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AMERICAN

WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS:

Second and Allustrated Gdition
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY:

gers AND DESCRIPTION OF USEFUL PLANTS AND WEEDS, WHICH
ERIT THE NOTIOEF, OR REQUIRE THE ATTENTION OF
AMERICAN AGRICULTURISTS.

BY WILLIAM DARLINGTON, M.D.
Ream ;

Hic Segetes, illic veniunt felicius Uve
Arborei fetus alibi, atque injussa virescunt
Viner, Gore. 1.

Here ca harvests wave, there. Vineyards glow,
Fruit bends the bough, or Herbs unbidden grow

REVISED, WITH ADDITIONS, BY

GEORGE THURBER,

PROF. OF MAT. MED. AND BOTANY, ETC., IN THE N. ¥. COLLEGE OF PHARMACY.

NEW YORK:
A. 0. MOORE & COMPANY,

10 THE YOUNG FARMERS.

Of the Anites States,

THIS HUMBLE ATTEMPT

hae «or bstlias

AEC ae ee eS ee eee ae ee eee eee Oe See eee eee

Doct. C. W. Sort, of Kentucky, has kindly furnished notes on some
: [vii] a

EDITOR'S PREFACE.

A id edition of Doct. Dartrneron’s Agricultural Botany having se
called for, and as the author, at his advanced age, felt indisposed to

sume — ‘ake of a revision, the work was placed in my hands to a ee

pare for the press, with the author’s permission to make such changes —
and additions as might seem desirable. Such alterations have been made
in the pages arrangement, and names, as the advance of the science

ired, and descriptions have been added of — plants, not included
in the former edition, as are generally known as weeds. Besides these,
I have noticed the common medicinal oe and such of our native
shrubs as are worthy of cultivation,—those that are both ornamental
and easily obtained. These latter may not strictly come within the class
of “useful,” but are introduced with the hope of inducing farmers to
render the exterior of their homes more attractive te podem them
with beautiful shrubbery, which, once planted, will be a permanent
source of gratification not only to the possessors, but s travelers who
pass them. The yards of our country dwellings generally present a for-
lorn appearance, which the attempt often made to cultivate a few coarse

‘flowering plants, rather increases than removes.
In

the introduction of new plants, the plan of the original work has

been conformed to, and the descriptions of these are taken from Darling-
ton’s Flora Cestrica, when that work contained them ; in other cases,
those in Torrey’s Flora of the State of New York, and Gray’s Manual
of the Botany of the Northern States have been used. oe
I am exceedingly indebted to Prof. Gray for permission to use his

Analytical Key to the Natural Orders, and have modified it, as wellas

some of his Synopses of Orders and Genera, to suit the present work.

Vili EDITOR’S PREFACE.

the troublesome plants of the West, which have been acknowledged in
the proper places. I am also indebted to J. A. Lapuam, Esq., for his
» which came too late to be available, to furnish notes upon the
weeds of Wisconsin. The more important illustrations in the work are
from original drawings, by AnrHony Hocusrern, Esq., whose delicate
sketches have hardly justice done them by being rendered in wood. The
most of his drawings are designated by his initials. The remainder of the
engravings were obtained from the best available sources. My friend,
Mr. Frank A. Pouuarp, has rendered me most essential aid, both be-
fore and during the rapid printing of the work, which I would gratefully
acknowledge.
‘Where new observations or other matter has been added, or the old
ones essentially modified, a * has been appended. This, however, has
been omitted where the alterations are aenseteaé in these cases any
faults may be placed to the account of the editor.

New Yorr, January 31st, 1859.

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

AGrIcuLTure, in a broad end legitimate sense, being a : Cong
owe wok a star paw involving more es ly a practical,
acquaintance wit useful portion of the Vegetable Creation,— .
T have ioe ‘dhionght it dts to the Profession, and desirable inevery point —
of view, that the young Farmers of the United States should acquire ar
* exact know ledge of the Plants which it immediately concerns them to
know ; and that f they should be enabled to designate, and treat of the

y reatise—thoug’
couched i in rahe ost familiar dialect—would obviate the objections, or
conciliate the te oiicbs of such antiquated tillers of the soil. My —

views, therefore, have not been directed to that unpromising quarter. I
sadn th myself to the youthful and aspiring rig i ale of our country,
who seek to elevate their noble Profession to its just rank among human
ee ts,—and who feel that the exercise "of sntellect, as well as of ace

indispensa nsable to the accomplishment of their pur

a have predarod to treat of the Plants, which it more immediatel

cme of our day, and in the lan nguage of System matic Botany. By
exept a much of 4 classification, or frame-work of the Science,

, according to the mos pets S|

te to present the Genera and Species, here described, in |

as i pecies,
their seal and relati tive positions, the Student rs be enabled to com-
prehend their connection wi ith the other portions of the System, ae te.
examine them, as the Geologists Fisher = situ. t. that 3 catia :

resolve ‘upon a more extended acquainin nce with the vege-
sities eee ceili k aR

x _ PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION,

liminary step Efe step which, according to the bith is the only i
one which cos an

pp would be mos |
of conception—and ss gad in fact, ae the investigation of their
true character. By employing names phrases which have an exclu-
sive application, and a definite heaithng: the study of plants is really
simplified ; and ‘the eee ee oe thereby: camara e
with more readiness and precision—is greatly enhanced i ee gi cal

value. By using, everywhere, the same terms in the same sense, men 0.

Alifferent regions, or Setricts, can be sure that they comprehend each

/ other’ smeaning,— When
isputes arise, tou eg the merits ie demerits of particular plants, both
parties will have clear conceptions of the panier referred to,—and will
ey have the advantage of prhcwnie exactly what they are talk-
ut 2 ahie h is far fro: Rin rae the case when they make

grunge of our Scents fanel | necessarily ‘merged in the vernacular :
idiom m, or degraded into a local patois, in order to adapt it to the capaci-

ted e
and to one teal those which are define, technical, aud peculiar.
writing down to the level of ooghah apprehension, I
would eee see gree cultural ies pred ally written up to
tific standard. I would have our young Farmers taught to apprec: acta
ince of scientific precision, au incited to take their appro-
ommuni

In the present work, it is hoped and lieved that with the aid of
_ the copious Glossary, the Index of Common Name mes, and the other
felis an 7

ciliti ed, ) be i ming familiar
with the terms employed, nor in the investigation of the plants enumer-
ated r who shall have accomplished that much, will

find that he has obtained many new and interesting views of objects
intimately connected with his Profession, that he has acquired a capac-
_ ity Pee and profiting by numerous processes and phenomena

: wiedge
Sun of soching: that raed always within reach, in case of fo Forgetfulness »—I would
recommend to the young Farmer the formation of a elect um, containing a gon

Ac Specimi r ose h it is

and advantages as atten snd the Consultation of a Dictionary, dicseaecse Laan

o

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. x1

ich a : rit of research will often
which, in itself, is an nfeiling source of gratitiontion to ingenuous
min aaa: not han aries leads to important practical results.
The study of Bor in its widest sense—comprising, as it does, the
entire Mi See an! att iow ill ever have its select vo teats es in those
ho can appreciate its manifold charms, and find their reward in the
leasures dent to this ‘puree : But when regarded in re limited.

and practical point of view, it may fairly challenge the attention even
of the most inveterate Utzlitarians. There are three aspects, or relations
oF ie Science, in which its importance will scarcely be denied by the
ost penuri urious calculator of economical values: name y, 1. Agricultural
Botany, 2. Medical Botany,—and 3. Artistical pete or the history
of those sf aoa which are employed, or afford materials, in the processes
of oS rts and Manufactures. The Medical branch of the science has
bee often reated of, with something like system, by the Professional
Writers of Europe and America. The other two divisions less
quently, and with less method, in various Agricultural Journals, Cyclo-

.

pedias, and Mercantile Dictionaries. The atte mpt here made is an essay

on the ‘Agricultural bra —oras sano ees top of those Plants
| atten useful and peicions) which m Oe aa Peowdiag
‘armers—es i Magia n the Middle "States 0 this

The Botany of the rts, Shicnever undertaken, will afford a highly in
esting theme for it future laborer in this elegant department of Nat.

In co Sepie this Farmer’s Flora, I found it somewhat difficult to
aharinthe peeeweied the line of demarcation between the Plants
entitled to a place in it, and those which ia properly be omitted. It

pe a perhaps, be t o thought by some, that th unnecessarily —
ile others may be . opinion that there are species left out which —

ought to have been inserted. My aim has been,—not, certainly, to

describe all the plants which an accomplished Agriculturist might very

properly desire to know ; but—to ie those only (whether in

Farmer would wi lingly be ‘niorate. n he

self familiar these, he can extend iis nafs with the Vege-

table Tribes, at pleasure, by having recourse to 1 and com-
rehensive works ; such, for example, as the Flora of North America,

; of North Amer:
ocd Torrey and Gray,—or Prof. De Canpotte’s Prodromus of a Nat-
ed pare comprising all the known forms of vegetation upon this
obe.

sunicenien
In my humble pinion, no Education can be deemed sufficient without ou

me acquaintance with the r
rational know!
edge just as > t

xii PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

not mean the smattering of a few saya a Bag a with an
available ideas—which, in too many instances, passe -
ing name of “ Boran ¥”: but I do o mean, » that ‘thorough oe of
nature ie relations of Plants

can perceive
ood reason why it is not equally incumbent on a practical farmer
. ‘ understand the true character of those plants, which it is his especi
/ interest either to cultivate or - extir
If American you o are being educated with a view to

req make
cally acquainted with that portion of the vegetable kingdom
which rien ira deman . their attention, on the farm,—the Profession
new ~ engaging aspect. The labors of the field
would be blended witl with t the contemplation of facts and phenomena of the
are interest to inquiring minds,—and Agriculture—instead of being

a t Essay ~— any morons tend to promote t are
ous the Deter a ill derive a sincere gratificati a en
boage that the the time A attention devoted to its acts have
not been n wholly misapplied.

West Cuzsrer, Penna,
June, 1847.

See ee ere rere an Fe ee Sh coe Ne eno eee SS eee eI ts a A

ste cee Tere eto Wi vaees Bete ees Sart ape

WEEDS.

In popular language, any homely plant which is not noticeable for the
ene of its flowers, nor entitled to respect by a reputation for medi¢-
inal or other useful qualities, is designated by the epithet weed. In an
agri sense, the term is used with a more restricted meaning, and
is applied to ‘aith intrusive and unwelcome individuals that will persist
jn growing where they are not wanted,—in short, the best definition that
has yet been given of a weed is the old one, “a plant out of place.”
Most of the weeds troublesome in our agriculture are immigrants, ei
from the Old World, or the warmer portions of this continent. The num-
ber of plants indigenous to our country, that are entitled to rank as per-
nicious weeds, is comparatively small. As the aborigines disappeared
with the advance of the whites, so do the native plants generally yield
their possession as cultivation extends, and the majority of the plants to
be met with along the lanes and streets of villages, and upon farms, are

naturalized strangers, who appear to be quite at home, and are with
difficulty to be persuaded or driven away.

The labors of the ee are a a struggle ; on the one

, he

hand, by presenting th endeavors
to make certain plats | grow and produce to their utmost capacity ; and
on the other hand, he has to prevent the growth of certain other plants
that are ready to avail themselves of these favorable conditions. The
farmer is interested in two points concerning weeds: how they get into
his grounds, and how to get them out. As cultivation is all the more
profitably carried on if the farmer knows something of the nature and

#

xiv WEEDS.

to be familiar with the manner of growth, and the mode of propagation
of a ‘weed, as it is to be with that of an useful plant. A = that
eads itself entirely by the seed must, of course, be differently treated
from one pastas multiplies by the root also, whether we would propagate |
or destroy.
cA. _ constitution, established by a proper regard to the conditions of
‘health, is not only the best preventive to the attacks of disease, but much
faciltates recovery, if this be contracted ; in like manner thorough culture
and good farming ensures a sort of general exemption from the pesti-
lence of weeds, and renders easy the subjugation of those which happen
to make their way into the grounds. In agriculture as in morals, idleness
is the mother of vice, and if the ground be not occupied with something
good, there will bea plenty of the opposite character to take its place.
Possession is a great advantage in other matters than those of the law,
and a plant, whether useful or troublesome, when once fully established
is not disposed to yield without an argument. “That learned and saga~
cious observer of Nature—the late professor Dz Canpotte—remarks,
that ‘all the plants of a country, * bay of any given place, are ina
state of war, in relation to each other. All are endowed with Lae.
more or less efficacious, of rejouton and nutrition. Those which first
establish themselves accidentally, in a given locality, have a tendency,
from the mere fact that they already occupy the space, to exclude other
species from it: the largest ones smother the smallest ones; the lo
lived ones supersede those of shorter duration ; the most fruitful gradu-
ally take possession of the space which would otherwise have been occu-
pied by those which multiply more slowly.’ The farmer, therefore, should
of this principle, and aid the more valuable plants in their
struggle to choke down or expel the worthless.” 1)

Weeds are introduced upon a farm in a variety of ways. Many have
their seeds sown with those of the crops; this is particularly the case
where the seeds of the weeds and of the grain are so nearly alike in size
that their separation is difficult. Proper care in procuring and preserv-
ing clean seed will often save much future trouble and yexation. The
observing farmer will notice the means which nature has provided for the

Se of seeds, and he will find that the most pernicious weeds seem
ee to have been especially furnished with contrivances to facilitate their —
<a The Cie, Denar’ A, sal she, eee ae

WEEDS. XV

hooks by which they adhere to clothing and the coats of animals, and
are widely distributed by this agency. All of the Thistles, and many
others of the same family, have a tuft of fine silky hair attached to the
seed, or more properly fruit, by which they are buoyed upon the air, and
wafted from place to place. So numerous are the ways by which seeds
are di , that, however careful a farmer may be upon his own prem-
ises, a dlovétilyaind neglectful neighbor may cause him infinite annoyance
by furnishing his lands with an abundant supply. In some European
countries a farmer may sue his neighbor for neglecting to destroy the
weeds upon his lands, or may employ people to do it at the delinquent’s

expense.

The vitality of seeds, particularly if buried in the earth below the
reach of the influences which cause germination, in some cases endures
through many years; hence, an old field, after deep plowing, has often a
fine crop of weeds from the seeds thus brought to the surface. W
that have been cut or pulled after they have flowered, should not be
thrown into the barnyard or hog-stye, unless the farmer wishes to have
the work to do over again with their progeny, as the seeds will be thor-
oughly distributed in the manuring of the land. In England they dry
the pernicious weeds and burn them, not only destroying root and branch,
but seed also. In all weeding, it is of the greatest importance that it
should be done before the plants have formed seed. his should be re-
garded equally with annual and perennial weeds. The prolific character
of some weeds is astonishing ; each head of an Ox-eye Daisy or White-

eed is not a simple flower, but a collection of a great many flowers,
each of which produces a seed; and, as a single plant bears a great

conde the number of seeds that a single individual is capable of —

)lying in a season amounts to several hundreds. In weeds, evil should

be, dap tieally nipped in the bud. In this respect, the farmer should
act in the spirit of the Western savages who kill the women and chil-
dren of their enemies, as a tolerably sure way of preventing the multi- <
plication of warriors. Annual weeds are much more readily | ept in
subjection t han the Pa ones, which, especially those which multiply
extensively by their formid- :
able. Here not only has the propagation by seeds to be prevented, but a
subterranean and hidden enemy has to be combatted. ‘It is very impor-

eS a unders a th

oN

xvi / WEEDS.

i
planés grow, that he may know how to direct his efforts to subdue them.
A perennial weed, like the Canada Thistle or Couch Grass, is, during the

early stage of its existence, easily destroyed ; but later in the season it

- makes strong underground stems, or roots, as they are commonly but in-

correctly called, which have great tenacity of life,and which have within
them an accumulation of nourishment which enables them to throw up

several successive crops of herbage; plowing such weeds generally ag-
. gravates the trouble, for, unless every fragment be removed from the

ground, a thing very difficult to accomplish, each piece that is left makes
a separate plant. In the case of weeds of this description, the necessity
of early eradicating them is apparent, for if once well established, and

an underground provision depot formed, the farmer and the plant are

placed in the condition of beseiging and besciged ners 2008 as the
provisions hold out the latter can maintain its ground. It becomes a

question of endurance, for the underground supply must be eventually —
exhausted in the attempt to produce new stems and leaves, and if the
farmer, by rsistently cutting these away, prevents any new accession

pe
to the stock of itn a: Sa gube are at leg pucoum. Often re-

peated cuttings will a h exh tion of its vi-
tality. In some cases salt has been used with | sucéess, especially upon
Thistles, applied immediately after mowing. The farmer will do well to

keep in mind two rules. Do not let oeehe Nowe, aa do not let them
breathe, for the leaves may be considered the lungs of the plant, and
without the aid of these it cannot long majntain itself.

ee ee ee a ee

3

_2€is

THE songs late OF PLANTS.

*-

this work, som

the limited space allowed, the principal facts ton only

those very briefly. Those who desire to be m re fully Se epg =
this subject, are referred to the admirable es ond why . Gray. His

can
scientific elementary wo
1. The rial word) is divided into Unorganized (or Inorganic)
earn: an 1 Organized (or Organic) beings. ‘The mineral
pi the water belong to ths first, and plante and
mals rs shen nina of gk divisions. Unorga: nized substances have
neither life nor owth, and are without parts or organs adapted to.
ffi

a simple germ, and go through pro e stages of Spiny gine
are furnished wit! 3 or organs which have particular ae
the

perform, ite Ka in promoting the growth of the intial on or in per-

nized beings are of two kinds, Vegetables and Animals. A
table e or plant m may be defined as a being which converts the unor-

als are consumers 0: ies
tudy of plants in all that relates to their growth and repro-
duction, “thelr resemblance to and difference from one another in the
as Aig

arrangement of their parts, ribution over the
rth’s surface, and whatever relates to the history of a plant, constitutes
the science of Botany. The science is divi veral departments ;

or
organs is Structural Botany—that branch of the science of which we
i sive a brief ‘outline in the soto wine pete
: Ist, ag which have manifest,
wers i nt ys Fler or Phen
its; 2d, — ee ae a flowers and no proper seeds,

INTRODUCTORY,

Foduced by minute dust-like ising called spores,—Flowerless
“yptogamous plants. As cryptogamous plants do not often donee as
ro ds an their sat is rather difficult, they are left out of con-
ty ideration in the prese ork.

os P alotatn ng plants hive two kinds of organs; those parts which are

in sustaining the life and growth of the plant,— Organs of

Ve, eal and those which provide for its perpetuation by means of
eee rgans of R Prgdate

iby

is softened, a
open, the young plant will be found within, though in a
much less developed state. The seed alwa ways contains within it the
young plant, more or less devel oped, either lying straight in the seed or
variously coiled or folded up ; ;_ this is called the Embryo. B the influ-
ence of the warmth an

germination. ‘Che parts of the embryo are ; Ist, the little stem,
called the Radicle and 2d, the leaves which in the Radish, Bean, &c., first
Coviatnn above e ground and are usually called Seed-leaves, these are the
between them there is a little bud (which is not always to

bl ae in the embryo, but appears soon after it begins to grow), the
Plumule. In germination the i elongates, the lower end—what-

i,

seed may be placed in—pus lf downward

into the earth, and its upper ring the seed-leaves is raised to the
light and air. That portion of the radicle which goes downward forms
or Descending Axis, ich rises above the surface of the

Tn the instances quoted as "staon el Bean and bey ones
ryo is seed-leaves, in the Bean
especially, are ni arene ts mie routed ¢ filled with a supply of
food which nourishes the young plant mt ite can form roots and draw
sustenance from the soil. In many seeds, as the Pea, Acorn, &c., the
cotyledons are very much distended and do hot rise to the surface, but
i rotrude.

7. In many seeds the embryo, instead of containing the food for its
early growth within ‘eu cotyledons, has a m
Surrounding it, called Albumen. The emibeye is placed sometimes in the
centre of th albumen—or. at one side, or sometimes co

th
>»
THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. 3

pit s having embryos of this kind are termed Di wcotyledonous (. ¢.
aving two cotyledons or seed-leaves). There are many plants in which
the embryo has but one cotyledon ; this is the case with Wheat,

(Fig. 238).

extended surface by being ceneral ‘abide ae branches ey ed
plied with multitudes of delica mg ee e root of a
plant, which spri ings from the pee ree ite pana ca produces
flowers and seed all in one year, is called @ dhssastel When the plant re-

ipongh a number of years, it is perenni 2

10. The various forms which roots s present, produced either by the ae

branching of the principal root, or a) Be ealangemen nt of it and that of its g
ranches, ere the main root continues distinct and unbranching, or
sends off only occasional branches, a ass is il ordinarily, how-
ever, the main root is lost in its numerous branches, or many roots
start from the lower end of the radicle, and we have a cluster of roots.
Annual roots are re very much divided into numerous thread-like branches ;
a int termed Pgh roots. In biennial plants, the first year is occu-

==
of
S
Se}
ss
2
"3
img
o
a
a
gt
=
a
b=}
o
f=")
_
.

| t .
seunple), we have a sede segs’ or fusiform eae hen much en-
laterally, so as to be than I

la so r an long, the haped
or napiform. In these Sie hac branches are small sabe pe Pate te
some perennial roots, those where the stem dies down annually, there is
oe pres, ee of nourishment oat the roots become fberonit
in ‘

os a Under fevers circumstances, roo
tion of the stem and branches.

ts), wehich sense 1 fom ae
lants, adherin De

ain the Ivy and Polson Oak
: plant, as

4 INTRODUCTORY.

the plants upon which they feed, either above-ground, as Ne: Mi itltoe
a or they ¢ i

as in the various root-parasites. Roots branch without any sett toes r,
i i the

12. Stem on Ascenpinc Axis. As the nage apaal of the radicle
urface of th

the groun ae

woody near the base it is suffruticose; or when but fitle w heath SU,
_ cent. Shrubs and Trees ditfer only in size ; those under 15 or 0 feet
high are bs. The

hig Cc
ote stem of grasses is called a Culm.

16. The Various modifications of the stem and branches have received
ti ing gees of soe the most used are given here. When the
lined if it partly

hee. jor fede entirel:
H sebringp fe.
e Grape vine, or ty oral Ba Mel) the ae like ‘the Ivy,

Be ee eee, ee ee eS eS ee ee eT eT ee ee ree ae

ee eae I i eee ae cere kata eS ae a co Ohl, la NS pees ee ee ae a ee ag cht ag i

THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. L

mbing or scandent. If is Mit around other objects like the Bean
te TH op, it is voluble or tavin
16. Branches which arise feo the main stem, below the surface of
e earth, are called suckers,
If a branch bends over so as to reach the ground and there takes root,
a stolon is formed, which sends up branches of its own, and by the di-
rtion, bec oe an inde-

strawberry, is ar
Spines or thorns are Bardot sharp-pointed branches; they may fre-
Rs ie be found bearing leaves, especially in their young state, which
shows their true char ucter. Sometimes the thorns are bra nehed, as
thee of the Honey Locus
ie: ndril is a weak, cs branch, capable of coiling around o
support climbing plants (Fig. 95). Some tendttle, owovaey Bebe se
st the leaf (26).
17. Besides the aérial form of the stem and branches, there are sev-

distinguished from them by having nodes, p: in buds, and
often having rudiments of leaves (11). The Root-stock or Rhizoma is an e
- m, ad by its hrowing off

es a good illustration of one form o poorent it often be-

comes fleshy, as in the Sweet F! =

1 ere an es stem thickens af the apex,a Tuber ig
formed, as is the case in = ikenst > Sek ots and Potato. Though =
popularly Baber ary as a root, the potato is a short thick under-ground a
stem, having scars which ne Ne oa ter Hid or representatives of leaves, =
and “eyes” are buds in their axils. A Corm or solid bulb is ; more
or less globular subterranean stem, as that of the Indian Turn A
bulb bes a gtd ee; shortened stem, = et Me ith sea a whieh ‘are the

scales abroad one another and form a Tunicated or Coated bulb. —
stem is here often reduced to a mere plate, from the ti tee i
which proceed the roots, and from the upper the sca are
small bulbs produced above Sa the Spotted Lily of bo paren
bears these in the axils of the leaves, and in the Wild Leek, or Garlic,
vey. appear in the pee of Niners os
. The internal structure of the stem aoe ercocits Se tee ee
In "aise lants, the woody portion oceupies a ring oo the —
pith and bark, and in stems of this ind which last from
increase |

wa

p INTRODUCTORY.

across a stalk of Indian Corn; these stems are called Endogenous or
Endogens, (inside Aacigiint The terms Dicotyledonous and Exogenous
are used synonymously, as are Monocotyledonous and Endogenous.

20. Tue Lear. It is in the leaf that the important work of trans-
forming the crude sap, which is taken up by the roots, into organized
material fit = enter into the growth of the Pent, is performed. In this

rocess the agency of sunlight is required and a free exposure to the air,

e leaves are so made and so dispo sp the stem as to presen
susrietBy these ———.

2 y

Sag and stipules may one or both be absent, the ey portion

ing the e. Leaves bara a petiole are said to be petioled or

tiolate ; without a petiole they are sessile. Where the b nde joins the

petiole, or, if this be absent, the stem, is its base; the opposite ends are
argins.

sides gins.
21. The blade of the leaf consists of a green pulpy substance through
which runs a framework of fibres to give it strength ; these, as they are

two forms: Ist, where a strong rib, (the mid ee runs from the base to
the apex of the leaf, from which lateral veins brant off, like the plume
upon a feather ; this is called feather-veined, or penni-nerved (Fig. 66) ;

radiately-veined t the dems approaches the circular. The general outline
of leaves, as well as that of pass om pores of plants, is described

a variety of terms. A very wit. co) | margins 1s
slag the leaves of ak pire e ees hen the blade tapers
Wi ‘;

up to each end, and is sever: an broad, it is /an-
ceolate (Fig. 179) ; when broader in p portion, oblong 5 if both ends are

ethwise, with the b: rides it is ov
round, orbicular (Fig. 44). If the leaf taper fe base instend
of apex, it is oblanceolate and obovate, the reverse of
and ovate. If rounded above and long and narrow below, it is
ate, and sik aw

2 rounded, the
leaf i is said to be cordate or hatha i (hie. a) 171) ; if it such a leaf be
"much broader r than long, it vey-shaped or reniform. If the pro-
: *

THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. Z

rtions or lobes, instead of being round, are sharp and pointi
pia the leaf is arrow-shaped or sa, eittate (Fig. 18) and en oF
if the lobes, i instead of pointin, downwards, are turned outwards, it is
halbert-shaped or hastate (Fig. 181) : if the lobes are rounded, it is aurieu-
late or eared. When the lobes of a kidney-shaped leaf unite, and the
Peo appears to be fixed in its centre, it is called pedtate or shield-

24, Various terms are used is Brey be the aper or termination of

leaves and similar eri viz. : acute, when terminating in a sharp ang’
without much tapering ; lane’ se pointed, if the apex is narrowed
into a point ; pais if far ta Regis a small abrupt point; obtuse,
if ending ina unt neate, sega it appears as if cut
off abruptly ; pees x ed indented. at r emar,
nate, when decid ndented ; and obcordate, fa tee so much so as to
ihe heart.

5. The Bes of the leaf, when without any notches or indentations
és om kind, is entire ; when with sharp teeth pointing forwards, like the
teeth of a saw, it is serrate. If the teeth point outwards i nstead of to- 5
wards the apex, it is said to be ons a or toothed ; if the teeth are
TURN it is crenate or scallo + gi f these indentations of the margin are

are seal
A margin with a wavy outline is called eas - if the indentations
are deeper, shallow and rounded, vert vit teeth are irregular

and sharp, the leaf is said to be incised or tines joes leaf has the mar-
: ‘t te F : “hype

gin
nearly to the middle, it is cleft: if nearly to the midrib, ee or it
quite to the midrib or base, divided. The number of these di visions is
A yee | thus we say 2-/lobed, 3-cleft, noe. . The :
division Srp follo 4 the distribution of the veins, and a pin-
ae be pinnately-cleft, pinnately-parted, &e., and apek o
ree one will be palmat pt sc -divided, ke. :
& a to the division o c their nargins, Sere every variety

be on
Rachis 200 a peleatcly or at ‘op . oC
pound or di ate, bear y of a common peu
64). SW hen the leaflets of in.
ly. « ab:

(Big. leaf are in even

8 INTRODUCTORY.

plant. When the leaflets themselves have a stalk (Petzolule) ne are
petiolulate. Often the leaflets of a ain ate leaf themselves become com-
pound, when we have a doubly or — te leaf ; this divinions may
be continued to produce — e-pin j
e num leaflets in a parton leaf is expressed b —

3- peng 2 oti &e., pe palmately 3-foliolate, 5-foliolate,
divided leaves, especially if irregularly so, are called de-

<= point of cama of se leaf to the stem is its insertion.

Those leaves which are inserted at o road the surface of the e ground,
are called R Radical- or Ralktacel thos g the a stem, cau-
Fine and those near the flowe r, Floral- rieere or Bra

The insertion of the leaf is in three prin neipal way: when two arise
each node or joint, they are opposite (Fig. 34) ; when pe are 3
whorled ©

or more at each jon, —— r verticillate (Fig. 114) ; and

ernate, when only one is produced at are card ig. 24). Alternate

leaves presen a great ¢ Resale in their arrangement. “When one is pro-

duced above another xactly opposite sides of the stem, they are 2-
aC

others. = subject of the arrangement of leaves, or Phyl-
Setixy, s as it is called, is one which presents much interest to the ot sods
and w ——. found clearly ceeplninad | in Gray’s Botanical Text Boo

28. en the bases of two o e leaves grow together, a’ eb B
as if the stem passed through ake are it ate orfoli ae; when a
‘single leaf presents this ——— on the union of the lobes of its base
ee the stem, it is called

a of opposite leaves eas rou other at right-angles are decus-

erWhere several leaves are crowded together, _ = to spring apparently
from the same point, they are clustered or fascicled.

Leaves and other parts which fall soon after expanding, are fugacious
or caducous ; deciduous, when they fall ee the close of the season ; per-

- __ sistent, when they last the whole year or

manner in which leaves assiiepoesiic ud is their verna-
tion or prefoliation. When each ~— is infolded iengthie wise, it is cone

= _ plicate, Se werent! times folded or plaited ; involute, when

revolute, _— rolled backwards towards the
snide eaukes cies rolled op f a one edge ; and preile when
ial poems from — down
‘heir offies

THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. 9

Flowers are developed from buds occupying the ag cae as those —
which produce branches, and the prtoes regards t wer as a short

branch with its leaves ina — state of developement, the different

parts of the he answering to ee The manner in which flowers

€ablte: Ys termed inflorescence.
32. The simplest Sorin § is when the stem is copiaied by a flower-bud,
as in the Tulip; as the stem grows no longer in this tion, this is
¢ determinate inflorescence, but it is generally the case that flow
are thrown out the axils of the leaves, while the stem keeps on
his form, of whi € modifications, is mde-

5
@

nate
which remain like sg se the rest of the plant, the i
(Fig. 184) ; but more commonly, when flowers are produced, the leaves
become smaller, a nd the joints = _ stem shorter, and some kind of a
flower cluster is formed. In this case the reduced or transformed leaves
are called B racts, and the flower lait receives various names according

3. When flowers arise each from the axil “ = _— _—_ a ag
pedicel of fer own, a Raceme is formed; the ma m or axis
Rachis or Common Pedunele ; and the stall ota pond eat its Pali
Here the ane isan ; me e flowers are —_
being raised upon pedicels be iced. the lower mpc
of a short raceaie are e clongated 0 t so that all the flowers are raised

rs
B
&
2
Z
S
=
o
o
aE
ge
Z
Fe
ii
So
8.
ee
oe:
By
e
2.
a
7p

Composite Family, of which the common Sunflower is an ;
apex of the stem is expanded to form a Receptacle, upon which the sepa-
= flowers orels = ced; here the an involucre |
und the head and sometimes appear upon the receptacle as Chaff. A —
heir spike like that of the Indias ‘Turnip and — Cabbage is called
a Spadiz, and the hood-like involucre which sometimes surrounds it, a

Spat A scaly spike, like those of the willow is called an Ament or —
if the pedicels of a raceme are branched a Panicle is produced.
oO

out others, and thus a oat is he es

10 INTRODUCTORY

Envelopes, . are sen Ss in two tee Beg outer of usually green
leaves, the Calyx or Flow cup; and a er and more delicate por-
tion, Be Corolla a; "ed the e Ssen, tial Organs ‘the parts necessar tot ba

od gate are arranged on the receptacle in a Rela ascending order
first, the calyx; then the corolla ; ee ~~ ve this, the stamens

is composed are
The corolla is of a more ‘licate texture than the calyx and of some
other color than green ; its parts are called Petals. The broad expanded
rtion of the petal Te to the blade of the leaf, is = nee and

the narrowed base, c rresponding to the A irhisk is, when prese present, its Claw.

36. Aastra tees ch are to be found n ext within the p ctl have
also two parts; a rou at = “obel body. “8 case called Anther ;
and the usually slender stalk which supports it, the deepal Althon gh
the stamen is so unlike a leaf, the b regar

representing in
its anther, the blade of a leaf with its mare infolded t to form a hollow
re and in its filament, the leaf-stalk. This would perhaps be difficult

to com nd if there were not some ius:
dation from green calyx leaves to perfect anthers. In half double roses
can often see bodies oe are half peta: thers, showing
that — are but modifications of the same fundan it al organ.

and the filament gt Brana a when the ant ther is sessile, tee os
hich is discha nari

val
is to fertilize the ovary. Anthers are us aeuslly 2-¢
or one-celled by the confluence or running eer of the cella or ty the
abortion or disappearance of one of them
If the anther rests directly upon the apex of the filament it is innate ;
if the bode a of one = is applied to the filament, it is adnate ;
when i ks towards the ee of the flower, it is introrse ; when look-
ing hanna orse ; it is called versatile when hung to tg apex of
filament in page way as to swing siete in any
When the filament is prolonged between the anther-cells it is termed
mae Aegeae
number of stamens is expressed by monandrows, geetin trian-
" iro tole Jeg a flower with 1—2 and 3 stamens, &c. ‘ous for
stamens : words obtained by putting the names ‘of the clase classes of
Tikieia. aveeriy ee a ae, &c., founded on the number of stamens,
— into the adjective
(37. THe Pas or ghee occupy the centre of the flower ; they are
the parts which produce The pistil has Gee pettns ny tha nolan
ortion below, the ovary ; a more or less prolonged stalk above this, the
yl , which has a vari ariously shaped termination. ———— ae ae

THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. po.

and stigma being * essential portions, the style may be, and frequently
_ is, wanting, when the stigma is sessile. e ovary contains within
the rudiments of a or Ovule 8s, Which are, after they oe received the
esting influence of me pollen which is communicated through the
veloped into seeds. ‘The number of pistils in aoe ower is pi
pres ssed by prefixing the eck poy HE Yynous ; & monogynous
ving one pistil; a digynous one having ask pistils, ke. For farther
in s alatien to _- structure of the pistil, see 45.
38. The stam pistils being the essential parts of the flower,
= pe both poled aot i. floral envelo opes may be wanting : when one of.

bse oe is the corolla, and the flower is then apetalous
(vith petal) en both are absent, the flowe
omplete flower F nes all four series of organs prese ait either of
these fe cree ale is then ris Se An omer a may pro-

duc : ¢ both stamens and pistils, and a ones re these are
both bi ant, ge Hee is . fet. If either of these is absent, the flower
is imperfe:t. These organs are frequently produced in separate flowers
(Figs. 69 and 70): when the staminate aud istillate flowers are both
borne on the same plant, they are sai monecious (i. €. in one
erage es ee “A produced on different Beles greg ie pets house-
holds). Wh me of the flowers are perfect and the o ted,
they are 2 Spillet sa having. the different dhs ee ne with
the same number of n each, are symmetrical ; those having the
paris in ag series of t pa shape, a regular ; or of different vate:

oduced
Rinse ries of parts. Some parts ee man bs

growing together of series. ‘“

It is very common to find the sepals of a calyx or the petals of

a corolla more or less joined by their contiguous edges so as to forma

tube. When the sepals are distinct, the calyx is polysepalous; and —

where united, monosepalous. Lid ere the union is on! ly petal and the —
ue sepals sa meti ‘that

more or less poco monope Bt ‘gam wie ll :
cor rts are ey band for their whole I length the
free teem on is the ower paleay ‘ube.
Yt roll iygcahtacs
uel shaped ot onfundibulform, when -Darrower
il at os bs pormad at ee oe aa tae “ig a shpat or

aE

sage aia sip ea geoage r less igi
p een ae eased
or rotate, with a b eon ab 08

*

12 INTRODUCTORY.

tube ig. 161). When the ear te irregularly united, a 2-ipped
or dalnate corolla is ergea: (Fi
e stamens and pistils a ars ao areriaentty united. When

mens uve by their filaments so as to a tube, they are monly
(i.e. forming one brot ethane) as in 7 the Mallow Fam mily (Fig. 4
or ue as in the Pulse Family (Fig. 73), they y ate in two sets, the ey
are siadslishuacs, (i.e. in two brotherhoods). ‘I'he union into three or mer
parcels is expressed by the terms triadelphous and Py yadelphous.
large vempas ts: Bamily, the union takes place by the anthers, eo
they are syngen

Al. The eats, poet oftener united than haggis so see what ap-
Sah i se a i Lgends is frequently made up of several u
The ma e place by the ovaries an the styles penne
aa f ned ee or it may be so co mplete that the iim: nature of
the pistil can only be discovered by cutting it across, thr ough the united
ovaries, which will generally present as many cells or cavities as there

ni
sight rather obscure. When the calyx, corolla and stamens are all free
from each other evidently inserted below the pistils, they are
hypogynous (i. e. un pistil), as in Fig. 4. When calyx, corolla
and stamens cohere together, but are still ay from the pistil, so that the
latter two appear to be inserted on the former, they are perigynous, (i. e.,
around the pistil,) as in the ee and Cherry (Fig. 80). The union
often involves be: ovary ; in this case, the stamens and corolla appear to
on the Mea Bigg te" but the union is sometimes so
caeiete that the ae 0 be inserted directly aps the ovary,
— they are said to ge pp ; (i. e., upon the These
terms are not so much used as form rmerly, as the ce of the e parts is
better expressed by saying, calyx half Siherent or entirely adherent to
the ovary, as the case be.
43. The symmetry of the flower (Fig. 38) is broken oP either by the
species or nondevelopment of some parts of a r by the multi-
on

op.
pica the parts: but as one or more series ei Ades the, nor-

se
over the wages between the petals and consequently ites the sea
his is to be idered the usual position, unless otherwise
i, in the deserjption of the plant. Exceptions, however, occur, as
ne Buckthorn and erry, W

ie pe age

where the stamens a are placed directly 2

Se

THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. 13

The terms upper and lower, as eg to the parts of the flower, refer
to their position in relation to the main stem or axis. The petal or
sepal of an axillary flower, which lies fet to the bract or farthest a
we from the stem, is lower or anterior ; the one on the ey vee
and nearest the stem is upper or superior ; and those placed right ras
left of these are /ateral.
45, ‘Tue Pisti in its simplest form, a single se is regarded as
leaf with its margins folded pera so as to form a closed bag or hol-
low portion, the ovary; its prolonged apex is the eye nae the upper
end of this or some portion of “ margin, the sti As al te

-

leaves join, is the Ventral Suture ; and the portion oes to this cor-
res phe to the midrib of the leaf, the Dorsal S The ne
(31) ar ced e ventral suture where pinta ins of the
cabheliers leaf are infolded and project more or less into the cavity,
reco Ried is called the Placenta, to which the ovale are attac

wo or more ca’ , a Compound Pistil is formed ;

this will have as many cells or cavities as the: simple pistils or
carpels combined ; the placenta will be in the centre and the pa or
hich separate the cells, being formed by the union of the

contiguous sides of two Is, will be double in nature,
this may not be manifest (Fig. 33 represents a compound pistil of 3
carpels, cut across). Sometimes a compound pis' istil is but hrggeene
either from the early disappearance of the partitions, Ww

left free in the centre of the ovary; or the pe may be

a8. Not only does the ovule oindegs and undergo a pet change, in
ming the seed, but the ovary also enlarges and is variously trans-
formed and becomes the frui it. ‘The Fruit is the ri oe: ace

Pericarp es bales ,) its contents and ens tie F
Tne In the Chee’ 14 :
~ cle ant i ea shi is

14 INTRODUCTORY.

fruit, heat - the Strawberry, it is the large and pulpy receptacle
which i ——

49. In the ‘nace of maturing, the walls of the ovary assume
riety of texture. If they become soft and pulpy a Berry is fmm or
if the outer portion van vee suey en soft while the inner part
comes hard and y, a stonefrui Drupe is produced ig: an
When the walls ated ‘thick or hatin ee ve some form of a Pod,
or if bony, a Nut. The internal structure of the fruit is often different
from that of the ovary; a several-celled ovary frequently | peogen a
— fruit, the other cells, and often all the ovules but o & ene
oblitera t sometimes happens that more cells are present in the
fi Es were contained in the ovary; this results from the emiin
of false partitions.
50. A pod form

or ventral suture, is a Pollidle (ig. iyi if it oe at both sutures and
splits into im valves or pieces, It i i Pea
and are familiar examples. ‘A hg format by a oe ngage hid
is termed a Sapa aoe this 0 it

otherwise indehiscent.

through the parti nai it is septscidal-< or ees the back of each
carpel ; the ees aes is called loculicidal. ‘That form of pod which is

or aaiek (Fig. dus
Some e capsules a transverse line, the top coming off as a lid ;

rig. a is salled ee yxis and this kind of dehiscence, cireumszssile.

ig. 4

51. A berry is a fruit, which like the grape, is pulpy sbronaneet 5 ae §
rind becomes hardened w while the interior remains soft, a pod

aap a

52. The seed has anions becn deseribed as containing an embryo
vith or without albumen; it has two coats, ee
: he ‘and delicate and mot alwa: ays to be made out,— the outer one, the
‘Testa, is much thicker and often even hard and bony, and is variously

Ee ee er ye

THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. 15

rked. Sometimes it is expanded into a wing, and at others, as in the
Milkweed, furnished ee tuft of hairs which serve to waft it from
place to place The mark left by the separation of the peed stall or
Paniculus is called Ae ‘Hitom, which is conspicuous in the Bean and
Horse-chestnut.

§3. SysTEMATIC Borany i is that branch of the ’ science which groups
toget ether Individual
plants that are so much like each other that they se be conceived to

he head of Species. Plants

ities fi
which our cultivated plants furnish numerous examples. Those species
which have many points of resemblance though differing i in minor char-
acters, are grouped together in Genera, and genera again are collected

into Families or Orders, these into Cldeass a upon re dif.
ferences in the structure of the embryo, stem, &c. The next group in
—— — “ahered is that of Series, where the whole round avi so

spars 0 great series, the one comprising the Flowering and

the Mtoe th the ‘Flossie Plants.

54. In the ce of plants, ma account given of the Order should ©
apply to all the genera incl proaeee that of the Genus should include
the important skesmacters: of all Seapets it comprises ; and that of a
Species should present those silat which distinguish it it from other
pecies in the same Genus.

watt e names given to plants are double, rate rp to the surname

baptismal names of persons. The nameo ofthe ee i placed et
followed by that of the species; the latter is usually in t
orm.
course all the lants that one meets with will not be found i in
ten found —

55:
this eon: it it being i inten
in cultivated sec In order the name and deseri ription of any

y :

r, at any rate, it may be ascertained gow ig ie cut across —

stat: it it be an exogenous stem, then it mG
wheter the corolla is present, and if a whethor it is composed of
many pieces or is a more or less entire single
being settled, a reference to the Key and a tee patience will soon nes ae

the re Bent.) is, to which class to refer it; this is usually indicated by

A KEY

TO THE

NATURAL ORDERS OR FAMILIES

OF PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS WORK.

Series 1. FLowerine Puants. Plants with flowers, having slamens and
pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an embryo.

Cuass J. Exogenous or DicoryLeponous Puants. Stems distinctly
Eewed o of bark, wood and pith ; the wood in stems lasting from pet to year,
nergy by annual layers on the outside next the bark. Leaves netted-
ined. “Embryo with two opposite pecnerse ne heh ig ely Pine family) seve-
fat es x Wat Parts of the flow ers usually
Sup-cLass 1. ANGIOSPERMS. Pistit a closed ovary, containing ovules
deat becciainye the fruit. Cotyled
E Sivieen ston I. PotypetaLous: Calyx and corolla both present (except in
some oe of Order I); the petals entirely separate (except in Order
where they are sometimes un ited).
= A. STAMENS NUMEROUS, MORE THAN 10.
1. Stamens borne on the receptacle. entirely free from the calyx, corolla or ovary.
Piptils more thin. one; ellen separa fea ‘sack cased
“
= Herbs with perfect flowers and divided ee RANUNCULACER, 26
- §Small trees with 6-petalled flowers and en
— Ter hinders pi «86
Pistils numerous, grown together one above
pits: akan 2 g the long receptacle. MAGNOLIACEA,
Pistils only. 1 ot - several, more or less completely

ores aaa and I-celled, with only one
plac
Petals large. Filaments shorter than the

KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS. 17

Ovary a with many seeds from a PAGE,
central p! PORTULACACE, 62
— compound, ae genet ke 1-celled, with
al placentze on the *
= lin sriihe the | Sewer opens,
fewer than the petals erbs with
} r colored juice. PaPAVERACER, 40
Sepals falling after blossoming, 5 in
number. irece TILIACER, 68

Sepals gr! beneath Aen fruit.
Leaves sil oppoatte, th transparent
or dark-colored ie rencinua ; 54
2. Stamens connected with the base of the petals, and these borne on the receptacle.
Filaments united in a tube or column; anthers

kidney-shhped, 1-celled. MALVACEA, 63
i 3. fal it ree 2 “) 7 ~~ a tp ily * #2 ly (per igynous).

Petals ip many, in several rows. Shrubs. CALYCANTHACER, 135
with stipules, alternate. ROSACEH, rae eS
roe ers

many:

Shrubs, leaves opposite.
with ieverit cells. Philadel.

hus in BAR RAGAOR 143

Herbs; leaves fleshy. Pod

celled, opening by a lid. ” PoRTULACAGEE, — 62
eceded, «2- 2-beaked. Shrubs ne

Pod 2-
or : : Mas
Petals sometimes wanitiag. -HAMAMELACEA, 144
B. Stamens 10 OR FEWER.
1. Corolla irregular, (Pistit one.) oe |
Leaves opposite, palmately compound. Calyx 5- ao
toothed. Shrubs or trees, fe 87 ‘|
Leaves alternate, with stip
Filaments often united. _ lower petals —
a g or joined. Pod aeagie Wich waist st 2
only one row of seeds. : Lecumisosz, = =—_ sO

as
Leaves alternate, without stipules. See er =
Flower L-spurred. Stamens 8. FrafiiofB Guz vac. eee: ” 4

ei]

18 KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS.

2. Corolla nearly or quite regular.

Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them.
Pistil and style 1 (the latter sometimes cleft at

the summit).
Anthers opening by pion valves. BERBERIDACES,
Anthers opening endtiwis
Woody vines. Calyx minuto ; ; petals
falling very early. VITACEX,
Shrubs. Calyx larger, its divisions 4-5. R Al
Herbs. Sepals 2: pe igmas 3. PORTULACACEH,

ns
cowed = twice as many, or of some uneq

EB Caly state pipers to the att or of the ovary.
Stamen

more or less with each
pote Flowers saya CUCURBITACE,
Stamens distinct, as many or twice as

pe
many in a 1l-celled berry.

Shru ROSSULACER,
Seeds many, in a 2-celled or 1-celled
pod. Styles 2. SAXIFRAGACER,
Seeds pele, in a 4-celled pod. Style
1: stigmas 4. ONAGRACER,
Seeds only 1 in each cell. Border .
of calyx obscure.
Flowers in small axillary clus-
pope Pod 2-beaked. Shrubs
r trees HAMAMELACEX,
Styles 2 : fruit dry. Herbs
Sieg flowers | in compound
UMBELLIFERZ,
Styles 3- : eiaty 2); fruit a
hrubs or her! tbs, with
fovuini s simple or
umbels. ARALIACER,

Style 1. Flowers in cymes or
a in heads, sometimes
aunded by an involucre. -senpmngr’.
Calyx free ger the 0 ovary, at least from the frui
Leaves with transparent or blackish dots.
ives simple, entire and opposite. HyPERIcAcE#,
Leaves compound or milan RUTACEA,
Leaves witho sou transparent

re than one. te with

none.
Pistil 1, simple, 1-celled: style and

KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS. 19

Pistil 1, com pac Bgineed — its styles, stigmas aus we
or ovary cells n
Style 1, enti or barely ae at top.
Stam nited into a tube, with
anthers i in aie syiilas
Trees with odd- -pinnate or bipinnate __
eaves. MELIACE, 69 Bee
Stamens distinct 5 a
Anthers opening by holes or chinks fates
opening «cross the top. ERICACEZ, 207
Antiers “pone lengthwise :
tamens 6, 2 of them
— CRUCIFERZ, 42
Woody plants. Fruit few-
seeded.
‘Stamens fewer than
the 4 long petals. OLEACEZ, 264
tamens aS many as -<

the broad petals. CELASTRACEE,

Ovary and fruit 1-celled. :
One-seeded. Shrubs. ANACARDIACEZ, 177

90 KEY TO NATURAL OKDERS.

Drvision II. Moyoretatous: Calyx and corolla both present; the petals
more or less united.
A. F THE CALYX COHERENT WITH THE OVARY, the corolla ap-
ay pose on the ovary.
Stamens united by their anthers, ¢ nd
Not by their filam Flowers in heads PAGE.
which are furnished wit an involucre. er aig 168

= a or less by their filaments. Flow
t in heads.

"Corelis irregular, cleft down one side.
Flowers perfect. LOBELIACER, 206

Corolla regular. Flowers monecious.
Tendril bearing vines. CUCURBITACER, 138
Stamens — a each other, and
Inse! se rolla. Leaves opposite or 4

ions cc without stipules.
Flow an invo. — head. DIPsAacEgz, 167
swe eh tiovoluery
Stamens a Corolla 5-lobed. VALERIANACER, 165
eae” 4-5. Corolla 4-5-

lobed. Caprironacez, 160
Leaves opposite with stipules between :
them, or whorled without stipules. RUBIACER, 163
Inserted with but not on the corolla.
Sta — — as many as the lobes of
Pe Wooly, saute Huckleberry sub-family i
: {in ERtcaces, 207
B. CALYX FREE FROM THE OVARY ; the corolla on the receptacle.
tamens more in number than ‘the lobes of the corolla.
Leaves compound. Flowers commonly irregular. ;
Pod 1-celled. LEGuMInos2, 93
Leaves oy or palmately divided. Stamens
united into a tube. MALVACE, 63
Leaves si tone, on — Stamens united only
at the base, or separate.
Stamens on the corolla, twice or four times as
many as its lobes. EBENACE, 217
Stamens free from the corolla, twice as many
as its ] — ERICACER, 207
2. Stamens as the 5,4 or rarely 6-"Y lobes of the regular corolla. )
aa ani with the lobes of the corolla, 5 :

or

mon.

Re eS ee ae ee eee
’
4

KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS, 21

Inserted on me corolla gg from the stigma. PAGE
Style n Bes? —6: corolla very
short, deeplye AQUIFOLIACER, 216

yt 1, rarely 2, peas 2-cleft or 3-

ree deeply 4-lobed, making 4
akenes.

Stamens 4. Leaves opposite,

aromatic. LABIATA, 228
Stamens 5. Leaves not aromatic. BORRAGINACEH, 241
Ovary and pod 1-celled: the seeds

on the wall
’ Leaves entire and opposite GENTIANACEZ, 260
Ovary — fruit with 2 or raope-eotle. ,
Stamens 4, long. Flowers in a :
see ke. PLANTAGINACER, 218

-
’ Stamens 5. Pod or berry many-
seeded.
Flower not A te regular.
Style en
Flower cuts euler Sta-
ens all a | SOLANACEX, 250
Stamens 5. Pala: with :
large seeds. Twining he it ConVOLVULACEE, 246
3. Stamens always fewer than the lobes of the calyx or corolla, 2-4,
Corolla se re less irregular, mets Dr il
Ovary 4lobed, making 4 aken Stems _
square; leaves opposite, Bina es LABIATS, 228
Overy -and fruit 4-celled and 4-seeded. Sta-
ens 4. VERBENACEX, 228
Ovary ry and ai 2-celled, with many large
Bey and fruit Fieréyalatly 4~5-celled, with
many oo
Ovary and pod 2-celled, with many or few
small SCROPHULARIACE, 223
mcs ¢iabed oe ape: Shrubs or trees. Ouzacex, oe 264 song

SOROPHULARIACES, 223

- BIGNONIACES, 220

22 KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS.

Division Ill. ApeTaLous: Corolla none; the floral pgegni ten being in
a single series een) or sometimes wanting altogether.
A. FLOWERS NOT IN AMENTS OR CATKIN-LIKE HEADS.
1, in each cell of the ovary or fruit.
Calyx with its tube coherent with the 6-celled PAGE.
ovary. ARISTOLOCHIACER, 268
Calyx free from the
Pod a < Tele, serie 3 or mo
ilugo, $0.5 oH ea” 56
Pod or rieny 1-celled and sintiplek Ran 26
2. Seeds only 1-2 in each cell of the ovary ie al
Pistils more than one to the flower, and separate

from each other.
Calyx present and petal-like. Stamens on
the recepta RANUNCULACER, 26
Calyx prese’ a “the stamens inserted on it.
“Leaves with stipules. Rosacea, 112
Pistil only 1, Fis or formed of two or more,
with their es united.
Styles 10. et a 10-seeded berry. PHYTOLACCACEH, 270
poe or stigmas 2-3. -
ao Mise sheathing stipules and entire
PoLYGONACES, 278
ena ik separate stipules and com-
pine or aan leaves, Urricaceg, 291
Herbs with milky juice: stipules Ts
ous or none, an often. fo:

Fruit Poa into 2— z 2-valved ae EUPHORBIACER, 287
Herbs without stipules,
Without scaly outa Flowers small

and greenish. CHENOPODIACES, 270
With sealy bracts around and among
the flowers. AMARANTACER, 275
Shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves.
Fruit a pair of keys. ACERACEX, 89

Shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves
and Seine stipules.
on the throat of the calyx,

iiseica wi ith its lobes. RHAMNACES, 85
Stamens on the bottom of the calyx. Urricace, 291

Style 1; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a key. pansie
: OLEACER, 264

ene or _— stigma 1, and sim:

alyx of 6 petal- -like colored aa: sta-

nens 9-12: anthers opening by valves.

URACER, 285
é@ same number,

erg moncecious or dicecious. osiaeee (291

u
Aromatic shrubs or trees.

Calyx in the steals aware of 3- 5green-
soba sepals: stamens the

KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS. 23

B. FLOWERS, ONE OR BOTH SORTS, IN AMENTS OR CATKIN-LIKE HEADS.

Twining dicecious herbs; fertile flowers only PAGB
hort aments. cintiud ? in URTICACER, 291
sy pols parasitic on trees. Fruit a a berry. LORANTHACEE, 286
“hetero pet only in aments. Flowers
- moneecious.
= pinnate. Ovary and fruit with-
t an involucre. JUGLANDACEX, 302
tac simple. eggs one or more in a
cup or inyolue CUPULIFERZ, 3807

— of both kinds in aments or close
eads.

gant apa or lobed.
Calyx 4-cl ne Bes in the fertile flowers
becoming berry-like. Morus in URTICACE, 291

wers monoecious or dicecious. ae
branched. Leaves simple. CONIFERS, 333

Calyx none: flowers inround heads, PLATANACEA, 301
Leaves siemierysih rap
Flowers dioecious, 1 on each scale.
ge y-seeded. SALICACES, 828

Flowers moneecious, the fertile ones
; 2 or more under each scale. BETULACES, 524
! Flowers only 1 under each fertile
{ 4
: Fruit 1-seeded. MYRICACEX, 823
Sup-ciass 2. Gymnosperus. Pistil ep by an open scale or leaf,
or scutes entirely wanting; the ovules seeds naked. “

. KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS.

Ciass II. ENpogEnous 0k MonocoryLeponous Pian Ste
distinguishable into bark, dogs and pith. Leaves neetiy porallel-veined and

vonage at ee Parts 0 e flower usually in threes. Embryo w
single
ae vicwars 4 depealy ed po a on a spadix with or without a spathe.
The small and c dit Sao Ra
naked or With a small /
Spadix a large alin surrounding it. PAGR.
— generally naked: fruit a berry.
Spadix without a spathe. Perianth of 6 PEACER, —
wate
Spadix without any a spathe: perianth
— sche = TYPHACE®, et
2. Flo regener es but variously disposed, having a a calyx
corolla, oe a 2 6. aed or 6-lobed (rarely 4-lobed) perianth * eolored a
coro e.
Perianth not adherent to the ovary, and
OF8 t and ee
al head, f
s discs in a ring or he: orming
ALISMACES, 347

Pit x 3-celled, many —several-seeded :
one.
Bientier scurfy-leaved plants, growing on

oe 349
of trong 6 sepia leaves in 2 ranks, 3
or else 6- (rarely ty
eine

itamens 6, et as yd = the divisions

‘styles or sessile stigmas 3. SMILACE, 350
Anthers ee inwards, i. e., on the
inner side of the filament: style 1:

a = CER, 351
rs not o padix and without any- eae or ee

Flowers
- peat at but having la e., husk-like or seale-like b: Stems rush-
or stra:
Glumes 6 i rig a eta to each flower, i a oy JUNCACER, 358

_ Glume one to each flower, the flower

Glumes 2~4 to each flower, of 2 sorts. GR

a a ur S? rie tla alae er ea

ae collected into heads or Sots CYPERACEZ, =: 358»

aula fee eet Se

AMERICAN

WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

SERIES I.
FLOWERING PLANTS.

Pxants with flowers, having stamens and pistils, and producing seeds,
which contain an embryo.
CLASS I.
EXOG’ENOUS, OR DICOTYLE’DONOUS PLANTS.
Stems — — of bark, wood and pith; the wood, in stems
—" from to year, increasing by annual layers on the outside
Fagg ag Leaves netted-veined. Embryo with two ite
ctylobang: or Fase devon acs whet Parts of the flower astally i
fives or fours. :
SUB-CLASS I.
ANGIOSPER’MOUS EX’0GENS. eg
Pisti. a closed ovary, containing ovules and becoming the fruit.
Cotyledons 2. a oe : :
DIVISION 1. <<
POLYPET’ALOUS EX’OGENS.

Frorat Envetores consisting generally of both aes and corolla, |
with sae aps! _ distinct .* oe
nacaiocll: gat laaeteen ke
ocdhite teh ame eS -

26 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Orper I. RANUNOULA’CEZ. (Crowroor Famzy.)

Herbs, or woody vines, with a colorless and often acrid juice, and usually d dissected leaves,
without stipules ; petals s sometimes wanting, and the calyx, srear is often recht like a

reir hypogynous ; ~ sepals, petals, numerous stamens . oo
gle) pists, all distinct and unconne cted.. Fruit saad ary ps, akenes. pe r berries 1
pict al-seeded ; seeds with a firm, fleshy albumen, and a minute

P aby.

il acrid as to produce Dlistering ;

a Braces in most is; erie. pn sha by so) and in many it is lost in drying.

Many of the plants wre = g to the order are cultivated for a ad an the Colum-
i &c. Some, as

poisonous, while rates like Coptis, are simple bit bitter ‘chien,

jare eminently

1. Petals none. Sepals a and petal-like. Pistils rte 1 becoming akenes in fru't.

ipper leayes sometimes forming an involucre near the flow:

Akenes several, not ribbed ; three upper sinzple leaves eee a
calyx-like involucre near the flower. Radical leaves 3-lobed.

Akenes rey ribbed. Inyoluere none, Leaves 3-4 times com-
- pound, ;

1, Heratica.

2. THALICTRUM.

93 Sepals and petals present, the latter with a small scale at the base :

Akenes in a head.

> Sepals petal-like. Petals, when present, small and irregular. , Pis-
forming several seeded pods, or follicles.
Flower r.

Potals n vk Sepals yellow. Leaves kidney-shaped.
Petals small, ae ieee atthe apex. Sepals whitish.
Pistils stalked.

Flower irregular.
Upper sepal spurred. eae 4, of two forms.
Upper sepal hooded, tals 2, long-clawed.

Tock pry orgs a ap offas the flower opens. ce small, 2-

Flowers in a long raceme.

1. HEPAT'ICA. Dillen. LavERLEar.

{Greek, Fear, the liver. fro

3. RanunouLus.

gh a aR a a eh ae a a ec aa eae ee eee NE ee

CROWFOOT FAMILY. a7

1H. tri‘loba, Chaiz. Leaves broadly hea: met shaped, or ak i
kidney-shaped, with 3 obtuse lobes ; sepals blue or purplish.

Turee-Lopep Hepatica. Liverwort. Liverleaf.

Leaves on petioles 3=5 inches long: Scapes several, 4=6 inches long, silky-villous. Jf
voluere villous externally:
Open woodlands ; common: April:

Obs. One of the aie flowers of epFing, | st: in rocky woods
fs soon as the sn a Ghctoe ire The leaves remain through the
winter, or bead old are purplish below. a variety, of what is by
some considered a species ia acutiloba, DC.), has very acute lobes to the
leaves. . This plant, which has n o especial interest to: the nevioslerist,

is noticed on account of some popular reputation it has asa = y:

It forms a spate astringent, mucilaginous infusion, which is used by

ae “herb doctors” in diseases of the lun ngs, in whieh it is probably as
es8 as any yoni warm drink:

2. THALIC’TRUM; L. Meapow-rvus:

TA ot 1
.S

Often eae or amous. Sepals 4=5, petaike ig Sere

Petals no ee oved, pointed by the short
style. Seal herbs, with 2 —3-ternately compound leaves and corym=
bose or panictlate ‘

pO Cornu 'ti; L- Dicéeiota or pe veunicut leaves tefnately devoni=
und, divided to the base ; those of the stem without corttmon petioles ;
ets 3lobed at the apex, pee ie and more or less pubescent ;
flowers white, in loose compound pani
Cornvrus's Tuatacrrum. Meadow-tue.
Stem 3-6 feet high, rather stout, branching, furrowed and hollow:
Obs. This is very sepeng in wet meadows and along’ tivulets, ‘whale
i showy white flowers are likely to attract nt notice of the farmer.
can hardly be ineafated a troublesome plan

8. Ssciag2 pilaecteslaed — Cnowroor.

fri ee

Spat 2 Pal 5,with wale ot pit on the inside, at the thine:
Akenes wy

17

Tous, compressed, rite pl on

Sindieal bende. perennial
With aria eats coitary oF gomewhat cat eofymbed. mot

pa ema sn ee

' #8 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANS,

1. R. bulbo’sus; L, Hairy} ae

leaves sliclale trifoliolate and som

what pinnately lea leaflets a
thed, ide

ally 3-cleft, incisely to the m
dle or terminal one petiotillate ; stent
ereet, from a solid bu b

duancles pad tar calyx reflexed)
shorter than the petals.

uLBous Ranuncuus. Buttercups:
Crowfoot. ;

Fr. Bassinet, Germ neler ae
unkel. a Boton de Oro
Row perennial. Stem about a foot high;
often scacal ae the same root, more or

~~ ne
les 2-6 in nae ‘ long; sulcate-angular;

Puutes Scien inore sa 8 Sogeabele doable) )5

: aig yellow and shinin

Pastures and meadows: introduced. Native
of Hurope. Fl. May: Fr: July,

Obs... This — is extensively

aturalized, and is considered quite a
Sitiean ce by farme ° The fes eshy bulb
is highly acrid affording a powerful

n

yi ;
urpose, in order to excite sympa athe. Ido not know that tattle oh
n injured by it, but as it is a troublesome weed, when fully in
—- it may be well for farmers to know the plant, cad eradicate af
upon its first appearance in their grounds,

ey stem erect, ‘fg Spee us at biases Iéaves $-divid:

rie Tall Crowfoot: "Batterenpet

Perenniat. Stem 1=2 feet high, branched above, sparin leafy, and with the petioled
seogert with spreading hairs, but Semetintes nearly snioo - 3s Powirs ricarly as large, but
so deep charg. as in the preceding.
d pastures: Native of Rurcpe: June» Aug.

Obs: Like the foregoing, this is an introduced weed ; it = pone
iii New veh and in one York State, Posted is to Dr. Dar-
a -bedorta_ hindent._1 in ‘Peonjrania. Both te

‘Aen

i Cdarfick: or Buttereups Ranunculus bulbosas the upper ‘and lo
portions oto st 2 A Separate petal; w (anon at the Haier ot

CROWFOOT FAMILY.

Bi

y

to
A

ae a

show the insertion of the distinct parts on the receptacle. 5. A head of akenes.

scparate akenc.

enlarged

WINS

a aN SO

Fic, 3. Tall Crowfoot (Ranunculus acris), reduced. 4. An

30 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

are popularly known as Buttercups, and in some localities are so abun-

dant in meadows, as to appear at a distance like an unbrokemsheet of
golden yellow. On account of their very acrid juice, cattle do not eat
them i in their - fres h state, but when cut with the grass and dried, the

ponds. Th
at the north is R. repens, L., the long stems of which are usually pros-
trate “so Sang at ne joints ; i has lar — ne flo es = is some-
meadows. R. us, L., ntroduced
ches, found i in the fields i in Virginia ney voataeand: Te aks tts
mostly 3-lobed leaves, ce the a bso et with spiny tubercles or
bristles. Bo and 7 sane ntly rfectly
double pes the fesiedopionion of their mtoste of fructification into petals,
and ently cultivated in gardens. In the double R. bulbosus,
the tower is raha the receptacle producing, instead of a head of
which Ae aniens seh x the old flower falls away ; this. is

4. CAL’THA, L. Marsn Maricorp.

[Gree a goblet ; f fe f the flower.

Sepals 4— ta Past none. Au ot 5- ~10, without st ag forming in
fruit many-seeded, compressed, spreading pods. S asckh, pesmanesly with
large round or hearsahagell entire leaves.
L C. palus'tris, L. Stem nearly erect, hollow, furrowed ; leaves round,
heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, often wider than long, crenate or nearly
entire.
Marsu Cautua. Marsh Marigold. Cowslip.

Stem 5-10 inches high, sueculent, sometimes branched. Radical leaves on petioles 3-
$, and + Sally 2 bday a —15 inches J0ng- Flowers an inch or more in diameter, few, some-

pene wien ice ap common a t the po gees

O's. This plant has considerable seriity ara fresh, but heat de
stroys it; it is much used as a ih og herb or a in “early spring. In
New England its popular name is Cowslips (or corrupted into “ cows
lops”). It has no botanical relation to the Cowslip nor to the Marigold.

5. COP’TIS, Salish, Gouorenean,
, Kop s, ent 7 £ tte At +
Cal -7 Llike, deciduous sepals, Petals as man, ny as a
‘sma otek oe at the apex. Sfemens 15 — 30, shorter than
: the sepals. Pistils 3-7, each upon a short stalk, which lengthens as the

Pp SE Ee ye ee ee

ae) die Fa

LEE TES ae OI ET ee 7 A ee eS Lee ONT ae I me
5 a eee ee rs

‘OROWFOOT FAMILY, 31

ted ee ea Pods membranaceons, spreading, pointed with the short,
rved style, few-seeded. Low, slender, smooth perennials
with ti trite leaves, which survive the winter, and small white flowers
compete nay 5
LC. 6a, ‘lia, Salish. Leaves ternately divided ; eee wedge-obo-
vate, sharply tdkhol obscurely 3-lobed ; scape 1 flow
TureeLeaveD Copris. Goldthread. Mouth-root.

et izontal, creeping ; fibres bright yellow. Leaves ong petioles, very smooth
and shin leaflets about an inch long. Seape slender at poorest et rigid and wiry,
phe inches Fine Flowers about two-thirds of an inch in diameter. tuse, white,

times parish underneath. Petals much shorter seats the sepals, yellow at the

Obs. This beautiful little evergreen is found in boggy places and in
damp woods “a Maryland to Greenland. The long bright yellow fibres
4 = root have caused it to receive the common name of Goldthread.

urely bitter, without any asteingneys and is used in medicine as

peak In some aig it is a domestic remedy for the sore mouths

of children ; whence the oni f : Mouth- root.” “ That eminent naturalist,
JOHN Extis, in a letter to Linnarvs, dated London, i 25, 1758,
says: ‘Mr: Conpen, of New York, has sent Dr. Fothergill a new

m. ed 400 pla
method oie: she uses the English terms. Her father has a plant
fter him, Coldenia ; suppose you should call this Coldenella, or any
other name that might re ae her among your genera.’ Linnaxus,
however, referred the plant to his genus Helleborus, sil when it was
subsequently ascertained to be distinct, @ icmadeh: regardless alike of
gallantr poe pret clke Peeping rg em of Coptis.”—Memoirs of
am and Marshall, p. 20. *
6. DELPHIN’IUM, L. Larkspur.

eek, pore ‘a dolphin ; from a fanciful resemblance in the flower.]

Sepals pétalold, irregular, the roduced into a spur at base.
Petals 4, hls Sag e two upper ones with a spur at

i n the spur of the calyx, sometimes :
5, mostly 3. *Pollicles many-seeded. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves —
petiolate, palmately divided. Flowers in terminal racemes. ao
Be D. Consol’ida, L. Stem erect, with s sterags. branches ; eaves

ny-parted, the segments linear ; flowers few, in loose 3; pedi-
dale onger than the bracts ; petals un nited ; pod solitary, smooth,
Souper Detparniex. Lark-spur. (Caballero.

Fr. Pied d’Alouette. Germ. Der Rittersporn. Span. Espuela de

‘Root annual. Stem about two feet high, and with the follage and nowers somewhat :
“pubescent. Flowers blue or violet-parple, sometimes the petals are multiplied into double ‘
Grail Bele aod waste pao introduced. Native of Burope. FI July. Fr. August.

32 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

¢ (which gets its specific name from a supposed virtue

- soldering or ee wounded flesh,) has strayed from the gardens, in
me places, and is an unwelcome intruder in grain fields and_ other cule
tivated grounds. This, and a kindred species, (D. Ajacis, L. with few

erect branches, and more crowded racemes,) are so common in
gardens, mat fs it requires som some Acta ep Ae prevent them tedea trespass-
ing on the fi species cultivated for orna-

maha among them the curious igh eg Laat (D. eLatom), which bas its its

ae phinium Consolida). 8. U; 9 & 10, Lateral
— li. Lower sepals. eapeainton Seema pper sepa

*

scaler wesc

rai

La ee A Re El may 5a | alge aay ey oe ga Ne ate eee Ee te NR OD a ea A ed ee gee ve ee oe Sree

CROWFOOT FAMILY. 33
dark bearded petals folded up in such a-way as to resemble an soaaat § in
the centre of the flower.

7. ACONI’TUM, Tournef. Monxsuoop.
[The ancient name.]

8 petal-like, irregular, the u one hooded and larger than the
0 the thine sterile

thers. Petals 2 3-lower entirely wanting or resembling

stamens), small i bodies on a long ‘slender claw, concealed

under the hood. Pistils 3-5. Pods several-seeded. Acrid and —
r pani-

ous per oe herbs with palmately divided deaves, and racemes 0:
cles of s ers.

A. Napen 7 L.- Flowers race-
mose on short pedicels ; hooded
sepal semicireu rong divisions of eo.
leaves ae ~ near lobes ;
fusiform ; tbe
Mosse. Woltibane. Aconite.
ewhat woody. Stem erect, sim-
ple, fa rather Sout: and very ase cP havect
mostly dark violet or blue.
Pen bngtesoied in gardens. Native of Europe.

s. This is a very variable
cies of w hich De Candolle notices
29 varieties, a te in the color *
the flowers

are highly poisonous ; Be gard
ts the case with the root Death
ted fro

th
early spring. It is inteothoed
in order that its oan: character
may be known

8. OIMICIE’UGA, L. Buarans. a
cee E a ~, and tet to drive away ; in allusion to supposed vitae] Se
basin. cg (or ieee amens)

Or wh @. Recap nt Cem Stn sty mee ‘ae :

a

34 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.
1 C. racemo’sa, Ell. Bacemes very long ; carpels mostly solitary,
ovoid, obliquely beaked by the short thick style.
Racemose Cumcrruga. Tall Snake-root. Black Snake-root.
Root large, branching. Stem 4-6 feet high, slender, smooth, leafy near hia middle,

naked above and below, with one or two radical sigs on long erect petio oles. Leaves
ternately decompound, petiolate ; leafles 2-4 inches long, acute o unequally
incised-dentate, the terminal one larger and often 310 b terminal, branching,
6-12 inches long. Sepals 4, orbicular, concave, greenish white. Seeds compressed
and angular.

Rich woodlands. Fl. June. Fr. September.

emit a dis root is s ams what m Suita nous pa
astringent. Although a plant of no acemuelv" valae,—and 2 bl
over-rated as a medicine,—the infusion of the yoot is so gener-

ally regarded as a sort of Panacea for stock mal Hy for oh Peed
that ory farmer ought to know it, and be able with certainty to

Orper Il. MAGNOLIA’CE. (Maenouia Famiy.)

Trees or
gynous, estan a foah mous flowers

and pet bélored and ‘avadged in
series of threes, nip in the bud. f snag alternate, entire or lobed (never serrate).
Stamens in several rows ; anthers adnate. Pistils mostly packed together hee oauge ing

the prolonged nrhestide AY Seeds 1~2 in each carpel ; albumen fleshy ; embryo minu
A small but superb family, more ornamental, however, than important i in agriculture.
1. MAGNO’LIA, LD. Macwotia. |
{Named in honor of Prof. Pierre Magnol, a French botanist.]
Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Stamens with very short filaments and anthers
opening inwards. Pisti/s crowded on the long rape coherent i ina
el and forming ofoty and rather woody cone-like fruit ; each carpel

ng by its dorsal su Seeds berry-like, 1~2 in acl carpel, from
which 4 aero ener when mature by a lon g thread or funiculus.
Buds conical, the coverings formed of successive sen Pag stipules.

1 M. gilau’ca, L. Leaves lance-oblong, obtuse, white beneath ; petals
roundish-obovate ; cones small, oblong.
Guavcovs Macyorza. Laurel or Small rabaigack Sweet as
Shrub or small tree 4-20, or even 30 feet high, branching ; w' smooth, g
matic bark. Leaves wig, 4-8 inches long, deciduous at oe North but persia t at
‘the South, Flowers white, on thick, clu-shaped peduncles, 2-3 inche very
_ Swamps from Massachusetts southward, mostly near the coast. aie
Obs. This charming —_ tree is well worthy the attention of those
who wish to surround their wellings with teat bet age
iad hardy, and in ph attains a respectable size

¥

A erie ee ee en

MAGNOLIA FAMILY, 35

2. M. acumina’ta, L es oval, acuminate, green and slightly pu-
Racann bencath, aesaelnis spills oblong cones cylindrical.
Acuminats Macnozra. Cucumber
Fr. Le Magnolier. Germ. Der Garkenbants Span. Arbol de Castor.
80 feet high, and 2-3 or 4 feet in diameter at base. ves 6-10
12h inches tong ong (on sacred young si ire much pata is usually ‘een case with all
ees). Flowers large, bluish — ‘after. witha tinge of yellow ; petals scarcely expand-
nie Prat sub-cylindric, 3 r 6 inches lo
Mountain forests, Ne w Yor 2 ah ser gia. Fl. “June-July. Fr. Sept. - October,

sae fruit has some resemblance to a Cucumber (whence
the éshiiiox name of ; and being tatenialy bitter and somewhat
aromatic, a fies of it, prepared with rE i ae , is a popular preventive
of ith with those who are f of an excuse for

eaves and sheath b6lae6d Adie the Haren ved Cucum
eri, Va al , Which has ak a foot in length with al lobes
t the Umbrella Tree (M. U: mbrella, Lam -), with leaves 1-2
foot long and Woeer at each end; and the Great-leaved bari (M.

z.) having leav wit.
base. The great Laurel Magnolia (M. diflora, L.), vith its thick
evergreen leaves, which are rusty beneath, and its large deliciously fra-
tive of N ‘oli r south ; it endures

severe. NS
Asiatic species often seen in cultiv <n in ror ardens ; the former
bears white and the latter purple flowers r which in both cases appear
in early spring, before the leaves are developed. The bark in all the
species is bitter and aromatic, and is metimes used in medici cine.
2. LIRIODEN’DRON, L. Tvtp-rree.
[Greek, Leirion, a lily, and Dendron, a tree ; from its li ]
Sepals 3, reflexed. Corolla campanulate ; petals 6. soatibhees extrorse.
Carpels dry and samara-like, indehiscent, densely im imbricated in a cone,
Ps aay A lange tree. Buds flat
1. L. Torre’ era, Leaves ‘ilated, subeordate at base, 3-lobed, the
middle lobe broad anid acigrpinat ly tae runcate. - (ee eee
TULIP-BEARING LIRIODENDRON. Poplar. tsb Poplar. Tulip-tree.
Fr. Le Tulipier. Germ. Der Tulpe aie ares
Tree 30-120 feet high, and 2 or 3-5 or 6 feet in diamete iameter» Leaves 4 8 inches lng
on old es Pieced Soumticgucereak side jabes often wash a sinus _ posse
rt kt cinerr wink. and closely sahenenes ina Siac on the: fusiform receptacle.

woodlands : Canada to Louisiana. FI. May. Fr.
‘Obs ~The timber of this magnificent tree

brancnes of the mechanic psi oy et the arity le yon P Poplar a

36 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

rability.
gc tree, is a veltable. sieatic bitter. The prevalence « of the Tuli Ip-
woodlands, is a pretty sure indication of a good soi

Orper Ill. ANONA’CEZ. (OSEAN OF EN yas

nig shrubs with bu ut stipules
and hypogynous piven icy, wi gy tps pas e saa n tw gen va

in the bud. _Anthers adnate, ot bata ea ofl short lainents. ar ckish.
Fruit pulpy or fleshy. Seeds lai with a te embryo at the of ruminated

There is but one genus in this country. The luscious Custard Apples of the West Indies,
_ and the Chirimoya of Peru are afforded by trees of this order.

1. ASIM’INA, Adans. Norra American Papaw.

rA at; Astimins, er, # tha By

Petals 6, increasing in size after the flower opens, the Sie series la

and ing. Stamens in a globular cluster, covering the tacle
of the few pistis. Fruits 1—3, large, o err or ovoid, ) ply several-
seeded. Seeds horizontal, flat, "enclosed in a fies eshy aril. Shrubs or
— trees with an unpleasant odor when bieeds ‘flowers axillary @nd

i A. tri Dunal. Leaves thin, obovate, lanceolate, pointed ; outer
3~4 times as long as the calyx, roundish ovate

HREE-LOBED Asimina. Papaw.

Stem 10-20 f h, branched. h inch
in length. Pieces poate rathor befor, the leaves: pea agendas ai veiny,
with tinges of yellow within. Fruit 1-3 inches long, consisting of 1-3 pulpy berry-like
Western New York andsouthward. Fl. May. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The fruit of this tree is edible in its wild state, and is said to
be much improved ot Poe sigan It is introduced here with the view
of inducing those such matters, to try what careful culture
may effect in a fruit vail 8 Siprined by some in its natural condition.

Oxvrr IV. BERBERIDA’CE. (Banperry Fay.)
Ginte @ lots, wih. Bueihibe (sometimes compound or lobed) leaves, and sepals nd
plats ete th the Wyn 2 we ta ani by 2 lids bi
‘many or peta opposite erp arya ead
i” top Genoa, fa in “Podophylium)- Pistil only one ; style short. mostly berry~
rte fait in this is family is usually eatable, while the root, bark and foliage are —

or possess cathartic or poisonous qualities.

BARBERRY FAMILY. 37

1. BER’BERIS, DL. Barperry.

[Name from the Arabic.]

Sesals 6, roundish, bracteo-
late. Petals 6 , obovate, with 2
gland-like spats ear the base

Inside. mens 6, 6. irritable.
epressed.

scattered on the e yo ung fie:
mostly small with xglge obed
margins, or redu rp
triple spines, from hs fe of
which, the next ‘season, are

eet high, producing
uckers. bout an
iach pry a ‘half long and half an inch
©. Racemes 2 inches or more in
le . Berries shee half an sro
England*and New Yor
it.

Obs. This shrub is a native of Europe, and thoroughly naturalized
ot tg New England, and partially so in the State of New York.
A native species (B, Pursh.) is found in the Aleem

also in the Himalayas of India. In New England the
abounds along the road sides ~_ is waste places, « often forming dense
thickets or natural hedges ; it sometimes, though ra ves sek mes a tree-
like rate It isa beautiful dees whethes bearing its graceful yellow :
racemes of flowers in spring, or loaded with its coral-like berries in
autumn. To those who observe plants closely, it ts several inter-
as peculiarities ; its stamens when touched with a pin, or other hard

manifest their ae maak springing suddenly towards the
Pistil, whine they remain for ; the anthers have a curious con-

Bio. 14. Barberry (Berberis raga nlarged. petal, Ghali Gi ‘costing |
apots at the base. 16. A et ea, fn ae! a ev te ns

”

38 _ WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

kinds of spines. ‘Though not generally enumerated among the pm
lants, it possesses many siukBten which adapt it to this use; being v

eset long lived, and easily peapegyied. It w as formerly a pedehes ar

belief, i ils moh

mee the power of blasting esis." ” The fallacy of this idea

proved ; the only injury it can cause the grain is by shading it, which it
is very li oy like ly to do when allowed to grow, unchecked, along the a
of fields. The berries, preserved in sugar, are in common New

0
fevers. The inner bark has tonic and purgative properties, said to be
somewhat Similar to those of rhubarb ; Hd . one of the remedies of the
so called “Indian Doctors,” accordin om the virtues are essen-
tially | modified by the ct oh = which t “are is removed, whether by
scraping oe or down

A vari reiki “pli iage, and several Asiatic species, are cul-
tivated. The Ma hoi which are evergreen Barberries with pinnate
leaves, are natives of the far west, and are fine ornamental —

2. PODOPHYL’LUM, L. May-appue,
(Greek, Pous, a foot and Phyllon, a leaf; the leaf resembling a web-foot.]
Sepals 6, —s and caducous, not Sxpanney apter g by 3 caducous
Petals 6-9. Stamens twice as the petals ; aabiees
ong, ay length wise by a la in Soa hinged valve.

1. P. pelta’tum, L. Sie bearing 2 deeply lobed leaves; flower
1 pe the point where the cing 2 dn ef

Penrats PoporHyiium. May-apple. iecicke ‘Hog.epple.

nehes high single large peltate leaf.

Stems 8 ~12 i exigadenes bey bey toongs
4-6 inches in diameter, sh loties bo what toothed at the at Flower white, nearly ay
inches broad. Fruit 1-2 fgesd tong, ‘yellowish, si slighty acid.

Woodlands, common. Fl. May. July — —Aug'

BARBERRY FAMILY. 39

of the ancients : gt idee ind its | oie character (the reason of
our noticing it) it very respecta erb in comparison with that,
which, according Pi tradition, Soariiied belt under a gallows, and had

root resem ing a man in shape, uttering terrible shrieks when it was

oY i
Ws ae
uk Lh

40 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

torn from the ground’ and possessing the power of transforming men
and beasts. .

Orpmer V. PAPAVERA’CEZ, (Porry Famtty.)

Herbs with a ne. Sit gs a pes and regular polyandrous, hypogynous flowers-with
parts in tw ; sepals Gaducous ; fruit a is capsule with 2 or more
parietal lasonegl sok numerous, often crested ; embryo ], at the base of fleshy
and oily albumen.
noe with a white juice. rg not crested.
psule y iate united stigmas. 1, PAPAVER.
Herbs with a » ogg! or orange-colored juice. Seeds crested.
Stigmas Pod and leaves prickly. 2. ARGEMONE.
Frcly Todh wn ws oa and smooth. 3. NIUM.
Stigma 2-grooyed. Pod oblong, pe 4, SANGUINARIA.

1. PAPA’VER, L. Poppy.
Merivation of the name not well ascertained.]
Sepals 2. —_ 4 (sometimes multiplied). Stigmas 4 — 20, sessile,
radiating on the summit of the ovary. Capsule obovoid, opening -
chinks or po a oe the edge of the crown fence by the s
placente extending into the cavity so as to form incomplete peer
Flowers —. before opening. pe
“a P. du’bium, L. Stem clothed with slender spreading h
he peduncles with bristly appressed hairs ; ea panel Femi)
the segments often incised, decurrent ; sepals hai capsules oboyoid-
~ oblong, smooth.
Desrous Paraver. Poppy. Field-poppy.
Fr. Pavot batard. Germ. Der Saat-Mohn. Span. Amapola.
Root annual. Stem 1-2 feet high, somewhat branched below. Leaves 2-5 inches
. Peduneles — ie 12 inches long, fore: leafless. Petals pale red or brick
dust colored. Stigmas about 7-rayed, on a convex
Cultivated grounds ; einoan ced. Native of Taorcei; ” Fi. May. Fr. gh August.
Obs. This has found its way into some districts ; and, ttended
to, may become a tronblesome weed—as it and the “ ira. Peas 7 (P.
Rhoeas, L.) are in Europe. The common or Opium Poppy, (P. som-
niferum, L.—a smooth species with stem-clasping leaves)—which yields
i i n the

We ' pve’ nn atte ne
New has some 30 or 40 ~~ ago, to oe that — = the
nif

to fo tie seopla of our oie,
: ARGEMO’ NE, L. Prickry Porry.

[Greek, Argema, a disease of the eye ; supposed to be relieved by this plant.)
ickly. Petals 4-6. Stigmas 3-6, subsessile, radiate.
, opening at at the a —

3- 6 valves. Seeds crested.
Juice. asses

POPPY YAMILY. 41

i. EOE s na, L. Leaves sessile,
sinuatelobed v with prickly teeth, blotch-
als white or pale

; petals
yellow
eneroan Arcemong. Prickly Poppy.

Annua — Stem about 2 feet high, _
‘Sear: aves 3-5 —— hee
hooded at rer apex and terminated by a stout

aoe and waste places. _Nataralized from
tropical America, June -Octobe

Obs. This is but Sphciacly natural-
ized in the Northern States, though it
is a common weed at the South.
sometimes cultivated in gardens, and
should not be ‘liven to escape, a8 it has a strong propensity oo travel;

ving ohn its way from topical America to Asia, Africa, and the

South Sea Islands.

2 CHELIDO’NIUM, de a aa

[' Greek, Chelidon.

that b
2. Petals 4. REE ee sub-

sessile. Pod linear, mal 1-celled, opening
from the me by 2 va conspicu
ously eres ie ‘al herbs with brittle

stems, =s pa yellow ite small yellow
flowers and divided leaves
lL. C. Ma’, "ras L. Leaves twice pinnatifid,
glaucous ; flowers in umbel-like clusters.
Grearer CueLipoxtum. Celandine.

Stem about 2 feet high, hs = Leaves 3-5 inches
long. Pods about a oe torulose.

Fence rows an conan ne Sop s. Native of Europe.
May ~ August.

Fic..19. A capsule of the Prickly P ‘Argemone Mexicana’ valves eh
the top, 20. sh ageal of te Packly Poy ( a ee 3 |

42 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

4. SANGUINA’RIA, L. Brooproor.
[Latin, Sanguis, blood ; in reference to the red color of its juice.}
Sepals 2. Petals 8-12, spatulate oblong, the inner narrower. Stigmas
2-grooved, subsessile. Capsule oblong, ventricose, tapering at each end,
2-valved. Seeds strongly crested. ong nial herbs with thick rootstocks
taining an orange-r a acrid juice ; flowers on scapes.
1 S. Canaden’sis, Z. Leaf mostly solitary, cotdate reniform, long |.
petioled ; flowers white, solitary on naked scapes.
Canapian Saneurnarta. Bloodroot. Puccoon.

Rootstock thickish, fleshy, reddish-brown, about 2 inches long. Leaf about three
inches agen § and wider than long ; petiole erect, finally 6-10 inches in length. Scape 4-8
Rich

woods ; common. April-May.

Obs. ‘one of our earliest d most beautiful springy Howert,
The flower, which is large for the size of the plant, is srr ft peace
b te leaf which conrstoyen, f t before ex mpeneion:

increase in size, and rae are in ‘eppears
ra ‘they but ~~ sree their ‘ea early sta oes we’ all in
cultivation. An orange-colored juice is found t in vail pats ot the lant,
but thoes alundait’ in the rootstock, thee under the of Blood.
is used in medicine ; it is an emet , and is a coughs,

ke. in large doses it is poisonous. fi some parts of the dof the

leaves are given to horses to hy mote the shedding of their hair ‘and
the Toots: are given to destroy bots

Orper VI. CRUCIF’ERAE. (Mousrarp Famity.)

Herbs with a ors watery juice, leaves alternate without stipules, and
cemes or corymbs ; the pedicels without bracts. Calyz of 4 sepals, deciduous. Corolla
i i mens 6, 2 of them
shorter ialgnamnay Fruit a pod (called a pena He when much longer than broad,
and a Si n short), which is 2-celled by a membranaceous partition that connects the
inal rom which the two suall, is wi

in ra-

; i eur
vi back of one 5
This order isa ieee fe renee or See ka one, as well i in bg sensi’
ties as in otanica the plants ging to a aor we enter
posemnbie one another ee ‘the ages! UF nore characters for genera are taken
from the pods and seeds. There few i ee pra fos es, however, besides -
here noticed. The Woad, ‘oad, or Dyer’s wi eed (Isatis tin ia, L.) is cult rtd fo in Europe for
ol — coloring matter, but I believe it is little alan or atten ded to in the United

v7 a Pod st oa into two valyes whe
Pod us a aoe. a Bos, than wine ‘(silique.)
oblong. :
aun pir prefs -linear to ovoid, nearly terete: valves:
ryeless. Flowers white or yellow. 1. Nasrormom.
=. Pod obtusely 4-angled ; valves I-nerved. Flower yellow. 2. Reema.
ae a Pod antshaped, pressed close to the sem. ath aiabecer ~ :

MUSTARD FAMILY. 43

Pod terminating in a strong beak. Seeds round. *Flowers

yellow.
Calyx erect in tegen 4. Brassica.
calyx spreading In blos 5. Srvapis.
Pod short y times caper th an Bore or pouch),
Pod globose (rarely forming). Flowers white. Leaves
mostly undivided. 6. ARMORACIA, .
Pod pear-shaped, many-seeded. Flowers y' ga 7, CAMELINA.
Pod flattened contrary to the narrow partitio
triangular obovate. nS 5 many. 8. CAPSELLA.
, Pod roundish, small. _Seeds 9. Lepmpium.
§2. Pod + 1s. ig L oe j —s 4
Tipe.
Flower yellow or purplish. 10. RarHanvs.

1. NASTUR’TIUM, R. Br ‘WateEr-CRESS.
{Latin, Nasus tortus, a tortured nose, from the pungent effect of the plant.) .
es nearly terete, — alm short as a silicle, usually
rved w ets wards ; valves nerveless. Seeds meal irrepeutiey id pc in
series, not sarthond. Aquatic or subaquatic herbs.
often sicinttchy dissected.
1. N. officinéle, R. Br. Leaves pinnately divided ; segments rounded
or oblong ; petals white, twice the length of the calyx. ;
OrrictinaL Nasturtium. Water-cress.
Fr. Cresson de Fontaine. Germ. Die Brunnenkresse. Span. Bérro.
Perennial. ne ~12 and 18 inches long, branching. eaves odd-pinnately dissected
segments in 3-4 pairs, the terminal one largest. Petals white.
Brooks and rivulets : probably introduced from Europe. FI. June. Fr. July.
Obs. This plant (well hoon as the “ Mates Cress” in England,) is
pace cultivated, and is naturalized in some places: It affords an
holesome salad, sc ilenhatin in its properties, as all the
Cree are, ee being rege propagated, is worthy of being a ae cod
suitable

2. BARBARBD’A, R. Br. Whryrer-cress.

¢.

g been formerly dedicated to St. Barbara.]

Si iiucee, ‘somewhat 4-sided, the valves keeled by a mid-nerve,
Si i a single series. Leaves lyrately pinnatifid. :
1. B. rox, R. Br. Lower leaves lyrate . the terminal lobe obovate,
er i sinnate-dentate ; tee leaves Resin, with
oblong segments ; silique g thicke
bray shies pedicels,
Earty Barparea. Scurvy-grass. Early Winter-cress.

A Feng Hoy des Prior = Germ. Die Winter-kresse. Span. Yerba

.
a

Root n biennial? Stem 9-16 ine = 36 laches mowha a ae ath Leaves sm00th lower —
ones 3- ‘ ee aes ~ tacos Tog, slender. : :
Gasinee eau: “1 =

~June, — aay > a

44 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Obs. This plant, a ‘native of Canada, and the country further —s
is cultivated in the gardens, near Philadelphia, under the nam of

“ Scurvy-Grass,” and is becoming na: eous ponte — The
leaves — a tolerable salad, but 1 not equal to the co Lepi-
dium sativum, L.,) nor to the Water-cress (Nasturtium a me R. Br.)
anere is another and striae boat (B. vulgaris, R. Br., tet 4

turalized), growing along our streams, which is som etimes used as

salad, but it is bitterish and miirior 1 in quality to this.

3. SISYM’BRIUM, ZL. HeEpceE-mustarpD.
[An ancient Greek name, applied to this genus.]

Silique somewhat terete; 4-6 sided; valves 1- saci Seeds
oblong, marginless. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves vari

1 §S. officina’le, Scop. Lower leaves Tuncinate, upper ones some-

what hastate ; —— slender and virgate ; siliques erect, awl-shaped,
close pressed to the ste
_ OFFICINAL Seiealiey Hedge-mustard.

Fr. Herbe au Chantre. Germ. Der Hederich. Span. Jaramago.

Root annual. Stem 1-3 or 4 feet high, with spreading branches. Leaves pilose ; lower
a 8 inches long. Petals small, Srconh yellow. Siliques terete- gubulate or

what nerved and angular, tapering at

Cultivated er rounds, lanes and road-sid. ane iieddubed. Native of Europe. Fl. May -

Aug. Fr. Aug. — Oct.

This foreigner is completely opreern and vipengpitet trouble-
it is 8 weed. Tt was form erly held in some repute, in Europe, as a
remedy for songhs, the ag os oarseness of ane pati ft (whence its French
name) ; but its virtues were do tos rrated, and it is now regarded
by tidy ures in this country merely es a plant to be expelled from
their premises,

4, BRAS'SICA, i saamied TURNIP.

Bresic, tha Cah: fs)

Cais ort “Silique sub-terete ; valves aged or pe chtly nie by
ntral nerve. 's in a single series, clobose ty
phere biennial cc with a ‘tort stem and long Rovictiig bess

a) 6 Leaves somewhat fleshy, orbicular or oak
ae ws ter so or lobed, glabrous and glaucous.

Oxeraceous or Pot-wers Brassica. Cabbage.

Fr. Chou potager. Germ. Der Kohl. Span. Berza.

E ot The cepa! seeded or Varieties are more or less elite in

: Petals greenish or citron yellow
Rd car viet Ccetriae Fi. ey -June. Fr. Jaly.

MUSTARD FAMILY, AB

*Racemes paniculate.
poe ret Acepi’ata. Stem clongated ; leaves expanded, not fornt

rte sea Bote-Oole. Heidless Cabbage.
Sub-species, Butta’ta, Stem ionvire elongated ; young leaves subs
eapitate, finally expanding, bullate or crisped.
Savoy Cabbage. Curled Cabb;
Sub-spéciés Caprra’ta. Stent short} Jeayes concave, not bullate,
densely imbricated in a head before owering.
Head Cabbage. York a
Sub-spécies Cacto Ra’ Stem = an oval or subglobose fleshy
Enlargement at the ori ia 2 of the lea
Bulb-stalked Cabbage, Kohl Babi,

** Racemes corymbose.

cies Borry’ris. Leaves oblo: nniven short,

rage petty in a head before flo ioe bite ; bringin, :
Var. i a. Cavuirio’ra. Stem short ; rae thick, compact:

Var. b. AsPARA in taller; leaves elongated ; heads some:
what —— es i. at apex, bearing chisters of abortive
flower b:
ee ana
Ps h ;
or head Ombre ae ir Tales large: ssiakewextemene
Gardens and lots : cultivated.
— The fotms above enumerated, oe known by distinet

46 WiiDS AND UsEFUL PLANTS.

heavy, becomes light and spongy. Frequently the stems or stunips, frotit

which the heads have been removed, are set out 2, neneiens for the pur-
of procuring a crop of sprouts or “gree These are lateral
ches, developed from axillary btids, and they will be found to

start from <p above the scars left by the Ss outer lea In the

&
te]
is
oe
5
cs
eq
ct. ta
oO
ie")
z
Eo
=.
| O
4:
*
i
a
$
9
=
3
a
oO
Le |
4
oO
3 fs
=
oO

2. B. campes’ tris, [. Leaves slightly fleshy, glaucous; the young lower
leaves lyrate, dentate, somewhat hispid or ciliate ; those above amplexi+
taul and acuminate.

Frey Brassica. Turnip. ee &e.

wal. beet thint . $. Hel flodhe Stem 1
Wy eeye feet reed eechsd Prod acchin aeong “tents ns te
Gardens and lots cultivated. Fl. June. Fr. July = August: :

The following afe the principal varieties foutid in ctilti¥ation :

Sub-species Naro-pras’sica. Boot tumid, turnip-shaped.
Var. a. commu’nts. Root white or purplish, with the summit and peti

Var. b. Rurasa’aa. Taras cits subglobose;
Rutabaga. Swedish Turn nip.

Sub-species Ra’pa. Rp + p e 5 bruptly ¢ yo ye ai st
Common Turnip.

Obs. The Turnip pr He sb Cabbage, by lon rai fee ca abt we
a peak of marked va ; these pea tociel a iy d

to different species, but ti att authorities acid i mar a as forms via
B. wpe L., which is found growing spontaneously fr on the Bale

‘ie to the Besides those pegie entimierated as

heir roots, —— Variety (var. otrirera) is latgely eutivated -
her patts of Enfope, § for the sake of the oil, w

seeds : this, under the of Col , is for orale,

bps the manufacture of yee and other Bt seorg “As this oil i is im

vorted ent, be ad

ve
farmers
‘boil. The variots tn eee ifeaatet in in ¢

| MUSTARD FAMILY. © 47
t

§. SINA’PIS, ihe a
{ (A name of uncertain meaning ; deri Greek. ]
Calyx s paaaes Silique sub-terete, with a short. beak (which is ashen
empty or ered ; Valves nerved. "Seeds ih a single series, pheno
Annual or pags a her—nearly allied to Brassica lea
a lyrat filed or pinna: Flowers in elongated ra atonal

4 ee: L.. Lower a ioonta and scabrous ; upper o
and entire ; siliques somewhat 4-angled, smooth, capeiae to ny tote
Brack Stvaris. Mustard. Black Mustard.
Fr. Moutarde noire. Germ. Schwarzer Senf. Span. Mostazo.

Root annual. Stem 3=6 feet high, much 1 branched; smooth. Leaves petiolate. Ra:
cemes slender. Petals greenish yellow all; dark brown.

Gardens and waste —* introduced “mn Europe, Cultivated in somte districts. Fl:
June-July. Fr. Augus

2. S. au’Ba, L. Leaves all pinnatifid ; ary hispid, a scarces
ly as cobs as the sword-sha seeded beak
wire Stwarts. Whi
Fr. Mo sips blanche, Soca "Weisser Senf. Spon: Mostazo blanco,
Root ai Stem 2-5 feet high, Boon stout; branched. Leaves petiolate, lyrately
Ph csecntaomimert the terminal segmen rge anil 3- ts Petals rather large, yellow
Seeds ied larger than in the precadbie: species, pale brown. 5
Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe. Ft. June. #-. August.

Obs. These two specics, big sede as tie Soe White Mustard, front
the color of the seeds, are ralized in many places, having escaped
fr tom ga er where they po cdltivated fee. their foliage, ght ea is used

,” but especially for th cir condiment known as —
Mustard ev Flour of Mustard is prepared by grinding the ne a at
ng

out t 1s mit -

: nately ; the powder from the latter is the most pent, hese the other

| affords the handsomest product. The skin of the White Mustard :

' contains a large amount of miucilaginous matter which is aeales out re

: by boiling water. The seeds are sometimes administered whole as
remed.

y in dyspepsia, &c. It is worthy of remark, that the pungency
mustard is only developed when mixed with water : if the dry seeds a

; essed they yield a mild oil which has scarcely any taste of mu
E A small So of sulphur is contained in M in.
also ; it is ate ch causes = fe ie Dik cketag of a silver aciaine when sed

pert lndioe of these a:
* ; *
A
ie al 2edged
'® ad Fino § Starts. Wild Mi

rp aeag lig oe larg ears i estishe’ and 1 gmewat rough with short retorse
a 6 e8 or more in leng . id

‘i ny eaete of those of conrmon turnip. Po Tees
elds New York and westward. ative of Rurope, “June Ay He

-

48 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS,

Obs. This is an exceedingly troublesome weed in Furope, and is be
coming so in some portions of this country, It infests those grou unds
which are best suited to grain-culture ; as the seeds retain their vitality
for @ long time it is very difficult te etadicate it when once established.

Yn this, as * — cases, the plant should be desttoyed before the seed
formed ; as sheep are fond of the cack they ate sometimes t
into a field to destroy the crop of Char:

6. ARMORA’CIA, Rupp. Horserapisn.
{[Natie from: one of the Greek nathes for Radish.]
Pod (pouch) elliptical or globose; the valves 7 Ss not genta
etals white, much rgd e an the calyx. Seeds ni
undivided or the lower piomatifid.
1. A. rustica’na, Ro; Cs leaves on ne Me Gickin, oblong, ¢renate,
rarely pinnatifid ; t ose of the stem lanceo
Restic ArMoracta. Horseradis
#7. Moutarde des Capucins. Germ. Det Meei-Rettig. Span. Rabano.
Root perennial, jong, = fleshy ranch. Hail very acrid, Peg! 2-3 feet high, angular~

, Smooth, wii axillary b leaves large be inches pain
somewhat toe emits . Dac or R iiss oe petioles oles 4-12 inches long.
‘corymbose, elongating. P. ” Silicles 2 oval, usually saieioae
fr Tone=J onttog margins of ditehes, wet introd Native of Europe. FF May ~Jume,

ae “on 21. Field Mustard (Sinapis arvensis), illustrating the general appearance of =
‘iu this family. Dtneibien eemane antenna enorme 2B. sApode

MUSTARD FAMILY. - 49

bs. The pungent root of this plant is a favorite condiment,—and one
of the most valuable antiscorbutics. It requires little or no culture;
thri

CAMELI’NA, Crantz. Fausr Fuax.
ek, Chamat, dwarf, and Linon, flax ; from a fancied resemblance.

[Gre
pied mn Be obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, turgid ; valves al

ope
ft =
~ 1. C. sati’va, Crantz. ves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, nearly entire,
sagittate Re dic ais caret mmncronate with the longish sub-
conical sty

Fic. 24. Fake Flax (Camcan sativa) upper potion of & branch in frat 5. An
——

#8 Ma. ae t Garces,

50 ‘WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

OvrtrvateD Cametina. Wild Flax. Gold of Pleasure.
Fr. Cameline cultiveé. Germ. Der Leindétter. Span. Miagro.

Root annual, fusiform, rather slender. Stem 18 inches to 2or three feet high, simple,
agp: lately branching at summit, roughish-pubescent rs smoothish above.
n som

corymbose-paniculate, elongating ; Ltd half an inch to an inch long, without
bracts. Petals pale yellow, rather eate or obovate-oblong, obtuse. Silicles
about one-fourth of an inch long, with a keel- Sike margin on each side ; style about half as
long as the silicle, persistent, finally splitting with the dehiscent valves, Seeds reddish
yellow
Cultivated fields : among wheat, flax, &.: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May-
June. Fr. July .

This was introduced with Flax, and remains as a weed where

the Pitate of that plant has been abandoned. It y a popu

lar notion that the plant was a kind of transmuted or degenerate Flax,

an of er writers as Pseudo Linum ( )-
is and the t nerates int

would no longer hold a place among agriculturists, did they but a

erly inform oe concerning the objects among which their

8. CAPSEL’LA, Vent. Suepuern’s Purse.
{Diminutive of the Latin, Capsula, a capsule ; in allusion to the fruit.)
Pod —_ eet triangular-heart-s ng ; valves boat-shaped,

coriaceous, winged ; cells many-seeded. owers small, in elongat-
ing cabin:

EC. et oe pac ar lent leaves mostly pinnatifid ;
stem-leaves lanceolate -shaped, sess
SuEPHERD’s Purse Ganeeh oN Purse. [ Pastor.

Fr. Bourse de Pasteur. Germ. Die Hirten-tasche. Span. Bolsa de
Root annual. Stem 3 or 4-18 inches ign ea more or Jess hirsute, and often branched.
omar ss leaves 2 or 3-6 or 8 inches long. Hacemes at first corymbose, finally elongated.
oo por B ipciic mnay introduced. are of Europe. Fi. April- September. Fr.
Obs. This worthless little eva 2 is found in almost every field ; and
is ouuabichce 4 so abundant as to be rather a nuisance. Such small
weeds, however, can generally be suppressed by careful culture. and in-
ducing a vigorous gr oi ae horstanta? pikaie
9. LEPID’IUM, R. Br. Prrrercrass.
Pod oe) ‘iaatt flattened contrary to the narrow Basocbae usually
notched at apex ;

the valves boat-shaped and keeled. a
eoghyoell, ee amauta Stamens often only 2.

.
: J

ised and pinnatifid
Span. Lepidio.

Cl

riously in

ed at apex.

ig, Va

MUSTARD FAMILY.
c-ovate, winged and notch

i

1. L. satr’yum, ZL. Leaves oblon
CuitivaTeD Lepipium. Pepper-grass. Tongue-grass.
Fy. Cresson Alénois. Germ. Die Garten-Kresse.

silicles ellipti

OT a
2 ow» ¢ . BXq At fh) :
i ae PSs 2 \ a sy eS
> Kn mena NaN 8d Bn, 8 — si. Lahige |
= Sy 1 3 V ay a Gf ae ey, cS 5 S NG :

STA A| oe 5 Pisa LU, — pager
Bde EC ora

¢
Fis. 26. Shepherd’s Purse (Capsella Bursa-pastoris). 27, An enlarged pod (silicle or

pouch) with one of the valves removed.

52 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Root annual. Stem 9-18 inches high, smooth, glaucous, corymbosely branched above.
Late adenine long, deeply divided nto linear or cuneate segments. Petals white.
Seeds compressed

Gardens : cultivated, Native of Persia. Fl. June- July. Fr. August.

Obs. A pleasant antiscorbutic Cress, frequent in Gardens.

9. L. Virgin’i L. Pods orbicular, Dh age notched at the apex ;
upper leaves linear lanceolate, toothed ;
Vireistan Lepipium. Wild Pepper-grass.
Stem a foo' e high, paniculately branched above, aie pubescent.
Fipors expecially te fr the. season, minute. Pods on spreading pedice
Common. June-Septembe

s. This common weed is a native of be — portion of our
ores and is abundantly naturalized in many parts of Europe—thus
making a “Lgedome rain for the abundant supply of weeds which has
crossed th ery frequent in dry fields and
along toch ries The x eddish-brown eee are som metimes found amo
clover se

although a wo weed, if there be nothing worse among clover
= a need not be alarmed. L. ruderale, L., wi
no petals, and L. campestre, L., with wi

e P
roughened with 1 minute scales, are European species which areas yet but
sparingly naturalized.
10. RAPHA’NUS, Z. Rapisu.
[Greek, Ra, quickly, and phaino, to appear from its quick germination.]
Pod elongated, 2-many-celled by corky transverse partitions. Style

long. Seeds in a single series, Os Si Annuals or biennials, with yel-
lowish, whitish or purple flowers.

CULTIVATED ee HANUS. Radish. cane nk

lowi is varieties are usually cultivated :

MUSTARD FAMILY. . | oe

Sub-species Rapicu.a. Root more or less fleshy, tender, white or red.
Var. a. rotunda. Root subglobose. Turnip-radish.
Var. b. oblonga. Root = or fusiform. Common Radish.

Sub-species Nicer. sa el al ade ae
irae: Meter ron .

"Fra. 29, Wild Radish (Raphanus Raphanistram), reduced.

54 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Var. a. oblongus. Root oblong.
Var. b. rotundus. Root subglobose.
Black eet Spanish Radish.
Annual. -8 feet high, sparsely hispid, branched. ae — 12 or 15 inches
tong,’ mea “sigue with fungous or fp digss partiti ons. Seeds few, large.
: cultivated. Native of China, Fl, June- deppraber: ” Fr. July - October.

— bees of this plant is an universal favorite at

2. R. asics L. Pod i 2- qoinied ; the lower joint often
seedless and stalk-like ; the upper one necklace-form by constriction be-
tween the seeds, with no proper jarkitics flowers yellow, turning white

Wild Radish. Jointed Charlock.

Root annual, long and tapering. Lower leaves lyrate, the upper lobe large and rounded ;
the ee leaves lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, a rou with bristly hairs.
Fields especially eastward. July —Septe

Obs. Naturalized from Europe, and a peri caees weed in New Eng-
land and New York State, and extending westward.

Orper VII. HYPERICA’CE. {Sr. Jonn’s-wort Famny.)
r shrubs, with a resinous juice. Leaves opposite, entire, without stipules, punctate

Herbs 0

with black id ‘pellucid dots. Flowers regular. Calyx of 4-5 persistent sepals, the :

outer one lier. Petals 4-5, convolute in the bud, often sprinkled with blac!
pve ited i Capsule with

vA
An order r containing but few genera ; and those of little ‘interest to the Agriculturist,—
with the exception of the obnoxio ious species ies here noticed,

1. HYPER’ICUM, L. Sr. Jonn’s-worr.
A name of obscure derivation and meaning. ]
recta 5. Petals 5, oblique or unequal-sided. Stamens mostly numer-
the filaments united at base in 3—5 parcels. :
eal: sometimes united. Capsule n membranaceous, 3-celled by the
centae meeting at the axis. Herbaceous or shrubby. Flowers al,

1. H. Pee, tum, L. Herbaceous ; stem somewhat two-edged ;
-elliptic, rather obtuse, sessile, pellucid punctate ; flowers in ‘ey
sagas corymbs ; petals ‘and anthers with dark purple dots ; Sits 3,
; verging.

‘PrrroraTep Hypericum. St. John’s-wort.
‘Fr. Millepertuis. Germ. Das Johannes kraut. Span. Coragoneilo.

ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY. 55

Root perennial. Stem herbaceous but finally hard, 1-2 feet high, often several from

the same root ie ly branched. Leaves half’ an inch to an inch and a half long,

Petals Brae or orange -colored.

pear we. ober pastures : ircdnced. Native of Europe. Fi. June-September. Fr.
er.

Obs. This orthless and rather troublesome weed on our farms ;
and ought te te ilgenty excluded. Some 40 or 50 years ago, it was
very common for e—especially white cows, and nisi s with ——

= lege t cted with cutaneous ulcers dur o dhe pas
; and those sores were universally and confident 4 attr buted to
the S St. "Joke s-wort. In those days, I never doubted the
but 1 must in candor add, that, args the plant soliynen: to ie

abundant in our pastures, I have not noticed any san sores inf a Papi
ber of years past. Was the affection ascribed to and
he the real cause ceased to exist? The flowers fe leaves are ype Sh
ewan resinous ; and a tincture of them has held a place among

for disorders the stomach and bowels. It is

ya Pennaylvania,) ven. i In fields pe Site it had previo
abounded. The succeeding year it was quite rare; but it has since

as comm glected fields. The cause of that total -
though temporary, fry sige, of a perennial -rooted plant, 1 is ng
seure as the fact is curious. <

aie cee ricum perforatum), summit of a HE :
An enlarged ower sh g ca Sree “sa ane

Nee

56 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS,

- s 8

_ This plant is called St. John’s-wort, because it supposed, in n olden

is still followed, in the retired a. of isa BP wes: of hanging gar-
lands of the herb over the doors to preserve the inmates of the house
from “storms, thunder, recy and Sees evil spirits,”

Orper Vill. CARYOPHYLLA’CEA. (Pinx ries t

with stems tumid at the nodes or joints, with opposite, often connate e leaves,
Secntte w without eipalen, and borne, § oy gh * tlowers. we “y of 7 5 stag Giotinot or more
or less cohering—often w oor of 4-5 peta sometimes wanting.
many—or commie 208 es ae te peta — 8 ‘igmas, 2-5.
Capsule 2-5-valyed—or opening Peg , pati oA yeorsices: many teet or vines -points as
albumen Seeds curved, mostly numerous: embryo coiled around the outside of mealy
bu!
An Orde mprising a’ a t 30 genera, and a great number of species,—some of them
(such as the Pi inks) are yery pretty an and fragrant : but none of area, yalue.
The greater number of. the representatives of re fe x mily gr wild, wi
weeds Mappa with few exceptions, are not very t esome, ys as several are very.
one t in cultivated lands and are likely to Stirbot oe. noo of homers, riptions of
ie mos
§1. Prxk Svs-rasty. Sepals united into a tubular r calyx. Petals 5, each with a long
slender claw and with the stamens born f the ovary. Pod opening at the

Cal yx with leafy lobes, which are longer than the — Styles 5. 1. AGROSTEMMA.
Calyx — o— ee cylindrical, even, Styles 2. SaPONARIA.

§2. CaickwEED pals distinct or capa d 80. Petals (som:
times wanting) without ¢ ile inse’ aatng As at the base of
Sessile ov: Sater F Pod splitting. into ba or opening by teeth, few-
many -see:
Pod 3-celled, many-seeded. Petals none. 3. MoLLveo.
Pod 1-celled. Styles 3-5.
Stipules none.
Styles 6. Petals 5. Pod op teeth. 4, CeRASTIUM.
Styles 3-4. Pod split to valves, 5. SrecLaRia.
—— ~—_ scaly stipules. -
es 5. Leaves thread- iad whorled. 6. SPERGULA.

- pei: Kae ag L. Corn-cocgre. |

£ tha falda 2
“s

Calyx tubular, without — ad! the eco: with 5 long leaf-like teeth
which fall off in fruiting. Petals 5, not abe yes: at the throat.
10. Styles 5. Pod opening at the top by 5 teeth. Annual or biennial.
iF ag go,L. Hairy; leaves sa lance GE acute ; petals obovate
.

Git-u ROSTEMMA. Corn-coc Rose-campion.
:#y. la Ni Niale des Blés. Getta. Gia aaa Rade. m. Neguillon.
Plant clothed with long appressed bairs. Root annual. Stem 2-4 feet high, branched

ee ere Patuncts terminal 2 4-8 or 10 inches Tong onde
ated grounds—<hicy ani wh a rye? introduced. Hive ag Birqpeci?

Jane Fr. daly.

ee ee eee ee

PINK FAMILY. : 57

This foreign weed (specifically named Githago, from its fancied
resemblance to “ Gith,” or Guinea Pep per), though diligently rooted out
by all neat farmers, obiitinately snitntatos its ground in our grain n fields.

The h black seeds, when abundant among wheat (and their size
makes it difficult to to separate Se ee
and appearance of the manufactured flour.

Fic. 34. Corn-cockle (Agrostemma Githago reduted. 26. A po with the ecg
calf died nets a A seed. ys
i

58 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

. SAPONA’ a a Soapwort.

[Latin, Sapo, that article. J
Calyz tubular, 5 toothed, sot ont at the base. Stamens 10. Styles 2.
Capsule. short-stalked opening with 4 teeth at the apex. Embryo coi
into a ring,

!

. 1. S. officina’lis, L.. Leaves oval-lanceo flowers in corymbose
clusters ; petals crowned with a eta Bn = the top of the claw.
- Orrictnan Saponarta. Soapwort. Bouncing Bet.
Perennial. Stem 12~18 inches high, Leaves 134-3 inches long. Flowers large, pale
rose al — double. 4
Waste places. Native of Europe. as — 4

Obs. rm conspicuous weed ng by ihe root and forming large a
bunches near buildings he gi cipiek m ay i Be appearance to the farm
The plant has been empl Scueaty in Tistoney as a substitute f for
Sarsaparilla in dep mihas of the

Fic, 36, Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis).

PINK FAMILY, © 59

3. MOLLU’GO, L. Carprt-weep.

[An old Latin name, coined from mollis, soft.]
Sepals 5, white within. Petals none. Stamens 3—5, hypogynous.
Stigma 3 3. Pod 3-ce led, 3-valved, many-seeded. Diffusely branched
posite annuals,
1. M. verticilla’ta, L. eroerale and Peouel : branched ; leaves
soatelete in whorls; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, forming umbel-like

clusters.
VERTICILLATE Motiuco. Carpet-weed. Indian Chickweed.
cathe anching in all directions, forming patches a foot or more in diameter. Leaves
mewhat succulent, about an inc ch long; usually in in whorls of 6.
Cultivated pb common. June—Sept.
Obs. very common little weed in cultivated grounds, especially
where ‘a soil is sandy, throughout the country.
4, CERAS’TIUM, be OTR CHICKWEED.

1

[Greek, Keras, a horn ;
Sepals 5. Petals 5, 2-lobed. Stamens 5- 10. Styles as many as
sepals =< opps them. Capsule longer pee the sabes opening ve
the apex 0 teeth and many-seeded. Flow ou
LC. vu oul’ um, L. Very hairy; leaves er obtuse ;
sepals longer got the Pedicels ; capsule S alightly aeéd, twice as long
as the
Common Cea Migusiear Chickweed.
Annual or biennial. Stems 5-10 inches long. Leaves about half an inch long.
2. C. visco’sum, L. Pubescent and clammy, leaves oblong; sepals
shorter than the pedicels ; capsule one half longer than the calyx.
Cramuy Cerastium. Larger Mouse-ear Chickweed.
Perennial or biennial. Stems 6-15 inches long, spreading. Leaves 14 an inch to an
inch long.
Obs. Common in pastures and on the borders of Bells 5 “both natives
of Europe. In flower from May-July.
_ §, STELLA’RIA, L. Cnrcxweep.
{Latin, Stella, a star ; from the star- like flowers.]
Sepals 5. Petals 5, deeply 2-ch Stamens 10 or fewer. Syl 3A
opening by twice us many valves as styles. Flowers ,

Kat ;

1. S.me’dia, Smith. Stems procumbent,
Tine 5 leaves ovate, the lower on faa Yala dellilcks
calyx; 3-10.

60 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Annual or biennial. Stems 8-15 inches long, dichotomously branching. Leaves 34 an
inch to an inch long. ” Peduneles axillary, 1-flowered.
Common. Native of Europe.

Obs. This little plant, so common ground dwellings, is found in
almost every pa sal of ve world. It is exceedingly hardy, a nd may be
found in flower the winter aiceere wherever the snow melts

: away the little standibe flowers appear. During the warmer months the
flowers are much less conspicuous, the ovary ee usually fertilized

bcos the flowers expanding. In ms ah cold soils it is sufficiently
to be troublesome, and som =o pies the soi
exclusion of everything else. It is often given to canary and other mead

6. SPER’GULA, L. Spurrey.
Vescarte from the Latin, Spargo, to scatter.]
5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5-10. Styles 5. Capsule 5 i
Seeds orbi a narrow margin. Lo

te the se cular wi
ralros opposite the sopals.. Soe orion € sti

ae 1. S. arvénsis, L. Teaves Tinear.and: tareedlike,-anemg. in. a hO%S

a.

Fic, 37. Chickweed (Stellaria media). 38, An enlarged flower, 39 A petal.

PINK FAMILY. 61

stipules minute ; inflorescence loosely cymose ; pedicels reflexed in fruit ;
seeds rough.
Frecp Srercuta. Corn Spurrey. Tares.
nual. St vig a foot long, ores or spreading. Leaves1-2 inches long. Pedicels
casts an inch long, reflexed in fruit. Petals white, rather longer than the ovate aoe
about the size of a safc sr blackish. —
Fields, Native of Europe. May —Oct

Obs. Raters ete be A Bag Dal ap In some parts of
it is cultivated as a forage plant ; ca’ farsi tbe ver dof
ih Piet semid Bmore

62 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Oxper IX. PORTULACA’CE. (Purstane Fasy.)

oc aaepalat 3 fleshy herbs, with r regu ular, unsymmetrical, axillary or eeirvirs usually
ephemeral flowers. yz mostly of 2 eepal, often united below and adhering to the base
of the. ovary. Petals 5, or rarely m numerous, Stamens paaisbile in number, op
site t tals when of the mee nu mbe at Styles 2-8, united below. Capsze 1- celled ;

pie tral. Seeds mostly numer 1 led around mealy albumen.
There are some 30 get ni in the “Order—of which the plant here noticed is the ty,
They are, however, of little

1. PORTULA’CA, Tournef. Pursuane.
{A name of obscure and uncertain derivation.}
Sepals 2, partly united, and adherent to the base of the ovary,—the
upper portion finally cireumscissed and dec one Petals a uy rn
serted on the calyx. Stamens 8-15 or 20. Stigmas
“em subglobose, circumscissed. Leaves scattered, often ates near the
wers.

1. P. olera’cea, L. Prostrate, smooth ; leaves ey eames obtuse,

fleshy ; flowers sessile, opening only in the morn

Por-ners Porronaca. Purslane.

Fr. Pourpier potager, Germ, Gemeiner Portulak. Span. Verdolaga.
12 or 15 inches long, fleshy, smooth, prostrate, branching and

. Root annual. Stem 6-

radicating. Leaves half an inch to an men long, alternate ea rate sagem Petals fb mios yellow.
Gardens and cultivated grounds. Native of Europe an Fi. July-August. Fr:

September.

Obs. This plant, though said kobe indigenous in the far west, has
every el it of being a natoralized stranger with us. It was often

Fic. 41. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea).. 42. A pod, opening transversely.

a ira

MALLOW FAMILY. 63

used formerly, as a pot-herb ; but is now ee press by bet
ones,—and is, indeed, only entitled to notice, here a attieaome
erete

gar ens. 0

piahhing hairy axils and showy flowers are now common in gardens ; they

re known in some places as ‘“‘ Wax Pinks ;” they become wll do perma-

po tablished where they are once introda ced and will doubtless
become weeds wherever they escape from cultivation.

Orprr X. MALVA’CEZ. ome lpn

he sepals, con’

bud. Stamens senda aoe often inde finite ie venti 7 niles deoy L-celled, Styles as many
as the carpels, distinct or united below. Fruit capsular, or the carpels separate or separa-
ble. with little albumen ; cotyledons foliaceous, plicate and "pwisted. Mucilaginous
— — . tough bark.

comprising about 30 genera, and numerous species—some of them showy and
ive: dso! om, Pia 3 are courally remarkable for their mucilaginous and demulcent prop-
erties : is pre minently interesting to the American people—both as
pcicerdi the Fda a of the b piaaacenay m the Sout thern States, _ te the he manufactures
of the Nor There are, Sowever, r, but few other p of Agricultural im-

Involucel present. Carpels 1-seeded.

Involucel 6-9-parted. Plant soft downy. 1, Atrmaxs,.~
Involucel 3-leaved. 2. Marva.
Involucel none. Carpels 1~several-seeded.
one in. ca coll. 9. Soa.
Seeds 2- 2-9 in each 4, ABUTILON,
2. pre ofthe upper part of the enlnaa of ented ?
ents, — ad Seales mene into as many valves. eae
vol: : EN
Ca! doen ane taethen Ga Done Doers. Pod) ay

5.
Calyx not splitting down one side. ee aren Seeds naked. 6. Himuscvs.
ogee of- 8 heart-shaped, toothed leaves. Seeds bearing :

1. ALTHA’A, L. Manst-wattow.
ee [Greek, Altho, to heal ; from its reputed virtues.] ‘ a
Involucel 6-9 cleft. Fruit depressed, consisting of numerous 1 a :
round-kidney shaped, indehiscent carpels, arranged in a ring around
tf tia lis Us Ue sacariaped ea ise
velvety ; peduncles axillary, hich monieht silrigee
Orriormat. Atruzs. Marsh-mallow.

Perennial. Root fusiform, Stem 2-4 feet high, erect. Leaves 2-4 sl thes tong with oe
pele aout hal their loth Flowers pale rose color, prin gaia
Cultivated, and in salt marshes. July -Septem!

Obs. Mhethockendcn isa a native of F ie

64 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

cultivated ; it has become naturalized along the gee of New England
and Long ¢ island. The whole e plant, especially the root, contains a great
deal of mucilage, and is employed by European physicians for poultices
and such purposes as Slippery Elm bark is used with us. ALTrH#A
nose is the common ean aia of the gardens, many vorlation of which
are cultivated for ornam

2. MAL’VA, DL. Mattow.
[Latinized from the Greek, Malache, soft ; in allusion to its emollient nature.]

weg of 3 oblong or setaceous fossa: Carpels several, dry, inde-
hiscent, arranged in a Bele paisa y the axis, as in Althea.

1, M. rorvnptro’t1a, L. Stem herbaceous, prostrate ; leaves cordate-
orbicular, pe pscurely lobed, crenate-toothed ; pedicels axillary, 1-flowered,

geome’ Matya. Running Mallows. Low Mall
Petite Mauve. Germ. Rundblaettrige Malve. ee Malva de
hoja redo: ci .

Root perennial. Stem 1-2 or 3 feet a we branch: base or from the root. Leaves
1-2or3 teohes? in diameter, oenagecd 5- Serve pg dese fags 2-6 6 or 8 i inches to age mes
es <M ng i ewes ques Gd thane twice as lou as Peer the calyx, reddish white with Site a
July —October. —— site May “plan

inion

:

Z MALLOW FAMILY. 65

iy This foreigner is ise naturalized; and although some-
hat popular as an ingredient in cataplasms and demuleent drinks, is
peielay #6 regarded as an unwelcome intruder in yards and garden
M. oe = So an erect piatkalog stem, 2~3 feet high and meh
larger flowe ralized in Western New York. The Curled M:
low (M. tit is found 3 in old gardens

3. SI'DA, L. Sma.
{The ancient Greek name.}
— none. eax ss Petals pose oblique. Styles 5 or more.
Fruit when ripe ing into as man ed ca <e pron as haste ath
style which nonally bs os 2-valved a reife summit a ength sepa-
te fro Gai axis. Embryo bent with The radicle pointing upwards.

. S. spino’sa, L. Leaves ovate, lanceolate or oblong with a tubercle at
the base sf the petiole.

SPprINnosE srpa.

Stem 10-18 inches long, low and branched. Leaves about 2 inches long, ser-
eaten se nal axillary, solitary, 1-flowered, shorter than the petioles, articu-

rie ete the yellow
es and waste races more common southward. Native of India. July -August.

4, ABU’TILON, Tournef. Inprtan-mattow.
[A name supposed to be derived from the Arabs.

Ca — d forming a compound capsule, pee
at the summit whe reach spits open — the inner edge, scarcely
— at dlnkarthy: 's 2—9 in eac 1.

1. A. Avicénne, Gaertn. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, crenate-
dentate, mon maton peduncles axillary, shorter than the petiole.

Avicenna’s Anutiton. Indian-mallow. Velvetdeaf.
Root 1. Stem 2—4or 5 feet high, branched. Leaves 4~6 or 8 inches long ; petioles 3
2 toalian ini: Pals yellow. Oras I 15, verticillately ‘orriaiged. in. ‘fattened,

somewhat bell-shaped head. cs

lots and waste places: introduced, Native of Europe and Asia. ae

poms neon ‘i

Taancar fll Potato | other eal |
Potato ee vad other | csr Tote and § is

aber So
cued before mature is

sae

Pes

Alte

5. ABELMOS’CHUS, Med. Oxra.
{Name said to be derived from the Arabic, Hub-ool-mooshk.]

Calyx splitting down one side when the flower opens, deciduous. Pod
elongated. Otherwise as in et

1. A. escoLen’rus, L. Her : paren somewhat obreeely and eer
mately Sata et a teat Whe Wee deatsin! fruit 10-angled,

Wiccan Salute Okra.
. Stem
; wider ae tong lobed about half way to oes base ; ‘petioles
a on be te Shs ceo Péals ye pi, wighiic eat pal le spot at base.
Capsule 2~3 inches long, erect.
Gardens : cultivated. Native of India. Fl. August. Fr, September — October.
Obs. This plant is cultivated for its green pods or eapsules—which

ts 47. Velvet-leaf or jodie tated (Abutilon Avicennz), a branch reduced in size

a ee ee eT ee ee ee ee Te

MALLOW FAMILY. 61

are remarkably mucilaginous, and much esteemed, by many persons, as
a table vegetable, and as an ingredient in soups.

* HIBIS’CUS, ZL. Rosz-mattow.
ient classical name, for one of the Mallow Family.

Calye S-clett, pareeat. Involucel of many linear bractlets. Column of
stamens long, bearing anthers for much of its length. Styles united ;
stigmas 5, capitate. Pod 5-eelled, opening into 5 valves which bear the
9 age on their middle. Herbs or shrubs with showy flowers
1. H. trio’num, L. Upper leaves pen Se 3-parted, lower ones toothed
calyx inflated, membranaceous, with bristly-ribs, 5-winged at the summit.
'THREE-LOBED Eiryraous Bladder Ketmnin = sania

Ann wna 8 —_ 1- ee ayy ee Leaves 1~8 inches long, the lobes lanceolate,
the le can se ; petioled. Flowers gre erent yellow with a purple spot at base,
axillary, spileary, fugacious ; peduncles about as long as the "

Gardens and jets. Native of South Europe and Africa. July - -September.

Obs. Bopaanty cultivated 3 in gardens, and not rare as a weed in cul-

tivated g¢ eronpds,
2. H. Sesh acus, L. Binubiy or tree-like ; leaves rorae wedge saree
smooth, entire at the base, 3-lobed and toothed a the apex ; pedicels
scarcely longer than the poke! involucel 6 — 7-lo ed.
Syrian Hrsiscus. Rose of Sharon. Shrubby Althea.

common in cultivation, where it is usually kept trimmed ;
when allowed to grow uncut it forms a large tree-like shrub, with long
gb of s hite to

us

deep purple; often becoming double. It is rather troublesome in

grounds on account of the readiness with which it t propagates itself =
seeds.

7. GOSSYP’IUM, LZ. ene
su prvaire to be of Egyptian origin
Calyx capstone, obtusely 5-toothed, pincers bya ma et involucel ;
the leaflets united set cordate at base, 4 ply incised-dentate. Styles
united ; stigmas 3 or sometimes 5. Capsule 3 calod loculicidal. Seeds
numerous, enveloped in a long fine wool. Young branches and leaves more —
or less covered with black dots ; the nerves benaeth usually with one OF

more glands.

1. G. nERBA EF Stem smooth; leaves 3— 5-lobed, with st

ae roman mucronate ; involucel serrate ; wool
HErRBAcEous ‘Goats Cotton. Cot otton- lant. .
Fr. Le ¢ Coutanier. aon, Die Baumwolle. :
Root aie eg 2-4 feet nh branched. TE aad 6 toches eoaas, 2-3
beset with a veo like cau o or tba fibres. ren, at at eee “San :
| pressed Leen

mien ay poing apam.or:dirawn. and teristed hd delicate threads. :

very largely Se Oe ee ree Native of Asia,

68 USEFUL WEEDS AND PLANTS.

This plant—as yielding the material for light ic te a
ially i in reference to its commercial value—may be regard
rf vf = important objects of American puttin Bog ‘Although uk
as the cereal tribe, the fibrous envelope of the seeds is acer rail
Hes i interesting an article of trade, and as the subject of useful ani
industry.

5

ingenious

Orper XI. TILIA'CEA (Linpen Famuy.)

wubs having the » Mucilaginous qualities and tough 7 aoe bark of the Mallow
fireball leaves Ra ae ral
haere "bud, deciduous. Peta er imbricated in the bud. Stamens na eaually 0
pe -celled. Seeds album
The Lindens are the only representatives of this order in the United jee nin

setyelecie of andi 8 urnishes the fibre from which the Gunny-bags

1. TIL’IA, Z. Liven.
(The classical Latin name.}
oy. 5, connected at base. Petals 5. “Stamens numerous, more or less
cohering in 5 parcels, the carieel one of each l—in the North

American sar ss with the base of a petaloid scale, opposite
to the real petals. = 0. if

cymes, with the lower half of the common peduncle adnate to a long
at eimgnae apenae ract.

1. T. Evrorz’s, L. Leave’ orbicular-cordate, acuminate, puberulent
leg Fatale, without petaloid scales.
Evrorgean Tra. Linden, or Lime tree. European Linden.
Fy. Le Tilleul. Germ. Die Linde. Span. Tilo.
. Stem 20-40 or 50 feet bork and 1-2 feet in eesti the numerous branches forming
a handsome symmetrical top. Leaves 3-5 inches ig ; petioles 1— 2 inches long. Flowers
yellowish a ag
Cultivated. Native of Europe. FU. Beginning of June. Fr. Sept.—Oct.
_ Obs. This fore’ reign species has. been extensively introdaced as an orn
shade tree in our cities Renee airne ee

so T. Ameri L. Leaves foo: heart-shaped, or truncate at
base, abruptly aa, thickish, sooth or nearly so; flowers with
--petaloid connected with the filamen

outa. Linden, or Linn. pa Whitewood. _ sts
— high, and 2-3 feet i eee

= a

- e ‘
*

a — a ee

‘ BEAD-TREE FAMILY. 69

3-6 in ae qual at b petioles 1-2 inch ish-whi
—- pont ; petioles inches long. Flowers yellowish-white or
Rich woodla: nds banks of streams ; along the mountains, from Canada to Georgia.

Fi Latter end of June. Fr. Sept.-Oct.

Obs. A variety of this species ae papescones Gray) has the often
thin leaves softly gai pe eneath. This for common south and
west, as well as the White Basswood (T. Heteroph’ sila, Mie “4 which has
very large leaves, eet ig 8 inches broad, silvery-w with fine
e wood 0

species furnishes the matting, which forms an im t item in the
products of Russia. It is much used by gardeners for protecti ng tender
plan om fros t, and furnishes them the best material for tyi

es, AN
as a shade tree. Its branches are more spreading than those of
European species, and its whole appearance is less symmetrical, more-
over, it is, like that, liable to be infested by insects. bd

Orper XII. MELIA’CHAS. (Beap-rree Famtry.)

Trees or shrubs, — piven usually c¢: yaa rac oe Soa tne re So
3-5 sepals more or less connected. P ihe poriny
monadelphous, faoerted hovers of a hes is ak 2 ee ie in the orifice
the tube of filaments, Ovary several-celled, big h 2ovu in meen; ; styles and stigmas
mostly united into one. Fruita drupe, berry, or capsule, often 1-celled by abortion, and
the cell aap Seeds with little or no album’ n, and less.

The us which represents this Order is the ae one belonging to it which is much
cane ia oe ur country, and that is pretty much confined to the States south of the
Potomac.

i ME’LIA, LE. Prot or Invi.
name of a species of Ash, which this tree resembles.]

oy a orem Sele. Petals 5, linear-oblong, Pabst.
Sic with 10 anthers in the ori ce; segments of the tube
y ipeated on a slightly ae ; style fili :

eleva ; style filiform;

stig a capitate, 5-angled. Drupe ovoid, with a 5-celled bony nut ; cells 1- —
sig inclosed in thin fleshy tn pla flat, foliace-

ous. ponerse with ser eoriewte or bipinnate lea i i

ar ‘icles.

M. Azepa’racu, L. Leaves bipinnate ; leaflets somewhat in ne!
obliquely oratetanenate acuminate, incised-dentate, smooth.
Pride of India.
Fr. Arbre aux poeretra Germ. Der Zederach.

Stem 20-40 feet high, and 1- 2 or 3 foot in diameter, with branches clustered at irreg-
sake iotersioe: Leaves & eciduous > ae i wibn vag aaa ie ;

70 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

-3 pairs, with a terminal odd o Flowers pale viet payne or lilac-colored
Drepe re! a soft yellowish pulp, and ia ‘obtiiaaly angular nut
Cultivated. Nat , Persia, and the far East. Fl. April. Fr. 8e
Obs. This tree so snap introduced into the Southern States
— sage tree, and is now perfectly saberaliand ‘tare and 9 site

Arka It will n vania. (
most patie point at w. I have seen trees of any considerable size,
was Norfolk, Virginia, a even nee ey. are sometimes killed by frost.
The bark of the repu a good vermifuge. In the south
of Europe, the nuts are often se for beads ; ort one of its English
and French names.

Orper XIII. LINA’CEA. (Fiax Famry.)

Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves, without stipules, ook regular hypogyn ap s flowers,
with Calyz imbricated and petals c yolute in the bud. Stamens
mited at the base into a ring. Capsule globose, with twide'’ as many 1 L-seeded cells as
there are styles.
An order pretty much limited to the i

which is its type.
1. LUNUM, di Frax.
classical name for the plant fe
— of 5 united taal each 2-seeded, but divided into 2 single-
cells by a false partition, es ee Se fom ite back of the carpels.
. L. vsrr ves alternate,
decesltaoeae ony ey aattos ; flowers on long
pedicels ; capsules globose, mucronate.
Mosr Uszrvut (on common) Linum. Flax.
a Lin. Germ. Gemeiner Flachs. Span.

Root annual. Stem te feet high, Penis terete,
smooth, Bor pintisety at sum: Leaves an
inch to an ed bes a half long. Paals alice large,
he os a inge of Ade very caducous, Seeds

lance-ova a, or oth and shini

and pe ie at spontaneous in cultivated
grounds. Native of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

so indispensable am the cro
farme ttle

ile
5
Be
ar
+5
oO
Bog
a
Z
a
joni
Tae

perseded by Piunos—
every rural al family cultivated and manufac-
oe as much flax as was required for
mestic purposes. But now, the Cotton-plant
43 of the South has near! ished the Plax-

plant from the Middle and Northern States. _
Nor is te revolution thus effected a subject of regret, with she ae farmer.

Obs. This valuable pant ae considered

Fig. 48. Flax (Linum usitatissimum), reduced. ae

nang wr

GERANIUM FAMILY. 71

The flax crop is one which involves a good deal of troublesome, disa-
greeable labor, and, without being profitable, is generally believed to be
injurious to the soil : an opinion as old as the time of ire hey aie says
‘ Urit enim Ling campum seges, urit avene .’’—GrORG
or, as rendered by Sotheby,
: “ Oats and the Flazen harvest burn the ground.”

The seeds of this Lop hting ry yielding a most valuable drying oil, used
in Loree yee one of the best mucilaginous drinks, for coughs, and
dysenteric affectio

Orper XIV. GERANIA’CE,. (Geranium Famtty.)
Mostly herbs wit wi oui ge hypogynous, penta’ us flowers. — mbricated.
Petals cony: atin mens slightly tonadelphous a a pte the altern shorter.
, adhering to a central prolonged — from which they secariad on mmounie by

curling up and aerrin with them the mall 1 seeded pods. Seeds without albumen.
Herbs, metimes shr Sai plants with opposite or alternate, stipulate, scented leaves
and po ete

The ornamental halt: -shrubby plants so common in collections of green-house plants
and usually called Geraniums, belong to the genus PELARGONIUM,

z GERA’NIUM, £. Cranes-Bii.
Geranos, a crane ; the beaked rey giao age a a bill. "4
Styles cO-
from ue fae not. ieee in ripe

steal Stem ie spt ig above; leaves 3- 8
a. petals entire, twice as the calyx.
GERANIUM. lene

Perennial. -18 inches high, hai Leaves 2= long, the divisions lobed
and cut at the — bicichad with whitish as ia thay grow « oid, the eee on petioles 36 or
pe os in tlie ” those of the stem on much realy tioles and the upper —

purple, Par ap pala corym " Paale Dearden on the cla
sods and. mon. April aly.

oe The = lat is we sebesie as a weed, but is introduced here
valuable medicinal prppersies it ae one of the

best ast

Oregon it has

known as “ pin weed.”

— XV. OXALIDA’CEH. (Woop-sorren Famty.)
Herbs with sour juice and alternate compound leaves. Flowers regular nearly as in Gerani-
um—but ‘te styles separate, and the fruit a 5-celled several-seeded capsul

1. OX’ ALIS, L. Woop-sorren. ~
[Greek, oxys, sharp or sour.]
Petals withering after expansion. Capsule membranaceous, deeply
Anti b-celled, each cell opening on the back. Seeds eas ous from
.* Pog coat loose and separating. Embryo and
strait ina fleshy albumen. Leaves o 3 obcordate leaflets, which close
oop at nightfall,—the radical ones stipulate.

Fig. 49. Cranes-bill (Geranium maculatum), a flowering summit. 50. A dite fruit
enlarged, showing the carpels separating from the axis.

pee

INDIAN-CRESS FAMILY. 73

0. stric’ta, L. Ca ulese eat ; stem moetly erect, branched and leafy;
peduncles axillary, longer than the e pétioles
Upricur Oxatis. Wood-sorrel. Yellow Wood-sorrel.
— ial? Stem 3 inches to near 2 feet high, more or less pubescent, often bushy, and
mes nearly prostrate. Leafleds one fourth of an inch to an inch long. Peduncles

2. “3 “inches long, with 2- 10 ye ellow flowers.
May —September.

ees
species contains salt. ( (iivoxalate of Poiash) hh. under t
of Salts of Soreeh via oT much used for removing ink-stains sand
spots of iron-rust from lin

Orper XVI. TROPAOLA’CHA. (Inpiay-cress Famty.)

Herbs with a pungent, watery juice, a straggling or twining stem, alternate petiolate pel-
tate or palmate leaves with radi. iating nerves, ane without stipules. Flowers i
ge on long axillary peduncles. Prutt i seta eng of 3 united carpels, which are
, indehiscent, and separate from the common axis when mature. Seeds wi
rge ; cotyledons k,

hint

‘A very small Order, tt] y £ 8

1. TROP_A’OLUM, L. Nasrvrtium.
(Latin, a little banner, or Trophy ; from a fancied similitude in the plant.]
Cal — the upper segment spurred at the base.
Pudi ba , unequal ; the upper two sessile, = others clawed. Stamens 8.
igmas
1. T. wa’sus, L. Leaves peltate, — obscurely repand-lobed,
the nerves pat exserted ; petals obtuse %
Greater Tropxotum. Nasturtium. ndian-er
Fr. Grande — Germ. Die Kapuziner ee Suis a

the preheas Pai Felts ad reddish jo IR with realy le stripes and
ones fringed at Carpels sulcate, ge fiew oie a berose or cor
ultivated. Native of South America. Fl. J r

October, rept
Obs. This ornamental stranger is is sometimes suinavagied Wa dios tak:
chiefly for the young fruit—which is as a condiment,
fords a tolerable substitute for capers. The plant is said to be perennial
in its native country (Peru), whence it was brought to oe ni
year 1684.

4

74 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Orper XVU. RUTA’CEA. (Rus Famtiy.)
Herbs, shrubs or trees, with simple or compound leaves, punctate with pellucid dots contain-
raed a pungent, eoitl o oil (except in Ailanthus, a doubtful member of the Order ;) and per-
us, hypo: % ar, 3=5-merous ‘Stamens twi
ab te or com mbined into a compound ovary of
thany cells, raised on a prolongation fleshy disk ; styles sometimes co-
nhering when the ovaries are distinct.
1. RU’TA, L. Roz.
[Name of doubtful derivation.]

ae
BEES
wo &
'E

Flowers perfect. Sepals and peas f forely 9 —5). Stamens twice as
many as ie the sepals, Lek a gh -=s> Stylel. Capsule ii
lobed. Seeds albamino Herbs, so hee suffruticose, with alterna

1. RB: crave’ouens, L. Leaves decompound ; panes otileng, She eens
one obovate ; — entire or somewhat tot
Heavy-sMeitine Rura. Rue. Ganientee, e.

Pecmaied. Stem boshy 2-3 feet high, weeny at base, the branches smooth, yellowish
green. dotted, glaucous or bluish gree Flowers in terminal corymbose panicles,
pale greenish.yellow ; the first seo which unfolds has § sepals and a a 10 stamens,
while ae) waccosdiieg ones — y 8 stam — _ 4 itr and petals. Pod roundish,
warty, 4-5-lobed. The stame oft ch in ds the pistil, and after the an-

thers have shed their pollen, pits

*— of Southern Europe. Cult. June - Sept.

Obs. The Garden-rue, as it is commonly called, probably to distinguish

—

: he Rue (Rata graveolens), a fowering branch. 52. A fruitod the-same/- rm e

RUE FAMILY. 75

it from Meadow-rue, is frequently found in old gardens, where it is culti-
. vated as a medicinal herb. ‘The plant is very acrid, and when handled
sometimes irritates or even blisters the skin, and to some persons it is
highly poisonous. Its properties are stimulant and narcotic, an h
metimes used in domestic Pec in cholic, hysterics, hee at is

—— too dangerous a plant to be employed unadvisedly. oil
werful poi The plant was much u the ancients, a
iicrioed sont Sires virtues to it; they had the idea that stolen Rue

flourished the best. At one time it was employed to sprinkle the holy
_ Water in the ceremonies of the Ro man Catholic church, which is per-
haps the Teason of Ophelia’s saying : “ We may call it herb of eee
Sundays.

2. ZANTHOX’YLUM, Colden. Pricxiy Asu.
(Greek, Zanthos, yellow, and Xylon, wood.]
Flowers dicecious. Sepals 5, o renting in - species. Petals 4-5,
imbricated. Stamens 4—5 in the sterile flowers, alternate with the
petals. Pistils 2—5, separate, ie their styles conniving or oe
united. — - ck sa: y, 2-valved when ripe, 1 — 2-seeded.

coat crustaceous, black, sas Aa shining. papel: straight, with :
broad cotyledons. Shrubs or trees with mostly te leaves ; the
stems and often the /eaf-stalks prickly. Pants! eel small, greenish or
white. ;

L Z American’um, Mill. Leaves and flowers in axillary clusters ;

: Fie. 9, Pri! Ash thoxylum Americanum), mf pila specimen in
Pao at ot lly developed 64. An -

© enlarged.

76 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

-Teaflets in 4—5 pairs and an odd one; calyx none; petals 5; pistils
3-5; nod short stalked; flowers appearing with the leaves.
AmericaN Zantuoxytum. Northern Prickly Ash. Toothache Tree. |
Yellow Wood. |
Shrub 4-8 feet high. Stems prickly, the stronger prickles mostly in pairs at the base of ;
the leaves. fae ae ee inches long, downy when young, becoming smooth above when
s polygamous. Pods about the size of a pepper-corn, with a
brown or reas. tmp pitted, fragrant with a lemon-like odor when rubbed. Seed
ry.
_ River banks and rocky woods, north and west. April-May.
Obs. In its wild state this shrub poe es thickets, but when cul-
tivated and trimmed it pee a small t metimes 20 feet high. It
has been proposed as a hedge plant, ee we are not aware that any

causing ty) ee:
whence one of its popular n An infusion is pe in domestic
medicine, in the treatment of ested ven and in cholic,
2. Z. Carolinian’um, Lam. Leaflets 3— 5 pairs and an so one, ovate
lanceolate, i ree hag an shining above ; flowers in terminal cymes, ap-
pearing after the leaves; sepals and petals 5; pistils 3; pods sessile ;
ckles very sharp. q
JAROLINA ZANTHOXYLUM. Southern Prickly Ash.

Shrub or small tree 6-20 feet high and 6-10 inches in diameter. Grows in sandy soil along
the sea coasts of the Southern States. Properties Similar to the preceding.

3. AILAN ae _ Def:

[From Ailanto, tt

Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, inserted with the 10 stoners under
gynous disk. pos 3-5, samaroid, tumid i ry eal
l-seeded. Stigmas ca pitate, radiately S-lobed. pian

ygamous.

1. A. cuanputosa, Desf. Leaves odd-pinnate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate,
ech th seo dentate at base, with a a gland on the under side of
ea

- Guan R AILANTHUS. Chinese Bamaih’ Tree of Heaven. Tillow
or Tallow Tree

60 feet or more high, much branched, young branches never multiplying during
Pd Daa developed ont trom the buds of the year. on anes — A
<epecnliy) consisting of many pairs (15-20) of errigty Soma oo ;
=§ Posie» in Sane pati Sone except a pair or two of coarse teeth a Plover
Pale re nish yellow, in terminal open thyrsoid
vated as a shade tree. Native of China. Fl, June, Fr. Sept. - Oct.

chek ethos no tree has been the subject of as much newspaper
Aan tare smh be si for atl agit

CASHEW FAMILY. V7

its cultivation as a shade tree. It has i in its favor a graceful habit, is
aay and pute free from insects
rdy, growing where almost any ‘other would not survive. The ob objec-
tions to it are, the disagreeable odor it emits when in flower, and the
d

weat.

nate flowers, but as the tree is not perfectly dicecious, the mir ges ones

producing more or less staminate agtihong the difficulty could not be
obviated by cutting down the sterile ont there being no means of dis-

tinguishing them while young. In streets the rapid lets ese is

is cultivated in open

an objection as where soi aa
grounds, though even here the will i Sa it
in contact with the ea The y pri bet bricks
a -stones, in areas and small plots, and even on window:
and in crevices in the walls of buildings; and in mult of
ings becomes an absolute nuisan ill, notwithstanding all these

tropical as of its foliage and the large massy- bunches of sipeine
fruit, oh gion variously tinged wien: sm or brownish. The tree has
been recommended for cultiva praleip, labs and others ee
there is a scarcity of time for enc le ae fag: as rapidity of
growth is concerned, i eg materi use, but
it is not known whe fnae ‘the | toaber would be cuflicently pigs ‘The
wood, though brittle, is very hard and takes a good polish.

Orper XVII. ANACARDIA’CEZ. (Casnew Fairy.)
rubs, with a resinous or y, often acrid a which turns black in es fi

Trees or shi
alsernate dotless ir without pet fon small, oak n polygamous, regular pentand
flowers. Petals cated in the bud. Ovary 1-c celled (by abortion), but — 3 sayien oo or

stigmas, and a single ov i it: indehiscent, usually drupaceo out albu-
men ; embryo curved

In the tropical regions, this nie « presents ag of much interest: such as that
which yields the celebrated Maks fru inst gife ifera atm Cashew nut (Anacar-

CF
is obtained from the Pintacia Torebinkhas, L.
1. RHUS’, L. Sumac. ee
[Greek, Rhous,—or Celtic Rhudd,—red ; the prevailing color of the fruit]
Sepals 5, connected t base, persistent. Petals 5, —_ 8 ,and
with the icsagenl ner under t e margin of an _ Dru ;
all cantly uite dry ; mt — ere Polppeanidiadions
pinnate or tial; ; common papery poemael at :
the buds of the Spree: year. ee

3 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

4: Bs hi'na, £. Young branches and petioles densely villous
leaflets in many a acutely on glaucous and somewhat pilose
beneath ; drupes densely pubesce:

HA-LIKE Ruvus. Staghorn pres

Stem 10-15 ot _ feet high, and sometimes 4-6 inches in diameter, branched.

— composed of 8-15 or 20 pairs of lance oblong leaflets (2-4 inches in length) ; com-
i 1-2 feet long. idematg yellowish-green, in thyrsoid_panicles,— the Fertile

ae s smaller and more compac Genie clothed with a long g oe Pavey pu-

Rapsints_whiich $i the fok be comes a bright purple, and sharply ac’
—! and banks of streams: Canada to Louisiana. Fl. J showy ” Fr. September —

Obs. This is the jaa — —— species of the genus—as see
in the Middle Sta The fine purple clusters of fruit, on the fertile
plant, render it aoe: once and, if tik ll into the yards and
public squares of our cities, would present an almost literal exemplifi-
“cation of the much-admired R (h) us in urbe! Its roots, however, are
rather eonliesans’ in sending up suckers.

tt Young branches downy-pubescent.

2. R. copalli’ L. Common petiole win; leaflets oblong or ovate-
lanceolate, > easy entre, ged; .
Copa R arf Sumach.

Juice resinous. Stem 3-8 feet high, branched. Leaflets 1-3 inches long, usually 4-
— a terminal one, subcoriaceous, shining above. Flowers i wie
Minal thyrsoid panicles. "Fi ruit densely pubesce nt, finally dark purple and aci

Dry hills, frequent. #1 July. Fr. October.

Obs. A very neat species, with or variable leaflets, which are some-
times coarsely and unequally se

TH Young yyiaves) smooth.

# tos giant ge a Bais whe and petioles glabrous; leaflets in many
n both sides, glaucous beneath.
ey ae ae pia or Smooth Sum:

Juice copiously milky. Stem 3-8 or 10 feet high, irregularly brenehignts young

Fre 56 . Smooth Sumach (Rhus glabra),a staminate flower. 57. A pistillate flower. 58.
Re The same divided, all much enlarged.

CASHEW FAMILY. Wes

branches stout and thick, with a large pith, somewhat angular or compressed. Leaves
composed of 8~12 or 15 pairs of lea (2 Le > as inches i in length); common =
inches long, ere ark purple, Flowers yellowish-green ; the ~ ler
and more th il ries clothed with a short ish aity p fi-
fencaties, which & m the phon becomes bright nin and contains a sprightly aeid.
a 1 fields, Snes toed: and thickets: Canada to Louisiana, Fl. June. Fr. September

ts prevalence, in arable has is strong evidence of the occu

_ Obs This shrub is apt to be abundant in neglected sterile old fields ;
occupant
béing a poor thriftless farme

4. R. venena’ C. Branches and petioles smooth ; eaflets in
few pairs, very entire ; common petioles not winged ; fruit t glabrous.

Potsonous Ruus. Poison Sumach. Poison Elder. Swamp Dogwood.

esinous. Stem Ba 2 or 16 sons high, branching above, young branches rather |
slender ete, smoothis pone owe ucose or dotted. Leaves composed of 3-5 or 6 — |
pairs of — cd -S3or4 pd mg) ; Y. coamanisigieldiine' ~10 or 12 inches long. Flowers
greenish. slender , racemose, on long axillary gg Drupes dry, smooth
and shining, termed twice ag large as in either of wer whe

Low grounds along swampy riv' sete Canada to stoma Fil. June. Fr. sarap

Fic. 59. Pots a, Cae eae c + ee eakGw is tno
-

ee WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Obs. This was formerly supposed to be identical with the cael i
= me which ime the a Mae — It is a shrub to be carefully ;
xtirpated from the fa sy worth a

sald ete trifoliolate.

*

pec SA Ae oe

5. BR. Toxicoden’dron, L. Stem erect, decumbent, or climbing by
rootlets ; leaflets in threes, obliquely ovate or rhomboid, acuminate ;
fruit glabrous

PotsoNn-TREE es Poison-vine. Poison-oak. Poison-ivy.

ot lactescent. In the wed sieiily, stem 2~5 or 6 feet high ; fecamangl (4-6 or 8 inches

saiais. purtousty or oaaats ode toothed or lobed ; in the more , stem -
8 or 10-30 or 40 feet long, branching, climbing and chaty adhe pormarig om trees and other
objects by means of numerous lets ; a smaller and more commonly entire than
in the other variety ; thin or somewhat membranaceous in both. Flowers yellowish-green. :

Fic. 60, Nisdeaaiiieiaeiunianall reduced,

VINE FAMILY. 81

Panicles slender, racemose, on short axillary peduncles. Drupes about the size of those in
the ora species, dry, smooth, and shinin ng, pale brown.

Woodlands and usr aoe rows: Can to Georgia, and the Rocky Mountains, Fl.
May - ee ” Fr Se

a plants ae ts ae immediatly so to the praeta
‘Agriealtarist:- The Venetian Sumach (R. Corrnus) is often in
ivati h:

fas
printing and for tanning morocco leather. The leaves of R, glabra, R.
ina and rhaps others of our native species are used for the same
purposes. Doct. Daclington has in his garden, at Westchester, a re-
markable variety of R. glabra, in whieh the leaves are more or less
completely bipinnate ; 2 was found in eyeen ae and is ht.
of being propagated by the curious in such ma

Orper XIX. VITA’CEA. (Vine Famizy.)
plants, generally with a loose stringy bark, and stems ae by tendrils

sropte compound leaves opposite the racemes acs! are sometim gee tly or whale
changed tendrils. Flowers mostly in compound racemes nm polygamous or
dicecious, peat g eenish. Calyx very small, entire, mee 5 toothed, lined with a perigy-
nous disk. "Pale 4-5, valvate in sstiv: ation, sometimes wsvench § by the tips, caducous,

matt os as the petals, and opposite them Ovary 2- with 2 erect collateral
ovules in each cell. Prost a verry. Seeds with a bony testa ; “toa gp much shorte: r than
umen.

Bs bas ar. LL. Grape.
[The ancient Latin name of the viné.]
— ance 5-toothed, i ned with a fleshy disk which bears the
and pistils. Petals 5, cohering at apex and speedily falling rs
(pushed off at Be the stam oa. Stigma subsessile, obtuse y
celled, 4-seeded,—some of the cells sand seeds often deta Perennial
dating shrubs. a

* Flowers een (Foreign species) eee
1. V. vinir’era, L. Leaves lobed, sinuate-dentate, lil or a,
mentose ; fruit of various sizes and colors. ‘
Wine-propuctne Viris. Wine Caan F G
Fr. La Vigne. Germ. Der Weinstoc Spon La Vi
or lose deat Lato ay cae ead Bestar
Se Berries often large, of Memes ines

a ae M lat
Obs. Man:

82 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

produced by long culture in different soils—and a number of them are |
cultivated in the United States, for their delightful fruit ; but the pro- J
duct is rather uncertain, in this climate, without great care and atten- :
ion. T i /

0 ee
ogy and song (an excessive use of it, the cause of infinite mis-
chief), from the earliest ages down ~ maa! pera ook t of Temperance |
Societies, in the present day. The ts, of commerce (Corinths, or

rapes of Corinth)—often called Zant or as ase believed to be a :
small-fruited, nearly seedless variety of thigpor perhaps a distinct yet
nearly — ais

* Flowers diacious-polygamous (Native species ).

SY, see sca, L. Leaves roundish-cordate, somewhat 3-lobed,
“sd dentate, densely tomentose beneath; racemes simple ; berries

PeLciins: of the Northern States.

Stem 15-20 or 30 feet long, pide, arom ed bushes and small trees. Leaves 4-6 inches
in ey ed ‘omentum beneath ta toles 2-3 inches long. Berries globose,
large (about half an inch in diameter), w when mature te in color from nearly black
to dark anes and pike nish-white— a thickish coat, a tough central pulp, and a
musky or rancid flayor.

Moist thickets, aioe ‘streams : Canada to Georgia. Fl. June. Fr. September.

Obs. This grape is distributed from Canada to Texas, and presents a
considerable variety in its fruit, being of various colors, and differing
in ag size and flavor. In general the fruit has a strong and ue a

r, but some of the varieties have this in a less degree and are highly
esteemed It is supposed that the generally cultivated Isabella and Ca.
tawba grapes are varieties of this, as are also several others.

8. ¥. va lis, Mz. Leaves broadly cordate, often 3-5-lobed or
siouately palit on coarsely and unequally dentate, loosely tomentose
a mostly compound, long, many-flo wered ; ber-

Srinnen Vimis. Little Grape. Common Wild Grape,

Stem 20-40 and sometimes 60 feet or more in len, a a 4-8 inches Iong, often
satmateny lobed with rounded sin sin’ sien whee russet

coe ceete beneath, whic and tong shinsete with age, and sometimes
nearly disappears, " Berries eae small I (generally about one-fourth of an inch in di-

amete - = blue or Negron black when mature, and covered with a fine glaucous pow-
der. — thinnis! d the flayor mpoteir cially after a little frost) a sprightly agreea.
ble ac

‘Rien Niutinitie and thickets: Connecticut to Florida. Fl. June. Fr. October,

Obs. This is the tallest climber rd all our Grape-vines, in Pennsylva

pia; and I have scen an old vine, of this ene 8—10 inches in ae

ter, at base. The frait ae eee ba ity,—the best spec

being well worthy of culture. I have pu a native of this inl
in which the fruit often equals that of the “ English Grape” (or Miller’s

VINE FAMILY, 83

Burgundy,) in size ; and although somewhat harshly acid, it sommes, in
arich parple ju ice, at maturity,—and makes a fine preserve for pastry,

49. ecg to py Mz. — thin, \aiedais, Pr mtn ae
large, Mors y opshraey poor:
Hearrreaven Virts. Chicken Grape. Winter or Frost eee:

Stem ra ar ere , climbing and spreading over bushes. Leaves 2-6 inches ee
ener beneath. shee aap ; in loose ee

‘Fig. 61 Leaf ant tondril of the common For Grape Labrnsea ee a alk,
pages hen SERIALS

84 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

have long abortive branches at base retrograding into tendrils. Fruit small, greenisb
amber color, or sometimes nearly = ck when mature, ripening after frost, very acerb.

Thickets, &c.: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Novem er.
The flowers of this vine are delightfully igang The fruit
though t oo acid for eating is said to afford a very fine There is a

variety with broader and more cut and toothed sates (var. riparia,
Gray.)

5. V. vulpi’na. i. py ve and branches with a close greyish-brown
bark ; leaves orbicular sely toothed with bluntish teeth, cordate at
base, smooth and shining on on both sides ; fertile racemes co ompound, um-
bellulate ; berries large.

Vouprne or Foxy Vitis. Fox-Grape, of the Southern States; also
called “ Muscadine,” and “ Bullet- or Bull-Grape.”

Stem Bex so or more in length, with an adhesive greyish minutely warty bark.
Leaves 2 n diameter. Berries globose, large (half an inch to three quarters in
fasaches blush plack when mature, with a thick tough skin and not unpleasan sgh

Woodlands and banks of streams: Virginia to Florida. Fl. May-June. Fr. Julv

Obs. The most striking feature of this vine, is the close even texture
of its grey bark,—so: mewhat resembling that of the Beech-tree, or Horn-
beam ; while all the other oS so far as I know, have a loose, lamel-
lated, stringy, dark-brown bark, after the first year's growth. It is

quite probable, as pea Rabe by ‘Me: Exuiorr, that this 3 the original
“ Fox-G ” or V. vulpina, of Linna bserved it growing
in abundance in the vicinity of the as oid of ora’ Vi ;

have not seen ‘ e inhabitants , however, that the
large black oe were Aa age i get tons ‘uniformly, in that
region, known by the name of Fox Mr. Exxrorr thought the

grapes.
species might be, some Bays advantageously cultivated.

2. AMPELOP’SIS, Mz. Virarnta Creeper.
[Greek, Ampelos, a vine, and opsis, aspect ; from its resemblance to the vine.]

tisk pening oe Hecht tes Sten a a pan, awe Petals 5, secant
apex, exp: ore

ey fall
ss hicwinel o'lia, Mz. Leaves digitate, with 5 oblong lanceolate
clusters. :

leaflets; flowers in cymose
FIvE-LEAVED “Amp Virginia Creeper. American Ivy.
Stem 10 —50 feet long, diffusely er climbing trees and walls, adhering to
by sucker-lik pai at the tips of the tendrils. Leaflels 2-4 inches long with & -
few mucronate teeth, smooth ; pr Fhe ook petiole 2-6 inches long. Flowers yello llowish- “gree!
— bluish-black ; : peduncles ¢ crimson.
and rocks: common. FTI. July. Fr. October.

Obs. This native vine is one of the rnamental of the climbers

most o
and is much cultivated, both in this country and in Europe for coveri
walls and buildings. It is Paige hardy | and gives a dense mass
rilliant green ughou
the richest shades

summer which in the anboine, aie ts" 4
and purple. ;

LUCKTHORN FAMILY. 85

Onper XX. reuse, anmion aenignne Fatty.)
Shr nate leaves with stipules minute or obsolete,
and small, reo ie sometimes onal sige "Stamens wher perigynous, a8 many 29
the yalvate s sepals, alternate with them and opposite the hooded or concave petals. Sta-—
Mens and petals inserted on the edge t of a fleshy disk which lines the tube of the calyx
and a coheres with t the lower pare of bi 2-5-celled igmas2~—5. Fruita
pod with 1-seeded cells ; seeds not arilled, embryo large, ones ee ee

1. RHAM’NUS, Tournef. Bucxrnorn.
[An ancient Greek name, alluding to its numerous b
Calyx 4- Belch, the bell-sha,»ed tube lined with the thin pe Pata
4- 3 seem otched at the end, short-clawed, wra me
sometimes wan ting. Ovary free, 2 —4-celled. "Frat a ey

22 Ge i ieliiatals poun: gi ventional
An enlarged flow*r. wa : ‘

8&6 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

e drupe te 2-4 separate, cartilaginous seed-like peri ;

which are ved on the back, as is the contained seed. Shrubs 0
small trees with "heeach pinnatly-veined leaves and axillary clusters of
greenish . Samed or dioecious flowers.
1. R. catHar’ricvs, L. ree t ; branches thorny at the summit ; leaves
ovate, saicately serrate ; flowers with the parts in fours; frui t near rly
spherical, 4-seeded.
Catnartic Ruaunus. Buckthorn.

Shrub or low tree with greyish bark. mchlets ending in sharp points, being stiff
feafy thorns. Leaves 1-2 inches long, writ » shore abrupt acumination, smooth above,
often somewhat hairy on the 7-9 minent veins beneath. Fertile rs gee abortive
Stamens. rile flmeers with on abortive ovary. at Sindh: nauseous and c

Cultivated and spontaneous. . May. Fr. October.

Obs, This shrub is a native of Europe and has become quite natural-
ized in some places. The berries are a violent cathartic and were ~
m Bef

color known as sap-green. ‘The chief use of the plant is to form hedges,

a Pa se =a which it ie well suited, being quite hardy and bearing
re pruning : moreover it puts out its foliage early in the season <<

ietainp it until late. It is propagated by sowing the s h

the tree in the fall ; - planted in this way they vegetate in the following |

spring.

Case as Sanwa SEES NN ete

Orper XXI, CELASTRA’CEA. (Srarr-rree Famy.)

Shrubs, rarely trees, with alternate or opposite simple leaves, minute seen | —
ud. mens
as many ¢ as the petals and alternate with the em, inserted under a flat disk that lines the
joer me ue Soe ig Ovary 2-5-celled, with one or few (erect 07 PB scrmeg ets, By ovules in
-5-celled, free from the calyx. Seeds arilled ; embryo large in a fleshy

i OEbAS: BENS, es SPARE REN

1
t writers. = 4

= ee Sepals 5, Pree ss base. Petals and stamens 5,
inserted on the margin of the cu em a disk. pres a globose 3-celled,

3-valved capsule, opening loculicidally. ? erect,
—— in a scarlet aril. Leaves alternate ; pe ee small and
greenish.

1. C. sean’d L. Stem woody, twining, unarmed ; leaves ovate-
oblong, inet total. pointed. z

CiimBine eae a rege Bitter-sweet.

scarlet aril, ees
Common in thick Peel pera 8 FL. June, Fr. Oct, oe ee

SOAP-BERRY FAMILY, — 87

Obs. This is noticed as being one of our most elegant native climbers ;
it is highly ornamental when trained upon a trellis-work, or around
the supports of a piazza. The fruit presents, in autumn, a most bril-
liant appearance, and is a conspicuous object in dry bouquets. The
plant is reullly potpeaie eho seeds and by layers. ‘The Burning Bush
or Spindle aren at) belongs to the same

fp ie ao apie Wesabe -lo ene ae vs have oe

color,
oooh

Oxven XXII. SAPINDA’OEA. (Soar-nenny Vase) 2 2 —

shrubs with opposite or alternate mostly compound leares, no stipules and (cen -

ie mc mostly irregular and unsymmetrical flowers. Paes ee See
por grag Soar onto og 10 saaeted. on: a. ieee eshy disk, common more numerous
the petals or sepals, but rarely twice as many. y 2= B-celled and and lobed. Fruit

88 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

1. AS’CULUS, L. Horse-cuesrnvt.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules ; leaflets to pen-

ninerved. Flowers unsymmetrical, in large showy terminal thyrsoid
ft

panicles or racemes, often a aot ent x of 5 connected sepals.

Petals 5 (or sometimes 4, by the supp the lower one), un-
al. Sta 8. Ovary 3-celled ; yas united into one. Frua

subglobose coriaceous capsule, echinate or erbatits mostly Lcelled y

ry by abortion, large, subglobose, bir a sooth shining reddish-
wn coat 4 broad paler “hilum, des albumen ; cotyledons

very thick and fleshy, gh ae cobering or ape together, remaining-

under Aap in otan

1. &. Hie a ou ts in sevens, obovate-cuneate, acute,
dentate ; rohan 5. me Se fruit prickly.

Horse-cuestnut Ajscunvus. Horse-chestnut.

Fr Maronnier d’ Inde. Germ. Die Rosskastanie. Span. Castaiio de
Indias.

Stem 30- 0 feet high, and 1-2 feet in diameter, with numerous 1 beogssaergen, rather
erect aanea iflets 4-6 or 8 inches long 4-6 inches long. Flowers
pris = ochroleucous 2 bbs red spots and tiene of yellow.

Cultivated. Nativ Fl. May. Fr. Oct.

Obs. This ornamental tree (which is often called English Horse Chest-
nut, because it came to us by way of Exglanicetit which originally
came from Northern India—) has not been as generally introduced as it
deserves to be. It is symmetrical int handsome, mais although of slower
me others, it is, in my opinion, well worth waiting for—

e

—_ shoots, or branches of each year, complete their development, and
come to a full stop, early in the summer,—the residue of the season being
requisite to harden and prepare them o endure the succeeding vies

but during the past summer (1858) it has beet, in some localities, badly

infested by them. In Philadelphia, numerous fine imens were com-

pletely bigs sl of their foliage and pr obably by the fare vigor of the ~
ft A

trees m ered flowering Horse-chestnut (42. ruBIcU
and carne of the hortoaltariats) is probably a a variety of this; it is a
smaller tree and exceedingly beautiful when in flowe

2. HE. Pa’via, L. Leafiets 5; calyx tubular; petals 4, erect and con-
Sialic et Ima than th eral

Red Buch | algae?

Sp ee TO ee NST aa) fete ee a es eee EES KOA Tes

MAPLE FAMILY. 89

Shrub or small tree. Leaflets somewhat doubly serrate, shining aboye, smooth or spme-
what phils beneath. Flowers hn in a loose thyrsus, calyx and corolla bright red,
Virginia, Kentucky and southw: May.
Obs. The bruised branches of this are bee cic ry to be on wt
to stupify fish. Several other species of the w
s, known by

southern State: e name of ‘Backey, ; From, tee
of t to the eye of tha animal. These native trees, by reason
thelr abundance, have become the popular deer of Ohio—which is
known throughout the Nar by the cca of the Buckeye State.
The wood of the various species is of little value. ihe seeds pine
aitid's and narcotic ‘panes and abo in hich has been man-

ufactured from the common Horse-chestnut in ee The roots
yield a mucilaginous matter which is sometimes used as a substitute for
soap in washing woollens.

Orper XXIII. ern ee (Marie Fammty.)

Trees d polygamo-dicecious, regular but
often tis ilts pier # Cuapunnaetie cal poten Stamens nid ‘pelle inserted on a sae lobed

Fruit a pair of more or less diverging. sepertble l-seeded winged keys (sa! )
with the outer margin thicker and obtu: Soaks w without albumen ; embryo coiled or folded 5
cotyledons long and thin.

1. A’CER, L. Mapte.
[The ancient classical name of the Mapl
Flowers polygamous. Calyx colored, 5-lobed. Petals 5 or often none.
car oa 12. Styles 2, long and slender, united below. Ovary 2-
celled-with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit 2 1-seeded w inged keys.
‘ ~lnt in pendulous racemes or pree appearing with the leaves.
Petals 5

1. A. Pseupo-pia’ranus, L. Leaves heertahaped dt base, 5-lobed, un-
equally toothed ; flowers in terminal pendulous racemes ; fruit diverging.
ap

I yt tree = — oie acer 6 inches long, on petioles about the same
rachis and filaments hairy ; ewe yoluniian Wrest;
“cara and robo piers perio ‘ oy fr smooth,
vated. Native of Europe. April.
es Hiatal Bega, tatroinees a = an omamntal shade nip tree; butI
der our pres gy ape. 508 e Norway Maple, decidedly
hci notwithstanding Cowper's lines :
$f noted pass
mont treed we caprici attire,
Now now tawn y, and, ere autumn yet
Have lpasibed the woods, te eae scarlet honors bright.”
bie this and the Plane Tree Re eS ee Sycamore '
ae but why, is « Sycamore ”—
{peraps the ree which Zacomen ld) sei ef Pie

90 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS,

2. A. pLaranor’pEes, DL. Juice milky ; leaves broadly heart-shaped, 5-
lobe coarsely t toothed ; flowers somewhat corymbose ; fruit divaricate,
oth.

Plitsbiteetiit Acer. Norway Maple.
large be when full grown. Leaves 4-6 inches in length and rather wider than long,
deep shinin; green; ; petioles about as long as the leaves, when broken exuding a milky
e@ gr
flere ae Neot Burdpe: April.

. This tree has been but. recently aie of xe it promises to
become one of our most desirable shade t Its foliage is remarkably
fine, and abundant, continuing green ie r than most other opiate
and it is said that its n milky juice pr orenta. the ravages of insec

tt Petals none.
~ eee sacchari num, L. Leaves broad, subcordate at base, 3 - 5-
lobed with the sinuses obtuse,—the lobes acuminate, coarsely and spar-
ingly ee flowers apetalous, Be pow on long filiform,
villous, fascicula: te pedicels ; fruit tur, urgid, smoo
Staoon dni Acer. Sugar Maple.

_ eet or more in height, and Fra 8 feet in diameter. Leaves 3-68 mches long,
and generally ‘saiker wider than long. green above, paler beneath ; petioles 2-4
inches long. Pim ab _ —— ello, Tuned a Anti rte ga — fringed —

long hairs Fruit ovoid at base, abou inch 1 cluding the win,
ws od caieme
woodlands : Canada to Georgia. FI. April-May. Fr. Sept,

Obs. This is one of the most valuable and interesting of our native
trees,—particularly in the a of the North and West—where its
sap, in early spring, yields an immense quantity of Sugar and addy i
The beautiful bee Bag kno own we Bird’s-e s-eye Maple— —80 much admired 1

The
is highly valued as fuel, ranking near hickory ; it also furnishes a
sarge of charcoal. 3

** Flowers in short erect clusters, from lateral leafless buds, preceding the
rt Pétals none. :

car’pum, © Leaves palmately and deeply 5-lobed with

4. A. dasycar

the sinuses acute, the a unequally incised-dentate; ovary densely

tomentose

Harny-raurrep Acer. Silver-leaved eT White Maple.
Stem 30 ~- 60 feet high, and 2 feet or more (‘‘ in the Wi States sometimes 8-9.”—

kg haope er Singh eee crisis

inc 5 white or us -5.
long. fascicles oteaty of fives and sevens. Calyz pale truncate and.

e

-yellow, in loose terminal, somewhat pendulous corymbs.

j
j
a
ie
4,
7

MAPLE FAMILY. 91

cup-like, Petals none. Fruit finctndinig: the wing) 2-3 inches long, one of the:
usually abortive : s Pedicels of ite fruit an inch long. . Seeds large’; embryo nearly straight,
Banks of rivers: Main eorgia. Fl. April, ” Fr. May —June.

Obs. This has been extensively. introduced into. our cities and vil-

N ornamental tree,—and is often mistaken for the true See

Maple. It appears, indeed, from the researches of Prof. A. @ t

Liynarus established the A.saccharinum upon a specimen of a plant;
as it Was i

ont

means to be compared the Sugar Maple, even as a sha
and much less for its Soonouhiedl vile
it

Petals 5.

A. ru : es generally 3-lobed with the sinuses acute,
subcordate at oy pet acute, spreading, unequally incised-
dentate ; flowers aggregated on rather long pedicels; ovary sista ous.

Stem
pearin, batons fen beter in sp mires ome ye mb ay and with
purple, le; or often ¥ Sowa Pruit (including the wing) near an bre

ie Atego the Red Maple sit rete winged key-frait (samara,)

*

92 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS,

fieietion low grounds ; swampy woodlands : Canada to Florida. Fl. March-April. Fr.
ptem
Obs. The ee with pean or tawny flowers i ’ quite poe
m Pennsylva a pretty extensive examination, I find t
flowers Sentralty srhoar tie and i mre (rarely nia ith ; while the right
rs are constantly perfect. The wood of the Red Maple—
especially that a or wre of it, known as Cu ed M aple—is much
used in a ‘acture rious articles of furniture, &c., and the
mber serra Caliagt “fuel. The bark affords a dark ‘purplish-
blue aye, and makes a pretty Boe, bluish-black ink. The sap of all
the species is more or less sacchar

2. NEGUN’DO, Moench. ive
[Origin of the name obscure.]

Diecious. Sr pera - 5-cleft. Petals none. Sraminate Fi.

mostly with 5 stamens on capillary clustered — PISTILLATE
Fi. in see seeds eblalaee racemes. Fru n Acer. Leaves
pinna .

1, N. aceroi’des, Moench. Leaves pinnate in threes or fives ; leaflets

Hombiooraie, coarsely cut-toothed.
AcER-LIKE NeGunpo. Box-elder. Ash-leaved Maple.
20-40 feet high, branched ; young branches with a yellowish-green bark. Leaflds .
odd-pin mon
— Flowers yellowish green, from lateral buds ; ovaries hairy ; frutt div verging.
rn States. April.

i 9g yemngehs — tree, more abundant in the South and West
Fags in the Eastern

mae XXIV. POLYGALA’CEA. (Muxwort Famity.)

with sce alternate les iron and Regret leaves, without stipules, and irregular some- —

what ppitionace ous flowers. 8, diadel hers Vcelled, opening by &
pore at the summit. Saul curva ots often hooaed. Prait s Seclied 2-sceded cayeule:

1. POLYGA’LA, Townef. Muuxworr. ,
[Greek, Poly, much, and Gala, lacteal secretion.}

ae

Sepals 5, persistent ; the nc and two lower ones small, greenish ; the
two lateral ones (called wings) mauch larger and petal-like.. Petals 3,
hy ous cted wit 0 be ; the

, con ch other and with the stamen-tube ;
middle or lower one kee . Capsule compr con-
o the narrow partition, loculicidal.
Tacoma’ az ae appendage at the hilum.

dint ega, L. the Sea e aes snp te alin Tears. gered

Stl eetggemedgs
: ed.

PULSE FAMILY. 93

on Risse of the calyx orbicular-obovate, concave, rather longer
an
Seneka Snake-root. Milkwort. Mountain Flax.

Root perennial, thick and somewhat oody, with coarse branches, Sere ey see
from the same root, 9-15 inches high, hertidceous or oon flaccid. Leaves 1 or 2-4

inches long: hose near the root small, ovat cale-like. Flowers pend A .
Capit oe picalek Seeds large, pyriform, bay, th ariliva -like caruncles nearly as long =

ds

bs. The
ties—as a stitwalat tie oe in OND ie i alth yes
of agri ral int

Orper XXV. LEGUMINO’S.. (Purse Famty.)

Herts, bgtgt or trees with with alternate nie, stlbvalate usually compound leaves, and papilio-
haceous or gular ostly io. ner 5, - metimes odie Ha Oy,
Lata Ciadelfhous (9and 1 and 1), or cay a distinct. fe imple, becoming a legume in
Seeds without albumen, attac hed to the u pper suture of the pod.
toe vast iaiiityncimatictaaae upwards of 400 ta as important as it is compre-
ng a ger scr p ,or products, belonging to tote Order, and not.
here d deacribed, com be mentioned—on account of their value, beauty or ot character-
istics—the cod (Hasmatoxyion Se cca as Braziletto, or Brazil Wood
Neier eee ages L.)—the Rose Wood (a species of Mimosa Sissoo Wood of
Dalbergia Roxb.)—the Red Sandal Wood p naiemsoomaae santalinus, L.)—the
Taiaeriee plant aincasehien Lg L.)—the Tamarind tree Fare ge Indi
the Tonka Bean (Dipterix odorata, Willd. ped Senna of the S i
the plants yielding eae n Arabic Ab shere of Acacia), and various other gums and balsams
—the abn Wag Laburnum (Citysus Laburnum, L. user the wonderful Sensitive plant i
easy pudica. i, Aa , &e. The famous Chinese Si hsp en ) Soy,’’ is also ihe ee
ini from thi e seeds of a plant lichos iter teuever thie belon to
Order ; and the bean phat,” in soli ; of the “Cajanus

flavus, DC.” ; os
The numerous genera rae ie in this Or ‘der di di 1 sub-orders, tribes oe
and sub-tribes. Those described Zz g synopsi aS

1. TRUE PULSE FAMILY. Papmuonacera.

Calyz of 5 sepals mone vs r less united, often ually s Corolla irregular. Papiliona--
i tect Senet Pao hane i if base tt te calyx, the apes: called the

ceous, consisting of
standard ale wing ee pose rire Bem others and enclosing them in the b The two
cord i two lower, whi rl oeetho less
edge: gg es fee which fray be foses the stamens and pistil.
rare sly 8), y Oe diadelphous, sometimes monadelphous, or distinct. Ovary 1-celled.
gd eR ostly incurved. Leaves simple or compound.
sctaniisl anos pear Iphous. Pes onimaeinan’ mons.and 1-celled, —

or sometimes gett engthwi Cotyledons becoming green leaves
in germination. Not climbing po ‘twining (except: dec § me nor tendril

Stamens monad th 3
Stamens diade! pees #1 Hi pec fete aloes’ B

an, ese ee
ER: ae

WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Stamens diadelphous. Pods several-
seed lengt Ived, 1-celled
(rarely with cellular Pada be-

inna wers i I
Pods flat and thin, po
edge. Trees or shrubs ; ae :
stipellate. . ROBINIA |
tumid marginless.
long twining stems ; leaf- |
lets not stipellate. WISTARIA. |
— ole a be late spur on each
eflected on the
pedicel, eid grr to partitions
betw = truncate seeds.
He Paes 7. INDIGOFERA
Stamens Gntaaebocsl Pod continu-
ous, l-celled. Cotyledons Prmaining
under ground in germinati Herbs
with the common tiole erally
produced into a bristle or
ves without tendrils.
odd-pinnate in 4- rs.
Pods inflated, 2-seede CICER.
Loavedeanatiy pinnate: Pods form-
ed under 9. ARACHIS.
Leaves ‘aithi ton
Tendril a pi a lete.
Seeds Pew a fixed by wae capers
xeon a Fasa.
small si early, imp ae eps 11, Ervom
Tendrils long and branching, Presa
lobe le ay. Stipule
ost lobe: a
ndri conspicuous cal: 8
not leafy. Style hairy a 13. Victa.
***Stamons diadelphous. Cotyledons rising above round in in germina ation.
Twining herbs, leaves without tendrils. Flowers in Keel
spira 14. PHASEOLUS.
Stamens 10 distinet. _ petals distinct. Pods inflated. Leaves pal-
mately 3- 15. Baprisia.
ie ee ; often somewhat papilionaceous, the standard
pa within t pd ‘petals. Stamens 10 or gprs distinet.
wage imperfect papilionaceous, reddish, appearing before the
mdish heart-shaped leaves. . CERCIS.
Flowers pol pon hence Herbs with simply pinnate leaves and
yellow flowers. 17. Cassia.
Trees with leaves mostly twice pinnate. Flowers not at all papilio-
naceous, dicecious or po!
Flowers dicecious. Stamens 10 and petals > oe on the summit
of the aot Shaped calyx-tube. Pod broad and hard. Leaves
2-pinna’ GyMNocLaDUs.

18.
Flowers secant Stamens and Petals 3-5 on the bottom of ca
open calyx. Pod long and flat. Leaves 1-2-pinnate,

ee rr The common Pea (Pisum sativum), showing a pinnate. ne
sae ee sain, ah tower tot Set

a
che

PULSE FAMILY. 95

4

a ti cae ae aan

Fie. 79, An enlarged flower of a Pea (Pisum sativum) divided to
oth the general structure of the true Pulse Family ( Papin. a
, rd ¢ One of the side or wings. oe

Souter
which form the Kea! -¢Stamen “tube. the ovary containing the

mn a calyx removed showing the (iaeiphous
BE Henan ie

96 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

1. GENIS’TA, L. Woap-waxen.
{Name from the Celtic gen, a bush.]

Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading. Keel shoes straight,

scarcely enclosing the stamens and style. Stamens monade at s, the
th entire; 5 alternate anthers shorter. Pod flat, se eral-seeded.
nts. Leaves simple Flowers yellow a

1. G. trxcro‘ri, L. , thornless, wn: striate angled erect branches ; 4

leaves lanceolate ; Sica | in spiked ra
Dyer’s Genista. Woad-waxen. Whin. Dy er’s Green Weed.
Stem a a foot high, erect or ascending. Leaves sessile, rather distant. Flowers
bright yellow with a sual bract at the base of cach. :
A na of Europe, Massachusetts and E. New York. gory)

ally in n Eastern Massachusetts, where it is so abundant in some olicrec
to SS to the hill-sides a yellow appearance when in flower. It abounds in
r, and is to dye wool yellow. It is said that sti
cows 3 feed upon it their milk becomes bitter. It has some medicinal re
phobi and is a popular remedy among the Russian peasantry for hydro-
ia.

2. TRIFO’LIUM, L. att

> tres, sate and folium, leaf ; Seracteriatic of the gen

keel s mem:
b aceous, sci cely dehiscent, 1 — 2- -— ly 3-4-) seeded, mostly
inlade in the —o tube. Plowet ers mostly in heads or spikes. Stipules
base of the petiol
* * Barts sessile in compact ‘aists corolla renee or ll pink and spotted.
T. arvénse, L. Stem erect, pilose ; leaflets linear-obovate or spatu-
setae minutely 3-toothed at apex ; ‘stipules ee subulate-acuminate ;
— oblongeylindi, ey villous ; calyx-segments longer than the
corolla ; petals sca
TELD TRIFOLIUM. ged Pais Welsh Clover. Rabbit-foot.
Fr. Pied de Lievre. Germ. Der Hasen Klee. Span. Pié de seas
Whole plant softly pilose. Root annual. Stem 6-12 pres: high, slender, ge’
much branched. eases half an inch to an inch long ; common re eos of an
steed an inch long. : —- inconspicuous, whitish or pale pink, with a purple spot on
Sterile old naa Canada to Florida: introduced. Native of Europe. Fi. June—
August. Fr. August - Octobe

Obs. This species—a natur alized Seth bation only entitled to the
notice of the farmer on account of its prevalence and its worthlessness.—
i presence is a pesss a indication of a Ty sha ,and ae it i f

culture > is to improve both. is
— superseded gems more valuable

PULSE FAMILY. 97

Meapow Trirouium. Red

Clover. Common Clover.

Fr. Tréfle des Prés. Germ.

a Wiesen-Klee. Span.
ae :

Root biennial, or perennial? large,
fusiform. ‘Stems several from the

pilose. an theh ¢ to an
inch and a g, sessile, usu-
ally ler spot m the
middle, hairy beneath; common
petiole half an inch to 4-5 inches
long. Heads of fh s ovoid or

a Song an inch or more in

purp
(rarely. " white) — —the petals
into a seg tube abo

1-seeded, rio a the

Seed reniform, pend 7h yetiveeial

a shade of reddish brown.
mle 1 fields, meadows, &e.

Canada Florida: introduced.

Native 2 caepe: Fl. May -Sept.
AB. Fr. July - October.

ry: T PS 2. 1. fe: iculture
satel )i is one 0 of the most valuable forage plants. ti is thoroughly natu-
valid but it is also diligently ann, by all good farme n con-
junction with the cially with Timothy (Phleum pratense)
akes the er indifferent

as an ameliorating crop, has had a most beneficial influence upon -

culture. It is the crop most ——— cultivated to “turn in,” and
thus enrich the soil with organic ma The plant is generally con- _
sidered to be a bi ennial ; but Mr. on Hoores—who is a very a

observer—assures
live more than two years. It is not known at t what time clover came :
into general cultivation in this ptther ; but it is tee Shek ioe
Bartram had fields of sn B ie itp Mar oteige espn 2) i
somal $6 contain much nectar,—but the tube of fe corolla is i. ik that

the Honey Bee cannot reach the treasure with te, peobaneies and tg

vin a wake eae Maat id bk ae if ium
folate ic. Se a a A po , or rounded legume. b The |
The embryo removed from the seed re
5

, pratense), anda tri.

98 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

quently that insect rarely alights on the —— but leaves them to the

amply provided Humble Bee. I have met with a number of in-

ae in vakch the rie was ee y ny ave A stinct green leaflets—

with other modifications of the flower, which finely illustrated Goethe’s

theory of retrograde cataran tide, "The nearly related Zigzag Clover

medium), which has entire and spotless leaflets and larger, de —
purple, and mostly stalked heads, is naturalized in E. Massachuse

** Florets pedicellate in umbel-like round heads ; corolla white or rose-
color; turning brownish in fading ; the short pedicels refleced when old.

a , L. Stems creeping, diffuse ; leaflets roundish-obovate
and aye ge , or almost obcordate, denti culate ; heads depressed-glo-
n very long axillary peduncles ; legumes about 4-see ded.

_ Creerine Trirotium. White Clover. Dutch Clover.
Fr. Triolet. Tréfle blanche. Germ. Weisser-Klee. Span. Trebol blanco:

Root perennial. Stem 4-12 or 15 inches long, smooth, a xadioating, diffusely
branching from the base. Leaflets half an inch to an jee long ; iole 1 or 2-6
or 8 inches long. of fi duncles fos which are acted 2-8

pe
and twelve inches in length. Corolla white, ba ere er becoming a pale dirty brown.
a 34 - 34 of an inch long, torulose, 2 or 8-5-seeded . Seeds irregularly ovoid, reddish-
rown

Pastures, woodlands, &c., throughout the United States. Fl. May—September. Fr.
July — October. +

ate florets are somewhat asp ora ps
ressed Chae or vertically flatted heads.
open first, an successively reflexed,—so that, during habe process of
flowering, th ar horizontally divided betw
: ung or opening florets. species ryW.
some years very abundant,—though rarely cultivated. Its flowers
are a favorite resort of th Bee ; and the plant is esteemed, as
ing an ex et cooler portions of

in 1748, spoke of it as being abundant, here. TT. reflex’ L.,
(Buffalo ie se which as ascendi nd. very
heads of red a

= roduced, al species, are found in old Boas and
along road-sides ; they have" both yeley. ower, Tih. Ore ced ant
become chestnut-brown wi age, Viz. : a
or Hop Clover), which is mostly erect, with | s all I from B.D “same

PULSE FAMILY, 99

point; T. procimbens, L., (Low Hop bad Te ism proc aT

the trie leaflet petiolulate. They are ess _species——which

are gradually extending themselves from ar pe pall to the interior
nd

3. MELILO’TUS, Tournef. Mexmor.

= Geet: Meli, honey, and Lotus ; a Lotus-like plant, attractive of Bees.]
Calyx as in Clover. Corolla Ne apie onger than the calyx,
coriaceous, globose or ovoid, 1 —fe carcely dehiscent. Bee or,
becoming fragrant in drying. Flowers sueatly in long spicate ra
1. M. alba. Lam. Stem rather erect, striate; leaflets spaces
se oe truncate at bate mucronate, remotely dentate-

es loose, elongated ; corolla white , the ag longer

as: the sees petals legume Dine oni. wrinkle d; 1—2-seeded.
Wouire-riowserep Metizorus. Tree Clover. Bokhara a
Fr. Le: Malilot a Germ. Weisser Steinklee. Span. Meliloto.

Root biennial? Stem at first ascending or pgs finally erect, 3—5 or 6 feet high, stout
sriateribbed smooth seattle branched. Sie oe ne chs J. an inch and a
petioles 1-2 2 inches long. nm axillary pedunc

~4 inc

i- ng ee ene Flowers rarcenaly rascen sl
ced, and partially cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. ee Fr.
August — cma if;

genus (M. coerulea, Lam. age ut oe | as been fee and is now
= Sag coerulea, C.,'8 Crcy of eal an ort tie ig ee

4. MEDICA’GO, Tournef. Men:
[So named by the Greeks, from having been introduced by CLs a
Flowers mostly as in Melilotus. Legume usually man many-seeded, of various
poke sate more or less falcate, or spirally coil Leaves mace A

1. M. lane (J pies oct roles eae only eee

su te ; racemes ob! Tec cones epithe tele

ted, several-seeded.
Ciivissn Meotaits Lucerne. Spanish Teeti, pian Vinee
Fr. ‘Ta Luzerne. Germ. Der | creas eee

100 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Pee

Root perennial. 1-2 feet high, branched, smoothish. Leaflets half an inch to an
inch seas lateral ones subsessile, the terminal be petiolulate ; common é one-
fourth to three- fourths ee an inc on ae Racemes e ) on peduncles half an nck to an
inch long. Corolla twice as long a the calyx.

Introduced : Palle ated: Native of. phew #1. June-July, Fr. August.

Obs. This was formerly cultivated on a sae = as es fosiers but
it did not find favor with our farmers, and is rely seen in Pe nosy
vania. might answer, for soiling, in siesta giviationas tone
think the stem is too ligneous and wiry to become a favorite fodder,
essful in No!

M .
—— Onobrychis, L., obrychis sativa, Lan. plant of the
sarum den tsb) § is much ‘cultivated fo for fodder, e@ cal reous soils
the la

os Mt Tapa’ na, Le Stem procumbent, pubescent ; leaflets
he apex ; short spikes, ‘ploy legumes
iform 1

1-seeded.
Hopr-urke Mepicaco. Black Medick. Nonesuch.

Biennial? Stem 6-12 inches long, somewhat bias bed Lancegnr 78 Leaflets 32
pone to rit an inch long, sometimes nearly rhomboi ‘agora eB of an inch
to an inch in length. Heads of fieors at is vot roundish, vtdaity obo oblong, on slender pedun-

cles 12 inches long. ie, mapa oe “ees
Fields, &c. Nat. from Europe. June- ~~
Obs. This species which, when in owes resembles a yellow clover,
is quite common in pastures in England, and is a = turalized in
this country. Several other wanecids recognized by t heir spirally —_
_ are sometimes found in waste places, their seeds having
juced in wool.

5. ROBI’NIA, ZL. Locusr-rrer.
[Name in honor of John and Vespasian Robin ; French Botanists.]

: short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-ipped. _Vexillum large and ire
scarcely lo: nger than the wings a nd keel. Legume compressed,

Fis. 76. A ip a he Cee fice A es aed

;
7
i
F

PINE REE Ee A MT ny ee Shs Don eee ae nae Re ee Met

PULSE FAMILY. 101

ny-seeded, tne upper or seed-bearing suture margined. Trees or shrubs.

Liahes petiolulate, ees base of the leaf-stalks enlarged, covering
the buds of the ensuing
LR. Pseud-aca cia, L. Hate virgate, armed with —— wet ire :
leaflets oblong-ovate ; race je ooping ; legumes

ALSE-ACACIA ROBINIA. site
sane -60 © wedge gece oar ae ti Leaflets 3 or 4~ —
ini it
the base, with 2 to sta ee itdlemat 96 inches ong” Ooroag
3 im
ee forests ; ches long, to Arkansas. Fl. May-June. Fr. September.

Obs. The Locust-tree, though ee tee in the sna and
Eastern States, is only truly i ndigenous in the Western and Southern
portions of the Union. It attains its prin perfection in Kentucky

ennessee, where it reaches to the height of 90 feet, with a diameter
of 4 feet. The timber is one of the most valuable, whether for strength
or eel ; in — quality it ranks but little below the oak,

while its resistance to decay, even when exposed to the most destructive
, exeeed of the wood of any other of our forest-trees. It
is largely employed in pee building, and is prefer y other wood
for a he as the pins are called which fasten the planks to the frame
rail- or sl , &e., it is invaluable.
nted as an

habit, and i is highly—even oppressi ant, when in flower. The

vantages attending its culture about dwellings are,
with which its b are broken by the winds, the many suckers its
send up, and numerous insects that live upon it. , 80
many insects prey upon this tree, that in some localities it seldom attains
any great size. It that when p losely, so as
to form Locust hey are much less liable to the attacks orms
than w hey gro Cc ing the value of the timber and
the rapidity of its growth, even on light and poor land, the culture of
e Locust is w f much more attention than it has yet received at

the hands of our farmers. The Clammy Locust (R. visco’sa, Vent.) is
inferior in size and value; it has the brane hes-clesiey} 3 with visci wrther South,

flowers.
become troublesome if not kept cy egy
6. WISTA’RIA, Nutt. Wisrarta.
[Named for Prof. Caspar Wistar, of the University of Pennsylyania.]

panulate, somewhat 2-lipped ; the up of 2 short teeth
be foe 3 longer ones. " Standard large, wh all _base

192 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

with unequally pinnate vad ae & ae leaflets, and minute stipules, with
lilac-colored flowers in large
1. W. frutes’ Si DC. Wake of the corolla 2-auricled at iMiies
ovary glabro
Virginia, South and West. May.
Woopy Wisrarra. Glycine. Carolina Kidney Bean.
2. W. Cutnen’sts, DC. Wings of corolla ee, at base ; ovary hairy.
Cultivated. Native of China. May.
Cuingse Wistarra. Glycine.

These beautiful vines, the one & native of the rich alluvial soils
of the southern portion of the Union, and the other from China, are
eminently worthy of cultivation. They both grow readily, are quite

ly, and may be ie ei with the greatest ne The Chinese
species is most generally cultivated, its flower racemes being much
larger than in the native one; but the other is much darker —
and has more fragrance.

afl Fo oo ni ace L. a
{A Latini pigntiaine

Calyx 5-cleft ; ce oe Pex orbicular, emarginate ; keel

with a subulate spur on each side—at length pig bent back yore

ally. Stamens diadelphous. Style filiform, glabrous. Legume continu-
= ds

ous, 1- few- ~ truncate a both ends, Co es pied
ed by cellular partitions. Herbaceous or Fruticose p
various, usually oe stipules sicall 2 istinct — ars petiole,

Flowers in axillary ra
1. I. mincro’rm, L. gore suffruticose, erect ; young branches
comm

n petioles clothed with a cinereous pu ubescenice ; leaflets in 4 or 5
d one, oval or blong, mucronate,
petiolulate, somewhat pubescent beneath with whitish app

racemes shorter than the leaves; legunies sub-terete, torulose, curved
ownwards.

Dyer’s Inpicorera. Indigo. Indigo-plant.
Fr. UTndigotier. Germ. Die Indigopflanze. Span. Indigo.
Annual or biennial. Stem 2-8 feet high, branching. Leaflets half an inch to an inch in
length ; common petiole 2-3 inches long. Hacemes 1-2 inches long. Corolla purplish-
blue. ” Legumes numerous, half an inch to three-quarters in length, defleatat “on the
icel, ¢
Soames States : cultivated. Native ts Asia and Africa.

7 e
place ' abroad, ee et = curtailed = of Southern Agri-

‘PULSE FAMILY. 105,

more healthful and agreeable, if not a more profitable, employment.
The indigo-plant is said to be an nual, when subject to a

as on the delta of the Ganges; but it is sometimes fruticose—yielding
one or aed ratoon — (in e. successive e growths of titers * spent),
after having been cut off. Another species—I. Antu, L.—is said to

be also eultrrated at the South. It differs from the above chiefly { in its
flattened, even (not torulose) pods.
8. CI’CER, Tournef. aie ehese
[The Latin name for a species of Vetch ; applied ]

Calyx agile: gibbous at base, 5-parted; segments acuminate —
the upper incumbent on the vexillum. ‘Legume t turgid, 2
Seeds noise as

1. C. arrer me s odd-pinnate; leaflets cuneate-obovate,
serrate ; atipales saictane "sabdentoulte “calyx slightly gibbous,—
the segments as long as the wings of the c
Ram Cicer. Coffee-pea. Chickpea. Ne eS,
Fr. Le Pois Chiche. Germ. Gemeine ae, grits Garbanzo.
Whole plant canescent and glandular-pilose, the hairs secreting oxalic acid. Root
annual. Stem 9-18 inches Fi ino sae hing. cag ee x about half an inch long, in 4-6
pairs (often alternate) with 1 odd one instead of a tendril.
solitary, white. Seed oiniias = poten in form reeetibling the head o!
Gardens :
August ~
sometimes cultivated ‘8 the seeds—which are said to
6 1st food

Obs. This is
be a tolerable substitute for coffee. are much used, as
undant (as I recollect to have

ors
seen it) in the Bazaars at t Calcutta, aoe the name of “Gram.” This —

vetch is the “ sed Pea ” which is announced asa novelty, or a

great
curiosity (disco ered among the Arabs) in Lyxcn’s Expedition to the
gh-

Dead Sea ikongh it has been costars known in the gardens, throu;

specifi re
: cultivated. Native of Europe and the East. FI. July-September. Fr.
Octo

out the civiliz world, ever since the days of Tou mnefort—if not of nf
t Exploring =

ay’
Homer! So much for the pe ais e policy of se sending 04 lori
itions unaccompanied by competent Naturalist

9. ARA’CHIS, L. pubs se :

ss ancient name of asco m

Diaciousl ced together —
in the ta | erage umerous in the upper axils, with a —
upper lip 44 hems :

104 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

€ leaves
petiole, the stzpe or peduncle of the Erle flowers’ 6 gating pos
eral inches before reaching the earth. (This plant Howie's ‘belongs 8
a “are of the aod lini included in our synopsis, and is placed
ee — of tonren ate
oe “Ste m procumbent; leaflets obovate,—the com-
mon tees not anid into a tendril.
SUBTERRANEAN Aracuis. Ground-nut. Pea-nut.
Fr. L’Arachide. Germ. Die Erd-nuss. Span. Mani.

Root annual. Stem 9-18 inches long, prostrate or erect, branching, pilose. Lea
inch to on pass and a half long, subsessile, eves mucronate at wie” entire at bor
dered by a pilose nerve; common petioles 1-2 inches long, chann elled above, pilose
Sterile ,lor 2-5 or’ 7,in the upper ails: on long slender pedicels—t she corolla
_ orange- “yellow.
. aati Native of South America. FT. July —September. Fr. September - October.

me fa leaeinnont ‘Arachis hypogeea), exhibitin the manner in which the ovaries,
: oe bury tlomaelves inthe eat where tity riper

food f for stock,—both herbage and

PULSE FAMILY. 105

Obs, The summers are pea a for this pian. in bE ON =
where it is sometim mes seen in gardens, as a curiosity : but, in the South-
d fon

- The seeds,—eithe

legumes—are quite a favorite mith pas n, and others ; ¢ pai large
ays of them are consumed a public gatherings. ” The seeds

e said, also, to yield a valuable o i

10. FA’BA, Tournef. Horss-pran.
[The Latin name for a Bean ; appropriated to cate

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft—the two upper segments shorter. Style bent
praitdn at a right angle with the ovary ; stagma v parks Legume large,

coriaceous, somewhat tumid. Seeds oblong, subeo pressed, with
hilum at one heres Stem erect. Tendrils simpie ad i sary obsolete.
1. F. von 8, Moench. Leaflets 2-4, oval, mucronate; stipules semi-
migtiicle: Sthawaly ovate.
Common Fapa. Horse Bean. Windsor Bean.
Fr. Féve de Marais. Germ. Die Sau-Bohne. Span. Haba.
simple, smooth. Leaflets 2-3 inches long, entire, —

annual. Stem 1-2 feet high
mason tendrils emp a large. Flowers in simple pote axillary racemes.
Corolla white, with a lar dae on each wing. Legume 2-3 inches long, torulose.
Gardens : cultivated. er Je -duly. Fr. August.

Obs. This bean—orii mde m the shores of the Caspian Sea—
Epi bi cultivated A: the fable, ut is not b generally admired.
The a strong an a
ll. ER’VUM, Tournef Lenrtt.
{The Latin name for a species of Vetch or Tare.] id
Calyx 5-parted; segments lance- ndisare: wate about as long as the
we Style sa: © ce glabrous. Legume 2 - 4-seeded. ;
. E. Lens, L. t, branching : leafs — oblong, some-
ais pilose ; stipules obliquely brates anceola a
axillary, 2- 3-flow yas ae legumes broad, short, finely soto smooth, S
nticular |

Lentil.

Fr. La Lentille. Germ. — ss Span. Lenteja. a>
Root annual. Stem 6~12 inches high. 6 or 8 pairs, half an inch oe

drils 1 imple. Corolla white or =f pe pure wg tnt about half an inch long. Seeds

early sim
28 orbicular, compressed, white or tawny yell
ardens :'cultivated. ‘Native of Europe. FL “June - July. Fr. August.

oa This Vetch is cultivated pipritay abies chi, bee a8

is Sometimes seen in gardens fare pbk. pe :
the attention of American agriculturists. FE echaanont ea wie

tils are a tolerable see Ae ene Po Sat aaa
5*

100 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

by the Mexicans, and form the basis of the “ Linsen Soup ” of the Ger-

mans. It appears from Dr. J. OOKER’S sheen that the seeds of this

plant are sometimes called “ Gram,” in India; but that name is believed
to be more usually applied to the seeds of Ciner

12. PI’SUM, Tournef. Pua.

L Lati for the common Pea. a

Calyx-segments igrareons the two upper ones shorter. Vexillum large,
reflexed. Style compressed, keeled, villous on the upper margin. Le-
gume ee ong. Seeds numerous, globose, with an orbicular hilum
ig yum, L. Leaflets rhomboid-ovate, geen obtuse, Jenene
entire; ‘aGpike very eX ovate, se mi-sagittate, cmos tate at base ;
je amcles 2 or many-flowe le sition dabaest

IVATED Pisum. gts ea. G arden-pea.
Pe Po cultivé. Germ. Gemeine Erbse. Span. Guisante.

t smooth and om Root a Stem 1-3 or 4 feet long ; flaccid, climbing

: by tn tendrils. Leaflets aly § peiresi~ “20 B inches long ; tendrils jong and branch-

; Stipules larger than ‘the leaflets. “Pedune et Lor 2-6 ptr long, often with

= "flowers Pegi ummit. Corolla has. Silex aes ” Legume t two inches long,
subterete

Gardens and lots : cultivated. Native country unknown. Fl. June-July. Fr. July-

Obs. Several varieties of this are cultivated (one oi more of them
in almost every garden), chiefly for the young seeds, or “ green peas,”
i at table.
culture of Peas (for the mature seeds,) is much attended to; but it is
rarely seen in Pennsyly ong ae I eller; soni of that. “The Swee

13. VI’CIA, Tournef. Veron.
[The ancient Latin name for Vetch or Tare.]
Cal pas} or ie et cach the two upper teeth shorter. le filiform,
bent sti, villous. abot: mostly many- seh.” Maa

a: a vs ‘A, L. sari stem simple; leaflets 5 — a obovate-
oblong t to hades retuse, mucro nate ; flowers mostly in pairs, nearly

Cuntivatep Victa. Common Vetch. Tare.

Stem 1-3 feet long, procumbent or climbing by tendrils. Leaflets 34 of an inch to an
foch and a half in length. Flowers violet purple, ary:

é Be yaaa, Native of Europe. June ~August.

: This species was formerly much cultivated, and see y
= be highly prized, = Preret : as a fodder for cattle ; ; bat i in this cot
itis i eee ere weed.

PULSE FAMILY. 107
14, PHASE’OLUS, ZL. Buran.

Caly. t bilabiat pper lid bifid or emarginate, the lower one
phiees Keel (ot the oral os ther with the pm and style, spirally
wisted or incurved. aml ipitate, the Si id sheathed. Legume linear
es 7 fale ate, compresse ssed or subterc the base of om — many-
seeded. Seeds ee me an pide tes hilum. Leaves trifolio

"R tem ostly volubile ; pole sli acumi-
nate racemes solitar ae pealntbats ‘due bracts as Jong as the calyx; le
gumes nearly linear and straight, hog shthonstts ds bet iform.
Common Puaszonus. Kidney Bean. String Bean. Pole Bean.
Fr. Haricot. Germ. Gemeine Bohne. Span. Fasol
Root annual. Stem 4-6 or silae long, slender, volubile and climbing peers) twi
against sie sun—W. S. E.)—c h variety).
= es long ; common petioles ft 5 or 6 eles. long. Racemes on stout Largs 1-3 poy
es long. Corolla mostly white. Legume 3-6 inches long. Seeds mor ess reni-
fon, Belesapeed or of ideleine colors.
Gardens and lots : vated. Native of India. Fl. June-August. Fr. ‘Sasa

Obs. Very geuerally Ciba nent for the table,—both —— ihe le-
gumes being eaten while young; when mature, ae seeds
“baked beans” of New land, constitute a sort of ate dish
among the ee of a Pilgrims

The P. nanus, L. Dwarf or Bunch Bean (with a short erect stem,
more seuiathnge® leaflets, and larger beach) id be aces to be only one
of the tig lS Make produced by long

2. P. Lona’rus, L. Stem volubile, Bue leaflets obli iquely- or
delioid-ovate, a ro, Sess subpedunculate : . brac jpobemiai! than the
calyx ; es broad, c com pee . scymitar- orm or somewhat lunate ;
seeds m Bs pu compressed, br: we

Lounate Puasrows. | Bean. Carolina Bean.
Root an nnual. Stem 6- - or 10 feet long, branching, slender, volubile and climbing. Leaf.
lets 2 —4 in ay cn a mon petioles 2—6 inches long. Hacemes loose flowered, on pedun- —
cles about two-thir ds of an inch a Corolla greenish-white, precites small, Lequenes
2-83 inches long, and about an inch wide. Seeds few, large, facts os mostly white. cs
Gardens and lots: cultivated. Fl. July-August. Fr. Septem — October. 4
Obs. This species (supposed to be a native of ee thease
erally pean ae as 9 of South Amer jon) affo ords a favorite eras ‘the
latter part o! — the large pate nly being
are tender Ae oe impatient of cold, and killed by the slightest t fret
15. BAPTIS'IA, Vent. Favse Inpico. —
‘[Greek, Baptizo, to dip, or dye ; from its coloring ree

108 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

1 B. tincto’ria, R. Brown. Bushy; smooth, and rather glaucous ;

_ leaflets cuneate-obovate ; sciprilbs subulate, deciduous ; ; racemes termi-
nal, few-flowered.

Dyer’s Baptista. Wild tit Horse-fly Weed. Rattle Bush.
Perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, much branched. Zeaffets half an inch to an inch

long ; common petioles 1 line to #4 of an ‘neh in le ngth, Flowers yellow ; calyx 4-toothed—

the 2u upper oe emanate being unite Legumes about half an inch long, inflated, conspicu-

ously stipitate.
Dry hills and woodlands: common. June -—September.

Obs. The Wild Indigo, which is introduced here on account of its re-
puted medicinal qualities, is — ous when in flower, especially in
sandy — ay fie on It is said that a coarse kind of apse can be
pre ts leaves, but we know of no reliable ex ments U upon
this point. Mdicinally” it is ai to possess emetic and nutghGive prop-

I

erties, 4
is often used to drive flies away from horses, being attached to their
rness, hence one of the common names ; it is og robable ane its s efney
in this case, if there be any, is wholly mechanical, and n any
iar property of the plant. Several ote species are ° Found 4 in the
uth and West; among Le s B, australis, R. Brown, which is
often cultivated,—it is 4-5 feet oh with large racemes, 1-2 tee t
long,—of handsome blue flares:

16. CER’CIS, L. Rep-zup.
[Greek, Kerkis, a weaver’s shuttle ; from the form of the legume.]
Calyx 5-toothed, Corolla scarcely papilionaceous ; petals all distinct, un-

guiculate,—the ‘vexillim smaller than the wings, and <eel-
er. S&S . Legume oblong, acute at each end, much
-celled, many-seeded,—th sut se

compr
Scutttae radicle st straight. Sone a with simple entire leaves,
tipules. Flowers fasciculate along the
-esaarkeg appearing before the leaves.
L C. Canaden’sis, L. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, villous in
the axils of the nerves beneath.
Canapran Cercis. one doers

sy po °F April. a June.

_ Obs. This little tree is admired, in early spring, for its clusters of
‘gual flowers, ce clothe the branches, and even the trunk, in purple,
before the leaves appear. Although not of nericultiis? rtance, ‘it
ae fey ber kn own, and to have a place among ornam ctl air

and tres, around the mansion of the t pe Bee

PULSE FAMILY. 109

17, CAS'SIA, L. Suyna.
[An ancient name of ob

Flowtts s perfect; Sepals 5, sche connected. Petals 5, unequal, spread-
ing, not paige ae ‘Stam ostly 10, some of them often imper-

fect ; anthers opening a apex. carla leaves equally pinnate, with a

glan d near the base of te petiole.

* Leaflets large; fone deciduous : the a anthers fertile, the 3 upper
es deformed and sterile.

1 C. Marilan‘dica, ZL. Perennial ; stom erect, lalets 6 — 9 pile

opel oblong ; petiole with a club-shaped g land near the ; racemes
axillary, the upper ones somewhat Sel it legumes‘ at first hairy» .

at length smooth. mae

Cassta. Wild, or American Senna. pe
Stem 3-4 es a rather stout, branching. foe poe 1-2 inches long, petiolulate_
nches in length below the leaflets, with an obovoid subsessile lana
on the upper pei meaae se a ei those in the r axils forming a sort =

minal leafy panicle ; ; flowers yellow, often becoming a dead whi

Tong, vil ‘A igi young, oc om pressed, hat curved, often sinuate on the edges from

seeds ovate-ob long, separated by a kind of transverse _ e

- nea

Low piste. ‘aon ag streams : frequent. 6 |
Obs. This very showy species is found in most parts of the United
States ; ge leaves possess (pro properties int sinilar bos those of the impa
Fa the shops—which is several — nt

78. Wild Senna. Cassia, Marilandi short raceme in the axit of aa
: ate ( ica), a sora

110 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

nus Cassia. While some writers state, that it requires a third larger
dose than the imported senna, to produce the same effect, others claim ‘for
it an equal rank as a purgative. It is cultivated to considerable, § xtent
by the “ Shakers,” and though it has not received the general attention
at the ne rine of the medical Saree that it pennies it is frequently
estic and country pra The leaves should be collected
when the | fruit i is ice he sey orinciplé being on more fully develop:
ed than at the floweri
2, C. oc L. Leaflets 4-6 pairs, ovate lanceolate acute ;
gland a oie swan huene smooth.
WESTERN Caner Styptic Weed.
Perennial. Stem 4-6 feet high. Flowers \a: arge, y bacitek Te-
gume somewhat coriaceous, about 5 inebes long, es a oni border ; 20- eded.
Near buildings : Virginia to Louisiana. July — October.

Obs. This plant, which is very common at the South, is believed to be
introduced from Tropical America, where it has some medicinal reputa-
tion. The root i i said to be diuretic, and the leaves are used as a dress-
ing to slight so

** Leaflets small, somewhat sensitive to ne peach p sepules persistent ; petio-
lar gland cup-shaped ; a perfect.

3. C. Chameecris’ta, L. Stems sprea ea nicnine 15 pairs, linear

oblong ; flowers large and showy ; stamens 10, unequal.

— Pea. Sensitive Pea. Magothy-bay Bean.

2 feet high, firm and somewhat woody at base, much eer ese often purplish.
Leafict halt an inch to near an inch long, mingtely ciliate-serrulate, su
petaoles about one-third of an inch i Bas h below the leaflets, with 'a depressed or cup-
like deep bri i weno sie Mise porple agree *
peed in lateral subsessile ascites aber e ie ften in pairs, som
times 3-4. ‘about 2 inches long, hatte akee # vg coin
Sandy fields : common, especially southward. July -Septem

Obs. In a paper read before the American 5 Phobia Society, May
2. 1788, and published i in the : oh volume of their Transactions, Dr. Green-
way of Virginia. en vorably of this plant as a means of recruiting
worn out lands, by its Scounention in the soil,—though he considers
he common consdeld Pea as preferable; and I have no doubt that the
Eel Clover ( Trifolium pratense), properly managed, is more eligible

18. GYMNO’CLADUS, Lam. Kentucky Correr-rree.
(Greek, Gymnos, naked, and Klados, a branch ; in reference to its stout naked branches.]
Flowers dicecious, regular. Calyz tubular, i ae Petals 5, equal, ob-
long, i on the hepiditee -tube. Stamens 1 Hho hertod th the
petals. Tape oblong, flat, the valves wiihien 3
= tree with the young branches clumsily thick ; prt L-bipinnate.

ae

_ PULSE FAMILY. lil

1. G. Canaden’sis, Lam. Leaflets 7-13 on te salir siontin orett,
petiolulate,—the lowest a single pair ; flowers in axillary ra
Canaptan Gymnocrapvs. merely Coffee-tree. mye tes eit

Stem 50 thigh, branching. Zeaves 2-3 feet long, bipinnately branching ; leaf-
lets rather a rats: entire, about 3 inches in feck Flowers gsi option or white.
6~-10 in ee pela’ and 1-2 inches wide, somewhat falcate ; seeds nearly orbicular, a little
ar eae over nef n inch in d iameter.

oods Askbeg w York to Minois and south-westward ; also in cultivation. ¥F1.

May os Octob: i

Obs. This fine tree has been introduced into the Eastern States, from
the West ; and altho ough not equal to ors mee m a shade tree, is
esi of a _— in all pei ie plantations. The timber is rable,

close

19. GLEDIT’SCHIA, L. Honzy Locust.
[Named in honor of John Gottlieb Gleditsch, a German. Botanist.]
Flowers polygamo Sepals 3-5, equal, united at base. Petals as
many as the Lana —or fewer by abortion—or by the union of the ta
lower ones. Stamens as many as the sepals and Pt sive them, or by
i pted internally
val,

ee or oes ag (often both forms on the same
nia Flow sgh, somewhat spica
L..G. ees thos, L. i ari stout, mostly bags leaflets ts linear “se
lance-oblong, somewhat serrate; legumes oblong, m —
somewhat falcate and oticcieng ‘many-seeded, —the intervals fill filled with :
sweet pulp. ey
pig gi tial Gueprtscuta. Honey-locust. Three-thorned Acacia.
y. Le Fevier 4 trois Epines. Germ. Der Honigdorn iS
Stem 30-50 or 60 feet high, and 2-3 or 4 feet in diameter. Leaflels about an inch or
inch and a half Flowers yellowish green. Ra carves 6-12 or 15 inches long, and an
inch or more in width, thin and wavy, or somewhat t
Pennsylvania to Louisiana : often cultivated. Ft. July. Fe. September — Ootoben.
Obs. The light pa gee ot pie tree thr it a pleasing pate
not a good shade tree. in frequen cultivation as
tree, and. seems to } pee

| success in some eeauas for hedging, its formidable thorns .
compensating, by their — for the beauty which a hedge with such —
light foliage must lack. e thorns are knocked off by the winds
being often so compound hat however Oe ne kote points
stick up, prove very troublesome ont e feet of pt cattle,

112 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Orper XXVI. os ge a tae afeee.

Trees, shrubs or herbs ith alt Lyx of 5
(rarely 3-4 or 8) Is m rhe ess antee often wi vith “as many prac, and petals a8
many as the sepals is, inserted wit th the numerous eg hod few)

1- many, free, or (in the Pear pipe) © oat! nm the caly x-tube, Seeds 1-few in each
ovary, withou t radic

This Ord er—comprising about exer pam ra—is remarkable for the amount and variety
of its esculent products. Many of nib fruits are valuable, and some of them eminently -
delicious, while ype of — sapere is by universal consent regarded as
queen of beauty among flow of the drupaceous species of the Order contain a q
dangerous Sorte of Pranic yore n “the nuts and leaves ; Lys the fleshy or succulent
fruits are, almost without excepti ion, innocent and wholesom

1. Tue Atmonp SuB-FAMILY. .
Ovaries solitary, free from the es calyx. Style terminal. Fruit
a drupe (stone-fruit). Trees or s ; the bark exuding gum; the

bark. i we and kernels Serotonin “ie peculiar flavor of prussic acid,
Stipules fi
Stan me of the: fruit rough. Petals err — 1, Prrsica.
Stone of the fruit smooth. Petals a
Stone flattened, with Skin of fruit downy. 2, ARMENIACA,
Stone more ot less flattened, pe Ja margined.
—_ with a 8. Prunus. §1.
st el eg eet Fruit without a b! 3. Prunus. $243

2. Tue Rose Sup-raminy.
‘Ovaries many or few, poecone te from each other and from the calyx
but sometimes enclosed b d con conn’ in its tube. Styles lateral
or terminal. Fruit either follicles or little drupes. Herbs or shrubs,
rarely Bae with simple or compound leaves. Stipules usually united

with
Pistils 5, forming follicles in fruit. Calyx 5-cleft. Styles terminal. 4, Sprmma.
Pistils numerons, forming in fruit dry akenes, tipped with the attics

persistent style. arts bracteolate, open. 5. GEUM.

Pistils —_ pee es often lateral, deciduous ; fruit of dry akenes.

seman of pee fruit a ry and small. 6. POTENTILLA.
Receptacle of eo fruit becoming large and pulpy, edible. 7. FRAGARIA.
Pistils numerous. Styles terminal, deciduous ; ovaries becoming little
drupes, sobering ye ios one erent: tas r with pangs receptacle. Calyx
open, not bracteo 8. Rusvs.
Pistils numerous, akenes long, enclosed in the tube of the urn-shaped ~
calyx. 9. Rosa.

3. Pear Sus-raMiny.
Calyx- tube at ak in fruit, forming a pome. Pistils 2—5, their styles ee
‘ or carpe te, their eir ovaries united with each other and vith io |
the tube of ic ng : :
Cells of the fruit 1-2-seeded. Fruit drupe-like, containing 2~5 stones.
Leaves simple. 10. Cratzeus.
Fink: with 3-5 parchfhent-like carpels. Leaves pinnate. Fruit berry-
scarlet. ll. Pyrvs. § 8.

ep powenige

simple.
; tapering to the stalk. ‘ :
“ Fruit sunk in at both ends 11, Pyrvs. § 2.
Cells of the fruit many-seeded, parchment-like, enveloped in muci- :
1. PER’SICA, Tournef. Pracu.
‘ di 7 a fre¢ Persia } ; ‘

ROSE FAMILY. 113

smooth, the fleshy and were _Dalp adherent or separable from the
ragosely furrowed nut. Sma Leaves lanceolate, serrate, condu-
plieate in in vernation. Flowers subonedte. solitary or in pairs, preceding
t

1. P. vorear’ts, Mill. Fruit oe tomentose,
Common Perstca. Peach. Peach-tree.
Fr. Le Pécher. Germ. Der Piretenision Span. El Melocotén.

Stem , - petiotes half
long, pston eke ae pecorino hems Decnane pipe af. : Sockieies Baa. or purplish. Pe r
with the flesh whit te velo or reddish, either — to the nut, and then called Cling-
stone, or separable from it—when it is terme a Piss. sto)

Cultiy ated. Native of Persia, Fl. April Aug. Honk:

Obs. The fruit of this tree, like . of soon yoo have had the
advantage of long and careful culture, pres umerous Meee
the best ee Sopire have es perpetuated under itinotn ese by the

serym as “George the 4th,” “ Morr hite. These
kinds, i%y rants of which is rather formidable, will be found ‘aescetbed
in standard works upon Horticulture, ae in fruit growers’ emt
Although the ioe short-lived, its culture is managed with great spirit

and success in the Middle St a particu oalatty 4 in Maryland, Delaware,
and New Jersey ; and latterly, with the facilities aie by steamers,

far
giao oved varieties are serrated by raising
x sonia stocks from the seeds, and inserting upon them the buds or scious
of the desirable kinds.

process, for changing the character of seedling trees, is alluded
to by the great English Bard with his usual felicity :
a YOu marr
A gen! i the wil lest st pihoct
make conceive a bark of baser "kind,
By bud of oa : This is an art

Which does mend natu ure—change it rather ; but
The art itself is nature.’’— Winter’s Tale, Act. 4.

Var. um’yis. Fruit smooth.

Nectarine.

e Nectarine, which was ee considered as @ distinct eo
fs now regarded a as only a very mar ef farey of te Peach rom heh
it differs only in its smooth fruit, Stich presents the same varieties of —
cling-stone and free-stone. Cases are recorded, in which the same tree has -

ed both Peaches and Nectarine es.

n

The Almond (Amygdalus communis, L., whi = nearly related wo
the Peach—except, that the drupe is dry an fibre instead ae
seed is the eatable poet oF ye I believe, been

len

much cultivated within the U. States: but it may probably be success-

fully introduced into ho Horii, and perhaps some other southern States, it
in Pennsyl fates

A dw # variety, sith te flowers all double and sterile, is well known

114 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

as an ornamental shrub in gardens, as the lowering Almond. There
are two marked varieties of the Almo: the one with sweet bland
seeds, Sweet Almond ; and the Bitter Almond, the kernel of which con-
tains a bitter volatile Bie impregnated with prussic acid. This oil, which
is 0 used for flavoring pastry, &c., exists, or one very newly like it,
eal at eh Ruleeigs J udging from observation, it mone ie m to

wn to our Pastry Cooks, that a peach p aot. ith the

fruit safle { (. e. simply pared, but the nut An 4 the “pei is ‘vastly
superior to one made of the mere fleshy porti n pieces.
process of tithe as I suppose, elicits the pesentiad ‘ll deen the a ae
the peach and diffuses it through the pulp, imparting to it a ee
and delicious flavor, far beyond what it possesses when the stone
previously rejected.

2. ARMENIA’CA, T panei Apricor.

{s * a

Armenia, it:
7? ¥ ]

Calyx campanulate, with 5 reflexed segments. Reis prandieeg ens
ay: clothed with a soft ved pubescence ; nut comp

even and not roughly furrow | = margin gph the other pps
both grooved. anes rees. Leaves subcordate or ovate, conyolute in the
bud. Flowers white, subsessile, so ee or few, preceding the leaves
1. A. vuLea’RIs, cs Leaves orbicular-ovate, acuminate, dentate, sub-
- at base ; flowers sessile.

w Anmeniaca, Common Apricot. Moor-park Apricot.

ea LAbricotier. Germ. Der Aprikosenbaum. Span. Albaricoque.
__ Stem 10~15 or 20 feet high, with rather stout spreading branches. Leaves 2-3 inches

long ; petioles an inch to an inch and a half long, mostly with ¢ a like glands near the base —

of the — Petals white. Drupe oval, are when mai
Cultivated. Native of Armenia. FLA Pr. July

tree yields a aas and favorite fruit ; and, in propitious

fe This
seasons, the branches are 80 so loaded as to remind one of the admonitory
passage in S.

Go, bind thou bt tage dangling Apricocks,
like upru upruly oof the make hele eh

Give some supportance to the eater twigs. si
ing iI
The name of this ime was written “Apri

fruit in Suaxsp
pg by a corruption of the iti do ps ss meaning Early ae meniaca.
t is melancholy to reflect how thoughtless and negligen
vat oe

few who do not own or oce cient ground to admit of 3
or 4 choice fruit-trees a ; such, for rege as an Apricot,
Peach, a May-duke Cherry, a Catharine

ie gros: Sajority seem never to think o

6 aes

Ce Maa Oa Ei a EL AT Sy eS ae ellie pin tape ern ana aA EINER IS Cae Set A OSES

ais,

ROSE FAMILY. 115

iting y have t en the pains s to cultivate. It is high hice that
such distopatablc negligence should cease, and that people be
more attentive to ne which are enj by every consideration of
inegs d goo nay, even of sheer justice to oe around mie

2. rie Year’PA, Pers. ee ovate or oval, somewhat acuminate,
doubly derthte flowers pedicellat
Harms-recrrep ARMENIACA. Black Apricot.
~15 feet high; branches rather slender and virgate. Leaves 114 to near 3 inches
long ; peti oles ra an inch long. Petals white. Drupe subglobose, hairy, dark purplish
color’ when matur
Cultivated. Native country unknown.

Obs. This species has more of ths habit of a Pains or Plum-tree,
than the preceding, and is repu o be a more certain fruit-bearer ;
but I have not found it so. It flowers freely; but the young fruit is
soon stung by an insect, and nearly all falls off before it is half grown.

3. PRU’NUS, L. Pum anp Cuerry.

[The Latin name for the Plum. ia
Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Stam ~30.* Ovary with 2
anata ovules eshy ; stone mai saa even. Small trees
shrubs. Flowers usually white

{The Plum and Cherry are in most wie considered as distinct genera ; we follow Dr.
ao haa Goer recent authorities in arranging them as sections of the genus Prunus of
él. Penn: Tourn, um.) Drupe usually with a bloom ; the stone
flattened, or at least wider ie thick ; leaves convolute in the bud ; flowers —
more or less préceding the dpcse , from lateral mee few or

le

* eed or cultivated species. os
. P. sprxo fo a Branches thorny ; i recon obo wate oblong or ovate-—
a ceolate, s rrate, at length ae pedicels glabrous ; fruit —
small, ehaers . wee with a bloom, rena goer stone t urgid acute on one ‘edge.
Sloe. Black Thorn.
igs insit?’ tia. Less spiny, the lateral beanie often ending in a thorn
a ee ves pubescent ; fruit round and black.
Waste to paces. E. New Bogle, & #
Var. pomes’tica. Branches unarmed ; ues lance ovate or oral, .
ails bin serrate ; pedicels sub-solitary.
— Plum. Damascene, Gage, A,
. Prunier. Germ. Der F Cirnélo.
- Se 8-12 76 fotbigh, branching ‘ease 18 a ng - petiokes halfan huh oa

116 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

> eae or more in length. Flowers rather preceding the leaves, solitary or in pairs ; pedicels
at half an inch jong. _ Petals white. Drwpe oval, ovoid o or obov' oid, of various colors,
ps Omak t covered with ploom, the flesh rather firm
Cultivated. “Fl, April. , August

Numerous fa of this are cultivated,—some of them of a large

tive. sod Sloe is Ley in Europe for hedges, and is said to be natural-
ized in some parts of the United States; it is now considered as the

orginal of the sine varieties of cultivated plum and of the Bullace
Plum

** Indigenous species.
ica’na, Marsh. Branches subspinose ; leaves oval and

very reiny, smooth when old; umbels subsessile, 2—5-flowered ; frui

undish, oval, yellow, orange or red, nenriys destitute of bloom 3 the tur-
gid stone more or less acute on both margin
American Prunus. Red Plum. Yellow ts

Stem 8-12 or 15 feet high, much branched ,—the young branches virgate, the old ones
Tugged and somewhat thorny. Leaves 2- 3 inches long ; petioles one fou rth to half an
threes or fours ; pedicels
one third to half an inch lo: ong. Petals white. Drupe mostly reddish orange-colored, with
a rich succulent yellow pulp, and a thick tough skin.

Thickets, fence-rows and banksof streams. Canada to Texas. Fl. April. Fr. August.

This Pluam—about which foreign Botanists have been so bewil-

Soe Devinth & pogeen through our country. In its wild state,
apt to aE

o
Died

the flowe abortive. 3 the, , rat is sal and spay:
acerb ; but ex log cl, the dru es becomes as ct hg
comm

. P. mari ‘thme, Wan r geldom thorny ; leaves ovate or oval, _
serrate, softly pubescent undern eath ; es cels short, pubescent ; frui
globular, purple or crimson, with a bloo

— Plum. Sand Plum

low straggling shrub 2-5 tet et high. Leaves 2-8 inches long, rather stiff, smooth
Fiat and downy, pitt = the mid-rib and veins, b —_— Flowers in umbels of “

6; ; pedicels 3g an inch tong 5 yx pubescent. Fruit inch to an inch in beggin
stone v rgid, acute o aan piel ge rounded and mney grooved on the othe:
_Near the sea : Massachusetts to Virginia. FU. May. Fr. Aug. -Sept.

Bs maple & is found along the sea-coast and often extends inland

= twenty miles or more. When aioe at a distance from the sea, its

eaves are oes and thinner and the fruit smaller,—forms which have
msider i

ies i y, often, when fully ripe, of an papel: fevers it is
a Song re ing along the New England coast and is sometimes

— & P. Chiea’sa, Mz. Branches subspinose; leaves narrow, oblong

ROSE FAMILY. 117

lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute, finely serrulate with glandular-pointed
teeth ; umbels sessile, 2 -3-flowered ; fruit globular, red; the stone
ovoid, almost as 5 thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them
minutely grooved.
Cuicass Prunus. Chickasaw Plum. Mountain sia
i Rem§ 0 or 12 feet high, much branched, the young b: Ss virgate, dark purple,
ooth and shining, the old ones crooked . geniculate, ana poodle thorny. Leaves
1- 2 inches long, uk ; petioles slender, one fourth to three- fourths of an inch long.
h the e leaves, in sessile fascicles of threes about half an
inch long, sl Boe ge ooth. Drupe globose, red mi yellowis -red, nearly or quite
destitu 8 of hina. witha conve pulp and a thin skin.
vated. Fl. April. Fr. July.

Obs. This little tree (which is believed to be a native of our South-
western territory,—where a vn a small shrub, in its wild state—) md
sine B culture produce pleasant fruit. n we consider the
great difficulty attending the culture of the common plum, on accoun
of the attacks of the curculio, it oil seem that this and the "olbitt na-

A.u

tive species should receive more attention from our horti culturists t
‘has yet been bestowed upon oe It ea oh the Cherry, 3
may

22. Crrasu: y). Fruit destitute of bloom ; te done bt ll i.
sn a Matoes fel “olde (conduplicate) tn the bud ; ; flowers in umbellate
“ nr es Branches erect or ascending, rather stout ; leaves,

Fic. 79. wit piel foe ip eat 80. ame
Eh inner prt of he ra (tone) cotaing e

118 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

oval or obovate-oblong, acuminate, coarsei ee pilose and some-
what glaucous beneath ; umbels sessile ; flowers cely preceding the
toavee's pedicels rather long ; drupe roundish ood or subcordate at
base.

Birps’ Pronus. English Cherry. Bleeding-heart, &c.
Fr. Le Cerisier. Germ. Der Kirschbaum. Span. Cerézo.

Stem 30-60 feet or more in height, and often 2-3 feet in diameter at mo prancing
eguady: = somewhat het so. oh Ms form. yd ggeo. ic ap a -5
or 6 inches 3p apg an ‘aly bse
inch and ahalt Jon nal] paw als ahi ite. Drupes of various siz@

y3
and color, tender mae often very gem Kh sweet or bitterish-sweet.
Cultivated. Fl, April Fr. June-July.

Obs. on are said to have been originally brought to Rome from

city of Pontus, by the Roman Consul and General, Lucuttvs,

some 60 ms 70 years before the tian era ; and from Rone they have

istributed over the rest of the civilized world. Our cultivated

shag seem 0 ey consist of at least Sah original species,—

viz. the sweet “ English Cherry,” sO safioa==ahe the common Sour

Cherry. rous varieties—produced by cul (and —
some hybrids)—may to one or the other of those

hybrids) —m all referred

There are, undoubtedly, several very distinct sorts of fruit ; but I incline
to think the siege habit and aspect of the trees co: mmonly seen seen in thi

country, w the reduction of te all to’the two above referred
to; andl shall a es them rk.
6. P. Cx’rasus, L. nches ais slender and flexible ; leaves
amg a vovate lanes, mostly narrowed at base, a acuminate or

hish ; umbels subsessile ; flowers rather preceding

the a Soieedies cntier shor? ; drupe glo obose.
Red or Deut Cherry, Morello Cherry, &e.

Stem 10 — 20 feet high, irregularly branched ; branches rather slender and flaccid, spread:
ing eaety horizontally, roe Laghainy a roundish bushy top. Leaves Peg zi jinches long ;

petioles half an inch to ong. Pedicels half an inch to an ee an a h, 2, or more
trequently 3, in a fasci eda white. Drwpes fleshy, more or le: G, red 0
rple when are
tivated. April. Fr. July

Obs. Peg “ Sour. — is the most common and, for culinary pur-
poses, th most valuable of the genus. The Morello Cherry is a re-
an fine variety, with a rich purple jnice—and in the days of

e ety Bounce,” was a great fa = but, for the last 30 years it
lvania, in

rayages using warty. xerescences on the branches
a of the tree. the re fruit ‘frst failed and since, the tree itself has become
: ped searce. P, Pennsylvanica, L., the wild Red Ch is a native
_ tree belonging to this section, its fruit small, sour and tie

branches, developed after the

3 cae Wieaathl F; ruil as mn pre -SeckiOns ee ad —— ; Me

AS ee OE

:
2
a

ROSE FAMILY. 119

7. P. Virginia’na, Leaves oval, oblong or obovate, abru
acuminate, mong and often doubly serrate ; fruit red, turning to sas q
crimson,

Viraintan Prunus. Choke Cherry.

are tall shrub. ves 2-4 inches long, thinnish. Flowers in simple racemes 2-3 net

ength ; petals roundish. Jruit about the size of a pea, very. austere and astringent’

anil perfectly -

Rive most common northward. 5 . Au,

Obs. "Dost. ene found from the examination of the sg speck,

mens in the Linnean Herbarium that th is the true P. Virginiana,
name which had hee hee previously applied + te following species.
8. P. sero’tina, Ehrhart. Leaves oblong, or lance-oblong, acuminate,
wanatls beiie above finely serrate with appressed or incurved callous —
teet mes elongated ; drupes globose, small, purplish-black.
Late Prunus. Wild Cherry. Black Chery,

i

Stem 40-60 or 80 — high, and 2-3 fect in diameter at bah Sz large irregular
Spreading branches 22.4 or 5 inches = half an inch to
eceacariers, in a simple, rather t, 2-4 or 6 inches

Petals
white, obovate. __ Drupes dark purple or sak black’ when Taature gpotnct bitter

Banks of streams ; fence-rows, &c.: Canada to Florida. FI. May. Fr. A

00 polish;
it is of a pale reddish tint which ey eee with age. The bark is bitter,
with something of a peach-kernel flavor, and contains a small propor-
tion of prussic-acid ; it : stale a in medicine and is consid-
ered a very valuable tonic, and forms, or is said to form, the basis of
: considerable paring “ Ch erry
Rum,” “ Cherry Bounce,” &c. It is probable that, pies most wild fruits, :
the quality of this varies from local ca some considering it pierre ae
when fully Rage while to others it is anes :
@4. Lavrocerasvs, (La nese 88 Lend evergreen ; flowers from
the axils of the | pois of the f Sormer ;
pee P. Carolinia’na, Ait. Leaves Sika eoenate acuminate, mu-
nate, entire or spiny-serrate, thick, smooth ; flowers i in _— racentes,
aeegee ‘than the leaves ; drapes black, Juiceess persist
Carotina Prunus. Evergreen Cherry. x
Tree 30-50 fee ecient _ eaves shining above, aaa veinless ; destitute of glands. Paale

small. Stamens abi
River a = ae to Soom and oe agi

Ape. :
its rail which, sein to Elliott, ante destroy cattle that —
m them in g of the rom the pied of the

120 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

the celebrated Laurel Water, a poison which owes its deadly properties
to the large amount of prussic-acid it contains.
~ 4. SPIR.AW’A, L. Merapow-sweet.
[Greek, Spetrac, to wind ; from its fitness to form garlands.]}

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, yh Stamens 10-50. Pods
sae 3-5 or more, each 2- 4- or y-seeded. Shrubs or herbs ;
eaves simple, sometimes lobed or cven oingeles dissected.
LS. opulifo’lia, Z. Leaves roundish ovate and 3-lobed, doubly cre-
nate-serrate ; flowers corymbose ; follicles inflated, 2 —4-seeded.
OpuLus-LEAVED Spiraa. Nine Bark

Shrub 3-10 feet t high, with = nhc branches, and a loose lamellated bark, the nume
rous layers suggesting the popular name. Leaves 1 -2 inches in len os and nearly as wide

as long, usually 3-lobed ; petioles half ai pas ‘inch to three -quarters in len igth. Corymbs sub-
umbellate, convex, crowded, kenge San when besa common ee bait =
i long.
obovoid.

Markins or streams. June.

Obs. A very showy ornamental species, which grows readily from
Bark Srtiove and sho uld be generally cultivated. Sometimes called “ Nine-
ar

2. S. to ace sa, L. Stem and lower surface of the leaves naib =
with a rusty-colored wool ; leaves we or oblong, serrate ; racem

a dense grepien panicle ; carpels 5, woolly.

Woouy Spirwa. Hardhack. Steeple Bush.

3 feet high, brittle, clothed with an easily separable wool. _ Leaves 1-2 inches

long, on yery short petioles ; the up marked contrast
to the often race white under surface, Flowers pale purple
New England—Georgia ; more rare southward. July ~ August.

oR This plant possesses considerable astringency, and is in com
mon use in Ams Bitland as a domestic remedy in diarrhoea and other
complaints where es gaan are required. It is a really beautiful spe-
cies, and as i ite as much de-

and justly
ants 5 among them are S. uLMIFroLIa (Meadow Sweet), 8. FILIPEN-
puta (Drop-wort), which are herbaceous, and several shrubby ones.
5. GE’UM, L. Avens. ,
[Greek, gewo, to relish, or taste well ; the roots
=. Calyx acts 5-cleft, usnally with a io cd at each cleft. Petals 5.~
_ Stamens nu Akenes numerous, in a head ; styles long, persistent,
ealled, fod after - icc wering hooked of te summit. Pere nnval herbs ;
teaves aie peewo-pintetc or lyrate.
16. ctl L. Radical leaves, interruptedly ison, the terminal

a A i 8 ee ee eee

» ROSE FAMILY. 12)

Ber large ; calyx ; petals purplish-orange, erect ; =
inted and bent in the idle, a mies joint eee
Eee Geum. Water Avens. Purple Avens.
Stem about 2 feet high, nearly simple, rather mein pilose. Principal c——. ‘
lateral ones paper oxmeet one 2~3 inches long onthaseac than long ; commun ;
6-9 inches Flowers nodding. Calyx lies rown-purple. rome inversely heart-
abaaeds contracted into a claw, longer than the calyx. Carpels in a stalked head, very
hairy. are gerne’ » dark purple.
Bogs and et meadows : New England to Pennsylvania. — ~ June,

Fic. 82 The Water Avens (Geum rivale), coe

122 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Obs. The root of the Water Avens is tonic and Pct rfully astrin-
gent, and is used as a popular remedy in diarrhoea, dyspepsia, &c. A
decoction is made and taken with sugar and milk in ‘the same manne Fags
coffee.

6. POTENTIL’LA, £: Crxqueror..

[Latin, potens, powerful ; in reference to supposed medical properties. 3

Calyz 5-cleft, with an fen A + pod rd = cleft, ee appearing 10-
cleft. Petals mos tly 5. Sta 2 oy ral or terminal,
deciduous. Akenes numerous, 5 anes re ose, estate =! dry persistent

villous receptacle. Seed suspended ; andicta always” superok Herbace-

ous or suffruticose. Leaves pinnately or palmately compoun

LP. tt igh re gica, L. Hirsute ; stem erect, dichotomous lb leayi
liolate, the eau leaflet obovate

ahlese, ~ uppermost Tanovolate, coarsely and incisely ok:

cles cymose at summit and leafy ; petals shorter than the

: akenes yagcaey " dpbed or ittinte.
Norweeian Porentitia.

Stem 1-2 feet high, rather stout. Leaflets 1-3 inches long ; common
petioles A Zin eches long ; stipules large (often an inch or — in length). Flowers _—
numerous, in leafy cy mes at superna and on oe solitary peduncles below—the low

ye

Pastures and r idee: ga States. Native of Lapland, Norway, and Northern
America. Fl. July=August. Fr. September.

. This is said to be a native in the Northern States, and British

p tr

oa I know, acquired a common name.

P. C: vied loss i Stone procumbent and ascending ¢
leaves platy 2 the eate-obovate, i pepe Phe
dentate near ; pedune nan deiflary ary, es aut elongated ali

longer than the aes ’ akenes somewhat ru
Canapian Porentinia. Cinquefoil. Fiveinger:

Root perennial. —. a or 3-12 and 18 inches long, slender, somewhat branched, often
several from the sa ot. “Hadical leaves on petioles 2-— 6 or 8 inches long ; stem leaves
nearly sessile : laps halt an inch to1—2 inches long, Peduncles about as long as the
sepa es. Petals y'
nw Ol neglected elas borders of woodlands, &c. Canada to Georgia. Fl. April-June.

June - August.

Obs. The P. simplex, of authors, is no doubt properly regarded as only
a variety of this. Both varieties are rather harmless, though worthless ;
and are merely et el a poor soil, or a thri iftless farmer. Some
lands, oe kep seem to hay incurable

re fie ve an almost in
to Tose the Fitaable Gehsile and to become speedily

" ROSE FAMILY. 123

with Cinquefoil. Lime and manure, however, will work wonders in the
worst of soils.
7. FRAGA’RIA, Tournef. StRawperry.
[Latin, fragrans, odorous ; in reference to its fragrant fruit.]
Calyz, corolla, and stamens, the same as in Potentilla. Styles deeply
lateral. Akenes numerous, smooth, scattered on the enlarged succulent
erennial sto-

or pul

loniferous herbs. Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets Joweeioie dentate. ioe

several, cymose on a bias cd peduncle ; etimes di@cious by abor-
ion.

AH,
L F. ves’ca, L. Peduncles usually longer than the leaves ; sa asal of ag
fruit tha fruit conical or hemispherical,—the akenes ;
Eatasie Fracarta. English Strawberry. Garden cowie
Fr. Le Fraisier. Germ. Die Erdbeerpflanze. Span. Fresera. a
perennial, and the leaves often green through the winter.

Whole plant hairy. Root : :
Stem very short—but several slender prostrate radicating rumners, 1-2 feet long, are
e root. common , }

thrown out from the crown of th most! ical ; petioles 3-8 or 9
inches long ; leaflets ovate or aes obovate, es 1- a or 4 inches long. Cymes 5-12
or 15-flowered, with 2 or 3 foliaceous bracts pon mpcles & of 528 12 inches
in length. Flowers sometimes abortive. Paolo regarded

as the fruit) red ee white, often long ay pe no bearing an akenes super-
ficially and rather prominently on, per even surface. ;
Gardens : cultivated ; also indigenous. 7. April. Fr. May-June.

Fie. 83. Strawberry Fragaria vesca) with numerous stamens. pistils.
gin ce nomena te tee rom ch pt) calor pr ha
enlarged and ay ee:

e

are

124 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

bs. Varieties of this and of other species (as F, eLatior, Ehrh. and F.
Cumensts, Ehrh.j, and probably hybrids, have been produced by long
Sei lmtion: the list of those kinds that have been found valuable either

size, fla Pp iven a one, and is yearly increased
by the efforts of cultivators to improve on the already established varie-
s. For several y past alled “strawberry question,” has
occupied a large share of attention fr it-growers a writers on

hg gai bye rar involving the nature of the plant ; whether it
as hermaphrodite or dicecious, w whether the e pistillate os changed

result of a ie series of careful e examinations.
i raw y pacee mae in its varieties, four dis-

infloresce
ist. Those called pate 2 ae the ‘fact that the stamens are pie
and rarely to be found w anes a dissection of the flower. These re
quire extrinsic impregnati

2d. Those called Dansadie which are perfectly destitute of even the

oe of Slvaeye and are necessarily fruitless
maphrodite or perfect, having ae sets of organs,
stamens it piatile, apparcatly’ # well developed. These are not generally

good and certain bearers, as we should expect Sham to rhe. With few
exceptions they bear poorly, owing to some unobserved defect, probably
in the pistils. oe of their flowers, generally produce perfe ct and
jai very large berr
A rare Med. of subdivision of the op a SP not only
phrodite flowers, but et some oN t me same truss that are of a pis-
tillate character ; and sometim es, oe same plant, a truss will be seen
on which all the Pec are pisti
Individual plants are fr requently ¥s he found, in strawberry beds, in

which the te are all abortive,—the stamens having the appearance _

of coarse blig onstr nikinncthe ch set abortive—and the peor’
cle failing to enlarge. The Gardeners call th ae e plants,—and inst.

that their presence is beoipanpeed iuatieriebeeties 1 of fruit
But the flowers in question, are palpably asec aa nothing oe than

blights. Although the ae fruit of this plant consists 2 mere dry specks,

or bony pornels (i. e. the minute akenes), scattered over the surface of
he enlarged receptacle,—yet the receptacle itself faritilien a pu

t y sub-
stitute of the most delicious character. As it is only the receptacle and

t i
not the true fruit for whic wherry is culti e jon
h her this enlargement of the receptacle may not take

place, — te ete being fertilized. Mr. G. W. Huntsman, of
in “ Pardee’s Complete Manual for the Cultivation

s of the Sirabera,”( me vahene work for the gyowers of the on len

account of some experiments, which go to show that
siicopiated; the receptacle fails to enlarge. He encloed some

Ee PPA BS Ly Sn,” tee TS BF

PRIETO EE ee ae el en Rig ny ae eee Cees Se

ee =.

eT ae an OE ge ey ee ee

ROSE FAMILY. 125

Reet eee the arity without this sbi be Iu only those to whiiel

the pollen was applied perfected fruit. Snaxsprarer has the following

aston to the habitat, or associates of the plant, to illustrate a moral
ent :

“The Strawberry grows underneath the Nettle ;
And wholesome berries thrive and ripen n best,
Neighbor’d by fruit of baser quality.’’
King sagt ie -

7

2: F. pA: ia’na, Ehrh.
yx of the fruit spreading ; fruit vol, ss na raha imbed-

ded in the pitted surface of the receptacle

es Fracaria. Wild Strawberry,

Obs tive me is hay le a bre ek iecenl for want
of ct > but has a close general res Sarat —and
is frequent in old elds and meadows ‘dtnphp ut the aii Sta Drs.
Torrey and Gray remark, that “the deeply pitted fruit affords t the only
character for this oe es that oe ve wholly fe ied upon ;” and even that,

I fear, is not unexceptionable. s a deep dea when mature,
p) its wild state, of a ati ponthe (sib cata) avor than the cultivat-
8

8. RU’BUS, L. Bramste.

[Latin, Ruber—or Celtic, Rub—red ; from the color of the fruit, or branches,] :
Calyz flattish at base, 5-parted, without bracts at the clefts. Petals 5.
Stamens numerous. Carpels mostly numerous, capitate on a protuberant
bem receptacle, becoming succulent and drupaceous, cohering and =
wige a compound Paine ether ried or eoremi frien comes and

ostly suffruticose rect or proc
aa armed with eh ang femey pinnately or politely bo compound,

: pesos simple.

@ 1. Carpets forming a hemispherical fruit, concave beneath, and decid- 2 :
uous or falling away from t may Sy ceneeas when ripe, (Rasep TE cee
es simple.
LR. odora’ dies erect, unarmed, hispid with glan-
dular hairs te ae ea 3 — 5-lobed, u frreiorribee wrest rh a |
ser fe, dc ay wot gad terminal, spreading, eee -pilose and :
sepals with a long ac ee
Oporovs ig Rate ltcdering Raspberry .
~ Root er ceping. Stem perennial, 3-5 feet high, branching. Leaves 4-8 ineties Tong; and
sii ta co St fr ear nae ert
mostly trio “ui a ¢ ptacle brig! ‘Ted or
~ Rocky woodlands
August.’

‘woodlands and mountains : Canada to Georgia. mains Fr. July ~

&

126 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Obs. The fruit of this is pleasantly flavored—but is rarely perfected
under pare nese and indeed is often abortive in its native localities. I
have seen it on the mountains in August, bearing flowers and ripe frui
at the same rae It is — er a troublesome plant, when inieodugest into
yards and gardens,—sending up numerous suckers. The nearly —_ an
Nutkanus, Moczno, the white flowering Raspberry, which h
and smaller flowers, is common along the lakes of the 'N orth-west, wali is

sometimes cultivated.
** Leaves (pinnately or pedately) 3 — 5-folzolate.
- . Ipz’v: — Stem suffruticose, erect, terete, not glaucous, hispid
ase, ait mewhat prickl above ; leaves pinnately 3 — 5-folio-
at eee riombo id-ovate ; flowers in paniculate corymbs ; petals en-
carpels slightly piles finely pubescent, not pitted in drying.
= ‘Bupie: ce Raspberry. Garden Raspberry. Ate
Fr. Framboisier. Germ. Die Himbeerstaude. Span. Frambuéso.

PE SE Ys SEN ee: We ae ems

Root creeping. eel 3-5 feet Bai Bittmeter mostly hispid when young, especially
towards the base—smoothish (or pubescent) and armed with slender recurved
prickles abov remo hispid bark: Below, exfoliating the second year. Lower leaves
- y fives - 1é upper ones ‘ioles ie -3 or 4 inches lon

Siinahie Song. scivhinaio, nen Las erat ge : 5 lp
with a dense athe: eottony ‘omentum beneath. Peials white. _ Carpels incuryed at apex,
et with a very fine, , Whitish, when .

ature.
© Ganacus : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. This species is much ici for its favorite fruit. ae plant
ang resents some varieties—particularly in the size and complexion of the

it ; and J am not sure that the talowee samy ae native 8 eet
rege is found on our mountains, is not sometimes

it in the gardens. It requires some attention = ee the sea "fron
spreading unduly, in a mellow soil, by means of its rambling roo

tare Nd

3. R. strigo’sus, Mz. Stems slightly glaucous, beset with stiff abe
bristles aang of them becoming beak-hooked prickles) ; leaflets oblong-
ovate ; fruit light red.

Srricose Rusus. Wild Red Raspberry,

Stem 3~5 feet high, light Lower leaves odd-pinnate by fives, the wpper ones
ternate ; leaflets about 3 ~ orton og hoary beneath, the terminal one often cordate at base.
tga di 4-6-flowered, axillary and terminal, often aggregated and forming a leafy pani-
cle atthe tO ay in cleared land. FI. May. Fr. July.

Obs. This species is common northward, especially in mountainous
regions. It often appears in great profusion where timber lands have
been burned over. We have seen it on the potash in Pieoer in the
fruiting season, in a abundance as to ae an uni : to

__ Jarge tracts and ving a delicious flavor not nieernay y the cultivated
eed that be hood distinct. The fruit is largely co: in Maine
_ for making Raspberry Syrup. If the juice is squeezed from from the berries

ROSE FAMILY. 127

and allowed to eres 12 or 24 hours, according to the wapertie
thick coagulmn rates from the dark clear portion, which possesses

much higher ices rr the unfermented juice. If bottled, and the bok
tle filled so as to ae et room for the cork, the juice will keep i in a
cellar for a year or

4. R. occidentalis, L. Stem suffruticose, nied Seog and leaning or

arched, poem smooth and glaucous, armed w ed pri de ag: leaves

innately 3- Garo 63 ba foliclates Rca Asa pi subum-

3 llate corymbs ; often emarginate ; Gel 2 iibbochioh, ‘pitted i in
rying.

Western Rusvs. : Wild or Black AST: Thimble-berry. Black
BO) )

get = or at ne Jong, sparingly branched, limber and often arching oyer
the e ground and takes’ root, mostly purpli fish and pruinose or
pcan with a nance ‘bluish-white powder. Lea most y in threes, 2—4 or 5 inches long,
often with a loi _—* = ation, and subcordate at base, smoothish above, clothed witha
dense glaucous tomentum beneath. Petals white. Fruit dark purple, or nearly black
(rarely whitish “ace paaiiona ag ES when mature
2 ones, to Georgia and Missouri ; Borders of woodlands, fence-rows, &c. Fl. May. Fr.
wy.

fice ‘The fruit of this is smaller and less esteemed than that of the
The plant, however,

O rueesly ae coe oe on all neat farms.

2 2. Carp wi haber tn an ovoid or oblong fruit, persistent on the some-
what juicy riceptacle ( ).

& a Ganaden: sis, L. Stem fructicose, procumbent, armed with nume-
recurved erkien leaves mostly 3-foliolate ; leaflets ovate-
pon wed fruit large, sw

Canapian Rusts. ens Running Brier.

r 10 feet long, slender, trailing, smoothish—often several from the same

ing = different directions, sas” giving out numerous leafy pubescent flowering

onaen., which are ag vid erect, and 2 2—4 or 6 inches long - Leaflets mostly in threes ao

(some times peda eb ee rum

terminal and ona

bose by the Ponaaion: of the lower axillary ’pedice icels. Corolla, w Fruit oblong,
obtuse or often roundish, large (half an inch to near an inch wot onsen sartontiaeece

mature, very succulent and sweet.
Rocky sterile soils, old fields, &c. Canada to Virginia. Fl. May. Fr. July. ;

Obs. Our Dewberry is a fine fruit, the earliest and the ever
berry; but it is not the “ Dewberr

cesius, L, : has been some confusion
i eage Frey Prof. De Canpo.ie seems oe
i But there

conception
oo wel sued with ty rm bi
trailing stems with his naked a ankles, while

128 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

fields where it abounds. On mele managed farms, howeyer, the plant is
becoming somewhat rare

t
prickles; youn ranches and _ peduncles
glandular-villous; leaves 3-foliolate or pe-
dately 5-foliolate; leaflets ovate or lance-
oblong, coe beneath, Sa petioles and
midribs aculeate; racemes elongated, many-
‘geaced..

Vittovs Rvusus. Blackberry. Common
1 2 Brier. Bramble.
ut 85 Fr. La Ronce. Germ. Der Brombeerstrauch.
Span. Zarza.
Root creeping. Stem 3-6 or 8 feet high, stout, ridged or angular and somewhat fur-
rowed. Leaflets 2-3 0r 4 Bats. long, mostly acute. Racemes rather large, sometimes
. Petals —_— én ovoid-oblong or cylindric—sometime * = an inch long—
changing from gree’ or purplish, and finally black when mat
pol tent, 2 thtokets anny borders of woods : thebontiont the United States. FI. May
Obs. — one knows the common Brier. _ root, both of this and
the preceding, being moderately astringent, is popular remedy for
diarrhoea and mild dysentery. The ripe fruit SAEs a glans nt jam,
which is also considered salutary in Sa cases. Even the knots which
are formed on the branches, from the puncture of insects, were formerly
carried by credulous sim raphesten as a sort of amulet or charm against the
tooth-ache! The plant, nevertheless, is often something of a nuisance on
- r farms, from its tendency to to a ead and

OS erect e size
and shape of the fruit varies exceedingly ; apparently attaining its
Shae perfection near the sea-shore. Latterly, considerable attention
been give n to the cultivation of ae of the tines varieties of this
t. The kind eat ” or “ New Rochelle Blackberry,”
isa splendid Fonit and is now favities abundant in = _ ets of
cities. It is sons of ey attention of every fruit-grow
% R. cuneifo’lius, Pursh. Stem subterete ; branches a leaves
fontder ee as = tort mentose beneath; racemes few-flowered.
Wiss sivas Rvusvus. Sand Blackberry.
Stem 3-5 feet high, branched. Leaflets mostly tespatas -2 inches long, cuneate, and
te use les half pga nag length.
metimes tinged with red. Frait oval, about half an inch long, black when
ore, anid and well re
oe Ww Je ersey and southwar

Fie. 85. Fruit of the Blackberry bus villosus divided to show that its mado
| Bumerous small small drupes, ve acid A end hiner dh ~,

ST. a oe a eee ee ee Eee

ROSE FAMILY. 129

Obs. This species, which is 'y soils in the Southern States,
produces a fruit which is citniidabed-4 ti in flavor to the precedi

¥ YE).

oy ly
AY,

37 88
9. RO’SA, Tournef. Ross.

[The ancient Latin name.] ~~ sas
Calyx urceolate—the tube contracted at the orifice, i inated ¢. the nume-
distinct ae at = bog e fleshy or bacea: ts
often foliaceous at apex. obovate or hia: fo with
the numerous stamens on ie Ae the calyx-tu

be. enes TW
yr focluded 4 fn ae attached to the inner surface of the
ealyx-tube. Shrubby and prickly plants. Leaves mostly odd-pinnate ; .
stipules adnate to the petiole.

The flower of a Rose, ried and exhibiting the numerous i inserted

Senne A separate ripened pistil or carpel. A carpel

130 ’ WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS,

1. BR. seti’gera, Mz. Stems climbing, — with stout nearly straight
prickles ; leaflets 3-5, ovate, acute ; flowers corymbed ; styles cohering
in a column as long as the stamens
Pricxiy Rosa. Prairie Rose. _ Climbing Rose.

St d climbin ~20 feet in one season, Pettoles g
lar. Leaflets ac cute, shar nop fe rrate, smoo oath or Foy beneath, rheswea ise ay
inodorous, deep rose color cha nging tow landular. Frutt g

Borders of prairies : Ohio, Illinois and roathoata ot July.

Obs. This species is often cultivated, and is well cpg to train
along walls, palisades, &c. It is the only native climbing

2. R. leviga’ta, Mz. Glabrous; stems armed with strong, often

minate curved epareh leaves 3- Saga 5) Liste a leaflets
coriaceous ; ;-atipales 66 taceous, deciduo flowers solitary, terminal ;
tube of calyx ovoid, ere" with Sane a a bristles,
Smoorn Ross. Che:

Stem with long — branches 15- bc aaa act _— Leaves persistent, often prickly

Flowers 8 oes
pri

nestor cee belo
South Car sing te Encik isiana.

Obs. This evergreen species has long been cultivated at the South as
a “ Cherokee Rose ;” its song is cad heat It is crane commended
a hedge. gla by Exurorr. “Tn rural economy,” he says, “ this
Slant will one day become very impo eta For he's purpose of | ee
1edges, thers is perhaps no plant which unites so ‘i se vantages.”
This Rose, however, will not stand our northern winte

3. Caroli L, Stem smooth, armed with stout recurved stipular
prickles ; leaflets mostly 5-7, 0 oblong-oval or elliptic-lanceolate, finely
serrate, somewhat glaucous beneath ; flowers corymbose.

CaroLin oy an ose.

Stem 4-6 fect high, with numerous purple branches. Leaflets 1~2 inches long. Flowers
mostly in — orymbs of = 6or7inacluster. P red or purplish. Fruit (i.e.
al —_ yz-tube) depressed globose, a little glan alee -hiopte, dark red and shining

ae

Siens swampy grounds and thickets : Northern and Middle States. Fl. June-July. Fr.

Obs. This is often a troublesome plant in wet meadows and low
grounds, form ide unsightly thickets with prio ie if neglected.
Another native ea R. ln’ Ehrh., the Dwarf Wild Rose, is
ecg Ea aly

laces e cultiva va ee a among
fone are varieties produced by long culture from different
enumeration even of ere most

= this
oS soapy to mh pais

|
{
q
,
2
:
|

ee in

EO Pee eee ae,

ROSE FAMILY. 131

10. CRATAY’GUS, L. Hawrnory.
(Greek, Kratos, strength ; in allusion to .he strength or firmness of the wood.]

— urceolate ; limb 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Styles

ruit fleshy or somewhat farinaceous, contain ning 1—5 bon
daisedsd ca carpels. ‘Thorny shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, simple,
often incised or lobed. Flowers mostly in terminal corymbs.

a C. Crus-gal’li, L. Leaves obovate-cuneate or lance-oblong, se
coriaceous, smodth and shining, subsessile ; styles 1-3; fruit i
pyriform.
Cock-spur Cratacus. Cockspur Thorn. New Castle Thorn.
Stem 10-15 or 26 feet jhish much branched, and a ie! hba> ith sharp tapering | oye 3
to near 3 cee in ae Leaves 1- 2% inc hes jong, rt petioles.
nal bowen t rigid sp’ Nodal white. Fruit middling Probes edit brown w hake,
Thickets, fence os ‘hedges, &e.: Canada to Flori ida. Juni . October.

This shrub—of which there are two na three pretty distinct va"
rieties—is, in my opinion, the best adapted hedging, of any of the
genus. Properly treated, it makes _—_ nn aa effective hedge.
until timber shall become scarce, very few farmers will ake the requisite

ains to insure a complete hedge, sited without such care it is worse than
esi! lost to make such an attempt. In the language of Mr. McManon’s
cellent ‘ ican Gardener's Calendar,” referring to the hedging ex-
sett 3 of negligent, gig farmers : “ I would advise such to ‘
a ey by the post and raz, and not to lose time in doing more hurt
5

C, corda’ta, Ar. ears be aed and sub-cordate at van ‘
a ipedaor and somewhat 3- sm ng
petioles ; styles 5; fruit Nopiecond ot g rsa 3
CorDaTE nar navi. Washington Thorn, Virginia Thorn.

Stem 15 ~20 feet high, much eat and armed with slender tapering coogi" thorns %
to near 3 Phe in le rout inches ens, often 3-lobed like a leaf of the Red
Maple. terminating ue ca sicnder short wena 2 white. me
More or less united. Fruit smail, bright reddish ag when —

Banks of streams: Virginia to G Fi. June, Fr. Octo

ies is ~~ “a sie has oo au cultivated for
hedging, in Pennsylvania— , from the vicinity of
City, agree the pani Phen roe of ‘the present century. It

es at tial —
opinion, is decidedly falco to the Cockspur Thorn, for that Fg a
I have used it extensively ; but have found it so ——. to be ee
into gaps, by thoughtless * reckless trespassers, tha' y hedges have
been rather a source 0} es tion than of satis rane

aie gang onze cr aR pat iohel, vt tifa

122. WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Stem 6-12 feet high, mapoh branched ; branches rugged, armed with tapering thorng
about half an inch in len A
as long, variously lobed, - a "3-5 lobed, with the terminal lobe trifid. St tpules of the
young plant foliaceous, obliquely falcate-re niform, Corymbs terminal a the short branches,
many nae Style mostly solitary. Fruit about 14 of an inch in diameter, purple when
matur
Cultivated and naturalized. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. October.

This, the eh so often mentioned by English writers, and
so interwoven in English poetry, is often used fo r hedges, a nd is to some
extent naturalized. Like the — species of the genus, it ca

tendency to “sport” or form varieties, and over thirty varieties are
mentioned in the English w wicks on 1 haebé ulture. Some of them flower
very late in the season, others have red flowers, and there are those with

bei
a neat com growing thus, ——— the red-flower
afl gi filled aay its niet flow really charming. The e
“ haws,” are a favorite food of t the birds. *
El: tego DL. Pear anp Scam

tin name for the Pea

Calyzx-tube urceolate ; ind 8 d-lobed. Styles mostly 5, often united =

base. Pome fleshy,—containing 2-5 cartilaginous or nearly membra
ous 2 in each carpel or cell; testa chartaceous or oan
us. Trees or shrubs, ate, simple or pinnate.
Flowers in terminal spreading cymes or corym
21. Leaves simple.

* Styles 5, distinet ae not sunk in at the attachment of the stalk. (Pyrus.)
1. P. commu’nts, Leaves lance-ovate, slightly serrate, the upper
surface smooth ; ate corymbose ; fruit turbinate.

Common Pics, Pear. Pear-tree.

Fr. Le Poirier. Germ. Der Birnbaum. Span. El Peral.

Stem 15-30 feet high, branching ; ee i! op rather erect, forming an oblong or
conical top. i ed oe =3 it hogs erebnenn ng ; petioles nehes in length. Petals white. Fruit
of Size (1- inches in Fern feahy or succulent, umbilicate at apex,
obovoid, ciara or peduncle, often eignatalaeunie or oblique et

Cultivated. Native of Europe. FI. May. Fr. August-—Nove mber.

Facog Many varieti: es of this luscious fruit have been obtained by

elles ite 5, united at base; fruit sunk in at the base.
2. P. Ma’tus, L. Leaves ovate-oblong, serrate, the ape a rag
asain ss ai subumbellate villous; fruit t de pressed, globose, or

ah Pyrvs. —— Apple. Appletree

Fr. Le Pommier. Germ. Der r. Apfelbaum. cin Manzan ;
Stem ompomapgaaie § branching ; branches mostly spreading and ead genic 5

—* broad bushy top. Leaves 2-3 inches long ; eee’ an ino 4 or more in nee

ROSE FAMILY. 133

length. Petals mostly pale red. Fruit of various size (1-3 or 4 inches in deca,
fleshy, umbilicate ra both ends.

Cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl.May. Fr. July -November.

Obs. The ae fh this valuable reat are almost innumerable,— _
and every farm more or less of an ore ; but there is far —
too little satention paid ‘to the selection of “the best. It is really won-
derful to observe — worthless are permitted to camber the
ground, which m sight 3 as readily, and far better, be oc
those which bear the i fruit.

eg Porons L. Leaves broad-ovate, rounded or sub-cordate at —
base, incised-serrate and somewhat angulatelobed, smoothish ; pedun-
cles corymbose ; fruit depressed-globos

Fic. 89. The flower of the Apple (Pyrus Malus), divided and s' the ovaries ©
cohering with the calyx-tube. i ection fa pp, fn. wh in which the of the fruit
V oord soe ys formed of the fleshy enlarged calyx ae coteting with the:

ed papery carpels,

134 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Crown Pyrvus. Crab Apple. Sweet-scented Crab-tree.

Stem 10 ~15 feet vs branching ; branches spreading, rugged with short Spurs, ges?
ing a retees bushy Leaves 2-3 ne half
in le ; petals pale red, Fruit rather sal (about

is er}. obra tate at both ends » fles ah but firm pets bard;& ooth, pa:

an inc
qoenich yellow aul very fragrant when mature—yet extremely acid.
yma of woodlands, road-sides, &c. New York to Louisiana. ‘Fl. May. Fr. Sep-
tem

This native apes is now becoming scarce in the older pte
ments of Pennsylvania. In former times the ripe —- te wenn
by notable Scackiven: for the purpose of making pre:
q 2. Leavs odd-pinnate; cymes compound ; styles ie ea berry-
tke, small. —— -)
4. P. Ameri ana, DC. Leaflets 13-15, lanceolate, taper-pointed,
sharply anaes smooth ; cymes large, flat ; fruit red.
American Pyrus. American Mountain Ash.

Small tree, 10-25 feet high, sometimes 4-6 inehes in diameter, with a smooth bark.
Leaves 8 - 12 inches 4 more it on leaflets 2-3 inches long, pubescent when a2!
ani Flowers white ; corymbs very compound, 4- 2 40 inches in diameter

Mountain woods. New England to Wisconsin. June.

Obs. This el i — is often seen in cultivation, and is especially
arlet berr

conspicuous in the a ts large bunches of sc ies remain-
ing, after the anak ran “ies ea shone gh the winter. It is ve
nearly related to the Eur pera Mou n Ash, {P, SPOTP ANAS whi

is also much cultivated. Both nto 2 a valuable as ornamental trees,
whether for the beauty of their foliage or ;

12. CYDO’NIA, Tournef. Quince.
[The name of a city of Crete,—whence it was obtained.]
Calyz-tube subturbinate ; limb 5-lubed,—the — sometimes foliaceous.
de 5. Pome fleshy, containing 5 cartilagino ral Ao 7 sev-
eral in each eteelont cell, covered with mmyeilaginons P ab aft mall trees
or shrubs oy alcenea simple, entire or serrate. Flowers pr
slay or subaiibeliats:
. ©. vuuea’ris, Pers. —- sea Seti — at base, very em
tie: tomentose beneath ; fruit su — entose.
Common Cyponta. Quince. Quin
Fr. Le Cognassier. Germ, Der ee Span. Membrilléro.
Stem 8-12 or 15 feet ee with spreading branches. Leaves 2- 3 — long ; petioles
et gad an inch long. Flowers terminal, solitary. © Petals reddish white. Stamens ip
e series. Fruit 2 inches or more in diameter ee obovoid, umbilicate at
a gh nn tapering or produced at base, yellow w
Cultivated. Native of Southern Europe. FI. May. Pe depenibers: Dctetanen:
Obs, The fruit of this is chiefly used for making preser
svbich i is excellent, It is span he hs glen epic Hae

ie

Te i Ee Ne na rn Leg ee SOB ee mee ee RN ee a ee a ee ae ee ee ee ee ea

ia y

EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. 135

peur: so celebrated in ancient mad Ronit if oa Orange had then been
nown, it would doubtless have bee more sag fruit by
the “Western Maidens.” The OJ nee ‘Pers, (Pyrus Japonica,
Willd.) is well pois for its beauty as a flowering shrub, in the gar-
dens; but the fruit, though remarkably fragrant, is very hard and
acerb, and of little pe

OrprR XXVIII. CALYCANTHA’CE. (Oaroria-anisPiog
F amity.)

Shrubs with opposite entire leaves without stipules. The sepals and petals similar and inde-
finite. Otherwi ly as in Rosacerx.

1. CALYCAN’THUS, L.
[Greék, pete a cup,and anthos, a flower ; from the closed cup which contains the ety
Sepals n us, mostly colored ike ee epee united below into a
cup. Petals alata fis the sepals, i eral rows on the top of
the cl yx-tu Stamens 1 ean pay within the petals ; some
e them sterile. Pistils many, encl in the calyx-tube, inse
base and inner face. Fruit like a rose See but mai and dry when

pe. enclosing the large ide es. Sh posite leaves,

and , lurid purple flowers termina ting. the fy Bark
Sd foliage aromatic ; the crushed flowers exhaling more or less the fas
grance of straw
Carolina-allspice. Sweet-scented Shrub, Strawberry-bush.

Obs re are several species of this genus cultivated for the fra-
grance of fir vathed rected flowers ; or, are natives of the southern
portion of the ne United States, but are quite | northward. The three
species, or, as they are classed by some, varieties, are distinguished ag

WS :

C. flo’ridus, Z. Leaves oval or roundish, downy beneath.

C. levige ¢ tus, Willd. Leaves oblong, smooth, green on both sides ;
flowers smal] ee
C. glau’ Willd. Leaves oblong- or lance-ovate, pointed, glaucous

or Funneak beniath.
Orper XXVIIL ONAGRA’CER. (Eventnc Promose Famtny.)

Herbs with alternate entire ithout. sti; and axillary i parts

fours. Tube of the culyz adherent to the 2-4-celled ovary and prolonged above it ; its

lobes a valvate in the bud. Peale valvate in the bud and with the 8 stamens inserted on
of the ealyx-tube. Pollen grains connec: by

single, a ros oe 2~ bee or capitate. Pod 4-celled, 4-valved ; nie in its

eas Bacear gat

7
i
¢

a * e

136 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

1. G@2NOTHE’RA, L. Eventna Prormose.
[Greek, Oinos, wine, and Thera, a chase ; application obscure]

Calyx of 4 membranaceous sepals, united below into a long tube; pe
reflexed, and, _ a portion of the tube, deciduous. Petals 4.
lined. Ca,

mens 8, erect or ‘apsule more or less oblong and qua:
lar, 4-valved, ray hoe Z
BIEN’NI8s, L. Stem erect, somewhat branched, pilose and

2 een das
roughish ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, repand-dentate ; petals i inversely
heart-shaped ; ile obtusely angled, subsessile.

BIENNIAL Sea eerRt Evening Primrose. Night Witenes

Root bienn Stem 2-5 or 6 feet high, rather stout, hairy and u nish
Leaves 2-6 meg em oh ses or Hibeseatle: Flowers large, ina terminal “eat spike
—. colored,—the tube much longer than the ovary. BA cnr ellow. Ovary oblong
style rather longer than aa: corolla ; eee cruciate, e ted, lin Capse ob-
scurely 4-sided, an inch to an inch and If long, boner: splitting i into 4 sub-linear
va

Fields, aera ewe &c. throughout the United States. Fl. June-September. Fr.
August - Octo!

Obs. a. coarse ag is entitled to the notice of the farmer, merely
in paren ti xg being a common, rather conspicuous, and worthless
weed, in pas , and on ae borders of cultivated fields. variety,
of yet Ari “growth and wey ares flowers (CE. grandiflora, of some
authors), is often tolerated in gardens. There is another species (.
cosa, eg sma sik er size, with sn sone, yet more rigid stems),
which is quite common in old fields; but is scarcely of sufficient impor-
tance, even as a weed, to claim a place i in t this 9 work.

Orper XXIX. GROSSULA’CE. (Currant Famty.)
—, shrubs, — —— ose or prickly, with alternate palmately lobed and Seng leaves
es or small olnstars. Colpsrtebe: adherent to the ovary, the limb
Blobel, sometimes rcalored. Peals 5,small. Stamens 5. Ova with 2 parietal placent2 ;
styles more or less Fruit a her oa crowned with the shriyelled remains of the
flower. pe moatly 1 moet Tous ; scales minute, in beer albumen,
A small Order,—and of little or no interest beyond the genus here noticed.

i$ RI'BES, L. Gooseserry anp Currant.
{An ancient Arabic name,—of obscure meaning.]
Bas The Generic character the same as that of the Order.
* Stems more or less prickly.
1. R. Uva-cris’pa, L. Leaves obtusely 3- nee somewhat villous
beneath and on the petiole; peduncles mostl steed poorer 3
sepals abcae ovary and ae villous ; berry ae

Fr. Vrai Groseillier. Germ. Die Stachelbeere. Span. Uva api”

| Stem 2-3 fect high, diffusely branching. Leaves K of mone EN :

CURRANT FAMILY. 137

length, and as wide as long, incisely lobed and dentate ; petioles generally much shorte
than the leaves, often margined. Peduncles solitary or in pairs, often bracteate near the
middle, Petals. pale ee Berries solitary, pendulous, large, oval, of a
Gardens ; cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. April. Fr. July.
Obs. This species is much cultivated for its fine fruit ; but (in Penn-
sylvania, at least) it _— se ns perfect the fruit, from some ca if
1 tood.

no
well anders udging m specimens which I haye seen, it ap-
rs to succeed m hotter in England, and the fruit attains to a
much larger size in spree dag

** Stems not prickly.
‘2. BR. ru’brum, LZ. Leaves obtusely 3- 5-lobed, smooth above, pubes-
cent bedeath racemes pendulous, nearly smooth ; calyx rotate, the seg-
ments rue

Red Curran
Fr. Groseilice rouge. aoa Gemeine Johannisbeere. Span. Ribes
roja.

Stems numerous, slender, sparingly branched, 2-4 feet high. Leaves 1-2 or 3 inches

ine s8 and rather wider than long, unequally ineoi-dentate pelos about as long as m4
Racemes produced from fateral buds distinct from the ; bracts ovate.

late grenisn Fellow, minute dereioy gions rod! (xs arely w. seep ats ier) ean

Be one cultivated. Native of Europe and the northern regions of America. Ft
April. #r. June-July. ; :

on, eanily cultivated, and is so constantly productive,
yields

Obs. This
that it is to “y ums in almost every ‘garde en. The fine acid fruit
a favorite jelly for the table; and even the green berries are = used
by the pastry ‘cook.

as R. yi’crum, L. Leaves 3—5-lobed, sprinkled with yellow resinous
ots beneath ; racemes loose, ae calyx tubular-campanulate.
Fe LACK Rises, Black Curra:
Fr. Cassis. Germ. ponte 5 ohannisbeere. Span. Ribes negra.
numerous, slender, 3-5 fect high. Leaves 2-3 inches long, and nearly as wide

aoe
as long, dentate-serrate, pubescen t beneath ; shorter than the pet . Ja
somewhat —— generally with a distin ict rh ae ed peduncle at base ; bracts

subulate. Petals pale yellowish green (sometimes changed into stamens oF emia). :

Berries roundish- phase 46 purp
Gardens; cultivated. Native of Northern mone Fi. April. Fr. June-July.

Obs. This is sometimes found i a hart but the fruit — of a
rather insipid or flat sweetish taste, it is much esteemed.
ore tie a jelly which isa popular a in par remedy for sore ms oa
Ha are numerous other species of this genus ; but, so far
as I tow; the e foregoing are we al that are cultivated (and —
that are worth eh calyyeting) or tse sake of ibe age it.

0 species
sng th gre ies ft Wet i tthe ae o Calor,

re

- Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-toothed sen tecth subulate, scarcely a3
distinct and but slightly adnate t

138 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Orper XXX. CUCURBITA’CE. (Govurp Famtzy.)
erbaceous mostly succulent vines tendrils, alternate palmately veined or lobed
leaves and moncecious a emees tay Pag monopetalous ) flowers. Calyx “sh ia ae pita 2
sepals, united into a tube, and mi the meee flowers adherent to the o
many as the sepals, more or Jess united, and cohering with the calyx. Suns t 8- aid
into the of the c pir tes or wire: aetiaek or variously united by their filaments
and long, mostly tortuous, a 1-38-celled,—the Pores fleshy
filling the cells ; stigmas thick, dilated 0 - fringed. Fruit po) fare: fleshy, with a
firm (sometimes a ligneous _ occasionally afmembranous) ah Seeds flat, destitute of
aceou
This er—so well known Yk its cul: apres | ee ee some which are pos-
sessed of a medicinal Brepecie (euch as Colocynth, of the shops—Cucumis Colocyn-
this, L.) ; but few, if ws of Agricu ral Interest, beyond those here mentioned.
* Petals pte art at the base only. ~

1. LAGENA’RIA, Ser. Govurp.
{Greek, Lagenos, a flagon or bottle ; from the shape of the fruit.]

Calyx campanulate or subturbinate, 5-toothed,—the segments subulate-
lanceolate, shorter than the tube. and

free. Stigm ic lobed, gra

fleshy and P pcbavant finally with a smooth igneous rind
pressed, ARE somewhat 2-lobed at apex, the margin tumid.

1. L. vunea’ais, Ser. Softly pubescent ; stem climbing ; leaves round-
ish-cordate, a cunianies denticulate, with ‘two glands at base ; fruit cla-
vate-ventricose.

Common Lacenarta. Calabash. Bottle Gourd.

Fr. Calebasse. Germ. Der Kuerbiss. Span. Calabaza,

Whole plant somewhat viscid, and emitting a fetid musky odor. Stem 10-15 or 20 feet
long, ennai braughing climbing by tendrils abn are 2—4- cso Leaves 4-6 or 8 in-
ches lon, = a long ‘gered Jary, on long ncles ; corolla

with gree ~18 int sagt and rs 6 or § parts in diameter,
eocgeally | DL ventrianes, finaily nics Tollow Be r party cng with the loose dry s
2 on eg rind yellowish or pale d hard. Seeds in a dry mem-

ranous @ US,

e Gardens = og : cultivated. Native of the tropical regions. Fl. July-August. Fr.

Obs. The thin firm woody shell of the fruit affords a very convenient
kitchen utensil,—and the plant is sometimes cultivated for the sake of.
that frnit, by cottagers and farmers who cannot afford, or do not choose
to purch ( tensi

is cultivated occasio onally, for the ye a np ae fruit

of extraordinary length, called « oe —which seems to
belong to this species, and perhaps may be ie sa var. ditbate of Sermge..
2. CU’CUMIS, L, oo AND MELON.
[Said to be derived from the Celtic , 2 hollow vessel.]

long as the tube. Petals 5, nearly

.

GOURD FAMILY. 139

the calyx. Stamens 5, triadelphous. Stigmas 3, subsessile, thick, 2-
lobed. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, See ds white, lance-oblong, compressed,
acute at lip and on et ma ce

1. C. Me’no, L. Ste rate ; leaves subcordate, obtuse, somewhat
angled, the angis fomsided “tertile flowers perfect ; fruit oval or subglo-
bose, toru

MELON ate Musk-melon. Cantaloupe.

Fr. Melon. Germ. Die Melone. Span. Melon almizcleno.

Hirsute and roughish. ee a. Stem 5-8 or 10 feet long, sparingly branched ;
tendrils simple. Leaves 3-4 inches ptegn ZI and batho wider than long ; petioles 2- 3 inches
in length. Flowers axillar ellow. Fruit 4-6 or 8 inches
in diameter, often longstaialy rig | (loralese), —the flesh, when mature, yellowish,

icy tha

dia
ie ere and of a wget br
Gar d lots : wire P Nat ie ‘of Asia. Fl. June-July. Fr. August.

The fruit od this—of which there are several varieties—is a great
favor with many persons,—and it is often cultivated at the North ; but

—chegeegi are grown in the warm sandy soil of New Jersey, and
the Southern Sta

2. ©. sarr’vus, L. Stem aber — subcordate and angulate-
lobed, the terminal lobe prominent ; frui ae obscurely and ics
trigonous, sca when young, ally te oothish.
Cuurivaren Cucumis. Cucum
Fr. Le Concombre. Germ. Die ae Span. Pepino.

Rough and hispid. Root annual. Stem 6-12 or 15 feet long, somewhat branching

tendrils simaple. 3-5 or 6 inches long, and nearly as wide as long, somewhat
5-angled and lobed ; petioles 2-4 inches i. Pee der Flowers axillary, on short "peduncles ; os
" 6-12 inches long 2-3 inches in diameter, rough with bristle-

yellow
a tubercles whe ne had paaik be ne and bet yellow when mature.
Par bcos wb ages aay Native of Tartary and the East. F1. Jone-September.
sareleg erie

Ro, Sat aoa ees sativus). 24 A fertile tower
of the same. A pistil. 94. Tho stamens, sai cayeneopee

140 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Obs. Known to every ee —and universally cultivated ‘es the young
or green fruit. The you o fruit t (sometimes called Gherkins) is muc
used for Pickles. In — Middle States, _ — rag “for planting

the seeds is “ the first day of May, before s
3. C. Ancu’rm, L. Ste pee pate ca aay and
sinuate, coins at base ; fruit sub-globose or oval, echina
sened ee J erusalem Cucumber.

Hirsu ual. Stem 3-6 feet long, branching ; saa S simple. Leaves
comet 2 ienst, cy sinuate-lobed ; petioles 1-2 inches long. Flowers ae Sar vol
ga m short a xillary peduncles. Fruit usually about an Sek and a half long, oval, muri
Bg TE soa cultivated. Native of Jamaica. FI. July-August. Fr. September.

Obs. Occasionally cultivated for the young fruit,—which is used. for
Pickles. ,

3. CITRUL’LUS, Neck. Warer-mMeton.
[From Citrus, an Orange ; the pulp being mostly Orange red.]

ede, deeply 5-cleft—the segments yah gga paheg sg = connect-

at base, adnate to the bottom of the calyx. Stamens 5, 5, inserted on

ee shins of the pa triadelphous. Style eyltharic, trifid ; stigmas

convex, reniform-cordate. Fruit sub-globose, feby, the placentze mostly

very succulent. Seeds numerous, colored, obovate-oblong, compressed

rgin.

gi
C. vutea’ris, Schrad. Stem igoeces rather a: leaves So:

ee 5-lobed, the lobes pes ef sinuate-pinnat bluish gla fre
beneath ; flowers solitary , with a ae bract ; fruit glo-
bose or oval, very smoot. alii aace late.

Common CiTrRvLs. Watapandlon.

Fr. Melon deau. Germ. Die Wasser Melone. Span. Sandia.
Plant hairy. Rootannual. Stem 8-12 or 15 feet long, angular, somewhat branching ,

tendrils branched. Leaves 3—5 or 6 inches long, ovate in their outline ; ; petioles 2—- 3 inches.

pale greenish yellow. Fruit 10-20 inches long, globose or oval, firm fleshy
rind, and, when mature, with wi a ynier is usually purple.
or reddish orange-colored (sometimes nearly white). Seeds black or purplish brown
Gardens and fala : cultivated. Native of India and Africa. FL anes August. Fr.
August — Septem!
Obs. This suka well — . - delicious fruit—is ee ser fe
cultiv: — —but succeeds best sandy soils along the ae

coast, or on the mite ial banks of r Western waters.

nearly allied plant, often seen in gar si which bears a cons erably
different fruit—known by the name of “ Citron, ” the firm rind of whie!
is rese

Y Tani MES Sept as

pe PE) a As Ses ee Meghna Rg Le Te Oe aaa Oy Alege eae a Me Pe oe ne

GOURD FAMILY. 141

4, SUCYOS, L. One-sEepepD Srar-cucUMBER.

[The ancient Greek name for the Cucumber-.]

Petals 5, united below into a bell-

led by a single seed, beset with .
barbed prickles. baer ait
resembling the common Cucumber
vine: fruzt in saptats clusters.

L §. angula’ I. Leaves cor-
date at base, tagulats 94 chek: fee uit
prickly an villous in small, ‘dense,

usters.
ANGULATE Sicyos. One-seeded star-
cucumber.

Ue
&

beni oa ves 3-5 or 6 inches long, é a
om as wide oe I long ; petioles2-3 inches in
greenish-white, clustered

a axillary common 1-5 i
Sor the staminate ones corymbose capitate
ith the peduncle rad meg the 2 pe ones in

dense capitate clusters. Fruit compressed,
ovate in — ease heads, which are
about an inch and armed with
sinndie os why —

River banks. July— ise

Obs. This cucumber-like Vine has

Short, pes ich corn-
fields of Kentucky, “springing up
aft op ‘is lai -
ndi another as to make i
to pass through the field.” The Balsam Apple Deon Baisam- ‘
ma, L.), it of which, made into a tin , Ww ly
used as an application to wounds, belongs to this section and is some-
times cultivated in gardens.

** Petals united with each other and with the calyz. oe

142 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

5. CUCUR’BITA, L. Squasn anp PumPKIN
[The Latinized Celtic naa for a Gourd or hollow vessel.]
Calyz-tube ovoid club-shaped ; limb circumcised and erpnsin Corolla
bell-shaped. Fruit fleshy or fnally hard and somewha y:
white, obovate, convexly compressed, the margin whe ly ‘tumia. Trail-
ing annuals wi ith eye rdate leaves, branching tendrils and yellow axillary
subsolitary flo flow
* Fruit always fleshy.

Pr’po, L. Leaves obtusely cordate, somewhat 5-lobed ; fruit

C.
sabigiobous pblong or lorie smooth, always fleshy.
Pumpkin.
Fr. La grosse Citrouille. Potiron.

Rough and hispid. Root annual. Stem 10-20 or 30 feet long sparingly branched ;
tendrils branched. Leaves 9-15 or 18 inches in length ; peti r 8 inches Jong:
Flowers yellow, large, axillary,—the staminate ones often solitary ei os long
Fruit Patten forms, manne = ymin ;—the flesh of the rind usually yellow, the pe: c

ha yellow

Fields and lots : Solivated ( (usually ‘with Indian Corn, in Pennsylvania). Native of
the East. Fl. July. Fr. Octo

Obs. ppowiry itr for its fruit,—of which there are many
rieties ; of them ning to an enormous size (2 feet or more
bh

nd; and th feeding stock.
n growing in the immediate viet of Squashes, the fruit of this
igociee is liable to Bp converted into a Hybrid, of little or no value.
ve had a crop of Pampkins totally: spoiled, by rach Lsapait |
Squashes among them,—the fruit becoming very hard and warty—unfit
for the tale, and unsafe to give to cattle.
** Fruit finally becoming subligneous.

2. C. Mr’opgpo, L. te subcordate, somewhat — fruit

mostly orbicular and much depressed, with the margin and
torulose, at first fleshy, finally subligneous.
Round Squash. ing.
Fr. Bonnet de Prétre. Pastisson.
-12 or 15 feet long, somewhat branching ;

ranched,—sometimes transformed or developed into imperfect leaves. Leaves 6-8

inches long ; petioles long as the leaves. ive. rather large, pedunculate.
of various colors amt pe yellow, pale green, or oot.

warty ,—the hard woody, containing a loose stringy pulp.

Fields and gardens : cultivated. Native country uncertain. F1. July. Fr. October.

Obs. Corea for the young fruit,—which is generally esteemed, a3
_ a vegetable sa There are numerous varieties of the fruit—and of
various tiga, There is also a py te has ac
WwW bushy stem, which is often a prolific bearer. _

i aE Pte” ee eee

a

SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. . 143
3. ©. verrveo’sa, L. Leaves deeply 5-lobed, the middle lobe narrowed
at tae 3 fruit elliptic-oblong, or clavate and often arcuate, verrucose.
Warry Cucursira. Warted Squash. Long-necked Squash.
Hirs Root annual. Stem 10-15 feet long, somewhat branching ; tendrils branched.
Lew va 8 10 ie ong ; petioles n oeerty a as long me e@ leaves. F' yellow, rather
ing from dg ong to oboyoid a clava’ te, often much elongated ont

“Fl. July. Fr. October.

- Calva as Fe 5 proceling (0% which it is — pet
for the sa =o rposes th species are apt to produce ess Hy-
brids among Pumpkin ale ee ing pwn thea page mchecnaal
never be pleated 4 in their Suhediate vicinity.

Orper XXXII. SAXIFRAGA’CE. (Saxirrace Famtry.)

Hferbs or shrubs, with ey or gpnesite, somesings stipulate leaves, and various, often
Shioke inflorescence. 4-5, persistent, m r less connected with oe other, and
often more or i adherent to the o sino ‘i many as the nig eos ely want-
ing. any—or more commonly twice as many as the aie inserted
with them wore >the a of agi calyx. Ovaries mostly 2, cohering ae base and dis-
ee ct ca be capsular. Seeds numerous ; embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy

tot copdortanrbeili Order to the Agriculturist,—though some es of Hydrangea and
Philadelphus are admired, and cultivated as ‘Ornamental Shrubs

1. SAXI’FRAGA, £. Saxirrace.
[Latin, Sazum, a rock, and frangere, to break ; the plant often growing in clefts of rocks.J
Calyx 5-parted, often adnate to the base of the ovary. Petals 5, entire.
Stamens Leg Fred 10 (rarely 5). Capsule usually oe artalanall Ne rather
consisting of nnate carpels, openi verg-
= beaks. Rosca leaves usually rosulate ; cau/ine ones mostly alter-

"5 a Pennsytvan ica, L. Leaves all radical, rae ony or oval, rath-
er acute, Shpietely denticulate, tapering at base to a broad mar,

pa decjealiate petals lin linea: late, scarcely twice as
; ovary ni free.
Pennsyivanta Saxtrrace. Tall oleae
Root parsnnies, with coarse fibri inches long, thin an + wanes

somewhat ciliate. Scape 2-3 aneaeaey de -3) pit high, — stout, sulcate-striate,
bescent

ees eenish yellow, small. Stamens persistent ; enhin oran, se-ciierke With
le. pk tect ang dark brown.
piomaneenne : Canada to Virginia and Ohio. Fl. May. Fr. July.

There are numerous ica of Baxi en. thin nostineets
witotovre te -viz. : ‘8. Vir ' 5, Me is

144 - WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

~. which, by its size, ana frequent panei a wet meadows, is likely
ttract the notice of the farmer. It is e weed, but not eee
oat rid of, by cepa he and dy ed sitentibe "The Heuchera Am
t—a pl longing to this onder, is fren
nds,— its as

cana, ., or nt
along fence-rows fod borders of rich w en tringent
root has been of some notoriety as an India remedy $606 ancerous sores :

t it is is scarcely of sufficient — ioe the farm, to command the
attention of the Agriculturist

Oxper XXXII. HAMAMELA’CE®. (Wrrownaze Fay.)

Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple leaves, deciduous stipules and Abana or mo-

nzcious “gas in heads or spikes. Calyx cohering w barg the base of the ovary. Pistils

2, united below. Fruit a 2-beaked 2-celled woody pc — one

or le bony seeds in sat ‘cell ; ; embryo large in a seats albumen ; 3; petals so) mes
ing.

* geen with calyx and Dotter and a@ single ovule suspended from the
summit of each cell.
1. HAMAME’LIS, L. Wrren-nazen.

[Greek, Hama, like to, and Melis, an apple tree ; application not obvious.]
Flowers in little axillary clusters, with an involuere of 3 scalelike leaf-
lets; calyx 4-parted, wi th 2-3 bractlets at base. Pet als 4, long and
— ge oh 8, 2 very short; the 4 alternate with the petals Sosiad

, th imperfect an nd scalelike. Ca apsule © openine loculicid-
ally from the Sop ; the outer coat separating from the inner, which en-
closes the large and bony seed i in each cell, but soon a elastically.
into two pieces.

1. H. Virgin’ica, LE. Leaves obovate or oval, sinuate-dentate, sub-
cordate at base, stellately pubescent.
Virerian Hamamesis, Witch-hazel.

Stem 6-12 feet high, with straggling’ flexuose branches. Leaves 2-6 inches long ;
petioles about half an inch in length. Flowers gare ateiccara yellow, seta * threes, - a
near half an inch long ; petals narrow, linear, a little crisped, a te

of an ma in length. Seeds black and ‘etme.
Damp woods. Fl. October, the fruit perfecting in the September following.

Obs. This shrub is worthy of cultivation by the curious, on account of
the — lateness a its eo —* which appear at the time when gp
trees a ir lea The flowers are often seen as la’
November, bist the heaved hav all sane It is said to grow my readlliy®

tion. The twigs of the W ch-haeel vere used thy Tiss day
of Sete and — craft as divining ro to indicate the position”
of hidden springs of water or deposits of precious ores,—a belief in ‘thea
efficacy is not even now whale extinct.

5 Flowers naked, wi th barely the rudimenis 2 ss ae
founded 3 in catkin-like heads. Ovules se or many in each cell.

PARSLEY FAMILY. 145

2. Serre ee foe L. (Sweet-cum.)
[Name compounded from Latin, ws, fluid, and Arabic, Ambar, amber ; in allusion
to a fragrant liquid t pote ofr exudes from the tree 4
Fl usually monececious, = — heads or catkins ; sterile flowers
in conical Beet — sins tae: intermixed with minute
a ed, 2:

many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing-angled seed-
coat. Catkins re nodding in the bud enclosed by a 4-leaved a
tous involuc
LL, macy L. Leaves rounded, deeply 5 — 7-lobed, smooth and
shining, piaadalan arate, the lobes pointed.
Sweet Gum. Bilsted.
A large tree, 60—70 feet high and 2 or more feet in diameter ; 4 corky layer of the

bark often benign, in ridges on the smaller branches. Leaves 3- oe in diameter,
- A td cap to appear star- shaped, fragrant when bruised, Fruita lobose prickly
Woods, Counsotiont, southward. Fl. April. #r. September.

Obs. One of our finest forest trees, and deserving of more attention
than it has yet received. E is especially conspicuous in case when
its beautif pga oda es assume a deep crimson color. The wood

is fine-grained bu seadile and soon decays when ex mois-

it is an aromatic having t
stimulant namtie 6 ; i Storax of the gaat

Oxper XXXIII. Guar ten (Parstey Famtzy.)

er. a. né
surrou: ; petals mostly with an inflexed point. Fruit of 2 seed-
like dry carpels eee ee. eens by their — face, marked with 5 primary ribs —
parton cata stb reid mediate (secondary) ones spaces between the ribs often con- :
her 8" very deacon oil (otl-tubes). pHa, most suspended ; embryo minute, —
Fete copious
The plants of this family'ean only be satisfactorily studied with the full-grown frait,
igre arte nol coe is best seen by making a slice across the fruit and examining it
with a magnifier.
This and important Orde r comprises about 200 genera,—and is remarkable for the
: ves) is often highly deleterious. ‘The species best known on the farm,
eo Soe Riche orden ore wen ebeg tin on are furnished by this

146 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Inner face of the seeds flat (not hollowed out), where the two halves
of the fruit join

Fruit with jong prickles. Umbel tanto concave. 1. Daucus.
Fruit not prickly but th on the m:
Flowers yellow. All alike. 2. PASTINACA.
owers white, the outer corollas larger. 3. HERACLEUM.
Flowers white, all alike ; leaves —, La 8-foliolate. 4. ARCHEMORA
Fruit rian Briokiy nor winged on the mar;
Flow: ellow ; leaflets long and narrow. ’ §. FornIcuLuM.
Howelk = i .
Umbels ‘usually without inyolucre or iia
Divisions of the leaves very slen 6. CARUM.
Divisions or leaflets wedge-shaped. rf
Divisi afiets ovate o: 8. JEGoPODIUM.
Umbels with 3-leayed inyolucels but no involucre 9.

10. PETRO
2-3 times compound ; lea 11. CicuTs.
Inner face ~ — seed oaal ed or soltoved out Prseg the iwiiaio length
of the inn

ie ly cut, with an unpleasant odor. 12, ConiuM.
Inner face ru te: wen pi at the top and bottom.
Flowers white. 13. CoRIANDRUM.

=! DAU’CUS, Tournef. Car
‘ukos, the ancient Greek name of the ra a
Calyx — hed. Corolla irregular. “Abe ovoid oblong, somewhat
dorsally compressed. Carpels with the 5 primary nd slender and
minutely bristly, the 4 pinta ad Be ribs one prominenay each
rpg cleft into a single row of prickles with an ozl tube dase each
of thi bore many ered 4 one pinna natifid. Involucels many-
leaved ; leaflets tri trifid or entire. Biennials with leaves bi- or tri- pinnately

1. D. Car o’ta, L. pice ge leaves 2—3-pinnatifid ; segments pin-

— the lobes lanceolate and ¢ cuspidate eates of the involucre
as long as the umbel ; ~ price about equal to the diameter of the

oblong-oval ruit.

ARRoT Daveus. Carrot. Wild Carrot.
Carotte. Germ. Die Moehre. jee Zanahoria.
stom 3S & fee ig Ape gyres
peduncles or beans "Sextotes, nearly level on “the top when. in a a =n in

or ochroleucous—occasionally with a lish e central floret.
of the umbel fte es het with fleshy — purple eeleng ieee ve ery hispid, the.

Gardens, field: cnaee? Native of Europe and the East. Fi. July-

Obs. The var. satrva, DC., or common —— Banat ei a oe

fleshy yellow or r reddish orange-colored cultivated as

culinary vegetable, for soups, &e. In Barope re is highly esteemed as

a food for Milch Cows, and other stock, during winter; but. inthis

country, the root athe for such ek is but little ‘attended to,”
probably less than it oni 0: The wild variety is extensively natu- _

PARSLEY FAMILY. 147

ralized, and threatens to become a troublesome pest, ur farms.
When it gets s on the > premises of a careless pore? farmer, ny soon | mul-
tiplies so as

should be diligently eradicated before it matures its seeds.

2. PASTINA’CA, Tournef. Parsnip.

[Latin, Pastus, food ; from the use made of the root.]
Calyzx-teeth obsolete. inet = Pex a del a dilated flat
i each channel

margin. Carpels ribbed as
between the ribs, and tw: aie thee ofthe earel as lng ds the
volucre and lodnene 0, or few-leaved. Stem sulcate, smooth.

carpels, In
Leaves ibe eipe dissected ; = leaflets incised-dentate or lobed.

A, L. Leaflets in 3-4 pairs with a terminal odd one, ovate-
oblovg, eo obtuse, Escinad dentate sessile ; the terminal o ne 3-lobed
and petiolulate

CuntivaTeD Prernt aca. Parsnip. Garden Parsnip.
Fr. Panais potager. Germ. Die Pastinake. Span. Chirivia.
Plant yellowish-green. Root biennial, fusiform, large and fleshy. Stem 3-5 feet high,
rather shat. furrowed and fistular , somewhat branching. Leaflets 2-4 _— long—the
S mbels nearly

or very flatly Sulbigccemad on the back. "Ribs filiform ; asi fone ‘ oll-tesbes
dark purple, generally linear, sometimes a little clavate.

Gardens ; cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. Ju gg Oe Fr. August ~Octoder.

Obs, Generally culti tivated for 1 ihn ee te in the best
varieties (such as that called the “ Guernsey Le ade is expe &
rich and marrow-like. The plant p rodnces tay is apt to

96. An ambel of the Carrot (Daucus Carota]. or. an catargod fruit, 98. The
Rtn showing an an oil-tube under each of the prickly secondary ribs

148 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

stray from the garden into the fields, where it speedily degenerates, and,
if neglected, becomes a troublesome unsightly weed.
3. HERACLE’UM, L. Cow-parsnip.
[Dedicated to Hercules.]

Fruit broadly winged-margined ; carpels slenderly 5-ribbed, aoe
es close Ses the margin ; oil-tubes shorter than the car pels. ‘Sto

atie; leaves large, ternate ely dissected ; cranes broad and sheath ;
umbels flat, large, the oi ing 2-cleft;
involucre fe w-leaved, dbeudaoun: involucels : many-leaved.

H. lana’tum, Mz. Woolly; stem sulcate; segments of the leaves
broad, palmate-lobed, subcordate at base.
Woorty Heraciecm. iia Peters
Stem 4-8 feet high, branched a r 12 inches in length
nae an wile ‘ lon mg, the middle bene agers 3-lobed ; pbuda 1-4 hes long. Umbels some-
more in breadth, the rays 2- 6 inches long. Involucels of 5-8 leaves,
which are a lancesinte, witha long sonaer ‘point. ers W white.
Rich low grounds. More common northward, May-July.

Obs. This very conenierons girong-seanted pen is sometimes used in

—— Bebe seeds ai The root is very acrid when a
blisters whet’ ied to the skin, * Much of its acridit;
et 2 Bre and in this state it is used as a stimulant. ‘The plant hé
tation, and should : used with po

4, ARCHEM’ORA, DC. Cow-sanz.
fNamed from saseileitang —who, it is said, died from ae eae j
Calyx rey ae Fruit ti pressed. |
La sees with 5 wich huss os the lateral ones Tilated intoa
margin. Oil-tubes one in each channel, and 4— -60n.
the | seer by Involucre 0 or few-leaved. Involucels many-leaved. Stem

FiG. 99. Fruit of the Cow Parsnip (Heraclenm Janatum,) in which the oil-tabes do not
fill the ¥ ‘ebobe letigiti of the cbesmets: fob. “fhe siane eos deena ie » boeki enlargea

PARSLEY FAMILY. 149 .

terete, striate. Leaves pinnately or ternately eee the rather rigid
leaflets entire or spay oothed near the a:

‘ida, DC. acts 3-9, ue. oblong-Janceolate, very entire
or tis stg J rey near the apex; umbels terminal and subter-
minal, on long peduncle
Riaip oR sTIFF dace Cow-bane. Wild Parsnip.

Whole plant smooth. Root perennial. Stem 2-4 or 5 feet high, Sepa mpey et sparingly
branched gh barons all simply pseudo-pinnate ; common peti r 6 i inches es long,
= np what margined ; or segments 2-3 or conde Phin conten
lin vate- eae coldie and cuneate-o long, often alittle falcate. Umbels about 3, on rather
ae saat striate peduncles. Involucre 0, or sometimes of 2-3 lance-linear leaflets. Invoe
lucels of 6-8 subulate-linear leaflets. Petals white. Channels filled to convexity by the

ee eros oil-tubes. Inner face of the carpels a little concave, lined with a white corky
coal
Swampy meadows and low grounds ; New York to Louisiana. FI. August. Fr. Oct.
Obs. This is reputed to be an active siete Sagat to horned
cattle, “when eaten by them ; and therefore very farmer is interested in
knowing t the plant, ty causing it to be e radicated $ican ie meadows
d pastures. It v: es somewhat in its features; but the above is a
description of its tinal: fo orm, in Pennsylvania.

5. FGENIC’ULUM, Adans. Fennu.
[Latin, diminutive of Fenum, hay ; from a resemblance in its pie ]

Fruit elliptic-oblong, abies ett capas with 5 obtuse keeled ribs, of

which the lateral ones are marginal, and often a little peer. Channels
with ap ocas aise pais, and involuce's 0. Biennial or perennial.
Stems te oe striate. Leaves decompound, pinna’ sis Gade the seg-
ments li owers
1.-Fs vonea 4iu, Gaertn. Segments of the leaves subulate-linear, elon-
gated ; umbels many-rayed.
Coumoy Fanicutum. Fennel. Garden Fennel.
Fr. Fenouil. Germ, Der Fenchel. Span. digg:

. Root perennial? (biennial, DC.). or 6 feet high, branching,
Striate-grooved, purplish-green a_i some what glaucous ; rge, peng and eee
biternately dissec pe ote to an inch — on half long, Saar orm,
divisions often dichotomou much

ee: at summit. Uimbels of Is of 15 20 or 30 tt pi
cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. #r. September,

Obs. The br plant is highly aromatic. anne who Roe. Bees, in

former years, were much in the practice, when those

pan a — inside of the bee-hive with this fragrant — under the
odor would attach them to their new domicil. It is
ein cultivated for its aromatic fruit, | whie h is is occasi cused in

like ohaceo, ag a popular

Sa Rer er pe

for cholic. "Those ho ha read the oan
remedy for ¢ - WwW m = ea
the meation of the tatom of the old ladies to eaty

EE EE

Turnip-rooted Celery, is also ainiet snthoughs not so commonly. |

— 150 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

with them sprigs of fennel to keep them awake during the long sermon,
a tice which is not entirely obsolete. In the more primitive portions
of the country, the patch of fennel Sl still be seen growing, and ite
sanctuary is still redolent of its odor

nee sae ae ee
[Said to b of the plant.
Fruit ovate or oblong. Car ai with 5 filiform “ara ribs.
with single o7-tubes. Involucre and involucels mostly wanting. Stems
~ saneeh, Leaves pinnately dissected ; segments multifid. Flow-
white.

Leaves some nt » bineenetit, the segments linear ;
involucre L-leaved or 0; involucels
ARIAN CARUM. Cilinon Carawa

:
Fr. Carvi. Germ. Gemeiner Kuemme:. Span. Alcaravéa.
—— eee Laphing DC.), fusiform. Stem about 2 feet high, branched. Radical
leaves rat! leaves multifid, the segments filiform. Pedals white. Fruit oblong

or = often ‘chien at rasdes
Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. August.
Obs. This is sometimes cultivated for its highly aromatic fruit, —which
is used to impart a flavor to cakes, and other articles of cookery.

7. A’PIUM, Z. Crery.
{From the Celtic, Apon, water ; near which it naturally grows.]
F, Carpels with 5 filiform equal ribs. Channels with sin-
gle ib tihes, ‘the outer ones often with 2-3. Involucre and involucels 0.
Stems sulcate. Leaves pinnately dissected, with wedge-shaped divisions.
1. A. Grave’ouens, L. var. dulce. Lower leaves on very long petioles ;
segments cuneate, lo bed.

Srrone- (uM. CELERY.
Fr. Céléri. Coke Der Celeri. Span. Apio =strEe

Whole plant glabrous. Root bie ental, fosifa Stem 2 t. high, branching.

on ut succulent channel < pala, 6-12 tichos Ba sag in length, and

which are green, or often purplish, wis not artificially blanched ; stem leaves on short

omeenae Umbels te erent oe axillary y—the axilla es often sub: Sessile ; rays unequal,
Pe white. Prot nearly Orbicalar.
pe er oe eeivniol’ maaitre of Europe. Fi. July. Fr. September,

Obs. This is much cultivated for the sake of the succulent aping petioles
of the radical leaves, which are used as a salad: but to be
rendered palatable— —or even eatable—t they. require to ig blanched or
etiolated by the exclusion of light, eure) is usually effected

in trenches an aon oe vering them earth, The var. _ Eee DC., or

PARSLEY FAMILY. 151

8. AIGOPO’DIUM, L. Goart’s-Foor.
eek pint a goat, and podion, a little foot.
Fruit oblong, hitwtied the conical bases of the deflexed avi
Carpels with 5 slender ridge without oil-tubes. Leaves ternate or bi-
ternate with broad pointed serrated leaflets. Involucres ant tnvolucels

1. £. Podagra’ria, L. Root perennial, creeping «=

extensively ; ; stems robust, my furoves,

glabrous ; leaflets ovate or lanceo

unequally toothed ; the lower fete on ie on tie

petioles ; the upper merely 3-cleft ; umbels many-
; ite.

rayed ; petals w.
Goat’s-foot. Goat-weed. Herb Gerarde.
Stem about a foot and a half high. Fruit very seldom
perfected.
Obs. This, which is considered an sagt ng
ly troublesome ae in England, ,
pearance in some parts of Poiaytiena, gad — to be a nuisance
not wag ahated It has hitherto resisted all attempts to get rid of it;
1 System of Gardening, ride says that “ being a great
creeper ite cannot be es into gardens, f or after it gets — it is next
to _impane e to — te it again.” The re o be used in
me manner as Parsley, which accounts for Don’s mrt ning against
evince it. ‘Such an invader should be carefully watched and its
_— arres

9. ZETHU’SA, L. Foor’s Parstey.
(Greek, aitho, to burn ; on account of its acrid qualities.]
= teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate globose ; the eo each with 5
Bite shag ridges : intervals with single oil-tubes.
erect poisonous herbs with 2-8 te ternately compound and many cleft
leaves. Involucre none ; involucels 1 —3 leaved. Tee rs white.
1. £4. Cyna’pium, L. Segments of the leaves
wedge lanoodat ; involucels 3-leaved, long

= Ps
Stem 1 - = Reg! high, bewmsah not spotted. Leaves with
ultimate lobes line eolate. U7 termina] and

nearly as broad as long, with very prominent ribs.
Cultivated grounds and waste places. Native of
Europe. auly— on ete corete
This poisonous plant is naturalized
in New ew England ; it somewhat ecg the
roe Hemlock, from which it is distin-

he: ‘Tot. Fruit of the Goatsfoot Egopodium Podagraria 102. A section.
Fie. 1 Lae ite mt are Tok ch petal with

the point bent inwar

152 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

guished by its unspotted stem, ae ie pendulous one-sided involucels
and the st pide ridges of the frui

10. PETROSELI’NUM, Hoffm. Parsuzy.

(Greek, Petra, rock, and Selinum ; Rock Selinum,—from its native habitat.]
ae Mecey Carpels with 5 oe ribs. Channels with single etn

and two on the inner face of the carpels. “ Involucre few-leaved.
lucels Gites eae Stems somewhat angular. Leaves dec saepoed
1. P. sati’vcum, Segments of the lower leaves cuneate-ovate,
trifid and ini dentate —of the upper ones linear-lanceolate and nearly
entire ; involucels subulat
CuLtTIvAaTED Pid Rly Parsley.
Fr. Persil. Germ. Die Petersilie. Span. Perexil.

‘lant Stem 2-4 feet high, striate with green and yellowish

stripes, bran ched. ppg: cnmiee green, the lower ones much romeo g5 Umbels aioe
mv0-

and axillary, pedunculate. Invol cre of a i aflet (or sometimes 2-8) linear
Tucels of 5-6 short subulate leaflets. Petals ae nish-white. Fruit ¢ ovate.

Gardens: cultivated. Native of Eastern Foes: Fl. June. Fr. August
Obs. Cultivated for the Haunt antic leaves which are fei in
processes. The root has long been a popular

diure The
var. crisrum, or Curled Parsley—with the segments of the Toe! leaves
broader, and curled on the margin—is also frequent in kitchen gardens.

JE. OL0u'T A, I: sugges to

[Latin e
Calyx with 5 minute teeth. F; ge routs. “Chega with 5 equal flat-
tish ribs, with a single od/-tube in each interval. Involucre few-leaved.
Involucels many-leaved. Sub- cease fest: Stem terete, smooth, fistular.
_ Leaves rid or triternately dissected.

> LC. macula’ta, LZ. Stem spotted ie ena §
leaves bi- ri tri-ternately divided,—the
sf te, mucronately serrate, the nerves a
ininetiog? in the notches.

nial, with thick oblong fleshy fibres. Stem 4-
myek ta brancting, dark purple, or striate with green and

parp a - brown ; leaves smooth, the lower ones on rather
ioles, triternate re dissected with the terminal

a "eaacke 2-3 inches long, petiolulate, penninerved—

,) running to the epost of the serratures instead

e 0 or ts. Invo-

Dr. Bice.
Umbels spreading ; rays slender,
fle ®

~~" Fig. 106. The fruit of the Water Hemlock [Cicuta coiwibehae 107. A tate

Sporrep Cievra. Spotted Cow-bane. Waiter
oo omc

PARSLEY FAMILY. . 2406

Seber cl grounds and margins of rivulets : throughout the United States. * July, Fr.
September
Obs. The mature ioe bn this plant has a sei anisate odor. The
root is an active poi the lives of children, and others, are often
endangered and siitnokiee destroyed by eating i in mistake for that
a

12. CONI’UM, L. Portson-nemiock.
ae Koneion, the Greek name of the Hemlock.]
Fruit ovate, compressed or contracted at the sides. poe with 5
prominen ent erjeal ribs ania Fe wild potentials when immature,—
mner face with a deep narrow groove ; oil-tubes none. “Fuaclete few-
leaved. JInvolucels dimidiate or one-sided, about 3-leaved.
1. C. macula’tum, Z. Stem terete, spotted ; ere rips -gornct dis-
sected,—segments lance wolate, "pinnatifd, the lobes acute and often in-
cised ; leaflets of the jevolucaie lanceolate, shorte a the umbe
Sporren Conium. mmon Hemlock.
Fy. Cigué ordinaire. Germ. Der tu Anse Span. wt
Plant smooth, deep bluish green, mes gla Root bie fusiform,
whitish cu fleshy. Stem 2-4 ponte wie age 4 6-8) feet high, ‘fistular, branched, some-
hat sulcate, streaked with green wd. niente and often spotted
petioles a ilated, nerved with sc argins. P. white. Fruit somewhat $a Bo
bous. Carpels —— ty cope fally while young--the faces inclining to separate
between the base an d apex when mature. —
Waste places : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June-July. Fr, September.

be reigner is partially {eugt o be know red —and
ing a cee ] ap pore ison, i “ i nown by every person
ng es i is ruised emits a dis-

pated babe? It is su ep Paren A to be Af carat’ herb reith aged. the ancient —
a pe their "peel gan and statesmen to death viene got
An extract prepared from the plan merly u used —
for the treatueat of ser tie and Sort seach tumors, bat it is now be-
lieved that the only benefit, if any, — from it, was that of a palli-
yne. =

ative anod

13. CORIAN’DRUM, Hoffm. Cortanper.
[Greek Ny eee :
Fruit globose. Carpels cohering, scarcely separating,—each Sun
: epee primary ri abick jhe nial more pomient td a
front of an dckcaeory mangle the 4 secondary ribs |

154 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

iq
:
{
;
+

CS Ps
2 ee Se 3s

. 108. A branch of the Poison Hemlock [Conium maculatum]. 109. An umbellet
depen 110. An en raed ig fruit, 111. A section of the fruit, without oil-tubes, the seed
euryed in at the mar, * en

|
|
|

GINSENG FAMILY. 155

keeled. Channels without o7l-tubes. Seed curved in at top and bottom
eer l-leaved or 0. Involucels Syndinte, about 3-leaved. Flowers
white, or ti — red before expanding

= oe vum, L. Leaves ns Harem! dissected,—segments of the lower
+ oe ake uneate, incised-dentate,—of the upper ones narrow and

as carpels hem

Goiirear TED CORIANDRUM. Opieian

Fr. cari Germ. Der. ak Span. Cilantro.

Plant smooth. Root ual (sometimes biennial, DC.). Stem 1-2 feet high, slender,
senate, oratannntt bracthed atsummit. OUmbels 3-5-rayed. Umbellets of numerous short
unequal ra s. Carpels very concave on the face, chboring by their margins s to form
apparently a simple globose fruit with 2 oil-tubes in a loose membrane, Srhich Parc the
inner face of the se

Gardens : cultivated. Native of Tartary and the East... Fl. el Fr. August-
September.

Obs. “Nes sama agua for its aromatic fruit The odor of the
fresh herb is very offensive greater which the Tartars are said
to prepare a favorite soup Pass

Orper XXXIV. ARALIA’CEZ. (Grinsene Famty.)
Perennial herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate, mostly compound leaves, destitute of
sti] ales, oe mostly umb cimbelats flowers—the u umbels often pan mata Calyz adher ent to the
pte .
Slamene

=
with a solitary on segs ae me each cell ; styles ‘as ma ny as etimes
united. Fruit baccate or drupaceo —sometimes nearly dry, but the carpal ae sepa-_

A small Order, with much the same eaten as Umbellifere, but with usually more “
than 2 styles, and the fruit

ie oe BRA LEAS ‘Wrep SARSAPARILLA.

‘Bit ; su

Flowers more or less polygamous. Calyz 5-toothed, teeth very short or

almost preant te dads 5, spreading. Stamens 5, on short
Styles 2-5, mostly distinct and slender, or in the sterile flowers
and united. Berry i emg with a see suspended seed in

somewhat blobed.” s or shrubs,—sometimes prickly.
decompound.. Ptemet hits or eomee umbels.
21. Arata.

Flowers moneciousl: perfect.the.
y in corymbs or eugene tt als a il of the of te (ako dark p
fruit 5 ; stems herbaceous or divisions of the leaves pi

1, A. racemo’sa, L. Stem sik smooth, divavicately branched s :
leaves ternately and area A esi leaflets cordate-ovate, acu-
mes axillary, compound, PN de sah -

seit tals aint
A se ania ieee:

=

156 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

large umbellulate panicles ; peduncles pubescent Involucels of several short subulate .
leaflets. Calyx with 5 small acute teeth. Petals greenish white. Styles united below ;

‘ wen diverging or recu Berries small, not 0s, dark purple when mature.
Rich

woodlands : Ca ane Georgia ; and in gardens, cultivated. Fl. July. Fr. Sep-

“Obs. This gs is native in our rich woodlands ; but has been long

introduced into gardens, as a popular medicine. The root, and | berries

infused in aleohel made a favorite tincture, in times past, r those
who indulged in the eriiots in ha 2 of taking such stomachics.

2, A. spino’sa, L. Shrub or low tree; stem and petioles prickly ;
leaves bipinnately compound ; pa i in a very large much-branched
panicle.
Prickty Arata. Angelica Tree. Hercules’ Club.

Stem unbranched, me kly below, 10-20 and even - fees rip — crowded at the
summit of the stem, 2-4 feet long ; leaflets ovate, ac
below. Flowers white.

Pennsylvania, South and West. June at

Obs. This striking species is times seen in gabe 965 at the
North it is a low tree, but in the ; eae States it sometimes attains
the height of 40 or even 60 feet, its unbranched stems entelk the
crowded leaves at their summits, having a palm-like appearance. The
bark, root, and berries, have been used in medicine ; they are aromatic
and stimulant like those of the preceding species.

8, A. nudicau’lis, L. Stem very short, scarcely rising above ground ;

mivieng a single long-stalked leaf, and a shorter naked scape, with 2— i

Naxep-stem Ararta. Sarsaparilla. False Sarsaparilla.

Root creeping, thickish and long, somewhat aromatic but mawkish. Stem se
more than the crown of the root. Leaf on an erect reg tole 6-12 inches long, Brmrtad !
summit ; each division oe inches in length, and be: oa yA ae cad nate subsessile leaflets.
Scape 4—8 in inches high, divided at summit into 2- , about 2 inches
long, each age ng a pag Pree many-flowered, globose uinbel, an inch or an inch and abalf
in diameter. Berries torulose, purplish black when matu

Obs. The root of this is sometimes used as a substitute for the Sarsa-

‘parilla of the shops, yt species of aa SAS I believe both the original
rather innocent cines,—provided the dis-

and the aersener pe

4. . aaitieele olia, Gray. Root fusiform, cenit branched ; leaflets

mostly in fives, obovate, acuminate, unequally | serrate, petiolulatej pe-
inchs of the oe bel rather shorter than the common petioles ; styles 23
ed, 2-seeded.

- fruit succulen’
oe eons Ginseng,

CORNEL FAMILY. 157

ree Pf toe “ee 3-6 inche es en and about half an inch in diameter, often forked
down tish, trasioeen sely rugose. Stem 9-18 inches See herbaceous, angular,
smooth hy with’ ba verti of ; ‘earely » Lp compound lea ‘at summ it, and a simple
t pedun umbel toni re 3-4 + inches long. Leaflets un-
<n: the 3. SHincteat phon $28 par 7 = , the lateral ones much smaller. Umbel
many-flowered,—the central flowers often abortive yellowish gr

Ova
compressed, co ordate- ovate, or gibbous at base on cna side. Fouit a sale drape tien
reniform berry, crowned with the persistent calyx-teeth and styles, smooth, bright
crimson when mature.

Rich woodlands : Northern and Western States. Fl. July. Fr. September.

Obs. The root of this plans is slightly peauiens, ho rather pleasantly
aromatic. It has lo an continues article of some im-
portance in our commer wit n China ; and a ah it it has but little to
do with Agriculture, it is presumed t rief cerita n of a native
plant, so abundantly Sebdnead in our rare forests—and so highly
prized in the “ Celestial Empire”’—will not be unacceptable.

2. HE’DERA, L. Ivy.
[Name supposed to be from the Celtic word for cord.]

Calyx of 5 teeth. Ric 5, broadest. a Stamens 5-10. Style
simple, or 5~10, re or less ¢ melee Berry with 3- 10 seeds,
fened | by the cal iiilocareeh shrub adhering to objects by means

of numerous rootlets

i, H. Hy’ L. Leaves thick, angular-heart-sha 1 ek

those of the r Rosietltig chooks ovate and pointed ; umbe

English Ivy. Irish Ivy.

adher

Leaves dark shiting greet, veined with whit.” Plowers in speral heads‘ uel,

yellowish green iipreies. tee een ly 4-angled, about the size of peas, black. .

u

Native of Europe.
Obs. This beautiful vine thrives a when planted in a northern ex-
"yy Bulb: The so-called Irish Ivy is a broader leaved
Orper XXXV. CORNA’CEA. (Cornen Famiy.).
Chiefly small trees r shrubs, peck omer y opposite entire leaves destitute of stipules, and
volucre. roe s ometines¢ the 2- "Doelled st heads ands hea noe "Panis 4 vatrale

wstivation. Stamens as many as the petals, and alternate with them. Styles united intol. _
Ene h dcallea drupe, crowned with the persistent SATE ROD Seeds solitary, pendu- —

: embryo nearly the length of the fleshy albume Geeks:

1. COR’NUS, Tournef. Dogwoor. — les

{Latin, Cornu, a horn ; from capil toughness of f the wood]

4-toothed,
itate. Dru ae coral, "Si abla
* Fi], $ 4 St BEY a oe Al

158 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

a Be flo’rida, L. Arborescent ; leaves ovate-oblong, a

re large, roitae petaloid leaves obcordate or with a eines ek ‘a
lees drupes
™ sal se Conse Re atier Common a

ow pilose wih oor essed hairs, g cy batieath.- Plows ti Covviial caps

clusters ; involucre about 3 inches in ey amet se leaves in opposite pairs, white or

cr tinged with purple. Corolla greenish yellow. Drupe bright red when
MVoodlands : Canada to Louisiana. Fil.May. Fr. October,

e wood of this small tree is very close-grained and firm, and
is valuable he many purposes in mechanics. Cabinet-makers seed
loy it in the manufacture of small articles of furniture,—

which my me it is very beautiful. The ir
selects it as the best material for wooden wedges. young,
ere stems make good hoops for the cooper ; plengencenins

Fig. 112. Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida), the head of minute flowers, surrounded
by a conspicuous inyolucre, 113. A separate flower, enlarged.

CORNEL FAMILY. 159.

cillate branches once furnished distaffs for spinsters,—in the “ good old
pre when that i of females had a practical existence in the
com: aig ne e : a xcellent tonic—almost egg ed the Pe-
ruvia acy. he tury since, according m, there was so
ching faith i in ste virtues “of or Me: ood, that “ when ‘the cattle fall

e spring, of this
tree on their neck, thinking it oil help them!” Altogether, and with-
out any joke—it is a valuable as well as ornamental little tree —worthy
of a place in lawns and yards. Observing farmers have remarked that
the proper time to plant Indian corn is when the invobueres of the Dog-

ood are first developed. There are several other species, with flowers
in large flat cymes, common in thickets. They all
beauty, and will be found described in the systematic works.

2. NYS’SA, LZ. . Tupexo.
name of a Water Nymph ; applied to this genus

Flowers aeeeal ge ope cluste STAMINATE Frowm with a
5-parted calyx and -5~-12, oftener 10 stamens mandy around a
xem a calyx

agate or pat ti i aa
ones . a cules or mec
cluster of lenigice, the pistillate ones much ee oa either peso:
or in clusters of 2-8; appearing with the lea :
1. N. muLririo’Ra, Par. Leaves oval wi Gdvataldsnh at each
end, often acuminate, entire ; fertile peduncles, mostly 3-flowered.
Many-rLowerED Nyssa. Sour Gum. Black Gum. Pepperidge. Tupelo.

Stem 30- n-00 9 r 70 feet high, and 1-2 feet in diameter ; branches numerous, horizon-
tally spreading and often a little hides ig Leaves 2-4 inches long, dark green n and shin- :
ing above, paler and pubescent beneath ; petioles half an inch to an inch long, often mar-
gined, HL ornidhnart villous- ciliate. ‘Staminate ers pedicellate, 2~5 or 6 in a loose
cluster, on a slender common peduncle about an {neh lo long. 4sessile, mostly —
3 in'a dense involucrate cluster (sometimes 2, or a 1), on a eon common peduncle,
bere at first is about half an Ge peebans hog mle’ 4, an inch and a half—in length.
elliptic, near half an inch lon, -black when 1
Moist wopdianis and ee unas” throughout the United States. FI. May-June. Pr.

Obs. The wi woody fibres o of this tree are See terlocked, 50 8
to render it very difficult to — account it is much ;
aki fab == ‘4 e whee ecls—and._ also aloo ;hsthons bloc

— WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

DIVISION II.
MONOPET’ ALOUS EX’OGENS.
LORAL ENVELOPES, consisting of both calyx and corolla,—the petals
more or less united.
Oxper XXXVI. CAPRIFOLIA’CEZ. (Hoyeysvcxre Famity.)

Mostly shrubs, often twining, rarely herbs, with opposite leaves without eosin Calyx ad-
herent to the ovary. Corolla tubular or rotate, i or irregular. Stamens as many as

the lobes of the corolla, and smear with the em—or rarely 1 fewer—inserted into the

tube. Ovary 2- 5-celled ; > style long an nog . capitate stigma—or 3- be tay
a baccate, "or sometimes dry, antel l-celled by abortion. Embryo in
eshy albumen.

a i. Coole tubular, 0} a Rs it lobed, sometimes 2-lipped.
e stigma capita!
Corolla tubular, m wh irregularly 5- lobed. Stamens as many
as the lobes of the corolla. Berry several-seeded. . LONICERA,
Corolla bell-shaped, im ular. mis sto ed. 2. SYMPHORICARPUS.
Corolla tubular, gib pbous at base. Fruit with 3-5 vie, § seeds. 3. TRIOSTEUM.
§ 2. Corolla wheel-shaped, regula and aa deply& 4 eet Stigmas
mostly 3, sessile. flores
Leaves pinnate

. Berry reo 4, SAMBUCUS.
Leaves simple. Fruit a dru ss wie 1 flat stone. 5. VIBURNUM.

1. LONICE’RA, L. Howneysuck.e.
[Dedicated to the memory of Adam Lonicer, an old German Botanis'

Calyz-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or ee often taal at
oi irregularly or nearly regularly 5-lobed. Ovary 2-3-celled. Berry

weral-seeded. Twining or upright shrubs ; upper leaves often connate ;
ai axillary.
1 L. gra’ta, Ait. Leaves sub-perennial, obovate, 2—3 upper pairs
connate, the lower ones sub-petiolate ; corolla not gibbous at base, tube

Seema Lonicera. Wild Honeysuckle. American Woodbine.
"Stem 10-20 feet long, branching, the young branches often pilose. Leaves 1-3 inches
— rather obtuse and often 8) ier coat glaucous and reticulately vane ‘be-

Flowers in verticils of about 6, in the axils of the upper connate leaves ; corolla
externally red or purplish, limb at ‘arst a white, soon becoming tawny yellow,—
the an inch or more in length, tapering to the base, smooth within. Stamens exserted,
— equalling the style. Berries orange red at maturity, crowned with a

New York, Pennsylvania, and westward. Often cultivated. May.

Obs, This and other eee of Honeysuckle are favorite plants for
decorating arbors and porticoes. Most of them are delig t
when in mn bin, are much frequented by the exquisitely beautiful

Among those m ost commonly cultivated are the Italian Honeysuckle,
a. Capriro’ EM) ta glaucous leaves, fragrant blush-colored flowers

and yellow berries ; the Woodbine (L. Perrc.y’wenv) with the leaves

.

; Roc Triosteum. Fever-wort. Horse Gentian, &c.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 161

-. oes the Trumpet Honeysuckle, (L. seMprr’yrrens,) a native
species with a long tubular, red or yellow corolla with the
sino aie ided into 5 short, nearly equal lobes.

2. SYMPHORICAR’PUS, Dill. Snowserry.

[Greek, Symphoreo, to bear together, and Karpos, fruit; the berries growing in dense
“clusters.]

Calyz-teeth short, persistent on the ie wommees 2 ae regular!
Sobed with as many stamens ins Ova secled,

Aad si Low shrubs with teeth of pot a
‘Short close clusters. The upper flowers Prag developing after the lower
ones of the cluster have matured their

1, S. racemo’sus, Mz. Spikes terminal, loose, interrupted, often
somewhat rr corolla bearded within ; berries white,

Snow-Berry.

Shrub 2-4 feet + high, apes rous slende: i ig ri Leaves
1-2 inches long, — r les: abe pray ov ov: te, often undulate margin, those of the
g shoots sometim: beg ers skip grrr er sb softly: ie upper aenshen
is

'y too’
. Flowers about % of an inch ces rose color. Berries brilliant white.
Rocky banks: North and West. June-~September.

Obs, This is often seen in cultivation, a — white berries, which
remain on the | bush until winter, making it a conspicuous object ae
the shrubbery.

3. TRIOS’TEUM, L. Fever-worr.

[Greek, Treis, three, and Osteon, a bone ; from its three Re
Sorte ovoid ; segments lance-linear, foliaceous, ae
gibbous at base, ane equally 5-lobed. Berr, cK guts a
Sele, with 3 bony l-seeded nuts. ee pest ag y hers: gi

nate, ta; pering at ae ; flowers axi
LT erfolia’tum, i. poy Bas : {oS ere ab- ‘
rot eoned at base ; axils 1 — 3-flowered ; flowers dark, brownish- _

Stem 2-4 feet high, simple, he taaedom i while young. Leaves 4-6 inches long, and

2-4 inches wide, often narrowed en a petiole at base, but pire eee the
_ Margin gis ® pubescent. | Corolla a ut half an inch long, viscid-pubescent. Berry oval,
: Rocky \ wets hak

~ Obs. The root of this plant was formerly somewhat noted as an Indian
medicine ; but is now neglected. Joun ae (in the prkende-ny to

: Rho hd Medicina Britancied) says it is “

our Northern =
nies Dr. Tinker’s Weed ; in i Peamytranio Genta and to the oa

ward. ot “ Fever

162 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

4. cpuhien ener ‘gees

[Greek, Sambuke, d f this ees

- Calyx with the segmen inute. Corolla urn-shaped, wi sr
aening 5-cleft limb. Fruit sub-globose, baccate ; Ripa 3 vensly 5

crustaceous, ose, each containing a suspended seed. Shrubs or

herbs. Leaves odd- -pinnately Sucauind Inflorescence cymose

1. S. Canaden‘sis, L. Stem suffruticose ; aatee oblong-oval, acumi-
nate, serrate ; flowers in 5-parted spreadin

Canapian Sampccus. Elderbush. dir Elder.

-_ one, 2~4 inches se seeeinhe pea broa prifoonene you "rane, ve rpeteat
inches Corolla ‘white. Berries nu: icy,

a
4
{
ae
S
&
He
pei
5
2
5
kK
ae:
SF

ng.
emma black when mature.
Thickets and fence rows : throughout the United States. Fl. June. Fy. August.

Obs. This is a rather troublesome plant, on our farms,—the long roots
being very tenacious of life, and inclined t to spread extensively rain
Saiee.s0Ws ‘ab aie If neglected, it soon gives the farm a very
slovenly appeara:

This species is Paouddised by some botanists as a mere Mie fl of the
European 8. nigra, which it che sn eons resembles. Like that spe-
cies, it is considerably employ mestic medicine. An infusion of
its flowers, Elderblow-tea, is a pei re and efficient ee _
the juice of the berries makes a tolerable wine. The bark is said to a
as a purgative and emetic.

5. VIBUR’NUM, L. Visurnum.
A classical Latin name ; peetea® obscure.

Oars!
L-seeded asiee with a seanty sir and a cecum more
ed nut. Shrubs; leaves simple, petiolate ; petioles so oot tint roam
tle aaa ag stipules. Flowers usually white, in flat rem
mostly terminal cymes.
’ * Flowers all alike and perfect.

LV. Lente 80, L. baie lance-ovate, acuminate, ual be dlagbeie
petioles wi wavy ma ; eymes sessile, somewhat corymbese, termi

nal ; susie oval, slightly © omnia

Sweet Viburnum. pee

A tree 15-20 feet high. Petiol h long, the undulate margin dotted
with brown scales is young. (peas: 2- , Paty wos Drupes often half an inch long,
in October, changing from a rich scarlet to a bluish ee es bloom—
edible especially after having been frozen. =
- Canada to Georgia. May-June ‘ ‘aye

—

MADDER FAMILY. 163

Obs. The:
the most iciesant of them, a nd is eae eee of as ornamen-
tal tree, it being beautiful, whether clothed with i a rich fred oliage
and celia of eae in bSpes ng, or beating its plentiful clusters of fruit
and its many-hued lea u
** Marginal “rare era hii and with corollas many times
‘ger than the He forming a kind of ray.

2. V. O’pulus, Z. Nearly smooth; leaves strongly 3-lobed, oe
‘e-shaped or truncate at the base, the lobes toothed ; petioles

ing stalked glands at the base ; cymes peduncled ; fruit ovoid, met

Cranberry-tree. Bush, or PETE

3-10 feet high with spreading bran Leaves 3-5 inches in diameter with
very large Samennaht lobes and large nega re oa teeth. Cymes 3-4 lent diameter,
the outer and imperfect florets, more or | umerous, raised on longer stalks, destitute
of stamens and pistils, the corolla nearly a inch in diame ter, of 5 unequal rounded lobes,
Drupes ¥% an inch long, intensely acid.

Pennsylvania, northward. FI. June. Fr. September.

Obs. This species is found i in the swamps in the northernmost Sie
and extends to the Arctic circle. eg cae id fruit is sometimes
funesitnts for cranberries, cst ts popular name. Tt is better known

its cultivated state as the Gelder Rose or “ Sn seat hell ” which is a
variety with all the flowers and bearing large corollas. The Snow-
is one of the most generally cultivated shrubs, and is beautifully de-
scribed by the poet, Cowper, as throwing up its—
is Meta globes, light as the foamy surf,
That the wind severs from the broken wave.” .

Orxper XXXVII. RUBIA’CE. (Mapper Famtry.)

Herbs with opposite or verticillate, entire re, connected by interposed
stipals, or ptt “ ithout apparent mies, Flowers re, egular. Calyz-tube to
the ovary, or sometimes free,—the limb 3-5-cleft or touthedcocasltnadiy obsolete,
Corolla inserted on the summit of the Nag etynass —the lobes as many as the
calyx. Stamens as many as the lobes oe corolla, and santero
mostly 2-celled ; styles mostly 2, more et ted ; ; stigmas m ostly 2, dis tinet or con-
crete. Fruit various sam sensu drupaceous capstan or igri ~~ indehiscent car-
pels. Seeds solitary, few a sire seo ll : embryo in the at the e: extremity,
of copious fleshy or horny album Pree

This toe hig a-arerd various Tribes, and nearly 250 Genera—contains many plants
of great value—though but few of them immediately concern the North American farmer,

he m mentioned the Coffee plant (Coffea i ch

rE Mapes Sup-orper. “Geng Any aide a thi aly

1. RU’BIA, Tournef. MADDER.
coos Ruber, red ; ¢in le grato Spa ane

id. the limb 4 1 CMP Pie wehisey wits
yetuleovogloboe,— the Unb Atooted or abot Corla ab

164 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS
rotate, 4—5-parted. Stamens coed Styles 2, united at base. —
idymous, subglobose, baccate,

ooth. Herbaceous or suffruticose
Stems 4angled, diffusely branchiog.

Bs 7A es
ie ARS OG
ia, r EN Fo.
eS Ml La
ERM SRES
Ae
ee ae
j RS n
ae =
jo \ y de
macy 4
; WG / = eer
at 7,
ye RG a ‘|S
© Tay APNG} X
‘ nS
> om S iy
a ; : jj
1. R. Trxcro’rum, L. baceous, flaccid ager on the angles ;
ves qari in apparent pele of six, lanceolate, sub-petiolate ; ate
duncles axillary, tri eae es lobes of the erolle with a
mination, not cus cus
Dyers’ Rusta. a oor
Fy. La Garance

Madder.
Germ. Die Basaber Bool Span. R
Root perennial, large, reddish brown. Stems procumbent, 3-4 feet bata
romered mil the} ie nts ; Meco 8 pro ominent, sometimes more than 4, aculeate with short
rsely cu ickles ~2 inches fo midrib and
acess —flower-t , Opposite. Corolla brownish
yellow, Pie 5- poten
Gardens and lots : cultivated. Native of the East. Fl. July. Fr. September.

Fig. 114. The Madder Plant (Rubia tinctorum) reduced.

VALERIAN FAMILY. 165

Obs. ‘The root of the madder abounds in coloring matter, and is per-
haps, the most valuable of all ayeine materials. Combined with proper
mordants it produces a great — of colors and oe varying from

the most delicate pink to the darkest brown, and eve nblack. ‘The great
supply is from Holland, ges . Be cult _ to some ee in this
of Galium,

oO
=
in
gS
he
=
oO
g.
}\)
BREE
gs
=|
ee)
e™
°
po
oO
cf s1
a

ali to to mera they i gras or Be iran are tan as pe
requi

2. ag aan Leaves opposite, with stipules between them.

Ovary free from the calyx.
2. Saciale LIA, Loe
[Named for Prof. Spigelius,

Calyx 5-parted, _ istent ; the lobes slender. Corolla tubular-fannél:
form, 5-lobed at the means 3 valvate in the bud. Stamens 5; anthers

linear. Style slender, hairy above jointed near the middle. i short,
twin, laterally flattened, separating at maturity from the base
ca i w-seeded

rpels, which open clay fe Herbs with the. opposite
leaves uni e stipules, and the flowers spik
sided ¢

s. L. Stem upright, simple ; leaves sessile, ovate-

L Screg

lance ; Spike 3 tube of the airs four times
the Ie tant of the calyx, the lobes pean! Ses anthers le &
Maryrianp Spicenta. Carolina or Indian Pink. eiccck Worm-
grass.

Root consisting of a great supe of of ee Stems annual, n somewhat 4-
angled, once 6= 13 inchs high. -3 inches long pide gracing” half as wide at
base, pubescent on the margins an jo ed Good an inch and a half long, —*
outside, ye ellow w: ithin.

Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward.
= A showy and beautiful plant, sometimes cultivated in the faaui
t is introduced here on account of its commerce ercial value. The
anthe! ne,

y Orie
packing. An infusion of the root, common decree as “ Worm
is one of the most popular medicines of its c' hs

Ouver XXXVIM. VALERIANA’CEA. (Vauanrax a

Herbs with opposite leaves wi chao — nt with the ovary ; corolla
erly pyre set Solero wer than i eben teens Be a Soa ©
tui 1- 3; fruit dry ty ghee: or with 2 empty cells and the other

-seeded ; seed sui sticks wisheak al
wn ear rp “is produced by a a species of the genus Valeriana, and the —

"roots of one of our nati the Indians of the far west. The only plant
Sesincak ieia oe amend on the two following pages.

pe penton ig Nomar ec ayo tho one described o

166 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

1. FE’DIA, LE. Corn-sanap.
[Origin of the name obscure.]
Calyzx-teeth 3-5 or obsolete. Fruit 3-celled—two of the cells empty,
we rs one 1 -seeded, Saliulad gitbocs on the back. Leaves spatulate-
ong ; flowers in dense cymules.

: =“ olito’ria, Vahl. Fruit compressed, oblique,—the fertile cell with a
ay mass at the back, the sterile ones often confiuent ; flowers pale
blue.
a Fep1a. Lamb’s Lettuce. Corn Salad.

Fig. 115. The Carolina Pink (Spigelia Marilandica).

ns ialiitinniaterenilinein tense amiiekscectn gen Se eicniceilt cai nang tassel

RRS ROSS SSS GS Se ee aa eee

ae

i ren

¢

TEASEL FAMILY. 167

“ Annual. Stem 4-12 inches high, dichotomously branching. Leaves half an inch to 2
than on long, sessile, subdentate, somewhat ciliate on the margin. Fruit finally broader
Pm

w banks and fields. eh
i
mon weed in ni da It is calfrated for a a@ spring ae and is ik
to the New York markets in considerable quantities. In order to ob-
tain it early in the season, it should be sowed in the preceding autumn.

Oxper XXXIX. DIPSA’CE. (Tease, Fay.)

Herbs with opposite sessile leaves and no stipules. Flowers a ly in dense invo-
lucrate heads. Calyz-tube wholly ee sometimes at summit only) eierent to the Pipe e'
the limb cup-shaped and entire, or toothed—or forming a bristly or plumos

olla tubular, the limb 4 —5-lobed, sometimes Be oly irre =a pr asc mostly 4,
distinct. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovu ‘ple filifor: Fruit membrana
ceous or akene-like, indehiscent, crowned with the nim! of the avs: 1-celled, 1-seeded.
Embryo nearly the jength of the fleshy albumen

Ben genus which is the type of this small Order, is the only one entitled to notice in this

1. DIP’SACUS, ehbacleies ares

2h

[Greek, Dipsao, t to thirst ,

Involucre many-leaved, as er than the spaabndete subfliaceons chaff of
the receptacle. Involucel 4-sided, 8-furrowed, close osely investing the
i al mrs e adherent to the ov vary,—the limb minute,
cup-shaped or sag é entire. Corolla with ee erect lobes. Stout
and prickly. ves opposite and often
connate at base. Hosts vrai Sige f Tee poe commencing to ex-
pand ina ring about ss middle of the and gradually extending
: process towards base
- D. = tris, Mill. SS. te-oblong, crenate-dentate and
esi prickly on the midrib gh sori curved upwards, longer than
the head ; chaff at the receptacle straight and flexible.
Wip Dirsacus. Teasel. Wild —
Root biennial. Stem 3-5 or 6 feet oy , branch Radical leaves 8-12 inches long ;
Lente theta subconnate—those of the penal a “lanceolate and often nearly entire.
-oblon rple. Bracts tthe receptacle oblong-cuneate, keeled,
abrapty tapering ing ut a stralght extol or chat oft mination, pots than the flowere— As
those at the dese of he head longest. -
Sern of fields, "hiaiaog, &e. Northern and Middle States : introduced. Bcd ‘
FeJuly.. Fy. September. o
Obs. This coarse lant i is completely naturalized in some
sonar as op , but Seer boas eaneper ci
to the farms, if not attended to. A little timely care, however, —
wohl soon subdue it.
2. D. Funto’xum, Mill. Leaves obovate and oblor

ish, serrate —the ee baer

168

Futuers’ Dipsacus.
F

Fr. Chardon a
dencha.

Stem 4- a = Fong branched.

of flo =a pened ws or "elliptical ; corolla pale purple.

WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Fullers’ Teasel.
oulon. Germ. Aechte Kartendistel.

Span. Car-

Radical leaves obovate, narrowed to a
Leaflets of the involucre lanceolate, ae
Bracts or chaft

perfoliate.

of the receptacle cuneate-oblong, — bristly-ciliate on the margin, terminating ina
agen

2. a ~ panes)
cultiv: € 0

of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September.
is species is cultivated Pa. by some cloth manufacturers, for the
the rigid recurved points of the chaffy bracts, on

Obs. nae
sake of the heads,—
the ma

oth

, Serving as a kind of card, to raise the nap on n woollen

Orper XL. COMPOS’IT®. (Comrosrre Famy.)

Mostly herbs, with alternate or ¢
leaves without sti

ipules, rs in
leaflets or scales, which foro

or border

- 4

The flowers are either polygamous, moncecious or picts gs
ribi this

above, used in desc
shaped corollas are per
The tubular Sagi

gether “the involuere are

grow upon the
os P the ese j

‘of h
ve ake r and ce (rarely 3-
—

eceptacle, ia the J tege are called

ine v. often lobed or dissected (never truly compound)
le, and pra ta
to the

Ste Selott one y 4), spe on the cor Hla. 5;
Fruit an eben

con ntaining a single erect

bond one-tenth of the known ness of flowering plants.
Aside fr:
well to me ntion that the strap-

, whatever their ne

in Gray’s Manual, is

up, but the genera as Reseribad are placed in sae Boge order.

enera, an artife ial
In this te systematic arrangeme
The * aid *% pre’

appe se

to Erigeron and Senecio refer to sections of those

Sus-orper 1. Tusvunir.ora.
ect flowers tubular, regularly 5- (rarely 3-4-) lobed ; strap-shaped
(ligulate) onl the marginal or fs eens, yi wien pesca are either pistillate
only or neutral (wi

F Pappus
Pappus double, the outer yery short, the oot of longer bristles.

1. VERNONIA.

se, simple, t oe bristles all of the
many-fio

when the
5 pc smooth,

flowers are pulled

Akenos wrinkled." Paps OF ich ph Sea = toe
enes . Pappus an « DARPA ey
Receptacle deeply honeycomb-like. 26. OxoroRDos !

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 169

Receptacle n naked.
Pappus of slender but rather stiff bristles. Flowers °®
— or Ld oi Beat of involucre several. 2. EvPAToRIUM.
Pa of very s weak naked bristles. Flowers r
Be En ow. #22. SENECIO.
#* Flow two kinds in the same heads.
Marginal flowers mit pie sterile, commonly enlarged. 23. CENTAUREA.
Marginal oe Las spt and fertile.
Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chaff.
: amen s vot capillary bristles. Scales of the involucre imbri-
cated, dry and scarious. 20. GNAPHALIUM.
sues tt "of capillary bristles. Involucre of but one row of
eren, y small. #5. ERIGERON.
Heads large. Ppa lis copious, very white. 21 ERECHTHITES.
Pappus iar or none.
Akenes broad at the top. Si oe a short crown. 18. TANACETUM.
Ake: on S narrow at the top. -Pappus none. 19. ARTEMISIA.
nds in separa’ te heads ; one pistillate, the other

eee ta tel of two ki
remade

Heaters

Fertile paanpelll small Paina pointed and often tubercled. !
| Fertile involucre an -oblon ng Pr prickly bur, 2- sone’, 2-seeded. 9. XANTHIUM.
ers, or some of them,

, the margi
of capillary bristles. ' (Rays all pistillate.)

Rays pocunsing # pb rows.
Heads solitary upon a scape. 3. TUSSILAGo.
Heads more or ~~ oe bed. , #*#5, ERIGERON.

White he tate or ‘on never P hopes Pappus simple.
Yellow, of _ same color as disk.
Scales of the in semper ne row. Pappus soft and weak. **22. SENECIO.

yolu cs) ppu
Scales ¢ inyolucre imbricated. Pappus simp]
Heads small, racemed or clustered. 6. Sormpaco,
ge, ing the bran 7. INULA.

ches.
** Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or 2-3 — teeth or chaffy scales
corresponding with the angles or edges of the akene, often with inter-

vening minute bristles or — es.
Akenes terete or enced: Pappu none. Receptacle flattish. 17, LEUCANTHEMUM. —
ptacle chaffy.
Rays ewe (rarely Distillate but sterile) ; the disk flowers perfect.
Rece — et convex or columnar, and
Chatty only at the summit ; the shalt decides.
Pappus coil 14. Marvra.
Mom minute
enes 4-sided, flat at the Pappus none, or a i
on ‘ 10. Ruppecxza.
Aken nes os flattened laterally. Pappus of 2 deciduons scales. 11. Hetiayravs.
Akenes flat, wing-margined, bearing 2 persistent awns. 12. ActivomERis.
ee flat. A
a ee Seen 4-sided, with 2 or more downwardly barbed ca sc enen c
13. Boexss,

pistillate e fertile, | as ven as the disk flowers.
Akenes flattened and mar aren, ined. Pappus none. 16.
— rem sig or Receptacle convex or conical. "Leaves
orga

170 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Pappus plu
pee spind le-shaped. Flo vgn od ge 29. LEONTODON.
Sewers ong-beaked. Flow urple. 30. TRAGOPOGON.
Pappus not plumose, of bright white pantry bristle
Akenes terete, une? eaked. Flowers rotary “ b eens: 31. TARAXACUM.
2 + are flat, long-be aked. Flowers in panicl 32. Lacruca,
Ak tten ed, not beaked. Pappus very poi: 33. SONCHUS,

1. VERNO’NIA, Schreb. Iron-wexp.
[Named in honor of William Vernon, an English Botanist.]

Heads many-flowered, in corymbose cymes. Involucre a shorter
than the flowers,—the inner scales longest. Receptacle na oe
clavate, ribbed. Pappus double,—the inner series of num sugh

the outer mostly short, eg often dilated and callie, a eye pe-
rennial herbs, with alternate leaves ; ; flowers bright purp
1. V. Noveboracen sis, ne ate Hencnlaie or on serrulate,
roughish ; heads numerous, in a terminal corymb ; scales ¥ the inyvolu-
cre ovate, acute or often with a long flifoom flexuous poin
New-York Vernonra. Iron-weed.

Stem 2 or 3-6 i 7 feet high, somewhat branching at summit, finally firm and subligne-

ous. 3-6o0r8 pone Tong, eee, thickish or subcoriaceous. Akenes

with short hairs ; pappus a r ofte n purplish, scabrous—the outer series con-
ype of —— chaffy or deals: hike senda

oist meadows and low groun e eraanae the United States. FU. August. Fr.
ibieibesaten’

Obs. This plant is quite common in moist low grounds, and along
fence-rows. Bind worthless a and coarse hard stem cause it to b
regarded as a rather obnoxious weed, in our meadows ; and of course it

is carefully eradicated by all neat farmers.

2. EUPATO’RIUM, Tournef. THorovau-worr.

[Named from Sha Mithridates ; who, it is said, first used the plant.]
Heads 3-many-flowered. Involucre Rijereicle Ses or campanu-
late,—the hates Fatty in 2, 3, or sometimes nearly
equal in a single series: Receptacle fat, peer sets oR) Pap-.
cede ~— series of very slender bristles, rough or minutely serrulate.
n po: with leaves Feeuis! opperits or yerticillate, often resi-
nous dotted ; flowers ee
1 E. perfolia’tum, L. m rigid, hirsutely villous, corymbosely
branched above ; leaves oom d dee deante: oie connate-perfoliate, ob-
long-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, reticlately veined and ragose, very pu-
bescent beneath ; heads about 10 or more flowered.
PerrouiaTe Evparortum. Tieckae Boneset. Indian Sage.

Stem 2-4 feet high, the branches whitish and very _Roncontet. Leaves 4-6 or 8 inches»
long, opposite and completely united at base—or contracted at base and .

scarcely oa a ae verticillate in’ ne: and prea wapering gradually 10 to a ad

slender point, sprinkled with resinous les beneath. Heads of flowers

i SalI Sp Ere Sa cn RPT a ch BERS ee hE S WE as ine aie Ngee p= te | Seger Sie eee RE RGEE MaE he S ee ae

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 171

a Sate Faw Scales of the involucre lance-linear, rather acute. Florets white. Akenes
_ swampy grounds : throughout the United States. FI. July-August. Fr. Sept.

This species is so common in wet meadows, and low grounds, as

to be regarded rather as an objectionable w ti chiefly en-
titled to notice its Seg properties,—being either emetic, ca-
thartic, or _aeonneny rdi dose, 0: f exhibiti

f this genus, which meet the eye of
the farmer in his meadows and soig the borders of woods and thickets—
particularly a tall, stout one, with verticillate leaves and purple flowers,
(E. purpureum, L); but they are scarcely of sufficient importance to
claim a place in this work.

3. TUSSILA’GO, Tournef. Courts-Froor.
one from the Latin, Tussis, a 5 ae for the cure of which the aa is pases

ca
flow ‘A perennial herb with thick sceeaiitig Honk nea leaves aieak
appearing ter than the s caly sc eae petaye ellow

a i Fa r’ fara sd Fe fl ted wl th scales, woolly
when n young ; acer long ceria cordate, pray tal
Colts-foot.

Fags rcp “stock widely spreading. Scapes about a foot high. Leaves which acquire their fall
ize after the lowering season, 3-5 inches in Taiseber, cee capl gB irregularly lobed and
angular, smc oestrone above and white tomentose below. Heads of flowers about % of an
inch in d
Along anal New England and New York. Introduced from Europe. March - April.

Obs. The Colts-foot which is

Cc
1 as a weed, but for its popular, i
tation. It is one of those harmless plants which have
cacious domestic remed it is even cultivated in old
ns. An infusion of the w used for co’ mo-

e tonic qualities. The leaves have sometimes —
bode rer for iam. ts

4, a cee Tournef.
[Greek, Aster, a star ; the radiated heads of flowers resembling stars.]
Heads many-flowered—the capone in a single series, pistillate—those
phat ged tate dt Scales of the involucre more or less

172 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

‘acle flat, mostly alveolate, so agg a usually compressed.
Papp simple of capi illary bris rymbose, paniculate, or
rays purple, white, or blue.

1 A. ericoi'des, L. tin much branched,—the simple leafy
branchlets or peduncles racemose and mostly unilateral on the virgate
spreading branches ; leaves igen raid, —the radical and lower cauline
ones oblanceolate or oblong-spatulate, tapering to a —— petiole,—

te, acute at each .€
small, numerous, solitary on the branchlets ; rea hemispheri-
- or subtarbinat, —the scales loosely imbricated, tte re acute,
spreading at apex.

Erica, ok HeaTu-LIKE ASTER.

ae te or 4 inches

wis, Goan to
-leaves

ri
ae with pale ssaetiies tis, J: ofte n becoming reddish pint
rai mers ils ; old fie elds, caneetae eee shiva ughout the United States. FI. eae
Tr. . October.

Obs. Many species of this genus meet the pie fi the farmer, in the
latter part a! summer, in his woodlands, low grou borders of thick-
. ets, &c., some of which species are quite scceray but the little
Roky a one ‘are described (which, I believe, has not acqtired a common
name,) is almost the only one which invades ou: tocegighe to any material
extent. In thinnish old fields, it sometimes becomes an abundant—as it
is always a Mptaee ee eed. Good culture, ey ain the soil,
soon cause it

a
known as ‘ ‘ Germa n Asters,” ‘the rays 25 not Ciccred, but the disk
flowers are very ope There are over 30 species of native Aster in the
Northern States, sd: many more at the South ; some of these are quite
showy in cultivation.

5. ERIG’ERON, L. Frea-pane.
[Greek, Er, spring, and Geron, an old man ; the plant being hoary in spring-]
— many-flowered, somewhat hemispherical; ; ray-florets very nume-
and usually in more than one series, pistillate——those of the disk
‘eholar , pe Scales of the involucre m ostly narrow, in a
nearly single series. Receptacle (Dake. punctate. Akenes com-
se!

acomoniien pappus of subulate scales.

* Pappus single ; rays inconspicuows, white.

COMPOSITE FAMILY, 7s

| Be Canaden LL. Stem hirsute, a branched ; leaves
lance-?} Thear, mst entire, hispidly oe asi fen 9 f flowers emall, nu-
m mos the branches

i es tees’ Hore deat se |

Root annnal. Stem 6 inches to5 or 6 feet high. Leaves 1~3 or 4 inches long, sessile ‘
the lower ones paced chen dentate. Rays white, Mt narrow, scarcely longer than
straw-colored us. Banas oblong, sparse ely his

arse road-sides, a) winks e places : throughout "the United States. shatreiesantl

Fr. September — porns

Fic. 116. Portion of the y aoeet part of the stem of Canada Fleabane (Erigeron Cana-
dense). 117. A separate floret.

174 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

oa _ s plant varies very much in size, Srreding to the soil in i
disse

On dry sterile banks it is very dwa t has
itelt aa or less abundantly all over our “he ee | it is said, all
rope ; and is a worthless weed, a er found. Good farming

over

is the mode for sinsthertons out such intruder;

isd phe double, the outer rcw of minute mre ; rays conspicuous, white.
2. E. an’nuum, Pers. Stem sparsely hirsute, corymbosely branched
above ; eye pieces and sharply dentate-serrate,—the radical and
lower ones ovate, obtuse, tapering into a margined petiole the others
sessile, lanceolate, acute, entire near each end ; rays very na: about
as long as the spenecly setose involucre.

Annual Ertceron. Flea-bane. Daisy.

dither biennial? aes , DC). Stem 2-3 = 4 feet high, rather stout, aoe and often
Radica

2-4 inches long, roughish and hairy, with narrow- -margined
ce aril ramon as long as the hate: : yy ves Pere ually feisalier as they as id.
Heads of florets rather small ; rays white, or sometimes tinged with purple. ob-

long, somewhat compressed, hirsute ; onpncataeg may rapt sah gece: of pappus,
except a few short coroniform teeth at or nea: bere YE t of
Pastures and waste : Northern, Middle a a weetarn relate tes. Fl. June-July.

Obs. A frequent worthless weed in our pastures ; pa grape ese in-
jurious,—but conspicuous enough to thane! the notice of the observing
farmer ; and therefore worthy to be known by

3. E. strigo’sum, Mull. S

bosely paniculate above ; leaves lanceolate tn ne base, ae en-
tire,—the radical ones spatulatelanceolate, tapering into a margined
Lotuiady rays narrow, nearly twice as long as the minutely hispid in-
volucre.

Sreicose Ericeron. Flea-bane. Daisy.

Root biennial? Stem 2-4 feet high, sulcate-striate and angular, rather slender, and often
sparingly branched. Leaves 1-3 inches long. Heads of flor ets rather larger. than in the
; rays white, Akenes oblong, a or ribbed, sparsely pilose : “ inner
in the disk, es about 15 slender fragile and deciduous bristles ; in mo ba none, or some-
two caducous bristles : the exterior a small setaceo' uamellate crown,
auntie in ihe n ray and oper ee ae &é &
PL and upland ows : Canada to Florida, Fl, June-August. Fr, July-

Obs. This plant has a et general resemblance preceding,
but is dong eee a ugh a are usually both ao under

the same popular n ‘This one is apt to be very abundant in the
first crop of our 6 meadows, i in i Poapsiv4i ia, after a course of g grain
crops. After y in good land—it becomes more

are equally worthless, unwelcome w:

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 175

6. SOLIDA’GO, L. Goipen-rop.
[Latin, Solide, to unite, or make firm ; from its supposed healing virtues.}
eads few- or ernie ger age a ray-florets few, pistillate ; disk-
les 0 cpus penivety im ricated,
appressed, not gree een or Fragen ve apex. le small, mostly
naked. Akenes many-ribbed, somewhat terete ‘eres simple, con-
sisting of alhectnn scabrous copula bristles, mostly equal. Heads
in terminal or axillary racemes, with the _Detlicels often unilateral,
—sometimes corymbose. Perennials, wih @ and-like stems and nearly
sessile stem leaves, never hear eres
1. §. nemora’lis, A:t. Stem simple or corymbosely branched above,
clothed with a very short eee cinereous Neriesievane radical leaves
bovate-cuneate or spatulate, tapering into a petiole , sparingly crenate-
ine ones ate ly ish

serrate, in

racemes numerous, short, dense, unilateral, at length recurved-sp Dg,

0 bose-pa iculate ; scales of ni involucre lance-oblong, obtuse,
beseent with white ap hairs.

Woop or Grove Sormpaeo.
Whole plant of an ash-colored or greyish aspect, by reason of its short cinereous pu-
bescence. Stem 1-2 or 3 feet high, sometimes branched from meer Sse 2005.
leaves 1-4 or 5 inches thniz, with petioles -3 inches long
and 6 - a in Bec stu nt rap
Small axillary clus rays rather short. tspatulae-obon
Sterile, neglected od en! borders of woods, 7 theblig hbiie the United States.
Fl. August -Septem Fr. Oc
Obs. Several species o f Solidago (or Golden-rod, as they are all

named, in the vernacular tongue)—some of them much n this
along rows, b f woods and thickets, &c. "Th :
ll no bett eeds on a farm: but this is the one whi
mostly intrudes upon neglected pasture grounds,—and therefore
been selected for description, as a sam the genus. It is
banis i as most of our native weeds are, or may be.
8, odo’ra, Ait. The “ Sw: Iden-rod ” is found in dry soil—i
i b a entire, linear-lanceola’ es which
contain numerous pellucid dots of iA a pleasant odor.
sion of the herb is used as at mulant. The oil is in
distilled the plant, wf test See owe me purpose. :

7. IN’ULA, L. Evecampane.
[The ancient Latin name.]
-flowered ; rays in a single series, astray? & numerous, li-
near, ner nae es loosely imbricated, in : several series, chy
or sally pa pag dierosy ele ; POPE 0 Re ret nema e-

rennial 5 leaves often clasping ; heads

176 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

1. I. Hele’ beg L. Stout ; ej leaves large, oblong ovate, those
of the ste clasping ; akenes 4-sid
eines

Stem 3-5 feet high, sulcate, branching above. Leaves 9 -18 inches long, and 4-8 inches
wide, acute or Sey ap denticulate, nas ee beneath,—the radical ones petio-

Outer scales of the Saere Aarne po oduced at the base into
two tails, or ss like appenda; valegaee x ; pappus pale tawny.
Roadsides Naturalized free pie Diy Aug

medicine, but is now seldom used ; and prpertorninal
those medicines are called which A Yog the Sedtions of the throat.

8. AMBRO’SIA, Tournef. Rac-weEep.
[Poetically , Food of the Gods ; in this case a0 id like Lucus, a

lucendo.]
Sterile and fertile flowers in different heads on the same plant;
lS staminate in terminal racemes reg Seite the pistillate me at
: nvo-

a the
flat ttish, usually with filiform chaff among the florets. PisTmLaTe

Inv. lucre globose-ovoid or turbinate, closed, acuminate, usually with 4
es near i wered. or

eg subglobose or obovoid. Annual herbs. Leaves lobed, or pinnati-
fidly d issected.

1 A. trifi’da, Z. Stem tall and stout, hairy and rough ; leaves mostly
— alata 3—5-lobed, hairy, scabrous,—the lobes oval lanceo-
late, acuminate ; petioles ‘narrowly winged, ciliate ; racemes dongated,
panic teal .

Tririp Amprosta. Great Rag-weed.
Stem 3-6 or 8 feet high, branched. Leaves 4- petioles 1-2 inches
con a ——— Baits wat oh nomena, a4 see pi = peas racemes
heads at the base of the ‘racemes ; the involucre tu rbinate-obuvoid,
an a Sobical apex, pile tanga ribs terminating in So" many pointed tubercles round the
base of the conical acumina’
Low grounds. and was‘ afaeenap ; Canada to Georgia. Fl. August. Fr. October.
is coarse ugly weed is sufficiently common, and worthless, to
entitle ‘it to the ee of every farmer who desires to keep his premises
clear of suc!
2. A, arte: li Stem baieuiately branched villous ;
leaves oe ish above, somewhat beneath,—
the uppermost simply pinnatifid ; petioles cilia ey paring long amg
somewhat spicate, paniculate
ARTEMISLA-LEAVED AMBROSIA. Biiter-woed. Rag-weed.

$

|
i
i

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 177

mo 4 feet high, usually much branched or bushy. Leaves 2-4 0r 5 inches long ;
inch to —a gage half long. heads small, numerous, in ter-

Mninal leaders oe ae Pistillate fone solitary or clustered along the lower part
= the “fay emporoge er Asap wbatagres or in the axils of the upper leaves ; sometimes
heads sencleenk-gitiiiten $3 occurring in which the ¢erminal racemes (or rather
partion as en as the clusters pamenth, ar e all pinillate, and and the flowers in small sessile

-bracteate clusters.

eres fields and pastures: Canada to Florida, Fl. August-September. Fr. Oute-

a Jt U8. The Great. Ragweed (Ambrosia trifda), upper portion ii i Feduesd fa

178 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Obs. Tnis worthless weed occurs in most cultivated grounds,—and
usually very abundant — pt stubble, after a crop of wheat : ae
if the land be good, the plant seems te be smothered or choked out, the
the crop of a ver and timot It is always ready,
e rse_ weed to 1 its

is frequently. met w
9. XAN’THIUM, Tournef. Crot-Bur.
(Greek, Yanthos, yellow ; a color said to be produced by the plant.]
Heads moneecious, in spicate clusters—the sterile spikes at the summit.

———————————

Fic. 119. Flowering summit of the Cockle-bur (Xanthium strumarium), with heads 0
staminate flowers above, the pistillate ones below. 120, A pote ga pte Bk flower very
much enlarged. 121. A head of (2) pistillate flowers enclosed in the prickly involucre. —

‘

' COMPOSITE FAMILY. 179

SrammatTe FL. numerous in subglobose heads ; scales of the involucre

distinct, in a single series. Corolla tubular, clavate, somewhat hai

Anthers connivent but distinct. Style abortive, undivided. Receptacle

pt terete, chaffy. Pistiniate FL. 2, inclosed a 2-celled oblong
riaceous closed Kerala; which is ar mei with todked prickles and

eandinated by 1 - 2 stout beaks. Corolla filiform. Akenes solitary in

each cell of the jecnean oblong, flat. Annual herbs. Leaves alter-
nate, lobed or dentate.

| ie a’rium, L. Leaves broad-ovate, mostly somewhat 3-lobed
dentate, unarmed at base ; involucre of the fruit o val, with 2 straight
beaks.

mes PHULOUS XN ANTHIUM.
Clot-bur. Cockle-bur.

r. Lampourde. Germ. Die
Spitzklette. Span. Lampazo
pequeno.

Stem 1-3 feet high, roughish- -pu-
bescent, Tenge 3 Leaves 3-6 in-

ches in length, andnearly as wide as
long. rdate at bi but cun-
eately produced at the union of the 3
principal nerves. He flowers

Road- sides and te place eB t
— and Middle jr intro-
ge ms August—September.

‘tum, has the frui
more prickly with the beak
incurved.

2. X. spryo’sum, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire or somewhat

“Fre. 122. Branch of the Thorny Clot-bur (Xanthium spincsvm), showing the hooked

180 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

3-lobed, armed at base sith slender 3-parted spines; involucre of the
fruit srliadeicotbne: with an cee ous beak.
Srinose Xanruium. Thorny Clot-

Stem 2- 3 or 4 feet high, branched. Leaves 5 inches long, “and one-fourth to three-

fourths of an inch wide, entire or with a lobe-like t ,—— the upper surface
green, werent on the midrib—the under surface clothed with a short ——=
tomentum , food HG narrowed to a short petiole—on cael side of which is a triple

3-forked spine, th e tirmnches aa an inch long, very sharp, yellowish or pale straw reolok.
Heads of towers sar gas! hg

Farm-yards, road-sides, og = Massachusetts to Georgia: introduced. Native of Eu-
rope. FL. September. Fr. October

execrable eee: believed to have originated in tropical

Ameri rea now — a rie through various parts of the old
world, is "becomin ng naturali feed j many portio ns of our country,—par-
ticular rly in the Senile States It may be frequently seen along the

side-walks, and waste places, in the suburbs of our northern sea-po

Wns. —and i is a vile nuisance whiner found. I have understood that
the authorities of one of our cities, a few years since. ag d an Ordi-

e

plan

name of the Canada Thistle! The misnomer probably didnot impair

the efficacy of the Ordinance : yet I cannot help thinking it would be

decidedly eens that both lawgivers and farmers ye avoid

confounding obj which are cenenitialiy “distinct, —and learn to desig-
ate even weeds by their proper names.

10. RUDBEC’KIA, L. Conz-rLower.
[in honor of Olaus Rudbeck, father and son ; Sweedish botanists. }
Heads pean -flowered ; ray-florets neutral. Involucral scales in about 2
, olumnar ; chaff short,

conical, not rigid. Akenes es 4-angled, smooth ; pappus a minute crown-
like order. “Chiefly perennials ; leaves alternate ; rays yellow, generally
long and drooping.

1B. hir’ta, LZ. Hirsute ; lower leaves rs rn petiolate, upper ones
ovate-lanceolate, sessile ; disk conical, dark purple.

Rover-narrep RupBEcKIA.
Perennial? Stem 134-4 feet high, rathe er stout, often simple or branched near the
base. Leaves 2-3 inches heals n hirsute petioles 1- ids av tre
fi middle-sized, on ~— conti 6 elrtite sulcate naked peduncles ;
the receptacle sublinear, rather ac dae and ciliate at the summit.
Fields and in dry soil. ¥ —Septern mber
Obs. This is of late nici rather — i iat ag lands, wat
cannot fail to - the notice of sg farm er species which
nearly resembles it, R, ful’gida, Ait., is also Teand i 7 nani situations ;
the latter has opus pot and smooth chaff to the receptacle. But,
little is known of their cter as weeds, but they have snparil an
ching belies pay should be eradicated. :

COMPOSITE FAMILY. .

ll. HELIAN’THUS, Z. Sunrtower.

(Greek, Helios, the sun, and Anthos, a flower ; from the resemblance of the flowers.}

Heads many-flowered ; ray-florets numerous, ral. Involucre ee
cated in 3 or more series,—the seales often tollenoone and spreading a
x. Receptacle flattish or convex, and large,—the persistent chaff por
bracing the akenes. _Akenes laterally compressed or sometim er 4-
ded, not winged or ee f 2 chaffy or awn-like scales,
a from the principal wet of the akenes, and often with 2 or more
termediate smaller scales decid ; Kee s, annual or pee ~

mostly stout and rough. pac opposite or alternate. Heads
what corymbose or solitary ; a bright yellow disk florets velioalh
or sometimes purplish at summ
1. H. rusero’svs, + Roo ask oblong tubers ; stem erect, branch-
ing, sreoynin leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, ake a , scabrous, pee
late,—the low: SS ae soondat at base ; petioles ciliate; scales of the
involucre ection ree and ciliate
Tuserous Henrantuts. ¥ erusalem Aiichoke .
Fr. Topinambour. Germ. Die Erdartischoke. Span. otem
Root perennial? (or rather appeari al, by the annual produc of tuberous
rhizomas ? ah ps or 8 foot high, stout, ee tee te dose hir ge Zaaves = 6or 8
— long, ae scabrous on the ge surface, airieliy cae
eately-tapering margined is 1-2 or 3 inches lot | lower etn op-
Poste (or hacen # Apeirng-? the ae pies ran rnate. Heads sh ad Ak some-
4-sided, cuneate- oblong, smooth ; pappus 1 a ‘Aoually 2) subulate
gre Faery por" lots : cultivated. Native of Brazil. FI. August-Sept. Fr. October.

Obs. This Sunflower i fo often cultivated for the firm fleshy tubers, or
pon found at its These tubers are ges
co hig comm ec) also, feeding stock. It
may be aaiteed bake here, that in a rich mellow soil, a multiply so rapid-
ly, as to make the plant rather troublesome and difficult to kee — within
The common name “ Jerusalem Arti sag is eal to be a cor-
ruption * the Italian name for the plant—Gz

2. H. an’nuvs, Z. Root fibrous, annual; stem shimtiineacio auido a
leaves pont and cca ovate, petiolate ; “heads subsolitary, Very. large.

Annvan Hewsanruus. Sunflower. «

Stem 4-8 feet high. Leaves 6-12 inches long and 4-8 inches wide, oi pactiais es 3-6

inches in Asgier Heads of flowers 4-15 inches in diameter, flat, often nodding ; rays 1 2

inches long. Akenes obovate oblong, striate, somewhat pubescent, leaden-brown with

white Bon SM and stripes. :
ens. Native of Peru. August —October. ;

Obs. This species is often cultivated, rol is seers naturalized te
gardens. A kind with the ach oaie all develo rays is (
The akenes conta pobtes rig oil, and it has bee
tivate the plant for the sake o f this product ; "too ave

182 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

a large amount of potash, and it would shaped be found a very
exattig crop. Fowls are very fond of the fruit, or seeds, as the a Soe
usually called.

12, ACTINO’MERIS, Nutt. Acrrinomeris.
[Greek, aktin, a ray, and meris, a part ; the rays being sometimes few or irregular.]

hg many - flowered ;

ing Perera herbs with
rate feather Pk
ng to

1 voluc

the outer linear-spatu-
late, reflexed ; rays 4-
10, irregular.

SquarrosE AcTINOMERIS.

Stem 4-8 feet bigh, smooth
cone Leaves a r more
stn epee broadly wing:
; receptacle globular,
a and feeds States,
September.

Fig, 123. Flowers of Actinomeris squarrosa. 124, floret, the akene with a
™ 8q . A separate , the ak $

as

COMPOSITE FAMILY, 183
13. BI’DENS, L. a ra om
Bi-dens, having 2 teeth ; in allusion to the awns of the al

[Latin
Heads many- flow ered ; eS neutral, often in inooteploue and some-
times wanting,—those of en disk tubular and perfect. Involucre
t i acle flat-

b>
a

r sometimes perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, incised-
serrate or pinnatifidly dissected. Flowers mostly yellow.
* Akenes flat and broadish, not beaked at summit, ciliate on the oe
LB. fron L. Leaves odd-pinnately divided,—the low
with 5 divisions, the upper with 33 divisions distinct and mostly pet
olulate, lanceolate, serrate ; heads discoid, on slender axillary pedunc
outer scales of the involucre foliace narrowed and ciliate at ret
much longer than the a akenes obovake-condhia, 2-awned, pubescent
and ciliate with erect hai
Fronposr Bivens. Dicmarigoke
annual. Stem 2-4 or 6 feet high, somewhat hairy, often dark purple, branched,
ors segta ments 2- 4 or 5 inches tong, pil pilose beneath, abruptly ak, at base toa
short margined ciliate ule, —the com 1-3 inches long. rather small
on long slender naked peduncles. iclacs e double,—the 8-10 ou Reagent 9 lanceolate,
leaf- like, unequal, 2 or 3-5 or 6 times as : long as the head, As twee, Sm with a scarious
margin. | Flords as yellowish. Chaff of the receptacle linear-lanceolate, about as long as
6 a enes
Gardens, fence-rows, eg fields, &c. : throughout the United States, Fl. Au
gust—Septem mye Fr. October
Obs. All the species, here enumerated, are very worthless, and par-
tir yaaa weeds,—on account of the barbed awns of the

,

2. B. Phi pasithiesini’ a Mr. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering
at each end, serrate, sel, and and connate at base ; heads congpicnously

, often somewhat nodding ; outer sal of the os
mostly shorter than t 2 danmned, re re-
trorsely aculeate-ciliate on the m ; f
YSANTHEMUM-LIKE BIDENs. i ,
us. Root 3 thcbine 8b # it Sabieleosl dec at
base, bi anching, the branches opposite and axillary. Leaves 3-6 he
rather large, solitary, terminating bepacihes r scales of the invol a Aad
Spe ong age cildte-serrulate, spreading, largest sometimes nearly as i pd
rays ; the inner sc: embranaceous, elliptic or ovate-oblong, nearly equal,
long as the disk-forets. Rays bright yellow, -pigebcwcbs a: an inch ee 7 i

ti i h at summit.

, Scarious, 3-nerved, yellow, or some nec purplis

Low. grounds’ along swampy rivets Leneealiy throughout the United States. Fl.
. This species Pitti abies when in flower,—and is less inclined.

than either Fuge sistas or the following to invade cultivated pest

August ~September, Fr. Octo

184 : WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

It is, however, quite an objectionable weed, on account of the vast quan-
tity of its adhesive fruit, in autumn. There appear to be several varie-
ties of the plant,—noticed in Torrey & Gray’s N. A. Flora.

** Akenes slender, linear, 4-sided, beaked at summit, mostly smooth.

Se ; yi cate terminal and

axillary peduncles ; outer scales of the involucre scarcely as long as the

inner ones ; akenes long and slender, 4-angled and grooved, 3 — 4-awned.
BirtnnatE Bivens. Spanish Needles. es

Plant glabrous. Root annual. Stem 2-4 feet high, quadrangular, brabched. Leaves

2-4 or 5 inches long, deltoid-ovate in the ine ; petioles 1-3 or 4 inches long. | Heads

oblong, slender ; rays 3-4, obovate, small, yellow with dark veins ; disk-flords about 20,
H #

_ _ Fig. 125. Spanish Needles (Bidens bipinnata.) 126. A miture akene, with 4 downwar
- bristly awns. (Bidens bipinnata.) 126, A mature akene, with 4 dov

; leaves
with the sub-divisions linear-su late;
: apex, a a little's

COMPOSITE FAMILY, 185

ame Akenes about three- fourths of an inch long, somewhat seabrous with short erect
hairs. Chaff of t shorter than ‘the akenes.
ofardens ‘and cultivated lots : New England to Florida. Fl, August-September. Fr.
Obs. This, like the B, frondo’sa—if not carefully watched and eradl-
cated—is a great pest in cultived lots—especially in kitchen a
and Indian-corn fields. One or two other species, equally worthless
the preceding, are frequently to be met ho ne in low grounds : Be dois
here given are the most common, and the annoying,—and therefore .
most entitled to the notice of the farmer.
14. MARU’TA, Cass. May-weep.
[Etymology obscure. ]
eads many-flowered ; rays mostly neutral. Involucre hemispherical,—
the scales i mbrieated in few series, shorter than the disk. Receptacle
_ arog ed sep or oblong-conical, chaffy all over or — at summit.
obovoid or obconie, pt destitute of pappus. Annual herbs.
Sashes bi- or tri- -pinnntelya disse
1. M. Cot’ula, DC. Scales of ov SAtaaae with ‘shrapert scarious mar-

gins; receptacle conical, chaffy at summit only ; chaff su
Stinking Chamomile. 1, May-weed.
ute. Germ. Stinkende Kamille. Span. Manzanilla fetida.

Plant strongly fetid. Stem 6-12 inches high, mostly erect, somewhat pilose, leafy and
much branched. —2 or 3 inches long, bi- and tri-pinnately dis y seg-
Ments short, flat, line Heads terminal on elongated pubescent peduncles ; rays
white ; disk "yellow, petanincatly Te or s li eben Akenes oblong >a Pagutre yi
Striate te-ribbed, m mostly tuberculate in lines, with a minute disk at summit, but of
Pappus.

Farm-yards and waste places ; throughout the United States: introduced. Native of

Europe. FI. June—September. Fr. August—October.
Obs. Li, 1.441] FE
and athour not apt to spread to an injurious extent pe vtaltivated
grounds, often quite abundant in lanes and farm-y: and not
easily expo The plant possesses tonic and emetic properties, similar
of Chamom ag and though very nauseous is sometimes used as
a palictibets for that. It is said that the bruised fresh plant will pro-
duce blistering if = to the skin.
. AN’THEMIS, L. OMILE.
(Greek, ‘amas a flower ; in allusion to the great number it bears.]

-flowered ; rays pee eae of the involucre imbricated

Heads many-
in few series. Nee tacle conical, wi sarees chaff among the
fl Akenes oly sien

orets. rete or obtuse aoe yin jinute, coroni-
form, or abuts wanting. Annual or perennial herbs. aaa ssi
dissected. ae:

_hatel
hs A. ‘NO’ Bits, L. Stems simple, n

multifid
innately dissected, peer ben Sent t
division ‘Wa bu ier Aaah cle scarious,

, not awned at

{

L27¢
Nosie A weimetia: Chamomile. Garden Chamomile.
Fr. Camomille Romaine. Germ. Die Kamille. Span. Manzanilla.

Root perennial, woody. Stems simple, but numerous from the root, 4-8 or 10 inches
Leaves

long. 1-2 inches long, sessile. ee erminal o on elongated leafless pubescent
penducles ; rays white, finally refiexed ; disk yellow, convex and at jor Senne. _ Akenes
with a nearly obsolete crown-form pappus,

r
Gardens ; cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. Jul

Obs. The whole plant (and particularly rae fae of owen) i isa as fos

Fic. 127. Mayweed (Maruta Cotula), reduced.

COMPOSITE FAMILY. | 187

said to be naturalized in Dela ; another species is quite common
about New York, 4. arven ‘sts, Bs git ch has the leaves less divided and
the chaff of the receptacle poi inted.

16. ACHILLE’A, L. Yarrow.
[Named after Achilles, who first sibed the plant.]
Heads many- or several-flowered ; rays few and saat, pane tube of
i disk-florets obcompressed. Involucr e ovoid-oblong,—the scales imbri-
Akenes

ob nye er mewha ed, ae fine Pi
0 ong, obcomp { margin tute 0, te e-
ren esa herbs. Leaves altoftiates mostly pinsatatd. Heads small, co-
coe

1. A Millefo’lium, L. Stem mostly inige® ede bipinnately dis-
sected,—the segments linear, incised-serra te ; corymb compound,
fastigiate ; rays about ren:

THOUSAND-LEAF Acmiite Yarrow. Milfoil.

Fr. La Millefeuille. Germ. Die Scafgarbe. Span. Milenrama.

a 2-3 feet high | hairy and somewhat i ad sabe mostly simple, corymbose at

Leaves 2 or 3 dical s stl longer) nearly —_ pach ae
finely dissected. He numerous a e term astigiate corymb ; rays
white or often tinged with "purple, ponies Aig oy pron disk. res whitish, ae: tube
sprinkled with resinous particl Akenes 0! i , slightly margined near the sum-
Mit, smooth, Receptacle small, flat; ; chaff pein

Pastures, fence-rows oughout ug United {States : introduced. Native of
Europe. 1. June -Sept. as poms

Obs. This foreigner has become completely naturalized. It ig an
aromatic bitter, and somewhat astringent,—quite lar ag a tonié:

17. LEUCAN’THEMUM, Tournef. Ox-eyz Dartsy.
(Greek, Leukos, white, and Anthemon, a flower ; in reference to its white rays.]
Heads many-fiowered ; te 8 pistillate, schortgs Involucre spreading,

broad and nearly flat. e scales imbricated, with scarious margins.
Ricca flat or Nowhal vex, ake - Tube of the disk-florets
fleshy, d, and slightly 2-winged. f the disk x

similar, subterete, striate, destitute of pappus. Perennial herbs. Leaves
alternate, Pramrssa pinnatifid or incised-dentate. Heads rather large, soli-
tary and te

al

Fig. 131, The White-weed or Ox-eye Daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare).

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 189

1. L. vulga’ve, Lam. Stem — somewhat — leaves ee
ately incised e pinnatifid-de ntate,—the cauline ones sessile and so:

what claspi ng—the — bine chovatespatlate, yetiaats | ere Sof
the involucre with narrow

Common LeucaNTHEmum. gers Ox-eye Daisy. Mi hite-swedlk
Fr. Loeil de Beuf. Germ. Die Wucherblume. Span. Margarita
mayor. .

ll
_ Stem 1 to near 2 feet high, erect or subdecumbent, angular and striate sean g hairy,
mple or psig branched, but ‘cage several from the same root. Leaves 1 2 inches
i, the up s oblong, t e lower ones cuneate-spatulate, and te radical
ones obovate ad ortineirapetelade’ Teds broad ; 5 rams saggeib eco length about
equal to the diameter of the disk ; disk-florets ye ellow.” te, ribbed, smooth,
dark purple between hg ribs, destitute of pappus ‘Reotidincs uate convex, dotted.
nso and cece , more or — ap i: th the United States : introduced. Native of
Euro Fl. Jun Aug. Fr. Jul

Obs. This vile intruder is becoming a great nuisance in our country.

In some districts the careless, slovenly farmers have permitted it to get

most exclusive rl meee es of hw pasture fields,—-rendering them quite

white when the plant is in bloo Cows will occasionally crop a por-

tion of the weed in our pasbitteh ghd T have’ rhea rd it alleged _— it
0

witehe The
Corn Marigold (Ohrylamtseat segetum, L., a ieinded sess Apes:

is said to be such a pest to the agriculture of rath gia not appear
to have found its way, as yet, to the United Sta

18. TANACE’TUM, L. Tansy.
[Corrupted from Athanasia, Gr., a, not, and Thanatos, death: from its durable flowers.]

Heads with the florets all perfect, with the marginal ones —s ina
e series. Scales of the iwolucre imbricated, dry.

or less convex. Akenes angled or bed, Wr a ae ease disk.
Pappus none or minute, paces -erennial herbs, oF
ants. Leaves alternate, dissect dace ‘

sok at vulga’re, L. Stem herbaceous, smoothish ; leaves risen
aie rachis and lobes incised-serrate ;
eons, in a dense fastigiate corymb ; pappus eoroniform, of resi’

Coumon Tanacet om. Tansy.

FP. "Vatnlaies:- Gere..Dot Der Raiohr.. Span, Tenacto,

190 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

z
Gee
dings sense

Stems 2-4 fe Leaves 20r.3
erica A — — interruptedly pseudo-pinna’ nate—the at. A poste unequally
il ard ne essed-hemispherical ; involucre smoothish,—the outer scales
neta Po nate—the inner ones oblong, obtuse ; Kate. deep yellow, early fat. and

i a

Obs. This was originally in introduced ne a ee and generally
cultivated for its aromatic bitter properties—which have rendered it a
prominent article in the popular ea Medica. It he now escaped
from the gardens, and is becoming naturalized—and something of a
weed—in many places.

19. ARTEMI’SIA, DL. Wormwoopn.
[Said to be so called from Artemis,—one of the names of Diana.]

Heads discoid, few- or many-flowered, the marginal florets erent ina
single series, and 3-lobed—or sometimes the heads are with the florets
all pak aan Scales of the involucre imbricated, mostly dry, with scari-

ous margins. Receptacle flattish or convex, n naked or villous. —
obovoid, with a small epigynous disk, destitute of pappus.
or fruticose—mostly perennial plants. Leaves alternate, usually iarer?
ifid. Heads small, racemose, or paniculately spicate

branching ical lea: pex,
piisdentate or entire ; head esac obose, racemose-pani niculate.
Lirtte Dragon Artemisia. Tarragon.
Fr. Estragon. Germ. Esdragon. Span. Estragon.
Root perennial. Stem 2-3 feet high. Leaves 1-2 or 3 a mostly entire sessile,
narrowed at each end, those on the branches smaller. 9 Florets yellowish.

* Gardens : cultivated. Native of Russia and Siberia. a ines Fr. September.
Obs. This species is sometimes cultivated in the kitchen gardens
the curious, for the sake of its aromatic herbage. It is said to impart
a to vinegar by steeping a bunch of the green herb in that.

qui é

*%* Receptacle hairy ; ; the florets all fertile.

ABSIN’THIUM, -canescent ; stem suffruticose, angular-
suleate, paniculate ly bran above ; leaves biphinatifid, d,_-the i
ments la neeolate, often incised ; heads hemispherical, racemose-panicu-
late, n ig.

¥ orm-wood.
Fr. Li Absinthe. Germ. Der Wermuth. Span. ‘Axenjo.
Plant hoary with a short and rather d iky pubescence Qe
oe ciostoret oF num aie ajtide feted chet G00 LT raed ri dor inches iio :
marty biphanetiadiesthe: brliios! eats nts often trifid and cuneate at s

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 191

base, the iran ivisions elliptic- -oblong, obtuse, entire. Heads numerous, in leafy panicu-
late racemes ; florets yellowish. mooth
Garde ar redairasea. Native of Europe. FI. August. Fr. Sept. — October.

Obs. This 2 maken for its bi EUS generally kept in
ee and is valuable for its medicinal properties, as a tonie, vermi-
a and is aang seen growing aentcneie along roads

we
atl is another species (A. ABrora’NuM, L.), co srameyes known by
the name of “ Southern. -wood, ” or “ Old Man,” frequent rdens ;
and a fourth (A. vouLea’RIs ,L),¢ called “ Mu ug-wo 1s dceadionally et!
with ; but these are of less importanee, and scarcely entitled to a place
re.

20. GNAPH A’LIUM, L. Cupweep.
[Greek, @naphalon, soft down or wool,—with which the plants are clothed.]

Heads spre sree florets all i outer ones pistillate, _

slender, mostly in several series—the central ones perfect. Involuer

ovoid ; aalte imbricated, appressed, tier . hyaline. Receptacle actastiads

subterete. Pa in a single series, capillary and scabrous.

Herbs mostly woolly or tomen “Leaves sessile or decurrent. “Heads

corymbose, glomerate, or spicate.

: G. polyceph'al Mz. Stem herbaceous, erect, Bing seo
anche Fintan finenbaih , acute, sessile and n t decurren rrent,

porecrret the tomentose beneath; heads numerous, in vy

rymbose cluste

ani cic aren: Life-everlasting.

Root annual, Stem 1-2 feet high rag epai: and generally much branched.
Leaves 1~3 inches long, somewhat undulate ‘on the margins, green and nearly smooth on
ae 7 ype Tr surface, whitish a and densely tomen: ea beneath. Heads oe small,
id, ochroleucous, aggregated in dense terminal clusters, very fragrant. Flores ~
sheet, yellowish. “Akenes oblong, subterete, smooth. Pa appus som gy ot pal —
Old fields and pastures : Canada to Texas "Fi. Aug.—Sept. Fr. Octo

Obs. This is often quite abundant in old pasture fields ; and al although |
not a —- — it is altogether valueless to the farmer, and must
be regarded as re weed.

bing eee tee Tee Rafin. uses

Heads tenaptiowened, discoid ; marginal florets nee very slendie’
2— 3-toothed,—the others perfect, 4 — 5-toothed. Involuer 2 cylindrical,
—the scales in a le series, linear, " é na-
‘, striate, sane ty attenuated

192 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

L E. hieracifo’lia, Raf. es peopl on — at summit ;
leaves lance-oblong, narrowed at base, unequally incised-den-
tate, sessile——the upper ones often Ei ta and somewhat
claspi ng.

CIUM-LEAVED Erecutuires. Fire-weed.

Stem 2-4 or 5 feet high, rather large, sare and tender when young, striate-sulcate,
more or less Yy, Sometimes nearly s ooth. Leaves 3-6 or 8 inches long. Heads
middle-sized, — eoustoeh, in aud cymose corymbe terminating the paniculate
branches ; involucre terete- oblong, ag Bg sain ; florets whitish or ochroleucous,
a slender and hicecone, Pa; oe gi white, of numerous fine and almost silky

Receptacle flat, roughish-dotted

age wean, recent clear: rings, &c.; Sore the United States. Fl. July - August.
Fr. Septembe

Obs. This plant (which has much the aspect of a Sonchus, or Sow-

less weed, an
often v abundant in new
grounds ; but it is not apt to
be troublesome in cultivated
fields.

22. SENE’CIO, L. Gnrounp-
SEL

{Latin, Senex, an old man ; the pappus
resembling a white beard. ]

Heads many-flowered,—either
discoid with the florets ot

bular and perf
with the ray-florets pistillate.
volucre peta bapa with the
ingle series, or caly-

scales in as ,
ate wi few accessory
= le naked. Akenes
not beaked nor winged—often
123 , a aoe = or ribbed. Pappus of

* Heads mint rays; root annual.

Fic. 128. ‘The common Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris). 129, A flower, ein et

no A
a

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 193

1. S.vulga’ris, L. Leaves pinnatifid and dentate,—the lowest petiolate,
the upper ee heads nodding.
ae SENECIO. Groundsel,

gs inches high, paniculately branching, angular, mostly smoothish. Leaves
1- 3 long,—the upper one a t auricled and clas asping,—the lower ones on
petioles. Me an inch to an inch in length. Jnvol mere somewhat obconical, smooth ; scales
often sphacelate, or blackish at pe bracteolate at base. -Akenes pubescent on the ribs.

E
e to our farmers is not she certained. .
** Heads asst! charms: root perennial.
2, 8, aureus, L. Smooth, or often somewhat —_ when
young; radical leaves lit OV: os “and alr ubeordate. varying to
ae and rr es cinoma crena te, petio baie joe —
or partly

- leaves lyrate—the upper ones lan ae » pinnatifd, sessile or

donting corymb sabanabellats
Gotpen Senecro. Golden Ragmort Squaw-weed.

Stem 1-2 feet high, corymbosely branched,—the lower branches elongated, axillary
and distant—the upper ones crowaed or subumbellate at the summit of the stem. Leaves
1~3 inches long, varying in form on the different varieties ; petioles of the radical leaves
lor 2. 6or 8 inches lo ong. Heads terminal on the fasti; a branches ; rays and disk yel-

Akenes linear- Bsc f striate-ribbed ; pa white

Banks of stream sterile fields, and meadows : throughout the United States.

Fl. April-June. Fi

Obs. A very variable plant, some forms of which have been described as
rincipal varieties are, var. obovatus, with round-obovate
Balanite,

species. The p
po toa ; this usually grows . hi. ba places than the var.
W.

ich has the root-leaves oblong, spatulate, or lanceo

cut-toothed, tapering into the etiole. The last named acer is a fre-
quent weed in poor moist om st an see where the farmer may
often see patches, in the spring, made ring migon by its yellow rays.
The var. obovatus (called “ Sqnaw-weed”) has b , by an
Agricultural writer in New York, as being poisonous to p; but I
know not how correctly, and am rather inclined to doubt the accuracy
of the statement. e re a multitudinous famil

describes nearly 6 7 os are enume-

spe
are by Torrzy & Gray as —— of North
ies are so numerous, and, I be ve altogether worthless, 1 do not
a that they have been found very colton on the farm.

23. CENTAURE’A, L. aa

“[From the Centaur, Chiron,—who, it is said 1 with the ‘oly ia
Heads ees end beat florets unequal, ere marginal ones larger and
neutral, or sometimes wanting,—the central ones perfect. Involucre —

romdich ovoid, he veriasly ) Receptacle —
ovoid, t he sales iat tary Foe Receptacle

194 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANT'S.

form bristles in one or more series—the inner series often smaller and
Soren connivent. Polymorphous Aerbs. Leaves alternate. Heads
solitary, large.
mis us, L. Covered be a
loose co by ; stem erect, m
ratehed : leaves lance-linear, ceil,
ee the lowe

ing into a kind of petiole, tootheles or
pinna prog = ae pappus shorter
than the
’ Biue SET Blue-bottle. Rag-
ged Robin. Blue Bonnets, of the
Scotch

Fr. Bluet. Germ. Die Korn-blume.
iano.

Span. C

Root . - . Stem1 3 feet high. Leaves
2-6 in m iouee hoar: oe got ta or lanuginous
oc aeaity on the under side. Mss) round-
ish-oyoid, Pte a oo teate ; outer
s fs) Mires —the in-

ner ones eer. passing searious and en-
tire below, sab ar near the a Flores
the centre ohoer withasionder tube, mostly

violet-pu he mar; 1 ones obsoletely

pistillate, "tetier spreading or recurved, fun-
nel-form with saiong tube, blue, or Rommietenes
purplish or wh kenes poe compress:

ed, stria te, pilose, with a cavity (arena) 0% on

merous russet scabrous hairs of anegial

oe Gardens and cultivated ee Northern
and Middle States ; introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. August

plant is often seen in gardens os and in some poss i is grad-

ually straggling into the catlevated ‘felds, ’As it is considered a trouble-

some weed, among the grain crops of Europe, it aay be well to watch

orthl ould be regarded

eye, by the farmer. J
mea to some extent; the former, eeeere “ Knap
f the fnvoluere m sap ned with a short. black fringe and short
ee ara in New England. C. Calei’trapa, or “ Star Thistle,”
id ales of the involucre terminating in spines, and no

ginia

Be
Hi
Ze

24. CYNA’RA, Vaill. Articuoxe.
eit Kyon, kynos, a dog ; the spines of the inyolucre resembling dogs’ teeth.}
ny-flowered ; florets allequal. Involucre ovoid—the scales im-
ieicated, Ssoriaceotil "produ ced into a lanceolate appendage which is

ae 132. a sects ape pa ied Fag A divided head, showing a marginal

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 195

spinescent at apex. Receptacle ~ iSenioed, or bristly-ch Corolla
5-cleft—the — thick at _ half as long as the sobs, pang very
unequal. obovate ¢ mpr rae 0 + headed, smooth. Pa in
several series, ‘ong, plum sri the ieiaticn free at base, but attached to
a deciduous ring. Perennial spinose herbs. Leaves alternate, pinnati-
fidly lobed, ase! decurrent. Heads large, with a thick fleshy receptacle.
bao G. serene us, L. Stem branching ; leaves subspinose, bipinnatifid
metimes oe tomentose beneath ; scales of the involucre
margi-

ds
ovate, "thick a nd fleshy at base, obtuse at apex and somewhat e

nate—rarely subspinescent, straight or slightly « divergent.
ichoke.

Fr. icrmgivang Germ. Die Artischoke. Span. Alcachofa.

Root pere: —5 feet high, stout, striate and tomentose. Leaves large, entire
or lobed an Sey aot. Heads ovoid, 2-31 meter . florets blue or videt purple.
Gardens : cultivated. Native country uncertain. Fl. ‘Aug. Fr. Sept

Obs. The thick receptacle, mapa with the fleshy bases of the scales

bultiva d. species, oon (C. uncalus, L.), wi
the leaves all havlaaately lobed, and rerni spinose, £6 whieh t fein
is nearly allied (if, in it be not, as Prof. De C

mere variety produced by long culture), is also cultivated ated for ‘the thick

fleshy petioles and ribs of the leaves, which are rendered delicate and

mane by etiolation, or blanching, after the manner practiced with
lery.

25. CIR’SIUM, Tournef. Tuistue.
[Greek, Kirsos, a varix, or enlarged vein ; for which the plant was a ‘sobiteds remedy .J
Heads many-fl ees heridens all similar a wd was or rarely imperfectly

dicecious. Involuc bglobose ; scales cated in numerous series,
y ad or niboel with a spine. x ear fimbrillate. Akenes
oblong, essed, n ep sia Pappus of many series,

airs united into a deciduons ring at , plumose, merely dent
ne stouter ones slightly slariiect at apex. Biennial or

, sessile or decurrent, often pinnatifid wi the nang —

and segments anced te oieehi ones much larger than the ——- ~~
is usual with brennials.

* Involucral ger all ieee with ~ oo prickles.
1. C. lanceola’tum, Scop. on the stem and forming
@ spinose lobed wing, *imatitas oriekly iy hi on the upper surface,
cobwebby beneath—-the segments lanceolate Led et ae
involuers ovoid, nearly bractless ; scales linear ceolate, tipped with >
Spine, the outer ones spreading.
Lanceoiate Cresivm. Common Thistle. .

Fr. Chardon lanceolé. Germ. Die Kratndistel. Segre

196 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Root biennial. Stem 2-4 feet high, branched, chr aarween hairy, winged by the de-
current leaves. Leaves 4-8 or 12 inches long. ” He inal, erect, about an fond in
diameter ; scales of the involucre connected by a cobweb ike villus. Florets purple, with
yellowish anthers. compat small ,obovatesbong ; out an inch long, way

Pastures, fence-rows, ay-sides, &c.: cribern and fiddle ‘States : introduced. Neji?
of Europe. #1. June- ddiy, Fr. July - i i ugus'

Obs. This foreigner, which deli cent ta a rich soil, is sbandanty nat-
uralized in the Northern States, generally. ‘Tho ough n o repulsive
* ;

atte! i

its fruit, the spreading pappus may be seen, by hundreds, floating the
enes through the air, and disseminating the noxious intruder far and

wide.

** Scales of the involucre appressed ; the inner ones not prickly: filaments
ary.
{ Leaves white, woolly beneath.

2. C. dis’color, Spreng. Leaves deeply pinnatifid, SDAA hairy and
green above, densely hoary-tomentose benea e segments linear-
popeciots, cuspidate and Gadindopercttinies ; involucre ovoid-oblong ;
appressed, t ipped with a slender prickle—the 0 outer or lower scales
Eossavets, the inner or upper ones linear-lanceolate
TWo0-COLORED pila
Root biennial. ect high, with gard slender eevee leafy branches
striate, eeoes ent -— ~ Menger by pot hair: Leaves 3 or 4-12 me wt mr long
(those on the branches small), the under su ace bluis h-white with a
Heads 1-2 inches long, and an inch vat ae e in . diameter ; oct

noid-villous. Florets reddish-purple, ith whi

lds and borders of thickets : Northern and Western States. Fl. Aug.—Sept. Py.
Sept. - October.

. Like all others of the genus, this is a sb ahope oo obnoxious weed,
but is much easier kept in subjection than the preceding.

t Leaves green on both sides, or with loose woolly * beneath ; scales of
the ini pc y prickly poin
s ‘mil Spreng. Leaves semi-am acre innatifid, green
3. pumilum, Syren ts short, irregularly es spiralone-cilinte and
nae Ww arp spines; heads few and large, roundish-ovoid,
; ; Scales = the involucre appressed—the outer
, acuminate, tipped with a kort spine, the inner 07 nes lance-

lanceolate
linear with ps scarious serrulate tips.
Low ox Dwarr Cirsium. Pasture Thistle.

Plant pale greyish green. Root biennial aa eyo sept stout, sparingly branched,
Striate, cacoenaie pilose. Leaves 4~ very a ickly, more 1 arog te hairy,
densel, yo Seregh on the midrib beneath. Hands jad wd -3), often near 2 ros. in diameter,
mostly with large pinnatifid spinose Flores often 2 inches in length,
usually of 2 as reddish-purple, with whitish ante ane

_ Neglected old fields and low grounds Middle and Northern States. FI, July... Fr

COMPOSITE FAMILY. ; 197

s. The flowers of this species are quite fragrant, and the heads
somewhat showy or ag ig , being larger than those of any other
on thistle. It does t disseminate r rapidly, and is therefore easily
in subjection by igen attention.
4, e horrid’ulum, Mz. Leaves semi-amplexicaul, pinnatifid, lanugi-
nous beneath—the short ents toothed or incised, strong gly Sseiegh :
involucre ovoid, large, with a verte of Beptiiie tely spinose bracts at
base ; scales lo oosely im rei ted, linear-lanceolate, tapering to a patie
point, but scarcely spin
SoMEWHAT RUGGED Cras ‘Yellow sabe
as biennial? (perennial, DC.). Stem 18 inches to 2-3 feet high, rather stout, simple
parin: ne bombed, eos oid-lanuginous when oda Z, finally’ smoothish. Leaves
re 12 prin long, hairy’on n the — a lanuginous beneath ,—the segments pointed

with short rigid spin Heads t nal, few, (often but one), nearly as large as in the
preceding species, Goridant ad pe ae by a whorl of numerous (10-20 or 30) linear-
lanceolate br , about as Jong as the involucre,—the b innatifid or sinuate-
dentate, pectin tely Spinose, with the spines h or fascic

inch ng ink: and a half long, pale yellow (sometimes ereki? or becoming purple in
ing
Pastures and = & reget; sea coast, from Massachusetts to Louisiana : introduced.
Fl. July. Fr. Aug
Obs. A ragged’ and repulsive plant, which is very common on the sea-
in and which it is very desirable should remain a stranger to our

*** Scales of - nie ssheoeo- involucre barely ont ga ‘ili
smooth ; heads imperfectly diac

5. C. arven Se Rhizoma creeping ; — sakes oe ender, striate-
1 eee Sop branched at summit ; leaves sessile, ere
uate-pinnatifid and dentate, undulate, cifteapthons heads numerous,

eat: ; Involucre oblong-ovoid ; ; scales appressed, lance-ovate, mucro-
nate,—a few of the outer ones cuspida ciactiaick

Freip Crrstum. Canada Thistle. Cursed Thistle.

Fr. Chardon aux Anes. Germ. Die Acker Kratzdistel.

ne es nnial,—creeping conker rig inches below the surface of the e ground,
and giving on peso erect biennial branches. Stem 18 inches to 3 feet high, slender
and smoothish, branches slend cot lanuginous. Leaves 4-8 or 10 inches long,
Sessile and tly decurrent, smoothish on the upper surface, someti
lanuginous beneath,—the curled or wavy. Heads half an inc!
of an inch in diameter, t su culate ; smoothish, minutely ciliate.
with whitis anthers, perfect or the heads dicecious by abor-

-purple, al
tion. _Akenes 4cor : finally longer than the florets.
Pics lige A and mae and Middle aie renal teesrtheg Native of Europe.

u
Obs. This is, peta, the most execrable weed that has ¥a invaded
the farms of o country. The rhizoma or subterranean stem (which is
eI en and she us

Satay wamacs rtoweehie ohas ated pe siprgreetra ar

TA

t t,
2 accom); few Years of con.
Ping of Other Plants hat uire fj ent
With the hoe,)__., ag to preveny the development
MG. 134. 7, Canaca Thise;, (Cirsium arvense), Péduced.< 2c

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 199.
of radical — rae deprive the rhizoma of all connection or communi-
cation with the osphere
+ following ae of this bere 7 weed, from Curtis’ Flora Lon-
dines, hap not be uninterestin ng to the American farmer
m agrorum apud nos primarium a [it wi ie greatest pest of
our fils LInN£US oheerranae in his Flora The same may be
id with us: and we have bestowed on rx an ‘the eg name of
cursed, with a ied ks pe 85, the attention of the Agriculturists of our
country to its n and pernicious effects
“ Repeated chservaton has convinced us that many husbandmen are
ignorant of its my,—and while oo remain so, they will not be
pred to get z of. oti e of the greatest pests which can affect their corn-
a

C. muti Mz., with the heads C.
mum, Spreng., with the stem-leaves not pinnatifid) : but, as they do not
incline much to infest the open grounds or farm-land, I have not judged
it necessary to kotice them more partiouladly here
26, ONES RO. Vail. Corton TuistLe.
Heads and flowers nearly as in Cirsium. Scales of the Pe doit ip coria-

honey-combed. Acheni gled, wrin
tles, esrreg: not plumose, united at the base into a horny ri Coa:
erbs ; ; the stem winged with the decurrent base of the peeity lobed

Inere linear a’
Cotton Thistle.

1. O. Acan’thium, L. Stem and leaves cotton-woolly ; scales of the invo- :
awl-shaped.

Annual. Stem 2-4 feet high, broadly winged by the decurrent elamat
Leaves ovate-oblong, Posigs hae apr aey on both sides but most 80 oie :
‘ rge purple, solitary at the end of th ong
rous lanceolate very pungent scales, green with oft tips, the upper aoe pete erect,
the middle ones spreading, the lowermost ig ail connected by a cottony web.
EL: scarcely half the se i ts, jointed, rough dow ware ——F
aturalized from Europe. alain pas

a.
appearance of its stem and leaves Very common ie ae i .
in waste rp in "New England. ‘This Se obo tn re Sete he

200 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

27. LAP’PA, Tournef. Burpock.

[Greek, labein, to seize ; from its adhesive involucres.]

ene: ransv

.. short, sien, scabrous not united into a ring a , caducous.

Biennial herbs, and branching. Leaves shenuiate subcordate,

petiolate, large. ha ther small, solitary or somewhat ae

1. L. ma’jor, Gertn. Lower leaves cordate-oblong, upper ones ovate ;

es of the involuere all ibulnis with uncinate tips, ae es ioaaely
Ol

EA’ , ock,
Fr. Glouteron. Germ. Die Klette. Span. Bardana Lampazo.

Root biennial. Siem 2-4 or 6 feet high, paniculately branching, striate-sulcate, rough-
ish-pubescent. Leaves green and — pabouicarie Ghee, paler and arachnoid-tomen-
tose beneath,—the radical ones 1-2 feet long, erosely i Seat eand undulate on the margin,

sometimes pinnatifid, or coarsely and deeply denta’ 9-18 in ph long ; stem-

,an ud r less ovate. He soins Seen: on short : poaincien termi-

nal and ax illary pare e involucre pt ag keeled, minutely serrulate,

poser a spre, with ne point powered and hooked. Florets purple, with bluish

anthers, “Akenes “vest angular; ru ngos Receptacle ‘fimbr illate,—the bristly chaff
smooth, longer obit e akenes.

Fence-rows and mast places : ‘a teodubed. Native of Europe. FI. July-September.

Fr. September - Octobe

Obs. Everybody inom this coarse homely weed, ae tes it has gain-

ed adm: giganto verybody does not take care to keep it in due sub-
aoe of the calest and Sirest Spain x of, tg negligence
ta Peg fe ard, is revalence of huge lant is

e Pi
Sckieaniy bitter ; and the leaves are a favorite I application in
fevers, head-ache, &c.

28. CICHO’RIUM, Tournef. Succory.

[Etymology obscure : perhaps from Chicouryeh, the Arabic name of the plant.]
Heads usually n many-flowered. Involucre double —the outer one of about
= - 10 scales. i ay zs —
ew wpe

angular, striate, glab appus of 2
rous wey a eee ape scales, soe fai Storrs bright "plas, a

LC. Int y’bus, L. Radical leaves runcinate, hispidly scabrous on the
midcib, het ous e ones small, oblong or lanceolate, partly ,
sinuate-denta r entire—those of the branches inconspi CUOUS ;
axillary, sarod mostly in pairs.
Wild Succory. Chiccory.

Fr. La Chicorée sauvage. Germ. Der Wegewart. “Som Aaa

| 3
COMPOSITE FAMILY. 201

:.
Cy
SZ
ye EF
NV SBN ,

a
ays

: mace aac oe ee Eo ancaesuamneemammead
Fig. 135. Wild Cichory or Su Cichorium Intybus), the size much reduced, —
AEE Yaar 186. apuieate ba , the flowers all strap- shaped,

6

202 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

rennial, somewhat fusiform. Stem 2-4 feet high, angular-striate bear
pubescent, with numerous and somewhat virgate scabrous branches. Radical leaves 4-8
or 10 incies long, numerous. Heads axillary on the side of the stem: and brauches, in
pairs or often solitary. Florets blue white—
all ligulate and radiating towards the circumference. Pappus of minute chaffy scales,
oblong, poang! or emarginate, st ts rpg repte

Fields and meadow:

Fl. peeing Fr. Septem!

Obs. This aa is beaming extensively naturalized. Some Euro-
pean Agriculturists recommend it as a Soania forage plant. ree
they admit that it gives a bad bt e to the milk of cows which feed upon
it. In this country, it is generally—and I belive justly pacha as an
Seeeseonahie weed. mt an neh to be expelled from our pastures. The

n the continent of Eur rope, as a died tigi
for | the Coffee berry , bes thse ae delight in the aromatic beve
not tonal to take much interest in this or any other substitute 2 fot the
genuine article.

2 0. Seay via, Willd. var. sati’va, DC. Radical leaves somewhat erect,
ries, se sinuate-dentate, -— often apes smoothish,—the

uline ones auriculately dilated at base ; heads sessile int ag; ted
in res ane fours in the axils of the upper leaves, or solitary on elongat-

Endive. Garden Suce
Fr. La Scarole. esi Die Endivie. Span. Endibia.
Root biennial—or sometimes annual. Stem 2- aren feet high, terete, fistular, so what
branched, smoothish, or often ent hirsute. Radical leaves 6 ~12 inches sole ainente.
dentate with t nh the tooth varying e to very small and numerous, sometimes pin-
natifid wi margin cur tne bay Hove a perm and tapering to the base . Outer sca! met
the ¢ pid-ciliate. violet-purple, or sometimes white,—the li igules
first invol Ak tarbi somewhat compressed, angular and Sets

— of gues chaffy scales ina double series.
dens: cultivated. Native of India. Fl. July-August. Fr. September.

Obs. Cultivated for the young radical leaves, a pe are etiolated or
blanched by the exclusion of light, and used as a salad.
29. LEON’TODON, L. Fait Danpenion.
[Greek, leon, a lion, and odeus, a tooth ; from the toothed leaves.}

Heads many-flowered. pepe ete pei jostes but with several
se ge at the oe es ndlssaped e, all an ie
pus of plumose brist enlarged tows

"ae praient t-leaves, the

— perennial her bs, with t feta - ject
capes bearing one or more yello ee
1 L. summits L. Leaves more or less pinnatifid; seape branched ;
uncles thickened at er summit and furnished with small scaly
pa ry; single row of equal bristles. June to
Noy. ‘dlawkbit. Fall Denice me
Obs. This introduced plant is especially abundant in New England,

Semen, atic

COMPOSITE FAMILY. - 203

where it sellecta grass ee beginning es flower in June, and continuing
until the frost. The flowers much resemble those of the Dandelion.
Varies with the leaves, more or less hisp id.

30. TRAGOPO’GON, Tournef. Saxstry.
(Greek, Tragos, a goat, and Pogon, a beard ; in allusion to the pappus.]

lateral areola at base, scabrous, irae: in a long contin beak.
‘appus in rips series ie plumose except the 5 outer ones, which

1. T. por doin i Glabrous ; leaves lance-linear, acuminate, very

entire ; rani neles somewhat obconical, fistular ; scales of the involucre
about 8, lanceolate, eae onger than t the flor ets.

Leek-LEAveD Tracopogoy. Oyster-plant. Salsify.

Fr. Salsifis. Germ. Der Bock-bart. Span. Barba cabruna.

Plant Enea te and somewhat glaucous. biennial ? — ual DC), fleshy and fusi-
form 3-4 or 5 feet high, sparingly an Boy somewhat dic ppg red branched. Leaves
6- 12 or gy inches long, ovately dilated at base, and tapering toa long narrow acumina-
tion, keeled, sessile and semi-amplexicaul, a dietscineaia. rminal, on en-
larged clavate hollow peduncles. Flores violet-purple with a fuscous amas ” Akenes
lance-oblong, striate-suleate, scabrous, tapering ale smooth slender beak, about an inch
ength, and supporting t the e pappus at summit.

Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

# ieeey cultivated for its fleshy root—which, when

__ Obs. This
Properly cooked, has something of the flavor of fried Oysters; whence ~
of names.

its common

31. TARAX’ACUM, Haller. Danpstiov.
(Greek, Turasso, to stir or disturb ; in allusion to its supposed active properties.]
leads many-flowered. Involucre asin the outer scales small,
appressed, spreading or reflexed—the r ones Ab § in a single series.
ves oblong, striate-ribbed or mitcl. Edntiittedy muricate ‘in the ribs,
n i up) into a

- T. Densteo Teg Leaves lance-oblong, unequally

runcinate, gars ies sets dentate slapd
involucre not corniculate at apex, the outer ones re
Lion-roorn Taraxacum.

lion.
Fr. Dent de Lion. Germ. Der Loewenzahn. Span. Amargon. —

Plant at first somewhat pubescent, at length smooth. Root porennial. Tsoves 410 08
12 inches long. — smartest esa eet :

204 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

terete, each bearing a single head. tonal g,—the inner scales lance-linear, &P-
pina with searious margins—the outer ones ora "slightly ciliate, Snaak 'y the entire
involucre reflexed. Flores yellow. hens terminating in a beak, which is short at first,
then suddenly elongating to about three-fourths of an inch in length, filiform, bearing the
at summit, diverging so as to form a globose hea
res, &c.: nearly throughout the Un ited States : introduced. Native of Europe.
-August. Fr. May —September.

Obs. This foreigner—although not a — obnoxious plant—has
come so pramegciot a - ized as to be more abundant than we'come, |
in our pasture-grounds and m ade OWS : and $e, yet, if it cannot be
or smothered out by an plants, it will be a difficult task to extirpate
it—as myriads of seeds are annually wafted over the country b;

7. Flower and leaf of the common Dandelion (Taraxacum Dens-Leonis).
An elargea separate floret. 139. A receptacle with a portion of the akenes a =
149. An enlarged akene with the pappus at the end of its elongated beak. i ela

fi saS

Se
5

COMPQSITE FAMILY. 205

means of the pappus. The plant is ii iu and is popular as a
remedy in diseases of the liver. The leaves are used as a pot-herb, or

“greens,” and the young radical me co blanched, are said to
make a good substitute for Endive

LACTU’OA, Touinef. Lerruce.
{Latin, Zac, milk ; in reference to its milky juice.]
Heads few, or several-flowered. Involucre subcylindrical ; scales in 2-
4 series, PE aac uter ones shorter and broader. Akenes ‘intiy ol obcom-
wingleas, abruptly produced into a filiform beak. Pappus in
several series of soft white hairs. Leafy-stemmed caulescent herbs.
Heads of flowers a or corymbose.
1. L. Scarto’na, var. sati’va, Moris. Stem corymbosely ae
leafy ; radical leaves edect oval, narrowed at base, wavy,—the ca
ones cordate, amplexicaul.
Garden Lettuce. Salad.
Fr. La Laitue. Germ. Der Salat. Span. Lechuga.

Plant smooth, mostly yellowish green and glaucous,—sometimes fuscous and tinged with
dark Asad ple. oot annual. Stem 2-4 feet ne branches oot nt with numerous small
le merous, terminal, small. er scales of te,—the
ctor or lower 01 ane ovate. Florets "yellow. rete lance chaste, striate-ribbed, about
half as long as the filiform

Gardens : cultivated. Native country uncertain sete India, Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This plant—called salad, par excellence—is almost PEP
known, and cultivated. Those forms known as Curled and Head
formerly considered as distinct species, are now believed to be mere
— of the nett The milky juice with which the plant abounds
at flowering time is very bitter, and possesses narcotic properties ;
lected and dried, it forms the Lactucarium of the shops, which is some-

bstitute for Opium. There
onga ta, Mubl) resent to be met with, on 1 the f rea but it
krone sufficient importance to be entitled to notice, here. ,

33. SON’CHUS, LZ. Sow-rnistie.
[Ancient Greek name of obscure meaning.] ie
— sre ie dae — at base. Scales of involicre ‘more or Teas Boo
ressed, ribbed, not beaked; pappus “erhe} oe
of ory softy fw sy hry, Sathish ad aows
Irs. olera’ hire L. Leaves Partner ye dentate, sagittate and ae
clasping ; akenes transversly rugose
Semen ses thistle.
Stem 2-3 feet high, branc’
3 haces poe lower fons racial samc for g hy eae se

206 _ WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

clothed when young with a loose flocculent white tomentum ; involucre tumid and orbicular
at base, en contracted above sh an acumination.
Gardens August-September.

is ides the above the Spiny- -leaved Sow-thistle (S. as’per, L.) is
orl met with; it has prickly toothed leaves, aaa dit the stem
it by conspicuous rounded auricles; and smooth, nerved akenes. il
A seam species (S. arven’sis, L.) with very large Geers | is sparingly
introduced along the sea-coast.

Orper XLI. LOBELIA’CEA. (Losers Fairy.)
Herbs with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers (i. e. not heads). Calyx-tube
more or less ead erg to the ova ry. Corelta fubaler, irregularly 5- lobed, slit longitud
nally, — wa quite to the base on one sides Sta by
thers. or less completely by their filaments ; Aad hi ie corolla, uke
rous nga fles hy aie The plants of this family are gener

1. LOBE’LIA, LE. Loserza.
[Named in honor of Maithias de Lobel,—a Flemish Botanist.]

Calyx 5-lobed ; the sinuses sometimes with an appendage ; tube s
taumid. C oral Lng the tube ¢ veuarie cs or 1-form, cleft on oe
upper side n to the base _ aacwiind bilabiate—the upper lip

mostly seater aie erect—the lower one broader, spreadi ing, 3-cleft or a
toothed. Anthers coherent in a Mie. —the 2 lower
— Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, pening: at the “ty ga rn
ose-spicate, of various colors—usually blue or red.

1 L, infla’ta, L. Stem erect, hirsute, pani ‘culately branched ; nt

subsessile, lance-ovate, crenate-dentate, ‘pilose ; ; racemes lea wers
small, axillary ; ing. ie atom Ser the segmen wet as long as the
corolla, the sinuses not appen capsule ovoid or oval, inflated.

TED Logetia. Hye-bright. Tilian Tobacco.
Root annual or biennial. Stem 9-18 inches high, sometimes han te or slightly winged .

_ by the decurrence of the leaves, often yery hairy ; branches axi Leaws 1~3 in-
ches long, more or less ovate, unequally sinuate-dentate or crenate. stants e-fourth
to half an inch long. lue, rathe Wey -satambee in and mem.

suas, sao, Seeds minute, clliptic-oblong, rough wit

- Pasiars, rouse, &c. : Canada to South Carolina. Fl. July ~September. Fr, Au-
‘apetcese ssi acrid plant,—possessing emetic, cathartic, and nar-
cotic properties ; and is 2 ee notorious for the pore adie! of it by a

t £ been of camel die piyallans
eee ften observable at th <2
however, help doubting the correctness of the opinion ; for the horse 18

hie ee herbage [rom
that which is not so; and have never aba Merv intgeetng 0.

acrid

flowers, — rticul arly the
which is mn i
“ Hi, it eae
of the most aetna of our wild Soto bears raxsplanting to the earn,
which the flowers are
Orp ER XLIT. mene. Wea (Heatu Faty.)
Shrubs or sometimes herbs with mos’ e leaves without stipules, and regular o or

nearly regular flowers. Corolla 4- te ibed jean be 4~5-petalled). Stamens as Many or

Fre, 141, shia een mal Lobelia inflata) with fruit and flowers. 142. An
enlarged fower showing its coola spit down oon aie 143. she sezee SE OE IO
corolla removed, exposing h filaments and anthers.

208 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

twice as many as the lobes or petals ; anthers 2-celled, often with awn-like appendages,
cca bt by pores at the summit. Sytle 1. Ovary 3-10-celled. Fruit a
or m. ~~ oo pips

ng Orde ing some plants of a medicinal character, and &

eeciber ‘that are ‘exceedingly teal cutifesl calla ecistey the Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Kalmias,
and many species of the multitudinous genus (Erica) which is the te J ach wh pat? e family.

1. He so ini Y SURYA: x. berry

or berry-like fruit. Anther-cells agns distinct, 5 ae = ad by poop a yoo .

Ovary 10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell, Berry with 8-10

largish seeds or nutlets. 1. GaYLUSSACIA.

4-5-celled, with several ovules in each cell. Berry many- "

Vaccinium.
§2. Heara Svp-rammy. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla =
ang of ‘nearly or quite distinct petals. Seed-coat mostly thin an
c)
Fruit a “eng rupe.
Corolla dro ee off after Fea ng. 3. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.
Fruit berry-like ; the citeg fal ing enlarged and fleshy.
yee 4-awned wot. ; 4. GAULTHERIA.
ry pod ; hes not enlarging.
Coron ovate ee eee 8 id ere 5-toothed. 5. ANDROMEDA,
— - bell-shaped or whee L-shaped, with 10 depressions or ‘
Corolla of 5 separate petals.
§3. Pyrora Sup-rammty. Calyx free from the ovary, 5-parted, per-
sistent. Corolla of SA separate petals. Seeds with a loose transpa-
an

Flowers in a c Gory mb er wiht Style very short ; stigma broad and
orbicular. 8. CHIMAPHILA.

1. GAYLUSSA’CIA, . B. K. Hucxieserry

[Dedicated to Gay Lussac, a distinguished French Came
poi ovoid or bell-shaped ; the border 5-cleft. Stamens 10 ; anthers
thg cells , Png and tubular above, eatin by a pore or
summit. ly a berry-like drupe, containing 10 nutlets.
y d ee utire. Branching shrubs, commonly
sprinkled with resinous ate wales white (purple or red tinged) flowers

in bracted racemes.

>

1 G. frondo’sa, Torr. § Gr. Smooth ; leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse,

glaucous benea: » bracts oblong oF linear, Soetnem shorter than the
Sake drooping pedicels ; coro’ oid campanulate
Leary Gassossuca oe Blue Tangles

2. ma resino’sa, “Torr Gr. Pubescent hile oung ; leayes oblong
oval, at first ciliate rs 4 Pant dots eres bracts
and bractlets (reddish) small and deciduous ; corolla ovoid-conical
Restrous Gayiussacta. Black Huckleberry.

_ Stem 1-3 feet high, much branched. Leaves 1-3 inches long, thick’ with
rar a eee et tae ee Menem Benoa] eS ane

HEATH FAMILY. 209

tinct. Racemes numerous, with the a 3 pedicels 1~3 ‘ie long, with very
HL t base ; corolla ban reddish, with tinges of pale
a green. Berries depressed. ese black and shining whe en mature, without any
bloo!
Woo

dlands and swamps: common. May-June.

Obs. The genus Gaylussacia, separated from Vaccinium on account
of its ‘ifferent rg contains besides the above-mentioned rate two or

t others as they are not very common, and are valuable
for their fruit, are ‘intends Of these the Dwarf Huckleberry, (G. du-
mo’ Gr.) which die: vey? nay ous bracts to the i ls,

N seat a and it much valued, but farther south, where it attains
eater Seton, the gone is highly esteemed. G, resino’sa is the plant
with furnishes the ona share of the “ black a prvi! of the
northern markets. The fruit presents several varieties, among them
one that is nearly white, “The flowers of this species ‘as wel as the
young leaves often become fleshy and expand to many times their natu-
ral size ; probably from the puncture of some insect. The fruit of both
oie species des cribed here is known in some parts as “seedy hu mokle,

2. VACCIN’IUM, £. Buveserry. (ised.
[An ancient classical name ; etymology obscure.]

Corolla either nr tr ga urn-shaped, or cylindrical,—the limb 4—5-
cleft, and often reflex mens twice as many as the lobes of the eo-
rolla ; anthers with ty ogres ros at it, and sometimes
two bristle-like awns on the back near the base. Bary gfoboee, umbil
icate at apex by reason of the f apie rsistent calyx-teeth, 4
cells oak ein coer orher with solitary, clustered or Fabsiaed flowers
the corolla white o
@1. Leaves prebates : ore deeply 4-parted : anthers 8, awnless, drake
po itt woo into very long tubes; pedicels slender ; berries aci

L V. macrocar’ Ait. Stems slender, creeping, with sg BS
branches ; leaves iy obtuse ; ae es lateral. ee
ia eis Vaccrstom. Cranberry. :

Riis Fl. May —June.

Obs. This species, so highly alia) fort Soe acd fu, row
sendiadig ocho cold ta Northern states; the fruit bei
collected in ge gua or ai a is even ven a considerable

210 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

cle of export. Of late years, especially in Massachusetts, attention ga
iven to the culture of the Cranberry, and it is found to
profitable SOF upon | otherwise of little ing e calves it
is found to ituations mu

ad
grows in the wild state. Another species, the wll cranberry (V.
L.), has a much smaller fruit, spotted when young, but is se
pal fauna in great abundance
32. Corolla oblong genial or slightly wrn-shaped, 5-toothed ; anthers.
— ue as harry ; berries blue or black with a bloom, sweet.

Vv. S rinaarice icum, Lam. Dwarfish; branches yellowish green,

somewhat warty ; leaves lance-oblong, mucronate-serrulate, smooth and

shining ; racemes fasciculate.

Pennsytyanian Vaccinium. Dwarf iad Sugar Huckleberry.
Stem 6 inches to 2 feet high, much branched ; branches more or Jess angular with a

green warty bark. Leaves 1 to: near 2 inches long, pee se at each end, nearly sessile,
isti te, with bristle-pointed teeth. ~ wered, terminal and lateral,

numerous from bu ade -withiout leavven ant oftetion loalioss branches . pedicels 1-4 lines long,

small lanceolate at or near the base ; corolla pale red or greenish-w
i i sweet.
Hills and woodlands : Pe ennsylvania, northward. Fl. May. Fr. July.

is is the earliest of tes Blueberries, ripening a fait | in July; :

it is found compying large patches upon poor and otherwise unproduc-

tive land. In the state of Maine it is especially dectean a attains

its on perfection ; we have seen the — bushes actually pros-

age their load of fruit. ar tiga it is too soft to bear trans

poral well as some other kinds, the fruit sorte most ae —
y the pot people of New England for Sanietae consumptio!

3. V. vaccil’lans, Solander. Low, glabrous ; branches angular, a oa
leaves obovate or oval, serrulate or entire, smooth on both sides, pale
or

Low Blueberry.

Stem 1-244 feet high ; branches greenish sometimes clouded with purplish, very closely
set with white dots, sometimes y. Leavesti gehts ¥% inch p Barobay Se. pone obscurely ser-
te, the serratures more distinct towards the a ar Bot 3 distinct

he ds; ‘polices chovtie ier he titres eoige vidios deg 3 isaped d with.
g nts, — white, often tinged with red. Berries large, sweet and

enn., northward. FT. May. Fr. August.

h larger plant than ca _preceding spesiog: 90 and
ished fit: it not only by its greater size, but t by the dull color of its
‘oliage. The fruit-bearing branches Sees, above those

leaves, and the hubh x appears leafless towards the sammit. The fruit of.
this, el as that of the preceding, is sometimes called “ Sugar

4. V. corymbo’sum, L. Tall; young branches oe ae ae

HEATH FAMILY. 211

ovate, oval, Coe or pt AA ee id mostly entire ; racemes short,
clustered on naked branchle

Couiriencse Vaccrinim™. “nae Blueberry. Tall Huckleberry.

10 feet high, often a with ve straggling branches—the young

Stem 5-8 0
leafing branches : pubescent—the flow r-beari ing ones somewhat angular, naked and
clining to a ish bronze shies, ‘oe saat srl ches long, ark elliptic, entire, and
oO i pubescen t when n yo

rather large, black with a bluish bl when mature, very agreeable to the
Swamps and moist woods : Canada to Georgia. FI. May. Fr. July -A'
Obs. This species presents several varieties, which have been consid-
ered by so ree, as = eee es differi ee in the pbescnce of
the leaf. One variety, var. atrocar’ pun, @ ray, has the
even when and: ton black berries without any bloom.
species of v ne Nsremge those here enumerated are found in differ-
ent partsis of the ry, but these are the most useful
descriptions of the a must be sought in works of a more extended
— than the present one.

3. ARCTOSTA’PHYLOS, Adans.. Bearperry.
ga Seen and Staphyle, a grape.]
Corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with a short, yore eer limb.
oo 10, included ; i panther Seer tv ne eflexed a ae _ e back near
ing by ‘terminal pores. yoni i

sate, © Sheube with alternate iting: and fb cataly bis racted nearly white
flowers in terminal racemes or ruit austere. Ki
1. A. Uva-ur'’si, Spreng. Procumbent; leaves obo-
pots or palate entire, thick, smooth, evergreen ; fruit

Bearberry. Upland Cranberry. Uva-u

Stems branched, trailing on the ground, the pene branches
8 feet tong, the ‘flow Sie ae ones shorter. ut 3 = pe an a
long, pre or somewhat sonree
drooping ; ‘color, somewhat transparent at base, hairy

inside. Fruit arose as size of a 2 pea, ore 5 closely-coher-
Dp.

Fic. 144 An enlarged anther of the Bearberry (Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi each of the
a aN

nished with

212 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

urinary organs ; they are collected in New England for the supply of
the drug m: a The plant is also found in the Northern portions of
the old world, and is in Iceland to produce a brown or black dye

se ea to Dr. To RREY, the name Uva-ursi is in some places corrupt-
ed into “ Universe.’

4. GAULTHE’RIA, Kalm. Cuecxerperry.
(Dedicated to Dr. Gaulthier, or Gautier, a French Botanist, of Quebec.]}
a plas 9 oa orgy t base. Corolla Papgagen gigpat or a lit-
haped, 5 oothed. pHa 10, included; anther-cells each 2-
lacy A summit, pasha by a terminal pore. Ca hea ae lo-
2, 5-celled, queen enclosed by the eed pany hike calyx. Suf-
tary.

1, G. procum’bens, L. Ste m creeping, root-like ; branches ascending,
cae at summit ; leaves cuneate-obovate, obscurely’ serrate ; flowers few,

peewsitciasnasasoansiiatniaa iT

Fic. 145. The Checkerberry (Gaultheria procumbens). 146. A , ripe fruit.,
147. Aripe fruit cut open, showing the dry capsule rae ae with the The enli?ged fleshy,

Se tn aa ate A

HEATH FAMILY, 213

UMBENT GavLtHerta. Tea-berry. bid see Checkerberry.
ace Ivory Plum. Partridge-berry

eed oo aanke eeping on or near the surface of the ground ; branches simple, 3-5 in
ches high, nak d below w or with a few lance-ovate scales. Leaves few (4-6), an tach to
an “ery and a half in length, eater. a rowded ; gto very short. Flowers white, aS in
the. axils of the i leaves, » on rved pedicels 14 — 26 at vs inch long ; fruit persistent.
t Carolina fi, July, oan

Obs. The Secu ‘of popular names which ae been given to this lit-
tle pen. some of which are also bestowed on quite different Eerie’
rate necessity of a pr eciie botsn ical nomenclature. ‘The lea

the Oi Oil of Wintergreen of the shops,—which is largely for
confectionery, medicated syrups, &c. The fruit, which has the arouse
property in a much less de egree, is pleasant and ed ible, and is o
brought to the markets of our cities. The omy nature of the fruit can
be y seen by dividing it lengthwise, when it will be found that the
edible portion is the enlarged — — while the proper fruit, 7. ie
the ripened ovary, is Se sists sed withi

5. ANDRO EDA, L. ANDROMEDA.

{Named p f Andromeda ; fsom its place of growth.}
Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, tubular, compa
or globose,—the limb 5-cleft. Stamens 10; anthers fixed near the mid-

dle, the on opening by a terminal pore. Capsule ovoid “ poten
5-celled, many-seeded.

LA. Matin’ na, . Glabrous ; leaves oval, mostly acute at each end,

very entire, sub-coriaceous, paler and puncticulate beneath, ee
Gieeing b branches negity ioe fiess ; pedicels culate, po Ew eee ; calyx

naked at base ; corolla aise ables ; capsule pyrami
MarynanpD AnpRoMEDA. Stagger-bush.

Stem 2-8 or 4 feet high, with erect branches. Leaves 2-3 inches long ; petioles about
one-fourth of an inch long. Flowers in racemose See on Se eo branches. Corolla
white, or ey Aommele pen taupalee- -ovoid, trun Seeds numerous,
-

Obs. ee shrub is very abundant in the sandy districts of New Jer-
sey ; the farmers, there, allege that it is injurious to sheep, when ——
leaves are eaten by them,—pr roducing a disease called the
believe the evidence is not conclusive, on this point ; but it may Se wal
to know the plant, against whi charge is is made.
6. KAL’MIA, ZL. Amerrcan Lauren.
— ee to Peter nap —a Swedish Botanist. rae ; ee
Calya 5: shaped, 5-lobed,
fared d with 10 chs ily in EL ik the hte anthers are

214 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

severally held until they begin to shed their pollen. Capsule depressed-
globose, 5-celled ; seeds numerous, minute. Evergreen shrubs ; leaves
entire ; flowers in umbel-like corymbs.

1. K. latifo’lia, L. Leaves oy alternate, oval-lanceolate, bright
green on both sides ; corymbs terminal.

Broap-teavep Katmra. Mountain Laurel. Calico Bush. Spoon-
wood.

Stem 3 — -10 feet high, with irregular crooked straggling branches. Leaves sometimes in
3’s, d about ap inch wide ; petioles 14 — 34 of an inch in length. Flowers
allie? tii pale red rear ie haa lg in’ spreading corymbs ; pedicels about an inch
long, viscid open nt, with 3 bracts a!

Roc a ‘hills : May-Jun

Obs, This fine evergreen is common from Maine to the mountains of

Southern States, being ee when in flower, and beautiful on

account of its dark n foliage at all times. The wood is very hard,

especially > of ie root, and is used as a substitute for pan by the
rs and carvers oer

reputation of bein a aia to cattle. but es - gay Bs known of

the effects of the plant ule gn animal sys said to be easy of

aghinsaint in moist soil, but the experiments which have fallen under
observation have not been very successful.

X. anigustifo ‘o'lia, L. Leaves opposite and ternate, narrowly oblong,
43 or slightly ret beneath ; corymbs lateral.

Narrow-LeaveD Laurer. Dwarf Laurel. Sheep Laurel. Lambkill.

Stem about 2 feet high, slender, somewhat branching. Leaves 1-2 inches long, and
about half an inch wide ; ‘petioles -Wan — in length. Flowers small, sede crim-
son, in lateral te ap in o axils ‘of the ternate leaves and thus ig. 5 rg rticillate ;
pedicels filiform, ~ 78 © of an inch in length, with, un¢qual bracts at bas

Hill-sides : co: omm J oe

Obs. The leaves Mo a shrub are supposed to be poisonous to
and lam nrg denne a ts popular names. "The Azaleas, of whi
there ve species, and which include some of our
beautiful ‘ote Fibiate belong here, but our space does not allow us to no-
tice them. The Azalea n nudifio’ra, L., or wild Honeysuckle, has often
a singular transformation of its flowers, the parts of the flower becoming
enlarged and fles

shy and seeneralls consolidated into a shapeless mass.
succulent excrese much song after by boys who call
_ them “swamp apples ” pig eae ; they at times are men |
what sweetish, but to bog but. boys, tice poor Mann : som
maxim ose Bay or great laure i

um, belongs also
section ; it isa noble erergren shrub, ve rather dificult of 5 cultivation.
unless sheltered from the powerful heat of our midsumme

Paine ee

HEATH FAMILY. 215

7. CLE’THRA, L. Sweer Perprer-susn.
[Klethra, the Greek name for the Alder, which it resembles.]}

Calyz of 5 penne Corolla of &. sthorateobinne distinct petals. Sta-
mens 10, often exserted ; anther: rsely arrow-shaped, reflexed in the

: te L speuing te terminal pores pea chi nks Style slender, 3-cleft at the
1 the calyx. es

Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, enclosed by
cs a and deciduous leaves and white flowers in racemes
LC. alnifo’lia, L. Leaves cuneate-obovate, acute, newydd :
green on both sides ; yigeh ie erect, mostly simple, bracteate, hoary-
tomentose.
ALDER-LEAVED OLerura. White Alder. Sweet it

Stem 3-10 feet high, branched. Leaves 2-3 inches long ; pet - 3g an inch in
length. Racemes 3~6 inche es long, gp on gi with 2-3 gs row the Bete. 2, bearing
numerous preans fow 8; pedicels s short, each with a lance-linear bract at base longer
than itself.

Wet thickets : : Maine to Virginia. July —-Aug.

Obs. This charming shrub, which is not rare in wet places near the
coast, deserves to be cultivated in Sy smstoey of shrubbery. It is
highly prized in England, and were it animported plant would doubtless
be equally valued a It grows ficly in the gorda he spe Ta-
by cultivation. The flow exceedi
fragrant, indeed oppreasively so to some persons Another iis +
acumina’ta, Mz., which is a small tree with droopi
found in Virginia and southwa

8. CHIMA’PHILA, Pursh. Piestssewa.

[Greek, Cheima, winter, and Philos, a lover ; from its green appearance in winter.]
Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, orbicular, spreading, deciduous. Stamens 10,—
2 in ae fis each petal ; ; filaments dilated and hai airy in the middle ; an-

aks oheta g by 2 pores. Ovary obtuscly conic, or agate
a umbilt cate at apex; style hap short, i

stigma orbicular, peltate. Capsule pressed, obtusely Pestagonal ot

ular
celled, 5-valved, tar at base and apex. Seeds very minute, reticu-
te-striate. Humble suffruticose evergreens. Peduneles porminals ices dl .
orymbose.

1 C. umbella’ta, Nutt. Leaves a sata a ae, a
uniform-green ; flowers in a terminal subumbellate corymb.
RRA passe Pipsissewa. Wit aes
, 3~6 inch , leafy at summit. Leaves 1
—- sobpertiaiiooe ean in mane distinct mani corieno cabo iret
flowered. Petals reddish-white
oodlands—particularly

1,

bs

Obs. This halfshra bby little Evergreen possesses some astringency

216 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

ch
over-rated in popular sation tes It has bees long pos so generally
noted, - ane Indian medicine, under the n of Pi cere that every
one W:

_— XLUT. AQUIFOLIA’CE. (Hotty —

Il axillary 4-5 merous flowers, a minute calyx free from the 4—
and the » 4 ~ 6- wegen) merey: - dru; Stamens a + aby as the di divisions or

ind 3
the almbst‘o or quite 4—6-petalled corolla an alternate with t attached to their very
base. espoae sana ated in the bud. ‘sna opening regulon. Stigmas

united in arly sessile ; seed a suspended and nee in each cell. Albumen fies shy.

Leaves ar iuauely alternate.

1. I'LEX, L. Hotty.
[The ancient Latin name of the Holly-Oak ; applied here.]

Flowers more or less diceciously sl cera ted as many of them pete
Cal: yer né-toothed. Petals 4 —6, se oo eb only united at the
se - obovate, obtuse, spreading. ig 8 6. The berry-like drip

ining 4— 8 little nutlets, iol altar Fertile flowers inclined
to whe solitary, and the gest sterile agin to be clustered in the axils.
2 1. Parts of the commonly in fours, sometimes in fives or sixes,
most of them perfect ; nies red, y. fenldees ribbed, send or cne-grooved

on the back ; leaves coriaceous and evergreen. AQuir

EL ‘ca, Ait. Leaves oval, the margins wavy = ifieeP spinose-
ae flowers scattered or loosely fasciculate along the base of the
young branches and the axils.
Opaque Ibex. American Holly.

Stem 15-40 feet high ; branches spreading. Leaves 2-3 inches long ; petioles 34 of al
inch i in pin Flowers whitish, ochr oleucous, ema; patients with minute bracts at roto
Berries 0 age ohana pit , red ed w
a0 ne Maine and poe ta ae

Obs. This becomes a handsome “it tle tree under eatublgen: 2a : a by
he

rth. Doct. T
that there w me years ¢ ago, at the iighianis of Neversitik, New
J several trees of unusual dimensio; ons, some 0!
ol body. The celebrated al Tea, or “ « Mate,”
which is a substitute for both tea and coffee to a eae

EBONY FAMILY. 217

inhabitants of South America, belongs to this genus. One of our own
southern species, I, Cassi’ne, L., at nown as Yaupon, furnished the black
drink of the North Carolina India

§ 2 Stik hte “4 (east oe m ie fives, or sixes ; those of the fertile
flowers co nde n fives, sevens or et ights ) ; nutlets smooth
and even. arnt ‘Enna

2. I. verti siomee’ ta, Gray. Leaves obovate, oval or wedge-lanceolate,
poi Biel, acute at the base, pac downy on the veins beneath ; flowers
all ver P acetciemae: es red.

VeRTICILLATE InEx. Black Alder. Winter-berry.

Stem 6-8 feet high, much branched. Leaves 2-3 inches long ; petioles about half an
inch in length. _Fiaters greenish white, in sessile clusters or solitary. Berries about 14
of an inch in diameter.

Low grounds : msn especially northward. June.

bs. The bark and berries of this species have Agee medicinal repose
tion as a cure for ill-conditioned sores—used both externally and in
nally. Another nearly related species, J. leeviga ‘ta, ns found in a
smoo

seen cultivated a shrubbery, Gar red berries vaca 3 them very

showy in autumn. I. gla’bra,Gray, the Ink-berry, has evergreen, nar-

row leaves, and black berries. It is mostly yore near the coast, and is

— ch so sought after by t the flower-merchants ae cities, as if is
of the most’ suitable evergreens to work ote bouquets.

Orper XLIV. EBENA’CEA. (Ezony Famtty.)

Trees d often black Leaves alternate and entire,
without tial. com pena A area re fi Stamens twice
oo ee es as many as the lobes of the corolla “onary 3-several-celled. Fruit bac-
pendulous, bony, with cartilagino
Tan Order, and the genus here given rn eee merge f any considerable impor-

tance,—some of the species of which furnish the well- ren inal hard black wood called

1. DIOSPY’ROS, L. Prrsmmon.

[Greek, Dis, Dios, Jupiter, and Pyros, fruit ; a rather fanciful name for such fruit.) es

Drecrovsty Porycamous: calyx 4-6-parted. Corolla tubular, some-—
what ie, 4- 6-c Sreri

aaher to the base, 8- 12-seeded, se aldeade
or rarely shrubs. Flowers iy, ee Ss aioe

218 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Ae _D. Vi trcinia’NA, L. Leay ay Sipe: or ovate-oblong, obtusely acu-
nate ; parts of the flower chiefly in fours ; corolla subcoriaceous.

Saar Dirospyros. Persimmon. Date Plum.

Fr. Le same Germ. Der Pseudo-Lotus.

20-50 or 60 feet high, and 10-15 or 20 inches in diameter, irregularly branched.
Leaves 2-3 or 5 inches long, subeoriacoous, hep above, pars ‘or somewhat glaucous
beneath ; h to near an inch — of the fertile flower spreadi
and persistent at ‘es fom se the fr a soroleo ecerdieas 8 or pale greenish-yellow, of a
thick leathery texture. Berry about an inch in Pamsier, reddish-orange color when
mature, soft and pulpy after frost. Needs large, flattish.

bottom-lands, along streams : Middle and Southern States, Fl. June. Fr. Oct.-

_ Obs. The ripe fruit of this tree is sweet and luscious, after being sub-
ted to the action of frost ; but is remarkably harsh and astringent in
a green state. The bark is astringent and tonic. The Styrax Family

ci

pitas Bell, two species of which, one with 2-wi inged ‘and the other with
it, are comm in cultivation, and belong to this order; as

oti the Symplocos (H. oped) tincto’ ria, the “ Horse rse Sugar” of the South,

the green sweet leaves of which being a favorite food of cattle.

Orper XLV. PLANTAGINA’CEZ. (Praytarn Fammy.

Chiefly low, aac sites ene perennial bees hte radical, rosulate, strongly ribbed
leaves and small spiea’ scapes. nbranaceous and persistent. Stamens
inserted on ee tube Pt the coro! rola alternately with ‘the lobes. hei 2-celled ; style single.
Capsule membranaceous, circumscissed ; cells 1 ~sever: a seede

_ An Order consisting chiefly of the genus whose na it cae and the species here

1. PLANTA’GO, ZL. Pranratn.
{The ancient Latin name of the Plantain ; meaning obscure.]
Calyz of 4 imbricated arraria by aa eel th dry membranaceous ee ;
Corolla salver-form, the borde: ® part, ee ng on the pod. Stamens
4, much exserted. Flowers whitish, small ted.
* Pod Sig ate
1. P. ma’jor, L. Leaves ig or oval, smoothish, obscurely dentate,
on long petioles ; ; Scape terete, smooth ; spike e nearly cylindrical, rather’
slender and very long; ace somewhat cated ; capsule about
6-seeded.
Greater Piaytaco. Common Plantain. Way-bread.
Fr. Plantain ordinaire. Germ. Der grosse Wegetritt. Span. Llanten.
Root perennial. Leaves 3-6 or 8 inches long, strongly 5-—7-nerved with an

filament in poe nerve, generally smoothish (oomotinies quite pilose), abruptly: b Heroer
at base to a channeled petiole about as long as the leaf. . Scapes several, 6-18 inches high

PLANTAIN FAMILY, 219

y y a,

ep below, ee ae a neck So shrivellin

about twice as long as the lla.

Moist rich groun Done along foot-paths, &c.; throughout the Cnhea beer introduced.
of Europe and Japan.

Native Fl. June—September. Fr. Augus

Obs. This foreigner is very eee | sg ae and
for accompanying civilized g his dootpathi ata
flourishing —— his settlements. ti is sid ee call it ;
“the white 8 foot,” from this cir

the generic
name aE ame (Plantago) may be sprees of 2 a scent idea—viz, Pian, ua

220 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

sole of ee bapee and ago, to act, or exercise. It is rather a worthless
weed, bu not noe — to spread, or be troublesome, on farm
or

"The leaves r
and other sores ; a fact eee peas to hav e been known in the time of
SHAKsP may learn from his Jane and Juliet, Act I, Se. 2.
* Rom. Your Plantain leaf is — for that.
** Ben. For iphe - Sd saa
“ Rom. For pues
Pod onkd.

2. P. lanceola’ta, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end; scape
sulcate-angled, ie and slender; spike ovoid-cylindric, short; calyx
deeply 3-parted ; capsule @ 2-seeded,

LancroLate Puantaco. Ribgrass. English Plantain. Buckhorn Plan-
tai

Lge otes Se and opland ‘meadows : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May —- August.
Fr. Jaly -Septem

Obs. This species, also} is extensively naturalized, and is particularly
abundant in upland meadows, or clover grounds. e seeds being nearly
the same size and weight as hana of the red clover, they cannot pagitt
be separated—and thus the plants are disseminated together,

culture of clover. Nearly al ‘kinds of stook eat this Plaintain rely, and
it has even been cultivated ret for ne agg: Fgh ; but it is gene-
rally much Mase bes bi eal t, ho owever, an -

mode of ge ie progress, unless it ca
be ceca peck by ate cides ot Clover and the valuable Grasses.

Oxper XLVI. BIGNONIA’CEZ. (Bienonta Famity.) _

Woody or sometimes herbaceous plants, with mostly opposite, simple or compound leaves,

or diandrous flowers. ~~ ‘alyx pe to or 5-cleft : corolla eaealat or Dell
shaped, Spek, somewhat irregular am A Slava she iduous ; ovary free, 2-celled by the
projection of the placen capsule coriaceous 0 pian 2-valyed, many-seeded ;
large, flat, often winged, estitate of albumen. *

Sus-orper 1. Bienonez.

yP 2-valved pods. Seeds flat and winged.
1. TH’COMA, Juss. TRUMPET-FLOWER.
{Name abridged from ee Mexican.j

BIGNONIA FAMILY, : |

gular. Stamens 4. Pod long and narrow, 2-celled, the partition Si te
to the convex valves. Seeds transversely winged. Woody vines wi
compound leaves.

Roorine Bieno-
NIA. Trumpet

creeper,

| nois and southward.
June —Sept-mber.

ted extensively,
and readily bears SH ee
the climate of New England, is, according to Dr. Snort, a great pest
along the Ohio River, where it is much disposed to overrun wet places
on high lands. os

2. CATAL’PA, Scop. UAsTALpPa.

Cal: bilabintel 2-lobed. Corolla campanulate—the tube ventricose,
the tanh mavens, © 5-lobed, sub-bilabiate. Stamens 2 fertile and 3 sterile

pick UES AREER OPee oOo) REE LEY are cP aM ee Meningeal Re ee

222 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

or abortive (rarely didynamous).. Capsule silique-form, on: long,
\ ‘thickis ) % See rous, trans-

engi septum meray opposite the valves. ds 0

verse, ¢ _unkpamian pr at each end ho a membran ont wing, which
is fri mose a fe ees. Flowers in terminal panicles,

1, C. bignoni aes Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire, pubes

cent beneath ; ee aiid, trichitotanedy branched.
Diicutiiice Cataupa. Catawba. Bean-tree.
Stem 15-25 feet high, with irregular spreading branches. Leaves 4— 8 or 10 inches in

length ; 2-6 inches long, terete, — Corolla ——— tinged with violet-
purple, the throat spotted with purple and yellow, the lobes unequal, crenate and wavy.
Capsule 6-12 or 15 inches long, a halt a neh i r, subrciee persistent.

Seeds e-0

connate at base, with a membrano ous covering w which is extended at the margin,

especially at the apex, ting in a slender filamentous tuft or coma.
About farm-honses and along streams ; Southern, Western and Middle States. Fl. June-
uly October.

Obs. Cultivated as a shade tree, but indigenous in the South-west
In the latitude of New York the larger branches, and frequently the
whole tree, are killed by a severe winter.
Sus-orprer 2. Szs
Herbs with the fruit more or less ifot™. ra not winged.
3. MARTY’NIA, ZL. Unrcorn-piant.

[Named i in honor of John Martyn, Prof. of Botany at Cambridge, England.]

Calyx 5-cleft, with Be 3 small bracts at base. Corolla irregular, cam-

omic gibbous t base,—the limb unequally 5-lobed. Stamens
4, pane a wi rudi ry F
gaa only, bearing anthers. Capsul hat 4-celled, 2-valved,
woody with a coriaceous and finally deciduous coat, ovoid-oblong, ter-
minating in a A sg ee parting i ke b
the capsule scarcely dehisc Seeds few in each cell, arranged in

ht series along the pectin somewhat baccate, finally saborvalats-

1x. M. jprobosei dea, Glor. Stem branching ; leaves orbicular-cordate
entire, petiolate——the upper ones alternate ; beaks longer than the per-
icarp.

Lone-peakeD Martynta. Unicorn Plant. ad

Plant pale green, viscid-pubescent and fetid. Root annual. Stem leanin: ie
bent, 1-2 feet long, branching, fistular. epee 2-5 inches ; petioles 2-6 ee

g. axi inches loi Corolla large, pale pees
or ochroleucous, with orange colored. or Pie Sain spots within. ern sf
somewhat sulcate pte: rs a Sion ie crest-like fringe along the iiaie in gah broad
shallow groove, tape’ is 2-8 or 4 inches long, and finally split
ie igh which are nearest like pate

: gardens : cultivated. FI. July— -August. Fr. Sept. patekonk ‘

Obs. This plant—a native of the valley of the Pea and the
_ plains of Mexico—is cultivated for its singular fru in

FIGWORT FAMILY. 99%

young state—before it before it becomes hard and woody—is used for
making pickles.
4. SE’SAMUM, L. Ben
5-parted, the upper lobe smallest. Tube. of olla large, limb
oan somewhat bilabiate ; upper lobe nt oF in slightly 3-fid.

Stamens 4, didynamous, with the rudiment apsule oblong,
obtusely 4-angled, 4-grooved, 2-celled, 2-valved, v recurved.
numerous. Annual herbs with the upper rath, often alternate-solitary

ry flowers

s. if picum, DC. Stem erect pubescent ; leaves ovate-oblong or
fens late, the lower bag anid capsule mucronate with the persis-
tent styler velvety pubesc
Inpian Sesamum. Benne. een

Stem 4-5 feet high, branching. Leaves petioled, very variable in shape, those near the

of eee stem often 3-fid. Flowers on short peduncles, reddish white. Pods about an

inch and a half long, filled with seeds which are white, or in some varieties black on the
Native of India, cultivated.

Obs. The Benne plant being a native of India, does not perfect its
seeds in the subaea stan but only succeeds in those climates in which
the cotton ae cultivated. "It is said that the plant was intro-
du ood. The seeds

as it 1s , wi
same purposes as as Olive oil, ‘answering for cooking or for burning. The
lant is cultivated in many warm countries for the sake of the oil. The
eaves abound in mucilage which they ‘oa ily so aad to water ; one or
two of them stirred in B bette of water will render it thick and
repy without affecting i hagas sat cy. The plant is often raised at

oe

us d ade th i ch
bowel cumple of children, though it probably possesses no savas
ver that made from the bark of the iowa Ehn, or the —

Orper XLVII. SCROPHULAR’IA’CEH. (Fraworr es a

Herbs, shru®s or sometimes even trees with alternate, opposite or verticillate leaves with-
out stipules, a persistent calyz of 4-5 more or less united sepals, and & more, or ls :
irregular, bilabiate or personate corolla, with the lobes imbricated in the Du . Stamene
either 4 and di fifth stamen sometimes -pbpearing j a sterile

filament, or aig rare! pooh agar —or acrieg - orgs nee ae Sar :
‘ 4 zoel with, the sd lacent# united in the axis.

Corolla tubular with a spur at the base. Pod opening by holes. 2. Lawaria.
Corolla tubular, = elias Calyx lobes thick and leathery.
opeeete Tree 3. PAvLOWNIA.
2. Lower 1 lob pin the bud.
tabular, open ; the border abe ig 5-lobed. sae in a
: Jong raceme. 4, Dierratrs.
Corolla wheel-shaped, 4 parted. Stamens 2. 5. VERONIGA.

Se hacataaeer DL. Moi.et
[Quasi ee Latin Barba, beard ; from its rans or : wate habit.)
Calyx 5-parted. Cor a hee avery short tube ; limb sub-rotate, erat
—the lobes nearly equa the fro e larger. Stamens 5, unequal
inserted on the ges c, the eovetial dbetnate exserted, —the ie shod
(or some of of them) es apsule o globose merous,
rugose-pitt all ae usually wrodiby! Mens I herbs, with " elternite
leaves, those of the — sessile or decurrent. Flowers in dense spikes.
or paniculate race
1. V. Thap’sus, L. ets simple, erect, tomentose ; leaves oval-lanceo-
late or e oF oblong, very W code on both sides,—the cauline ones decurre nt ;
minal spike ; 2 lower smooth
cant "aie Mallein. Common Mull
Fr. Bouillon blanc. Germ. Das Wollkraut. Spon Gordolobo.
je plant pale greyish-green or hoary tome ch branched.
3-6 feet high, rather stout, i teaty, cot branching unless injured. Radi
6-12 kre long —the cauline ones smal — dric, 6-12 or 15 inches long;
flowers bi Corolla bright yellow. is cnc sak 1,—the two lower ones longer,
with eagont oth Slag ments.
Neglected fields ; ae idee; &c.: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June-July.
Fr. August— September.
Obs. This plant, although abundant _ = the older bec ae is
undo: ey a naturalized foreigner. It is a worthless, unseemly intru-
_ der, in our pastures and cultivated gr joule * There is no surer evidence
of a slovenly, pee tigent farmer, than oe see his fields serie with Mul-
leins. As the plant produces a vast number of seeds, it can only be
kept in in sbjetion by a careful pein while young or ae least be-
the fruit is mature. When neglected, the soil soon becomes so full
of seeds, that ahd, ree * — will be found ites up, in great
numbers, for a long su of years.
2. V. Blatta’ria, ie hish and green ; stem rather slender, often
ceooseiage| Be. le Spin sha t decurrent ; flowers racemose ; fila-
all hairy.

Verpascum. Moth —

bracteate na ular pubesce CT poled: 4% an inch to an inch. ta ; flowers either
right yellow or i Pn tinge = purple.
Nati ‘ope. June A

Obs. “common weet raph iocdiseamcicoBemdiie de the pre-
coding. species described above, a third, V. Lychnz'tis,
rer Ne Naltin,o ent eae It isa it with

Ee ae

|
|

FIGWORT FAMILY. 225

a thin, powdery bon and yellow (sometimes white) flowers, in a
pyramidal panicle. It is said to hybridize or cross-breed with the com-
mon Mullein, thus eataniet some remarkable varieties.

2. LINA’RIA, Tournef. Toap-riax

(Latin, Linum, flax ; from the resemblance of the leaves.]

Calyz 5-parted. Corolla with the limb personate, the upper lip bifid
with the lobes folded back—the lower lip trifid, closing the throat by
i ated, spurred at base. Stamens yn-

1. L. vulga’ris, Mi em sack simple ;
leaves lance- Saee acne alternate, numerous ;
ia imbricated, i iin’ raceme ; spur
of the corolla acute, oe as long as the "tube.
mMon Linarta. Toad-flax. Ranstead-weed-
Butter and Eggs.
Fy. Muflier linaire. Germ. Das Flachskraut.
Span. Linaria.

Plant smooth and somewhat glaucous. Root perennial,
creeping, subligneous. Stem 1-2 or 3 feet Aigh, slender,
r te, ? ib

ng i
patches. nclien long, narrow, irregularly scat-
tered on the stem, but very numerous. Flowe rs peduncu-
late, in a dense bracteate raceme—the peduncles shorter
than the bracts. Corolla pale greenish-yellow, smooth —

he .
shorter than the longest stamens ; stigma obliqu 10k y trun-
- le ovoid oblong, thin, smooth, dpnaer | than the
calyx. Sods with a dilated orbicular mar gin, roughish-
in tre.
Pastures, fence-rows, &c.: introduced. Native of Europe.
Fi. June- September. ” Fr. August - October.

Obs. This is extensively naturalized,—a
has become a vile nuisance in our pastures and

one
of its common names. It inclines to form ase ches, by means
povaraaarad as far as it extends, takes inst ete po

iii facta Vel 5 &: he. Toad tax (Linaia vulgaris.

226 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

session of the soil. Although the flowers are somewhat showy, it isa
rthless and very objectionable weed,—the roots very tenacious
of life—and r requiring much ee efor to eroeeie them. The
remarkable variety called nthe —with a regular 5-lobed ventricose
corolla, 5 spurs, and 5 perfect pies ens—is “oveas ioually to be observed.
Sometimes these Pelorias are tetramerous ; 7. e. the corolla 4-lobed, with
4 spurs, &c. They are frequently, if not always, late flowers,—situa

at the oe de of the raceme of full grown capsules, and Sopeen ntly the
latest floral developments of the plant. aie other European species
are sparingly introduced, but they are Aine ee not sufficiently dis-
seminated to warrant their description here.

3. PAULOW’NIA, Sieb. § Zucc, Paviownta.

Calyx eg he 5- page Saag ae thick. Corolla with an elongated de-
— tube a pias e limb with 5 roundish divisions. Stamens 4,
ng a without the rudiment of a fifth. Capsule
atu _accminate, loculcidally 2valv - Seeds numerous, oblong, sur
rounded by a membranaceous wing, striate. —Trees with the habit of
Catalpa ; petives of Japan
1. P. mperta’iis, Sieb § Bide Leaves opposite, balcony heed
3-lobed or entire, mney ovate cordate: panicle large wi
many-flowered opposite branches.
Imperian Pies. Pactewai
Tree with horizontal tortuous branches. Leaves when young canescent hairy on
sides, when old on the under side only, with the upper we. finely pubese: ak, wi
inches to a foot in length, and on the young shoots even large! Calye divided below the
gs the lobes oblong Aes externally tomentose. Corolla 114-2 inches long, violet
or rose — — ood thant eaked with brown and yellow within. "Dupalle ka inch in
Jongth, 2 ed, aa
Culti ated aa a May,

oronus and bear leaves
an enormous fe net is a little too delicate for the climate of
New York, for three years preceding the — — the flower buds
have been very generally killed by the severe winters. The e3
remain on the tree for a very long time and injure its appearance. +
4. DIGITA’LIS, L. Foxenove.
[From the Latin, Digitale, the finger of a glove ; from ae SSAA ee Feneed

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla declined, tabe ventri tracted at
base, the limb —— upper lipe marginate, the iD ower 3fid with the
middle lobe the largest. Stamens 4, didynamous. Capsule ovate, with

a septicidal dehiscence Seales numerous, minute, —- angled. Herbs
with crowded, petioled, radical leaves ; bearing sho a

Pee dD. on ee Biennial ; lower leaves ovate or elliptic-oblong,

FIGWORT FAMILY. 227

renate, downy, on winged petioles, those of the stem alternate, some-
achat decurrent _Tacem ear one-sided, simple, of numerous drooping
crimson or flo
Purpie Dikbaie Foxglove
Stem 3-4 feet high, angled, leafy below and terminated by the raceme. Leaves dull
green, prominently netted oe those of the stem gradually diminishing into bracts.
-234 inches lon within somewhat hairy and age ans spotted with deep
purple dots surrounded by ee sues, or eding, 20 solitary, a: my peduncles. Capsule
downy, tipped with the persistent style. Seeds pale brown, ated
Cultivated. Native of Europe. June-July.

bs. Common in gardens where it is prized for its showy flowers, and
oo by the “ re sie ” and others who raise medicinal plants for
common name Fox-glove is said to os ee

e aa na <’s glo Medicinally Fox-glove is classed
with Tobacco, Lobelia and oe abe oa ab oe Late sivas 2

se
mm
i}
be
iS)
ihe
Bs
@
a
2s
vr)

its native iscalitive

5. VERO’NICA, L. Sprepwet..
[Origin of the name obscure ; perhaps the flower of St. Veronica.]

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, the border un-
equally 4-lobed, the lateral lobes, or the a one, usually narrower.
| Stamens 2, one on each side of bag upp lobe 0 the cool, exserted ;

1 V. peregri : hous ual ; cua, rr bths leaves mi pare peti-
oled, pete Fey upper alternate, sessile and entire ; flowers subssessile
in the axils of leaf-like bracts te’; capsule orbicular, slightly noted,

hts Veronica. Purslane Speedwell. Neckw

Stem 3-6 inches high, often branched at base. Leaves half an inch to near an aa
a long, fleshy. Calye lobes resembling | the ane Beep leaves or bracts. Corolla whitish,
B: smail —— tg rem i the lobes n ;
oe Waste and cultivated grounds. urn Ae inore

Obs. a very co nua ‘ed ich has every appearance of an —
introduced stranger, , though it is considered by most botanists as a ‘ative
plant. It is widely different throughout the whole Jeng of ayo :

228 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Orper XLVIII. VEBBENA’CEA. (Vervain Famtty.)

Herbs (shrubs, and even trees within the tropics), having opposite leaves without stipules,
and atubular corolla with the —- 4—5-lobed, more or — 2 ee as and didynamous
mens. Ovary free, entire, 2-4-celled. F rucit dry (or sometim: Sodrpapeanis

4
splitting into 2- 4 indehiscent 1 -seeded nui utle ets. Seeds with | li ttle or no acho ‘

‘interesting to the florist. “The tree which furnishes _the “ey er- during Teak’? er ie
(Tectona grandis, L.)

5 is VERBENA, LT. Vervain.

[The Latin name for the leaves of any sacred herb ; etymology obscure.]

tubular, 5-toothed,—one of the teeth often shorter. Corolla tub-
ular, somewhat salver-form, with the limb rather unequally 5-lobed.
Stamens included, the upper pair ee without anthers. -
celled, with 1 ovule in eac 1 oe ener into 2-4 nutlets.
Flowers mostly in spikes
Len SB urticefo'lia, L. Leaves ovate ad poche acute, serrate, pe-
- ind Pc filiform. » terminal an axillary, somewhat paniculate ;

NETTLE-LEAVED VERBENA. Common Vervain.

Roet perennial. Stem erect, 2-3 or 4 feet high, hice 4 quadrangular, hirsutely pu-
bescent, with, “mide axillary spreading branches aboy 2-4 inches long, ab-
ruptly narrowed at base to a ae petiole. Spikes lor 2- i" or 6 inches Pair green, very
slender, Flowers di sile inu
at base. Corolla white,—the throat closed by a delicate white villus. Fruit separating
into 4 nucules, which are oblong ai se triquetrous, with the outer side convex.

eeaer’ road-sides s, &c.: throughout the United States. Fl. July-August. Fr.

Obs. This is not a very pernicious or ish —— beg Boh — it is
altogether worthless, and often so abundant in pas
oda to attract the notice ot the observing farmer, T eam it might
be admitted into the present work.
r. ee lis, anothy introduced meee with Mocalition or Bele

of jeuimiaive pide i Sola hybrid spon taneously.

and varieties of V. ausLe’t1a, V. CHAMzDRIFO’LIA, and then peers

now among the most common and deservedly popular ornaments of the
wer garden. The varieties are almost innumerable and are yearly in-

ereased by the florists.

Orver XLIX. LABIA’T A. (Mint Famty.)

ee herbs with q or sometimes yerticillate leaves withou'
and Jiowers in allary oppoeite eymules or greg ia terminal spikes bi
4, didynamous, or or sometimes 25; am-
ther- ; parallel, or a ofa cvarieat emt sy Separated ree a long filiform

Ovary deeply 4-1bed, es Biren Ali like nadlets, surrounding the base of
pe ) sty in the bottom of the rng each lobe iutlet,
feat with little or no a v4 eac ri ni eens ee

MINT FAMILY. 229

A highly interesting and valuable Order, containing upwards of 100 par’ and par-
ticularly se yi ig! the aromatic fragrance, and stomachic properties, of many
pa agri The important, however,—being generally caltivaiod. = —are here in-
ser
* Stamens 4, the lower pair longer, declined so as to rest on the lower lip of the corolla.
Flowers in racemes, white ; upper lobe of calyx broad, orbicular-
ovate. Leaves iar
Flowers in term
pes S narrow

1. Ocmorom.
crit capa spikes, pale blue; calyx 5-toothed ;
oary. 2. LAVANDULA. —~
Stamens 4 0; r 2, not turned down. ‘
erate almost equally 4-lobed. Stamens 4, nearly equal. 3. MENTHA.
Corolla manifestly 2-lipped.
Upper lip nearly flat or aceeading. 2-lobed at the end. Throat of
calyx bearded. Sterile filament 4. HepEomas.
Upper lip arched, entire or slightly notched holding the stamens,
Calyx eq! ually 5-toothed. Flowers in close and leafy-bracted
hi 2-lippe d. Anthers ne ene cell at eer end of a long
ective astride the end of the filamen 6. 6. SALVIA.
Corolla 2- slipped. Stamens 4, all with anthers
Upper and inner pair of stamens longer than the lower or outer
; pper li . NEPEra.
Upper and inner pair of stamens i at. than the lower pair.
Upper “te of the corolla flat and open, or barely concave.
Stamens distant or diverging, not approaching the upper
lip.

‘calyx tubular, equally 5-toothed, 15-nerved. Sta-
m

=
dle
4
=e
ae
sae
nip

5. Monarpa.

ens long. 8. Hyssorvs,
Calyx 10-13-neryed, ovate, bell-shaped or short-
tubular.
Calyx naked in the throat. Flowers clustered in
axils or spiked. 9. SATUREJA,
Calyx hairy in the throat.
a spiked, and with large colored bracts. a ORIGANUM.
rs loosely clustered ; bracts minute. 11.
— enn with their anthers a) approaching in pairs under
upper lip.
= tubular, bell- seek and 2-lipped. a
ed ds. Flowers few in loose cluste: 12. Menissa,
Upper lip of the corolla arched or pond like.
Calyx 2- ee! closed over the fruit and very veiny ; the ‘
Calyx cc 2 lipped 10-toothed. Clusters axillary, head- tee
i , 14. Marervorom.
Calyx ‘not 2-lipped and only 5-toothed, bell-shaped or top- :
shaped, much shorter than the corolla. at
Corolla ‘enlarged in the Sirees. Calyx-teeth not spiny. 15. Lawnum. ‘
Corolla not enlarged in the throat. Calyx top-shaped ead
wit! _— teeth. : je
enuunene 4 4, ascending, an Of ee ae ee: tees
Gakuise CHA acs the wiser vats, the lower lobe much larger than se
other 4. Flowers purplish, rarely white, in a spike ; rene 17. TEUCRIUM.

1. O’CIMUM, L. Sweer-Basin.

(Supposed from the Greek, Ozo, to smell ; in ref ts fragran¢ J .
Calyz 5-cleft,—the upper segment dilated, orbicular-ovate. Corolla with
ops ip lt lower lip scarcely longer, declined, entire, flat-~

tish. Stamens 4, hse Nit my Soe eat " filar

i i 4 le aes ia a

230 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

O. sastn’1cum, L. Leaves ovate-oblong, subdentate, smooth, with
tiliate petioles pe reflexed i after flowering.
Royat Ocimum. Sweet Basil.
Fr. Basilic. Germ. Gemeines Basilienkraut. Span. Albahaca.

Root annual. Stem 6-12 inches ii often much branched, smoothish at base, a
cent howe wah short reflexed hairs Leaves ces an inch to an inch long ;
third to two-thirds of an inch long. " Bracts e, acuminate, petiolate, ciliate.
flated-campanulate. nila whitish or Diu peony

Gardens : cultivated. Native of India. Fl. July. Fr. September.

Obs. This fragrant little plant is one of the numerous kitchen-garden

herbs, usually cultivated for culinary purposes

2. LAVAN’DULA, LE. Lavenper.
[Latin, ore to wash,—the distilled water ge: used for that purpose.]

Stamens 4, inchaded ; filaments smooth, i mse Akenes oa
and even pope te to 4 fles eshy scales phlun! Siac tt ia Peren-
nial herbs, 0 suffruticose plants —the stems stig ns near the base, but often
naked a pe the spike. Flowers in terminal spikes
1. L. ve’ra, DC. Leaves honey, lance-linear, ain revolute on the
margin ; spikes interrup
LAvVANDULA. RES Garden Lavender.
Fr. La Lavande. Germ. Der Lavandel. Span. Espliégo.
Plant clothed with a short hoary tomentum. Stem suffruticose, branching from the

; branches erect, 12-28 inches — Leaves 1 - 2 inches long, crowded pq pe
of the branches,—often w with fascicles of young leaves in the axi Flowers in
imbricated spike a

erminal +
about an inch in length, with 1-2 distant cymules below. anita blue,

pubescent, arab d twice as long as e calyx
sare ae of aoagien Europe and shores of the Mediterranean.
FI. July. Fr iret

Obs. The compound tincture of the flowers of this nd (or, as the
conan stoache prope ompound”— anes edly po Laser

re
esteemed fo: gra
used to fill eet poy is lay in drawérs with linen, and fn oil distilled
from them is much used in the manufacture of perfumery.

3. MEN’THA, LE. Mint.
[From Minthe, a nymph ; fabled to have been changed into this plant.]

os wit campanulate or tubular, 5-toothed, or nearly so. Corolla
a short included tube ; the border equally cleft -—the up-_
= r lube broader and usually erect,

ens

; filaments peheuang naked ; anthers with 2 1 cells. Pe

inerntaemcibec eat RET I AANA AE

MINT FAMILY, 231

rennials, with t-stocks and cymudes (in the speci ome
here) in gabe ser

1. M. vir’idis, L. Stem erect; leaves oblong-lanceolate, subsessile ;

spikes biota: ’ slender, elongated, tapering at summit,—the eymules

mostly dista: nt.

Green Mentua. Spear-mint. Common Mint.

Fr. Baume verte. Germ. Die Spitazmuenze. Span. Menta puntiaguda.
Plant smoothish and rather pale green. Stem 1-2 feet high, branching. Leaves 1-2 or

= inches long, igen qos fageaie serrate. Spikes of cymules, often humerous, 2~4 inches

at

msi, grounds, waste places, &c. : introduced. Native of Europe. FI. July-August.
Obs. This pleasant] fobs aromatic herb has been so generally i hie

into all the older sett ts of this country, that it is ny very exten-

pia mio somg It is dates y popular as a dom icine, in

reli c., and it is oe species employed in meats that

ep.

ot soluctires beverage, known as “ Mint Jule

2. M. piperi’ta, L. Leaves die diaieis petiolate ; spikes cylindric,
rather short, obtuse, —the cymules loosely appro ximated.

Prppery Mentua. Pepper-mint.
Fy. La Menthe. Germ. Pfeffer-muenze. Span. Menta piperita.

Plant smoothish and purplish. Stem 1-2 feet long, branching. Leaves 1 Fe
long, tare or signees ovate and reo at base, dark green, on in in one- fourth to

gh in length, rather acute, — of ¢ st ba gee ia an neo kes an pega < ‘more
in length, terminal, solitary, erie om rowded ,—e nde r pair w
often. a litte distan rola purple, i pee in the ae ceding potiinel,

ow grounds, gardens, &c.: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. August. Fr,

Obs. This
dens, or about houses,—and is apparently naturalized in many localities.

most grateful aromatic is ipa as y allowed a place in gar-
€ essential, oil, and distilled water, are ex known for thei stomachic

e plant is largely eubeaten, especially in the State of New-Y:
for the manufacture of the Oil of Peppennint, of whine gro ities
are cons by Di teitionss | in flav 5 Ae ond by
and liquor-dealers in preparing essences, sont like.
Essence of Peppermint, a sh traps clicorvgpe be agri in the
stomach, &c., is a solution of the oil in alcohol, of a peg corres-
to the price at which it is rags Besides the species mentioned,

po species
there is another —— one sparingly naturalized around old settlements
in Ohio and rs nia, the Corn-mint, (M. arven’ sis, L.,) which ae

axillary cymules, and thea stem h ale,
has been

niet a ipab that of. decaying pare A nativ D pede moe
Canaden’sis, L., is common in wet grounds 5 Team oor ah

232 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

4. HEDEO’MA, Pers. PENNYROYAL.
[Greek, Hedeia Osme, a pieasant odor ; from its fragrance.]
Calyx “tanita gibbous on the under sah near the base, 13-nerved,
3-toothed—

bilabiate,—the y lip lower one bifid; t throat villous.
Corolla bilabiate,- the upper lip erect, Bat lower lip spreading, 3-lo
lobes nearly equal. Sta ing, the two upper entirely want

1 two
ing,—or rudimentary - sterile. Herbs with small leaves and loose ax-
illary clusters of flowers, often forming terminal leafy racemes.

1. H. punecior’DEs, te Leaves lance-ovate, fee's obtuse, subserrate,
narrowed at base, petit cymules about 3-flowered.

PuLecium-Like HepEoma. Anetta Peniphova

Root a Stem 6-12 inches high, hoary -pubescent, branched. Leaves half
to an inch i To, slightly p Butcee ent t petiole one-eigith iy
half an inch in length,—the floral ‘leaves econ ha the cauline ones.
3-flowered ; bracteoles lin cca noon olate, as long as the

blue, with purple s spots. Stamens sca roely ex ed te , ascending, the anther app: proximated
under the upper lip,—the y tie pair 01 matnens reduced to mere abortive ruaiaierite

Poe sil anes old fields, : throughout the United States. Fl. July-August. Fr.
"Ole. 7 ead angry little herb,—in gene neral use as a popular dia-
phoretic, carminative, &c., and therefore entitled to a description by.

which it may be certainly euuilan ized. —- not the “ Pennyroyal’” of
Europe ; but has bee called because of its resemblance to that
plant,—which is a oo ar tat iat the Mentha Pulegium, L.

5. MONAR’DA, LZ. Horsz-mint.
[Dedicated to Nicholas Monardez, a Spanish Botanist.]

Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed; throat
usually hairy. Corolla with a slightly costed throat, and a strong-
Desai limb ; upper lip entire, or slightly notched, erect, panne s
the filaments ; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the. middle lobe narr

and slightly notched. Stamens 2, elongated, ascending, capeatad in re 5
throat of = Reet anthers linear, the divaricate cells confluent at
the juncti ers large in a few whorled heads closely surrounded

ee . Leaves ovate-lanceolate, te, acuminate, mostly rounded

or somewhat prise a at base, the floral ones and

cts rp i 3
corolla smooth, much elongated, bright red; stamens exserted beyond
the acute upper lip of the corolla.
Oswego Tea. Bee Balm.

igh, 4-angled, branching. somewhat

Root pe Stem 1-2 feet hairy. Leaves 3-
gineering and 1 Zachos wie, sone what hairy on both sid es, especially on the veins

below ; half an inch long. Flowers in 1- “2 arly 8) wh corolia an inch and

: a half long.

oe West and South. July - August.

MINT FAMILY. . 838

Obs. A very showy plant, often found in fertile soil along streams,
and very common in gardens.

2. Mi. ponets ‘te, I. Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at base; bracts lan-
ceolate, obtuse at base, yellowish and purple; calyx pubescent, with
short rigid teeth corolla nearly smooth, yellowish, the upper lip spot-
ted not exc eeding the upper lip of the corolla.
ae
_, Root perennial or biennial? Stem 2-3 feet high, obtusely 4angled, bows pmb
aaa mere nt ee ved with a sho: oh aia aise *
~ Sandy fields New York’ and South August — Septe
Obs. This very odorous and pungent plant t abounds - cf van oil,
and ser stimolant ‘Qualities which give it a plac he do-
mestic remedies, it being used in cholics, &c. The oil which the pant
affords be } distillation is one of the most powerful of its class

with caution, as it in some persons blisters the skin. In some parts of
the South the . is re called “ Origanum,” which has been
corrupted into “ Rignum

6. SAL’VIA, L. Saas,
; Salvare, to save ; on account of ppc medicinal ring

1. s. orFicina’Lis, L. Stem shrubby at _ leafy, hos oary-tomentose ;
leaves lance-oblong, ¢ crenulate, rugose ; upper lip of the ——
as the lower one, somewhat vaulted. (See figs. 152 and 153.)

OrrictnaL ae Sage. Garden Sage.
Fr. La Sauge. Germ. Die Salbei. Span. Salvia.

Root Stems 1-2 feet high bunches, branching from the base.
Leaves 1-2 of 3 inches long, rather obtise, sometimes lobed ear the base, clothed with —
avshort pubescence, greyish green upper or floral leaves sessi was :
petioles about an inch long. Cymules 5—10-flowered, in interrupted te terminal comes.

-mostly violet-purple. Desens

Gardens : cultivated. paanciteg vsiaaeri Europe. Fl. May —June. sie a

of “Cur moriatur homo cui Salvia crescit in horto?

We oe. Contra vim mortis non est medicamen in hortis.
2 Salvia salvatrix, Nature SE tet HOR MR ae

Salvia cum a ee

2Q34 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

is now, however, but little a et in the virtues thus
these

eveey or implied ; and in mpera’ es, the doctrine of the
concluding line would be de ater as tk} osey ave though the
charm be fortified “ with Rue,’—that “ of gra ’ Sundays,” as
HAKSPEARE terms it—which is here appropriately enough ass
with i ups ! 0 ; ry sterile meadow
ks, a native species of this genus (§. lyra’ta, L.), whi a mere
weed, but scarcely of sufficient importance to require a pha coia Dey:
eral tropica re cultivated in ea a

bs poser L. Carntr.
Nepete,—a town in Italy.]
Calyx dibedad: senha ovoid, about 15-nerved, <a sche a
Corolla bilabiate—the upper lip e rect, somewhat concave, ema
or bifid—the lower lip spreading, Sobel, Snails is largest ; Brroat
dilated, Stamens 4, ascending,—the lower pair shorter ; ginthers mostly
ecg a ge in pairs, 2-celled ; cells diverging, finally divaricate. Pe

re.

1. N. Cata’ria, L. Hoary-pubescent ; stem erect, tall ; leaves oblong-
cordate, acute, coarsely crenate-serrate , upper floral ones small and

bract-like ; cymules densely many dlowered, the upper ones crowded in a

spike—the peal ones distant; calyx ovoid-tubular ; corolla one half

longer than the cal

Car Seg Cat aint Catnip.

Fr. Herbe aux Chats. Germ. Die Katzen muenze. Span. Gatera.
Stem 2-3 feet high, mostly several from the same root, somewhat branched. Leaves
2-Sr inches ne green above ; canescent beneath ; - petioles half an inch to an inch

Fe ength ules on short common peduncles, in or eae

SF cd git 3 waste places; introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June-Aug-
ee naturalized as to be a rather
ublesome weed. The d sg md in we gard is a highly popular
Gavin among the Soa Tales who deal i simples,—and is probably
often as a weed on the farm, iti is F objectionable, a when
permitted to multiply, gives to the premises a very slovenly appearance.

te-reniform, rounded, crenate, all ; cymules few-flowered,—
all oo * axillary ; calyx tubular; corolla nearly three times as long

Ground Ivy. Ale-hoof. Gill. {-yaolde
_ kr. Lierve terrestre. Germ. Die Gundelrebe. Span. Yodee. terrestis

MINT FAMILY. ps

Stem 6-18 inches long, slender the flowering branches crect or oe
ing, 4- ie ot Sena, Leh, retri home ts ent, Leaves three-fourths a < i rae
oes and a half lo eee and rather wider than hong petioles 1-3 inches long. Cymules a
racteoles Tn Oe se and ciliate. Corolla blue or purplish- blue (rarely whi)
piles e—the upper ri bifid. nthers approximated in pairs,—the cells diverging and
prgponting th the figure of a cro:
S and moist sated Magia introduced. Native of Europe and Northern
ey Suns. Fr. Jal

Obs. Naturalized bist many settlements, and being a mere weed, is
often docanvedtatth abundant. The herb was employed in England to
clarify and give a flavor to ale (whence one of its common panes): until
the reign of Henry ., at which period hops were su The
a of the herb is a popular medicine,—like that of the preceding
specie

8. HYSSO’PUS, L. Hyssop.

[Latinized from Ezob,—an ancient Hebrew name.] :
Calyx tubular, patria equally 5-toothed ; throat naked. Corolla bi-
labiate,—the upper lip erect, flat, emarginate—the I Pe Hs seer ote
3-lobed, middle lobe large r, bifid. Stam s 4, e
lower pair longer ; anthers 2celled, —the ce cells Bnei: avn
1. H. orrictna’iis, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, rather ad entire,
sessile ; cymules secund, racemose,—the u pproximate.

‘Orrictnat Hyssorvus. Hyssop. Garden Hysso

Fr. Hysope. Germ. Der Isop. Span. Hisodpo. :.
Root perennial. Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, subtendtey shrubby at base and much
— posi fourths of an inch fo 5 em & a half long. Cymules rather

ve dada ones below. Corolla

bright bina, a ‘wipes purplish.
Gardens : cultivated. Native of ‘Southern Europe and Asia. FT. July-Aug. Fr. Sept.

ultivated as a medicinal herb. The infusion has lo:
Maria’ :

popular febrifuge. The Dittany ( L.)—which belongs

a well-known article in the po; Ma Med-
ica ; but as it grows wild, and is usually confined to dry hilly woodlands,
it is prc entitled to a place among agricultural plants.

9. SATURE’JA, L. Sumer Savory.
me ancient Latin name.

Bitabiats .—the chp erect, — lower one

lobes n nearly equal. Stamens 5 ‘
ines often fasciculate in the ‘axils, and somewhat
ers

ie: canes Stem erect, much Seibel ee sae
oblong-linear, acute ; cymules axillary. axillary, pedunculate, few lowered, some-
what seeund, remote or ———— spiked. —

236 ~ WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Garpen Saturesa. Summer Savory.
Fr. La Sarriette. Germ. Die Saturey. Span. Ajedréa.

Root annual. Stem 6-12 inches high, obscurely 4-angled, branched so as to appear
bushy, feu hiak pubescent, encatly dark purple. ges half an inch to an es a
narrowed at base to avery short petiole: Cymules about 3-flowered—the wu
crowded into a leafy spike. Corolla pale violet-purple, somewhat pamaoenhs pticce om
sie _ the hispid-ciliate calyx-teeth.
cultivated. Native of Southern Europe. FU. July-August. Fr. September.

Obes. Cultivated as a culinary herb.
10. ORI’'GANUM, LE. Marsoram

hme Oros, a mountain, and Soaps) delight ; in allusion to its native sigsia 2

the upper ia entire or 3-tooth e low : lip 2-toothed, trunc

wanting. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper ee emarginate ; lower lip ri 3
dand spreading. St ve Annuals or peren-

nials with nearly entire /eaves and flowers in dense corymbose clusters or

oblong spikes, imbricated wi ored bracts

a O. Marsora’na, L. Somewhat branched ; leaves ellipti-obdeate:

why and atiesoent on both sides ; spikelets oblong, clustered at the

po of the branches.

Sweet Marjoram

Fr. La Miatodiine. Germ. Der Majoran. Span. Majorana.

nnual. cage 9-18 inches high, subte: ~~ toe one ony of an inch to an inch
long, varying from ovate to obovate _s

n imbricated, mar; x
like a distinct sepal, dilated, obtuse, ciliate-pilose and mostly 3- ene at ai
below with the margins folde in, the lower tip or division oyate, smooth, ve
white or tinged with purp
Gardens: cultivated. Native of Africa and Asia. FT. July—Aug. Fr. September.

Obs. One of the fragrant culinary herbs, generally cultivated.
os eee . —

rm, a

Cal: ovod-ubulr, 10- ~ meee: bilabiat te, —the agent
. nee Na ne bifid; throat villous. Corolla with t oper fk
lower li be pes

nearl flat, Teale Pp spreading, 3- e —
tr. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging. Humble pare or suffruticose
perennials, Lig small and entire strongly veined Jeaves and purplish or

whitish flow
1. T. vorea’e ay Stems erect or eboney at, base ; leaves —.
ovate or lance-ovate, revolute on the margin in terminal in
rupted leafy spikes.
Common Tuymus. Garden Thyme. Standing Thyme. —

|
|

MINT FAMILY. 237

Fr. Serpolet. ore. Der Thymian. Span. Tomillo.

Stems 4-6 inch slender, rather erect, much besecbenss ms nd. Soe

together at base, suffruticose, clothed with a short cincreous pubese
fourth to half an inch long, abruptly narrowed to a petiole, punctate, slight tly vomited
beneath, fasciculate in the axils by reason of abortive branches. Cie bi hirsute, strongly
ta Corolla pale

— punc ; Segments of the lower lip subulate, pectinately ciliate
purple
Porat cultivated. Native of Southern Eurepe. Fi. June-August. Fr. August -
Obs. A favorite condiment in culinary processes,—and gene
tivated in eo gardens. The creeping Thyme (T. 7 any e's si
a species nearly allied in properties and appearance—is naturalized in
many suing

12. MELIS’SA, LZ. Bam.
[Greek, Melissa, the honey-bee ; the flowers being a favorite of that insect.]
bale tubular, 13-nerved, bilabiate——the upper lip py be. sprees 3-
oothed—the lower a bifid. Corolla bilabiate, with a recurved ascend-
in wags ube, dilated above. Stamens 4, connivin ng under r the upper lip; anthers
2-celled ; cells distinct, parallel, finely diverging. Perennial herbs
loosely few-flowered, one-sid cymules in the axes of leaf like bracts.
1. M. orricrna’ LIS, L. Stem erect, branching ; leaves ovate, coarsely
crenate-serrate, petiolate :
Orrictnat Menissa Balm Common Balm.
Fr. La Meli Bore Die Melisse. Span. Melisa.
Stem 1-2 or 3 feet high, more or less pubescent. Leaves 2-3 or 4 inc!
half an — te an inch and a half in ee ae floral pact <eocivng the reali Dut

usually somewhat cuneate at base. Cymurles —6-flowered on a short co x
Calyx ary, hairy ‘Cort white or ightly tinged. wi vrith parle. 2

Obs. Comm sce! cultivated in en Wh and ss become me sparingly et

uralized in some places. An infusion of the herb, or “ Balm Tea,” is a

pular domestic medicine, and it is wre 3 7 efficacious as any other
ess warm drink in producing perspiratio:

13. BRUNEL’LA, Tournef. Sexr- neat.
[German, Die Braeune, the quinsy ; said to be cured by it.]

Seen ats about 10-nerved, reticulatel.

Saichaoieioe or little e ring of short hairs or eke i near
the base within. aes 2-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bear- _
ing the anther. ——— wee petoe _egnede' chastened ——
bricated spikes or hs

238 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

1. B. vulga’ris, L. Leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, crenate
dentate or obsoletely serrate, Siainetsines pinnatifidly incised, petiolate.
Common Brunewis. Heal-all. Self-heal.
Fr. Brunelle ordinaire. Germ. Gemeine agente Naas Brunéla.

2 or 15 inches high

Stem jally at base.
Leaves 1-3 inches long ; petioles h halt an inch- i inches et (ch ose oa the p Fadical a lower
often 3-4 inches long); the leaves bract-like, extigaine-we date yeni witha

nee

short abrupt acumination, the lower ones conspicuously acuminate. Cym aswered
crowded into compact imbricated oblong terminal spikes. Bracteoles none. Corolla viol
purple (rarely pale purple or nearly seine smoothis'

Fields, road-sides, open woodlands, &c.: wathadl haleen acaba old world. Fi, July -

Septem ber. Fr. August - November.
Obs. This plant: appears to be distributed over the four quarters of

= globe ; ne I should Judge | Z ad » hein native, here. Although

a pernicious weed, it is ur farms, that it seemed

prope r to nities it in this wit: "Fite. ‘Gace Soom ne a healing

e that of many other such medicaments of the olden times—

is ‘now ‘a shnoletes The famous Mad-dog Scull-cap (Scutella’ria

L.)—which once figured in the Gazettes as a specific for

Dpscdphobis iocloogs to this tribe—and is frequent in wet meadows.

14. MARRU’BIUM, L. Hoaruounp.
[Said to be derived from the Hebrew, Marrob ; meaning a bitter juice.] ;
Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, nearly equally 5—10-toothed,—the oe
more or less s) gp finally aries ae rolla with the up
i

flatti

, middle lobe road : tube iced he calyx. Stamens in-
cluded ; anthers 2-celled,—the cells diva cab ‘Ales res obtuse at summit,
but not truncate. Hoary-tomentose sei reniada with rugose leaves and
many-flowered axillary cymules.
1. M. vulga’re, L. Stems ascending ; leaves roundish-ovate or oval,
cerenate-dentate, softly villous and canescent beneath ; calyx with 10
subulate recurved teeth,
Common oarhound.

N Marrupiuom. H

Fr. Marrub blanc. Germ. Der weiee, Andorn. Span. Marrubio.

Stems 9-18 inches high, ezespitose or branching fro Leaves a inches
long, la dae narrowed. at base to a flat pe wooly ¥ petit halt an inch ws an a me,
smal sessile in the rather distant axils ; ubulate. Corolla w
sma

y banks and waste places : introduced. Nati: Fl.

Ponvieg Miomarg Pri Sepeeenber. ve of Europe and middle Asia.

This has been introduced as a medicinal herb,—and is partially

its valuable tonic properties. "The 8: and
or with it, are excellent pectoral sie Hao

1k LORIE EES TI AF

MINT FAMILY. 239

15. LA’MIUM, £. Deap-nertue.
(Greek, ei the throat ; from its pis flowers.]

a tubular.
late at apex. Corolla dilated at ‘the alhes “he a upper r lip ovate or ob-
long, “pea ostly narrowed at base; lower lip with the middle or
lower lobe trod; ee contrac ted a rah and substipitate ; the
lateral ones small at the margin of the ones Siamens 4, ascendi
under the upper lip ; ee asap neget in pairs, 2-celled ; cells finally
ivarieate. Akenes triquetrous with the angles acute truncate at sum-
mit, smooth, or minutely rgose-ubereult,
be aoc per L. Leav
rounded, crenately incised Als
lower ones et olate—the floral
ones sessile, amplexieaul ; tube
of the ‘corolla a within, poe
la toothed ;
thers hirsute.
Srem-ciaspine Lamium.—Dead
Nettle. Hen-bit.

Fr. Lamier. Germ. Die
Taube-nessel. Span. Ortiga
muerta.

Root annual. Stemsseveral, or much
branched from the base, decumbent
i inches

on an in
long. Cymule: densely eagle
Avi di
oximat

sessile, hirsute. Corolla bright parple,
bescent, the galeate upper lip early
entire, clothed with a ‘scan vitae :
lower lip i te: _— dilated,
later. ne A mpres sed j tube slen
ted, 3 mt
lower eynules, is often minute or
wanting.

152
Gardens and cultivated lots: introduced. Native of Europe and Northern Africa. ee
April-May. Fy. Jun z
Obs. This wortlos little weed is abundantly naturalized in and about
our gardens in Pennsylvania,—and requ Riray oe Pee Me Oe

Fic. 151. A flower of the Ga va inal. Sue is sheen withs the’:
corolla removed and the mt ynar ee divided 0 mae ee and 4lobed ovary. 153. The
Purple Lamium (Lamium

-240 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

due subjection. Another species (ZL. purpu’reum, L.) has also been int
duced in some localities ; but it does not appear to multiply so aaa

16. LEONU’RUS, ZL. Morserworr.
[Greek, Leon, a lion, and Oura, a tail ; from some fancied resemblance. ]

Calyx turbinate, 5-10-nerved—the limb truncate, 5-toothed; teeth |
-subulate, subspinescent, finally s spreadi ng. Corolla bilabiate, —the upper |
lip Shots. ae flattish or somewhat arched—lower lip s spreadin g, 3-
lobed,—the lateral lobes oblong—the middle one entire or sometimes ob-
cordate. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip ; anthers approximat-
ed in pairs, 2-celled, the valves naked. Akenes Siueerag, truncate at
— smooth. Mostl y perennial herbs with cut-lobed leaves and close
whorls of. ea in their 4 oo
ge se rdia’ca, L. Lower stem-leaves palmate-lobed, the upper ones
cunea sais Spline, mostly trifid, with a lengthened narrow base,—the lobes
of all the leaves ovate o r lanceolate ; corolla ae than the calyx-teeth ;
the tube with a villous ring within at base ; one flattish, hirsutely
villous ; lower lip spreading, the middle job an ant

Carprac Leonurvs. Motherwort.
Fr. a mee ume. Germ. Das _— Span. Agri

Root pere d above, retrorsely pubescent,
witha eee coal at em ines or none Leaves 2—4 inches long, rug ose, = lower ones
nearly orbicular in the outline ; petioles 1-2 inch s bon mg. 2 a flowered,
sessile, distant, forming an interrupted leafy spike 6-12 or Fire pow in tints
subulate, smooth. Calyx strongly Sinbad, smoothish ; teeth acuminate, pungent, the
lower ones rather longer. Poon dl le purple, piece very pean especially on the
pper lip. Ak amit.

s foreigner is completely naturalized, and is apt to occupy all
neglec a and waste places about farm: -yards and along field-sides. "3
It is an utterly worthless weed—aunsight tly; aid d isagreeable,—and speed-
ily gives a forlorn appearance to the p premises of the slothful and sloven-
ly farmer. There ther species (L. marrubias eb) ve
become partially naturalized in some districts ; but it does not threaten
to become so prevalent and troublesome

17. TEU’CRIUM, L. Germanper.

[Named from Teucer, a Trojan prince, who, it is said, first used the plant.]
Calyx oe nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla with the
tube short,—the 4 upper lobes of the limb nearly equal, oblong and de-
clined, or very shot and rather erect,—the lowest lobe largest, oblong or
rounded Stamens
the Pt lobes of the corolla ; anthers with the
few-flowered in a terminal rather crowded greyish-green spike.

pees
|

* BORAGE FAMILY. 241
al
1, T. Canaden’se, L. Herbaceous, erect, wt PO ubescent ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, acute, ‘serrate, rounded at sd on short petioles.
CanaDian Teucrtum. Wood Sage. Germander.
Root peren: Stem 1-2 or 3 feet high, simple or sparingly ey square with
the sides, cane and the angles obtuse, clothed with a retrorse cinereous pubescence,
_ Leaves 3 5 inches long, on one fourth to three fou Gimat werinch in lan ng A
2~3-flowered, mostly crowded, sometimes a little distant, in a ~5 or 6 inches in
length (often an opposite pair of racemes from the axils of the first leaves be

fr .
urple, minutely pubescent ; en potas bajar: a central fissure on the a
3 b ect

side—the uy
concave. Style longer than the s Geeeue. oe aed. seal bifid at

Fence rows and low shaded grounds : ares, 0% the United States. Fi. July. Fr.
August —-September.

. This plant is frequently to be seen in low grounds, along streams,
- and sometimes a sco 9 cat ei of teh ; it has not be-
come generally kno an intrusive weed. observi , how-

4 r, has thors 9 ero to ie e specimens of it eaiaten) in his
| fields. e, he assured me, he Yitind it a very "tromblesaiaes weed—~and
spaveover: nexieoaiely difficult hg ee I have, therefore,
it proper to describe the it and commend it to further notice,—so
j that its true character may be ject inly determined, before its i
{ Since the lagi (

become very troublesome on some farms in n Pennsylvania.

Orpver L, BORRAGINA’CE. (Borace Famty.)

Mostly rough hairy herbs with r sl fac —— simple leaves without stipules and
flowers in often Tetien Sas mes ich are spiral Sep geno before expansion.
Calyx + ear < the vim 5-toothed, with 5 stamens inserted on its
tube. Ovary deeply cieet a style proceeding from the base of the lobes, which in
fruit —— é little nuts or hard akenes, each with a single seed without albumen. Herbage
not ar

Ap Order for the most part of rough homely pent some of them very obnoxious w
A few are slightly medicinal. The Alkanet pa e (a red coloring scott is ae.
ed by a plant of this Order, viz.: Anchusa norncing L. Several — ve showy
flowers, and some of the Helictropiums are Sates for their
* Akenes or lobes erect, fixed by the lower end, separate from the sazie; not prickly.
Corolla apres irregular, throat ree and open.

The rather unequal stamens protruding. 1, Ecnivm, an
Corolla re:
4 Its throat closed by 5 converging scales 2. SYMPHYTOM.
4 Its throat open, with 5 hwnd or eee evident projections ; tied See ae
q spreading, round, im age in the bud, white. 3. LITHOSPERMUM,
° **Akenes or lobes prickly, fix + eir side or Bae gel end to the een ts
‘ le. Sirota, salver-shaped with 5 scales in the 2
a
Akenes erect rickly on the margins onl
Fowari asl eg 5 gia ieee 4. Equrnosrermum.
Akenes ania or flattened from above or oo, ae
over. . ¢ 5. CynoGnossrm.

1. E’CHIUM, eae ig £ Virsn’s-BuaLoss.

(Greek, Echis, i E 3 $ he ay

242 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

panded, naked. Stamens st exserted, unequal. Nudtlets roughened
or wrinkled, fixed * a flat base

‘ 1. E. vulga’re, L. Stem tuber-
culate-hispid ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, hispi d; flowers in
lateral secund spikes, ae
ed in a long narrow Ta
Common Ecurum suiBte wood
hate oe Blue Devils.
Fr. aux Vipéres. Ger
Der Natterko ee Span. Yer-
b 1 ” Vibora

pra rae 2- ns feet a

acute sessile. Spikes numerous, ax-
ne! itteny and at first recurved,
ally la at first r-
lis, finally bright “bine; pubescent
Akenes eg ees angu-
jar ee a ‘immer 8 ide, keeled on org
back, a little incurve: # Rexetrecrs minate,
rough with tubercles of a greyish-
brown color.
Fields and road-sides : introduced.
ere of Europe. Fl. June. Fr.
Augus'

Obs. This showy but vile
weed, has bee become extensively
om

siderable quant the
State of Ma ormand, and ofits

a nnsylvani
Prof. A. Gray informs us ( Silliman’s Seareer "Fol 1 1, 4 p- 13), “that in
the valley of the Shenandoah, Virginia, “ for the distance of more than
a hundred miles, it has taken complete possession, even of many cu ulti ivat-
ed fields.” A veteran editor of a newspaper in the “Old Dominion,”
on the Ovi hrase—* Principrs

maxim, practica is plant, he would “have done the
service :” and ev 2 pike would do well to bear that maxim

Fic. 154. Flowering summit of Viper’s Bugloss (Echium yulgare). a Ls

fh ee eee a
GAEL LLM AAPL ENE LON :

BORAGE FAMILY. 243

not only in reference to this, but to all pernicious weeds. It would save
a vast deal of vexatious labor at a future day.

2. SYM’PHYTUM, Tournef. Comrrey.
[Greek, Symphyo, to join ; from its supposed healing virtues.]
sen tubular = 5 short spreading teeth ; the throat inflated and
osed by 5 linear-awl-shaped scales. Stamens included ; anthers elongated.
Nutlets smooth, ovate, fixed by a large fctlowed base. Coarse peren-
wake Mpheatie niucilaginous roots and yellowish white flowers in nodding
na racem
S. officina “le, L. winged above by the decurrence of the sessile
Til, oo leaves preciosa nery tapediine to a petiole, the upper
narrow
joe SYMPHYTUM. oe
-3 feet high, branched, grooved or angular, and hispidly pilose. Leaves
inches long, rugose ; ‘petioles of the coe force 3-5 inches in length. Recona aitah
bracts, th the flowers rather crowded. Corolla rarely purplish ; scales of the throat pero
Ghedene. and naturalized in some places. Native of Europe. June.
Obs. Formerly used as a rome for “internal wounds,” and still has
some reputation in diseases of the Iungs and bowels. The root is the
mparts .a strong eaprony to _ and has a slight
astringency, pe is at least harmless if not efficac
3. LITHOSPER’MUM, Tournef. amid
[Greek, Lithos, a stone, and Sperma, seed ; from the stony hardness of its seeds.] _
Corolla funnel-form or salver-form ; limb 5-lobed ; throat seme or with
5 small gibbous projections. Anthers along subsessile, in uded. Akenes
bony, smooth or rugose, fixed by the
ls L arven’se, L. Hispidly pilose ; ee lance-linear, rather acute,
oe een akenes rugose-pitt ted.
PERMUM. Stone-weed. Gromwell.
i ay des champs. Germ. Acker Steinsame.

12-18 inches high, generally much branched from the root }
odten branched near the summit. Leaves 1-2 inches eee lower ones often eblame :
ceolate and obtuse. Flowers axillary, solitary, su
destitute of folds or appendages. Akenes Kod acuminate, rugose, brown ras mature.

Grain-fields and pastures : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. Jane. Pir ss
Obs. A worthless little foreigner, more noticeable for its frequen WC

rtance,
the doctrine fanciful th of the early days

the part of the body which they wane to affect—this, and other
see: pnp Sel, rh cu n
stony-like appearance

re for the stone in the bladder, from the
of its 5 Whenee one ee

944 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS,

3. ECHINOSPER’MUM, Swartz. SricksEEp.
hedgehog, and sperma, seed ; from the prickly nutlets.J

(Greek, Echinos s
Corolla salver-form, about the mertogyt of the calyx ; lobes rounded ; the
throat closed with 5 short es. Stamens pes Nutlets erect, fixed

ps

LE. Tag ‘pula, Lehm. fen paniculately branched above ; leaves lanceo-

Fic. 156. Corn Gromwell (Lithospermum arvense). 156. The fruit of 4 smooth: amilete,

BORAGE FAMILY. 245

late, rather obtuse, rough-hairy; nutlets each - a double row of
prickles on the margins, and tubercled on the back

— Nerromaonecd Stickseed.
nnual or biennial. ee a foot or more in height, covered bei: greyish spreading
hateee simple below. " Leaves —2 inche 8 lo ong, very hairy ; the hairs mostly tuberculate
at the = F lowers in lea: wok, racemes, ry
Was ia cles: Native of Europe. July. — :
bs. Rather common in some localities. The nutlets adhere to the
og of sheep and cattle, and on this account the weed is a tonbieioas

4. CYNOGLOS’SUM, Tournef. Howunn’s-ronavue.
(Greek, Kyon, a dog, and Glossa, a tongue ; from the form of the leayes.]
aed ee tube nearly as long as the calyx ; throat closed

by 5 obtuse scales ; limb 5-lobed; the lobes very obtuse. Stamens in-
ag evden depr essed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the
base of the style, ee ag all over with short barbed or hooked
— Coarse herbs with a strong unpleasant odor, and mostly panicled

racemes hare’ are naked above, but usually pratas at the base. Lower
leaves peti
1 ¢. Sted ni, DC. Stem erect, celine Ha ee
sieges = degen feeder: ovate, laneeola a oe owed a
gpk

n pairs,

finally porary fruit daily coved with a paint,
Morison’s Cynoatossum. Beggar’s Lice.

Root annual. Stem 2-4 feethigh. Leaves 3-4 inches long, acute at each end, scabrous,
the lower ones petiolato—the upper wi: subsessile. Racemes terminating the slender
divaricate branches, mostly dichotomous ; pedicels about ng as the fruit. Corolla
bluish-white, small.

Fence-rows and borders of thickets: Northern and Middle states. FI. July. Fr.
October

Obs. bird slovenly : mens is apt a practical acquaintance with
this obnoxious weed, in consequence of its racemes of bur-like fruit en-
tangling se manes of his | horses, and a fleeces of his sheep.

2. C. officina’le, L. Softly spobsocent 5: sionals iculate above, leafy;
upper leaves lanceolate, clnoeky sessile by a rounded or slightly heart-
base ; racemes nearly bractless ; Tautlets flat on the broad upper
‘face, somewhat margi
OFrFIcINAL ee as i saaDeaaaae

cats

Biennial. Stem att fa ee — mee # baat anlage

petiolate ; stem leaves 3 long.

pedicels 5 14 an inch = eth ; corolla Poen & ne 2 Reon. tly ese Te
Waste places and pas’ Nat ative of Europe. May —July.

Obs. avd senial in the ae > manner with rat
“The ee odor of the cia gt

hea

246 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Orver LI. CONVOLVULA’CEA. (Convorvoius Famty.)

Mostly trailing or twining herbs, often with a milky juice ; leaves alternate (in
reduced to minute scales) ; ees re; , hexandrous ; romp of 51 imbricated

Prat a vores 2-6-seeded pod.
A family eotaig many ae plan nts, — oa which are cultivated for ornament.
e furnished by plants of this order.

Fig. 157. Common Hounds-tongue (Cynoglossum officinale). 158. Portion of the corolla
swith the scales which a — throat. 159. The fruit, con: yet prickly nutlets adher-
_ing to the base of the styel

CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 247

1 BATA’TAS, Rumph. Sweer Potato. ™
[Apparent y an aboriginal or barl dopted for the genus. ]

Corolla campanulate—the limb spreading. NGieners 5, included. by
— stigma capitate; 2-lobed. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved. Seeds 4

0B Fo *puLIs, Chois. Stem a voluble ; leaves subhastate
te with the sinus broad and low, often an ngular and partially
nl, “peti te ; peduncles as long or longer than the petioles, 3-4-
flow
EataBie Batatas. Sweet Potato. Carolina Potato.
Fr. Patate jaune. Germ. Bataten Winde. Span. Batata de Malaga.
nnial, tuberous ; tubers oblong, terete, acute at owe res. yellowish-white, or
someti a oe externally, yellowish within. ‘Stem 4-8 long, slender, pros' ostrate,
rad eating, bk pilose. Leaves or 4i th ches long ; petioles aoets 2 inches in ength, Corolla
e
Vaart ser aee and lots : cultivated.
Obs. Cultivated for its large sweet edible farinaceous roots, especi me
in the Southern States, though its culture has been found practicab
much farther North than was formerly Teslsoad The warm sandy soi

bo quiet te the ‘wild state. Tbe word potato is a
to a a corruption oF Batata, the name it bore among borigi
some portion of this continent. This . doubtless the Fah Po spoken of —
a te

HAKSPEARE, _ con ig geet ters ; “ Tris tato,” so
ed (Soia’Num —. ux) = ‘then scarcely known
Wood Swee t Pota ng the presents ante ‘Cokonbab
carried to Teabelia, ‘rial ai the “newhpajenomacal world.

2. CONVOL’VULUS, L. Brnp-weep.

[Latin, Convolvo, to entwine, or wind about ; d i of the pl:
Corolla campanulate. Style simple sores 2, fervte-tinsan, itil a
revolute. “Capsule 2-celled. W Suads 4, erec Stems twining oon
often — Flowers mostly wk ing at dawn. i

1. €. arven’ Stem Vaate or often prostrate ; leaves ovate-
ahlenis sais biiatcg ‘obtuse, ittate t base; ped — “mostly 1-flowered
bibracteate—the bra a : os from the flo

Fretp Oonvoivewts. Bind-weed,

‘Fr. Liseron des champs. Germ. Die Aaeceeee a pie gr”

Rost perenuial, creeping, long. Stem about 2 feet long, sl 2, F

945 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

or round other plants, twisted, a little hai Leaves an be to an inch and a
rine ! 2 somewhat emarginate
—all of them with a minute cusp at the end of the midrib ; ; petioles “halt an inch to an inch
long. Peduneles axillary, 1~ 213 — long, with 2 minute bracts half an inch to an inch
below the flower. Corolla pale. red or reddish-white.
Cultivated lots : introduced. Nat of ae and Asia, Fl. June-July. Fr. Aug.

me porti
care and may give the teem soit rouble, if they do not guard
We i age i

n
farmer milar condition annexed to the preservation of his
ises from the feroad of Le nicious weeds. The following remarks,
m the Flora Londinensis, will afford some idea of the character of
~ Convolvalus, as ober vad i in England,—and may serve as a a salutary

ow Beautiful as this plant ap to the eye, experience proves
have a most pernicio ce nein joemrandy ene field of the ems
enly farmer bears cpident testimony | * om. ie eand gery pene
exempt from its — followi show

yulus, I planted. feava feet of a bank in m den, which _ a
four feet in height, with some roots of it: it was early in the

Fic. 160. Bindweed (Convolvaius arvensis.)

CONVOLYULUS FAMILY. ' 249

and the season was Pa acon pet so that I ee expected to see
them grow ; but a Ing on, soon convinced me that my
apprehensions were soe eer for or the ey quickly covered the whole —
face of the bank, to the almost total in coat ry ag other bas
- being a generally received opinion, that if a pla ut dow on
the ground, it would thereby be destroyed, oF las gh very ah

outhe
States. The beautiful Cypress iss — cultivated, ik somewhat
spontaneous Southward, is Quam’oc GA’RIs, Chois.

3. CUS’CUTA, Tournef. Donner.

[A name of uncertain derivation and obscure meaning.]

Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla globose-urceolate or tubular,—the limb 5 or —
ratty tc left. Stamens furnished with a scaiestiee, Minne S eaara appen-
dage at the base. Ovary free, 2-celled and 4-ovuled; styles 2, rarely

circumscissed at base or bursting irregularly. seen ibe filiform,
more or less convolute in am, around ase ge albumen. Parasi

pi radicating
—. ecee 2 box oa derive nourishment,—and, » dying at the
root, soon lose all direct connection with ae _— Flow s clustered. be
1. C. epmi’num, Weih. Stem filiform ; flowers in a ca sessile
enema epee t clusters ; corolla, globular, 5- ly exceedit

the calyx, wi on the capsule; scales ininute ; Mightad elongat
esta cpening regularly around the base by a circumsissile dehiscence.

. Dodder.
ae Fil de terre. Germ. Die ea. Span. Cuscuta.

Annual. Stem 2-3 or 4 a gs very ser ad smooth, pale orange-color. Flowers in oe
heads or ch segments 4-5 ovate, father act og
la

250 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Obs. This singular plant—formerly a great pest among the fiax crops
become quite rare, since the culture of flax has de panels ene

are several native species of this genus, the most common of h, Ci
Grono’ Willd., is oftenseen in swampy pices fc from Auphiae i ‘Ovi
ber, twining over other plants in tangled m _ ch have been

likened to bunches of threads of yarn, and to aoe wit

Orver LIL. SOLANA’CER. (NieguTsHaDE F'amizy.)

Mostly d alternate 1 without stipules, regular 5-merous and
eanacons oo less Sea corolla, plicate or infolded-valvate in the bed 5
rted into ree po as many as its whee and ‘iersate with them.

at titel 3-5- peed many- qeeded acini or eapenle ; Pesan with fleshy albumen.

i metimes the tollbgs and
trait are e highly poisonous, while on the other hand it eran Bess. of our most valuable
escule:

Sacks Ssliki ela Stamens closely converging or united around the style. Fruit
a ber

Anthers longer than the very short filaments, and connected hao? Rerace path
opening lengthwise. :
Not connected, opening at the top by two pores. 2. agro:
—— —— than the filaments, heart-shaped, opening length-
ry inflated, pod-like, pulp very pungent. 3. CAPSICUM.
#*Corolla ees a wheelehn aped and bell-shaped. Anthers separate.
Calyx becoming age . PHYSALIS.
***Corolla funnel-shaped, b haped or tubular. Stamens separate ;
filaments slender. Ca alyx ve toatied or 5 ‘obed.
rubby with vine-like branches and narrow leayes.
Corolla funnel-shaped, small. Fruit a berry. 5. LycrM.
Annual herbs wit!
—

~

h an unpleasant odor. Fruit a pod.
la and on a er irregular, -y Pod in the urn-shaped calyx

re paar a prickly. 7. DATURA
Calyx not angled, persistent. Pod smooth. 8. NICOTIANA.

1. LYCOPER’SICUM, Tournef. Tomaro..

{Literally Wolf-Peach ; a metaphorical name, haying reference to the per
Calyx 5 —10-parted, persistent. Corolla rotate ; Peat ; short ;
plicate, 5 —10-lobed, Suse $x Ade: exserted sbiomenia,
cohering by an nny brane at deahimit: ‘hetatiaie ae
on the inner side. ge ee with the placentz adnate to the to tie
dissepiment, man —3-celled. . Seeds numerous,
form, palpyiloas. Leaves ne ari dissected. Flowers in jateral

L. xscuten’tum, Mill. m herbaceous ; ae interruptedly
Gibbipianates— —the Semaiie oe lance-ovate, acuminate,
deeply incised-serrate ; fruit depressed-globose, mostly torose.

Escutenr Lycoperstcum. Tomato, or "Podaitiee, Love-apple.
‘Fr. Pomme d’ amour. Germ. Der Liebes-Apfel. Span. Tomate.

*

NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. - 261

Plant of a greyish aspect, viscid-pub2scent and somewhat fetid. . Root ann
4 feet ene. panes, often straggling or procumbent a te support

ed. Flowers in
naked lateral rac Sites isters ; common peduncle 1-2 inches long, dichotomously ‘vid.
ed, the ety divisions hese to the pedicels of the flowers. tl yas 5-10,
linear-lanceolat ite, ie Pe. Corolla yellow, pubescent, the lobes 5— ay lanceolate, spreading,
fad ae ering, ac minate, with the points recurved. Berries large (1-3 or 4 inches or

cana meter), Bobtes or flatly depressed and orbicular, Shel. ‘remark ably torose or
distorted ao eis re agaewer abe red ich reddish ©: ce ss seem matu
Gar ted. Nat of Spanish Fil, Jun li - August. Fr.
Au oa oie.

Obs. This is cultivated for its succulent acid. fruit—whie eh; as asauce,
is considered very healthful, cao ee of late years, become a favorite
nd almost universal dish, in its Numerous a variation’ are found i

uit v:

mato,” robably L. c also, varies in ge
and hivs potty hybridized with: the he oninarily cultivated species.
produce the intermediate forms that often met with.

2. SOLA’NUM, L. Nieursuape anp Porarto.

{A name of obscure and uncertain meaning.]

- Calyx 5-10-parted, persistent. Corolla rotate or spictag yerei7

tube short ; limb plicate, mostly es Stamens mostly 5, i
ed ; ivent, opening at
apex by 2 pores. Berry 2- (rarely 5 - celled. Leaves various ;
gia in cymose clusters—on mostly lateral and extra-axillary pedun-

* Anthers blunt ; ae not prickly.
1. S. ni’grum, L. Stem herbaceous, angular, branched, scabrous on
the angles ; leaves ovate, obscurely Sievessideetate flowers subumbel-
late ; fruit globose, black.
Brack LANUM. Nightshade.
fe Mon Morelle noire oire. Germ. Der schwarze Nachtschatten. Spat: Yer-

guatal. Stem 1-2 fct hich, much branched, la os wheel eae

2B nee ig ; petioles abo ete fering Tekh tant hove hota tewfowenel, oe

Waste places, a t gardens and dwellings. Native of Europe. FI. July. Fr. ‘Sept. ue
- Obs. A homely, worthless, and even deleterious hae —which ought to

fie tatehally expaltad from m the vicinity of all dwe

2. S. Dulcama’ra, L. Somewhat shrubby eg aosbine leaves cor.

he ib ones often hastate or with 2 ear-like lobes at base ;
flowers in cymes; fruit oval, red. :

252 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Brrrer-sweer Soranum. Bitter-sweet. Woody Nightshade.

Perrenial. Stem 4-8 feet long, flexuose, smoo othish. Leaves 2~4 inches long ; petioles
half an inch to an inch in length. O} e the leaves, nodding ; pedicels half
inch long, clavate ; common peduncle about 2 cae in length ; ee violet epi es the
lobes spreading or iefle xed, each with 2 green dots or tubercles at base. Berry near half
an inch long.

About houses, &c. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September.

- Obs. Extensively naturalized in fertile soils, and is often tolerated and

Fic. 161. A branch of Nightshade (Solanum nigrum), 162. A fruit, 163, The samé

|
|
|

sities bE: EP ERP RE Sn aes, HE

NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 253.

even sometimes clive to — over walls and fences, as ts flowe:
and — are showy. The berries are said to be poisonous, though “this
nied by some authors; bai fan it is an unsettled question, and Ps
red appea.

the plant should be psaheat as a da angero The twigs are used
in medicine to increase the secretions of the | rude and skin.

3. S. tuBero’sum, LZ. Underground shoots producing tubers ;
interruptedly poendo pinnate, —the lobes ovate, entire ; fruit dactpalan
rather small, greenish yellow.

Tuperovus Soranum. Common Potato. Trish Potato.

Fr. Pomme de terre. pings ie Kartoffel. Span. Batatin.

Annual ; the base of the ucing tuberous oblong or roundish pedicellate
rhizomas. 2- ms feet high, g tiie nd succulent ve fleshy, often decumbent, some-
what pubescent. ves odd-pinnately dissected ,—the segments somewhat petiolulate,

sometimes ea the alternate pairs ver y small. Flowers in terminal nodding corymbs,
on a common peduncle 3-5 inches lon, Pg ae articulated, Corolla bluish-white.
— — yellow, often slightly Ben ering. Berries globose, about half an inch in

dia:
Kitchen oa and fields: cultivated. Native of South America. Fl. June-July
Fr. Septe

Obs. This most important plant is more or less cultivated, for its escu-
lent tubers, by every owner or occupant of land. It i am ne of the indis-
ble il: varieties

nsable crops for a v¢N ‘ous ubers—purple,
Ww. have been obtained, by long ‘

lants. According ’ cy spepeains ee — into Eng-

and, from Virginia, by Srr Watrer Ratetc 1586 ; into Ireland in

1610,— where they have “ long farnished ree three-fifths to four-fifths
of the entire food of the people” ; and into Scotland in 1728.

** Antherslong and taper-pointed ; stem and leaves prickly.
ss posh < oes intr Sone cee = nearly —. leaves
mewhat sinuate-lo

aa aabbary, aiken, wading calves aculeate ; fait ovoid or
oval, dark purple or white, mostl = very large.
Escutent Soanum.
Fr. Aubergine rouge. “si indie Nachtschatten.

Whole plant clothed with a stellated tomentum. _ Root annual.

slender ar dichotomous, or bearing 2 flowers), ac :
Wehes brats: spreading. Berries 3~ ee ore in diameler, 5 smooth, ; ee
Ps phon Sieg Native of In Fl. July - lipasaad Fr. Bevan a

Obs
Boog toe culture has baba veral st vara, some
of which have been describ oe aS
nearly destitute of prickles.

Saal metabo ce Stem suffraticnee, “branching leaves tit.

254 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

oblong, acute, sinuate-angled and often subhastate, prickly on both sides ;
racemes simple, loose ; fruit globose, small, orange yellow.
Caronintan Sonanum. Horse-nettle.
Root perennial. Stem 1 to near 2 feet high, annual but firm and almost shrubby, hollow,
ing, armed with ) spreading prickles. Leaves 4-6 inches ,aculeate on the:
midrib and larger nerves on both sides, clothed with a hirsute stellate pubescence 5
petioles half an inch to an inch anda half long. Racemes lateral, opposite to and often

—

Fig, 164. The Hi ettle (Sol Carolinense). qoge

NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 265"

— than the leaves. Calyx 5-parted, aculeate. Corolla bluish- white, Berries one-fourth
e-third of an inch in diameter.
a rasture es and cultivated grounds—especially in the Southern States. Fl. July. Fr.
tober.

Obs. This i nd
that it is almost hipeeeible to fare rid of it, when once fully fateodueail
: i & :

se
to se
will do ten. ther phi » enable themselves to know it when they mee’
it id cate it, promptly and. effectually, wheeme
they find ry on on thei acts ises.

3. CAP’SICUM, Tournef. Capsicum.
(Greek, kapto, to bite ; from its hot or biting quality.)
Calyx angular, 5- ne t, persistent. Corolla aS with a very
short tube,—the limb plicate, 5—6-lobed. Stamens 5-6, exserted ;
anthers shorter than the filaments, heart-shaped, longitudinally dehiscent.
Berry nearly dry, inflated, polymorphous, incompletely 2 -3-celled.
Seeds ery wes compressed, reniform
be am Ste m herbaceous leaves ovate, acuminate, entire,
eibrow: aac siltbir yar
I Red ee Cnydaus Pepper.
Fr. "Poivre d’Inde. Germ. Spanischer Pfeffer. Span. El Pimentero,
and El Chili.
— Stem 1-2 feet high, angular, branching above. 4 inches Bae
deep green ; petioles 1-3 inches 3 long, semi -terete, be wri channeled gtivbes
whe’ with *ovate- Pip von aradind lobes. Anthers white » With om of bags tone
hollow, terete and slender, ovoid-oblong, or depressed- -globose, tier, wh or torose,
seaaos and le cultivated. Native of South America. Fl. ar 19 Fr, Oct.

Obs. sine for its fruit, nd much
used as —— t. Several varieties cs (perhaps detinet spon with
ks Sait of vor as forms—are to be met lps er one |

ti

T. hray? 5 at out, £ 4hi +3 < , this is almost one

256 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

4. PHY’SALIS, L. Grovunp-Cuerry.
(Greek, deme bladder, or ae ; in all the inflated calyx.]

he plicate bor-
der somewhat 5-lobed or Rinathed; gs ali Procitenat fog A mee un-
cles extra axillary, nodding, wered.

perennial; divergently branching ; leaves

iP. sa, L. Root
i newhat Pina taveis. repandly ‘cobieat corolla brownish in the throat.

Ciamuy Puysais. Ground-cherry.

Stem.12 -18 inches high, branched somewhat dichotomously and with the whole p
clammy pu ube scent. _ Leaves 2- 4 inches long, varying from lance-oyate oor cite
. ; petioles 1-2 inches long. Corolla greenish-
yellow, with fauars or conten brovén spots at base, about twice as long “ he calyx.
Berry en or sometimes orange color, when mature. Peduncles oe the fr uit
agp ootvend an a

in light ‘sandy soils : also cultivated. FJ. July. Fr. September.
2. P. Avxexen’ai, L. Perennial; leaves deltoid-ovate, acuminate ;
corolla not spotted.
Strawberry Tomato. Ground-cherry.

Less branching than the preceding. Leaves attenuated into a long petiole ; 3-
long including the = ole and 134-2 inches broad ‘The inflated calyx becoming reddish: at
maturity. Berry re

Native of oid tg "Cultivated.

Obs. Both the species of Physalis : a fait Ware have within a few

years come into cultivation. The ripe fruit has a very pleasant flavor,
and is eaten raw ooked.

5. LY’CIUM, L, Marrimony-vine.
[Named from Zycia, in Asia Minor.]
Calyz irregularly 2 —3 or 5-cleft, persistent. Corol/a tubular-fanne ia: ;
bo aie aoe spreading. Stamens usually exserted ; filaments
2- celled ; seeds reniform. Shrubby vines with entire
leaves ; flowers solitary or in pairs on extra-axillary peduncles.
1. L. Bar’barum, L. Somewhat spinose ; branches elongated, flaccid
and dependent “eaves a ds often clustered ; calyx mostly

omg rpartan Lycrem. Bastard Jasmine. Matrim -vine. Barbary
Box-thorn. Duke of get s Tea-tree. Be

Perenn' 0 eet long, slender, much branc hed, with — rated its
the axi e of the | eee Leaves 1-3 inches long, tapering al t base a paias
about ae. in ang in length. about an inch long, slender, often 2-4 together ;
corolla gr ic ark BP sais oval, orange-red when ‘mature.

‘atone tre dwellings. ve of Northern Asia. Jane -July.

Ob ie gg hls Kd fstab pray materi

i
i
;
'
|
|

NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 257

ae

i -A. Sec
many places ; ee it of when once estab:
lished, is often “tain of a — It is —— cultivated to
eover screens, &e. there many nos tter adapted every

6. HYOSCY’ AMUS, Tournef. sc
(Greek, x Hp, 0 ae, a bean, because it either is prsiracaiaansa da

point

Colys bell-shaped or ‘urn-shaped, 3 blobed. Corolla fanel-form, oblique,

_ Fig. 165. The Ground or Winter-cherry (Physalis ica a. A fruit with half of
the inflated calyx cut away.

258 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

5-lobed more or less are Ler border. Stamens declined.

Pod poco in the persistent cal -celled, opening transversely all
— near the apex, which falls off like “aid, Clammy pubescent, fetid,
cotic aie with lurid flowers in the axils of the angled or toothed

oes
i ths 7, L. Leaves clasping, sinuate, toothed and angled ; flow
ogg’ in comaiiad co spikes ; corolla dull yellowish, strongly mes
lated with purple v:
Buack penuieaees pdiniien or “ese: epee
Annual or biennial. Whole plant viscid a airy, 0 us hue. Stem 1
feet high. Lower leaves petioled, spreading on <a pol og Calan olasely: <a tibweds ng th
ws vessel, , Strongly netted- -veine . Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, the surface cereale
reticuial
Road-sides and waste places. Native of Europe. July-August.
* Obs. This plant ae * as i ly gorge as yet, is power-
fully narcotic and p at feapine a leaf, or a drop of
the j pes of of the plant £ falling te the eye, Fiaten oe pupil in a remark-
able It is used in medicine as a substitute, i e cases, for

7. seca Foc E: mAAiaee

dt fi Tatorah ; the Arabi lant.¥

Calyx tubular, prismatic, separating transversely above the base j in fruit.
seh olla funnel-form, Sal Soe bik

ma
globose, prickly, — ly smooth),
half 4-celled at summit, 4-valved.

ua.

cotic leaves, somewhat in oF

pairs, and large, solitary, axill r
dichotomal flowers, on short pe
duncles.

Jamestown (corruptly Jimson) weed.
Thorn-apple.

166
Fy. Pomme epineuse. Germ. Der

Stech-apfel. Span. Estramonio.

aiemneapoaaina

Fic. 166. A capsule of the Thorn apple (Datura Stramonium).

NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 259

Root ann -5 feet high, rather stout, terete, pale gia faney abe Cuk
purple in es i, ne, oth, ves 4-6 or 8 inches long, sinuate or somew:
lar-denta ce * petiol -3 or - octien in length. Calyx shoe evap Saye ee nearly

Corolla ochroleucous (pale violet purple in 7. Tatula), a’ about

3 antl long ; pos about an Seek in diamter.
Waste places, farm-yards, road-sides, &c. Fl. July-August. Fr. September.

Obs. A native of Asia or tropical America. Both varieties, the one
with green and the other with purple stems, are very common. The
herb and seeds are powerful narcotic poisons. sage oy Ss medici-
nally, and the dried root is sometimes smoked as a remedy for asthma.
Both varieties are coarse unsightly weeds, and those t foe extir-
pated by the farmer.

8. NICOTIA’NA, LZ. Tosacco.
[Named in compliment to John Nicot ; who introduced it into France.]

Calyx meinen reste: persistent. Corolla pepe pe limb
tg plicately 5-lobed. Stamens included. Style simple; stigma

ca Capaule covered by the calyx, septicidally #valved at apex,

cet valves Praia bifid, retaining separate placenta. Seeds very nume-

‘ x ‘ Pre um, L. Leaves large, lance-
ovate, cote. Sete det of the corol-
la acuminate, the throat infla

Topacco Nicotiana. ‘Tobacco.
Fr. Le Tabac. Germ. Der Taback. Span.
Tabaco.

Whole plant viscid-pubescent. Root ann e Stem
4-6 feet high, Ee ut, enor almost woody. & base,
ed a

a
length of the serciie, po segments lanceo-
late erect. Corolla about Zinches sfong; i limb a. colored,
spre — Daeg yellowi oa ‘'apsule ovoid,
pee

Known to ee about the year te

Fi. cst August. Fr. Se
Obs. The extent to which this na

and powerfully narcotic plant is witivatel
= chi empl usefon , and the modes in -
which it is emplo gratify the senses, constitute, bisinenone
the most remarkable traits in the history of civilized man. Were we
not so prctical familiar with the business, we should doubtless bate:

Fic. 167. cael datas a Wiel

260 WEEDS AND USEFUL, PLANTS.

posed to regard the whole story of the tobacco trade, and the uses made
of the herb, as an absurd and extravagant fable. In view of the facts
-and circumstances, it does seem like sheer affectation, on our part, to
pretend to be astonished at the indulgence of the oe and other
Asiatics, in the use of m9 um. The be abitual use of Tobacco is always

more or less injurious to the system—especially the baetral system
st Y cpatiy instances it is highly decterious ie eBeer: from long ob- -
experience of many years, having smoked a

n, and a personal e:
che the ‘the herb, until its pernicious effects compelled me to es-chew it
togethe

Orver LIT. GENTIAN A’CE. (GenTIAN Famiy.)

d sessile leaves without stipules ;
=. regula any as and po ane ey the lobes of the corolla, which are
convolute in “the tone a i “celled ao is nae 2-pa Steg 1 placente ; the fruit a 2-valved,

septic’ agp ne — -
ning m: any beautiful catclesathi number of them valuable for their
pacing En tone foercen: among which may be aay weve the Le pam ‘hes uy shops (Gen-
a,L.). Few Ww or none, however, are of any agricultual importan

1. SABBAT’TA, Adans. Crnravry.
[Named after Liberatus Sabbati ; an Italian Botanist.]

Calyx 5-12-parted. Corolla sub-rotate—the limb 5—12-lobed, convo-
lute (twisted to the right) ine Dy the bud. Stamens as many as the ria
— or ally

me
ina eymose pani
1. §, ‘ris, Pursh. Stem acutely 4-angled, somewhat winged ;
1.8, angle, Pr and amplexicaul; calyx-segments mostly 5, linear-
lanceolate, acute, much rag ie than the corolla ; corolla mostly 5- :
the lobes obovate, rather
ANGULAR

SABBATIA. ate

Corolla rose red, wi gor cena
with a ieeeled. suture on each side. Seeds Sragocely piston, under a lens.
C Fi. July - August. Fr. September.
Obs. This slot: has but little connection with agriculture ; yet it is
so generally and deservedly popular as a bitter and tonic medicine, :
it would seem desirable for every farmer to be able to identify it, and
therefore I have inserted it. There is another plant in the South and
West belonging to this tribe, which is highly commended for similar
Favtoed namely, the Wild Colombo, (Fra’sera Carolinen’ sis, Walt.)
do not deem it necessary, however, fo do more tan mention i here.

- MILKWEED FAMILY. : 261
serene nites ‘pidsia dls: cas ncosmeas : VORA Famity.)

} 7 Jlowers reg 2 ‘olla. most.
valvate in ta be rae united ‘into a tate which ensue the Siciils, the tube
— by a crown of s or scales, at summit ; the anthers united to the stigma
in peculiar wace wes masses as described saan the first genus ; fruit a

; follicle, seeds compressed and mostly margined a nae comose,
Order eee for the peculiar structure of the flowers a illustrated i poate: Prof.
Gray es admirable text-book), and containing ; number of plants interesting to the botan-

ist, though but few of any economical value.

1. ASCLE’PIAS, L. Miuxweep.
[The Greek name of 4sculapius ; to whom the genus is dedicated.]

Calyx deeply 5-parted, aicoam fender tr small, a Corolla
5-parted, reflexed, deciduo’ Cro of 5 hooded 1 aaa te
tube of the stamens, each cout ita an incurved horn. Stam
serted on the base of the ¢ rolla ; filaments united into a tae which
encloses the pistil ; siathes sia ent to the stigma, each with two verti-
cal cells, tipped with a membranaceous a appeniage e, each cell containin

- a flattened pear-shaped and wasry pollen-mass ; the two contiguous

a t, margined, im- —
bricated ponerse “all over io large et centa which ‘separates from
the suture at maturity, furnished with a long tuft of silky hairs atthe —
a Perennial herbs, with thick and dee eep roots 3 peduncles terminal, :

= td 5 oP Oils a ss

sg

1, A. Cornu'ti, Deca Leaves disio cratea acute, tomentose be-
neath ; pods clothed with soft spinous projections and woolly.

Consures’s — Silkweed. Milkweed.

no
-
7
&
4
a 98,
oe
S
a
—
ae
4
ete
o
FY
5
ae
ma
ea
Bf
8
na
a
e
&
4%
u

Umbels i ie martha’ mit of the si syetcs 2-3 seis ing
7 length ‘wit dieser beats base ; flowers 1
scented, many of them abortive ; divisions of the corolla o ovate, greenish-purple, a
one-fourth the length of the pedic icels ; ; hoods of the crown ovate, obtuse, with a lobe on
ee ee the stout set tans horn ; f i per ong og bi panieg
Rich

Obs. Th
4 sh roosaliy bons motions br esters oop oof ae
| cultural papers, difficult,
to exterminate. It does not bear this character in the East. When
well established in a fertile soil, its ln de — roots: will: doubtless be
exceedingly difficult to extirpate. The seeds wafted to a
each mena epee he plant, when

¥

Lz,

SSS”

wounded, emits an abundance of milky j sic eg which it receives one

of its common rsa the other given to it on account of the |

oy aged silky hairs of the seeds. plat was named A. Syriaca, 4

by een ia biden if thought it was a Syrian plant; but it ig. an
can species.

exclusively

G. 168. The ss Mileweed (Asclepias Cornuti) reduced. 169. A separate flower,
hia Tag 179, Pods, r

MILKWEED FAMILY. ' 263

2, A, tubero’sa, L. heme ; not lactescent ; stem ascending, divari-
chiens branched at s t, leafy ; aan: oblong-lanceolate or linear-
oblong, mostly alternispscnbinse lowest opposite, subsessile ; umbels
paietrous, lateral and terminal, often torating a spreading c orymb.

Tuserovus Asciepias. Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root.

Whole plant mostly very hairy. Root perennial ; large, tuberous. Stem about 2 feet
a generally more or less are or leaning ; branches spreading and often recurved.
ves 2-4 inches poner nd half an inch to an inch be rag oo ten or rarely 0

lini ey

5 ute 0! tus t
basi ery 8 he rt petio right eka other ;—the hoods erect,
penal ‘oblong, — J Seeapiiy pewrieers pet te the infolded gears with each an obtuse’
tooth near the bas — subte bess tapering to a point, ved. Follicles about 4
inches sag 00 Ram rentricose, uminate » tomentose-pube spent

Old fields, a eid fene eat : thro ughout the United States. Fl. July-August.
Fr. Sept. -

Obs.
or a ag ena : aud ‘hoigh a aoe coarse a is not a ‘colle
one. When in bloom, the bright orange-colored umbels of this eae
are quite cane wy. The root once had & reputation for being medici
but it is now generally neglected.

2. ENSLEN’IA, Nutt. Ensienta.
[Dedicated to Enslen, an Austrian botanist, who collected in the Southern States wae in
the e present century.]
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted ; the divisions erect, ovatetanceolate.
Crown of 5 free membranaceous leaflets, whic h are ao neta obscurely —
lobed at the apex, where Wiey have a pair of flexuous awns united at
thers nearl

pias.

LE, ant hen. Leaves pan ovate-heart-shaped, acute, long-

ear, flowers small, in raceme-like clusters on slender axillary pe-
cles.

Wauitisu ENSLENIA.

Stem 8 -12 feet high, — slightly pubescent or smooth. Leaves 3-5 inches long
and nd about the same high, dth, with gel sinus at base, somewhat pubescent on the
es below ; or exceeding the in length. Pi alf an

inch ong, snicimes several om the samo. ax aglaer i

264 | WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

AH

Orper LV. OLEA’CEA. (Orive Famty.)

fees or shrubs with opposite simple or odd-pinnate leaves and perfect and complete or

sometimes apetalous and dicecious , in terminal and axillary racemes or panicles.

Calyz 4-lobed or 4- — mostly Dersistent, rarely aban Corolla igre or of 4 dis-
ct petals—so tin, y vi Fruit

met most Stamens u: :
various—baccate, priser cae ns or samaroid r—eecily and by abortion often
l-celled and 1-~2-seeded. Seeds pendulous, mostly album’

A small but interesting Order. Olives and Olive oil are agen by the genus (Olea) Oe)
which is the type of the family —the pericarp, in quand ef te mas yielding the.0il....7ba
Manna of the aig is derived from a species of Ash.

a ee rae: #

Vie. hh es

OLIVE FAMILY. 265

. SYRIN’GA, Z. Lmac.

Sop the Latin, ee a pipe ; from nae straight branches filled with pith.]
Calyx 4-toothed, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped, with a tube much
lo niger than the ca a limb 4-parted. Stamens 2. Capsule ovate-lanceo-
late, compressed, 2-celled, 4-seeded. Seeds narrowly winged ; albumen
teky. Madde vith the terminal buds in pairs, opposite, entire, petiaiel
leaves, and lilac or white flowers in thick panicles.

. S. vutea’ris, L. Leaves cordate, smooth ; limb of the corolla some-
what concave

o
Cultivated. Native of Persia, Hungary, May - June
Obs. This, one of the comm ses aera she vi
old gardens, forming dense clumps 10-20 feet hi igh, It teoeeas up
ata abundantly from the root, and by this means is easily pro
gated. There are several well-m arked variet ies, differing in the compact- -
ness of the flower clusters and the color of the flowers, which vary from
re purple to tie.
. 8. Per’stca, Z. Leaves Bneoalaee, acute, frequently divided or pin-
natifid | limb of corolla flattis
Perstan Syrinaa. Persian os
ek Native of Persia.
uch more delicate eae vate the common

, Lilac, growing
to the ey of 6—8 feet. There o forms, one with entire leaves

page lara mae and the other (rar. pelle 4) with the leaves, wis:
n the sam presenting all the forms between perfectly en
ated aie ; : ing i true
of pinnatifid leaves. The flower-clusters in both varieties are more
slender than those of the preceding species. *
2. rela eae Tournef. Prrvet.

Calyx with a short tube, Atoothed, deciduous. ae ae ee the

righ 4-parted ; lobes ovate, obtuse. Stamens n the tube of
e corolla, included. Style very s paths stt sta pit eee pus :
seeded. Leaves

Be 2-celled ; cells 2- (or by abortion 1- "Shrubs.

opposite, simple, entire. Flowers in termi thyrsoid panicles. Le
1. L.vonea’re, L. Leaves sintic-laneoolatas acute or obtuse, mueronn- at
Leepe panicle compound, contracted. a
Commoy Ligustrum. Privet. Prim, oe :
Fr. Le Troéne. Germ. Die ons Rheinweide. Span. ‘Atenas pe
Stem 6-8 or 10 feet high, much bi es opposite. Leaves 1 iS ashok:
varying from from lanceolate and acute, to ell ome, or r ottupoedlots aget Shine in sbeat GatGNee
Corolla white. Berries black ( rarely gree a Sale when mature.
Way es, oe vos, int RX, FI June, Fr. October.

266 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Obs. Int poe for the purpose of hedging, for which it is now
to a less extent than formerly. It has become completely natu-
i ally i New York and

n Ca
less be profitably ¢ cultivated i in the So athiern Atlantic States where there
is a native species, Olea ericana, a small tree which has the popase.
name of “ Devil-wood.”
3. CHIONAN’THUS, ZL. Frince-rree.
(Greek, chion, snow, and anthos, a flower ; from its snow-white blossoms.]}

x very small, 4-parted, > aera oo of 4 long linear petals,

ot as connected re base 2, (sometimes 3-4), very short.
Si a notched e habe globular nut striate, l-seeded ; seed
without albumen. Salt ae _ markably 4-cornered and pyra-
midal ; leaves entire; flowers mnths trichotomous racemes.

1, C. Virgi’nica, L. Lists oval or Peo lanceolate, sub-cori-
aceous, smoothish ; racemes ferinindl a axillary.
‘Vireintan Cutonantuus. Fringe-tree.

0-20 i high, with spreading branches. Leaves 4—6 inches long, acute at each
d ; petioles a ut half’ hi inch in length. Racemes 3-4 inches long, somewhat pancicu-
fate “the Casita pedicels by threes. Petals white, nearly an in inch long. Drupes of a
livid blackish color i giati mature.
¥ thward. June.

Obs. ingular beauty of this ornamental little tree is beginning to
be fecticined by our oe and it is co ee. eoge its ap-
pearance in the yards and lawns of all p of t The mature

fruit has a remarkably Haiceable bitterish inate.

4. FRAX’INUS, Tournef. Asa.
[The classical Latin name of the Ash.]

Flowers po ous or — es) dicecious. Calyx
cities ice } Mord ened

Fruit fruit), Seteconl inged at the apex.
Tees with th petioled pin pinnate leaves the small iowa t in crowded panicles
ear’s leaves.
7 ete winged a Soe the . mes barely ma» Paget or —— towards the
3 cal inute, persistent ; leaflets stal

1, F. America’na, Z. Leaflets 7-9, pe lie eit — if lance-o
long, acuminate, ceuiiee or Sbaolesly dentate, gis = pes
and young branches terete, smooth; buds with ihe 9 velvety pt

icles i terete

cence ; panicles compound, loose, axillary ; vittintis

se A Sta ca ats ae a Ee

OLIVE FAMILY. 267
less below, above extended into a lanceolate, oblanceolate or wedge-linear

American Fraxtnvs. White Ash.

Stem 40-60 and 80 feet high, and 2-3 feet in diameter—the young branches smooth
and dotted with white specks. Lea 2-4 inches long,—at 2 oa Baa A finally smooth
and green above th. F te 3 or 4-toothed

tale Bence: teret e at base, with a narrowish lane Roig aha on
Woodlands : throughout the United States,—but particularly ie “the Northern States.
y

Obs. The timber of this tree is highly valuable, and much used by
ateteti. coachmakers » &e. Tt also makes excellent fuel.
2. F. pubes cons, Lam. Leaflets 7-9, petiolulate, siren
sopminete, subserrate ; petioles and young branches velvety-pubéscen
samaras li finer fenton lat
aaa ctiisaioom pe Ash.
60 fect hivh. and 12—18 j Leafiels 2-3 inches long,—

Stem 30 - 50 0}
more lanceolate ond es er than in the Sein aes pubescent beneath—and the
petiolules ; shorter Samaras acute at the base, rein -s ~ 2-edged, the edges gradually

Low grounds, ale streams : emcbnenk ten Ee United States. Fi. May. Fr.

Obs. This has considerable resemblance to the preceding species ; but,
besides the pubescence of the young branches, it is a te and less
valuable tree.

3. F. viridis, Mz. f. Glabrous omee leaflets 5-9, ovate or
oblong-lanceolate, often wedge-sha and serrate a
bright green on both sides ; fruit acute = ae base, striate, 2-edged or
margined.

Green Facus. Green Ash.

Small or — = tree.

Along stre w England to Wisconsin and southward.

** Fruit winged all round the seed-bearing : wanting, al
n the _— Jlowers, ar are aos
4, F, sambucio i buat 7-11, sessile, ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, gp: polis ae tip evil ag 08 irsutely
bearded eee on the the midrib pry in the angles of the nerves; Sewets
naked ; samaras oblong, obtuse at each end.
Sampuovs-LEAVED Fraxinus. Black Ash. Water Ash.

Stem 30 - 40 or 50 feet high, and 12-18 inches in diameter ; BA pe es branches glab
green, sprinkled with hee elliptic dots or warts. Leaflets 3 hes long, rugose
shining above, with tufts of tawny pubescence in the angles of the nerves beneath.
Samaras broadish, of — uniform width.

Low grounds, pad rivulets, &c. : Northern and Middle States. FU. April. Fr.

Obs, The wood is Fh tough and easily separable into layers which

making bask, bait ms, &c. There are several other
ett)

268 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.
DIVISION LI.

APET’ALOUS EX’OGENS.

Corotxa none ; the floral 7 Ail oi being in a single series (calyx), or
sometimes wanting ‘altogether

Orver LVI. ARISTOLOCHIA’CEA. (Brirruwort Famtry.)

shrubby pla ee nearly stemless, sometimes twining and climbing
fon alternate , simple, entire, m e or less cordate at base, petiolate, often aie leaf- ike
tube More or teas: coher t with the ovary, ree obed,
—— in the bud ; stamens 6-12, more - less united with the style ; anthers adnate, ex.
trorse ; ovary mostly nPop j fruit . — y-seeded 6-celled pod or be erry ; ote
raphe and a te embryo in 7 eitemes

1. ARISTOLO’CHIA, Tope. Brrtawort.

7

[A Greek name,—t virtues of the plant.]

Calyx colored, be pt: ae lower ah ate adherent to the ovary, ven-

negate the straight or curved ; mes abou, 2- ss
— fb lore : kcbe canes t igalate or exteaded to a li ip.

tg onthe wholly adnate to the te ck of the short at I eshy
3 lobed or angled Amo Capsule aked, 6-valved. Erect
twining perennials with lateral or axillary me mb or lurid-purple eed
ers. Capsule coriaceous, 6-celled, septicidally 6-valyed. Seeds numerous

A, ta’ria, = Stem erect or ascending, flexuouse ; oe

lance-oblong, acuminate, entire, cordate (and sometimes auriculate te) at
base ; peduncle sub-radical ; calyx-tube much bent.

Swake-RooT ARISTOLOCHIA. ea Snake-root.

perennial, of numerous rather coarse Stem herbaceous, 9-15 inches high,
sane or branched from the slend vy anlar pubescent, 2 heal above, nearly
naked or with small abortive ortho low. -4 or 5 inches long ; petioles 0
fourth of an inch to near an in Salo large, few or solitary, near the
base hig stem, and often ci ae beneath dead leay we flexu pe-
ee inches in length, Calgs a dull purplish bro ied subcoriaceous, —
Seok gintioes at the angle —the limb dilated and somewhat 3-lobed. Capsule tur
or roadie oie sats, somewhat Pedy pubescent.
Rich woodlands : throughout the United States. Fl. June. Fr. July-August.

er This little pines 5 is to be found in almost every woodland, where
is good ; and its medicinal value, as an arene stimulant, ren-

nother L’Her., the Pipe
Pipe, j is a ori of the te Wes and South. It is a tall climber,
often cultivated as an ental vi ts
resembling a Dutch Pipe, are very tite

BIRTHWORT FAMILY. 269

coarseness of its foliage—the Fissure aes being a foot in breadth,
reidees it it less —— than man “others 's of our native climbers.
-

be : readily
recognized by having a oo itbend pair of —— kidney-shaped ke and a

single large broy borne in the fork of the long pe
oles. The moe or, more © properly, root-stock, is highl

aromatic ; it is largely collected ‘to supply the drag ; its taste
somewhat resembles tnt 9 of ginger, and it is used as a substitute for it
in some parts of the country. :

270 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Orper LVI. PHYTOLACCA’CEA. (PoxkEwrep aD

Herbs 0 oF edge ee3 plants, having alternate | entire on Sears Rao a ee

—5 petaloid slightly with as r tw:
or sometimes indefinite. Ovary compound “arely simple), consisting of "10 condinded
1-ovuled carpels ; styles or stigmas distinct. Fruit baccate ; embryo curved round mealy

A oxtail Order, and of little interest in Agriculture.

1. PHYTOLAO’CA, Tournef. Poxeweep.

[Gr. Phyton, a plant, and Lachanon, a pot-herb ; the young shoots being so used.]
Flowers geet Calyx of five sg deme aie Fi eabaian
sepals. Stamens 5-30. Ovary free, c mposed of 5—12 ca united
in a ring, with as man short pecngaling styles, in fruit fete a de-

obose 5—12-celled berry with a single vertical seed in each cell.

1. P. decan’dra, L. Stout; smooth and often purple; leaves ovate
oblong ; berries 10-celled, juicy, dark-purple.

Decanprovus Puyrotacca. Poke. Poke-weed. Pigeon-berry. Garget.
Fy. Morelle & Grappes. Germ. Kermesbeere. Span. Yerba carmin.

Root perennial, large, fusiform and branching. Stem herbaceous, 4-6 feet high, stou!
oe Bede te or obtusely ee below the petioles and pranen, ‘nally ‘rte
Leaves 5-10 inches long, acute or acuminate, thin ; petioles half ai nch to 2 inches or
more in le linet. acemes 3-6 inches long, simple, mostly opposite coy leaves, pine

meles 2~4 inches long. Sepals white , membranaceous at the margin. Berries verti-
cally depressed, bm oni orbicular, obseur rely ee 10-celled, 10-seeded, dark pur-
ple ney juicy w mature. compres sed, row ish-reniform

Rich soils ; on bas, borders. sa fields, in clearings : throughout the United States.
Fil, June- -Septemb: er. Fr. August —Oct ober

Obs. The young : — of this plant afford a good substitute for on
paragus ; the root is said to be oe emetic ; and the tincture o
— es 18, Or fr a popular remedy for chronic rheumatism. The
ies, moreover, have been used by the pastry cook in making
pis a 9 5 tom merit. Notwithstanding all this, the plant is regarded
a weed by all neat farmers

Orper LVIII. CHENOPODIA’CEA. (Gooszroor Famty.) —

Chiefly coarse weed- = herbs, with meeny alternate, sees. or less me teany leaves, without
: minute ,greenish, without scarious n dicecious or polygamous ;
calyx free from the ovary, 2- 5-lo bed, greet ted in ine bud, persistent, embracing the
fruit ; stamens usually as many as the ca alyx-lobes, al opposite the’

becoming a thin 1-seeded uéricle, or rarely —- ; embryo (in the genera noticed
here) coiled in a ring around the mealy album

§ 1. Flowers mostly fonts or aor poly; amous by the want of stamens in some of

Calyx 3- 5-cleft, or parted, the lobes merely oe in fruit. Seed horizontal (rarely

vertic al whet the calyx is only 2—3-cleft). j, CHenopopiumM.
Calyx Spee Age: base indurated and corky in fruit.. Seed horizontal.
pepe, dry or juicy in fruit. Utricle membranaceous. ©

of fertile resto! inflated-tubular, unequally 2~4-toothed.

GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 271
1. CHENOPO’DIUM, L. Lancia
(Gr. Chen, a goose, and Pous, podos, a fi 1 th f the leaves.]

Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-cleft, eae 2-4-cleft or parted, with the
lobes sometimes keeled, but not appendaged nor becoming seule,
d sed fruit y 5; fil

more or less pee pak the depres: . Stam an
filiform. Styles 2, rarely 3. Seed horizontal (some mes vertical in N i
3.), lenticular ; embryo partially or stony coiled at the mealy albumen

eeds, mostly annuals, usually white mealiness or gla parr
Flowers sessile in small prs vebllethed in speked panicles, blooming
ut the summ

r.
* Leaves strongly and sharply-toothed (mealiness obscure or none), on slen-
der petioles ; calya-lobes slightly keeled.
1. C. hy’bridum, L. Leaves green on both sides, cordate-ovate, acumi-
nate, eae ae remotely dentate ; racemes loosely panies ‘leafless.
noi D CHENOPODIUM. Maple-leaved Goosefoot.
2-4 feet high, rather slender, angular and striate, much branched. Leaves 2-4
nches long, thin, br ight een ; doles 1-2 inches in len neth. Flowers pan siete, tho
sshatsmhni ey Mose j terminal panicle long and loose, with divaricate branc The
smooth calyx-lobes k: eeled. Seed shar p-edged, the thin pericarp adbering mates it.
ahiogd dwellings and along streams ; common. Native of Europe. June-August.
bs. A common weed with a heavy odor, like that of Stramonium.
* * Leaves toothed, Kowuttt led, Raia tas “
nearly entire, more or less wh: aly a
well as the flowers ; sa li ” diindly y
keeled.

2. C. al’bum, L. Leaves rhomboid-ovate,
erose-dentate, entire and_ taperi ing towards
the base,—the upper ones oblong-lanceolate,

entire ; racemes erect, branched, somewhat
le

WHITE ra cacciane Lamb’s Quarters.
Goosefoo
Fr. “Amen blanche. Germ. Der Gaense-

"Root annual. Stem 3-5 hide high, rather stout.
angular, often striped Ad es ow and green, some- ;
times h, — ves 1-8 inches long, a
covered with very min “cap-like sca “ee ;

cous or meal _appearan
ong. Flowers in p voce! clusters, Calyz heat erg

§-angled by the prominent keels of the incurved segments, eciaaial and glaucous,
Seed dark purple or nearly black depen smooth and shining.

Fic, 173, An enlarged flower of the Common Goosefoot ncaa mgt og 174, The >
mame divided. 15. A section through the see, showing the Papo y ee AE

Pop ts WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.
Gardens, yards, and waste places : introduced. Nativeof Europe. Fi. July-August.
Fr. Oct.

Obs. This coarse and rather homely weed has become very extensively
oo aga Gasaghout the United tees and is quite troublesome in
gardens. The young plant is sometimes used as Scania but would
be gladly dispensed with by all neat sandarioet ania farm

*%** More or less viscid glandular, with a strong eng odor, not mealy ;
embryo not forming a complete ring.

3. C. ambrosioi’des, L. Leaves oblong, acute at each end, remotely

dentate ; racemes interrupted, lea lea

Dkdcecksaee CHENOPODIUM. Menicien Tea.

Annual. Stem 1-2 feet high, much branched, angular. Leaves 1-2 inches long,—
those on the stem narrowed toa ‘petio ole, those on the branches and tie lance-linear,
wy Pecan subsessile. Flowers in interrupted sessile clusters, on slender axillary
lea =~: dig

pee , Gray. Perennial (?). Leaves mate aed toothed, the lower
haan weak a lainiate roe Spikes mostly leafies

Naturalized from tropical Am

Obs. Most authors consider C. ambrosior’des and C. eather: —_
as _. page ae follow Gray i 8 ag et latter as a

of the fe orms are com te places. as, expocally
see lhe ‘they ind both a mt ats which i is most powerful =
di able in’ the var. anthelmin’ ticum, which is popularly known
‘elmer The whole plant contains a vo saiile oil to enge the oder

This is most abundant in the seed, or rather e utricle
whieh ofacsd it. The seeds themselves, a the . which, they yield
are well-known and effective worm-destroying m

There are dover other apecieh of this genus to Se ee with, especially
near the coast, but they are not sufficiently common to be admi itted

.

2. BR’TA, Tournef. Bret.
(Celtic, Bett, red ; or from its fruit resembling the Greek letter B (Beta).]
tas ie 5-cleft, finally indurated at base—the lobes remaining

ary depressed ; stigmas 2, Utricle monde in the base

of of the calyx snd ——— by thé lobes. Seed horizon

with a large fleshy roo — - concentric zones. Flowers elome-
nary in spikes or ee race
1. B. vorea’ris, L. Sm oothish ; ste nish purple; lower leaves ovate-
oblong, wavy; upper ones lance-ovate ; flowers in dense sessile axillary
clusters, interruptedly spicate.
Coumon Bera. Beet. Garden-beet. Sugar.
Fr. Betterave. Germ. Gemeiner Ming er Acélga.
nena ae festa 6 ie (often 3-4 ae in diameter and more than a foot ong)
pac ——s which on to have posi relation to the number and aio est

E
i

Sa a coil

hdc tesperinhe |

ae

aun i

GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 273

the radical Nitaiaiienliaen severally formed and nourished by them. Slem 2- A fiat

1 > what paniculately bran . Radical-leaves 6-12 inches’
: petioles 4-8 inches long, succulent, channeled above ; stem-leaves lance-ovate, acute,
?

nally eprtythe sme Calyx pu -brown, fleshy at base, ee or

cultivated. eS Fi. July. Fr, Setomber

" mintcum).

ERR aa a .

274 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Obs. Very generally cultivated an its fine esculent root—of which
there are several varieties. at one called “ aguante "—with a
pale, yellowish aia extensively sultivated: on the con E
rope, for the purpose of making sugar,—and has been partially tried in
this country: but while we have the A eaabtigaiah and Sugar-cane to

sup “as us, it is not probable the Beet will , for that
aa ea Al rooted variety of B. Cicla, L. (a nearly allied species),
called Mangel Wurtzel, or Scarcity Root, is sometimes c

stock,—and is probably entitled to more attention than it has yet

received from our aaa ME eis are not generally partial to the culture
of root crops.

3. am TUM, Puen Bute.

3

Caylz 3—5-parted, either unchanged or (in the owe <a noticed) be-

g berry-like in fruit, not appendaged. Stam —5; filaments
filiform. ‘om 2 fs igmas, ~ thee Honea pec a “globular ;
the embryo co a ring q und the albumen. Hersh
petioled Saal " tibedieat i ant mostly side toothed leaves,
1, B. capita’ L. Stem ascending, branching ; leaves triangular-

tum,
hastate, spas sinuately toothed ; flowers interruptedly spiked ; calyx
pulpy and bright-red in fruit.
CuustereD Brrrum. Strawberry Blite. .
Stem about a foot long, diffusely branched. Flowers in dense roundish clusters

Annual.
which are ¢ sew tid a the summit of the b ranches.
On recently turned grounds and dry p , especially westward. June. Also a native

urope,
Obs. We are not pein whether this is a troublesome w

eed, but as
is rather e places, and as it must, from the sary i
appearance of its ston 2 fruit, attract the notice of the observin g farmer
we give it a place.
4. SPINA’CIA, Tournef. Sprvacu. ;

[Latin, Spina,'a thorn ; the covering of the fruit being often prickly.]
FLowers procs : Sram. Fi. Calyx 4—5-parted,—the lobes equal.
TE ; toothed.

D rm.
calyx, which is often 2—3-horned on the back. Seed ab gc compress.
ed ; embryo annular, surrounding the farinaceous albume’ Herbaceous
flowers axillary, glomerate——the staminate ones in sinc
clusters.

1, 8. overa _ Miller. Leaves petiolate, hastate-lanceolate, — i

Lat, or sagittate and entire.
Por-ners Srrvacta. Spinach, or Spinage.

AMARANTH FAMILY. 275

Fr. Epinard des potagers. Germ. Der Spinat. Span. Espinaca. ;
Stem 18 inches ~ 2 feet high, somewhat branched, or often simple,

~ Root annual.
2-4 aa biog | On neately ap petiole an 3 or4 sig mag in length. Flowers gre
ish. , Which is scarcely cleft at matarhe,

the variety usually cultivated
Gabdene cultivated. Native of the east. F. June-July. Fr. Aug. —-September.

Obs. This well-known pot-herb—said to have been first brought into
Spain by the AF abs—is frequ apd found in gardens,—especially in the
vicinity of our cities and market towns. The Atriplex hortensis, ee or
Garden Or a is another po therb, belonging to this tribe ; but I be-
lieve it is not much cultivated in the United States.

Orper LIX. AMARANTA’CE. (Amarantu Fanny.)

Weed-like herbs; characters near ad as those of the preceding Order—but the
ent saagig with ary scarious pers bots, which are . ater colored, commonly 3 in

ae
ng U mental
lants. Among sal best hewn of the Jeter ‘are Love Lies Bleeding and Prices! o veaie
{both specie & f AMaRANTUS), Coxcomb (CELOSIA CrisTaTU), and the Globe Amaranth (Gom-
PHRUM GLOBOSA).

1. AMRAN’TUS, Z. Amarantu.
[Greek, a, not, — to fade, and anthos, a flower ; the flowers not changing or fading.]

polygamous: calyx of 3-5 sepa colored,
slightly connected at base. yoo fe 5, free. Stigmas 2-3. The fi
an ovoid, ed membranaceous ufricle, 2— at the apex,

9) -seed ’
mostly longer than the calyx, opening transversely all round,—the
part falling away as a lid. — oiled into a ring around the albu-
men. Coarse annual weeds, with minute flowers in axillary or or terminal-
spiked clusters.
* Flowers in nga i ns ae vet . mostly panicled spikes, green ;
armed ; stam snd sp 8.

1. A. hy’ bridus. 7s pee Da aeiadeas 2 oat bem. fruit 2-
3cleft at og apex, nearly smooth, not piieees the calyx. ne
Hysrrp Amarantus. Green Amaranth. Pigweed.

r obtuse, in aa

Gorey deerers oxeercgblong ce. the segedinrany Mies fino Poets Fert ape ba ts! |
chlorosta ‘cia, Willd, Bracts rk oa pe seen oe than sd :

sl, which is shorter than the 2—3-toothed rug :

Leaves bright deep green, is, Yongpbitbd: ovate or rhomlic-ovate. Sykes ascending, nto
crowded in an open panicle, the terminal one one long a and often nodding, Be
A, retrofler'us, L. Bracts inte, trio fe net of the ely, 2
said i ges Gane main

276 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

RertExeD AMARANTUS.
Roughish and pubescent. Leaves pale or dull green or rather glaucous, long-petioled
dy

Fie. 177. Amarantus retroflexus.

AMARANTH FAMILY. Q77

ovate or ag blgeers undulate. Spikes crowded in a stiff panicle, acutish, more or
Ba spreading,

ie gaat i which exists concerning this genus, we ~_

In
sores above the characters given by Gray ; they are probably, as
ey ye — of one species. They are natives of tropical aoa
a, and are exceedingly common oat Dace places and in cultivated
mat sapocially in the latter part of s
** Flowers greenish ; stem armed ab spines * borne in pairs mn the axils
of the leaves ; stamens and sepals 5

4 A. spino’sus, L. Stem pitt Rares much branched; leaves
ovate-lanceolate ; axils spinose ; flowers pentandrous, in compound ter- —
minal and axi ikes.

Fig 178. The Thorny Amaranth (Amarantus spinosus), a branch.

278 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

TuHorny AMARANTUS.

Root annual. Stem 18 inches—2 or 3 feet high, often purple. Leaves 1~2 inches long,
rather obtuse, mucronate, entire, roughish- dotted, with glaucous rhkahes beneath
— tas poh od the Begg: bone with 2 subulate spines at base, one four pee vehi a: sete
length.

~~ i a
Cultivated lots, way-sides and — places : introduced. Native of India. FJ. August. 7
Fr. Octo

Obs. This foreigner is naturalized in many places—especially in the
unfrequented streets kkirts of our sea-port towns,——and is grad-
ually extending itself into the country. be isa vile nuisance e wherever

agains
*%** Flowers in close and small —— ei stamens and sepals 3,
or the form a
= se — L. Pale green and bia much branched ; leaves obo-
d spatulate-oblong, oe setaceously mucronate ; flowers
puiarons, in small axillary cluste
Wuirtr AMARAnNTUS.

Stem 1-2 or 3 feet high, Laeger stout, pale green or besaeany ead much ——
—the principal branches r the base, spreading. Lowe

pa of an inch to an ‘inch ‘

ae
®
25
5
"Le
BE
BE
4
3
SR
@
an
e RB
if
e
~ &
oe
&
o
ee
@
4
‘s

lon;
and a half long. Flowers pale green, inconspicuous, in scant axillary
— senate gf lanceolate, spinescently gir gs longer than the Pi acaigg
yards, cultivated fields, &e. Fl. August. Fr. September

en ee) SNR ey aay Ege ee

Obs. A worthless common weed, consi sete ou some as a mart of :
this ae ake it has all the arenes f a naturalized plant, and a
probably came from tropical Ame:

Orper LX. POLYGONA’CEZ. (Bucxwueat F amity.)

Herbs w usually entire, leaves, with stipules cohering and forming sheaths
(oer) ema the stem above its swollen joints 3 ; flowers gen erally —— ore a more
ft calyx ; 12

rsistent a Paes mens 4 i wth
Tetled bearin , becoming ak akene-like in npr. _ Seed pea eet ° straight, w it

OES S ie Rie pean See ee aie oe

g2

the embryo curved o : strai; ghtish, on f th in its centre,
#Sepals mostly 5. ie

Embryo curved around one side of the albumen, Cotyledons slender :
or fia 1, PorxconvM.
Embryo in the albumen. Cotyledons broad and twisted-plaited, 2. FaGOryYRUM.

Sepa
Fruit 3-ansled, wingless. 3. RuMEx.
* Fruit 3-angled, winged at the alien, 4, RHEUM.

1. POLY’GONUM, L. Kwot-weep.
(Greek, Polys, many, and Gonu, a knee or joint ; the stem being much jointed.]

Calyx often colored, embracing the fruit. Stamens. 4-9, bape 8.
Ovar Seni compressed or triquetrous ; styles 2~3, mo
ited below.

3; embryo e 0)
around it. Flowers often with sheathing brad pedicels

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY, - 279

2 1. Stems more or less erect.
* Flowers in terminal racemes or —
t Sheaths salver-form.
g Hay adrspibe edt L. Saar hairy ; leaves ovate-acuminate ; sheaths salver-
form, ciliate ; ns 7.
ORIENTAL nen Ragged Sailor. Prince’s Feather.

Annual. Stem 4-8 feet high, Parnery, branched above. some 4-6 inches rials
often subcordate at base ; —2 inches in ee spaottial # inged by the decu:
—. ne the eye ; stipules tubular with bay A _ pie sake ding - cpa Poa A

» 2- nches in length, nodding on eae Flowers bright purple,
pager peuky cmewaets git at Fase get da the Eiliate — bracts.

Gardens and waste grounds. Native of Asia. July —Septe:

Obs. This Are ar is sometimes cultivated, and has become
ingly naturalized. N Bartram probably ay to it, in i poo
to Miss Seo where an says: “The species of Persicary t
tions, is what Toveszront brought from the three churches at the “foot
of Mount Arara

e* Sheaths cylindrical, not ciliate.

2. P. Pe ennsylvan'i radeon L. Leaves lanceolate ; ‘sheaths smooth, not
ciliate ; . spikes oblo:

stame ens 5-8

PrnnsyLvanian Potye@onum.

Root annual. Stem 2-3 or 4 feet high, smooth PB iveptré geniculate, with tumid nodes,
et ad branches glandula pid. Leaves 3-6 inches sPhare j
petioles ab ut half an inch lon, ong. Stipules pote meine ap reie B a mit.
ous, salhier | Seas Pa ~-2 inches long.) Flowers aries palish-purple or ies eoluree in
crowded fascicles ; pedicels rather longer than the s ing

Moisi st grounds, ¥ places, &c. :

throughout the s inkee Soapent Fl. July-Aug. Fr.

Obs. This usually

growing in company with it—and equally worthless. It is, i Fee, a

stouter plant, and readily distinguished by the characters above noted.
ttt Sheaths ciliate or fringed with bristles.

unate or triangular spot

ciliate at summit ; peduncles smooth ; stamens :
PEACH-LEAVED Potyconum. Lady’s thumb. Spotted Knot-weed. ~
Fr. Persicaire. Germ. Flohkraut. Span. Persicaria.

Stem 1-2 feet high, branching, smooth, often purplish. Leaves 2-4 ine
deeb bag anes bt bass toa ve, petiole. Stipules truncate, fringed et — one-

fourth to one-third their length. Spikes about an inch long. Sepals p or bright
crimson. Pedicels aon as oh as the bracts.
ow road-sides, &c. : introduced. Native of Europe. FI. Aug. Fr. Sept. —

common weed bet foray anon hie abonld he kept
ln eto yoy pater tents: : :

280 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS:

PR age AS Sa PRS I hy a ee

4. P. Hydropi’per, L. grmere very acrid ; leaves lanceolate, pellucid-
dotted, wavy margined ; sh eaths ciliate with shortish bristles; racemes
eee and nodding ; fascicles few-flowered, rather distant ; ealyx

Fig. 179. The Pennsylvanian Polygonum (P. Pennsylvanicum. ck in aaa
flower, opened. " x i ; ) Sf oat

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY, 281

\

Warer-PEPPER Potyconum. Water-pepper. Smart-weed.

Annual. Stem 1-2 fect high, more or less branched, sometimes decumbent, often pur-
plish. Leaves 2—4 inches long, acute at each end, subsessile ; maps tubular, ” somewhat
inflated, airy; fringed with bristles, 14-25 the leng , the’ Racemes 2-4 inches
long, slen and interrupted, En first poe ng, final t ; vaaniae 2-4-flowered ;
Jlowers pein with white edges ; pedice is proceeding tren bristly-ciliate sheathing bracts.
Styles 2-3. Achentum flattish o or obtusely triangular.

Moist waste grounds : introduced from Europe. Aug. —Sept.

ess weed, as most > Le
= é J

extolled i ¢ for its apes. qual
ties, but it is not used at <x BZ

** Flowers axillary, 2-3 Siok ~Y

5, P. avicula’ re, L. Stems pro- A We 7
cumbent readi eaves ses- say ye

acerate; stamens 5-8; akenes 34.4 a
uetrous. ' : of

Brrp Porygonum. Knot-grass.
Goose-grass. Door-weed ,

Annual. inches long, “gies.
branched and ecalinge ae

iat WSL _ ay
001 * 2 « |
34 an inch to an inch long. Stipules w rg "4 WZ) a)
Flowers green, edged with white ae . Te } Fy RX
tinged with alpen sciaal, popes Pruit \
enclosed in the calyx, d rafambaly wrin-

kled or granular under a lens. \

Yards and foot-paths. June—Aug “e

umble — is thor-
f

There are several vari- 181

var.
~ qui Pageco th thie shad
eck ms are nea fechy beh Y= 2 o 8 hgh, with ml ees
12k in eth

282 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

2 2. Sear weak, not twining but somewhat Gnlins or supported

ts by means weil he the ot Si on hk the wares of the stem and we age
6. P. arifo’‘lium, L bi pot halberd-shaped, acuminate, on long
petioles ; clusters ra , few-flo weal peduncles glandular-hispid ;

stamens 6; styles 2; “fruit se lonticalne.
ARUM-LEAVED Piedaoniin Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb.

Root annual. & 3-6 feet long, rather coarse, grooved-angled, branching, often pur-
ple. Leaves 2-5 inches long, and 1~3 inches wide — the midrib and nerves hirsute ; pe-
doles half an inch to 3 inches long, retrorsely aculeate. Stipules ciliate. Calyx often ‘of 4
connected sepals, purple, with the Feb. a pale red.

reso low grounds, along r ts, &c. : throughout the United States. Fl. Aug.
ip Obs. This - the rere species
often grow in company,—clamber-
ing over oshes plants, and fonts ing
i, e 1 be ches. Both are worth-

Wy) less, unw: weeds, especial

among the <p crop of wet mead-
ows. Ditching and draining are
remedies for the evil.

ae A itta’tum, L. Leaves
a sia acute, on short pe-
clea clusters capitate ; peduncles
mooth ; stamens 8 ; styles 3; fruit
Biaeoly ‘San, angled.

Sacirrare Poryconum. Arrow-
leaved Tear-thumb.

nal. sean = ote feet long, <a
bran ing, ‘acutel y quadrangular. Leaves 1-3
San long, and half an inch to an inch a.
wees y—the pallet and pce re-
Sti,

Swampy meadows and thickets: New
de to Florida. Fl. August. Fr. Septem-

Obs. Several other

are not facep ies troublesome,
they are omitted here.

3

a Ee

Sep DREGE TSS ey

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 283

2. FAGOPY’RUM, Tournef. Bucoxwueat.
[So named from its fruit resembling that of the Fagus, or Beech.]
Calyx nearly equally am lobes ae — ee and nearly
Soe eeency it. Stam Styl stigmas capitate. Akene 3-
sided, aced at base rae aie ali alyx ; embryo large, in the
centre of the albumen, which it divides into 2 parts ; cotyledons broad,
foliaceous, Plicate a and twisted. Annuals with stems y purple, and
white oe Foclouas in paniculate racemes.
1. F, escuten’tum, Moench. Stem erect, paniculately branched, suleate- -
angled, om othish ; leaves eta gi gittate or subhastate, acute, pe-
tioled ; racemes compound, term and axillary.

Escutent Facopyrum. Buckw
Fr. Blé oe Germ. Der Bachweitzn, i fare Sarraceno.

Stem 2 much branched. Leaves 2-3 —— wide,

often 2 litle haaieest at base, on petioles 1- -2 or 3 foahes. pa ‘tipules short, smooth.
ticels pee

longish, obscurely articulated above the middle. Sepals mostly white, with a =
green and pale pur ple. _Akenes ange sai’ cok triquetrous, somew aoe
much longer than the en intaly
clouded.

Fields : cultivated. Native of Middle Asia. Fl, ink Fr. Sept. - Oct.

This is extensively cultivated for its seeds the farinaceous
thats of rie t. pa sia a delicious article of of food, when

flowers are a favorite frst Bir rich fone the labors—of
the Honey- considered oe of the most valuable plants for
lowing in—it growing very rapidly, and mages: r

3. RU’MEX, L. Dock.
(The ancient Latin name, of unknown derivation.]
Flowers sometimes dicecious. Calyx of 6 sepals ; the 3 outer
oe at base, spreading in fruit; the 3 inner ones larger Geto
ages floweri — often bearing a grain-like tubercle on the back. —
‘Sissiont Styles 3; stigmas pencil-tufted.
Embryo slightly curved, lying along one side of the albumen. . Coarse
perennials with petioles pees 8 sheathing a at base, and small, —
green , verticillate in pani
31. Flowers ee perenn bitter.
* Inner sepals entire, and all graniferous.
R. cris’pus, L. Radical leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute,
cid or wavy on the margin ; ae wake large, cordate ; ——_

a ies Sour Dock. — Curled Dock. . Narrow Dock.

*

284 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Fr. shes ecei ipsa etre: Krauser Ampfer.

usifor Stem 2-3 or 4 feet high, angular-sulcate, smooth-
panieulatly , teas say aie Radical leaves 8-12 or 15 inches as og 1-20r3
inc fake wie ; petioles 2-4 in chen. long ; ; the stem-leaves smaller, linear-lanceo Flowers
in owed Verticillate fascicles, with scarious involucres at base. “ny pel inner
muc! eal = an the o uter ones ty ire or obsoletely denticulate near the base,—
each wit oneridexie excrescence, or grain, on the back.

Moist t grounds mentee; &e.: feaxadncer, Native of Europe. Fl. May ~July. Fr.
July -
sce The jedi leaves of this are often used as a pot-herb, or yr
3? ec the plant is an cr ei and troublesome weed,—and
ee teen extensively naturalized as to require a vigilant attention
to keep it in due subjection. |
** Inner sepals dentate,—one principally graniferous
2. R. obtusifo'lius, L. “Radical leaves erleriis aolegh aes obtaile: crenu-
late; ’ verticils loose and rather dista
Oxstuse-LEAVED Rumex. Bitter sr Broad-leaved
Root thickish, branching, brown externally, yellow joey Stem 2-4 feet high, angu-
peek, roughish, paniculately branched. Radical ~-12 i ives s long, and 4-6
wi ‘ioles 3-6 inches long. in Gaetsatiad verticillate fascicles. naeestctae
green, riengehred hiner eet ag with long acute teeth near the base, and one of them
ge grain on t!

Grass lots gardens, meadows, &c.: iarodnéda, Native of Europe. 1. June - pas
Fr. August - Septe mber,

is species is even more worthless than the preceding ; but—

although completely naturalized—it is not quite so Rigas The

Bryne < of either imparts a very slovenly appearance to a meadow or
ot.

32. Flowers diecious: herbage acid.
.3. R. Aceros’etia, L. Leaves lanceolate-hastate—the lobes acute,
siiceasting ; inner sepals entire.
Sheep Sorrel. Field Sorrel.
Fr. Petite Oscille. Germ. Der Sauer — Span. Acederilla.
"Stem 6-12 or 15 inches high, slender, branching, somewhat angular and furrowed.
long,

Leaves 1 - 2 inches long,—the lower ones mostly all eau: pi on petioles as or longer
than the leayes—the wppero on short petioles, and so se sn pion

metimes not
paniculate ome final!

as becoming purple, —the yerticils 6- 8-flowered, Pistillate
plants most Ser thin fie’ stamt
"Sandy pve: Sapam tures ; about old stumps, &c.: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl
May. Fr. August.

Obs. This little species (well known for its eany) is often so abun-
dant as to be a nuisance on ems Improving the | ially
by adequate dressings of Lime—is believed to be the best mode of ex:
pelling this, as well as many — obnoxious plants.

4. RHE’UM, L.

RRvBars.
[From Rha, ancient name of the river Volga,—i sib kanes tithe

a ee in a double series, persistent and shrivelling. Stamens

Saunt & Gee cst or sa nd sl pet

LAUREL FAMILY. 285

inner ones. Styles 3, short; stigmas large, multifid. Akene triquetrous,
winged at the angles, surrounded at base by the withered calyx. Her-
mg : leaves chi iefly todieal, large ; flowers fasciculate, racemose-panic-
ulate.

R. Ruapon’ticum, Ait. Leaves cordate-ovate, rather obtuse,—the
sinus at base dilated ; petioles with a shallow channel above, rounded at
the edges.

Ruapontic Rueum. Rhubark. Pie Rhubarb.

Root perennial, tuberous, large, reddish-brown, yellow within. Stem 3-5 feet high
pitta strate-suleate, smoothish, fistular, paniculately branched at summit. Radical
bec

ming v' ery lar large (18 inches to 2 feet lo ong), smoothish above, sa on the
eins Somaak peti thick and su — lent, 4-8 or to inches long
yc seiee, and petioles const hoe $ they ascend ; stipules’ large, membra ei sheathing.
F in large terminal racemose ramnic le ,—the pedicels fasciculate slender, pee
to half an inch one artic eae near the middle. Sepals gre ; Wit th whi margins ,—
the oe rnarrow. Stigmas large, multifid, Sliced.
Suinoue + snare ed. Native of Scythia. Fl. May. Fr. July - August.

Obs. Fre requ enti oe for the sake of its ~_ acid petioles—
which are used by the pas sh — in early spring, as a substitute for
fruit, in making pies. ‘The t of other species raed the modieinal
Rhubarb, and this species is caltiveted in England for its roots, which
form an ‘plevice kind of the drug.

Orpen LXI. LAURA’CER. ae Fanny.)

w oe ere ee end

Aromati photo or shrub itl
lise ae us flowers ; calyx of 4-6 can ec ex Rola tbccee a in the
bud ; stamens lefinite, usually more numerous than the sepals ; anihers 2 pirbi pens
ing by uplifted persistent valves ; style single ; fruit a 1-seeded ‘berry or drupe. Seed. sus-
Peet fe thou Bot pire

The tropica gl of this Order are highly interesting, —a ing Cinnamon, Cassia
and Hes phor ; oie also rg species of Laurus (L. nobilis, L) of which the ancients
formed their Laurel wreaths or crowns. The species in the United States are of less
portance.

SAS’SAFRAS, Nees. Sassarras.

[Altered from Salsafras, the Spanish name.]
Flowers dicecious. — 6, membranaceous, united at base, persistent.
Stam. Ft. Stamens 9, in three series, all fertile,—the 3 innermost with
a pair of sti itate “gona at base; a anthers introrse, linear, 4-celled.

Stamens 6, al Berry on a thickened poe

fleshly pedicel. eee with atte often lobed but ‘the margins
“and greenish yellow flowers in corymbose racemes, appearing Settle the

1S. officina’le, Nees. Leaves ovate or some of them 3-lobed and
cuneate at base ; drupe dark blue ; peduncle purple.
niger AL SASSAFRAS. Speaegen

- vi *

286 ' ‘WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Stem 15-40 or 50 feet high, and 6-12 inches (in some rare instances, near 2 feet) in
diameter, braackene; 2 young branches yellowish and pubescent. ves 3-5 ee
shores we “ + h

inch to an inch long. Flowers from the same buds, and contemporaneous ith the leaves.
ao ob! a rather obtuse, pale, green nish-yell ow. id-obl
Canada to Florida. Fl. April. Fy. September.
Pg The bark of this well-known small tree is a powerful, yet pleas-
ant, aromatic stimulant, and , Masi valuable maticeal properties ;
— acquired for - at an early day, in Europe, an exaggerated repu-
usion of the roots, or baie of the roots, makes an excel-
Tent di diet pe The pith of the young branches contains much mu ucilage,
and is make a wash for inflamed eyes. e learn, also, from
MicHavx’s Sylua, that bed steads made of the wood “ are never infested
‘with insects;” which circumstance—to adopt the’ lanbudie’ of the
Gazettes—is hepaborsar: “important, if true,”—and well worthy of notice.

2: ne bare a Nees. Frver-busu.

[A d from the Arabic,—expressive of perfume.]
Flowers polygamo-dicec Sepals 6, connected at base.
Stamens 9, in three were hn innermost lobed at the summit, and
d-bearin t the base; anthers 2-celled. Puistm.ate Ft., with
15-18 alternating filiform and spatulate rud pe
oval ; peduncle not clavate Shrubs with yell Hsdiiet in see lateral

na B. ae Nees. Leaves eaten, mostly acute, often

cuneate at base ; drupe red, or finally dark purple.

Oporirerovus Benzorx. Spice-wood. Wild rear Fetcbpislainee
Stem 6-8 or 10 feet high ; branches virgate, brittle. sas, 2-4 inches long, mostly

acute or with a short acumination (sometimes obtuse and Teds boy at apex) ;

about half an inch lo: Flowers in involucrate clusters of 3 ° from a bud, on "pedicels
1-2 lines Jong i, flower: baits distinct from af-buds 5 gente a flower-bud on each

side of the leaf. Sepals gr’ vabetaaga borin sc byes hy obtu

a t rich lo grounds ; borders of thickets, &c. Canada to Flo ris, Fl. April. Fr.

Obs. This j is a strongly aromatic shrub. In early times—before Phy-
— were SO numerous—an infusion of the brittle spicy twigs was
uch used as a popular remedy, and even as a preventive, of the
which attacked the first settlers ; but "t is now aoe prese ribed as @
diet-drink for sickly cows, in the spring of the year.

Orper LXI. LORANTHA’CEZ. (Misrieror ees
bce ganda parasitic on trees, having mi entire thick leaves cone

F spree oe
and moneecious or dieecious in Fi sige cater n-like jointed spikes.
fertile flowers) am gaye to the ovary ; border obsolete or 3-4-toothed.
as the calyx-lobes. Fruit a l-seeded berry. Embryo small in mucilagir
Chiefly tropical plants. The Mistletoe of Europe is Viscum album. _

SPURGE FAMILY. 287

. PHORADEN’DRON, Nutt. Mistier
(Greek, phor, a po and dendron, free j By aipores they steal their food ‘ah the trees they
upon.)

Flowers diecious, usually val under each short and fleshy pe or

e, and sunk in the joint. Calyx Faas 3- Aiea A 2-4-) lo
Srastsare Tite: th a sessile anther at the base lobe, cused
. Stigma sessile. Berry globular, ponies th a gummy viscid
pup. Stem and branches jointed ; flowers greenish, in short axi

1. P. flav ns, Nuit. Leaves elliptic-obovate, obtuse, somewhat
longer ia nor eps in their axils, somewhat petioled, velcwiieacaiel 5
berries pearly-white

YELLOWISH japan Mistletoe. False Mistletoe.

Stem 9 nches high, terete, much os branches ry Leaves 34-112
inch ens: - Eas bene: ath, smooth, fi fleshy ’ i at b t
thickish terete petiole 1-2 lines in length. owers small.

Branches of trees ; New Jersey, South and tweet, April.

Obs. 'This well-known parasite, feeding as it does " be expense of

trees upon which it fastens itself, is in some places t as to

be injurious to valuable forest trees. In some parts of the West it proves

very troublesome. Doct. Short writes that the severe byes of the few
years just past had killed it out in Kentucky ; but that now it is again

overrunning the Elms, Hickories, Wild Cherries, &e., of that region. *

Orper LXIII. EUPHORBIA’CEZ. (Srurce Fammy.)
ly with an acrid milky juice, mostly simple leaves, with small and deciduous
ne, and various, usually moncecious or ( saan flowers ; the fruit of 2-3 or
several ™ net ded pods un nit ed around a centra 1 axis, pected when ripe. Seed sus-

pended ; in fleshy albumen. Sti 2-30r m sit in wl boa: ked. Calyx usually
valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting. Petals scan’
This large and varied — yet ntially natural Fanily——o apres upwards by 100

esse
essing 1S, OF
esting. Of these may be mentioned, the Croton Tiglium, L., which yields the powerhal
Croton Oil or Oil of Tiglium,—the Jatropha Manihot, L., which og the Cassava
~and Tapioca,—the Crozophora tinctoria, Juss., yielding Turnsol,—the Siphonia elastica,
Pers., affording the true Caoaichens or Gum elastic,—the Buxus sempervirens, L.; peels
‘the beautiful Box-wood,—the Hura crepitans, L., or curious box tree, &e.,

li RUPE Bid, te Srunes.
{Named after Euphorbus, b f Mauritania.}

Flowers moneecious, in neladed in a cup-shaped 4—5-lobed involucre re-

sembling a calyx or corolla, with glands at its sinuses.

numerous, lining the base of the involucre, each from the axil of a little
and consisting of a si n

globular, se; . Prstiiate Ft. solitary, in the middle of Be tivohe:
Se ei ig slong euiicd, ae ae 3-
celled ovary ; elas 3, bifid. Capsule separating into : 3 carpels which

288 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

severally split elastically into 2 valves. Seeds 1 in each carpel. Poly-
morphous /erbs, with rey aan milky juice ; peduncles lateral or terminal,
often in umbellate clus

Jor 1. Leaves opposite, i serrate, often hair: and — furnished —_
awl-shaped or scaly stipules ; stems much bra oehad ai res in the forks
3; seeds transversely pater ann

1, E. macula’ta, L. Prostrate; peduncles ae the petioles,
crowded in lateral clusters ; ote acutely angled, puberulent ; seeds ash-
colored, sharply 4-angled.
Sporrep Evrnorsra. Milk Purslane. Spotted Spurge.
Stem 6-12 inches long, much branched from the base and _lying close to the ground,
Leaves 14 - 34 an inch long, very obliqu
with a dark purple spot above ; petioles scarcely a line in length. Involucre one its
inute glands with a petal-like, whi ite or parpliah, somewhat crenate margin.
ate places and cultivated grounds. July —October

s. Very common pel Aa especially in Elles corn-fields, where

7 ies close to the ground, branching from the root in every direction,
forming a close mat.

3 E. h L. Ascending or erect; peduncles longer than
the Sh agin collected ate loose, _ cymes ; pod obtusely angled, smooth ;
seeds blackish, obtusely angled
HypericuM-LEAVED RuPaociea: Black Purslane. Large Spotted
Spurge. Hye-bright.

Stem 9-18 inches high, rather slender and leaning as if top-heavy, with gn g oes
omous spreading bran nehes s above, smoothish, often purple. ves half an inch
an inch and a half long, obliquely ovate-oblong or sub-falcate, "Tatar obtuse, sharply
serrate, ih longish entire 4 elgg! Bo base 0! the rounded or convex side, more 0} r less
ften stained
scarcely a line in length. Cluster s of flowers axillary and dichotomal, amg ic ies
small a tinee = a the ends of — | camino appendages of the involucre min white
or purple —— igo ee

Sandy fiel es, pore Wis, &c.:; throughout the United States. FU. July-
ines a | oneeas Shee - October

Obs. This species is very common in dry pas fields—especially in
thinnish sandy soils,—and has been suspected of bein the cause of saliva-
tion, or ris with which horses are often affected, in the la

Bo
al

summer. I cannot say how much foundation there may be for
the suspicion oe have often observed that horses are not apt to eat
much of any acrid or unpalatable oe —and are, moreover, very r
ip eng — herbs from among those which are not so. This

lant orthless, obnoxious little weed,—and I believe is best ney
— od ee the soil, and choking it out by more valuable

Besides the pigc he? noticed there are several o

*.

thers, both na
naturalized, to be found in various A gs of the country, but Bog he

“not come within t ‘is otis of this wor pecacuan’
perennial species with a large root which possesses pow

SPURGE FAMILY. 289

qualities, hence it is called Wild Ipecac. FE. La’thyrus, L., the Caper
Spurge, a biennial species, is found in gardens, and is partia ally natural-
ized ; it hag a stout stem 2-3 feet hi igh, with thickish, waosthy opposite
eaves ; flowers in er like tae the glands on the involuere with 2
short horns ; this is sometimes called Mole Tree, froin a popular notion
ne

ning root-stocks, E. Esula, L., is n piraes in some parts 0
setts, where it is likely to become Soaking
2. CNIDOSCO’LUS, Poll. ane
(Greek, Knide, a nettle, and Skolos, a prickle.]
Flowers moncecious, in a term we Sym forking cyme ; the fertile ones
te’

usually in the lower forks. Sraminats Fx. Calyx corolla-like (white),
salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, monadelphous below, the inner ones
lon: PistILLate F' lyx as in staminate flowers, but 5-parted.

Ovary 3-celled : styles Es short, somewhat united, many-cleft. Pod 3-
celled, bristly-hairy, 3-seeded, onan into three 2-valved carpels.
Perennial herbs with stinging bristles
1 C. stimulo’sa, Gray. Stem branching; leaves roundish-heart-
shaped, 3- Bobed, lobes sinuate toothed.
Srixeine Cniposcotus. Spurge-nettle. Tread-softly. ;
Root with long branches ia 6-18 inches high, and, as well as the leaves,
covered por Ay stinging italy hai Leaves about 2 in ches long and pane wider.
Sterile flowers about half an inch a pion, hairy.
Virginia and southward. Throughout the summer.

Obs._A troublesome weed in light sandy soils, its long branching roots
can 3-5 feet. The prickles produce great irritation for 1 a
3. RI’CINUS, Tournef. Castor-or Puan.

{Latin, Ricinus, a tick, or bug ; from the resemblance of the seeds.]

pier moneecious. Calyx 3—5-parted,—the lobes valvate in estiva-
la no

a none. SraMInaTE FL. mens numerous ; _fi'
bas ted and muc paige ; anthers with the cells distinct
and pendulous the filament. Ovary globose, 3-celled ;
cells 1-ovnled ; _ short ; oo 3, deeply 2-parted, oblong, colored,
eae 4 e mostly echina te Glbed cells or ca: 1a

s, L. Stem herbaceous, hoary; leaves alternate, petio-

he spcMistes: panel 5- lobed, +t ihe lobes dencuthighe glandular-ser-
rate; ca capsule echin

Common Rictnvs. “Cat Bean. Palma Christi.

Fr. Le Ricin ordinaire. Germ. Der Wunderbaum. Beat Ricino.

Root annual. Stem 4-6 feet stout, branched,
sasseeeaelonsa aie powder. ono ee et epee across, Ppaialet Sted,
3

290 z WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

-+the undivided portion nearly orbicular , petioles 346 inches long, with a gland at apex,
and sometimes 1, 2 or 3 near the base : icea eapnalee in soah leaf, embracing the stem,
illate ?
Pistils jean gh . c

re

Sato Extensively cultivated in the south and west, and even as as far
has New Jersey, for fg —- ble medicine, Castor-oil, which is

afforded by its seeds. In climate it is an annual, but in
countries it is perennial, poe fies a small tree 30 —40 feet in
Often seen in Looe, and anvaedas as an ornamental plant. - ye 9 °

Fe. 183. Summit of the Spurge-nettle sleet stimulosa), with
flowers above and the fertile ones in the a f the leayes below.

t r trees, W

*

seeded "eye

r Gre

Orpver LXIV. URTICA’CEZ.

Herbs, shrubs 0 stipules an:
havin, ng a regular pag gies from the fae ih rarely = resent wr which forms a 1-
when adicle

any as the lobes of the cal
d very i moog

ably diss
Hop iat the luscious

1), Migs India.
las

NETTLE FAMILY.

Clee Famiy.)
and moneecious, dicecious or sometimes perfect flowers.

the album apn hes sent ; 7 poin euimes few bola
‘m, or someti
nts Bid fcr es

an ies; he Note’ ane th the

Fig: =the’ phen es g boty t (Artocarpus

a, Leschen). The celebrated Cow-tree

sie ““which yields a

r aspec

South rg

Ord also does the yel-
Pustie (Maclura tinctoria, Don)—and the alia apeun ee Banyap-
A species of Ficus (F. elastica, Roxb.) also yields

a“ in the arrangement of this Order ; he places as sub-families of

this, several which hav

Trees with watery juice,
Styles or sti; 2.
Flowers mostly perfect.

‘e been considered as families

1. Exim Svup-raminy.
oe perfect or moneeciously polygamous flowers.
nded.

a samara or'drupe. Seed sus’
ae extrorse. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled.

alternate

Fruit 1-celled, dry, wing 1. Unuus.
| Flowers po yeamous, “baie introrse. Ovary 1-celled.
! Fruit a small d 2. CELms.
a 2. Breap-Fruit aNp Fic Sus-raMiny.
y
; Trees or krtroast hehe milky or colored juice and alternate leaves ;

cious or dicecious flowers, in eam pe F gas el ~~ the att of

e fertile pet becoming fleshy ds in a fleshy

receptacle. -2.

Styles 1
fess

wait
n fru

Flowers dicecious ;
whi wn fleshy in

as the sepals.
in both sterile
beset with stin;

as Many

aera be

iat

meecious ; both kinds in separate catkin

ie, np baronet berry-like in fruit.
rtile

le flowers in ee.
Sterile flowers in racemes.

Herts with a ees & tough fibrous bark, and opposite or alternate ee
Flowers m ceclotis Ur Giviados in spikes, racemes racemes, &c., not in
eetnie® Ovary I-volled, forming an akene in fruit. Style. Stamens

Catan ee
divi 7

Ovary A Garay 2. 5 bw ae as adry

ene. Tnner bark often tough and fibro
eee minute, enclosed in a pear- linea receptacle which is pulpy

3.
like spikes, the calyx
Stamens 4, ras 2. 4.
ones collected in a close round head,

Unarmed.
Branches spiny.

3. NerrLe Sus-Faminy.

and fertile flowers.
ristl

4. Hemp Sus-FamILy.

ous bark and mostly opposite
diecions 5 the sterile in panicles or
fertile crowded, only

292 ? WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

1. UL’MUS, L. Exo.

oe

{An ancient Latin name ;

Calyx membranaceous, in in epi fib g-cle ft. Stamens as
as the lobes of the Ovary compressed, ovate, 2-celled, with
a Sune ovule suspended vot the es of each cell ; styles 2, mbit
atose hes the inner side. mara membranaceous, co mp
deed all all round, by abortion 1-celled ges8: deeded, ~via: neal
Baste Srdiorit the cot vis gta oe Flowers purplish-brown in lat-
eral clusters preceding the lea
1, U. America’na, L. lav es oaks ages smooth above, very un-
eel at I oxi rather simply serra te,—the ratures uncinately acumi-
wers sme pes, in ih fascicles ; samara Ova.
Senndty villons-cili ate o
oo .. rose a Bim. ANenplig Elm.
in height, and 2-3 or 4 feet in diameter ; = hes long an’ _
spreading, mene ra racy drooping. Leaves 3—5 inches in length, act te ; petioles o
fourth to half an nag long, rip storages Stipules smooth. Styles pu ubescent, nonety white.
or bifid at x between ons styles—the segments in
to Toure an oa eacuiade. thro ‘ough the wing ; margin densi cane fringed wi ith 8 a nr

pas of streams, borders of swamps, &c.: throughout the United States. Fl. April.

ae This oe large tree is the species so much ree ge as a shade

tree setae ngland. The noble avenues of Elms at New Haven,

Con e the aration of all visitors ; and nothing is roan but a
—— e ge in the

Reduce Gantexk rt?

2. U. ful’ va, Mz. bac oval or obovate-oblong, conspicuously acu-
minate, very scabrous above, rather unequal and somewhat cordate at
base, doubly serrate ; in ae with a fulvous tomentum ; flowers

in dense = Graal fascicles ; ara orbicular, aie on the margin.
Tawny Uxnvs. Slippery Elm. Elm. ‘

Stem 30-50 feet high, and oat la ches in diameter ; branches virgate. Leaves 4-6 0r
8 inches long—th markably rough, the under surface tom: entose-pubes-
cent, especially along the midrib sink nerves ; al one third of an inch long,
pubescent. Stipules pilose. Calyx about 7-cleft ; lobes obtuse, clothed and ciliate with a
sical ed me ralieely often 7, much exserted. g gia -pubescent,
pur, Se a radiately veined, on a Renter. pedicel the length of vc calyx, Cleft at
y the segments — — ee rved and over-lapped as to

give Iota Fraps ayn appearance of being entir

rounds, fence-rows, &c.: ys ery the Un United States. Fi. April. Fy. Jime.

Obs: he i nner bark 0} phe sires bg a large quantity of mu-
oe which bo has picks it to to the materia medica in our.
shops. The military on the Canada rs de aorng the last na
their horses with it, when destitute of the usual forage, and found it a

—

NETTLE FAMILY. 293 -

tolerable substitute wid hay. ‘The tree being smaller, and the branches
straggling, it does not answer for a shade tree so well as the e preceding.

r d
the North and West; and J, ala ta, Mz., the Winged Elm, or Wa-
hoo, with ‘se leaves and corky-winged branches, at the South and
South-west. U. Campss’rris, L., the English Elm, is frequently culti-
vated. This a less graceful tree our American Elm, havi ving more
the ret ‘habit of an oak. Its wood is very valuable, as it is not
liable to split or warp.

2. CEL’TIS, Tournef. Nuerrie-rree.
[An ancient name of the Lotus ; applied to this genus.]

Flowers Sei ge oe Calyx 5 — saa ¢ persistent.
as the

i ” Soihente & L. Leaves obliquely ovate,
idea i nee or twice the lene of ‘ao catiele io reddish o or
sate turning dark purple at maturity. *

184.. Flowers of the Nettle-tree (Celtis occidentalis). 186. Fruit and developed
me a. An enlarged flower opened joa seng embryo. os

See

294 : WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.
ho w pay Cettis. Nettle-tree. Sugar-berry. Hack-berry. Many-

20 or 80 feet high. Leaves 2- se r 5 inches long, more or less scabrous 01 on the
upper surface, and somew hat hai iry ben ak: rhea coriaceous ; petioles one third or half
an Part in length. Sepals dull greenish- yellow, oblong- lanceolate. Stigmas densely pubes-
pare t, oe divaricate, with the points often incurved. Drupe edible, the pulpy coat thin,

Rich light soils : throughout the United States. Fl. May. Fr. September

Obs. A ring distributed but not very abundant tree, at least in the
h which seems

m. ord ‘
ed, as it is not durable when exposed to the weather. It is
desirever 4 to ade fine charcoal.

3. xe? iy Tournef. Fic.

1

[An an
Receptacle pyriform or eubzobos, fleshy, concealing the florets in a
central all

cavity,—the orifice apex, close by scales. ets.
numerous, i minute, sn Ng crowded on the internal surface of
e receptacle, dicecious, or the upper ones staminate and the others
pistillate. Sraminate Fu. Calyx 3-parted. Stamens 3, 0
calyx-segments ; anther egg cant Pist1 i. Cak
Saar e tube decurrent 0 seated somewhat

cel.
laterally = a short stipe, celled; (fas pie ‘filiform ; stigma bifid.
. F. Carr’ca, L. Leaves cordate at base, 3—5-Ichbed, repand-dentate,
lobes a aly pe ae above, pubescent beneath ; a wal pyriform,
glabrous.
Cartan Ficrs. Fig-tree.
Fr. Le Fignie Germ. Der Feigenbaum. Span. Higuéra

Stem 12 feet high—a stout branching shrub, with an acrid milky jalo Leaves
6-9 inches ore deeply 3- oe with 2 shorter or 6 inc hen long,
with os oe volute stipules at base. Receptacles axillary, turbinate or pear-shaped, about
an inch in diameter.

Culti * 1. Native of Caria, in Asia. FI.

yn Be.
Obs. This shrub requires the shelter of a ener in the middle
and northern States,—where is produces freely. In the southern States
it succeeds in the open air. The inflorescence, or position of the flow-

ers, of the Fig—(concealed within the of what is commonly re-
ded as the fruit,) is very remarkable ; just cs e revel ext
that of the ,—in which the minute pistil scatter

4. MO’RUS, Pei Munserry.
(Greek, Morea, tae Mulberry.} ;
Phoaiers moncecious or dicecious in separate axillary catkin-like spikes.
Calya 4-parted,—the segments ovate. Stamens 4. rasan

NETTLE FAMILY. 295

2-celled ; one of the cells smaller and diane peOINE, ; stigmas 2, terminal,
filiform, v illous on the inner side. Akene compressed, ovate, covered by
the persistent succulent pera whole aa thus becoming a com-
pound terete oblong berry.

1. M. ru’bra, L. Leaves cordate-cvate and acuminate, or

times 2 — Phi serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath ;: “fruit
dark pur

Rep ces Red Mulberry.

Stem usually 15 - 25 feet high, and 9-18 inches in diameter (in some instances ——
ably taller and larger), with numerous spreading branch esp at summit. wes 4—
inches tong, oe or less cordate (on young plants often 2~3 lobed, and ort atisode
above te-serrate, with an entire acumination, ase green and rou ghis' sre the
upper Surface, Si and, be young, somewhat hoa Aen mt beneath, e pecially
along t — ioles 1-2 or 3 inches a ak ar membranaceous nie
“Flowers per small, nu erous, in axilla ary pedunculate ament- Sikke
spikes—s ti fl gynous. Staminate

1-near 2 inches long. Pistillate spikes more densely flowered, cylindric, about an
inch long, nee juicy, pate purple and pleasantly esculent when mature. Peduncle
of the berry abou inch Ion
Rich woodlands
July.
se Pati wood of this small tree is recbichg tee A reghione and highly
making posts, &c. The leaves have been successfully used
for feeding Wormers ‘but the fpredudt's is forty to be n tie fine as that
afforded by the White Mul berry. ‘The fruit is more adit din that
of any other species.
at cit al’ba, L. Leaves obliquely cordate-ovate, and somewhat lobed,
or sub-acuminate, serrate, smoothish and shining ; fruit mostly
hindi hite
Waite Mesos Wiies Mulberry.
Fr. Marier-blanc. Ger. Weisse Maulbeere. Span. Morera.
‘Stem 10~20 or 25 feet high, and 8-12 or 15 inches i in posomemen much branched at

sfahonsdhes, ye throughout the United States. Fl. May. Fr. June—

mit. Leaves 2 lants, 2— nee ‘that size),
unequally crenate-serrate, often part ially kc lobex 1, h, shining an and y h:
petioles ass Som pt a to an inch long, with take gee aaa my hnry *Pistillate spikes.

shorter an than te ic g Recor ne Fruit pale yellow or cae color when mature
a barety 0 ast a ‘urpe od! fsa lack.
en a , fence- mbes introduced. Native of chibe, Persia, &c. Fl. May. Fr

Obs his species was i introduced nearly a century since, with a
w to the =e of Silk-worms, and the ge of silk: The |
silk-culture, however, was soon abandoned,— n that —s stage of
the coloni i important

ro ther than ; the tree
came partia ord naturalized,—and is still frequently to be met with.
About twenty years ago, a variety of the White Mulberry—of smaller
statu:

re, and much larger leaves, (well known by the name of Morus
eon aot bored as being still — Poe to the feed-
ing of orms ; and soon afterwards, a ; 2s alice alias

296 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

fatuation was — ted, throughout the United States, which bade
defiance to all the suggestions of reason and common sense. There was
a sort of or ws monomania (or ‘Mon ania !)—so Rapaces and
engrossing, that it ea iaacarc ig ludicrous ; and was scarcely ex-
ed in absurdity, nearly conte mporaneous evidenic, which
Almost eve

15. BROUSSONE’TIA, Vent. Paper Munperry.
[Dedicated to P: N. V. Broussonet, a French Naturalist.]

esa oe rag Srammvare Fr. in an ament-like spike, bracteate.
‘alyx 4-parted. PisTILLaTE sir capitate, peepee crowded ona glo-
Nene tony tie ponte an mixed with hairy sca Calyx u nrpeniatey 3=4-
-celled, sednatlaty: eae “filiform, excentric, stigma-

fe on ade pire softly fleshy, elevated on the baccate pediogls
which i a ‘desketbded at base by the calyx.

. B. papyrir’era, Vent. Leaves
scabrous above, pubescent beneath,

those on th

0 :

ded, Sagrada e or sub-cordate,
Dilton ieee
Paper Mulberr

—_— r 2b foot high and 8-12 or
15 inches in aintnate with spreading bran-

ably ‘tough bark. ove 6 or 8 inches
; petioles 1-

spits about 2 aaiieon te — remanhiea g¢ loos
ts. Pistillate flowers i in a dense capitate
wan

‘About houses: introduced. Native of
rea and the South Sea Islands. Fl. May.

Obs. This tree was introduced
pi rei as a shade-tree ; but is inferior to many others in beauty,
w rarely planted for ‘that t purpose. The roots are so prolific
in Pees ee as to be quite a nuisance, about yards and gardens. The

ats hie’ od
‘Fig. 186. A branch of the Paper Mulbe’ ussonetia papyrifera), reduced, with
fertile aments and variously lobed leaves np dae: ae seats ge: ter:

NETTLE FAMILY. 297

leaves upon the young shoots and suckers present a remarkable diversity
of shape. The pistillate tree is much less common than the mang y=
and is even more objectionable than that, in streets, - account of the
dirty appearance produced by the fallen fruit. The inner park of this
tree re the oat ch Islanders a kind of tough paper, which they
substitute for cloth.

6. MACLU’RA, Nutt. OsaGr-oraNnGe.
(Named in honor of Wiitiam Maclure,—a munificent patron of Natural Science. wh

Fiowers dicecious. StamMin Fane t FL. racemose.

ary sessile, 1-celled ; sty/e terminal, bifid—one branch el angated and
much exserted, stigmatose on the inner oes other branch small -

rtiv seve

alesced into a large compound globose sid Sertt berry, wit 5 gene
but uneven, ie oe or irregularly eee surface. Small. trees, with
branches armed with very sharp slender spin
1 M. a i’ Nut. Leaves lanc tana acuminate, entire, gla-
brous a shining above, roughishpuberulet beneath ; berry su subsessile,
axillary, solitary.
OranGe-Like Maciura. Onge-deange, Bow-wood. Bodock.

Stem 15-25 or 30 feet high, with a re pe branched bushy top,—the branches virgate,
but often inclined to droop or cur fit downwards, armed with sw a

es long, subcoriaceous, sonar by the extended midrib ; ; petioles 1-

inches lon, ng ; naale oblong, somewhat oe caducous.
in a solid globose head, which is 2 to near 3 in in diameter, when fully grown ; styles
hear an inch long, v villous and final y purplish

South Western Bates. Fl, May - June Fr. Sept. -Oct.

Obs. The roots of this tree se of a bright ae color, and so abun-
dant and extensive as to be tro ites a i The wood is very
hard and durable. It was highly valued by the cabeti nes as a mate:
rial for making bows, from which Pe: it was called by the early French
settlers Bois d’arc, which has degenerated into Bodock in some parts of
the country. Silk-worms feed greedily upon its leaves ; plant,

a very neat and effective hedge,

‘properly managed, makes a

4. URTI'CA, L. Nerriz,

; [Latin, wro, to burn, tactus, touch ; from the sensation produced by touching it.]
Flowers monacious or dicecious, in panicled racemes or spikes, or close
clusters. Sram. Pus Sepals 4. Stamens 4, inserted around the ame
shaped radiments of a pistil. Pisritare FL :
pairs ; the outer pair much smaller, somewhat |
two inner. Heng or a s in fruit ng Be
erect ovate

with yin eee 1 ye flowers, and

298 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. :

£20. “emt 4 “5 Sige — igi rig ata acuminate, cor-
rsely and acutely se ; flowers often dicecious, in
csterea Paicciste spikes longer than ist e petio tioles.
Droicous Urrica. Nettle. Stinging-nettle.
Fr. Gra cine ene Germ. Die Brennessel. Span. Ortiga.
Root pere Stem 2-3 feet Ta rage 4-angled, branching, very hispid. Leaves
2or 3-5 ate in fen

petioles ha’ inch to 2 inches lon, ng, hirsute ; stipules linear-
lanceolate. Flowers mall, in ora mio clusters, on slender axillary bra nching hispid
ikes.
wi. 5 yom, waste places, &c. : introduccd. Native of Europe and Asia. Fl. June-
Aug. Fr. Aug. -Sept.

2. U. u'rens, L. Leaves — or ovate, coarsely and deeply serrate
with spreading teeth ; flowers in simple capitate clusters, on ee
shorter = ta the a slender petioles.

_ Bis. 181. 7 gst small Pineiae nettle (Urtica urens). 188. a bee

NETTLE FAMILY. 299

Srivetna Urtica. Small Stinging-nettle,

Ann Stem 8 ~12 inches high, erect. Leaves 1-2 inches long, obtuse or somewhat
enti 4 ui — ~~
Waste es. New York State and Eastward.

shine nate ed weeds, so well ween for re stinging quale
udles

Piste
0 become

Sol are allo wanes o flourish. ‘The whe old h balist, ee ae
een “ that th ey may be “nie by J filing on the soy

me parts of England nettles t-herb, and wet tough
bark Is said to afford a thread ape in durability : ay from flax.
There is a geet native nettle which is now plac another ge-
nus (Lapo’ r’tea ¢ naden sis, rae the Wood-nettle, , whick is not
inclined ‘to pie op ye cultivated lands.

8. CAN’NABIS, Tournef. Heme.

+ },

[An ancient Greek name,—of b
Staminate Ft., in axillary co Hn racemes, Or pale with 5 sepals
anid 5 drooping stamens. PistiLuaTE FL., spicate-glomerate, with single
bracts. Ca/yz of a single mentee ranaceous sir Be a folded around the sub-
globose ovary. Nut 1- celled, 2-valved, inde
i:0. rong va, L. Leaves digitate, petiolate; leaflets 5 ~ 7, lanceolate,
serra

as Caynazis. Hem
Fr. Le Chanvre. Germ. Der Hanf Span. Cahamo.

ae nual. = 5-8 or yes feet pa —— — a d sulcate, scabrous-ptbes-
a chime brad Leaves mostly opposite (the upper ones often alternate) + leaflets
3-5 inches lok ng outside or r tatoral 0 ones aay smaller than the agri
tire spocialy on Se staminate p “ot ; common 1=2 or 3 inches wed o dean
la neeolate. nate flowers gree vin loose somal epee ry ao ; rather
a f den _ nicle a summit. Figen lary, sessile, mostly
acuminate, pubescent, green enema

in pairs Chips 6 ubglo obos
slender r, dense ly puhenisnt, somewhat tawn Nut ovoi 4, slightly conapeauael, smooth,
greenish, reticulated with whitish veins, enclosed i in the persisten calyx,

Cultivated. Native of Pers Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This plant—so. ‘mipodbant. Commerce and the Arts—is culti-
vated on a large scale in Ken ine) and sn ots of tefl we
- States ; but only to a limited extent in the middle and northern
tates,

9. HU’MULUS, L, Hop,
{Latin, Humus, moist earth, or mould ; in allusion to ite place of growth.]
Sraminate Ft. in loose oblong axillary-panicles wip B 5 coals, sed
erect stamens. Pisrina’ an Vs, in tho sho rt axillary aod pre
ee egy penct. folineoous, i imbrioated in veal iene ng Poteee 3
branaceous seale-like enlarg , its folde | mar-

.

300 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

gin embracing the ova a Nate roundish-ovoid, inclosed in the persis-
tent truncate calyx. yl edons linear, spirally involute.

1. H.Lu’pulus, L. Leaves mostly 3-lobed, cordate at base, petiolate,
_ scabrous.

Hor. Hop-vine.
Fr. Houblon. Germ. Der Hopfen. Span. Hoblon.

mnial, branching. Stem 10-15 or 20 fect long, several from the vate pete we

Phizoma). slender, volubile, gp angular and m mostly twisted, retrorsely
with slender branches abov: -5 inches long, peverally eppesite—the “upper
often re Make te and not obed —all very prapryes fn the upper surfac ee ioles | aes

3 inches lon te-ianceolate, co te below, free ie sun
sp ating in pion panicl “Pistiliate Dando ovo id-oblong Popes te ees,
or Beran which are proverbial numerous pm f éroitied ce as thick as pa 7), 1-2. in-

ches long’at maturity ; bracts orbicular or Sicha ovate a short pt acumina-

eon but indigenous in most parts of the United States. FL Fy: Fr. Septem-
r. rt

Obs. The value of the Cones, or Aments, of the pistillate plant, is
well known to every house-keeper ; and it is cultivated for eulinary

Fis. 190. Th Ho: ulus Lupulus branch of shinies siemcbanedia
eee 192. A —, ament.. 193, Aripe ament,
much magnified grain of Lupulin.

4

PLANE-TREE FAMILY. 301

in almost every garden. The medicinal virtues of the cones
tif cousiderable ; they reside in the little resinous atoms a
pee which abound Fe r the = of the scales. The hops for the
eries cultivated on a large scale, in some districts of the middle aa
northe tateo--<iiartionbaaers in Western New York,—where, it is said,
they are a profitable crop. The s omegne plant is of so little account,
that itis is scarcely known except to the

Oxpier LXV. PLATANA’CEAl. (Puaye-rree Famtty.)

Trees, with a watery juice, and alternate, petiolate, | d lobed leaves with
sheathing, <n. stipes — wane hap os are tumid and olen at base, concealing
the young buds. lower. te and et Saget densely crowded on
globose receptacles , sires ‘kinda i doaeittitn pre fora enve yendulous on long
slender peduncles. SrammaTe Fu. Stamens numerous, irregularly mixed with subcla-
vate scales, densely crowded. PISTILLATE ri. Ovaries numerous, obconic or filiform-cla-
vate, casggon crowded, mixed with spatulate scales (ahptioe ovaries j style elongated,
ju te, sti t i

ear t pex. Fruit a
Ceous little nut,—the bage surrounded with pappus-like hairs. Seed cylindric-oblong,
pendulous ; embryo in in the axis of fleshy albumen.
An Order consi: dth ic character, of course

of SS 7 A

1. PLAT’ ANUS, EL. Puane-rree.
[Greek, Platys, broad ; in allusion to its wide-sp he b h i i foli: £ J]

1. P. occmenta’us, L. Leaves “roundish-pentagonal, acuminate;
obscurely palmate-lobed, sinuate-dentate, pubescent beneath.

Wesrern Puatanus. Button-wood. Sycamore. Plane-tree.

~—100 feet high, and 2-4 or 5 feet or more, in diameter, with large ghee. J
ion: and a smoothish eiianeods bark, which exfoliates in broad thinnish plates.
Leaves 3-6 or 8 inches long, a wider La jong,—the base at first truncate, finally sub-

cordate, obscurely palma angulate-lobed, unequally sinuate-dentate with the teeth
acuminate eg oo d i with a hoar branching raga ous pubese ene 1-3
inches in length, tumid and hollow at Hever covering the y is formed

and raid ty; what salver-form, shoathive t pres bran-

ches immediately above the Bey oats limb spreading, foliaceous, coarsely and un-
equally toothed. Sta: Shwebacite kets oF or globe caters tat pra 2 inches long, deciduous.

about an inch in diame pend te

ches long, persistent. Nuds ab third of an inch long, slender, sub , clavate,
y—the base acute and —— with soborpen ——— us-like hai

— of streams, road-sides, &c. : d States. Fl. April-May. Fr.

Obs. This stately Roly Ride Saapr from a very 8

small oid — tie
isan feon ie size than other, east of the a Mountains.

so

302 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

past, the trees ee at least, the branches), in the spring, appeared every-
where to be di and dying ; but they have stillrecovered again, more
or less passer in the course of t eros rs “ — of this phe-
nomenon nsects, as some suppos unseasonable
frosts, as incline to think) has not been etistactorily amet

Orper LXVI. JUGLANDA’CE. (Watnvr Famtny.)

with a resinous sweet or watery juice, alternate capa zens seam sige leaves, without sti-
pues, and monecious pe mei —the staminate ones with an irregular calyx in amenis,—the
‘illate ones with a regular $- 5- lobed calyx, adherent to the ovary, solitary or in small
clusters. i
drupe, with a bony endocarp (nw aa iD, containing a large 4-lobed seed, - without albwmen.
fleshy and oily, cg lobed.
An Order consisting ¢ chiefly f Walnuts and Hickories,—valuable for their wood and
some of them for their frutt.

1. JU’GLANS, L. Watnor.
[Latin, Jovis Glans, the nut of Jupiter ; by way of eminence.]
Aments of staminate fl. simple, cylindric, proceeding from buds without
leaves. gs adnate _: an entire 1-flowered bract, 5 or 6-parted,—the
ual

membran nequal. Stam — numerous, sub le.
Petillate Has a rl ausiey, or few and clustered. Calyx-tube ovoid
adherent to vary,—the lim limb 4-toothed, with 4 bev petals alternat-

Oe yi the : calyx teeth, ave? 2 vas eed Tienes 2 2, Beg oe
» papl ria pace:

unt —the ziaie 4 p (or hull) ait seal Abris within, Tedehievent,

—e* y, rugose an er ularly suleate. Juice resinous-arom-
atic; a lepasaha into transverse lamin or plates; young branches

brittle. Trees with vege melas buds and odd-pinnate leaves of

numerous serrate leaflet

1. J. ru’ara, L, Leaflets oval, rather acute, smooth, nearly entire ; fruit

roundish-oval ; nut sub-com pressed, smoothish.

Roya Jueians. English Walnut. Madeira Nut,

Fr. Noyer commun. Germ, Die Wallnuss. ag pores

Stem 20-30 or 40 feet high, eee a Poe aeons hes long, ac or sometimes
rounded and emarginate at apex, tire, ieee angled of the nerves
beneath, in 3-5 pairs witha fatwa caging one pe lower pairs smaller. pvr’ ovoid
oblong, 2-3 inches in verso flowers in small terminal clusters of 2-3, on @
rather short common pedune a oval or oe mucronate, about 2 inches long

smoothish riaceous : poe! 2
pro corrugated.

About houses : cultivated, Native of Persia. Fl. May. Fr. Oct.

species is

1 Ls, of cheng ge ya ots ent
as Tsu i nt pa ec sa = the

WALNUT FAMILY. 803

is occasionally cultivated for the young fruit,—which makes 7 favorite
pickle. The tree is rather impatient of the clima mate, in the r

bom nd large towns. The nuts are rarely perfected, here ; but those
— are highly esteemed.
2.J.c , L. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, rounded at base, softly
pubescent beneath, with the —— ed sg branchlets downy with clammy
; drupe o void-o blong, ¢ viscid-pubescent ; nut elliptic-
talon ich a cee etre re
Crnergous Jucians. White Walnut. Butter-nut.

Stem Leaflets
2-4 or 5i = hes as serrate, sessile, softly een tee and cid beneath “g re 8 ev aed
with a even odd one. _Aments 3-5 inches long. glia sees got 3-5 0 r 7,ina

minal spike, "rather distant, sessile on a long common peduncle. Drupe 2-3 inches eae
and 1 to nches in di iameter, org vain with a short tapering Y whose gir at
apex, onan a ie tly" compressed and obscurely angular, softly hairy and clammy ,—th

epicarp somewhat corhanaiell
rw a eas lands, along streams, &c. ; j. Cnrongbout the United States. FI. May, Fr
pt
Obs. The bark of this tree affords an extract Batienarat y Physic),
which isa convenient and popular cathartic. The yo , col-
celle)

bs
lected about the last of June, make excellent oe The kernel *
the mature fruit is oily, and soon in get The
the husks of the fruit are used as dye, e, and the wood, thowgh
lighter colored Bits a valuable than that of the Jollowiig (POE
durable when exposed to heat and moisture, and is or pel _
coaches ae similar purposes.

3. J Leaflets ovate-lanceolate,
= oe surfa «tor Lapeer a pubescent 5 drape sicbowes roughishe
dotted, ar subglobose, rugose-sulca
Buack plein eas Walnut.
Stem 40 0 ial Sh ee rooked branches,—often forming
roundish and Seale lent Te ken —4 inches long, pe iager , subsessile, : te Topas,
with a terminal odd one wha a Siieren oF aborti
small terminal clusters of 3. ur on a acer ecuionan eodeachs. an

inch and a half to 274 3 inches in diameter, mostly cee sometimes oval or eblong
creat greenish-yellow when mature—the epicarp (or “ ”) more or less succulent
and spongy.
oe , fence-rows, &c. : throughout the United States. Fl. May. Fr. Octo ;

Obs. The dense dark-brown ce of this species is valanislescalsdis *
much used by Cabinetmakers, as a substitute for Mahogany. — The
ngy epicarp is often emplo; sg as a domestic dye-stuff—and the nu-
can or kernel, although somewhat oily, is eee 8 esteemed. The
‘fruit and leaves, voter, Tb signal or bruised, emit a |
t

304 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

2. CA’RYA, Nutt. Hickory.
[Greek, Karya,—the ancient name of the Walnut.]
pers ‘FL. in slender Ege aments, which are mostly in threes,

from the bie ds Boi: th t ves. _Calya xz scale-like, yp es 3-
cod i £ FL. in terminal
clusters of 2 ay Cals x Aeleft ; gee poery sti, a
with a thick leathery husk, opening ore or less Saale by 4
valves ; nut long, smooth, somewhat 4- utce water
often sweetish ; pith ripen ral young branches tough and pliable;
leaflets acumi cence stellate. All flowering in May an
ping their nuts in Octobe
* Sced edible ; cae of the hull completely separating.

+ Fruit oblong ; ane husk thin: bark oe the trunk not shaggy.
L C. olivefor’mis, Nutt. Leaflets 11 —15, lanceolate and somewhat
falcate, serrate, subsessile, ST ike terminal =< petiolulate ; fruit obovoid-
oblong ; - reg rather thin ; nut olive-shaped, obscurely 4-angled, with

heen iis: Pecan Hickory. paar _

Stem 40-50 feet high. Lea in5-Tors inet Bs lodd one, 8-6 inches
in length, smooth, with a short roughish pubescence on oy midrib and nerves beneath.
Fruit" to near 2 inches long ; nut witha thin frangible shell,—the kernel large.

Wet low grounds : Western and South-western SI

Obs. This pena is little known, in the North, except cy its very fine

nuts,—which are even superior to those of the admired Shell-bark.

tt Fruit ibulay, wa a very thick husk: bark of the trunk shaggy, fall-
0 Tips.

2. C.al’ba, Nutt. Leaflets 5, obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply
serrate ; aments reisothask fruit depressed- globose ; epicarp thick ; nut
4-angled, eee with the shell thin.
Waurre Carya. Shell-bark, or Shag-bark Hickory.

Stem 60-89 feet high, with the outer bark exfoliating in long scales or plates, which
generally adhere in the sniddiagaehtle one.or both ends are detached and elevated, making
the surface very rough 8 2 iflets mostly in 2 pairs with a terminal odd one,

bide the shell thin and waseivie.
; s , &c. New England to Carolina,
| Ok tated thig trea ate welb being nr es ge, the at
: a The

41.

a thinner ep Pp, quality.

WALNUT FAMILY. 305

Thick Shell-bark Hickory: Cc. sulea’ ta, Ni > is a ponrly allied oe
found in Pennsylvania and westward. It is distinguished by having 7-9
leaflets, an oval 4- ribbed fruit with intervening furrows os a vole
thick-shelled, strongly-pointed n

** Seed small, but edible ; sigs of the hull only partially separating.

3. C. tomento’sa, Nutt. Leaflets 7—9, oblong or obovate-lanceolate,

of th Mocker Nut Hickory (Carya tomentosa the pistillate flow:
re the Mockr Nut Hickory (Ge vag Neg cent
aS

Bay
i

306 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

slightly serrate, rough-downy below ; aments tomentose ; fruit globular
or ovoid ; nut rather large; somewhat 6-angled, pale brown and thick-
shelled.

Tomentose Carya, White-heart Hickory. Mocker-nut.

Stem 60 - 80 feet or more in height, —the bark with the fibres ee and not
foliating. Leaflets generally in 3 pairs with a terminal odd one, — 4-8 inches selec (the
two lower pairs considerably smaller than the ernie wees ish above, clothed with
a roughish stel pubescence beneath, and sprinkl inate rae tel ry par-
ticles reece the pubescence. Aments 4 -6or7 inet long, filiform, hain Pistillate

in pairs, sessile on a short thick bracteate common ncle. Meruit ovoid
or pied orai large (ofte m2 inches or more in length, and 144 a dienastie 3 epicarp
thick and coriaceous, opening by 4 valves more than half way to the base ; nut some-
what 6-angled near the apex,—the shell very woes and bony ,—the kernel rather small,
and, though esculent, much inferior to to the prec
Upland fores ests : New w England to Virginia. TL L May. Fr. October,

Obs. This species, also, appear fp he Saar several varieties,—some of
them producing remarkably large fruit. All the Pe ckories are noted
for affording good fuel; but the ‘ia. of this one (which is white to
the heart—while the others are more or less red, within,) is considered
uw er, &

early
sweet syrupsike sap,—and when ¢ that season, is much
upon by worms. The proper Pe for cutting it is the month of

ok te Ld bra, Torr. Leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, nearly
Be. at -shaped or roundish, thin ; nut smooth and even, thin-
rhahelled Lge

Smoot Carya. Pig-nut Hickory. Broom Hickory.

usually oe tattoaeatty in 2-4 pairs,) with a terminal Hyase ae ef or 3-5 or 6
inches long, penetat ooth on both sides—sometimes a li e@ pubescent beneath—
sprinkled with minute purple ahitietad arnately branched or rs 2—4 or 5
inches long, filiform, smoothish Pistillate ‘term 1, soli or 2or 3 sess

rather distant ommo duncle, te rather eed subglobose, oblong, or obo-

: i pean 2 often a little com ret ; epicarp
thin and coriaceous, opening partnils ah summit) he rf gi oa 3 nut smooth and even,—
the shell often hari, but sometim: ; kernel often astringent and _

bitter, sometimes ent, but o oh tater ae
Moist woodlands and joaey oi w grounds : New England to Carolina. Fl. May. Fr. October:

Obs The young saplings of this species were much used, pepe ie for
making splint brooms; and the tough sprouts, or seedling plants,
olten employ dias ligatures, in rural econ onomy, under the name of hick.
hes, .T

ood of the older trees is used by wheelrights for
pecics,

H
utt., has similar foliage but is — hed by ‘its very small fr iy
is only of an inch in diameter. Bitter-nut, C,ama’ra,Nulty

OAK FAMILY. ; 307

is another species resembling the Pig-nut, PRige small thin-shelled nuts,
the kernels of which are intensely bi bitter

Orper LXVII. CUPULI’FERZ. (Oak Famity.)

Trees or shrubs ag alternate ee penni-neryed | leaves, deciduous Pan and mon
cious flowers ; on oe Bice indrical ( h), aeuise
the prsti tila ed with an involucre which oe a kind of cup
(cupule) to the Lcelled 7 soared indtebiaoent nut. co _— with 1-2 ovules in
each cell ; all the cells and oyules but — disappearing in the fru: es ae tube pe rscanins
to the ova ry, the minute whi carpe 9p crowning its summit. Seed without albumen, filled by
the embryo, —the cotyledons thick a eshy
* Fertile are scattered or nye an
volucre 1-flowered, of many — seales omnis a cup around the

In
base el the hard, rounded nut

1. QuERcus.
Involuc 2~3-flow red, raphe ind on ickly bur, enclosing 1-3 nuts :
2, CASTANEA.
Invade vie dom’ marty oe containing 2 sharply tri-
angular nuts. Sterile flowers in small head- like clusters. 3. Facus.
et 2-flowered becoming a leafy cup, pr enlarged and
cu rn at the apex, longer than the een 4. Coryrvs.
ortile _— clustered i in a kind o' vy
an open 3-lobed leaf, Zowered. Tish sees ovoid nut. 5, CARPINUS.
Iganses a bladdery bag, 1-flow red, the whole catkin in fruit ap-
pearing like a hop, Fruit saiiall ald eed-like. 6. OsTrya.

1. QUER’CUS, L. Oax
[The ancient classical name.]
Srammnate Fx. Aments slender, Maar hee without bracts. Cae i
6 ~ 8- (mostly 5- d. Stamens 5-12; anthers 2-celled. Pistriate ©
hae scattered or clustered. Involucre L Bowcrsl een of minute
nig <

m in
and becoming woody or bark-like. Calyx adherent to the ovary,—
limb 6-toothed. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules in pairs in the cells, per es

pen mbranaceous,
thick and lisey: ‘Mostly 1 pt with greenish | or yellowish he —
pistillate ones quite incons; — ; all appearing in Mag, the fruit —
anidepier in October, ite portion of our corns are
enntal,—i. e., 2 years in coming to maturity. This pecaiaity serves
to divide them into 2 sections which are subdivided into groups distin-
guished by the outline of the leaves.

a1. Fruit annual 6 se Sh in Saf bees afer lowering) ; - dusters mostly z
peduncled : leaves

* Warrs Oax Goon Lae lyst pial

~

308 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

1, @ macrocar’pa, Mz. Leaves deeply a and
sonnei Tyrael sinuate-lobed, the lobes ob-

tuse, sparingly and obtusely :
very large ; cup hemispherical iy Ni above
with hard and Hie pot ted scales upper:
of which aes nu gory ce than
f imm in
poser Bur-oak. Over-

p Oak. platen White Oak.
rs 60 feet high. Leaves obovate in outline, 6-12
mches or more in stoma the smaller ones entire. “Acorns
1 14% inch wri = etimes entire ely enclosed in the con-

re-

quire stiff and durable wood. As a fuel it

takes rank with the White Oak. A variety with

er and more ceapry lobed leaves and oblong fruit is the Quercus
olfvector’ mis of Michaux

2. hethns obtusi'loba, Mz. Leaves jee *
bescent beneath, obovate-oblong, —
base, irr irregularly sinuate-lobed, the oes
lobes larger and often 1— 3-notched ; acorn

roundish Bold: rat. Pail. 2
OxstusE-LoBep Quercus. Barrens White Oak.
Post Oak. Rough Oak.

Stem 20-40 igh ; branches requ
ee: dense ly bas hs ry when young. Leaves 4 6
i

raced by the scaly Sadbispherionl cup, which is
o one fruit often in small clusters on a common pe:
uncie.

Dry sterile hills. Massachusetts, west and south.

Obs. This tree seems to be confined to barren hills, and exposed ridges.

Fie. 198. The Bur or Over-cup Oak (Quercus macrocarpa ee oe the oaks
represented here are peo a-cup Oak (Qhereas mac . )-
Fic. 199. The Post or Rough Oak (Quercus obtusiloba.) © es

sciatic il tanieniaaettiitinaatnetiat

OAK FAMILY, 309
The wood is very durable, and much valued for posts, &e. It also
makes excellent fuel.

3. Q. al’ba, Z. Leaves oblong, eet an —lobes nearly equal,
oblong, obtuse, mostly entire, the w; cupule somewhat
bowl-shaped, fubereiate's acorn ovoRE-abldg:

Wurre Quercus. Common White Oak.

Siem 60-80 and 100 feet high, and 2-4 or 5 feet in diameter, with a whitish or light

Fic. 200. A flowering branch of the White Oak creed Mr leat anh eeres the _aments of
Staminate flowers: 201. A separate s staminate flower.

310 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

grey bark. Leaves 4-6 inches long, subcoriaceous, smooth, nearly equally pinnatifid,

usually with 3-4 lobes on each side nears 9 cuneate and 3- lobed) ; petioles half an

inch to an inch lon, Acorn rather large, seated in a shallowish bowl- Shaped cup, W which

“ pubesc escent and yt externally with, roundi sh tubercles—the fruit generally in pairs,
ong.

Woodlands, throughout the United States : often abundant in moist low clayey grounds.

Obs. This is one of our fines t and most valuable forest trees, —and
frequently attains to an enormous size. Its prevale ence, however, is not
so indicative of a good soil, as that of the Q, tin sei ria, or Oak.

The timber is firm and durable Sere pani trae ‘yhet in the
form of board and scantlin g, to warp or spring. Iti vely
in the mechanic arts pasa by the meet satieht de mill-wrigtt,
ied the ship-wright. e keels of’ some of our finest national vessels
a 7 { quality of

T e food of 8
trees the leaves are remarkably naeut, after sto ies * silted by ‘the
autumn.

** Cuestnut Oak Group. Leaves coarsely and obtusely seas ee
but not mi lobed, whitish and more or less downy beneath : cup hoary ;

4.Q. Pri’nus, L. Leav ae
: fi bie Soren acute or
Ny | finely pubescent ee §

resem and nearly equally sinuate-
dentate——the teeth i tek fruit
ak on short common peduncles ; Bape ©
Wi) ARS nearly hemispherical ; coo oval.
fhe. WAS Swamp Chestnut Oak. Chestnut
Z White Oak.

NS, Stem 60-80 or 90 feet ies, sas 2-3 or 4
AN ft | feet rn cumeter. Leaves 5-8 inches long,
‘en, SE penni ed with a coarse peti tooth for

lar:
bow cup W.
Ps ~ nearly one third of the nut.
’ Moist low woodlands: Pennsylvania to
, Florida,

203 *
Obs. This species, which is often a fine tree, presents some marked

Fic, 203, The Swamp Chesnut Oak (Quercus Prinus.)

OAK FAMILY. 811

aa die were formerly considered as species, but which ai
now rded as varieties due to soil and situation. eran variety
monti an Mz., (Quercus monta’na, Willd.) known e
Chestnut Oak, is a form growing in hilly woodlands, and ig ey Bs valua-
ble ce ber. Va ar. discolor, Mz. (Q. bicolor, Willd.) is the wii

hg
3
=
Ep
2
4
&
=)
g.=
gun
ae
2&
&
ee
VS

apex; fruit subsessile ; i nearly hemis-
pherical ; en elliptic-ovoid.
Oak Quercus. Chestnut Oak. Yellow

3 3-6 inches ing, the points of the teeth (and
along the whole callous, the upper surface
smoo d yellowish , the ‘under surface aga fl
pubescent and whitish or cinereous ;
to an inch long. "x rather small, seated in auabea!
cent bowl-shaped en third of ne
nut, a bro. is either ane on the branch or on as
common peduncle.

Moon sinindl slaty hills and banks of streams: Middle
and Western States.

*

s. This is Mer a sai ee not

sh al eet and nutritious than those of any 0 "Wal foe
dwarf species, = ere — n Oak, rio ide ald.,)
to this subdivisi: as ra a2 g es. i ea |
important t scsi Z ae foatodiae notion tee ee
3 2. Fruit biennial, not maturing till the second year fin: fa ing, sessile

or nearly so ; kernel bitter. ae

* Live Oax Group. Leaves evergreen, nearly entire, hoary beneath.

~

Fid, 204. The Chestnut or Yellow Oak (Quercus Castanea).

312 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

not “miveronate, stellate ely oT eine
beneath ; cupule turbinate, peduncu-
are acorn oblong.
Cucina Quercus. Live Oak.

2 t high, and 1 or 2-5 or
5 feet in diameter, with numerous large wide-
read ling crooked ee the wood re-
markal dense and heavy, with twisted
ssl bres. tinces an inch and a half to
3 inches long, perennial, but a portion of them
Falling g from me old trees Bas fee spring, dark

een abov whit ish eath

nedunculate cup—the peduncle about an inch
ong, paige.
Sea coast : Virginia to Florida.

Doe ey ars 09 eH OOda ff 1

ne tree—so valuable in shi pees pretty much
Sta Its

sea-coast of the Southern most north-
ern locality weet "to be - Old —s gee near Norfolk, Virgi-
nia,—where it is reduced to quite a ree. our or five other

species, belonging to this group, are biden’ tn in the United ee
in the South ; but they are mostly small, and of little value
** Wittow Oak Group. Leaves deciduous, entire, narrow.

7. Q@ Phel’los, L. Leaves -piicbamgssone tapering at each end,

glabrous ; cupule saucer-shaped ; acor roundish.
Willow-leaved Oak. Willow mes

Stem 40-60 or 70 feet high, and 1-2 fe , with a smoothish bark.
Leaves 2-4 inches long, subsessile, entire o ng ones mga tn mot dentate. Acorn

e you
small, subglobose, seated in in a shallow ae aes subsessile cup.
Moist low grounds. New Jersey, Kentucky and South.

Obs There ai rently some a of this,—or, if f thay ae
ifically dietin st; cenaie allied The

considerable size,—but the timber is ‘tot particularly able and as

it is rather local in its habitat, is not much known od | those limits.

8. Q@ imbrica’ria, Mz. Leaves deciduons, lance-oblong or elliptic-
lanceolate, acute at each end, mucronate. smooth and shining above,
bescent be ; cupule saucer-sh aned ; acorn somewhat hemis-

Fic. 205. The Live Oak (Quercus virens).

OAK FAMILY. 813

SHINGLE eae Laurel va Shingle Oak.

40-60 feet high, and 1-2 eet in diameter, with a smoothish bark ; branches
numerous Sid sips Soe = goo 3- ae" nches slong. entire, somewhat crowded on eg
petioles. Acorn rather small, roundish pec with a broad flattish base

nearly hemispherical, salad in i; shallow eukoinel cup.
Banks of st New w Jersey, southward, and in the Western States.

Obs. This species—being chiefly confined to the a ied ah the
Alleghany Mountains—is but little Bs nown in the east hough
deriving its specific name from the roofing saiccal which it pee its

timber is micihosbe of an iofecion anlite one for that purpose.
*** Brack anp Rep Oak Group. Leaves deciduous, bristle-pointed,
| or acutely sinuate-lobed.
i pestctih leaves vipat underneath.
9. L. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, cuneate, dilated at apex,
— or Bree raty Blob 3 lobed, ‘aitoth pe Pea covered with a russet
vernlent pubescence beneath, when young the nerves setaceously mucro-
upule subturbinate ; ovoid.

cK Quercus. Black Jack. Barren Oak.

em 15-380 or 40 feet agin and 6-12 or 15 inches in diameter, with a thickish
furrowed dark-colored bark ; branches numerous. Leaves 5- vi inches’ oe sae dila-
ted at apex (4-6 inches w if Tega arrowed towards the base, short petioles, Acorn
ovoid, seated in a rather deep or bout. peony subsessile cup.

Sterile soils : New Jersey to Illinois and southward.

Obs. This small tree—abundant in Maryland, and well known by the |

manent ** Black Jack,”—is chiefly valuable for fuel. The nearly related

Fic. 206. The Willow Oak (Quercus Phellos.)
Fig. 207. The Laurel or Shingle Oak (Quercus —— 208. An acorn.
14

314 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Water Oak, Q, aquatica, Catesb iin which has narrower are tapering
to the base, is found in wet groun

in the Southern State

10, Q. falea’ta, Mz. Leaves elongated and rather narrow, sinuate-lobed,
or sometimes almost palmately 3-lobed, obtuse at bee densely tomen-
tose beneath; lateral lobes falcate, the terminal one longer and trifid ;
cupule shallow, subturbinate ; acorn roundish-ovoid.
Farcare Quercus. Spanish Oak.

Stem 40-50 or 80 feet high, and 1 or 2-4 fect in diameter. Leaves 6 and 9 inches
long, 1 4or 5 (usually 3) distant more or less falcate entire a - each side—
those on small trees pet young branches often dilated and 3-lobed at ‘shallow sive ae | ae

lobes diverging ; petioles about an inch long. Acorn small, seated ina s
ups bs . tapering at ‘base and supported on a short peduncle.
terile clay soils : New Jersey to Georgia.

On “This tree (mich i is the genuine “Spanish Oak,”)—so far
have ed—seems to be pretty much confined to that district, song
the ‘Atlantic coast, which 3 is marked as alluvial on Geological maps.
om said to grow very large, in the South; but is rather below an pom
near Its northern limits. The tim! timber r is , Coa and
or ‘very durable,—but is much used for the inferior kinds of coopers’
ark, pein dt, dig ge ed as preferable to okt of every other
r tanp

sq illieif Woes
ped base, and ee about 5-lobed. It is a worthless lit
— 3-8 feet high ; abounain g on poor soils from New cone to
irginia and westward to Ohi

Fic. 209. The Black Jack or Barren Oak (Quercus nigra). pape An acorn.
Fig. 211. The Spanish Oak (Quercus falcata). 212. An

OAK FAMILY. 315

+} Mire leaves piaisiae’ on both sides, or nearly so.
. tincto’ria rtr. Leaves obovate-oblong, sinuate-lobed, m
or less rusty- phan Pec ni beneath when young; cup scaly, thick ;
acorn ovoid. .
Dysr’s ene Black Oak. Quercitron. Yellow-barked Oak.
or 90 feet high, and 2-3 or 4 feet in diameter, with genet: a

arrowed, dark solartd Sr ae and a spongy yellow inner bark. 8 inches
sinuate-lobed (usually 3 pritcipel lobes
on t ekeh side), the etimes cuneate ely tapering, s h above, the

under surface clo Ged with: pres seriate or fasiculate hairs which present a pulverulent
appearance ; petioles 1- 2 ‘inches long. Acorn rather small, ovoid, seated in a subsessile
cup,

Rich upland forests : common.

Obs. The wood_of this species is not ae an at it much
esteemed for fuel ; yet, in ro ear ts abundan: is, or has been,
very extensively used for fencing, firew otiy and sings The ere
fibres, and facility of fata the wood, no doubt r é
Quer . The inner b an article of ¢ commerce, on ame ‘t
itron; and is e rte in large quantities arope, where it is
yo oa tek in de ler in velow. Tt has eskehy superseded the use of Weld
(Reseda It a, L.) ‘in calico prin ting. i her cof this ine te,
In w bt, a indication neked ante r Agric
» Q. coccinea, Wang. Leaves outline, deeply sinuate-
pinnatifid, with broad open sinuses, outs iad shining green on both
sides ; conspicuous! y scaly ; acorn roundish-ovoid or globular. ;

Fig. 213. The Black Oak or Quercitron ‘Quercus tinctoria). & An acorn.
Fic. 215, Eero Ga (aera rcs) An acorn.

316 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Crmson Quercus. Scarlet Oak.

-90 feet high, and 2-3 or 4 feet in diameter. Leaves 5-8 inches long, deeply
lobed a Gaenally 4 principal lobes on each sid ss the sinuses sesso HY aia wider at bottom,
base obtuse ih tag es gees av gr vig both igvomar smooth and shining green
with a dense pubesoen | the a f the nerves b eerie A bgp red an
‘spotted with deeper -4 inches lon ng? ae corn dish, depressed or
slightly umbilicate as vi ah lower half immersed in a roug pices cup.
_ Rich moist woodlands. New i Freee to een

_ Obs. The bark of this t our Tanners, who (not
being acquainted with the Q, sateats Seonieade call it “Spanish Oak,”
and Bes voit the par ie ied all the other Oaks that are common here,
for their business. e crimson leaves of this species, where it sounds
rgeous and ansigniticnnt appearance to our forests, in autumn

13. @ ru’bra, L. Leaves oblong, eure sinuate-lobed, sinuses rather
acute ; lobes incised-dentate with the teeth very _ cupule —
saucer-shaped, flat at base, nearly even the outer surface;
rather large and turgidly puller aeaie
Rep Quercus. Red Oak.

Stem 60 -90 fect high -4 meter, ae
sie) the Postini srather ob ise at ase, saat obot (a (aenaiy Sp pehiaipal so, cach

= sinuses shallower and more the p: species ; petioles 1-

mehes long. Acorn oblong-ovoid, plump and rather large, prornry 4 a broad flat-bottomed

a ee

Fic, 217. The Red Oak (Quercus rubra), 218. Anacorn.

OAK FAMILY. 317

gaucer-like sessile cwp, of which the scales are so compact as to present a smooth or
nearly even surface.
Hilly woodlands : Northern and Middle States. Fl. May. Fr. October.
Obs. Justice to myself, and to the truths of Natural History—as well
as to Mr. Emerson, a sn or of the admi sag Report on the Forest Trees

and ubs 0: setts——requires that I should here rectify a
misapprehension under whieh I lab tee set I compiled the first editio
= this work. I understood (of course from others—having

ways U

no personal k nailer of the sbjet)t shat the bark of ae i was
in high repute with the Tanners,— careful
and

of hat Mr. Emerson i
tially correct in the statement that it is “almost worthless for the use
of the Tanner.” The timber of this tree is also of inferior value.

14, Q. palus’tris, Du Roi. Leaves oblong, deeply sinuate-pinnatifid,

with broad rounded sinuses, lobes divaricate, acutely dentate ; cop
saucer-shaped ; acorn subglobose, small.

‘Marsi Querces. Pin Oak. Suiitip Spanish Oak,” : :
Stem 40-60 or 70 feet high, and 1- tisk Ji eases ake ni a Vth aille -
“horizontal or drooping branches, she ave frequently very knotty. Leaves 4~6 inches

> Fie. ‘10, The Pn or Swamp Spanish Oak (Quercus palustris.)

4

318 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

the base deeply 1 lobed (usually 3 lobes on each side) ,—the lobes rather narr verging,

, both surfaces gore except a

or pohescen coat in the — Far the ao es beneath ; 3s 1-2 inches long. Acorn
o> ted in a smoothish’ shallow nearly flat-bottomed subsessile

low grounds, along rivulets, &c.: New England to Pennsylvania, and west to

s hich . ae. abruptly rica on the centre of the base.

a The wood of this Oak is very firm,—and is ure h planed a
wheelwrights, &c. It is quite common in ‘Pennsylvania
appear to extend to the South. It would seem as if th eQ. f fale tg ny
this species, were distinctly located in the ie i aies aivitions oot the U.
States. Four or five additional species, belonging to this group, are
found in the U. States; but they are not very important, —and some of
them are quite small and scrubby.

2. CASTA’NEA, Tournef. Cuesrnvr.
{Named from a city of Thessaly (Castanea) ; famed for Chestnuts.]
StaminaTe Fi. ey med — in Sieg Seem naked Sapo spike-

form aments. Calyx deeply 5-6- —15; anthers 2-
celled. Pustmuate Ft. usually in ae ees, within sia drt soli-
pa or clustered znvolucres. rage & adherent to i. Shia, Sind limb

6 lobed. Stamens 5— DOVE minute 3-6 celled;

one solitary, pendulous ; style b tle-li
Fruit a coriaceous pric ly paola. ciated ing 1-3 — and opening
by 4 valves. Nuts ovoid when single, Maniedics x mpressed when
two or three,—-l-seeded by abortion. Cotyledon: thick, crew plicate
and cohering together, sweetish and farinaceous, /"lowers appearing
after the leaves.

1. C. ves’ca, Leaves oblong- Seon eee rate, with coarse
pointed teeth, smooth on both sides ; usually 2—3 in each h involucre.
Eataste Castanea. Chestnut. Chateit tee

Fr. Le Chataignier. Germ. Der Kastanienbaum. Span. Castaiio.

feet high, and 2-4 or 5 feet in diameter. Leaves 6-9 inches long ; sti

Stem 60~ ook 90
joles about half an inch long. Staminate flowers small, whitish or ochroleucous, in
inte! i 4- -8 inches gth,—the ets”

slender, chen i upted spikes or aments, in length, fi
crowded in dense Ls poawt — 34 stamens a flowers mostly 3 together,
in a sealy, squar’ volucre. Involucre usually solitary—sometimes 3-4

a. cioster subsessile, enlarging, finally globose, about 2 inches in diameter, thickly.
oon vered with acu eg 2 prickles, opening at maturity by 4 valves or”
lobes, densel ni within. Nuts 3 by abo often 2 or 1), roundish-ovate, acumi-
nate, ‘reddish -brown, sm below, the uppe ral ue covered with a greyish-tawny pubes-

cence ; the middle nut fatted on both sides, the lateral — convex or gibbous exter-
at d when the lateral ones are both abortive, the central one becomes ee Bi

void.

F loni fcrreata : ghout the United States. FU. June. Fr. October.

Obs. The Ameri rican Chestnut-tree is scarcely more than a variety of »
the Buropen—tbs chief difference being in the ua e of the fruit. The-
nuts of our ait tisha are “smaller, and the yee

of the European variety—or “8.

OAK FAMILY. 319

as it is commonly called. The wood of the Chestnut-tree is light, easily
sl ae flay br se i very tek pe teemed for fuel, but

— aking fences. The t os pi growth, —being
speedily reproduc od, at aiken: Teotn “the when cut off—
therefore well calculated to keep up a sane of pabing ite

. pu Mz. Leaves obovate-oblong, acute, serrate or denticu-

mila,
er. whitish-tomentose beneath ; nut solitary, ovoid, small.
Dwarr CasTaNEa. : Re

tse
dent eae
pomath: ; petioles about half an inch in len ngth. Staminate ath es = 4 in-
ches Pony slender and numerous. Jnvolucres of the pistillate flo a atte clus-
tered on short renin axillary branches or common peduncles seat iaate finally glo.
bose, an inch or an inch and a half in diameter, pubescent paint prickly, opening atsum
baci 4 ube or valves. — boc deng abortion ?) constantly solitary, small, ovoid, acute, dark
scen tsu

Sterile oils : — y id Fl. June. Fr. Oct.

Obs. This shrub is envell seen north of Maryland. The kernels are

mone fomtis sweet and pleasant to the taste, er are scarcely half the
size even of our native Chest wat The seeds of both Chestnuts and
Oibeiicnpin~ an d especially of the latter—are ae gabjeet to be 4
upon by worms.

3. FA’GUS, Tournef. Bexcu. ‘
({Latin,—from the Greek, phago, to eat ; the fruit being esculent.]

Srawmnate Fi. in globose lng peduncles pendalons clusters, with de-.

ciduous scale-like bracts. Culyx campanul —6-cleft. Stamens
8-12. Pratt ATE FL. usually in se i within ‘. ovoid pedunculate |
wmvolucre, which is formed of numerous united a ped ble bracts.
U 5—6, awl-sha ary led ; ovules 2 in each cell;
styles 3, filiform ; stigmas la teral. Nuts a antely. 0 riqnelcons, usually two
in the leathery, a prickly, 4-valved tnvol Cotyledons s thick,
fleshy, irregularly plicate. Trees with a thin, moore ored bark,

oo. branches, long pointed buds and greenish-y: ellow flowers,
F. ferrugin’ea, Ait. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, more or .
ess toothed, eae’: the scales of the involucre spreading or rath pocnn car i
ee, Facus. Beech Tree. American Beech. _ :
Fr. Le Heétre. Germ. Die Buche. Span. Haya.

Pig 40-80 feet or more an yt 6 ih promseeDoel pb bark. Leaves
pote Bon i-nerved, an Te gov along nerves w oung, -pilose,
finally smoothish Sakseheupier Guntulte ; petioles one-eighth to half an ine Tong ; ‘aipulet

spi eth aioe. & sy shad
¢ Lae Sase ee mle ky

3820 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

ebay on rigid axillary peduncles about half an inch long. Muds pubescent, pale reddish
sa pol moist woodlands : throughout the United States. Fl. May. Fr. September -
October.

O
for many purposes,—such as 3 panestocks, and other Nanerned of the
mechanic -_ The leaves, especially of young trees, are remarkably
persistent, after they are killed by frost, often remaining on the branches

until raed, in the ensuing spring. The oily seeds afford a nutritious food
for svi swi

The B Beech, a although a epee ve oe — tree, is any culti-
vated in _— es either for shade or ornament. And yet it would
seem, m’s Pastorals, that in ‘the land of sweet do nothing
(* dolce ‘far biedte oy the Italian peas aged Ms ancient times found an en-

viable enjoyment under its spreading bra

——* patulae recutams sub tegmine Faci.”’

4. COR’YLUS, Tournef. Hazie-nvr.
(Greek, Korys, a helmet, or cap ; in allusion to the involucrate fruit.]

Stammnate Fr. Aments cylindric, with imbricated bracteal scales.
Calyx m5 i soitahagan pe beneath the bract, aa all three united at
$s 8; ant -celled, subsessi bris yata
LATE Ft. from sub buds, in small elusters at the ends of the
branches ; znvolucre of 2-3 (at first minute but subsequently enlarging
villous leaflets, which are lacerate on the and coherent at base:

wers. Calyx adherent to the ovary,—the limb very
minute, denticulate, villous. Ovary 2-c ; ovules 2,
elongated, filiform. Nut (by abortion) 1-seeded Fy oid, obtuse,
subcompressed, bony, smooth, solitary m the peony at as oan lacerate-

_ dentate mvolucre. Shrubs: the flowers preceding the |
. C. Avetta’na, L. Leaves orbicular cordate, acuminate; stipules
ovate-oblong, chain: : Gosoes about the length of the fruit.
AVELLAN Coryius. Filbert. Hazle-nut.
Stem 6 -10 feet high, branching from the base. Leaves 3-5 inches gn. often obovate-
cordate serral
scaly clusters,—the sc or bracts) enlarging, uniting and forming logo mens

mas purple. Nuts rather large.
Yards, &c. Native of Asia Minor. Fl. March. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The yeh & or Popes of the old world is now becoming
own among uently cultivated. “The bushes
were originally imported sip ih aly from
by the ap’
was Saas

‘progress of time

Fe at Shae wibieky in teat Rae
rena er t of Ment Avellana 5 8 :

OAK FAMILY. 321

place [Avella, near Naples] where ng had been most successfully
propagated.” The young forked twigs of this shrub constitute the cel-
ebrated divining rod with which certain heen eyond the Atlantic
pretend to discover the localities of precious metals and subterranean

fountains. The imposture, and the credulity on which it eesid ion
both reached our shores; but the Filbert not being indigenous here, a
capital substitute was discovered in = Witt nee (Hamamelis) !
ie ni wigs of Peach trees also, haye to answer the pur
early as well as the Witch Hazel ; and ps the sonal, eae of « ore-

«Wie, 290.4 flowering branch of the cultivated Filbert or Lut (Corylas A orylus Ave )
ee rumen ce oe r des
ier sea ans tame kon tes round enlarged

"14%

322 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

finding, and eae shpervor have been enabled, in some Pree

this “ progressive ” o keep pace with the sublime nae of

cena ha and Spe Rappings, as well as with the lucrative
nufacture of Panaceas, and- Indian Specifies. It is indeed both hu-

miliating and discou Eaaog to dputmarplrs the facility with which a

ete portion of mankind can be made the dupes of such miserable
mapery:

2, C. America’na, Marshall. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate ;
pe ovate ; involucre ventricose-campanulate, much larger than the
nut, with the limb compressed, dilated, lacerately many-cleft.
American Coryitus. Hazle-nut. Wild Filbert.
4- — high, slender, branching,—the young branches virgate, pubes-
and g maccinr- bin ispid ves 3-6 in nches long, tt from roundish-cordate to
peak and eee dentate- serrate, pubescent ; petioles one-fourth of an inch to an inch
long. Stipules const lanceolate, caducous. Aments preceding the leaves, 1-2 inc ches long.
Pisti the enlar

dunculate squamose a patorad SO scales finally rging, oer’
@ involueres of the nuts. subglobose h ee
aather wider tl lo Fe sengree embraced i the sabooriacoous cng

ae rs of thickets, fence-ro' A ae. : throughout the United States. FU. March - April.
it.

—
BS
4
o
se
7
pr @
“BE
a B
a5
te)
oo
®
ro)
i=]
ct |
=
LE
ad
er
Sg
2
=
ee
o
4
i"
ae
oO
et
ne
eo
Ss
RF
=e
atk
et
ta)
ae
er

€ species common nor
rostra. ta, 4 ait) which has the Involuere EN od into a bristly beak
uch beyond the m

5. CARPI’NUS, ZL. Hornseam.
[The ancient classical name.]
AMINATE Fy, in lateral drooping os with simple ovate scale-like
-bracts, without a proper calyx. Stamens 12 at the base of each bract ;
- anthers 1-celled, hairy at apex. Pisriuiare Fu. i in peirav with anal de-
-

minal boat Inaetiliot racemes. Ovary eel Sti he fil form. "Nuls
- fae — ovoid, sub-compressed, striate-ribbed, stalked,.each with
open and leaf-like peg Siirubs or small trees
ith obtasely an ad irregularly ridged trunks, a thin smooth ash-colored
bark, and flowers preceding the leaves.
1, CG. America’ na, Mz. Leaves ovate-oblong, doubly serrate; involu-
cres 3-lobed, sub-hastate, unequally cut-t oothed on one side.
American Carpinus. Horn-beam. Iron Wood. Water Beech.
Stem 10 — 20 feet high, oftenbranched from the root, and growing in clusters. Leaves
2-4 inches long ; petioles 14 — Py Hegre Pistiliatz aments 2—3 3 inches long.
Ewolucres finally ‘ about an inch long. MNuds about 8-ribbed. emocthish, a aiptre x
Margins of streams, &c.: common. FI. Aj ey

April. Pr. Sept. ces

DE eke

SWEET-GALE FAMILY. ous

bs.

Tt is readily ed trunk. The
rich colors of its leaves in the fall add much to the variety and beauty
of the autumnal scen cir The wood is wenn gly hard and saa
grained, and is well suited for turned work, and for such purposes

require great compactness and solidity.
6. OS’TRY A, Michel. Hor Hornpeam.

[Greek, Ostreon, a shell, or scale age allusion to the structure of the fruit.]
SraMINATE Fr. ne nearly as in Carpinus. Pisr & Ft. in terminal,
loosely imbricated ane with pes peered aah, Svales of the in-
volucre in se hairy at base, membranaceous, uniting by their margins
and enclosing 1-2 flowers. Ovary 2-celled; 2-ovuled, cro with
the entire ne ciliate border of the calyz ; stigmas 2, subsessile, elongat-

filiform. Fruit in a strobile (or cone), formed of the oe of the

are membr alesced i

rowed bark, and — scemecina wi with t

1. 0. Virgin’ica, Willd. Leaves ed acuminate, sharply ser-
row cones ovoioblong ; involucres thickly beset with tawny pelatles
base.

Viraintan Osrrya. Hop Horn-beam. oo — Lever-wood. .

Stem 20-40 or 50 fect high, and 5- 8 or 10 i h Leaves 2-4 inches long
on short petioles. Staminate mch ada bat If Tor
mostly terminal and solitary, 1 to near 2 inches eon slender and, while young, linear ;

pairs pepe oe — arnt! Aor bre toe ceolate taw ny cadu ucous bract ; each
flower contained in a m “aes by the maied seales of the involucre,—
the sac enlarging and hans a Sealer ke eave ope of the nut, slightly inflated, ovate,
epg and | forming ates r,at maturity, a pedunculate pendulous cone, about the
e Com:

Mookionian New England to Soe Fr. ‘April — May. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The wood of this small tree is remarkably firm and tough ;
although neither ¥ very common nor r very important, it po be weil a =

Orprr LXVIII. MYRICA’CEA. (Sweer-care Paumy.) a0
Shrubs with alt te, --) — ften aromatic, mostly a leaves and
etched dealt Seen Gunns Ee eecipr ret often *
l-celled with a single erect ovule, aecesied d by persistent paper AB kb! a ‘ary nut or some
times drupe-like and covered with a waxy s ; embryo without albumen.
1. MYRI’CA, [. Bayserry.
[The ancient name of some shrub.

eis hiss seis Pei ogo ee ont

Ey aes

324 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Stamens 2-8, filaments somewhat anita! bale beneath a scalelike
bract with a pair of bractlets. egies mall ovoid aments,
Ov ith 3 scales at its base and 2 "hen ‘ike stigmas. Fruit
small Craps re covered with: wax-like grains. Leaves deciduous. or
evergreen, more or less serrate
1 M. perif¢ era, L. reeves oblong anes, toothed towards the apex
or entire, shining and r —dotted o Moby sides; sterile aments
loose, ri bracts naked ; fruit Sheree distine
Wax-searine Myrica. Bayberry. Wax-m aoa

Shrub 3-8 feet high, orn branche an a 2- aoe inches long and from 34 an inch to

nearly an inch wi @, pubes ent under Flowers appearing before the leaves are
novelas expanded. "Sterile Cassa bout % mn ner long. "Nuts about the size of a pepper-corn
th itish dry wax. ;

may ple along the Sea-coast and Lake Erie. FT. May. Fr. Aug.—Sept.

Obs. The foliage of this shrub as when praised, ab ianennly fragrant,
In New England the wax which invests the berr collected in con-
siderable quantities ; it is itstnes by boiling "the “hegries in aitiny

when the wax _— nd rises to the su Under the name of Bay-
berry Tallo’ used, in the ral distr cts at theeast, to make
— ether aon or mixed beers tallow ; it is also employed in soap-

great quantities are c Banat for a n apparently insignificant

‘ike, Tho stiffening af the ends of circular or solar lamp wicks.
other species, the oa re Gale (M. Gale, L.), is ov found maceege the
borders of ponds, but is has no important uses. mp aspleni
fo'lia, Ait., the Swtet Fern—well known for its Tere like @ foliage and

e odor , bel to this order. infusion of the leaves
tr ~Faing” in dysentery, and the dried leaves afford ma
Juvenile cigars.

Orper LXIX. BETULA’CEZ. (Bircu Famty.)

Trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves, deciduous stipules and monecious petarsertd -
scaly aments ; bracts 2-3-flowered ; involucre none ; ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, becoming
compressed, often winged, dry and indehiscent L-seeded nut.

BIRCH FAMILY. 325

LS. al ba, | var: Pgs te
ach. Leaves tistirn taper-

pointed, macs serrate, ‘ibodk on

both sides

PopLAR-LEAVED VARIETY
Wuire Betutsa. White Birch.

Trunk 20 —25 feet high with a a re
bark and numerous slender branches.
2-3 inches long, heart-shaped or comb hat
truncate at bas e with a very long point ; peti-
oles ha Fertile

Poor soils. Maine to ee a
the coast. Fl. April. rr yes

Obs. A very graceful tree Epi
on the poows soil. wood,
thongh not of the first “gual for
fuel, makes char The
strai

as ros peta for bean vines, and
brushy tops are similarly used law pea vines.

2. B. pa Ait Leaves
4 ovate, Rinne, doubly serrate,—
veins beneath hirsute, petioles
glabrous ; lateral lobes os the fertile

aments short, sub-or bicular.
eo Paper Birch. Canoe
i

oo -60 or 70 feet high, and 1 r 3
eet in boa vated branches slender 0 - flexi-
tied . with

n inch
= tong, pendulous on a peduncle three-
fourths of an inc’ = in lenge:
Canada. Fl. April-May.
Fr. Jaly ~ Augus

Obs. This oes remarkable, as
furnishing, in its thin, firm and ane
ble bark, the material of which

borigines

_ tA of our country made
their portable ose Vario
other arti
are manufactured fm the bark, which realy seperated thin

Fria. 224, The White Birch (Betula alba, var var. popliflia
Fic, 225 Pea eee ot Seared ee ee 7

326 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

paper-like layers. The wood is ee for some kinds of cabinet work,
though it is not very durable, when tat sed to the weather ; that of
the heart is reddish; the sap-wood white

** Bark of the trunk reddish-brown or yellowish: petioles short: fertile
catkins ovoid oblong, scarcely peduncled.

3. B. ni’gra, L. Leaves rhomboid-
ovate, mari, doubly serrate, entire at
base, pubescent ben eath; scales of
the a aments s villous, —the lobes
sub-linear, obtuse.

Brack full Black Birch. Red
Birch..

du Pistillate aments a lon:

anne, obtuse, on short gese te oy scales

see Leriit gr ons of their length, —the ae
equa

Lo eams :
chusetts, Southy. ard. FJ. A SHE Fr, Aug.

The timber 1s close-grained and durable when not ex

rate branches were famous scoleaecs n the gues
of the olden time, in Ht tpn M eh or rat and a close saree: to
rising

Obs. posed to
the weather. The wood is said to be hag valuable as fuel. The
vi h hands of p

*

*«_____—» afflictive Birch
Cursed by unlettered idle youth.’

But « the march 7 mind, ” in the present day, has rendered such —
— nearly obsolete! The flexible sia of this roe ieee

ng used to pare so idle boys to learn their lessons—are chiefly
employed for making coarse brooms, to sino: streets and cura in

i

Fic. 226. The Black or Red Birch (Betula nigra),

4
:
es

BIRCH FAMILY. 327

, L. — aves cordate-

Sorr or te sass ETULA. Siete
Birch. Cherry Birch. ;

on 30-60 feet high, and 1-2 fee
meter ; tg nei Picsepiee slender, iP
able, smooth ai dotted with small white
cars, Leaves mol inches Ing, mygeerer aoa
eatin Pa taba tly
somewhat vai Lage atten: a ee veal
at base—the seeince sprinkled with
long hairs thet pest and nerves Maran
hairy ; petioles about half a an inch long; pilose.
Staminate a —3 inches lone, larger than

tved, hirsutely ciliate. Nut compressed,
elliptic-obovate, acute at each end, with a iliate, but
membra us margin which is broader ae the summit, and somewhat c
h wer than in the
Mountain forests : throughout the "United putes. Fi. April. Fr. August.

Obs. The wood of this species is colored reddish—somethi ng like that
of Be W Wild Cherry ( eas serotina, DC.) ; and it is used, like that, in
cabinet-ware, bedsteads, &c. The bark and young. s are
pleasantly aromatic,—and were formerly employed in domestic pipe:
mon ort &e. The Yellow. Birch ( f exce el’sa, Ait. _* whic

2. AL’NUS, Tournef. ALDER.
[The Latin name for the Alder.]
Stamm mewhat clustered, cylindric, drooping, witli the
scales pees a Bivaciolate beneath, 1—3-flowered. Calyx _ —
ros ea inserted at the bene sete the calyx-lobes, and opposite them ;
with the seales imbricated, ry
A flowered. Cane atu 4 sale sepals oe in to the ak
all

persistent and becom under
each neal sessile, 2 <allet ; ovules dotiieny, atlas sa stigmas 2, ait
form. ese a es winged.

ae i serrula’ id. ial obovate, psigeierggr 2 lg ser-
eoriegs sad ar green on both sides ; ; stipules oval, :

oe Bl a el
eee Sete > ai . v . cs

328 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Serrunate Aunus. Common Alder. Candle Alder.

Stem 3-10 or 12 feet high, and half = inch -1 or 2 inches in diameter, with crooked
and rather rigid branches. Leaves 2-4 inches long, strongly nerved, sub-plicate, thick
and subcoriaceous, smoothish ; petioles a oak half an inch long. Staminate aments one and
a half to near 3 inches long, cylindrical, eee, rape pendulous and sub- fasciculate

hear ag ends of the branches ; scales reddish-brow anthers yellow.

half an inch to Bos ws inch long, oblong, — id, da dark sjarsta -brown, persistent. hort

lateral branches belo in flower, bristled with the dav pein
ted s'

pramps and margins of rivulets : throughout the United States. Fl. March-April.
Obs. This alien § is of little or no value,—and is only noticeable as a
uent intruder in swampy meadows, and along rivulets,—where, if
neglected, the bushy growth soon gives ‘the e premises a sloy enly appear-
is true, the Alders often + make a comfortable shade for the

rivul the

ped in the little pools of our ets; but tidy farmer
likes to keep even the margins iin reams clear
e kled (A. in uid.) is found in simi

bushes. S er cana, W similar
situations in New-England and northward. It is distinguished from the

Common Alder by the = ed appearance of its bark, and the whitened
under surface of its lea

Orper LXX. SALICA’CEA, (Wittow Famty.)
Trees or shrubs, with psn simple leaves, persistent and leaf-like or scaly and deciduous
eis fat diacine iecious flowers in aments with 1-flowered bracts. Cal: and corolla none. Sta-
y. Ovary 1- called or pews aoe 2-celled , many- ovuled ; styles 2, past! short,
nae Percy eat fe ; stigmas 2 -lobed. Fruit a 2: valyed pod with num rous seeds,
clothed with a long silky do
1. SA’LIX, Tournef. Wuitow.

[The ancient classical name.]

Aments with the scales or bracts entire. Sr Serban Fa A - 6 stamens

a Inet raring sais the isceas lateral and sessile: stamens 2.

. S. viwina’iis, LZ. Leaves linear lanceolate, very long and taper-
cistet white and satiny beneath ; ovary sessile, long rae narrow,
woolly or silky.

Osier. Basket Willow.

_ Alarge shrub or small Soaks £06 neh bog straight and slender branches, the
twigs yellowish and pubescent. Leaves 3 ~6 inches ong, of a satiny lustre beneath. Aments
pepo cal ovoid, densely clothed with long silky hair.

et meadows and cultivated. Native a baeee Fi. April.

Obs. This species, fecthe Ueateter $e ce oe is cultivated to some

WILLOW FAMILY. 329

The most of the Osier used in this country is imported ; the labor required
in peeling the twigs will pr obably prevent that raised in this eountry
from successfully competing with the foreign arti tice.

** Aments produced with the leaves at the summit of short lateral leafy
branches, peduncled, long and loose: branches brittle at base.

+ Ovary sessile, smooth : stamens 2.

. at al’ba, L. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate,
minate, dénticulate, silky glaucous
Sakon: ; Stipules lanceolate ; — short
i illow

Stem 30 - mre much branched ; branches
rather erect, ‘with a pale — yellow bark.
Leaves 2~ inch the } eth glandular ;

les 1 lines = length, *Pistillate aments 2-3
inches Tong, greeni:

About houses, ke. " Native of Europe. #1. April.

Obs. The White Willow, if I mistake = . = one which is pre-
ferred, and cultivated, by the manufacture Gun Powder, for the
of making charcoal. i hade about

illow. I ura
eellonn ,—Yellow Willow or bolden Osier,—has orange-yellow branches
and rather shorter and broader leaves ; it is often seen, as a e tree,
and partly naturalized.
Tt Ovary stalked, smooth: stamens 2-6.
vs Bae Fra’ ‘gilis, var. Russe Leaves lanceolate, <n
with the teeth fgets somewhat glaucous us beneath, and I

sigily silky while young ; stipules half heart-shaped ; styles con-

‘Brittle & Salix. Bedford Willow.

Stem 30-50 fee branc her tha ish-b’ smooth bark, some-
what —— ge young, remarkably brite at Vaan lanes 2 -4 inches Jong, acute

pace mags d, finally smooth ; petioles 2-6 lines pene aoa somewhat pubee-
cent. aeds 2 214 inches tone: ‘Pods ta

ioe preuncss Native of England. FI. May.

_ Obs. This is one of the species cultivated for basket work.

4. 8. Bapyto’tca, L. Young centomerat slender, flaccid and pendae
lous ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate serrulate or nearly
entire ; stipules minute, ovate, glandular. autitale aments resieved
Basytoyzan Satrx. Weeping Willow. Drooping Willow.

wy gus cle of te amon ae) gv of nla

at the base, borne on a orbs
seat tama

"oo plstillate ‘lower, an

330 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Stem 30 - 50 feet high, and 2-3 or 4 feet in diameter at base, widely branching above; ©
the oats pened gree nish, very numerous, slender, lon and perpendicularly pendent. : -
Leaves 2 na: rrow-lanceolate, the larger ones with a long acumination,
1-2lines long. Pistillate aments about an inch ae mostly ascending
or Darna up, on a ar 0 branches ; scales lanceolate, smooth
About houses : introdu ced. FI. April.’ Fr.

Obs. This elegant and interesting species—a native of the Fast—is
deservedly admired, and much cultivated, as a shade tree. ‘The pistillate

; there we sat down; yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion. e
- hanged our harps upon the Willows j in the midst thereof.” There are
many others of this difficult gems, — native species, abundant in
low grounds ; they are mostly low shrubs, and thougt great puzzles to
the botanist, ‘ia of but little Setoseat to the farm

2. POP’ULUS. Tournef. Poruar.

[Latin, Populus, the people ; the tree of the people ; being used to shade public walks.]
Aments with laciniate or fringed bracts. or subturbinate,—the
limb oleae: es in front, entire, surrounding the stamens or
pistil. Stamens 8-12, ore ;—the laments free. Stigmus 2, elon
gated. ie Serbs o-vilved. rees with more or less angular,
on utish, brane in ; hye with numerous scales covered with a res-

Vathash: and u broad, more or less heart-shaped Jeaves on”
Soak Wastcilly compres petioles. Flowers in long pendulous, aments
appearing before the leaves,—bracts and calyx similar in both kinds.

1 P. tremuloi‘des, 1x. Leaves cordate-orbicular, abruptly seuminate
unequally den tte serrats: pubescent on the margin ; bract s deeply 3—.
4lobed, divisions linear.

Tremuna-tixe Poruius. American Aspev. :

Stem 30-50 or 60 feet high, and 12-18 inches in diameter, with a smoothish cine oe e
bark. Leaves about 2 inches in length; and rather wider than long 2-8 nf
long, slender, smooth, subterete towards s the base, laterally compressed ST ae
dilated near the leaf, which disposes the leaf to be agitated by the slightest motion 3
air. Pistillate amenis 3-4 or 5 inches lon: “ p

Low swampy grounds : Northern and Mildle States. FI. April. Fr. May.

Obs. This is a rather pretty tree —and i bi page e planted about ; x
and in for shade and ornament. It is for the ex- :

WILLOW FAMILY. 831 -

2. P. monilifera. Ait. Leaves broadly et with spreading promi-
Pa nerves, od heart-shaped or truncate at base ; scales lacerate
hai

N soktace-anise Porriar. Cotton-wood.
he 40— 80 fect or more in heig’ kt is “hey: shoots slightly angled. Leaves 2-8 inches
lon ie width, serr vy with cartilaginous, incurved and
slightly bales teeth. Stigmas nearly weiiaila; heise and dilated.
Margins of streams : especially Westward. Aprile

name from the ‘eosin aiid of the | ‘iis iting f iin tani
of beads or necklace. Another of the Cotton-woods of the est and _
South is it., which has its branches acutely angled or —

|
°
5
E)
J
RE
a
BE
ca —F,
‘2
a)
er
®
a
é

trees they are Gd about one quarter
pes oe t base
3..P. Gra’ca, Ait. Branches terete; leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, 4
obsoletely serrate, somewhat ciliate.
Geer Porunus. Athenian Pugh: ;
Pisce nag 50 feet high, and 1-2 feet in diameter, with irregular and ther spreading
ee 8 inches in length, and as eel as long ; i, etl 14-3 inches
bie ng, laterally compressed near the leaf. Pistillate aments 3-6 inches é
uses : cultivated. Native of Greece. Fl. April. Fr. :

ies was eter ant as a sere tree, about 40 years ago; 4
bat § it nine ogi galls genera new nearly su by
le 0:

ones, We ate ae p the pistillate plant in country ; bri

em. he Clon ond (opal one} ‘281. “A fringed seal fr nya staminate =
ament. 232. Portion of a fortile ament. ses

332 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

and the cotton which is shed from the capsules is so abundant as t

pat the tree acai com 1 in the immediate Bes of dwellings. Tt
ted in Sexpy’s History of British Forest Trees (1842) that ae
orth American Continent is probably the “ real native country”

this Poplar. Ifso, Arron’ : specific name (Gr@ca) was an fortuna

misnomer ; a mistake, however, not uncommon in vulgar.

4.'P. piuata’ta, Ait. eres much dilated, nearly deltoid, ae

serrate, glabrous on both sides.

Dutatep Porutvs. Lombardy Poplar. Italian Poplar.

: Se Sag Italien. Ger. Lombardische Pappel. Span. Alamo de

Stem 60 - and 1- ; branches numerous, nearly erect,
forming a phage pods esearae f “4 cr AVES : 3 inches long, and wider than long ;
seas about 2 inches long, laterally compressed near the leaf. Staminate aments 2-3
gerry houses and along avenues : cultivated. Native of Italy. FU. April. Fr.

Obs. This was a favorite ornamental tree, for a number of years; but
a more correct taste has wal pens of late — , and w As longet see
the long avenues ae these ungrace rees that were formerly so
common. Mr. Watson, in “his Annals of Philadelphia, ptt it ye i
troduced tg that city, from England, in the year 1784, by
Hamitton, Esq., of the “ Woodlands,” tit side of the river Schuylkill.
The Botanieal Editor of one a — a a they have

stilla

that was introduced AMILTO ney ait he ier tae procured it
from Italy. by Mr Hay a oa rs that are, or haye been, in the
U. States se si sonsierlg ongations, branches, or offvets, of
the tree from which Mr. mae) thule ed his n.

5 au’Ba, L, he ape heart-shaped, or often 3obed,
coarsely ee smooth and green above, mostly white and tere to-

Wie Porvuivus. Silver Poplar. Abele-tree.
30 - 60 feet high, with spreading branches and smooth greyish-white bark.

Stem Leaves
2-3 inches long,—sometimes glabrous on both sides when old; petioles 1-2 inches in
length. Aments 1-2 inches long, the bracts finely laciniate and ciliate with white hairs. —

Obs. This species is often cultivated as a shade-tree. In point of
; rs no comparison with numbers th the natives = our cial

h it make it a real ni
sance. Some of the grass-plats in the public pis of A Yok have
been quite overrun by the wide-spreading suckers of this tree; even
closely-paved streets they ‘work their way up between the stones. It
should be discarded al a tal ther.

The Balsam Poplar P, balsamifera, L. and its variet; y candicans,
are found in the celica cette aie. i ‘ale bo
buds easveeell with a fragrant resin or varnish. A tineture

PINE FAMILY, 333

is often made by the country people to apply to ents and wounds, and is

benhy valued py t ee who like to see how such things will heal in ue
applications. The var candi’cans called Balm of Gilead, i

Segue tly Mativated, as its fragrance i in spring is exceedingly agreeable

‘SUB-CLASS IL
GYMNOSPER’MOUS EXOG’ENOUS PLANTS.

Pistin represented by an open scale or sate or’sometimes ae want-
ing ; the ovules and seeds consequently naked (i. e. withou a proper
pericarp) ; style and stigma none, fartliontion faking place a a

woe of the pollen to the ovules. Cotyledons often more then two.

OrpER camels CONIF’ER. (Pine Famtzy.)

baie = shrubs with resinous juice, needle-shaped or awl-shaped leaves and monccious or
dicecious flowers in aments, without calyz and corolla. Ovules straight. Embryo in the axis
of foahy’ and oily albumen.

orga Pinta! scan ting Order of monet page: tanical character, comprising so
of the most magnificent t skeen wh, and val for their timber as well as for their
products, which inchatie the id tee ponins, pitch, tar, &c. The woody fibre of the
Plants of ‘this or order, under a magnifying power, exhibits peculiar cir cirenilaxsaie ks or

Paw SvB-FAMILY.
Fertile flowers in aments, consisting of numerous persistent carpellary scales, each scale
renee bya bract ; ; forming in fruit a strobile oe cone. Ovules 2 at Be age of each
scale, their winged. Buds
Leaves 2-5 in a cluster, from the axil of a thin tials needle-shaped,

1. Pints.
leaves all scattered on the branches, evergr 2
mite many in a cluster on side-spurs, ead genial along the shoots
of the season, mostly falling in autumn. 3. Larix.
Cypress SuB-FaMILy.
Fertile aments, consisting of a few by Auman scales, without bracts,
with one or several erect ovules at their base. Fruit a roundish
strobile or intemal Buds naked.
* Flowers moneecious. Strobile dry, opening at maturity.
Fruit-of few lew oblong. nearly reer loose arn Ovules 2. Leaves ever-
green, scale-like, closely imbricated on the flattened branches. 4, THusa.
Fruit woody and round j Beales tes sbield-shay Seeds 2 or more on the
Leaves evergreen, SC scale-like or awl-shaped. 5. CUPRESSUS.
we a woody ae = eee shaped and thickened. Seeds 2 ;
ves falling in autumn, linear, 2-—

** Flowers mostly dicecious. Fruit berry-like, not opening at matu- ‘
it 3-6 coalescent 1-3-ovuled scales, becoming fleshy. 7. Jusenvs.
Ew SUB-FAMILY. ,

334 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

1. PI’'NUS, LZ. Pine. P
[The classical Latin name.]
Flowers moncecious. SraMInaTE pies oo in terminal a9
Stamens mamerous, ‘Slew ted on the nthers subse

ssile, 2-cell

opening lengt ge covered at apex by’ the dilated scale ake connective.
¥F tary or clustered ; the carpellary aanlee with de
— a ay ae: bearing a pair o of inverted ovules at i .
Fru one formed of the woody scales whi ich are thickened at apex
Sort “ n the White Pines), persistent and spreading when ripe and

; the nut-leke seeds = sunk in an excavation at the base of each

ed

“te and win ering portion of its lining. 8 yledons 3-12,
linear. Trees with aie in bundles of 2 — 5, needle-s e-shaped, each faseicle
hom. the axils of a chaffy scale. voy generally maturing in the

tumn of the second year after flowering

® Leaves 2-3 (rarely 4) in a sheath: bark rough: cones woody, scales
thi ese e tg and maou “pe sin @ spine.
“ Leaves in twos, except in
1. P. in’ops, Ait. Leavesrather short ; hse oblong ovoid, often
curved ; spines of the scales seaier and straight.

nch of a Pine with staminate aments at the top. A stamen. :

PY ilieey hy pistillate aments at the apex and the fruit et pes ‘ele 236. A as
jc ed fertile — _ two ovules at its base. 237. ripe oom, 3 eg pe ;
o seeds r 238, The germinating neve ate Soe. ‘with e veral.cotyle-

PINE FAMILY. © 335 -

Poor or Desrtrure Prxus. Jersey or Scrub Pine.

a ao 40 feet high, with straggling branches. Leaves 134 to near 3 inches long.
Sta ; Violet- Ceuking Cones 2-4 inches long.

r+ soon hills, &c. New Jersey, southw:

‘Obs. The wood of this tree is said to be of but little value.

2. P. resino’sa, Ait. Leaves from long sheaths, semi-cylindrical ,
scales of the cones pointless
Restnous Pinus. - Red Pine.

Trunk 70-80 feet in height and of a
i hep papten tat Leaves 5-6 inches a Pag green, ries aber Avant — some-
m Clust
w England to Pennsylvania, north and west.
hin hg tree is kn sao in Dee England as the Norway Pine, a
h is applied in Europe to quite another ne The wood is
ateable, Ae less so than that of the Pitch Pin

3. P. mi itis, Mz. Leaves in pairs, often in ari ak ia ors
from long sheaths ; cones ovoid-conical, small; scales with a small, w
pric

Sorr Pryus. Yellow Pine (of the North).

Stem 40 - 60 or 80 feet high, and 1-2 feet or more in diameter, with the bark in rather
broad flat scales. Leaves 3~5 inches long, slender, linear, dark ene, a pairs
Copeteaes in threes, on young me Strobiles (or ae) 3 2- long.

w England to undant in New Jers

acum ie tree affords valuable lumber,—and is much \ employed. _
construction of houses, and merchant vessels; but is
in qualits to the Yellow Pine of the South
tt Leaves in threes, (rarely sometimes in fours.)
4 P. rig’ida, Miller. Leaves rigid, from very short sheaths; cones
ovoid-cofedl or ovate, often clustered; scales with a short and stout
recurved prickle.
Rici Pinus. Pitch Pine.
Trunk t high, rugged and knotty from the Means ot my fallen branches. Leaves
3~5 inches ion a green, seek: Sones 1-314 inches lon on
Sterile soil : New w England, southward
Obs. This species in — and oo cake forms me where
eg any ober: treo Tia wood is | filled with re-

5. P, ees L. Lars ng a ie wih lng heats ‘cones
scales with a short incurved spine. is
Loblolly or Old Field Pine.

336 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Trunk 50-100 feet high, with a thick, coarse, deeply-furrowed bark. Leaves 6-10
inches long, light green. We. 5 inches long. —
Virginia and southward
Obs. A much more abundant and less valuable tree than the next ;

uch less resin. rdi
is dispersed so easily and so universally over the country, that all lands
we are thrown out of cultivation are immediately covered with this

Se P. palus’tris, L. Leaves fasciculate in threes, very long ; scales of
ranches pinnatifid, portions of them persistent ; strobiles alotight-

éd, conoid,—the scales armed with small recurved spin

arsH Piyus. Yellow Pine (of the South). Tense Pine.

Stem 80-100 feet high, and 2-3 or 4 vowed in diameter, with a smoothish bark—the
branches rough with the persistent artes of the stipules (stipules ramentaceous).

wes 9-15 inches long. Str 6-9 fates | ong.

seat soils : Virginia to Florida. FI. April. Fr. August-September.
" Obs. This is a most important and valuable species. It yields the
firmest and most durable lumber, for house and ars building, of any of
the genus. The superior “ heart-pine ” boards, for flooring, &c., and the

uiort, “ most of the aaneg of pa py obtained.” ‘Tar is pro-
cured by charring the w an ts of this and other ss aerron te b
a smothered fire, which melts the a atin ne and mixes it wi

— he in fives: bark smooth: scales of the cones neither thickened nor
prickly-pointed at the end.

7. P. Stro’ bus, L. Leas Pages een at base, long and slender ;

strobiles oblong, sub-cylind noddin.

White Pine. Weymouth ee Nev ew eaiee’ Pine.

Stem - or 80-120 feet or more in height, and 2—4 or 5 feet in diameter, straight and
tee a smooth bark—especially while young ; branches Meese: slender, 1 eae! few

d thos ch the summit = the trees are pga Leaves ches long,

linear, bi — or glaucous-green. Strobile 3-5 inches long, Seaieha ainehe | scales
eate

Rich s sole, " bottom lands, along streams, &c.: Canada to Virginia. FI.May. Fr. Aug.-

September.

7 is also nnt

Obs.
of lumber, in the form of roan n at eating, of late years—
since the ress has become somewhat scarce and dear—it is exten-
ine

PINE FAMILY. 337

2. A’BIES, Tournef. Srrvce. Fm.
[The classical Latin name.}
Staminate aments scattered, or clustered near the ends of the branchlets.
Cones with om , = wee flat scales, — thickened nor spine-pointed at the
apex. @ persistent wing. Trees with seers oe
short and fata. rigid evergreen ioe, sa are frequent ste
* Cones lateral, erect, the scales fallin om the axis at matu leaves
Jiat, becoming 2-ranked, white siteiaenths ki blunt or notched at t igen :
alsa’mea, Marshall. Leaves narrowly linear ; cones cylindrical,
large ; bracts obovate, serrulate, mucronate, slightly projecting, ‘Toereoee
Batsamtc Aptes. Balsam Fir. Balm of Gilead Fir.

rohan nort!

Obs. A Spon but short-lived tree, which is very handsome
when young, but becomes mugged and unsightly when old. It is fre-
it cultivated about houses

limited
value. The nearl —_ A. Fraseri; Pursh—the Double Balsam Fir—
1s found in Peis lyania, and sar any upon the mountains ; it differs
from the foregoing, in "ite smaller fruit, 1 —2 inches lane while 4s ob-
long wedge-shaped bracts, with projecting at reflexed points ; it also
yields balsam.

* ® Cones terminal, hanging: scales not falling a the axis.
¢ Leaves flat, 2-ranked, whitened beneat:

2. A, Canaden’sis, Mz. Young branches dere drooping ; cones
elliptic-oyoid, small. .
Canaptan Apres. Hemlock Spruce. Hemlock. ne

«kg fe tapering rapidly near
the to with long horizontal or often rather petiectran branches a are slender and
faci Leaves half Sly otter 9

Soa re
comtsoly ‘atrangea around, Fe pts = boat Ss io a
+ torminal, somewrhat leo ae us, about an inch long, b Se ek ooh when m young,

finally pale brown or ; scales obovate, concave, with
and entire.
Fr. August ~

Sa ts streams : throughout the United States. ae
15 a

338 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

bs. This tree is so generally diffused srenahout Northern America

iat it has bee pire a =a rex gy in Vignettes on maps, and other

devices, ay reference to the cou It does ee however, afford a

very valuable ati, mare ugh eancity sawed into seantling, and oth-

-_— ayaa The bark is much used, in the Northern States, in the pro-

ning ; and informs us, t e oneior® used

it t to ete vir ois for baskets, of a red color. The tree bears prun-

ing well, and makes a very excellent hedge or screen “ts gi protection
of delicate plants, in those localities where strong winds prevail.

tt sass 4-angled, equally distributed around the branch.

3. A. Excen’sa, DC. Branchlets pendulous; cones cylindrical, =
long ; ; scales Shona somewhat wavy on the edge and slightly lacera
at the tapering apex

Tati oz Lorry Apigs. snes pee or Fir.

Trunk 60-80 feet or _
ranked. Cones 5-9 in ‘ae ed: iearly cy ylindrieal, tune Leen, poy cttege one pis ‘of
the vhs’ a little thicker, ike a map = —

Cultivated.

Obs. This peiey solemn looking ie, with its Bea dark green

waving branchilet anted for o ent, and is said to

flourish better thas oe of our ge 28 species. "The | Bur eundy Pitch of
shops is believed to be furnished by this species

4. A. ni Poir. Leaves short, rigid, dark green ; cones ovate or
oretenbleng’ ; scales with a thin wavy eroded edge.
Brack Anres. Black Spruce. —— Spruce.
Prunk 60 feet or more high, with a h ical top. Leaves 14 - 3% of an inch
long. Ai 1-2 =— lon, 1g.
New England and northward.
Obs. Si ge as an ornamental shade tree. The young shoots are
give the flavor to Spruce Beer; a A ape decoction obtained by
boiling the lees; in water, is sold for purpose under
names of “ Essence of Spruce.” The White Spruce (A, alba, Mz),
also pier as Sin ingle Spruce, is sometimes cultivated ; it has lon;

5 es entire and firm on the edge, and a eo colored
lage. is by some considered a variety of Black Spruce. Both
kinds “fford a valustie timber, much sie auigh am in ship building, especial:
ly for the Bs Jee spars, when toughness, lightness and elasticity are

required ; it is also used in the construction at ‘sas

3. LA'RIX, Tournef. Larcn.
[The ancient name.]

Aments lateral, scattered and bud-like. Seastxare i. Mpg as in
Pinus. Cones erect, ovoid ; scales persistent. sist

;

PRE es ire Se eo pe ee a ar ETE cee

PINE FAMILY. 339

ng. Leaves deciduous and soft’ or evergreen and rigid, the primary
fed eee the secondary many in fascicles. Fertile aments crimson
in
* Leaves rigid and evergreen.
1. L. Ce’prvus, Miller. Leaves rather few i in the fascicles, needle-form,
pointed ; strobiles oval, obtuse, rather large.
Cepar Larix. Cedar of Lebanon.
or more’ feet high. wes 34 an inch to aninch in length. Cones3-4

Stem 30-50 o
inches long ; scales broad, truncate, Wenn appressed.
Cultivated. Native of Syria.

Obs. This noble tree— so well known for the references to it in the
sacred volume—has been recently introduced, _ bids fair a
common in lies jon. The Deodar Cedar—a graceful e
with drooping branches, less rigid and ra ather longer b binih arden

oe leaves—has also been introduced: and apparently belongact
: sect

** Leaves soft and deciduous,
2. L. America’na, Mz. Leaves thread-like; cones ovoid, of few
rounded scales which are slightly inflexed on the margin.
a Larrx. American or Black Larch. Hackmatack. Tama-

A slender tree, 20-50 feet high, with numerous “aes horizontal, irregular teanon
long, Cones about half an inch long.
aan to beceruee Fi. Ma. May.
3. L. Evropa’s, DC. Leaves flattish; cones oblong with the scales
slightly ieee on the margin.

mp Larix. Larch. White Larch.

0 or more feet high. Leaves au inch. ox spare jn lena Cones about an inch
tng, Purple While Young, nally reddish- ten
Europe. Fl. May.

Obs. The European and mena Larches much resemble each o r
but the wore: ig o handso tree with | somewhat Hig! leaves
cones. Th is highly

planted on many unproductive lands in our country.
4. THU’JA, Tournef. Anrsor-Vir2.
[The ancient Greek name of some resinous tree.]

Aments terminal, ovoid, small monacious, the two kinds on different
branches. "mons wis sells eae or amet, berg

340 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

4 anther-cells. Fertite aments with the scales imbricated, fixed by phe
base, each bearing 2 erect ovules, dry and spreading at maturity.
page edons 2. Leaves pte very short, appressed and imbricated i
the flattened branches.
1. T. occidenta‘lis, L. ih spreading ; leaves closely appressed,
aie « on the back ; cones ovoid-oblong, scales obtuse, pointless.
Western Tuusa. American Arbor-Vite.

—50 feet too with a conical top ; young branches 2-edged, diverging horizontally.

Stem 20
Cones half an inch long $ on the recurved branchlets ; scales 1-seeded ;
Seed pen winged
New le

d ‘northwest

bs. This is a native of the cooler parts of the cage and is fre-
spans Sor pi as an ornamental evergreen. e North it is
regard valuable tree for its timber, which is er ee though
dificult to abate of any great length.
2. T. orrenta’iis, L. Branches ; leaves slightly sulcate in the
middle ; cones buildin id or door, erect ; scales acute with con-
Spicuous recurved or spreading points. :
Eastern Tausa. aria Arbor-Vite.
erect branches from

Stem 10 — bh nu
near the base vespeealy when young ; Carne diverging vertically 0 me fan -like, with the
edges up and dow

Cultivated. Nati t Japan
Obs. This is a much smaller — than the preceding, its foliage and
eeper It is often used for an ornamental hedge ;

cones of much d green.
and i it is decidedly better for show tas for service

5. CUPRES’SUS, Tournef. Cypress.
[The classical name.]

Flowers moneecious on different branches, in terminal small aments.
Srerite aments of shield-shaped scales bearing 2—4 anther-cells
margin. :

tached to oor base or stalk ae ons 2-3. ng-scented ever:
oo trees, with very small and oe closel Spetlansy imbricated
and nt sg durabl

C, thyoi‘des, Leaves pes ovate, with a -senell ao ge on the
Ran, closely ee in 4 rows on the 2-edged brane

-‘Tuvsa-tixe Cupresscs. White Cedar.

PINE FAMILY. 341

Stem 30-80 fect high, and 1-2 feet in diameter, sparingly branched. Leaves evergreen,
very Small and crowded, 4 appressed to the branches. Strobiles one third to half an inch
in diameter.

Swamps and pine forests : New England to Georgia. Fi. April-May. Fr. September

etrable dark ‘

soft, and very durable. Shingles were formerly made, to a considerable

extent, from the larger trees: but these are now chiefly wrought into
)

—and no description of territory, in some
half the price that can be obtained for good Cedar swamp.

6. TAXO’DIUM, Richard. Batp Cypress.
(Taxus, the yew, and eidos, form ; the foliage having the habit of that plant.]
Flowers moncecious, on the same branches. STaMINATE AMENTS DUMe-

beari —5a ell. $ roundish-obovoid,

pairs at the base of the staminate spike ; scales num te on
the axis, imbricated, acute, recurved-spreading at a at the
base ch scale, sessile, erect, perforate at summit. bose,
formed of angular subpeltate woody scales embryo in
sO OF, Seay nty albumen ; cotyledons

LT. dis’tichum, Rich. Leaves flat, pinnately anaes on short slen-

der Pe branches which resemble commo
Disricnous Taxoprum. Cypress. Bald Cypress.

A scale from a staminate ament of Cypress (Cupressus), the anthers at :
its ase * arioaraninyansn ome Somers ao So ae

*-

342 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

' Stem 80 - 100 feet high, fastigiately ee at summit ; the trunk 2-4 feet, 0;
in diameter, often sag and much enlarged at ‘tthe 7 the i re or i a aaa
protruding ’a number ft large conical hol ow knobs above the surface of the ground.
Leaves one-third to half 2 an inch lon roti acute, cinaiete or prvcnpeg! eae ae
alternate slender herbaceous bra-ches (which pel resemble com les) 1-
or 3 inches in length ; a number of leaves are also solitary, and Scattered | on Piha Day
es.
ao along large streams : Delaware to Louisiana. Fl. Feb.-April. Fr. Sept.-

The wood of _ noble me eakatle tree is soft, fine grained
and exceedingly dura For many years it supplied the market with
those i ns ha material called “ Cedar shingles” ; but since

ese e become rather scarce and dear, they have been extensively
aperecdiod by shingles made of the White Pine Pinus Strobus, L-),
which make a reasonably good substitute at a much less price.

7. JUNIP’ERUS, L. Junirer.
[The classical name.]

Flowers dicecious—or rarel ly moneecious on distinct branches. StaMr
NATE AMENTS axilla Son subterminal, ovoid, very small. Aner
3-6, attached to the lower 80 ¥ the shield- shaped sca ERTILE
AMENTS ane ys ovoid, "bractes Wid ge Faonles ; In ga foc
ae a sort of ate scaly bra ated tr . Seeds cad

1. J. commu ‘nis, L. Pies n threes, "tage ena spreading,
prtelly punted, concave and paaibas above.
Common JunirErus. Juniper.
0 feet high, with numerous erect branches or prostrate and spreading. Leaves
aie ey Be a long, sharp-pointed, bright — beneath. Staminate aments 2-3 lines
in length, russe colored. Fruit a dark purple, about the size of a pea.
Dry rocky hil ils: New Jersey and northw ard.

Obs. This shrub is common both to arch som this — there
the te form.

are several varieties, the most common wit e prost

The long branches extend in every direction, aie ve the aha mgr: the
, forming large beds 10-15 feet in diameter and n ore than

two feet high s of New England where it i

a troublesome i as it is very difficult to extirpate it; it is by rauald

destroyed by b _ The berries oy sano roa neva,

2, J. Virginia’na, L. Leaves in four rows,—on young aay og and
muey growing te awl-shaped and somewhat spreading n pairs
and threes—on the older ones very small and scale-like, Eten oat

2 Virorstax Juniperus. Red Cedar.

ts te he 1 ae Oe ee

PINE FAMILY. 343,

Shrubby, or a small tree, 20-50 feet high ; bark of Sam trunk separating in loose scales or
ribbons, that of the small branches pur rpli sh and s ooth. Berries small, purplish, witha
glauc cous bloom.

‘ommon on pois hills.

s tree, which is common in all parts of the country, is one
of the soak eres eee in geographical range, it bei found also
in Europe a = Asia ; in high northern latitudes it becomes a prostrate

wood is exocslingly re very light and Raper! ence
the heart Wood ia red, and is used in making lead pencils;
used for the manufacture of pails nit abe and is pa area in ‘hip ee
boat building. =

8. TAX'US, Tournef. Yew

[Probably f: the G , Taxon, a bow ; the wood being used for bows.]
Flowers m — peat vrs axillary, fom scaly buds. Srtamin
globular, composed of naked stamens ; beset tn ls 3 3- 6. pe aarti

— as rld-chaped and Scams exceed nective. FERTILE FLOW-
ERs Solitary, Ait Bae ted at base, consisting pn i of a solitary naked
seated in a cup-shaped disk which fi al — pulpy a a

Kiie-eninintimnes nearly mega the seed. ns 2. Leaves

green, linear, gr mostly 2-ranked ; pulp of the disk orange ery

1 L. A low tree, finally with a large trunk ; leaves

rial early flat, deep oriie Eta noes or sometimes crowded round

e branches

Berriep Pinas Common Yew. —
Stem (in this country) but a few feet high ; branches numerous and spreading. Leaves

34 ~134 inch long, mostly poke rank

Cultiv: ated : Native of Europe. FI. "April. Fr. Oct.

Obs. Frequently gst ay ah in rural cemeteries and church-yards. A
variety called the Irish Yew has compact aes and densely crowded
leaves. We have an indigenes ew which was formerly consider

a8 a distinct species, but is now regarded as a variety of this, viz. : =
anaden’sis,

Gray. A low diffusely branching shrub; leaves
American Yew. Ground Hemlock.
Stem 2~ 4 feet high, with straggling branches. Leaves 3{-% of an inch oer,
dark green on both sides, narrowed at base a a very short petiole.
‘Common on no orthward and southward on the mountains.
9. SALISBU’RIA, Smith. Grxexo.
[Dedicated to Anthony Salisbury ; an English Botanist.]
SraMinare AMENTS axillary, filiform, aston Wins qithevialls pate
ous from the lacerated scale-like : Ferre FLOWERS termi-
ong solitaey_on eintnie or fasci y hing ped: 0 3 ovule naked,

344 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

seated in a cup-shaped disk i im the eee peoncare apex of the pedun-
cle—the disk finally becoming fleshy, e g the base of the nut-
like seed. Cotyledons 2, linear, elongate S "Tree 3 leaves cheater invo-
lute in the bud, deciduous, alternate or rahe t fasciculate, on long.
petioles, fan-shaped and Fadcucccevedl more resembling phyllodia than
true leaves.

oer
2
co
=

In
ceous ali. striate with diverging
nerves.

TUM-LEAVED SALISBURIA.
Gincke or Jinkgo.

Stem 80 feet high, with a light grey
bark, and ‘branchin mg, with som: ergs —
habit o spen. ves Q-

z long ian 3- “an inches wide at sear
S about 3 inches in le
SS Cultivated : a sattteet Japan.

Obs. A remarkable tree, and

a ff!) ss men in the country, but it is now
— becoming frequent in cultivation.

Soak baa OUS PLANTS.

eps with a single cotyledon.
Orper LXXII. ARA’CE. (Arum Famity.)

Perennial — with an acrid or pungent juice, simple or compound. leaves
sheathing at base, and moncecious or perfect flowers crowded on a a, a ‘ch is
usually surrounded b y a spathe. Floral en caida none or of 4-6 se Fruit usually
a berry ; seeds with fleshy albumen, or sometimes a large fleshy jevaange
1. ARIS A’MA, Martius. Inp1an Turnte.
[A play upon Arum, the ancient name.j
imeers moneecious, with the pistillate below on the same 4

‘Fig. 242. A en ee Tink 7”, ia liah ttaneifaliay Faas £4.
A

- tl x

ARUM FAMILY. 845

dicecious ded aborti nia Spadix naked pee elongated abov: oral en.

oot gah Sraminate Fx. of whorls of 4 or more hohe: ihe
very short ; ‘enelions 2- 4 ce viata FL. consisting of a L-celled

ov i epre stiema, containing 5-6 strai vules, erect —

Se ‘
min Perennial herbs with a tuberous rhizoma ;
petioles ‘elongated ; spadix on a scape ; berries orange-re

1. A, triphyl’lum, Torr. Leaves mostly i e fs sshd a divided,—
the segments elliptic-ovate or lanceolate, entire, sessile ; ;
spadix clavate, obtuse, shorter — the pet
THREE-LEAvED Aris@Ma. Indian Turnip. pe
Root peren: — AO a ig of numerous fibres proceeding from the as of an orbicular
depressed rugose cormus, or mateatnend. stem stem noni mostly 2
(sometim: ternate ; the leaflets or segments be = pe 6 or 8 hichaw long, smooth.
green or often torah thin and membranaceaus, or rious, when dried ; com-
petioles 9-18 inches long, inserted on the cormus, = are ne the central scape

‘
eae ale eal

ase. -15 inches high, situate between the leaves, the base inclosed by the
sheathing petioles. Spathe 3~5 inches long,—the lower half commeeiate, the upper half
(or limb) a little dilated, flat, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, and c' cullately incu ie often
variegated with dark-purple and ae — stripes and spots. Spadiz mi mostly unisexual,
with the summit clavate, naked an ooth, m uch shorter than the pathe, but a little ex.

e convolute portion "numerous, in a dense oblong cluster around
the base of the ath carlet when mature.

Ss

for the sake of the cormus, or tuberous rhizo ma,—which is used at the
table as a substitute for the Suet or yam.

2. SYMPLOCAR’PUS, Salisb.

2 (Greek, Symploke, connexion, and Karpos, fruit ; descriptive of the Largs. ”
: Flowers with floral ath. ena
ace oval, or subglobose, densely co with Ts.

Sepals 4, persistent, hy or baccate. mens 4, opposite
the sepals ; filaments cluded ; gathers ed.
l-celled ; ovule single ; style ‘tei, cal, Tal te termi
stigma. Berries co coalescing, 1-celled ‘Seed destitute of oe
-bumen. aes
i §, fo’ tidus, Salisb. St I , i dat 1, i ein: pé dix

346 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.
Ferip Symptocarrus. Swamp Cabbage. Skunk Cabbage.

Root perennial, with fleshy fibres from a thick truncate rhizoma. Aerial me none.
appearing after the spadix has flowered, at first aie wing at length cor-

date-oval, becoming very lar - eo near 2 fect lon ng, and a en r more in with), en en-
tire, smooth ; s¢i; oa a expanding, ovate-oblong, acuminate, age spatulate. Spathe
oe spotted with purplish -brown, green, and yellow. ‘spadiz about an inch in diam-

eter, on a short thick pedunc 7s compact, appearing tessellated. Sepals dark-
brown, fleshy, cuneate, Grease. the apex and margins inflected. Anthers slightly ex-
serted. Style Ebene wen above | the sepals. Fruit fleshy, coflesced with the —
of the perreicnt 5 pal mbedded in the surface of the receptacle. Seeds globos
about the of a Sounbia eee en ea
; lo ve mound: Canada to Virginia. FI. Feb.-March. Fr. Sept.

Obs. bb a AY known by its skunk-like odor, when

woun Is qui wet. meadows, and st ieee
grounds in the middle ant onthe States. It is a worthless

and its bunches of large wecigy are e SamnCiennly tinesightly to compl the
attention of the neat farm

3. AO’ORUS, L. Swzer Frac.

. a@, privative, and Kore, the pupil of the eye ; a supposed remedy for sore eyes.]

rfect, gros a proper spathe, crowded on a sessile sub-cylin-
ae Pe an merges from the side of a scape which closely re-

sembles the ae Sepa 6, concave. men
of the se : aaehee reniform 1-celled, transversely dehiscent. Ovary
trigo ; ovules nw 7 “re ulous ; stagma a minute.

nestling in a gelatinous matter
i A, Cal’amus, L. Scape leaf-like, extending much above the lateral
spadix.

Reep Acorvs. Calamus. Sweet Flag.
Fr. Acore odorant. Germ. Der Kalamus. Span. Acoro Calamo.
Root. perennial, i coarse verticillate fibres from a horizontal renin pungently aro
rhizoma. stem none. Leaves radical, ensiform- linear, 2-3 bey bees re
half an inch ou asada an inch wide, smooth. as long as the hited uch Te=
sembling them, somewhat on aout the peas Spadiz 2-8 tneliog: ac terete,

ae to an obtuse Sepals greenish, cuneate-oblong, keeled, with scarious
heneat mata about springs, &c. Fl.May-—June, Fr. Sept.
Obs. A na f Europe and Asia as well as some of this
untry. The. viele cnet is warmly aromatic—especially the creeping’
rhizoma ; affd that subterraneous portion is deservedly popular for its.
medicinal virtues. nm some Ws, however, in el
t had ossession to such an extent as

to me some’
of a nuisance,—and a difficult aoe: vache of. Seceeal be well
therefore, in introducing it, to plant it ee

CAT-TAIL FAMILY. 347

Orper LXXUI. TYPHA’CEA. (Cat-ram Famtry.)

herbs, with linear or narrow-ensiform leaves, sheathing at base, and_ oe
finer rea of _ glo
a inh ao tte when ripe, l-seeded. Seed suspended ; embryo phase er a

1. TY’PHA, Tournef. Cat-ratn.
[Greck, typhos, a bog or marsh ; from its place of growth.]

owers in a long dense terminal oe pore spike with an
intervening iss wcous spathe—the upper gare nsisting of stamens
only, intermixed with s simple hairs—the lower ortion consisting of
ovaries sures nded by numerous clavate isbn EG chi simple. Nutlets

minute, talked. Smooth perennials with as, and aims
join tes stems and foi narrow, thickish, drect Tears which nearly equal

1. T, latifo’lia, Z. Leaves somewhat ensiform-linear, flat ; staminate
and pistillate spikes mostly contiguous.

Broap-LEaveD Typua. Cat-tail. Coopers’ Reed. Reed-mace.
Fr. Masse d’eau. Germ. Die Rohrkolbe. Span, Espadatia.

Culm 4-5 feet high, iy’ ow 2 a solid with Lage bred at base. Leaves about
as long ah ere eu ray *- neh wide, tapering x but obtuse, sheathi
the culm naka ashe, 6-8 in cher ead: axl neon sh: scene
eter, ass i sg brown, with a sheathing membranaceous caducous spathe as long as the

e. Pistillate immediately ete eg! imo = thick as) the a ome te one,
4-6 inches long, greenish-brow oe th the stamina
spike, sometimes with a naked > da roi between
re Pools an and Swampy springs : i meri me ite States. FI. Fane July, Fr. Sep-

spikes, for the amie of filling beds; but it becomes exceedingly dusty
and unpleasant, is even unhealthy,—in every respect a abl
subatitat Ag clean wes eon or cut straw. A narrow-leaved variety,

es (T, angustifolia, L.), is found in similar
itaaiiona , 16 it ial i the staminate and Bs ilinte portions of the
spike separated by an interval.

Oxper LXXIV. ALISMA’CEZ. Ewha Perea Fatty.)
herbs with scape-like stems and perfect ee moneecious flowers, not ona agains far-
nished with both calyz and corolla ; sepals an cach.$ distinct, Stamens hyp:
nous, 6— pe Ovaries 3-many, "becoming a many 1 -2-seeded Bake or akenes.
Embryo Leaves § sheathing at

ascetiding or

L SAGITTA'RIA, L. aitinaisase
Sagitia

af tha |

ious), m iy whore in tres the

848 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

staminate ones phone. Calyx green and persistent. Petals white, decid-
uous, imbricated i the bud. Stamens numerous ; anthers extrorse.

pare re fi in Saprenaed- globose heads, in fruit becoming flattened
—_— aken Pilar oothish perennials ; roots often tuberiferous ; eaves

polym sephioas: vissally sagittate ; scape ‘sheathed at the base by the bases
of the long cellular peti ioles

243
varia’bilis, Engelmann. Scape simple or branched ; leaves
wey a Serine, Lipton: sagittate ; pedicels of the fertile faces about half
the ‘sterile ones; filaments awl-shaped, nearly twice the

Fic. 243. The Arrowhead (Sagittaria variabilis). © 6 > |

*

PINE-APPLE FAMILY. 349

length of the anthers ; akene obovate, with a long and curved beak + or 3
its len ength.

VARIABLE Sacirrarta. Arrow-head.

tnt perennial producing oval fleshy tubers (or rhizomas) 1-2 or 3 inches in diameter.
ves 3 or 4-8 or 10 — — Be ding the Tobes), and 1 or 2- $ pe wide,
ciate tobe at base,—th te-lanceolate, about as long as the lamina of the leaf ;
4-12 or 15 inches lou. ae é 9-18 inches high, smooth. Pedlicels gee quarter

to hk if an inch long, with pvr oe aie bracts at heme Pistillate € otaite = —

a and swampy springs ; dedeag il the United States. FI. July-August. Fr.
“5 soccorrae — October,

Obs. This ot gee pity es te A ht ts in ditches oy bi places, and
the observing farmer

is of a size to a ¢ the n he Some half-
dozen varieties, | sae n Sees in s pe. Ves,
are d says that the Indians and Swedes called the plant
“ Katniss” ; and that the tubers were sometimes “as big as a man’s fist” ;
that whe: , they tasted well, but were rather dry. (See Travels,

n tas e
vol. 2, pp. 96, 97.) Hogs are fond of the tubers,—and Bags these ani-
m

als have access to oe Ri of growth, are apt to disfigure the
ground very much ~~ Draining is the remedy oe this, and for
most other aquatic w

0, L., or Water Plantain, (belonging toa genus

j which represents the Order,) i is Redhat in wet plac area at one seri
made some noise among gossi dealers in marvellous specifics, as

certain remedy for Hydrophebis but it was soon forgotten,—and is
now catty noticeable, even as a weed.

OrpER LXXV. BROMELIA’CEZ. hides Fanny.)

Chiefly tropical herbs or suffruticose p! h perennial rhizomas and
ood by rigid, dry and saan elled ae schenthing at base ee mewry or — on the
surfac Flowers perfect, spicate, racemose, or paniculate, bracteate oe. Péals
3. Stamens 6, more. Ovary free, or adnate to the calyx, 3-celled ; style trigonous,
_ Simple sennlities separable into 3 ; 3. Fruit 3-celled ci avr ‘and todetaacoat :
bed more frequently ce ped and and septic idally A pone loculicidally alved. Seeds
albumen. ; testa, coriaceous ; embryo small, straight or curved, A tie teow abiaeee

The plant of chief interest, in this Order, is that which affords the delicious Pine-apple ;
the fruit of which is formed’ re the use mn se or pps Be vile eo Las owas flowers,
bracts, and receptacle into one fleshy succulent mass, which is whed with a

terminal tuft of leaves.

1. TILLAND’SIA, L. Lone Moss.
[Named in honor of Elias Tillands, a Swedish Botanist.]

Calyx free from tke ovary, unequally 3-parted, persistent—the ee |
Somewhat convolute. Corolla ‘Salt, tubular below, spreading above.
Stamens ones mostl to the

petals; anthers incumbent. aor se se Horm ated at
apex, straight or twisted. , cylindrical or ovoid,

350 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.
3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds several, paatantc ey stipitate,—the stipe in-
~-yested with pappus-like hairs ; embryo st

1. T. usneoides, Z. Stem filiform, ited sig pendulous ;
leaves subulate-filiform ; peduncles 1 flower ed, shor

unas Trtuanpsta. Long Moss.

Peren taking root in the fissures of the bark of trees. _ Stem 3-6 feet or
more in Tenge fy branche , pendulous in long tangled f old trees,
very vars th with minute

whitis) = scales which are dotted in the Piha eentre of the stem
and ares es aiine ie a black k horny elastic thread. Leaves subterete, slender, acute.
Flowers yellowish-green, Pursh. (purple, Loudon, Ency.), solitary, eebled sessile, with
3a4 Il leaves (or b ee base. d corolla deep! the segments
equal in length, lanceolate, membran yary oblong. Gomes nearly cylindrical,

2~3-celled. Seeds several in roach oe, roulong: acute at each end, comos:
Grows on the forest trees, in the low- land districts of the South. Fil. June ~ Sept. Fr.
Obs. This singular parasite extends as far north as the Dismal Swamp,
in a reinia but I have not had the pleasure of seeing it in its native
forests. Mr. Exziorr (from whose sketch I hav chiefly d derived the
above ae says, “ black cattle eat this plant in “winter with peeset
oie sometimes trees are felled, during a series of severe frosts, to place
the pangee rer their reach. The moss, when dried, is beaten until the
back falls off, and ie cartilaginous hair-like flexible stem used for stuff:
mattresses, chairs, &c.” The uses, here mentioned, seem to entitle
the plant to a = i the present vi ok:

Orper LXXVI. SMILA’CEAS. (Smimax Famity.)

oe ——e plants with ribbed and netted-veined leaves and regular dic-

er sam aie Perianth 6~10 parted ; stamens as many as (Pik perianth-lobes,

og an sap sisves -celled ; styles or sessile stigmas many and distinct. Fruii a few -maby-
0 mi inute, in a hard albumen.

1. SMY’LAX, Tournef. Green-prier.
aes ancient Greck name, meaning re
Flowers dicecious, in axillar unculate simple umbels. poy aan
what corolla-like, campanulate, SASS arte —or rather of 6 petaloid
sepals in two series, the outer o radar STAMINATE Stamens
6; anthers linear, adnate to the fi rl tr Pistriate Fr. Ovary 3.
celled ; ovules saps stigmas 3, subsessile. Berry 1 —3-celled, 1-3-
arely perennial herbs, often evergreen = prickly,

climbing by psa on the petioles ; flowers greenish ia
1. S, rotundifo’lia, Z. Stem shrubby, prickly, m less 4-angled.

or sub-terete ; leaves orbicular-ovate, rar pai Wa at base;
common peduncles scarcely longer than the e petioles.

_ Rovnp-teavep Sumax. Green-brier. Rough Bind-weed,

‘Plant glabrous, yellowish-green. Stem 20 - 30 (sometimes he) feet long, slender
‘prickles, and climbing

e pemrrn auegs
_ ose, somewhat branched, armed with straight r py tendrils.

: ee zie

LILY FAMILY. 351

Leaves 2~3 inches long, and often as wide as long ; wine one-third to three-fourths of an
ine get SuTte, margined at base, giving ou : simple, filiform, but strong tendril on
each side, at the summit of the mar gin. lowers greenish-yellow oe small globose
axiiery umbels. Berries dark blue, or pinishe black with a glaucous bloom, when
Matur

ee Moist thickets and at ronan: BEI bushes and trees: Canada to Carolina. FI.
tober.

oe: This rugged shrubby vine is often abundant in moist low
siti! ining ng almost impenetrable pres ; and is a great Dries
plo h

iy
form with the branches 4-angled ; a sma soaller plant and seldom miming
is yet mer oitesl to subdue. Ss is quite Seqneit in sterile old fields,
‘4

ese,—

e have an unarmed herbaceous species (§, herba L.)— frequen
afbniy fence-rows and borders of acy oh is CB Ba ac
for the carrion-like fetor of its flowe

Orper LXXVII. LILIA’CEZ. (Lmy Famty.)

Herbs with parallel-nerved, sessile or sheathing leaves and regular ne flowers. Divi
sions of the perianth petal- ‘like, cherrgag 6. Stamens 6; anthers intro Styles un united ;
3, aaoninies mat ted. Fre oe “valved loculicidal capsule, or semitones a berry ;
seeds few or many ; mbryo in fle albumen.
A very large order, the different genera of w —_ sy oe nt <eueet get: ty of appearance,
es

many a
among the most bril fant tien oa of the garden, fig the Hyacinth, Aly; own Imperial,
—_ &e. aaa edicines Squill and Aloes are produ ced by plants of this order, as is the -
New ew Zealand Flax (Phormium tenax, Forst.), so valuable for the strength of its bres.
3 bulbs. a

m
ing. Leaves fine and omega : 1. AsPaRaGus,
"lack a 3-celled pod, splitting into 3 valves when ripe. Seeds

ts fascicled, not bulbou!
Perianth united ed into at tube below — form. 2, HEMEROCALUS,
m a ©

Flowers corymber, ite ; peerage é 3. ORINTHOGALUM,
Flowers r ed, blue or purple ; style thread-like, 4,
Flowers in an umbel, from a scaly bract or inyolucre. 5. ALLIUM.
Fruit a 8-celled many-seeded pod. Seeds pale. Perianth of 6

erty epee divisions. me
Anthers y their middle, sw free ; stems from a ie ¥D

“bulb, leafy to the top. tig ROM: Ges sjliann £a

1. ASPAR’AGUS, L. Asparaeus.
[The ancient Greek name.]
Perianth of 6 nearly equal linear-oblong wanes lightly connected at
oe Stamens 6,—the lo wer half of the filaments
gg ie the base of the als; anthers peltate. Style shorts ,

352 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

1, A. orrictna’tis, L.- Unarmed ; stem herbaceous, erect, paniculately
branched ; leaves fasciculate, setaceous and flexible.
Orrictivat Asparacus. Asparagus, or (corruptly) “ Sparrow Grass.”
Fr. Asperge. Germ. Der Spargel. —_ eee

perennial, consistin of ciculate fibres. Plant smooth,

Root g 0
3-6 feet high, —the turiens, or young stems, at Peep a Ein stout and fleshy, with leaves
in the form m of appre ssed scales lly the stem is ram ified into a large panicle, Leaves

ee ual, one-third of an inch to an roy or more in length, very harrow, Jinear, flat, ab-

ruptly Rect in fascicles of 3- Rid or 12 Clare nyt te scarious :
base of each fase i es in — ct on pe soliter's) ll lateral (not

axillary) at the ae se of the alter Reaneioe t half an inch long, slender, the

upper nee (above the thickened ring, or eaveutetieny hy clavate. lyz pale green-
ish-yello Berries globose, slightly umbilicate, red when mature
Gar anak: oxiltivaied. Native of Euro ope. Fi. May-July. Fr. eee
Obs. Almost every garden has a bed of Aspara r the sake
of the young Turions—which afford a favorite cae “ish in nb
spring. The plant has in some ~~ pigs from gardens and becom
naturalized, especially near the coas

2. HEMEROCAL’LIS, L. Day Liny.

(Greek, Hemera, a day, and Kailos, beauty ; the flower lasting but a day.]
Perianth funnel form,—the short tube enclosing the ovary,—the 6-parted
border spreading and lily-like, withering at the close of the day. _ Stamens

ed at the throat ; sere and st
and eccentin Capsule 3-angled, rather

ig. fleshy, 3-valved ; seeds

subglobose, black. Saat showy perennials ah fleshy-fibrous
and long linear-keeled leaves, 2-ranked at the Lee a ae tall scapes
- I large showy b

roots
*which bear at the poengn severa:
1. H. ful’v rianth mt gs or haeuy ‘the inner

lobes cits J ae on the m
Tawyy Hewerocatuis. Day Lily,
Leaves about 2 f Seape 3— corymbosely
branched at sum, ths fevachea ea! - ger ape 3-4 stout laces ire
the tube contracted, about an inch in length,
Govind 508 about houses. Native of China. July.

Obs. This has strayed from m gardens, where it is often cultivated and
is naturalized in many placa It is hh dificult to eradicate W! when
once established. The H. F
—* is often seen in sl

2

3. ORNITHOG’ ALUM, erie E Srar or cages

(Greek, Ornis, ornithos, a bird, and gala 41
seca ly cae sor eae of smelt om
nected a t base, spreading shone ie med Rae od

LILY FAMILY. 353

stigma 3-angled. Capsule membranaccous, roundish, obtusely trigonous,
3-celled. Seeds few in a cell, subglobose or angular ; testa black, rugose.
Scape = linear-chanvelled leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers corym-
bose, or racemose, bracted.

4.0, sel tum, L. TRacemes corymbose ; peduncles longer than the
bracts ; perianth lobes white within, green outside, with white margins.

Umpeinate Ornitnocatum. ‘Ten o'clock. ‘Star of Bethlehem.
Fr. Dame d’onze heures. Germ. Die Vogelmilch. Span. Ornitogalo.

Bulbs biennial? small, white. Leaves radical, numerous, 6-12 in ies long, very

smooth, green with a whitish longitudinal line. Seapes 6-9 nopapoe high, terete, smooth,

pot segaar—ag branched at summit,—the branches or peduncles alternate, | -2 inches long,
a membranaceous linear-lanceolate Bid emer: ermge base. white

within DS apioioeaell reen with a white margin. Ovary somewhat eryinaos-tarbiesti, often

wastes and cultivated fields : introduced. Native of the old world. Fl. May -June.
uly

Obs. This foreigner has escaped from be Ve oh in many pentica
and multiplies its ame so rapidly as 8 se ome a great nuisance, if
neglected. The bulbs are exceedingly tenacious of life ; and inca
completely in possession "ot the soil, it is an "alia hopeless task to at-

pt by stg them. eaves gen si die, however, in the ear'
1

cary
summer,—and, in good land, are replaced by the saree

grasses ; so that: this piioatets little satralie is not quite so serious
lertanee as some others ;—such, for <a as the Canada Thistle, or Ox.

4. SOIL'LA, L. Squu..
[The ancient name.]
Perianth of 6 colored rates or purple) spreadi idu
Bn e) spreading divisions, mostly decidu-
ous, with 6 awl-sha iw fe ee Style a 42 Pod
Zangled, S-valved, st acts black, oundish seeds i cell_—
Scape and linear-leaves from a coated Babe ; the usually as
i a simple raceme, —
1, 1 8, Fra’ geri, a Leaves long, linear, keeled; bracts solitary, lon-
stigma minutely 3-cleft.
acs Scmta. Eastern Quamash. Wild Hyacinth.
pli ar Scape about a foot high, bearing a long raceme of pale blue flowers.
Prairies and banks of

oa — —— inch long, 3- ———
: Ohio and west

Oy "Tis ia the cleat Quam, o Camass, which serves as
fo for some ‘some of the the Indian tribes of the far west ee roasted,
mite be be sweet-tasted and and agreeable. —

354 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

a
; am Vie
244
5. AL’LIUM, L. Garnic. Onton.

[The ancient Latin name of Garlic.]

ane of fs ae colored se rw or suited at the base, 1-
nerved : a alate-fili-

ry, more or less laments subi
form, _— os less dilated below,—the at a wis ones often mem-
brana trifid or with a sta: eusp or tooth at summit, on
each side. ie. Sle ‘filiform ; fs or sometimes trifid. Capsule

3-o
os paket la Derk, vane minutely granular-do dotted. Herbs.

é “Pid. 244. Th Ten O'clock, oy eon nit} ag ‘ane el ee

ee

Ss

LILY FAMILY. 355.

of a strong odor, with = A ers ?) bulbs. Scapes naked, or

ith sheathing Jeaves below, solid or fistular. Leaves mostly narrow,
channelled, semi-cylindrie, or eke often hollow, sometimes flat. Umbel
terminal, embraced by a membranaceous | — 2-valyed 7. ea spathe-
like involucre. Flowers sometimes changed into bulble

* Umbel often densely bulb bearing, with or Lid flowers.
Tt Lacves ‘flat.

1. A. satr’vum, LZ. Scape terete, leafy to the middle; leaves lance-
pera somewhat channelled ; spathe 1-valved, with a long acumination,
ucous.

CuntivateD Ariium. Garden or English Garlic.
Fr. LiAil. Germ. Der Lauch. Knoblauch. Span. Ajo.

Growing in bunches. Radical bulbs compound, consisting of small bulbous offsets,
ealted a cloves. Scape 1-2 feet high, sm > ete, lower half ery ee + ota ox
tension of the sheaths. Leaves 9-16 inc es long, distichously arra Heads
bels bearing numerous small Sees oblong bulbs, each bulb with + nu inser ous potions
ing. Calyx pale purple.

Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September.

Obs. Cultivated as an aoe of medicine and used by some to season
food, for which purpose it is extensively used in the Spanish American
parts of our continent.

+ ¢ Leaves terete and hollow.

2. A. vinea’le, L. Scape terete, slender, sparingly leafy to the mid-
dle ; leaves terete, with a narrow channel on the upper side; spathe ab-
ruptly acuminate.
Vig (or edieens — Garlic. Field Garlic. Crow Garlic.
Fr. Ail des Vignes. erm. Acker-Lauch. Wein-bergs-Lauch.

Bulbs ane Scape wha feet high bed slender, with a few leaves che oni the middle*

pedicels of the flowers filiform, clavate. Calyx deep one tinged with green.
Pastures and cu Itivated service troduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June. Fy. Aug.
Obs. Tradition says, es was introduced by the first Welsh
immigra nts to Pease ay mage the purpose of supplying an early pas-
ture. It is now completely naturalized, and was former indan
“In some districts, as to ine insane It not only im
gusting flavor to milk, butter, &c., but, by its abundance among the
wheat, sevlouay fojuredt the flour,—and rendered the manufacture of it
ifheult. Our best farmers, however, have now nearly subdued it, by the

a judicious rotation of crops. A native

improvement of their land, and a judi i _
species, the Meadow Garlic (A. Canaden’se, Kalm.), is frequent in moist
meadows ; it has flat leaves borne at the base .

ak Ge pa, L. Se ORE ET ORE RE ERE OP, OES. BRR ES SST
: fit anemia Piura saan eid Lo sn ah a id

356— WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

the middle, much longer than the leaves; leaves subterete, fistular,
somewhat ventricose ; umbel globose, usually capsule-bearing ; ; spathe
1-or cages 2-valved, ot a dent ieguiahiae

Oni Oni
Fr. -Ognn Germ. Die Zwiebel. Span. Cebolla.

depressed or pide oe ie large (2—3 inches i in horizontal ficowe port tga 7 2-3
oct al high, prea. often ai : mooth,
glaucous. Leaves 6 inc esto a foot ‘oot or more in length. Umbel 2 ter:
Siew filiform. Sutie nish-white. lance- oblong, white nite a green reel.
ater

erect ; filaments white, the 3 inner ones much dilated at base, pgrked toothed.
Gardens and fields : cultivated. Native country unknown. Fl. July. Fr. September.

bs. species—universally known and cultivated, as a culinary
vegetable—is by far the fnost valuable of the genus. The culture is car-
ried to a great extent in some favorable localities—as at Wethersfield,

gar expre
popular remedy for the pang in eduidran Its stimulating quality i is
thus playfully alluded to, by SHaxspEareE, in the Taming of the Shrew :

“ oe if the boy have not a woman’s gift,
Tor. 6 5
Oni

Which in a cpr being close co conveyed,
1 in despite enforce a watery eye,??

* * Umbel bearing only flowers and capsules.
¢ Leaves flat.

4, A. Sees rum, L. Scape rising from the centre of a simple bulb, terete,

to the middle; leaves bro oad, so: mewhat channelled or folded, and
keeled, acute; umbel globose ; meri with a rough keel ; stamens a lit-
tle exserted.

Leex Auuium. Leek. Garden Leek.
Fr. Porreau. Germ: Gemeiner Lauch. Span. Puérro.
dle-sized. -Seape 2-3 eot high. stout and solid. Leaves distichously arranged
peg come half of the scape, Pile ree te 4 s long, and about an inch wide at base with the
margin sometimes ciliate. Spathe with along acumination. Umbel globose, dense, rather
large (2 inches or more in diameter): pedicels of the flowers clavate. Calyx pale violet-
purple. Filaments white.
. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September.
Obs. hich is regarded as a pi of national embiail
by the Welsh fe 1s Pat hotieadt by the the poet, Gay
“« Leek to the Welsh, pp Deeen by butter ’s dear, vd
Of Irish swains potato is
Oats for their feasts the Scottish arckneards igen
Setarated for use in soups.

+ t¢ Leaves terete, hollow.

LILY FAMILY, 357

5. A. Scna@nopra’sum, L. Scape naked or few-leaved at base, about as
on ig ae ie subulate-filiform seal spathe 2-valved, about equal to
eu

Rusn-teex Auiivm. Chives, or Cives.
Fr. Ciboulette. Germ. Der Schnittlauch. ae Cebollino.

Growing in bunches. Buibs small. Scape 6 nches high, smooth. eaves erect,
about as long as the scape. Umbel about an inch in “dia meter. ‘Spathe of 2 ovate mem-
branaceous nerved sige alga Calyx purple with a einige of violet.

Gardens ; cultivated. e of Europe. Jul,

. Cultivated as a aes nary herb ; devon often used as a kind of me-
ted 3

are igo ineaie in Europe ; namely, a Scorodoprasum, L., or Rocam
alonicum, L., or § Jpallott, &c. But I believe they are not much
atsended to, i in this country. We have, also, a few native € speci ies ;
but they a sae of sufficient importance to require the notice of
the Agric
6. LIL’IUM, ZL. Inv.
[The classical Latin name.]

Perianth bell-shaped or funnel-form, i 6 distinct petal-like sepals, —_
clawed or sessile, often recurved or revolute, with a central sg Ye

side near the base, decidtous. ae ri linear, vena: Style lo:

than the stamens, somewhat clavate ; stasis a 3-lobed. Capsule oblong,
3-angled, with the angles grooved; seeds flat, margined, in 2 ro

each cell. Bulbs scaly ; stems simple, leafy ; leaves sessile, aiteonstes or
whorl very large.

LL. Canaden’se, L. Leaves generally and remotely whorled, lanceo-
Lada nerves and margins roughish-pubescent; flowers nodding,—the
recurved.

one Imm. Wild Yellow Lily.
high. 2-3Zinches long, in rather distant whorls of 4-6.
Pie or ae (rarely solitary), all nodding, on peduncles 3~6 —— in length. Perianth
yellow (som ange), with numerous dark purple spots inside 5 Uobes 2-8
inches $a ing recurs Seva card middle.
Common in meadows. June- july ly.
Obs. This, which is so very abundant and showy, is introduced as a
representative of several native and cultiva pater spore Besides this, we

have several oe wild sorts, which will be fou in the flo-
ras; the conspicuous of them being the Turk’s-cap Lily (L, Super-
ich —— es as Many ~ ; it is said

Lily ae
axils of the leaves.” ney en Jp ‘ities (Letaxcrroie,

358 - WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

and others), are perfectly hardy, and so beautiful that they should have
a place in the smallest flower garden

Orper LXXVIUL JUNCA’CEZ. (Rusa a

Herbs with jointed stems, gras tae or terete leaves he: nd regular mostl ‘ect flowers.
Perianth of 6 similar, dry and glumaceous, areca sepals. Stamens Ff (rarely 3) ; an-
thers introrse. Ovary free, forming in fru a1—3-celled 3-valved mans -seeded capsule.
sarge Seeds erect ; nclosed S* se base of hard albwmen.

An Order possessing but little tenoky or v:

1. JUN’CUS, L. Kusz.
[Latin, Jungere, to join ; being used to tie or bind objects together.]

Sepals 6, glumaccous. Stamens _— 6, inserted on the base of the
sometimes those on the 3 inner sepals aherave Stigmas 3,
at 1-c

v

dissepiments in the middle. Seeds numerous. Chiefly perennials with
mostly simple and scape-like pithy stems and cymose, paniculate or clus-
Sed : :

pe “sus, aked, often st sterile; furnished with short leaf-
less sheaths at base, filled with spongy pith ; panicle produced from the .
side of the scape above the middle, diffusely ‘much branched.
Errusep Juncus. Common Rash. Soft Rush.
foot percenes, pe dae tussocks. Culms 2-3 fect high, simple, soft and pliable, sheathed
at base, and terminating at summit in a long tapering ‘point. nflorescence ose-panic-
ulate, bursting cae a fissure in the side of the culm near the —S often proliferous,
bracteate ; be oblong: fea es erie Stamens 3, shorter than the sepals, oppo-
site the 3 onter ones ; anthers ——- sule trigonous- y Pasienbe obtuse. Seals minute,
oblong, br at each’ an: yellowi
an Moist meadows and low pronase iia the United States. FU. June. Fr. July-
ugust.

Obs. The genus is a numerous one,—comprising about 100 a
species—of which some 18 or 20 are natives of the U. States. bai
' y

, in wet low grounds—an ring some
eeaiion to keep it in Proper sabaution. Mr. Exxiorr says a =
8. Carolina, this Rush “ yur awer and almost covers rice-fields as

” so common in salt mE along the coast

J, bulbosus, L., and the little sates so commo: footpaths, mn
ing to flourish best where it is most trodden on, "5 Ho D iehind L.

Orpen LXXIX. CYPERA’CE. (Ssepce Fammy.)
Rush-like or grass-like herbs, with fibrous ri roots and solid stems (culms and closed

sheaths. Flowers usually one in the axl of = of the glumne-like bracts setehic form an
imbricated cluster or splinlet. Perianth none, or consisting of scales or bristles. Siamens

SEDGE FAMILY. 859

mostly 3. Ovary 1-celled, it an akene, which is _
ig nag when the style is 24 ron po parece Sg when it is 3- ae Embryo minute at
the pe ee ao

umen.
i “Or der som: genera, remarkable for their worthlessness ; and also for their _

presence, or prevalence at least, being an indication of swampy, n egle ected, or bie

land. The herbage f this Order , unlike that of a large number of the Gramine: ex,

true S reac contains Seat little saccharine matter ; and therefore is neither nutritious cor

palatabl stock.

£ah £ 3,

pica e is gi to attract the no-
tice of the farmer. They are favorite me Fie with the Botanist, ene = Fe who have a
curiosity to know more of them will find them me ribed in the Flor.

Flowers S perfect, 2-ranked : spikes few -many- ed.

Perianth none. 1. CyYPERUS.
owers perfect, pairsere ages! in several ran
ca ed = 3~6 bristles. Achen m pointed sith “the continuous base
of the style. 2. ScrPvs.

Solan i Coolio in the same or separate spikes sigan lg diceci-
ous). Achenium enclosed in a sac, lenticular or triangular. 3.

1. CYPH’RUS, L. ETRE

tu

{An ancient Greek name,—of t

ence many- — or rarely few-flowered. “Scales ner a iy im-
eae —the low —_ empty and sometimes smaller. Perianth none

of any kind. Stamens or 3. Styles 3 (rarely 2) sniial below “ed one,

_ deciduous ra is gre or com erennial
_, Culms sim aoe often triquetrous, leafy and Geealtind at base. Leaves
pikelet ets in loose ses, involucrate fascicles, or umbels ; pe-

: arta a sheathed at b

1, &. strigo’ A eran ressed, linear awl-shaped, crowded

at the su tr f the sear: of a es open umbel ; sheaths rs the sea

cles bristled ahve trifid ; stamens 3; achenium linear-oblong.
RIGOSE CypErus. Eenieoibd sil \

the
gin. Umbed 3-6 or 9-rayed, get ae spreading ; rays une od Vor 2-4 oe Sin ches ee,
j. €. the centra:

1 hed ai suppre a. ; ;
Spikes yellowish, about three-fourths of an inch long,—the scales somewhat loosely imbri-
cated, striate, with a green keel and yeniowish ai ses inde long, 2united in one, distinct
a mit. Akene triquetrous ae

“alvet ¢neadows and low w grounds rhroughout the U ted States, Ff. August. Fr. Sep-

“Obs, This species is inserted—not as being a particularly troublesome

weed, but—as one of the most cchemienonsiet the genus, in =
meadows of the middle and northern States. two which
belong rather to the Southern States,—and are there regarded as
Scourges by the Planters. .
2. C. phymato’d Mudt - Root creeping, tubariieroas at the ex-
tremisiog 5 umbel es ia simple, 4- rayed in volucre about 3-leaved,
much longer than the rays ; sane inear,. fl Pose sub-compressed, ap-
proximated, somewhat , each 12 - 20-flowered.

“Nut Grass,” of Florida

360 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

_. Root (or rhizoma) creeping extensively, and sending — numerous suckers,—the fibro’
branches — terminating in tubers the size of a pea. Culm 1 to near 2 feed high, trque-
trous, very smooth. Leaves 9-18 inches long, and 2-3 lines wide, keeled, om ooth o
slightly scabrous on the margin, yellowish ea. 5 ne “ine prada, y—the

on ved. inch

asta — — lowest ones often in pairs 0. Mr fasciculate ; oblong, rather acute,
nerved, pale tawny. les 3, united in one, distinct at ree Bay Akene triquetrous, ob-
cy eg agape punctate.

of streams, pastures, and cultivated grounds : New England, west and south.

Fe

Obs. This species is, fortunately, rather rare, in the Northern and Mid-
dle States ; but it is said to be a troublesome plant, in the South.

3. C. rotun’dus, L., var. Hy’ Gray. Rhizoma creeping, tuber-
iferous ; umbel mostly simple, 3—4-rayed ; involucre 2— ue eavi ved, about
as long as the rays ; spikes distichous ; spikelets 4— 9 on each ray, lance-
aca acute, much compressed, 10— iottoweret dark chested potpie
Hypra Cyperus. “ Nut-grass,” of S. Carolina. “ Coco-grass.”?
izoma creeping,—its branches ending in tubers nearly half an inch in meter
Gun 3-8 and 12 amin — ne smooth, naked. Leaves all oo shorter than
the culm, about acu lightly channelled, often recurved, so _— glau-
! “ol: ; wr at i a ay of the umbel 2- ip es long,
erect or beige A spreading. Spikes fant a an on ie Seerante and distichous’ som the
upper part of the rays,—the scales closely imbricated, bright chestnut-color wit es ‘a green
eel, not nerved, slightly mucronate. Styles 3, united below, distinct at summit. Akene
trigietro as
sui 2 tields, sand drifts, along the Sea-coast : Virginia to Florida, and Arkansas. Fl.

Obs. This is stated to be one of the greatest pests of the Southern
Planters. It seems to be an inhabitant of all the 4 quarters of ins globe.

ci:
coming a great scourge to our planters. It shoots from the base of its
stem a thread-like fibre, which descends perpendicularly 6 to 18 inches,
and the: apdumes small tuber. From this, horizontal fibres Aitea: id in

out lateral fibres to form a new progeny. This Se is Cinteomianl
se8 it i bapsetions to see what.a chain or net-work of plants and tubers ean,

austed and perish,—or if a fe appear the next spring, they can
be dug up.” J. 8. Skinner, sq. in a letter written during an excursion
i sage

mos

SEDGE FAMILY. 361

There are numerous uae speci ies of Cyperus, in the U. States ; but
the foregoing are the m ost important for the Agric sea? te be ac-
quainted with. The Papyrus—which ee ancients used, writing
= prior to the manufacture of a ie aries m rags—was sites from

a species of this genus, viz: C. P. wit

2. SCIR’PUS, L. Burrvsy.
[An ancient Latin name for the Bul-rush,—which belongs to the genus.]

r

ber of the styles or stigmas. Culms mostly simple, triangular or terete,

n with leafless sheaths. Spikes either solitary, conglomerate or co-
rymbose, terminal or lateral.

. pun ‘gens, Va triquetrous, nearly leafless ; spikes ovoid-
oblong (1-5), na dense ‘chaktee long overtopped by the pointed =
ucral leaf; scales ae emarginate, mucronate ; bristles 2-6,
slender, shorter than the aken 2, united b
ne fe aia Masa ubseur uesis, ine abruptly acuminate.
SHarp-rorntep Scrrrus. Chair-maker’s Rush.
Root (or rhizoma) creeping. Culm 2-4 or 5 feet high, cuspidate at summit, acutely
tri sb casing naked and smooth, sheathed at ig Si y—the sheat -_ often Nara” a few short
ee leave: Sy) nearly sessile, in a dense lateral cluster,—#. e. at the
on ‘abet }-leaved inyolucre, which is apparently a continuation of the
en emarginate, and mucronate ae the projecting midrib, fe on
the sides, the margins — and pubescent-ciliate. Brtstles retrorsely scabrous, brittle.

ene smoot » dark
hea sacalinee: mate ania margins of rivers—salt and fresh : throughout the United
States. Fl. Ju uly, Fr. Sept.

Obs. This is the plant used in making the seats of ‘ Rush-bottomed
are ” in the U. Ser ate of the English Seema = say, the
culms of the S. lacustris, L., or common Bulrush, for
aa purpose,—whic h I think must be a mis take ; as they are re Coal
much ve in es and pliability, . those of this species,—and
i woul apt to discover the fact. Numerous species
of this geires aes in oe ba low rai ; mit although of no value
in Agriculture, = — require notice, here inasmuch as th
neither very troublesome, nor difficult to get rid of, by bp 2
other appropriate Congas of the grounds.

3. CA’REX, L. ——
fa classical name,—of ob
pistillate flowers either in duet spikes on the same plant

zy}

Staminate and
* (monecious) « He in di, ae 2 ooo of the same spike, (androgynous),

rarely on distinct p Scales 1-flowered, imbricated on
all sides. Seco eam die ry included in a membranous folie:
16

*

362 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

beaked a nd inflated) sac or pera . Akene lenticular or triquetrous

(according as the stigmas are 2 or 3), more or cts oar i th the sd eo I
of the style. Perennial herbs with usually caespitose culm h a

angular, often nodose and leafy. Spzkes terminal fe aiillaxy, nceity
bracted a Oeae

’ Obs. The three sees ies here described, are inserted merely as samples
of a very extensiv a of unprofitable ee —of wes every raged
gent farmer would like to know somet ose who may desire t
become better acquainted with the family, ill find hoy species well ae
scribed, in various Monographs and Flor

SPIKES ALL ANDROGYNOUS.
+ Spikes clustered, staminate at their summit. i aa 2.

0 Muhl.
racteate——of 8-10 crowded clus iti ; fruit pressed, ovate, acumi-
nate, 3-nerved, scabrous on the margin, "finally "diver eine so shorter
than the ovate cuspidate scale.

~Vounrina-Like Carex. Sedge. Sedge-grass.

Culm about 2 feet high, obtusely triangular and leafy at base, acutely triquetrous above.
Leaves \ance- linear, channelled above, scabrous on the mar, gin,—the upper ones 0 rer
topping the culm leayes. 2-3°
inches long, form éd of n ous spi ikelets which aaa cr rowde 4 oe Foret a on ir
rated from each other, <a either cecireanel te o the Bracts at base
of the cnet ean spike, and also of the principal pronto often ine and tinier —
those at the base of the apie lets, short, setaceous and scabro Staminate mes. lan-
esonihe, with a short poin Pist istillate glumes ovate, with a hing serrulate point. Fruit
3-nerved, bifid at apex, averse small, densely sitter finally much diverging, and yel-

Swamps and low grounds : Northern and Middle States. F7. May. r. July.

ett be some 3 aig is a very worthless plant ; ‘and is often
a n wet nea s. fo of the akenes, in Carex—
e those of Polygonum, already noticed—has a tant relation to

cons
number of styles or stigmas. When the stigmas (or
) are 2, the akene is compressed, and ancipital or 2-edged ; but
when are 3 the iene is Roiiiemly triquetrous. A similar
relation, between the form of the akene or nut, and the number of the
styles or stigmas, appears to exist in atone other instances,—as in
ex, Rheum, Scirpus, Cyperus, Fagus, Morus, Alnus, Betula, &e,
&c., and the law may, perhaps, be general. i
** STAMINATE AND PISTILLATE SPIKES, DISTINCT.
: + Staminate spike solitary : pistillate subsessile. Stigmas 3.
? C. 2h seniacns ta, Muh. Staminate spike bracteate, on a short pe
; pistillate spikes about 3 , cylindric-oblor Sp iage hori-
Lanes ‘the uppermost sessile, the lower on short

>

SEDGE FAMILY. 863

long, foliaceous ; fruit densely crowded, ovoid, ventricose, a 1
about twice as long as the la nee-linear awned scal
eth.

ked,
- with short, minutely serrulate te

TENTACULATE OR MANY-BEAKED CAREX.

Whole plant biotite -green. Culm 12-18 inches high, triquetrous, scabrous on the
angles a afy. _ Leaves pee Erg nee nerved, scabrous on the margin, longer
than the culm Shock n inch Jon ng, with a narrow lance-linear bract at

e onaee than the spike ; nin gnitnatineoy terminated by a long scabrous awn. Pis-
tillate spikes commonly 2-3 (often but 1—rarely 4), about an inch or an inch and a half
long,—the upper ones approximate, sessile—the lowest one a little distant o! a s

gi ta ne by a long cetacoens scabrous a Bi
resembling the leaves, very long. Fruit ovoid, inflated, spreading, smooth and shiniug, ae
tenuated into a long aie slender beak. Akene triquetrous, roughish puncticulate.

Swampy low grounds. Fl. May-June. Fr. August.

Obs. is a very common species, in the swampy meadows of Penn-
elvan, acaiid probably throughout the greater portion of the United

tt Staminate spikes mostly 2 or more. Stigmas 2.
3. C. stric’ta, Lum. Staminate spikes 1-3 ; pistillate snilkes usually
2 or 3, rather distant, cylindric, subsessile, often staminate summit ;
fruit compressed, ovate, with a very short beak and the ates entire,
about as long as ‘the oblgigusredale awnless scale.
Upricut Carex. Tussock-sedge.

Culms 1-2 feet high, very slender and acutely triquetrous, striate, minutely serrulate
on the angles, leafy at bce agi f groves in large dense tufts, or tussocks. Leaves

narrow s linear, keeled, scabrous — argin, often longer than t Im ,—the radical
ones very n —— and loose ane ao eae ng, forming a large tuft of a ively biuish-zreen.

minate 2-3 (often - aahane i arate sessile except the uppermost one ;
oblong, mostly "abt. Pist spikes 3 (or often but 2), 1-2 ches long, rate slen-
der ,—the | one ©) iF short pe le—the upper le, and often staminate
at summit brown, with a green kee! ovate, elliptic, or
obovate, smooth. Akenes te, mucronate, puncticulate.

Swamps : throughout the Some, States. Fl. April. Fr. June.

Obs. It is the most common, and most a re a of all the species.
It is true, that a pedestrian, in crossing neglected boggy meadows, finds
its dense tufts

tentaculata). 246. A fruit with its bract.

(Carex
perigynium,

ad

Many-beaked Carex (
removed from the

Fic. 245.
247. The

GRASS FAMILY.

GRAMIN’E A. yo sepa

d jointed, closed

TRUE Grasses, with most
PReeoaiy renga, Seg seins meen te, 27 rdsery ed, parallel-nerved, the dilated petiole (sheath)

Joints ( D5.
lyre the culm and ge open on the side opposite to the

d furnished at

blade, an
a more or manifest scarious appendage (ligule).

fect, polygamous 0 te moncecious e en imbricated with —

or bracts, the outer pair (glumes), sub’ of one or several flow
i h oe

the inner pair iq palee) enclosing eac ic bower — is

destitute of a occa
u uall

Perianth. Stamens 1-6, usually 8 ; anthers versatile.
hee

, L-ovuled, us
um

aba
fe : Y sp
Fruit a seed-like grain (caryopsis ; embryo small at the base a and on the outside
ous albumen. A’ mh pitose,

of pis —— nn » Wi

Spikelets paniculate or spiked, upper (inner) palea 2-ne rved or 2-ke ea:
_ This raat r. prising s ome 330 g genera, and perhaps not

is probably the most ory diffused the most important to man.

race, and of the more yainnklacd

ever, are may better than

Those which the American Agriculturist is more immed
inserted,

1. Tue Poa Sus-raminy.

Spikelets 1~many-flow

cecious—except in Nos
oi. be magn 1-flowered, ; in panicles, the fi
Inner ea 3-neryed.

=
Glumes wanting. Flowers flattened. Palex awnless.
Glumes 2, peer — Stamens 6.
Flowers moneec

Fertile fi a nee:
§ 2. Spikelets 1- flowered, perfect, sometimes with the abortive rudi
ese or ae a second tlower above, joe ay the fe ee
es cont dense spike or hi

iaure toere
Flowers in . pelle cylindrical spike. a equal, strongly
boy ae goon with ct Peale, — ‘
Low : ieiek awned, the upper

PP ohare distinet at base. Pale 2, the lower truncate and
less.
Flowers mostly loosely panicled, not strictly spiked, usually
Small. Glumes equal or meatal, mem branaceous. peewee
raised on a more or less e nt stalk (callus) in the glumes.

Flower naked or Sarely ferns

Glumes equal or the rag one rather longer, pointless,

exceeding the very thin, blunt pale. Lower palea

seas ——, awned on the back ; the upper

-ascipers
anting.
tier} Seana oe smaller. Palez often hairy at base,
the lo -sygme r one mucronate or awned at the tip. _
Flower hairy-tufted sm “aes
lower. pale ee
pointed, nosey = iy
wet Spisaiots sets (rarely ie flowered) usually "2--several-flowered, with.
upper yee Mim sine dis: isposed in one-sided
oe Or digitale aplken, ‘the upper

3000 species—
of all the families

less than
se ok ES furnish a rrmcey portion of the the food of the human
animals. t number of the Grasses, how:
weeds, a ‘a fark, pre's some Bot them exceedingly pardon
iately interested

to know, are here

ered 5 flowered, the lowest developing first, the
if an, oon A imperfect or abortive, ben rest. perfect, "or occasionally mon cecious or
. 16 and 23, whe gts the lowest florets are stamina
obey often monoecious. ~ dlumes very small or

1, Leersta.
2. ORyza.

3. ZImANTA.

4, ALOPECURUS.

6. AGEOSTIS.
7. Monreneencta

366 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.
Spikelets with more than o f the lower fiowers perfect.

and palez
§ 4. 4. Spikelets several- Lae to many-) flowered, often with the upper-
Sopeecs eke nie loret imperfect or abortive,—usually

Eee
He
pipes
rea
ES
oa
tyre
a8
P--3
Fi
ae
Se
th
3
pe
i=j

‘the
nines 2 Feats er “long) and vine meg ae palea awn-pointed
baceous, compressed-keeled. Panicle contracted in
ided otistars 11, Dacryrs. _
Lower palea awnless and pointless.
Lower palea rounded on the back, 5—7-nerved, scarious
at the tip. Spikelets many-flowered, the rachis com-
breaking into joi maturit
— ae

rved, t
often per wah phate a Spikelets flattened. 13. Poa.
Lower palea convex on the back, acute, sub-coriaceous,
8-5-nerved, not paso gaty atl at ase 14, Festuca.
rent to the

wer pa

below the 2-cleft tip, 5-9 be 15. Bromus.
‘baceous, often tall and rr :
Spi ikelets strongly silky we ed on the

##% Culms woody, aulrticos icose or arborescen
ned, loosely Bt Tatloweid 17. ARUNDINARIA.

c do of eac
joint), forming a pos Glumes Pein ea Bora or dea Eig
Otherw: 4.
eign 8 — at each joint of the rachis ; several-flow
Glu , external. Spikelets placed edge’ wise on ie ha: 18, Lonicm.
Giumes 2, ngs (right and left) ; spikelets placed flat-

rachis.
w Spikelets 3-—several-flowered. 19. TrrricuM.
Spikelets 2-flowere 20, SECALE.
Spikelets 2-4 at each joint of the rachis.
ee 1-flowered, 3 at each joint, the 2 lateral ones usually
21. HorpevM.
arte. Spike veral-flowered, panicled ; the rac
flowers oiten “illous bearded. bene mostly prone hel or exceed-
ing the flo palea mostly bearing a twisted, bent or
ight Zz i n its e pex. Sta

e'
Awn wich ri apsire from the sre a only, below the apex,
. “asdeatnrnal tore ot Ieee rounded on the back. 22. AVENA.

Oth
—— os Laima — awaless ; the upper staminate and
whed. Rudiments 24. Hoxcus.

2. THE pee SvuB-TRIBE.

Spikelets more or less panicled, 3-flowered, the uppermost or middle
vested er perfec those igeareatr oe n each aoe Jey igre staminate,
pane to an inconspicuous rudime
neutral, each of a single Suen palea, the per- ‘
fect eae oe avalon with 2 stamens 25. ANTHOXANTHUM.
Latoral lowers reduced to a small rudiment on each side of the
, shining, flattened fertile one 26. PHALARIS.

: - GRASS FAMILY. — 367

3. Tue Panicum Sus-tR1BE.
Spikelets gomedia, but the lower floret always imperfect, either
staminate or neutral ; in in the latter case reduced toa O. th ‘empty
we 1 if @

flow Rarely both glumes are ab
§1. Falow ‘of aot fertile foteu coriaceous or chartaceo whiess
not keeled, e acing the smooth grain, flattened paratict ‘with the
Therbeteotee re
Spikelets appear wered Hig the suppression of the
ba r glume ; the si ‘ek “empty palea of the neutral flower oc-
upying its place. Spikel oinved with their short pedicels. 27. Paspatum.
spikelets ts manifestly 14 -2- -sowere a Nee lower floret neutral or
te), bit lower aga esent.
a epikel elets n aint nor rie pA ree bristle-bearing.
= pon glume sma re minute. Sterile flower staminate
spikelets a the peduncles continued beyond
a bristle. Otherwise as in 28.
spikeot aed 1-5 together in a hard and spiny bur- oe
like’ tirvolt Ce 30. CENCHRUS.
Je% a pig or scarious, always of thinner and more
than the Nba indurated) glumes, 7 reqhently ?
Ny ape. Spikelets ay pairs or threes, panicled
or spiked ; m cecious or ais
Spikelets monoecious; the Distillate ¢ ones imbedded in the rachis
of the — spike or in its separable joints. The stami-
abies E
Pistillate spikelets ene in the joints of the spontane-
ously sennge rachis.
Pistillate spikelets one the sides of a continu us rachis,
which is enclosed by the sheaths of Stertive ‘eave or

usks.
Spikelets polygamous. Fertile spikelets with one perfect and one
sterile (staminate = mostly neutral) floret. Lower palea of the
perfect fower awn:

. PANICUM.

31. TripsacuM.

32, ZEA

— — in ed sg re each joint of the rachis, one pedicellate the

ome ‘ipper r floret in each spikelet fertile. 33. SACCHARUM. =~
The sessile Sy only fertile. 34. ANDROPOGON.
on . —_ loose open panicles, the lateral ones
rudiments.

cet ner 35. SorcHUM

368 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

cee sitet,
above cuts represent ae mans three different forms of peo inflorescence of grasse s. Fie.

The
248. A spikelet of a one-flow gg a The lower, and } the upper glume. ¢ The ‘lower
palea. d The upper palea mg cheb ng two nerves i latter with
pie ro plumose stigmas, and two ‘alee at i flower:
rass (Anthoxanthum) with one flower only fertile. The pai
their relative Lg n below. and e lower and upper gl
+ : a le a pal
f Upper palea of "the same. g The two stamens. h

a
of a short stem or rachis.

GRASS FAMILY. 369

1. LEER’SIA, Solander. Fatse Rice.
(Named in honor of sg Daniel Leers; a German Botanist.]

- Stamens 1-6. Stigmas plamose with branching hairs.
coven marsh weenie with the culms, parr and flat /eaves retrorsely

1. L. oryzoi’des, Swartz. Panicle diffusely branched; florets trian-
drous ; pale conspicuously ciliate on the keel.
Oryza or Rice-nike Leersta. Cut-grass. False or wild Rice.

eo perennial, creeping. Culm 3-5 feet high, striate, scabrou minute
prickles the nodes pubescent. Leaves 6- 121 inches tad, Jance- sauee, acuminate, ‘hos

retrorsely an sharply scabrous, very rough
with retrorse prickles in the grooves ; ligule short, ,retuse. Panicle usually sheathed at
base, much branched ; flex xii08e, the lower ‘ nes esi = ofan Spi

branches
Shese-oblong, pedicellate, greenish- wh mpressed, ciliate on the
eel, the lower one boat-sha aped, ey ele ‘the bes ip a a little g ero eg l-nerved.
asa mps, and along sluggish r ivulets : throughout the United States. FI. August. Fr.
pt

’ considered
but rather a nuisan farmer should therefore oe it, gg take
measures (by hina ke) to expel it, or keep it in subj

2. ORY’ZA, L. Rice.

eee [The Greek name of Rice,—coined from Eruz, its Arabic name,}

Spikelets L-flowered, perfect. Glumes 2, al er siguenic’ but cosplay
sightty concave. Palee 2, compressed-ca nearly equal in

—the lower one senate ee ae, ate ip a geste awn branched

pe mens 6. as plumose,— e hairs

Caryopsis oblong, Psa edly as by the persistent paler.

- O. satr’va, LZ. Leaves lance-linear, elongated h; panicle raee-
mose, contracted ; branches slender, rough ; pales yp sabrons
a ft nal awn.

Root annual. Culm 2- 5. feet smooth, striate. iaanés 9-18 incon ong
broadish, rough on the acai = sinoth Tena pecie # striate-nerved, | geo
: half an in a point
Pomie ooleens 8 or 9 inches in ae g peri d op Sag erent pales erect. Ou'er Pree SER
ly scabrous, the inner one awnless.
‘ Southern States. paeeee ose ies vs ae a :

int

3870 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Obs. There are several varieties of cultivated Rice ; some, called Up-
land or Mountain Rice, usually awnless,—others, with the pales com-
monly awned, or mucronate, cultivated in | er can

i r overflowed with w ‘he aquatic variety is one of the

,0 ater.
staple crops of South Carolina. The importance of this plant, to the
inhabitants of the nt er: regions, generally—but especially in Asia—
can scarcely be estimated by t the residents of higher latitudes. It is be-
lieved that its perme enter more largely into the nourishment of the hu-
man family than

3. ZIZA’NIA, Gronov. Inp1an Rice.
[A Greek name of some plant now doubtful.]

Flowers moneecious ; the staminate and pistillate ones in the same pani-
cle, both Llowered, Glumes wanting, or in yn — spikelets ru-
cup-shaped. ea h embranaceous, convex,
awnless in cod staminate spelt, = Ac with a sara awn in the
oneseaae Stame neil-form. Stout a
ikelets readily Y alcining at maturity from the club-sha
pedicels somcals with wht which they are articulated.
1. Z. aquar’ica, L. Panicle pyramidal,—the Ao branches spreading,
ng staminate flowers—the upper branches erect, bearing pistillate
etd spikelets on clavate pedicels; awns lo: hctee caryopsis slender,
elongated.
Aquatic Zan Water Oats. Reed. Indian Rice.
Root pe! Culm 4-8 or 10 feet high, stout, fistular, terete, glabrous Leaves 1
or 3 fect. tong, al an inch to an inch op ha <n fis ide deg 3 ar-lanceolate, keeled, poet
= late on the margin ; sheaths striate, smooth, the pase the nodes, surrounded with
a ring of hort silky appressed gubeecdiiee + Tigi rather’ fate, elongated, erect, lanceo-
th

: lacerate = gh he oagh ig rplish. Panicle 1-2 feet jong, 7 the branches verti-
cillate Pistillate inch long, needle-like, so mose on the
branches. — mation, ide nish-purple, the lower one closely oe the

r one, and terminating na anna straight: hispid awn as hing as the spikelet.
Muddy a of — —? swampy rivyulets, &c. : throughout the United States
Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. -
Obs. This fine stout Grass is well known, along the muddy shores of
our tide waters, as the favorite resort . the Reed-bird (Emberiza Oryzi-
tumn. Extiorr supposed it migh

vora, L.), in . it might be a valuable
in ov shy Seaside its he says. ten

with avidity by stock of ali descriptions. I do not know that it has

been fo , in that respect, in the northern or

dle States. The grain is gathered by the North-Western Indians by
beating it off into their canoes as they sail among the
4. ALOPECU’RUS, L. Foxran, Grass.
(Greek, Alopex, a fox, and Oura, a tail ; in allusion to the form of the gut ]
~ Spikelets 1-flowered. —— strongly compressed and keeled, awnless,

nearly equal, united at reeset cor ing or shorter than the

.

;
4
‘
4
Es
‘
‘
4

GRASS FAMILY, 871

ace, Sie aceianeds Alopecurus :ptatensis). 251. A ap a
pe ae erin ee). lower)

*

372 ' WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

glumes, awned on the back below the middle, upper palea wanting.
Styles commonly united ; supe long and plumose. Flowers in a dense,
soit, cylindrical terminal spzke.
1. A. praten’sis, L. Culm erect, smooth ; palea equalling the acute
glumes ; awn exserted more than half its length, twisted.
Mespow A.opecurus. Common or Meadow Foxtail.

Perennial. Culm about 2 feet high, smooth. eaves smooth, flat, the upper one much
shorter than its inflated sheath. The spike-like panicle 1- 2 i inches hos, yellowish pec

Glumes and palea hairy and ciliate.
Meadows ; New England and New York. Native of Europe. May.

¢. This i is considered a valuable pasture ee in Enghand, produc-
r. Fiint, (: nd

ing a “Taxuriant aftermath. Accordi “ Grasses an
lants,” a work containing tio useful statistics), it is not
valued by the Massachusetts farmers ld ; on —s of be-
ing so light in proportion to its bulk. Two other Des ound in
the country, but they are of no value in agricultur F carat

5. PHLE’UM, L. Cars-rati Grass.

[An ancient Greek name ; meaning obscure.

Palee ranaceous, shorter than the m wned glum
the ae si paler truncate, us nsualy awnless. Styles distinct. Other chan:
ers m in Alopecurus. Culms somewhat wiry; spzkes dense

1. P. praten’sz, L. Spike cylindric, elongated ; glumes — mu-
pei etayebe —the awns shorte: iege the glumes ; keel cilia
Meap Cats-tail Grass. Herds Grass of New toes
and N le ra Timothy of Peigiylvania, &e.
Fr. Fiéole des Prés. Germ. Das Wiesen-lieschgras.

— pb sage fibrous. Culm 2~4 feet ge ——— terete, eee, —when ms ans

ee Callivated: slg onde Fl. June. Fr. Jul

reign Grass is extensive a pecmeatiey ~ the Butea ii

In NeacYork, and throughout New-England, it is known by the na
beli

membr
equal, comprented, ow. mu cronate, ‘pubescent. Palee “concealed in the glumes, the
lower on: nthers p' Es eg

GRASS FAMILY, | 373

ceeds harvest ; and thus the ground is left exposed to the i oe in-

fluence of the scorching sun. The clover, however, when present in suf-

ficient quantity, soon springs up and affords a shelter to the a dy
when the land is good, the green grass (Poa PRATENSIS, L.), CO

<A ioe § - the clover sang Fo . The seed, of Timothy, is
usually autumn,—among, and immediately after Wheat and
Rye ; ‘though it sameek very caulk when sown early the ensuing polls:

6. AGROS’TIS, LZ. Bent-erass.

(Greek, Agros, a field ; its usual place ne
Spikelets in = a pani pee 1-flowered. Glumes nearly ae often
e pales less.

aur er often minute or wanting: Stamens pn oe 3. Mostly perennials
with slender = itose culms. ,
1. A. vonea’rrs, With. Culms ae mostly erect; leaves lance- _
linear ; panicle loose, te orig tee outline — —usually pe pi-
lee a —the lower twice tein size of the upper one; ligule

Common Acrostis. Herd-grass (of Penn.) Red-top.
Root perennial, ares. Culms ceespitose, very slender, erect or ascending, 1-2 feet
high. Leaves 3— or 8 inches Jong, nerved, scabrous ; sheaths striate, smooth. Panicle
ie-aberd branches capillary, sieroatngy semi-vertieillate, smoothish or often

umes Sm: » except on ye kee
at

upper one very small, retuse. "
Pastures and moist meadows : introduced. Native of Europe. Fi. July. Fr. ject *

Obs. This grass is somewhat variable in its botanical characters,—
as may be inferred from one of the aremar gen agente
A. polymorpha. it te-oftecte some districts of the:
and answers stolerably good parpose in wet or swampy meadows

Bia. 253, A spikelet of Timothy (Phleum pratense). 4, Tesenrage J fom te

374 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. \

We: pio. tekiny @ Hage maculae ga ae 256. A

Spikelet. 257, The floret remoyed from the glumes.

~

GRASS FAMILY. — 375

its roots tend to Peapeoncaied, aa it is not among the most esteemed
grasses—either for pas or hay. It should be borne in mind, by
— = ad, dat this i is not the “ Herd-grass ” of New York and

ngland whi ch i s Phleum pratense, = Se: thy. The whole

nd by the i?
and one of the spec ie Alba, L., var. solomon was quite cele-

brated some years io der the name of “ Fiorin Grass,” as being su-
— to all others for "vekling great cr ae < hay ; but t like many
nearly ceased to

7. MUHLENBERG’IA, Schreber. Drop-srep Grass.
{In honor of Rev. Henry Muhlenberg, D. D. ; an early and eminent American Botanist.]

Spikelets mostly i in contracted panicles. Glumes acute or —o
the | the imes very mi Flor

ower
one 3-nerved, mucronate or awned at the apex. "Stamens 3. Perennials
oem branching rigid culms from scaly teepeiie poubatalhe} leaves short

1. M. Schreber. Culms slender, diffusely branching ;
short, Mod ng ; a es terminal and lateral, contracted and pee
glumes very minute, the lower obsolete ; lower palea with an awn once

Spreapina Mun.eypercta. Drop-seed Grass. Nimble Will.

Culm Ata 12 and 18 inches long, decumbent, geniculate, compressed, Mae spay
rather wiry, glabrous, much branched—the branches assurgent. Leaves 1~ =o
ory ary divaricate, lance-linear, acute roughish ; sheaths rather oe no
iate. Panicles 3-6 or 8 eee ng

us;
emose. Glumes persistent, very mice low wer one a mere

=
n
yl
z
po
:
2
&

rudiment, the eee one trunciate, laciniate-dentate. Palee unequal, Praca Fetes: er one
longer, ,» With 3 prominent, scabrous nerves, and terminat a slender
scabrous awn, wane is generally a little longer than the palea itself. Carpapel linear-
oblong, acute, brown.

medal yards a ane borders of dry open woodlands. Fl. August-September. Fr.

Obs. This slender grass often appears in considerable quantity in

the latter part of summer, in fields Which have been kept up some years

for eee: Cattle feed on it; but it is not so valnable as several of
. Itissai

the o rein mention ti to be known in K
by the name of “ Nimble Will.” In Pennsylvania it. h ly b
ffici acquire a ¢ .

2. M. Mexica’na, Trin. _ Coles ascending much branched ; cl
cs lateral, contracted ; glumes acuminate, rage fe as
* the paler ; palew nearly equal, pose at base very acute, but not awned..

376 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Mexican MuHLENBERGIA.

songs hs nnial, creeping. Culms - or ascending, 1-2 or 3 feet pon, slender re
. wiry, W 2 swelling a, uch branched and leafy a aie n becomin,

nearly aenae ves 2-4 or 5 ae long, lance-linear, ac sca cous,
eee ny on ne ee surface ; sheaths smooth, “ge ened noe tor ‘artially’ embracing
short — se and lacerate. Panicles n us, 2—3 inches in length,

aaeeeed and rather dense-flowered,—the lateral ones partly sheathed at ane Glumes
narrow-lanceolate, with | scarious margins anda subulate point. Palew usually longer than
the speed (sometimes twice as long), the lower one occasionally terminating in an awn.

Moist grounds, borders of fields and woodlands. Jl. August. Jr. September.

Obs. This species affords an indifferent pasture in the latter — of
summer ; but it is not of much worth. It is better to supersede these
and all grasses of inferior quality—by the i slbegnie rma of more valua-
ble ones, and it can be done by the aid of lime and manure. When the
soil is enriched and properly managed, the bette mg nds of natural
Grasses (especially Poa and Festuca) soon come in fapauenccnils and
expel the others.

8. CALAMAGROS8’TIS, Adans. Rezp Bent-Grass.
(Greek, sia areed,and Agrostis ; from its affinity to both.]

2 we in an open 0 racted, sometimes spiked panicle, 1 rh ge Pt
and often with a ies or ‘pedicel of an abortive second
rosy Sesto nearly equal, keeled, ae acute - lo cca in
floret which is invested at base by a tuft of white
mostly awned on the back the upper Ried vith ‘the eaters
ano plumose, sedicel wt ts base Stamens 3. Per ennials with running

oot-stocks and mostly tall, phen rigid culms.

: C. Canaden’sis, Beawv. Panicle rele ohne , often purplish ; lower
— rather shorter than the lanceolate acute glumes, not ex
the very fine hairs, bearing bel Pike os ely detionte awn below the mid-

dle ; rudimentary pedic el mi
CANADIAN sipneantek eee Joint-grass. Canadian Small Reed.

Culm 3-5 feet high. Leaves 1 foot long and about 44 of an inch wide, flat, glaucous,
slightly ee soe ee eath. Awn scarcely equalling or exceeding

Wet grounds : com Begley sch we st. mi

Obs. This species is considered by some as an excellent and nutritious
grass. According to Wurrney’s Geological Report, it is abundant
valued about Lake ee ; the yield is said to be abundant, and it is
cattle.

2. C. arena’ria, Roth. Culm rigid, from long vee running root-
; leaves soon Miegrny glumes nearly equal, ed; palex
shorter than the glumes, the lower 5-nerved, mucronate or obscurely
awned near the tip, pre by short hairs at the base 5 ; panicle
spike like, contracted ; spikelets large. : we

GRASS FAMILY. 377

as sander ytd wl 20 ~30 feet. ulm 2-3 feet high. Leaves long, near half an
inch wide, attenuated to a long slender point, smooth and glaucous. Pocsnae ied 12 inches
long, wish very pion and spike-like. 5S; iRelets ei wan Haare in length.

me t, Maine to New Jersey, and on the shores of Lakes Supe! jor and a
ugust.

Obs. Although this grass has, properly speaking, no agricultural use,
yet it is in some localities a very important and u seful 0 one. Along the
oast of i b} sands. The

or the protection of harbors, and m
and inva gee rt. ome interesting aeatiee showing the important
purpose a mere grass can serve, may be found in Flint’s Treatise on
Grasses id | ivone Plants. .

9. CY’NODON, Rich. Bermupa Grass.
[Greek, literally Dog’s tooth ; but the reason is not obyious.]
Sprkes digitate, in pairs, o Spikelets with one perfect floret,
and sometimes ‘with the Ai aoe pedicel or meets rudiment of a
second superior floret. Glumes keeled, awnless, agp A. equal, bee pia

one exterior. Palee ka intless and awnless larg:
shaped. Stamens 3. w, diffusely branched, creeping pica + reith
ane flattish leaves.

C. Dac’tylon, Pers. Spikes 3—5, digitate, spreading ; palee longer
thn a Ap as platens with a beardless bristle at the base of the the

Pinec Cokenin Bermuda Grass. Dog’s-tooth Grass.

Zoot perennial, pes ereeping ps aha slender et a Culm procumbent,
radicating, 6-12 or 15 inches long, terete, smooth. — 2 or 4 inches long, acute,
ewhat ter ies rigid, ‘slightly heine and sca sheaths longer than

Tnodes, Peni ligule beard-lik sane 3-5 Casually. 4) 4)° 1-2 inches long ; rachis
psorine and angular, not winged. pee vate, half as long as the ovary. Stigmas dark
purp

‘Loose sandy soils : Southern States : introduced? Ff. All summer (El). Fr.

Obs. This I should —. ae a ee
ocal character in agriculture, compared with our better species. Mr.
Etxiorr gives the following pian ~# ‘it (ander the name of Digitaria

bserved in South Caro! have two v:

te) “We
ant, one or) growing in damp
native; the other, descri above, said to be — a tender, deli-
cate grass, growing over and binding the most arid and Seive Jands in
our country, and apparently preferred by stock of all descriptions to
'y Other grass. The cultivation of this grass on the poor and exten-

378 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

seins 3 = reece to the plant: “This grass was perceived by Mr.
other than =o Agrostis linearis of Kornic, Rerzivs,

and sad Wits —the Durva of the Hindoos,—which the late Sir
Wiru1aM sg the fourth volume of the Asiatic —— hes, has
celebrated for ‘the extraordinary beauty of its flowers, and its eetness
and nutritious quality as pasture for cattle. We cannot but t romatl
what extraordinary eg « eeected, every e
or other, and car eir fame passes away ‘like the morning cloud,’
while the ase know, perhaps, better than
cattle, ae of th flo % sistas of the common, never-failing herbage to
which they are both so much indebted.”

10. ELEUSI’NE, Gaertn. Cran-arass.
{From Eleusis ; where Ceres, the goddess of harvests, was worshiped.]

1. E. In’pica, Gaertn. Culm e a ss umbent ; spikes 2-4 or
6, linear, straight, dipitate ; spikelets lance-ovate, about 5-flowered.

Inpran Exeustne. Dog’s-tail Grass. Crow-foot, Crab or Yard Grass.

smooth, branching at base. -12. inches s long, rather waded and ee at

the base of the culm, li estes or ngly pilose
loose, striate, pabeben, pilose at throat ; ; ligule very short, truncate, minutely

dentate. 2- 4, sometimes 6 pried 1), bet or 3 oi ee inches long ; rachis

Spikelets imbricated, smooth. te, with > te —iro re upper

one a third shorter, with 2 keels. ogee reine figeatiak dark brown, t&

versely rugose.

Farm-yards, sie le abbas, sip Native of India. Fl. A ats ec
Fr. September — October. ae

extensivel

Obs. This grass is :
ie telally be. be seen Le fee area age ila and won yar, sont

farm-houses during the f summer,—where it grows

thick, and forms a fine fhooss for ie in oe which had been shesiests
naked and ref css: and hogs are fond of it,—and Mr. Ex.iorr
commends it y; but in this region it rarely grows in mowing
grounds to any coat iblis exten

Pea is ong jit (E. Coracana, Gaertn. yy ie in cultivated

of Natchenny, upon

I Theliege it_is cat in this country, biti ben mont om j
worth i aan. =

pot ant :

GRASS FAMILY, 379

ll. DAC’TYLIS, LZ. Oncnarp Grass.

[{Greek, Daktylos, a finger ; in reference to the form or size of the Ea

Pale pris wer the 5 nerves of the lower poy oD Pika Be rey an
awn-like point. Stamens 3. Grain lance-oblong, acute at each end.
pena with stout culms, keclod leaves and pale-green clustered
sprkel.

1. D. cromera’ra, L. Panicle distinctly branched, rather secund ;
— 3—4-flowered, in dense unilateral clusters at the ends of the
ches

a

Cuusterep Dactryiis. Orchard Grass. Cock’s-foot Grass.
Fr. Dactyle pelotonné. Germ. Gemeines Knauel-gras.

Whole plant scabrous. Root perennial, Culm 2-3 or 4 fect high. Leaves 6-18 inches
long, lance-linear, keeled, Baccous ; sheathe striate ; ; ligule elongated, Sicieaies Panicle

glaucous, co ontracted, racemose at summit, rather on ; branches 8 - solitary, erect,
distant, subdivided tow: or he pce es oiets pie Rose compressed,
crowded in dense unilateral ovate or lance-oblong clusters at és ends of the branches.
umes unequal,_the lower one narrower, br: ‘ up e 3-nerved,
scabrous on the keel. Lower palea hk see ciliate on the keel, which is epost into a
cusp or short arate tal awn ; hyp palea acuminate, bifid at apex, ciliate on the two green.
keels —the margins falded i as to ine embracin, pg stamens. pric

oblong, sub-triquetrous, aeiite at ae end.
Fields and orchards : ‘cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. June.

Obs. This grass has been introdnesl and gaireied, 0 a considerable

extent. Our farmers, rose ae on its merits.
condemn it as unworthy o of calture either for } siren or hay; while
‘ others Ts set a 5 high value on it for both. The = cong ms to be, that it is
inferior to Timot thy (PuLeom Bons L.) for hay ; yet it has the ad-
vantage of the tal in being mature at t e Siang time with clover,—
With which both are. usually cul ented, It is also = exhausting to
the soil. But its is as a , When sown sufficiently

fe reat value
cle wht ust however, it searely is,—and hence is ppt fi ‘ chs bunches

bt is of quic k growth, gre # Bs pict roduced after

down; so much so we may amost literally oa ;

ae fo it it the hes of View!

“ Et eeraciteunes veer ros epere es °—-Gleong. 2. 201.

« Cool 's transient hours,

All shan ha bent aoe each in grey day devours.’’—Sotheby.

This g grass aléo possesses the additional advantage of thriving well in
iy antec aaa te © &e.
_ The seed ig usually sown in autumn, immediately after Wheat or Rye —

ating

_ ‘Wig. 258. Orchard-Grass (Dactylis glomerata). 259. A spikelet, ~~

GRASS FAMILY. : 881 |

12. GLYCE’RIA, R. Brown. Manna Grass.
[Greek, Glykeros, sweet ; in allusion to the sweet taste of the seeds.]
Spikes several- or many-flowered ; florets ne: early deciduous by the
ne up of the rachzs into joints, leaving the persistent, ual,
1-3nerved glumes behind. Palee nearly aaa, naked, pied” char-
taceous ; the lower one mos y ‘7-ne , usually blunt scarious at
Stamens

L 1. @. hati i R. Brown. ais elets linear, = BAe, 7-13-flow-
appressed on the branches of the long racem w panicle ;

pice nly 8 scabrous; the lower weeny entire. or a cbanay 3-lobed,
r longer than the 2-toothed upper 0:

a. Guycerra. Manna Grass.

Fr. Manne de Prusse. Germ. Essbarer Schwingel.

Leaves = pe one abbas g ance tine 6 fon high, e erect or ascending, compressed, Lingo

face ; sheat nerved, smooth ; ligule very pn ag get 8 membranaceous, acute or some-
times obtuse. Pani viele slender, a Pe ches es long, us usually partly concealed in the sheath

of the upper leaf. ostly simple. an inch long, nearly
Sessile, ) Tacemose on bine branches and appressed. Glumes membranaceous, nerveless.
Vee e margins folded in, and a green keel at each

Caryopsis oblo ong, sakes on the uppe r side.
“wet low apogee margins of shallow pools, &c. Fi. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This stout semi-aquatic grass is common to both hemispheres.
The seeds late a sweetish taste, and in a parts of the old seg
where they are known ids the name wf Manna Seeds—the Bet.
bag poorer peasantry in eehing soups and gruels. hse ilies: ar

country people, as yet, are ily ignorant of all such expedi
and will long a ontinae 20 if = Sate industry enough to cultivate
more valuable pyaiae . The herbage of this plant is eaten by stock ;
Lap it is so much confined to wet localities that it is scarcely entitled
to be en ong the grasses interesting to American farmers.

13. PO’A, L. Merapow-Grass.
[An ancient Greek name for herbage or pasture.]

Spikelets ovate or oblong, he few- or several-flowered. Glumes
penned shorter than the — ; the lower ones smaller. L

us, Oecd. Stamens 2 a | Stigmas sim
free, a

* Root ernual : branches of the h ty l

— branches, most

382 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

. P. an’nva, LZ... Culms o obliga; subcompressed ; leaves rather short ;
panicle sabsecund 5 spikelets 3 iactaeires on short pedicels, rather
owded.

ack Poa. Dwarf, or Early Minin Gras
Fr. Paturin annuel. Germ. Jaehriges Rispengras.

ual. Culms cespitose, 3-6 or 8 inches long, a, iaerepend oblique at

bases or vote ey. prosimben mt. Leaves 1-3 inches in length, s acute, keeled,

ith ; loo ooth ; ¢ Ee oblong, dentate. Pan Seacunee ‘rather ’secund,

the ieniches sy yi solitary, subdivided. Spi rather crowded on the divisions of the

branches, 3 or 4-6- yor oft re be flowered vs ae unequal, acuminate, with scarious
palea ore or less hairy on the nerves below

oats grounds, pastures tio foot-paths, iG introduced. Native of Europe. Fi.
ril-Sept.. Fr. June -

ene This little eee was probably introduced from Ew urope
-—comes forward early in the spring oe what little pasture it affords
is eel acceptable to stock ; but it is far inferior in value and im-
portance to either of the followin, pea
** Root epok: antcle open, its branches in sina eee all dis-

saithe sires vie slightly flattene

2, P. serot’ina, Ehrhart. Culms erect terete; son linear ; ligules
3: gy spikelets 2-— Ciera; flowers acutish, often tinged with
MEPs.

Late Poa. Fowl Meadow-Grass. False Red-top.
Culm 2-3 feet high. Panicle 6-10 ee long. Palee slightly hairy at the base.
Wet meadows: northward. July —

Obs. This is considered a mo valuable grass for na herve and
is common in News England and along the northern 8 to Lake
Superior.

#* * Root perennial ; Baca with the flattened Pee sb ig on the
y short-pedicelled, sometimes
3. P. TRIVIA ous ZL. Culm and sheaths somewhat scabrous

ngated, acute; spikelets ovate, 2-— 3-flowered,—the florets alight

villous at base.

Trivia Poa. Rough Meadow-Grass.

Root perennial. Culm 1-2 or 3 feet high, subterete or slightly ancipital, often declined
at base, geniculate, and stolonterous somewhat scabrous retrorsely. Leaves 2 or 3-6
or 8 inches long, lance-lin ear (those root, or suckers, long and narrow), acute or
acuminate, slightly scabrous on the margin ; sheaths striate-nerved, scabrous rubbed.
3; ligule h e! b "and whitish. i 2, indin:
branches semi-yerticillate in a Spikelets 2.
times 2 flowered. Gluwmes scabrous on the keel, the lower one rather shorter, ve
acute, the upper one 3-nerved, with a scarious prt Palee unequal, nearly

or ery Pap villous at base, a lower one longer, oes fb Caters at a ago
Obs. nls sien (perhaps a Riciiginietls eames talaaablls
and meadows,—and affords a good forage, both pasture and.

GRASS FAMILY. 383
has much general resemblance ~ the following species 02 pratensis),
when growing in open grounds; but is deci cidedly infevior in value,—and

le

may be readily distinguished ilies it, by the elongated ligule and re-
trorsely oe sheaths and culms. In woodlands, it is fiir a weak
straggling plan

4, P, ae L. Cale and sheaths smooth ; ligule short, truncate ;
—— somewhat cro ed, regular, finally Ls reading Bec: elets ovate,
te, 3~5-flowered ; qaek a onnected by a
id Poa. Spear Grass. Green Grass. pri ae
Fr. Paturin des Prés. Germ. Vieh-gras. Wiesen Rispen-grass.
Root perennial, creeping. Bie ihibet Culm. erect, 1-2 or Bn feet high, slender,

terete. Radical Pn numerous, and long (1-2 feet or more in length, in
£00d soils), scarcely a pride ee enictits acl ; terminating sorapely in a boat-sha aped
or keeled point, deep zreen, Apri et: 8 he m meren i sthe culm leaves shorter than
the vip nerved pla abro' eaths ; ligule sca: s, short obtuse, often crenate-dentate. .
Panicle at first rather cro di pyramidal, op branches semi-
verticillate, - 5 tron a nod se he xuose and nearly smoo' a. , icellate, a little
crowded on the branches ; 2 or 3-5-flowered ; ; florets acute, connected at if hase by cobweb-
like hairs. Giwmes a little un equal, compressed, keeled or de acuminate. Lower palea
rae what eorapreeesd, acute, 5-nerve: , the upper one acumin: ligh brous on the

0

Fie! “39 “iecadoes, and woodlands : introduced? Fl. May-June. Fr. July.

Obs. This cies varies considerably, in size and gL ger when
lg 3 in different soils and situations. In our best soils, the radical
eaves are very lon, = and Poe neon: Ra it is known by the name of
- ors n Kentucky, it monly called Ee Grass,”
name which pro - bela 83 to the following species com
L.). It ist se Suro faiont a fr the nutrit nee Poet leaves, L grams consti-
tu a his grass. es indeed, as
os esi “ optimum poral Wranip: decidedly the — valuable of le of al
the nown in our pastures. It has not been f und necessary, in
Peeyani tot latter years, at least), to cultivate it by sowing the
seed ; for when the land i a red by lime and manure, it soon

pomceal on of the soil—or comes in, a ha farmers term it,—and

es air tificial grasses. "The p 1 ‘thereto
~ oi h of this san is one of the best evidences ety aa
g00d condition, and well managed. In very poor it deteri
80 much that it would seareely be recognized as the same plant.

culms ftiedcun CxteRIeNG inthe! for the mann-
facture of the finer Tande of Leghorn hats.
5. P. compres estas, I. Ou Culm obligne or detined at ase, mach com-
eet pani Se; See oblong-ovate,

— 6-flo wered ; py beeprtae print 1 by a reillons web. :
Compressep Poa. Blue Grass. Wire Grass. Flat-stalked Meadow-Grass.
Br: 2 Retain: ee Gert. Rebwaseni:

Y eo ¢

. fins sy i “aie a7 ith thas

few and short radical leaves. Culm 9-18 inches long, often procumbent and radicating
at base, Leaves 20r 3-5 or 6 inches long, linear, keeled, roughish near the end, and

Fic. 260. Common Meadow-Grass (Poa pratensis). 261. A spikelet. 262. A pistil

Fe ee A ee ee ea eaters
.

GRASS FAMILY. 385

with the culm of a bluish-green or glaucous hue ; —— = T loose, striate ; ligule
short, obtuse. Panicle contracted, at first almost spicate Bir sae secund, finally a
little expanding ; the branches by twos and threes, short, somewhat flexuose and ‘scabrous.

u generally 5-6-flowered, ahead. Glu nearly equal, acute, serrulate on
‘the keel. Lower minutely pube scent, often pee purple near the - apex, with a nar-
row white scarious margin ; upper palea scabrous on the two keels, Caryopsis oblong,
reddish-brown.

Upland fields and pastures. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This species—which, toe = rely if ever cultivated, yet finds
its way into soi pastures— t held in so high estimation, by our
farmers, as the one next preceding — th ecttain nly falls far sh of it,

opinion, even nutritio Cows which feed on it, yiel

milk, and finest butter. The ing roots (or r! as) are remarkably
tenacious of life,—and in c nce, are sometimes ra

in cultivated grounds, among other crops; but, on the whole, it is an

excellent pie Csbeates in dairy am oeike ip wee ae seems rather
nN in

14. FESTU’CA, ZL. Ferscur-Grass. -
[The ancient Latin name.]

awned ; the upper oe aeeng +f to the grain i in most of the species, but
free in 'the one mentioned here. Stam mostly 3.

nicle aye & before and after flowering,

*

tion, L. Pa
a: spikelets owe 5 —10-flowered ; the florets rather re-
awnless

br nches ses
mote, oblong- lanceolate,
Tatter Fesrvca. Tall Velema. Meadow Fescue.

Plant glabrous. Root perennial. Culm 2-3 feet high. Leaves 4- 6 or 8 wenn ee

(the — eaves 1 numerous and longe’ saegecd erg me al acuminate, nerved, shining be- —

heath, so nm the margin ; sheaths nerved ; ligule very short or obsolete. Panicle
4-6 or 8 i tne ches lo somewhat, secund, cas "erect, the generally single, but
pr atbenatephicc E+ bout 7-fi owered, racemose on the branches, often purplish, a
a, ie lew d, the upper one : ; Scarious on the
obscurely Snare: ® ——_ acute ut not acuminate tn mucro-
nate white, with ke an ‘margins ‘olded
ees ;Toad’sides, &. : introduced. Native of

tobe eet rich pasture |
1

386 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

seem to be no good characters to distinguish this from F’. pRaTE

We have a few native species of Festuca,—but they are of wittls
or no value in Agriculture eget some "of them are indicative ofa poor
soil.

15. BRO’MUS, L. Brome Grass.

£;

(Greek, Broma, food ; Bromus was an oats.]

Spikelets 5 -many-flowered in a loose panicle. youl mpc mem-
branaceous ; the upper 3— asc the lower 1 — 5-ne Lower palea
convex on the back, 5—9-nerved, a wned, from below te mostly 2-cleft
apex. Upper palea Re ht A ip on “ihe t two keels, nally. adhering
to the groove of the linear-oblong gram. pee 3. rse grasses
with ol spikelets which are finally noddin;

1. B. secali’n
sielt orate-obong, 8-1 titan 5 Horets pubescent ;
short imes very short o

RyE Sener ‘Oia Chess. sas —
Fr. Brome Seigle. Germ. Roggen-Trespe. Span. Bromo.

Root eaten Culm 3-4 feet high, Seas mg Leaves 6-12 inches
long, Jance-linear, nerved, scabrous ai ilose on the ue surface ;
sheuths ne sir smooth ; ligule oblong, r mae use, laci sniisinnd entate. Pane
icle 4-6 or 8 inches long, the branches semi- Shirt green: aeenlg simple,
scabrous and Loeaeritegers gions a little remote at base, 50 as to ape
pear distinct ath fiexuose rachis. mi 8 glume shorter, §-nerved,
sometimes miueron C eamerees one 7-nerved, obtuse 0! emarginate.
alea obs bom es T-nerved, slightly pot sclrbedngs or ihe & apex,
rae © aun Resin! ee Bec the floret t, on an eee ae want-
lea li —a $, pectin Sere

ing, or a mere ru ee
border, fo oman argins being folded Caryopsis cl y embraced b.
iver palea, grooved on ee 8 with the upper ae doubled in ge groove, ait ee

grounds, chiefly among wheat and rye: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl.

June. Fr. July.
Obs. This foreigner is a well-known pest among our crops of Wheat
and Rye,—and occasion ally appears in the same fields, for a year or two,
after the grain crop; but being an annual, it is soon choked out by the

until the ground is again broken up, or pu
their developement. The best preventive of this and all similar evils, in
the grain-field, is to sow none but

ut g¢ n seed.
Among the curious valgar errors which vet infest the minds of credu-

lous and careless observers of na tural phenomena, may be mentioned the

no
rm, of d rate Wheat,—produced by some. un,
toward condition of the soil, or unpropitious season, OF some organic

‘Fic. 263. A spikelet ° Oh Ct pie
3 i

L. Pani ee spreading, even in fruit;

ee eee

GRASS FAMILY. 387 -

injury :—though it must be admitted, I think, by the most inveterate
defender of that faith, that in undergoing the me tamorphosis, the plant

urprisingly uniform in its —s in aie assuming the exact
eras and character of Bro

aries, in relation to this suppose sed change of character in the Grasses
But, in the Old World, they were even more extravagant than with us;
or i that i

they believ £ un t t tions,—first
changing to Rye—then to Barley—then to Bromus—and fina ly from
romus to ! I believe the most credulous o cou

ve
not been able, as yet, to come up with their ert trethroli§ in
this matter. This grass has been cultivated w in a few years as
-Willard’s Bromus, and the seed sold at a high’ vite The farmers
found that they n not only did not get a cae grass, but were reall
aint: a worthless one ol us weed, being thus doubly cheated. —
2. B. is, L. Panicle erect, contracted i rapa lower palea
decidedly ex satin the eremeg oars an awn of deo n le ngth,
Racemep ames Upright Chess. Smooth Brome Grass

Stem mi ender than in chess. Sheaths hairy, in other respects resembling it. Ac-
po cteacand 4 a. Fine the most reliable distinction between this and mee Bee which it —
often mistaken,) is that the summit of the large glume reaches midw. mn the s
mit an a thio base of the third floret in the spikelet ; while in Aang y conned to the
mi of the second L floret.
on lds. Native of Europe. June. F ;

Obs. This is a worthless species found in grain fields, as is B. mollis,
which resembles the preceding, but has long awned flowers which, as
also the leaves, are downy, ee - spikelets are closely imbricated. By.

some, the rion are conside rms of same species. There are
= native species of the potina: pin no agricultural value.

16. PHRAGMI’ TES, Trin. Reep.
[Greek, Phragmos, a partition o rhedge ; from the use said to be made of sr
Spikelets 3— Efiowcred 3 distichous, rather
base,—the lowest LE wget ror with a single stamen, the pd fect
rachis clothed with oA silky hairs. Glumes keeled, acute, memb
noe shorter than the mbranaceous,

oS

one
simple culms, broad leaves and large terminal panzcles. eee
5 Imma nis; Trin. Panicle large, loosely expand; spikelets ie

chew si entiac Reed Grass.
Fr. Roseau a balais. Germ. Gemeines Rohr. Spon! Catia!”

Aidt toe often an inch or mor e in diameter at base, nodose, terete,
fom See, ae ae a Z

388 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

ated at apex, Lae ous, scabrous the mar, sheaths closely embracing the cu

smooth ; [i very 8 ; pilose oie fim briate. "p ‘anicle t Aoesy if , large,—the vanced

ish, long, slender, semi-verticill late, with a tuft of soft hairs at base

Be tanh ti case's mapper hos ulate, 3 -5- (mostly 3-) flowered. Lowest pnd aaah. ses-

sile, naked at base ; upper ge orets pedice llate,—the e pedic icels finally clothed with long w white
hairs wh

E
o
oh

young panic Palee very unequal, —the lower one with a long slender acumination,

which is invol ute, resembling an awn.

Margins of swamps and swampy streams. Fl. August. Fr. September.

. This grass appea e indigenous in both hemispheres. It
but little Poa nto: yet, being so remarkably large

ing Indian Corn in size), I have concluded to give ita ieee here.

i
‘
4
7
:
:
3
:
:

17. ARUNDINA’RIA, Mz. Cant.
[Name formed from Arundo, a reed.]

Spikelets compressed, 5 — 14-flowered ; florets somewhat separated on the
rachis. Giumes membranaceous, very small, the lower one

_— 3, lon nee than the that Stamens 3. Grain oblong, fr =
01

ich or racemes, yga MOUS

4:4 Ll | 4h

1, A. macrosper’ma, Mz. Leaves linear-l
panicle simple ; spikelets few, very large.
Lone or LarcE-szEeDED ARUNDINARIA. Cane.

* Root perennial, czespitose (creeping rhizomas). begs th 3-15 feet high (30 feet or more
in the gigantic variety), terete, glabrous, fistular, rigid, branching towards the prgoorsin
- saigiay ete Leaves distii chous, peated a large, flat, slightly acuminate, pubes-

r sw ate: > alanis he uch longer than the intern rnodes, marcescent ,—t —the
barby ca tom: hawt bristly. Panicle simple,—the peduncles about an inch long,
pubescent. Spikes -3 inches in length.

Rich, ae inundated, soils : South-Western States. #7. March-April. Fr.

Bi the small bn of this species, as it grows

tages iter of the f the | Swamp, ia,—I cannot speak, from per-
the arborescent Sie which fo rims the celebrated

Cane hecewe of the the ippi region. Although this remarkable grass
has but little connection with Agriculture, I have t be
i to a brief notice ; for which . ELLIoTT’s
sketch of Botany of South eorgia. The

culms of this species are well known from their common use as
rods.
18. LO’LIUM, L. Danrnen.

[The ancient Latin name.]

many-flowered, solitary on each joint of the ETON gh PER
tee of the spt piace wards the rachis. Glumes umes (except at

GRASS FAMILY. 889

the terminal spikelet) | eng one and that on the outer side :—otherwise
much resembling Trit

1. L. prren’ne, L, Spike elets compressed, linear-lanceolate, longer than
the glumes, ation? 7-flowered,—the florets coma fiers eat

Prrenniat Loum. Ray-grass, or Rye-grass.

Fr. Iyraie vivace. “Con. Ausdauernder Lolch. gna Joyo.

Root perennial, creeping. Qulm 1-2 feet high, smooth. Leaves 4-8 or 10 inches long,
lance- tinea” shining green, smooth, somewhat scabrous sone the — gre mene at

glabrous ; ligule truncate. Spike about 6 inches long, flexu

concave opposite the spikelets leis 12-18 or 20, a ite distant, aornabely ad Op
posite sides of, and with their edges to, the rachis Glumes to each spikelet (except
the iteae mina nal one , lance-linear, acute , nerved, resemblin ing a oer rt ‘gid leaf.

rather pick we obscure ly 5- nerved ; + upper palea a little longer, ciliate-serrulate on the two
a at kee 31s.
Meadow banks and grass lots: introduged. Native of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

our farmers. It affords a valuable pasture where t
such situati roducing radical leaves in great luxuriance ; and
og and lawns.

which the seeds are said to be som ew but Abiet ons.
instance known, in all the Grainitiaes! in which the aan adictnsts
—

some other species ; great superiority S ean Ss it in ae 2, but
not enough ee of it, in OR Lidaoaae to decide whether it is equal
to the grasses already in cultiva

19. TRIT’ICUM, L. Wueat.
(Latin, tritus, a rubbing or grinding ; the grain being so treated.)
Spikelets Cli flowered, er pecs with the Bond ged side against the
rachis. Glumes nearly equal and opposite. namie & very like the

Tumes, conv: upper one flat, bristly-
ciliate on the 2 keels, free or adherent to the groove of the nad
Stamens 3. Annuals or perennials, the rook furnishing bread-corn.

* Annual : spike 4-sided : glumes ventricose, obtuse. (True WuHEAr.)
1. T. voxea’re, Vill. Spike imbricated, ice a tough rachis ; Hie scars
4 —5-flowered, rather crowded, broad-ovate, ; glumes vent
mucronate, compressed a apex ; lower palea awed, — or awn- e
less ; grain free.

390 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

_Root annual. Culm 2 or 3-5 fect high, terete, smooth,—the nodes striate, pubescent.
Leaves 6-15 inches long, fod tuicar ,nerved smooth or slightly scabrous on the upper
un te. Spike 3—5 ine

surface ; sheaths ne ed, smooth ; ligule tr cate, denta hes long, dense,
, Mostly simple, finally nodding ; rachis co! , broad, hirsute on t argin.
Spikelets il dat apex. Glw ic -shaped at apex

sessile, broad, compresse: umes ventricose, shape
Flores usually 3 fertile and 2 abortive,—the penultimate one pistillate, the terminal one
neutral and pedicellate. Palew nearly equal, —ithe lower one ventricose, awned or mucro-
te, the upper one folded, cr te on the two keels. sulcate on
the upper side, Ace ish or bro
Fields : cultivated. Native coming uncertain,—perhaps Persia. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Ofs. Although it has been a. a more human beings are
eg by Rice, than by any other —yet it is a that
Wheat is the mot Soy aad velile of” all the Cerealia, or grain-

= elise is plant that civilized man—espec jally fn n the
temperate pecreat pre oP lly iivlebted for his bread ; and it is
consequently a prominent object of attention with the prac ctical —
a. ih oM vena called “ Spring Wheat,” is occasionally, but rarely,
in this ave Caine the “ bi oe Wheat” is oe

i Phot

0
says, “ the finest samples of Wheat are small in the
(cars) thin skinned, fresh, plump, and bright, slipping venitlly
through bog gine
species Triticum (T. turgidum, L.) is said to be cultivated in
Italy, solely for the manufacture of Leghorn or straw hats.

** Perennials : spikes mostly fen acu 4 5 lanceolate or linear-oblong,

_ 2. T. repens, L. Rhizomas creeping; spikelets 4—8-flowered, awn
none, or not more than half the Tength oF the floret; Aen Bt
Creepine Triticum. Couch-grass. Quitch-grass.

Fr. Chien-dent. Germ. Gemeine Capes,

Root perennial,—a white, jointed, creeping rhizoma. Culm about 2 feet high, smooth.
Leaves ‘e 8 or 12 inches "jong, latice-linear, neryed, scabrous and somewhat ged on
the upper surface ooo pros ooth ; ligule short, truncate. Spike 3-5 inches
long ; rachis flexuose mpressed, ‘scotean on — eel sonal
peeved, roughish,, —the ove margin broader. Florets alternate, a little distant. —
ee sce est mucronate, smooth ; upper palea obtuse, ciate cette on the two

ws, pasture e lots, &c.: introduced. “Native of Europe. Fi. July. pipadion es

~ Obs. This Reem nh is quite distinct in habit from the emnans

§
4
i)
;

sd die Se

GRASS FAMILY. 391

at—has found its eid into some districts of our country ; and is a
ociicn ome pest in ated grounds, when fully introduced,—by
reason of the great conaeity: of life in its rhizomas, or creeping subter-

ms. In some localities this may afford an acceptable pastur-

392 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

age—wnere ill not thrive—but in the northern States it
is considered “aeairable to to bac our farms as clear of it as possible.

20. SECA’LE, L. Rye.
[Latin, secare, to cut ; or perhaps from the Celtic, Sega, a sickle.]

petal 2-flowered, gic ged as in Triticum. Gilumes sub-opposite,
Lower palea awned ata apex, keeled, with unequal sides—the

entire, ¢ "A tall an-
nual, Riuh fuintousg eieas with rn ae fs Rrars
1. S. cerza’ie, L. Spikes compressed, linear; glumes subulate, sca-

brous ; pale: smooth,—the twee one bristly-ciliate on the keel and ex

Harvest Secate. Rye. Common Rye.
iFr. Le Galeton Germ. Gemeiner Roggen. Span. pipe
Culm 4-6 feet high, glabrous, hairy near the spike. Leaves Sg inches long, lance-

linear, smooth bene math, roughish above and on the mre, gia ; sheaths membrana-
ceous, nerved, smooth ; ligule short, dentate - 6 in hes Io ie 2-sided and eee,
linear. Spikelets - alee de nl with an awn- i Palment of a third ali

flore' 5 5 vi
acuminate, emia Spr, 3 -herved, terminating in a long scabrous awn ; keel and
exterior ma car soe bristly- -ciliate, —the inner margin not ciliate, and the nerves on that side
less conspicuous ; upper palea "lanceola te, nate, often bifid at apex, sparingly ciliate
on ou the 2 Koos. gem oblong, sub- oyliaaeica, ae on the upper side, hairy at sum-

yb
mie Ids : cultivated. Native of the East. Fl. June. Fr. July.
Obs. This cereal grass seems to do best in light sandy soils. The e grain
in — coils is of a Neri soa fl = Hage a alpen flour. Rye
to es, than any other
grain rather is, aevectuches. aia ly sane = it. “tt i the sh
—— of the northern parts 0 Europe—especiall and

“The s seed is subject—particularly in wet seasons—to become diseased,
and enlarged,—producing what called Ergot, or Fa ag Rye. This
diseased oi grain is injurious to health, when made into bread ; but has

been fe to possess. importan t medienl suaetey in carte cases,
- when judiciously administered. .

21. HOR’DEUM, L. Barter.
[An ancient Latin name ; of obscure derivation.]

Spikelets 1-flowered, with a subulate rudiment of a second floret—ar-
ged i at the j oints of the rachis, the ‘stessl ones mostly abor-
bulate-w eral in front

Palee

PRS Beg Fe ee A TET, co. ae NT ee eee mene Fae ee ee eee ee ena

GRASS FAMILY. 393
1. H. vorea’re, L. Spikelets all fertile, arenes mite florets arranged
so as to form a nearly four- (or somewhat 6-) sided spike.
Common Horpeum. Barley. Four-rowed ph
Fy. Orge commune. Germ. Gemeine Gerste. Span. Cebada.

Root annual, Culm i 38 feet high, smooth. Leaves 6-15 inches long, lance-linear.
Keeled, striate, smoothi nerved, smooth, auriculate at throat ; ; ligule very short.
bout 3 inches long, futher thick and somewhat 4-sid ided ; rachis compress essed, smooth,

eahnerer? on the ma)
elds : cultivated. Native of Sicily and Tartary. Fl. May. Fr. June.
Obs. The oe oe ah aege of bss species en all feta the spike
often of a six-sided ap dI understand
that tin Western Now-Yo rk—— Si pees at Bar a ean | Fh eee:
it is usually called Six-rowed ope Derg or name atch, seem

indeed, it be really d This a nd the followi wing species
cultiv ted a eiseuabealys in the “mnie and euthons
exclusively for the Breweri The grain is rarely given to cattl

Barley bread is unknown in the United States. The plant requires a
good soil,—and hence serves as a kind of index to the quality of the
farms in Pennsylvania : the fallow crop on good land being y
soit sro the toe occupants of a poor soil have to be content with a
‘crop of Oats.
2. H. pis’ricnum, L. Lateral spikelets sterile, awnless,—the fertile
ones awned, distichous or forming a two-sided spike.
Disticuous Horpeum. Two-rowed Barley.

annual. Culm 2-3 feet high, smoo smooth. — 6~15 inches long, nena
heryed, scabrous on the upper surface ; sheaths neryed, smooth, ‘with 2 lanceolate, auricu-
late appendages at throat ; ligule short, truncate. oT Spike 8 4 inches long, compen oe
ancipital, linear ; rachis flat smooth, hirsute on the margin.@

Native of Turtary. Fl. June. Fr. Ju uly.

Obs. This species is something later than the preceding, in coming to
maturity ; sia on that account is preferred by many farmers in Penn-
sylvania,—as it interferes less with their Hay crops. It also stands bet-
ter than the preceding, after it is ripe,—a Phe a heavier grain—
though not a greater quantity. The seed, of both species, is is uonally |
sown (in Pennsylvania) about the last of March. ee

22. AVE/NA, L. Oar.
[The classical Latin name.]

394 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

only) on the back. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, grooved on the upper
side, hairy at summit, free but invested by the upper palea.

1. A. sativa, L. voi regular ; se 2-flowered, pendulous ;
florets shorter than the glumes, naked at base.

Cuntivatep Avena. Oats. Cantsid Oats.
*, Avoine cultivée. Germ. Gemeiner Hafer. Span. Avena.

oe Root snmaal. Chilm ime 4-8 tah Se smooth. Leaves 6-15 inches long, lance-linear,

merved, scab: , smooth, rather loose ; ligule lacerate. piece mele

eg ny, Paes awned

- its summit me aabrsnacenan yiaieichla ofa third floret. Grain eee, pearrere ie

smoothish shining ery beeing Ss ro

Fields : cultivated as a fallow crop. FI. July. Fr. August.

Obs. The native country of ba plant—as of most of our cultivated

ms to be somewhat uncertain,—though this one is said to

been found native in the island of Juan Fernandes. Oats ee

ot Fowred Barley (Horienii Reeimmn. A cluster 3 spikes
oi srl oe feral os ar a ae me

ee MO a ened eat ee eee oe ae ee i pekeeees Gay han waa
a a eas . :

GRASS FAMILY. 395

tensively cultivated, in this country,—chiefly as food for horses. Dr.
Jounson took occasion, in compiling his Dictionary, to fling a sarcasm
at the Scotch, by — oats to be the food of horses in England, and
men in Scotlan ae if the effects of climate were a fit subject on
which to taunt a anaes Yet this was but one of many instances of-his
national prejadice and illiberali ity.
This — better than Barley, in a thin soil; and is there-

fore frequently employed, in the rotation of , when Ba would
have bee been preferred, had the land been good. e A. nupA, L., called —
“ skinless bie — 5-flowered
tially cultivated, by the curi curious, on account of its superior fitness for —
aaklar Octane as an article of diet for the sick. BS ihepraces
23. ARRHENATHE’ RUM, Beawv. Oar-crass. Le
_ (Greek, Ahrrhen, male, and Afher, awn ; ‘the staminate floret being awned.} —
Spilelts 2Aowered with the rudiment of a third, terminal one; middle :

; two lower flow i ;
C= 267. ari earner is the wo tthe :

the lowermost awned, pistil removed to ex!
Scales at the base of the hairy

396 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

alt with its Jower palea convex with a short awn near the
apex ; /owest floret staminate only, bearing a long bent awn on the back
below te middle ; otherwise nearly as in "Aven
1. A. avena’ceum, Beauv. Leavi ; panicle linear-oblong, con-
epee finally spreading ; glumes yal the lower one shorter than
Oat-Like ARRHENATHERUM. Oat-grass. Grass of the Andes.

Fr. Avoine elevée. Germ. Wiesen Hafer.

creeping, nodose. Qulm about 3 feet a, glabrous. Leaves 4 a od =
io rng Fane ar ceabrot us On the margin and upper surface ; sheaths s
smooth ; ‘feb short, retuse. ‘anicle linear-oblong, gh x spreading’ and sat

nodding th © branches enh soar —_ iMate.
Nativ e of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July.
is grass has been partially introduced, and cultivated, by a few

envious farmers ; it does not appear to be much of a favorite, —_
for or or hay; in covet ea “It is sometin

Furnt i n hist treatise oe Graces , speaks favorably of this grass, re-
marking that “it is esteemed by those who know it for its early, rapid
and late growth, making it well calculated for a late pasture grass.”

24. HOL’CUS, L. Vetver-crass.
Bo ancient Greek name, of obscure derivation.]
open panicle, 2 —3-flo ered ; florets jointed with
fer whol adie: pair remote, enclose th sn exceeded deg the membra-
glumes et perfect, but its thin lower
ag awnless ; upper flower staminate Sly, with a bent awn below the
Sanne 3. Styles plumose to the base. Grain free, smooth

1. H. lana’ me a Softly h bescent ; panicle rather
contracted ; of the pe Ayes flaret recurved, included it e glume.

"Woonry Bite Velvet-grass. Feather-grass. White Peat:

Fr. Houqne laineuse. Foin de mouton. Germ. Wolliges Honig-gras.

Root perennial. Qulm simple, 18 inches to 2 feet high. Leaves lance-linear, acute, 2~5
- 6 ——— long ; _ white, truncate, dentate. Panicle oblong, someveiiat dense,—the
es hai Glumes roughish-pubescent, whitish, often tinged with purple.
oie poe bet smooth and shining. Palew of the perfect floret nearly equal in. —_
the lower one broader, keeled —of the staminate staminate floret eanomes se ame lower one larger, keel

ed, with a recury: ges 5 hocked awn on the ack ear the
Moist meadows : oduced. Native of Europe. Fl. hoa Fr. July.

| Obs. This grass is naturalized in many places in ee ae

GRASS FAMILY, 397
of the farmers in Virginia speak favorably of it ; but I think it must be
from want of familiarity with more valuable kinds. It is true, that
MvnLENBERG praises it—calling it “ excellens pabulum” ; but it is

398. WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

ly very little esteemed by our farmers ; and in this they concur in the
opinion expressed by Mr. G. Sixcuar, in his valuable Hortus Grami-

neus,
25. ANTHOXAN’THOUM, L. Sweer-scentep VERNAL Grass.
[Greek, Anthos, flower, and anthon, of flowers ; flower of flowers.)

Spikelets in a condensed, spike-form panicle; each spikelet 3-flowered,
but the lower two (or apparently map florets neutral, consisting merely
a narrow palea, which is hai awned on the hack. Perfect floret
diandrous, with 2 short, smooth, Sous nei: fees thin, acute,
ape the upper about as long as the flowers and twice the —— of |
lower. Grain ansbotdr adherent to and pate: by the palex ee |

1. A. opora’tum, L. Panicle contracted into an oblong spike ; spike-
lets oni aaa ae spreading, pubescent ; pale of the neutral florets

cilia’ |

a GRANT ANTHOXANTHUM. Sweet-scented Vernal Grass.

Fr. Flouve otoei Germ. Rusch-gras,

Root perennial. Culm erect, 12-18 inches high, rather slender. Leaves lan nee-tineat,
shortish (1 (1 or 2- 6 or inches to mee), rage sheaths ne ryed, sulcate ; ligule el ongated,
membranaceous. Pan spike 1-2 or 3 inches long, becoming yellow
when mature ; spilkdals me mae what f recent, on short peduncles. Palee of
very short, obtuse, nearly equal, smooth and shining, the lower one ook broader.

i i the mar; —one of th i

a geniculate awn from near the ae — than twice as long as the palea, the other with

a straight — about as long as the inserted on the back near the summit. Anthers

linear, larg: i white. Grain oto. blackish saining.

pbenows and moist open woodlands : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May-June.
uly

Obs. This has been much noticed, in Europe, as a fragrant meadow- :

grass ; but it seems rather to belong rs a moist, da, thin soil, ail th
sally eans regarded, in the United States, as a grass of superior value.

n cut, and partly dry, it emits a a fragrant odor ; often remarkable
in new mown hay. The ous Is iste been used in the manufacture of
imitation orn hats and

is grass is es plant sine: to by Dr. Sa in the following
lines of his i smagios tive poem, bait ‘ Botanic Garden

Eye othe waren uae a
Bot. “Garden, Part IT. Cianto I. 1.85~ 92.

26. PHAL’ ies de ears Grass.
[Greek, Phalos, hinin

Spikk | en ae ee eo

GRASS FAMILY. 399

lateral) florets mere neutral rudiments at the base of the perfect one,
Glumes nearly equal, boat-shaped and often winged-keeled, exceeding the
florets. Fertile floret flattish, of two shining awnless palee which at

oe”
E-

ae

*
400 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

, etl ; ee : 1 Ly investing tl L. th grain Leaves
broad and flat.

1. P. arundina’cea, L. Panicle oblong, with the spikelets more or less
clustered and somewhat secund on the bran ches ; glumes keeled, wing-
less ; neutral, rudiments hairy.

rs Puataris. Reed Canary Grass.

Fa. 2. Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea’ Aspikelet. aa
the glumes removed ; Rae ee ee

*
-*

GRASS FAMILY. 451

erennial. Culm3-5 feet high. Leaves 5-12 inches Jong ce-line:
; sheaths eee ligule ovate, obtuse. Panicle erect gin a ieee pti

gree:
tal Glumes acute or acumi nate with ‘flatte ned ee ; whitis h with 3 green nerves.
Palee pilose with feta hairs. Grain ovate, Beh

Swampy places and borders of rivulets : comm June Fulys

Obs. This — deep green grass frequently arrests the atten-
tion on account of its luxuriant growth and promising appearance ; but
it is of little or Rss agricu value. When cut early into
hay, cattle, it is said, will eat it if they can get nothing better. A va-
riety, with the leaves striped with white, is known in gardens as
Striped or Ribbon Grass. When this variety is allowed to grow in wet
situations it loses its liarity.

2. P. CANARIEN’sIs, _ Panicle spike-like, oval ; glumes wing-keeled ;
neutral rudiments smooth.
Canary Paaxaris. pee Grass,

Annual. Culm 1~2 feet high, smooth. Leaves pale green and glaucous ; the sheaths
Somewhat inflated. Glumes ‘deuvie twice as long as the paleze, yellowish “green.

Waste places and in cultivation. Native of Europe. July -Septemb

Ob * This is sometimes cultivated for the seed which is the favorite
food ( aowy See | tee turalized to.some extent and is fre-
quently seen in waste places.

27. PAS’PALUM, LE. Paspatum.
(Greek, Paspalos; said to be an ancient name for Millet.)
Spikelets racemose-spiked, usually in 2 rows, on one side of a flattened
continuous rachis, jointed with their very short pedicels, plano-convex
and nearly orbicular. Giume and empty palea few-erve Perennials
with erect smoothish culms and single, digitate or ra
ta’ceum, Jz. Saha seat} leaves ore spike mostly soli-

Culm 1 ~2 feet high, setaceously slender, often purplish below and somewhat hairy.
fe —6 inches long, hairy on both sides ; sheaths smooth, pilose — omg cpa

inches in length, very slender ;—~often with another on a short ped
. Sheath, sometimes rp Genes from’ ae lower sheaths.
Sandy Reka a fpe gts: oughout the United States. August.

ao ee Bina tk, the pa Sembee
to a racer ce 0 Kenta
the W serge i aks situations, after midsummer. *

28. Fm “ICUM, L. Pantc Gru
{Supposed from the Latin, Font bread ; which some species afford.]

402 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.
closing the free and grooveless grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose,
usually purple. The species here = are all annual.
* Spikelets crowded 2-3 together 7 sided digitate-fascicled spik
neutral floret of a single mila? see glume minute or wanting.

1. P. sanguina’le, L. Spikes 4—15; upper glume half the length of the
fiow wer ; the owes one small.
Bioopy (or Purpte) Panicom. Crab Grass. Finger Grass..

Culm decumbent, 1-2 feet long, somewhat branching from the sheaths, geniculate.
ce radicating at the lower nodes. Leaves 1 or 2-6 or 8 pees ng soltly, pilose 5
igosely hairy, sometimes smooth ; ligule short, truncate, or oie
white or atten tinged wit purple. 2 or 3—6 inches in length, o! ina teitebe op
BSA agi ‘ ee e distant rics each other, becoming purple ; rachis fiat f eet scabrous
on the airs, a appressed, in 2 rows on the outer or under side of the
pola oe oa pedicels, =the lower ones subsessile,
Gardens and cultivated grounds ; dvouphioes the United States. FI. July-September.
Fr. August — October.
eon ey the a —. this is a troublesome Grass in Gardens, in
mmer ; and is frequent, also, in Indian Co ds,—
but per teat is kept in saat subjection, by the early and
= use of the “ Saecuee: ” Cattle will eat it,—but do not appear to
s nite ea 8 fond of it : and indeed it is generally choked out of good
astures, by the prevalence of more acceptable grasses. It is said to be
a serious pest, in the cultivated grounds of the Southern planters. Mr.
me ae than eae there can bé rove better authority—has the follow-
:—‘ Grows everywhere on lands not inundated.

his plant
Well known rss planters under — name of Crab or Crop grass. It is’

the most troublesome grass our planters have to encounter in high
ground culture, and though an pyle it is the best grass for hay at
present own in our low country.”

2. P. gla’brum, Gaudin. Spikes 2-6, ae diverging ; upper glume
equalling the floret ; the lower almost wantin

Smoora Panicum. Smooth Crab Grass.

Cuim 6-12 inches long, often closely prostrate. Leaves 1- 3 inches in length ; sheaths
smooth, a little pilose at the throat. Spies 1-3 inches long, seldom more more than 3 in
number ; oR pevsid sa ee romgetante

waste places. Native of Europe. August— pace
nme Seri in cultivated fields and lots, but n so troublesome
espe RE very slender, snot species lrg erect spikes (P.
Fi L.) belongs to this section ; it is often abundant i in sandy pas-
tures, but it is not very important in any respect.

** Spikelets scattered in large capillary a awnless : neutral floret o
: a

: 3. P, re, L. Sheaths very hirsute ; panicle large, oe
s ‘as ay Sopa spikelets lanceolate, ane, ee

a
.
i
:

a get Rae Mae Em a 2

Raa Waa ae te ae

et es ue pre
RNR al ose il

Wine

GRASS FAMILY. 403

Capruuary or Harr-tixe Panicum. Old-witch Grass.

: annual. Culm assurgent or erect, usually 1-2 feet iano resins? ; tea
high, sometimes branching. ves 3-8 or 10 inches long au a br
acuminate, nerved, hairy ; sheaths sulcate-striate, ver ed pete oi pre whitish

: x
bristly hairs ; ligule short, fringed o! r beard-like. “Pa: nile large and pyramidal sp aie:
numerous, subdivided, very slander. straight —at “site — then spreading, finally
divaricate. Spi lets small, Ames I ple. Abortive without a su seal r palea. Per-
ect a loret much shorter than the upper glume, Lice he ong, plano-conyex, smooth and

sa pastures, cultivated grounds: throughout the United States. Fl. August. Fr.
a ember.

ds, 1 the latter
pant of summer. In ie che dry culms break off, and the light di-
satiate the by the winds, until they accum-
la great quantities ee i fences and hedges.
*** Spikelets imbricate-spiked on DEES branches lower palea of sterile
Sloret a or mucronate.
4. P. @rus-gal'li, L. Culms st ooth ; spikes alternate; glumes
ovate, sess aeg pointed ; lower mes of f sterile flower with an awn of
variable Jen length.
Cock’s-root Panroum. Barn-yard Grass.
Culm 2-5 feet high, rather coarse, smooth. Leaves 9-15 inches long,

jlo zh rt, ovate, acute.
upper one ss long as rag ra eras Part ovate, acuminate, 5-nerved, with bristles on the.
nerves. tral with 2 palee,— —the lower one Ovate, flat, with a scabrous awn =
of the ner ti gt aye ome al,

long acumii

approximated pairs, presenting a double row of cartilaginous bi

ovate, acute, thin and membranaceous, nearly as long as the perfect gy ect ford

plano-convex, acuminate, the palee firm, smooth and shining. ret. Peet

lar, white or ash-colored,

elo gr grounds, meadows, drains of barn-yards, &c.: introduced? FI. Augnst. Fr.
‘ptem!

Obs. Kunth gives thie as an inhabitant of Se four DB goinen of wos

globe ; but I it is a nat -_

which the sheaths are h hispid, and another Sr hiot the’ fara a ngs

are awnless. It is apt to abound along the aa, of crude liquid owing
nd in spots which usually | as

mille for
calent and nitrides This vast a pha containing upwards of 400 spe ne
cy ego number of ie, indigenous, ee inoue
country, tg po —— value, or it possesses
WS, eon ie With Speman =

404 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

of Millet—the whole ee group are regarded as little better
than mere weeds ;—though none of them, so far as I know, are particu-
larly obnoxious or aifficul t to seal by judicious parce ‘Those here

, are inserted merely as samples of a numerous and somewhat
variant family.

29. SETA’RIA, Beauv. Bristiy Fox-rarm Grass.
[Latin, Seta, a bristle ; from the inyolucre-like bristle of the spikelets.]

Spikelets as in Panicum, wiviege but tees ba short short eee Lae
cra them into soli r clustered awns. Inflo-

a dense “A St poniils or sprkcogt« a “‘lindical pide: Annuals:
i dutrodus ced fro: rope, and are all naturalized weeds, except the last,
which is Someaenaie cultivated.

1. S. glau’ca, Beauv. Spike cylindric, tawny yellow ; bristles
in a cluster, = ae than the spikelets; pale of the perfec ies
transversely ru:

Guavcovus Splat Fox-tail Grass.

Senge 1. Culm 2-3 feet high, sometimes branching, often several from the sam
mooth. Leaves 6—120r 15 inches long, somewhat eee cy lance-linear, Hie "5
aligily so scabrous, with a few long slender hairs at the bas striate, smooth ;
short, fringed. or beard-like. Spike 2-4 inches long, rather 8 ene and quite cylin-
drical ; rachis pubescent. Bristles scabrous datanti, becomin why or orange-yellow
Staminate floret sometimes wholly abortive or neutra 1. Perfect po ee: convex; —the
palee very firm and traversed by horizontal und
Cultivated grounds ; stubble fields, ost introduced. Native of India and Continental
Europe. Fl. August. Fr. September.

Obs. This usually makes its oS See abundance, among the
stubble ee a wheat crop, —and is tures, orchards, &c.,
when not kept down by the promotion oot a sai State growth.
Cattle eo the herbage, if better can be had; and the plant is alto-
gether worthless,—except that £ poultry ne (epee 7 = fond of
sith the pie of their seeds, in the latter part of

. S. vir ses! Beauv. Spike green, sub-cylindrical or pa ee more
reaper yead bristles spent Sis, , much eb lene ee n the spike-

lets pales of the pérfect flo te, punctate.

Green Seraria. Green 7 ” Bottle pcre :

Root annual. Culm 1-2 or 8 feet t high, branching near the — ee lender. Leaves
3-6 or § inches long, lance ae flat, somewhat scabrous, minutely serrulate on the
margin ; sheaths striate th, pilose on the margin ; ligule fringed or beard-like.

1-3 inches long, rion cope compound fe a Li “a8 enlarged i - the middle, often nearly
y tner el temp abies notiete ysmall. Paice of the per-

ly wholly abortive or neutral aipebear very-eniail : i
fect floret smooth, puncticulate, striate longitudinally, with a slight transverse rugosity”

pastures, &c.: introduced. Native of Southern orc iors 8
August. Fr. August-September.

Obs. This species is also naturalized to a considerable extent, and is | q

ey, ONL ER ty Fo SE a eS a ne Ay Reap en en a rr

GRASS FAMILY,

Seca tenenesenine een eer eye

is not

*

ess

.

about as worthk

» Kunth. Spike compound,

Fie, 274, Fox-tail Grass (Setaria glauca).

3. 8, 3eis teas Beauv. Var.

’

406 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

ovoid-oblong, yellowish-: oe bristles 4— 8 in a cluster, about as long
as the spikelets ; pales of th e perfect floret smooth, striately punctate.

Trattan Serarta. Millet. Bengal Grass.

Root ann m 2-4 or 5 feet high. Leaves 6~12 and 18 inches long, lance-linear,
rather brea, fay serrulate on the margin ; sheaths striate, pubescent on the margin ;
ligule bear’ und (0: r rather a dense ly contracted tgif 3~6 ee
ane areas vial or oe Rte indric ; rachis densely hirsute with jong

mes longer than the agp yellows h. Sterile floret wholly abortive, or neutral, eer
sot palea very minute. palew of the perfect floret smooth, siineelader 39 -punctate.

Fields ; cultivated as a fallow pos eo Native of Europe and India. FI. ate Fr. Aug.

Obs. Some years ago, the culture of this plant was introduced i
Pennsylvania, and excited co separ tks oo for a time, among the
affordin hi

rs,— ag - neg fodde n the oy hay-crop was
likely to be deficient n fou fs Hower: wb o be as valuable
as the usu ok —~ eo “(oft Oats or Barley), © of Which, it occupied the
place oreover, remarkably liable to damage from rat he

cultivation, thafore, soon declined —and is rite we enerally abandoned.
is another species (S. verti cillata, B with the spike com-
posed of Cae verticils oe sand the ir ee of retrorsely
i bristles, in pairs.) which is becoming something of a nuisance,
bout gardens, in many places; but its seems scarcely, as yet, entitled to
“ more _ ssiecpua notice here.

30. CEN’CHRUS, L. Bur Grass
(Greek, Kenchros ; the ancient name of Millet.]
ets as in Panicum, awnless, but enclosed (1-5 together) in a glob-

> prietly or page sit involucre, which ome coriaceous, ;
deciduous bur in fruit. Involucres sessile in a terminal spike. Styles
united below.

ec ee aa des, ae Py dag subglobose, pubescent, spinosely

split on 0:
Saati Bur Grass. Hedge-hog Grass.

Root annual. Culm 1-2 feet long, usually oblique or procumbent. nch-
deine smooth. Leaves 36 or 8 inches es long, Beardie.” acuminate, slightly. sce coabrote ed

the margin ; sheaths :
alternate inyolucrate heads or clusters ; rachis angular, flexuose, slightly scab

volucre urceolate or subglobose, laciniate yostally 3 split to the bas se on one side, m hairy; :
armed externally with gt subulate scab ‘ous spines, as wi , embracing 1, 2, or
Fr. Sept.

3 spikelets. Sterile floret mostly staminate. Sandy fields. FI. Aug. ”

'y districts along the coast and -
atound the great pratt: id has at Od avis ee of the slaty
hills of Pennsylvania. lac Ss nist aren grass; and the

, of —~ or 14
In-

GRASS FAMILY, 407

ated grounds, or about houses. It ought to be most carefully and
athe extirpated, on its first appearance in any agricultural region.

31. TRIP’SACUM, L. Gama Grass.
(Greek, tribo, to rub ; perhaps in allusion to its polished fertile spikes.]}

Spikelets. monecious, in termi — and subterminal jointed — eho

are solitary, or often oe te in twos 0 r threes, stam

Jertile below. STamInaTE sp acre in pazrs on a tangle bape

longer than the joint, collateral, 2-flowered

outer one nerved, the inner one GOK sen ty ple ver Abia! Sema site ae

i ay ga awnless : omens 3; anthers orang oer by 2
TILLATE 'SPIKELETS single Bowe eA ce

: k-pur’ ~_ Grain ovoid, poly
Perennials with cmanucee tall branche we which are hard, smooth
and solid ; leaves very long, sublinear, acuminate ; spi ating at
the articulations spontaneously, at maturity.
1, T. dactyloi’des, L. Spikes usually 2- < cpecaed o r digitate
sometimes solitary,—the upper half staminate, the lower pistillate.
Fincer-Lixe Tripsacum. Gama Grass. Sesame Grass.

Culms 3 or 4-6 feet high, pare and glabrous, solid with pith,—the internodes oe
oe on alternate s aed smooth, with a dark-brown contracted ring at

she —4 feet here, hist onthe x inch fo an inch OF more in :
weak Jance-tinear keeled, heres beneath Pee crn ish on the wpper a
—— gin, contracted and sparingly pilose at , glabrous ; ligule
aa ciliate. Spikes 4— Sor 8 inches ae not not untseqneney single ;
—

when fe
the | pistillage portion: of the spike is terete, when irs, semi-terete as if split down,—
and when va od he spikes are somewhat trique Caryopsis avoid, smooth ~the
Bram Z
oe meadows, banks of streams, &c,: Middle and Western States. Fl, July, Pre:
‘ptember.

Obs. This ¢ and remarkak
valley of the Mississippi. "enie! poet begga etugens 2 he
few i correspondents of ae ie Journals, as an mod
of fodder for stock; but I Sapbutlss aot much of it, latterly. The
leaves and young culms —where
ter e
hard stems of the full- mn or mature pany may 00m soon satisfy hi
that it can never su Bs legac oh eed a, 2 :
8] peer sy re Wh Indian-corn fodder.

ae:

408 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

32. ZE’A, LE. Inxpran Corn.
(Greek zao, to live ; from the sustenance it affords to animal life.

STAMINATE SPIKELETS in terminal, fascicled, spicate racemes, 2-flowered
glumes herbaceous, pats pale membranaceous, awnless ;

Eos. 216. A ptaminete splkviet, fr rom the tassel of Indian Corn (Zea Mays). 276. The
rou rowed epee : the a yo Ee removed ; the styles be tertile ad
rous crowd e dagtocge | he A separate spikelet, —
sterile fioret the glumes or chaff.

GRASS FAMILY. 409

3; anthers linear, erect ; scales 2, collateral, fleshy, glabrous. PisrinLaTEe
SPIKELETs sessile, 2- flowered (the lower one abortive), in dense continuous
rm axill

spikes, which terminate short ose, ches,—the en-
ped by sheaths of abortive leaves, called husks; glumes fleshy-mem-
branaceous, ve cilia the | one emargi - ;
ee ~ ceous,—the abortive flo:
roundish ovoid ; style capillary, very lo m the envelopes
of the spike, pubescent at the summit, and mostly bifid ( ?
Grain usually crowded and then compressed, cuneate or roundish-kidney-
shaped, with a shallow groove on _ ® OED side containing the embryo,
—the base imbedded in the t glumes and paler. Annual:

pers Pp
culm stout, solid with pith ; pisillate pee or in 8-12 longitudinal rows
on the thick su sub-cylindric rachis, the rows always in approximated pairs,
= the spaces are filled by their growth ; spzkes (or ears) 1-3 or 4
rarely more—usually 2) on a culm.

1. Z. Mays Leaves flat, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, with a broad
midrib ade above.

Indian Corn. haa

Culm
n
manne, on alternate side, aig the nodes. Leaves 2-8 feet le ga rand Sisehel
dog pubescent above, smooth beneath ; sheaths smooth, pubescent along the margins ;

Caletyated. Native of South America. Fl. July. Fr. September.
Obs. Culture has produced several varieties of this plant,—

grains yellow, white, or sometimes dark p ; the — ag is
much smaller than in the middle and Southassoksel States. There is,
: . es

=
ab

the Rice, in intrinsic value, and, in ne mie > Saieaiee dintiote: tad ing
next in im ce to Wheat itself. In a yang light, the Corn
Plant is an interesting one. The staminate flowers, commonly called
the tassel, are arranged at the summit of the plant where their pollen
may fall upon the pistillate spikes, or ears, below ; these are dense spikes
covered with sheaths of abortive leaves, the husks, which often have their

blade more or less developed. The silk kof the ear is the elongated pistils,
one of which proceeds from each ovary or kernel. The cob is the thick —
rachis, and the chaff eo covers it the glumes and palee. From the -

“nodes or joints aé vet Os ante
humble ay. the celebrated Banyan-tree. bes gi of the stem, before
the grain is perfected, e amount of saccharine

toy me | 1 + ee bie xe 7

in the varieties known as sweet corn—have much Sugar, which i is changed
into starch as the grain ri 2
18

410 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

33. SACCHA’RUM, L. Svucar Cane.
[Latinized from the Greek, Sacchar ; originally from the Arabic, Soukar, Sugar.]

Spikelets in pairs—on f them pedicellate, the other sessile—each 2-
flowered, with a tuft of ing silky hairs at base ; the lower floret neuter,
with a single hy upper one p es 2, nearly equal,

apex, s

connate in ube. Stamens sessile, glabrous ; om ules 2,
terminal, elongated; stigm lim he hairs + ate denticalate
Grain free 2G: igantic Goal gr aae ih large silky pa
1. S. orricrna’rum, L. Leaves flat; panicle large and a g5
— elets racemose on the slender branches ; florets triandrous ; to

oletely 1-nerved, or keeled, invested with long silky hairs a t base
OrFiotnaL Saccuarum. Sugar Cane
Fr. Cannea Sucre. Germ. pecs Packnariiie Span. Catia de Azucar.

Root pe ial (a nodose rhizoma). Culm 8-15 or 20 ee high, and 1 s in di-
ameter, gig ‘numer ous nodes , and ans with vith gi rte near- eek oy pes Gooner
a resemb Corn). Panicle a foot or More in length, loosely ae
the branches “numerous, filiform ee 6 inches long, remarkably plamose, or aang
with verticils Or tu ifts of long white silky hairs t the base of ae racemose spikelets.

Cultiva South of the Union. ative of
Asia. FT. Fr.

Obs. The Sugar Cane is rarely permitted to coe under rohan
ange ‘propagated by sections of the culm. The value and i
of this noble Grass, in the domestic economy an a commerce of the

civilized world, are too well known to require comment. Not having

the advantage of an acquaintance vith the living pat and its eulture,

pad seta ee and remarks are necessarily very imperfect. Some
be

ting n may found in “ Rees’ Cyclopedia,” Art. Sugar ;
and 3 in the “ rina Encyclopedia.” * pe

34. ANDROPO’GON, L. Brarp Grass.
[Greek ; literally Man’s-beard,—in allusion to the hairy spikets.]

Spikelets 2-flowered, in pairs on each joint of the slender rachis, spiked
or racemose ; one of the spikelets pedicellate and sterile, often a mere

rigid culms, smoo
and terminal, often clustered or digitate spikes ; the rachis hairy or ae
mose-bearded.
* Spikes solitary at the apex of the culm and branches.

LA. scopa’rius, Mz, Culm paniculately_ branched ter

~ —— oo

Pee eee ee eg

GRASS FAMILY. 411

branches somewhat fasciculate, erect, elongated, slender and purplish ;
sheaths villous ; spikes on long peduncles ; the sterile ones neuter, awned.
Broom Anprorocon. Indian Grass. Purple Wood-grass.

—4 feet he aad eee slender, smooth, som

Culm what compressed, sulcate on alter-
nate sides of the inte: : nodes § mooth ; aeitisid long, wie lender, in lateral fscee, or
sometimes in pairs, coat ‘subdi id Leaves 4-8 or 12 inches long, lance »-linear , acute-

ich is sail as pockyge 3 as the per orfect spikelet.
glumes lanc uch acuminated,—the ak ao bifid at pall palee nearly poor
ciliate Bie 7g Pate! ? one deeply bifid, with a twisted a wh between the wee ge
Ped flelds, sterile banks, and road-sid es, througho viele the United Sta Fl. Ai
pte

Obs. ii. ane the pee native species, are remarkably worthless
apt Jo o abound ,in poor old neglected fields. Where
they pre pre or no 5 fort er evidence is ‘required to demonstrate the unprofit-
able eonton of the land, or the miserable management of the occupant.
* Spikes digitate, at the apex of the culm or branches.

2. A, sensu Muhl. Spikes digitale; generally in threes or fours ;
rachis hairy ; the sterile floret staminate, awnless
Forxep Anpropocon. Finger-spiked Tndian Grass.

Culm about 4 feet high, smooth, teret nib ont mi-terete above, 0 nehing ; wiolles
&mooth. 4-8 or i2 inches long, lance- einer, nerved, canbotite <n ecabrods on the

8
rachis semi-terete, pilose the angles ances c . i el:
perfeet spikelet Bsa Slaty hills, and saris oe w ground rl. Aug. Fr. Sept. ;

pogo:
00r lands,—at le lvania are a few
ticularly one with the spikes conjugate, in fastigiate bushy panicles (A.
“ph ieeet niet gsc is not unfrequent in wet, swampy meadows ;
but, though they are all lly worthless, these are scarcely of sufficient
importance to require er notices in this work.

35. SOR’GHUM, Pers. Broom Corn. oe
e ancient name of a cultivated species
kelets 2 — 3 tgthr on he branes of «mt Ts td pane
Keen lateral ones sterile, mere rudiments,—the open pn .
aces one only neta Ghaties coraceon sometimes awnless. tise :
mens 3. For the rest as in Andro is Te
. boi slender, Satur.

- 412 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS.

Root perennial. Culm 3-5 feet high, simple, terete, moa sslornggr bearded gives
white appressed hairs. Leaves 6-18 inches long g, lance-linear h, serrulate on the
margin ; sheaths nerved, smooth ; ligu bog att truncate, Siaterod 3 a lanceolate
extension of the margins of the sheath. Panicle 6-9 inches in length,—the ultimate
branches or pedicels of the spikelets, Signed hairy. Abortive spikelet pedicellate,
often a mere awn-like plumose rudiment. Glumes of the ect spikelet lanceolate, indu-
rated, of a 2 ood rail tee color,—the lower or tio 3 one hairy, embracing the ‘upper

one, which is ooth and rather longer. Palee thin and ate ON lower ?
one bifid, edhe below the division ; awn co ontorted, ter obliquely.

Sterile old fields Bovlcsoes t tthe United States. FT. Au ugu: cH. Fr. September.

2. 8. 8 om, Pers. Leav sa tihchatanecbiets, ligule short, ciliate ;
= aig with mie “yerticillate branches, loosely ex panding.
Suaar sorcuum. Broom C

nnual. Culm 6-8 or 9 feet high, and half an inch to an inch in nage ee gree

Spikelets tly in pairs, one of wich. is abortive ( minal 0 gpa n threes, two ‘being
abortive), and fat adhe ye “3 in racemose clusters of Seco ‘S, near
the branches. Uppe' inner tof the fertile oui with a purplish pov aun,
about twice as long the spikelet

Gardens and fields : cultivated, Native of India and Arabia. Fl. August. Fr. Oct.

Obs. This species is cultivated for the sary of which brooms and

brushes are made. It is said that Dr. Franxuiy first introduced Broom

Corn into our country ; he chanced to see a Coes. Whisk in the possession
of a lady, and while examining it, as a eed he spied a grain of it still

attached - the stalk. This he took and ted.

3. S. voiaa’rRE, Pers. -Soccnar' erect or RPS contracted ; glumes

of the fertile pores pubesce

Common Soreuum. Indian men Durra. ‘
Annual. Culm 5-9 feet high ; nodes pubescent. Leaves 6-9 inches long. Panicle 6-
12 inches in lengt th.
Cultivated. Native of India. FI. August. Fr. October.

4, 8. cernv’ ba Saag Panicle densely contracted, oval, mostly rigidly
recurved or umes villous, fringed.

‘Daoorrye ee
Culm 6-8 feet high ; lower nodes emitting verticillate radicles. Leaves 12~

Annual.
18 inches long. Panicle 4-6 inches lon; ee green _ d, scarcely awned.
Cultivated. Native of India. Fl. Ai = ia : f

varieties as a pr ng plant, under t inese
orghum, Sorgho, Imphee, &c. The ical character of
the Sugar Plant does not seem to be se ,—it being referred by some
S. saccharatum others to S. bicolor,—and by some writers it is
of as Holeus saccharatus. bly a variety of S. VULGARE,
and introduced into Pe ia forty years ago

of “ Chocolate Corm;” and the seeds were roasted by the farmers’

GRASS FAMILY. 413.

as a substitute for coffee. The plant is very rich in saccharine matter,
and affords an excellent syrup; but the sugar is uncrystallizable, and as
yet no process ie a been discovered by a das which sugar can be pro-

uced from it in any quantity. Those interested in this matter
will find a fall, account of all that is ie ‘iret t known concerning the
culture of this grass, whether for syrup making or as a food for stock,
in @ work called “ Sorgho and Imphee,” by Henry 8. Ocorr, published
by A. O. Moorg, New York.

ae

GLOSSARY

OF THE

PRINCIPAL BOTANICAL TERMS USED IN THIS WORK

a The reader will bear in mind, that where compownd descriptive terms are e:

ployed ta wie = the last member of the compound word is intended to give the

predom acter—and that the word or syllable presixed, merely indicates a

modi, tation. - ‘that character : as, for men 3 —“ovate-lanceolate” signifies

late, at somewhat to ovate; while “lance-ovate” means ova ith som

Of the wes rm, &c. 80 of colors : Boyes -green,” “bluish-green,” &e.

that green yy the prevailing er Fie that it is tinged with a shade of yellow, blue, &e.

Term s indicative of the of a organ, 5 As call ortion of — “large,” “small,” or
vidal -sized”—are, fo pe course, “tolative have reference to the usual or average

dae of mah parts, or organs, in other spucien of the same oun, & r family.

A; at the commencement of a word, signi- | A Sharpes ending in an angle, or puint:

fies the absence of some part, z po rou
lous, destitute of petals When the word Adherent: attached to, or united with an-
commences with a vowel an is prefixed. er differe organ,—as the calyx-tune
Atlnormai; different from the regular or to oo ovary, oh See coherent.
usual structure, Adnate; adherin g laterally ; fixed or grow-
Abortion; an imperfect development of} ing :
any organ. Adnentitious; ha pony irregularly ; not.
Abortine; not arriving at perfection; pro- roduced natural yo usually,
ducing = ene Byuilate val; ogg sed Sage —
Abrupt; ot gradual ; sudden. Aistivation. The ich sepals
Abr ruptly scumifiate | suddenly narrowed| and petals are gms ce - flower-
an acuminatio: bud, before they expan
Abruptly pinna See ae rmath, e second growth of the
dulescent; apparently a: grasses i e Same season, after
Accessory; additional, or pence rn pone
Aceumbent cotyledons ; ‘uaving the adicle | regated >. wded, or standing to-
applied to the = rved alon ute eT on He peti focepticla, z
the a of the ptyledons pa prese' ated | Ak rene (or Sg aircon! A 1-seeded 1 :
by this sign, rat ws in some Cru eife | with a ay indehiscent pericarp,—often |
Tous plan bony or nut-like.
Meeroeks eam and ‘meediatike, os Juni- ais Wings, or membranous axe
per leaves, &c. sions. oe
sete m, See Akene. Aletos winged; having a membranous
d2ous; lied to flowers that er. Be
have no floral Ha ey Aliiumen, A deposit of nutritive mat-
penser) ee needle-shaped. Ma distinet from the Embry: boro
lédonous; destitute of cotyledons, or many seeds, — and som es (as
Seed-leaves, in the ) consti their chief

Acrégenous plants. Plants which gro bulk. : ar
develop f from the apex or summit, only, | Albiiminone seeds; furnished with, or con-
of th taining album ss poe feo aie
Asrogene Aen or acrogenous Alternate; not opposite ; alternately —
Plants ;—which see. on the axis, or ig gerne boney:
Mshintdt sunincy unecane | oat oe
H com co
“ing ws ending in Prgeocth vp orar ent. A slender spike of naked and
point. ally sepai owers, with imbr
Acumindtion. Ansinetes tapering potat, | ed or bracts.

o

416

— nggneon definite form.
embracing or clasping the

ae piirépous ovule; when it is half
verted and eam across the apex of the

0 ps Sea yo y organ resembling,
: paper aed aie or equivalent to, another

bod,
A caencang applie ied to branching ves-
al which in inoseu ate, or unite again, like

Se ttrypows ovule eed, Turn ed;
inverted on the fainfeulue, © so that aig ori

Andrecium; a m employ to designate
be Ganthate Daten Hb : flower ; the
tamens or fertilizing organs in the ag

te.

dng, rogynous; having staminate and pail:
late flowers distinet, bat on the
spike, or p
Angiospermous ; having the seeds con-
tained in a distinct pericarp or seed-
vesse
; having angles, or corners, most-
ly of a determinate number.
fon ae applied to leaves, & S. which
ual, or Pranewed every yea
pea: living or beatin! tose an ‘year.
Ann ular; the i sis “9

Annu late; havin rhe sit.
nomalous; n pee to rule or sys-
tem ; forming - carve ar to usual ap-
aranc

cig

-in - Se

GLOSSARY.

d; dry, as if destitute of sap.
ritate having-an eats

expansi ion e fun niculus
“ sees stalk, forming a ee (and often
ety) = of the seed.

ned; having awns, or bristle-
Ate Posen:
Armed; having thorns or prickles.
Aromatic; having a spicy flavor or fra-

Articulated; jointed ; connected by joints,
or places of separation
rticulations. Joints; the places at
which articulated members are sepa-
rable.
Ascending; rising from the ground ob-
ane ely.
ae rising in a curve from a declin-
e
Attenuated; tapering gradually until it be-
comes slender.
ag ig te; having rounded appendages at
base, like ears.
Awn.’ <A slender _bristle-like process,—
common on the chaff of Grasses ; some-
+t +h & e
— nei with awns, or bristle-like

appe
Aealeee pierre of awns.
peg The e angle between ven a leaf and stem,

Aeitiary: growing in, or proceeding from,
t
mere Prey central stem, or peduncle; or, 3
aginary central line extending
oe the base to the summi
Baceate; beets ed,—becom: = or suc-
a berry.

~ eulent, lik ect

nterio.

next f the brat, or fattest Flas the
The iy or capsule, containing
ee pollen, —nsually supported on a a fila.

Aanterigorows bearing Anthers.
introrse or antrorsely; pointing forwards,

pappus or crown.
Banner; the — — petal of a ay
ionaceo} ae flower, — called,

NE

Barb. Ask str:
or pea teeth pointing backwar

aight process, axed wines
Basa nating at, or affixed to, the i

seeps destitute of petals; not having
a corolla.

Apes; the summit, upper or outer end.

Aphy nnd destitute Be leaves.

i tipt with a minute abrupt

Beenie having some appendage

ape wove pressed to, or lying close

against.

Approwimate; growing or situated near
_éach other.

ola
- Aquatic; crowing naturally in water, or in| -
Biecarinate; ha

wet places.
ro ceapreeel resembling a x spe web.
escent; approaching

bAboviitee cited or bent like a bow.

of chotter r orga, 5

Bea ag rminal process, like a bird’s

Beaked; having, or term in, a beak.

ae sree of furni th |
hairs erm is applied, also, to

rary. Fond i fruit, in which

the seeds are imbedded.
Bi, in composition, meaning two or twice;

Bibracteate; having 2 bracts. cast
le; having 2 small bracts,

he size or height |
Bidén

Arai "A small cavity,—as in the dase
some akenes. oe

GLOSSARY,

ifiirious; in eve series, or opposite rows;
ointing i n tw Sf at ons.

By ne two-cleft, or split into segmen
Bifcliate; having or eeodpeier’ | leaves.

ah Soden forked; ending in two equal

BES : having 2 hunches, or gibbous
pro tsps
em having or producing two

Bi-laviate; hi
ee secokanie Jamelle, or thin
pia

Bilébe a having 2 cells.

Bipartil le; separable into 2 parts.

Bipartite; two-parte

Bipinnate leat. Twice pinnate ; sae

nm oppo

aving 21 i
having 2

s bearing pltatie: te ~
t ted
anon iyid

Bi-r

0
stoned 8- , and each division, or
leaflets.

h, bearin
Bivalved; here 2 valves.
miecoees having 2 bellied or distended

Mees. powdery coating on certain
fruits, rea a4 the plum.

Border ; the sum at or upper spreading
part of a calyx or corolla.

ped; ibettaetattoldt and concave,
or hollow, like a bowl.

Bréichi the branches spreading,
opposite and decussate,

Bract, floral leaf; a modified leaf, from
the axil of which arises the flower-branch,
or pedunele.

Bracteate; ae -d with

e

Bractiae destitute of brae
Bra pees = all branches, or subdivi-
cons

3 a madaie elastic hai stra t or
hooked, ce wi

Bud: A growing point, ur undevelo
oa conersa vith the ruadim stir seed alg
eaves.

Bulb, A kind of bud, formed of
Seales, or coats, and usuall
ound—sometimes in the

Dulhifor beari ‘odueing bulbs.

e€rous; ng or producing bu
formed of, or ike bulb. :

fleshy
goad
of th

417

Callus, A compact gristle-like tubercle, or

subst
Calyesform; shaped like a calyx.
Caleuiaies having an additional (astially
ter

cp her

yet cap or hood (resembling

the extinguisher of a candle ) on the fruc-

tifica: of the mosses.

cae *tThe flow: pee ape or outer (and
7 th, + of a flower,

bate; in the form of a bell.
mpy 8 ovule ; 4 seed. Where the
i upon itself, and thus brings
the orifice, or apex, near to the funiculus.
Conationlgle;« reneigtg or furrowed.

Candie
ia pe ry ¢ ridliak with a whitish

a usual],
ttt
—

3

off immediately, or ear-

Wer thee usual for such organs. tk
; spurred; process like
Soe t aly hol,

ULACEOUR.

es
mbling, or being, a capsule.
. hollow nent vessel,—usu>
g by regular valves and defi-

eel.
‘arinaies “Keeled ; paxing 5 a Hadas on the
a ck, like the Keel of a boa

Clinpet era heat’ tae peuiee han é
fr or constituent portion of a compound
oot See eee
" coo hard, yet suena:

Ca sgt

tim
core ete
ere ag indajuecens ae isola
surface of oe in the
Orda . Cyperae eR, 94 e Utricle,
Catkin ; see ins?
Cauda. A tail. idliles having s tall, or
tail- _— ag endage. rs
Tauléscent; haying
Cine; re to, or

oe ra up of little cells oF carte
‘Hes ac of membranaceous sacs. _
r plants. The lower orders of plar
“neluding the Mosses, and these bel
composed exclusively of ¢

engages —where the cen-

the
osbere,- x = the ne flowering commences at. ;
sees pense nein cad Se

; Contripatol te

flowers of a oe | or Bere geriee sd a
ocean hg the flowers expand, —
in : from the circumference: o

4

418

Cereal; ———e. to Ceres; belonging to
those farinaceou prin or seeds, of
whith bread is made,—and over which
the goddess Gre ‘7 supposed, by the
aarp to preside.
Cérnuous; nodding; the = os summit
turn ds.

3;

GLOSSARY.-

kind,—as stamens coherent with each
other, &e. See adherent.
ch al; ates a be side; or on the
same side of a organ.
pred: of any qhier color than green.
atthe a little colum
The

ing, or ned dow axis or “contral pillar o:
L-epitose; having many st g fror pti ae or the combined filaments, and
th root, forming a tuft, or tussock. style of a Gynandrous or Orchidaceous

a embrane,—usually the| plant.
small husks, or ser sove f the gra: Coma; a terminal tuft of hair, bracts, &c.
3 also the br receptucle of | Commissure, The line of junction of two
many compound nt other aggregate| bodies—as the face of wir
flowers, mericarps), in U. LIFER.
Choffy; bearing chaff; also resembling | Common (petiole, peduncle, be ape
chad. to 0, staining,
Chann Longitudinal grooves; the in-
terst severe vetiveen the ribs on the fruit of Oona having * tuft or a seg bed ae
umbelliferous plants bracts, or leave: end.
Channelled; grooved oF r furrowed. Gepod. co rae ar Be or pressed rate ether.
Character in Natural His Rete The Compl. ower; haying both x and
tures of obj sa or classes of objects, ce corolla.
> imncenc they > Sega wn, and distinguished | Compound; simple,—but made up of
from similar simple og
Chartaceows; a texture resembling that of | Compound jiower. An aggregated cluster,
per. or head of fyngenedious sbi Hace on
Obstetoe: A sear,—such as that left at the| a enone Teceptacle, and embraced by
place of articulation, after the fall of a} an involucre, or many leay he eommon
fo nie
Oui’ Hairs arranged like eye-lashes, along oe leaf. Consisting of several leaf-
ets, or

Ciliate; i hg
hairs like
—— perl havi ng serratures “resem

bling ei ee Sofa Ale bajo

ia; hairs like
gored Rie any achioa
Cinéreous; of the color of wood ashes.
with the apex rolled back on
com like the young fronds of a fern
; eut round Yas versely, or
eponitie he ede like a mg box
bearing tendrils, o:

Cirrhose; terminating
in a tendril.

Cirrhus. A tendril—which

Claas. + orlitiady’ divi-

One of the higher 0
‘sions of eset or other natural objects, in
a systematic ent.
; thicker towards the

; elub.
‘summit, or outer A,
Clavellate; in the form of a little club,—i.

slender taperi:
the middle.

Bi eh ¢ ee ae ek BS

| Cone. eo am

abe PENA ang ng por-|

Og oi split, oF a ‘divided, less than half way elas
altos. ‘left.

lamin, each articulated with the
— petiole, and ultimately falling
ro)
— mponnd af cor Mare nisi of 2 or more
pels, or simple ovaries, cohering to-
prt thee
pound Umbel. An Umbel in which
“each primary ee or ray, bears @
small umbel ai mit.
Compressed ; flatte 2 | as if squeezed or press-

Concave; presenting a hollow or rer
surface.
Joneentric layers, or circles, Circles 0
—— —- or diameters, with a co! ro

Cones vita: ogether, or united.
Condiaplicate: fouled eri bea? or fold-
ed togeth pies a sheet of paper, or the
sear ey s of

Conte. , Conic, O Oona ‘Sayin te the ‘fig-
ure of

Cingtvent: “ented, or running together;

Gujene ner.
eens: Bee Rac

a7 A fant “belonging to the same

related.

yuckler.
Saeco A flowers; appearing at the same
time with the leaves.
; contracted, or crowded into a
Orecus poous (ura poh). A kind of semi-

Coehtea Loli Hew A sett shetl
Coherent ated wih an organ of the same

| or heaped together.
Contugute in coupled.
pi faite thie their bases unit-

cote tee
ing towards

GLOSSARY. 419

fragant, ;Anvariable ; also never failing, or |
wanti
Conti tiguosss; 40 near as to seem to touch.

cae tages without interruption, or artic-
ulat
Contorted; twisted; or obliquely overlap-

ing.
Contra iiapel narrowed, or reduced into a
pas,

valves of the Perl arp.
Convex; presei ie an elevated rounded
surface.

Convol ea é; roll

Crammed having appendages resembling a

Brateda te ng Sige ged Dees petals ar-
tes
iy Endedeta? having 8 a ier brittle snell,
Cr paeehaietiaes Plants which are
destitute of Fi D edxnte me Naver
Cucitlate; in the form of a cowl; the
edges potled in so as to meet at Depend
spreading, above,—like a hood t

Culm. The stem of the Grasses, and Cy-

Cordate; heart: me iacor ia. ying sinus or
notch ‘at the base.
Cordate-oblong; oblong, with a cordate

aceous; tough and leather like.

ring or Cormus, <A fleshy subterraneous
stem, of a round or aval fieure, and an
uniform compact texture, as in Arum, or
Indian Turnip.

Corneous; having the consistence or appear-
ance of ‘horn.

Corniculate; having little horns or spurs.

Cornite; having ap ‘appendages like horns.

Coréila, The inner thee of
the hers etree, the calyx

mode of Since: a kind of
raceme, with the lower peduncles elongat-
form a level to
Corymbise: in the manner of the Corymb.
rik a ; having the flowers in little
Rt

» ribbed. >
aes The napintas rst crude
leaves of a fra ny rmed in te seed ;
; ei een pometime 8 bec mine green leaves in
egetat:
Oratertfonm: in the. Soe of a cup or bowl,
4 or hem mispherical 4
ae the ground, an
wetting to forth eS eral Ny -
on the edge, with the =e:
“ment Founded, a and not inelining towar
er ex
Crenulate; y ely erenate.
Crested; Bay ia poy Plone resembling | Dehiscen
Crisp; curled, or ;
Cristate; crested 5 "ving acre
Crose; or acl by ie ising prs or. bale,
nearly

Oren thickly sot: aera close
Orn di pe of ented

peraceous plan

Cuneate, or cuneiform; wedge-shaped ;
ht edges to the

Cuputle, the cup-like involucre of the

oe

Cusp. A stiffish regina >

Cue spidate; cys t vetifish

sharp point.

Cadickts es ueerag skin,—usually thin and

Oyathtforms en retina and hollowed at the
summit like a cu

Cylindric; long, round and of uniform
d te

Cyme. A znd 9 f panicle, depressed near-
ly tothe form of an umbel,—with the
Petneioal peduncles arn from the same
centre, pe subdivisio’ a irene,
MmoOse; th the flowers ee eymes, idl

times ed Verticillaster:
Desiadveal having ten distinet ‘stamens,
gape prs 0 rok: a ae time, or
at the e durable

Gee Bee eee ig
Rats
constant oF or terminate (and

De ted bat of, or downwards. —
Dien gaping or opening nai

Demersed; growing or being under water,
De closely arranged ;
Diaiais twootheds cdgea with soothe

[cpio eid very Bein’, feet —
aoe Depr

“enn globular, with the base

GLOSSARY.

spy separated, or sorts to the base,—

r to the pee ib, if a leaf.

and aj
Dé; in y sadoerhtet ae Do. ors belon: ging to, or growing on, the
Diddelphous; wie oe filaments united
Podge | Eye) ne 9 and 1, with a Dordt suture. The line or seam on the
: eae heute back of a earpel, or folded leat,—being a

id: avhig 2 he place of the midrib; the opposite of
Did ars Srantoaicat- ‘permititie tieht central suture,—whicel ee.
-_ to pass throu Dorsally compressed ; flatted on the back
Dichotomal flower. eat in the fork | Dots, inute tubercles, or specks.

ofa bbe mote stem or branch Dotted; covered with dots, a or mi-

ed; regularly “divided
and snbilvided, = two ato branches.
mous;

Downy; clothed with soft fine hairs.

nute Sood slightly elevated points
ore than

Dicli he stam eae and pistils
—whetl n the sam

Where the em

my in pairs and

Sree sin and 2 shorter

ot Re in a bilabiate, ringent, or

auding widely in a loose irreg
ine

nodding.
Drupaceous;

drupe-like,— of a stru
resembling . BSA a or what is anally

rir aay
sy? ulent, or spongy
i veils without valves, containing 3
seeded nut, or ston
nm A Wt41
ti 4 f a } comporind pclae chats as oat
wh

; destitute of; not

+i

” “Where a simple perole
veral distinct a Fo had
fexieod mumit,—

‘hed with.

eate ; destitute of brac'

mobdracteo a deatitete of trie ctlets.

Ee uate; destitute of a cauda, or tail.
hedgehog-like; covered with

Digynows; having 2 pistils, or 2 distinct
8
ere made <a stretched or ex-

ded.
rous; composed of two parts,—

es ceive or ent, when weirs ibe
Dimidiat shal

ved, ——as if one side, or half

en cut off.

Ding of g. hing soiled, smoky, or leaden-

on Diab ous, having staminate

an pistillate flowers on distinct

ly, or yoamous;
having perfect and imperfect flowers on
_ different plan

4 having 2 petals.
potoanes A disk of com-
vrith t ray-florets.

leaf; also the
a head of com-

haces: ent into sae GE

pe ig ment. The en petweet the
of seed-vesse
Distant; having a ee intervening space

than usual.
Distichous; two-rowed; bearing
flowers, ba in : opposite TOWS.
not angrier with
with any

leaves,

each Ceher: gros ous
Divaricate hme Spreading so as to
form more a right angle with the

.., Stem corals
Ba oe ees! spreading we ; making a

- cles

Minute, club-shaped filaments,

Ww nich bok ead tele the spores vot oer
togamous pl Pipher

ain

rollhig assist a apart thos spores.
E lliptic, or slptioat oval ; fons than
cael with the two ends narro arrowing

ally.

££ longated: exceeding the usual or average
E Tapeeag: becoming gradually and final-
ly elongated#®

sot virgin ate; having a notch or sinus at the

Diebrysi The young plant in the rudi-
mentary state, — a3 ae in the seed.
Ae raised 0 water.

arp. mbranous © bon ny
portion of t' 3 periemtgs wehcli dines the
vide ft or pi the cells for
= ont the stone, or hard shell in &
End oo plant ants. Those which have &
sing cotyledon, — grow by central
di: ‘of ne distending oT

to apex.
Entire vere steer marge ot

neision, noteh, or
Siete aa aie

even moran

om. « nearly so, with

the stem. |

GLOSSARY.

£picarp; the outer coating of the peri-
Pry ahah or a es
er outer skin or ¢
Bpigcan
g,

ean; tttod eg rising, chews
fpigynous; adnai

i

n
more especially gpa: exempl
ghee and Araliace.,
pipetalous anerted.o the petals.
Epi sintiae pe Poser among them-
lves,—as_ calyx-segments, se tal
pipanted: ad AEH oe, oi

rnate distichous
leaves a infolded lengthwise and nerds
ach the sine $s inclosing or

= ate of

ttom of them ovary,
the cell, and point upw ec
*, 5 Jarl rly

eaten.

ing plan
yt them white py @ the exelusion of
as practised with Celery, Endive, {
nt; disappe: mates

heh
See

ing.
Even.

lade ea
in pairs

pees vanish-

nate leaf.
or without a terminal od
ofted termed adru uptly-pin
Eoergreen; continuing green, and persisting
eee

With the — all
one;

Bsoontris a Pa gach & axis, or

= fogthed Fas
Fastigiate, level Piast
d bra: all

8, |

421

a little bundle, or vere of
peer fi originating

Lave on,
wers, leaves,
me

x are growing in
rt from the same point.
Pgs pisses of |
the
heigh
Wvose; re pitted; somewhat like a
honey-coi
Feather. veined 1 eaf. ere cent
veins (or es) diverge regula’
each ne of the midrib, —like the ie

| Fistular, o:

: of the color of rust of iron;

Fe having perfect pistils, and produc-
ing Poit
Fibrous; ec composed of fibres, or thread-like

Fide; on m the pine or authority, of.

Filame “part 0 of the stamen
casanily thread. like) which supports the
anther.

ie ite very slender and terete, like a

fringes, or fringe-like pro-

PFimbriate; finely divided at the edge,
like
Fimbrituate; clothed with fmbrille (1. e.,
membranaceous, linear or Poser fila-

i = Sing le of wr oping
issure; ‘ it, erac or narrow ning.

hollow and terete,
like a Pipe, tubul ‘
iform; fan shapdw thes ile -

Flaccid; so limber as to bend by its own

wel; ht.
bate; to throw off layers or —as | Flagélliform; long, slender, and pliable—
fi &e. : miei like pyc lash.
Esigonous p ha spe = Heat a snecession
om co! coadean of short ra curves.
pe = Floccose; or floceulent; covered with flocks,

—and gr
te oe layers of wood ont new mater)
on oe spun the old wood and ;
PS cenit outside-growers; plants which
cay tee annual additions to the out-

mot om ab oe

the tube of the

ie ee
i | Floats
ad saga ‘oaiitelia we :
of flow pepe Known as ealys ge
Flor et; ne aie ae ofthe
r oA wer; be
num compound or or aggregated flow- :
ee ;
Floriferous;
greene of
Foliote; a ieactie. - pocmee
—_ -eapsular fru aca reer longitu
fy gor gh ne
Feralar! we constructed like, or
a folicle.
(plural,

flowers.
be sie peissgs and texture

eS

ng to, or situated near & o

422
Frondose; \eafy,cr with leaf like appendages.
oo camels the flower and fruit, with
uit @ ovary or seed-vessel,
t; becoming shrubby, or hard and
brub-like, or

h and soft tex

ne,
tile cord by which seeds
are Stacked se the plopenin:

Funnel form; — rie gi and expand-
ing above—like

Furcate ; forke

Pata ey. or seurfy, like bran

oe greyi —— or deep brown,
Fusiform; ate ape) terete and ta-
= Sinmalha = a point.

Galea;
a ring

ee helmeted resembling a casque,
orh

Gamo;

= a the arched upper lip of

petals having the petals al] more

or united,—forming what is called
(Gather incorrectly) 8 monopetalous co
eis ; having the sepals all more
— united,— —forming a monosepalous

Dominate ; in Une
Generic;

r relating to a genus
Momteuiaie: res an angle at the joints,
like a bent knee
Caen pl — genera); a group of species

with each other in the struc-
e

GLOSSARY.

Glimerules;
ters

Glatiiebegsies chaff like; resembling chaff
or glumes,

Glumes: the bra outer chaff, em-
bracing the spikelets ‘of the grasses (calyx,
vl Linn. )s — Pa

small dense, roundish cius-

; covered with an adhe-
an uid.

Grain ; fruit of the true grasses, sometimes
calle: da Ssh

Gram ver ras resembling grasses.

Crit (ores ing a grain, or grains.

Granular; Earned of grains or small parti-

cles.
Bier ocala i 2
not inclosed ina

haying the seeds naked,
pericarp.
Gy iy Bar rous; having the stamens growing
one - adhering -_ ~ ‘pistil.
G eas the ae
hate ‘portion gre the
bearing organs, pellveties an
eh abe 6 ty os pistil-cover or tube
med by onnate filaments, in the
pov fan ly.

tive place of gro
ah one pS veges —as aif one half had been
Hastate; shaped like a halbert; lanceolate,
with a divaricat h side of the
Sse,
Heud; a dense roundish elnater of sessile

flowers.
Heptandrows; having 7 stamen
Her sone ‘hot a of a oudie con-
siste ce, and} usually ctible by frost.
Herbarium; a Soon re dried speci-
ants.

oman ie
Egpovceeel of a se or swelled out, On one
aaelron ye smoot without
aria Ty h, without any rough-
Gland ; asm:

glundular-pubes-
cent: ae heacat and the hairs

ti

or put

ucous; sity ~ ge or greenish-
white; aoruek Writ ~ iat
tmeali

eenish white

Pcs antes over eh to, or becoming,

|

vbey plands ween are not woody—of &
mi cture than trees and

oy ee cgaes Be

Haterophyltows; hx ving leaves of different

Prater > acbeliies of 6 parts.

Hewandrous; haying 6 oe stamens of equal
en

mine : on a seed, at the point

attachment to the faniculus. .

— gh-haired; clothed with stiffish

Hispid; bristly ; beset with d, spreading,
a se i seca

Hoary; eo a white or whitish pu-
fg

Ik of Syngene- :

are
sexual |

heads, Heads
sious flowers, in which all a
of similar structure and the
character.

ee Se

GLOSSARY. 423

from the ~ ~ the cell, pointing neith Eig igs as Umbel, Panicle, Raceme
es — @ nor

2 pro he to or el ti bli th hie —- ng its base resting
f pan See Spur. rectly on the apex of the filame

Horny; of a texture or consistence like
. horn. See ———
ye) tm, The mould, or soil, eh vey the
mposition of ve, etable ma!
ty ain. ——— —. Pen gla.
brid; breed betw
two vari rieti on me ioe allied Pa? tg
partaking of ‘each but different — both.
Hypogean; situated, growing, or remain-
ing, under quran
Hypignous,. inserted beneath the ovary,
on the receptacle, and free from
the Syrroanding organs.
Ieosimdrous; having about 20 stamens,
hich are ‘perigynous,—é. ny doomtagite. to,
or apparently inserted on the rim eb the

oon ted ; fixed upon, _ growing 0 oa of.

Internode. That portion of a eulm, or
stem, between the nodes or aio a

In tempat iolar stipules. Situ ated 0 rT origi-

saree 2 between the p PP
vatapeaeieiiie having intervals; or the con-
Bes — broken.

rruptedly pinnate; havin;
“hg - leaflets, between oe pair of
rT e
hideucguinaine stipules.
rey

ashi: Fete Us.

Introrse suthove Having the cells turned
inwards, or towards the rane —_ the
orate or connective, ip the

Imbricate, or imbricated; the edges ly:
closely and regularly over tho —_ ‘series,
—like shingles on a roof, o €8 On &

Imperfect flower; when either stamens or
pistils pert deficient.
Incised; cut or gashed; separated by inci-
sions.

ou le.
Inversely : ina contrary position; end for
en de down.
Invotice The ee of leaflets at cons
of an t,

Tietalioaattate: pe hacia inyolucels,
Inoolit tera: — ‘ha aving an involucre,
Involucre. "An assemblage oe ——

Inclinate, or inclined; be
the

leaves rts

Incumbent cotyledons. Havi ae ee
bent over and applied to the back of on
- oo cotyledons (represented by this

Incurved; — or curved inwards
Sete pene ot distinctly limited, or de-

fate Wa us, and of no constant or

es calyx. Ha mink the pci Srioovs,

from the
DPnior ovary, Situated apperentiy bel below
erate to the tube of the sai are con.
Sequently bearing the segments (if any)
7 distended

panying forms 0!
inflorescence,—usually yerticillate at oe
base of an Umbel,—or in imbricated

Bi r around the heads of

,
in size and sha
Keel. A longitudinal ce
back of a leaf, sepal, &c., resem! the
keel of a boat: also, the lower pair
of ners tals in a papilionaceous

ieaaledl 7 having a ke eel. See Carinate.

ee rel the nucleus, or seed contained

wot solid, inseparable, 4
often primers pensar in the stem of aa

Lacenite divided into irregular Segments a :

| Lémellate; div ided or dilated into thin,

plates.
Lani. thin layer or plate; the
pte! oie — jon of So til oe or Petal

Laeunose }
little eriee ¢

424

ovate, &c., with something of the lance-
olate form.
Lance-ovoid ; ee with a swelling
base ‘and tape ering
inous . Glicthed with a loose wool.
Lateral; at the side.
ally compressed ; flatted on the
sides tho.la ards
h othe:
i Jose, or limber ; not compact,
pee leay ves; we constituent
und

teral e edges pressed tow:

Laiplike ‘ ge ieee having a texture
and poy resembling a leaf.

Leafy (joliosus); furnished or abounding

- with area

Bean,—or fruit formed of a

single “carpel ze 2 valves, with the seeds

affix picalon ou ope r suture, only.

g the structure ‘of a
podneing the fruit

GLOSSARY.

terminal segment largest and mostly

rounded.
Mamiilate ; conical, with a rounded apex.
Marcescent; withering and shrivelling on

the stem, instead of falling off.
Margi he edge or circumference of a
wing or other expansion ; also, = ag

worplaats or mar. acne having a
or edging of a texture or color diferent
from that of the disk; surrounded by a
bh -like expansion, ‘or nafrow mem-

sat ila 8, Bands or thin plates of
cellular ans, which pass from the pith
to as Boers in woody stem

Me robe ucing or contain honey.

Me or membranous; thin, ©
flexible, and v often ba cea translucent.

Méricarp; he Uniriaive to the indehis-

car M

sioner rie pits Rael bat ic on
both faces.
ture.
Lignescent; becoming somewhat woody.
Ligulate, Se reD aver, or ribband-shaped ;

_ usuall

; woody; of a firm woody tex-

t and

re y membranous appen-
dag e base of the leaf, ey summit
of t the sheath in the grasses.

Limb; the sumit of 5 peoose pala oul bel
or thew reading part o

thee: the _ twelfth part of an inch,

Zinear; of an uniform width; long and

upper

sniel

Attar
Lip; the upper or under division of a

labiate flower; or ara ower perianth-

segment of many Orchidaceous flowers.
a oe division, or segienty ofa neal,

or a gam

lous coro las Salagiy cag

Lobate, or lobed; eut or divided into poe

Loculicidal dehiscence ys the
bag opens naturally on the back ora
G. bao the dorsal suture) directly

into th

indehisee
seede edeA t ae contracted
seed, and fin ant oh separating at the joint-

like co ee neg pods “ie
ecunis or of
2 or an ss with a oint-like con-
pte edna or Tse partition, between
he seeds.
sep gm , eee ays parallel with

See oe base Malina: many

apex.

p= emlgalamens Mu

nt 2- or several-| JK
ted between each | Monosé

pea in the proper coats
the pee pains i
Midrib. ect
appar rally ya
| Monadelphous; “having the filaments
usually ee a —
Mi a single stam
Mono; in pete one or sin oe
Moniliform; arranged —— or resembling
the beads of a necklae
‘onoclinous; having the stamens and pis-
tils in the s same flow.
Monocoty
Db: ro has b ingl

of a seed tw

th
tyledo:
Mon bet ee eeeription (usually am
oe ae ataboratey of a ea thing, or

ene ass bedi 3 ce bg of a Genus, Tribe, or
Mor ong yous: having but one pistil.

us, or Monoicous; ‘ovine stami-
nate and | pistillate flowers distinct, but on

—
fy oe ankDt oly gamous,
having | pertiet and im: oie perkeee Howers on on
eee same. plan nt. Sed
; having but one petal ; or,
more correctly, the petals united into
one. See Swe aeons ap
ongepel isting of e apes io
stor con: 0 ae ee
rather, several sepa
eouauelakets.

nilenaghs ot term = y the or
small projectin: int, usually the pro-
longation mor of the crt

ha y
riatnal projecthig pont: a
2 cut inte numerous
en
A number poco 7 another
cae 9 is San oa
or re :
RACY! oat

Iyre-shaped; pinnatifa, with the| auitiple.

.

Ob; a a preposition which See the usual
- Meaning of

GLOSSARY.

prornge of sil ae flowers into one aggre-
gat = mass, n the Pine-apple, Mulber
Ty,
Muricate; arm
ike a ae penal or
lik Uren,
miticous; eater or pointless:
the opposite of mucronat
ed. of the tout covering, or
as a stem. without leaves or
ithout cate ge nee, corolla
calyx or ¢ seeds without
a rec Fo af without son —
metic Bk ut an involuer
‘orm; turnip-shaped.
Order, fui, or
r

ed or covered w T
acute ecieakciae,

be. me
up 0 indroa d gen
rae peli related a n thei
Tucty ost im: hg
Nectariferous; ae modnetaer sybee
oaory. That o: or Satta of a flow-
which seeret ake a sed orn a ah ae soabtd

aires or coarse rib-like

e base to,

x.
Neutre or rare pa Having neither
stamen nor
SS turning downwards; somewhat |
ping.
Node, The knot, or solid and often tumid
Fo eel of a oe or branch.
oe ving nume:

odose Tous nodes or tumid
ormal; according, to rule; agreeing with
the pattern or ie
~ i oeig nut.
tral body; the seed or

fruit.
ed indehiscent fruit,
ally containing a si
i word to which it is pre
essed ak akenes the Compost-
Flattish, wi ts tbe. gremkear diam-

#.)
eter — tie to ieft—or witht with the ~~ a
oe

fe inversely lanceolate,—or with

Sat Fi had ae c.)| O
xtend

yee Sa iti and ta-
position Lor horizontal and
ron its unage

py ecg d felon
or produced

:
Obovate; inversely ovate—or with the
broadest end above. _
rse
Ob ; indisti
Odbtuse; blunt, or rounded.
pe Phot turned contrary to the usual po-

Gehre ranous stipular sheath,
jm tient ae like a boot-leg; as in
Polgonum, ete.
Ochr wherpecren yellowish-white, or cream
¢o
Octandrous; havin
Odd- pee nats leaf. Stari ing in te leaflets 4
posite Lary with a terminal odd one
ante termed impari- bins
inal; used i, ot or belonging to, a ok
or medical ot
pe awicran sy of the nature or quality of pot-
ot transparent.
rs opening like a lid that is fixed
_
ectly against each
er, at the same height, on contrary
he
fae wes seiner and flat, like a coin: oe
ength and breadth equal and the ciren
erence an even circular line: a Loker ae“
Fre ho to ert oo flatted r See Terete.
x Brow be allied natural
iat asi subd Class, embrac-
kis ndred @
oblans sibs en | ie the Bes or to an
Ordinal names. The pe of the Natural
se or families bad oo lan
gree not
turned fon its original or

curv: rved,
natu ral acai,

es

el, or fruit;

nogceen cbs pelt
tes Hat “re at salt
car the base
ovate at base. :
the OS oe ii
Onto ol. longs iar
ci aga haped; terete,
“8
neat th the 4, ., having ee ante

Deal sia the ovoid form et

426

Paleaceous; chaffy ; of a chaffy texture,—
or furnished with chaff- like scales.

Panduriform; fiddle-shaped ; chiang, with
the sides contracted, like a violin.

anieled, vei eas — 3 the
or paniculate; disposed in
form of a a

ones more or less sokioeting by rgd eaetin
pte beh and from their form, denomina-

a Pog having the surface | Pent
Mover with dots, or r points, like
The crown of the frnit,—being | Penta

or free ion of an adhe-

segmen
rent calyx, in the Composit, an

d some
other a Re jhairy-like or plu-
op es e form of minute

ea "7 aie growing on, or deriving
der, Mistletoe from, another plant; as Dod.
Parasitic; being or relating to, a Parasite.
Parénchyma. The soft a, cellular
the
as

vasenlar
, parietes). The proces
shell, i circum.
scribes the he ny of a Boe eee
Parietal; affixed capi to, the
paries or outer mes ‘of the -eell of a

ethane ee When the placentz

sae ov pon the 2walls, instead of the
as, ovary or ericarp.

divided deeply, almost to the

Purial; a term applied to constituentspor-

_ tions of a ere psa
Partition Dissepimen
ven fine larly a
nate; y, regu and deeply
eleft, so as to resemble the teeth of a

Pedate\eaf. Like a bird's foot; divided
‘nearly to the fea tg in narrow segments,
with the lateral ones dive:

Ea ose a. ipeawude® the ultimate
branch te vision (next to the ph or |

Peri
ee the feria = little plates

GLOSSARY.

; haying, or being supported
edicel.
Prcuacter asimple flower stem; also th
ommeon foot-stalk of a dimpeciid inflo.
tosanee! :
Ped tuncula te; having a peduncle; not sessile.
pervious to light.

“thy

which it ‘ie
Peltate; i=. i secldo — —
aflixed to r surface,
the ma
Peneil- ors one resembling a painter's pen-
cil o little brush.
anging at
one pes ates ee joastie
Pendulous ovules 0 en? when their di-
rection is Sorte! whwards,

tagonal; having 5 ang!
agynous; ha
Pentimerous; composed of 5 parts.
entindrous; having 5 ni
ypetalous; having 5 petals.
fon, last; the one
next to

Pepo; an tidebiocone fleshy or internally
pulp = t; ui usually ¢ mposed of 3 car-
pels invested b , and with
a San sory as the Melon, &e.

rected nea i or running the

ay thro

—
tal; ivieg more than two years,
and ‘for an Indefate

cafaliict ate; having the stem apparently
fe arora Rept sian oe leaf.

Peri p th ed vessel, or fruit; the
na
Pe m; meyer an the aiirty ota
the Gower ised ta
is both cal and corolla, but ‘fen “used

synonymously hie!
Perigynium; the sac (formed by the the union
a: 2 be an which encloses the ovary

a Tese

thus surro ‘citer the pist
Peripherical; fixed or coiled round the
circumference, or

Périsperm: ad sods tee hasty BONDE -
to, sarmnting, the omibeye ay"
sing ince a h allawmen—which see, ~
Pert e; the vere of teeth bristle,

GLOSSARY.

Persistent; not falling off; remaining be
a the time when similar ar organs usu-

Pooraahyrka corolla, Masked; having the

throat closed by a promine ent palate, as in | Pod.

ria.

Petal. The (usually) delicate colored flow- |
—_ pie |

d pe
wer of more than one petal
petals are |

er leaf. In a flower of o are

ed petals), the corolla an

Same a flow

the ale is the whole and the

the parts.

etaloid; peta ; delicate and colored,

or aye rey a petal.
Péetiolur; seated on, or belonging to, the

427

Plumose; feather-like. A pappus is plu-

mose, nose when each hair has other hairs
d on opposite sides of it,—as in

Cirsium.

dry seed-vessel, narrow

or less slongeiod; and jusually of 2 2 ome

Thete igs onde applied indiscriminately

to both Legumes and Stliques.

polaeoun or Pollinia,. The rane
ss of sole in the Asclepias and
Or
Poly, in Sascnions many.
Polya eaiphens rheving the filaments unit-
aes en

petio * oa in 8 or m
Péetiolute; having, or being supported on, a| Polydandr. oe than ten hypo-
petiole ; ay —- gynous stamens.
Péiole, stem or foot-stalk of a leaf. | Polycotylédonows; haying many seed-
Petiolulate; ‘hating g a partial or subdivided | _ leaves,
petiole. Polygamo-dixcious, or dioicous ;
Petiolute, A little or partial petiole; the} perfect and imperfect i
foot stalk of a > eaflet, sterile) flowers on distinct pleni
Phenigamous, or phane ragamons; hav- | Polygamous; having some tiowers
ing visible genuine stamens or pistils;} and others either s , or
bearing true a a neuter.
Phyllidium. ihe mitation, analogue, or | Polygynous; teri the pistils are nume-
su — na a Toat-asualy 7 ita ted | rous or indefin
foliaeeo abortive com- | Polymorphous, le; assuming, or apt
pound lea to assume, many different pate we

rapeae ae |

with, distinct ct strats hairs.

Pinna, The paired or opposite leaflets of
® pinnate leaf —or more t Ss
inate ron means distinet articulated | Pome. A. & t formed of
ee in pairs, on opposite sides of a| several aginous or y carpels,
simple petiole, imbedded in pulp and invested by the
Pinnatifi leaf, or frond. Cleft in a pin | _ tube of the adherent calyx.
manner, but the segments united or | Pores; small holes, or tubular fia aoe
cont i ess at pilin full of holes, cells, or
innitifidly; in a pinnatifid manner. openings.
mnatasect; Pstd 3 Gienecind or diyid-| Pramorse; end-bitten; ending blunt, as if
ed,—but the segmen t articulated pitt n off. ;
with the petiole, vacookous flowers; appearing before the

uunules, The leaflets or subdivisions of
a bi- tri- or ay a lens or frond.
en

onsisting us wore oka a style, and
sometimes the style is wanting,
Pas “other words, the stigma is ses-

;.the line, oe sige pi ithe
eavity of the o high bears 4
ovules.

Placintal: per

PMokie A sharp process arising from the
nok aa y~and not originating in the

Primary; first in a series in onder of time, a

vb sa sane ae

or ini
Primbrdiake frst’ in
ed to the

428 : GLOSSARY.

Privinose ; ~~ witha glaucous meali.
ness, like a
nnate ; false’ sely or imperfectly
pinnate, —ika leaflets (or rather ceaciarrsetc
saeco culated at base: See Pinnatisect.
a eerl Eapeiteehl with a minute, short

A general term for the hairy

Ramose; branching.
ank. A row, or arrangement in a line.
Ruphe. The nor or little ridge, on one
side of oar us (i. e., inverted) ovules
and seeds, — + the adhesion of a
portion of re iaarlen
oon (Span. Tenmhs &

; an ean). used in reference t

uwbéscent; clothed with 1,

with = rete arene Baye: — ligulate florets
up, A soft, fleshy or juicy m a the a of a compound flower ;

usty ; ae, Se ‘of, orcoy-| also, tstalks, mee enlarged mar-

ered with, fine powde ginal eo Ts, az and

Punctate sca ded as ‘it asm fall of | Receptaci. <= The oan ae the peduncle
small covere: indented on nscecne in — anemone on
ih which the parts of a flower (or entire
neticulate; having very minute pune-| florets) are ceoneds the seat of the
tures, or indented points. Pe ruit, Ae has a — a

Pungent; s rickly at apex; | Hecwrve ack
also sl 8 ae y. ce bent or doubled back w:

Pyramidal; tapering upwards; nsuall
a to 4-sided solids which diminis
apex.

yeqeres a shaped like a pear largest at | 2.

Qua

Quatérnate; 4 together ; arranged in fours.

Quinate ; : together ; aon nged in fives.

of A and peculiar rt

die mod cation produced by the eross

ing or blending of distinct varieties ; or

sometimes, perhaps, accidental forms

rendere: oe by culture, or other

Raceme. aS — si flowering, in which
the peduncle is pote ed,
with ie 1 tower on siiort lateral simple

Racemose; having the a ie
Rachis- or Fesiagane = puma
eles, or jean kale pd which

otis anes ‘pein in a spike; also the
midrib ofa ae eats front.

Radiate; ba rays rs e. spreading ligu- | F:
late florets) att hee ireumference ; as the

junsoate cates where the voles of wiaae| ones

diverge fro mmon centre, o: in
at thes Aro of ba ole. Ph i
Radiat

peti

tm applied to heads of
compound towers in —— = the florets
are is net d direct owards the

irew
Radical: onstage to, or wing imme-
diately Fg the root. ete:
Ra dicat sendin,
t wn

ic Cote oe or belonging to the

| Ramipcation The bran
Teche aaces eer

g out roots, or striking

z or division | Rudiment.

Bipolods having the parts contends

equal among themselves,—as the lobes or
sme of a a corolla,
em seated or growing at an unusual

a kidney-shaped.

er oer having the margin slightly in-
Replicate folded — on i

Réplum. e giv "ee mee pa pla-
cente ae pret 0%" rom the eee
also, be e persistent border of a fallen
gum

Restipinate; eee upside dow

Reticulate ; —— havin:

or Phone
Reticn; having a shallow sinus at the end.
Looluite rolled — kwards, or outwards,
ate -stock,—or root-like sub-
terra! rebels has

Rhombie, or rhomboid ; rhornb-shaped ;
=. four sides, with unequal
ribs, or longitudina?

Rost > beaked ving a process re-
cemblhig Sone pak ‘of a bird.
rosette; arranged in circular
series, ike the petals of a double rose.
Rétata corolla. Wheel-shaped ;

alous (or y and
° eee very short tube.
; itels are hatelrsto cue-s0uebie
Bae gisboes rippin ed —
in ent. An

|
/

GLOSSARY. 429

een i peonins reddish-brown, or Hast The leaflet, or distinct portion of a

Rufous; ere ala or rust colored, | Sé Roi : resemb se een and
Rugose ; wrinkle prac Eg sae Sept iicns

Ruguilose ; finely wrinkle Septicidal dehiscence. Whe mpound
uminated; a Bani Game ——— seh oid opens by splitting the dissepi-
albumen—i. é, é@, the carpels separ: m
wrinkled o r pli chan cou ee fieviniing each other, ‘nd open to the seeds by the
membrane —— ae the folds. ntral “Becleora

Luwneinate ; mblin. e teeth of a

thill-saw ; waneow ih ri Su with the
ara acute and pein back-

io unner, A slender mite iss roots

and leaves at the e only,—an d at that

plified i ca the Strawberry plans.

iving

+ bearin ring & sepiu
eo ” dehiscence. When the dis-
i sone attached to the axis,
the valves break cary. from them,
The partitioi

= divides the
ou 8 of fruit.
; silky ; covered with soft smooth
fos apprested hairs hairs.

wo mbranous bag, 0: y of
ity.
Sonames; , having, or being in the form of, a
BAC, or pou uch.
te; ey gra notched at base,
with the lobes (and fi y the sinus) {

acute.
rm, or ieee tubular,

division or pemnprebennats ae
of obec in Natural History ;
of things 0’ of

Se: nie i sawed; haying sharp teeth on
t inting towards the apex.
Se. rates The tee th, or pn 0
e margin

form
with the limb coed and oe or hori
YY expanded.

@ Serra'
Sérrulate ; "fuoly serrate ; haying small
t eth or serratures.

n
Samara, A kind of Akene,
cent pericarp, havin

rp, a
margin,—as the Maple, Ash, Elm, &c.
Sama mrareth: winged or margined like a Sa-

Séreoea cocarp. The fieshy portion of a pericarp |
(ew. gr, of a Drupe) between the Eye
flirecauien ns or sen f
; ing, or ng forth, or
being in the form nai ws
Scdbrous; rough with little | pe a or gairs.
Scales. Small thin in plates, or leaf like pro-
cesses ; also the leaflets of the involuere,
in the Composrrz.
gee poet climbing,—usually by m
ils,
Scape. A pedunel ie ding directl,
irom the ro, i A | 4
Scarious dry
trancpmaten
Scattered ; disposed o1
withont 2 any regular order

Seed; the matured with the Em
_or he plant, rope pe seni. Me cs

‘of a cleft calyx, | &e.
cays, Kal, half 2-/.

nde 3 Qe.
tn apex, “or ‘
(plural

d aia. ae erally |
rants |

ss mam age gone

Semi; bait;
ved,

sitting closely ; without any foot-

Set aes 4 Seman 3 foes the surface covered
membrane

Sh wth A a sm us expansion which

eat.

is tubu ee or poms Piet pose or
embracing a stem,

Shecteet 5 enclosed or embraced by o

- | Steat hing embracing the stem besa a

Shi lade: glossy smooth and bright.
Mera ‘A small woody plant, branching
oe lpi taal en without any prin-

sheobbys ag per of the texture a Z

and pe go a shrub,
Silicle. A little or short silique, ee as

wide as long

peo 7 fixed ani he Xia Sic ;
Siliquose ;
sale,

Hoe wee che go 5 der pk oe having tho a

430 «
il ag standing alone; one only ina

A oro sort of dense flowered, fleshy
or it belike Ae Bigarteet 5 “enveloped
be ng ee , @ Sheathing inyo-

Fie ches.
wing a poe or resem-
wing a Spats.
3 peedthing kind of bract, en
alyx, or invo mot peer on on
shtei-cofken containing t
Spathulate, or spdtulate; ines a spatula;
Sc ibe ri tar arger and rounded at
the end, and to the base.
Species. The ioe, it permits ent division of
reg ohiecls, a a systematic arrange-
ent; @ group comprising all similar
individ uals.
Specific ; ener sit to, or distinguishing

GLOSSARY.

Stellular; radiating after the manner of
little stars.
Stellular pubescence. pound or
ue be hairs, with the oe ne
Stem. The main REE DORE, of a plant; .
the mon appre er of branches,
protons Somen on
emless ; rata no visible or aérial stem;
applied to A ac where me stem is sup-
pre rom so short as to be appare parently

polle
sth matic ;
5 igma.
Stiamuati f tigmatose ; bearing, or

belonging, or Ss to the

the s
Bphacclate

é; PO aiid colored, as if gangrenous,

belonging t ae ine pr gma.
A little pedicel, or - footstalk, of

or dead.
.. full of bog-moss,or Sphagnum.
spicate ; in the form, or after the manner
of a spike.
Spike. A kind of inflorescence in which
prergecaiemae sessile on the sides of a
eduncle, or rachis.
spit “Al it e ors —or subdivision of
Spindleoha nner ag e fusiform.
Spine, A ‘thorn ; sharp process originat-
oe in the wood—i. é., pointed abortive

Spinellose; armed with minute spines.
Spineacent ; becoming thorny,—or inclin-

ing to be
Spinose ; oes + armed with th
ulose 3 cered with small spines
ores, or sporules, The seminal equiva-
lents, or suslogues of seeds, in erypto-
Aber. ok faers holl duction of th
o et ollow produe: ion of the
base of sepal,—usually called
Seo teas
ttl fait a spur, or spur-like elon-
Spuamone; scaly; covered more or less

Squarrose ; jagged ; having spreading
or divaricate te “points, all round,—as
scales of so involucres.
Stamen. rgan of a flow:
pares the = the pollen, usually consisting of a
d

orns,

Jlament
Having stamens, but
“8 bearing or supporting the

Sneha organs ae

sioner dinieeae:

wer which pre-| St.
er, and situated be-| St
pistils.

acts, &e.

Sti vilcta. furnished with sepeienenS

the stipules of leaflets, in epeanl
eaves,

Stipelles. The stipular
sti.

appendages, or little
= of leaflets, in compound leaves.

Stipitate; having a stipe ; ee on &
see pedicel.

to fae winter grain,—as

&e. See

Stoloniferous ; anton suckers, off-sets, or
nning shoots eomeceapa vata Ms base

ae or vet

asiie <1 = ye
marked ‘ith ongitudinal lines,
i oree ih minute longi-
dinal groove d ri

Strict ars ind rigidly. y upright,

armed with s
hairs, w

= em
fr
wh taper fo ay ociien. oe truit, of

irs,
ittle crown, or fangous ap~

or Spree a style,
al all The foot or ckened base
f les),
| alba Zi Soon ak i
ora

GLOSSARY. *

fying —4 — to almost, some-
what, o out,—as swb-sessile, nearly
sessile, ‘Mer

Siberose ; of a texture resemblin

Sibulate ; shaped like an avl-blade mis Thor
ndrie b d tapering

or cylin elow, angular an
to 4 sh. oint at summit.
Succulent ; juicy; fall of juice,
Sucker, A shoot, or off-set, from the root,
or bas? of the stem
uffrutéscent ; almost shrubb
ee onemepe somewhat ahrubleys ; shrubby
Sec gia furrowed, or grooved,
pe ge oraupra: pyle on signifying

re or upon. beyond or more than,—
as super -azillary, s ituated above th

Supra-decompound ; more than
ei Aare) many times subdivided,
un

ove; a a | applied Bd —
\ it is abov

in the ower; also ri the aul Whsn
_ Sree is’ adherent hak = be

Suppres the non prodaction, 0 or fail-
ure int pa ip Bhi of an o
bearing suck

Surculose; b as or otset %

Suspended ovules they
are attached to the ddtmmit of tiie ¢ ovary,
ieeeae vig and hang perpendicularly in

re hen there is an
ryt of parts in each series, or

Syngenesious, having the anthers united,—
as in the Compos

A yooh name for the same
Tena sticky or adhesive’ also hold-

on te Means of very small hooked

Tendril. A filiform twining branch, of

appendage, by which some Plaats: sia,
or eon aupabedd in the grape vin

431

Tetramerous ; consisting of 4 parts, or
constituent portions.
ao androus; having
a

A sharp process from the woody
ued t of a Dleah cs POue # stunted or abor-
e bran

4 stamens of equal

‘oat, “the orifice or passage into the

ake of a corolla.

Thy: oad ee ere the form
ot

Thyrst aA Kk n contracted, or dense,
ovoid panicle,—as in the Lilac, Horse
Chestnut,

sera = sucker, or young shoot of Wheat,

Tiller: © suckers, or

r tillow ; to t forth
new ptewrs from Phe root, or base of
the stem—as Wheat, &e. See stole, or

or fabric; the intimate or-
eat ic structu neue compost tion, of bodies ;
especially those which are, or have been,

Tomen tose ; covered with a curled, or mat-
ted, cokions gh waa
Tome hie A matted downy or cottony
pubesce:
Thothed. "See d.
> ba aioe Svctted out in obtuse

Tortonis bent in different directions.
Est PAG»
all the an of the abo
-anslucent; clear, or transmitting light
P ecxts

transversely ;
wise ; at Tight-angles with eomthetae
Triadétphous ; having the filaments united

woe 3
cikgietea? having 3 stamens,
Trin ngular 5 having 3 angles, corners, or

Tribes. es. | Groups hago acnange ts, inter-
snd GONE

Tpibphotowte having
Trichitomous ; cer eked: ced; dividing by

fhe ual branches. ; =
ri of three separable

ron Tks x colamn.—and ot et, aoe bi Gate nposed of i).
cor t ng} to si nt carpels or (cocce,
oF stem-like bodies. See orbicular. | Tricisspidate ; having, or terminating fo,
Términal ; situated at, or proceeding from, | _3 sharp points. 2
i end or snmmit Trifarious ; facing, or pointing, in 3 diree- -
aot thr t '

mete: thre ther,—:
the lates of clover, rot we aa : ‘3

Tesem mosaic work;

little squa a ers, like a a chess- | nh

Testa, The 3
mintt,of sce ke gad a or Sadia
Ter odiee oF

432
ecticle 8 times divided, or with bipin-

visio: hres apt

aetna ne

trows ; hay ving 8 angles and 8 flat
sides, as the culms of a CYPERACE*.

ving 3 se
Tritér eaf. When ped aa is twice
bears 3 Lav es and e final branch

avind the end blunt, as if
a eut off.
Tubes . ae = hollow cylinder,
— A solid fleshy knob attached to

Tubercle. A small excrescence, knob, or
point on a surface, making it rough or
uneven,

Tuberculate; covered = tubercles.

Tuberiferous; bearing or producing tubers.

Tierons, co nsisting ok or fleshy and solid
like

Tibular; having a tube, or constructed

like a tube.

Taft; a bunch or fascicle e growing from ap the

pe oe riginating nearly at t

Tuma; eatin, or enlarged like a swell-

icat es Pte having concentric coats, |

ae thin lay:
Turvinate; "top shaped; resembling an in-

Tur a The n sward, o
Turgia; swelled, put not inflated <
Titrion. hick, tender young shoot of a

cg 1e Toot, 2
Twi “ang

tina ected, or

ber, th

dissected, with the

species of Gane

sowing together.

Twining; winding round and Oi
opiviralt =

Two ranked (or met (oe owed). See dist

Type; a model or 4 eaatig a pattern fetid
ual which unites in itself most complete-
ly the characters of a gr

—Umbel, - — of inflorescence, in which
the flow. d from acommon
centre, ike. am ye © the pr of an um-
one Umbels are simple, or compound,
Ww

Om belt; in the form or manner of an

Umbetlet. A partial umbel; one abecg
i of a compound w

Umbetlifor rous; bearing the flowers in um-
Umbilicate; a like; having a central

se dealt ar having a boss or

: elevated’ pacha in the centre.
oi; without thorns or prickles.

| Ventral s

GLOSSARY,

Uapientes hook-shaped; hooked at the

Undulate ulate; wavy; curved, or risihg and
depressed, like wares

Unequal; the parts n ss Fe dada in

Sentai: "size, form, or dura’

Unguirculate; having . mae 7 or narrow
base, like an wm r claw.
ne unt prmly: in one form, or

7 an

Unilateral; on one side; growing, or in-
sorte a9 vie e side of a stem, or com-
— mn p

Unis caibats Fe one sex—t. é,, staminate or

_pistillate, only,
reéolate; pitcher-shaped, or urn-shaped ;
swelling below, and contracted to a neck

us pericar em ay Cos ass but dow
v5 adhere to, the seed. See Caryop-

28); a Variety or mnodifieation

res mod
iffeation of a plant carga by *geeiden

eS,—S as crossing, soil, climate,
y, or at

of
VES8E * , in the pe toad

of ene oar
ion ted; arched over, like the roof of the

Veins; the elongated vessels del leaves; of
ten s) monymous wi with nerv:
Veined; having the vegoald variously
cota Pm over the surface.
sot a of a leaf. The distribution of the
frame-work, in the lamina or
bale.
Vente al; contained in, or belonging to, the

—— or bel
cen fle a we el ny “a ee
are ah pee like

and
in

GLOSSARY.

from the zenith, or highest
pana directly ce When th
t

up, or ration’ their m
their faces—to the eset ‘and sky ; indic-
re Eg of Phyllodia, than of true
Vertic a whorl; fi leaves, or other
moras anged in a aro ntal ring,
‘round a prions or at its sum:
> Aap mee A spurious Vertiell; a con-
scar ed ings. snes elu ei resembling a
poh eae many
Vert cillate; growing or ‘srmanged in a ver-
ticil, or whorl, or horizontal ring.
Vésie les. oon E
Ve ; Made of, or re-
sembling, itil bladders.
Vespe — Those which expand | W:
“im anor Hi
wm. onthe banner, or broad upper
"petal of a d= pee em corolla.
ulose, elvety ; earecdt with
age and rather long, so!

°
4

Villus rac sen villi). The valet: tike pu-
ce on a villous plant,

19

438

Virescent; inclining to, or becoming, green.

Virgate; wand-like; “Yong, slender, and

str ,

Se greenish,

Viscid; ¢ vane A ; covered with a sticky or

adbistee mo

Liem i pubesce

Vit “Fillets linear yer orem les of oily
the earpels of Umbelliferous

met

producing 4 eng a off-
spring “4 means of b r havi
eds t 0 germ

elit a clammy pubes-

ulbs 5
se nore before thoy are de-
ached fom tor Lard - a
‘olubile; ascending spirally, or
embracing another object. See bay tem dof
send tha undulate.

verticil,
Winged: rhaving & a thin, extended margin.
Wings. Theside- -petals of a oypcrsne >
rolla membranous expansion

f°

, an

We ye clothed with a long curled or mat-
ted pubescence, resembling wool,

ABBREVIATIONS

NAMES OF THE PRINCIPAL AUTHORS QUOTED IN THIS WORK.

Ach. Eric Acharius, Swedish Bo-
a Michel eras. French.
“we Car. Ad, A: , Swedish.
a Wm. a Nine Te Aiton, English.
All. Car. Alli
= oe Alphonse De Candolle, French.
Friedr. Gottl. Bartling, Ger-
Bort: John & Wm. Bartram, Ameri-

can.
Beauv. Palisot de Beauyois, French.
: tham, En,

nn, Ge
oe “Felix Avellar Brotero, Portu-

et

ak ohn, En:
one Carl oT Ant eed German.
Hen. Garb. ,

ae M. Chavannes, French.

Chois. ta — Choisy, F rene.
Colden, Cadwallader, American.
— = Correa de Serra. Por-
Poe ace Joh. Nepom. Crantz,
DC. Aug. Pyramus De Candolle.

DE. ae) Alphonse De Candolle,

%

Des/. Bene ae i cree oe hi

=
PF
at
ite
a
Be
a

Bing
. Ste erican.
poe Soph nadine Te Hungarian.

Darlington, 1 vol. 1

“Bg ae Gohn,. ach sont
Blas F ries, German

Gren Jos. & Carl Friedr. Gaertner,

Gaudich. M. Ch. dichaud, French.

Glox. Benj. Petr. Gloxin, German

i ae Goodenough, Tenglish.
ay,

BR. Humboldt, “Bonpland, and

unth,

Balk or Haller. Albert von Haller,
Dutch.

Hoffm. be Fr. (et al.) Hoffmann,
Hoffmea. J J. C. Count Hoffmannsegg,

«German
Hook. Sir Wm. J. Hooker, English.

French.
: Deeaisne, Joseph, ae
(434

: Nich . Hudson,
‘acg. Nich. Jose Jacquin, German.
Juss, Ant. tees Jussieu, French,

ABBREVIATION,

— Pehr, Swe

dish.
ch. Wilh. Dan. Jos. Koch, German.

Kun Car. Sigism. — German.

. Car. Linnzeus,
sed J. Bapt. ge fates de la Marck,
: “ve a = Paes
Less, Chr g, Germ
apc Fr. he "Vestiboueis, Bel-

Lindl. ohn Lindle

Mart. ( Carl Friedr. Phil, von Martius,
Germ

Medik, Fried. Casim. Medikus, Ger-

Mey. v. (C. A.) Carl. Ant. Meyer, Ger-

Mich. Pet. Ant. Micheli, Jiglian,
Mill. Phil hilip Miller,
Mirb, Bri

ris. Guiseppe Giacento, Italian.
Mult. Henry Muhlenberg, Amer-

Andr, Michaux, French.
Neck. Natal. Jos. de Necker, French.
=< tee Gotti. Nees von Esen-

k, Ger
Nias, Pecnge) Nuttall, Anglo-Amer-
—
Chr. Henri pereey Dutch?
Poi Hans Wena a erman.
r. J. L. Marie Poiret, French.
Pree Fredk, bh.

Pe sti

P
big. Carl Boriwog Presl, Hunga-

Raf. o orRafin. C. Ratinesque-Schmaltz, |
ogee

eile obert Brown, English.
Rick. peg Richard, French.
Risso, A Risso, French ?

435 —
Roxb. Wm. Roxburgh, English.
Rumph. Geo. Everh. Rumphius,

utch.
Salish, Richd. Anth: Salisbury, Eng-

Savi. Gaatano, Savi, Italian
Schott. Heinrich Schott, German
. Heinr. Adolph. Schrader,
erman.
reb. Joh, Chr. Dan. yon Schreber,

erman.
oe Chr. Fr. Schumacher, Ger-

Seog. 5 h. Ant. Seopoli, Italian.

Ser. Nich, Charles Seringe, Swiss?

nie & Zuce. Siebold and Zuccarini,
Dutch?

Smith, Sir James a ae , English.

Sibth. Joh. Sibthorp, English.

Soland. Dan. Conr. panes Swed-
is

Spreng. Kurt Sprengel, German.

Sw. Olaus Swart eae

Theis (De). Alexandre de The
French.
Tode. Heinr. Jul. Ti

Torr. = Gr. Jno. ae t Asa yegee

rican.
Toure Jos. Pitton de Tournefort,

thn ar. Bern. T rinius, German.
Vahl. Martin Vahl, Danish.

ote Repeatine Vaillant, French, —
Ven tienne Pierre Vente’ entenat,

Tro
Vill, D. Villars, French.
Valle. Thomas Walter, Anglo-Amer

Fr. Ad. Jul. Wa 2g
heim, German.
Wek. Aug. Weihe, German.
Willd, Carl Ludw. rae ery
With, Wm. Withering, English. — a

INDEX

TO THE
NATURAL ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES
OF THE PLANTS DESORIBED OR REFEREED TO IN THIS WORE.
PAGE. PAGE.
ABELMOSCHUS, 66 | AGopopium, DALUS,
esculentus, 66 Podograria, communis, is
4 337 | ZEscutrs, ‘ 150
alba, 338 ippocastanum graveolens, 150
-balsamea, 337 Pavia, AQUIFOLIACER, 216
Canadensis, 337 SA, CEE, 344
excelsa, 338 Cynapium, ARACHIS, 103
Fraseri, 337 | AGROSTEMMA, hypogea, 104
nigra, 338 Githago, ARALIACER, 155
ABUTILON, 65 | AGRosTIs, i 155
Avicennz, 65 vulgaris, nudicaulis, 156
ANACARDIACER, 17 NTHUS, quinquefolia 156
ANDROMEDA, 213 glandulosa, racemosa, 155
Mariana, 213) AuIsMACEz, spinosa, 156
ANDROPOGON, 410] Atuom, ARCHEMORA, 148
furcatus, 411 Canadense, rigida, 149
macrourus, 411 Cepa, ARCTOST. “ 211
scoparius, 410 Porrum, Uva.ursi, 211
ANONACER, sativum, ONE, 40
ANTHEMS, 1 Schcenoprasum, Mexicana, 41
lb deren | 1 5 : 344
“nobilis, 185 z triphyllum, 345
urn 398 incana, || ARIsTO * _ 268
- odoratum, 398 serrulata, ARISTOLOGHIA, 268
AcERAGz, 89| ALorEcuRvs, | Serpentaria, 263,
89 pratensis, Sipho, 268
g ? 90| AurHza, . m4
nigrum, 90 officinalis, 4 115
platan 90 rosea, vulgaris, 114
Pseudo-platanus, 89 | AMARANTA ARMORACIA, 48
rubrum, AMARANTUS, Tusticana, 48
saccharinum, 90 albus, ARRBENATHERUM, 396,
; 187 chlorostachys, avenaceum, 396
millefolium, e187 hybridus, ARTEMISIA, 190
_ Ptarmica, 187 retrofiexus, Abrotanum,
Aconirum. 33 i Absinthiu:
i t Dracun'
Acorus, ARUNDINARIA,

PAGE. PAGE. PA

ASCLEPIADACEE, 261 9 135 Virginica,

ASCLEPLAS, — 261 floridus, 135 ;

Cornuti, 261 glaucus, 185 arietinum,
tuberosa 263 levigatus, 135 (ORIUM,
fA, 36 | CAMELINA, 49 Endivia,
triloba, 36 sativa, 49 Intybus,
ASPARAGUS 351 | CANNABIS, 299 | CicuTA,
352 sativa, 299 maculata, ,
2 171 | CaPRIFOLIACEZ, 160 | CrniciFUGA,
ericoides, 172 | CAPSELLA, 50 racemosa,

AVENA, 893 Bursa-pastoris, 50 a 1
nuda, 395 | Capsicum, 255 altissimum, 1
sativa, 394 annuum, 255 arvense,

AZALEA 214 ’ 361 discolor, }
nudifiora, 214} stricta, 363| horridulum,

tacu 362 ceolatum,
107 vulpinoidea, 362 muticum,
ame 108 CaRUM, 150 pumilum,
tinctoria, 108 comic cd Fen
? 322 vulgaris,
? 43 Americana 822 ,
Lire = YA, 2 804 acuminata,
Fi peal alba 304 alnifolia,
seen 247 ane . 3806 LUS,
on. is, a glabra, 306 stimulosa,
odoriferam 286 _— — -
’ 36 oliveformis, 304] ComPronia, 3
: 37 Icata, ro asplenifolia, a
Canadensis, 37 a 153
vulgaris, 37 + emg Bo ConrumM, 4
: BAe pid Chamecrista, 110 | Convou 246

Se ace s 304 occidentalis, 110 | ConvoLvuLus, 237 :

Beer Marilandica, 109 arvensis, 247
alba pH ; 318 ; 30
excelsa, 327 =" noi hrosiee ; is
ae = -CATALPA, : 221 sativum, =

ais i
peers 325 Leora ie | Gunes,” 1ST
aa: U8, 86 florida, =
shyvasatemeite, 183 ro Rod arncciokiens ~ 82
294 Avellana, 320
298 rostrata, 322
294 | CRaTaGus, of
406 cordata, 131
406 Crus-galli, ee
193 o <
194 | CRUCIFERZ, 42
194 | 140
59 melo, de
59 sativus, ae
108 ee
108 | Melopepo, bss
ahs. epo, 8 es
271 Bsn ee
O71 ek:
Z| 3
2661 134

438

Japonica,

glome rata.

?
Stramonium,
Davcts,
Carota,

Ajacis, :
Consolida,
elatum,
‘Dierraus,
_ purpurea,

Hep:

INDEX.

FAaBa
vulgaris
FAGoPpyRuM,
esculentum,
Facvs,
ferruginea,

vesca,
Virginiana,
FRAXINUS,

Americana,

pubescens,

sambucifolia,
iridis,

HEDEOMA,
pulegioides,
ERA

Helix,

lanatum,
?
Americana,

*
Syriacus,
Trionum,

CUM,
perforatum,
Hyssorvs,
officinalis,

/

ages

SUUUUGHEREN EEE BEEEEUUSEEEE BES

batbifcrara >

Canadense,

ee
supe
,

‘aetatioalisciss”

caprfotiam,
grata
Periclymenum,
sempervirens,
o Lravum,
Bar ‘

PERSICUM,
cerasiforme,
esculentum,

INDEX.

va,

rispa,
rotundifolia,
sylvestris,

proboscidea,
BIUM

MELIA,
265 Azedarach,
MELILOTUS,

alba,
officinalis,

HULUEDEUSOUNENUNITGRSEDERERESEVNEEMMoceeBAERE aaa €ETBUUEE

g

;

BESS

Porvtus, a
_ alba,

angulata
balsamifera,
dilatata,
Greca,
grandidenta
monilifera,
tremuloides,

ORTULACACE,

CA 2.
Gilliesii,

BY Vir pr’

INDEX.

imbricaria,
illicifolia,

BS ESO RRB opm m eer sins

BBBEBSZEERESESESERRRESESERESSE SE

graveolens,
Ravs

Cotinus,

glabra,
Toxicodendron,
typhina

?
venenata,

GA,
Pennsylvanica,
Virginiensis,

?

Fraseri,
Scmpvs,
pungens,
PHULARIACE,

?
cereale,

BERereaReBUBEESSSRELELEE ASE seas

a

RESSEEUUESSESUREEREEEE

~4
=

opasssas

!

officinale,
SaILacex,

LANUM,
Caroliniense,
Dulcamara,
esculentum,
nigru

PAGE.

SeeVGUUUN TE eck REGLESEBTTIUIUONUN ESE Ee

161

BERESEs

189
189
203

EEEEE

INDEX.

Tecoma,
radicans,

TEUCRIUM,
Canadense,

?

Americana,
Europea
heterophylla,
pubescens,
TILLANDSIA,
usneoides,

GOPOGON,
porrifolium,
TRIGONELLA

perfoliatum,

cUM,
dactyloides,

[aad mal

§bee

389

SSSSSSSesseses
4

racemosa,

mac
Oxycoce

ya
Pennsylyanicum,

vaccil

vinifera,
vulpina,

Mays,
| ZIZANAIA, ©
aquatica,

eueece pyeueye &

MY,

8888 gee FEE Sez

he ce

INDEX

oF
ENGLISH AND FOREIGN NAMES.

[French, German and Spanish names in italics.]

Abele-tree

AGE
Arbor-Vitee
101 re

te

INDEX.
PAGE PaGE
A ~~ ce Lombardia. .......+.. 332 | Bean, Magothy-bay..........- 110
PUIDONAOE Fe ones oh Oe eee 230 ‘ole... 107
Albari aes PR ee eS. 114} “ String 107
ERO Go cogs Fa SPSS 195 i Wandaor. so. soe ee 105
Alcaravéa PSG eei-tres.. So eos esa ea 223
falfa 99°] Bearberry.. cs. ys coe Se ee 211
Algodon Giisbeard Grass. i és inaupes eons 410
hena 265 | Bee Bal 232
Aloudte-Pied @ . 22... 08.04 500% 31 h, American ........ severe B19
MODULE cool es cree ny oo 9 bees 40 | Beet, Garden 272
PUNO: reas aes ee ee 203; “ Sugar 272
Ampfer. Krauser i... l oe ce ees 284 | Begegar’s Lice 9A5
fe AMET ake er ee eee 284 | Beggar-ticks 183
Andorn. Der Weisse........+++. 238 | Benne 223
neerine blanche... 0. oe oe. ces 271 | Bignonia Family . 220
Aplthaum: DOO siege es tas 132 | Bilsted 145
Apio ROTTEN Ses ee ere 150 | Bind-weed 247
Aprikosenbaum. Der.........+++ 11 “ gh 350
LE Arachide 104} Birch Family 324
Pink Ae Chiter 35 | Birch. . 324
Arroz. 369 “Black. 326
Aftichaud: 23322522 52itin. eS T9896 back, Oande 325
Arti. PrehSiieoy-s es 195} -* Cherry. 327
352). Paper sve 825
Aubergine TOUME ES PEL TEE 253 "Red 326
EOS RE pace Cae yaneyer eae O94: b oO .” Bweew. co... ae ape BOE
Avoine cultivée 894; ‘“ White 825...
dev 396 Yello 327
190 | Birthwort Family......... Paes 3
Balm, Common 237 | Birthwort 268
Appl 141 | Bitter-nut

see

re

Barberry.
Barbary Box-thorn

Barley.
“

A44 INDEX.
5
PAGE PAGE
Mino Devils. iccowevoschie! 242 | Bockbart. Der. . 203
Blue Tangles. zsececcevec seve. 208 | Bohne. Die gemeine.......+2++ 107
Blue-w 242 ‘olsa de Pastor 50
BEROCK oo dere Li wE en ees 297 Brent oye — 142
BLOG ores ctanewreia Vs Sake ye 170 | Boton de Or: 28 ‘
Borage Family...20 05... 26603 241 | Bouillon Blane 224 :
PRECIO? Soh eo enn be rhe e oe 45 ee ~yawesin UIE !
Bouncing Bet 58 | Brennessel. Die 298
‘Bow-wood : 297 ‘DecmDersiauch. DP erie rans TOMES
Box 913 sai Seigle.. oor tiaritness 386
Box-elder. 02 386
BAR pict eseness AYRE 5 125 Brenda 238
ih aeening 127 | Brunelle. Gemeine 238°
128 | Brunnelle ordinai 238 |
45 | Brunnenkresse. Die 43 |
Beckers 89 | Buche. Die 319
“Red 88 | Buchweitzen. D, 283
Buckthorn Family............ Ns EEE TE ee 44 |
kthorn 85 se led. 45
- agemaepe neakewees OO tie ae 278 . ead F 45 |
283 - Headless 45
a 361 ee eee
iagbeane Shi “<
oek. 200 ‘ Turnip-rooted
Bur-marigold 183 9 Orks: 5 Pease cath
Morne Baal... ... 5... .seyess 87 | Calabash
Bush or High-cranberry....... 163 | Calamus
Butter and Eggs 225 | Calico Bush ‘
Buttercups. > Sn Te ier es
Buitterfly-weed cd et ee eo
Buitter-nut 303 | Cantaloupe
Butter-w 143 (Cepeicam. . x... i. 5 kn. ees
“Mutton-weode 3.4 2. ised ees 301 | Caraway, Common,........-++
Barba Cabruma............-.. 203 | Cardinal-flower. ..........20%*
Bardéna Lampazo............. 900 | Cardoon:... oc (a SCs. ws
- Basilic. 230 | Carolina-allspice Family
- Basilienkraut. Gemeines......-.. 230 | Carolina-allspice. .......
Bassinet. 28 | Carolina Potato.........:-++++
Batdta de Malaga...........++. 247 | Carpet-wee
Bataten Winde 247 | Carrot, Garden
SER ap Pe 8 eaes e 203 A idee
Baume verte....... eo Fe + eee ee pala Plant
smote. Dit... 06s eo eat 67 | Catalpa
Bérro : 43 cam
Berza. 44 se
a Bette-rave.....scee eeeee oer eee 272 Getta Pasi 201212 feet
| Birnbaum. 132 | Cat. : :
bi ek:

INDEX, 445
PAGE PaGR
Cédar White... 0.00.56. cates 340 | Cockle-bur. . . ig
ee Re ee 342 | Colts-foot......... << eaemend ., FA
PBNOIUG «co ccinmus sees kee Al PGemiroy. 2. 2. c..< <0 eee 243
eae. aes Hie 150 ee: S Family . 168
a COMEAREY,, cnicrn sorte resins PENS 0S HH 260 | Cone-flower........--+---++ iusauee
: nef Garden, .12. 9. vhs 185 Mae eeine Family 246
: Oharlock. .:....2>. “weiss shows 4 | Cooper’s Reed. ....----+-- weve SEE
ss Jointed... ove. cessee 54 | Coriander ........2-800-+e ees 153
Gat. «.cc.nveincs cies + Seve ls eae 386 | Carn,. Broom... .......05 400m 412
Checkerberry........+02+00+0¢ 212 st . Chocolate. oc. < ci ceeresad 412
. | in 9 Se ErC IEE Ts 115 > Gama. . ccc. 5 oh ee ee 412
ited Life dueieeerermrecmmeeryy 119 “ Tn . 407
st. Choke... shares 50 ee 119 | Corn-cockle...... A swe sbes OA 56
ub” English. es seaiews vanes 11 “mint cas. EO SS 231
Byergreen.....+++-0+- + 119 | Corn-salad.....-.---+++0+5 ésxe AS
. orello. ...-+++++ «+++* 118} Cornel Family.. ...-.-.+-+-+++ 157
. “ Mountain... 2.6.00 117 | Cotton-plant......-s-ss04-++%¢ 67
: - Red ae ee ee oe 118 ON-WOOG., ...0e @teeeeews se 331 ¢
Z 2 on avn ee 118 | Cow Bane . eee 148 Z
ee Wilds... . {5 .peeteaee 1L “ Sp ccm ae
“ Wild Red. . F 118 }Cowalip......0:0r-¢+e koa en 30
‘ NOS <6 oc wie 0 oe a en tilae ee eee 386 | Cranberry....-.+--> pen ees eae 209
“Upright... ....+e2.-++- 387 ve Small: 057 og aes . 210
: Chestnut, American. .....+ ote~ B18 - Uplend.. ++3s<eeree mee
: Spanish .......- sets BIG Cranberry-tree. Levedeasoe eR |
Chickweed, Indian..----+--+++ 59 ei eer 5 arene
Larger Mouse-ear. 59 | Crowfoot Family.. jie dei <a
& # Par cent 59 t Ctdutoot..«- sss ss eee neat
Chinquapin .....-..+-- teense 319 Fenounbes nO Se oe: rsp 38
357 “ Jerusalem 140
ickly. 140 —
a
“
“
“
“
“
ai a
se” ae
ra Ok

446 INDEX.
PAGE PaGE
amamo, 299 | Date Plum 218
Canne a Sucre 410'| Dead-nettle.: : s+ 2263 e<e0 099. 239
Peeicharis fo I Por ee %3 vil-wo0od:: siss+.4320 257 oS 266
Geucne Grande 73 | Dew-berry 127
“te 168 OK abbecio Meal aeeecg is Ae 283°
Car 195 Bitter. 284
Carotte 146 “ Broad-leaved 984
Carvi 150 “= Ourleds >= sacres speck]: 283
Cassis 1st fo — Boros sees ere 283
Castano.... 318 MS BOON s iss eaed xy seep See 283
Oe Eadie soe 6 LAS 88 | Dog's Ferin Herb ipse eS 185

266
185

@bright......4---844..0 206 288
43 | Bodibe

Tadiot. Die Jou om
Bine Gonchensgens esse @ BTS)

CMEMNE 2 conse st estus ee 106

a ir ° 14

_ Coneomb 139
ie rmasegd 54

pone 155]

bea ue de P re 24

: Cotonnier. Le. CERES C SS SES SE 67
Cotuf fee iusevUeae TBL
Cresson—Alénois....., in ely eo BL

ms de. fa Me. ve ey,

PO iS anni vedios ERE. 174
2 me Deere. diver... Xs; 188
pace as Oe er ees 115
Dangle-be ~berry....... euek eeu se, 2604
pera 203
ees ist eee ee oe +eeeeee 202
Darnel . . foe Pee — 33:

8 Esdragon. wiekivs busieunsanesetaem

s

INDEX. 447

PAGE PAGE

Pg vets seo bec cepa BL Peoment, Le ae

i el + 352 Gage ove md 115

Ppl... «os wo dngs ss eho 275 | Gali Daal, Bristle-spiked. <i
Epa a Onballere.. 3 cx ccwdes 311 Garge . 210
iveiiebecalessaaw ewe ee 190 pores rs 354.

ais 25 “ Crow 355
Fennel, Garden.........+- eoee 149] ‘* English. 355
‘ever-bush _ 286| “ Field 355
Bagee-r00t.,.... -... <<. ee wewee 161] “ Garden 355
a ae 161 ‘: Meadow. .. .+<esaesessnre
Fig-tr .. 294] Gentian Family ...........++- 260
Fiewort Family..........++++ 223) Gentian, Horse i lGk
Filbert 3901 Gleranium.. . . «sos 0dcneens “bee
4“ “Wild 322 | Germander. 240.
Fir, Balms of Gilead 337 | Gherkins. .- 140
Aa aak te civedersa (Sat OM 234

“ : Double Balsam....... .... 337] Gingko 343
338| Ginseng Family 155

Fir Bor yeas: 191 Ginseng. 155
Five-finger 122 | Grape, pipe oF Bulls dsida owe
Flax Family. 70; 4 83.
Fla Ae a Common Wild. swe. ste
© Mountain... <<<eacuteboe Bee 46 sols eben’ eye

« False. - 49); «# vast ye pea wens o> oe

“« Wild ae BOA) a at aaa Yok abies 82
-vine eeeeee 249 sé Southern Fox, a 84.

bane Frost *

ee

2 . o* eee eee peeee
Frambues0.oo0--oueenrereeers 126)
Fresera Pere OLE 2

oe ee

386—

“ * oot) tees 387 S
ae errr imi

INDEX.
=
Pace Pages
Coco? 360 | Grass Sesame 407
Couch 390 & . Sp 383
Crab SIS] * 6 Sweet sosated Vernal. . 398
Crab: 492) 8. VV boos et , 396
(Smooth) 402| 383
Crowfoot. Bis) Wood (Purple) .....00:.. 411
Opt... 219 ud lard 378
g’s-tail Sesion s -. 378] Grass of the Andes............ 896
Dog’s-tooth 37 -brier , 350
p-seed 375 | Ground-Cherry 256
Feather 396 | Ground Ivy 234
escue aeo| Groundnut co.cc eee. esas ames 104 |
‘« (Meadow)....... 385 | Groundsel ...........-.00+ avuxkee |
te (Tall) wits 28. wees 385 Sate a Mi maaan 5 So 151 |
BINGO. sos agrees. oats-weed 151
OTE ve its obeys 75 Goldenrod or oar ceaateaeeat ee
Box: fail. ovis. sexiest Sweet Paes Wy $5)
a (C mon), «hcp ee of Pleasure. 236 BP |
(Meadow). -oecv 372 gous “Ege pomeonte pei: Sa «= 80
04 | ¢ e paren Be =
is (Bristly)........ 404} Goosef ily. 270
Be cana eeR eee 404 | Goosefoot, Maple-leaved........ 271
Gama 407 MHOTASS. see e eer cweccens 281
FECT. vee eee were esse ee 383 | Gourd Family.........+++ beie 398
Medgehop . -. Fi iess a on 406 | Gourd, Bottle........+++-++++> 8
Hens ce New England t Gromwell...-.~-c00apnenesate ee
w York)...... 313.1 Gam: Blacksocccnencnee ones ADE
Herds ere Pennsylvania). 373 pe FEET amin oh Soret 5° 159
I 411|@ of uss Dig vues 271 |
= (Finger-spiked)... 411] @arance. La...++++++0+ e+. 164
‘| (Oat like) ....... 411] Garbanzo.....- saa 08
OE Se Re ew ee . ; 381 Garten- kresse Die 51
Mat... «+ 376 | Gatera. . 4
Meadow....... ede ey 381 | Gerste. Gemeine. .ecccessecees- 393
- }.-dweae G82 | Qloweron. . 555 copaa eee ORG
- ly} .s cigen'si» 382 Card eloe. 5s 650 nen esas te or
“ (Flat-stalked)... 38 des cha 243
. ii aswe ey COR ccapagee eee 137
ei ( ris ae 382 136
ex (Sm ii) peo ae 383 af eet Sead pala cane 6c 0 106
Nut (of Florida) epeeie.s 359
* (of S. Carolina)?..... 360
39:
403
379
401
390

449

INDEX,
PaGE
Heal-all Poppet ann apy 234. Hafer. GOREN Si Fe voc se sa "304
Heath Family.....2.++-4s00 207 Wiesen . 396
337 Hanf. Der = Zao
“6 Ground 343 | Haricot KE 107
“~~ Common 153 | Hasenklee. Der 96
“~~ Poison 153 a. B « ote
“ Water 152 | Hederich. Der....-. Peete ee 44
™m 299 Herbe au Chantre 44
Henbane. .° O57 aux Chats 234
“Black or Common.,.. 258 ‘ aux Viper 242
= 239 | Herzgespann. Das. 240
Herb Gerade 151 | Hétre. Le 319
Heredies™ Clab-= 222252228552 156 | Higuéra . 294
Hickory. 304 | hi ‘aude. Die 126
t Broom 306 as age ie
“ 1.
zi Moker Di ed «ss es 304 Hise 935
“ Pip. Hoblén bs 2
- Sha ‘or Shell-bauk ce 308 Honig-dorn, lll
eee ag antinted: 306 | Honig-grass. Wolliges.......... 396
“Thick Shell-bark 305 | Hopfen. Der 300
eart ¢ | Houblon 300
Houque laineuse ..... ae sa ae 396
ysope 235
phee. 412
Indian-cress Family "3
ndian-c 3
] 170
ndian Turnip. 344
ndigo 102
Me i eerie ee < AGE
Wild patie De
RE DOPY. | os veka es nen e \
canigense 170
Tron Wi oe hae ee ee we oe $23 :
Ty 213°
Ivy 157
KA MOOR ego eh egpeans eo
bd English 167
*€ Trish 1
102

Pore es eee ee eee

tee eee

PIERS Aes s & o.6 ee we ee Ok 6 oe

Kentucky Coffee-tree..........
Kentucky Mahogany..........
Knap-weed me

a)

a

Sees eesceneeoeas«

a ee a ee ee ee

ie ee a ee

INDEX.
Pace PAGE
44 | Lavender, —e 230
137 | Leek, Gar 356
137 | Lentil. 105
54 | se ttuce, oe 205
389 Ver-woo 323
110 tif siecncea 191
110 Lilac 265
- ersian. 265
281 | Lily Family 351
278 | Lily. . 357
279| © Day. 352
45; “ Japan 357
346} . & Tiger. 857
186, “ Turk’s cap 357
185| “ White.... 357
foe) 2 Wilt Vellow. .. . coc c8 357
2 Lim e-tree 68
234 | “inden AY. cock ues ee 68
270 Li d uinden, Waropéari 68
103 | Linn. 68
118 | jiver-leaf 26
98 | 1Ve 4 27
97 | Lobelia Family 206
200 | Lobelia 206
379 | Locust-tree 100 —
Hee | Epetiak os es woe 101
pane ea Rie Seaeae Lee 101
OS | Love-Apgle. .. /.55 5 cen oa 250
195 | Tce ns

- oceania soloninhnees. saad Re, ia ig a en a cai

ae SS ese

INDEX. 451

PaGE PAGE
PANS ONE ST eae 105 | Mexican Tea 272
Liseron des one feral ger get 247 | Milfoil 187
218 | Milkwort Family 92
RR DEAT eee 203 | Milkwort 92
Lolch, Ausdauernder........... 389| Milkweed Family. 261
LT a. Milkweed 261
Madder Family 163 | Millet 406
Madder ..:.. 163 atte 412
Cy ee ... 164} Mint Family ; 228
Madeira Nut 302 Mint 230
4 Common...... sary i fie mS ase

Magnoli Family. 34. uistlene Family me
Magnolia Great-leaved nS DE RSVR. 2 os bo ccs te Cr orem ore 287
Small : oe Se eet ou 287

“ Laurel 34.) Mocker-nut 306
Mallow F; amily. oN Wirth 80 22 oC Ce aie 33
Mallow ..... ¢ ing-plotys ts fit geri. ss 249
Indian 65 | Mathet-wort: 222232 cc ne. ce 239
os — 63 | Mountain Ash, American...... 134

oe ees European ...... 134

egal Ranting i eee 34.| Mouth-root...... sete eee tees 31

Mandra! 38 | Mulberry... Spake ee
panel “Ware 274 ‘+> ~* Huropean’ Black. ..... 296
y-be' 294) “Red - 295

Maple Family marke bea tak ed acy tat 39 tO eae one ee
Maple.. 89 Mullein Common Peatece es vee 22k

«© Ash-leaved ........... eee 7 ey: oe
* Bird’s-eye 90 4 White
B uscadine.
Mustard Family he
Black.
“27 eee LOD
leadow- 120} —

Medick ego Moret ier oa

fe Black. 20222000 2. 100| Marjolaine. Za...

452

Masse eau

Weisse

Mauve. Petite
Metiot blane. Le

ed

Seem ee ser ee eesresese
a ey
++ 626 2.6 8.6 0 ee w 56,0 808

26 eRe eee Oe Oe bes

aS ee oS he ee aie es be,

ages ;
Nonesuch .

INDEX.
Page
347 joa a La.
295 | Noguer
64 Neger é commun
99 | Oak Family
99
237| “ Barren
237] “ Barrens White
113} ‘* Bear.
139} “© Black
dao Pees DOE
140] ‘* Chestnut. ee ae mayath o's
140; “ Chestnut White
LO@d > 55-, CHANGORDI ., sine ans ip oo
231) “* Common White..... a othe
Bodh ee panne oo ot ee
231; * Live
99| “ Mossy-cup White.........
187} ‘ Over-cup.
lou." Phi
54 Post
146; “ Red sai
270} “ Roug!
251; ** Searlet
295} “ Serub
CG PRS Sa care Sataips sed Scania
47 e j ese eeeoewmeee eee
47 Sw:

wamp Chestnut
amp Sp

eee eee eet

PaGE Page

Oseille, Petite. 284] Pine, Norway 335
Palma ‘Christh note kee 28 “ Old Field 335
Panax, Five-leaved Lb6t Lf itch 885
Papaw a6)" eure 335
ager Mulberry. SUG bu: SelOy. so hee 335
Parsley Family te eee eS 146 [ot .-k oak Yellows -- 336
Parsley. 152} “ Weymouth 336
“ —~ Curled. 152} * Wh Vhite 336
coe 1’ 151 | Pi ly 56
Parsnip. 147 | Pink, Carolsna or Didiat.c . .<4 165,
* Cow. 148 | Pink-root 165

me Gardenoe. . acc es 147 | Pin-weed q1

“ Guernsey 147 | Pipe-vi 268

= d 340 | PipniebiWi o.oo ae ne aes 215
Partridge-berry 213 | Plane-tree Family. 301
Mepalth. <2 52 oo 401 | Plane-tree 301
Paulownia 226 | Plantain Family 218
Péa. . 106 | Plantain 218
Chick 10 “ Buckhorn 220
* Coffee. Common 218
“ Everlasting......... a ‘ English 220
* Garden Ple t 264
‘* Hamoos Plum 115
ot OnstIVE. 20 ut Be eae *" Bullace. . 116
* Sweet. “Beach. . 116
h Chickasaw... ... spereier S|
Peach-tree > Cominon, . ».sc5 sce eam 115
Peanut * Red 116
3 «© Sand. 116

ap lth Yellow. 116
4 Poison rt eer
Pesnerain oo eliek 80
Pennyroyal, American..... porary bY: Poisn-oak oie
Pauper, Bi . Sek b vg
eet pees coe eee y Pokoweot Fan. Fiver seen :
eee: 4 Pokeweed..... REP
per-bush, Sweet...... Sees ‘Poke. BE i 2
ri r : ae ‘<a uni

Wild \thenian
Siesta

Pepperidge
Persimm

3
t8)

Se eee as

‘ PAGE PaGs
Potat 261 | Ponime d’ Amour....6. 3600S 2 |
« Common 253 | P INOUSE. oes cee rH 968
“ Trish 2631 Foie deere... 08 6s GES 253
Potentilla, Norwegian..... wee 122 | Pommier. 132
Prickly Ash 15 | Porreau.. 356
“Northern 46 | Portulak. Gemeiner. 62
Ss 56 | J Se 142
a of India. 69 | Pourpier potager......es.0.55. 62
265 Psduto- bot. Det. 6 GEERITA, 218
Os s Feather 9: PENT Oes os eo woos ax pu EES: 356
Privet 265 | Quamash, Eastern............ 353
Puccoon £9) Quoratron.. oi... is SIS 315
Pulse Family 92| Qitince-iree ..-. ..6 5k eR, Dy 134
mpkin 142 ke. Gem 390
1 eee «e2+ 62 | Quittembaum. Der......0...00. 134
Purslane 62 2abbit-foot
te Black 288 | Raccvon-berry. 8
wg Milk. 288 | Radish. Garden 2
Panais potager.....00..+20250- Yat [inet h 4
Pappel. Lombardische.......... 333) 6% \- Black Tornipi. i) 2.0.4 4.
Pastnake. Die. 147 Mn 4 Wa be vris oe see dos ue eee
Pastisson 142 | Ragged Robin......... oe vkve en 194
Patate jaune 947 | Ragged Sailors. ci.4.. oes 279
Patendtres. Arbre auz,.......... 6 -weed .. a 176
ris 28 (s+ CNR 5a Va 176
ORME PEE BOS 382 | Ragwort, Golden 193
= 7 383 | Ranstead-weed...... sith. wes 225
“ des Prés 383 Thispherry, Antwerp. 126.
Pavot batard 40 “ Black. en ABE
Pecher. Le. 113 “ Garden 126 >
Pepino 139 = Rose-tlowering.. . 125
Peral. El 132 x White-flo owering.. . 126
Perexil. 152 a Dd.-saane i ob 27.
Persicaire... 279 us id. Red, .;; a9 26.
Persicaria 279 | Rattle Bush. ..
Persil... 1562 | Rhibarb.... ., .....<.c.% eaeare
Petersilee. Die. tho | Hee bn ea
Peuplier Italien 332 | Red-top
"feffer. Spanischer............. 955| ** ~~ False
feffermuenze. Die........ ef) ast ebb bistwicce nce
SS pryrrmeee A Sees ge Tis * Sea-sand
Omit SOS as 31 “Small adian)}sisas cs
Pied de Lievre. 96 es )
Pimentero, El _ 255 | Reed-mace
Plantain ordinaire ive R88 Hibaram. Ao ccs ees tid SRS
aqueminier. 218 | Rice.
trier. Le ye BS Den SOOT HEED
e: Pois ; 106; “ Indian eo
a Pore ooo Vines se. (255 5 abet vf ) ai Veneg esau

ee

a ee
Biba reeen ernie ee

INDEX,
PaGe PaGE
Rice, Upland 370 | Ruch-gras. Das 398
&- Wild 369 | Sage, Garden...... otusivents 233
Bake Family. <2... .. daseds tee 205
12 “ GCurled 205
“ herokee 130 ‘6 Head 205,
=. Olmbing. > sans se. 380'| Salisburia 344
f wert Wild 130 ify 203
¢ Pray 130 | Sarsaparilla 156,
be Sire 130 ~ Palas: + sscrecce ee
S. Guelder., 0... is - 163 . Wild . .. ectacden . 15d
Rose Bay.... 214 | Sassafras 285
R ee ..-. 66] Saxifrage F pe nS 143
Rose of Sharon.......-.. 00%. 67 Saxifrage, Penney aed 143
Rue Family 4 i oversea 143
Rue, Garden 4. | Scarcity Rok: 3.” ies ae 274
Bath Family.inissndonasdee sie RT Y-OTARS = ie 5 vnc oat seeececeeee
Rush 58 | Sedge Family............--++ 358
$<. Common... scstak une <s,8 joo wOe
«Soft. BS ee a Reece ree 363
* *Ohair-maker's. 2. issih. B61 | SelG@heal |... ele tiess deco eee
Ruta-ba 46 aes "sik “root. . pee 93
ye 392 Senna, A ieee oe 109
‘** Common 392 Wild... eas finden. § ca
Rabano 48 = 223.
Rade. eee ee eee eee 8 56 Shee erry eee ee eee ovr eaeee 162
Radis. Raifort 52 shepherd Purse 50
Rainfarrn. 189 | Shrubby Althe.....--cer0.--- 67
Ranunkel. Knolliger........... 2. ida 65
Rehwasen 38. 26.
DO PRE ROC. SIA GCA RN 369
Der. : 52
be Der 48
Rheinweide, Gemeine 265
negra 137
l raja... 3 137
Ricin ordinaire, Le a ena 38
Ricino. .... 289
Rispengras. Jaehriges i SRF
eS aad SEN, *. 38
Ritter. ie 31
Riz. «++. 369 | Snowbe
Roggen, Gemeiner....2..++.0++. 392
Roggen- Trespe. 386
Rohr Gemeines...0e0ec0rsenees 387 |
Rohrkolbe. 7
Ronce. La 128
Roque des Taine oso 43 3
Roseau a balais.. . set

seenesecens

vt

456 INDEX.

Pace PaGE
Spanish Needles. ............ 184] Sugar, Chinese <8
rmint. [eet Suma ich qT
Speedwell, Purslane........... 227 Mhineses 5250: 2520% 76
ood. SG] 2. Hommon ss esc cece ees 78
Spikenard. .. 165} > “ wart ...... ssaese: 78
Spinach or Spinag S140 6S = Polpon: fics te 79
Spindle Tree C-o8t eRe os ee 78
wood... 214} “ §Stag-horn 78
BINGO ic. 33° y enetian
‘“ 299 | Canfinwar 181
& Double Sa eke eee 338 | Summer Savor 235
‘ emlock 337 | Swamp Dogwood 9
‘Norway. .............. 338 | Sweet-basi 229
Single *. 338 | Sweet B 3
« 338 | Sweet 130 .
= PMU ccs vege eee 287 weet-sented eta meine
RCS eae pith cia weet a Wktiies ecaeie ee
Ea’ Gages Pepto eu wemeincs 288 | Sweet Flag.....0.......2..4- 346
, ip oe 288 meet Gale Meters os be 323
“Large Spotted......... 288 324
Spurge-netile ......, Secac uae 209 145
cn, RRS ihe ati: 60 | Sweet Potato ..............-: 47
ee ae Wes eee ba nae reece Shrdh. FS 368 135
2 Sy ee area: I POAMONG <2 5uu ss Peace BO
= Long-necked eaelatens eae at Mohn see AS 40
tts EUOUNG Ls cu celeste py eee. 142} Salat. Der 205
- Wark eee os Sake wen ede peal. Die 233
roe weed. Ae ne wee. 193 | Salsifis 203
2 ddlbes aia: .-.. 353 | Sala. . 233
Stagger-bush.. ieee esastvd ass AES LOIS: . 140
ete amily.............. 86 | Serriete. La : =
a ease Wes whan 86 . Di aE
cate of Bethlehem. mnein nes an Bee pa te 106
E® eeeeresesaee ees 193 Sauge. La. F 233
Decale Baa ett ane Scarole. La . 202
~&t Se OS: 244 | Schaf; ie... 187
be arrow-leaved....... 245) Schierling. Der 153
Ss John’s-wort Family........ 54 | Sehneckenkl pep persue cap in
ee ane secce, 54| Schwingel. Essbarer 88
Btone-weed..: sos gas Pipes . 392
Strawberry, English ., wsseeee. 123] Senf. Schwarzer. ’ AT
Garde Meh 123 s Weisser. . 47
“ asa gea ee 125 | § .. 237
Strawberry-bush............_. 135 | Spargel. Der sch
ihe 110 | Spinat. Der oe ee
o..... 200] Spitzklate. Die...... i
5 Gan 202 | Spi Die ae
“ . 20 Die.. Be Ee

as 0
Sa eee ite 294 al. Der. awl
Ripe TT 410} Steinkle War —:

:

Tear-thumb, ‘Arrow-leaved.. .
alberd-leaved...

Thistle
33

er ee ee ey

ee ed

Ce a es

‘S

es Nhe Be i
cs oO

ce Jarden

+e a

ung
: eee ea (of Pennsylvania, eel:

ee

‘Tread-softly... a

see eo 86 es»

Pace PAGE
243 Turnip Common....... eeeeees 46
339 | T , Swedish.....- cone eee ee
189 | Tabac. Le 259
106 | Zaback. Der. 259
190 | Tabaco 259
a B13 | Tenacde ya. 189
82 | Tanaisie......+ ili gaa pee |)
_ 282 T nosed. Dito ee tegen 239
67 | Thymian. Der 23
167 oe Le 68
168 68
167 Th, at 250
353 | Tomillo 237
19 Topinambour. 3S}
197 as 97
195| “Blanco 98
107 | Treble blanche... is ooo. ee 98
19 ‘+ des Prés 97
197 | Trig . 389
19 ‘s Saraceno...... oA eee
127 iolet. OB os
131 | Zroéne, Le 265
131 | Lulipier. Le beer ee
181 | - oo.
131 | Umbrella Tree . 85
131 | Unicorn-plant..... cabbecgee ss wee
258 | Uva-ursi- Sit =
170 | Uva espina. . 136
170.| Valerian Family’ .........5.. . 165
236 ee Marrow ite
237 lvet-lea 65
236 | 1 ain Paisiis eared 228 &
93 wereeee 228
25 Vid. sound ee: obaex eS va
256 | Vieh-gras. Das. 383
51 Pre ts ngicposssesnise ‘SE
76 Vogelmitch. Die. ,-+ B68
289 sees 29) oe ce
99 Walnnt Family..-.2-seseese+s 208 ae
‘anth aee
03

458 INDEX.
Vacs PaGE
Water-cress 43 | Woad-waxen...... olen Peek 96
WEater-Ots oo 3. es sce ree ees 870 | Wolfs-bane. 6. ....cecee eoucas coe
Water-Plantain Family........ 847 | Woodbine, American 160
Water-p Pi eas bas Cee oe 281 | Wood Sage........ cievedeses 240
Wax-myrtle........----.-+:++: 324 | Wood-sorrel Family : ss Wa
Met PINKS... 0 5's .,< 5 os sees. 63} Wood-sorrel 72
OE os as ad oe Foie 86 | Worm-grass........-- cian Oe
mray-bread ...... sens Ses 218} Wormwood..... aa ea 190.
eat, Spring 3 aizen. Glemeiner ....sseeeeeeee 389
- WNC oS eC reas 389} Wallnus. 02
Me dss eo ae ee 96 | Wegetritt. Der grosse + B18
White-weed caee 189 | Wegewart. Dero oc. 6 vs se eee 8 200
MEOW O00 cea kccaee ses --.+ 68] Weinstock. D 81
eee Aspire os oo oo ae «2. 286} Wermuth. Der.....- iv ecpeds 190
Wild Columbo.......... sevees 260! Wiesen-Lieschgras. Das....+++++ 872
ere ere ere 269| Winter-kresse. Di ¢ 43
Wild Hyacinth 353| Wollkraut. Das .. 224
Wild Ipecac. 289} Wucherblume. Die 189
Wild Lemon 38| Wunder 89
Willow Family 3281 Yarrow. 5 IBT
Willow, Basket...-+++-. or 398 | Yeupon,. 22.2224... epee
Gh pea ee ewes we Oe ew, American , B43
- Drooping. vse. eveeee $29}. mmon 1» 0
i sr 9 3 3 Yeepin Bi: eke, He oss. B29| Vedra terrestres ..cisecevecess . 234
a 829 | Yerba Peerer tg
“ Sesion 399 ‘+ Mora 251
inter-be: perce eee a ee oe eo 217 ge de Santa Barbara. ..e.+s+ 42
Winter-cress ss 26s oa eins ese 43| * dela Vibora 242
aero wee 213 | Zanahoria ... 146
101 yu aS
Pre. Chines 102 | Zederach. Der comics BOF
* “Woody oper eee 202 a et Aechtes oe, £10
Witch-hazel Family. eeeesersee 1
-hazel.

sa

Pn STR | Pee eee eee oo a aT ones OO —
¥ pe ft

Skee ee Ae

Sooty ll.
Cucumber. .

NAMES

PLANTS ILLUSTRATED IN THIS WORK.

a
PaGE PaGE
Actinomeris, Squarrose........ 18 ress 341
Amaranth, Thorny: . 277) Dandelion 204
s Reflexed........6+ 276 | Dogwood, Flowering 15
Apple. os oss o i+ cesennngiesin th 133 | Enslenia ......+-.--eee2 ss see -
Ash, Prickly Saves 5 | Filbert or Hazel-nut :
‘Arrowhead. . 848] Flax. ce (
‘Avens, Water.......... sivess A215 Bales he
Barberryic yi cis veces crees a 37 | Flea-bane, Canada 5
Barley, 2-rowed........+++++- 394| Foxtail, Meadow............. 371
Bearberry 2... 0 se bese 211 | Gingko or Jinkgo Tree........ 344
Bind-weed.........+-.eeeeeee 248 | Goats-foot.... 605s ss eb ee ne Pee Se
Birch, Black or Red....-..-+++ 326 | Goosefoot .....+0+.--- ne aban aes
i anoe or Paper......-..» 825 | Gra in
ea —- or. Qherry 2o.60.s 327 | Grass, Canary (Reed).......... 400
325 Couch or Quitch noe, Se
Bluebot. 194|:.* . Foxtai op ee
ss, Viper’s 242} “ Herd’s or Red-top...... Ps
— 364 oh. OTe ea twats he eu
Carrot. 147) * Meadow (Common)... .. eo ee
(ate ©. Ve 897
Oheckarherty fiudsuvepedeeuess wish seual (Sweet-scented)... 399
Cherry, Garden... 117 | Grass, General of..... 368
hous or Cheat. .2. 6.002.623? 386 | Gromwell, Corn . 244
Ses Me ar ee 60 | Groundsel . Je
Cichory or Succory, Wild...... 201| Hemlock, Water (a
Clot-bur, Thorny Ba “ Poison 154
Glower, Bed. sc 0s wie idee ss 97 | Hickory, Mocker-nut.......... 305
Cockle-Dut. ic... Ls os ee eee 178 | Hop
rm. Os ee tee 57 | Hound’s-tongue, Common......
331| Indian Corn....
Field *

weeeen nw ewev ee

460 = #£\NAMES OF THE PLANTS ILLUSTRATED.

Pace PaGE fi
Mallow, Common............. Bad PGison AV¥s sib Sek ee |
« ' Velvet- teat or Indian.. 66 Polys gona “lena saipeseeg . 280 +
MAINO TOES Soe he ss Sas 8s O1| Poppy, Field... 5.06.6. 655 ¢- 39 |
a ee 186} "iki ee ee |
ilkweed é SUr Parmanesd 2 ys. ones coeereryé 62
Mone... hee 33 Radish, “Coltvated go Be 4
, Pap eal © Wik '
Re i S Rear ee 48 Hastiveod, yeas eae (i;
Nettle, Horse BEL IM oa ees Sk ae fe yee 129
Spurge OG BS rss eee a
ae Ag. 2 sk el wid 29 ee — Pi ms ae 239 4
pene ame S08 (Henna, Wilt si cia ae ees 109
Nightshade..............--... 252 | Shophord’s. ve
<, Black. 316 earn Virginia Pee aay p+ BOO i
“ Black Jack or Barren..... $14 | Roapwork. ees cd ent ence: 58 —
“ Bur or Over-cup.......... 308 Seen Needles. vis. ke ees 184 !
~- Chestnut (Swamp)......... 310|Spurrey......-....++++eeeee 05 61
' « Chestnut or Yellow...... 311| St. John’s-wort........--.++++ 55 it
= BHOPIOD Orr. e'se 313 | Star-cucumber, One-seeded..... 141 |
= on . WUWOITY occ 5savewcs sess es 123 . |
2 Pin or Swamp Spanish.... 317 | Sumach, coe ee bet sun ec ene He “
age ae es. SU peeeees la ween
es Woe et Lies 817 Tear-thumb, ppeserr Sours 282
“© Scarlet alberd-leaved ... 281
* o Pomel ee kere ee is asia or Star of Bethlebom 354
“ White 809 | Thistle, Canada.........-2-.-- 198
Willow 313 Thorn-apple bee oom SLE es 258
ye 895 | Timothy .. piers a
x-eye Daisy or White-weed... 188 | Toad-flax. ...-:..-+++--s++5+>
Farmip, OW. } Tobacco RPrig nO wea et oo ere 4. goo.
Parsley, Fool’s USE|. .. Indigny ei ee ese 207
Pea 94|Trumpet Cre oo meee gE 2 a
_ * Structure of. 95 | Virginia Creeper .......-+----
: — 104 | Wax-work or Climbing Staff-tree 87
. . 334 Wa ons nv ene =! =
5 Pink arolina. 166 | Winter-cherry .....--. Reece
Plantain, Common. . 219 | Wi 1 Sy eae 273