 5 years to the Department with — : at to the careful investigation and commercial development of | ae resources of the States. | ex 7OVernment Geologist is collecting specimens for chemical ‘ venination and after cate the ‘aig Institute which ts in ‘ indgcomPlete touch with the principal manufacturing and other | ue Manuface of the United Kingdom, will bring the specimens mente “eveloomerc:® and others for trial with a view to thet commercia: = ay : / is expected that this action will do much to help in finding il Planters and residents in the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States are at liberty to send (through the Colonial Secretary at Singapore) specimens of little known or new vegetable or mineral products of the Straits Settlements or Federated Malay States for examination at the Imperial Institute by whom a report will made, through the Colonial Secretary. Specimens should, if pos- sible, consist of a few pounds of the material and should be accom- panied by full information especially respecting the precise locality in which the material is found and the extent of its occurrence. Attention may also be drawn to the “Bulletin of the Imperial Institute” published quarterly, which contains records of the inves- tigations conducted at the Imperial Institute, and special articles on tropical agriculture and the commercial and industrial uses of vege- table and mineral products. Copies of this publication, price 4s. 6d. r annum (including postage), may be ordered through Messrs. ELLY & WALSH, LTD., of Singapore. ~§ sample rooms have been arranged at the Imperial Institute, for the information of enquirers, in which materials which have been investigated and valued are available for reference. Important products are also shown in the Malaya Court in the Public Galleries of the Imperial Institute. Communications should be addressed to the Director, Imperial Institute, South Kensington, London, S. W. A ee 4 * * = AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN STRAITS FEDERATED MALAY STATES. NO. t0.] OCTOBER, 1907. [VoL. VI. =—=— THE HERBARIUM. This month we give a photograph of the Herbarium and Museum building put up in the Gardens in 1903 at a cost of $5,926.00. _ The little building measures 100 feet by 28 feet, and is divided to two portions, the larger of which contains the herbarium, the : smaller a collection of specimens of fibres, rubbers, dammars, _ ‘fatfans and other useful local products. The collection of wood ‘Pecimens is also housed in this building. The pillars of the verandah on Ornamental work around it is made of branches and stems - tough barked Tembusu tree Fagrea fragrans. Nb importance of forming a collection of local vegetable Estable for reference and study is recognized by all Botanic : nets and resins, rubbers, fruits, drugs, etc., which was kept for — 4 arium was started by Mr. MurTON, the first head of the . ftom s, but Mr. COLLINS had deueiht a number of dried = Deed England, mostly from WARD'S collections and — oe td Wig 0™ India and the peninsula collected by WALLICH — : PRT ag well as many European, Australian an' American Many of these were in poor condition and had been 330 somewhat neglected, but have proved useful. MURTON made collections of local plants, some of which he sent to Kew but what became ot the bulk of his collection said to be a large one is not known. There were very few of his specimens to be found in the Herbarium in 1888. Mr. CANTLEY who succeeded him in 1880, commenced to form the first collection of native plants adding also specimens of those cultivated in the Gardens. amateur who collected chiefly in Singapore and Malacca. His collections were obtained by Kew. NATHANIEL WALLICH, the well-known Indian Botanist resided in Singapore at its foundation for a couple of years on his return from his Nepal trip, to recover his health, and collected plants in Singapore and Penang, and a received plants from the latter island from GEORGE PORTER, 4 Schoolmaster who was given charge of the Penang Botanic Gardens then at Ayer Hitam. . From these collections all in the Colony, all that was then known of the Botany of the Malay Peninsula “e derived. Nothing was known of the piants of the Malay States, and little or nothing was known of the plants which produced the rattans, dammars, rubbers, drugs or timbers of the peninsula. The first Botanists in the Malay Peninsula were Father R SCORTECHINI and KUNSTLER. jest who 19 his travels made an extensive collection of Perak plants. KUNST chie employed by the Botanic Gardens of Calcutta to cole efly in the Taiping Hills and L. WRAY too made ex expec * In Perak and collected largely. These three collections werk: Ope nS en pei re ge ia As = Berotiphn fe Meee Meee Mem eee ey ie ers 331 distributed by the authorities of the Calcutta Botanic Gardens ada set was supplied to the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. was proposed to publish a Flora of Perak based on these llections, but it was considered advisable to add as much as was to the mountain districts leaving unknown the flora of the lowlands, N contained so many of the important timber trees of which hing was known. Mr. C. Curtis who arrived at Penang in 1884 and took charge Gardens there, was an excellent Botanist and devoted much allention to the trees of Penang and added not a little to our inowledge of these, especially of the very important and little Nn group of Dipterocarpex. A set of his plants is preserved the Botanic Gardens Herbarium in Singapore, and the study in Penang LIN’S ¢ Te the flora of all parts of the peninsula which were accessible. of guards were instructed to bring in what they found in Gardens. No attempt was made to make a general 1) alayan and Siamese plants were chiefly required, and ae obtained wherever’ se able. The collection of Malay Plants is probably the best in the world, and contains f types and cot pes. Sarawak is also very well ‘cates of plants collected by Mr. BARTLETT, formerly ie Museum there. A number of plants obtained by em pac ‘ak on the occasions of two visits, and < Bornean ferns collected by the Right: 332 Sumatra and Java are less well represented as are others of the Dutch Islands. Of Christmas Island as represented by two collections made by myself on two occasions is tolerably complete. Cellular cryptogams are less easy to preserve though mosses keep well, in this climate. Fungi seem almost impossible to keep owing to the dampness of the climate. Marine algz are scanty in these seas, but such as have been procurable are preserve with a number of exotic species obtained in exchange. MALAY PENINSULA: — Singapore—Wallich (a few), Hullett, Ridley, Cantley. Johore—Luke and Kelsall, Ridley. Pahang—Ridley. Malacca—Derry, Ridley, Cantley. Negri Sembilan—Cantley. Selangor—Ridley, Curtis, Burn-Murdoch. Perak —Scortechini, Kunstler, Wray, Ridley, Curtis. Penang—Curtis. Kedah—Ridley, Curtis. Tringganu—Roctado. Kelantan—Ridley, Dr, Gimlette. Siam—Dr, Keith, Curtis. INDIA—Wallich, Rosburgh, Hooker, Clarke, Griffith, Mann. CEYLON—Thwaites. CHINA—Hauce. JAPAN—Yusun Kudo. AUSTRALIA—Von Mueller, BorNEO—Haviland, Hewitt, Bartlett, Bishop Hose, Ridley. SUMATRA—Ridley, Curtis. JavA—Buitenzorg Gardens, Hullett. CHRISTMAS ISLAND—Ridley. PHILIPPINES—Merrill, Copeland, Cuming. NORTH AMERICA— EUROPE—Vari«us collectors. - in so wet @ © is certainly It is perhaps unnecessary to dilate on the importance 4 ; of a herbarium. It is quite impossible to do any botamics 333 without specimens of the leaves, flowers and fruits of the various useful plants. Before a herbarium was made here we did no _ know what kind of trees produced the different timbers, native drugs, dammars, resins, or rubbers, nor could we certainly identify _ the plants producing them. The herbarium forms a reference __ series by which not only can any useful plant be identified but we can be certain of having got the plant wanted for any purpose, by _ comparing specimens of it with those named in the herbarium, and _ «an know too where it can be found when required. me Neh Export of Rubber from Para and Manaos in 1906. lhe Gummi Zeitung gives some details about the export of _ Rubber from Para and Manaos in 1906 :-— Grades. To Europe. | LOL, sheds Total. Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. 4,218,833 3,360,331 7:579,164 568,772 810,034 1,378,806 1,462,769 2,481,587 3,944,356 ve 2,177,687 694,827 2,872,514 Total Export for 1506 | 8,428,061 | 7,346,779 15,774;540 ze 1905 8,464,866 | 6,923,931 15,388,797 t the half year, January to June, 1906, shewed an increase of 189,201 Ibs. ove i i . the work of rubber collecting in ellen : | not hav "eseen. While there was still an increase to record in ,sust the production decreased bens! va Agger there was an abatement of 317,600 Ibs. 334 result was due to the fact that in the previous year the upper river- tributaries had in October begun to rise, while in December, 1906, they were still dried up, and navigation at a standstill. The value of the Rubber before shipping, z.., before duty had been paid on it, probably exceeded £9,500,000. W. J. GALLAGHER. SCIENCE NOTES. Fixation of Nitrogen by Leguminous Crops. From an article entitled ‘Recent Progress in the Practice of Green Manuring,’ which appeared in the Bulletin of the Impert Institute, the following particulars, relating to the fixation of nitrogen by leguminous crops, and the advantages of such crops for use in green manuring, have been abstracted :— Green manuring improves soils on which it is carried out, in several ways. Vegetable organic matter is added, which not only provides plant food, but also improves the mechanical texture of heavy soils, by lightening it, and making it more open. urther, the organic acids produced in the decomposition of this vegetable matter act as solvents upon the soil constituents, and so render more material available for plant nutrition. a Crop, nitrogen from the air is fixed, or converted into nitrogenet : compounds, and stored up in the soil, where it is available fort succeeding crop, stances, to extract a certain uantity of nitrogen from the air, and to make use of it in their tissue building. The actual method o on | tion of the nitrogen by these plants, however, was not understood untt 1886, when HELLRIEGEL and WILFARTH furnished an explanation reserve of food to their tissues was supplied by from the soil. Messrs. HELLRIEGEL and occur, nodules or swellings were to be found o further found that le 335 _ tultivated soil was added, the plants recovered, formed nodules on _ the roots, and also became capable of absorbing nitrogen. These _ nodules, upon examination, were found to be full of organisms which, since the sand in which the plants were growing had been sterilized, could only have been derived from the water extract of the cultivated soil that had been added. It was concluded from these observations that the assimilation of free ‘nitrogen by leguminous plants takes place after the formation of root nodules, which are caused by some organism present in cultivated soil. These organisms have been isolated, and further observation has shewn that the different forms associated with different leguminous plants are all modifications of one species, to which the name, Pseudomonas radicicola, Beyerinck, has been assigned. __As regards the actual way in which the bacterial organism enables € plant to assimilate nitrogen from the atmosphere, since it has _been proved that the organism itself, even when isolated from the plant nodule, can in certain forms, take up nitrogen, and store it up In itself as nitrogenous matter, there seems little doubt that it also absorbs nitrogen in this way when in the nodule. ___ The present view of the case, briefly stated, is that, firstly, the _ bacterium enters the root of the plant, where its originally minute miele NO Cg Se MTS MR ak la a lh Pi aha hae her Nae a eee ee ae ee ae a Se ee o > | as = 08 oO =] > ct > ia) . ” o wo Nn 2) om S ° c wn 2a. og ~ er co a ia) << 5 ia) 1) Lena) : 2) a od subsequent ploughing-in are equivalent to the application of an &xpensive nitrogenous manure, such as sodium nitrate or sulphate ammonia, . 330 in the soil, or have lost their activity, as indicated by failure in the growth of leguminous crops and absence cf root nodules. Ho, He The Outlook for Camphor. The following extract from the Pharmaceutical Yournal for June 22 last, refers to the possibility of a substitute being found for camphor in the manufacture of celluloid, and to the production of camphor by synthetic processes :— There have been rumours of a substitute tor camphor in the celluloid industry, ard although there may be little foundation for such rumours, there is no doubt that research in this direction has been encouraged by high prices. Then there is the problem of synthetic camphor ; several processes are being worked in England, in Switzerland, and in the United States, and there is a probability that before long (provided the price of turpentine, on which these prccesses depend, remains reasonably normal) the synthetic product will be offered at a price lower than the present price of the natural article. H.-N. EK. —_— THE 4TH JOINT ANNUAL AGRI-HORTICUL- TURAL SHOW OF STRAITS SETTLEMENTS AND FEDERATED MALAY STATES. The 4th annual Agri-Horticultural Show was held this year at Kuala Kangsar on the gth, roth and rith August. So far as beautiful Surroundings are concerned no finer spot could have been selected, but the want of accommodation for Exhibitors and visitors attending the Show was severely felt, a fact which must be recog- nized in selecting the venues for future Shows. Beautiful weather prevailed for the three days. The form of the buildings was to some extent similar to the Penang Show 7.¢., three sides of a square, with a band stand and Kiosk in the centre. The shed for agricultural implements and the rubber coagulating machine Were In an annexe at right angles to the building containing native industries. The Poultry were housed a little distance from the last- named shed whilst the cattle-sheds were some distance away near the river. As was to be expected Perak shewed up magnificently and may be said to have monopolised the Show, fully four-fifths of the Ee : His Excellency the Governor accompanic™ y Miss. ANDERSON, His Highness the Sultan of Johore_ etc. — amid a brilliant throng of Europeans and natives opened the Show : at 11 a.m. His Highness the Sultan of Perak who spoke in Malay 337 presence, he contrasted the country before the British occupation and now and said how delighted he was when he heard that the Show was to be in Perak, and that he was glad to point out the interest taken in the Shows by his people of their free will. His Excellency who spoke for about a quarter of an hour, after thanking His Highness for his kind words referred to agriculture gencrally and Coconuts and Rubber in particular. He also dwelt upon the labour question and the methods Government was adopting for putting it on a satisfactory basis, after a tribute of praise to the hard working Committee he declared the Show open. ; Exhibits :—Speaking generally the Exhibits were of a high _ Standard and as might have been expected the Rubber exhibited Was an advance on previous Shows both as regards quantity and improved appearance and gave the Judges a difficult task in deciding _ the relative merits. Padi and Pulut was in strong force and shewn ia variety of bags, bas.ets, etc. Betel-nuts were good, as likewise Were the Coconuts which were an even lot. opra was very fair, some thirty odd lots competing, the various other classes call for no Special remark except perhaps the Exhibits of Medicinal and dried plants shewn by Mr. Macuapo of Kamuning Estate, of the former some 222 varieties were shewn, the labels in most cases giving the uses to which they were put. The dried plants were also __heatly arranged as were the samples of fibres put up by the same _ gentleman. ___ The Horticulture Division so far as plants and fiowers were _ ©oncerned was a failure, the few poor specimens that were shewn _ only served to accentuate the fact On the other hand the fruit _ Was distinctly good and more particularly the Durians sume 0 Which were of enormous size, all the classes in the Fruit Section filled well. ___ The usual excellent collection of vegetables from Taiping Hills _ Was again in evidence, very nicely arranged by the Honorary General Secretary Mr. T. W: MAIN. ae . There were a few interesting Exhibits of preserved fruits, Pickles, _ Chutnies and Eggs which were really very good. pe ag Unquestionably the strength of the Show lay in the mero devoted to native Industries. In the three former Shows fre . bi , Of their washing and coagulating machine, !r 7m sol oo by Kamuning Estate some excelle rubber 338 turned out in less than half an hour, and could have been ready dried and packed for shipment home in a few hours if need be. Mention should be made of an exhibit in this Section by Mr. A, B, STEPHENS of Taiping of a corrugated iron sheet, perforated with slits on the arched or convex surface, it is designed for a covering for plant houses where light is essential without heavy rain, by havin the slits on the convex portion only, and the concave left intact the latter forming water channels. Mr. STEPHEN was awarded a Diploma for his invention. The Divisions for Cattle and Dogs were of local interest only and call for no special remark. The grand collection of Perak Elephants gathered together for the occasions however was a source of never ending admiration. Mention should be made of a collection of Miscellaneous Exhibits from Labuan the most interesting of which were the Gongs and Metal works of very unique designs and apparently old. Many of the best specimens were secured for Raffles Museum. W. FOX. Rubber at the Agri-Horticultural Show. a The Rubber shewn at the Peninsular Show this year exceeded all previous Malayan Exhibitions in quantity and in quality. The Para sheet and biscuit class contained the greatest number of Exhibits, though crepe ran it close. In both so many exhibits approached a high standard that the Judges found it difficult to separate the prize winners. Very little of the material, particularly in sheet and biscuit, was of that pale colour, which, according to advices from home, seems to be favoured by buyers just now. Possibly the spell of dry was high and the quality very uniform in dry block. The wt exhibits were indifferent. _ There was a fair number of exhibits, in the Rambong class, oe excepting the first few which were well ahead of the others, the quality was more uniform than in any other group: bee Ph . Cup for scrap drew few competitors, probably due to the fae exhibit—crepe from Willughbeia sp.—was very good. collection of various wild rubbers and seeds came from the ment Gardens, Kuala Kangsar; their Ceara sheet was ae 339 appearance and of fair quality. There are not enough people willing to devote the amount of attention needed for collecting and experimenting on rubbers of comparatively little financial value. The Guttas were few ; the winning exhibit was a Gutta Taban. It is extremely difficult owing to the lack of knowledge of definite criteria in rubber to separate lots differing slightly in quality. The following table gives the points on which the Judges marked the exhibits; the maximum of marks under each heading and the number actually awarded, which is the average of the different judges, judging by points is the fairest method but is of necessity a longer process than the rough and ready process of judging by selection, so much so that the judges were unable to complete their work on the first day. Fifty marks being the total by doubling their total competitors arrive at the percentage of the total maximum awarded to them. It appears that most exhibits arrived late on the day before the Show opened ; this caused considerable confusion, and accounts for some exhibits appearing without numbers. It is hoped that in future there will be no grounds to make this complaint. Further it is desirable for Exhibitors sending in two or more exhibits of different merit, to label them A, B, C, etc. The judges, the Acting Director of Gardens, Singapore r. W. Fox, the Chairman of the United Planters Association, Mr. R. W. HARRISON, and the Director of Agriculture, Federated Malay States, Mr. J. B. CARRUTHERS, were assisted in their task by Mr. W. G. GALLAGHER, Government Mycologist and Assistant tothe Director of Agriculture whose help hastened considerably an interesting but lengthy task. J. B. CARRUTHERS. 340 LIST OF PRIZE WINNERS, RUBBER EXHIBITS, KUALA KANGSAR, 1907. SPECIAL CLASS. FOR THE BEST SAMPLE OF RUBBER IN ANY CLASS IN THE SHOW. PRIZE A SILVER CUP. Presented by the United Planters Association.— Won by Messrs. Pears, Lanadron Estate, Muar—Sample of dry block. _ Class 8 —Para Crepe. | Resiliency Colour Absence : | Uni i n fe) Exhibition Number. schastieley apy ‘cd Presta Moisture, iene ae Max. — Marks 10. ax. Max. Marks 20. | Marks 1o.} Marks 10. ee Geri eeae eReaareh sae setae Ist aa 8 435 2nd ; , : : 3 bE | ae 15'5 9°5 9 8 42 , 628 16 9 8 7s ee ? 201 5 75 9 9 405 ; 2074 14, 8 9 85 30°5 ) henge 17 Ps bx 65 | eae ey . 9 Quite oJ peas . 2016 14 9 8 g 38 “ Gea 36 150 15 675 | (fee 35’5 214-B 16 7 7. pees 35 656-B 14°5 7 |. Se oo 402 14 6:5. oe 34°5 Co3 15 75 m8 34 1531 17 6 OTe ee. 34 1573 14 6°5 6°5.4 Z 34 479 14 7 oe | 6 33 146 15 55 OS 3? : 145 | 6 5c | Ss 1622 “a aS 75 Gees 3 Sena ee [ Firse ids Silver Cup—Presented by Selangor Rubber Co. © B. C. N. KNIGHT, Jebong Estate, Taiping. Second Prize Silver C up.— Joun Lamp, Bertam Estate, Province Wellesley. aa Commended.— oe see A. D. Macuapo, Kamuning Estate, eee piput. Hishly Commended —~ ee M. Maung, Cicely. Estate, T: — Anson. 342 Class 10.—Dry Para Block. eee. Colour Absence Uniformity, and ° Total Exhibition Number. Elastic, Max. |Appearance,| Moisture, | yy. 14. 50. Marks Io. Max, Max. | Monks. 20. Marks to. } Marks to. Ist | ag 7 8 8 40 2nd 14 9 8 75 38°5 HC. 16°5 8 6 65) ae 607 ols 75 8 6 30'5 52 faa8 8 2 6 a6 1573 12 5 7 6 30 2076 a 8 4 c 5 22 ; 1508 2 7 3°5 5 5 20°5 ‘ First Prize Silver Cup—Presented by Highlands and Lowlands Estate. F. PEARS, Lanadron Estate, Johore. Second Prize Silver Cup.— FENNIGWERTH, Highlands and Lowlands Estate, Klan Highly C einidadind zi C. T. HAMERTON, Bukit ae Estate, Klang. Class 11.—Wet Para Block. Resiliency a Colour Absence a and © Uniformity, and oO Total : Exhibition Number. | Elasticity, e Max —|Appearance, Moisture, | Marks 50: Max. Marks 10. Max. meron . Marks 20. | Marks 10. | Marks to. a = 1 i 15 8 8 ; . . 16 8 6 29 146 I 5 7 ey = 214-B Ge as ae 402 2077 dees oe a Firs Price—The Lagedinie Cag Cup. H. M. Darsy, Vallambrosa Estate, Klang. Second Prize.— O. PFENNIGWERTH, Klang. ; Highly Commended. | A. D. Macuapo, Kamuning Estate, — er , 343 Class 12.—_Rambong in any Form. Resiliency Colour Absence ition Numb Elasti it Noe Appearance hick Total | Magic. i, (APmasioneey Mey | Mares ba Marks 20. | Marks to. | Marks 10. PE 3 9 sey 8 35 160°5 8 sas 8 nee se ES 9 ve 8 32 14 8 ee 8 30 16 7 5 6 5 5 6 2 5 5% 25 74 7 63 : 53 ee 74 33 73 | 43 74 | 4% I5 4% 7 4% nil — 5 6 *4 43 *4 63 8 65 6 5 74 4% 5 as st 7 7 6 2 1% 2 14 15 64 15 6 5 31% ay ri 6 53 53 - 53 r 18 33 18 34 30 5% 10 Ease 366 Tea, Coffee & Rubber Shares.—Concluded. e. | eee Tip iOe eae ~ cw e¢ 0 lucas By |S) 88 ace RupseR CompPaniEs.—Continued. Se | ey | Be Bae Oa |AL 1S Ts om Go.pEN Hope, £40,000 Ord. (£1) 14-2 3 HIGHLANDS Para, £181,454 fully paid .. 33-38 AP : 123,540 4h 16 paid fe-18 [pm— Fep. SELAN. £20, 000 full | 5-54 ie Java RupBer & PRopucE Ane (£1) I5/- paid gu uaranteed until 1 * 3-4 pm 4 KLANANG ProDUCcE (£20,000 53-6} 73 34 Linco! PLANTATIons, £30,000 Or d. fully paid 6-64 4 3 ea % og ! paid, 7% pf. Iye-lis | 7 : Matacca Ruseer, £550 000 734 . b (bt ) 14-14 | 7% bs 85, om. a MONERAKELLE. Rusper, (£16,400) 12/ 26 Bap: pars pm PATALING, £20,00 000 83-9 fe) 40 5t SEAFIELD Russer, £48, 000 (£1), 7/ 3-3 pm| — ie. ,000, Ord. cP ‘rally paid Wt 4 ee SELANGO OR, £48,000 Ord. (2s.) fully p aid . |1g/0-20/0(f) 20) 40 43 SHELFoRD RuBBER Estates, £65,000 (£1) f. pd. Iys—14 | — | ail | — Suncet Sarak, £41,000 (£1), 5/- pa $F PRP 's Suncer Cuon, £45,000 SY) Ic/- p. 4/6-5/6 pm—| — | Suncer Way, £41,920 d. (1), bi 16 6 paid $1 pm = gills Giles VALLAMBROSA, iS, i 9 35 : Yam SENG, £28,600 2}-2% is a1 % * Interim 138 (a) A/e of Arrears. (c) Including 1% 19% bonus. (d) In- cluding 24% bo e) For Paid in Sungai Way Shares. (g) Fot 6 months Sbikia ‘ : ear 199514 i? — Megat! & STANTON, AND Ltd., SHARE BROKERS, 13, Rood Lane, London, E. 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Ph. pee ee. | 2 ee 74 Of 421 0.89 | O06 4 tog, i: 6 oe Suojuog of. 6S. ant “_ cae alee. gg-z| fo.1z| 0.9 | $.€6 | 19.¢9) °° pee aes - gqney bg, zg. 1 se “a Gara tS.bl | gS.12| 0.090 | 0.86 | S622) + gee ae dr] be dats Oe oa % | do | Ho | ae | ae] | A et ag : on : “ | ie | 3 ct ey, = : = =. 4 a & WE ager sal eal me 6 5 ve ; oS =) 4, 5 to ¢ = | <&: wee a 5 met ke ae : = - 3 i a a Bo | Be ee ee - = | 5 5 a 5 ef : 5 eo 3 | Se eS e ig ae = tas *LITASIG] e iY S em | Z. & | z - a8 eo eee | oie | Pe ae F. — | | | 3 08 = | en ee... ian ro | “19}9U0. sour ] ‘insane: I | "4061 ‘gsndnpy fo yzuom ay) sof yyy ayz fo snajsuy SHO1MOR ay] U2 SEUIpway jo22Sojosoajapy fo 22041897 ‘suvyed - NOVEMBER, 1907, x ee a, [VOL Vi, AGRICULTURAL, ROLLE -§ K RAI . ae ra ae MALAY STATES. e EDITED BY ALN, RIDLEY, MA, F.RS, BLS, FRES, FSA, FRCL, Director of Botanic Gardens, 5. S. AND a3 B. CARRUTHERS, F-R.S. Ey ELS, Di rector of Agriculture & Government Botanist, F. M.S. CONTENTS. Lalang asa “Paper Material— By H. X. Riprey * Para Rubber Sead-— Bie cit of Hevea Braziliensis Sead Cotes a? . Shell aed Page. 19 Guayale iblier ‘ i. Tapping Patterns—The «« Chaba Ciceona” ie on 85 ‘The Rubber Market the 8 India Rubber Market Repar—Cow Wilson & Stanton, Ltd. . Weather Reports . 391-408 oi OT eae . Annual Subscription for Straits cro and Federated Malay States—Three Dollars Annual Subscription for ather places ix Malaya—-3$ 3.50. - Anogual —— for India and widelesoet n—Rs, 6-3-0 . pees & Eight Annas.) anual Schacription for cane Nike Shillings. Back BS ows Old and New Series) Whole volume—Five Dollars. — Copy uucet and New Series}—Fifty Cents. ees Subscriptions are payable strictly in advance. Fo be purchased at the Botatie Gardens, Cee bacon KELL essrs. & WaALsH, Limited, No, 33, ” Rifles Place _ 194, Orcha Road, Singapore. Pinter At THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING ¢ OFFICE. oe No. 11-] NOVEMBER, 1907. (Vou, VI. AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN | | ST RAI TS FEDERATED MALAY STATES. EDITED BY H. N. RIDLEY, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.R.H.S., F.S.A., F.R.C.1, Director of Botanic Gardens, Sis AND J. B. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Director of Agriculture & Government Botanist, F. M.S. CONTENTS. Page. 1. Lalang asa Paper Material—By H. N. RIpLey 379 2, Be nubber set eels of Hevea Braziliensis Geel Cotyledons ia = J Guayale Gabber oe a ove 985 Tapping Patterns—The “Chain Gamma” oe +35 a ee The Rubber Market ~- 399 India Rubber Market Repat—Gow Wilson & cu Ltd. .. 391-408 Weather Reports ‘ see Annual Subscription for Straits iE iticnienta and Federated Malay States—Th Dollars. Annual Subscription meet other places in Malaya—$3.50- Annual Senet for India and Ceylon—Rs. 6-8-0 x Rupees & Eight Annas.) Annual Subsceiptioe for Europe—Nine Shillings. a Numbers Old and New Series) Whole volume—Five rs. Single Copy (Old and New Series)—Fifty All Subscriptions are payable strictly in advance. 'o be purchased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, S.S. or f essrs. KELLY & Limited, rom ELLY & WALSH, No, 32, ”Raifles Place and 194, Orchard Road, 2, ae INTED AT THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. to NOTICE. THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DEPARTMENTS OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE. __ His Excellency the Governor has received a despatch from the Right Hon’ble the Secretary of State for the Colonies calling attention to the advantages offered by the Imperial Institute to : Merchants, Planters and others, who may wish to have samples _ Submitted to scientific experts for opinion as to their commercial sry etc. The following extracts from a Memorandum published. y the Authorities of the Imperial Institute will give an idea of the work undertaken and carried on there. 4 «Products procurable from new sources, and _ local products of mmercial utilization. Whenever necessary these : Ctr : cs are submitted to special scientific experts, by whom they 3- The Federated Malay States Government has undertaken - grant asum of £100 a year for 5 years to the Department with : the oa to the careful investigation and commercial development of Ne min oe €ral resources of the States. nd others for tri il Planters and residents in the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States are at liberty to send (through the Colonial Secretary at Singapore) specimens of little known or new vegetable or mineral products of the Straits Settlements or Federated Malay States for examination at the Imperial Institute by whom a report will be made, through the Colonial Secretary. Specimens should, if pos- sible, consist of a few pounds of the material and should be accom- panied by full information especially respecting the precise locality in which the material is found and the extent of its occurrence. Attention may also be drawn to the “Bulletin of the Imperial Institute” published quarterly, which contains records of the inves- tigations conducted at the Imperial Institute, and special articles on tropical agriculture and the commercial and industrial uses of vege- table and mineral products. Copies of this publication, price 4s. 6d. per annum (including postage), may be ordered through Messrs. KELLY & WALSH, LTD., of Singapore. Special sample rooms have been arranged at the Imperial Institute, for the information of enquirers, in which materials which have been investigated and valued are available for reference.” mportant products are also shown in the Malaya Court in the Public Galleries of the Imperial Institute. Communications should be addressed to the Director, Imperial Institute, South Kensington, London, S. W. ! AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN STRAITS FEDERATED MALAY STATES. No. 11] NOVEMBER, 1907. (VoL. VI. LALANG AS A PAPER MATERIAL, By H. N. RIDLEY, 3 This too abundant grass has on more than one occasion been sug- gested as of value as a paper-making material and many years ago a Patent was taken out for its use in this business. Experiments, on 5. 8'ass and other possible paper-making stuffs, were made in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, and an account of the results was _ published in the first series of the Bud/etin. 4 NO progress was made in utilizing this grass. In 1891 a paper-making from lalang and banana stems was e Sultan of Johore, and analyses of the fibre made Messrs. CROSS and BEVAN, and Mr. C. BEADLE, who has kindly - aitssionaire "lee of high standing who have experimented on Lalang Which ave classified it as being equal to the best qualities of Esparto, - nearly 50 per cent of fibre. First-class Esparto Present (1891) ruling rates £6 to £6 10s. Od. per ton delivery in Great Britain. Thus Lalang grass in Johore 5 nical : t 44 per ton over Esparto in. Britain and with equal — facilities for manufacture. ”’ ee 380 Messrs. CROSS and BEVAN’s report is as follows :— Sample of Grass from Fohore. We have completed our analysis of the above and beg to report as follows :— Moisture a x we ee Aan L., ei a a Cellulose or pure fibre... “AZO “(Air dry with 10 per cent of moisture.) We find the fibre to wash freely on the wire, in other words it is free from the gelatinous taken together with the low percentage of mineral matter (ash) shows it undoubtedly to be a -good paper-making fibre. The former is satisfactorily high as the latter is low. We have examined the separate fibres under the microscope and compared them with Esparto. The average length is about equal to that of the latter, but the longer fibres of the Lalang grass run about 20 per cent longer than the longest Esparto fibres. The fibres are somewhat greater in diameter and thinner walled. We should expect the fibre to be inferior to Esparto in regard to bulking but its clay-carrying powers to be superior. The grass can be readily treated to yield a high class 60 per cent crude pulp removing about 40 per cent of the raw fibrous constituents, A halfstuff of this character could be press-packed to a very small bulk, and as it would yield about 80 per cent of pulp to the paper maker, with a relative small expendi- ture for chemicals, should command something like twice the price of Esparto. The fibre is, undoubtedly, well worth attention from the — paper making point of view.” : Report of Process of Pulping. One kilogram grass boiled 5 hours under pressure rising to 50 Ibs. x Caustic Soda used (76 per cent alkali) 150 grammes, Excess at end of o experiment 40 grammes, The rass can be boiled on working scale - with 15 per cent its weight of ordinary (60 per cent) Causti¢, conditions 5 hours at 50 Ibs. Pulp washed and bleached in — ee way ; consumption of bleaching powder Io per cent of the weight . raw material. Though the sample is not bleached to the highest colour tt anticipate no difficulty in getting a full bleach on a large sales works very freely on the wire (i.e. parts easily with water). : fibres are thinner walled and longer than those of Esparto; “4 appear to bulk equally well and give a much tougher sheet. will hold the loading material well and take a good surface ye calendar. The value of the material we certainly think equal f° that of the highest qualities of the Esparto grass.” | (Sd.) CROSS & BEVAN. 381 This experiment was followed up by more practical investigations with half a hundred weight sample, the experiments being carried _ out in the model-plant of Messrs. WM. JOYNSON & SON, St. Mary (ray, and the following notes are taken from this report—“ The fibre _ was passed through a chaffcutter and cut into lengths of about 4inches. The cut fibre was boiled in 5 times its weight of soda _ liquor containing 15 per cent (of 77 per cent) caustic on the weight _ ofthe grass in a cylindrical revolving boiler. At the end of the boiling _ the fibre was found to have been completely resolved into pulp as is obtained on boiling Esparto. The liquor contained 3 per cent of ree alkali on fibre, showing that the grass consumed only 12 per cent. The unbleached pulp was then filled into a breaker, where it _ Was broken up and washed; it was then treated with 12 per cent _ bleaching powder for one hour subsequently in a steeping tank. — One hundred pounds grass yield 55 lbs. of unbleached pulp containing 8} per cent Cellulose, or 46 lbs. of bleached pulp containing 98 per cent Cellulose. i ‘ the Lalang pulp: when used without admixture with other fibres it imei a paper suitable for high class printings such as illustrated amount of mineral loading, sample 4 containing as. much as 40 Percent. It may also be used alone for medium class writing Papers. When used in conjunction with rags by the addition of 20 Percent medium quality linen rag (commercial price about £16 per tn) a high class writing paper can be produced, which felts into a ltd and compact paper and after animal sizing will stand the “everest ink test. te peculiar nature of its fibres it is capable of carrying a large d; moreover, the Lalang contains more varle'y “ believe will add greatly to its paper making qualities. As to the ; the Lala and Esparto grass for pa > comparative value of the Lalang este iG Paper : : “e tha Lalang yields 46 per Making purposes we note that the Lala for the highest “ent of pure Cellulose, as against about 48 per cel 382 “Musa paradisiaca, the plantain, can be utilized for the manu- facture of very strong paper. The raw material can be more easily resolved if put into the boilers in the undried condition and we may expect that by this means a bleached product may be obtained of good enough colour to mix with Lalang stock.” I cwt. 20 lbs. to produce one ton bleached. It will thus be seen that in many points the troublesome Lalang is superior to the valued Esparto grass for pape- making and a manufacture of halfstuff would probably pay well. It would not be advisable to attempt shipping the grass untreated as it is very bulky and would be likely to fire on the way. Halfstuffs made in Singapore could be pressed into compact bales and readily shipped. Although many Lalang wastes in the Peninsula are being cleared and put under cultivation for rubber and other plants, still timber worked up into wood pulps needs no pointing out. It is difficult just now to induce any one to consider any other cultivation or manufacture than that of rubber, but there is tt appears a distinct opening for the manufacture of pulps from Lalang grass which we may hope to see put into practice. It is possible, too, that the waste Citronella and Lemon grass wie the extraction of the oil May be of equal value and this would oor considerably to the profits of the Citronella and Lemon eiact cultivators, and it is desirable that experiments on this waste Pp: similar to those on the Lalang should be carried out. : 383 PARA RUBBER SEED. The prices which are obtainable at the present time for Para Rubber seeds for planting purposes being so high, other means of disposing of them are not necessary, but with hundreds of thousands of trees becoming seed-bearers the supply of seed for planting will soon be in excess of the demand. The commercial value of the seéd of Hevea braziliensis has up ‘othe present been rated on the amount and quality of the oil it _ Pssesses. ‘This oil is similar in its character to Linseed oil and tor the manufacture of paints, varnishes, etc., and other purposes for Which Linseed oil is used Para seed oil compares favourably. The following analysis of Para seed oil shows its composition : which in comparison to Linseed is as good or better in everything _ xcept in Iodine value :— ee Ss? er a Ne OS Bees oe eee eet eee WE, a7 Hs Specific gravity at 15°C... ... 0°9303 Free fatty acids—Acid value ... perms Calculated oleic acid a wos yp Pee Ester value a an gga Neutral oil 7 ns i aS Saponification value os a 2002 Iodine value a 138°% q The oil has not yet been obtained in sufficient quantities for its § Walities to be adequately tested but manufacturers have o ered a of £10 to £12 per ton for decorticated seed in good — "aon. n order to estimate the weight which may be expected per acre Per 100 trees, I weighed in Ceylon, a large number of seeds nd 8,000, and found the average weight of each 'o be ths of an oz. or 111 seeds to 1 Ib, 7 hipping, se ta P?8 been found that the loss in oil in decorticated rubber seed ge to Europe is very little. gre eee aia. find the relative weight of shell and kernel, I carefully weighe ay everage sens on ofa taking the shell off weighed shell Kernel separately, The relative weight of kernel to shell is to be 59°7 or approximately 60 per cent. 384 WEIGHT OF HEVEA BRAZILIENSIS SEED, COTYLEDONS AND SHELL. a | Percentage of Number. | Total weight. Shell. | Cotyledons. Cotyledons | to total weight. | or: Gr. Gr. Per cent, I 3°18 | 1:69 1°58 | 50 2 514 | 1°84 3°28 66 | 3 4°26 P1633 2°61 | 62 ; | 4 441 170 2°70 | 61 : , 5 19 33 | «286 68 a 6 : 4°46 | 2°05 2°41 | 52 ; 7 | 2°50 | 1°65 oe. | 53 Cope Pee 1:96 189° 49 9 3°14 1°41 1°73 55 10 321 P48 3 Bae 534 re 3°26 1°35 1:90 | 58:28 ; 12 4°65 1°89 2°49 5s ee ee Totals... 47°286 19°88 27:02 Averages 3'938 1656 2°25 597 The following will enable an estimate to be made of probabl profits from this source:— 111 Para rubber seeds = 1 Ib. 12,432 - jo = owt, 248,640 g == 1 168: The kernel ¢.e the decorticated seed is 60 per cent of the te weight of seed, therefore 4! 4,400 seeds will make a 0 decorticated seed. At 400 seeds #.¢. I 33 fruits to the tree 4 seeds will be the crop of 1,036 trees which at 193, trees 10. Bite 15 feet apart is the produce of 5°4 acres. | a therefore give 3 cwts, 79 Ibs. value £1-17-0 or $15.88. 2 385 Cost of putting on market :— $ oc. Freight 4os. per ton (say $18) ... ia 18: 00 Collecting at 4 cents per 1,000, per ton... 18 64 Decorticating, per ton ape foie a Packing, per ton 1-15 O00 54 14 Value on market £10 to £12 (say $93.50 ~ Fi ne oe 68 Cost of putting on market ... cu eh Ld Total net profit per ton ar 30 40 that is 5°4 acres give $39.36 profit ¢. e. $7.00 per acre. In these prosperous times when rubber profits are calculated by hundreds of dollars per acre, the discussion of an additional profit of 97 per acre may seem trivial, but since the seed cannot be allowed toremain in the ground and must be removed, some steps must be taken to deal with it. When a constant and large bulk of rubber seed is sent to Europe it is possible that the price of this commodity may increase very considerably and become an item of importance in the profits of a Rubber Estate. The value of the seed for cattle cake has not yet been estimated, ™ seed is greedily eaten by animals and has a high nutritive re. Consignments of the present crop decorticated and with the Shell on are being sent home by the Department of Agriculture and the market values and condition of these on reaching Europe _ Will be made the subject of a further note. J. B. CARRUTHERS. GUAYALE RUBBER. EA short time a ; had paragraphs about a new : : go the home papers had paragrap : ‘val of Para rubber planting in the shape of Guayale Rubber which dg into considerable prominence within the last couple of y ears. ollowing notes may allay fears and are of interest, they are _ “conomic Commi : : 2 s a J | oy Source of Guayale is ‘“ Parthenium argentatum A. Gray fn _ del with an average height of two feet, growing on wit —— Ss Mexico. It appears to thrive best in a dry climate and on soils — 386 for any land except desert-like wastes similar to those in Mexico, outside of which it will probably never attain any importance. The rubber is not in laticiferous vessels, but in scattered cells, about two- thirds being in the bark. It is extracted not as liquid latex, but from chopped or ground-up pieces of the stem and branches of the shrub by mechanical or chemical treatment, the processes for which are all patents, more or less secret. a ~~ oF o wn > — ia’) Ss ” ie’) Ou =) ce oO 2) a oO 3 ie) al "oS = 2) 2) a) 16) 12) i?) nn ° cr a i?) bes | ie) = 5 a a n e ie’) er (2) °o ee eM Aer ERE Me, CaN a Ns OR ee 2,700,000 Ibs. in the last six months of 1906 and 700,060 lbs. in January of this year. (Exports from Brazil from the year 1906 were 15,774,840 lbs.) te a Rec ic Moe? Riera mc ee a aaa tis st be Soc ON eat et ae oe eo certainty, The chopped-up material gives from 7 to 10 per cent caoutchouc; the age of the tree and the dryness of the material effecting the Percentage. There are a want of data concerning the composition of the rubber, The Director of a large Company asserts that their rubber contains 20 per cent of resins; it would appear that well- prepared stuff contains from 59 to 70 per cent caoutchouc and en 12 to 20 per cent resins, with from 3 per cent upwards of ater. : ae —e % for Para. It does not appear on the lists of London Brokers, but the /mdta Rubbe World quotes its price in New York on the 30th July last” as 2s. per lb., and the highest price of Para on the same date as £0-4-I1, and fine Ceylon as £0-5-7. : tad Companies are mostly German, and the advent of an A aay Mation in 1906, which attempted to gain complete cont Industry according to American Trust Methods, lowered a aa 387 price considerably, but it improved again and recently good qualities _ letched as high as £o-2-3 per Ib. in Hamburg. increase the value of similar comparatively unfertile areas in other countries. W. J. GALLAGHER. TAPPING PATTERNS. THE “CHAIN-GAMMA.” The Editor, “ Agricultural Bulletin, ” Singapore. : = IR,—All methods of tapping rubber trees are, one May say, valley It is said also that it lessens the tension of a ore tends to minimise the output of rubber. € full herring-bone, how much more proportionately is the vertical nel uneconomical in the case of the half-herring-bone! it Examining recently a series of trees tapped by the latter method ba to me that if the length and position of the conducting “"annel were somewhat altered it could be made both productive of ee 388 latex and thus less wasteful of bark while, besides, the natural tension would probably remain unaffected. A very symmetrical pattern that would probably heal rapidly is also obtained by reversing each alternate Y. Having gone so far it was of course obvious that the alteration should be carried to its logical conclusion and thus Fig. 2 was obtained. The basis of the method is itself a very simple pattern, productive throughout all its length. This is a continuous regular zig-zag, ut [ am not aware that it has been experimented with in this form for the orthodox zig-zag seems to be two oblique cuts joined by a vertical, and so useless, channel. The advantage of the full pattern however is that the flow from the lateral projections at once forms a leading stream which is joined by the decending latex from each step above as tapped, and so obviates any likelihood of delay or overflow at the angles : I fancy that the pattern will be found very productive and of value when it is required to obtain a large amount of rubber per tree. The proportion of scrap will probably be small owing to the strong flow of latex throughout; the fluid from above helping to wash down that below and thus differing from the ordinary herring- bone where the latex in the lateral cuts soon begins to coagulate. From time to time various tapping patterns have been tried — instance, an Ceylon spiral which is now being regarded as hardly fulfilling - that Was expected of it, and the above ideas will perhaps find a Yours sincerely, C. BODEN KLOSS- SINGAPORE, 4¢h November, 1907. ae ay i SECM BO aa prery : Se ES Cd oe eae tele irra oe Sd tee A Mtge t Puen ET i! Se coe Bort, : erat ‘ at she G24 Pati \ a — i Sh Ueeain ale sea een nem aut al i ie bie rac een tae ¥ pevarsttaisiee ; anal Br mt et htased ar Ve aenee A Chae i « 4 6 ge A eee see Tan saben veaisec2 cess eeeeten at x es . Rajahs ar 389 FOREST OFFICE, TAIPING, 5¢h September, 1907. To the Editor, “ Agricultural Bulletin,” Singapore. Sir,—I think that a photo of my new Invention for Permanent Plant Houses for the East or any country which has an equitable hot climate like the Straits Settlements will be of interest to your readers. 2. The photo shows a roof made of single length sheets of corrugated zinc 7 feet long but no doubt the material could be had of any length. In making a larger building care should be taken not to cut the zinc over the line of the roof frame-work as if this is done the frame would get wet and water drip from it during rain storms. If the supporting frame-work were laid 6 feet apart, 8 inches or so at either end of the zinc should remain uncut to allow for the overlap over the frame-work. 3. If necessary the sides of the building could be made of the same perforated corrugated sheets. 4. It will be noticed that the zinc should be cut on the ridge part cnly leaving the guttering to carry off the water. 5. I was granted a Diploma for this invention at our Agri- Horticultural Show held last month at Kuala Kangsar. : I have, etc. A. W. STEPHENS, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Perak. THE RUBBER MARKET. _In Rubber shares there has been a general marking down in all quotations, but the undertone may be regarded as very satisfactory, there being a number of buyers at the lower quotations, but stock — is difficult to get in any quantity. The market for hard, fine Para S Js firmer, and plantation rubber, consequently, is fractionally dearer. — Anglo-Malays fully paid are 44-54 and the partly paid have been a dealt in round about 4,);. Batu Tigas are 235.-245- and Bukit — € 6-63 ex rights. Cicelys are for sale at about 54 and ne Preference are steady at 6-64. Consolidated Malays are 34-33 copia Jamansaras are offered at 1}, Federated Selangors are asking he : bid, and Golden Hopes have been dealt in at 14. Highlands fully — : ins. have been freely dealt in at 34 and the partly paid are fete e _ Java Rubber and Produce are steady round about ¢ prem, and _ Kepitigalias are £0-19-6-£0-20-6. Klanangs are 5-5) and } : Lumpurs have freely changed hands at 30s. to 3I5- Tinggi new — _ Shares are a good ‘market with buyers.at 12s, 6d., but Lunuvas are — Ing for a bid. Malacca Ordinary have been taken BR gga d Kuala 390 numbers round about 18s., but Pataling are not better than 73-8. Pelmadullas are round about 1-14 prem. and Peraks are 20s. changed hands at 10s prem. and Vallambrosas are 84-9 United Serdangs have been an active mar os. to IIs r n new issues North Hummocks have been freely dealt in interest is centred around the forthcoming issue of the Lanadron Johore Rubber Company, Limited, the prospectus of which is expected on Saturday. Subjoined are particulars of the principal companies whose shares are dealt in on the London market RUBBER-PRODUCING COMPANIES. Issued shar — Pri ssu e€ F - | Capital. Share. | Paid, Company. ok see zs Angl I I nglo-Malay, fy 104,937 { I 15/ Do. partl 15,250 I I Batu Caves 50,000 I 17/6 | Batu Tiga ; 66,7 e I I Bukit Rajah ,00C . 6,000 on of ; ; } Cicely Rubber Estates 55 I I Consltd, Malay Rubber Est. 18,251 I I Fed, Selangor ihe 33,250 I I Golden Hope ee 181,454 1 1 | Highlands and Lowlands fully 164,728 I 10/ | Highlands and Lowlands partly ,000 I 1 Kepitigalla Sic 20,000 I I Klanang Produce os I I 4 uala Lumpur 3 z " be : eens aI 2: inggi Plantations 115,000 Malacca 742 p. pf. I I ‘ : 17,500 I I Pataling I I Imadull 2. , 5750 ; I 10/ | Pelmadulla 100,000 I 7/6 | Seafiel 29,075 2/ 2/ elangor ,000 I I Shelford 100,000 I I Sumatra 32,400 ee | Sungei Choh 55,000 T | 10/ | Sungei Salak 41,920 1 | 12/6 | Sungei ay : "aso I me Tremelb 600 ite ge | United Serdang ie 50,600 I I Vallambrosa 28,600 r | I Yam ste 391 - GOW, WILSON & STANTON, LIMITED— India Rubber Market Report. 13, Roop LANE, Lonpon, E.C. September 13th, 1907. At to-day’s auction, about 818 packages of Ceylon and Malaya Plantation grown rubber were under offer, of which, about 245 were sold. The total weight amounted to about 40} tons. (Ceylon nearly 16 tons, and Malaya over 244 tons). The auction was postponed from last week in order that sales might be brought back to their regular dates, and owing to the three weeks interval, the offerings were on a rather larger scale than usual Following the somewhat slack private market lately ruling, emand continued irregular, and prices in most cases marked a decline of from about id. to 23d. per lb. on last sale quotations, while Para was also about 2td. lower. The highest price of the sale, v7z., 5/7%, was offered for a large parcel of very fine pale pressed crepe; the lot was, however, withdrawn for a higher limit. With this exception the palest kinds were less enquired for, the best price realized for some fine Ceara biscuits being 5/2 against 5/5 at last auction. The lower grades of crepe were generally difficult to quit, though a parcel of fine clean Rambong realized 4/6. TO-DAY’S QUOTATIONS. Care we . SHEET, ETC. Good to Fine Sheet... a ... | §/- to 5/08 Ceara Biscuits mes Bx ae 2 Fine Biscuits ies 43 | §/- to s/t CREPE. ee oa eee Fine Pale and Pressed... oe = 5/34 to 5/7% Palish to darkish he Fai ...| 4/1 to 5/- ark Block - a ag ... | 3/8% to 4/- Fine Blocked Sheet Eh a PS ete 3 Fine Rambong Crepe ... a cy [GOR UNWASHED SCRAP. eee eens is me en ” = a aS a air to medi = " w | 3/6 to 3/7 a ee 392 PLANTATION AVERAGE, AND COMPARATIVE PRICES, AVERAGE PRICE OF CEYLON AND MALAYA PLANTATION RUBBER. To-day ~ | 245 pkgs. 4/ 8% Corresponding sale last year 163 pkgs. 4/9 PLANTATION. HARD RA. Fine. Scrap. Soe e 5/- to 5/74 3/6 to 3/94 | 408 5/6 to 5/74 3/- to 4/6 (pees: Particulars and prices as follows :— Ceylon. Mark. PkGs. DeEsScRIPTION. PRICE. Tudugalla 13 Fine pale pressed crepe bought in. New Rasagalla 3 d scrap bought in. 1 Barky bought in. Elston 2 Good to fine biscuits BAe ae i... Seta bone in. Udapolla 3 Good to fine biscuits 4 Good biscuits ces He ‘(bis,) scrap, etc. bought in (scp.) Polatagama 3 Good biscuits aie Arapollakande 7 Very fine biscuits I. | Darkish crepe ... bought in 4 Dark block part sold, 3/84. is 1 Fine biscuits 5/1. Culloden 7 Fine palish pressed crepe a 5/-. It —_arkish pressed crepe 4/23. 1 Dark block . bought in 8 Very fine palish pressed crepe sis 34. 5 Brown pressed crepe ught in. Culloden I. Black ee in. t Good brownish crepe Ellakande 5 Very fine pale crepe 2 own pressed crepe Heatherley 6 Brown pressed crepe Black Wa ots “4 Gost! pressed crepe 10. Dark d crepe Halgolle a Bae eG Bie 2 Good ) MARK. Katugastota Glencorse Hattangalla Matang Ingoya Kipitiagalla mi R F+Co Dangan Kumbukkan cB Kahagalla Galatura Eden goda Te sce Halg olle Poonagalla Wavena Goonambil Glanrhos Aberdeen Welkandalla PKGs. N i -_ NH OWENNNDH HORS EN eH er NO BOND HAAN A RNR HOON NN NH _ Lael w = 393 DESCRIPTION, PRICE, Good'scra 3 /83. Good biscuits ss. 5/0 Good eee | and cuttings . 28 to 3/84. Fine biscul ee ae, Brownish eae. 3/114 togyr. Black crepe ... bought in. Fine sheet wv» 5/o¥. Dark scra : bought in. Very fine sheet bought in. Darker sheet ... bought in. Fine blocked sheet aac Re. Rough sheet, scrap, etc. bought in, Good sheet ... bought in, Dark Rambong, crepe etc...._ bought in. Good biscuits bought in. Fine bought i in, Uncured lump scrap, etc. part sold, 3/74. Good biscuits ught 1 in Very fine palish worm bought in Darker bought in Good scrap part sold, 3/7. r bought in. bought in Fine scrap bought in Cuttings 3/94. Similar bought in. Pas and cuttings part sold, 3/9. Good scrap /8. Fine -_ Ceara biscuits bought in Scrap and rejections bought in Good sheet bought in Darker bought in Scrap bought in Good biscuits bought in crap bought in perl biscuits vcs B/OR. Roug en She nat ppc sheet bought in. Good to fine biscuits part sold, 5 /0F- Wound scrap 3 Dull biscuits bought ge Mottled crepe bought in. : ie og. 394 PxKGs. DESCRIPTION. PRICE. Imboolpitiya 1 Sheet ... bought in. 1 Scrap (5 lbs.) ... bought in. Taldua 1 Good biscuits i. Se I Fine scrap ... bought in. 3 Fine pale Ceara biscuits ... 5/2. - 3 Scrap and rejections w» $/+t0.2/0. Sarnia 2 Biscuits, etc. part sold 5/0}. Rosebury 2 Fine sheet ven 2 OR. 1 Darker ci poet 6 Biscuits and scrap part sold 5/0}. Warriapolla 2 Fine pale Ceara biscuits 5/0%. 5 Fine biscuits ee 2 Soe ie ane Sorana 3 Good biscuits 1 §/OF: 6 Scrap and lump part sold 3/6. Tallagalla 4 Good biscuits vee Of 6 Goodto medium scrap... bough in, Northumberland 1 .Good biscuits and sheet OF Ayr 2 Good sheet ean 5/08 to 5/03. Clara 1 Good biscuits a SIE 1 Good scrap oe bought i in. Waharaka 1. Good biscuits a 5/O% 1 Good scrap fU: Count in. 1. Dark block _., bought in. Densworth 1 Fine biscuits Se 3 Fine to medium scrap... bought in. Doranakande 3 Good biscuits STS 10 Good scrap and rejections bought in. Ballacadua 2 Very fine biscuits | Ss 3 Dark crepe ... bought in. &) 1 Block ... bought it > 3 | MALAYA. : Mark. PkGs. DESCRIPTION Jebong 30 Very fine pale pressed crepe 2 ottled me 1 Very fine to medium TRCotA, 1 Very fine pale crepe Kiang 10 Fine palish EMS a 1 Very fine pale and palish . . 9 Fine block 23. Dar 3 Palish block PSE 8 Fine sheet 2 Dark block I Rejected sheet 395 : PxGs. DESCRIPTION. ‘ PRICE. 2 Rejections ... bought in. 10 Fine palish blocked crepe _ bought in. 5 Good pai crepe *... bought in. 33 Good crepe _...° bought in. Ce 15 Dark block ... bought in. 2 Brown ,, fs fe ep os 2 Rambong block — MRE Ld. 62 Good to fine crepe pt. sold, ist © vi 1h. 8 Very fine pale crepe - bought in. Very fine & palish crepe part sate aa ie Brown Fine palish pressed Brown pressed ta Fine bloc i) SB NH RON DAN COPDW NH AN N La 0 ” Darker oe Rambong crepe =... [ee Good to medium se os Dark block Ha Good sheet ee te: Fine paligh sheet '- > =. Dark crepe (30 Ibs.) — Good palish crepe Very au6 "ey and aie shee’ = yy F oe eae ee ie >] ered és -_ — —. Brown a Rejections Fine block Dark blocked crepe a 396 MARK. PxKGs. DESCRIPTION. PRICE. as 1 Thick rejections ... bought in. ig : 1 Scrap ... bought in. BM&C 5 Rambong .»» bought in. . GOW, WILSON & STANTON, LIMITED— India Rubber Market Report. 13, ROOD LANE, LONDON, E. C. September 27th, 1907. At to-day’s auction, about 426 packages of Ceylon and Malaya Plantation grown rubber were under offer, of which, only 161 were sold. The total weight amounted to nearly 21 tons. (Ceylon over 6% tons, and Malaya over 14} tons). These small supplies again met with an irregular demand. On the whole the quality of the offerings was a_ little disap- pointing, there being only a few parcels of fine Sheet and Biscuits, and none of the palish Crepe or Block. Competition was generally rather restricted owing to the scarcity of orders, and prices were easier for all grades. Fine Sheet and Biscuits marked a decline of about 1d. per Ib. on last sale rates, while some of the lower grades were affected to a rather greater extent. : TO-DAY’s QUOTATIONS. SHEET, ETC. Good to Fine Sheet Le ... | 4/10} to 4/119 Fine Biscuits sia ce ... | 4/10} to 4/t1t Ordinary Biscuits oe ) RCo. Ld. 10 Good to fine sheet ... bought in, BRR Co. Ld. 13 Fine darkish block ... bought in. Merton 12 Rough sheet ... bought in. * 1 Brown pressed crepe ... bought in. Sungei Krudda Ig Fine sheet ... bought in. a 3 Good scrap ... bought in. q Linggi 24 Fine pale crepe ... bought in. % 4 Fine sheet ... bought in. ae a 3 Mottled crepe part sold, ... 2b gE a 1 Brown pressed crepe... 4/3: Java. 1 Fine sheet ... bought in. 1. Pale scrap ... bought in. 1 Dark scrap Fant 2jO48- ———_—— GOW, WILSON & STANTION, LIMITED— India Rubber Market Report. - 173, ROOD LANE, Lonpon, E. C. October 11th, 1907. : -day’s auction, about 546 packages of Ceylon and Malaya w f which, only 278 ¢ sold. The total weight amounted to nearly 303 tons. (Ceylon ee very pale lot of Crepe realized 5/2, this being the highest price c the auction, while some exceptionally clean and bright lots of ta Sheet and Ceylon Biscuits sold at from 4/10 to 4/10} ete was a good enquiry for the better grades of Scrap, which Mostly sold at prices comparing very favourably with last sale 400 TO-DAY’S QUOTATIONS. SHEET, ETC. Very Fine Clear Amber Sheet 4/10 to 4/104 Good to Fine Sheet... fis — | 4/84 to 4/93 Very Fine Biscuits... oe o> | pie Fine Biscuits a: nae vee | 4/84 to 4/93 ( CREPE. = Very Fine Pale . se ay} 5a Fine Palish ae eS ...| 4/7 to 4/9 Good to darkish oe oe me | 3/11 to 4/24 Dark and Blocked | 3/6 to 4/24 UNWASHED SCRAP. ee ce... o of ...| 3/64 to 3/84 Fair to medium oe = veo | Git S88 Low i of iv} pee oa Ste es A es beat es PE SS SaaS OOS a ee PLANTATION AVERAGE, AND COMPARATIVE PRICES. a ee AVERAGE PRICE OF CEYLON AND MALAYA a EERRRATION RUBBER. ee ee lettin OF To-day Sa _.. |. 278 pkgs. 4/28 ite ee eT . Corresponding sale last year | 232 pkgs. 5/14 = Ban ihm Oe hee les. Wea Sly nec Sec: | el a ee a si PLANTATION. | ARD 1 Fine. Scrap. I 4/84 to 5/2 3/1 to 3/84 | 4/23 eo el | ie atasated soto ait | Particulars and prices as follows — ae Ceylon. : Mark. PxKGs, DEscRIPTION. te : a nee 4 Good biscuits te bought im Poonagalla 1 Fine Ceara biscuits =»! DOM 1 Scrap and rejected biscuits | bought 401 Mark. PKGs. DESCRIPTION. PRICE. Siragalla 4 Fine pale biscuits ... bought in. 1 Fine scrap ... bought in. Degalessa 2 Good biscuits bought in. 1 Rejected biscuits and scrap : (4 Ibs.) aa B54. Verulapitiya 1 Fine sheet 4/84. Marakona I penne won gfBh. Palli 12 Fine biscuits and sheet ... 4/8 to 4/9. 3 Good scrap and i ca 3/1 to 3/7 Ambatenne 2 Fine biscuits . 4/9 to 4/94. I ta A Shs: Tallagalla 2 Fine biscuits 4/10 2 Good scra ee Warriapolla 4 Very fine biscuits oe ALO: 2 1 Pressed scrap ae — " K 3 Crepe, scrap and block ... 1/6 to alG, CWM &Co. 4 Good biscuits ... 4/9 to 4/10. 1 Fine Scrap beet Arapollakande 11 Fine biscuits a ve _ 1 Fine palish crepe | 2 Good to medium dark crepe 3 ’ ro to 4/04. 1 Good scrap a 3 5 Dark block 3/8 to 3/9. Culloden 5 Good brownish to dark ; : pressed crepe . 3/11 to 4/oz. _ Kempsey 7 Good and medium dark . block w» 4/03 to 4/23. __ Ingoya i Serag eI. 3 o> 1 Block and rejections ... I/II. : Malaya. Highlands 52 Fine ribbed sheet ee bought a — BRRCo. Ld. 26 Fine darkish block ... bought in. ( 17 Good dark block Ss bought i Ae a 1 Good Rambong block --- bought in. : 45 Fine ribbed sheet —.--_- bought in. 1 Dark block ... bought in. F (S) R Co. Ld. 5 Good sheet ... boug : 8 Dark block CMRELa. 15 Fine crepe : : 16 Good ae. of 2 Dak —-Beverlac © 13. Fine sheet I ‘Good scrap 402 MARK. PKes DESCRIPTION. PRICE. Yam Seng 7 Fine sheet ... bought in. 3 Good scrap ae Welkandalla 2 Brown crepe a ae Linggi 12. Very fine pale crepe ... bought in. BM & Co. 14. Fine sheet 4/9 to 4/94 1 Good Rambong bought in, 7 Good scrap and rejections 3/54 to 3/74- S K.R Co. Ed. 15 Good crepe .. 4/23 to4/8#. S K & Co. 7 Good a8 block 3/8. Damansara 14 Good to fine ce ee ele 7% to 4/9. I Fine dark shee bought in, 6 Good and seas block 3/9 to 4/03. B&D 11 Uncured block .. 3/6 to 3/9; B&D 2 Blocked scrap ... pt. sold, 3/33: 15 Very fine sheet seo I Good ae 5 Rejections 3/6. 2 Fine sheet .. 4/7 to 4/9. 4 Good cre a I oe biscuits ae Ale : 1 Very fine pale crepe fas I Datk cre —s . bought in. 3. Good to very fine sheet and 2a biscuits 4/9 to 4/ 10. 4 Good biscuits and scrap 3/64 to 3 8 I Rejections .. 3/64. 2 Fine sh vn AIOE es I Pressed uncured ... bought in. 26 Palish opaque block ..._ 3/8. 5 Fine sheet — 1 B/E 1. Pressed sheet _ a. 2] be 7 Fine sheet — 1 ee : 2 Scrappy rejection? oon 3, 7. I Sheet. o os ee aoe boug 22 Fine sheet 403 Mark. PxGs. DESCRIPTION. PRICE. . V RCo,, Ld. : Klang FMS Ne 1 Palish opaque block ... bought in. _16 Good and fine block Broa fh Sumatra. BS 22 Fine sheet pt. sold, 4/10 to 4/10}. Bila 1 Rough sheet ... bought in. 9 Good scrap ... 3/54 to 3/84. 3. Rejections ote Ths v GOW, WILSON & STANTON, LIMITED— India Rubber Market Report. 13, Roop LANE, LONDON, E. C. October 25th, 1907. At to-day’s auction, about 874 packages of Ceylon and Malaya Plantation grown rubber were under offer, ot which, only 351 Were sold. The total weight amounted to about 45 tons. (Ceylon about 12% tons, and Malaya over 32} tons). After the steadily improving private market lately recorded for all descriptions, a sudden setback took place yesterday, and at the sale all grades marked a decline of about 2d. per Ib. on last auction ; {uotations, This may be chiefly attributed to the unsettled : had to be withdrawn for want of competition, quotations for the lower grades being especially irregular. __ “fine parcel of Lanadron block, some very pale Gikiyanakande Worm and Jebong crepe were among the most attractive lots Included, but these had to be withdrawn for higher limits. , 8 There were, therefore, rio quotations for quite the finest grades, f € highest price of the auction being 4/8} per Ib., which was paid tor some Vallambrosa crepe, some of the other parcels’ referred to above being limited at about 5/5 per Ib. | TO-DAY’S QUOTATIONS. a ree ree - chew . 2 7 SHEET, ETC. Good to Fine Sheet _.. ‘ ae. ae 4/4 ee : Very Fine Bi . Pi : : Fine Biscuits ee ce | Tt CORIO Ee CREPE. Fine Palish is st -.. | 4/64 to 4/83 Good to darkish ee Zak ...| 3/8 to 4/54 Dark and Blocked _... Ingoya Langsland Arapollakande Polatagama Poonagalla Cony ee Elston Kumaradola adampe _Galphele Kahagall Seg =~ A NAAN FZ ro) wm Oo L aoe — Nb eR p OHO _ -_ ioe) hb. Nie i non) 405 DESCRIPTION, Dark scra Rejected sheet Barky scrap Black crepe Scrap Darkish to dark crepe Black soft crepe Good sheet Sheet and pressed Fine biscuits 5 setap. oe Good brownish and brown pressed crepe iss Brown crepe Bla - ae Good brown and brownish to black crepe es —. “ — CREDE Good b ge Good ae Fine pressed sheet Black block +B crepe Good to fine biscuits Rough biscuits Fine pale biscuits Fine pale biscuits Good scrap Fine biscuits Goo Block and pressed biscuits oo aaa ee scra’ a A = : odie Good scrap Fine worm Good scrap ci ee : ” 3/6 to 3/114. 3/10. ie bought in. oats in. 4] | to 4/8. bought in. 4/8}. 3/84 to 3/93. 3/4: bought in. bought in. bought in. bought in. © : bought in. am : * MARK.. Wavena _ Verulapitiya Glanrhos Clontarf Sorana Sorana Tallagalla . Doranakande Waharaka Hylton | S Ayr . GD] Densworth Taldua Ambatenne Sunnycroft PxKGs. = mS NH SOD ee Ute WP OP ee NWO Oe SH CQ) et oe Ne = m NN we NN we we ee oe vin 406 DESCRIPTION. Good scrap yy sect rap Darkish and black crepe. Good biscuits Brows crepe Blac : Good biscuits Good scra Good and medium scrap . ces rap Dark blocked worms Fine biucuits Scrap Good biscuits and sheet ... Rough Ceara biscuits Rejections Scrap Darks crap and pressed ap Good sheet biscuits and Good sheet Sctap Good shee Fine ich biscuits Good scra Good biscuits Lump scrap Fine biscuits Good t. Good & medium block Dark & medium block -Good washed sheet PRICE. bought in. 4/8. 3/5 pt. sold, 3/9. bought in. 1/1 to 3/5. bought i in. we to 3/6. ce sold, 3/- to al 4/74 MARK. Terentang Batang Kali Ayer Angat Linsum R (3 pe RW RCo. y : ae PxKGs. foal Oo — © 650 1910 bit Noe Oo GQ tw — _ en OO al rm bb ry Oe wiun St ui 407 DESCRIPTION Good & medium crepe Fine palish crepe ambong — Dark Fine pale crepe Palish Good dark & brown crepe Fine pale crepe Good & medium crepe Scrap Rejections & sheet Fine sheet Rejections & scrap Dark crepe Rambong block Good palish crepe Dark ” ” Good scrap Good & medium crepe Good to fine block Palish block Fine sheet Fine & medium scrap Good dark block Good to fine crepe Wet pressed crepe Fine amber sheet Good dark block Fine amber sheet Rejections Dark & barky scrap Very fine pale a Fine crepe Dar kish ” Dark pressed = Palish crepe Fi ine amber sheet pt. sold, 3/74. . . * s * . . . . . e bought in. . bou ‘spe in, 3/54. pt. sold, 3/5. 4/4 to 4/64. 3/3 to 3/4%.” bought in, bought in. 3/9. 3/5 to 3/7. bought in. 4/83. pt. sold, 3/9#. bought in, . pt. sold, 4/72. 3/4 to 3/68. bought in. 1. 3/74 104/54. ye bought 1 in. bought in, — . bought in. MARK, JJ V & Co. CMRE Ltd. Shelford Beverlac Sungei Krudda Linggi Plants Sas £ K_ K a Lal — Ob RW HWOUM NW — = mi OO 408 DESCRIPTION. 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Sl PPS Eae ENE a) rN TES My 5 = ‘royowoasA Fy | ‘oanyeroduio y po ‘Lob61 ‘saguajgas fo yzuou ay2 20f 33075 a4} f0 87914481] SNOLADA AY] U2 ssuipvay pv2isojos0aja py JO JIVAISOY ‘Suvyed . 413 "U0I TANG ‘ALLAINID ‘GA NHOf L061 aod yqtt oot vivax HO sNoaoNaS A womeueal ML | | 16.2 £Le1 | ‘ 2 ‘ld © O7Z.Z ol.£1 | 9.91 g.1L | Z.9Q aes —-aqa’] Reny 2 | Ao do | Ao ee ‘soyouy ‘sayouy | ‘URI ‘URdTN | ‘ueoIN | | | ‘sanoy %z | Sulinp 1eyurey "]]eJuLey [BIOL | ‘osuey ‘UN WIUTTA] “UWINUITX® JV ; qa7ESIL) | | ‘LOIILSI | | "Tyepurey ‘ounjeiod wa 7 | ‘Lobr ‘saquaggas fo yguom ayy sof sdumpway jvrisojosonapy £0 J9vAISQY ‘uvjuvloy ‘poyrury ‘Auvdutop jueurdojoaog pnd IL No. 12.] DECEMBER, 1907. [Vou VI. sGRICULTURAL BULLETIN OF THE STRAITS AND FEDERATED MALAY STATES. EDITED BY H. N. RIDLEY, M.A., F-R.S., F-L.S., F.R.H.S., F.S.A., F.R.Ch, Director of Botanic Gardens, S. S AND : 1 CARRUTHERS, FRESE, FL.S, Director of Agriculture & Government Botanist, FM. s CONTENTS. Some Notes on the declimatization of Plants — Handy Method of Measuring Girth = ers! o B. Caxsutiens ‘The new Patent Duchemin Fibre M. The Royal Horticultural Society — face aes Re No, 12.] DECEMBER, 1907. [VoL, VI. AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN OF THE SERAITS AND FEDERATED MALAY STATES. EDITED BY H. N. RIDLEY, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.5., F.R.H.S., F.S.A., F.R.C.L, Director of Botanic Gardens, S. S. AND J. B. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Director of Agriculture & Government Botanist, F. M. Se CONTENTS. Page. 1. Some Notes on the acclimatization of Plan a ES 2. Handy Method of Measuring Girth shy \ B. CARRUTHERS eo 3. The new Patent Duchemin Fibre beans Re ie ee 4. The Se Horticultural Society a wt ie ee yt 5. Not a 427 6. india Rubber Market Report—Gow, Wilson & Skaiiton, Ltd: + ss 7. Register of Rainfall at Botanic Gardens, ee. for eka: 100) <2. 433 8. Weather Reports 9. Particulars of 42 Rubber Producing Companies i in Ceylon, ei Straits f Ru Settlements, Borneo, Java and eg Annual Subscription for “lager ts Settlements and Federated Malay States—Three Dolla Annual Subscription on other places ia Malaya—$3.50. Annual Subscription for India and Ceylon—Rs. 6-8-0 All dateciptions are payable strictly in advance, To be purchased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, Hn I r from Messrs. KELLY & WALSH, Limited, No. 32, Raffles Place and 194, Orchard Road, oh, epee ————— Singapere : BS _ PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. NOTICE. THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DEPARTMENTS OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE. value, etc. The following extracts from a Memorandum published by the Authorities of the Imperial Institute will give an idea of the work undertaken and carried on there. ‘The Scientific and Technical Department of the Institute has “been established to acquire information by special enquiries and “by experimental research, technical trials and commercial valua- “tion regarding new or little known natural or manufactured pro- “ducts of the various Colonies and Dependencies of the British “Empire and of Foreign Countries, and also regarding known “products procurable from new sources, and local products of “manufacture which it is desired to export. This work is carried “out with a view to the creation of new openings in trade, or the “promotion of industrial developments. ” 2. In an extensive and well-equipped series of Research Laboratories, a numerous staff of skilled chemists carry out the to their commercial utilization. Whenever necessary these Materials are submitted to special scientific experts, by whom they are made the subject of particular investigation or practical tests. rts are also obtained from technical or trade experts in regar to the probable commercial or industrial value of any such products, 3- The Federated Malay States Government has undertaken to grant a sum of £100 a year for 5 years to the Department with a view to the careful investigation and commercial development of the mineral resources of the States. The Government Geologist is collecting specimens for chemical €xamination and after analysis the Imperial Institute which is 1 very complete touch with the principal manufacturing and other mdustries of the United Kingdom, will bring the specimens before Manufacturers and others for trial with a view to their commerci development. . __ It is expected that this action will do much to help in finding & market for new products and developing the markets for those already exploited. : : il Planters and residents in the Straits: Settle aents and Federated Malay States are at liberty to send (through ti.e Colonial Secretary at Singapore) specimens of little known or new vegetable or mineral products of the Straits Settlements or Federated Malay States for examination at the Imperial Institute by whom a report will be made, through the Colonial Secretary. Specimens should, if pos- sible, consist of a few pounds of the material and should be accom- panied by full information especially respecting the precise locality in which the material is found and the extent of its occurrence. tention may also be drawn to the “Bulletin ea 4) Imperial Institute” published quarterly, which contains recor the inves- tigations conducted at the Imperial Institute, and special articles on tropical agriculture and the commercial and industrial uses of vege- table and mineral products. Copies of this publication, price 4s. 6d. per annum (including postage), may be ordered through Messrs. KELLY & WALSH, LTD., of Singapore. Special sample rooms have been arranged at the Imperi erial Institute, for the information of enquirers, in which materials which yas been investigated and valued are available for reference. mportant products are also shown in the Malaya Court in the pane Galleries of the Imperial Institute. Communications should be picnere to the Director, Imperial Institute, South Kensington, London, S. W. Ba ERRATUM. For the table on page 333 (October issue) read the following :— Grades. Fine Entrefine Sernamby Caucho Total Export for 1906 ”? ” ” 1905 To Europe. To U.S. A. Total. | | Ibs 4 ee ee Te, 1. 20,456,282 :16,293,576 | 36,749,858 | + | 2,757,862 3,927,093 | 9,685,555 . 7,092,676 | 12,032,721 | 19,125,397 ai 10,559,170 | 3,309,077 13,928,247 .»- |40,865,990 | 35,623,067 | 76,489,057 ..» 141,044,394 | 33,572,759 | 74:017,153 All other figures on the same page, except the total from Malaya, should be multiplied by 43 to give the correct quantities. AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN STRAI TS FEDERATED MALAY STATES. No, 12.] DECEMBER, 1907. (Von. VI.-. SOME NOTES ON THE ACCLIMATIZATION OF PLANTS. When a country is occupied by man for the first time a great alteration in the Flora commences. As the forests are gradually €xtensive arboreous vegetation cannot grow. Wherever the country has been opened up roun foadsides and in open spots generally, we find 416 herbaceous plants and half-woody shrubs, which there is reason to believe have been introduced from various parts of the world and which have thoroughly established themselves. These plants are commonly known as weeds and in many cases their place o origin is entirely unknown, and can only be guessed at, from the known habitats of allied species which have not succeeded in establishing themselves. In the large orders Composite and raminee the greater part of the species here are undoubtedly introduced. The Composite in the Malay Peninsula which are thoroughly 40, O established or indigenous number about ese one tree, cultivated ground. In grasses the number of really indigenous species is also small compared with the number of recorded species, and these are nearly all sea-shore plants or inhabitants of the sandy wastes of the old river beds. The grasses which form the turf of the gardens and fields, are almost all exotics, such as Paspalum conjugatum or sea-shore plants, Zoysta and [schoemum muticum. The greater part of these weeds occur all over the tropics now and follow man wherever he goes, and it is most probable that all were originally natives of sea-shores in other parts of the world. They acclimatize themselves readily in almost any cultivated ground throughout the tropics. Besides these accidentally introduced weeds, a very large number of useful or ornamental plants have been introduced intentionally man at various dates, and plants from all parts of the work have been introduced into the Botanic Gardens by way of expefi- ment, and some notes on the acclimatization of these may be of some interest, The adaptability of plants to abnormal surroundings varies very much. One wou t expect xerophilous, dry country desert plants or plants from cold countries to acclimatize or even to go on growing in a hot wet equatorial region, at the same time occasionally plants from such places thrive in a very unexpected manner. To begin with plants from exceptional habitats such as the sea-shore, sand or mud to the stiff dry clay of the inland region. Scoevola koenigit.—A sea-shore shrub, is never found wild except on the actual sand of the sea-shore. Plants transferred to the Botanic Gardens thrive well, flower and fruit, growing in stiff clay. — Crinum asiaticum.—A sea sand, and rock plant grows readily, — and reproduces itself freely in all parts of the garden, both S full sun and in shade. — Plants grown in shade are very robust, and flower and fruit well. As its seeds are large and adapted 1 ee dispersal they generally germinate close to the plant where they — fall, and most thus perish. The seed seems to possess a vey 2 amount of vitality. Two seeds were fastened to a card in Aug as ee eae nd Pere! tt eee ee 417 1905, and put away in a drawer for a year and in September, 1906, were found to have germinated and produced a perfectly healthy green shoot. Few of the other species of the genus have set seeds, even the pasture land C. defixum seems to fruit very seldom. C. northianum, a tidal mud species from Sarawak fruits successfully, but none of the other species have ever set fruit. The tidal mud climber, 7véstellateta australasica, is cultivated in all gardens, and flowers and fruits easily. ough never seen wild except in salt mud, it is a much more free flowerer in the dry clay soil of the gardens. It grows readily from seed but has never spread. Casuarina equisetifolia is a sea-shore tree which has the peculiar habit of growing in a single line on sandy beaches just above the _ .loose sand where the ground is firmer. It is not uncommon to see a line of these trees some distance from the sea where the sea has receded, the line of trees marking out the former edge of the sea beach. Planted inland in swampy ground it grows to a fair size, but usually never flowers. In drier soil it often flowers and fruits profusely but does not spread of itself. C. sumatrana which inhabits rocky and sandy spots close to the sea and tidal river in Borneo grows well in the stiff clay of the Botanic Gardens, fruiting regularly, but quite old trees have still retained the cone-shaped form of the young plant, and show no signs of taking on the characteristic adult form resembling a Scotch Fir with a tall straight stem and small rounded crown. Flagellaria indica is a sea-shore plant, which grows very strongly and rapidly in the gardens especially however in damp spots by the lake. It flowers and fruits abundantly and has spread itself to some distance across the gardens. Acrostichum aureum, typically a tidal mud fern, when voi by the silting up of the tidal river by which it grows, remains a long time, but does not apparently spread. A large clump grows in the Economic Gardens, on ground formerly a tidal river bed, as Nipa fruits have been found in it, but there is nothing to show that there has been a tidal river here since the founding” of Singapore. It shows no sign of spreading. I have also seen Pluchea indica, a tidal mud plant far a ae 5 far away from any river in Tanglin, but it has not spr have failed to cultivate it at Tanglin. ree These tidal mud plants often persist long after the locality ceased to be near a river or the sea, but they fail to propagate themselves. . 418 than once, the other two flower and fruit fairly frequently, though they can hardly be said to spread. Podocarpus Cupressinusis a much finer plant in the Botanic Gardens than ave ever seen it wild. | MOUNTAIN AND SEA-SHORE PLANTS. | It is well known that in many parts of the world plants are found growing wild on the sea-shore, and at high altitudes in the mountains and nowhere between. Thus we find Beckea frutescens on Mount Ophir and other mountains at an altitude of 4,000 feet, but it is also to be found growing close to the sea on rocks in North Borneo and Tringganu. Dischidia Rafflestana, a common epiphyte on the trees near the sea, is again to be met with on Mount.Ophir at a high elevation, though absent from the intermediate region. Beckea frutescens has been successfully cultivated on Penang Hill at about 2,000 feet altitude, but speedily perishes in Singapore. : The reasons for such plants occurring on the sea-shore and on the tops of mountains only is not clear. It is obviously not a mere question of distribution of species as these plants cannot be induced frequently to grow when moved away from the sea inland. It may be due to other atmospheric changes. It is interesting too to note that many mountain plants which are found commonly growing at considerable altitudes (at 4,000 feet or upwards) on rocks or low trees can only be induced to grow in the low country on the tops of lofty trees, and not rarely occur there in a wild state. Thus, Coelogyne Cumingi which grows in great masses on bare rock faces on Mount Ophir, in the low country _ occurs on the upper branches of lofty trees 150 feet tall, and is very difficult to induce to thrive and flower under any circumstances — at sea level, even on the top of Bukit Timah Hill in Singapore 50° feet altitude. Hills at 4,000 feet and upwards. With this plant on Bukit Timah — grows also Rhododendron Lampongum, the only species of Rhodo- Cuming and Polypodium stenophyllum all plants of typically high Davallia triphylla which also occurs abundantly on the upper is somewhat peculiar in its habits. — specimens were obtained, its rarity being due to its extremely | 7 and inaccessible habitat, Plants taken from fallen boughs were planted on pieces of tree fern, trunk and rough-barked wood, — found to grow luxuriantly at the low elevation of the Gardens, ee it has there been established on trees only a few feet from te ground, yet this plant is never found in a wild state except top boughs of these lofty trees. ne tog 419 Many cultivated plants thrive a short way from the sea which do not thrive a little way inland. It is often said both in the old and new world that Coconuts cannot be grown successfully 20 miles inland. This is not literally true, but it not often that Coconuts are to be seen any very great distance from the sea, or tidal waters. It is often said too that Nutmegs must smell the sea, and Clove trees must see it and certainly these plants depend greatly on the proximity of the sea, and seem to require sea-breezes in order for them to thrive. It is clear that this is not a question of soil only, nor dryness of atmosphere, although these plants are particular apparently on these points. ee eT Ee NT EE Ne oe EO Ee a ae Nee aOR a Ne ae ae eee WE os EE eT te SOT ee ee eI ae ge Sree Ey ee eS ee ee ee ee eee poe i £ eee tone a) < oO 4 ed = 5 ws = Me o Oo Oo an i’) wn = 2. ‘2 oO. Oo: io om 4 oO rt) 90 ra i=] fa¥ i) rs) ee 5 ox = a) s a = Et < Recently the land was opened up, and more or less drained, apparently for building sites, I now observe that a considerable number of the trees are showing signs of attack by red beetles. How far the soil, dryness, and atmospheric conditions respectively affect certain plants is not always easy to diagnose, and ¢1 erent plants of the same species are certainly affected differently by their Surroundings. | The Oleander grows and flowers well in Singapore town near the sea and also on high and dry hills like the hill of the Lunatic - a eS ke ee Te ec et ee till two plants, one red and one wh | Rie oe. To all visible appearance they were exactly like the oe aaic le in Singapore town successfully but which failed oS nae Gardens. The white one flowered but eventually died aay ad as red one on the other hand grew and flowered constantly ane = cuttings from it did equally well. ee ae ci — oe The differences in dryness of atmosphere between mene wes te Singapore are by no meas great, though the former 1s Ss in dryer, yet several plants thrive in Malacca which are me ck ea (cuits . as successful in Singapore, such are Zizyphus Picken a SS eee there regularly but has, I think, never even flowers * oa yore _Mimusops Kauki of which big and — 5s 420 Malacca, but has failed to grow at all in Singapore. Aegle marm- elos fruits there constantly but fails here. The Cola-nut (Cola vera) has flowered in the Botanic Gardens, but has grown poorly and never fruited. Trees in Johore Bahru and Batu Pahat, have flowered and fruited heavily. Though the soil appears similar and there oes not seem to be any climatic difference, I have never heard of its being successful in any other part of the Peninsula. (To be continued.) HANDY METHOD OF MEASURING GIRTH OF TREES. Those who have to spend time in taking measurements of the girth of rubber and other trees will find the following method con- siderably shorten their labours. Take a piece of strong, tough paper or highly glazed calico one oF one and a half inches wide and measure it out into inches and feet. I have found the prepared tracing paper or cloth used in plan j making very good for this purpose. Begin the measurement a little way from the end of the tape and through the one inch line put a strong large drawing pin folding the rest of the tape over and if necessary stitching it to keep the oa head of the drawing pin in place. : ; The measuring tape is now ready for use and if the girth of trees are to be measured the procedure is as follows :— Place the measuring tape round the tree overlapping it and press — the drawing pin into the tape where it crosses again. This will leave — a clean round hole in the tape the length of which can either be recorded at the time or else if an average is required the tape can be taken home and the number of holes at different distances — recorded, = The smallness of the diameter of the pin, about 1 /40th of an inch reduces the possibility of two measurements falling into one hole to a minimum I have found that even when many hundred readings are taken all the holes can be deciphered. ee ]. B, CARRUTHERS. THE NEW PATENT DUCHEMIN FIBRE — MACHINES. a _ From time to time attention is directed to the great poset of our fibre yielding plants such as Ramie, Mauritius Hemp, Pine-apple, Bananas etc., the great drawback hitherto ©x| 421 in the successful exploitation of this industry has been the want of acheap and reliable machine for extracting the fibre. This want appears to be at last satisfactorily settled by the invention of M. DUCHEMIN who has had many years’ experience in Indo-China as President of the Chamber of Agriculture in Tonkin and who appears to have successfully overcome this difficulty, The following notice of a Public Exhibition of his machine in full working which took place in the Botanical Gardens in Buitenzorg is quoted from the Strazts Times, oth May, 1907. ‘“M. the owner and inventor exhibited his machines in full working, in the Botanical Gardens in Buitenzorg, before an audience of interested spectators; among whom were the Head Botanist, Mr. H. J. IGMAN ; his assistant Mr. J. H. HEyL; the Head of the Agricul- tural College Mr. J. Pit; Inspector of the Coffee Department W. C. J. VERSLUYs, Dr. KLoos, the French Consul and others, All expressed themselves entirely satisfied with the result of the experi- ments. M.DUCHEMIN has since exhibited his machine at Salatiga, before experts, with the same success; wild pine-apples and pisang stems, were satisfactorily stripped before the audience. The exhibi- tion is to be repeated at the invitation of the Chamber of Commerce, in their building in Semarang, where the members of the Planters Society, Semarang-Kedce, will also be present. The following is a Specification of the portable ‘Duchemin’ Fibre Tools. (Patented) with prices.” All Semi-tropical and Tropical Countries possess in considerable quantities plants useful and workable for Fibre or Pulp—the various Species of Lilies, Sansevieres, Bananas etc., growing very large in their natural wild state. It has been conclusively proved that these plants would give a very handsome profit were there some cheap, practical and effective means of working same by the aid of native labour on the spot. The Patentee of these Machines—M. DuCHEMIN, guided a his many years’ experience in Indo-China and during his official — residence as President of the Chamber of Agriculture in Tonkin, has | successfully overcome this difficulty; these Machines being both — _ portable and eminently practical enabling a small family of ohn . to move easily from place to place and entirely obviating the gr - s €xpense and, in many cases, the unsurmountab se difficulty ene establishing a fixed Engineering Works inthe Forests. Specification of each of the tools is given in annexed Circular. Various official trials having been made in ‘Paris, at the ve ng ment of the Minister of Agriculture, Professor laa reser os address most favourably reports as under:— __ oe ‘In conclusion, the Défibreur DUCHEMIN - Much recommended in the Colonies for t 422 Specification. of the PORTABLE “ DUCHEMIN”’ FIBRE TOOLS. (Patented.) I.—Defibreur. The Drawing shows this Tool fixed to the trunk of a small tree and ready for use. the leaves to be defibred by means of the horizontal guide, regulating the pressure by the pedal, then pulling the leaves towards him all pulp is exuded leaving the fibres clear and ready for drying, This Tool is eight inches high and fourteen inches long, weight only 6 lbs. By attaching new knives when requir- ed, the Machine will last an indefinite time. The Défibreur can readily be fixed either by inserting into a notch cut across a small sapling as shown in illustration, or fixed to a log driven into the ground or attached by two screw-bolts to 4 stout plank forming part of a bench. Rah allan and a coil of wire are sap pee free with The method of wor king the Défibreur is as follows :—The work- inan presses upon the pedal and then inserts a few inches of the leaves of the plant to be treated, releases the pedal, rolls the ends of — the leaves upon a small wooden peg and pulls steadily towar oa him—in a few seconds he has a hundfull of clear white fibres free from all pulp. Same is laid aside lengthways to dry and the process repeated. . Defibreur No. 2.—This is another Model for working without the use of pedal. ene et II.—The Decoupeur. : Previous to working the leaves of the Lilies they must be cut i Supe of } inch wide, and the trunks of the Bananas into lengt about $ inch wide. In order that the défibrage may be er ectua: 423 itis important that the strips of leaves are cut perfectly straight, otherwise the threads when worked in the Défidreur clog and turn out irregularly. It being impossible to cut the leaves “true” by hand the Découpeur supplies the necessary Tool. Same is fixed similarly to the Défibreur, has three small interchangeable steel knives, weighs about 6 Ibs. and is sufficient to work three Défibreurs. III.—Ecraseur. To facilitate the quick working of the Défibreur it is better to crush the thick leaves of Sansevieres, Pine-apples, and the cut lengths of Lilies. This operation could be performed by hand with a mallet, but same is uneven and very tedious to the workers, besides being unprofitable to the employer. M. DUCHEMIN has succeeded in giving by this portable crusher most satisfactory results. Weight about 22 lbs. One Machine is sufficient to work three Défibreurs and is fixed as above. , IV.—Depulpeur. S Further details as to prices, shipment, etc., will readily be supplied on application to :— F, DAZY, & Co., 20, Paper’Street, London, E. C. 424 THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, V, incent Sq., Westminster, S. W. Secretary :—Rev. W. WILKS, M.A. 1908. EXHIBITIONS OF Colonial Grown Fruit and Vegetables ( Both Fresh and Preserved. ) March 5th and 6th. June llth and 12th. November 26th and 27th. COLONIAL-GROWN FRUIT AND VEGETABLES (Both Fresh and Preserved.) THREE SHOWS WILL BE HELD IN 1908. On Thursday and Friday, March sth and 6th, ry ” » June rith and 12th, ” ” ” » November 26th and 27th. _ The President and Council of the Royal Horticultural Society have again arranged to hold Exhibitions of Colonial-Grown Fruits and Vegetables on the above dates. oa fixing such dates the object aimed at is to suit the season which Is most likely to find the produce of the Cape and India; of . ‘cs oe is d | (4) by giving advice an assistance in the difficulties ever confronting Fruit-Growers, and (¢) _ by helping to inform the homie market. The results have aaam and other defects, and better packed. At the same time the Cou sr — disappointed at.the lack of Exhibitors and the smallness of their ard Government Offices, the Embassies, the leading London Fi on furlough, and many others. 2 425 The Agents-General and other authorities are most kindly so ae ing every assistance, and we trust that both growers and ship will do their best to send in Exhibits worthy of our Colonies, and t0 show what can be produced for the Home markets. No entrance fee or charge for space is made and Tabling is also provided free of expense. If desired any produce may be consigned direct to the Society and it will be stored in the cellars at Vincent Square and staged by the Society’s officials, but the Society cannot undertake to repack and return any exhibits. In order to allow intending Exhibitors and others time to make their arrangements, the Council have ordered the subjoined advance Schedule to be issued. The Secretary of the R. H. S., Vincent Square, Westminster, will be pleased to furnish them with any further information and to forward Entry Forms and Schedule. The judging will take place at 11 a.m. on the first day of each Show, unless otherwise notified to the Exhibitors The hours of opening will be 1 p.m. on the first Fey and 10 a.m. on the second day. See on the pee Fruit Industry will be given on the first day of ea h The Shows will remain alg until 6 p.m. on all the dates announced, The price of admission to the public will be 2/6 on the first day, and 1/- on the second day. Medals and other Prizes are offered by the Council in each class. Staging must be completed by 10.30 a.m. on the first day of the Exhibition. If the above shows are well supported by the Colonies concerned, three further exhibitions will be held in 1go09, on or about March 1th and 12th, June 10th and 11th, and November 25th and 26th. SHOWS OF COLONIAL-GROWN FRUITS AND ‘VEGETABLES, 1908, The following Schedule will apply == far as possible) to aoe of Colonial Fruit and Vegetable Produce: : Division I.—COLONIAL-GROWN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. - Awards will be made in Classes 2—24 rigs when mn staged ~~ p ratel trom Class 1, and not when included in a The Colony in which the alae has been eromn must in all be stated, : CLASS. t.—Collection of Fruit aa Vecckiae : Medals or other Prizes at t. the -2.—Collection of Apples (Dessert). ae Medals or other Prizes at the. 426 ee oe ee Pee ic discretion of the Council. Riy tee Prizes at the discretion of the Council, eat sae other Prizes at the discretion of the Council, 6.—Bananas. : Medals or other Prizes at the discretion of the Council. 7.—Mangos. Medals or other Prizes at the discretion of the Council. — or other Prizes at the discretion of the Counctl, ig oe or other Prizes at the discretion of the Council. : a ee eg Prizes at the discretion of the Council. Bugs ae an Soe of the Council. eee ee at the discretion of the Council. Se or other Prizes at the discretion of the Council. : | ages or other Prizes as the discretion of ied pe tig or other Prizes at the discretion of the Co uncil. | pee Medal or other Prizes at the discretion of the Council. : es roid a of the Counctl. hom or other Pee sae the discretion of ese Council. PT Medals or cher PN an eS, ae ee DIVISION Il.—COLONIAL-GROWN PRESERVED FRUITS, JAMS, Etc. a vn Dried or preserved Fruits of any sort or kind may = pee subject to the condition of their being tasted by the Judg eee their having been grown in a British Colony. a a 427 20.—Colonial-Grown and Bottled Fruits in clear glass bottles. This exhibit must not occupy a space greater than 8 feet by 6 feet, and must not be built up more than 2 feet high in the centre, All alike must be Colonial-grown and Colonial prepared. Medals or other Prizes at the discretion of the Council, 21.—Colonial-Grown and Tinned Fruits. This exhibit must not occupy a space greater than 8 feet by 6 feet, and must not be built up more than 2 feet high in the centre. All alike must be Colonial- grown and Colonial prepared. Medals or other Prizes at the discretion of the Council, 22,—Colonial-Grown and Dried Fruits. This exhibit must not occupy a space greater than 8 feet by 6 feet, and must not be built up more than 2 feet high in the centre. All alike must be Colonial- grown and Colonial prepared. Medals or other Prizes at the discretion of the Council. 23.—Colonial-Grown and Preserved Vegetables. (Either Bottled, Tinned or Dried). This exhibit must not occupy a space greater than 8 feet by 6 feet, and must not be built up more than 2 feet high in the centre. All alike must be Colonial-grown and Colonial prepared. Medals or other Prizes at the discretion of the Council. 24.—Colonial-Grown Fruits made into Jam, Jelly, Syrup, etc., in the Colony, and shown in clear glass bottles. All must alike be Colonial-grown and Colonial prepared. The Editor will be glad to render any assistance, or give further information. The entries close a week before the show in each case, NOTE. With reference to Mr. RIDLEY’s paper on local grasses for paper-making, in which he mentions Citronella grass as being probably useful for this purpose. I am informed by Mr. TYLER, the Government Printer, that he has sent home parcels of this grass, and after exhaustive trials by English and ona paper- makers, it has been reported as useless for pe king. 428 GOW, WILSON & STANTON, LIMITED— India Rubber Market Report. 13, Roop LANE, Lonpbon, E.C. November 22nd, 1907. __ The market continues in a very uncertain condition, Fine Plantation, in sympathy with other kinds, being about 7d. per lb. ower where sales were effected, compared with last sale quotations. The highest price of the sale, viz., 3/10, was realised for two small lots of biscuits from Hattangalla and Warriapolla, the highest price obtained in the room for Crepe, the finest parcels. of this and Block being held for about 4/1 per Ib. It is worthy of note that no such prices as these have been seen for Plantation Rubber since 1902, while the price of Hard Fine Para is lower than it has been since F ebruary, 190%. Scrap, unlike the finer grades, did not show such a depressed market, although here also sales were only effected with difficulty _at comparatively low prices, and the darker grades of Crepe and Block were mostly withdrawn for want of support, [ g[rorv/e |¥6/Sorz/S| c/s | Fe/S $g/zoy2/z {o1/Eo, g/f| Fr/E | R1/E 06 3 ia ‘deso "OUI : a S te “eieg oa [PIS s84q ouULy piey ; jo ‘ON ‘NOLLVINVIg ‘MaAANY NOILVINVTd | AO AU ANVAAAY ‘SHDN AALLVUVAWOD 430 TO-DAY’S QUOTATIONS. SHEET, ETC. Fine Block ise eo on None sold Good to Fine Sheet... ae x1; 3/840 3/9 Very Fine Biscuits =F ves | 3/0$ tO 3/10 Good to Fine Biscuits .. ie i. | 3708 ore CREPE. Very Pale ee = ‘: None sold Fine Palish oc wis .. | 3/84 to 37g Good to Darkish See bes | 2/9 to 4 Dark and Blocked —- vex} al 2 UNWASHED SCRAP. Good ... = e ... | 2/64 to 2/84 Low and Barky Sei an aes 1/9 to 2/2 Particulars and prices as follows:— CEYLON. Mark. Pxcs, DescRIPTION. PRICE. Kepitagalla 8 Pressed Scrap ... bought in. 1 Cuttings ... bought in. Suduganga Io Scrap ... bought in. SG 2 a bought in. 2 : ... bought in. I Rough sheet, etc. aS 6. KPG 6 Dark See crepe Oe : meee 1 Good bisc ... bought in I Release Mee Pandamaran 5 Dark block ... bought in. , 6 Dark crepe ... bought in. eit 2 Dark block ... bought in. Ellakande 2 Brown crepe eS eevee 23 Brownish to dark crepe ... 2/9 to 3/03- : 1 Dark blo a ... bought in. | I Black cre ee bought iD. a eek 4 Good Garkish to black cr = part rt Bold, als seh e 2/11}. y Hattangalla 2 Fine biscuits ee 2 Brown crepe ee Scant Be MARK. Warriapolla Sunnycroft Doranakande Tallagalla Clara Densworth Ambatenne Northumberland W & Co Galphele é. Jebong PKGs. NNNHN NO HO NFNW HBP un mem DO On tO mt my oe) & 431 DESCRIPTION. PRICE, Fine biscuits 3/94 to 3/10. Dark pressed scrap bought in. Sheet ... bought in. Good biscuits 3/6. Pressed scrap and rejections bought in, ne iS Fine biscuits 3/8. Pressed crepe bought in. Good biscuits bought in. Fine sheet 3/84. Good scrap and rejections part sold, I It 10. Good biscuits and crepe ... bou ught i in yn athe in, 8}. Dark scrap and rejections... of sold, 2/-, bou Good biscuits ught in. Scrap .. bought in, Sige and rejections bought in. Good scrap ... bought in. 9 ee elt Ball scrap and rejections ... pt. sold, 2/2. Good block ... bought in ” oP) bought in Scrap bought in. MALAYA Very fine pale crepe bought in. Fine pale crepe bought in, Good darkish bought in. Good brownish bought in. Dark bought in, | Good sheet bought in. Fine palish and brownish crepe Good dark block Fine sheet AG & Co. I 5 3 I &> : 5 6 BM&Co, 3 3 I L E pe 31 Muar 31 FMS SK R Co. Ld, 5 3 Jugra I B 3 CMRE Ltd. 24 6 Beverlac I 2 5 Yam Seng 2 Exports from 1st Janua From Singapore From Penang Exports from rst January to 28th October—From Ceylon:— 1907 vee Sas a ... 401,835 !bs. 1906 277;053 » 1905 121,131 5 1904 57532 » (These ee are taken from Statistics published by Messrs. BARE Singapore), NoTE,—In our market report, dated the 8th November, the total weights of Ceylon and Malaya rubber were reversed, they should ve read: ‘Ceylon about 8 tons and Malaya over 37 tons.’’ ry to 4th October, 1907 :— 432 Fine pale sheet oy Good brown to dark crepe Fine pale and palish crepe Scrap a Rough biscuits es Good scrap & rejections ... Fine sheet Good scrap Wound scrap, etc. Fine sheet Fine block Mottled opaque Darkish crepe - Good block Dark pressed crepe Dark block - Fine pale & palish crepe ... Good darkish to dark - SHIPMENTS. Total ... 1,320,557 !bs- ————— bought in. bought in. 3/84 to 3/9. 2/2. bought in. bought in. pt. sold, 3/8, bought in. bought in. bought in. ee 1,015,063 Ibs. 305,494 lbs. ow & Co., of need : EER By See aes = I Sk, See ee eC E Ee gts Sekt ches: Si cfORE Na Pavan th Meee pea We Reese ease ewe Caria J 433 _ REGISTER OF RAINFALL AT BOTANIC GARDENS, SINGAPORE, FOR OCTOBER, 1907. Dates. RAINFALL. Inches. Cts. 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E. ; = 1 RB ‘LOILSIG > f. a a o : f=] se 2 on = = 2) oF om 8 P| og S *rajau0asA FY ‘aanqzesodwiay, 5 | ‘Lo6s ‘42g0,9Q fo yjzuou ay] 40f azvz5 ay? fo sp214jSIq Snotewa ays ut sfuipvay (vIoposoaja py fo 12D 4ISQY "IOZuBleg 437 Suvywy ‘UoasAénS 24015 ‘AYA ‘H “M gS.£ G04 LY ae ms os 0.91| 0.49 oS.b gc Shi rk ; ad : £.9£| 2.61) 0.g9 bz.z £z.g oes - : : 00.9} Z.$1| o.12 96.1 LY.S wee see hee eee one eee 0.0Z 98.1 zg.L Ay a see a8 €g.SL| 96.41] o. ov.1 £r.6 wee eee . eee see wee eee gS.1 12.4 ons Ree aS f 9.£2, £.L1| 0.99 £.0g 45.1 | $0.6 nee th er *** 1 OSL! 10,611 3.00 L.gZ ‘suy | “suy % do do to to . do Ho Ojo pope Rohe Be ee ll ile sa} 2 [| 8.8 | 81 fe) eee ae a2 i= bah Ss ee wv B = =} 2 Y aie < 5 cf a Bb we BL ~ ee o ae. Seba: Rag | ie nap lee we | 5 les of = So : = os os oe oss Sof eS | ee e | é el) oes: anh i * oO 3 o 5 p =n i. : : an o. o ee = = . g. ‘lgyowoIsAP ‘oinyeroduia {, | ¢ £061 ‘4390799 ‘Jo yguom ay 40f 23025 ay3 fo szI2aqsiq] Snolawa ay] Us sSurpway jonsozosoajapy fo pavagsqy ‘Suvyeg 438 "u0aSANS *Lo61 ‘vaquaaoyy y76z ‘“alaaT VIVAY ‘ALLYINID ‘Gd NHO[L ‘A914dQ S,NOADUAS v1.€ 90.21 O.Z1 0.€L 0.Sg ee ueUPIOYy PEN y C1.2 62.11 es uoneyUR,g nye TL 11.2 ol.11 £.91 z.cL 9.88 @ qo] eens Ho Ho Ao ‘soyouy] ‘soyouy ‘URo I "URITN "URdTA| Bang FE SONEP! atte uIey ye}O ‘assure “WNUTUT] ; : “TIVANIVY ‘aNALVUAdWaA "L061 ‘4290399 fo yguom ay sof sSuipoay porSoposona yy fo 7204459 ‘uBjuRloy ‘poyrury ‘Auveduiop jyuowdofosog yng oul | | 439 PARTICULARS OF 42 RUBBER PRODUCING COMPANIES IN TPS ETS — = | £3 a Fase hd YEARS Otp. CoMPANY Se oe £3 ie £ | 23 | 3648 an Zz . 3 4 5 ee : —— |__| | Anglo-Malay Co. M. | oe, oe |e 8,900 112,000 | 3,561 Batu Caves Co. M. | 18,000 123,669 63,300 41,299 3,000 570 8,500 Batu Tiga (Selangor) Co. M. | 50,000 | 75,000 ase ee British Borneo (Para) Co. B. | 17,850 Being planted it Rajah Co. ae) a Bukit Rajah Co M. | 66,700 | 206,375 60,583 | 31,384 26,067 | 7,758 | 45,739 Castlefield (Klang) Estate | M, | 27,000 Being | planted Ceylon (Para) Co, Cc. 19,250 Being | develop ed-1.4 | 17acres| planted Cicely Estates Co. M. 12,000 Réing | planted une, | 1904 Consolidated Malay Estates oe 55,000 | 173,463 63,300 6,000 Federated (Selangor) Co. | M, | 18.251 | 101,785 | 52,427 | 10,333 | 9,444 | 18,882 | 8,754 Golden Hope Estate M. 33,250 | 28,000 Part | bearidp Hidden Streams Syndicate] M, 3,816 Being | planted ; Highlands and Lowlands oe Para Co s+ | M. | 227,783 | 322,611 116,415 | 101,862 20,046 58,265 Inch Kenneth Estates ...| M, 15,060 | 135,300 Part | Reriag’ Java Rubber and Produce : att eine Co. . Java. 17,480 44,535 | 17,000 and 27: 535, of which 15,C00 06] years | old (A divijdend at | the rate | of 4 per |cent per | annum unt Dece mber, 19 guaranteled on thife fs issue by} the vendlors.) Jugra Land and Rubber Estates. ag ‘ 88,000 | Kapar Para Rubber Estates Co. ee 29,802 Klanang Produce Co, ...| M. | 22,000 Kepiti ine bber Estat ite PR ee - Lim C. | 200,000 | 35 ! | Kuala Lumpur Co. M. | 180,000 | 199,044 10,897 | 6,809 | 81,664 | 49,064 | 25,299 Langkon North Borneo Co.| B 22,500 | Being | planted | we . i Linggi Plantations —«.- | M._ | 73,100 |629,100 375,300 | 50,300 141,000 Malacca Plantations ..|_M. | 260,625 | 485,286 108.401 | 39,411 | 114,390 126,688 | 3,208 nce | Metclncr Coucsslone $00) MM. 8,000 |... To! be planited | Matale Ceylon Co. C. | 28,125 | 87,000}... a WiGiscakelle Estates c 16,450. oe Being planted : ing Syndicate| M. | 20,000 |130,500 64,000 ae 5,000 — 6,000 Patalinz Estates Syn ‘ WMortg age £5, t 5|% per an num) Pelmadulla Co. wef Cy | 25,750 4521900 141,800 “03,187 11,760 | 4,500 258 Perak Plantations -..|_M._| 75,000 | $0,000 | 11,520 | 22,880 | 8,000 | 11,520 | 800 Rubber Estates of Ceylon | C. | 68,050} Being! planted- there are |11,100 tees gent {3 to © ye : see © 7,200 18,750 ae 7135 Ceylon, The Straits settlements, Borneo, Jaya, 6 and up- 81,518 1,000 3,000 34,844 since 15,000 13,300 1,945 26,023 are from 09, is wards. and SECRETARIES, a oo H. Eric Miller ... McMeekin & Co. J. Fitzpatrick Macdonald, Stewart & Stewart ces G. F. Woods B. Fletcher Geo. Williamson & oO. oA Rowe, White & Co, Shand, Haldane & Co. G. F. Woods H. Eric Miiller Geo. Williamson & gh homas Barlow & Brother Greenhill & Clap- erton C, O. Naftel Macdonald, Stewart & Stewart a Nevett Oswald & James Miller Charles _L, Talbot 25,311 62,000 66,617 16,000 33,500 395 25,280 ars old 10,500 3,220 H. Read Smith .. ‘Alexander T. Forgie| Joh: Gurdon Harington G. Forbes ... | 24, Rood Lane, E.C. Johore. OFFICEs. 4, Cour Corbet Gracechurch St. 138, ; Leadenhall St. 4, lloyds Avenue, 20, Eastcheap i. 11, Idol Lane, E. C. 138, Leaderha!l St., EG; oa . 38, Fee Wel 6a, eee Be pt; David ee 8 Capt. H WES, Ki a ‘din urg . | 20, Elastics EC Gustavus A nd Richa 20, Eastcheap, E.C|H. K. Rut GeorgeG A om) i. J. Llo . | Sir Frank A, | Directors He i Sealine "af ick- r, Jar tes Lloyd Anstruther, Charles Denny, "Art r and ett. j e ohn ohn 1. WN. stie, and R William Chr = Ctadenmal s St, LT. Bovsted W. Brett, L. "Hattenbach, and J.C : 102, Hope St. (Clas: W. Euing a ell, Wm ell, W. Campbell, Wm. W. Maclellan and Srence ougal. lerford, Norman W. Grieve, G. A, Talbot, and C. B, Rendle. Alex. Bethunk Gai “ ok game W. Arthur Addinsell, R. B. Mago Ww aig “W. H. Savill, an n. | ste Rideal, € EF. gene Drake, Cecil De nton, ang Anderson, John L. Shand, Percy W. geen gn H. Bagnall. . M. White, and A. Srey ee yd An i fier, Arthur Lampard, and Bechert W.-Br De Winton, C, ir peiswiek, F, W. Still- man, and A, Bethun wettenham, John A. Maitland, sr hai: Denman, and Wm e B. Thornton, and .S. Kinderse ey. , H. K. Rutherford, rd C Ecos Wright 102, Hope St.,| Wm. W. Campbell, Lawrence Dougal, Wm. Glasgow .. | W. Maclellan, Sir Wm. Hood Treacher, and V. Carey, John Wisha (Chairman). 81, Gracechurch St, | J. Douglas mer William Nevett and Edward rig 36, Basinghall St. Edmund k -_ J. Davies, and J. L. Ei Anstruther, — Grae Court, 62, Williamson Milne, Betbert sient Brett, Old Broad Lawrence fT. Boustead, Joh aud lliam I - te Maclar en 9, Bias St., Hon, verard Fielding, rd Bunge, Strand ...| Alfred Grisar, aetenl Sidney Parry, and Ed Tootal., 37, Threadneedle pre i igustus Fitzgeorge, The Right St E.G. a n. Lord ong, Wm.-C. Cowie, Colonel Bike: oa ontgomery " Harington, Guthrie & Co., Ltd. J. A. H. Jackson... Arthur C, Plowman 5, Whittington Av., Bt, ae d Charles Ernest Morrison. Sir Wm, Hood a K.C.M.G., Keith a Arbuthnot, W bes Lawrie, Gilbert ee ha R. F. MeN oe ce .| Geo, B. J. Malcolm Lyon, Wm arti od harles _ Bickard, and Arther Wood P. E. Hervey Robertson, Bois & H. Eric Miller ... McMeekin & Co, Rowe, White & Co. Rowe, White & C. H. Eric Miiller ... T. E. Smith Walter Smith J. A. Pattullo .. Gibson & Anderson Macdonald, Stewart| & Stewart oe & oS urgh. C. A. Gibson & pac ee ney Lane, E. C. - | 8, Hill St., Edin- h . 16, St. Helens Place,| The EG: iy 123, : Edinburgh — aneaee Basia Gow, K. 13, Rood Lane, E.C “i “Rie and 8 ral George ore Sere an m, a Mincing atch