THE Jcclae Nev: AMERICAN JOURNAL SCIENCE AND ARTS. CONDUCTED. BY Prorrssors B. SILLIMAN ann JAMES D. DANA, & IN CONNECTION WITH Proressors ASA GRAY, ann WOLCOTT GIBBS, or CAMBRIDGE, AND Proressors S. W. JOHNSON, GEO. J. BRUSH, ann H. A. NEWTON, or NEW HAVEN. SECOND SERIES. VOL. XLVI.—[WHOLE NUMBER, XCVI.] Nos. 136, 137, 138. JULY, SEPTEMBER, NOVEMBER. WITH FOUR PLATES. NEW HAVEN: EDITORS. 1868. PRINTED BY TUTTLE, MOREHOUSE & TAYLOR, 221 STATE ST. Missouri BoTANICAL GARDEN LIBRARY CONTENTS OF VOLUME XLVI. NUMBER CXXXVI. Art, L—Sketch of a Journey from Canton to —— through China; by Arsert 8. Bickmore, I.—Preliminary notice ofa Scorpion, a Eurypterus? and other - fossils from the Coal-measures of Illinois ; by F..B. Mrex and A. H. WortTHEN, 11.—On the formation of Nitrite of Ammonia; by O. Lorw, IV.—Notes on some Alge from a Californian hot spring ; by H. C. Woop, Jr V1I—On Faraday as a Discoverer; by Joun Tynpatt,.---- VIL—Chemical Apparatus; by W. P. Dexrsr, VUL—On the Equivalent of Cerium ; by the late Dr. Cuartzs Wor, IX.—Laws of Botanical Nomenclature adopted by the In- ternational Botanical Congress held at Paris in August, 1867; together with an Historical Introduction and Commentary ; by AtpHonsE DrCanpotte,---------- X.—On the Sulphates of Oxyd of Antimony; by W. P. Dexter, XI.—On the Secular Variation of the Elements of the Earth’s Orbit; by Joun L. Srockwet. (With a plate),----- XII.—On some Cretaceous fossil Plants from Nebraska; by yy XII.—Recent Eruption of Mauna Loa and Kilauea, Hawaii, SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE, Page Chemistry and Physics—On a new mode of forming the organic sulphacids, Strecker: On the transformation of uric acid into glycocoll, SrRECKER, 124.— On an oxychlorid of silicon: On a universal method of reducing and saturating organic bodies with hydrogen, BERTHELOT, 125.—Carbonylic Sulphid, BER- _ THELOT, 129.—Test for naphthalin, Vout: A Manual of Inorganic Chemistry arranged to facilitate the Experimental Demonstration of the Facts and Princi- iv H CONTENTS, ples of the Science, by CHARLES W. Exior and Frank H. Storer, 130.—On a mode > extracting the metals Molybdenum and Chromium; by J. Eneu Lovex- LIN, 131. embed and Geology.—A system of paras & Descriptive Mineralogy, com- pri — e most recent. discoveries, by J. D. Dana aided by G. J. Brus, 182 —tThe Mining and Metallurgy of Gold x Silver, by J. ARTHUR PHILLIPS, —New Geological Maps and Chart: New borate oe Mine Hill, Franklin, call Co., New Jersey—Sussexite; by G. J. Brusu, 1 Botany and Zoology.—The Variation of Animals and Plants under ee eae by Cuartes Darwix, 140.—A second critical notice of Alcyonari seum of Yale College; i A. E. VERRILL, 143.—Note on Bthindptsyltens and Ar- cheocyathus; wy F. B. M Astronomy.—Theoretical spegeric relating to the motions of the Heavenly Bodies revolving around the ages n accordance with the law of Universal Grav- itation, by James C. Wats on Astronomical and Meteorological Observa- tions made at the United Seles Naval Observatory wee the year 1865, 146- —Small Planets, 147. Miscellaneous Scientific Intelligence.—Petroleum Wells in Mexico, 147.—American Association for the Advancement of Science: British eee gen tai" —Anton Rosing, 148.—Julius Pliicker: Charles G. Page, 1 cellancous Bibliography.—A treatise on Meteorology; with a collection of Me- teorological tables, by Exttas Loomis, 149.—The Butterflies of North America, by Wa. H. Epwarps: Observations on Polyzoa, Suborder omen Lae by ALtpHEUS Hyatt, 150.—The Workshop: Transactions of the tomological Society, Philadelphia, 151. Proceedings of Societies, ete., 151. NUMBER CXXXVII. ‘ Bg Arr. XIV.—A new Theory of Vision; by Samugn Rowtey, 153 XV.—Fundamental Principles of Molecular Physics; by . W. A. Norton, 167 XV1I.—On Faraday as a Discoverer; by Joun Tynpatt,_.. 180 XVI.—On Enargite from the Morning Star Mine, Califor- nia; by Epwarp W. Roor,-- 201 XVIti.—Physical Observations on the Andes and the Ama- zons; by James OrToN, 203 XIX.—Notes on the Caucasus; by Capt. F. von Koscu- KULL, 214 XX.—On some points in the Geology of Vermont; by . Srerry Hunt, jag 2 CONTENTS. +. XXI.—Contributions from the Sheffield Laboratory of Yale College. No. XVII.—On Willemite and Tephroite; by Wii G. Mixter, ---- cs aa0 XXII.—Notices of papers in Physiological Chemistry. No. L By Grorce F, Barker, 233 XXIII.—Contributions from the Sheffield Laboratory of Yale College. No. .—On Sussexite, a new borate from Mine Hill, Franklin Furnace, Sussex Co., New Jersey; by Grorce J. Brusn, 240 XXIV.—On an easy and very effective mode of showing the vibrations in Chladni plates, &c., to a large class, by the use of a calcium or electric lantern; by Jussz 8, Cuxry- NEY, 243 - XXV.—On new specimens of Eozoon Canadense, with a re- ply to the objections of Professors King and Rowney; by J. W. Dawson, and notes by W. B. Carpenter. With two plates, 245 XXVI—On Aquacreptite, a new mineral, and on Corundo- philite of Chester; by Cuartes UpuAm SuEparp,----- 256 XXVIL—A new locality of Meteoric Iron in Georgia; by — Uruam SHEPARD, 257 SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE, Chemistry and i Seeeeae Atom Mechanics, Freck, 258.—On Vortex-rings in Air, Bani Min —Twentieth Annual Report ofthe Regents of the Univer- sity of the State of New York, ete., 262.—On a new large Enaliosaur, Cops, 263.— mostraca, Jones and HoLu: On the discovery of a new Pulmonate Mollusk in the Coal-formation of Nova Scotia, with a description of the Species, Dawson and CARPENTER, 265 —Notes on Heteh-Hetchy Valley, HOFFMANN, 266.—Acadian Ge- ology; The G 1 Mineral Resources of Noya Scotia, New Bruns swick, and Prince Eawara epost pawns, 267.—On Subaérial Denudation, and on Cliffs and Escarpments of the the Lower Tertiary HITAKER, 268.—Death of Fishes on the coast of the Bay of Fundy, ADAMS: Geological chart of Southern sic representing the dioceses of Christiania, Hamar, and Christiansand, KservutFr and DAHL, 269.—Revue de Géologie pour les années 1865 et 1866, 270. Botany and Zoology.—The Book of ig Hae a practical Treatise on the Conifer- oe ere or Cone-bearing Plants, Hoopes, 270.—The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of 4 obert Brown, BENNETT: The Jouinal of the ne heres Society, Botany, BENTHAM, : 271.—Théorie de la Feuille, DeCanpoxix, 272.—Obituary announcement, WARD and Arnotr: Note on the Polymorphism of the Anthozoa and the seitistere of vi ‘CONTENTS, ii Tubipore, KéLuiKer, 273. —A Guide to the study of Insects, and a Treatise m those injurious and beneficial to Crops, Packarp, 274, —Notice of new pw _— Bi and — Watson, 274.—Discovery of ber new Planet by Dr. entary Lessons in Astronomy. oe Tables for the mutual conversion eure Sole and Sidereal time, Lane, 27 Miscellaneous Scientific Intelli ich eat ceanse Meeting of the American Associa tion for the Advancement of Science, 275.—On the fall of Rain, as affected by the Moon, Cuass, 281.—On a oor deismithons between the amourt of Rainfall and the changes of the Moon, Hennessey, 283.—On a new Meteorite, GEINITz, 284. Obdituary.—Professor Matteucci, 285. iscellaneous Bibliography.—Cambridge Physics. A Hand-book of Natural Philoso- phy, Lian gia and GILLET, 285.—Braithwaite’s Retrospect of Practical Medicine and Surgery: Ranking’s Half-Yearly Abstract of the Medical Sciences: Archives du Musée Tevlers The American Naturalist, 286.—Reliquice Aquitanice, LARTET an CuRI ¢ ° oO 5 OQ @ 4 2 Ss 8 ° Lae) 5 & fie ° a a i = Hi R fon) oO a : 4 et Modéles en Bois des cristaux 4 vendre dans le Comptoir Minéralogique Rhénan, KRAnrTz, 287, Proceedings of Societies, etc., 287. ph NUMBER CXXXVIIL. Pp; Arr. XXVIIL—On the molecular structure of Uric Acid and its derivatives; by Woxcorr Gimps, -- 289 XXIX.—The Occultator; by Tuomas Hit, . 299 XXX.—On the Amiens Gravel; by Atrrep Tyror,._..__- 302 XXXI.—On the Artificial Formation of Organic Substances ; by C. Grevitte WiiiaMs, XXXII.—Notes on the Caucasus; by Capt. F. von Koscu- KULL, 335 XXXTIL—Notes on Mr. Charles Stodder’s paper entitled “ Nobert’s Test-plate and modern Microscopes ;” by W. S. SuLirvant, 347 .—Remarks on the nineteen-band Test-plate of No- bert; by J. J. Woopwarp, XXXV.—Notes on the betel of Southwestern Ontario; by T. Srerry Hun XXXVI—On et action a Sunlight on Bisulphid of Car- bon; by O. iat i a ee ae FY aa ee a he re a Oe ee ae . x : 2 a CONTENTS, vii XXXVII—Observations on the Metamorphosis of Siredon into Amblystoma; by O. C. Marsu 364 XXXVIIL —WNotice of a new and detantivs species of fossil Horse (Equus parvulus), from the Tertiary of Nebraska ; by O. C. Marsu, 374 XXXIX.—On Hansen’s Theory of the physical Constitution of the Moon; by Srwon Newcoms, 376 XL.—N otices of ig as in shee aia Chemistry—No. IT; by Grorce F. Bar 379 XLL—Observations of the “hives of Sept. 5th and 15th, 1868, at Mt. Desert Island, Maine; by W. 8. Girman, Jr., 390 XLH.—Discoveries of new Planets; by J. C. Watson, -.-. 392 ~ $CIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE, Chemistry and Physics.—On. the combustion of a and carbonic o gen under great pressure, FRA ' he reduction and saturation of organic compounds by hydrogen BER ste rsulphid of hydro- gen, Hormann, 396. — the compounds of molybdie and phosphoric acids, Dersray, 397.—On iodid of silicon and silico-iodoform, FRIEDEL: On the density of the vapor of orga MITSCHERLICH, DEVILLE and Troost: Connotations of etism, CHASE, 3 Mineralogy and Geology.—On a new Mineral in Cryolite, Rann, 400.—Notes on the Later Extinct Floras of North America, with Descriptions of some New Species of Fossil Plants from the Cretaceous and Tertiary Strata, NeEwBERRY, 401.—On Human remains along with those of the Mastodon in the “* of California, Wrxs- Low, 407.—Meek on the shell structure of some Spirifera, Botany ana Zoology.—Botanical Notices, 408.—Contributions to the Fauna of the G genus Lela’ erations drawn from the study of a Crickets, Sucoors, 417.—Remarks ge nae new fossil Insects from the Carboniferous Formation in America, SCUDDER, iredon a stage in the development of yackesdiaetea SILLIMAN, 221. a mtelligence.—Earthquake of Aug. jaca 1868, 422.— Miscellaneous Scientific Earthquake in California, Oct. 21: List of Papers read at session of the Nati ional Academy of Sciences in August, 1868, at Northampton 428.—On a Me- teorite which exploded over Kansas, June 6, 1868, MupGE, 429.—Corrigenda for Article XIV on Vision: British Association, 430. Bibliography.—Report of J. Ross Browne on the Mineral Resources of Miscellaneous the States and Territories west of the Rocky Mountains, 430.—Report of James W. Taylor on the “Mineral Resources of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains,” 481.—A treatise on the Concentration of all kinds of, Ores, including Gold-bearing sulphurets, Arseniurets and Gold and Silver ores generally, Kustei: The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important events of the year 1868: The Wine Maker's Manual, ReemeLmy, 432.—_ vul CONTENTS. ae Chambers’s Encyclopedia: a Dictionary of Universal ares for the —_— 453.—Mitchell’s Manual of ctical Assaying, Cr Th ksh a monthly Journal devoted to the progress of the useful arts, —The- Biessy: Exposé des alee Quaternaires de la Suéde, ErpmMAnwn: Prof. Saf- and RiLEY, 485,—How ah Grow. A Treatise on the Chemical Composition, rial pursuits, NUGENT: Part 2 of the Butterflies of N. America, Epwarps: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND ARTS. [SECOND SERIES.] we Art. I.—Sketch of a Journey from Canton to oe through China ; by Aubert 8. Broxmore, A.M. [Read before the Royal Geographical Society of London, Dee. 8, 1867, and before the Boston Society of Natural History, Feb. 19, 1868.] 7% the 7th of PSUS 1866, I left Canton, in com mage abi Mr. C. L, Weed, photographer at Hongkong, and R _ of Canton, on a journey through the Sst: uF Kwang- tung and the eastern part of rai Se Our course, at first, was westward, for about sixty miles, when we reached the head of the great ‘Delta of the Bikiang, whose low, fertile fields spread out widely along the river banks, and support a most dense population. Along ee borders of these low lands, rise ser- rated mountains—some s attaining an elevation of fifteen hundred to two thousan eet teers rp ridges and project- ing spurs coming out in strong relief, on account of the scanty ‘ vegetation on their sides. To one who has been journeying in tropical lands, and especially among the luxuriant forests of Sumatra ,, these mountains appear surprisingly bare, and only the more so, when he considers that he is but on the verge of the temperate zone. This nakedness appears to be a universal characteristic of the mountain scenery in China, but it is not the faultof the soil or the climate, for wherever the little pines have been suf- fered to rise, they show a vigorous growth. The cause of this universal devastation i is the frequent rebellions that hae swept back and forth over the whole empire, like a desolating fl Am. Jour. Scr.—Sgconp Serres, Vou. XLVI, No. 136.—Juzy, 1868. 1 No x oe AE sare be 4 a a ih ee } a ea i . ae 2 ee) Bickmore—Journey through China. and rebellion has followed rebellion too quickly for her to ac- — complish the ever recurring task ; and besides, the people do | not care to labor much, when there is every probability that — a outlaws or robbers from a neighboring province will profit by — their industry. Yet it is true they do raise some trees in afew — laces; but over all the wide area that I have traveled, nota — tenth part of the soil is thus improved that might be; and then — the trees are generally cut down before they attain any consid- — erable size; and this, in districts where the population is num- — bered by the hundred thousand. The grand old trees which are occasionally seen around the Buddhist temples, owe their preservation only to the superstitions of the destroyers, and these show well what splendid timber thousands of hill-sides in China might yield. : 2 But in regard to the ‘low lands, it scarcely seems possible raised—two full crops being obtained in nearly every part of - (where all their rice and most other sustenance is obtained) are all, or very nearly all, subject to floods at least once a year, a rusty iron tinge where large frag- ments have been lately detached, the whole traversed Ei every hrough, in ev on the whole exterior they are eetstirict furrowed. by perpendicular grooves, worn by the small streams that course down their sides during every slight shower. ss A, 8, Bickmore—Journey through China. 3 They form such striking objects in the surrounding plain as ~ the “Little Orphan” does in the waters of the Yangtse, and, 4 - like it, abound in groups of little temples placed in the natu- niches in their sides. Larger temples are ranged at their feet, and one which we entered contained in the principal hall three images in bronze six or seven feet in height. In another room I noticed an idol with six arms. The whole building was feet had worn in the steps of the solid rock. we, entrance to the temple was through a crazy gate-way or portal of loosened bricks, that leans over the precipice, and threatens to fall with the first person who sets foot within it and immolate him to a heathen god. This temple we were informed was built some two hundred years ago when Shauking was a great and flour- ishing city, but now the monks can scarcely beg enough from | their poor neighbors to answer their immediate necessities, and their once splendid temples are rapidly becoming only unsightly heaps of ruins. Here, as is frequently the case in masses of limestone, are several- caves, We entered one of a bell shape, Its floor was mostly covered with water, and a bridge led us to a platform seem to be approaching the regions over which Cerberus pre- with a crest so t. ear it exactly describes it, Northwest of this, ina small plain, is 4 A. 8. Bickmore—Journey through China. a conical hill of limestone, whose whole interior has been washed — away, forming a much grander cave than the one we had pre- viously visited in one of the “‘Seven Stars.” the mountains in these regions are composed of fine, hard siliceous grits, which in some places are compact and flinty, becoming true quartzite or quartz rock, and in others are soft as sandstone; and besides these, of slates that are interstratified — with these grits and are sometimes soft clay slates, and at others as hard as shales. Half a mile below the village of ‘Kok-hau, on the left bank of the Sikiang, just before I reached the boundary of the province of Kwangsi, I found these grits and slates resting immediately on granite. Two miles below Kok-hau rises “ Ornamental Monumental” Rock. It belongs to the lower part of this series of grits and slates, but is com- posed of a coarse conglomerate, and perhaps represents the conglomerates that are found neargranite, in other parts of the empire. * sa Yar : Crossing the river from Cock’s Comb Rock, we came to& small village, and anchored for the night astern of a small gunboat. On consulting my chart I found these words writ- ten around the next bend, about half a mile up the stream,— “a favorite resort for robbers!’ But 1 believed we must be safe with a gunboat so near, and taking care that my revolver was in prime order, and that a heavy sword was within my and groaning of some women on the bank, who were lamenting the decease of a friend ° robbers had that time mistaken the; This is but @ fair example of ‘the noises and alarms thet « es A, S. Bickmore—Journey through China. 5 It is so dangerous ascending this river, on account of rob- bers, that boats leave Wuchau only when several are ready to go and can keep together and afford each other mutual assist- ance in case of an attack. As an additional protection, the Mandarin offered to send a small gunboat along with us, but when we were ready to go, only one policeman appeared and he carried no arms. The boats used on this river are quite different from those seen at Canton. They have flat bottoms and curve up high at the bow and stern, that the helmsman and a man on look- out forward may see some distance ahead and avoid the rocks, as they come down with the rapid current, The principal article carried up the river by these boats is salt, which is a govérnment monopoly ; and, notwithstanding our boatmen all agreed not to bring a particle on board, they did buy a considerable quantity, and tried to hide most of it in our part of the boat. We very plainly informed them they had not kept their agreement, and if they left it there it would instantly go overboard. They finally, as near as I could ascer- tain, bought a permit for a part of it and smuggled through the rest, This smuggling is so common, that I was repeatedly informed that the Mandarin boats, which are not liable to be searched by the custom-house officers because they carry high officials, never fail to improve every opportunity to avoid pay- ing the regular tax. As we passed along these rivers, every day or two we came to a small house with two poles in front, each bearing a large triangular flag. There we were obliged to stop, and allow our boat to be séarched by fierce looking fellows, each armed with a long stick pomted with iron. Ascending this Cassia river is little better than dragging a boat up one continued series of rapids ; and though ours drew but five or six inches, it seemed sometimes as if our boatmen would be quite unable to get her along any farther. This fact indicates the shallowness of the Stream, and also the unfavorable fact, that steamers can never ~ be used on this river. The boatmen at Wuchau calculate to on Kweilin in fourteen days, but to go all the way back in four, _For the first hundred miles we passed only small, scattered s, each having on the top of the highest hill near it a es, ~ 6 A, 8. Bickmore—Journey through China. As an illustration of the complete state of anarchy that ob- _ tains throughout all this region, I may mention that on our — third day from Wuchau we passed a large Mandarin boat that had been robbed of everything the very first night after leavmg ~ Kweilin, the officials even not being able to protect themselves — from these desperate thieves. ‘gs 1 along our route the Mandarins were very kind to us, but — kept asking how we could dare to come there, where only one foreigner had ever been before, and who, though he had. escaped — the pore of Kwangsi, was murdered by the people of Hu- nan, They referred to an eccentric genius, who did succeed in reaching Hankow, but was completely stripped of all his cloth- ing. His difficulty with this people was certainly one cause of their hostility tous. —- and when her silver disk rose over the jagged edge of the high peaks above us and threw long pointed shadows down the y- As we approached Pingloh, a high range of needle-shaped peaks stretched across the river from east to west. They were. composed of the same dark blue, highly crystalline limestone ec Age ae places were large quantities of a beautiful blue Convolvulus in fu bloom, of the same species as specimens Mr. Graves had king ? A, S. Bickmore—Journey through China. 7 Pic Our daily routine was to walk in the forenoon until the sun got high, and again in the afternoon until the boat reached a safe anchorage, “Mr. Graves collecting plants and sketching a map of the river, and I gathering geological specimens, ascer- taining the dip of the strata and the direction of the elevations, details too numerous to be given in full in this hasty skete On the evening after leaving Pingloh we were following the river as it bent around a high bluff, when we suddenly found ourselves on the edge of a valley, ten or twelve miles broad, and extending farther than we could see to the right and left. In every direction this whole valley was perfectly bristling with sharp peaks of limestone. The strata of this limestone were nen hor hundred and ninety-two separate peaks. The highest I judge - Tose 1200 feet above the plain,* but even this did not represent the original depth of the deposit. These dark rocks, rising ab- ruptly up from the low, level lands at their feet, ‘contrasted most strikingly with the bright light green of the ‘fertile plain and made this view the most picturesque and remarkable seen on thi w is to be enjoyed among the contorted and fractured Devonian rocks on the banks of the Tchussovaya, on the western flanks of the Ural; and it is prob- ably to this same Devonian persed that these ‘limestones, and those previously mentioned, On passing out of this osha region, a section was ob- tained a little above the market-place, Hingping, where these limestones were seen resting (conformably as near as I could ascertain) on the grits that at Kokhau were in them found resting on granite. About Kweilin, the capital of the province, the valleys are much broader and heer cultivated; and large w water-wheels, ing. angle, and being up the w c and pour it intoa fom as they reach the ghost pan ad begin to descend on the re- _ volving wheel. A small pagoda, perched on the top of a ragged rock, and a * As we could not learn that this peak was ee any particular name, I Propose to name it Longfellow'’s Peak. This and all the surrounding limestone pacing appear like high columns that once seaiporiad the roof of one }imanee ae ais oP Ea eet ; ae 8 A. §. Bickmore—Journey through China. high wall of limestone, through which had been chiseled a — large hole, were pointed out by our boatmen as indications that we were nearing the capital-of the province of Kwangsi. - Instead of being situated on the west side of a lake, as repre sented on the best maps, we found it on the west side of the Kweikong river, which in the rainy season probably overflows its banks. The walls of the city are of limestone blocks neatly cut, with a parapet of bricks. e carefully closed our boat and in the evening rowed Up to the city. I at once dispatched my servant to the Yamun—_ as the Chinese call the place where their officials reside—to ask for chairs and policemen to protect me as far as the next city, but all arrangements could not be completed till the next day. — Meantime we were careful not to let any one see us, but m some way they found we had come, and early the next morning — all the streets and boats near us were perfectly packed with people anxious to get a sight at the foreigners. At first we tried to escape by ordering our boatmen to move, first to one place and then to another, and thus we darted hither and” thither like a bird trying to escape from a hawk, but every- where we found a greater and greater throng, and finally we ~ concluded it was best to try to partially gratify their insatiable | curiosity by going out on to the forepart of the boat and ex- hibiting ourselves by turns. | hen one crowd had satisfied their desire to see “ the barba- Mr. Graves kindly translated the proclamation for me. It ran as follows : and young, shall be at once put to death.. By ORDER OF THE WHOLE ProvinoraL Cir. ee great crowd ees on the shore where I landed and the oys hooted and shouted, but I could not understand what they said and only hurried on my chair rs through the suburbs, which were everywhere perfectly thronged. Two or three times : o # * A, 8. Bickmore—Journey through China. 9 I feared they would block up the street in front of me and stop me completely, but they seemed to have a suspicious re- gard for the barbarian and concluded to allow me to pass on. When we came to the chief gate and were entering the city, some officials stopped my chair and drew me up into their of- fice out of the press of the crowd, while they were instructing my coolies to go round the city and not through it. One of my chair bearers took this opportunity to run away and it seemed an age before another could be found; but finally I continued on between the city wall and the river until we came. — to a great rock, round which we were carried in a boat, and thus we were at last freed from our tormentors. It gave me a the beautiful view before me a villager chanced to pass by and notice my open compass, so I shut it up and went back to rest for fear he might think I was like some of their own people—a geomancer, Later in the evening the whole neighborhood be- gan to resound with a heavy beating of gongs, and soon a la crowd gathered in front of the inn, shouting out in the most fiendish tones, “ Kill him! Kill him! Kill the white devil!” I plainly saw that they had come with the determination to rob me and then kill me. I realized the danger of my position and I feared the worst, for how could one man defend himself against such an infuriated mob. ; ‘ ut my policemen proved firm, and at once showed the ring- leaders my pass from their own Mandarin and assured them that if they injured me in the least their Mandarin would take every one of their heads off and completely destroy their vil- lage. Then their wrath took another channel and they cursed, the Mandarin, and finally, after much angry disputing, they offered to go away on the condition that I should leave their village as soon as daylight appeared. My servant ass them that they need have no fear that I should remain there long, and that I certainly should not have stopped short of the next vil if my coolies and policemen had not refused to travel any farther that night. The only crime alleged against “40 A. 8. Bickmore—Journey through China. certainly has the clairvoyant power of looking three feet into ; - solid rock ! lin, The road, or more properly path, was three or four feet this stream there had once been a large flight of marble steps nicely cut and carefully laid up, but when I passed they were aling apart and the whole work going to decay, the amount of travel at present not being sufficient even to keep them in Te _, On one’ bank was a small square pagoda-like tower, and near 1t two great iron pillars surmounted by a large ornamental cap. insisted on my going into a small room and remaining there out of sight till we were ready to start again, and after that all the way to Hankow, a distance of some 800 miles; I was so = A, 8. Bickmore—Journey through China. 11 strictly guarded and attended that I found myself really a prisoner. I could not make detours to the right and left as I pleased when we were passing some object of special interest. our lives. 2 p.m. we came to Lingsun a hien city, 60li by the way we came from Kweilin. I must confess that a sickening sen- sation closely akin to fear crept over me as I entered the gate of this city and thought of the danger I had passed through the day before at Kweilin. The Yamun was near the gate we entered, and the officials that quickly gathered round all seemed to regard me with pity rather than hate. I tried to show my appreciation of the kind feelings they manifested by naming the places I had_ passed and marking out a rude map’ on the wall, but m policemen were afraid another mob might gather and therefore led me away to a little dirty inn where every room was full but one, and on one of the two beds in that an old opium smoker ‘lay stretched out nearly stupefied with’ the intoxicating drug. Our room was more properly a dungeon than a guest chamber. A single segment of glass in the roof, which was little higher an our heads, admitted all the light we were permitted to enjoy. But my companion, at least, was blissfully indifferent to the inconveniences of our prison and no doubt was imagining himself floating on clouds in the high air or in some richly gilded barge quietly gliding down Lethe’s stream, whose waters he had certainly drank to satiety. : Small boys climbed up the partitions to peep over and steal a sight at me, but I was then quite accustomed to such slight annoyances, Meanwhile numbers of the curious of both sexes al d _ After three hours in these uncomfortable quarters, we con tinued on through the city and passed out the eastern gate. The whole city is merely one heap of ruins and there are way from Chauping I had come almost exactly in the track of these rebels, and their hordes were composed of just such rob- 12 A, §. Bickmore—Journey through China. suppose, & man whose prime motive was to take revenge on his government should care much about elevating his country- men, It is true he and his confederates invited foreigners to participate with them in overthrowing the dynasty of-the Manchus, but I believe that they did this only because they needed assistance, and that if they had once gained the’ supreme authority they would have been as hostile to foreigners as the present dynasty ; anda partial proof of this appears in the reserved manner in which their chief conducted himself as soon as he had secured Nanking and believed the whole empire within his grasp. This territory where the “Great Peace” rebellion began, and the territory too that they held the longest, is the most despoiled, the most dangerous and the most un- promising of any I have seen in my long journeys over China. Revolution has followed revolution throughout the whole length and bréadth of China until her soil has been reddened with the blood of tens, even hundreds of millions of her people, and yet she remains just where she was two thousand years ago ; and — simply because all these movements have been originated by those whose only desire was to get the throne, to plunder or to avenge personal wrongs; and not by high-minded,’ generous men, having in view the good of their fellow countrymen. A walk of 35 li brought us to Tai-ung-gong, a small village on the Kweilin or Cassia river, for the water still flows toward Kweilin. Before we reached it we crossed a small stream flow- ing into the Kweikong from the north. In its bed I noticed pebbles of granite and porphyry, but all the rocks seen in sitt were the common siliceous grits, rafts of bamboos to be floated down to Kweilin and Wuchau. The e€ water here flows to the north and the water-shed is a few li to the southwest. It is not natural but artificial, and what were originally small streams have been changed into canals and ¥ phe OO. ee ie oe es A. §. Bickmore—Journey thgough China. 13 these extended to head waters of the Siang. The water is kept for a time in these rivers and canals by building dams across them whenever a rapid would occur and allowing the water to escape only over a small gap deep enough for a single boat to pass over. Hingan is in the same ruinous eondition as Ling- many as ten great water wheels were sometimes seen, one behind the other. ‘It seemed as if there were more rapids in the 14 leagues from Tankatse to Sinchau than in the 16 leagues from Kweilin to Wuchau on the other side of the water-shed. b which all agreed in saying came from a waterfall 93 li distant among the hills. Small boys gather them at the foot of the fall and bring them to market to sell for curiosities. They were Brachiopoda, probably of the Devonian period, and from the cury rts near the hinge the Chinese call them “ hawks.” A Mandarin afterward gave me the same account of them. They come from the limestones already described as resting on grits and slates hills border the river, and the valley of the Siang really begins. All the way from Shauking near Canton to this point, the safety and that those policemen were absolved from any farther responsibility. But all 14 A, 8. Bickmpre—Journey through China. and one military Mandarin and from two to four soldiers besides : that previously noticed. Highty-four li below Kiyang, at the. village of Pin-cha-bu, we passed a hill of limestone interstrati- Jied with coal. They were quarrying the lime rock and using — the coal obtained at the same time to burn it to lime. The dip of these strata is 40° to the north. A little farther in that direction came red sandstone with a similar dip of 15° to 20°. _ Sept. 16th, stopped for the night in a little village 165 li above Hangchau. As we arrived after dark no one saw me and take a walk along the front street. But he only shrugged his shoulders, shook his head in an ominous manner and said, “they are all the worst of ruffians there !” About ten o’clock a loud talking and disputing began on the kK near us and soon one man commenced. screaming ant an out by us into the middle of the stream, their victim all this time groaning more and more feebly and evi- dently dying. My servant who was on the watch then informe me is man was a merchant and belonged to another vil- lage and was taking some money to Hangchau, and when the people there robbed him and he shouted out for the police, they stabbed him and were finishing their work by sinking him in the A, S. Bickmore—Journey through China. 15 river. By this time, after the evil was done, the Mandarins at Yamun began firing small cannon every ten or fifteen minutes; and this they kept up regularly for some two hours, showin plainly to us all that they expected to be attacked next them- selves I found we had thus unwittingly ran directly into a nest of | those assassizis who prowl in bands over the whole country. I trusted however that no one had seen me, for that was my only hope of saving my life. Nothing remained for me to do but keep as quiet as possible and leave the place at the earliest dawn. I therefore sat down quietly, opened the lid of my revolver box—for I believe it is a uty every one owes to his Creator to save his life at any cost until he is convicted of some crime—and coolly determined when the event came to sell my life as dearly as possible. But after listening with the keenest solicitude for many long, lonely hours, I finally fell asleep, and when J awoke again our. boat was floating down the stream and this village of assassins was far out of view behind us. We soon came to Lichang the principal coal mine on the ne on Siang, It is situated on the left bank of the river some 50 miles above Hangchau. The cog] beds here were seen resting on limestone, and this is also the case in Sz’chuen, at the coal’ mines near Peking, and probably in every part of the empire where both occur. On the coal strata rests a red sandstone, which origi ‘covered all these coal deposits, at least, in this region ; and the coal appears at the surface only where it has been thrust up through the overlying strata of red sand- stone or where this sandstone has suffered very considerable denudation. As we were but six miles from the village where the murder occurred, the Mandarin sent to protect me declared he would not let me go on shore and inspect the mines on any condition, and therefore I could note only what was to be seen from the river as we passed, All the so-called “ mines” that thus came,in view were nothing more than deep pits in the sides of hills and consequently only ‘surface coals” have been obtained ion, to doubt whether it will ever eqital the best coal in England and America. Hangchau is the great coal depot for the pro- 16. A. S. Bickmore—Journey through China. vince of Hunan, and the military Mandarin that accompanied me from that city to Changsha, the capital, stated that itis mined at Kweiyang and Laiyang (see Dr. Williams’s map of China) and also at Sinhwa on the Tsz’kiang. It probably he most important place for trade in Hunan is Siangtan, 90 li south of Changsha. All the boats that come down the — t Hankow, unless a shallow bar occurs where this river empties — into Tungting Lake. That place I crossed by night and there- , Si ets : : es lake, and at sunrise I enjoyed a view only to be witnessed in this land whose population is numbered by the hundred million. As far as the eye could see before us, behind us and for several miles on either side, the surface of the lake was perfectly feath- ered with white sails, some in sunshine, some in shadow an some in the dim distance, gliding on a thin film of air over the water. Twice during the day I counted nearly four hundred — nd forty in sight at one time ; and with the aid of my field were loaded with tea, many with coal, and many were just 8 along under huge deck loads of round timber. This a 3 =") ° Lar) c3 - i) ot 3 ES eee a= RA ae DT ee te ea & A, S. Bickmore—Journey through China. 17 cities for the Mandarins, I have laid in the bottom of my boat among the cargo with a straw mat over me without daring to stir for nearly half a day, for fear of a repetition of what oc- curred at Kweilin. Once I had a severe attack of fever and ague, which seemed to set my brain on fire, and for fear I should lose command of my mind I gave my passport and money to my servan nd ordered him to be sure to take care of me if I should become delirious, and to take me along with him to Hankow where my friends would reward him with an ample present. Fortunately, after suffering severely for a few days, I shook off the disease, encouraged by the idea that every hour was bringing me nearer the end of my weary journey. For the last fifteen days I did not once have an opportunity of leaving my boat and walking some American friends. All cause for solicitude was then over and for a week the doctor ordersd me to keep my chamber. is journey was undertaken with the hope of ascertaining the kinds of the rocks in the region traversed and the order of their superposition. The time chosen was the dry season, and admitted by all to be a very dry season. In such a coun ner. In this way, from actual observation, the series was found to be: First and lowest, granite; on which rests the second formation composed of grits and slates. I am not aware that any fossils have ever been discovered in these rocks. These grits and slates are covered by the third formation of old limestones, which the fossils obtained at Sinchau lead us to regard as probably belonging to the Devonian age. On these rest, fourthly, another series of limestone strata of the same geological age as the coal beds. A rare collection of fossil plants of these rocks in the neighborhood of Peking was given me by Abbé David, They probably, belong to the same geological age as the fossil plants s2nt-by Mr. Pumpelly to Dr. Newberry, who regards them as later than the Carboniferous Am. Jour. Sct.—SECOND Serres, VoL. XLVI, No. 136.—JuLx, 1868. 2 18 A. 8. Bickmore—Journey through China. period and probably Triassic. My journey through the great coal fields of Hunan also gave me an opportunity of more narrowly defining its limits. The route herein described was the one chosen for a railroad between Canton and the southern parts of the empire, and Hankow and the central parts of the country. But no one had been through the mountainous re- gions and ascertained whether there was a break in the Meiling Range or whether great tunneling would be necessary. Hav- ing passed over the whole area, I am prepared to say that there is no physical feature that would render the construction of such a road a work of any greater difficulty there than in a very hilly land. The great obstacles to such work in every part of China are, first, their bitter hostility to foreigners, and secondly, their superstitious fears that any such work “ will af- _ fect the winds and rain and deluge their crops with floods or parch them with heat.” The prevalence of this belief, and the extent to which it influences all their actions, are most sur- prisin an excavation, the neighboring community draw up a petition | that this man be only give its consent, but also can and will guarantee to pro- tect such property or fully make up any damage the people . may do. When this can be done, it is as certain that railroads will pay there as that native and foreign merchants find it profit- able now to use steamers on the Yangtse and Canton rivers an along the sea coast. Then, and not till then, will these great improvements be begun in China, and her future promise to something more than a mere repetition of the past. Up to the date of this journey it had been a matter of spec- ation whether there was a water communication between the niver system of the Sikiang and that of the Yangtse. This Meek and Worthen on a Scorpion and other fossils, etc. 19 ueryis at once answered by the fact, that if the gentry of Recilin and the people in the adjoining country had allowed me to proceed at my leisure and had not forced me to fly for my life, I could, even in that remarkably dry season, have per- formed the whole journey in boats except nine miles; and I am confident that if I had left Canton in the rainy season I could have made the whole distance of two thousand miles, through the interior of China, and come out to the sea coast again at Shanghai in one and the same boat. his enables us to realize that the next wonder in regard to China, after the density of her population, is the completeness of her internal water communication. Art. I1.—Preliminary notice of a Scorpion, a Eurypterus ? and other fossils, from the Coal-measures of Illinois; by F. B. Meex and A. H. WorTHEn. Amonast some fossils discovered last summer by Mr. Joseph Even, in the iron nodules of the Coal-measures at Mazon creek, Grundy county, Illinois, and loaned by him for the use of the Illinois Geological Survey, there are a few types of such unu- sual interest, that we have thought it desirable to present a pre- liminary notice of them, in advance of more extended descrip- tions and illustrations, to appear in one of the reports of the urvey. . : ‘The first of these is a fine. Zurypterus, or a species of a ipes and E. ro- _* These legs are slender, apparently without lateral spines, and terminate in a Single long, acutely pointed dactylus, gotus. The post-oral plate is about 0°76 inch in length, and 055 inch in breadth, the widest part being very slightly behind the — middle. Its general form is subovate. From near, or a li behind the middle, it rounds off rather rapidly to the rounded — posterior end, and tapers more ogerag! to the anterior ex-_ tremity, which is rounded on each side, and rather distinctly emarginate in the middle. The maxillary joints or plates ot the swimming feet expose a subtrigonal outline—their length — being 0°85 inch, and their breadth at the posterior margin — about 0°70 inch. Their lateral slopes are slightly sinuous along the middle, while their anterior ends (or the portions exposed) are very narrow, pointed, curved inward, and extend — scarcely beyond the anterior end of the post-oral plate. The succeeding joints are visible, but scarcely in a condition to be described. | 20 Meek and Worthen on a Scorpion and other fossils The thorax measures 2°45 inches in breadth near the middle, - and a little more than 2 inches in length. Its middle seg- ments (on the ventral side) are 0°35 inch in length or anterio- posterior diameter, while the anterior and posterior ones, es-— pecially the latter, are shorter ; and they are all rounded on their posterior lateral angles. Some impressions in the matrix, however, show that the lateral terminations of the dorsal por- tion of the posterior thoracic segments or rings extended out — strong angular processes, nearly straigh : ch a oblique axterior io y straight behind, but wi | y 6 h not more» than half the breadth (more properly length) of the “er ge which he body se, in E. remipes, and other Silurian species, resemble body segments so closely that they were actually mi , y and second segments of the ate = Peleon by Prof. Hall, for 2), and not suspected by him to ot aga bod gouns Lewis This error has been pointed out and corre : X , In his memoir on the genus Pter A j the Pa- leontographical Society, pp, 40 and 41-1866. ygotus, published by 4 from the Coal-measures of Illinois. 21 rior margin of the fifth thoracic segment, or to a length of 1-60 inches, while we are almost positively sure it is not bipartite at the extremity. There is also on each side of the anterior, or attached extremity of the mesial appendage, a small spatu- late piece, not corresponding to any of the parts of the opercu- lum of Furypterus, as hitherto illustrated, so far as we have yet seen. ‘These are about 0°41 inch in length, and 0°15 inch in breadth, with nearly parallel sides and pointed anterior ex- tremities, while their posterior ends are transversely truncated, with lateral angles rounded. Their anterior pointed ends ter- minate nearly in contact with the posterior angles of the two little “intercalated pieces” (a a) of Prof. Hall’s fig. 3, p. 398, of third vol. Paleont. N. Y.; so that they occupy exactly the po- sition of what are apparently intended in that figure to represent the inner truncated ends of the lateral alee, immediately on each side of the mesial appendage. They are proportionally wider, however, and extend back slightly beyond the posterior mar- gins of the lateral alee, and are certainly separate pieces. They were evidently over-lapped, on their mner edges at least, by the mesial appendage, and look as if, in case they were attach at all to the operculum, it must have been to its inner side. Possibly, however, they were really attached to the anterior tho- racic segment, and form no part of the operculum itself; in whic case they would seem to represent, though greatly smaller, the membranaceous modified feet of Limulus, bearing the branch- ie. As now seen, however, in the condition of impressions, they certainly look as if appendages of the operculum; while they show the same scaly sculpturing seen on other parts of the surface. All the portions of the under side of the fossil, that have left their impressions in the matrix, were provided with fine subimbricating scale-like markings. From some of the characters mentioned, particularly the in having no eyes, at least in the position they oceupy in Bw- ng no eyes, Shs posite ey i 22 Meek and Worthen on a Scorpion and other fossils of the dorsal half of each thoracic segment more pong : -* = is q ae 3 4 Another specimen, from the black shale of the Coal-measures rtunately it is not in a condition to show cepha : to be sub-quadrangular in form, coment wider (behind) than long, the breadth being about e ocelli, nor can we see whether or not its anterior edge is emar- ginate. Its posterior edge has a very slender, minutely ¢ o1 W re- nate, raised marginal line, from a little in advance of hich z * from the Coal-measures of Iilinois. 23 there originates a distinct mesial furrow, that extends forward to near the middle of the shield, where it is intersected by two oblique furrows, with the prominence for the mesial ocelli be- tween them. ‘T'wo other deep lateral furrows extend, one on each side, from the posterior end of the mesial one, obliquely outward near the posterior margin. The surface is ornamented th j ; : at the point. Palpi unknown, Legs stout, long, with long joints gradually decreasing in breadth, and apparently like all the other parts, without hairs, serrations or spines, he abdomen is a little more than twice the aly length n Of the tail, only the anterior three segments are preserved in of division, but is incomplete at both ends, ; 24 Meek and Worthen on a Scorpion and other fossils Although the discovery of such a type in our Coal-measures, even in the mutilated condition of this specimen, is one of © much interest, it is still greatly to be regretted, that its condi- — tion is such as to show no traces of the ocelli, neither mesial — nor lateral, nor of the palpi and terminal portions of the tail,— _ since these, especially the ocelli, are the very parts upon which generic distinctions are based by most of the naturalists who have investigated the living Scorpions. Consequently, we are left entirely without the means of deciding which of the known genera it would fall into, if not a new generic type. Its gen- eral physiognomy, however, the structure of its mandibles, and particularly the possession of the peculiar comb-like organs, leave no doubt whatever in regard to its belonging to the fam- ily Scorpionide, as defined by the generality of authors. On comparison with the only other Scorpion known to us _ from the Carboniferous System—(Oyclopthalmus Sternbergi from the Coal-measures of Bohemia)—it will be found to differ remarkably in having its tail as distinct from the abdomen, in form and breadth, as in the modern Scorpions (with which it agrees exactly in general appearance, so far as its parts are yet known), instead of having its abdomen passing imperceptibly into the tail, without any well defined ahiitigs in the form of the segments. Although our specimen does not retain the anterior part of lothorax, and the stoutness of its tail, it resembles Buthus hir- sutus, of Wood, from California. From these points of general oe and the necessity for some name by which the genus, however, when all its characters can be made out, is exceedingly improbable ; and we are prepared to believe more Srom the Coal-measures of Illinois. 25 nearly perfect specimens will show it to be typical of a new genus. If so, it might be called Hoscorpius, in allusion to its early appearance in time. Amongst the specimens we have, from time to time, had an opportunity to examine from the Mazon creek locality, we have frequently observed impressions of a long, many jointed fossil, in regard to the true nature of which we e to arrive at any very satisfactory conclusion. We could hardly doubt but it was an Articulate of some kind, and were inclined to believe it a Myriapod, All our examinations, how- ever, of the specimens at that time known, failed to quite sat- isfy us that what looked like legs projecting out into the mat~ rix, were really not rigid, inarticulate spines,* Hence, we were left in some doubt, whether or not it might be the mould of the vertebral column of some little vertebrate animal; and after many careful examinations, we concluded to lay the speci- mens aside, hoping that better examples might be found, giving some clue to their nature. In the meantime, however, we showed all of them we had seen to several of our most eminent naturalists, none of whom could give us any suggestions in re-~ gard to the affinities of the animal. : Several of the specimens now before us, of this same fossil, ound last summer by Mr. Even at the same locality, are more complete, in some respect, than any we had previonsly seen ; and from these we are satisfied that it is not a vertebral col- umn, but really an articulated animal. As it seems impossible that it can be a Crustacean, an Annelid, or larval insect, we can scarcely doubt that it is a gigantic Myriapod. : One of the specimens now before us seems to be entire, and has apparently a sub-hemispherical head, as wide as any part of the long slender body. It is not in a condition to show the eyes, if any existed, nor can we see any remains of mandibles, antenne, or other appendages connected with it. The entire length of this specimen is 3°90 inches, and its breadth about 0:20 inch. It tapers very little from the anterior to the poste- rior end, which terminates rather abruptly. In the whole length, as many as seventy-five or seventy-six segments can b counted ; but it is worthy of note, that there are only half this number on the dorsal side, where each one corresponds to two low.t As seen in a side view, the downward curved ends of the dorsal scutes, if we may so call the larger dorsal portions of the segments, are rounded in outline ; while each of them _* At that time, we had only seen specimens showing the dorsal spines dis- ey cred maliarity ea nents of the body ocours in some types of existing fi va Cormatide, in which the dorsal scutes are also generally Spiniferous. 26 Meek and Worthen on a Scorpion and other fossils bears apparently three or four short, pointed, rigid spines, d- rected obliquely backward, and arranged so as to form a many longitudinal rows along the back and dorso-lateral parts of the animal. Some of these spines are seen to give off a small, short, lateral fork, or branch, on the anterior or poste rior side. - : On the under side of the body there are, as already stated, ‘ two segments, or rather two half rings of the dermal integt- der jointed legs, about 0°20 inch in length, in the specimen nearly 4 inches long. So fur as can be made out, there are at least five gradually tapering joints to each leg. In some of the imens these lower segments show appearances of something — like spiracles, though we are not sure that they aresuch. Fora — long time we failed to detect joints in the legs, but in some of t the specimens now before us they can be clearly seen. nder a magnifier, the impressions of the body rings 0 the matrix show a minutely granular kind of marking, that must — have been produced by minute pitting of the surface. No — pow however, have been seen projecting from any part of the ossil. For this uncouth looking creature, we would propose the generic name Huphoberia, in allusion to the formidable | appearance a living example, more than a foot in length, must have presen when alive and moving about, wl its back bristling with forked spines, and its 150 legs motion. Some fragments in the collection are much large than the most complete specimen from which our measure ments are given, and if of the same proportions, the individu- als to which they belonged must have been from 12 to 15 inches in mags _ near + of an inch in diameter. Bag ecimens seem ong to two ies, one comparatively small, and one large. For the seudlied tigi! one, from which the foregoing description was made out, we would propose the me H. armigera, and for the larger EB. major.* : On comparing our specimens with a curious jointed, spinifer- ous fossil, figured and described by Mr. Salter in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, vol. xix., p- fig. 8, from the Staffordshire Coal-measures, under the name Eurypterus ? (Arthropleura) ferox, we can scarcely entertain ordan and von Meyer have proposed the nam tonotus : —, Ha Pe: pl. te. 3) for @ mg ey armiger, and C. major. from the Coal-measures of Illinois. 27 had he seen a specimen showing a side view of even a few seg- ments of the animal. At any rate, our fossil is entirely dis- tinct, in all respects, from the typical species of Arthropleura of Jordan and von Meyer, which is almost certainly a Crus- tacean. Supplementary Note on some of the Morris Crustacea, &c., = formerly described. A number of additional specimens now before us, in various ' conditions of preservation, of some of the articulates already described and figured in the Illinois State Geological Report, from the Grundy county locality, enable us to add some facts in regard to these fossils not determinable from the specimens first obtained. This additional information we give below :— fo) ing with the thoracic legs spread out on each side for walking, led us to think the former probably their natural posture, and show that the animal could probably stand and walk upon them, and that this may have been its natural attitude. It is worthy of note, that in all these specimens, the thoracic legs are all directed forward, and not a part of them forward and a part backward, as in most of the Amphipoda. These specimens also clearly show that the last joint of each 28 Meek and Worthen on a Scorpion and other fossils. pieces of each being exactly alike, and scarcely distinguishable | in size and form from the telson. They likewise appear 10 this suggestion is right, by marking off a short inconspicuous — segment, from the anterior end of the telson, as now repre — sented, ; | One specimen of apparently a new species, nearly allied to A, Stimpsoni, has the peduncles of the outer antenne well than that of A. Stimpsoni, with proportionally larger anterior : As seen on the dorsal side, its body is long, narrow and been obtained showing an that it may be an Anneli, O. Loew on the formation of Nitrite of Ammonia. 29 Art. III.—On the formation of Nitrite of Ammonia ; by O. Lozw, Assistant in the Chemical Department of City College, New York. convenient form as a reagent, I dipped strips of Swedish filter- paper in a solution of alloxan and dried them in vacuo, after tube some drops of water on them (distilled water I avoided be- cause of its containing ammonia) and placed some strips of acid and standing ona glass plate. A bell-jar was put over the whole, taking care that the junction was air-tight. The appa- ratus was then set in a place where ammonia had never car were perfectly clean. The bell-jar and test tube were r with diluted sulphuric acid, afterward with alcohol, the strips 30 O. Loew on the formation of Nitrite of Ammonia. ployed. At first I did not remark any reddening, but it be- came visible in an extremely short time, when the apparatus was placed in the sunlight. I repeated this experiment more than once and always found, that—1l, this red color appears only at that part of the paper where the evaporation of the water takes place. 2. This discoloration does not increase after all the water is evaporated and absorbed by the sulphuric acid. 3. This phenomenon makes its appearance very quickly in the sunlight, and slowly in diffused daylight. Now what are the reasons of this phenomenon ? Only one explanation suggests itself, and that 1s given by the discovery — of Schoenbein, in regard to the formation of nitrite of amm nia from water and nitrogen, There can be no doubt that this coloration only comes from the nitrite of ammonia, formed by the evaporation of such a small quantity of water. The open end of the test-tube was in contact with the dried air in the face on the ends of the paper. In the ordinary evaporation of water, the newly formed nitrite of ammonia is quickly de- stroyed again, generating water and nitrogen :— NO’ 0= 2H,0+2N (O=16.) But in our case every trace of this salt is quickly fixed by the alloxan, murexyd ‘being formed, which is the cause of this reddening. If one employs a concentrated solution of alloxan, the experiment will not always succeed, be- cause the crystalline surface formed by it will not allow the water to be sucked up, and therefore the place of oe orme : changes. On the other hand, the ammonia salt thus amount of carbonic acid and ammonia in the atmosphere, We find the proportion of C : N=300:1 (N in the form of am- monia), but if we — with that, the proportion of these two elements in the body of vegetables, we find on an average H. C. Wood on some California Alge. 31 the ratio of 50:1. Whence then comes the nitrogen that is required to make up the proper proportion? The ammonia of the soil is not able to give a sufficient answer to this question, but we have here the explanation: In the direct sunlight, not only the carbon and hydrogen are taken up in a higher degree, but also the nitrogen of the air, the latter being quickly conver- ted into the easily assimilable form of nitrite of ammonia. New York, April 1, 1868. Art. IV.—Notes on some Algae from a Californian hot Spring ; by Dr. H. C. Woop, Jr., Professor of Botany in the University of Pennsylvania. . Some time since Prof. Leidy handed me for examination a number of dried Algge, which he had received from Prof. Seid- ensticker, by whose sister, Mrs. Partz, they had been gathered in the “‘ Benton Spring,” which is situated in the extreme northern point of Owen’s Valley, California, 60 miies south- west from the town of Aurora. Afterward a number of simi- lar specimens came to me directly from Mrs. Partz by mail. The subject of life in thermal springs is one of so.much gen- eral interest, especially in connection with that of spontaneous generation, as to induce me to make a very careful examina- tion of the material and offer the results to the readers of this Journal. In this connection the following extract from a 0 green. Below 100° F. these plants cease to grow and give way ppears, ing 01 soft and pulpy nature as not to bear the least handling, and must be carried in their native hot water to the house, very few at a time, and floated upon paper. After being taken from the water and allowed to cool they become a black pulpy mass. But more strange than the vegetable are the animal organiza- 32 H. €. Wood on some Californian Alge. tions, whose germs, probably through modifications of successive” generations, have finally become indigenous to these strangt precincts. Mr. Partz and myself saw in the clear waters of th i basin a very sprightly spider-like creature running nimbly ove | ea the ground, where the water was 124° F’., and on another occa sion dipped out two tiny red worms.” , } In regard to the temperatures given and the observations #8 to the presence of animal life in the thermal waters, Mr. Wm Gabb of the State Geological Survey states that he has visitel the locality, knows Mrs. Partz very well, and that whatevé she says may be relied on as accurate. a The color of the dried specimens varies from a very elegant” bluish green to a dirty greenish and fuscous brown, After somewhat prolonged soaking, in hot water, the specimens Ie gained apparently their original form and dimensions, and wert _ found to be in very good condition for microscopical study. fringe. Other spec plant. a the method of soaking ’ ocesses, Proxi- — mally they were one or even two lines in thickness, distally — they were scarcely as thick as tissue paper. Their bases were — especially gelatinous, sometimes somewhat translucent, and under the microscope were found to have in them only a few — distant filaments. Two sets of filaments were very readil dines ‘shed in the | adult plant. The most abundant of dian, sind that especially | rti finally split up into innumerable hair-like pr H. C. Wood on some Californian Alge. 33 other cells. In one instance only was I able to detect hairs upon these heterocysts. The larger filaments are found especially near the base and in the other older portions of the frond. Their cells are gen- = irregularly elliptical or globose, rarely are they cylin- ical They are mostly of an orange brown color, and there exists a particular gelatinous coating to each cell rather than a com- mon gelatinous sheath to the filament. These larger threads are apparently produced from the smaller‘filaments by a pro- cess of growth. Near the base and in the under portions of the fronds, these ents are scattered in the homogeneous jelly, in which they run infinitely diverse courses. In the upper portions of the frond and at some little distance from the base, the adjoining cells are very close to one another and pursue more or less par- allel courses, with enough firm jelly between to unite them into a sort of membrane. propose for it the specific name Caladarium, which is suggested by its place of growth. There are several species of allied - caladarium, sp. nov.—N. thallo maximo, indefinite ex- panso, aut membranaceo-coriaceo vel membranaceo-gelatinoso vel membranaceo, aut lete viride vel sordide olivaceo-virid vel olivaceo-brunneo, irregulariter profunde laciniato-sinuato, ultimo eleganter laciniato ; trichomatibus inaqualibus, inter. Am. Jour. Sct.—SEconp Series, Vou. XLVI, No. 136.—Juty, 1868. 3 34 Faraday as a Discoverer. + dum flexuoso-curvatis, plerumque subrectis et arcte conjunctis, | in formis duabus occurrentibus; forma altera parve, vitl 5 articulis cylindricis, cum cellulis perdurantibus hic illic inter jectis, vaginis interdum obsoletis, sepius diffluentibus, instructs; orma altera maxima, articulis globosis vel oblongis, aurantiace- brunneis, cellulis perdurantibus ab ceteris haud diversis. Diam, Cellule cylindrice maxime ;;3;; unc. Ce eee susp un lam. Forme prime articuli maximi ;;3;; unc. Cellule perdurantes 5,5, unc. Forme secunde articuli oblongi longi aoeo—saa0 UNC, lati 30 0—-ss ss) Articuli globosi a3 5072005 4 ; are united to form a sort of indeterminate gelatinous stratum. In this species the.families are composed of but very few cells, ento crassissimo, achroo, haud lamelloso, homogened; cytioplasmate viride, interdum subtiliter eranulato, interdum omogeneo. Diam. Cellule singu tss7 latitudo maxima Art, VI, Parentage: Introduction to the Royal Institution : Earliest Experiments: First Royal Society Paper : Marriage. Ir has been thought desirable to some image of MicHarn Farapay, as a scientific investigator and discoverer. The attempt to respond to this desire has * From the Report of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. le sine tegumento longitudo maximé 1 ‘ft of zeas - —On Faraday as a Discoverer ; by Jonn TynpAtt, F.R.S.* give you and the world Faraday as a Discoverer. 35 been to me a labor of difficulty, if also a labor of love. For however well acquainted I may be with the researches and dis- coveries of that great master,—however numerous the illustra- not easy of performance, and all but impossible amid the dis- traction of duties of another kind. That I should at one period or another speak to you regarding Faraday and his work, is natural, if not inevitable ; but I did not expect to be called upon to speak so soon. Still the bare suggestion that this is the fit and proper time for speech sent me immediately to my task: from it I have returned with such results as I could gather, and also with the wish that those results were more worthy than they are of the greatness of my theme. It is not my intention to lay before youa life of Faraday in the ordinary acceptation of the term. The duty I have to per- orm is to give you some notion of what he has done in the world ; dwelling incidentally on the spirit in which his work was executed, and introducing such personal traits as may be necessary to the completion of your picture of the philosopher, though by no means adequate to give you a complete idea of e man. The newspapers have already informed you that Michael Faraday was born at Newington Butts, on the 22nd of Sep- tember, 1791, and that he fell finally asleep at Hampton Court, on the 25th of August, 1867. Believing as I do, in the general truth of the doctrine of hereditary transmission—shar- ing the opinion of Mr. Carlyle that “‘a really able man never proceeded from entirely stupid parents’”—I once used the priv- ilege of my intimacy with Mr. Faraday to ask him whether his parents showed any signs of unusual ability. He could remember none, His father, I believe, was a great sufferer dur- ing the latter years of his life, and this might have masked whatever intellectual power he possessed. When thirteen years old, that is to say in 1804, Faraday was apprenticed toa bookseller and bookbinder in Blandford street, Manchester- Square : here he spent eight years of his life, after which he worked as a journeyman elsewhere. You have also heard the account of Faraday’s first contact with the Royal Institution : that he was introduced by one of the members to Sir Humphry Davy’s last lectures ; that he took notes of those lectures, wrote them fairly out, and sent them to Davy, entreating him at the same time to enable him 36 Faraday as a Discoverer. to quit trade, which he detested, and to pursue science, which he loved. Davy was helpful to the young man, and this should never be forgotten: he at once wrote to Faraday, and after- — ward, when an opportunity occurred, made him his assistant.* Mr. Gassiot has lately favored me with the following reminis- cence of this time :— “Crapuam Common, SuRREY, “28th November, 1867. “My dear Tyndall,—Sir H. Davy was accustomed to call on the © late Mr. Pepys in the Poultry on his way to the London Institu tion, of which Pepys was one of the original managers ; the latter told me that on one occasion, Sir H. Davy, showing him a letter said, ‘Pepys, what am I to do, here is aletter from a young man a | anythin , he will do it directly ; if he refuses, he is good for noth — appoineed Director of the Laboratory, and, as Farada t rate im on apes ara oceasions to hold a definite position — in the institution, in which he was always supported by Davy. | believe he held that office to the last. oe : ‘i “Believe me, my dear Tyndall I paige ee From a letter written by Faraday himself soon after his ap- pointment as Davy’s assistant, I extract the following account of his introduction to the Royal Institution :— | | “Lonpon, Sept. 13th, 1813. “As for myself I am absent (from home) nearly day and night Me = occasional calls, and it is likely shall shortly be absent en- — wens be this (having nothing more to say and at the request 0 my mother) I will explain to you. I was formerly a bookseller * Here is Davy’s reommendation of Farada tituti : Y, presented to the managers of the Nia rs chan? ot @ meeting on the 18th of March, 1813, Charles Hatchett, Faraday as a Discoverer. 37 and binder, but am now turned philosopher,* which happened thus:—Whilst an apprentice, I, for amusement, learnt a little chemistry and other parts of philosophy, and felt an eager desire to proceed in that way further. After being a journeyman for six months under a disagreeable master, I gave up my buisness, and through the interest of a Sir H. Davy, filled the situation of chem- ical assistant to the Royal Institution of Great Britain, in which office I now remain; and where I am constantly employed in ob- serving the works of nature, and tracing the manner in which she directs the order and arrangement of the world. Ihave lately had proposals made to me by Sir Humphry Davy, to accom i in his travels through Europe and Asia as philosophical assistant. If I go at all I expect it will be in October next—about the end, and my absence from home will perhaps be as long as three years. But as yet all is uncertain.” This account is supplemented by the following letter, writ- ten by Faraday to his friend De la Rive,t on the occasion of the death of Mrs. Marcet. The letter is dated 2d Sept., 1858: “ My dear Friend,—Your subject interested me deeply every way; for Mrs. Marcet was a good fri oks. Now it was in those books, in the hours after work, that d the beginning of my philosophy. There were two that especially helped me, the ‘Encyclopedia Britannica,’ from which ine first notions of electricity, and Mrs. Marcet’s ‘Con- versations on Chemistry, which gave me my foundation in that science, ‘ pie ‘ . . “Do not suppose that I was a very deep thinker, or was marked as a precocious person. I was a very lively, imaginative person, e‘ Ency- clopedia.’ But facts were important to me, and saved me. ‘You may imagine my delight when I came to know Mrs. Ma- cet personally; how often I cast my thoughts backward, delight- ing to connect the past and the present; how often, when sending _ * Faraday loved this word and employed it to the last; he had an intense dis- like to the modern term physicist. + To whom I am indebted for a copy of the original letter. 38 Faraday as a Discoverer. a paper to her as a thank-offering, I thought of my first instructress, me and such like thoughts will remain with “ ave some such thoughts even as regards your own father; — who was, I may say, the first who personally at Geneva, and after ward by correspondence, encouraged, and by that sustained me.” show you something that will interest you.” We walked northward, passed the house of Mr. Babbage, which drew forth a reference to the famous evening parties once assembled there. We reached Blandford street and after a little looking about, he paused before a stationer’s shop, and then went m On entering the shop, his usual animation seemed doubled ; he looked rapidly at everything it contained. To the left on en- tering was a door, through which he looked down into a little room, with a window in front facing Blandford street. Draw- | ing me toward him, he said eagerly, “Look there, Tyndall; that was my working-place, I bound books in that little nook.” A respectable-looking woman stood behind the counter: his conversation with me was too low to be heard by her, and he now turned to the counter to buy some cards as an excuse for our being there. He asked the woman her name—her prede- cessor’s name—his predecessor’s name. “That won't do,” he said, with good-humored impatience, who was his predeces- sor such person.” Great was her delight eho I told her the name een this period and 1818 various notes aD papers were published by Faraday. In 1818 he experimented upon “So g Flames.” Professor Auguste De la Rive, father of our present excellent De la Rive, had investigated Faraday as a Discoverer. 39 those sounding flames and had applied to them an explanation which completely accounted for a class of sounds discovered by De la Rive himself. By a few simple and conclusive experi- ments Faraday proved that the explanation was insufficient. It is an epoch in the life of a young man when he finds himself correcting a person of eminence, and in Faraday’s case, where its effect was to develop a modest self-trust, such an event could not fail to act profitably. ; From time to time between 1818 and 1820 Faraday published scientific notes and notices of minor weight. At this time he was acquiring, not producing ; working hard for his master and storing and strengthening his own mind. He assisted Mr. Brande in his lectures, and so quietly, skilfully, and modestly was his work done, that Mr. Brande’s vocation at the time was “95th January, 1847. “ Amongst these records and events, I here insert the date of one which, as a source of honor and happiness, far exceeds all the rest. We were married on the 12th of June, 1821. “MM. Farapay.” this entry. In his relations to his wife he added chivalry to ection, Early Researches : Magnetic Rotations ; Liquefaction of Gases: Heavy Glass : Charles Anderson: Contributions to Physics. Oersted, in 1820, discovered the action of a voltaic current on a magnetic needle; and immediately afterward the splen- 40 Faraday as a Discoverer. tion of a magnetic needle round an electric current. Inciden- tal to the “ historic sketch” he repeated almost all the experl- — ments there referred to; and these, added to his own subsequent — experiments on the alloys of steel. He was accustomed in after years to present to his friends razors formed from one of the alloys then discovered. ; During Faraday’s hours of liberty from other duties he took — up subjects of inquiry for himself ; and in the spring of 1823, — thus self-prompted, he began the examination of a substance — which had long been regarded as the chemical element chlorine, — in a solid form, but which Sir Humphry Davy, in 1810, had — proved to be a hydrate of chlorine, that is, a compound of chlo- — rine and water. Faraday first analyzed this hydrate, and — te out an account of its composition. This account was — looked over by Davy, who suggested the heating of the hydrate pucer pressure in a sealed glass tube. This was done. The — hydrate fused at a blood-heat, the tube became filled with a ee er Faraday as a Discoverer. Al “ Dear Sir—The otl you noticed yesterday turns out to be liquid chlorine. “ Yours faithfully, “M. Farapay.”* The gas had been liquefied by its own pressure. Faraday then tried compression with a syringe, and succeeded thus in lique- fying the gas. To the published account of this experiment Davy added the following note :—‘“‘In desiring Mr. Faraday to expose the hydrate of chlorine in a closed glass tube, it occurred to me that one of three things would happen : that it would become metals ; whence comes this odor, if it be not from the vapor of the metal ? * Paris: ‘Life of Davy,’ p. 391. 42, Faraday as a Discoverer. region of pay to that of honor, papers of mark only being chosen for it by the council of the Society. Faraday’s first — akerian Lecture, “On the Manufacture of Glass for Optical Purposes,” was delivered at the close of 1829. It is a most ; . . . . U- elaborate and conscientious description of processes, preca This glass did not turn out to be of important practical use, — i the reverential helper of araday and the faithful servant of this Institution for nearly forty years. * Viz. November 19, December 3 and 10. + Bs make the followi from a } me from Collingwood, on the 3rd of November, 1867 :-— +s “T will take this opportunity to mention that I believe myself to have original’ the Suggestion of the employment of borate of lead for optical purposes. some’ i in consequence, the trial was made in his pty street, precipitating and working a large quantity of escaar though and fusing it under a muffle in & Porcelain evaporating dish. .A very limpi er set Lehtly yellow) glass resulted, the refractive fades race. (which you will, down in my table of refractive indices in my article ‘Li E politana’). It was, however, too soft for optical use as an object day overcame at least to a consideral) Regarding Anderson, casion that is thus offered e degree, by the in I ‘i Faraday Writes thus in 1845:—"T cannot resist en to me of menti ming the name of Mr. Anderson, W! that time; and to his care, steadiness, aor ating po faithfulness in the performance of all that has been committed to his much indebted.—M, F”_. . , Vol. iii, p. 3, footnote. , ) i Faraday as a Discoverer. 43 that this paper on vibrating surfaces was too heavily laden with experiments. Discovery of Magneto-electricity : Explanation of Arago’s Magnetism of Rotation: Terrestrial Magneto-electric Induction: The Extra Current, The work thus far referred to, though sufficient of itself to secure no mean scientific reputation, forms but the vestibule of Faraday’s achievements. He had been engaged within these walls for eighteen years.* During part of the time he had nk in knowledge from Davy, and during the remainder he continually exercised his capacity for independent inquiry. In 1831 we have him at the climax of his intellectual strength, forty years of age, stored with knowledge and full of original power. Through reading, lecturing, and experimenting, he had become thoroughly familiar with electrical science: he saw where light was needed and expansion possible. The phenomena of ordinary electric induction belonged, asit were, to the alpha- bet of his knowledge ; he knew that under ordinary circum- stances the presence of an electrified body was sufficient to excite, by induction, an unelectrified body. He knew that the wire which carried an electric current was an electrified body, and still that all attempts had failed to make it excite in other le knew well that from every experiment issued a kind of ra- diation, luminous in different degrees to different minds, and rdly trusted himself to reason upon an experiment that he had not seen. In the autumn of 1831 he began to repeat __* He used to say that it required twenty years of work to make a man in Phys- ical Science ; the previous period being one of infancy. Faraday as a Discoverer. of its bed. The intentness of his vision in any direction did not . apparently diminish his power of perception in other directions; and when he attacked a subject, expecting results, he had the faculty of keeping his mind alert, so that results different from those which he expected should not escape him through pre occupation. e began his experiments ‘‘on the induction of electric cu rents” by composing a helix of two insulated wires, which were wound side by side round the same wooden cylinder. One of these wires he connected with a voltaic battery of ten cells, and the other with a sensitive galvanometer. When connet- tion with the battery was made, and while the current flowed, — no effect whatever was observed at the galvanometer. But he it the utmost power at his command. He raised his battery from 10 cells to 120 cells, but without avail, The current red at the moment when he made cont + with the battery; that the needle would afterward ea This result and others of a similar kind led him to the com : current through the one wire did m ty induce a similar current through the other; but that i continued for an instant only, and partook more of the nature The momentary currents thus nerated were called induced currents, while she cnarestt which generated them was called th. nducing current. It was 1 8 sed in directi : that developed on ih Troha ar then to its generator, W ; , | 3 | i i Z ; ; Faraday as a Discoverer. 45 tion with the inducing current. It appeared as if the current on its first rush through the primary wire sought a purchase in the secondary one, and, by a kind of kick, impelled back- ward through the latter an electric wave, which subsided as soon as the primary current was fully established. Faraday for a time believed that the secondary wire, though quiescent when the primary current had been once established was not in its natural condition, its return to that condition being declared by the current observed at breaking the circuit. He called this hypothetical state of the wire the electro-tonic state: he afterward abandoned this hypothesis, but seemed to return to it in later life. The term electro-tonic is also preser- 46 ; Faraday as a Discoverer. pulse which vanished immediately. On interrupting the a : The magnet, for example, must not be passed quite through the coil, but only half through, for if passed wholly through, the needle is stopped as by a blow, and then he shows how this He next operated with the powerful permanent magnet of the Royal Society, and obtained, with it, in an exalted degree, all darkest physical phenomena of that day. Arago had discovered in 1824, that a disk bringing a vibrating magnetic needle sus ended over it rapidly to rest ; and that on causing the disk to rotate the magnetic was not the slightest measurable attraction or repulsion exerted tween the needle and the disk ; still when in motion the disk been examined in this ined b bage and Sir John Herschel ; but it still remained a mystery. Faraday always recommended th i j Faraday as a Discoverer. 47 plication, and in refusing to assent to the imperfect theories of others.” Now, however, the time for theory had come. Fara- day saw mentally the rotating disk under the operation of the magnet flooded with his induced currents ; and from the known laws of interaction between currents and magnets he hoped to deduce the motion observed by Arago. That hope he realized, showing by actual experiment that when his disk rotated cur- rents passed through it, their position and direction being such as must, in accordance with the established laws of electro- magnetic action, produce the observed rotation. Introducing the edge of his disk between the poles of the large horseshoe magnet of the Royal Society, and connecting the axis and the edge of the disk, each by a wire with a gal- vanometer, he obtained when the disk was turned round a constant flow of electricity. The direction of the current was ‘determined by the direction of the motion, the current being reversed when the rotation was reversed. He now states the law which rules the production of currents in both disks and wires, and in so doing uses for the first time a phrase whic has since become famous. When iron filings are scattered over a magnet, the particles of iron arrange themselves in certain determinate lines called magnetic curves. In 1831, Faraday for the first time called these curves “lines of magnetic force ;” and he showed that to produce induced currents neither approach to nor withdrawal froma magnetic source, or center, or pole, was essential, but that it was only necessary to cut appropriately the lines of magnetic force. _Faraday’s first pa- on magneto-electric induction, which I have here endeay- ored to condense, was read before the Royal Society on the 24th of November, 1831. On the 12th of January, 1832, he communicated to the Royal Society a second paper on Terrestrial Magneto-electric 48 Faraday as a Discoverer. to the globe of the earth. He plays like a magician with the earth’s magnetism. He sees the invisible lines along which its © magnetism. ; a And then his thoughts suddenly widen, and he asks himsell - ing earth does not generate induced currents as it turns round its axis from west to east. In his experimel! | galvanometer wire would necessarily be carried along with cs : Faraday as a Discoverer. 49 terminal plates dipped into the earth, and su the wire to lie in the magnetic meridian. The ground underneath the wire is influenced like the wire itself by the earth’s rotation ; if a current from south to north be generated in the earth under the wire, a similar current from south to north would be generated in the earth under the wire; these currents would run against the same terminal plate, and thus neutralize each other. his inference appears inevitable, but his profound vision received its possible invalidity. He saw that it was at least possible that the difference of conducting power between the earth and the wire might give one an advantage over the other, and that thus a residual or differential current might be ob- tained. He combined wires of different materials, and caused them to act in pda to each other: but found the com- bination ineffectual. The more copious flow in the better con- and the severed ends connected with a ce No Obs no effect, moving water might. He therefore worked at ondon Bridge for three days during the ebb and flow of the tide, but without any satisfactory result, Still he urges, ‘“Theo- tic seems a necessary consequence, that where water is flowing there electric currents should be formed. If a line . be imagined passing from Dover to Calais through the sea, and returning through the land, beneath the water, to Dover, it traces out a circuit of conducting matter one part of which, when the water moves up or down the channel, is cutting the a curves of the earth, whilst the other is relatively at There is every reason to believe that currents ao run in the general direction of the circuit described, either one way or the ed Bee as the passage of the waters is | up or down the Cha This wa was written Etre the sub- marine cable was focal of, and he once informed me that actual observation upon that cable pee Yonn Toued to bem: accordance with his theoretic deduction. * I am indebted to a friend for the following exquisite morsel :—" A short t time after rag publication of Faraday's first researc’ arches in m: magnels-siec nee he attended Meeting of the British Association at Oxford, i in 1832.—On this occasion he w requested by some of the authorities to repeat the celebrated ipeiee ie eliciti a spark from a magnet, employing for this purpose the sa ma ~ in molsan Museum, a this he Seeene aya hg Ue eat assemble 50 Faraday as a Discoverer. Three years subsequent to the publication of these researches, that is to say on the 29th of January, 1835, Faraday read be- fore the Royal Society a paper “ On the influence by induction — of an electric current upon itself.” A shock ana spark of a peculiar character had been observed bya young man named William Jenkin, who must have been a youth of some scientific promise, but who, as Faraday once informed me, was dissua- ded by his own father from having anything to do with science. The investigation of the fact noticed by Mr. Jenkin led Faraday to the discovery of the extra current, or the current induced in the ary wire itself at the moments of making and break- ing contact, the phenomena of which he described and illustra-- in the beautiful and exhaustive paper referred to. : Seven and thirty years have passed since the discovery , magneto-electricity ; but, if we except the extra current, un quite recently nothing of moment was added to the subjec ‘araday entertained the opinion that the discoverer of a great law or principle had a right to the “ spoils’”—this was his term —arising from its illustration ; ; and guided by the principle ’ had discovered, his wonderful mind, aided by his wonderful tea ers, Overran in a single autumn this vast domain, and hardly bode bebe him the shred of a fact to be gathered by his suc ates here the question may arise in some minds, Wha the use of it all? The answer is, that if man’s intellec nature thirsts for knowledge, then knowledge i is use it satisfies this thirst. If you demand practical ends, you must, I think, expand your fine of the term practi and make it include all that elevates and enlightens the in u umed a eco us countenance 2! im sorry for it, said he as. he ) walked away; in cont a ey the io when the-handle. was in his hand he See round ; "Indeed a piers abi a I am sor for it; iti 1s putting new arms into the hands of the Siete occu 10 papers had bee: th the doings rick pea An erroneous statement of what fell from the Dean’s mouth printed at the time in one of the Oxford pet have said, ‘It is putting new arms into: Eas o is there wrongly stated W. P. Dexter on a Gas Lamp. 51 that speed from place to place through these wires. Approach- ing the point of Dungeness the mariner sees an unusual] brilliant light, and from the noble phares of La Héve the same light flashes across the sea. These are Faraday’s sparks ex- alted by suitable machinery to sunlike splendor. At the present moment the Board of Trade and the Bretheren of the Trini House, as well as the Commissioners of Northern Lights, are contemplating the introduction of the magneto-electric light at numerous points upon our coasts ; and future generations will be able to refer to those guiding stars in answer to the amy What has been the practical use of the labors of araday ? But I would again emphatically say that his work . needs no such justification, and that if he had allowed his vis- ion to be disturbed by considerations regarding the practical ; use of his discoveries, those discoveries would never have been made by him. “TI have rather,” he writes in 1831, “been de- sirous of discovering new facts and new relations dependent on magneto-electric induction, than of exalting the force of those already obtained ; being assured that the latter would find their fall development hereafter.” In 1817, when lecturing before a private society in London on the element chlorine, Faraday thus expresses himself with reference to this question of utility :—“ Before leaving this subject, I will point out the history of this substance, as an answer to those who are in the habit of saying to every new _ fact, ‘What is its use 2? Dr. Franklin says to such, ‘ What is the use of an infant 2? The answer of the experimentalist is, “Endeavor to make it useful.’ When Scheele discovered this substance it appeared to have no use; it was in its infancy and useless state, but having grown up to maturity, witness its _ powers, and see what endeavors to make it useful have done.” os 3 “ 2 Arr. VII.—Chemical Apparatus; by W. P. Dexter. Such a lamp may be made by removing the air on Bunsen lam ing in its place a lamp and putting in its place a 52 W. P. Dexter on a Gas Regulator. Gas re of heat in laboratories, it is desirable to have a means of kee ing ane ‘pressure constant, and independent of the chang Ss The arrangement which I have had in use for the last y consists of a common gasometer, made of zinc, and about inches in height and diameter. The floating bell is connect and be in proper proportion to the diameter of the tube, which may e tor.—Now that De is universally used as a sour place in the mains. tor T ected with several burnet! whole laboratory, if the gas pipes are C. Wolf on the equivalent of Cerium. 53 by a jointed rod with a stopcock in the pipe by which the gas enters. When the bell rises from the pressure of the gas, it Songer closes this cock, and thus cuts off the farther supply. he gas is then under a constant pressure depending upon the weight of the bell ; as gas is consumed the bell sinks and open- ing the cock allows more to flow in. The difference of weight of the bell from its greater or less immersion in the water is inappreciable ; a very slight diminution of pressure, hardly perceptible without a microscope, is observed when one of the outlets is suddenly thrown open to its full extent, and is due probably, to the friction of the gas in the tubes, which should therefore be of considerable size. The apparatus should not be painted, as oil is acted upon by water which has been long in contact with gas. Asphaltum varnish seems-to answer better. Art, VIIIL—On the Equivalent of Cerium; by the late Dr. HARLES Wor, of Cincinnati, Ohio. Ar the suggestion of Professor Bunsen in Heidelberg, the father “ the late Dr. Charles Wolf of sacar Ohio, p ste in my hands and preparations relating to an invest tion, which ison hed feeds while in the laboratory of Prof. Bunsen, and requested me to collate the same and prepare them for publication. This task I cheerfully accepted, the more, that I deemed the death of this young and promising chemist a real loss to the cause of science. : : I here give a translation of Dr. Wolf’s investigation on the regan of cerium, which Bunsen pronounces very valuable. ve examined all the data with the test care and gone culations. The — my hands, all buta iew notes, but these it, with the aid 54 C. Wolf on the equivalent of Cerium. r. Wolf may not be lost, but that they may induce some im restgntor to advance or conclude this pretly epper F. A. Gen ae April 26th, 1868. Since the discovery of the peculiar oxyds contained in cerite by Berzelius & Hisinger* and Mosandery they have the subject of numerous researches. Their occurrence togethe with their very similar chemical properties presented very great difficulties in their separation and indeed the mixture of three oxyds was for a long time looked upon as the oxy: one metal only, which was ‘called cerium. Notwithstanding many investigations made on this subject, the methods for ee. and purification of the three cerite-oxyds are The oxyd of cerium, which in its properties differs most f the oxyd of didymium and from lanthana, and which is most common, 1s more eadite obtained in a state of pe purity than either of the two others. _ The following investigation was made for the purpose of p penne salts of cerium of absolute purity, so as to detert ay them the equivalent of the metal, The material cerite. "The method rae for the preparation of the oxyds 1 by Bunsen,{ with some slig and ice. It was then agitated until the water had become vas when it was a bi biter The saturated solutit ferward poure and the residue washed until # uid = tasteless and gave no further precipitate with amie es After havin ng been concentrated by evaporation this solu was precipitated by sulphydric acid and ‘ltered, The exce of sulphydric acid was driven off by heat, the liquid was api: by chlorine, oe which the excess of the latter f > Gavseling &. Hisicaey, Gehlen's Journ. der Chemie, ii, 397. + Mosander, Journ. fur pract. © yi & Dubl. Phil. Mag., Oct. 1843. ®, XEx, 1843; Poke Ann., clvi, 1843; ¢ Bunsen, Annale: @ der Chem. & Pharm, or tae C. Wolf on the equivalent of Cerium. 55 decanted and washed with boiling water. The mother-liquor still contained a large portion of the rare oxyds, but these were very much mixed with other bases. he dried oxalates were then placed into a porcelain dish and decomposed by heat over an open fire, care being taken to of the precipitate. — : i This basic sulphate, although sometimes prepared by a dif- ferent rocess, has been used by most chemists as a starting point for the preparation of pure salts of cerium, and the sul- phate obtaing! from it has served for the determination of its _ equivalent. ee ae _, The washed basic salt, obtained by the method above men- tioned, I divided into two equal parts; with the one I repeated the experiments made by previous observers, while the : | : rally sufficed to give the amount of water, same disti ‘ams rid of calcium, was 56 C. Wolf on the equivalent of Cerium. poured off, the salt washed twice with boiling water, and purified salt dried over a water bath. S Upon being tested with the spectroscope, the mother-liqt showed the whole absorption spectrum of didymium, wi istinctness as a moderately concentrated solution didymium would do. _A solution of the purified crystals gave such lines asi didymium spectrum are usually marked by their intensity. small portion of the mother-liquor precipitated by oxali gave on ignition of the oxalate an oxyd of a brown color, wait : c C, . c. C, and C, were analyzed. 3 weighed in a tared plati “ple: was transferred into a es erin platinum crucible; of which was a thick - | : crucible rested, fully surrounded by air, The large eruci C. Wolf on the equivalent of Cerium. 57 The anhydrous salt was then dissolved in a large quantity of water, the solution heated and precipitated by a concen- trated boiling solution of oxalic acid. The filtrate should always be tested by ammonia and should not give a precipitate, if the proportions of oxalic acid are correct. The greatest precautions are necessary in the ignition of the oxalate, because the resulting ceroso-ceric oxyd is in such an exceedingly finely divided condition that the slightest shaking will occasion a loss, unless the crucible be covered by a well fitting lid. The resulting ceroso-ceric oxyd was always analyzed and the amount of cerous oxyd corresponding with it determined ac- cording to Bunsen’s volumetric method by iodid of potassium and chlorhydric acid from the amount of liberated iodine. 1—1'4542 prs. of B, gave 0°19419 grs. water and ke St, ceroso-ceric oxyd, * corresponding | wit. oxyd ; 0°70325 grs. of ceroso-ceric oxyd gave 086766 & ns of cerous oxyd. 2.—1'4104 grs. of C, gave 0°1898 grs. water and 0°7377 grs. of ceroso-ceric oxyd, giving 0°70217 grs. of cerous oxyd. 3.—1°35027 ers, of C, Se 0:1820 on water and 0° seks a of Si ceotarie ox dc rresponding with 0°67261 grs : oxyd; 0°6916 grs. ears oxyd gave 0°65829 ors, aves oxyd. According to these results the anhydrous sulphate contains as follows : Bs C, 0; Cerous oxyd, 57-494 51526 B75 14 57531 Sulphuric acid, 42°506 A4Q°474 42°426 42°469. 100°000 100°000 100°000 1007000 B, would give for the equivalent of cerium 46°104 © c é< ‘ 46°176 ic 2 3 é a3 46°281 giving as the mean result=46-187. The anhydrous sulphate consists according to these numbers _ 2 : a of one equivalent of base for one of acid. or of the crystals is as follows : €, C, Mean. Cerous oxyd, i9 816 49785 49°813 49°805 Sulphuric acid, 36°830 36°758 36°708 36-765 ater, 13-354 13457 18°479 13°430 100°000 100°000 100°000 ene : ‘These resu with the calculated analy , which res Ponds to ie formula: 3(CeO, SO,)+5HO. : 7 58 C. Wolf on the equivalent of Cerium. The een 46187 has been used for these calculatio: The salt, which gave these results was crystallized in § crystals, Tae | in one direction, the gerystallogeen™ ay scription of which I shall subsequen tly gi Let us compare this equivalent with the posal which we previously obtained by other observers Beringer* made in Wéhler’s Iatoratoty. four doterminatiil of the equivalent of cerium. His salts were all prepared from the residue, remaining after the extraction of the mixe oxyds by dilute nitric acid. They were all rose-colored. From the pale rose-colored cerous sulphate > ae earls fi ° From the like colored cerous chlorid, S : 7 sea By the conversion of the ae into ‘oxyd, 576°69 46°127 From the cerous format 576°00 46°080 ‘“Mean,.. 576°73 46'1. Hermann} found the number 575-00=46-00 by an anal of the cerous sulphate prepared from the basic sulphate. . ne case likewise the mixed oxyds were first extracted by ni mixed oxyds, remaining after having been extracted by 2 : ey The residue was dissolved in sulphuric acid. na sta tion. The solution of these c stals in wat mp red; in boiling water, containing s iceerie acid, p! aU e basic ceric sulphate, from which the sutival cero It was obtained, which gave : «5763 a 5 1 | = by . the ihe mame Oa ‘90= 073. the analysis of the cerous 0X oe inger, Annalen der dee Dicks hacen. gt at Hermann, — far Pract, st Angpi mre ge f Marignac, A sae de Chimie et Phys. , I, xxv, 148; Ann. der Chem. ¥ en der Chem. & Pharm, ev, 1858, fom Poggendorf’s $s Ann, evil, 1859. C. Wolf on the equivalent of Cervum. 59 To facilitate comparison I will tabulate the different results: O=100 He=1 Beringer, .------------------ 576°73 46°138 ermann, .... +. -+--+2 +--+ 575°00 467000 Marignae, .----------------- 575°00 46°000 BSED, S wind Se ewe she Se ess 575°73 46°058 Rammelaberg, fa eeaed eae « 575°90 46°072 ia eteweeak eee ae 577°33 46°187 The new number differs from all the others and is even higher than that obtained by Beringer with far less purified material ; all his salts were rose-colored, owing to the presence of didy- mium, my salts, on the contrary, were perfectly colorless, each had been re-crystallized at least ten times (always rejecting the mother-liquor). Having used the very greatest care both in the preparation and in the analyses of the salt, it is difficult to account for this high result ; either the same analytical error has been committed in the three pe ge or peas may be present while the spend I shall discuss presently. A sample of salt, which had been re e-crystallized twenty times, still distinctly showed the line D of the absorption spec- trum of didymium, and it being evident that by crystallization alone no absolutely sage seins sulphate can be Lo was therefore necessary to rch for ee me preparation. To ascertain ain the aay of the resulting product the cerous oxalate was ied, and from the color of the oxyd — by its ignition the ‘state of purity was readily ascer- “Mosander had already correctly stated that the brown color of the mixed oxyds was due to the presence of foreign substan- ces 5 3 he obtained the ceroso-ceric oxyd of a reddish white color ; a had it of an isabel color. By a slight alteration in e of preparation, Bunsen obtained it of a yellowish ich I have ‘ried, ‘but. jae > have na encouraging alts. ee : "The first was as follows: A small portion of the precipitate | Was dissolved by heating it with a few drops of sulphuric acid and ne solution n peste by pouring it into a large quane _ tity of After its conversion into oxalate © oe ee. precipitate ga sires a paler ceroso-ceric oe ; meee A | white color On Bay eae e made aie gedaan S ee were still ee A portion of Nf was converted into sul re-crystallized six times, the mother-liquor being always sepa rated at each operation e crystallizations were obtained a very slow evaporation of the liquid, and I observed that the _ other but small octahedral forms were produced. : 4 From this salt several new determinations of the equivalent — The pulverized salt was dried over sulphuric acid and the — analyses conducted as already described : x 8. 14327 grs. gave 0-2733 gts. water and 0°69925 grs, of ceroso- — oxyd, corresponding with 0°66491 grs. cerous oxyd; a ou oxyd. C. Wolf on the equivalent of Cerium. 61 These results give for the anhydrous sulphate: By Ba Bs Mean. Cerous oxyd, -..-32<6 57°349 57°335 57°329 57°338 Sulphuric acid, -_-.----- 42°651 42°665 42°671 42°662 100°000 = 100°000 100°000 100°000 Equivalent, 45°184 -45°754 45°741 45°760 The hydrous sulphate has the composition: By Bs Bs Mean. Perous oxyd, aa: - 28 46°409 46°767 46°544 46°573 Sulphuric acid, 34515 34°802 34642 3.4653 Water, . 19°076 18°431 18°814 18°774 100:000 100°000 100°000 100°000 From these analyses it becomes evident that the composition of this hydrous sulphate differs from that previously described and that it can be expressed by the formula 2(CeO, SO,)+ SHO, which would give: Cerous oxyd,-.------+------------------ 46°241 Sulphuric acid, -.-.--------------------- 34°406, ater, The equivalents resulting from these analyses differ very much equivalents 46-058 and 46-072 were certainly made with cerium salts free or almost free from didymium. The salt ¥ ch of the equivalent of cerium from 46° to 45°760 is not owing to the separation of didymium, but to that of another foreign substance, The mother-liquor and wash-waters from Né gave with am- monia a very minute precipitate. Encouraged by the results obtained by this method of sepa- ration, I have continued in the same manner. A portion of N@ was dissolved in nitric acid, and this solution fo peor oe __ ted by boiling water. The new precipitate Ny was almost white. “Inthe mother-liquor the presence of didymium could hardly be detected by the line D, while in the precipitate itself not a trace was visible. ee : ___ The sulphate prepared from Ny again showed the habitusof ‘the first sulphates and crystallized in slender crystals, w. ich gave the same angles with no new modifications ; analysis — proved that their composition also was nearly the same. 62 C. Wolf.on the equivalent of Ceriwm. 14684 gers, gave 01880 ers. of ae and 0°7717 grs. of ceros ceric ‘oxyd, which gave 0°7338 grs. of ceroso-oxyd. The sulphate contains therefore as follows : The anhydrous: The hydrous: ; Cerous oxyd, 57°310 49°973 Sulphuric acid, 42°690 37°224 r Pals 12°803 100°000 100° ser I thought that a repetition of the same mode of pari might lead to a still greater reduction of the equivalent, ow to the removal of the foreign substance above alluded to. A portion of Ny was therefore treated as usual, and p duced the basic salt N9, After washing it was perfectly Mee though otherwise appearance similar to N, Na, N@ and Nj. The oxyds obtained, both from the oxalate, pe age from mother-liquor, and that from the basic salt, were white. In neither could the least trace of didymium be detected The — 13756 ers. gave 0° 1832 ¢ grs. water ea 07186 grs. of ceros0- _ ceric oxyd, yielding 0°68318 grs. of cerous oxyd. ae These results would give for : ee The crystallized salt a Cerous oxyd, --. 49°664 SPER BOM, iso 37°018 prepared Further investigations will be needed to ascertain, whethet _ acontinued repetition of the same operation can reduce ) ageiylent of cerium to a still lower number. Laws of Botanical Nomenclature. 63 Art. IX.—Laws of Botanical Nomenclature adopted by the International Botanical Congress held at Paris in August, 1867; together with an Historical Introduction and Com- mentar ry. By AtpHonse .DeCanpo.ie. Translated from the French. *,.* We reprint, from the English Transl os published by L. Reeve & Oo. .. (London, 1868, pp. 72, 8vo) t Laws or BorantcaL NOMENCLATURE ADOPTED BY THE CONGRESS. General considerations and leading principles. Articte 1, Natural History can make no real progress with- out a regular system of nomenclature, acknowledged and used by a large majority of naturalists of all countries. .2. Therules of nomenclature should neither be arbitrary, imposed by authority. They must be founded on consid- sation clear and forcible enough for every one to comprehend and be disposed to accept. . 3. The essential point in nomenclature is to avoid or to reject the use of forms, or names, that may create error or am- ity, or throw confusion into science. Next in importance is the avoidance of any useless introduc- tion of new nam Other considerations, such as absolute grammatical ¢errect- ness, regularity or euphony of names, a more or less prevailing” custom, respect for persons, etc., notwithstanding their unde- niable importance, are relatively accessory. a Art. 4. No custom contrary to rule can be maintained if it leads to confusion or error. When a custom offers no serious inconvenience of this kind, it may be a motive for peser are ae which we must, however, abstain from extending or imitating. In the absence of rule, or where the — of rules are eyes established custom becom : W ries of cua sts . =< or nist terms, expressing Sa nature of the groups et Gee yemgon one within another. 2. Names particular 1 oth ne oe of = or animals that observatio} 64 Laws of Botanical Nomenclature. On the manner of designating the nature and subordination of ie : groups that constitute the Vegetable Kingdom. 1] Art. 8. Every individual plant belongs to a species ( (pei | every species to a genus (genus), every genus to an order (ordi, _familia), every order to a cohort cohors), every bee tou class (classis), every class to a division (divisio). | Art. many species we distinguish likewise varieties aul variations, and in some cultivated species, modifications rel more numerous ; in many genera sections, in many 0 tribes. ue 10. Finally, if circumstances require us to cist ter number of intermediate groups, it is easy, by puttin Sosy syllable sub before the name of e group, to form sib divisions of that group ; in this manner suborder (subord) i designates a group between an order and a tribe, subtribe (sth i tribus), a group between a tribe and a genus, etc. The ensel ble of subordinate groups may thus be carried, for uncultivatel a plants only, to twenty degrees, in the ila 0! re ensemlr a is Regnum vegetabile, Divisio, . nieve ® frtliation of one Seaton by another givé : ridus) ; that of a jaediBeation or subdi-_ : mother rg spe of the same s mistus, mule of florists) sve arTangement of species in a genus or in a su Laws of Botanical Nomenclature. 65 Art. 14. Modifications of cultivated species should, where possible, be classed under the wild or spontaneous species from ich they are derived. For this purpose the most striking are treated as subspecies, and when constant from seed, they are called races (proles Modifications of a secondary order take the name of varieties, and if there be no doubt as to their almost constant heredity cies, are indicated according to their origin in the following manner :—1. Satus (seedling ; Gall. semis ; Germ. Siimling), for a form obtained from seed. 2. Mistus (blending ;* Gall. métis ; Germ. Blendling), for a form arising from cross-fertili- zation in a species. 3. Lusus (sport; Germ. Spielart), for a orm originating from a leaf-bud or from any other organ, and propagated by division. On the manner of designating each group or association of plants. i Section 1. General Principles. Art. 15. Each natural group of plants can. bear in science but one valid designation, namely, the most ancient, whether adopted or given by Linneeus, or since Linneus, provided it be consistent with the essential rules of nomenclature. Art. 16. No one ought to change a name or a combination of names without serious motives, derived from a more profound * Since'the meeting of the Congress, the author of this pamphlet has, together with the translator, turned his attention to the choice of a significant English term for the French métis. The word blending does not perhaps indicate eo clearly e term enough the existence of a mixture, and does not allude to its half-breed, d by agriculturists, appea answer much better to the sense méetis; breed p plying a race, and half-breed the mixture of two races Tt may, however, likewise be suggested that the shortness of word métis, analo the Sp mestizo, and tly derived from the Latin tus, or miaxtus, will perhaps induce English botanists to adopt it, together with the word half- The latter i uw ressive, but metis has : d over it the advantage of being intelligible in several tongues. The term mule, as applied to the mixture of vari ties of races, is in constant use amongst English 7 oinsed but is too obviously erroneous to be sanctioned by scientific writers. AM. Jour. Scr.—Szconp Serres, Vou. XLVI, No. 136.—Juxy, 1868. 5 66 Laws of Botanical Nomenclature. knowledge of facts, or from the necessity of relinquishing #) nomenclature that is in opposition to essential rules (art. 3, first paragraph, 4, 11, 15, etc. : see sect. 6). Art. 17. The form, the number, and the arrangement d names depend upon the nature of each group, according to the following rules. ‘ : Section 2. Nomenclature of the different kinds of Groups. §1. Names of Divisions and Subdivisions, Classes and Subclasses. Art. 18. The names of divisions and subdivisions, of classe and subclasses, are drawn from their principal characters. They are expressed by words of Greek or Latin origin, some similar ity of form and termination being given to those that designatt groups of the same nature (Phanerogams, Cryptogams; Mon cotyledons, Dicotyledons, etc.). Art. 19. ong Cryptogams, the old family names, such # Filices, Musci, Fungi, Lichenes, Alge, may be used for nam of classes and subclasses, | § 2. Names of Cohorts and Subcohorts. Art, 20. Cohorts are designated preferably by the name & one of their principal Orders, and as far as possible with uniform termination. Subcohorts (rarely used) may be designated in the saul manner, § 3. Names of Orders and Suborders, of Tribes and Subtribes. Art. 21. Orders (Ordines, Familie) are designated by the name of one of their genera, with the final acece (Rosaceh from Rosa; Ranunculacee, from Ranunculus, etc.). see. 22. Custom warrants the following exceptions :— oe _ (1.) When the Latin name of the genus from which is takes that of the Order ends in ~iz or -is (genitive -icis or ~idis), tt termination -icew, or -inee, or -idee is admitted (Salicim from Salia ; Tamariscinee, from Tamarix: Berberidec, Berberis).. ° (2.) When the genus from which the name is derived has# unusually long name, no tribe in the Order taking its appelH tion after the same genus, the termination in -ee is admitted | (Dipterocarpee, from Dipterocarpus). a1 (3.) Some large Orders, named long since, have retained tH exceptional names under which they are generally known (21 cyere, Leg uminose, Guttifere, Umbelliferce Composite, Lal tate, Cupuliferce, Conifere, Palmee, Graminewe ete.) a3 : (4.) An = generic name, which has become that of a sect 18, may be preserved as the foundation of th the Order (Lentibulariee, from Lentibularia; Hippocastan® Laws of Botanical Nomenclature. 67 from A’sculus Hippocastanum; Caryophyllee, from Dianthus Caryophyllus, etc.). Art, 23. The names of suborders (subordines, subfamilic) are derived from the name of one of the genera that form part of them, with the final -ee. Art. 24. The names of tribes and subtribes are taken from that of one of the genera included in the group, with the final ee or -inew §4. Names of Genera and of Divisions of Genera. Art. 25. Genera, subgenera, and sections, receive names, commonly substantive, which may be compared to our own bs family names. hese names may be derived from any source whatsoever, and may even be arbitrarily imposed, under the restrictions mentioned further on. _ Art. 26. A name may be given to subsections, as well as to inferior generic subdivisions ; or these may simply be indicated by a number, or by a letter. Art. 27. When the name of a genus, subgenus, or section is taken from the name of a person, it is composed in the follow- ing Manner :— The name cleared of titles or of any accessory particle, takes € inal -a@ or -2a. : The spelling of the syllables unaffected by this final, is pre- (6.) If possible, by the composition or the termination of the word, to call to mind the affinities or the analogies of the genus, (for instance, ew at the bear rigin ; -astrum, -ella, at tt end of a name, when Latin, or any other modification re tent with the rules of grammar and the usages of the Lati ). (2.) Avoid calling a section by the name of the genus it be longs to, with the final -oides or ~Opsis ; give, on the contrat, the preference to this final for a section having some resellt blance to another genus, by adding, in that case, -oides or -0ps to the name of that other genus, if it be of Greek derivatioy on, _ 80 as to form the name of the secti pee Avoid taki “ 1, in another genus, or w ich is Art. 30. W. hen it is Tequired that of a genus. to express the name of a se the section is put bet BS. Names of Specie, Art. 31. All species oom, Siten Get by the name of the genus to Lionte i 0) > 10Llow & nam t * 0 at ective kind. = CT med specific, more comm A rt. 32. The specific hame o some appearan 7 4S & sectional name, one already in use’ : r with a generic name and that of a species, “ . ween the two others ina pr — of Hybrids, and of Subdivisions of Species, either sp tane or cultivated, » even those that singly consti ing of the | igin, the ene the feo ‘ance, the characters, the orig be the Laws of Botanical Nomenclature. 69 Art. 33. Names of persons used as specific names have a genitive or an adjective form (Clusii or Clusiana). The first is used when the species has been described or distinguishéd by the botanist whose name it takes; in other cases the second form is preferred. Whatever be the form chosen, every specific name derived from the name of a person should begin with a capital letter. Art. 34. A specific name may be an old generic name, or a substantive proper name, It then takes a capital, and does not agree with the generic name (Digitalis Septrum, Coronilla 8). Art. 35. No two species of the same genus can bear the same specific name, but the same specific name may be given in several genera, Art. 36. In constructing specific names, botanists will do well to give attention to the following recommendations :— (1.) Avoid very long names, as well as those that are difficult to articulate. (2.) Avoid names that express a character common to all, or to almost all the species of a genus. (3.) Avoid names designating little known or very limited localities, unless the species be very local. (4) Avoid, in the same genus, names too similar in form,— above all, those that only differ in their last letters. (5.) Readily adopt unpublished names found in travellers’ pegs in herbaria, unless they be more or less defective (see (6.) Avoid names that have been already used in the genus, or in some nearly allied genus, and have become synonyms. -) Name no species after any one who has neither discov- ered, nor described, nor figured, nor studied it in any way. (8.) Avoid specific names composed of two words. (9.) Avoid specific names having, etymologically, the same meaning as the generic name. : 3 Art. 37, rids whose origin has been experimentally de- Monstrated are designated by the generic name, to which is added a combination of the specific names of the two species from which they are derived, the name of the species that has supplied the pollen being placed first with the final 7 or o, and that of the species that has supplied the ovulum coming next, with a hyphen between (Amaryllis vittato-regine, for the tyllis proceeding from A. reginc, fertilized by A. vittata. Hybrids of doubtful origin are named in the same manner 48 species. They are distinguished by the absence of a number, and by the sign x being prefixed to the generic name (X Salix Capreola, Kern.). 70 Laws of Botanical Nomenclature. Art. 38. Names of subspecies and varieties are formed in tht _ same way as specific names, and are added to them according to relative value, beginning by those of the highest rank Half-breeds (mules of florists) of doubtful origin are namel_ and ranked in the same manner. Subvarieties, variations, subvariations of uncultivated plans may receive names analogous to the foregoing, or merely null bers or letters, for facilitating their arrangement. : Art. 39. Half-breeds (mules of florists) of undoubted origit _ are designated by a combination of the two names of the sub species, varieties, subvarieties, etc., that have given birth 0 them, the same rules being observed as in the case of hybrids Art. 40. Seedlings, half-breed of uncertain origin, and sport should receive from horticulturists fancy names in commol” language, as distinct as possible from the Latin names of spe cies or varieties. When they can be traced back to botanical species, subspecies, or variety, this is indicated by a successidl — of names (Pelargonium zonale, Mrs. Pollock). Section 3. On the Publication of Names, and on the Date ¢ each Name or Combination of Names. _ Art, 41. The date of a name or of a combination of name is that of its actual and irrevocable publication. un Art, 42. Publication consists in the sale or the distribuit’ ing, and the placin to public, do not constitute publication. . A species announced in ye’ t a wor erie et specific names, b i i Piha iets recommendations :-— do well to conform to the followist (1.) To give accuratel ia : : y the date of publication of their work! or portions of works, and ¢ meat of named and numbered pect the sale or the distribut! Laws of Botanical Nomenclature. 71 Section 4. On the Precision to be given to Names by the Quota- tion of the Author who first published them. Art. 48. For the indication of the name or names of any group to be accurate and complete, it is necessary to quote the author who first published the name or combination of names in question, rt. 49. An alteration of the constituent characters, or of the circumscription of a group, does not warrant the quotation of another author than the one that first published the name or combination of names. When the alteration is considera- ble, the words: mutatis charact., or pro parte, or excl. syn., . exel. sp., excl. var., or any other abridged indication, are added to the quotation of the original author, according to the nature of the changes that have been made, and of that group that is dealt with. Art, 50. Names published from a private document, such as an herbarium, a non-distributed collection, etc., are individual- ized by the addition of the name of the author who publishes them, notwithstanding the contrary indication that he may ave given. In like manner names used in gardens are indi- meme by the mention of the author who first publishes em. The herbarium, the collection, or the garden, should be fully quoted in the text. (Lam. ex Commers. ms. in Herb. Par. ; Lindl. ex horto Lodd. . 51, When a group is moved, without alteration of name, to a higher or lower rank than that which it held before, the change is considered equivalent to the creation of an entirely new group, and the author who has effected the change 1s the one to be quoted. _Art. 52. Authors’ names put after those of plants are abbre- viated, unless they be very short. For this se, preliminary particles or letters that do not, strictly speaking, form part of the name, are suppressed, and the first letters are given without any omission whatsoever. ifa hame of one syllable is long enough to make it worth while to abridge it, the first consonants only are given (Br. for Brown) ; 72 ; Laws of Botanical Nomenclature. if the name has two or more syllables, the first syllable ant the first letter of the following one are taken ; or, the two first ir they are both consonants (Juss. for De Jussieu ; Rich. fo Richard), When it is found: necessary to give more of a name, for the sake of avoiding confusion between names beginning with the same syllables, the same system is to be followed. For instance, two syllables are given, together with the one or two consonants _ of the third ; or else one of the last characteristic consonants of the name is added (Bertol. for Bertoloni, so that it may be distinguished from Bertero ; or Miche. for Michaux, to prevent _ confusion with Micheli), Christian names or accessory desig- nations, serving to distinguish two botanists of the same name, are abridged i in the same way (Adr. Juss. for Adrien de Jussiel, — Gertn. fil. or Gertn. f. for Geertner son). When it is settled custom to abridge a name in another manner, it is best to conform to it (LZ. for Linnzus, St.-Hil. for Saint-Hilaire). Section 5. On Names that are to be retained where a Group's ivided, remodelled, transferred, or moved from one rank : another, or when two Groups of the same rank are united. Art. 53. An alteration of characters, or a revision carrying with it the exclusion of certain elements of a group or the ad- dition of fresh ones, does not warrant a change in the name _ names of a group. Art. 54. When a genus is divided into two or more genera, its name must be retained, and given to one of the chiet divisions, If the genus contains a section or some other div * . . main- tained, unless there vision of the species, is ‘i ; a Articles 62 and 63. arise one of the obstacles mentioned Laws of Botanical Nomenclature. 73 Art. 58. When a tribe is made into an Order, when a sub- genus or a section becomes a genus, or a division of a species becomes a species, or vice versd, the old names are maintained, provided the result be not the existence of two genera of the same name in the Vegetable Kingdom, two divisions of a genus, or two species of the same name in the same genus, or two di- visions of the same name in the same species. Section 6. On Names that are to be rejected, changed, or altered. Art. 59. Nobody is authorized to change’a name because it is badly chosen or disagreeable, or another is preferable or bet- ter known, or for any other motive, either contestable or of little import. Art, 60, Every one is bound to reject a name in the following _ 2.) When it is already in use for a class or for a genus, or is applied to a division or to a species of the same genus, or to a subdivision of the same species. : (3,.) When it expresses a character of an attribute that is positively wanting in the whole of the group in question, or at least in the greater part of the elements it is composed of. (4) When it is formed by the combination of two languages. i G) When it is in opposition to the rules laid down in Sec- on 5, ! Art. 61. The name of a cohort, subcohort, Order, suborder, tribe, or subtribe, must be changed if taken from a genus found not to belong to the group in question. : . 62. When a subgenus, a section, or a subsection passes as such into another genus, the name must be changed if there is already, in that genus, a group of the same rank, under the same name When a species is moved from one genus into another, its specific name must be changed if it is already borne by one of the species of that genus. So likewise when a subspecies, @ variety, or some other subdivision of a species is placed uncer another species, its name must be changed if borne already by @ form of like rank of that species. . : Art. 63, When a group is transferred to another, keeping there the same rank, its name will have to be changed if it eads to misconception. Art. 64. In the cases foreseen in Articles 60, 61, 62, 68, the name to be rejected or changed is replaced by the oldest admis- sible one existing for the group in question ; in the absence * a new one is to be made 74 Laws of Botanical Nomenclature. Art, 65, The name of a class, of a tribe, or of any othe group above the genus, may have its termination altered 80 a to suit rule or custom Ar . When a name derived from Latin or Greek has been badly written or badly constructed, when a name derivel from that of a person has not been written consistently with the true spelling of that name, or whena fault of gender has carried with it incorrect terminations of the names of speci® _ or of their modifications, every botanist is authorized to rt tify the faulty names or terminations, unless it be a qu of a very ancient name current under its incorrect form. right must be used reservedly, especially if the change is 0 bear upon the first syllable, and, above all, upon the first letter of the name. hen a name is drawn from a modern language, it is to be maintained just as it was made, even in the case of the spelling _ having been misunderstood by the author, and justly deserving to be criticized. Section 7. On Names of Plants in Modern Language Art. 67. Latin scientific names, or those that are immedia derived of another kind, or having another origin, unless these are Ve intelligible and in common use introduction into a modern language of names of plants are not already there, unless they are derived from & Lat botanical name that has undergone but a slight alteration. — Editorial Remarks and Suggestions. : The considerable space which the code alow occupies in our restricted cted pages prevents any extended comme” taryjof our own. It seems ¢ ; d that ref ine doe: o£ Shieaubject cs o be generally understoo l upon the course followed ina matter nomenclature by a valu contributor to’ the latest issued ~ from them, are used by botanists preferably to names . Every friend of science ought to be opposed we ’ ‘ full, so that American = may be informed by it, and contribute thet Laws of Botanical Nomenclature. 75 ume of DeCandolle’s Prodromus. The innovation had to be the more pointedly condemned because the work of a most ex- Consideration ; still we are convinced, as are most botanists of terms must not be held as an impediment to quoting Tourne- © 76 Laws of Botanical Nomenclature. before Linnzeus, or even those of his contemporaries whom Lit neus himself cites, may no doubt save some trouble and rm | search ; but if the authority of Linnewus be justly deferred , _ so may his example. As to Art, 21, 22, to insist that ordinal names made from generic shall uniformly terminate in -acec, or at least in -inet when euphony suggests that form, may be somewhat arbitrary; _ but we approve the rule as laid down, and wish it were followed whenever no good reason appears to the contrary. hae | _ The concluding recommendation under Art. 25, 18 probably | . 60 declares, by implication, that worthy of attention : but Art no generic name in botany is to be discarded because of pitt use in zoolo and to require botanists + It is quite as much as zoologists can do to avoid the use of the oversight, as the commentary Bug e through which, in Art, , Specific personal names are requ to have a genitive form in one case and an adjective form! ll mention of geogr aphieal e’s Prodromus, except in th? 1s at present a tendency to We are not prepared to x Jained and. qualified in tho commertee reo? ven 88 =P Sry os “ { fixed bY _ ~ him to his plants in a of Commerson’s names a ; but if taken up, simple veritf , seem to require this botanis 73 name * be cited. be should feel bound to courtia Commerson” althous! or Jussieu, who probably supplied the po yer gy. Names in both kingdoms are far too numer0li, _ the obstacles to free acquaintance with them far too great, 0 look after zoological names, or vice vers’ _ drop the — Laws of Botanical Nomenclature. 77 fairly apply, and succeeding writers should not be required to take the godfather for the father. If we rightly understand pulously attributes them to “Nutt. in litt.’ To us all such names, which the elder DeCandolle has, at his own discretion, published for Nuttall, are of “Nutt. in DC. Prodr.” &c. The Li campanuloides (Italian and Greek), ranunculoides (good Latin and Greek), scirpoides and the like, so freely used by all bot- anists, from Linneeus to the present day; even A. DeCandolle mself, who hopes he has pone of the sort to reproach himself with, gave toa section of Wahlenbergia the name of Lobeli- cides, As to specific names formed of -ovdes added to personal generic names of modern and unclassical origin, they could not now be dispensed with; so we must needs insist, with such reason as we may, that the main word is not really Latinized but Grecified; while in case of real Latin words the Latin form of adjunct is not only the proper one but often the more euphonious,—e. ¢. ranunculina, scirpina, wc. This digest, as a whole, is to be highly commended, and it cannot fail to be useful. Its greatest value is this, that it does not make, but only declare, the common law of botanists. Our Phenogamous botanists in this country did not need it in the way of correction, Some of the Oryptogamists do, and many z00logists. The English translation is by Dr. Weddell, who states that he has adhered as literally as possible to the original text. some parts of it the neat French might possibly have been rendered in more terse and idiomatic English with no sacrifice of clearness or accuracy. A. G. 78 W. P. Dexter on the Sulphates of Antimony. Art. X.—On the Sulphates of Oxyd of Antimony; by W. P. Dexter. THE various degrees of saturation of acids with the bast oxyds have been considered, either in general as differal classes of salts, or have been studied in detail, as combinatiom of the individual bases. The recent Memoir of Hr. Schulit f : ums. These compounds have been previously investig® by Brandes, and more recently, and with somewhat differ -Tesult, by M. Péligot. My own conclusions agree, heath Seen, with those of the German chemist ; but are given Wi? hesitation, from experience of the difficulties with which ti preparation of these bodies is attended. or the p' ining their form under the mic by boiling oxyd of antimon sulphuric acid, until the wa : m the i . ° at alin? : compounds, one of which € air, deposits still other crys and base, These are the salts which I have succeeded i ining in? \ in obtaining ! sufficiently pure state for analysis. They are all crystallil® * Pogg. Ann., exxxiii, 137, Me ee ee ee W. P. Dexter on the Sulphates of Antimony. 79 tartaric added so that the solution could be largely diluted for half or three quarters of an hour at a time, with the follow- ing result : 80 W. P. Dexter on the Sulphates of Antimony. 08192 SbS, lost 21 04 OF 0°5445 74 (73 I: 0:3 no constant weight being obtained. he . he sulphid was then exposed to the same temperature, 1 a bulb blown upon a narrow glass tube, while the air was dit placed by a slow stream of carbonic acid. 08536 - lost 0-2 0°5199 aS 0°5 06488 st 0-4 0°3920 - 0:25 milligrams, these being all products of different analyses; the sulphil | was completely converted into the black modification, and the weight on repeated trial remained unchanged. he error, whatever may be its source, of at most the tenth of one p.% becomes insignificant when compared with the tenfold greatét 7 errors inevitable in the preparation of the salts. Tersulphate, or Neutral Salt—Oxyd of antimony and Al owder are dissolved in considerable quantity by hot concentrated sulphuric acid, the latter with disengagement hydrochloric acid, the solvent power of the acid seeming to Ir _ crease with its temperature. 6 _ slender needles, in such quantity, when the acid is saturate¢® its boiling point, that the whole becomes a thick semi-fuil magma. ‘The crystals are long, four-sided prisms, with termr nal faces, set often upon two opposite sides, alike at both ends of the prism. They seem to belong to the oblique rhombi system. The concentrated acid, in which they have fo retains so little of the oxyd in solution, at the ordinary tt perature, that it remains clear when diluted with water} bat by sulphydric acid a slight precipitate is produced. In 8 acid, diluted with about half its volume of water, the oxyd# the cold is much more soluble, _ In the preparation of the salt, the oxychlorid was used in preference to the oxyd, as the latter is not easily obtained, free f ; and the acid was heated until all waté was expelled, and vapor of hydrated acid abundantly giv? off. The semi-fluid mass of crystals was brought upon > funnel, the neck of which was imperfectly closed by a glass rod, and they were then further freed from the acid upon the porous which was not heated, and was entered for no other purpos When dry, the salt formed a mass of fibrous texture, very much resembling asbestos . My analysis shows this to be the tersulphate, or neutral salt: . n cooling, a salt is deposited 2 W. P. Dexter on the Sulphates of Antimony. 81 1, 0:5933 of the salt gave 0°3648 SbS,: 2. 0°6792 of the same preparation gave 04173 SbS,, and 0-918 B 3. aagts of another preparation gave 0°3999 SbS,, and 0-0859 5. Calculated. 1. 2. 3. SbO, 54°94 52°82 52°78 53°58 380, 45:06 —. 46°41 46:00 100-00 99° 19 99°58 e present case the cause of the discrepancy, will its to the salt was hydrated acid, and that its water would be represented in the analysis by a loss. The loss, then, should correspond in amount to the excess of acid obtained ; or, reckoned in equivalents as water, should be equal to the aqarteleuts of the acid in excess The ¢ composition of the salt from the above analyses, taken in equivalents, is 2. SbO, bP 3 SO, 3:22 3:14 HO (loss) 0-25 0-13 The earlier analyses Bare. Péligot.* SbO, “364 50-2 443 SO, 432 51-9 531 99°6 102°1 97'4 Mr. Péigot considers the salt to contain four atoms of acid, * composition which requires ry eet to 52:23 SO,, if the Me i Tequisite data for calculation are given only for ~~ first of the mtr of _ “L Péligot. If there be not a misprint, there is an error the ”: e out of the four analyses of the piliteaton of antimony, of phich he details are given If from 1-66 of the salt, 222 BaS were obtained, as as stated the memoir, = eg 45-9 p. c. of acid, seotent of 619. Le ss oo Seeeeas ot te ke bee ee Weng Th nea, tee eT. ay t2, ee Ree GS a, ee oF) Ge ee oes Wet ie 82 W. P. Dexter on the Sulphates of Antimony. moir, Mr. Péligot infers that the salts of antimony, i of uranium, depart from the recognized law, according tow oxyds containing three equivalents of oxygen require the st) number of atoms of acid to form a neutral salt, The existelt) of such a sulphate of oxyd of antimony is denied by bm) “En effet il ne m’a pas “ant [two grams of oxychlorid lasting several hours : the oa blowpipe. The product was a coherent, friable mass, crys line on the surface to the naked eye | @ preparation made from the oxyd, 0-4471 gave 0-283 SbO, and 05953 fal: of « salt slide No Alparoth powder 0°6177 gave 03946 SbS, and 0°815 BaS: in the hundred, Calculated. ie 2. SbO, 94 54-24 54°88 so, 4506 45°72 45°31 100-00 99:96 100°19 * Ann. Ch. Phys., 3d Ser., xx, 297. are striated, and to these little projecting angles, acting like prisms, is due, it seems to me, the slight amount of color which - From 1-1663 salt, 0-863 SbS, and 1:1815 BaS. ee 1:1359 of another preparation, 0°847 SbS, and 11724 Calculated. -. 4 SbO, 64°65 63-57 63-91 280, 35°35 34:79 35°44 100-00 98°36 99°35 ew salt is the bisulphate, and its formula 5vS,. t. Péligot, by the action of fuming sulphuric acid upon 84 W. P. Dexter on the Sulphates of Antimony. oxyd of antimony, obtained a salt “in the form of small, brilliant crystals,” of which he has given the analyses: he Sbo, 63:0 . 64:3 SO, 371 350 | and which therefore seem to have been the salt just described In fact, hydrated sulphuric acid, gently warmed, unites with the oxyd to form this compound, which is then dissolved ata higher temperature, with production of the neutral salt. In the formation of both the octahedral and prismatic crys tals, there appears to be direct conversion of the undissolvel oxyd into the salts : they are also deposited from a solution df the oxyd in sulphuric acid of the proper concentration. Ther is, however, a peculiarity attending their formation, When they quantity: the separated basic salt redissolves at last-complete] in the acid. By arresting the evaporation at the proper pe od as has been said, octahedral crystals may be deposited from the liquid on cooling, but no conversion of the basic salt into thet seems to take age By decomposing the basic salt wl» carbonate of soda, and treating the resulting oxyd with Jute acid, the octahedral crystals can be again produced. in flat prisms ree from the octahedral crystals by concentt®- tion of the acid liquid in an open vessel, experiments Wel made with acid of various degrees of dilution. An acid o sp. Bt on than 16, gave, by boiling with the oxyd, oct of needles. So that the production of the body in ques jon 8 ec te — Pai Raph of ‘cabinteation of the a e salt was dried, like the bisulphat te surroun wih hot @ae e bisulphate, upon a plate sur Of two different preparations 0-624 salt gave 0°4864 SbS, and 0:571 Bad : (J) 0524 “ * 04097 SbS, and 0-479 BS: 2) : - 4 4 ¥ 3 4 W. P. Dexter on the Sulphates of Antimony. 85 Whence their composition was i, z Se eagrii eqvts. SbO, 66°97 67:17 sO, 31:42 5:16 31:39 85:13 HO (loss) 161 117 144 8105 100-00 100-00 and their formula Sb,8,, 1, which requires BbO se 2 eee i OTT nS Hotes ey ee ee et BOSS AK Sb a 8 oe ate gee em DD 100-00 The salt is most probably a compound of two atoms of bi- sulphate, and one of protosulphate, 28b8.+Sb5,H. - é This composition explains the facility with which it is changed by prolonged boiling, and concentration of the liquid into the bisulphate ; it being only necessary that the equivalent of water be replaced by oneof acid. The crystals of this salt appear large and well defined, under but by exposure of the liquid, or of a solution of the oxyd in Calculated. Found. SbO, 74-92 73°89 SO, 20°48 21°59 HO 4:60 (443) 100-00 100-00 Bee same salt, without the atom of water, was made b es ndes by the action of alcohol upon the neutral salt, I 86 W. P. Dexter on the Sulphates of Antimony. have obtained in this way a salt in small needles, but which was not ana. : duction of an amorphous substance. hen brought upon filter and washed copiously with boiling water, the filtrate co” tained constantly a little sulphuric acid and deposited oxyd antimony on cooling. From the agreement of the result of their analysis with the calculated composition, it would see? that in the crystalline state, this salt is not decomposed, or is but weed ri eae he water. 0°8334 of the salt - ; in way, and dried by pressure in paper, gave 0°8393 50: and 0:2735 a8, a ord x Calculated. Found. 28b0, 85°66 86°52 so, 11:71 11:27 HO 2-63 (2-21) 100-00 100-00 Brandes found in the salt 3 p.c. of water. Péligot ob- tained it water free, and also with two atoms of water. eat to 100° it lost one half p.c. ; the rest of the water requir ee expulsion a temperature above The drate of sulphuric acid to form an acid sulphate,* most basic compound of both contains two equivalents of ee to one of acid. In place of a bisulphate, they have salts W" three atoms of acid to two of the earths, and no intermedia” salt, like that of antimony, has yet been discovered. ge * Zirconia, Berzeli i i i jus, ee Gioetmiats us, but perhaps not quite certain—glucina, Berzelius, are he "ae: oH Baila saa my at a, ab: 3 . J. L. Stockwell on secular variation in the Earth’s Orbit. 87 bismuth the antimony series differs in that the salts of the for- mer metal are decomposed by water, according to Heinz and Ruge, into basic salts containing equal equivalents of acid and ; here, also, no immediate salt is yet known. A more im- portant difference lies in the fact that oxyd of bismuth appears to form one, if not two, acid sulphates. I have analyses indi- cating the existence of compounds of the neutral salt with three atoms of hydrate of sulphuric acid; and also of a salt erystrallizing in beautiful pearly scales, and containing equal equivalents of the neutral sulphates of bismuth and potash. A salt with three equivalents of sulphate of potash has been described by Heinz. The further account of these bodies must be reserved until their analyses have given more trustworthy results, - Boston, April, 1868. Art. XI.—On the Secular Variation of the Elements of the Earth's Orbit ; by Joun L. SrockweLy. With a plate. these forces depend, must affect the intensity of the forces themselves, thus have an important bearing on the devel- pment of the vegetable and animal kingdoms. Whether the @f variations of the forces of light and heat, in so far as fies nd upon the eccentricity of the earth’s orbit, are suf- ficken to account for the changes which geology shows tohave = Ken place during the ages that are past, we do not purpose Row to determine. Nor do we purpose to give the necessary 88 J. L. Stockwell on secular variation in the Earth's Orbit. | data for determining the secular variation of the climated | either hemisphere of the earth. It would be necessary, iit this purpose, to take into account the secular variation of th precession of the equinoxes, and also of the obliquity of the ecliptic to the terrestrial equator, in order to determine the ob | liquity and intensity of the sun’s rays on any given latitudedt the earth’s surface. But so far as the earth as a whole is coh cerned, the only element which it is necessary to take into at count, is the eccentricity of the orbit. And the values of this element are given in the following table, at intervals of tet | thousand years, together with the longitude of the perihelion of oe earth’s orbit. t : Int e Treatise on Secular Equations, &c., already referred : of oe poke given a table and chart, showing the eccentricilY and chart here given, are merely an extensio? and chart, over a preceding million of ee r iod 0 J. L. Stockwell on secular variation in the Earth’s Orbit. 89 1850; the line XX’, in like manner, shows the mean value of the eccentricity, or, in other words, the square root of the non-periodic term in the expression of the square of the ec- minima are approximately repeated at intervals of 1,450,000 years, In other words, if at any epoch, there is a maxima or minima of any given magnitude, in 1,450,000 years before or after that epoch, there will be a corresponding maxima or n eferring to the charts for a particular example, we notice that for the abscissa —77, there is a very large maxima, and equal to 0-066 nearly ; and if we add 145 units of ab- scissa to -77, we get +68, and for this abscissa the correspond- ing ordinate, or the eccentricity, is equal to 0-058. The maxi- was oe by Croll a few years ago, and was derived from Le errier’s formula, But the intervals used in his computa- tion were much too long, being 50,000 years, instead of 10,000 have used in our computation. It is evident, at the following — ep 90 J.L. Stockwell on secular variation in the Earth's Orbit. Table showing the Elements of the a on during a perind of one Million of Ye L. Lesquereux on fossil plants from Nebraska. 91 Art. XII.—On some Cretaceous fossil Plants from Nebraska ; by L. Lesquerevux. Tue plants here described have been obtained and sent for examination by Dr. John LeConte of Philadelphia, and by far the largest number by Dr. F. V. Hayden, director of the geo- logical survey of Nebraska. It is by the direction of Dr. Hay- den that this paper is prepared as a summary of a more de- tailed report made for him, which embraces more complete descriptions, with figures of all the species. All these plants come from the Cretaceous formation north of Fort Ellsworth, Nebraska, or its vicinity. . A small number of splendid specimens from the same forma- tion, belonging to the Smithsonian Institution and obtained by Prof. B. F. Mudge of Manhattan College, were lately sent to me just in time to be described here as a valuable contribu- tion to the flora of the Cretaceous of America. They have inne inear, anghtly enlarged in the middle, and a little curved upward, 92 D. Lesquereuc on fossil plants from Nebraska. 3. Glyptostrobus gracillimus, sp. nov.—This species resell bles G. Ungeri Heer, from the Tertiary of Europe, differin by more slender branches and shorter leaves. The branches are thread-like, much divided, the leaves half embracing at the base and either pointed or slightly obtuse. Some of tte branches inflated at the point appear to bear male flowes One of the numerous specimens covered with branches of thi little conifer is traversed by a narrow cylindrical cone, of whit a few of the scales only are visible. The scales, rhomboidal m in middle by an oval dot or scar, from which thin, linear closely 4. Sequoia formosa, sp. nov.—A fine cone referred with some doubt to this genus. It is about two inches long, pr portionally narrow, spindle shaped, inflated in the middle, ant tapering upward and downward about in the same degree, #0 wrinkles tending to a round point at the top of the scales No fossil cone of this kind has been published, except one Prof. Heer in his Urwelt der Schweitz, p. 310, as the cone i bi he Tertia i round, obtuse, of a very different form. ‘The scales only até of appear. is at ¢ to to pal ~~ marked at the borders and near the center by ns le. They 8 of verrucose, irregular, mostly round con ICKeR Up, etached from the stem, the specification is s0o@& what uncertain. T ere is, nevertheless, ae the same locality a specimen representing part of a striated stem, 1} inch broad, which is referable to an Arundo or a Cyperites, It shows the L. Lesquereux on fossil plants from Nebraska. 93 double nervation of the stems of this genus ; deep, well marked | strie, separated by four or five close, thin lines, scarcely dis- tinguishable with the naked eye. 7. Liquidambar integrifolius, sp. nov.—A well preserved, large, and nearly entire leaf. Its form is about the same as that of the leaves of our Liguidambar Styracyflua. It is membranaceous, shining, round in outline, deeply five-lobed, with lobes obtusely pomted and enéive. The primary, sec- ondary and ultimate reticulation is that of our living Liquid- ambar. The petiole of the leaf is destroyed, but it is evi- dently surrounded by that small basilar subdivision of the leaf which is remarked in our living species. All the fossil Ligquid- ambar but this have the borders dentate or serrulate like the species of our time. 8. Populus Lancastriensis, sp. nov.—Leaf of a thin sub- stance, with a deeply marked nervation, broadly cordate, prob- ably acute (the point is destroyed(, borne on a slender petiole. its borders are entire or slightly undulate ; its primary nerves in five like the lateral ones are proportionally slender. It is broader and more deeply cordate at its base than any of the _* of Populus from the Tertiary, resembling by its form a sis, 9. Populites cyclophylla (Populus) Heer.— Leaves round, entire, with slightly pitas hevitick Primary nerves in three attached to the petiole; secondary nerves (4 pairs) nearly Opposite, running straight to the borders in preserving nearly the same thickness ; angle of divergence 40°.—This is appar- ently Heer’s species: Populus cyclophylla, of which a short gnosis is gi in eed. of Acad. of Nat. Sciences, Philad., 1858, p. 266. The author remarks that the base is = by the nervation which is truly craspedodrome, the sec- 94 L. Lesquereux on fossil plants from Nebraska. 10. Populites elegans, sp. nov.—This species has large leaves than the former, and also differs from it by its strong, slightly ‘undulate, more divided secondary nerves, and by it more elongated base and long petiole. The number of the secondary nerves and their angle of divergence are the same. 11 ites ovata, sp. nov.—Leaves ovate in outline, with | an obtuse or truncate point ; borders undulate, enlarging t | ward the base and abruptly curved to a pretty long slende petiole. The primary nerves are in three or five; the s& ondary ones are thin, alternate, distant, few in number, will an angle of divergence of 30°. The ultimate reticulation de- : _ Tived from pretty large square subcontinuous areas is polyg> . - nal and small, like that of a Platanus. : 12. Populites quadrangularis, sp. nov.—This leaf is about quadrangular in outline, with obtuse angles and convex » ders ; the upper part undulate, the lower entire. The pe and medial nerve are slender, the primary nerves in five, the lowest pair at a short distance from the upper, the secondary nerves numerous, six on each side, running parallel and sligh¥) arched to the borders. The substance of the leaves is pretty thick. The lowest primary nerves, shorter and more slendet, run along the borders as in us. Jeat 13. Populites flabellata, sp. nov.—A round fan-shaped “a oe from above the base of the leaf, are distinct but narrow ; the 15. Salix proteefolia, sp. nov.—Except that the leaves 4 smooth or polished, apparently thick and coriaceous, this SP u ali: . Br., that no different? can be pointed out in these forms. The leaves are lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, merely pointed or tapering upward into a Tegularly dentate, the teeth pointing upward, separated by ob- sinuses. : Secondary nerves (about 14 on each side), which run straight to the sharp point of the teeth under an angle of 40°. Veinlets are clearly marked, perpendicular to the nerves and continuous, : 19. Quercus hea . nov.—There is only one broken Specimen of this Sinetiak * the middle of the leaf the borders are nearly parallel and entire ; above they taper to a point and 96 L, Lesquereux on fossil plants from Nebraska. are marked by a few strong pointed teeth. Downward 1 are slightly enlarged just above the base, and hence are uated to the petiole, giving thus an hexagonal form to the The secondary nerves, seven on each side, slightly curve in cending each to the point of a tooth. ot 20. Quercus Ellsworthianus, sp. nov.—A leaf somewhil | like the following, resembling Quercus Lyellit Heer, by 8) oblong oval form and undulate borders; the point is 7 stroyed ; the base is narrowed to the petiole. The substait | of the leaf is thin and the secondary nerves very slender, call | todrome, sometimes branching near the borders. a8 21 cus anceps, sp. nov.—Allied like the former | Quercus Lyellii Heer. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-lancedlata i pointed, or short-acuminate, attenuated to the base, with 1] | entire, not undulate borders, Secondary nerves, strong, todrome, curving near and along the borders ; veinlets dicular, nearly continuous, mostly branching. The base 0 leaf is destroyed. Fe ercus semi-alatus, sp. nov.—The leaves of this species 4 ous length, craspedodrome and camptodrome, diver, unde various angles, with the iatlegiation of a Platanus. PT be sib stance of the leaves is pretty thick. : 23. Ficus ou : y We to the top, having therefore a broadly rhomboidal form. in a Populus affinity of this leaf is still uncertain. 24, é : us, sp. nov.—This leaf, of which a fee mer. K its whole upper border is surrounded by regular, erect tech | inflated or dilated at the point as if se small leafy om sions, and separated by broad obtuse sinuses. The petiole ¥ er L, Lesquereux on fossil plants from Nebraska. 97 thick, attached to the leaf a little above the lower border, which is thus continuous. It is palmately seven-nerved, the nerves scarcely branching, diverging all around and vanishing before reaching the borders. The veinlets are perpendicular to the veins, slightly arched, subcontinuous ; ultimate reticu- lation polygonal, small, like that of a Ficus. But the relation with this genus is uncertain. 25. Platanus aceroides ? Gipp., var. latior.— Leaf broader than long, palmately trilobate, with short scarcely distinct - lateral lobes ; borders distantly dentate, flat or undulate be- E 2 ‘e a the former by its more narrowed base, the leaf descending to the petiole in a broad wedge-form. The primary and sec- form. The size of the leaves is equally variable. The only general character recognizable on all the specimens is the posi- tion of the point of union of the primary nerves, generally in , at a distance above the base of the leaves or the point of attach of the petiole. Except this, the nerves themselves er in their mode of branching, the medial one especially, Am. Jour. Sct.—Szconp Serres, VoL. XLVI No. 136.—Juxr, 1868. 7 98 L. Lesquereux on fossil plants from Nebraska, nker), as limited by Stiehler; and this character is well den that of Europe _ 30. Laurus Nebrascencis (Persea Nebrascencis Les.) Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. xiii, p. 431, pl. 23, fig. 940—4 thick, coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate pointed leaf, narrowed dow? ward to a pretty long and thick petiole, with the nervation 0 a Laurus or fersea. From its pretty long petiole and 18 large nutlet, somewhat roughened, undulate across, and marked . ee j O spongious peric: s lit d . di to the horizontal os Eh around, at points corresponding : . ; ; 5 3 4 : \ . iS o L. Lesquereux on fossil plants from Nebraska. 99 longer than the medial one, all obtusely pointed. The nerva- Sassafras Mudgii, sp. nov—Though nearly similar to the former in its general outline, it is evidently a different species. The leaf, which is nearly entire, is 8 inches long, 5 . inches broad, at the point of the lateral lobes, gradually nar- - rowing to the petiole, three lobate from the middle, Lateral lobes oblique, not half as much diverging as in the former species, proportionally narrower and more obtusely pointed. The medial lobe is twice as long as the lateral ones ; substance of the leaves thinner, slightly membranaceous, polished. . Sassafras subintegrifolius, sp. nov.—The leaf appears to be trilobate or merely emarginate at its rounded top, broadly oval, tapering in an obtuse angle to the petiole, entire, subcoriaceous. It is palmately triple-nerved ; the lateral nerves not being opposite but at a short distance from each other, as it is often the case in the genus Sassafras. This y is distantly related to S. Asculapi Heer, of the Swiss ocene, 35. Proteoides Daphnogenoides Heer.— Leaves ovate-lan- ceolate near the base, tapering upward to a very long, acute, slightly scythe-shaped point, smooth and coriaceous, attenuated downward to a short thick petiole ; medial nerve narrow, sec- ondary nerves obsolete, few, ascending under a very acute angle along the borders. These leaves are very long. Our specimens show two nearly whole leaves, one of which is 8 inches long, and only one inch broad near the base. As the Species of Prof, Heer in the “‘Phyllites du Nebraska” are repre- sented by mere small fragments, it is not positively certain that ours is the sa: ) same. 36. Proteoides acuta Heer.—Leaves narrower than in the former, with a longer tapering base, undulate borders, thinner, and not polished on the surface. No trace of lateral nerve 37. Lyriodendron intermedium, sp. nov.—A part of a leaf evidently belonging to this genus. The upper segments are Comparatively long, obtuse, at a distance from the lower ones, Indicating a proportionally long and narrow leaf. - Lyriodendron giganteum, sp. nov.—A species repre- Sented still by a broken fragment. It is only one of the supe- 100 = L. Lesquereux on fossil plants from Nebraska. rior lobes of the leaf, with the sinus which separates the upp! § segments. It is broadly oval-oblong, very obtuse, thick ani coriaceous, with the medial and the three secondary nervé | which generally enter the upper lobes of a Lyrio This leaf is evidently of very. large size. : 39. Magnolia tenuifolia, sp. nov.—A large leaf of thin te ture, 6 inches long, 22 inches broad, oblong, obtusely pointel?, slightly rounded and attenuated to a pretty long petiole. Be | ondary nerves narrow, open, angle of divergence about 60; | medial nerve sharply grooved. el 40. Magnolia alternans Heer.—There is only one specumeél recognizable of this species. It is like that of fig. 3, pl. 3, the Phyllites du Nebraska. The leaf is coriaceous, ovate-oblou lancolate, gradually narrowed to the petiole; medial nett thick, lateral veins ascending in acute angle, curving and alae tomosing along the borders. : 41. Dombeyopsis obtusiloba, sp. nov.—The finest thes of the whole collection. The leaf is whole, merely deprived its petiole ; 7 inches long, 5 inches broad near the base whet it is the broadest. Its general outline is triangular-elongatel, rounded subcordate at base, gradually diminishing to an obi’ | point, deeply sinuous or obtusely irregularly lobed on the bot: ders. It is palmately seven-nerved at the base, the ™ nerve thick, as well as the two proximate ones which ascend #0 % of the leaf in an acute angle ; the ultimate or basilar nev ? c. 42. Acer obtusilobum ? Ung.—An entire, well preset leaf, membranaceous, cm mately five-lobed ; basilar lobes broad and undulate, supe divisions short and obtuse.—This species might be copsid- ered as identical with that published under this name by es ger (Chloris, p. 134, pl. xliii, fig. 12 and 13), if it was not a marked difference in the nervation. In Unger’s g, th? upper lateral primary nerve divide upward near the middle and the branch ascends parallel to the medial nerve, wnitl22 — with the secondary nerves above. This kind of nervation, ' sembling that of a Menispermum, is observable in the follo¥ | a an at L. Lesquereux on fossil plants from Nebraska, 101 ing species. In this leaf the nervation is craspedrome and camptodrome as in other species of Acer. 43. Acerites menispermifolius, sp. nov.—A small leaf, trian- — in outline, five lobate, with short obtuse irregular lobes. rimary nerves in five from the base, the upper lateral one branching in the middle with one of the divisions ascending upward. The base of the leaf is nearly truncate. It may be- long to the former species or to a true Menispermum. Another small leaf, also triangular, with a cuneate base, three obtuse equal short lobes, the middle one abruptly short pointed and a similar kind of nervation, may be a variety of the same species. 44. Negundoides acutifolia, sp. nov.—T'wo thin leaves, which appear to have been attached on a same common petiole, and therefore to belong to a compound leaf. The upper leaflet is smaller, ovate, lanceolate-pointed,.entire; the lower one is enlarged on one side, dentate-lobed, like an Acer, and with the same kind of nervation, while the other side is narrow, entire, with merely secondary nerves as in the upper leaf. Prof. Un- gerin his Chloris has figured and described, under the name of Acer, two lanceolate leaves, slightly dentate, which are op- posite on a common rachis, and belong, therefore, to a com- pound leaf resembling a Negundo. They have some affinity with ours. 45. Paliurus membranaceus, sp. nov.—Leaf exactly oval- obtuse, of a thick membranaceous substance and’ polished sur- ; palmately three-nerved from the base; lateral nerves ascending to above 4 of the leaf, branching outward and united to the thicker medial nerve by perpendicular veinlets. - Lhamnus tenazx, sp. nov.—A fine leaf represented by two fragments on the same specimen, It is lanceolate or slightly ovate-lanceolate, gradually tapering to a point and narrowed to @ short petiole still attached to a branch. The secondary “Nerves, 14-15 pairs, ascend in an acute angle of 30°, and curve along the borders ; the veinlets are obsolete, nearly continu- ous and perpendicular to the veins. 1 47. Phyllites Rhotfolius, sp. nov.—T wo fragments of an ob- “ng subcoriaceous thick leaf, with a broad medial nerve and Secondary nerves alternate, emerging in an open angle, arched Str curving near the borders where they unite. The bor- tic of these leaves appear marked with distant irregular den- wlations like those of our Rhus cotinoides, which this species ra 1€8, also, by the nervation. The base and top of these ves are destroyed. ss . Juglans Debeyana (Populus ?) Heer—The general form ‘ = leaves of this species, represented by many §| ens, 18 wee, Oval and slightly obtuse ; sometimes oval-lanceolate, Me. i Lesquereux on fossil plants from Nebraska. with a blunt point ; borders always entire. Some of the leant § are equal on both sides, and have a pretty long petiole; samy others are broader on one side or inequilateral, often currél : to one side from a short petiole, thus showing the form of lea lets of a compound leaf. The nervation is exactly that oft 7 Juglans ; I consider, therefore, these leaves as belonging a 49, Prunus Parlatorii (Andromeda?) Heer.—Among the | numerous specimens of this species, one of them has distinctly | preserved its nervation, which is like that of a Prunus or of at : Amygdalus. As the leaves are all entire, coriaceous, all la . Prunus Cretaceus, sp. nov.—A broadly ovate-pointil nutlet, similar in every point to a large kernel of a Prunus, to a very small almond. The surface is smooth ; the franc base is notched by a groove ascending to above the middle 52. Phyllites umbonatus, sp. nov.—A leaf perhaps deformel | by compression, for the medial thick nerve is split in tw? pairs of secondary veins, the upper ones curved upward, th of the middle nearly at a pc geen with the redial ner” downward | a in ~_—- abnormal ways, pe o complete the list of fossil plants known at this time the Cretaceous formation of America, we have only to add # b L. Lesquereux on fossil plants from Nebraska, 103 and Capellini, described and figured by Prof. Heer in ‘‘Phyllites _Orétacés du Nebraska ;” and those sent to me, still later, by Dr. John LeConte, which are figured and described in Appen- dix to Tertiary fossil plants of the Mississippi State, in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. xiii, p. 430, pl. 23. Considering the species we find : 1. Lyriodendron Meekii Heer, Proc. Acad. of Nat. Sciences—A small leaf with short round lobes not found among our specimens. 2. Sapotacites Haydenit Heer, loc. cit. —A leaf of unknown affinity. 3. Laurus primigenia Gépp. in Heer, loc. cit—-Not seen among our | 4, Leguminosites Marcouanus Heer, loc. c a Tiree to me. The ; author compares it to a Cesalpinia | 5. Populus leuce Ung. in Heer, loc. cit. B E. 104. = L. Lesquereux on fossil plants from Nebraska. Considering that we know scarcely anything of the Cretae 9 ous flora of other countries, this number, though small, isi 7 deed a valuable contribution to science. The scarcity of (ie F taceous remains of plants explains perhaps the great numb 7 of species established from the Nebraska specimens. a i Phyllites, Prof. Heer remarks that between the Cretaceols | plants of Nebraska and those of Europe, there are no identical species. The celebrated paleeontologist sent to Dr. Debey of Aix la Chapelle, who has there discovered quite a Cretaceot flora, the drawings of the species collected by Messrs. Mareot and Capellini, inquiring about their relation to what had bea discovered in Belgium, The answer was, that none of the species were identical; that even the genera were di course we can not conclude from this that there is not aly existing relation between the Cretaceous flora of our cont and that of Europe, because the materials which may serve ® rescent vegetation, we can but recognize it in the Cretaceou* Liquidambar, Populus, Betula, F redneria acres allied to Coccoloba of which we have ™ species in Florida), Laurus, Sassafras, Lyriodendron, M agnolia, Juglans, Prunus, &c., all genera o tablished from leaves or mere fragments of leaves. But as paleontologists have Soiesene it is necessary to aes and figured, to compare them and use them for them as species. to them specific names and therefore to "a Eruption of Mauna Loa and Kilauea, 105 matic transportations. Its origin is not Australian as it has been sometimes admitted, nor Asiatic, still less European ; but it is born, has been cradled, and has grown up on this continent, This preservation of peculiar types, present at divers geological epochs, indicates a successive and slow devel- opment of formations without such great disturbances as are recognizable in other countries ; and it proves also that the climatic conditions of our North American continent have con- tinued about the same as they are now from the Cretaceous through the Tertiary. No species found in these formations of — indicates a warmer temperature than that of the Southern tates, We know very little yet of the vegetation of our Tertiary formations, and it is impossible to attempt now a comparison of the floras of the Tertiary and of the Cretaceous in America. Nevertheless, from the species already published, even from those of the Tertiary of Nebraska, obtained by Dr. Hayden and Dr. LeConte, the generic affinity is striking and therefore the general American facies is equally represented in both. Vegetable remains are the records of the natural phenomena which have governed the surface of our earth at different epochs. Nowhere else can the successive development of a long series of vegetable cycles, without cataclysmatic interruptions, be followed as well as in America. When, then, the fossil plants of our country have been thoroughly studied, they will unfold 0 us the history of nature’s proceedings during the geological times, Questions of a high order are therefore intimately al- to the study of those remains of fossil plants so little val- ued among us even now. , March 19, 1868. . — Arr. XIII — Recent Eruption of Mauna Loa and Kilauea, Hawaii. ar following are extracts from some of the accounts of and f nearly; that of Kaw, on the southern, from / to a line Tunning §.8.H. from Kilaues eh South of Hilo, Kahuku lies almost in a direct line between the thawit of M. Loa and the south cape, 12 or 15 miles north of , and this line was the course of the principal fissures 106 Eruption of Mauna Loa and Kilauea. and flows of lava. The new island is situated just south i the south cape. Waiohinu is about 8 miles east of Kahult (north of & on the map), 5 or 6 miles from the sea at Kaalualt © Honuapo isati ; Punaluu, 4 or 5 miles farther east on the coast Hiilea lies 3 or 4 miles east of north of Punaluu. From Punt | of Honolulu, and the Honolulu papers.—J. D. Daya.] 1. Letter from Rev. Trrvs Coan, (to J. D. Dawna,) dated Hil, Hawaii, April 7, 1868. o History and tradition record no such commotion on Haw as we have just experienced. On the 27th of March, sig soul untain was rent, apparently, from near the summit ® ter, Mokuaweoweo, half way down its southern slope, jets of — and smoke went up from pond points, ah down the large stone church at Kahuku, and also all the dwelling houses in that place, including the houses of ee 3 - are grazing cattle at the foot of A letter just received from Rev. T. D. Paris, of Kealakek™ South Kona, and dated March 29th, contains some facts | Eruption of Mauna Loa and Kilauea. 107 cerning that side of the island, which I take the liberty to scribe. “For the last 36 hours, our house and all about us have been trembling, shaking and heaving, as if the very founda- tions were giving way. For ten hours there was a succession of shakes at intervals of from two to five minutes—vibrations, roaring and hissing, continuing most of the time, from one shock to another. ; “Yesterday, during the heaving of the earth, four avalanches fell from the Kaanaloa precipice into the bay. “Friday morning (27th), between 5 and 6 o’clock, we dis- covered the great mountain to be on fire, with immense col- umns and pillars of smoke; but as yet we are ignorant as to the course of the stream. “Tuesday, April ist. The shaking of the hill still con- tinues. We have not undressed for sleeping since Friday ag . night the throbbing and quaking were nearly continuous. No one attempted to count the sudden jars and prolonged throes, so rapid was their succession. And even during the intervals to quiver like the surface of a boiling pot. The quaking was most fearful in Kau, and anxiety marked all thoughtful minds. The truth was, all the fires of the mountain and of Kilauea were sunk in subterranean caverns and chambers, and were struggling to force their way down to the ocean, The sea of lavas must have been enormous, and it was working, under- epee in numerous ducts, under a tract many miles broad. The shocks and quiverings continued with different degrees 0 intensity until Thursday, the 2d inst. : It was now evident that Kilauea, and the mother mountain, were acting in concert. The fires in the former had be- come fearfully intense, shaking down avalanches of rocks from ne outer walls, cracking the earth and bursting into an extinct teral crater, called “Little Kilauea.” t4 p.m. on the 2d instant a shock occurred, which was absolutely terrific, All over Kau and Hilo, the earth was rent in a thousand places, opening cracks and fissures from an inch to many feet in width, throwing over stone-walls, 108 Eruption of Mauna Loa and Kilauea. trees, breaking down banks and precipices, demolishing neaty | all stone churches and dwellings, and filling the people mi y consternation, This shock lasted about three minutes, al had it continued three minutes more, with such violence, fF houses would have been left standing in Hilo or Kau, Forty nately there was but one stone building in Hilo, our prihy and that fell immediately. a s this awful shock died away, the sea rose some six fet | above high water mark, and all the dwellings, stores, machilt | shops, etc., near the shore, were in imminent peril. At ie Between oe and Keaiva, about twenty-six miles - suddenly opened, among the foot hills q moment, the houses of Reed and Richardson, of Mr. i q and nearly all the native houses in that district, were ® | sh 5 along the coast. Bor ] many lives were lost by this influx we have not yet ascé | I have seen pec aad names of the killed in the earthy ery Th one-fourth part of Kau, from the central and western portions of the district. d that ev fro that region to report. ent no messenger has come It is said that the great earth ti Kapapala not heated, and that there was ‘sh mpouears Pea sepe dir * So Mr. Lyman thinks, Eruption of Mauna Loa and Kilauea. 109 | gorgements. The whole mass was threwn out of the earth like the discharge of a cannon, with a rush of wind and an awful roar. The whole action was seen by Mr. Richardson and others on the N. E., and by Mr. Lyman and others on the 8. W. side of the eruption. The premises of both these gentlemen came near being swallowed up in this upheaval. For the last twelve days, few probably of the people of Hilo and Kau have put off their clothes for sleeping. Many have camped out in the fields, and all have been anxious to secure places of comparative safety. We still have repeated shocks, which send us out of our houses by day and night, and our house has often jarred and quivered since I have been writing these lines. But the shocks to act in concert ; the fires in the mountain and in Kilauea rising and falling together, and the great subterranean move- ments, and the rush into the sea, being simultaneous. The