A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS Published by the ee Ved AUGUST, 1910 as ROMEYN B. HOUGH Avthor and Publisher of the following : A publication ¢ instrated by actual Spee, the woods showing three distinct views of the grain o: es ens are cientl in to allow the transmission of Tent whereby characteristic structures, dats, etc., are revealed in a most satisfac- tory manner. n accompanying text gives full information as to “botanical Soa distribution , physical and medicinal proper- coe —_ etc. of each spe : or has bee Saas ae eke the Pranklin Institute of is root seaet fag especial tl gone’ cones wold medal on account of the unique vw alue an 2 mee “HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE a: SNOB THERN STATES AND CANADA Phioto descriptive xe =e Ame fae inter twigs and typical | tes of-ea d magnified wood structures of ihe rinci- = —— aoe maps S indicating distributions and full ¢ 2 CONTENTS : - No. 1, issued 16 August 1910 Borawitd =. 6 ee eat epee I Notes on the bead se (Plate 1)------..-- L. S. HopKIns 3 in Maine.......- ENRY W. } 7 Fern Gade. ferns, ad fern allies ........ R. C. BENEDICT 9 Notes on some ferns found during 1909. - 12 tum in the White Mountains _ M. A. MARSHALL 15 Of interest to fern students --...........-.-.---- wae eee 6 No. 2, issued 30 December 1910 Fern collecting in So iornia..-..--F. T. PEMBER 17 I vulgare in Great Britain...CHas. T. DRUERY 19 A new hybrid fern ....... -++++.++.E. 3. WINSLOW 22 Dryopteris itx-ieas x nationale” produces oduced in cultivation 240 — Polypodium vulgare L. var. auritum wie. « i. G. Fiow 26 Items for members. woe ee’ Seve i etoe ds eee eee oe a os No. 3, for January, issued 13 Frey 1911 5 On the pose Dryopteris - ee CARL Cmistessex 33 - A new Cuban fern (Plate 2 Bed Transvaal [a revi tej RE Bawemer 4 e 1V AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. ............ E. J. WinsLow Some Sow California ferns ...... GrEoRGE L. Moxtey Kein m the gray polypody.. - STAFFORD C. EDWARDS Review: THE FEeRNs OF sa ae oe .R. C. BENEDICT Additions to baie herberiuin 2-2. L. S. Hopkins oles and news «2. ee eS No. 5, for July, issued 7 August 1911 The poe nag American species of Dryopteris subgen Ca Pot piacs Jenmani in Cube ....-.-..... R. C. BENEDICT _A new variety of the cinnamon fern .... Lewis S. eles A list of the ferns found in the nity of Ohio Pyle, P: one Lewis 8S. Hoek Southern California fern notes ........ GEORGE L. MoxLey ‘The stedy of fossil ferme... ©... a... .F. H. KNOWLTON ELAN reas American Fern Journal Vol. I AUGUST, 1910 No. 1 FOREWORD About six months ago, a vote was taken to. delerming whether the American Fern Society was in sete of owning and ‘publishing | its official journal. The poll showed sixty in favor, ten opposed, and a indifferent, ‘clearly a sti i new journal _ As to the advisability 3 of Carine a new jocmial, | ‘the are at least two reasons for such action, from which _ few members can dissent. First, the eR that the present official organ may be discontinued when it — 3 has reached its twentieth: volume, or even sooner, “as 2 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL The undersigned believe that a large proportion of the American Fern Society are in favor of Society owner- ship, and that such ownership is entirely feasible. In order to test the matter, to secure reliable data for estimating expenses, and to find out by actual ex- perience what difficulties are to be met and what sup- port can be relied upon, this number has been issued, the expense being shared by a few members who thus act as a voluntary committee of inquiry. If it meets with the approval and support of the members generally, it will be continued as long as support is forth- coming. Already a second issue is practically assured, iene copy is plentiful. though the action is entirely unofficial, - is intended © o = to ke the Journal about what it would be if it were me - > nee publication, Apne. news, notes and other — : ter of interest to the § iety, and, as” seems proper a . will be ta oS preference. = the econ Council. docking to ‘take = the , ournal will be turned over to the Society expense. In the meantime we ask your : by contributions in any amount possible; = tions oe AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL 3 NOTES ON THE BOTRYCHIA L. S&S. HOPKINS (With Plate J) The fern collector who is much in the woods and fields, sooner or later is certain to have the ecological peculiarities of the various species thrust upon him. One species grows upon limestone, another in a swamp, a third on wooded hillsides, ond so on cca asst = iy Gis we 1 flint called 16 4 ke leads of the botrychia by a faenid, Atty. KS. Webb, of Garretts-_ ville, Ohio, a very careful observer, who, under date of May 14, 1907, wrote: “The most interesting fact re- _ vealed by my studies of the botrychia is the remarkable elannishness of the species. They seem to love each _ other’s society and where one grows the others do eee _Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstr., Botrychium ae virginianum (L.) Sw., and Botrychium obliquum Muhl. | grow within a few feet or yards of the two stations that ag . ae know for Le ae Se ramosum sires ) Aschers. (J ee AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL ramosum _(Roth.) cakes. and Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstr. were seen growing together on July 2, 1908, immediately in front of the hotel at this resort. If any of the other species of botrychia ever grew in the same spot, being larger and more conspicuous, they __ have been plucked up and exterminated. _ Near Burton in the same county, Bobychiun dissec- tum Spreng. and Botrychium obliquum Muhl. and its varieties (as yet undetermined) grow in a moist, sandy _ bottom field of four or five acres in such profusiol that - even a modest estimate would sound almost absurd. Fifty-six plants were counted in a space estimated at twenty feet square. They were almost as peaceatical in other parts of the field. A similar coe was: “noted in the. fall of 1909, wick, neny In this i ww : very suggestive of the variety ten oo Solin (Und .) Gilbert were found: Tather ‘lent fi — within a few yards of each other. pes oe ae probable explanation of this’ grouping eee : of these plants i is to be found in the fact that they are __ _ rather exacting as to the ecological conditions under | which they will grow best, and wherever these conditions 2 obtain the plants are likely to occur rather plentifully. a Curiosity prompted the ‘measurement of hia poole ae two specimens of Bot eth yew collected near Trafford City, Allegheny Co., Fe. “May : 28, 1910. The. Speen. were taken at random from a gro _perhap twenty plants of the same species. x ; In eae 1 case a small part of the root system was. prob-— ly lost since > the idea Of tiesiaring the roots was not AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL | Bee, eS 6 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL plant was 278 inches; of the other 312 inches. The roots were pressed and will be mounted with the plants al- though every one knows the roots of the botrychia are very brittle and difficult of preservation when dried. In “ The Fern Flora of Ohio” (Fern Bulletin, Jan. 1907) mention was made of the reproduction of the botrychia in some me cases at least by a short thick root-stock. Since that time I have found two mature fruiting fronds of Botrychium ramosum (Roth.) Aschers., attached to the same rootstock as shown in Plate I. ‘Also a specimen aS of Botrychium obliquum Muhl. having two sterile fronds . and a bud for a third, all on the same rootstock, was ~ found Le Jost fall at paren a “a Pa. 3 ees, paewene ‘the a typi d dissectum a ypical | obliquum; but when one finds, as 5 any one aio. cares to - look for it may find, the typical forms of obliquum and 2 dissectum with a complete set of intermediate forms and all growing within a few feet of each other, thenthe _ - differences do not seem so striking. I have never seen AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL 7 POLYPODIUM VULGARE IN MAINE HENRY W. MERRILL Maine with its 3,000 miles of rock-bound coast, its many mountains and almost numberless hills, the out- ° — ledges that show their granite heads so un- expectedly above its many plains, is an ideal home for the hardy little polypody, that carpets the top of most — of the — or c eaeet Lene over onal bunks, or — ‘dothe ve cat with a ‘soft mantle, ‘which it ne time deeays and furnishes the rich eoil needful for ate : development of plant life. ee A writer in speaking of ah OS wulgare (L. ) tated | that it is not ordinarily a variable fern and that bond a few forms have been named. In a British work, ‘Choice fous” : shee a. Bie: named forms. Although the old ‘world. gn be _ favored with more forms than the new world,—or it may be Saas: our brother botanist across the water is a Be AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL _ seems to be proof conclusive that these forms are to be - expected at any station where the typeisfound. It was, - indeed, a red-letter day when the writer found two _ fronds of what was afterwards determined as Poly- podium vulgare v. ovatum (Moore). The long stipe _ and rather short blade, the graceful curve of the frond, 2 _ the long tapering pinne, with their sinuate margins, | = with the background furnished by the mellow sunshine — _ of a September day, formed a picture that will hang for _ Many years on memory’s wall. Among the forms are found elongata (H. W. Jewell), 3 ulsAdare (Moore), —— (Moore), sinuatum, with : all, of the pinne sinua' a A station was found: last fall (1909), ‘under the low- ae oie eer keeer Sabine eRe AEE he Sel ees As < phiect | in ee press, for wells we isew that the. paschul . _ ‘Tuffles would be ruined. This form was not confined — toa few fronds, but there were hundreds of them, and 2 no frond of the type was found with them. : - "Perhaps the most interesting find of any form of the “species in this state was a made last August by Mrs. A.B 2 -oullar at Standish. be bifido-cristatum. __ Dmuery describes it as follows: oy Long, narrow, robust, _ ted; its short leaflets are fanned out at the pe ! esate crests, —e frond. he Jeacrueonde estes, i AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL 9 pleasant hours with the polypods and will undoubtedly be rewarded by finding of one or more forms, not men- tioning the many freaks that will be eeaiialtty. appear- ing before him. Hira, MAINE. “FERN LEAVES, no. BEN EDICT | “The topic sould searcely 9 seem to be one in nial ES - much discussion, but as morphologists and paleobota- __ nists have lately added a good deal to our knowledge of the subject, completely changing some of the old « col : aes, a brief resumé will not be out of place. » > > There has been a large amount written about ferns as - in the last few years, particularly ; about their a and evolution,—and consequently a ut their relation- Co ae to other groups: of Plants, sue ah sae ee ip. AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL It is rolled in a coil in the bud phase; (2) as it unrolls the apex continues to grow; this power of more or less indefinite growth is possessed most remarkably by _Lygodium and the Gleicheniacez. Campbell refers to leaves of Lygodiu um which reach a length of one hundred feet, and in the Gleicheniacee the leaf apex may continue to unroll for several seasons; (3) fern leaves bear sporangia on the back. Ferns then are pteridophytes with leaves of the type just described. Fern allies should be, as the word ‘* allies ” implies, re- : Anted to ferns. Relationship, as ordinarily determined Ce in such ¢ eases, depends on (a) similarity of structure, and a a own by ly ils : Pacers to structure, lycope called © fern allies,” are ne gical aia: oe pra = lycopods, and ecuiinetes ‘eon’ any spotter te the earliest horizons in which fossils of vascular plants cs are found these — sue oceur, and differ in the ‘cae AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL ll Because of the many striking resemblances to ferns, it is believed that these “seed ferns,’”’ or pteridosperms, as they are called, were directly descended from plants ancestral also to the true ferns. The cyeads or “fern palms” of our modern tropics, commonly included in the group Gymnosperme,'are generally recognized as descendants of the pteridosperms. This opens up a new line of fern allies, nearer at least than Equisetum and Lycopodium. But a still greater line of “allies” will have to be recognized if recent researches of G. R. Wieland on Mexican eycads are confirmed. He has found among _ certain Mesozoic cyeads a type of floral structure so much like certain modern angiospermous types that he - has concluded that our common flowering plants must _ be descended from the cycad-fern line. No one, however, is likely to include flowering plants under the title of fern allies. This name may be Lies a 2 applied to three modern groups of plants, the Ophioglossales, the Salviniacee and the Mateibineos 2 _the last two groups being often grouped together as_ _ the Hydropterides, or water ferns, but now. oes® __ Be related to separate lines of ferns. eee a be ie “AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL is certainly no justification for comparing the leaves of these plants to the stems, leaves, and flowers of a Perey It will be seen, then, that a magazine devoted to ferns, lyeopods, and equisetes, can hardly be said to be devoted to one group of plants, and this distinction will have to be reserved for the four or five fungus periodi- - eals, and the French a scale ee the Revue | Bryologique. - ConumBra Unrversrrv. _ NOTES ON SOME FERNS FOUND DURING and some that are noted further on, I may ne — ‘ ; . Phegopteris (L.) Und., fare ce oped pay of ae region. pends the more common ‘ene ae ua Struthiopteris (L.) Todaro, Dee a narginalis Dav. About midway wp ~ were a few sees of A a S AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL ke two grew side by side and showed no striking difference in habit and general appearance. The Clinton fern was not found except in two of the swamps visited, while the crested fern was quite com- mon, especially in the alder swamps. The Clinton . = fern evidently prefers woodland swamps with larger trees. In such a woodland, in which a small ravine © spreads out into a little swamp, I found a few plants — of the Clinton fern and also a few plants of the se Sota | _ between this and d Dryopteris intermedia. : oe 2 Te. me the most" “interesting: find in the region was ps, that of nun ts or clumps of D. cristata ae osa Chr. is was found ‘ sw. wamps, ae quite as abundant as B fern, which : . was frequent, especially in the ude swamps. Some ‘idea of its growth may be gained if I state that from one clump I removed over twenty fronds, but that no Sypatent difference i in its-size was pigehine: notices Sa ee AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL been. found more frequently than D. cristata x spinulosa. It seems that in this vicinity D. intermedia hybridizes - more freely than D. spinulosa, while farther north the latter hybridizes more freely than here. This is borne out also by the fact that there is a similar proportion of hybrids between these two and the Clinton fern, D. - Clintoniana x spinulosa Benedict being less abundant here than farther north or than the corresponding < hybrid with D. intermedia. A new station for Dryopteris Goldiana x marginalis > Pawel was found at Waterloo, N J., on August 9. - Both the putative parents were found abundant along a mountain rill, and after a diligent search I secured a : fine plant of the hybrid, bearing four fronds. This plant | now Nga get: in ey erie, in a much e ferns, aa wick a numerous meg inter : oa biaryl between the Clinton and the Gols lie AMERICAN ee JOURNAL ee 15 : LYCOPODIUM INUNDATUM IN THE WHITE MOUNTAINS M. A. MARSHALL In late August, 1907, a few days were spent at Breezy Point, Warren, N. i. aad there, as elsewhere, the flora — damned wii PSE No unfamiliar ferns were found, but one day, in walking up the rough mountain | road leading from Merrill’s Mountain Home to the — Sie! Powe on Mt. Moosilauke, a small ao in on aise upper side and built. up s euti on the lower, : : : with a F depreation at the bottom of the cut to carry off — water. In two hollows of this roadside gutter the little = = lycopodiums were found,—small weak plants, none over five inches long, clinging closely to the soil, some creeping up the rain-washed bank, most bearing each: . sporophyte from an inch to an inch and a half in height. The plants \ were entirely separa arate, not more than two it - AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL INTEREST TO FERN STUDENTS Extracts from letters from H. E. Ransier “Tam ready to make a distribution of eared walking fern specim mens to members,—3 c cents postage. Also forking and eared Harts Tongue ferns,—5 cents postage. _ I will make “sea of ~~ deserving specimen, as rare or abnormal form, if sent in tight tin tube or box while fresh, i.e., green, maki phan natural size when prac- - tieal, or such a portion as is of interest, natural size, _ photo to be available for Society’s use. _ I will make lantern slide, from any good negative, of ferns “that may : = ent: a e by any member, one s slide to be given the r of the negative, the Society to have privilege of iplicate slides. Whe collected en sufficient number of slides American Fern Journal Vol. 1 DECEMBER, 1910 No.2 |, FERN COLLECTING IN SOUTHERN — LSS f elie Cael meee ae ere, but oak find’ none. ‘The aa are shot © + 2 where common as we see them in the North, and he are but few species, and these are seldom noticed about towns or in the level country, but having: spent the | whole, or a part, of twenty winters in that section, - 2 have learned where to look for them. : One of the very pretty small ferns likely to be fours ‘ee first of all is the cotton fern, Notholen a Newberryi _ D.C. Eaton. It is rather common. among oe — 7 Oe eS AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL On the north side of hills, or where the soil holds some moisture for half of the year, the collector, searching - among rocks and stones and low bushes, is delighted to find and gather the beautiful golden-backed fern, Gymnopteris triangularis (Kaulf.) Underw. It is the ae great desire of amateurs and others to obtain specimens _ of this species. It is also called the silver-backed fern, _ and this name fits it as well as any, for the backs of the _ fronds are silvery at first, changing to all the shades of _ old gold, and finally hocoimink quite dark in color. In similar places with the last, and about as plentiful, a is the much larger coffee fern, Pellea andromedtfolia (Kaulf.) Fée. They make fine specimens, but when dry, if several are laid together, they seem to interlock so t hat it is next to impossible to get them apart without — breaking off the pinne. is con ke the list for most localities, but o on Loe 3 DRUERY: POLYPODIUM VULGARE 19 feet high. The winter tourist can secure only sterile fronds, as it does not fruit till midsummer, while all the others are in fruit in February and March. Almost as beautiful as the lace fern is Cheilanthes Fendleri Hook., which I have found mostly at an altitude of 4,000 to 5,000 feet. It is small, with three to five inch fronds. In like localities is a fern three or four times larger, Polystichum munitum (Kaulf.) Underw., and also the very small but neat os a ealifornicum ulf. This list i is small but ¢ covers all I Tikely to be. found in a a a number of named varieties here e | summer, ‘and taking trips through the state to the north, : where the rainfall is greater and the conditions for fern growth are more favorable. GRANVILLE, N.Y. POLYPODIUM VULGARE. IN GREAT BRITAIN CHAS. 7; DRUERY, v. M. H., F. L. Ss. In the int ti rticle by Mr. Henry ' hap ogee in the Amertcan FERN Journat, I find a reference | the“above , species in in connection with our Choice Bri ‘ish Ferns,’and would like to point | _ pen t] ie 5 er | des AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL the article, and has struck me in others, is that there does not seem to be the same general impulse in the States as prevails here to collect not merely fronds for herbaria, but specimens of the living plants for cultiva- tion and propagation by spores or otherwise. Here, this is always done, and the result is that practically all the named and dation’ forms found figure in not one but all collections of note as growing plants. In this way we are able to judge far better of the character than from merely dried and compressed specimens, apart from the fact that the mere collection of fronds for drying, if the material be scanty, is apt to destroy the plants entirely, instead, as might be done by one plant, propagating and perpetuating them. ome years ago, I read with pain, in the Fern Bulle- tin, of the discovery of a single rare specimen, which was _ at once denuded of its fronds for herbarium specimens, | while the finder, not content with this, commissioned a friend to visit he: locality in the sitaian and obtain the second crop, which almost inevitably meant death to the plant. This, to my mind, is absolute vandalism. Several, indeed most of my own discoveries have been solitary plants, and in every case these have been care- fully lifted, swathed in damp moss, and taken home ratact, ‘the result being eretiually the wide distribution es or offsets, and the consequent eenng in of new forms. Mr. Merrill mentions several forms of Polypodium vulgare which from the descrip- tions and names I cannot allocate to known forms here. _ For instance, he speaks of one of his own finds occupying an extended station, with hundreds of “beautifully __ erisped and ruffled” fronds, and none of the type, ob- ey a splendid find. He does not, however, collect lant or plant few fronds DRUERY: POLYPODIUM VULGARE —_—21 into his vasculum might eventually have enriched and displayed their beautiful fronds to innumerable fern lovers, instead of failing entirely to demonstrate their chatm to anyone but himself, and that only in situ. — _ As I am interested in varieties at any of the species which _ are common to Britain and the United States, I should be most happy to. ee living specimens of good ae articular! . vulgare. Pa : ) e old one. sidentally, I may + some years ago, a Gus oaeires Lastrea thalyptects was found in the United States by Mrs. Puffer, and a _ - piece of rhizome was very kindly supplied tome. I re : now a large pan of it, polydactylous ee ieee tunately, as soon as it was well establis very fertile frond appeared, the only one : ae pre od and seizing the opportunity, I have raised a bat of which are replicas of the parent. A fev a have reverted, but two or three. | ‘A NEW HYBRID FERN + E. J. WINSLOW Dryopteris filix-mas x marginalis hyb. nov. tebe and scales at the base of the stipe as in the two rent species. Fronds dark green above, considerably saibe beneath, bipinnate, usually 70-90 cm. long, 20-25 em. broad, broadest at the middle or a little above, acuminate; rachis somewhat chaffy throughout; pin- ne narro owly: eer: tapering from near the middle to an acuminate point; pinnule oblong, the basal ones crenate and ‘acuta faleate; sori nearer the margin _ than the midvein, nearer the end than the base of the . veinlets to which ete are attached; indusia convex, depth of sinus variable. ‘This fern is intermediate betiesh the parent species : in color, in outline of the pinne and of the pinnulz, in - venation, and in the position of the sori. As farasI _ belie examined, perfect: spores are mS Rantine the pian a on for Dryopiersjliz-mas. The party mee "eided : a hers = Nan the discoverer of the ~ WINSLOW: A NEW HYBRID ee. and I have two in my collection. Mr. H. G. Rugg has presented material for the Dartmouth College collection, Mr. J. G. Underwood has placed specimens in the collec- . tion of the Hartland Nature Club, and others have pro- vided material for the Vermont Botanical Club Her- barium. re ey The accompanying figures illustrate several points of comparison between a large plant of D. filiz-mas and DRYOPTERIS FILIX-MAS x MARGINALIS PRODUCED IN CULTIVATION R. C. BENEDICT “As an saldlensbaee to Mr. Winslow’s description of Dryopteris filiz-mas x marginalis, mention should be _ made of another plant properly to be identified as this hybrid, which was produced by Mr. Amedée Hans several years ago, and of which a leaf is preserved in the her- _. barium of the New York Botanical Garden. oe The plant was one of many raised from a sowing of a oS mixture of jiliz-mas and marginalis spores, but was the only one of the lot which could not be identified with as eget one of the species, although suggestive of both a in many | of its: characters, viz., in stipe-scales, in the 1argin ule, and in the position of the sori. — iat abnormal in that the apices of the nore or less blunted and seacaaae Ss is Ere 2 L red to those of. Mr. ‘Winslow’ a vever, an anal to be considerably al eal the indusia are strongly closel ines of the blade and ecan- POLYPODIUM VULGARE | i IVAR. AURITUM WILLD. F. G. FLOYD American fern students seem to differ in regard to their conception of Polypodium vulgare L. var. auritum Willd.; the characteristic ear-like appendages borne on fronds of that fern, being described as occupying various eho My, attention has been ree recently called to this __ atter, , by an article in- the American Fern Journal olypodin late bei in 1 Maine,’ od ty. : page 8, Mr. ‘Merk says ,' “Seill another — for hee been found that, unlike auritum, which has — ears. on the lower side of the’ pinne,hasearsontheupper _ edge of the pinne only. Mr. W.N. Clute says that this form is new, and the finder is hunting for a name, but __ so far he has been unsuccessful.’”’ Mr. Merrill, unfortu-_ nately, does not attempt to substantiate his assumption - that the true var. awritum is not eared on the upper side ~ of the segments and I am unable to conceive what : ground he has for this belief. _ from other varieties by the prese nce on the lowest segments next to tl ae | AMERICAN: FERN JOURNAL 2 hen manual contains no description of var. auritum, _ merely referring to it as an “ occasional sdicmiebrouity. 27? The seventh edition of Gray’s Manual, however, accu rately but very concisely describes the form in these words: “var. ouriium Willd., with the lowest segments — auricled.’”? _. Abroad, however, _and particularly i in Great Britain, 2 atl attention has been given to fern varieties, aaa sonsiderable specializing has been done in this particu- Se ier ferorbing field. _ Meare Geperines the form in these Ferien (wild). This taasey has at the base of e lobes on their anterior side, that is next the rachis pper margin, a distinct lobule or auricle, ler which it takes its name. The a aril ¢ i to its, appearance and size.”’3 late. ( 1 > shows a frond auricled ok. ‘ Ds The distinguishing é ae or lobule, sacks anterior, and at other times to the pos- : iy She nase uricle i is eae FLOYD: POLYPODIUM mink lO “Var. auritum Willd., P. auriculatum Schur. Low- er segments, occasionally the upper segments also, auricled on their upper sides or on both sides. .... eae . bse: exhibit irregularly cut and pinnately lobed as Very often it produces monstrous forms, | with a. frond forked at the apex or with the preeen nts ue variously forked and dichotomous.” ee From these descriptions and ae by eminent oe specialists, it seems apparent to me that ‘Mr. Merrill’s fronds of f Polypodium new L. with “ears ¢ on the upper oo edg only,” are undoubtedly true var. | : ‘That ds new what they were writing about is espe- _ : cially borne out by an examination of the original de- scription of the variety, which (translated) reads as follows: “Lower pinne of the frond auriculate on the _ upper basal portion, auricles lanceolate —W. ”2 Tf there is any reason why such a form as Mr. Merrill describes should bear another name, I should very — like t fo. have it presented. ae To the amateur who finda in America s some pec to name it, I would add a word of caution. Remem ‘that many forms and varieties have already | -seribed by foreign fern psn ind before burdening | nomenclature with n _ difficulti ITEMS FOR MEMBERS : Herbarium Exchange List ‘The fulldwing pteridophytes are in the Society’s _ Exchange department. Members wishing to arrange _ an exchange should write the Curator, stating what they wish and what they have to offer. ~%: The figures at the right indicate the num- specimens at hand. The nomenclature is that of nsen’ s: Index do as far as this applies.) st Welton ‘Guin ) Moore yopte oris Clintoniana x anion Dowell) Deion: cristata (L.) G : are cristata Xx mar, as ‘nals ‘Dav.. te - Dryop cristata x spunulosa intermedi ae as 0. (Dryo tenis cristata * intermedia Dowell) s m Boottit Tuc seme an) Dryopteris fiz wa s (L.) Schot See ae Dryopteris Goldiana om a eee é og a opteris ae onoptera ( ick ¥ AES i ae cc Chee eae pera (aie che) Fe) Ss eee eee Dawe Laren (Phegoptert Dryopieris pala Sa a3 ryopteris noveboracensis (L.) Gr = Dryopteris . ly - Equisetum arvense eL.. _ _ Equisetum arvense Equisetum arvens bo m sabinefolium Wine 7 es . * . . ee ie) SF a 5 i — lee eee ie Rae ta cia sescheoreens (L) ‘Todaro 0 oe . a: * KEN OF NR HONE _ No Cost of First Number of the American Fern Journal 7 The report as here submitted is not exact — merely oe approximate. There should be added to t xpendi- tures a small additional amount for other ae “Th ere may now be added to the Receipts and Balance a con- — siderable amount received = subscriptions subsequen to the appearance of the number. In the p number, an effort has ey Hes ade to reduce some the expense for proof corrections. Aside from this aside from possible future reduction in the initial of printing, the expenses of this first: pumbes may prol ably be taken as fairly typical. of en instead of areapper in, oe ads rea ct ee ee OC Rae ae ee ee an AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL NOTES Copy for No. 3 of the AMertcan Fern J OURNAL is in hand and ready for the printer. It will include the fol- lowing articles: “On the genus Dryopteris,’”’ Carl Christensen ; “California ferns,” C. C. Kingman; “ A new Cuban fern,” R. C. Benedict; “A fern collector in Florida,’ F. T. Pember. _ Mr. Christensen has promised to contribute articles _ from time to time, and suggests as his next a paper on the ferns of the Arctic regions of the world. _ The prospects for further numbers of the AmmrRICAN _ Fern Journat are dependent on the action of the newly oe elected Executive paw nak : 7 Aes ording - ‘ke Hane of the Judge of Elections, = es Nellie F. Flynn, the Executive Council will consist of the following officers for 1911: | Purup Dowe 1, Ph.D., President majority 26 _ Miss Nexire Mrrtcx, Vice-President majority 66 L.S. Hopgiys, A.M., Secretary majority 26 i. G. Rves, Treasurer. eee ay 79 : ce The newly ected Tuwative Connell is in favor of a yublicatio: on owned by the Society and will probably d are itself i ae favor of the AMERICAN Fern JOURNAL, Vol. 1 JANUARY 1911 No. 3 American Fern Journal A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS Published by the AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY ead PHILIP DOWELL, Editor RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Associate Editor rf CONTENTS On the genus Dryopteris .........--- Cart CHRISTENSEN Notes on Southern California ferns......- Cc. C. KivemMan A new Cuban fern (Plate 2) .....-.----- R. C. BENEDICT Ferns of the Transvaal..........-----+- R. C. BENEDICT A fern collector in Florida.........--+---> F. T. PemMBEr Fern notes from the South ..........- eee E. L. Les A collecting trip in southern Florida. .JoHN DONNELL SwoTrH Pamir DowELh Notes on ferns attacked by a leaf roller. .... Pamir DowELh _ Ferns at home, and visiting (Plate 3). _Kare D. SpaLpine Notes and news ...........----+---2 ++ "+" ee ees pe Se icleiias AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY A quarterly devoted to the general study of ferns. No. 1 of the JouRNAL was published in August, and No. 2 in December, i910. Single copies, 25 cents; subscriptions, including membership in the American Fern Society, $1.00 for the year 1911, or, including the first two numbers, $1.40. Matter for publication should be addressed to PHinip DOWELL, PorT RicHMOND, N. Y. Subscriptions should be sent to Mr. H. G. Rucc, Hanover, N. H. THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB MEMBERSHIP including Bulletin, Memoirs, and Torreya, $5.00 a year PUBLICATIONS Bulletin. poe established 1870. Price, $3.00 a year; ee numbers 30 ce Of former a vege il 24-37 cant - Philip Dowell, Editor, ore ieee . = 2 Torreya. Poser established 1901. Price, $1.00 a year. = Manuscripts in ended for publication in TorrEva should be : addressed to Sain Taylor, Editor, New York Botanical Garden, Y Cy Occasional, established 1889, Price, $3.00 a volume. _ Preliminary Catalogue of Sete iy Soe within - 100 — of New York City, 1338, $1.00. : and — Ameriran Fern Journal Vol. 1 JANUARY 1911 No. 3 On the genus Dryopteris CARL CHRISTENSEN us Dryopteris includes, as. delimited in ‘my fae Filicum, nearly one thousand species. Like : . most other genera of ferns, it has reached its greatest degree of development in the tropics; northward it ex- tends to Greenland and Alaska, southward to New Zea- land, and it is represented in almost all regions inhabited by ferns, the southernmost part of South America being a marked exception. It is scarcely to be expected that E ney vast number of species were all derived from the | same ancestors, and I have thought it possible, me a eet : tailed examination of a large number of species, to out whether the species really are all congeneric or not. nt. ae . I believe I have succeeded in solving this question. oe While older authors = a si Yopsana : oP B4 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL tem of the Synopsis Filicum of Hooker, but it is by no means a. natural in all points. Diels united into a single genus, \’phrodium (now Dryopteris), all the spe- cies previously referred to Lastrea, Nephrodium, Phegop- _teris, Gontopteris , Leptogramma, and Meniscium. It is difficult to give a ' diipaclis of a genus including such dif- ferent forms; but characters common to all species are the inarticulated stipes, the round or somewhat oblong dorsal sori, which are often covered by reniform indusia, and the never complicated venation. It is true that there a _is a great uniformity as to these characters, and species es showing them must naturally belong together, but the << question now arises, whether all these species belong to to several natural genera, which together to segregate groups of species’ as genera; genera have been described by different — : some few of them have been at any ~~ made CHRISTENSEN: ON THE GENUS DRYOPTERIS 35 variable. By examining a series of tropical Dryopterids, we soon find that such a character as the presence or absence of indusia is of no generic value, and even difficult to use as a specific character. A very large number of species, which have been referred to Phegopteris, are really indusiate, but the indusia are to be seen only in the very young sori. Moreover, we find very often that two forms, which can scarcely be distinguished by any other character, differ from each other only by the one being _indusiate, the other exindusiate, but that, notwithstand- os : ing this difference, the two forms are closely . on ihe venation, if ee (i. e., forming a few Gener: e) or not. founded on such characters arg Phegopteris, ee are, therefore, not groups of related species, as natural genera should be, but may include a number of species that are often of a very re- | mote affinity, e. g., D. tetragona and D. phegopteris, both ee sometimes referred to Phegopteris; on the other hand, _ species referred partly to one, partly to another genus, ou are intimately related, e. g., D. patens, often referred to - Lastrea, and D. mollis se nenree _— is aN ph- Foi ~ 36 ca AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL but vestigia terrent. These groups ate not based on a single character, but the species belonging to the same subgenus agree in several respects. The characters used are often apparently very minute and have previ- ously been seldom considered as of any value, but they are, nevertheless, very constant. The best and most constant t character i is the pubescence, i. e., the type of and seales. I have never found that a spevies varies as to the kind of pubescence; further, species that agree in other characters correspond exactly in pubes- cence, not in the more or less dense covering by | ~~ scales but i in the shape of the hairs and scales. For ve always tog multicellular, articulated. hairs : ery characteristic toothed seales; those ae aS have always ste KINGMAN: CALIFORNIA FERNS a At least two other subgenera, Glaphyropteris (D. decus- sata and some few other species) and Steiropteris (D. deltoidea and five or six others) are represented in tropical America and the recently by me proposed new genus Stigmatopteris belongs to the Dryopteridee. The Ol World’s species belong partly to the same subgenera, partly ss others not Dae dating in America. Stigmatopteris, ad are racgstieed American. Gaede NoveMner, 1910. Notes on | Southern c. C KINGMAN During the past year, which I have spent in Southern California, I have had opportunities for collecting and studying the western ferns in their native haunts, and I have enjoyed tramping over the mountains and exploring the canyons in search of these interesting plants. At Pasadena, where I have spent most of my time, the foothills rise directly back of the city, and back of © these hills lie the San Gabriel Mountains, a bold range : of mountains having an elevation of five thousa | feet, with several peaks, such as Mt. Lowe and Mt. Wilson, < rising a thousand feet higher. These mountain sides are very steep and are difficult to climb, except by following the trails. On ort side ios perro 38 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL ° green carpet covering large areas. I have found large fronds of this species that measured nearly eighteen inches long. Polypodium Scouleri H. & G. is occasionally found here, but it is not common in this part of the state. It closely resembles small forms of P. californicum, but differs from species in its blunter pinnae, its larger and more numerous sori, and in its more leathery texture. ae). golden-back fern, Gymnogramma_ triangularis Kaulf., is everywhere abundant. It is the fern that tourists press and mail in their letters as souvenirs. It flourishes in both sunny and shady places. The back of _ the frond is covered with a yellow, mealy substance that on gives it its golden color. I have collected this fern in all parts of Southern California and last July I found the = oS fronds of this pans abundant on Catalina : _ sland. _ Searcely less abv un es nt are the Pelleeas, or cliff brakes. = se ferns grow i in & a rather dry situation and seem to — 3 | 3 on rocky hillsides. Pellea andromedifolia a $ an dium-sized fern with rounded seg- = : — ‘Tti is pias common and may be collected along intain trails and in all the canyons. fis . brake, Pellaa ornithopus Hooker, is =e common and grows in clefts of the rocks. Its ulti- are _ = deen in threes, oe KINGMAN: CALIFORNIA FERNS 39 The maidenhair ferns are found in damp, shady places, often in springy ground. There are several species, the commonest being Adiantum emarginatum Hook., with broad fronds and rounded pinnules. This species matures quite early in the spring and then turns brown. I have collected it at Pasadena and Santa Barbara, and also on Catalina Island, where it is eee on the hills overlooking the ocean. I have not pana Adiantum inlet (Kaul) Fée common at Pasadena, but I have collected fine speci- mens of it near Santa Barbara. In the Ojai Valley, in Ventura County, I once found a large patch of this fern so thick that I was obliged to tread on hundreds of the a plants jin order to walk up the canyon. This species differs from A. emarginatum in its longer lanceolate fronds and in the more wedgeshaped pinnules, which are more lobed on the upper margin; and it matures later, so that fresh fronds may be gathered late in the summer. Among the larger ferns is sexlragmea argutum Kaulf. This is an evergreen fern, r bling A. marginale of the eastern states both in form and texture. It is oo com- mon on the shady sides of canyons. Polystichum munitum (Kaulf.) Und. is one of ie oe se : finest of our western ferns, and is found in the upper can-_ a : yons. It resembles the Christmas fern but is much larger a in every way, the fronds being | two. or three feet Seg and _ 40 AmerRICAN Fern JOURNAL In the winter the mountain sides are everywhere cov- ered with Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring. It is more upright and treelike than the eastern form. During a dry spell it appears to die away, but after a shower it immediately revives and becomes green again. There are several species of Equisetum, the commonest being Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. The sterile plants re- semble E. arvense but are twice as large. They may be found all summer near streams. _ PasapeNa, CAL. _ A new Cuban fern R. c BENEDICT - (Puare 2 The Savas me the North or South Pole has never of very aoe interest from the standpoint of ce, because there has been no prospect _ BENEDICT: A NEW CUBAN FERN 41 Another hitherto unvisited Cuban range, the Sierra Nipe, located on the east side of the island, has recently been partially explored by Dr. J. A. Shafer, collecting for the New York Botanical Garden. From preliminary study, it appears that the collections contain a large number of undescribed flowering plants. The ferns have not been studied comprehensively, but in looking over the material of the genera included in the first part of Vol. 16 of the North American Flora, the writer found six = species of Anemia, one of which is quite distinct from any Species described in Mr. W. R. Maxon’s — of the North American species It may be described as iollows: Anemia nipeénsis sp. nov. | Rootstock creeping, dorsi ventral, rather “dienitag? less “than 2 mm. thick, br. saahiaig! covered very slender 2 _hairlike brown scales. Leaves in two rows, dimorphic, the ae very ee about 35 em. long, 3-pinnate, . wit. sepihe volute — nnze borne above | — “altitude; eu é de} sited in Underw ae AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Sw. and A. portoricensis Maxon, but it differs strongly from these in the outline and texture of the divisions of the sterile lamina. The genus Anemia is represented in the United States _ by two species, both of which extend north from tropical America. A. adiantijolia (L.) Sw., perhaps the common- est species of the genus, is found throughout the West Indies and in southern Florida. With its highly modified, _ erect basal pinne, it looks at first sight very much like a Botrychium. It is much more divided than A. nipeénsis. _ A. mexicana Klotsch, which ranges north from Mexico into Texas, is like A. adiantifolia, in having the basal ee ‘pinne fertile, but the sterile portion is rather thin and herbaceous, once pinnate, and thus different from either _ of the other species above described. , iban flora: promises to be as rich in fern species _ int mg ; 43 : A NEW CUBAN FERN ENEDICT B IEA VAN ra 44 . AMERICAN Fern JOURNAL Ferns of the Transvaal R. C. BENEDICT There appeared in the October number of the South African Journal of Science a paper entitled ‘‘ The families, genera, and species of Pteridophyta of the Transvaal,” by Joseph Burtt-Davy and Vicary Gibbs Crawley, both in government service there. The senior author, Mr. Burtt-Davy, is a professional botanist who went to South Africa to take the position of government botanist. At the time of his appointment to that position, he held a _ - position in the United States Department of Agriculture. _ He was originally from England but came to America as a young man, and before he returned to British soil had — _ become an an American citizen and had taken an American — : : “Was an employee of the Transvaal Audit - PEMBER: A FERN COLLECTOR IN FLORIDA 45. in the Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society 16: 267-300. 1906.” e Transvaal is an inland province on the east side of South Africa, about two hundred miles in extent each way. At the north it overlaps the Tropic of Capricorn upwards of fifty miles, so that a tropical or semitropical climate would be expected, and for the most part the names of the ferns are in accord with this assumption. It is not, therefore, very surprising to meet the names” of species - ee to. occur _— everywhere in the _ tropics. Sue Oph ssum n L., Aspid- — tum molle se05 “Bw pena caudatum L., A. ~ lus-veneris L., Pteris lon isstie L., - eretica oe pe ee ae Pi ec Se Oe, eres ee w ee ee a JOIUL WILCTL VW thie L15v ULMCL Wist north tempera. & or sixiotly American, the explanation of so anomalous a distribution appears impossible. In this class are Ophioglossum vulgatum L, euigoree thelypteris ae Desv. [Strempel], N. filiz-mas Rich., Asplenium adiantum- nigrum L., Polypodium vulgare L., P. incanum Sw. [=P. eS polypodioides (L.) Hitch.], Lycopodium clavatum L., be carolinianum L., and Selaginella rupestris Spring. | _ It may be possible to explain: the riddle as to incorrect identification, but not for oo sete there i is no question: as to the lentity. Qu a - 46 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL place I made trips into the Everglades and along the line of the Florida Keys Commencing our search at Bradentown, on the Man- atee River, we readily find Dryopteris patens (Sw.) Ktze., D. unita (L.) Ktze., Woodwardia areolata (L.) Moore, eridium aquilinum caudatum (L.) Kuhn, and Acrosti- chum excelsum Maxon. The last is a giant among ferns, growing mostly in salt or brackish marshes, and so has been called the salt marsh fern. I found stalks of last year’s growth nine feet high, with stipes as thick as a _M™an’s finger, and single pinne a foot long, often thirty _ pairs of them on a single frond, and very much crowded, _ with the sporangia covering the entire back of the frond ee agen sometimes on the front also abounds } an we SVS YY WAL, mostly under two feet. _ In the hammocks and ‘growing on the trunks sd large he lim ic : ae aa : ee is. abundant but does not fruit till later. ; teridium aquili : ij ‘80 7 well wodiiced that it would deserve specific rank did _ pnt rad J insensibly i into the typical form farther north. measured old stalks eight feet high, but in dry places : rizontal 1 a limbs of oaks, — covering them entirely, retty Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Hitch. This in the rainy season and then dries and shrivels a _PemBeER: A FERN COLLECTOR IN FLORIDA 47 coarsely divided fern, I found both on the ground and on the trunks of palms. I found also Campyloneuron phyllitidis (L.) Presl, often called hart’s tongue, though very unlike the one found in central New York. It has erect, rigid, undivided leaves, from 2 to 3 feet high and 1 to 4 inches broad. From my experience, I judge it is The only ferns a saw in Florida that I find in eastern New Y namon, marsh, and royal ferns. The above complete my list from this oe except for two or three that I have not identified from from the young ; sterile fronds. os few others ALE t ; oul 1 be found. later in the season. — oo oe On the east coast, near + Miami, 1 found a ew men- tioned except Campyloneuron phyllitidis (L.) Presl, and in abundance four new ones. One of these, Pteris longi- folia L., has fronds narrower than those of the sword fern. Another Pteris, P. cretica L., is silvery in color, with — extremely narrow, stiff, wiry pinne, but retains the shape and horizontal spread of Pteridium aquilinum. oe Anemia adiantijolia (L.) Sw., a most beautiful fern of small to medium size, grows on dry coral rock, and has © = : the two lower pinne fruiting and lengthened above all the others. T found here Vittaria incate: age the 48 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL the ground but all are high up on tall palmettos. In many places there are dozens of plants to a tree, a circle of them under the fronds of the palm. The Florida Keys seem unsuited to fern life. I found _ nothing new and very few indeed of any kind of ferns. Collecting in Florida has its unpleasant features. Many _ of its thickets and jungles are almost impenetrable, and it has five species of poisonous snakes which grow very _ large. On former trips for birds, mammals, and reptiles, I have met many of them. 3 __ The small black mosquitoes of the Everglade section ce _ bite without the warning song and inject five times the | _ venom that the N locate in your back hair, and is half him. He is tougher than leather, — oxen to pull him out, and then his — eam are worst of all, and so small as to be naked eye. They do not exactly — | irritate the flesh that it swells ers them, and the man who — will re the knack at — Lee: FERN NOTES FROM THE SOUTH 49 Fern notes from the South E. L. LEE* Dr. E. L. Lee, of Bridgeport, Ala., in writing to the secretary, has imparted information in regard to two of our most interesting ferns, that seems of sufficient import- ance to warrant its publication in the JournaL. With some slight alterations and omissions, the letters are given below: S . at Niner 91 1910, Dr. ee : : Relocing. to} your request. and my promises of some months ago, 1 am sorry, ee Seah A wel fal abi miy. expectations and desires. “In the spring we , had the most deen fone fire that has swept our mountains in years. The crowns of the ferns were so burnt that many of them were entirely destroyed. My knowledge of this is based upon a some- what limited area where we spend a portion of the sum- mer and where the ferns have been observed over a —_— - covering several years. | ce Another surprise to me was the complete diaspeas ance of Asplenium Bradleyi Eat. and A. Leigoranar tir ‘Nutt. _ However, I do not believe the forest 50 : AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL but seventy-one years and rheumatism are sufficient to dampen somewhat the enthusiasm of even a fern student.” Writing further, under date of December 21, 1910, Dr. Lee continues: “YT will take up one by one your questions as to when’ the fires occurred, over what range of territory they ex- tended, where the stations are from which the ferns dis- | appeared, Cte.: “The fires occurred last March. This month was a record breaker in the South for light rainfall and for the bright, sunny days that prepared the mountains for such destructive fires. Pee ia you will take a ead map of Tennessee and trace the Cumberland Mountains and Walden’s Ridge (a par- allel: range) with the little valley of the Seguatehee be oS whee you will have the field of our forest fire. : _ “K geolo; > will show this quicker, as the coal SMITH: COLLECTING TRIP IN SOUTHERN Fioripa 51 ing county, ending in Clay County. The query with me is, are they moving the line of their limit up a little? Dr. Mohr reports all of these plants as very small. “The wood ferns suffered most from the fire. Where they grew in profusion some three or four years ago, there are now only a few scattered plants left, and they were not mature when we were in the mountains in Au, gust. “The intensity of. the fire is —— by the fact that where the timber had been cut away and two or three 2. Sepa had fallen together, z found there mountain stones. burned till they fell to pieces, and where a stump had — burned out the rocks looked | as though a — had burned down on them.” BripGeport, ALA. _ A collecting trip in southern Florida* - JOHN Donne Surre _ The thirty-two years that have , cone by. sinee " ustin 3 e and I made our moss ; to have left me with a poor recollection of its intents, whether scientific or person ce At that time the geography e. sees resion ordering the 2 a Calpcoshaisine River was. impertec ectly ; 52 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL For several years previously I had been in active corre- spondence with that eminent bryologist, Coe F. Austin, but had not known him personally. I had been a pur- veyor to him of much material of Musci and Hepatice, and was indebted to him for many critical determinations. At my invitation, he joined me at Cedar Keys, Florida, in March, 1878. In a good-sized sail boat of slight draft of shape and with a man to cook and help, we sailed down the gulf coast, chiefly keeping inside of the islands and ni and landing frequently to collect. In Charlotte _ Harbour, Pine Island was our headquarters, and its — shell mounds: presented an pe ereeng and novel moss_ : flora. we secured a whitehall sixteen-foot rowboat, completed | our ascent of some ninety miles up at season nearly the whole region Fie the Laloosshatehio Rives became too ce ‘sailing, we came across Ophioglossum | i ei we had access to current DoweEL.L: ON THE STUDY OF FERNS 53 a semitropical world, and to my own unqualified enjoy- ment of his society. BALTIMORE, Mp., 31 DecemBeEr, 1910. On the study of ferns ‘Pare Dowstn ea ¥ scale and ‘occasional miliactins on ae : study of bone are here presented for the consideration of the reader in the hope that they may be of help to some and of interest to others. The particular course of lint unas to be: pursded, like our calling in life, need not be hastily decided on. That will depend largely on circumstances and individual bent and capacity, and need not even be considered at the outset. Some of the most noted botanists have begun by simply going afield and enjoying nature. By constantly associating with plants they have become interested in them and more or less acquainted with ae them, and later they have become more deeply ore oe in some special line of plant study. foe In order that the student may arrive at the safest con 7 aS ee AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL ship of the plant as compared with closely related pants. One illustration suggests itself for consideration at this point. Numerous unsuccessful attempts were made recently to cross Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.) Gray with D. thelypteris (L.) Gray, and as a result doubt was cast on the existence of fern hybrids in nature.* These ex- _ periments go far toward showing how great is the difficulty attending the attempt to produce hybrids among ferns artificially or experimentally. On the other hand, the _ fact that Dr. Hoyt did not succeed in crossing two species — from which hybrid plants have been actually produced experimentally, by Miss Margaret Slosson,j rather de-— _ tracts from the value of his experiments as a basis for ae rma conclusions. A little more field study might es Spec -e of of which the hybrids have been found con _ produced | in nature, and even DowELL: ON THE STUDY OF FERNS 55 impracticable to study a plant in its natural habitat, the plant should be transplanted to a more accessible place, where it may be observed repeatedly. This place should have as nearly as possible the same conditions under which the plant grew in nature. It must not differ too much, for if the change in surroundings and conditions of growth is too great, the plant may not behave under — the observer's care as it si teaase while caida in its more natural state many of the rock ons our r native e sal ae thrive. _— when —— -r soil in the garden, not u ; oe - sun. Out of about c one hide’ and: od oy lants, about forty five of them hybrids, thus trans- planted into a small city lot from various places in the vicinity of New York, some of the evergreen wood ferns have grown thus for six seasons. None of the trans- planted ferns have died of their own accord except the silvery spleenwort, the Clayton fern, Lygodium, and most of the rock ferns. Some of the common ferns spread from the rootstock so rapidly that it is difficult to get rid of them after they become established, such as the sensitive fern, the lady fern, and especially the New York : - : a fern and ‘the hay-scented fern. The chief difficulty in g¢ has been Lo natural conditions. ha = to reproduce a e of t oe 56 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL before the third season after having been transplanted. This is probably due largely to injuries sustained in the transplanting rather than to the change in conditions. Spores may be sown and the development and growth of the plant observed from the prothallium up, afield if practicable, otherwise under as natural conditions as possible elsewhere. In a small city lot the supply of plant food is rather small in proportion to the demand, and so it is ecaait to raise young plants and preserve them from h This field work, ith: fc transplanting and raising of _ plants, is important in all lines of fern study, to the mor- pie physiologist, pathologist, and perhaps more y to the horticulturist, ecologist, and systematic : pleridalogiet It is especially helpful in solving prob- — lems in connection with the range of variation and be- — havior of plants under various conditions, and problems _ . of; eae and relationship involving the determination — Whether a ‘particular: plant is a form, mutant, variety, © ae species, ora hybrid. Whena plant is found that cannot gt onee be definitely assigned to some known species, its a place of growth should be carefully noted, so that the eo plant may be visited and its characters noted from time coe to time while it is still growing afield if that be practic- : able, otherwise the plant. should be moved to a more easily accessible — After having noted the char ae acters of . fferent times through a s€390) bMS DOWELL: ON THE STUDY OF FERNS 57 Such a specimen, if accompanied by full data regarding its place of growth, when collected, etc., will serve to aid the student in recalling and fixing in mind many points of interest that might otherwise be readily forgotten. When a fern is transplanted a part of the plant may usually be made into a herbarium specimen and thus a permanent record preserved. As for the name of the plant, that need not seriously _ worry the student, since the specimen may be designated — by a number, at least to begin with, and the name can be supplied when wanted. The scientific names, which to Ale outsider and to the beginner at first seem so long and - difficult, may become as easy and familiar as those of our friends. Bede, the main object is not to find the name of the plant, but to find out something about the plant itself, its conditions of growth, and its relationship to other plants. To name the plant is not systematic botany, as has been so often claimed by those who are afraid of these scientific names, and who consider it too troublesome to go afield or to bother with — herbarium specimens. But just why it would be mo difficult to remember and refer to Polypodium class ee _ than to number one thousand three hundred and twenty- : eight, or to Polypodium number seven hundred and fijty-_ seven, perhaps some one can tell us who advocates the eo : use of numbers instead of scientific names. — = ea 58 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL it varies in size, color, habit, etc., according to changing 4 conditions, how it is related to other plants and how it 2 may be classified, etc. Or we may pursue any one of — these lines more thoroughly than the others, and this to . the best advantage when we do not neglect the living plant in its natural state. Broadly speaking, each branch of botany, or each line of plant study, is as important, progressive, and product- ive of knowledge and intellectual development as any other; whether we study the plant from the economic point, h it Ly minister to our wants or otherwise : affect our welfare, and how we may modify its condition of growth, improving the good and destroying the “ _ or from the purely scientific point of view, study its struc: ee - ture, growth and behavior under various conditions, the — develo opment and functions of its organs and tissues, its — io tion to. environment, and the relation of the plant in ese respects to other plants and its position in the — stemati classification of. plants; or from the point of ew: of education and culture, aim to develop a more ee pastes broader and better view of life. ; - RicuMonp, N. we . on ferns attacked by ate leaf roller DoWELL: FERNS ATTACKED BY LEAF ROLLER 59 Biology of the Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences, the writer commented on the attacks of this larva, and recorded comments in the Proceedings of the Section of Biology as follows:* “The ferns were more than usually attacked by a leaf- rolling insect, the larva of which had destroyed the tips of many of the fronds especially of the Christmas fern _and various species of Dryopteris. The larva was deter- mined by Dr. H. G. Dyar, of the U.: S. National Museum, oe This attack on the tips of = ‘the fern n fronds has also been noticed by Mr. Harold W. Pretz, of Allento ntown, Pa., and commented on in a letter ie (Aug. BN [1908]), in fn which he said: ‘Our ferns near home are in poor condition from the attacks of some larva. D. cristata x marginalis has suffered vi very much.’ It might be added here that the attacks of the larva were teat chiefly during the early part of the season.” The same thing had been noticed by Mr. William ie Maxon and was recorded in the same proceedings} for the meeting of the Section of Biology on December 12, 1908, at which meeting he was present, and “ sietiohed aes the fact that he had noticed the fronds of Dryopteris = _ simulata Dav. in Maryland attacked by an insect, which | had spun a fine web and drawn the Pees ~ os tips: together.” . , _—-*Proe. Staten Island Assoc. 2: 0. ‘toe. eit cit. 2: 172. 8 Au 191 60 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Ferns at home and visiting Kate D. SpatpINnG (PLATE 3) In the course of a short walk one summer day, I found seven different kinds of ferns and picked a frond from each plant just for the love of them. A friend, seeing them, exclaimed, “‘ They all look alike to me!” It hardly seems possible that a person having eyes should see so little of beauty around him. : _ There is no more fascinating study for the amateur a botanist than ferns, especially if he lives in a locality _ Ps where they are abundant. Everyone admires their grace-_ fERICAN FERN JOURNAL A FERN CORNER, SPALDING: FERNS AT HOME, AND VISITING 61 woods in order to enjoy a sight of ferns. Ferns are ornamental in a suitable corner of the garden and will repay the labor expended upon them many times over in the pleasure they give. A fern cannot be transplanted to any place but will take kindly to civilization if it has plenty of shade, moisture, and good soil. First of all, it is necessary to prepare the bed carefully. Dig out the space required at least two feet and fill in with rich loam or preferably with leaf mold from near-by woods if = at least have a top dressing of soil from the w A certain fernery was planted, quite successfully, wi ee three divisions, a swamp, a plain, and a hillsideinm taka. : The swamp was contrived from a box sunk into the ground and partly filled with loam and moss. Here were planted such ferns as lived in wet places and the box was filled with water twice a day. Over the edge drooped the lovely royal fern (Osmunda regalis) and near by hved _ the sensitive fern (Onoclea seneibilis), while i in the box | ae _ were planted the marsh shield ferns. By far the greater variety of ferns was xs found in ee next division, which was arranged as much as possible like the natural woods, with rocks and logs and .. ee - mold. Sturdiest among them, and even crowding its _ neighbors, was the ostrich fern (Matteuceia struth with its graceful vaselike formation. In the back riot taller ferns, the Goldie (Dryopteris Goldia the Clinton (D 's Clintoniana), both of w had fourished for many years far from their nat ive wo 62 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL ished, but the delicate oak fern (Phegopteris dryopteris) did not take so kindly to transplanting. The crested fern (Dryopteris cristata) and the maidenhair (Adiantum peda- tum) made good growth while the lady fern (Athyrium filiz-femina) grew rank in sunshine or shade. These ferns with others formed a mass of luxuriant foliage from early spring until the frost came. During the winter 4 covering of leaves was laid over the bed and in spring only a part of the dressing was removed, thus giving the © woods corner a more natural look, besides adding in- time to the fertility of the soil. Altogether, considering be _ the small space used and the little care required after the ae gave the owner more enjoyment and satisfaction es first labor, only a good watering each day, that corner -any other part of the garden. , oe va farther side of the fern bed was built a rockery : NoTES AND NEWS 63 larger ferns, such as grew in the middle section of this corner, would give more satisfaction than the small rock erns. Another attractive feature of this fern bed was the wild flowers. Many sprang up from seeds in the soil, while others were brought from the woods. It was a source of early spring pleasure, while the croziers of the ferns were slowly unfolding, to watch for new blossoms. each day, Jack-in-the- pulpit, hepaticas, violets, coltsfoot, Solomon’s seal and others in their season. Even cowslips and cardinal flowers were persuaded to blossom in the _ swamp box. A sprig of meadow He, a a goldenrod, and a Joe-pye-weed also found fi g his tenet Each day some new and charming a ae : ? to the watcher, and with no tr lab : All these ries _ ask is to be left alone f ibl ey _ will fulfill thei destiny to the best af their — _ Henry Ward Beecher once “Ferns and flowers are the only i forgot to put a soul into them.” Sm ACUSE, N. Ss o sisi thg | oe AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Recent elections of interest: President of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science, Dr. Charles E. Bessey, profes-_ sor of botany and dean at the University of Nebraska. President of the Botanical Society of America, Professor W. G. Farlow, of Harvard University. President of the Torrey Botanical Club, Dr. Henry | H. Rusby, professor of botany and dean at the New York College of Pharmacy. Mrs. M. A. Noble, of Inverness, Fla., whose herbaria! Vol. 1 APRIL 1911 No, 4 American Bern Journal A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS Published by the AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY & PHILIP DOWELL, Editor RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Assoctate Editor Td CONTENTS The Pteridophyta of the arctic regions . CARL CHRISTENSEN A new Antrophyum from Luzon (Plate 4).R. C. BENEDICT oo we ee ee ee mee Bla ee 8 ew haieau acrostichoides Sw. ............ = ge ‘Wan Some Southern California ferns ...... GeorGE L. Moxtey Notes on the gray polypody....... Srarrorp C. EDWARDS — Review: THe FERNS OF Mr. APO.......... R. €. Benepict Additions to the herbarium ..... os seen ..L. 8. Hopxixs Notes and news ............. Pid oe oe Ce he Saw ees AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY A quarterly devoted to the general study of ferns. No. 1 of the JouRNAL was published in August, and No. 2 in December, i910 Single copies, 25 cents; subscriptions, including membership in the American Fern Society, $1.00 for the year 1911, or, including the first two saad to $1.40. All receipts from this publication are invested in the magazine soeli or expended directly for promoting the study of fern Articles tas to ferns are desired from members or from others who are interested in ferns. Make paper pa to H. G. Rugg, Do arts and address all matter for ssc Nleadiee: and subscriptions t Puinre DowELy, Port en ee N. Y¥. THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB MEMBERSHIP ponding Bulletin, Memoirs, and Torreya, $3.00 a year PUBLICATIONS < Bulletin. Monthly established 1870. Price, $3.00 a year; __ single numbers 30 ce Of former volumes, only 24-37 can be = separately. ees intended for publication in the — LETIN should be addressed t oO Phili ip Dowell, — Port oe - ‘Richmond, RLY. : ‘Torrey. Monthly, established 1901, Price , $1.00 a year. intended for publication in TORREYA shania be S sddrewed to Norman a op nt New ‘York Botanical Garden, ‘Bronx Park, N. ¥. City so American Fern Journal Vol. 1 APRIL 1911 No. 4 The Pteridophyta of the arctic regions CARL CHRISTENSEN The number of species of Pteridophyta growing in arctic regions is larger than one should imagine judging from the unfavorable climatic conditions of these regions. Still it must be remembered that the arctie regions north of the forest region of the Old and New World measure mil- lions of square kilometers of very different nature, and one need not wonder that within such a vast area certain places are found where ferns can grow. Such places are, however, few and confined to certain smaller areas. — immense tundras of North America and North Asia are practically without true ferns, while some species of Equisetum and Lycopodium there find ee favorable : habitats, the former in the numerous marshes : places, the latter in the drier hesths of the slopes of the more land among a “Quite different as to climatic “Pacifie ar Bering 3 ae : ae Strait, and the broad broad n Gret “4 66 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL of the air, especially during the summer, and here we ind ferns. The northeastern corner of Asia (Chukches Land) is inhabited by three or four species of ferns, and from the opposite coast of Alaska Miss Alice Eastwood has enu- angie not a + few species collected near Be ome City, sui. which two | sieeins- are unknown slevwher: in nretle re- gions. The former is a rather common species north of the polar circle in the Scandinavian peninsula, but it does not occur north of the forests. The occurrence of the second in arctic America is very surprising. It is a Species of tropical relationship, which extends northward _ ay along the warm Pacific coast to British Columbia, and _ it is very strange that it should reach as far north as to — Nome City. I do not remember whether the record is” _ confirmed or not. eee regions arate Baffin Bay (Baffin Land, Elles _ mere Land, Grinnell Land on the west, and West Green- : ae on the east) are the headquarters of arctic ferns, and especially West Greenland possesses about the ae whole number of species. ‘The outer conditions are here on the other har id, the ‘passages between Baffin Ba, and the Arctic Basin are very narrow, and only small _ quantities of sea ice Age the: way through them to the CHRISTENSEN: ARCTIC PTERIDOPHYTA 67 places the vegetation may be remarkably rich, both in species and individuals, and even trees (birches) attain here a really considerable size. Ferns are here repre- sented by several species which do not occur elsewhere in the arctic regions; for instance, Dryopteris filix mas, . Linneana, D. phegopteris, D. dilatata, Polystichum ackeke Athyrium alpestre, Asplenium viride, and species of Botrychia. In this region the fern vegetation reaches its farthest north, in Grinnell Land, 81° 50’ N. lat., where Cystopteris fragilis, Equisetum arvense, E. variegatum, and Lycopodium selago were found. In the Hayes Sound region, at about 79° N. lat., the ferns are rather numer- | ous, and the botanist of the Sverdrup expedition, 1898- 1902, Dr. Simmons, named a valley in the outer part of © Hayes Land (Buchanan Strait) Lastrwa Valley, where he found Dryopteris (Lastrea) jragrans in plenty. The coast of East Greenland is colder than the west coast, because the huge masses of sea ice find their way : out from the Arctic Basin to the Atlantic Ocean between _ Iceland and Greenland. The coast opposite Iceland is ice-covered to the very shore and here vegetation ae practically wanting, but south and north of here an ice- _ _ free foreland is to be found, which, especially northwards, : _ (from about 70° to 76° N. lat.) is of considerable breadth. = ‘Five species ries ets aati emia’ —_ Equi- a 68 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL all the species found are common in northern Europe and North America. Further, it is difficult to point out differences between the arctic forms of a species and those of the temperate regions. Some of them (especi- ally the Equiseta and Lycopodia) are represented by low, _ appressed forms, which, however, may be found also in- : mountains of the temperate zone. No species may be. 3 said to be especially accommodated to arctic climate; Dryopteris fragrans and species of Woodsia might seem to be so by their dense covering of scales, but it is better to say that they are accommodated to the alpine climate © of the higher mountains of the temperate regions and, therefore, possess the power of enduring the extreme climate of the farthest north. A study of the arctic ferns will throw light upon ; several difficult problems with regard to the relationship — between the American and the European flora. I shall, however, not discuss these questions here but sagen make them the subject of a later paper. In the following list all species of Pteridophyta known as arctic are enumerated; the figure added to each spe- cies means the degree of latitude of the northernmost locality i in which the species was found. 1. Woodsia alpina (Bolton) Gray. Hayes Sound, 4 _ 53’; East and West Greenland, about 74°; Baffin Land. ——-Q.-W. ilvensis (L.) R. Br. Baffin Land; W. Greenland, 72° 48’; E. Greenland, 70°; Chukches Land. 2: W. glabella R. Br. Baffin Land; W. Greenland, 74° 18’; Hayes Sound, about 79°; E. Greenland, about 77” 4, Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Perhaps the most common arctie fern, found throughout, where ferns ¢ a — 43’ mal = in 1 E. ov to CHRISTENSEN: ARCTIC PTERIDOPHYTA 69 6. Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth. W. Greenland, li 1: E. Greenland, 65°. 7. Dryopteris filix mas (L.) Schott. 8. Greenland, 60- s. D. fragrans (L.) Schott. All around the arctic coasts and islands, extending to 79° (Hayes Sound). D. aquilonaris Maxon, from Nome City, is a forma erosa of sa species. . D. spinulosa dilatata (Hofim.) Und. Kotzebue aes W. Greenland, 69° 1 10. D. phegopteris (L.) C. Chr. W. Greenland, adh ska. 11. D. Linneana C. Chr. W. Grodnlanl, oe iy. 3 12. Athyrium alpestre (Hoppe) By 8. Greenland, oe. 61’. : 13. capicceiettenes viride Huds. — w. Greenland, 62°; E. | oe e 4. Botrychium lunaria Go Sw. W. and E. Green- aca 70°. . 15. B. boreale Milde. . 8. ‘Gicesiand: 61°. . 16. B. lanceolatum Angstr. W. Greenland, 63° es 17. B. simplex Hitch. W. Greenland, 60° 5°; sing a plant found. oS 18. Soe keels ie Ww. Greenland, 60° 53’. 19. E. variegatum Schleich. Scattered over the a i pelago north of America, extending to. a 50’ (G Grinnell io ay _ eastwards to Spitzbergen; -Chukehes: Land. — oe 20. E. scirpoides Michx. Kotzebue Sound; Mw, jreen PS ind. 70°; Spitzbergen; the arctic regions of ‘the - World, ‘reaching its: farthest = oe | No Zemlya. eS 70 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL and several dwarf forms have been described as varieties (var. arctica Rupr., var. boreale Milde, etc.). 23. E. palustre L. “Shores of the Arctic Sea” (Hooker). 24. Lycopodium selago L. Along the arctic coasts all around and found in most islands, extending to 81° 43’ at Grinnell Land and to 77° in E. Greenland. 25. L. annotinum L. Kotzebue Sound; Baffin Land; W. and E. Greenland to about 72°. The typical form is rare, the species being represented by a shorter, more rigid form, var. pungens Desv. 26. L. clavatum L. 8S. Greenland, 61°. os 26.7h. — chamecyparissus (A. Br). wW. > Greenland, < a 28. L. ie L. Baffin Land; W. and KE. Greenland, — ba -Chukches Land. a ints dose iawn selaginoides (1) Lk. Ws: Greenland, 5 64° 8. 30. S. apes iL) Spring. Mouth of — River, : Northeast Siberia. | 31. Isoetes lacustris L. W. Greenland, 60°. 32. I. echinospora Dur. W. Greenland, 68° 21. COPENHAGEN, Frepruary 1911. Benepict: A NEW ANTROPHYUM 71 A new Antrophyum from Luzon R. C. BENEDICT (PLATE 4) The ferns of the Philippine Islands have especial inter- est for American fern students, both because of the pres- ent government of the islands and because the principal authority on Philippine ferns is an American botanist, Dr. E. B. Copeland, to whose work further reference is made in another page of this number of the JouRNAL. In connection with a study of the fern tribe Vittariex, — of which only a single species, V. lineata (L.) J. E. Smith, oceurs in the United States, the writer has had occasion — to examine the Philippine species of this tribe, and this study has brought to light the new species of Antrophyum — here described. Antrophyum Kaulfuss is one of the three Vittarioid genera found in the Philippines, and in the Old World generally. It comprises twenty to twenty- a five species (as I have found in the course of nearly five - years’ intermittent study). Of the other two Old World : genera, Monogramma Sehkuhr, with five species, is par- . ticularly interesting because it includes the two simplest species of ferns known, with leaves only an inch or two in length and with a single vein through the middle Vittaria, the other genus, numbers nearly forty species, oe os which about sixteen are American. — ‘The Vittariee in America are otherwise represented by four more genera, — Anetium Splitg., Ananthacorus Und. and Max., Hecie of ten species which have here ofore . phyum, but which appear to for La i The material of the species here to be desen ee = by Mr. R. 8. Williams in 1904, and 1s characterized, first, by having the sporangia in lines of - one tem of simple netted veins all of which are practicall, 72 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL the herbaria of the Bureau of Science at Manila, Yale University, the National Museum, the Underwood Fern Herbarium at the New York Botanical Garden, and part of Dr. Copeland’s herbarium. Antrophyum Williamsi sp. nov. Plants small, epiphytic; stem creeping, dorsiventral, the phyllotaxy distichous; leaves 3-6, cespitose, rigid, eee em. long, nearly erect, often faleate; the petioles out, 1.5-2 mm. thick, margined, usually nearly or more vet half the length of the leaf; the blade linear-elliptic, 4-8 mm. broad, thick, usually somewhat revolute, the margins sharp, ‘the upper surface smooth when fresh, wrinkled when dry but not showing the course of the yen, the leaf trace of two bundles, the veins forming © areole across the broadest part of the blade; spor- in disjunct or occasionally branching lines, spread- ng at maturity so as almost completely to cover the back of the blade, in shallow open grooves; paraphyses clavate, usually bent at aright angle near the base, smooth, . brown; spores triplanate. . Type collection from tree trunks, Baguio, Proves of ‘Benguet, Northern Luzon, Philippine Islands. R. S. Williams 1579, Nov. 3, 1904. Deposited in the Under-_ wood Fern Herbarium, New York Botanical Garden. _ Antrophyum is an interesting genus, totally unlike any _ thing found here in the United States. The genus is indefinite extent, usually in grooves, and always ciated with sterile stalked paraphyses; second, by a sy equal in size, so that there is no midrib. All the species have simple entire leaves. _ : A. Williamsi is almost the is of the genus, a wh Lich are species with leaves two or r three feet lone foot wide. A 8 Benepict: A NEW ANTROPHYUM fo 74 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL spatulate leaves, with thinner, usually broader blades, on the upper sides of which the veins show; the petioles are much more slender, and the paraphyses are of a different shape. A. Williamsi resembles A. parvulum Blume even more than A. nanum, but this species also has thinner leaves, of somewhat different shape; the veins are not evident on the leaf surface, and the petioles are proportionately much shorter; the paraphyses also are different. A. parvulum ~as a rule reaches a larger size than A. Williamsi. 2 Luzon and the other large Philippine Islands are, like Cuba, very incompletely known botanically. The north- ern, western, and southern portions have been the most explored and are fairly well known, but much of the- interior and eastern part has always been difficult of access, both because of its very rugged mountainous topography, and because of the hostile character of the _ natives. Eventually it it should aie a eis nutnber of : a new plants. EXPLANATION: OF PLATE 4 iL Geena peer; natural ae eae One of the seen, natural size. 3 A single leaf from the plant shown it fi 2, x 2. — : a aily oe ‘sitechment of the ‘porania and the paraphyses, 7 Cross section of the petiole of the same leat with its double “68 Type fora of paraphyses, gently magni : York Borasteat Garpen. 7 BRITTON: FERN COLLECTING IN CUBA | 75 Fern collecting in Cuba ELIZABETH G. BRITTON A year ago in March we were camping in the Trinidad Mountains of the Province of Santa Clara, Cuba, col- lecting for the New York Botanical n. We secured a pack train of mules and horses, assistants and provisions at or near Cienfuegos, turned our backs on hotels and “all the comforts of home,” and for two weeks lived in the wilderness, among the natives, though not with them. e met nothing but kindness and courtesy; for they shared their provisions with us even to the — igr fighting-cock eggs, which are worth their weight i in silver if not in gold. They acted as guides and sac pay for their services, treated us as honored ests; we were not disturbed in our camps and lost ot nothing oe time, ween is not a commer- cial commodity. a _ The water supply of Cotas comes ae ee a = Saniiin: River, and we made our way first to the Falls, about twenty miles east from the city. This is a most picturesque spot, for on the dripping ledges under the — falls were pendent m masses of the pale —- amaee Adiantum capillus-ve eris t and ‘swaying about like emeral Maxon. This spot is rich i for besides the common and ex¢ - jragile we found A tenerum, A, oleucum, and A. : =. wide and is most, — with the 2 long hee 76 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL them into the larger rivers. To get into these and spend a day hunting for ferns and mosses is a joy and delight. Usually it necessitates a long horseback ride and some wading and scrambling after dismounting, with the occasional recompense of a bath in some cool, fascinating _ pool. The spleenworts are more or less common in these damp ravines; Aspleniwm dentatum occurs on the rocky ledges as it does at Miami, Florida, and the more delicate and slender A. monteverdense Hook. resembles A. myrio- phyllum as it grows in Florida. A. cuneatum is also fairly abundant in wet ravines and A. jformosum occurs in the — rocky beds of streams. A few small and attractive species of Pteris grew also on the cliffs with the spleen-_ worts, Pteris mutilata on mossy rocks, on shady cliffs, — or at the mouth of caves. Doryopteris palmata is also” abundant near the falls. The very common silver fern. Ceropteris (Gymnogramme) calomelanos is here also, tall and luxuriant. But the greatest find of the day is always the tree ferns, for on their trunks not only do various Saks the most surprising paperiente is to find an Anemia, A. Underwoodiana, growing in crevices of rocks of Cuba, Florida, and the Bahamas, A. adiantifolia, is found usually on dry rocks and cliffs. Many of the broad, entire-leaved ferns are also the favorite homes 0 : — hepatics with a peculiar odor, also of mosses tted lichens. serratum L. Abinta nest fern,” grows to be three feet high an BRITTON: FERN COLLECTING IN CUBA 77 Bahamas, occurs here too on trees, and C. costatum is not uncommon. C. angustifolium hangs down from the trees in dense clusters like a Vittaria, which genus it re- sembles when curled up and dried. Among the bushes on the banks or drooping over the water, the taller species of Dryopteris, such as D. oligophylla Maxon and D. patens are sure to be found, and D. parasitica (Aspidium molle) also is rather common. Various species of Tectaria may be looked for here also; 7. heracleifolia attains a large size at the Falls of the Hanabanilla, and all forms and sizes may be found in the various arroyos, from the young plants with small simple leaves, two to three inches long, to leaves two to three feet high, and variously lobed or with ragged incisions. T. martinicensis occurs | the banks of rivers and in beds of rocky streams near Guanabana and Siguanea. T. coriandrifolia (Sw.) Und. is rarer, and occurs in crevices — nies of wet rocks in dense woods. Two species of Blechnum are more or ver consi: > . B. serrulatum growing among grasses, with Pteridium caudatum on the sunny summit of a hill 900 meters high, Pee was rather surprising, especially as we usually find it in — damp, shady places under palms on the borders of lagoons and streams. B. occidentale i is perhaps quite as es common in ravines and along streams in various parts of the island. | Olfersia cervina Kze. with its very ty 15 78 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL New stations for Dryopteris Goldiana « margi- nalis in Vermont EZRA BRAINERD When Dr. Philip Dowell published his account of a hybrid between Dryopteris Goldiana and D. marginalis, in 1908,* the plant was known from one station only, near Newton, N.J., collected July 4, 1907. When I read his paper I called to mind a locality in the Green Mountains where both these species grew in great profusion, anarrow wooded ravine with steep rocky slopes rising about 400 — feet for a distance of one or two miles on either side. _Among the broken rocks at the base of the valley ran — a small cold brook, with occasional small patches of — alluvium and leafmold. It occurred to me that if these — two species of Dryopteris hybridized, the hybrid should be found there; and the finding of it, of set purpose, more than two hundred miles from the only known sta- tion, would not only be a Pleasure i in itself, but a strong 4 confirmation of its hybrid ori — Aeco y, on July 16, 1909, I visited the station: The weather was fair in the morning; but during a drive _ of nine miles, a row of one mile, and a walk of three miles to an altitude of 1,250 feet, ‘the clouds had gathered ; 2 and when I reached the station a gentle rain set in that a Promised to Tast_ through me lapse In spite © be oe : * than LUA ail . hour’s seare. o I found a plant t of the hybrid, which afforded two fronds for dried pecs ond fine rootstock , : — ; garden. — ee B tit turned out. that is was. oe the first to collect h lant in Vermont. Mr. Harold G. ou WINSLOW: ASPLENIUM ACROSTICHOIDES Sw. 79 fied his determination from fronds sent her soon after. One or two years before, from the same station, Mr. Rugg had transplanted to his fernery a plant, supposed to be D. Goldiana, which turned out to be its hybrid with D. marginalis. The station in Cavendish Gulf was inde- pendently discovered the same summer (1909) by Mrs. Elizabeth B. Davenport, of Brattleboro. She was pass- ing through on an automobile trip, without lens or collect- ing apparatus, and took no specimen; but her friend, Mrs. James Hartness, transferred to her garden in Springfield, Vt., a plant which Mr. Rugg examined in — September, after receiving Miss Slosson’s report, and recognized as the hybrid which he too had collected at the same station. : A third station in Vermont for this hybrid was. found in Pittsford, August, 1910, by Miss Slosson herself. For completeness of record, I cite here the other known stations for the plant, in addition to the sects . locality where Dr. Dowell discovered it in 1907: Near Jamesville, N. . ee C. Benedict, bis 1908; ee Torreya 8: 284. 6 Ja 1 Waterloo, N.J., Dowell 59 5923, August 9: 1909; Am. Fem a Journal 1:14. Au 1910. es West Englewood, N. J., R re Benedict and aor a Dowell (6231), June 18, 1910, Mippiesury, VERMONT. 80. -_ AmeERICAN FeRN JouRNAL There is no lack of intergrading forms and this is prob- ably an ecological variation, but it is so at variance with the published descriptions that I was on the point of giving it a form name for purposes of reference when I chanced upon D. C. Eaton’s reference to ‘“‘a variety serratum” described by Lawson in the Canadian Natural- ist.* Lawson’s description reads:+ “8 serratum.—Lobes of the pinne ovate-oblong, approximate, strongly and ine cisely serrate. This may be regarded as a subvariety.— Belleville, J: Macoun.’’ The description of my form would read something a as follows: Pinne triangular-lanceolate, pinne and lobes ‘fo phe. . , ~The forms a are evidently alike in one importants it pe and the apparent difference may be partly due to inc _ plete description. | T have figured my Pant i in the nM that ck Sa ay to authentic specimens ‘of. variety serratum. ae _ There appeared in an early number of the rok Jetin a discussion ses Mr. = Dz Gilbert, in whieh 3 sori straight, parallel, set closely together.””. oe i ee ee this article WINSLOW: ASPLENIUM ACROSTICHOIDES Sw. 81 attention it deserves. The fern is evidently very sensi- tive to light and moisture. In open and comparatively dry situations the pinne are narrow, with lobes small, Moist woods form of A. ccrostchoides Sere reine and almost entire. This is ipa 82 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL I do not remember having seen any southern forms that could not be matched from our New England woods. And I do not remember any form that does not have some so-called “‘athyrioid sori.” It would be interesting to hear regarding this from some one who has access to the specimens of Lawson or Gilbert ASELL SEMINARY, AUBURNDALE, Mas Some Southern California ferns GEORGE L. MOXLEY A mere novice I—one of the younger fern enthusiasts— and I have only ine studying the dainty plants.a short time. In this time I have found the following ferns: Probably the ‘sak common are Gymnopteris triangularis (Kaulf.) Underw. and Pellea ibehee (Kaulf.) _ Fée. Perhaps next comes Polypodium Scouleri H. & G._ Then, on the nener mountain slopes, are found Dryop-- teris have also collected Woodwardia radicans a ) Sm., Adian- tum capillus-veneris L., Pellea ornithopus Hook., a another Pellea, which I think is distinet from F. andro- _ medifolia, but I am not yet sure. oS _ But the most pleasant surprise was when I stumbled : upon a station for Cystopteris fragilis (L. ) Bernh., a fern that I had never seen but which 1 almost knew a intui tion. os do not suppose ‘that eke any means completes t on 1e of our local ferns, but I have not yet pee s any” others. (Of the allies the only one yet ‘identified is _ Azolla jiliculoides Lam., which is quite plentiful in some - ; gratulate Epwarps: NOTES ON THE GRAY POLYPODY 83 Notes on the gray polypody STAFFORD C. EDWARDS During the past December, while roaming the woods and fields around Whiteville, N. C., one of the most notice- able objects of interest was a small polypody. The oft- met little fern proved to be the gray polypody, Polypo- dium polypodioides (L.) Hitch. The fall months had been very dry and the little fronds were considerably curled. Partly decaying logs seemed to be a favorable host, the running rootstocks clinging in the crevices of the bark and growing on the sawed ends of the logs as readily as a shelving fungus. The rails of an old fence were decorated with the same plants. On the village street a large deciduous tree supported on its bark a vigorous growth of the fern, from a point easily within reach to a distance up to the branching portion of the ‘trunk. On the border of a large swamp this polypody — was found starting at the base of a large oak, climbing = the trunk on two sides and extending its rootstocks along a ae many of the branches, carrying the little upright gn fronds to the very tips of the topmost boughs, . sh to attract the attention of the most careless and t -arous the admiration of a materia : 7 New BRIGHTON, N. ae — ven pec ron 8 i e 84 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL number of ferns recorded for any single state is not far from eighty, and for the whole United States, the number is about two hundred. Think then of finding upon a single mountain more than two fan and fifty species, for that is the num- ber Dr, E. B. Copeland records in his recent paper. Think of finding on a single mountain thirty-three kinds which had not been found anywhere else! Fifteen of these are described for the first time in the paper under consideration. As only a few botanists have collected — on Mt. Apo, it is likely that more will be foun Mt. Apo is the highest mountain in the Philippinge: _ It is situated in southeastern Mindanao on the west side _ of the long Davao Bay, and rises to a height estimated _ _to be ten thousand feet. Its base covers an area fifteen - — to twenty miles in diameter. : _ As Dr. Copeland notes, “Every botanical collector _ knows that he can make his richest collections on and about high mountains.” He suggests that with its more than two hundred and fifty species, Mt. Apo is the rich- est in fern species of any known area of similar size. It would be interesting to make careful count of the number _ a R. s Williams, a de New York Botanical Cals who i is one of ows ay botanists who have: collected = ADDITIONS TO THE HERBARIUM 85 advantage of them. In one of his papers he has given a very interesting ecological study of the ferns of a portion of Mindanao. R. C. B, ADDITIONS TO THE HERBARIUM Since the ae report, two hundred and sixty-seven mounted sheets have been added to the Society her- beta um. The A includes the latest addition to our fern — flora, Dryopteris filiz-mas X marginalis Winslow, as well — as what is perhaps the rarest North American fern, Cheilanthes Parishii Dav. A sheet of Asplenium ebenoides R. R. Seott was re- ceived from the Sussex Co. (N. J.) Nature Club we late | 2 : to be included in the list given below: 1. Adiantum capillus-veneris L. 2. Adiantum Jordani K. Mill. (Adiantum emarginatum Hk.) 3. Adiantum pedatum L. 4. Asplenium germanicum Weis. 5. Asplenium montanum Willd. . Asplenium platyneuron nal Oakes es aati resiliens Kze. Bot Bot Camptosorus rhizophyllus (1.) ai Ceropteris triangularis (KIf.) Un Gymnogramma triangulare ee. Cero Cystopteris bulbijera (L.) Bernh. Cystopteris fragilis (L.) peer _ Cystopteris montana (Lam.) Be _ Dennstaedtia punctilobula espe ‘Moore —— pilosiuscula Willd. ) eropt Cheilanthes Clevelandii Eat. Cheilanthes Feet Moore -Cheilanthes Fendlerit Hk. Cheilanthes gracillima Eat. Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) Watt Cheilanthes Parishi AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL rychium obliquum Mihl. rychium virginianum L. eris viscosa (Eat.) Und. a Dav. Dri 3. Dri Dey ‘Deepens ‘Clintoniana (Eat.) ‘bowen Dryopteris concordiana Dav. oe Dryo Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) rede 0. Derr filiz-mas (L.) Se pteris cristata (L.) Gray na (E fk.) oy -yopteris aiieroniclae (Mihl.) Gray — eee marginalis: (L.) Gray © noveboracensis ris (L.) = sarki simulata Da eri: sew (all. 0. ‘Ktze. (L ADDITIONS TO THE HERBARIUM —87_ 53. Dryopteris cristata < marginalis Dav. 54. Dryopteris cristata < spinulosa (Milde) C. Chr. 55. Dryopteris filiz-mas < marginalis Winslow 56. Dryopteris Goldiana x marginalis Dowell 57. Dryopteris intermedia X spinulosa (?) 57. Equisetum arvense L. 58. Equisetum Funstoni f. nudum 59. Equisetum Funstoni f. ramosissimum 60. Equisetum hiemale L. 61. Equisetum hiemale affine A. A. Eat. 62. Equisetum hiemale intermedium A. A. Fat. 63. Equisetum littorale Kihl. 64. Equisetum robustum A. Br. 65. Equisetum silvaticum L. 66. Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. 67. Hypolepis cesta (Nutt.) Hk. (Cheilanthes ealijornica Mett.) 2 ' 68. Lycopodium annotinum Bea 69. Lycopodium lucidulum ‘Mickx. a 70. Lycopodium sabinejolium Wid. 71. Lycopodium selagoL. selago L. Lycopodium iristachyum Pursh 2 r ow 88 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL 91. Pellea atropurpurea (L.) Link 92. Pellea glabella Mett. 93. eben 2a dryopteris (L.) Fée 94. Phegopteris hexagonoptera Seg 2 Tée 95. Phegopteris phegopteris (L.) U 96. Polypodium californicum Kf. 97. Polypodium glycyrrhiza Eat. (Polypodium jalcatum Kell.) 98. Polypodium vulgare L. 99. Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott 100. Polystichum aculeatum (L.) ee ott 101. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) K _ (Pteris aquilina L..) ; 102. Pteridium aquilinum longifolium nom. nov, 2 Geo (Paris aquilina longifolia Hook.) 103. — apus (L. ) sibiag | ‘Woodsia ee ‘Colton Gray _-—-- (Woodsia hyperborea R. Br.) i. Woodsia obtusa (Spr.) Torr. ee ae Woodwardia areolata (L.) Moore | - sec Woodwardia spi mulosa Mart. et Gal. cs Meadors —_- ee J. E. Sm. = b jus Wine Tip re NoTES AND NEWS 89 Missouri, 3, 13, 21, 22, 26, 31, 32, 60, 83, 88, 91, 92, New Hampshire, 71. New Jersey, 6, 8, 22, 31, 45, 52, 53, 56, 91, 106, 108. New York, 3, 10, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 31, 32, 34, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 53, 54, 57, 79, 83, 85, 88, 89, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 101, 103, 109, 111. Ohio, 5, 6, 10, 13, 14, 21, 22, 31, 32, 34, 36, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46,°47, 51; 52, 57, 61; 62, 65, 69, 79, 88, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95, 99, 101, 111 Pennsylvania, 5, 21, 29, 32, 34, 38, 42, 46,53, 57, he 84, 98, 99, 101, South Careling: 3, 6, 14, 20, 47, 85, 89, 99, 109. Vermont, 8, 14, 15, 17, 32, 34, — 37, 39, 40, 46, 49, 50, 55, 57, -70, 71, 72, 86, 90, 94, 1 teeing: 13. ~ The names of the donors and the number of —— contributed by each are given below: | Darling, Miss Nancy, 2. Mirick, Miss Nellie, 7. Davis, Rev. John, 32. Moxley, Geo. L., 5. Dowell, Dr. Philip, 60. Poyser, W«~ A. 1. Dutton, D. Lewis, 6. Rugg, Harold Goddard, 9. Lee, Dre EL, 6, Winslow, BJ, 29,0 Merrill, Henry W., 12. Z ells as BL... ated —— 5 : peeks Notes sad news. : _ Pro. J. M. Macoun, botanist of the Geol lo; 90 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL specimens were saved and fortunately no lives were lost, but the party was forced to travel 1,200 miles, by sea and land, in order to get back to civilization. The last 800 miles of this distance were covered by an overland trip from Churchill to Gimli, Manitoba. The botanical records of any botanist having previously visited the upper west coast of Hudson Bay. ” Dr. Hermann Christ, of Basel, Switzerland, well known as a fern taxonomist, has recently sold his fern herbarium to Prince Roland Bonaparte. Dr. Christ’s herbarium — was probably the largest private fern herbarium ever accumulated and has been built up during a long period to identify new collections of ferns from all over the _ world. The herbarium of Prince Roland Bonaparte is _ now probably the largest public or private fern herbarium in Bie world, containing more than 100,000 specimens. _ __Dr. Christ has recently completed his study of ferns “ with ‘the publication of his book, “Die Geographie der Farnen.” He well deserves the title of ‘Dean Emeritus” of fern taxonomists. A few members of the Fern Society are informal field meet in central Connecticut pe pee Saturday, and Sunday, June 16th, 17th, and 18th. | Head- quarters will be in Hartford, whence excursions will be _ made by steam and trolley. Mr. C. H. Bissell and M ne Bigelow will act as guides. Although one purpose of the meet is to promote a better acquaintance amor eeeben of the Fern Bosiety, other botanists wit b oe arrangements for the meet if those who pln to to a will send word to Mr. C. H. Bissell, uthington NoTres AND NEWS 91 Mr. L. S. Hopkins offers a set of 100 sheets (including 100 species and varieties) of North American pterido- phytes, chiefly from Ohio, Pennsylvania, and California, for $10. He offers to pay ten cents a sheet for any species of pteridophytes not now * his herbarium. Address Lincoln H. §., Pittsburg, P Mr. Robert A. Ware, 246 Devohehire St., Boston, Mass., would like to exchange specimens of ferns and allied plants with anyone similarly interested. He de- sires particularly some species from the southern and western states, but will be glad to get specimens from elsewhere. He invites correspondence in regard to — exchange. Moreover, he offers to send to any member who will apply to him and send postage, specimens of any of several species of which he has ample material. - Additions to the list of members and subscribers: Barnhart, Dr. J. H., N. Y. Bot. Garden, Bronx Park, N. Y. Bayne, Hon. Howard R., 75 St. Mark’s PL., New Brighton, a y, Prof. Chas. E., University of Neb Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, Neb. Bicknell, Eugene P., 30 Pine St., N. Y. City. naparte, Prince Roland, 10 Avenue a Jena, Pati, France 92 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Howe, Dr. Marshall A., N. Y. Bot. Garden, Bronx Park, N. Y. Humphrey, G. S., 320 Bement Ave., West New Brighton, Nex. urd, Mrs. Arthur T., North Hariland: Windsor Co., Vt. Jennings, Prof. Otto E., Carnegie } oe Pittsburg, Pa. Kastner, C. F. R., 41 Oak St., — id; N.Y: Kendall, Miss Alice C., Holden, Mas: Limric, Rev. H. G., Ronit do 430, wee City, Mexico. Lindahl, Dr. Josua, 5700 Peoria St., Chicag o, Ill. Lloyd Library, 309 W. Court St., Caan Pe Long, Bay. ard, Ashboume, ‘piesa dt Co., ass. ens Boston, Mass. Mattern. , Edwin 8., 105 S. Fourth ‘St. = «allen, Pa, Mattern, Walter, 105 S. Fourth St., Allen Mawhinney, Geo. S., 290 Heberton Ave., sat piciaedd: N. ¥. Missouri Botani uis, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Library, Stockholm, | _ Schaefer, Prof. C. L., 201 Broadway, Port Richmond, N. Y. Schmidt, F., Fort , Pl., New Brighton, - Slosson, Miss eget 1142 Madison fon N. Y. City. Spalding, : N : University of Ni nda Library, Reno, Willcox, William G., 115 Davis Ave. wack ew Brighton, - Corrections in the list of membership: wn, Miss Elizabeth G., 4 West St., Uties, in 2 ee +1004. oe F. D. canna Falls, N.5 ¥ Vol. 1 JULY 1911 No, 5" American Bern Journal A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS Published by the AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY ad PHILIP DOWELL, Editor RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Associate Editor * CONTENTS = tropical American species of ae subgenus Eudry- mcepece ss ive vc ss22-. Camn CHRISTENSEN “93 ee Jenmani in Cuba. =e C. Benepict 98 A new variety of the cinnamon fern... . Lewis 5. Hopkins: 100 : A list of the ferns found in the vicinity of Ohio Pyle, Pa. Lewis 8S. oes ror Southern California fern notes ......- . GEORGE L. Moxiey 104 The study of fossil ferns oan ee ee i Ferns of the Isthmus of Panana:- .. GEORGE F. CLEVELAND 11 Cyrus Guernsey Pringle ........ _. -HaRoup GoppaRD Ruee aa S The field meeting at Hartford : verte : IN! 11§ Notes and news nae beerete teers re teres AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL OTFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY A quarterly devoted to the general study of ferns. No. 1 of the JourRNAL was published in August, No. in December, 1910, No. 3 in February, and No. 4 in May, 1911 Single copies, 25 cents; couse tees 90 cents, or, neluding membership i in the Ameri an Fern a $1. = fox the year 1911 sk; including the firstt ts $1.4 All receipts from this publication are invested in the magazine —_ or expended directly for promoting the study of fern Articles a to ferns are desired from members or from others who are interested in ferns. Address matter for publication and subscriptions to Paitie DowELL, Port RicHMOND, N. Y. THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB MEMBERSHIP including Bulletin, Memoirs, and Torreya, $5.00 a year PUBLICATIONS Bulletin. phate established 1870. Price, $3.00 a year; _ Single numbers 30 c Of former volumes, only 24-37 can be supplied separately. Sas intended for publication in the LETIN should be addressed to Philip Dowell, Editor, Port Richmond, N. Y. orreya. Monthly, established 1901. Price, $1.00 a year. Manuscripts —— for publication in Torreyva should be addressed apes Editor, Central Museum, Eastern _ Parkway, Brooklyn, N.Y. = ceed. established 1889. ing = eater: of A * oe Preliminary Catalogue P too miles of New York ee 1838. Price, $1.00 . Subseriptions and o ther business ‘enmieuaoatinien sical be , Bernard 1 O. Dodge, Dept. of Botany, : American Fern Journal Vol. 1 JULY 1911 No. 5 The tropical American species of Dryopteris _ subgenus Eudryopteris CARL CHRISTENSEN While most of the species of Dryopteris occurring in the north temperate regions | belong to the subgenus : _ Eudryopteris, this subgenus is rather poorly represented in the tropies. The subgenus is in this paper delimited to include only the species belonging to the group of D. filix mas, and confined thus it is a most natural group, no doubt worthy of generic rank (Dryopteris proper), and not much related to the other groups of the genus. Eudryopteris: as understood here is not to be confounded with the subgenus Eudryopteris of my Index Filieum. In a larger paper soon to be issued I shall give the char- acters of the different subgenera of Dryopteris, while here I intend to mention briefly some of the spores: = oe Eudry paste from tropical America. Till n . I know only 10 species. from ae whole oe S| tropical gaa which all but one grow in Mexico. : The : oo rich fern localities, Jamaica and southern | Brazil, have i only two species each, the same two, D. paleacea and i D. patula, and the South American Andes have, | : =. = one ‘more, ; dD. Sapo, described below. distri ibuted 94 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL several more have been described. Especially the tri- quadripinnatifid D. patula varies exceedingly here, and it is very difficult by studying dried material alone to arrive at a definite conclusion in regard to the specific value of the often very different forms. The following ean, I believe, be considered good species: 1. Dryopteris Saffordii sp. nov. a) ne unknown. Stipes short, 7-8 cm. long, stra- ‘emote, the lowermost about 2 em. long, all minutely — glandular throughout and incised to a wing 1 mm. broad. — : e Lobes : >, trian i=) e, vw i te, t = upper ger and rela subpinnatifid. Veins im- mersed, indistinct, often fureate, 3-4-jugate. Sori medial, o. e, clothed Moe N joicoulag reddish, — poke persistent indus Se Type from Peru, mountains back of Lima, Arroyo Rail- : = . way, collected by William E. mica March 1892, no. ao 994 (U.S. National Herbarium). _ i = «A near relative of D. filia mas, differing by the less cut b Which i 1s nearly ¢ 1 densel : inate, lossy ee CHRISTENSEN: TROPICAL AMERICAN DryopTeRiIs 95 This is commonly referred as a variety to D. filix mas, but I see no reason for not separating it as a valid species. It is widely distributed in tropical America, and is a very uniform species. The type came from Peru. I have specimens from San Domingo (Eggers 2306); Jamaica; Blue Mountain Peak, Mexico, common; Guatemala; Costa Rica; Columbia; Peru; Bolivia; eam South Brazil. 4. D. FourNIERI (Bak.) C. Chr. ‘Ind. 266. 1905. - Mexico. 1 am inelined to believe that this small —_ : is the same as hs peor rodium mexicanum Presl, Hy di listinet from the following. _ 5. = GLANDULIFERA Giebe) 6. Chr. ‘Ind. 267. 1905. Pe Mexico. A rather doubtful species. 6. Dryopteris cinnamomea (Cav.) comb. nov. Tectaria cinnamomea Cav. Deser. Pl. 252. 1802. _ Aspidium athyrioides Mart. et Gal. Mém. Ac. Brux. 15: 67. pl. 18. 1842. ce _ _Dryopteris athyrioides O. Rise, “ [See C. Chr. Ind. 253, where the full synonymy is given.] _ Aspidium agatolepis Fée, 8 Mém. 106. “1s57. oe oy 2 aA aa in eeey raphe sere of the type rag 96 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Hart, and I dare not separate out as species the numerous Andine forms, which are found from Arizona to Ecuador. I can distinguish two or three varieties, which I prefer to describe in another paper. Nephrodium mexicanum Pres] is commonly supposed to belong here; as mentioned above, I believe it is identical with D. Fournieri. 9. Dryopteris Maxoni Und. & C. Chr. sp. nov. : Rhizome oblique, thick, sparsely paleaceous. Stipes thick, cecum terete, 3-4 dm. long, sparsely — with e ovate, pale or black-brown scales. —— deltoid, ia oa or ovatelanceolate, 4-6 dm. one ce apyraceous or almost co: pale green, quite des- titute of — ~ furnished poy scattered som small the largest up to 15 em. long. Pi ez ote, equi- lateral, the lower ones free with t contracted, the middle decurrent, the upper confluent, pinnatifidly cut _ almost to the costula. JI.obes oblong, entire or often — dentate at the truncate acing Veins furcate. Sori 1 or 2 to alobe, eovered with | niform, hemispherical, coria- _ Te -ceous indusia, which are sniuntely. ene ~_ per: Reetly conceal the sporangia. Specimens of this species were distributed some yee ago under the name D. Mazoni Und. n. sp., by C. G. Pringle, no. 8846, but the species has been undescribed i until now. ‘Specimens of this were included in several lots ae forwarded to me at different times ‘ge Mr. WwW m. las Maxon, . "and it is a pleasure t m sihilt this JouRNAL and to follow Underwood in dedicating it to American: rend 1 in iE doce ate to whom r am in- CHRISTENSEN: TROPICAL AMERICAN DRYOPTERIS 97 Roland Bonaparte, collected near Morelia, Michoacan, by F. Arséne. The type specimen is from Morelos, gaa above Cuernavaca, 5,500 ft., Pringle 6190 (U. S. National Herbarium), which specimen belongs to a more fully de- veloped form than Pringle 8846, to which the name was originally applied. I have seen several other ncReeeS in various herbaria. D. Mazoni is a very distinet species, seihape most closely related to the Californian D. rigida arguta Und. ‘It is especially well marked a its large indusia, but the thick, straw-colored, somewhat fleshy stipe and rachis are also very characteristic. From D. patula it can be listinguished at once by the ane pinnae and pin- nules and the broad segments. In the indusial charac- ter it resembles the next species, which, however, is —_ different in habit and pubescence. 40. D: rmemaearias (Mett.) O. Ktze. [For synonymy e C. Chr. Ind. 292. 1905.] A ue! finely cut species. The whole leaf is densely clothed with unicellular, cylindrical, short “hairs. The indusium is large and conceals perfectly the spor- ce angia. Known from Mexico, —— and Ni ICAFAZUA. pedal seg 1911. Sere Wee as 93 _ Amertcan FERN JOURNAL treated in the North American Flora (Vol. 16: part 1), collection made by Dr. J. A. Shafer, in February of this : _ year, between La Perla and Santa Ana, in the ‘province — of Oriente. _ (Shafer no. 8626, Feb. 11, 1911.) | a dition, some of the sporangia having opened, the others . bd sigh to range from late ston ia to ae este = Botrychium Jenmani in Cuba R. C. BENEDICT The genus Botrychium is very widespread in the _ tropics as well as in temperate regions, but, to judge from herbarium. collections, in the tropics, the species are un- — common. B. Jenmani Und., as originally described and as — was based entirely on Jamaican material. Now, however, — Cuba may be added to its range by reason of a recent still closed but full-sized. In Jamaica the fruiting period ate ts tees the pair comprises, as oe goed. 1, Botry in the case of i B. coueraounn San VER See e : chium Jenma iad and B. Underwoodianum. In the southern ty ae Wend. hac ho ead ng Fela Benepict: Borrycutum JENMANI IN Cusa 99 obliquum, the latter being said to be at least a month later in the same locality. The explanation of the relationships of the extremely puzzling forms in the Botrychium ternatum group, here recognized as species, is not a simple one from our present _ knowledge of these plants. It is comparatively easy to_ STADE most of them in an evolutionary scheme, recog- : : aphic distribution and consequent climatic | 2 wo chief causes of variation. This ex plana-_ r, clears up only : a ame _ the difficulty, and ins is the perpl More: facts are — the present knowledge, it aici ae Car i ee Cc Bin Gs 1 t most of tl WAG COSUTICE LORIN att Ves iS ek f species. It ms b t id , especi- ally if discovered by ps diate it a eae a considerable chan, ange in our conception of these plants. The most promising field would appear to be along a Ke oe ee digree cultures, bu bas unfort inately ill remains tc to be : ah ee agieeovered how t mn: may be raised fr os pore condition. oe eee - Conumnra Hn NIVERSITY. 100 AMERICAN FreRN JOURNAL A new variety of the cinnamon fern LEWIS 8. HOPKINS In a lot of material secured by exchange last fall from Henry W. Merrill, of Hiram, Me., were some cinnamon ferns, which differ very materially from the ordinary form. Mr. Merrill also lent me further material for study from the same locality, Oxford county, Me. oes ¢ CINNAMOMEA AURICULATA Lg. Hopkins : ines: so far as the writer knows, this form never has — "elabeaat the — name is —_ for . auriculata var. nov. | Hopkins: FERNS FOUND AT Onto PYLE, Pa. 101 or second lower pinnule somewhat elongated; pinnules of entire frond more or less dentate-serrate ; otherwise as the t Open woods, ‘‘Spring’s Field,’’ Hiram, Me., Aug. 1910; ee roadside “dikes,” Sebago, Me., Sept. 4, toi0. It might be added that Mr. Merrill further states that the whole frond shows a tendency to “‘ear’’ but variation is most marked in the middle third. PirrspurG, Pa. Alist of the ferns found in the vicinity of _ Ohio Pyle, Pa. LEWIS 8. HOPKINS The little village of Ohio Pyle lies in the oo oo part of Fayette county, Pa., where the Youghiogheny | river has cut its gorge down through the Ti Carbon-_ iferous. The river tumbles over a ledge of the.upper | Devonian, ordinarily spoken of as the Catskill Conglomer- ate, making a picturesque fall of some 15 or 20 feet. The whole gorge is beautiful and hundreds of tourists, at tracted by its charm, visit the spot each year. _ : 102.2 = =—s Amertcan Fern JourNnat mentioned, he is indebted to Dr. O. E. Jennings, of the Carnegie Museum, for most of the data contained in this list Rhododendron maximum is abundant. Erigeron pul- chellus, in flower in May and June and probably earliest . flowering of our asterlike plants, occurs mainly on rocks ” in the mountains. Azalea arborescens occurs along the wiauly banks of the — _ river around the bend below the falls, this marking prac- — oe teal the northern limit of the species. Azalea canescens Hopkins: Ferns FOUND AT Onto PyLe, Pa. Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L. Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott ) Link Polystichum acrostichoides var. incisum pteris noveboracensis (L..) A. Gray Dryopteris Goldiana (Hook.) _Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A- : a. intermedia (Miihl.) ris (1) C. 2 A. pine A. Gey 0c es ‘sonetbilis We oe Equisetum arvense I. Equisetum hyemale L. . Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Lycopodium obscurum L. Lycopodium complanatum i _ Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh — elaginella apus CL.) Spring cen nk ——— 103 : Michx) ¢ cn, % a : oF : mabe noes 104 Amentcan Fern JourNaL Southern California fern notes GEORGE L. MOXLEY May 30, 1911, in company with my son, I went into the Little Santa Anita canyon in quest of Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. and such other ferns as we might _ find. We went at once to the station I had discovered two years earlier for C. fragilis and found the fern quite — plentiful and in Luoee condition. I gathered quite a ~ oo quantity. ee Then ddlontabig: upon following the 6 canyon part way o down instead of keeping to the trail, we found in less than — ae foci of a mile, just below a large clump of Wood- ardia omen KNOWLTON: THE STUDY OF FOSSIL FERNS 105 The study of fossil ferns | F. H. KNOWLTON On first thought it may seem that the student of living ferns has many advantages over the student of fossil collects his Patel in the field, has the opportunity of examining it to the minutest detail, from the ecological conditions under which it grew, its internal anatomy and — are to its frond outline, nerve characters, and < ruit production. If it be worth while it may be grown © ee. anilicadiy through its. complete life cycle back to the See spore-producing stage again. Yet, in spite of this seem- — ing perfection of detail, all students well know the differ- ences of interpretation that constantly arise. From the limits of families, genera and species, to the faintest eee and hybrid, waa: are, or may be, oypoare : riews. oS When a botanist without previois experience along these lines views a collection of fossil ferns he is very apt) =| to say, that, beyond the fact that they appear really to. be ferns, little or nothing can is dor Ly rectly placing them, even ans Veena. experience, coupled with 0 a k 106 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL country under these genera. F ruiting specimens are always sought and are of course of the greatest value in placing fossil forms. From these characters the follow- ing genera have been determined in the later horizons with great accuracy: Dryopteris, Asplenium, Onoclea, Woodwardia, Adiantum, Dennstaedtia, Onychium, and many others. From their characteristic form, combined with the characters of nervation, the genera Lygodium, Gleichenia, and Sagenopteris, have been determined, while _ in exceptional cases the internal structure has been found silicified so that thin sections have been cut and _ studied as successfully as though it were living; such was the Osmunda-like form pani described by the late — Prof. D. P. Penhallow S After all all have been segregated that admit of identifica- _ tion on the ba : tie outline, nervation, or | fruiting: character, ‘there remains a considerable number — . nye ine accordance with what seems to be their ae ity or relationship. Thus, a fern having aS certain of the fruit characters of the living Schizaeaceae, but not agreeing with any known living species, has been a called Paani — aipeache at ay for affini- : ties among livi - we sea ) backward i in ti difficult KNOWLTON: THE STUDY OF FOSSIL FERNS 107 may supply for the use of the geologist. Right here is a point likely to be overlooked by the botanist. Unless a fossil fern can be placed with reasonable biological accuracy, the botanist is rather prone to look upon its study as useless, or at least as not worth the time ex- pended in naming, describing, and figuring it. But paleo- botany has two distinct phases or fields of study, the biological and the geological, depending upon the promin- ence to be given to the one or the other of these subjects. _ The paleobotanist does the very best he can in correctly placing a fossil fern in its relation to the living fm: though not infrequently he niay make mistakes, glaring = i mistakes; but whether he does oF not. is not of theslight- est it to the strat ; geologist so long as_— the fossil i is s from a known horizon and is clearly defined and capable of being recognized under any and all con- ditions. That is to say, if an important coal bed or other : geological horizon has associated with it always aper ticular and readily recognized | fern, or group of ferns, = __ it makes not the slightest difference to the geologist 3 whether they are correctly or incorrectly named, and they might even be referred to by number. — As Prof. J. W. Judd once said: “We still si caaie fossils pines he * bate 106. Awencan Fern JOURNAL experience has taught the paleobotanist the horizons and kinds of rocks in which they are most likely to be found; but there is no general rule, for rocks heretofore barren may today be shown to contain them in abundance. It is simply a question of searching, and no likely rocks ‘should be passed by. As ferns for the most part are delicate in structure, only certain kinds of rocks are fitted to preserve them in any degree of perfection. Thus, a coarse sandstone or conglomerate would not be likely to retain them so that the characters can be satisfactorily made out. Fine-grained clay shale is the matrix in _ oa detail of he nervation, and even the spore- _ €ases and spores. _ The ferns and fernlike planta o of the Carboniferous, or r : ‘the great anthracite coal age, are present in wide variety and perfection. ‘They grew in tropical profusion in and about t cet shallow, low-lying swamps of that time, “went only partial decay, the continued accumulation. : ultimately making 1 up the beds of coal. That the ferns _ were abundant i is shown by the fact that in numerous _ places layers of considerable thickness, compressed to the specific gravity : : tirely KNOWLTON: THE STUDY OF FOSSIL FERNS 109 of Pittston, Pennsylvania, of not far from 100,000 speci- mens of coal plants, a majority of which are ferns. Some of these are truly magnificent specimens, showing that there were tree ferns then existing with fronds that must have spread a dozen or twenty feet, as well as a host of smaller forms. The digging out and collecting of focal ferns is very interesting, not to say exciting. There is always the possibility before one that the next blow of the hammer may bring forth something new and wonderful, the like — en era has never been seen by mortal eye. Perhaps it oS a wholly new type, or possibly a fruiting specimen a ‘that cat settle for all time the position of a group previ- _ ously unplaced. A case of the latter once fell to the lot of Mr. David White, of the U. S. Geological Survey. He was collecting Carboniferous plants at Nuttall, West Virginia, when a fortunate blow revealed a delicate ‘“‘fern,” since named Aneimites fertilis, which had seeds attached — to the tips of its reduced pinnules, and on the instant a ce great group of supposedly true ferns was transferred to the then newly discovered group of pteridosperms, the __ first to be recorded for this country. Other similar diss _ coveries had preceded and have followed this, in England oe and France, and now it is well known that. the seed- ae bearing habit had been’ acquired el ferns” = — before the advent of flowering plan se a One of the most interesting reer “a the e writer a Wie gre = — was near J Ces nta- 110 - AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL found as Fremont described, in a conspicuous bed of hard white clay which runs for miles along a steep hill-_ side. The first blow of the hammer proved that it was really the fern horizon and in feverish haste we dug out and split open the layers of clay. There were beautifully preserved and delicate little fronds of Gleichenia of several species, some so perfect that the characteristic forking of — the fronds and the apical bud were well displayed. There _ _ Was a fine large fruiting species of Anemia, a peculiar _Dennstaedtia with the fruit borne on reduced a as well asa number of types without fruit. It was - array that we packed and shipped to Washington, whe ‘it still awaits: opportunity for final study. The same __ association has since been found in other parts of Wy 3 ae but: none of it has been eritically examined. 111 Ferns of the Isthmus of Panama GEORGE F. CLEVELAND I have been requested by several members of the Fern Society to write an article for the new FerN JourRNAL on I will begin by f the the ferns of the Isthmus of Panama. saying that I have practically no knowledge « genera or species of the tropics, and my time is somewhat GATEWAY AND WATCH TOWER AT Fort San SeBasTIAN, Porto BELLO, PANAMA limited. I am very glad, however, to do what I can to help along our new official publication. The following notes will be mainly descriptive, and divided under the headings of locality, geological conditions, and atmos- pherice conditions. I am located at Porto Bello, Panama, which is about twenty miles from the Canal Zone proper, and presents some considerable differences in vegetation from the Canal Zone. The flora of this section is somewhat re- stricted in species, owing probably to its proximity to 112 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL the sea, to its comparatively low elevation, the character of the soil, and excessive moisture. The place is famous in song and story as the point of departure of the Spanish treasure ships carrying the gold, silver, and precious stones of Peru to Spain, also as the scene of the desperate raids of the buccaneers, particularly of Morgan and rake. Ruins of the old Spanish buildings and fortifi- cations are still standing, and show a wonderful state of preservation. considering the severe climatic conditions and the abuse and neglect to which they have been sub- jec : The region that has come under my observation com- _ prises a hilly country on both sides of a long and narrow bay and low swampy lands at the head of this bay. : The country is covered with virgin forest which forms an almost impenetrable jungle, and this, added to the _ precipitous nature of the hills and the treacherous char- _ acter of the swamps, makes extensive collection or spa : vation very difficult. we Geo conditions: Geologically, this region Be prinaitive in the t 2, bei mainly of irregu- we stom scattered ‘thins of ragged, precipitous hills, — hrown together and jumbled into a tangle which follows _ ants scheme nor direction, and is composed exclusively _ of basalt. They appear to have been thrown up by — : terrific voleanie disturbance, and boiled and seethed, the oe short line in many places showing folds and bubblelike a peace resembling nothing in the world so much as | sugar poured on ice. This rock formation is of 2 — iartz and feldspar occasionally occur. : ld be expected, in a locality with an excessive € surface has” been modified by erosion and t to: all de CLEVELAND: FERNS OF ISTHMUS OF PANAMA =_-:1113 deposits of a heavy red soil, due largely to the rapid decay of the dense tropical vegetation. The climatic conditions—due largely to the compara- tively low and narrow strip of land separating the Atlantic from the Pacific, allowing a meeting of air currents from eats oceans, combined with a comparatively high tem- perature—produce a tremendous evaporation and pre- pont The temperature is very constant; it seldom if ever goes below 72° Fahrenheit or above 95°. These conditions produce a vegetation which is dense and luxuriant, eo for some curious reason which I have | . le to discover, it is rather lacking i in variety, ; and seis 3 is a noticeable scarcity of flowers. Ferns are in abundance, growing everywhere and in all kinds of situations, apparently without regard as to whether it is rock, soil, or tree trunk. I have found plants of a spe- cies of Polypodium growing on rocks on the seashore which during. heavy winds would be covered by breaking surf, and the same species growing on trunks of trees on the summits of the highest hills, seemingly equally at home in either situation. Although they grow in such profusion, I have ore astonished and disappointed in the few species I have been able to diseover, probably not over e thinty in all. 414 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Cy1us Guernsey rage HAROLD GODDARD RUGG The botanical world has lost a well-known personage in the death, May 25, of Cyrus Guernsey Pringle. Born in Charlotte, Vt., May 6, 1838, Dr. Pringle had made — Vermont his home for nearly all his lifetime. Dr. Pringle was best known perhaps as a collector, and his herbarium of 100,000 specimens, now located at the University of - Vermont, is extremely rich in rare material. His col-_ lecting trips led him to Arizona, California, Oregon, Wash- — _ ington, and especially to Mexico, where he was official collector for the Mexican government. Since 1885, when _ this country had been suggested to him by Dr. Asa Gray, — it had been his special field. His winters were spent in — _ collecting material, which was sent to Vermont and there — : _ examined and distributed to various herbaria throughout : oe the world. | ie _ The late Mr. Gone pean tae cei the stadt a“ ~ ferns i in 1873 and had written to Dr. Pringle to search — for Woodsia glabella R. Br. It had been found once in | aoe Vermont, at Lake Willoughby. Dr. Pringle states that d _ when he started on his search for this rare plant he did ee not know a single fern, but gradually he collected all the . ferns known to Vermont. In 1876 he made his first trip _ to Mt. Mansfield—that most wonderful, to the botanist, oe WINsLow: THE FIELD MEETING AT Hartrorp 115 one hundred and sixty-five species of North American ferns and sent home for determination sixteen new spe- cies. For many years he had been vice-president of the Vermont Botanical Club, and it was indeed a treat to meet and to converse with this quiet, genial, unassuming man at the meetings of the Vermont Club. He was always a and willing to show his specimens even to the uninitiated. His many friends throughout this country ee Soap will seen to learn of his death. x _-Haxover, N. - a Pe eh eae The field meeting at Hartford E. J. WINSLOW The meeting of Fern Society members announced in the April Fern Journau took place on June 16, 17, and 18, when ten members from various parts of New England and New York met for field work in Hartford, Conn., | and vicinity. The members who arrived at noon on the © 16th were taken in charge by Mr. Henry Bigelow and conducted by steam and trolley to the forests of Plain- — ville. Here a very brief exploration disclosed a list of twenty-five species of ferns, including Dryopteris Goldiar _ which is rare in this region, Botrychium simplex, — Here also were found” nree hybr On ue trip a short all was ‘ade oO inspect the . garden at Mr. a home, in ew nee such rare species as A. z fidr 116 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL On Saturday morning an early start was made for the shores of Farmington river, near Rainbow, under the guidance of Mr. C. H. Bissell and Mr. Bigelow. Other members of the party were Mrs. Orra P. Phelps, Miss : Annie Lorenz, H. G. Rugg, R. C. Benedict, J. Francis = Huss, and E. J. Winslow. The ground explored was a moist woodland along the river. Among the finds were a large number of plants of Botrychium lanceolatum, Lycopodium obscurum and the variety dendroideum grow- ing near together and with some intermediate forms, 2a _ form of L. complanatum with second year growths start- _ ing from the tips of the branches, L. inundatum, a number _ of plants of Dryopteris cristata < marginalis, and Cystop- — teris bulbijera. — _ The return to Hartford was Sede early enough for a visit to the fern garden on the Goodwin estate. This a garden i is one of the largest and finest in America and it a8 is hopeless to attempt to describe it in a brief paper. — There were all the species of ferns native to this part of — the country whose presence could add anything to the — beauty of the garden, including many rare forms and — hybrids, also a large number of foreign species, and all — the freak varieties of Athyrium filix femina about which | we read in descriptions of English ferneries. Many of | _ these species were to be seen in all stages of development ao . ever come aca the ‘experience of any of the , who has charge of the garden, said e found es oe near Hartford Winstow: THE FIELD MEETING AT Hartrorp 117 and we shall doubtless hear from it again. In the mean- time it would be well to watch the Osmundas. President Dowell arrived Saturday evening, and Sunday morning Dr. E. H. Thompson and Mr. Wm. B. Rossberg joined the party on a trip by trolley to a point in the town of Cromwell and thence on foot across country - to East Berlin, a distance of three or four miles. The feature of this excursion was the finding of a great abund-_ ance of Lygodium palmatum. To those accustomed to — regard this plant as a rarity, it was a cause of great sur- = | prise to find the young plants springing up in profusion - a territory > several acres in extent. This fern has — distinction of being a subject of legislation. — < ae it is forbidden by the laws of Connecticut. Among the interesting flowering plants co collected during ‘the meeting were Conopholis americana, Liparis liliifolia, and Viola emarginata. The success of the meeting was gaaily enhanced by the efforts of Messrs. Bissell and Bigelow, who very ey looked after the welfare of ors visiting mem Aside from the interest that attached to the oppor . other sections of the country. _ AvBuRNpate, Mass. ae 118 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Notes and news In Notule Systematice 1: 234. 1910, Dr. H. Christ has described a new Dryopteris, D. tremula, from Mexico, state of Michoacan. fsently I have had numerous specimens of this fern of the type collection (Herb. Roland Bonaparte) and I believe that it cannot be separated specifically from D. thelypteris. If I am correct in this, the finding of this species in southern Mexico is most interesting, D. thelypteris not having been found previ- i- - ones in tropical America.—C. (CHRISTENSEN The following members of the American Fern Society were present at the meeting of the Vermont Botanical — Club, held at Brandon, Vermont, July 6 and 7: C. H. on _ Bissell, Southington, Conn.; Dr. E. Brainerd, Middlebury, ONL. oe Lewis Dutton, Brandon, ‘Vt.; Mrs. Nellie F. a Flynn, Burlin ington, Vt.; Dr. Tracy Hazen, New York City; owed Pember, Granville, N. Y.; Harold G. Rugg, H. pee over, Ne H.; Miss Mabel Strong, Woodstock, Vt., and Mrs. Emily Hitchcock Terry, Northampton, Mass. The : heetestnael warm weather eee: others Ss attend- hi oe The rarest fom: found was, | Woodsia ‘gales R. Br., a collected on Mt. Horrid, at an elevation of about 2, 500 feet. A fine station for Dryopteris Goldiana (Hook.) A. ray and Asplenium anqustifolium Michx. was visited Hazen was Was sconsetul in- Soe | some Ro NoTres AND NEWS 119 nearly two years been head of the Department of For- estry at State College, Pennsylvania. The College of Agriculture owns fifty thousand acres of forest lands in the southern part of Missouri. It is planned to utilize these lands as an outdoor laboratory for the instruction in practical forestry. It is probable that a portion of the forestry instruction will be given 98 ae forest lands. A . large number 5 op enmen Bd Sh Bee Bd NES Ta gutte os Pree | : dacs il be a large enrollment of students at : the ° begin: : : ning | of ~ emaes goge Local agents ‘cad davon asa rule, are to dealy intorant : - this rate, and their rulings as to rates always favor : : 2 the express companies. However, interstate commerce _ o laws provide that a schedule of rates be kept on file and open to the public, and if members will avail themselves of the privilege of Ss, — will fin _ the rates as ‘eves above. _ oS 120 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL cussed for some time, a few years at least. At the begin- ning of the present year it was considered best not to take any definite action immediately, in view of the fact that some changes had already been made in the policy of the society. But by this time a few changes and addi- tions in the constitution should be made so as to define more closely the duties of some of the officers, to provide for the publication of the official organ of the society, annual reports, or other matters. Perhaps it would be — better to have the officers serve a longer term and avoid — having the elections recur so often. The president has appointed Mr. Robert A. Ware, 246 Devonshire street, ton, Mass., as chairman of a committee to consider Shia subject of revising or amending our constitution. — ‘Mr. Ware would like to have members think over this | matter and write to him, stating their views or offering | __-_- suggestions, more Seecaly «1 on matters not paioen for: oe by the eonstit tution. — - Additions to the let's of members and Vasbeateen bs Aiken, Walter H, 1520 Tecoma Ave., College Hill, Cincinnati, O, Allen, = - Bugene +, a — \ desrran ie DC. , sa fi “137 Heberton Ave, Port Richmond, N au, W. P., British Vol.1 OCTOBER 1911 No. 6 ee : American Fern Journal A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS Published by the AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY | o } PHILIP DOWELL, Editor RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Associate Editor a CONTENTS Notes of a naturalist afloat—I es 5) | WiILiaAM EDWIN SAFFORD 121 - Notes on the ferns of the Isle of Pines, West Indies . Oro E. JENNINGS 129 An interesting find ................Harotp W. Pretz 137 Lycopodium fiabelliforme ..............E. J. WINSLOW 141 Palmer ILLIAM SAFFORD AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL OFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY A quarterly devoted to the general study of ferns. No. 1 issued in August, No. 2 in December, i910, Nos. 3, 4, 5 and 6 in 1911, constitute volume I of the JOURNAL. Single copies, 25 cents; annual subscription, 90 cents ; or, including membership in the American Fern Society, $1.00. Volume 1, complete, $1.40. Foreign postage 10 cents a year additional. Articles pertaining to ferns are desired from members or from others who are interested in ferns. Address matter for publication and subscriptions to Puitie DowEL1i, Port RicuMonp, N. Y. THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB MEMBERSHIP including Bulletin, Memoirs, and Torteya, $5.00 a year PUBLICATIONS Bulletin. Monthly, established 1870. Price, $3.00 a year; single numbers 30 cents, Of former volumes, only 24-37 can be BULLETIN should be addressed to Philip Dowell, Editor, Port N.Y. forreya. Monthly, established 1901. Price, $1.00 a year. Manuscripts intended for publication in TorRREVA cia ss - addressed t o Norman teat Editor, Central Museum, Easte asia dicts N.Y Memoirs. Cecilia, ‘established. ost ee a 00a volume. Preliminary Catalogue of 4 : 100 miles of New York pte 1838. de #1.00. Subscriptions and . usines Amprican Fern Journal Vol. 1 OCTOBER 1911 “Met Notes of a naturalist afloat—I WILLIAM EDWIN SAFFORD : (Piare 5) The jane log of a. youngster alive to the beauty of nature and en thusiastic in the study of her works, is apt to abound in hyperbolic descriptions of the sea and sky and shore. It is swith mingled feelings of amusement and regret that I sometimes look over the records of my early cruises and find in them the picture of the boy I used to be. Much that I wrote might, perhaps, have bet- ter been left unwritten; but occasionally I come across _ the account of an expedition or an experience which koe hink may be worth keepin g. 2. My first cruise was in the old Powhaton, an arehaie oe side-wheel man-of-war, which had 122 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Across THE IstHmMus oF PANAMA The Powhatan came to anchor in Aspinwall harbor, on the north side of the Isthmus, at nine o’clock on the morning of April 4, 1881, having made the passage from’ New York in eleven days. The water was green as a eatbird’s egg, in sharp contrast to the deep indigo of the - Caribbean sea, through which we had just been steaming. The town of Aspinwall (or Colon) looked rather pictur- esque from our anchorage, with several white buildings surrounded by balconies and galleries and a line of native cottages beneath crested coconut palms; but we found the streets very dirty and ill-smelling when we went ashore. The island on which the town is built is very little above the sealevel and the greater part of it was at that time a brackish swamp. All the fresh water was hauled by the railroad into the town, and it was appar- ent from the looks of the natives that they did not waste it in washing. The great majority of those we saw were — negroes or mulattos, including the prefect, who visited our ship with his staff and received a salute of thirteen guns. My first walk was along the beach to the right, where after some time I came to a mangrove swamp, the first I had ever seen. In the marshy ground there was first of all a dense growth of a coarse, simply pinnate fern, with the upper pinne fertile and cinnamon-colored. _ This proved to be Acrostichum aureum, a species found in : tropical marshes all over the world. Near by there was a great lagoon into which the town of Aspinwall was drained. It was said to be the resort of alligators, but I saw none. I did, however, see a crested iguana, a hi said the natives eat with relish. s a dense thie SaFFORD: NOTES OF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—I 123 age of this species was smooth and glossy and the pendent frut, cigarshaped or fusiform, had in some eases begun to sprout while still hanging on the limbs. This proved to be Rhizophora mangle, the most common mangrove of tropical shores. Another species had olive'ike leaves, white beneath, and clusters of small inconspicuous flowers. It was without the arched roots of the species just de- scribed, but it sent up from out the mud peculiar fingerlike vertical breathing roots. This proved to be Avicennia nitida, also a widely distributed species. Perched among the branches of the mangroves were herons and egrets, - which they held up in a menacing attitude. On boarding the train to cross the Isthmus I met several French engineers,. from wage I got a good deal of interesting inf g the construction © of the proposed canal. They had been on the Isthmus — a little more than a month, having been among the first to arrive, the latter part of February. Little had as yet been accomplished. A trail had been blazed through — ee the forest, and some excavation had been made at a 124 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL large pinnate leaves like drooping plumes. Below them hung the petioles of dead leaves and great clusters of fruit, from which oil is made. The fruits resemb‘e larg acorns in form and contain hard, wrinkled kernels which in Mexico are called “coquitos de aceite.’’ Those of an allied species are burned in Brazil for smoking rubber. Another oil-yielding palm, called “corozo colorado”’ on the Isthmus, is Elaeis melanococca, a species growing in marshy places, with low creeping trunk and enormous pinnate leaves; the fruits are smaller than those of the preceding species, of a br'ght red on the outside and with asmall hard nut. Both the husk and the nut yield oils, but of different kinds. ‘The fruits are crowded in com-— _ paet clusters from which the hard po'nted tips of the — floral branches project. - _ Acrocomia — called “ chunga’”’ on the ithunan eo is the macaw palm ss eeadesagae of the West Indies. Itis — closely allied to A vinifera, which in Central — _ America is called “eoyol,” a and yields a sugary sap from ~ _ which wine, or toddy, is fermented. ‘The fronds of this — species are pinnate but the pinne do not all lie in the a same pla ‘The spathe i is armed with spines, the fruit Sarrorp: Nores OF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—1 125 coconuts. On this account, this species is somet mes called the ‘‘rasp palm.” Among the dwarf palms of the Isthmus are species of Chamedorea and Geonoma, some of which have remote lanceolate pinne, with the terminal pair suggesting the forked fin of a fish’s tail. The young inflorescences of certain species of Chamedorea are eaten in Central Amer- ica and Mexico, and are there known as “‘tepejilote’” (“green corn of the mountains,” or “wild roasting ears”). Another small palm, armed with needlelike spines, is minor, sometimes called “cafia brava” by the natives and “prickly pole’? by the West Indian negroes on the Isthmus; and on the edges of the woods there is 8 _ elimbing palm, also very prickly (Desmoncus th ealled “matamba” by the natives, who use it for deco- rating their altars and for making garlands.* On the edge of the openings in the forest, trailing over the bushes, grows a pretty climbing fern, Lygodium radiatum, with fronds having three to seven segments. _ The accompanying figure (PLATE 5) was drawn by Mr. re Bolton from specimens of the original collee- tion sacle on the Isthmus by Dr. Sutton Hayes, one of — the most enthusiastic collectors who ever visited this 126 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL with simply pinnate pendent fronds six to eight feet long, growing on the trunks of palm trees. A spec‘es of Elaphoglossum (E. Herminieri) was remarkable for its long, pendent, ribbonlike fronds growing from a basal tuft of fulvous hairlike scales. Species of Vittaria resemb- ling tufts of grass grew on the limbs, and several species of — Campyloneurum were distinguishable by the transverse rows of sori dotting the lower surface of their lanceolate fronds. Asplenium serratum with enormous sim fronds, closely resembling Asplenium nidus, which I afterwards collected in Polynesia, was common on the limbs of trees, where it perched like huge birds’ nests. 2 _ A simple-fronded species, first described from the — Isthmus, was Dictyoxyphium panamense, with the sori in a occidentale ale, Diplazium Satin the beautiful “silver” ie (Ceropteris calomel elanos), and J Adian tum lucidum, with simply pinnat te frond searing hat those of _ in water courses, with fronds similar to those of Tricho- oo 1 must ‘not fore to mention 1 Salpichlena solubitia! . A eececnaye ie: a es species with enorm » PLATE § 1 Vou. AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL A! LAARAR AAA, WA Sarrorp: NOTES OF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—I 127 The town of Chagres presented a novel appearance with its small square houses of bamboo. The eaves of the steep roofs thatched with palm leaves projected about three feet beyond the sides of the houses, thus sheltering as thin walls from the rain. Around the thresholds armed pigs, goats, dogs, ard naked children, the latter ak their bellies distended from eating great quantities of bananas. We saw a number of handsome cattle, re- sembling Jerseys or Alderneys, but with longer horns. _ As we skirted the banks of the Chagres, we pictured to ourselves the flotilla of boats in which the English bueca- neers with Morgan at their head ascended the river, on their way to destroy the city of Panama, in 1671. _ At intervals we passed little huts marked with the ‘names of the various “brigades” or surveying parties. At many places we were besieged with girls and women offering the passengers coconut candy, coconuts, oranges bananas, hard-boiled eggs, and bread, for sale at prices higher than they could be bought for in New York eo City. We were now approaching Culebra, the highest point of the route of the canal, where an enormous cut, almost three hundred feet deep, w would have to be made. Beyond this point, on the Pacific side of the __ ridge, the aspect of the represen ‘change, and there x the most e. 128 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL from the north. A great deal of the moisture is precip:- tated by the mountain chain, which forms the backbone of the Isthmus, and the water flows back to the Atlantic through the Chagres and other streams. At the time of our visit, there was considerable sickness on the Isthmus. The most dreaded disease was known as Chagres fever. The French were already constructing hospitals, however, and doing what they could to establish sanitary condi- tions. We heard afterwards that the principal engineer _ on the Isthmus, M: Blanchet, who was in charge of the excavations at Culebra, succumbed to the effects of the climate and died before the close of the year. __ There is not space here to describe the city of Panama of that time, with its ruins covered with mosses and ferns, its stately cathedral, its market filled with — : reaming parrots, and strange fruits, its money-changers ak prehistoric pottery and golden objects from Chiriqui_ for sale,* its shops where hammocks of the finest quality and beautiful Panama hats are sold, and in some of them pearls from the neighboring pearl fisheries, at pees : higher than in New York. One of the most beaut things we saw was a large terrestrial orchid called “flor 1} . del Espiritu Santo,” the fragrant flower of which had at — its center what looked like a pure white dove with its - ie outspread. Its botanical name is Peristeria elata. JENNINGS: FERNS OF THE ISLE OF PINES 129 by the receding tide, which made it impossible for ships to approach within easy distance of the city. In the sky flocks of frigate birds and pelicans were sailing, the former with the grace of eagles, the latter like clumsy clown dogs in a circus, imitating the motions of skilled actors, but imitating them very successfully. It was with great regret that we left the interesting old city and returned to Aspinwall. On the oe of March we got under way and headed for Key Wes 3339 eis PLEASANT Sr., Wasuineton, D. C. Notes on the ferns of the Isle of Pines, West Indies | OTTO. E. JENNINGS oe connection with a natural history expedition ‘roe : the Carnegie Museum, t became the good fortune of the He present writer to devote most of the month of May, 1910, ae in the Isle of Pines, West Indies. A report he botanical results of the expedition will j presented for James in the Annals of —— = a 130 - AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL miles from east to west, while the southern portion is about forty miles long from east to west and perhaps ten miles wide at its greatest north and south extent. The intervening marsh consists of the mangrove formation running in from indenting bays at the east and west, and in the middle can be waded in the dry season. Evi- dently the marsh is being filled in by the aid of vegeta- tion, and eventually the two portions of the island will become united by dry land. Topographically the island is a low-lying level plain from which rise sharply here and there broken ridges, which have a general trend from northwest to southeast. The ridges are composed of steeply inc’ined strata of more resistant rocks, the strata dipping to the east- northeast, so that the slopes are not generally so precipi- tous on that side as on the south and west. In the north- ern part of the island the Sierra de los Caballos reaches a height of about a thousand feet, and, like its companion ridge about three miles to the west, the Sierra de las Casas, it has quite precipitous slopes and is composed — “ mainly of a crystalline marble. ‘The Sierra de Cafiada mt the west nicmesin part, be the island has somewhat more + wr reports to the contrary, : consists of an impure mica schist. This ite was found by the aneroid to lack but a few feet of the height of — Caballos, in the northern part of the island. . _ - Inland the island has a gently undulating plats of a ae chabiy purely subaerial erosion and reaching a height _ of about two hundred feet above the sea in the central © _ part of the island. ‘The drainage areas run in all diree- es radially from the central portion of the island, and the marsh, consis JENNINGS: FERNS OF THE ISLE OF PINES 131 practically all around the northern portion of the island by a broad belt of the mangrove formation. There appears to have been in recent times an elevation of the island sufficient to have enabled the streams to cut down steep channels, at least in the lower part of their courses, so that subsequent depression to the present level has re- sulted in submerging the lower courses of the rivers, thus making them subject to tide water for often eight or nine miles from the mouth. The forests of the man-_ grove formation have at the same time advanced upon the lower parts of the depressed plain. : The soil of the greater part of the in and plain nae. of a yellowish red or brownish red gravelly clay, known as the Mal Pais Gravel. This soil is evidently residual, being derived by subaerial erosion from underlying marbles and schists. In depressions, and especially on the low plain below the contour of the ancient elevated . sea cliffs, the Mal Pais Gravel is replaced bya light yellow a or somewhat gray sandy loam. In the west eentral bes around Los Indios th there are _ pure glistening white quartz gravel and 0 coarse , sand S 2 mixed here and there with more or less iron. Towards the coastal fringe the soil becomes: alluvial, being 20) mpos ea of varying mixtures of beach deposits and remains < - _ vegetation. oa The southern component of the itor et south - writer, of a rather 1 but little elevate along the median _ where reached by t eat voy by the th oe 132 AMERICAN FerN JoURNAL eracks and hollows in the underlying rock. The c'imate of the island is, of course, oceanic and quite equable. The latitude being but about twenty-one degrees north, the extreme range of the thermometer lies between about 50° and 100° F. The temperatures experienced by the writer during his sojourn on the island in May, with the sun exactly overhead at noon, were from — 82° to 92° F. during the day, while at night, temperatures as low as 70° F. were rarely experienced. The tempera- ture of the ocean water on the beaches was 80°-82° F., while a mineral spring at Santa Fé was said to recicie _ 88° F. The well and spring waters, so far as tested, ranged generally from about 68° to 80° F. as they came from a the ground. The island has a dry season, with showers | very rarely, from November to May, while during the _ _ latter month, or about the first of June, there begins a Wet season, with torrential rains, which fill to the brim the sharply cut channels of the rivers, and flood — “ - of the low-lying plains. 8 _ ‘The first ten days of our stay i in the Isle of Pines was . spent in the exploration of the northeastern portion of _ the island, with Nueva Gerona as the base of operations. Nueva Gerona lies between the Tidges Caballos and _ "Casas, on the Casas river, about two miles from the sea. The soil is mainly Mal Pais Gravel clay on the gentle undu- — i —— and knolls, with n more or less of the the light-colored — sandy | 1 on the e lower levels, this JENNINGS: FERNS OF THE ISLE OF PINES 133 States. The best fern collecting in the Nueva Gerona district, as indeed for the island in general, was along the steep clayey or rocky banks of the arroyos. These had at that time but little water, only here and there pools, but the narrow and steep-banked channels were usually shaded by thickets of the coco plum and other shrubs or trees and were moist enough to favor the growth of many ferns. Growing out of the side of the perpen- dicular banks of a shallow arroyo, about a mile east of _ Nueva Gerona, were discovered two communities of the . tree fern, Cyathea arborea (L.) Sm., with ascending trunks six or seven feet tall. In other er ATTOYOS, often where shaded by the coco plum, were A Naieeanines L., A. fragile Sw., and Blechnum Shen Rich. At the outskirts of a jungle around a fresh-water pond near the base of Caballos ridge, there was found climbing im masses upon other — waist high, Lyeopedinuns — cernuum L., and near by, g in much the same ae manner, the — delicate but in sage tough os ii PS 2 134 AMERICAN FERN JoURNAL in all directions. In a forest on swampy soil, near the base of Mount Columbo, was found Dryopteris patens (Sw.) Ktze., while on the ground and at the base of trees near the coast east of Vivijagua, Campyloneurum phyl- — litidis (L.) Presl was collected in the mangrove formation. Upon climbing the Sierra de los Caballos there was found on trees at the top of the ridge, at an elevation of about one thousand feet, the widely distributed Poly- podium polypodioides (L.) Hitche. This fern is cla‘med to have been at one time quite abundant on the northern mountains of the island, but it has been assiduously col lected by the so-called “natives” for medicinal purposes and has apparently been all but exterminated there. In rather moist humus soil in the forest at the base of the antum villosum L. was found, with the rachis quite com - Spicuously brown-villous. ooo most of the species found in similar habitats in the north- ern part of the island near Nueva Gerona. Meniscium JENNINGS: FERNS OF THE ISLE OF PINES 135 were found Lygodium cubense H. B. K., clambering over low shrubbery or twisting itself into dense mats; a Lind- saya, rather near L. portoricensis Desv., but small; and more of the same Trichomanes found in the upper Los Indios drainage. One day was spent on the coral-limestone peninsula which ee the southwestern extension of the island. Practically the whole trip was along a trail through a tropical jungle where perhaps half of the vegetat on con- sists of species not seen in the northern portion on the island, but no ferns were seen there The last two days of field work were spent in the east: central portion of the island, where the soil and vegeta- tion are quite similar to those of the Nueva Gerona district. On the palm trunks along the banks of the upper Rio de Santa Fé, south of the town of Santa Fé, Phlebodiwn— _ aureum (L.) J. Sm. was quite common. Near the mag- — nesia springs at Santa Fé the steep banks of the short ___ Yavines !eading to the river have been cleared of most a the shrubbery, but the larger trees have been left stand- ing, and along the springy shaded banks of these ravines _ ferns were abundant. Within the space of pane not _ over two hundred feet square were collected Dryo teris sancta (L.) Ktze., Tectaria trijoliata (L.) Cav. [Aspidiu -_ trifoliatum (L.) Sw. Adiantum cristatum L., Dryoptert patens s (Sw. ) Ktze., and Ceropteris | pectic (Cav.) Li 136 AMERICAN FERN JoURNAL To make our lists more complete, there follows an enumeration of the species collected by these botanists. By Dr. J. F. Shafer: Adiantum melanoleucum Willd. Dryopteris deltoidea (Sw.) Ktze. _Goniopteris obliterata (Sw.) Und. Odontosoria fumarioides (Sw.) J. Sm. - Lycopodium cernuum L. _ By Mr. A. H. Curtiss: Adiantum fragile Sw . Adiantum fie ee Willd. Adiantum villosum L. imorphm (Caw) H. BK. a 1 (Sw.) Se | y Hedw ) pie : des (Sw.) J. Sm. PretTz: AN INTERESTING FIND 137— An interesting find HAROLD W. PRETZ It has been said that it is the unexpected that happens, and in so far as we are unprepared for some events, this is true. Everyone who has tramped about out of doors _ will reeall certain experiences the very charm of whose occurrence was to a large degree due to their unexpected- _ ness. Impromptu excursions frequently hold such ex- periences and usually create an expectancy that i is some- _ times realized. The second Sunday in January was one of those rare winter days when the call of the open was most insistent. E. 8. and W. Mattern, the writer’s field companions, had — the evening before predicted ideal weather conditions — and declared their intention of going ‘somewhere fapthe . road” in the morning. Anything in the vicinity of the _ Lehigh Valley northward from Allentown to White Haven fifty miles. distant, and even. beyond, is e nee char- ae acterized as ‘‘up the road.” The writer had decided to stay at home, but dieu : oe rae 138 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL in the “Gorge” from Glen Onoko to White Haven. To one of these, a mile or more up the river and-high up the hill, we made our way. Mountain spleenwort (Asplenium montanum Willd.) grows in the vicinity of the glen as well _as at several places in the vicinity of Lehigh Gap, so that it was not unreasonable to predict its occurrence on these cliffs. It was there, as we expected; but climbing down to a shelf of rock, Walter Mattern, who was leading, : gave a little exclamation which the writer, looking over his shoulder, all but echoed, for there, flattened up against a side of the cliff facing north, was a fern new to us. It could be none other but Bradley’s spleenwort, and so it _ proved to be. ‘The writer found another plant near by. _ The fact of its occurrence having been established, only is not unlikely, and the writer — later to confirm = prediction. © For the sake of seu ‘ie station for Aspienien, Bradleyi D. ©. Eaton! is here given as ‘‘On outcrops of -ocono sandstone on Broad mountain along the Lehigh — -ver north of Glen Onoko, Carbon county, Pa., altitude a 1 aH feet, — 8, sea, W. Me att n nd H. ¥ 55). pert PretTz: AN INTERESTING FIND 139 sponse to an inquiry, Dr. C. H. Peck, State Botanist, has informed the writer that he was given the approximate location of the first of these, ‘Near Newburg in 1864,” by Prof. D. C. Eaton, but that he failed to find plants AsPLeNtUM “BRADLEY D. CG Eaton me whee” he eee the locality some “years: later Dr Tees believes. the scoona i statan,* —— by ‘speci- 140 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL feet above sealevel, though the Shawangunk range rises to an altitude of approximately 2,100 feet. The species has been collected in Maryland,? and to the south it ranges as far as Georgia and westward as far as Arkansas and Missouri. Dr. Small® gives its range from ‘‘New York to Illinois and Missouri; south to mid- _ dle Georgia, Alabama, and Arkansas.” In Georgia there is a record for Stone mountain, 1,000 feet, Small,7,8 and Roland M, Harper,’ in his fern flora of the state, men- _ tions that there are “various stations,” all in the moun- tains. Dr. Chas. Mohr,3 in his Plant Life of Alabama, also refers the species to the mountain region, and records one station at an altitude of 1,600 feet and another at _ 2,200 feet. ‘The article by Dr. E. L. Lee, of Bridgeport, — - A in the Fern Bulletin for April 1909, on the oceur-— spt | interest, particularly his notes on habitat. we may judge from these and other records, Brad eee 8 a e southward, ‘appears to keep close to the — : sine, often i in the South at high altitudes. Its — ce an elevation of 1,500 feet as far north a8 WINsLow: LycopPpopDIUM FLABELLIFORME 141 PUBLICATIONS CITED 1. Eaton, D. C. New or little-known ferns from the United —. sos" Torrey Club 4:11. F 1873. - The plant life of Maryland; List of oie collected ne omnis Maryland Weather gee 3:3 i 1910. : Mohr, C. Plant life of Alabam 190 4, Lee, E. L. Asplenium Bradley in piace ‘Mahia Fern Bulletin 17: 43-45. 1909 . Harper, R. M. The Fouts flora of Georgia. Fern Bulletin 13: 5. 6. Gilbert, B.D. The fern flora of New York. Fork Bulletin 11: _ 903. . Small, J. K. The altitudinal distribution of the ferns of ‘he i Appalachian mountain system. Bull. Torrey Club 20: 459. * ad ne ea K. Ga ae Pe of the +}. ik: vt. nite a : pet Bull. Torrey Club 21: 15, 16. 25 Ja 1894 ve J. K. Flora of the southeastern United States. New 9. Small, York, 1903. _ ALLENTOWN, Pa. "Lycopodium fiabelliforme ‘Ez. a . WINSLOW te an mice | in the J July umbe of { wiane {191 1}, Mr 142. AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL “In L. complanatum the leaves being very minute the axis is practically naked and, marking the end of the season’s growth, there is plainly shown a sharp con- striction resembling the separation of the thorax and abdomen of a wasp, and each year’s growth resembles an elongated sausage. they are commonly — the buds are dormant ea bearing zy freien Sarrorp: Epwarp PALMER 143 may be found on an occasional branch. But it is cer- tainly true that. this method of growth is exceptional and not the regular thing, as it is in L. complanatum. The differences in the number, form, and attitude of the branches, in the number of strobiles, and the season of maturity, are sufficient to characterize the separate spe- cies, but a written comparison gives but a faint notion of the striking difference in the appearance of the two plants as they grow together. At Willoughby Lake, Vt., where both species grow in abundance, with L. trista- chyum near by, I found several intermediate forms, also considerable variation from the type in both species. Jith sufficient study, the group may prove as prolific in | matter for discussion as the ternate botrychia. The recent discovery of L. complanatum in Hartland, Vt., by Mr. H. G. Rugg, indicates that this species may be looked for considerably south of its supposed north- erly range. LasELL SEMINARY, AUBURNDALE, Mass. WILLIAM EDWIN SAFFORD Than longen folk to. gon on pilgrimages, And cae for to seken straunge ‘aronden — Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to Canterbury Tales. : i Edward Palmer, whose name is ‘known, to botanists > of all nations died at on home in Wlewegene Dp C. a ; April 9, 1 ee eS — 144 __ American Fern JourRNAL ing flowering plants and ferns, with many more of his later collecting still remaining to be described. e was the son of a professional florist and horticultur- ist, of Hockwold cum Wilton, in the county of Norfolk, England, where he was born January 12, 1831. Coming to this country at the age of eighteen, he settled at Cleveland, Ohio, where he formed the acquaintance of - Dr. Jared Kirtland, one of the most eminent scientists of his day, and one of the earliest members of the Amer- lean Academy of Science. From him he learned the art of collecting and preserving objects of natural history, : “ thus laying the foundation of his future career, and through: Kirtland’s influence he was, in 1853, appointed a ae of the Water Witch, on her celebrated expedi- i to Paraguay, which led to our war with that coua- bh > WAS an ardent. and untiring collector, going on dition after another, and returning with material al, zodlogical nologie SAFFORD: EpWARD PALMER “45: ern frontiers, from Arizona to the islands of Lower Cali- fornia, in which region he has aecomplished more than all his predecessors.” Among the botanists whose friend- ship Dr. Palmer greatly valued, and of whom he always spoke with gratitude, la Dr. George Vasey, Sereno Watson, Mr. and Mrs. T. S. Brandegee, and Dr. C. C. arry, whom he es on his first mission to Mexico, in 1878 From that ine until the end of his life he made be benk visits to Mexico, often visiting unexplored fields opened up by railroads, from which he secured great numbers of species new to science. In 1880 he made extensive col- _lections in the states of San Luis Potosi, Coahuila, | Nuevo Leon. Preliminary lists of the ferns he collected while associated with Dr. Parry and when alone were made out by Professor Daniel Cady Eaton, and published, together with a list of the flowering plants by Sereno” Watson, in volume 18 of the i suveseaier of the American. a Academy. ee In 1885 he coheed in ie mountains of | oukeniens Chihuahua; in 1886, in the state of Jalisco, principally near Gtindalnjare:- the capital; and in 1887, near Guay-— mas, Sonora, and across the Gulf of California, on the — ae shore of Lower California. Lists of the plants collected on these expeditions were Laren in = Procee r ol 146 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Among the new species of ferns based upon types of his collecting are the following: ASPLENIUM MODESTUM Maxon, Bull. Torrey Club 31: 657. 1904. Type: Palmer 162, collected in 1885, at the Hacienda San Miguel, near Batopilas, in the mountains. _ of southwestern Chihuahua, Mexico. CHEILANTHES AEMULA Maxon, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 10: - 495. 1908. Type: U. S. National Herbarium no. _ Brazaa (P ie 187), collected in 1907 in a river canyon Le near Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico. : | CHEILANTHES MEIFOLIA D. C. Eaton, Proc. Am. Acad. 18: 185. 1883. Type: Palmer 1377, collected in 1880 ‘near Guajuco, state of Nuevo Leon, Mexico. + oe, ee Baker, Annals Bot. 5: 210. -Ganorrems: SUBCORDATA (Eat. & Dav.) Und. “Bull - Torrey Club 29: 628. 1902. Gymnogramme subcord : Eat. & Day. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 5:138. pl. 16 897 seks Palmer ‘1416, collected in 1891 at -_ SAFFORD: EpwarRD PALMER 147 =e i ccs Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 10: 500. Trp . S.. National Herbarium no. ies aes 398), idied in 1907 near Victoria, state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Potypoptum Maxonn C. Chr. Ind. Fil. 543. 1906. Polypodium firmulwm Maxon, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: 274. pl. 61. 7. 3. 1903; not Baker, 1893. Typx: ’. S. National Herbarium no. 397906 (Palmer 448), col'eeted in 1902 in the mountains of Alvarez, state of San Luis Potosi, alt. 8,000 feet, from the shaded under sides of large oaks. PoLysTIcHUM soLITaRIUM (Maxon) Und. Contr. U. 8. solitarium Maxon, Fern Bull. 11: 39. 1903. Type: Palmer 102, collected in 1875 on the northern end of Guadalupe Island, off the Pacific ore fe - Lower California. _ Like the palmers of old, who returned from one sie : age only to start out afresh, he continued his chosen oe _ work until the very end. His last pilgrimage was in oe 1910, to the vicinity of Tampico, on the Gulf of Mexico. — To the meeting of the Botanical Society of Washington — - already he was escorted in a carriage by mem- _ bers appointed for he purpose. He was placed in the e . : seat of honor, and addresses were made by Ley aS : Orie of his life’s work. Letters were also seer : oo ton, all of them testifying to the valuable servi : 8 e red. At the close of the exercises he was: p 148 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Grace A. Woolson EMILY HITCHCOCK TERRY A woman of marked ability, and perhaps of equally marked peculiarities, was Miss Grace A. Woolson, of Pittsford. seentons whose death occurred during this _ past summer. She was an ardent lover of nature, of — botany especially, though she took great delight in all | plant and animal life. We never saw her at the meet- ings of the Vermont Botanical Club, of which she was a — ‘member, but she did not forget or ignore them, always a was. in the culture of ferns, to which she devoted much ae time and energy. Her garden also, where one found the 7 choicest, — and very beautiful flowers, gave abundant > of care and wise forethought. : many aces sis tiated Life, as 5 : ese Get was put into her little Cx entitled Pe 2 and How to Grow Them. This gives very complete = instruction in regard to their care and cultivation and = beautifully. illustrated by photographs taken by her a Tt townsman, ‘Dr. Swift who in the midst of a very NoTEes AND NEWS 149 try by any one else and, in Switzerland, by only one Ger- man botanist. The finding of this hybrid was assuredly her greatest botanical achievement. I remember well her de ight when she discovered growing by her doorstep the rare hybrid Aspidium pittsjordense, which had been produced naturally. It certainly seemed as if things of botanica interest ahs: toward her. To. those who knew Miss Woolson, no estimate of her life would be complete sea a mention of her pet tree- toads, which she kept for many years and which she had tra ned to perform several little feats; and of her cats, which were to her almost human personalities and which responded to her devotion in a manner that made them appear to belong to a superior race of felines. Miss Woolson was born in Pittsford, Vt., on he 17th of October 1856. She was graduated at the High School in Springfield, Vt., and at Kimball Union Academy, at Meriden, N. H. She taught for several years in the vicin-- ity of Pittsford, but failing health eompelled her to— abandon that profession. Her love of nature induced her to enter upon the more scientific work, to which she devoted herself until the time of her death, June 23, 10tt. N Losmemahiat — Notes and news in. connection with a study of. the ined distribu Hon of : some of the common North American Ferns, Prof. E. Winslow, Auburndale, Mass., would appreciate any infor- : -™ation sent him on the distribution of the ebony spl : wort, inclu si, definite deseriptions « of ee per wei a a 150 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL and Vermont, Ontario, the western Mississippi valley, Texas, Arkansas, southern Alabama, and Florida). Prof. L. S. Hopkins, 3732 Boquet street, Pittsburg, Pa., announces that he has for distribution to members for postage: 10 sheets of each of Lycopodium porophilum and Cystopteris fragilis magnasora, and 20 sheets of Equi- setum hiemale intermedium. In connection with the meeting of the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, during the last week in December, at Washington, D. C., the American Fern Society will hold a meeting on Friday, December 29, in the Business High School Building, 9th street and Rhode Island avenue, N. W. The attractions of the : city” and of the meetings of various botanical societies during the week should offer an additional inducement to members to attend this meeting. Acco ording to the report of the Judge of Elections, Miss. ‘Harriet Mulford, Hempstead, N. Y., the recent annual — election of the American Fern Society resulted in the re- ie election of the former officers, except the president, who . ae had declined renomination. The officers elected are: i President—Robert A. Ware, Boston, Mass. : Vice-President—Nellie Mirick, Oneida, N. Y. _ Seeretary—Lewis 8. Hopkins, Pittsburg, Pa. oe Treasurer—Harold G. Rugg, Hanover, N. Hi. “Additions to ‘the list. of members wnt mbeciber Amidon, ‘Dr. KR. W., ‘Chaumont, Jifencn Co., Smit Bartsch, Dr. Paul, thsonian Institution, diem. D.C. | Dilan & Cotcpuny y, London, ‘nghand: : _ Kilby, Mrs. HS. & ‘ax: Attleboro, Mass. 2 t”~s Library U.S. } Nation Naan, Wadaccine, Bo. Nordgren, Mrs. A.J, Galva, INDEX TO VOLUME I pone cry 105; aureum, 122, 133; cels um, Additions to the herbarium, 85 1: um, 119; easy oe 39, 45, arg 82; caudatum 45; cristatum, 75, 183, 135: cu- be len forme, 76; villosuta, 75, 134, 186 Alsophila Breet, 2 y, American Fern Soci < $, 6, 28, 31 , 32, Poti 64, 90-92, i ‘18-20, 150; officers 1911, $2; 1912, aise cog 5 i Anemia, 41, 42, 76, pe adiantifolia, Ae ; eoriacea, re bse ~~ 115; hag hageranak = . uraria. gts ee 126; salieri 81; piggepery 62, 102, 148; pre ide, 67, 69, Asplenium ato eee es Sw., 79 Athyrium acrostichoides, 55, 102; alpestre, 36, 67, 69; amet 12, 61, 102; filix-femina, 62, 1 116 pe filiculoides, 82 : : a8 ae! allies, 9; ‘rvoptert ne - sane seg ote ve hy 24; Anew Ferns of the Transvaal tevin = - : 44; A new Antr oe zon, 71; “The ferns of Mt. goles toa view), 83; Botrychium Jenmaniin — Cuba, 98. 152 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL California ferns, Notes on Southern, California ferns, Some Southern, 82 Camptosorus rhizophyllus, 62, 103 Campyloneurum, 126; angustifolium, wet spetatumn, 77; phyllitidis, 47, 76, 134 = 5 whic eee aes 76, 126; tar- Per nites ae ed 1; ion lag 88, 82; Fel ndleri pri, 18: meifo! 1 tonlovienss, 146: genus Dry- 97, 106,118; ampla, 36; aquilonaris, 36, 69; arguta, 36; athyrioi ; Clinton: 35, the- lypteris, 36, 54, 1103, 118; tome 118; unita, 36, 46 fe Dryopteris filix-mas X marginalis __ produced in cult tivation, 24 é Goldiana X marginalis im Vermont, ‘New stations for, 78 — ir yopteris, On the genu INDEX TO 64, 67, 69; coals 69; telma- teia, 40; variegatum, 67, ae alee ay » 93 penises eris, Ha tropical American of i a subgenus, 93 melee He lis ium, Extr cae | atu from H. E. Ran T, Fern seem jon aries ferns and, 9 ul Fern, A new hybri ay eo Fern, A new variety of the cinnamon, 100 Fern collecting in Cuba Fein ecllector in Florida, A 45 Ferns at hom Ferns attacked by a en sie, n Notes 3 on, — ~~ during 1909, Notes on S Fems, Notes on Southern California, Pay £59 — collecting in Southern Califor- Ferns f sp in the e vcinty of Ohio ene of the: ‘Transvaal [a review), | 153 VOLUME I Great Britain, Polypodium vulgare Gyrnangramina t riangularis, 38 Gymn — ciieinelatinn, 76; sub- cordata, 146 Gymnopteris ‘subcordata, 146; tri- gularis, 18, 66, 82 Hartford, The field aie at, 15 Harts-tongue ae, Hecistopteris Hemitelia canes. erbarium ‘Additions to the, 85; ex- oe planatum amecyparissus, 70; compan flabelliforme, 141; 141, 142; inundatum, oe 116; nek 103; obscurum, 16,103, 3 16; obscuru urum dendroid- eum, 116; ilum, 150; pung- ens, 70; selago, 67, 70; tristachyum, 103, 141, 143 — in the White Mountains, : Lygodium, i we, cabernet, a4, : ; digitatum, A Ht; :polymorphum, 136; radiatum, 125, 129 Maine, Polypodium vulgare in, 7 : Marattiales, ae, Lycopodium in- ~undatum in ‘the White Mountains, AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Notes on some ferns found during 1909, 12 Notes on Southern California ferns, Hotes on the botrychia Notes on the ferns of the a of Pines, West Indies, 129 Notes on the gra 1 , 83 Notes, thern California fern, 104 otholena aurantiaca, 146; , rh. A pi und rs the vicinity of, 101 Olfersia cervina, 77 : Onoclea, 105, 16: ee 61, 103 png pteris. cussum, 125; polypodioides, 45, Pa it, 83, 1265, Scouleri, 18, ulga ; vulgare ramosum, 8; vulgare : sinuatum, 8 z le m vulgare in Great Britain, Baek m vulgare in Maine, 7 Polypodiam vulgare L. var. auritum Cielo es es on the sting 83. Polystichum acrostichoi , 61, 103; am acrosti- choides incisum, 103: ‘onchitis, 16, _ 67, 69; munitum, 19, 39, 82; tum solitarium, 147; paeeteartl 147 | ‘Prin; _ ical sketch, 114 aquilinum, ‘47, 102; aqui-- ~linum caudatum, 46, 47; aquili- ginosa, 38; cretica, 45. espe 45, 47; aliases, 70 Ranster, INDEX TO VOLUME I : PRetz, H. W., 59; An interesting find, 137 d rus Guernsey (biograph- E — E. H. aq — —- » 88; caudatum, oS Peerophrta of the arctic regions, ‘ Preris aquilina, 15, 88; aquilina lanu- \, : » AT; longi- | extracts from let- ‘Yi 155 6 SMITH, D. A collecting trip in southern Florida, 51 ae “ge found during 1909, Notes Serbs me oli hern California ferns, 82 epi paacre nas Fern collecting sbicaiaek California fern notes, 104 Southern California ferns, Notes on, ay & Southern California ferns, Some, 82 PALD — CK D. Ferns at home . and visiting, 60 Species oF ferns based on types col- T, 146 BR Study of ferns, On the, 53 , Study of fossil ferns, The, 105° Tectaria cinnamomea. ; coriandri- folia, 77; heracleifolia, 77: -martini- censis, 77, La trifoliata, $aR ce A. Woolso: ters, 16 Nees a The ferns of Mt. Apo, 83 eo Reco, eG Cyrus € cae ERRATA P. 3, line 15 from below, p. 4, line 1, and p. 6, line 9, for Roth. ris Roth (full name). P. 3 lines 5 ind 12, for (icine) feud ae ngat oe 8, line 11, jor CH. W. Jewell) read CH. W. Jewell) [collector, nok we. 16, Mass Beas Lalo, Toe Retogdsis read Selaginella. ___P. 26, footnote 3, jor Painted read Printed. P. 29, line 6 from below, for Isetes read Isoetes P. 30, for andro ‘ia American Fern Journal Published by the AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY VOLUME 2 — CONTENTS No. 1, for January, issued 29 February 1912 Paes of: a naturalist afloat—II (Plate 1) Witttam Epwin Sarvou> 1 “The Golorado Desert for fers... ‘T. Powsea 12, ‘Random notes on B Hs i Anew name for a Hawalian fern... “Wnuam R. Maxon : enama........... Waiaau R. Maxon | Aplea for fern protection.......Ont PARKER ‘PHELps c Coe 8 ee ee ee ese te. : ‘TT ee gee eo AMERICAN Fern JouRNAL No. 3, for July, issued 3 August 1912 Notes of a naturalist afloat—IV | Wituram Epwin SarrorD 65 Vermont, the fern lover’s paradise Annies station 3 in ual Vermont for bogie filix- . _tmas and for the new hybrid filix-mas Ve Se Oe se Bee ae ee BOR} Notes and news to the Yosemite . -....+..H. Harwoop Tracy 107 te Notes and new tae “ : a Vol. 2 JANUARY 1912 No. 1 a American Fern Journal A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS Published by the AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY PHILIP DOWELL, Editor CONTENTS Notes of a naturalist afloat—ll = 1) Vitrzam Epwin Sarrorp 1 ‘The Colorado Desert forferns - ~- F, T, Pemper 12 Random notes on Bermuda ferns HaroLp Gopparp Ruee 6 A new name for a Hawaiian fern - Witiiam R. Maxon 19° A new fantom Panama = = Wes ee A plea for fern protection - - ORRA Parker Pues 22— _ A new locality for Asplenium ebenoides : CHARLES H. Brett pr = ae ‘Some iiss on North American ferns, sit ‘ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, 90 CENTS: FOREIGN oe. Ohe American Fern Society Exerutive Council OFFICERS FOR 1912 RoBERT A. WaRE, 246 Devonshire St., Boston, Mass. President NELLIE MIRICK, Oneida, N. Y. - - Vice-president Lewis S. Hopkins, A.M., Pittsburg, Pa. - - Secretary Hakoip G,. Ruce, Hanover, N. H. - - Treasurer i Counril PasT PRESIDENTS C. E.WatTers, Ph.D., Bur. Standards, Washington, D.C. Chairman Wm. R. Maxon -_ U.S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. J. H. Ferriss = : Joliet, Il. E. J. Winstow - - : Auburndale, Mass. J. A. BATES - - - South Royalston, Mass Puitie Dower, PH.D. - : Port Richmond, N.Y. Curator of the Herbarium L. 8. Hopsins - Peabody High School, Pittsburg, Pa- OFFICIAL ORGAN American Fern Journal uA An illustrated quarterly devoted to the general study Subscription, 1912, including membership in =. ferns. : the eeteapecs TERN SOCIETY, $1.00, or without ye “membership, 90 cents. Volume I, six numbers, $1.40. pene Foreign subscriptions 10 cents a year extra. Subscrip- = tions — matter = decor should be addressed to — CHMOND cM S- %, é a = 4 zi al RICAN FERN JOU AME American Fern Journal Vol. 2 JANUARY 1912 No 1. Notes of a naturalist afloat—II WILLIAM EDWIN SAFFORD (Pirate 1) Tue Firorma Keys The Florida Keys are a chain of low islands extending around the southern extremity of the peninsula from Cape Florida to the group known as the Dry Tortugas. They are in reality a continous coral reef and have been recently connected with the mainland by a railroad with a terminus at Key West.* The word ord “key”, ’, ap- plied to these small islands, is a corruption of the Spanish : “cayo,’’ which still persists in the name of Cayo: Largo. _ The name of Key West was originally Cayo Hueso or — “Bone Key.’’ From a biological point of view these _ islands are essentally West Indian instead of ag of the — 3 2 Sarrorp: NOTES OF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—II interesting work, including the completion of colored drawings of the Portuguese man-of-war and other related forms of surface life; but the stiff northern winds, which we had encountered on our way from Aspinwall, had driven the great stream to the southward of its usual course, and they were not so successful in their investi- gations as they had hoped. When Mr. Agassiz found that I was interested in natural history, he earnestly advised me to forsake botany and all other branches that could be studied as easily by investigators living on shore, and to devote myself specially _ to the study of the surface life of the ocean; since so great _ a part of my life was to be spent upon it,and I would con- _ sequently have unusual opportunities for such work. I _ was much impressed by his enthusiasm, and I resolved 3 to do as he advised. Before we left he sent me a list of — oe books which he suggested that I buy as a nucleus of a— Workin library, mostly works on the anatomy of marine : invertebrates: and he added some practical directions for = collecting: surface material by means of a townet from the decks of a ship = for the preservation of living ce animals for study. S oS this time is did not realize the difficulties which the = Tue Fiorina Keys 3 ‘What is a tomato, a fruit or a vegetable?” This is not surprising since no braneh of biological science is included in the curriculum of the Naval Academy; and a midshipman may graduate without the slightest notion of what an animal or a plant is or of the general rudiments of botany and zoology, the formation of coral ae the eauses of ocean currents, or other kindred su | Darwin, in his letters, speaks of the pene of the officers of the Beagle toward his work while he was at- tached to that vessel as naturalist. The executive officer, or first lieutenant, he says, referred to his collections as “beastly devilment,” and declared: “If I were skipper, I would soon have you and all your d—d mess out of the place.”* Huxley encountered the same spirit on board the Rattlesnake. “The singular disrespect with which the majority of naval officers regard everything that as lies beyond the sphere of routine,” he writes, ‘tends to — produce a tone of feeling very unfavorable to scientific exertions.” _ a It was in consequence of my talk with Mr. pee that I resolved to fit myself for scientific collecting on — my future cruises; and I was afterwards sent to Yale University and the laboratory of the U. 8. Fish Commis-_ oe sion at Woods Holl with this object in view, chiefly through Le _ the caciteeate of Professor Charles E. Munroe, Rear Ad- Y aes was i Cocptaiis os the Poukiie: during part ok my tour : . ok Pac on board ee — wrap Admiral Bowman oo oe : MeCa lie q ot ag 4 Sarrorp: Nores oF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—II tation of this island and the adjacent keys, and I after- wards amplified my notes by examining material in the U.S. National Herbarium at Washington. In the herba- rium, I found plants from this region collected by Dr. Edward Palmer, Mr. A. H. Curtiss, Mr. Charles T. Simp- son, and Mr. Guy N. Collins, who on an expedition to— the Keys, in 1898, was eo by Messrs. C. i Pollard and E. L. Morri Z In the town of Key West the most striking feature of the vegetation is the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), groves of which enlawce residences of the better class and in places fringe the snow-white seabeach. Most of the ornamental plants I saw here were introduced species and bowers. The first was the species mos Tue Fioripa Keys 5 equisetifolia, which I afterwards found so common on islands of the tropical Pacific; a banyan tree (Ficus sp.) with aerial roots, growing in the arsenal yard; a few small trees of the Chinaberry (Melia azedarach) with clusters of small violet-colored, or lavender flowers; and the so- called Jerusalem thorn (Parkinsonia aculeata), belonging to the Caesalpiniaceae, with clusters of bright yellow flowers and pinnate leaves with broad grasslike rachis and minute deciduous leaflets. In addition to these there was a rough-leaved tree I had never seen before, with clusters of flame-colored, petuniashaped flowers. This proved to be Cordia sebestena, belonging to the Boragina- ceae. It was known at Key West as the “‘geiger tree,” and its fruit was called “geiger berries.” There were also a number of variegated crotons and Acanthaceae, and a few amaryllids growing in pots. But among the most showy of all the ornamental plants I saw, were two _ 20. species of Bougainvillea which | — py = ine Co seen in the tropics, with bright magenta. nee (Bougain- : villea glabra), and the second a variety of Bougainvillea — bconienirand with brick-red bracts and a less robust habit | : - of growth, sometimes called B. lateritia by florists. oo : : shall now try to give some idea of the — vege- ee : tation of the Florida meee species is Aneimia adia oe ese among pine trees 6 Sarrorp: Nores OF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—II sometimes regarded as a variety of the common P. gia Polypodium phyllitidis; P. polypodioides; Phyma- s exiguum Und. (Polypodium Swartzii Baker), com- mon on Cayo Largo, where it climbs over bushes; Paltoni- um lanceolatum, growing on trees, on old Rhodes Key;and _ on the shores of Biscayne Bay, at the eastern extremity of the Keys, occur all the species mentioned above to- 2 gether with Dryopteris thelypteris and D. patens. The only conifer is Pinus heterophylla, also known as — the Cuban pine, which is also found on the Bahama = Islands. On the keys it is associated with Thrinax microcarpa and other palmettos. Be Some of the palmettos are stemless or nearly so, as in in : the case of Coccothrinax Garberi, which grows along the . shores of Biscayne Bay. Others have tall slender trunks and crowns of round fanshaped leaves, as in Coccothrinax os ona the blades of which are silvery white beneath _ and yellowish green above with orange-colored ligule at The drupes of Coccothrinax are dark purple or hile those of the genus Thrinax are white. a of T. keyensis, borne on disclike pedicels. | ‘The latter species is characterized by a large base of é Tt Ge a Fade somewhat tapering t : ae with the om bases of the On several of the keys oceurs Agave decipiens, a plas ace e-green color resembling Aloe vera but useless ts saponaceous roots. the valuable Agave sisalina, which was in rida about th: 834 by Tue Fioripa Keys 7 went, in 1910, to Sugarloaf Key for the purpose of trans- piianting plants of A. sisalina, introduced upon that island several other useful fiber plants, including Agave zapupe from eastern Mexico and Furcraea cabuya from Costa Rica. The bulbules of Agave decipiens, which resemble those of A. sisalina, have sometimes n sold to unsuspecting colonists for those of the true fiber- producing Sisal. € mangroves are perhaps the most important agent in land formation on the Florida Keys. I have already referred to those of the Isthmus of Panama. The accom- panying figure of Rhizophora mangle, reproduced from a photograph by Mr. Guy N. Collins, shows the beginning of an islet near Sugarloaf Key and illustrates in a striking manner how the arched roots can collect floating debris - borne by the currents, like the teeth of a great comb. This material in time becomes black mud and offers an inviting foothold for the various plants mney found ce associated with the mangroves. In addition to Rhizophora mangle, several other ee grovelike plants occur on the keys, but none of them — have the peculiar arched roots which characterize this es species. Conocarpus erectus, the ‘‘button mangrove,’” can be recognized by its small alderlike cones. Laguncu- a 4 _ laria racemosa has peduncled spikes of small tubular _ og flowers, leathery ribbed fruit, fleshy and veinless io ae 3 : , eo _nitida, the black mangrove, which I saw growing near Aspi a _ The flowers oe ae black ipa itts "Ford ida - § Sarrorp: NoTes OF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—II are Randia aculeata, belonging to the Rubiaceae, some- times called the inkberry, with clustered spatulate leaves and jasmineshaped flowers; Bursera simaruba, sometimes called “gombo limbo,” a corruption of ‘“goma elemi,” one of its Spanish names, so called from the aromatic masticlike gum derived from it; Mimusops Siebert, locally known as the wild sapodilla, or naseberry (Spanish “nispero,” medlar) a plant with beautiful, finely feather-— veined leaves; and the poisonous sumac, Rhus metopium, which bears red berries. : Many of the strand plants are common tropical species a Of 7 wide distribution. Among them are Sesuvium portula-_ castrum, often called seaside purslane; a seaside bean, a be Plur are: a ag Baccharis : mbrosia —— island. Ruizopuo i PHORA iGLE MANGLE, the common mangrove, bestnning an Photograph by Guy N. Collins 10 Sarrorp: NorEes oF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—II Tournefortia gnaphaloides, belonging to the Boraginaceae, is represented in Polynesia by 7. argentea; and Scaevola’ Plumieri, allied to the Lobeliaceae, with flowers having a peculiar 5-lobed corolla split down on one side, is repre-_ sented there by Scaevola Koenigii; while Maytenus phyllanthoides, with leathery leaves and bright red three- valved se , belongs to an interesting genus of Celas-_ traceae, represented i in the Straits of Magellan by May- tenus magellanica, and in the Galapagos Islands by M. obovata. While at Key West, our fare was pleasantly varied with, _ turtle meat, which was sold in the market like beef or : 7 and excellent fish of many kinds, The favorite Tue Fiorma Keys 11 Conchs, as the natives of the Bahama Islands, probably descendants of the old Buccaneers, are called; the Cuban cigar-makers, and the motley collection of negroes. Span- ish is much spoken, and the language of the Bahama Islanders can searcely be recognized as English when first heard. At one shop kept by a Bahama woman and her daughter I saw some beautiful seashells, artificial flowers, and other objects made of shells, some of them quite pretty and others atrocious. Among the shells were great “king — conchs”’ ane ne ath rough saeoaen! and exqui- sitely polished rose-colored lining; ueen conchs” (Cassis sp.) wa are also called helmet shells; pretty — cone coape: olive shells, murices, and cowries. | Of the bival perh the most remarkable was the Venus- shell ( Cleeve dione), s specimens of which I had before seen at Aspinwall. In addition to these there were — purple and orange-colored gorgonias or sea fans; corals — of many kinds, staghorn coral, brain coral, mushroom : coral, and other forms which had no names; dried star-— : 2 d sea urchins; and sponges of many forms, - of which were like great goblets and anes _ oo. neceaireertes chimneys. Under the eaves of many of the houses bn cages J ee birds of various kinds in them: card ; (cee and finchlike birds of several species. J bought ab ° — ) "(Cyonospen crs), the . 12 American Fern JouRNAL the Bahama Islands from which he had probably been blown, I do not know; but I do know that he wasa happy ‘little bird when he eseaped from his confinement, and as ‘if trying to express his gratitude he perched on a limb ne ‘ the house and sang a little song of joy. . "The Chlaade Desert for ferns Fe _¥. T. PEMBER . ot ap know, the Colorado Desert is most in PEMBER: THE CoLorapO DESERT FOR FERNS 13 acres, which is protected from the prevailing desert winds by outlying hills and mountains. This has a wonderful mineral, health-giving, hot spring, about which a little et has grown, called Palm Springs, which is becoming famous as a resort for consumptives; and many cures are reported. The mountain canyons that debouch into this basin are Chino, West, Andreas, Murray, Palm, and others. The last is the home of the famous Neowash- ingtonia filifera, and holds groves of it miles in length, the trees standing 70 to 90 feet high. These canyons have some splendid waterfalls and all can be followed far back into the range; but progress is slow, for they are full of rocks, boulders, cactus, mesquite, and a multitude of other stiff shrubs, all of which have thorns or fishhook = : claws that cling to one persistently all the way. oe It has been my fortune to have explored this entire — section at different times, but then I was collecting birds _ : for our home museum and devoting little time to _ a -ieal studies. : _Texplored this region in 1887, and again in 1890, and eae i February 1911 I found myself there once more; this. time for the purpose of collecting as many ferns as — . ° oe though knowing that the number would not be _As we approach the mouths of any of the canyons, and oS while yet the country is very arid, we find in abundance, — oo on the north side of the rocks and boulders, the beautiful ee Notholaena Parryi D. C. Eaton. ‘The little fronds: are to 4 inches long and have some resemblance to the cotton fern, N. N ewberryi D. C. Eaton. A little farther a. AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL here the growing plants have a wholly changed look. But in dried specimens it is hard to point out differences, — except that they are smaller and the stipes so brittle or jointed that it is next to impossible to keep them full — length, as they break off an inch or half inch from the frond. I have never noticed this feature in the species — from other places and it may be owing to environment, | but I predict that some botanist will yet give it specific rank. These three species are all that are common and ~ all that I found in some canyons. A ten-mile tramp to and from Chino Canyon gave me the very rare Cheilanthes _ viseida Dav., : i small tufted fern with fronds 4 to 5 inches vill be about equally divided between the two sheets. "up Chino: Canyon, where immense sulphur springs p, r we canyon, shine the only way to by clambering over boulders or jumping | r Pemper: THE CoLorRaApoO DESERT FOR FERNS 15 ideal spot for shade and water, at 1,000 feet elevation, in the perfect calm of this protected valley, but amid the scorched and blistering rocks, one can look between the hills far out on the desert till vision is obscured by swirling sandstorms. These six ferns were all I found, but others and some rarer ones have been taken later in the season in these mountains. I may add that Selaginella saben Underw. was abundant, as it is over most of A idee miles farther north, on Slover Mt., I secured the rather rare Cheilanthes Cooperae D. C. Eaton. In other sections of the state I collected Polypodium cali- SS Kaul; he Scoulert H. & G.; Wookcardva spinu- fs =. aide ha Ndidatmn Jordani C. Muell.; paris ying ee -Pellaea andromedifolia (Kaulf.) Fée.; bird-foot A ge __ ornithopus Hook. 3 Polysti stichum pee (Kaull.) Presi, oo. cand var. incites serrotins atum D. C. Eaton; Cheilanth Fend- oo -leri Hook.; Dryopteris nee arguta (Kaulf. : Underw.; te oo - Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. This last has sterile stems _ 6 feet tall. and where plentiful makes a fine spay. hes ae ‘ Many of the California ferns even after many winters spent in the state; sn feild | be there in June and July and go among the | great aia - tain ranges and through the moister n¢ of the state, I feel sure T would secure st do oe AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Random notes on Bermuda ferns HAROLD GODDARD RUGG The person who has lived in New England all his life. is usually anxious to escape the typical New England slush and mud season of April—‘‘the betwixt and _ be- tween,” as it were. For such a person, seeking a refuge _ which to botanize, Hoary? Bermuda has its attractions Yet he must not expect to find Bermuda always suns and he must be willing to experience seasickness. ; _ For the fern student alone, Bermuda may be disap- — Ruee: RANDOM NOTES ON BERMUDA FERNS’ 17 of Walsingham, the fronds are often eight inches in length and not so heavily fruited. These specimens doubtless approach the variety ‘abiia nas named by Gilbert. At Fern Cave, a cave well named, on the estate of the German consul, I found specimens of an Adiantum which Dr. R. C. Benedict, who has kindly examined my Bermuda specimens, identified as A. tenerum Sw., a species not given in Gilbert’s valuable list. Another fern common about the city of Hamilton, on the walls and roadside cuts, wherever a particle of earth has lodged, is Pteris longifolia L. Wherever this plant has secured a footing in good rich soil at the base of some wall or similar — it. bears fronds fourteen — inches long or longer. _ The other ferns of the island seem confined for the most part to one of two places, the so-called marshes, in three of which I botanized, and the Walsingham tract. In ae oles about which the ferns grow. — Devonshire i is probably the largest. , a and acres in extent, is completely covered with a growth of ferns. Most abundant of all is our own cil _ of the variety frondosa Gray. Common also are the ch: _ fern, Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm., the iad ~ Osmunda regalis L., the brake, Pteridium caud tum (L.) Maxon, and Acrostichum. excelsum : Maxon. “This pod z was: _ found saringly 3 in tony and 1s AMERICAN FERN JOURN of Devonshire Marsh and along the roadside in a few | places is Dryopteris patens (Sw.) Ktze. On a wall along the middle Devonshire road small plants of an Asplenium were found which Doctor Bene- dict calls A. trichomanes L. Certainly the plants seem exactly like those of our own species. At first I called _ them dwarfed or stunted plants of A. muticum Gilbert, for which I had been looking, but probably the true A. muticum is found only in the Walsingham tract. The _ fronds of this pretty fern as found in Walsingham, grow nearly erect, are ten or more inches long, and bear pinnae — more finely cut than those of our A. trichomanes. In __ erevices of rocks in this same Walsingham tract is found — = i = plumula HBK. and the rare nt 8 heterophylla (L.) Diels, while a eh Cave I ound sing irl fond offer Maxon: A NEW NAME FOR A HAWAIIAN FERN 19 A new name for a Hawaiian fern* WILLIAM R. MAXON The fern illustrated in the accompanying figures is a Hawaiian species of Pol l aeeccte 8 P. minimum Brack., ; ‘Pourroau 'Sarrorpit ¢ Maxon ee a, natural aie ‘ge — times which, on account of _ oe AMERICAN Fern JOURNAL | Tnvsreaniow: Uv. S. Expl. Exped. 16: pl. 1. f. 3. lowing specimens* have been examined: = hare: On and near the summit of Konahuanui, Heller : oe > M). Mountains behind Honolulu, Wilkes ,.Y, E). Without locality, altitude 3000-4000 ann & Brigham 550 (N, G, E, M); altitude 2000 ft., 1: : Without geal Lichtenthaler (N). sar: mee of trees, Maxon: A NEW FERN FROM PANAMA - 21 A new fern from Panama* WILLIAM R. MAXON The following new species of Dicranopteris was noted recently in determining a duplicate set of the ferns col- lected in Panama by Mr. R. S. Williams, of the New York Botanical Garden, in pie Dicranopteris Williamsii Maxon sp. nov. Rhizome TEDL atte closely branched, - slender, about 2 . in diameter, castaneous, rather freely aun cose, sparsely eet with Lig coriaceous lan he | rimary branches, above these olivaceous, elicately al deciduously squamulose (the seales minute, grained and bearing an occasional larger soak nite € f ‘ena pairs, erat con. apart, peeiinl wt 2 sma ron margina e B abave. convex jdm ind scattered rigidly oe stiff cage da stal ; ovate scales about 0.75 — yeni 1 gone — a AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 579209, col- lected near Cana, Panama, April 17 to June 8, 1908, by R. 8. Williams, no. 917. D. Williamsii is related to D. orthoclada (Christ) _ Underw. of the interior mountain region of Costa Rica, a species which differs widely in its glabrous condition _ throughout, its shorter and broader branches, its some- — = what flexuous rachises, its few and conspicuously sur- current segments, its much heavier costae, and its widely — -anched veins. The peculiar morphology of the family Gleicheniaceae, — represented in America by the genus Dicranopteris, 15 discussed at some length in a paper by Dr. Underwood, a which is doubtless available to many members of the American Fern Society. Most of the species grow on n, Open or partially shaded slopes, often in very Savages and mine dense, tangled thickets of Puetps: A PLEA FOR FERN PROTECTION 23 large cities and ship bale after bale of our hardy ferns to the florists. The land owners do not seem to care to put a stop to this thieving, though if so much as a hen were taken from the farm yard, there would doubtless be a flourish of shotguns. It has been argued that as the Fehon are perennials the frond harvest does no harm. But many of the ferns gathered are shallow-rooted; the men work very hurried- ly, for haste pays; and their path through the woods is marked by a windrow of broken rootstocks. How long does it take a fern to come from the spore to maturity? Surely no less than six years, probably much longer. But suppose the fronds were carefully collected, what of the scattering of spores for the production | of new ferns? When the harvest first began to be yearly gathered, — the work was done in the fall after the spores were ripe — and scattered. Every year it has begun a little earlier, till the past June I saw six bales of ferns, each containing - from 5,000 to 6,000 fronds, waiting for shipment at a little ‘gwen station. The ferns were Aspidium oot oo ginale, A. spinulosum and varieties, and Polysti Bae aeriidichobia. On none of the fronds did the spores = seem to be ripe and some fronds were still so > young | st t the tips were not fully developed. — Is not this traffic a menace to our fern ‘ont Is it not within the province of the American Fern socie | aoe some steps toward heewgene reoriea yeneratic ae gis ds? - Sansncey, Conn. AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL A new locality for Asplenium ebenoides CHARLES H. BISSELL : The so-called “Scott’s Spleenwort” is so rare that its — discovery in a new locality should be of general interest. — _ So far as Connecticut is concerned it has been known only : : from the northwestern corner of the state. One plant: was. found in the town of Canaan by Mr. J. S. Adam, in = 1876. This plant lived and flourished for about 15 years but no other plants of the fern were found near it ane this one at last disappeared. 1902 C. K. Averill found another plant in the but : at a station several miles from the other. species is, or was recently, known to grow in the eld, Mass., only a few miles from the sta- ied, so that the fern has been known in this Berlin. are extensive ridges of trap rock from southwest to north: : NoTEs AND NEWS ae tions seemed ideal for hybridizing, some really much better, apparently, than those where- the hybrid was actually found. In one instance it was some little dis- tance from Scott’s fern to where its supposed parents were growing. It does not seem here to be as nearly evergreen as either the ebony spleenwort or the walking — leaf, the fronds in the spring being mostly withered. . There are many similar ledges in the surrounding country, and if they could be examined with as much care and with as clear an eye as Mr. Bigelow has used in his explorations I believe we should have reports | of other places in Connecticut where eggs fern is gett es Sovutuineton, Cr. * the Advancement of Science | : a De bee 996 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL At the third annual meeting of the American Phyto-— pathological Society Dr. G. P. Clinton was elected presi- dent, Mr. F. C. Stewart vice-president, and Dr. C. L. Shear secretary-treasurer. At the annual meeting of the Botanical Society of America the following officers were elected: Dr. L. R. _ Jones president, Dr. B. M. Duggar vice-president, Dr. __ G. T. Moore secretary, and Dr. Wm. Trelease councilor. _ Other councilors are Dr. C. L. Shear and Dr. R. = ar with Dr. Arthur ek, the treasurer. Leip, Ge ermany. SoME LITERATURE ON NortH AMERICAN FERNS 27 Some literature on North American ferns, 1911 Notse.—Some of the publications here listed contain the mere pene of ferns, while others deal primarily with ferns or other pteridophyt Allen, R. F. Studies in spermatogenesis and apogamy in ferns. Tran. Wisconsin Acad. Sci: 17: 1-56. pl. 16. O 1911. Benedict, R. C. Botrychium Jenmani in Cuba. Am. Fern Jour. 1: 98,99. 7 Au 1911. Benedict, R. C. Do ferns hybridize? Science II. 33: 2%, 256. 17 F YOLL. Benedict, R. C. The genera of the fern tribe Vittarieae: their external morphology, venation, and relation- ships. Bull. —— Club 38: 153-190. ght 5 My 1911. oe Benedict, R.C. A new Cuban fern. Am. Fern Jour. 1: 40-43. pl. 2. 13 F 1911. Aneimia nipeensis. a E. W. Contributions to the Moe iors - “2 the ‘AGeatte coastal plain—VII. Bull. Torrey Club 38: 399-424. pl. 18, 19. 6 © 1911. : Berry, E. W. A Lower Cretaceous species of Schizaea- oS ceae from eastern North America. — Ann. ase 25: mete oo 198. pl. 12, Ja 1911. [Ilust.] oe Blanchard, W. H. Lycopodium com oma at um near _ Hartl Vermont. Rhodora- AB: 2u, 22. oOo > Wi. | _ Blanchard, W. H. ine fabeiforme: i dora 13: Pigs 3 OS 1911. . - oe _ Blake, S. F. Pteridophyte notes from m eastern as -chusetts. Rhodora 13: 11-103. 5 Je 19H. a AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL _ Brause, G. Cyatheaceae. Polypodiaceae. (In Ur- __ ban, Nova genera et speeies V.) Symb. Ant. 7: 151- : (156; 156-160. 15 D 1911. . e Britton, E.G. Fern ae in Cuba. Am. Fern — — Sour. 1: 75-77. 3 My 1911 Cary, M. A biological survey of Colorado. N. Am. : _ Fauna 33: 1-256. pl. 1-12 + f. 1-39. 17 Au 1911. < CG. M. The anatomy of the sporeling of : “ Marattia alata. Bot. Gaz. 51: 81-101. pl. 9-12 +4 1-3. 16 F 1911. HH Filices Wilsonianae. Bot. Gaz. 51: 345- fi whe On eis, a peat genus of ferns. sonian Mise. Coll. 56: 1-3. pl. 1+ f. 1. -. from Jamaica. 6 = Sp. Nov Be Prsitpt of the iede I : 65-70. 3My 1911. h 1e Leet American species : ueewiiag Am. Fern. Sout, m. palmatum a 3 18 Au 19tl. SoME LITERATURE ON NortH AMERICAN FERNS 29 Clute, W. N. The pes: of Asplenium alternans. Fern Bull. 19: 38-42. Clute, W. N. pets, latifolia. Fern Bull. 19; 46-48. 1911. [Illust.] | Clute, W. N. Pteridographia. Fern Bull. 19: 53- 56. 1911. Clute, W. N. Rare forms of fernworts—XVII. Fern Bull. 11-14. 1911. [Illust.];—X VIII. Fern 19: Bull. 19: 50-52. 1911. [Illust.] : _ Darling, N. Additions to Hartland ork: in 1910. Vermont Bot. Club Bull. 6: 19. Ap 1911. Detmers, F. The vascular plants of the cranberry bog in Buckeye Lake. Ohio Nat. 11: 305. 3 Ap 1911. - Dowell, P. Notes on ferns attacked by a xs roller. Am. Fern Jour. 1: 58, 59. 13 F 1911. oe Dowell, P. On the study of ferns. Am. Fern Jour. cs a «83-58. 13 F 1911, | cee Edwards, S. C. Notes on he gray polypody. Am. , Fern Jour. 1: 83. 3 My 1911. ae Se Ferguson, M. C. Imbedded sce! cells in the Poly ae - podiaceae. Bot. Gaz. eee tied 448 pl. 26, Oy Je 1911. see | Fernald, M.L. A botanical capelition: to Newfour a land and southern Leben, | ‘Rhodora = 109-162. ple 86-91. 21 I ~~ eee : Peecies: 3.4 e finding of {Aelia « Fern Bull. 19: 36-38. l9Ll. - list of the fern and seed ns eon : _vation. Beagi 1-124. 1911. 30 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL - Greene, F. C. The ferns of northwestern Missouri. Fern Bull. 19: 14, 15. 1911. Heller, A. A. Flora of the Ruby Mountains—Il. Muhlenbergia 7: 113-120. © 1911. Hill, E. J. Lycopodium porophilum in the Dells of the oe Wisconsin. Fern Bull. 19: 1-3. 1911. a Hopkins, L. S. A list of the ferns found in the vicinity : of | ei ee Pa. Am. Fern Jour. 1: 101-103. 7 ~ “Hopkins, L.S. A new variety of the cinnamon fem Am. Fern Jour. 1: 100, | 7 Au 1911. [lust] ~ aes _ Osmunda cinnamomea auriculat oe - Jennings, O. E. Notes on oie of the Isle of Pines, — West Indies. Am. Fern Jour. 1: 129-136. 29 N 1911- es Tev.. Ferns of San mice County, California. | Bull. 19: 42-46. 1911 man, C.C. Notes on Southern California ferns. tm Jour. 1: 37-40. 13 F 1911. \. B. Notes on the Pteridophyta of souther 7 run | Fern Bull. 19: 4-7. 1911. F.H. |The study of fossil ferns. Am. Fem ei Pisiagg i Ophioglossum. D 1911. om the South. Am. F co : ri i SoME LITERATURE ON NortH AMERICAN FERNS 31 Moxley, G. L. Southern California fern notes. Am. Fern Jour. 1: 104. 7 Au 1911. Morris, F. J. A. Club mosses. Ottawa Nat. 24: 169-175. 9 Ja 1911. Nieuwland, J. A. Some Linnaean trivial names. Am. Mid. Nat. 2: 97-122. 158 1911. Orcutt, C. R. Flowerless plants of the _— States. West Am. Sci. 18: 9-40. 8 1911. Pember, F. T. A fern collector in Florida. Am. Fern Jour. 1: 45-48. 13 F 1911. Pennell, F. W. Flora of the Conowingo barrens of — southeastern Pennsylvania. Proc. Acad. as Ses Philadelphia 62: 541-584. F 1911. Petry, L.C., & Markle,M.S. An ecological survey of Whitewater Gorge. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. ee o 345. 7 1-9, 1011, : aS : Poyser,W. A. The identity of pee: Ferrissi with a : A, alternans. Fern Bull. 19: 33-36. 191i. ee : cnmphetins we The oak ang eee ferns. Fern Bull. 19: a | Walking ferns. Fem Bull 19: 48, 49. | on of Lath Counts, , Renesas e a As Cow a a Ww. ‘An interesting fi 29 N a. (ast) m Bradleyi D. C- oe _ AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Safford, W. E. Notes of a naturalist afloat—I. Am. Fern Jour. 1: 121-129. pl. 5. 29 N 1911. Shimek, B. The prairies. Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Univ: Iowa 6?: 169-240. pl. 1-14. 01911. Shreve, F. Studies on Jamaican Hymenophylliasaaa Bot. Gaz. 51: 184-209. f. i-s. 15 Mr 1911.- 3 Sinnott, E. W. The evolution of the filicinean leaf trace. Ann. Bot. 25: 167-191. pl. 11 + f. 1-11. Ja or . Peon E.W. Some features of the anatomy of the foliar bundle. Bot. Gaz. 51: 258-272. pl. 17. 17 Ap i : ‘Smith, J. De : A Acoletng oP in ‘eget Florida. Am. 51-53. cee Fem at aaegt and visiting. pl. 3. I3F I19ili. As Ni al survey of na Galapagos cad. Sci. sot ~ tl Vol. 2 APRIL 1912 No. 2 American Bern Journal A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS Published by the AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY PHILIP DOWELL, Editor CONTENTS Notes of a naturalist afloat—IIl (Plates 2, 3) Wittum Epwin Sarrorp 33 Lycopodium selago from Ohio - Lewis 8. Horxins 46 Observations on some Lycopodiums of Hartland, Vt. Nancy Darina 49 Carl Frederik Albert Christensen: some sg notes ortrait) - oo Benepict 53 Letter to the members of the American Fern care Rosert A. Ware 53 Some hybrid ferns in Connecticut - - E.J. Wrstow 63 Notes and news 64 ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, 90 CENTS; FOREIGN, $3.00 PORT RICHMOND, N. Y. | _ Entered as nd class matter matter at the Fort Riches, ©: Post Office, Se, iit under the Af Maz _ Che American Hern Society Executive Council OFFICERS FOR 1912 ROBERT A. WarRz, 246 Devonshire St., Boston, Mass. President NELLIE Miricx, Oneida, N. Y. + - Vice-president Lewis 8. Hopxins, A.M., Pittsburg, Pa. - - Secretary Harorp G. Rucc, Hanover, N. H. - - Treasurer Advisory Connril PAST PRESIDENTS C.E.Warters, Ph.D., Bur. Standards, Washington, D.C. Chairman Wa. R. Maxon -_ U.S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. J. H. Ferriss “ a Joliet, Hl. E. J. Wixstow < i _ Auburndale, Mass. J. A. Barres * = a South Royalston, Mass- PHILIP DowELL, PH.D. ~ : Port Richmond, N.Y. - Curator of the Herbarium L. 8. Hopgrins : Peabody High School, Pittsburg, Pa- OFFICIAL ORGAN American Hern Journal = 1 = oe quarterly devoted to the general study oo Subscription, 1912, including membership im = the "AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY, $1,00, or without membership, 90 cents. Volume I, six numbers, $1.40. for Sous = be addressed 10 Mas, scriptions 10 cents a year extra. — Se AMERICAN ‘FERN JOURNAL Vou. 2, PLATE 2 TREE FERN, CratHea arponea (L.) J. E. Sm. uquillo Mountains, Porto Rico FRO aha So Aumvrican Fern Journal Vol. 2 APRIL, 1912 No 2. Notes of a naturalist afloat—III .-WILLIAM EDWIN SAFFORD (PiatEs 2, 3) * Porto Rico The island of Porto Rico is situated in the sath of the moisture-laden trade winds. It has an abundant rain- fall, yet such is the nature of its topography that the northern part gets more than its share of water while the southern coast is comparatively arid and is s covered with xerophytic vegetation. Mm my first visit to the island it ‘seemed a vision of e paradise as the mists cleared away and revealed the Mountains of Luquillo with their silvery, thr adi Cees wad oabex desert plants, # it s sug’ scene from the inferno. ee 5 ne was on St. Valentine’ s day, F ru: vy 34 Sarrorp: NoTEs OF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—III to get ashore. I remember the apple-green stretches of sugar cane, as we steamed along the north coast back to the entrance of San Juan harbor; the little huts nestling under palm trees along the shore; the schools of flying- fish which scurried out of the way of the pilot boat that came out to meet us, like grasshoppers from the path of a rambler through summer fields; the consequential lit- tle Spanish pilot who did not know a word of English, for whom I was obliged to act as interpreter; the vener- able Castillo del Morro, guarding the narrow entrance _ to the landlocked harbor; the swarm of bumboats coming out to sell us “chinas” and “guineos,” which we found _ out to be new names for oranges and bananas; the high, _ Inassive walls surrounding the ancient city, founded by | - Ponce de Leon more than a hundred years before the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers. - can recall now the peculiar sensation I felt as we paved streets” ‘and the cries of the street venders; the S ie with | their black mantillas and their attendant © og maids or chaperons; the politeness of our barefoot negro _ = "Buide, who fined the feet” of every old colored woman wee : of inner courts, or patios, through i ‘the: doors of the square whitewashed or blue-washed a ous black coffee and the white unsalted — : butter | at the hotel: the excursion on the little tramway to the suburban village of Rio Piedras, with its clumps and bananas; the Spanish soldiers in the — sh players at the theater, who sang and danced graceful “boleras;” the islar ders i in the cafes and dance h halls Porto Rico 35 refrain: there is not space here to tell of all the novel and interesting features of San Juan, which gave us our first impression of the island and made us realize that we were ina Faget with customs and etiquette very different from our ow At the aba. where I dined with a native Portori- quenio, I heard a discussion of island politics. There seemed, even at that time, to be dissatisfaction with the mother country. I was told that the islanders were overtaxed, the merchants compelled to pay unjust licenses, the lower classes treated like slaves and the better class with disdain. Enormous sums were squandered in keep- ing the city wall in repair; and nothing had been done toward establishing good roads throughout the island. cost of the army was enormous. No recruiting among the islanders was permitted, but all soldiers were brought from Spain. The conversation suddenly ¢ : as a Spanish officer passed our table; but one of the’ gentlemen added under his breath: ‘““We have the same heart, the same soul as Cuba. Wait! Our time will os come some day.” . It did come, shortly befece my Lidicnd vik, ian -— a in the summer of 1898. When we landed at the Playa po _ of Ponce we heard how our invading d been re-— ceived by the islanders. We tad ‘expected 1 We were met with showers of oranges, —— and cigars and with cries of “vivan los Americanos VWs e also” : i Loaner to oranges, bananas, and mangos, which were 36 Sarrorp: NoTEs OF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—III tough diminutive horses sank to their knees at every step. A visit to the Luquillo Mountains, which had ap- peared so inviting from the sea, was out of the question, and much of the country that was accessible had an ex- hausted, worn-out look which was disappointing. We crossed the harbor to Catafio, where we found a charac- teristic mangrove formation, and we explored a short stretch of the seacoast, outside the harbor, where the strand vegetation proved to be very similar to that of the Florida Keys. In the market of San Juan there were many tropical fruits and other preducts which were new to us. on the island after its discovery, there were elusters of orange-red flowers. The city 3 Porto Rico 37 island from Africa at an early date, in all probability as food for the negro slaves, who took the place of the ab- original Indians exterminated through the persecution by the Spaniards. Between my first and second visits I added consider- able material from various sources to my notes on island vegetation, and I have amplified them since from her- arium material in the National Museum; chiefly from the collections of Mr. George P. Goll, who accompanied Mr. O. F. Cook and Mr. Guy N. Collins, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, on their expedition to the island in 1899;* as well as from the report of Professor L. M. Underwood, who, together with Mr. Robert F. Griggs, accompanied them on a second visit in 1901. Before my second visit, in the summer of 1898, a fine “ military road had been constructed across the island — = from San Juan to Ponce. I shall never forget my first drive from the Playa, where we landed, on the south coast of the island, to the city of Ponce. On both sides of noha! road there were lines: ificent flamboyant trees (Poinciana regia) in full eens Ye sot ies are called fire trees; and the name is well chosen for their spreading crowns seemed fairly blaze wit : : favorably, with its clean Late its” — p : Spani mm E their patios 38 Sarrorp: NoTES OF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—III aril. The latter is the part eaten, either stewed, Bee or baked. On the Isle of Pines it is known as “‘bra food.” The limestone region to the westward of Ponce is char- acterized in many places by scrubby vegetation includ- ing cactus thickets. There are also several palmettos, including Inodes causiarum Cook, from which the natives make hats, and Thrinax ponceana Cook, of which this is the type locality. Near the village of Guayanilla there is a veritable cactus forest including columnar and quad- r forms of Cereus, treelike and prostrate opuntias, and ‘the “melon de costa’ ’(Melocactus portoricensis.. j ess xerophytic plants of this region are the aromatic Amyris balsamifera, species of Bumelia, Forestiera, amia, the troublesome burgrass Cenchrus tribuloides, — aa pooncing to the genera Atriplex and Porto Rico 39 including the yellow-flowered Bignonia unguis; and in the vicinity grow tamarinds, sapodillas, and other fruits together with the starch-yielding marunguey (Zamia media). Near the margins of the springs grow the “ lantrillos del pozo,”’ Adiantum capillus-veneris and A. ten- erum; in the neighboring swamp Acrostichum aureum, so often found in marshes near the sea; and in the water of ditches, Ceratopteris deltoidea. _ Beyond Coamo the road dips down into a deep valley and crosses a little river by a well constructed bridge. It then begins to climb toward the mountain pass 0: Aibonito, the point where the Spaniards took their stand to resist the American invasion. Magnificent views present themselves one after the other as the road i about a labyrinth of mountain ridges, with the beauti- LS ful blue Caribbean Sea to the southward. after — passing beneath a lofty cliff, the mountain wee is reached a and beyond it the village of Aibonito. ok Approaching Cayey, farther on, there occurs a percep tible change in ~ laden breeze which almost continuously sweeps the oe : of the hills. This is the main tobacco center of the is- land. Beautiful tree ferns, Cyathea arborea, and dense aoe groves of mountain palms (Acrista monticola) make _— 40 Sarrorp: NorEs OF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—III Melastomas and Piperaceae. At Guayama there are sugar plantations and many useful plants, including a ar cactus (Cereus), which climbs over walls and bushes and bears edible pitahayas, as large as goose eggs. Returning to Cayey, the road proceeds northward to- ward Caguas, shaded in places by trees clothed with epiphytal ferns, and passing numerous clumps of tree ferns, Cyathea arborea. At-the village of Beatriz occurs : dibulsebedain ud Avpleniae : re reaching Rio Piedras there AMERICAN Fern JOURNAL Vou. 2, pLate é a : BRACEAE, €tc. Caguas: Buiscunvm occipentate, M BLASTOMACEAE PrP Roadside bank between R =e Porto Rico 41 tropical fruits of all kinds grow luxuriantly. This pla is the home of Dr. Augustin Stahl, the eminent botanist and archeologist of the island, and his accomplished daughter. For some distance to the westward the rich soil continues, offering an inviting field for American enterprise, especially for the cultivation of citrus fruits. On proceeding along the north coast toward Arecibo, palms of several species are encountered. Near the shore, there are stretches of sand and occasional saline ponds surrounded by desertlike vegetation. Farther inland a series of domelike hills can be seen, which at one time ore were probably coral islands. These are covered with forest trees, and above the general level a vegetation ’ the - -erests of palms (Aeria attenuata Cook), which from a a _ distance appear to be floating in the air; for their t trunk are so slender as to be invisible. This part of the coast recalls the eastern extremity of the island of of Cuba, where _ similar palms can be seen from the Cm At Arecibo occurs another palm (Thrincon with a remarkably tall and slender - mediate vicinity extensive fields of su seen. From Arecibo a road leads soutl _ offering a succession of magnificent view winding valley of the Rio Grande.* = region is encountered and the road passes beneath _ cliffs crowned with endemic fan mong morphic region, where the character of : hsena al sade then ee: Z anti 42 Sarrorp: NoTEs OF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—III Many of the coffee plantations are reached only by moun- tain trails across ridges and ravines, which yield a rich and varied harvest. At Isolina, westward from Ciales, there is an area of primeval forest, including magnificent specimens of tabanuco trees (Dacryodes excelsa), the : _ straight smooth white trunks of which sometimes rise to a height of more than a hundred feet. Near Utuado the slopes are more or less deforested, but there are beautiful clumps of royal palms (Roystonea _ borinquena) which add grace to the landscape, and in the © ravines there are rank growths of ferns, aroids, Pipera- — ceae, and Melastomaceae. Higher up there are groves — ae mountain palms (Acrista monticola), and the limbs — 2 and trunks of the hardwood trees are clothed with filmy phan At the inter Porto Rico © 43 esting old town of Mayagiiez an Agricultural Experiment Station has been established. Considerable sugar is produced in this vicinity, as well as excellent pineapples; and this is the principal center of the hat-making industry, on account of the groves of palmettos (Inodes causarum) which grow here spontaneously. The well known Carlu- dovica palmata, from which the so-called Panama hats are made, has been introduced in this region together with many other useful plants. Aguadilla, a port near the northwest corner of the island is connected by roads with coffee plantations in the interior, the most import- oe ant of which are about San Sebastian; and near Isabel on the north coast, pomelos or grapefruits, said to be — the most delicious in the world, are now produced and cae _ sent in quantities to foreign markets. “oe But the forests of the Luquillo Mountains, at the ‘oppo- 3 Site extremity of the north coast of the island, are more interesting to the botanist, and are so important from the conservationist’s point of view that they have been made a forest reserve.* Here, between the alt itudes of 500 and 2,000 feet occur four of the most important _ timber trees of the island: the tabanuco, laurel sabino _ ausubo, and guaraguao. Of the tabanuco (D _ excelsa) I have already spoken in connection . of Toohna- When — its | 44 Sarrorp: NOTES OF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—III ounces: pendula), a true laurel; and the leguminous ? (Andira jamaicensis) with purplish papilion- aceous ieee and rounded or elliptical, one-seeded,_ pod which are much relished by bats. Among the lianas are _ species of Philodendron and Anthurium, belonging to the — arum family; a wild yam (Rajania Sintenisii), and the “bejuco de palma” (Marcgravia Sintenisii). There are also succulent Begonias with pink flowers (B. portoricen- sis); Realnemias, allied to the gingers and Alpinas; and a number of Melastomaceae and Piperaceae. One of : the most disagreeable features of the region is the occur- — -rence of cutting sedges called cortadero, or razor ec a -(Seleria spp.).* _ Above the elevation of 2,000 feet the timber is for the Porto Rico 45 Fadyenia prolifera, the fronds a which take root at their tips like our own walking fern. But the crowning glory of the Pteridophytes are the tree ferns. Nothing more graceful can be imagined than Cyathea arborea, with its slender trunk, its young fronds uncurling at the tips like bishops’ crooks, and its lacelike pinnae silhouetted against the sky. The accompanying illustration (PLATE 2, frontispiece), reproduced from a photograph in Dr. John C. Gifford’s report on the Lu- quillo Forest Reserve, will serve to show its beauty better than any possible description. Other tree ferns of these mountains are Cyathea portoricensis, the prickly ;-stemmed — Hemitelia horrida, and at least two species of Alsophila. I have neglected to mention the caves which occur in _ _ various localities on the island. Some of them furnish a supply of bat = which has been found to be highly _ beneficial in fertilizing worn-out sugar fields and other areas exhausted by centuries of cultivation. — In these ‘eaves various articles of archeological interest have been found. But there is not space here to speak of the ves- tiges of the aboriginal inhabitants of Porto Rico, some of of which, especially objects of stone in the shape of | or collars and peculiar three-pointed stones, are ‘to be classed _ among the enigmas of archeology.t . As I think of the beautiful island with its tree : hills, its picturesque | valleys, and smiling fields cane, I rejoice that it is ours. It is to be he —- seabed will realize the pape es have 46 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL station and have introduced many useful plants and trees; and we have established schools for the benefit of rich and poor, and have given the citizens a voice in their own government. Complaints sometimes reach the papers, which point to discontent among the islanders; but these may often be traced to disappointed politicians seeking public office, or to taxpayers who expected all taxation to © cease after the American occupation of the island. They now ask for the privilege of United States citizenship or autonomy. It remains for us to convince them that we have the real interests of all the islanders at heart, and that every official act is for the lasting benefit of Porto : Rico. _ Lycopodium selago from Ohio LEWIS S. HOPKINS ort : nies trip was made to Dundee, Tusea- 0., Ohio, in the early part of August 1911. While a the sandstone rocks for Lycopodium pore phikem Lloyd « Und., which grows here rather spon ve cm. a profusio — which form > ZONES, Hopkins: LycopopIuM SELAGO FROM OHIO 47 upper eels decidedly appressed; foliage —~ from middle portion of stem 7.5-8.51.5 mm., entire or very slightly eae middle portion of leaf ate very anid if at all wider than the ae! foliage leaves from upper part of stem 4-5x1 m entire, and tapering uniformly to the base; sporophylis ee 5.2X1- 1.3 m mm.» re, act mminate hidden by leaves; profusely gemmiparous ; On sandstone rocks at an altitude of shat 350 meters. | For the purpose of comparison Lloyd and Underwood’s | sig Samara of wens acars ee = is given: “ Pros n of stem very short, abundantly 1.54 mm.) to lin canunonesiats te (0.5 mm <5 mm.) 28 or aciculate (1 mm.><8 mm.), broadest at the hollow base, oe gradually tapering to the acuminate apex, en ire: spor- ophylls shorter than the leaves, tra reniform; plant very frequently g re at will be seen, then, by ¢ comparison possesses the three most marked character . selago, viz, hollow leaves, a mass of roots, and . - gemmae. To one who sees the plant growin _ it for the first time, the abundant gemmae mass of tangled roots, will be sufficient i — related species. 48 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL tbc FROM Deunper, Oxto rom photograph of herbarium s specimen Daruinc: Lycopoprums or Hartianp, Vt. 49 On account of its intermediate character this plant might be supposed to be a hybrid. Or, it might be con- sidered sufficiently distinct to be described as a new species. However, although it is not typical Lycopodium selago L., it is here included in that widely distributed © and very variable species, according to the present classi- fication of the genus Lloyd and Un decqoud® give the distribution of z selago as pales. ‘Greenland, Labrador, Newfoundl ‘Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, North Carolina, Idaho, Washington, Alaska, St. George Island (Behring Sea). A plant with strongly reflexed leaves but not otherwise _— from L. ‘Selago is — _by specimens as follows a “Ipano: = North Fork Basin. eee ee Top of a mountain at the’ va in Monroe County. The only record.” a Peasopy HicH ScnooL, -PirrssureH, Pa. 50. AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL covered growing together in a spot close to the bog, where numerous hummocks displayed the qualities of the plants to great advantage. Here the ring of L. _ sabinaefolium was probably forty feet in diameter and could be easily distinguished by its leaves, which give it the look of a trailing cedar. Reindeer moss, Poly- trichums, and Hypnums were mingled with the club mosses, all being in the partial shade of scattered young — maples. In this region L. tristachyuwm is very dense in growth, especially where it is in the open. Its funnel-_ shaped fans are so heavy as to feel almost leaden in the — _ hand; its color is a > glaucous blue-green, and its — DariinG: Lycopopiums oF HARTLAND VT. 51 Swamp, on a rocky hill, specimens of a Lycopodium whose peduncles bore two, three, and four spikes, similar to those of the Hart Island plants, but whose branches re- sembled those of L. complanatum L. The branchlets were broad and flat, as in the latter species; but the leaf tips were far more spreading, even bristling. Dr. Ezra Brainerd, of Middlebury, Vt., in 1910, ex- pressed his observation of the apparent ihigihie of L. tristachyum and L. complanatum characteristics in speci- mens from N. Hartland and Hart Island. In the Spruce — Swamp form, the crossing of these two species is even more strongly suggested. The soil of Spruce Swamp is, in places, a dry loam, somewhat like that of the Eshqua Bog’s outer limits, where the rocks are Conway schists. Now, the question is, Does Lycopodium complanatum um L. oe grow in Hartland? If so, it might eross with L. tristachy- oe um Pursh. Mr. W. H. Blanchard bas deseribed, in Rho- ae dora for October 1911, a station of it, true to the t yPe, which was discovered May 7 ,; 1910, by Mr. be G.I uge, in the Lull Brook valley, near x Ms §2 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL just as in the true L. tristachyum, but have the divergent leaf tips of L. complanatum, it is possible that they are hybrids of these two species. Lycopodium complanatum L. var. flabelliforme Fernald being very abundant in every part of the town, the crossing may be with that rather than with the type. Lrcoropium win. 1. L. complanatum L., from Garvin Hill. 2. L. complanatum from Hartland village. 3. L. complanatum flabelliforme F Fernald, from Jenneville. * L. tristachyum Pursh, from Eshqua af i tristachyum Pursh, from North h Hartland. . L, tristachyum , from Hart fsland. _ Indeed, * a flabelliforme varies exceedingly in . sec For i , in Jenneville, there is a spot, — “by a branch of Lull Brook where large plants of # it, BenepicT: Cart FREDERIK ALBERT CHRISTENSEN 53 growing under maples and young hemlocks, yield pe- duncles that support one, two, three, four, five, and six spikes, all aberrant, in that each spike is lengthened into an awllike tip of leaves. On the crest of Sunset Ridge, “ Appledore,” is a sta- tion where the plants show the same characteristics in fruiting, in addition to having the trailing stems form a distinct ring. In the latter place, there are hummocks — Os open to the sun, over which some of the or. a i. students in Hartland invite aoa! observation oe _ of these forms on the part of any and all interested in — e plant morphology and ecology. Specimens of the ten. . ent lycopodiums mentioned in this article have been — placed in the herbarium of t' he Ha and Nature Club, _ and photographs of them have. been taken de Mrs. Evaline Darling Manta i : : : _ Woonstocx, NE a R, ee C. BENEDICT (wine ponrmart), ‘Some years ago, in the winter of 189 . student = was peepetiog. © oe AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL fern book ever issued. With its 744 pages, including _ 23,499 specific names, it bears about the same relation to fern study that a dictionary bears to the study of a foreign age. Since this much needed task was com- . pleted, Mr. Christensen has published a number of im- _ portant monographic papers dealing especially with the _ genus Dryopteris. Three of his shorter papers have _ appeared in the American Fern JourNat, and it is with __ aview of making readers of the Journat better acquainted _ with Mr. Christensen that the present article is written. _ Carl Frederik Albert Christensen was born in a village No on the island of Lolland in South Denmark on the 16th — of January 1872. His early education was obtained in- the elementary and higher schools of the island of Falster. _ In 1888 he went to a secondary school in Copenhagen to — prepare for the entrance “examen” of the University of | sie 86 & profemion, but after this he decided Oi ee natural science, particularly botany, which = eo had hee Hes: a favorite. pursuit of his. His teacher in ae ‘this subject was Prof. Eu genius Warming. Beside botany, oe he studied also physics, chemistry, zoology, ae mays and geology — In 1900 he received the degree of] Master of Science from the university. Since then he - : - worked j in the library and museum of the university, eS - - has taught i in the secondary schools. The botanical — i library there is ‘particularly: Tich in old literature, which : | Sotiegtomes | oe setae ag en of the ___ 1m October 1900 he was married to Miss Aff Derschen. ‘Since then three — have been born. = Benepict: CARL FREDERIK ALBERT CHRISTENSEN 55. plants. As already noted, he had occasion in the init of 1894-1895, to choose some group of plants as a “‘spe- ciale,”’ i. e., one which he !ad to study so thoroughly that he seit be said to know it perfectly. At that time he was engaged in collecting in the field, winter stages of the wild plants of his country. On one excursion, on a cold winter day when the ground was white with snow, he came into a beech forest where he found in the snow some fern leaves which were still quite fresh and green, __ offering a beautiful contrast to the white snow. He knew at that time scarcely more than a dozen fern species, and _ the beautiful leaves which he had found seemed entirely — unknown to him. He preserved some of the leaves: and as he later tried to identify them, he was struck with their beauty: in their beautiful outline and delicate” 2 structure, they seemed to him seuhetiees ® far to surpass believed then to be the reputed hybric tata X spinulosa, sometimes identified with “ss 56 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL stand Danish. In the higher schools, English together. with German, French, and Latin are taught, but at my time English was read only, not written or spoken as in the present secondary schools. As a young student I could read English but scarcely write anything correctly. During my botanical studies, I was compelled almost daily to read. English scientific literature, and peu @ peu I learned the usual combinations, scientific words, etc. _ _Thave thus taught myself to write English. Be-_ ginning & correspondence with foreign bikanicts. I tried _ to write: partly in German and partly in English. Ger-_ man is eany for us Danes to speak but very difficult to : > chi as my language ols corre- and 1. an write all my letters, even to Ger- lish. I know very well that my English ; also that I can express my thoughts $0 » concisely t that I capes fear to be mis- < Benepict: Cart FREDERIK ALBERT CHRISTENSEN 57 On the American species of —— sect. Bolbitis. Bot. Tidsskr. 26: 283-297. f. 1-8. 30 N 1904 3. A new Elaphoglossum from caer Bot. Tidsskr. 26: 299, 300. 30 N 1904. | 4. Index Filicum i-lx+1-744. 1905. 5. Revision of the American species of Dryopteris ofthe group of D. opposita. 1-90. 1907. (Kgl. Danske S = Tidensk. Selsk. Skrifter VIL. 4: 247-386.) _ 6. Dryopteris nova brasiliensis. Repert. oP Nov. 6: 380, . ae 381. 1Mrl eS -4. On Stigmatopteris a new _— of ferns eS a Bot. wien bide: The American eats of the group DY) contained i in the U. 8. — berg in temperate e South ne 1-82. pl. 1. f. 1-4. 98 1910. . Am. F 58 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Letter to the members of the American Fern Socie ROBERT A. WARE It is probable that among the first questions that come to the mind of one who finds himself the nominal head of ee organization, are those which pertain to the larger 1 ess and greater efficiency of that organization. aes a turn in the wheel of fortune has brought me into this new relation with this society, I have been asking _ myself what ean be done to make it more interesting, more profitable, more worth while. Without expecting — too much, and yet with a desire to stimulate if I may, 2 the fruitful energies of our society, I venture to offer sev- _ | eral suggestions pointing to that desired end. a of believe that it is proper that we should ask ouiegs : Le : : ; that the society will : as what we e make it, nothing ingre, and that much de- ~ pends upon our answer to the last of these two questions. Ware: LETTER TO THF MEMBERS 59 printed, creditable in every way, and in which we can all take pride. We have a society herbarium, instituted through the initiative of the late Alvah A. Eaton and recently, by the commendable efforts of our present energetic curator, put into more available shape for use, from which any member may, by paying the cost of transportation, borrow authoritatively named specimens with —_— to compare his own. Finally we have the postal service, making communi- . cation easy. a Here, then, are resources at hand sufficient to ‘ie ae to us individually far more than most of us are at secret ‘Tealizing. a I am disposed to believe that our nee g ‘would welcome a larger intercourse. While _ there are those who are so occupied with their Ose that sad would find it er to take 60 : AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL is one of helpfulness. They should be made to feel, also, that fern students, whether advanced or beginners, need no special introduction to each other, but that our common membership may be counted as sufficient ground for approach, and that any hesitation lest our advances _ shall not be looked upon with cordiality should be put — aside. I would therefore urge those who are not already — doing so, to write some of their fellow members, write if only to ask a question and then follow where that step — shall lead . His to ‘te one that, with all proper regard for the preservation of the wild plants, you are forming an her- barium. This contributes to one’s cumulative knowledge - plished and as a basis for further study. Here again is. a — — which you can work to your own = ae ‘sometimes inclined to say that only the common specie oe grow in our neighborhood and that no one wants them | gies ah we cater = be Teminded _ the ‘comin Ware: LETTER TO THE MEMBERS 61 As to the JourNAL, although we have an able editor we should not let him carry the burden alone. It is safe to say that he weleomes contributions not only of a technical, somewhat ponderous character, but others as well in lighter vein, short, pointed, crisp notes, and the simple reports of observations in, the field or elsewhere. Such as these we all enjoy, for they give life and zest to a periodical and are much to be desired. The things that have interested you are likely to interest others, - and one need not be a skillful writer to tell of the things — which have interested him, nor should he wait for the . time when he may write a fine “article.” We want ‘the oS _ variety which results from many contributors. ‘Furthe “alee More, this society, because of its widely scattered membe _ ship, lacks an advantage possessed by many organiza- = tions, in that it is unable to get its members together in any considerable numbers for acquaintance and — sion. This emphasizes the desirability both of kin = more use Rass the JOURNAL as a is another y way in which ; you on heap made even of the. pieaers n sp ee AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL mounted on standard herbarium sheets it will be so much more a help, but that is not necessary. And if you cannot send many, send a few. Finally, you can help by giving to the officers your criticisms and your suggestions for making the society more helpful. Therefore, do not hesitate to express your _ sentiments. ie the foregoing it will be seen that I am more inclined to suggest ways in which one can contribute to the general — _ good than direct ways in which he can secure benefits. The truth i is, I believe the second is more than likely to be wrapped up in the first, and that he who is disposed gaining as much as, if not more than, hé is giving. YD ly no i eee: true i in this matter than in —_ : WinsLow: Hyprip FERNS IN CONNECTICUT 63 Some hybrid ferns in Connecticut E. J. WINSLOW During the past three years I have received from Mr. H. C. Bigelow, of New Britain, Conn., several packages of ferns collected by him in central Connecticut, includ- ing many hybrids of Dryopteris. A brief, generalized record of these follows:* _ Dryopteris Clintoniana * Coldiona. Dowell. Plain- ville, 1909. [Nov. 1, 1911.] So 3 D. Clintoniana * intermedia Dowell. Several cohiet i 64 ‘American Fern JouRNAL Notes and news Me H. E. Ransier of Manlius, N. Y., has made a set of = excellent stereographs of ferns. The set has been passed along to several members, and those wishing Bes to examine the pictures should communicate directly | with Mr. Ransier. The annual winter meeting of the Vermont Botanical = Club was held at Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H., . _ March 29-30 . Thirty members were in attendance, - among_ whom were several members of the American Fern Society, 2 as follows: Dr. Ezra Brainard, presiden Vol. 2 JULY 1912 No. 3 American Born Journal A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS Published by the AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY PHILIP DOWELL, Editor CONTENTS Notes of a naturalist afloat—IV WituramM Epwin Sarrorp 65 Vermont, the fern lover’s peer eae Gopparp Ruae 83 Another station in central Vermont for Dryopteris filix- mas and for the new hybrid filix-mas x io oe ae Notes and news 3 oe ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, 90 CENTS: FOREIGN, a PORT RICHMOND, N. oie wee, By eee Entered as second ct = "SoS samen cence a Che American Hern Society Executive Council OFFICERS FOR 1912 ROBERT A. WARE, 246 Devonshire St., Boston, Mass. President NELLIE MIRICK, Oneida, N. Y. - - Vice-president Lewis 8. Horxrys, A.M., Pittsburg, Pa. - - Secretary Haroip G. RuGcc, Hanover, N. H. - - Treasurer Aivisory Connril PAST PRESIDENTS C. E.Waters, Ph.D., Bur. Standards, Washington, D.C. Chairman Wm. R. Maxon -_ U.S. National Museum, Washington, D. C- J. H. Ferriss - - Joliet, Ml. E. J. Winstow < = = Auburndale, Mass. J. A. Bates “ es South Royalston, Mass. PHILP > Down, PH.D. os Port Richmond, N.Y. Curator of the Herbarium L. 8. Horxrs - Peabody High School, Pittsburg, Pa. OFFICIAL ORGAN American Fern Journal “| An illustrated quarterly devoted to the general study of ferns. Subscription, oe including membership in _ the AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY, $1.00, or without — _ membership, 90 cents. ees I, six numbers, $1.40. Foreign subscriptions 10 cents a year extra. Subscrip- tions = and matter for —— should: he pe caeooemoraris = = : a : -iiaistbidelitiutiahiie Amprican Fern Journal Vol. 2 JULY 1012. ee Notes of a naturalist afloat—IV WILLIAM EDWIN SAFFORD HISPANIOLA | The republics of Haiti and Santo Domingo are 66 Sarrorp: NoTEs OF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—IV The name Isla Espafiola, which Columbus applied to the island, or rather its Latin equivalent, Insula His- paniola, persisted for many years, usually in its abbrevi- ated form, Hispaniola. Its principal city, the seat of the governor, was Santo Domingo on the southern shore of the island, and this city lent its name to the entire island, just as the Puerto Rico de San Juan gave its name to the island on which it is situated. The island was consequently called Santo Domingo, or by the French Saint Domingue, until after its independence, when Hayti, or Haiti, one of its ancient Carib names, was: revived, the signification of which is “Highland. a oF name is now confined to the eastern republic, the 2 Janguage of which is Creole French, while the name _ Santo Domingo, or Republica Dominicana, is retained - ) by the western republic, where Spanish is spoken. 2 ___ The Powhatan came to anchor in Samana Bay, off the © village of Santa Barbara, on February 19, 1881. This = cent bay, situated at the northeastern corner of = Santo. Domingo, is a natural harbor large enough to shelter an entire flect. At the time of our visit the U. 8. S. Despatch was making a survey of its shores and reefs, and afterwards, during our war with Spain it was _ @ convenient point for our transports and other vessels : to assemble. It is protected from the ocean swell by a line of coral reefs with a passage at the northern end ; é and deep enough for the largest vessels; and it is heltered from the prevailing northeast winds by th ninsula of Samana, a continuation of the northern e of mountains ie traverses the island from. - HIsPANIOLA . 67 ; away. From the ship the island seemed one mass of verdure, which might well serve as a picture for illustrat- ing the vegetation of the “moist tropical forests.”” The rain poured down in torrents throughout our entire stay, with only occasional glimpses of the sun. We could see the dark-skinned natives, most of them half dressed, with their little children, entirely naked, look- ing at us through the rain, from the doors of their thatched huts beneath the coconut palms which fringed the shore. We felt a certain envy of them, for our oilskins were hot and sticky, and we felt sure that if we should take up our residence on shore we would revert to the dress of our first parents, with perhaps the addition of a little — coconut oil for our skin’s sake. The commanding officer _ paid an official visit to the local authorities, which | was — of _ promptly returned by the governor and his suite. The | governor was a pleasant looking piece aa several 68 Sarrorp: NoTEs OF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—IV Tobacco, corn, and a limited amount of cacao were also cultivated, but agriculture on an extensive scale could ‘not be carried on for lack of laborers. When I expressed my surprise at this and referred to the former prosperous condition of the colony, which was the first European settlement in America and at one time the pride of Spain, the colored man said: “Sefior, ‘it’s all very well to talk of the former prosperity of Santo _ Domingo. It was prosperous only because the owners oe of mines and plantations had slaves whom they com- oe pelled to work for them. When the slaves were freed people poor and ignorant, but most of them get a com- = fortable living from their little garden patches, and as — - they do not have relations with the outside world, they = hav en’t tech use for reading and writing. The roads | a - carriages while ther themselves haven’t even horses to : i. Tide. Almost the only way we can get anything done is” ~ to force ow oe to work.”” When I went I saw ‘this man | officiating as : | Barbara. was not attractive. li HIsPANIOLA a with Piperaceae, Melastomaceae, red-flowered Cannas, bananas, and plantains, together with certain succulent gingerlike plants, which I afterwards found species of Alpinia and Renealmia, and the aromatic Curcuma from which the East Indian curry is m On one hillside plantation, composed suclieipalty” of bananas and plantains, with a little tobacco, coffee, an cacao, we found a white man, who was eager for news be the outside world and begged for newspapers and maga-— zines, no matter how old. A brood of little rnilate children were playing about his cottage, and he seemed — very fond of them, but we did not see their — mother. Among the fruit trees we noticed soursops, or guandbanas (A nnona muricata), star-apples (Chry- sophyllum cainito), mangos (Mangifera indica), and -aguacates, or alligator pears (Persea gratissima); = for : 70 Sarrorp: NoTres oF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—IV his home. In the center of a clearing was a hut made of bamboo and thatched with palm leaves, with the bare ground for a floor and with two rooms. The only uten- sils I saw were a few gourds, an iron kettle and one or two earthenware pots for cooking. There were also a table, a bench, and two chairs. Around the house there was a small garden in which I saw growing some inferior _ tomatoes, large purple eggplant, ochra, red peppers, and Hibiscus sabdariffa, with acidulous red calices eaten by the natives, sometimes called Jamaica sorrel. But _ to me the most interesting plant was a large-leaved arum resembling Polynesian taro, which proved to be a species of = cclaitecies or “Carib cabbage.”’ Tt began to rain in torrents and I went into the hut for is clin The roof leaked in many places, although this : _ fact did not seem to cause the inmates the least concern. ae 2 ‘The Dey intr< roduced me to his mother and eee : : company me back unless I should promise him a much _ larger fee than that which we had agreed upon. This — T refused to do; whereupon, « on taking my departure, the _ two women pointed to a road, which I was sure wot d take me toward the center of the island instead of to — _ the shore of the bay; so I thanked them, and followed — a the path by which we had come, as nearly as I could © - remember. This led me through several marshes and — _ Swampy places. My hands and face were scratched by — _ the sharp prickles of catclaws, and several times” my Ports was srreated by Lncaretina thickets, eg - 1 snow-white HisPaNIoLa : 71 mann’s Mittheilungen, in 1888.* More recently ex- tensive collections have been made by the Reverend Father Fuertes in the vicinity of Barahona, on the south coast, near the Haitian frontier, and by Baron von Tuerck- heim in the vicinity of the interior village of Constanza =, and on its neighboring mountains, some of which (Pico del Valle and Monte Cucurucho) are as high as 2,500 meters. Among the interesting features of the interior are forests of pines and walnut and on the slopes of the mountains beautiful tree ferns. The Becks | have yielded many endemic species. B. discovered the type of the genus Fuchsia nF. imphylla), Ge -and among the tree ferns collected by him on Monte Isabel de la Torre was one recently described by Wm. R Maxon as Cyathea crassa. An interesting ent i. a climbing fern growing near Barahona is Lygodium lies oe _ stachyum. The collections of both Baron von Tuerck- _ heim and Padre Fuertes are well, represented, in the United States National Herbarium. _ My second visit to the island was in the umme 1898, this time landing at Mole St. Nicolas, at the we BY On th occasion we 72 Sarrorp: Notes or a NATURALIST AFLOAT—IV eaneers in cultivating cacao, mandioca, and tobacco. It was through these outlaws that the French first gained a footing on the island of Hispaniola. At Mole Saint Nicolas was the point where Columbus first set foot on the island of Hispaniola. The landing place at the time of our arrival must have been very much the same as it was at the time of the discovery, for there was no sign of a wharf and we were obliged to jump out of our boat and wade ashore. As one of our men-of-war had recently cut a telegraph cable leading m the Mole to the island of Cuba, we met with a cold reception at the hands of the Frenchman in charge Of the cable station; and when we asked him for news __ he had nothing to tell us, although we afterwards learned at on the day preceding our arrival the Americans had without resistance on the island of Porto Rico. She our stay was very short I had little opportunity — o observe the vegetation of the eastern part of the island. os ‘Adi did, however, listen to some very pretty Creole French poken iy the: colored wife of the Frenchman in charge of he cle — I have since been able to supple- ment my botanical notes from a work by a Dominican — - friar, Pare Niedbass entitled Essai sur ’histoire naturelle — S de Saint Domingue, published in Paris in 1776; and from S . the Flore des Antilles by F. R. de Tussac, who lived on e _ the is'and at the time of the terrible insurrection of the a blacks. ‘The former work was — ty the botanss ae 27) EEE — inter ! es tia acount it gives, fost a col- ists point « of 7 view, of the conditions of life on the HIspANIOLA ia by an examination of material in the U. S. National Herbarium collected in the northeastern mountains of | the island in 1905 by Messrs. G. V. Nash and N. Taylor of the New York Botanical Garden,* I have been able to make a rough sketch of the vegetation of Haiti. The climatic conditions of the island are very similar to those of Cuba and Porto Rico, with a luxuriant vege- tation on the northern and eastern slopes of the moun- tains, due to the moisture laden trade winds which blow _ the greater part of the year; and with xerophytic condi- tions on the southern and western sides of the island, ee like those of similarly situated leeward sides of Cuba, ao Porto Rico, and Panama, with their aromatic scrubby bushes, their Cactaceae, and aloelike agaves. - Mai , it is not surprising that species are fo ' endemic or peculiar to the island. 74 Sarrorp: NoTes OF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—IV tium tiliaceum, the ‘“‘hau’’ of the Hawaiians, is here called mahot, or mahot-franc to distinguish it from other mahots; and the name bois grisgris is applied to Bucida buceros. Belonging to the Bombacaceae is the Ceiba pentandra, here called fromager, the flowers of which are distinguished from those of the other genera of the same family by the possession of only 5 stamens. The young trees are studded with stout thorns and the old ones often have a swollen trunk very different in appearance from the common form seen in the Philippines, yet not held by botanists to be specifically distinct from it. The floss- _ like down which fills its pods is known in Haiti as coton- _ siffleux. Related to this tree is Ochroma lagopus, which - has large 3-lobed instead of palmately 5-compound - leaves: as in Ceiba pentandra, and its flowers have many — stamens i in clusters. The wood of this tree, which is very a is ‘known as bois-liége (cork wood) and is used for "mangliers | or palétuviers. The name mangle-ch (candle mangrove) is’ applied to Rhizophora manele on - account: of its elongated fruit, though it is also called manglier rouge, or palétuvier rouge; the names manglier — blane and manglier gris sare loosely applied to both Lagun- HIspaNIOLA 5 are the gombo mangle (Pavonia. racemosa) with pale orange flowers, belonging to the Malvaceae; mangle oseille, or sorrel mangrove (Dodonaea viscosa); Coccoloba uvifera, called raisinier du bord de la mer. The only ferns associated with these ee: are Acros- tichum aureum and Blechnum serrulatu : The vegetation of the arid cpa is characterized by Cactaceae, agaves, Bromeliaceae, and Mimosaceae. — Among the opuntias, called raquettes by the Haitians, — are Opuntia haitiensis Britton, a very spiny plant allied — to Opuntia ferox, collected by Nash and Taylor near — Gonaives, with trunks. 3 or 4 meters high, with spines — : sometimes 12 cm. long, and yellow flowers; and Opuntia — tuna, with edible fruit. Among the Nopaleas, with rose- colored niin are — —— the host of aye 5 hcncyh a or psd gE cactus called téte d’ Anglais (Englishman's wena In calcareous formations grow eee of A 76 Sarrorp: Nores oF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—IV apple (Annona glabra), here called bois flot from the light- ness of the wood of its roots. Its smooth applelike fruit is not edible, while that of the prickly Annona muricata, here called corosol, has an ill-scented skin but pleas- antly acidulous edible pulp. Closely related to the latter, but with shorter prickles, larger and lighter- _ eolored seeds, and inedible pulp, is the wild Annona montana, or corosol montagne. Other related species oe bullock’s sec and Rollinia mucosa, called cachiman _ ereme. The latter species was described by de Tussac 88 Annona obtusiflora, from a specimen cultivated by a ‘One of the most important fruits of the island is Mam- é americana, here called abricot, on account of the | lored pulp of its fruit. Another is Chrysophyl-_ t cainit eainito, known as caimitier, belonging to the sapote — ‘Tamily. Shed to this is the sapotillier (Achras sapota) — a and the sapote, sometimes called marmelade or jaune _ — Moeuf (Lucuma ——). remarkable for its peculiar si Polished seed In addition to the endemic fruits 2 HISPANIOLA 77 called sablier or sandbox, is often seen near the villages; and another Euphorbiaceous tree, described and by Pére Nicolson as “‘noisettier” (loc. cit. 276. pl. 2) I have identified as the candle nut of Polynesia, Aleurites triloba, the beloved kukui of the Hawaiians, who eat its oily kernels together with certain seaweeds as a relish at their feasts. Among the Myrtaceae are the common guava (Psidium guajava), from which excellent jelly is made; Amomis caryophyllata (Pimenta aeris), the source of bay rum, here called bois d’Inde; the introduced pomme de Tahiti (Eugenia malaccensis) ; and the giro- flier, or cloves tree (Eugenia aromatica) from the need ae Archipelago, which is occasionally cultivated. In the gardens of the country people many of the one o vegetables are cultivated as in Porto Rico and Nees The indigenous ones have lost their Carib_ names but have been given pretty Creole names instead, and exactly like musk, fe ‘tee dicus is known as pois de C - its origin; and introduced y 78 Sarrorp: Nores oF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—IV plants are Poinciana pulcherrima, here called fleur de paradis; Plumeria alba and Plumeria rubra, called franchi- — - pannier; the fragrant henna of the Egyptians (Lawsonia eco called réséda; the yellow-flowered Allamanda wea, called liane A lait, from its med latex; and the common sleidc | is known as laurier r _ Several roadside weeds with baci Teuile belonging to the Malvaceae and Tiliaceae (Urena and Triumfetta spp.) are known as grands cousins, cousins petits, or a _ Mahot-cousins; and the leafless parasitic dodder (Cus- _ euta americana) as herbe-z’amitié (friendship herb). se _ Among the medicinal plants Dianthera pectoralis, a aiek: herbe & charpentier, is highly esteemed. Other - plants used medicinally are Piper peltatum, called herbe — or queue de lézard, used in the form of cold in- as a diuretic; Cassia alata, called herbe a dartres, : ' parasitic skin sietanes; and several species | of - en he labia abound in fine timber trees, : uable of which is perhaps the mahogany, : as acajou, or acajou-a-planches- (Swietenia | HIsPANIOLA 79 source of the hardwood used for sheaves of pulleys, cog- wheels, etc., derived only from the heartwood of the tree. Gaillard batard, or gayae batard, mentioned by Pere Nicolson, is probably Guaiacum sanctum. Both trees are found on the ‘“‘mornes” of the island. Santo Domingo “ebony” is the wood of the leguminous tree Brya ebenus, also called green ebony. It takes a fine polish and is highly prized for inlaying and for making flutes. The so-called French oak of the island is Catalpa longisiliqua, a tree belonging to the Bignonia family. Other fine timber trees of this family, called chénes (oaks) by the French and encinos or = Ls the —- — tree he oa the forests, climbing over the | L beauty a their flowers and s 01 virtues. Pére Nicolson gives a ie 1 on wae the plants to which he refers cannot “a be Species of smilax , called Lewnae in 80 Sarrorp: NoTEs OF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—IV bean (Mucuna urens) yeux de bourrique or liane A cacone. The names liane A calecon and liane fer-’-cheval are applied to species of Aristolochia and of Passiflora, with 2-lobed leaves shaped more or less like a pair of trousers or like a horseshoe; while Aristolochia anguicida is called liane 4 corbillon, because its seed pods resemble minia- ure baskets. The well-known antidote cacoon of Ja- maica (Feuillea cordifolia) is called in Haiti liane boite a a savonette, on account of its fruit, which is like a | spherical box filled with irregular flattened disklike seeds more or less resembling small cakes of soap, and on account of its real or supposed medicinal qualities it is also called liane 4 contre-poison, or in Spanish bejuco de aceapipe A certain vine of the forest, yielding d we called lianes © a tonnelle or lianes A berceau ~ radle vines); while ; species of Paullinia are called lianes : a scie (saw — from their peculiar stems, or lianes” a persil ( rs! from their pretty compound — ch produces the little black-and- me leaves; and the pind whi ted seeds knov HISPANIOLA oe by Nash and Taylor, on the expedition to which I have already prea: From the Corail region, west of Port Margot, they brought back Ceropteris calomelaena, Goniophlebium paket Phlebodium aureum, Meniscium reticulatum, Dryopteris serra, Diplazium Urbani, and species of epiphytal filmy ferns of the genus Trichomanes. Between Port Margot and Pilate they apeenton Asplenium rhizophorum, Asplenium rectangulare, Adi cristatum, Trichomanes scandens, Polypodium soieee and species of brackenlike Pteridiwm and Dicranopteris. — Near the mountain village of Marmelade, at an eleva- — tion of 2,750 feet, they collected Dryopteris sancta, | ee teris tetragona, Dryopteris reptans, Paltonium ltoniu ak et angustifolium, and sh _ vicinity of Gonaives, hide is a peau they fo wid © p - =a : Mere were few basin — bore ah 82 Sarrorp: NoTEs OF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—IV and selfish greed of the men they chose to be their presi- dents, many of whom were cruel tyrants, who violated the —— caused themselves to be crowned king or emperor’’ and imitated the ceremonial pomp of Euro- pean royalty. Few of the leaders of the black islanders seem to understand the principles of republicanism or to have the welfare or progress of the people at heart. Many of the schools of the island are now closed for lack of pupils, and it may be largely owing to lack of education that the practise of sorcery or voodooism, _ very similar to that of our own southern negroes, persists. a Much good land susceptible of cultivation now lies idle for want of laborers. In nearly every case where 2 Seige are worked successfully the labor is performed by ent paid soldiers under the supervision of their pet cers, hired out to the planters like gangs of con- . This i is especially the case on the farms of govern- 1 t officials To avoid conscription the men of the lower . keer away from the towns, remaining in the ‘mountains at a safe distance and sending their wives to town to do necessary errands. Who can blame them for preferring the freedom of their homes, where the enerous soil yields them a just return for their daily » to the constraint of forced labor for the profit of a In =~ of these conditions: there is _generous ie che —_ of the Haitian ae : ple. It is to be hoped that the e le in the hands of rulers, — | well educated, but ogee and Ruaa: VERMONT, THE FERN LOVER'S PARADISE 83 Vermont, the fern lover’s paradise* HAROLD GODDARD RUGG For the person seeking a vacation resort in which he ean find good botanizing, especially in the line of pterido- phytes, I can recommend no better place than Vermont. Of the 109 species, varieties, and forms of these plants mentioned in Gray’s New Manual 74 have been reported from Vermont. Of these it has been my good fortune to - find all but thirteen. In addition to this number, al of the described hybrids except Dryopteris ce x spinulosa Benedict and D. cristata x Goldiana Bene- a dict have been reported in Vermont, and these two un- doubtedly oceur within the Vermont boundaries. | lng oS a season passes but what some new and inter | tanical find is reported from Vermont. ‘This last sun mer Miss F. E. Corne of Cambridge, } Mass. ., was fortuna in finding Dryopteris filiz-mas (L.) § in Barnard, Vermont, and also its ginalis (L.) A. Gray in the same pl station in Vermont, and in fact: in all - nade the male fern = the | ct 84 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL the rare hybrid Asplenium trichomanes x ruta-muraria ischerson, a single plant of which was found Aug. 29, 1905, in Proctor, Vermont, by the late Miss G. A. Wool- son. This is the only time on record when this fern has been found in America. The late Mr. George Daven- port, in describing this fern in Rhodora, January 1906, states that the American specimens differ slightly from __ the described European forms in that the “lower pinnae _ are more deeply lobed or even divided.”” Now why _ should not others find this rare fern among the rocky pockets of western Vermont where both the parent = plants are common? Miss Woolson, who discovered this os — = os Vermont ferns, was also very successful in plenium ebenoides Scott in Vermont. She a found fe hybrid at Proctor and at Pittsford. It was . first reported from Vermont in 1897, when it was dis- covered at Rutland by Mr. G. H. Ross. The only other Vermont stations are Salisbury and Brandon, the latter station discovered recently by Mr. D. Lewis Dutton. _ Vermonters living east of the Green Mountains can 8 hardly hope to find this hybrid (now recognized as such, a due to the ‘study of Miss Margaret Slosson) as ~ of _ the parent Plants, Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link a the walking fern, has been reported, I believe, from pa : D tes — east: of the Green Mountains: Brattleboro, ea - largely to. the absence of limestone ledges. a of these stations, save the one near West Brattleboro, a small and the Windsor locality has been lost. In = wich station, located on the ‘Loveland farm, — which T have been fortunate enough to visit now and here is ~ a handful of plants. Well do I re- af , ich I discovered the t Ruee@: VERMONT, THE FERN LOVER’S PARADISE 85 upon an isolated boulder covered with this charming fern. I took home plants for my garden, placed lime in the soil about them, and succeeded in keeping them alive for two or three years. I do not wish to give a check Ist of Verute ferns, as that has been done so well by Mr. W. W. Eggleston in his article, The Fern Flora of Vermont, in the Fern — Bulletin, April 1905, but I shall give a few notes about = some other species. Vermont claims seven of the a pleniums beside Asplenium ebenoides Scott, fee referred to. To me the A. viride Huds. is is one of ‘the most delicate of our ferns and one worthy ai E. J. Winslow risked his fife i Wie He was sl 86 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Asplenium trichomanes L. is fairly common through- out Vermont, but its form inciswm Moore is ex- tremely rare. The latter has been reported, I believe, from Brattleboro, Hartland, and Norwich. The most deeply cut specimen of this form I have ever seen is in the Jessup Herbarium at Dartmouth College. Asple- nium platyneuron (L.) Oakes is frequently met with. Its variety serratum (E. 8. Miller) B. S. P. has been found in Pittsford and the variety incisum (E. C. Howe), named by Davenport as Asplenium ebeneum var. Hortonae, has __ been reported from Brattleboro and also from Pittsford, _ the latter one of the richest towns in the state in respect to itsfern flora. Miss Slosson has reported forty-five species oo and six varieties from a three-mile triangle at Pittsford. In ay addition she has found there several of the hybrids, in- _ cluding the very rare Dryopteris marginalis x spinulosa _Slosson._ Although this fern was recognized by Miss on as a hybrid when it was first described, it was name pittsfordensis.* A new station for this — : iybsid wan ioe at Sherburne Mountain, July 8, 1909, — - and later, on Aug. 16, 1911, by Mrs. A. B. Morgan. The great variety of ferns reported from Pittsford, as well as 2 from Dorset and Hartland, is due, doubtless, in some __ 2 Part to the fact that so many botanists have made these a towns their headquarters. Asplenium ruta-muraria L. . 5 piggee only in western Vermont, with the exception — of a small station on Willoughby Mountain, or Mt. © Pisgah 2 as it is now called, and most frequently ee lime — | rocks. ae al ee ly seen, = and in the stations j in which I have found it it has always — n associated with Dryopteris Goldiana (Hook.) A- ray. Of course Asplenium flicfemina (L.) Bernh. is: common napa but one of its varieties deserves here. In 1897, at Woodstock, a single plant RuaG: VERMONT, THE FERN LOVER’S PARADISE 87 of the variety polyclados Moore was found. This one— plant was transplanted to the fernery of Miss Elizabeth Billings, where it has increased so that now there are sey- eral plants. This fern is one of the most striking that I have ever seen, and Mr. B. D. Gilbert said it was the most profusely branched and Meet eh of A. filiz- femina that he had seen in this co’ Polystichum acrostichoides neat te Schott and its incised variety are common. For several years I have had a peculiar form of this fern growing in my fern garden. It is interesting because of the truncate form ee pinnae and the multifid form of ‘the tip of the: frond. — The sterile fronds are usually like t € aoe a fern I transplanted into my garden sever ly ie o, and ever since then it has continued to bear tl t inte é salar fronds. The late Mr. B. D. filet J ’ — ested in the plant and asked per 7 in the Fern Bulletin, but illness and finaly bi tae Polystichum Braunii (8 nr a Fee rare in Vermont and may be looked f 88 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Hump, and Mt. Zion. I have been fortunate enough to see this fern growing at Mt. Mansfield and Mt. Zion. This latter station, discovered in 1898 by Mr. G. H. Ross of Rutland, is most interesting. The station has been visited but three times since its discovery, first by Mr. Ross and Mr. Eggleston, second by Mr. Ross and Mr. Kirk, and in 1911 by Mr. Kirk and myself. One day i in the early fall of 1911 Mr. Kirk and I tramped to the station from the electric car line in Castleton. As Mt. Zion is only a small hill of an elevation of about 1,000 _ feet and as other adjacent hills are similar in height and in _ @ppearance, it is not easy to locate the station. We _ discovered what we supposed to be the location and _ examined it closely several times, but not a single speci- = men of the fragrant: fern did we find. with a bay Pee and here - was our », ieeined f = e sheer face of a cliff fifty to seventy-five — Most of the plants grew on the east, : In all, there a , perhaps, seventy-five plants, most of which, for- tunately for botanists o e boyeetioondie were very large and - : piste of whieh _ half were . RuGG: VERMONT, THE FERN LOVER'S PARADISE 89 found in the state are D. Goldiana (Hook.) A. Gray, D. Boottii (Tuckerm.) Underw., rather rare, D. cristata (L.) A. Gray, D. Clintoniana (D. C. Eaton), not nearly so common as D. cristata, D. spinulosa (Miiller) O. Ktze., found in the highlands, D. intermedia (Muhl.) A. Ceaw: our most beautiful evergreen fern found in oy deciduous forest. The so-called rag eae bitline and in appearance att more esd | green in = than the true D. acest or D. — Mr. Terry, who in turn hed Sen fa on to me a ae _ few years later; and I have been able to pass on one small oo Vermont. plant. This variety has, I believe, been found only at : _ Concord, Mass., but we may naa find it some nS ee Polypodium vulgare me is ; found probably in every town in the state, and in Bu gto an ford some of its varieties and forms ha : 90° AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL in 1903 by Mr. F. A. Ross. Up to that time Mr. Ross was the only person who had ever collected this fern in New England, but it has been lately reported from Nan- tucket and Cape Cod. Three sheets collected by Mr. _ Ross are in the herbarium of the University of Vermont _and one in the herbarium of Mrs. Nellie F. Flynn. Three of these sheets were collected from burned-over ground, Colchester, and one from Woodwardia Bog, Fort Ethan Allen. This fern has not since been collected in Vermont, and it is hoped that in another year fern lovers may rediscover the fern for us. ae _ Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link is limited, with two ex- co ms, I believe, to the limestone region of western a Vermont. Mr. Levi Wild of the Vermont Botanical _ Club was fortunate in finding a few plants in Quechee ulf in eastern Vermont, and several years later, with great, ‘asstone I was able to find the same plants or oon are ‘the only people who have visited this on. I should advise no others to try to reach the same. The’ other station in eastern Vermont for the . e naturally expects to find these : as they. are PS on the tops of our mountains, : hee ‘Gulf. they have sought the rocky and almost goa side of a deep gorge, through which flows 'y known, gives to’ te botanist Woodsia ilvensis (L-) ce aod W. obtusa Sone) Torr., the latter. agit! 2 ever... The latter airly al — 7 I under- = , Camel’s Hump, Pisgah, and Hor, but at _ 2 ‘hee River. This gorge or gulf, as it is le - RuaG: VERMONT, THE FERN LOVER’S PARADISE 91 not longer than six or eight inches. At Mt. Pisgah Mr. Winslow was successful in finding the largest specimens I have ever seen of W. alpina. The largest frond he collected was eight inches long. Mr. George Lawson, in the Canadian Naturalist for 1864, speaks of the large specimens, often nine inches in length, which were col- lected in the Gaspé region, and suggests that the larger plant be distinguished as var. Belli. Another interest- ing Quechee Gulf fern is Cryptogramma Stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl. This is fairly abundant throughout Vermont in cool on © exposures, yet it is rare ako to side the Dnicis for posterity. y _ Woodwardia areolata (L.) Route has: never eae re- ported from Vermont, but its kin, W. virginica (L.) Sm., has been found in three widely distributed stations, Franklin, Colchester, and Rutland. I see no reason why - the fern enthusiast should not add other Vermont sta- tions for this fern, which I have seen growing omy na Colchester, at a bog known as Woodwardia warsie: Boe | to ae _ Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) } Seat is . common ao Tocky pastures and roadside wastes, opted er’ ae 92 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL only from Vermont, has lately been reported from Maine, but O. cinnamomea frondosa Gray and variety incisa J. W. Huntington are fairly common, or at least not rare throughout the state. Ophioglossum vulgatum L., when once discovered, seems to spring up everywhere in moist meadow land, where the fronds are often eight inches long or longer, or in dry pastures, where the mature plants bear fronds only three or four inches in length. — The Botrychium group is represented by Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw., discovered at Lake Willoughby. By this discovery is one single plant this interesting fern was added to the fern flora of New England, and as no _ other ‘stations have since been reported, Vermont can claim the honors for the fern. B. simplex Hitchcock oS with its varieties and forms, according to some botanists, os fairly common throughout the state. It was my ex- : perience to plan to go to St. Johnsbury and to have Miss ne 5 sow: me for the first time these plants, which previously described i in the Fern Bulletin, but then in Hartland.” B. obliguem ‘Mubl, ve variety 3 cote (Gilbert) Waters and variety Gigue Gil- C.. — and the eer pr B. oe ee Sw. i Spreng., B. ternatum ee CorNE: STATION FOR DRYOPTERIS FILIX-MAS) 93 not many miles from the Vermont line. The only known New Hampshire station is on a small knoll in a swamp in the town of Winchester, only twelve miles from Brattle- boro, Vt. Surely some day this fern will be added to the Vermont list. The only other fern species common to New England and not yet reported from Vermont are Asplenium montanum Willd., Cheilanthes lanosa ate) Walt., not found farther north than Connecticut, Wood watdia areolata (L.) Moore, found most frequently in damp woods, and Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt. Inasmuch as Vermont claims five or six species and varieties not found elsewhere in New England, the claim that Vermont is a fern lover’ s paradise would ‘ seem to hold true. Hanover, N. H.. Another station in ; coats Vermont for Drs filix-mas and for the new hyb: 3 _filix-mas x — E. E. ‘CORNE. - Late tae August, 1911, quite. by ‘eet: + ere A new habitat for Dryopteris filiz-mas and for the new | hybrid D. filiz-mas marginalis,* in a hillside field near Barnard, V — The altitude was” between 1,700 — I visited some woods on the heights above tee Lake House, where there were said to be a ne ledges and_where a = — to find the , As other small — 94 American Fern Journau dance. Of these the most rare that I noticed were Dry- opteris filiz-mas, Polystichum Braunii, and Dryopteris Goldiana. One very beautiful frond of the Goldie fern, of a variety or form unknown to me, having unusually large and deeply lobed pinnules, was found growing at some distance from others of its kind. Unfortunately the rest of the foliage had in some way been destroyed, and only this one frond, a sterile one, remained. Retdniing to the road through the field before men- tioned, I stopped to dig up a few of the more abundant _ species for my fern bed at home. Among them was one | which, not having at that time heard of the new hybrid, I took at first for a peculiar form of Dryopteris marginalis. True, its habit was upright and rigid, and the color not the usual bluish green. I fancied, indeed, that it had a faded look, perhaps from too great exposure to light, _ for it grew in the brightest sunshine, the hillside field - facing southeast and being almost quite bare of trees. & odging the thick rootstock - from where it grew under a heavy pile of stones, but finally it was secured in good condition. On my return to the hotel the the large fern was ee a ‘parasily planted in a box, and then at last I examined it 2 ge and found it to be no rue ‘marginalis but a hy- Tid. oo - part ticularly graceful, it” was nevertheless — =. Det p pire, plant. The fronds, about a dozen of m, were almost. upright, . gee in a circle, and i _outwar sad were gf three CoRNE: STATION FOR DRYOPTERIS FILIX-MAS 95 while the even rows of sporangia were so near the edges as to deceive me at first sight into thinking the plant a marginalis. Closer inspection, however, showed that they were not quite close to the margin and on some of the pinnules were halfway between margin and midvein. I would have returned to that field for further investi- gation, but my stay at Barnard was drawing to a close and time failed me. Fortunately I recollected having seen other similar ferns scattered about, so my con- science was clear of having even inadvertently robbed the spot of a rare plant. About fifteen feet from where it grew I gathered some fronds of D. filiz-mas. On returning to Cambridge I took a frond of my find to the Gray Herbarium rooms at the Botanical Gardens, | and Professor B. L. Robinson kindly looked into es matter for me and identified the fern as the new hybrid D. filiz-mas * marginalis. The new station is only a_ few miles from the first one at North Bridgewater. The — hybrid proved not to be an evergreen but turned brown — and withered at the first touch of frost. ie: Pe sigies the great round heads of the croziers, Jin April, allthickly covered. with silky bright brown scales. Now at the end of May, six of these are well up and uncoiling rapidly, the tallest measuring already twenty-nine inches. _ Their stipes can scarcely be seen through the dense covering _ _ of scales, their color is a bright green and all of the Se fronds are fertile. Tw more fronds are just starting on : AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Notes and news : Mitek hhas been delayed on the Sundry Civil Bill, : the appropriations allowed for scientific work are _ inadequate for a natural growth of our scientific institu- tions, resulting in a reduction instead of an increase in ie staff of scientific workers. This is an unfortunate backward step in the line of scientific progress, the value of whic h the Hea rem does not see, especially tk e of e Sony He is to epee charge of the — iblic. instruction and of the work = Vol. 2 OCTOBER 1912 No. 4 American Born Journal A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS Published by the AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY ad PHILIP DOWELL, Editor ae CONTENTS a _ Notes of a naturalist afloat—V .. Wini1sm Epwin Sarrorp 97 fee Roughing it to the Yosemite ........H. Hanwoop Tracy 107 _ —— we oe i I 1. - : : Z ee b > - : iow ater A ea Che American Hern Society Exerutive Council OFFICERS FoR 1912 ROBERT A. WaRE, 246 Devonshire St., Boston, Mass. President NELLIE Mrrick, Oneida, N. Y. - - Vice-president Lewis S. Hoprrns, A.M., Pittsburg, Pa. - - Secretary Haroip G. Rucc, Hanover, N. H. - - Treasurer Council PAST PRESIDENTS C.E.Waters, Ph.D., Bur. Standards , Washington, D.C. Chairman Wa. R. Maxon - U. §. National gees Washington, D. C. J. H. Ferriss - “ Joliet, Il. E. J. Winstow - - a Auburndale, Mass. iA Rar - South Royalston, Mass. PHILIP DOWELL, PH.D. - : Port Richmond, N.Y. Curator of the Herbarium _ L. 8. Horxrs : Peabody High School, Pittsburg, Pa. OFFICIAL ORGAN American Fern Journal ¥ An illustrated er devoted to the general study _ Of ferns. Subscript ee including membership in the AMERICAN - FERN SOCIETY, $1.00, or without — 2 membership, 90 cents, Volume I, six numbers, $1.40. _ Foreign | — 10 cents a year ope Pncaoee ter for pu show American Fern Journal Vol. 2 OCTOBER 1912 No4 Notes of a naturalist afloat—V WILLIAM EDWIN SAFFORD Santa Cruz The Danish island of Santa Cruz, or Saint Croix, lies. a short distance to the southeastward of Porto Rico, in latitude 17° 45’ North. Its surface is hilly, especially along its north coast, but the soil is very fertile and pro- duces considerable ‘sugar, while Santa Cruz rum is- famous throughout the world. Though the climate is _ tropical it is tempered throughout at least eight months of the year by the trade winds, and it is only during : the rainy summer months that the heat is oppressive. _ Though the island belongs to Denmark, English is the _ common medium of communication. The language . spoken by the negroes, however, is A. Lime anes f : oe = which | \ adeno be a PaErORD: Notes ‘OF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—V Le coast line, suggesting the shore of the Bay of Naples, and _ its voleanic hills with their slopes covered with verdure, . principally with patches of apple-green sugar cane. With our glasses we could make out a number of Spanish- looking buildings, with verandas and archways, sur- moun’ ed here and there by plumy crests of palm trees; but on going ashore we were disappointed in the town. Most of the old : masonry foundations bore flimsy wooden truct ures, many of them comparatively new and the blebs a our visit and to my official d coe it was not possible for me to do any ee oe ational Museum.! With its aid able to determine the botanical names of many — plants and frui I Santa Cruz — 99. Synedrella nodiflora, Ectipta alba, tosis camara, and a number of Malvaceae and Pcie. Among the former are the yellow-flowered Sida rhombifolia, S. ciliaris, S. carpinifolia, Malvastrum spicatum, Abuti indicum, and the common Hibiscus vitifolius. Abide the leguminous plants were several low Cassias, one of which, Cassia occidentalis, is known by the not very pretty but very appropriate name “stinking weed.’” Indeed, many of the vulgar names applied to plants on the island of St. Croix and on other are of we West ; great — cousin and little cousin, are here simply “bur-bushes”; a and for Poinciana pulcherrima, so prettily named he flower of paradise by the Haitians, we have only “flower — or the remarkable name dudeldu. Some of the _ an amusing combination of English and are Creole hi as “jackass calalu” for aoe ulmi- : ; alalo pe the: an name the 100 Sarrorp: Nores of A NATURALIST AFLOAT—V beach, with stems almost a hundred feet long; and near _ the beach are thickets of the prickly catsclaws (Guil- ae — that bear the hard polished gray nicker- oo oe the rocky cliffs the vegetation is of a more xero- phytic character, including species of Agave, Cactaceae, the thick-stemmed lactiferous Plumeria alba, belonging to the Apocynaceae, with large white jasminelike flowers; and Jacquinia armillaris, called baysallie or bracelet wood, which has evergreen glossy leaves, clusters of bright : red flowers | and yellow fruits, the seeds of which are - strung into bracelets and necklaces. _ ‘The mangrove formations are composed of the same ies as those noticed on the islands of Porto Rico, , and on the Florida Keys. Farther inland, ‘growing | moist situations, occur Bucida buceras, here whic valuable timber; and Annona — fruit of whieh i is here called monkey apple : — bait for wv snappers and other t tions: the vegetation is often SoD o bus he ae s : like eascarilla and. the copalchi bark oo a and are > used for the. same purposes. The com- s ibh be be SANTA CRUZ , 101 As in most countries that have a distinct dry and rainy season, certain shrubs and trees are deciduous. Among them are Annona squamosa; A. reticulata; Ceiba pentandra, the silk-cotton tree, which sometimes attains gigantic proportions; Hura crepitans, the sandbox; Spondias lutea, the hog plum; Sabinea florida, a legu- minous tree somewhat like our Robinia pseudacacia; Enjileina corallodendron, the coral tree; and Poineiana regia, the flamboyant. Among the evergreen species are, the eossyleaved = Annona muricata; the monkey apple, A. glabra; Santa Maria, Calophyllum calaba, distinguished by aie . beauitful fine-veined leaves; several species of Sapotaceae, including the sapodilla, whi hich is here called mespel, and — the star apple (Chrysophyllum | aca se among the Rutaceae, in addition to the ordinary citrus fruits, the orangeberry (Triphasia trifoliata), melee is a eli adapted - oS for hedges and often forms dense thickets, and the S0- = called jumbee apple (Tobinia punctata). 7 Climbing in the hedgerows and Whicketa are Passiflo- ta. foetida, the greenish flowers of which have ¢ S finely di- a e rea. oii ne the mist; Clitoria ter- ae 102 : BErrORe Nores OF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—V x which reaches the coast about two miles north of Fred- - ericksted. In this valley there is an enormous silk- cotton tree (Ceiba pentandra) regarded with superstitious , reverence by the negroes, who call it the jumbee tree and resort. be it to practice the rites of the Obeah worship- ‘pers. T _ the Atgetaes of this valley flows a per- ennial seni here called a “gut,’’ a most offensive word to my ears. Among the ferns growing here are several cies of } SANTA CRUZ = 103 The fruits of the island are plentiful and of good quality, though very little attention is paid to their cultivation. I was told that in the houses of nearly every family fruit appears on the table three times a day, and that there is no time during the year in which it is lacking, though the mangos, oranges, and bread- fruit have certain definite seasons. Lemons and limes are produced continuously, and one sort of fruit replaces another in rapid succession. Guavas | (Psidium quajava) - are very common and make excellent jelly and serves. In some places guava bushes cover large pas ig those I afterwards saw on the island of Hawaii and else- where, often struggling with such weeds as Lantana camara and the sensitive ss (Mimosa pudica) for : 2 supremacy. The so-called “cherries” of the island, ey, ie red little fruits, proved to be Malpighia ra. “plums” were species of Spondias, belong- s : ing to the Sen the family to which our su- macs and the mango belong. Spondias lutea, with yel- low fruit, is called hog plum; while S. purpurea, with purple fruit, is here known as the Jamaica plum. - : : — fruit of ia > is Anacardium gecea: 104 Sarrorp: Nores oF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—V of the tree, which is often no larger than a peach tree, and they grow sometimes directly out of the trunk or ___ the bark.of the older limbs as though the branches could 2 wk bear their weight. Another popular fruit is’ the sugar apple (Annona squamosa) with pulp like sweet creamy custard. It is. often planted near houses and produces several crops a year. The bullock’s heart, or - common custard apple (Annona’ reticulata), is less popu- i with the islanders. When ripe it is usually reddish and si solid with its surface covered with impressed reti- culated lines; while the sugar apple is at first glaucous green and then. yellowish with its surface divided into easil hashed tubercles corresponding to the individual composing it . of eels ality are produced. = ised: ? Anather | ant of the same family, also caled wild pine, is Tillandsia Santa Cruz 105 atrovirens which is appropriately named ‘‘scratch- throat”? on account of its irritating microscopic needle- like raphides. On one of my excursions I visited the estate of a Mr. Roberts, situated a short distance to the northward of Fredericksted, where I was most cordially received and was entertained with some interesting stories, the most thrilling of which was an account of the stranding of the United States Ship Monongahela by a great tidal wave. The catastrophe occurred on the afternoon of Nov. 18, 1867. The ship was lying off the town very near where our ship had anchored, when suddenly a severe earthquake shock was felt and the vessel was lifted up by a great wave and carried completely over the tops of the warehouses _ near the shore into one of the streets but came back with — the returning sea and was deposited on an even keel at the water’s edge. Fortunately only five of her crew were lost, and she sustained so little injury that it was possible _ to relaunch her about six months later. In the mean- time one of the officers who remained attached to — - Lieutenant Commander (afterwards Rear Admiral) H . rington succeeded in winning the hand of one of the an ah = : — young. ladies of the island; and it fale ee also that ee te 106 Sarrorp: NorEs OF A NATURALIST AFLOAT—V to which the ship’s boats were usually secured were utilized for hitching the mules. One of the latter was christened by the sailors the “Captain’s Gig;’’ another was the “First Cutter,” for the use of the ward-room _ officers, and so on; and when the captain or an officer __ wished to leave the ship the boatswain’s mate would give a blast on his whistle and call out, “Away the Gig!” or “ Away the First Cutter!”” whereupon a sailor would run _ out on the boom, descend by the Jacob’s ladder to the ground and bring the gray or the white mule around to the foot of the starboard gangway ladder. After a careful examination of the Wateree it was deemed in- : ois to atieinps 4 to ee her, and she was ac- or mummy apple (Mammea americana), the alli- ; gator pear (Persea gratissima), which the English officers . ometimes call midshipmen’s butter; the papaw (Carica Papaya), hed leaves of which’ are said to make meat ten- dee s ke yg ieails. [The pada Bie e ; = tree contain an acidulous stat from SANTA CRUZ _ 107 was much impressed with the names cates to some of the plantations on the island; such as, “‘Anna’s Hope, ‘Peter’s Rest, Judith’s Faney, Parasol Hill, Jealousy, Rustup Twist, Eliza’s Retreat.” They Seagate a romantic early history, and they recalled the story of Paul and Virginia and their lovely tropical island on the opposite side of the globe, where many of the same trees and fruits and ornamental plants must have grown as those on Santa Cruz. Many of these local names are ~ perpetuated on the labels of collections in the United — States National Museum, especially among the speci- mens collected by Mrs. Ricksecker and her sons. _ On my taking leave of Mr. Roberts he gave me a few bulbs from his old garden, including those of a white | spider lily (H ymenocallis sheen . handsome red — amaryllis (Hippeastrum equestre), the beautiful little Zephyranthes rosea. Although ety were in bloom — a at the time, they were not injured by being torn up. _ _ I dried them and at the end of the cruise took them home, . where for many years they continued to bloom in my | mother’s garden, though they had to be taken Heal each Me - year and protected through the winter. The following evening we — anchor a to the conan. bound for the Fren. Guadelouy eo - 108 American Fern JouRNAL oe as deal of anticipation that I began to make my _ plans for a camping trip into the Yosemite and possibly the higher Sierras. I had had the good fortune of hav- _ing visited the wonderful valley once before, but that time I was not permitted to do the clambering around that a fern collector so enjoys. But upon this trip I © a planned to go in such a way as to secure the most out- _ door recreation possible and to see the mountains as = intimately as any one could in a short two w oe company with three of the boys of our high school . set. out on the 29th of June with a “light pack.’? As we started out just at sunrise we certainly made a spec- tacle; two little mountain horses, a one-seated light road wagon, our “grub box” nailed on the back of the one seat, a couple of blankets folded up for a cushion for the grub box, two. boys on top of the box, my botany press t, whic r our feet, and we were off. : first thirty miles were mainly sciiterentinge to Us, first, past the 1 various fruit orchards, peaches and apricots: Just be g to ripen, then past the wide ex- at fields, first in quarter sections then in - le team threshers and reapers were at work. — e = ia Hh a little ¢ one, but it looked steep to ae - h with a pack saddle made a convenient _ ] of green ‘alfalfa, on the straight road to the a aioe the road ever in. front of us without a turn. ons and ter the many sections where the oe miles without: a hill to climb, and then we : Tracy: RovuGHING IT To THE YOSEMITE’ 109 Grange Dam, which is the beginning of the Turlock and the Modest Irrigation districts, together making one of the largest tracts of irrigated land to be found in the United States. On the way there, I was to see my first ferns. The very common gold-back, Gymnogramma eon laris, was at this altitude (600 ft.) and season dry and — curled up. Passing along the banks of the Tuolumne River up towards the dam, I came across A zolla filiculordes growing abundantly at the base of a spring. literally covered the pool of water, and that seeming not — to be enough they encroached on the ground, growing in the damp soil around the spring for a distance of many feet. The plants were in excellent condition both — as to abundant fruiting stages and luxuriance of growth. _ Under the protection of a large rock near the dam, — where the wind carried the spray, I found several plants of Gymnogramma. triangularis viscosa. I have seen this plant growing near San Diego, Calif., but I was sur-— prised to find it here and later in the Yosemite Valley. Pellaea ornithopus and Woodwardia radicans were also — seen growing near the falls. One other little fern was also found here, Pellaea densa. This fern I had expected = ie find up in the mountains, but I had hardly a a Ce wing at this low altitude. — rvey of the irrigation flumes a : a clvetn, ths Sad pe aa enced in f a for the. greener ountry : 0 : : AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL and a pan of beans. Sleep was rather intermittent this first night out, for we were not yet in the land of hemlock or even pine boughs for beds. Securing an early start the next morning we hurried along and slowly began to ascend, and with the ascent the hills became “more and more covered with trees. First only an oc- ig -easional oak, then larger and larger groups of them _ together with buckeye bushes. Before noon we had eae thru a few groves of jack pines, and we saw ahead of the ¢ the “tea fern,” Pellaea ornithopus, and und a cool — a wee the water was: The plants of this ue gold-back were seen along the an a that’ we = . Ce . are these few places, three of - Tracy: RouGHInG ir To THE YosEMITE 111 By 8 o’clock we had successfully descended this grade, and there, only a few feet below us rushed and leaped the Merced River. At this pomt I found another specimen of. the silver back, Gymnogramma, and also Cheilanthes gracillima and C. Fendleri. Pellaea ornithopus was ae abundant. By noon we had reached our final destination and bal pitched camp. On the following morning we took the trail for Glacier Point. The so-called “long trail” being 14 miles in length, most of the tourists ride mules or horses, but I had had experience that way and I de- cided I wanted to hurry at one time and stop at another, and according to my experience the former, at least, was — not possible with a mountain mule. Taking what is oe, _ known as the “ledge trail’’ to the foot of Vernal Falls, : I found Polystichum munitum growing very abundantly. oS In a secluded corner, where the spray from the falls furnished plenty of water, was a beautiful grotto filled ae with Adiantum pedatum. Prof. Hall, in his admirable — little book, Flora of the Yosemite, says that thisfernonce was the most common of any in the valley, but the ge oe - ing tourists so uprooted the plants that they found only in a few places well out of the reach ¢ easily” wearied pleasure seeker. I am which : = ‘the one already: mentioned I sa nm the left « 12 : AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL two young men lost their lives while climbing it. How- ever this may be and while it is not as easy as the other _ trails in the park, yet if you are a fern lover and can only take one trail, take this. The reason for this ad- vice I will give later. _- Pellaea densa and P. Bridgesii were found along the trail: to Glacier Point. The last named one, like others of the genus, seems to delight in being choked or in : bone ep a very meager diet. Rocky cliffs with only seem to be its especial joy. This fern has eat. ‘The little pinnae are so brittle, nid re often so twisted out of natural shape ee task to get them into the press in shape. Mr. L. S. Hopkins had asked me to ragilis and to collect some for him : daien watching for the highest altitude. — confined to to altitudes between 2,500 and . : this trip I found it much higher, growing ove Gl. oint and up toward Sentinel ee at 900 ft ae Senti inel Dome, where the wind is. Tracy: ROUGHING IT TO THE YOSEMITE 113 of rock at the foot of the Yosemite Falls. Four years ago I gathered a few at this place, and this year I found even less growing there, so I left them, just noting that they were there. Prof. Hall, in Flora of the Yosemite, speaks of collecting this fern in this same place. One trip, which lost us twe days of time and which > resulted in a disappointment, was our journey to Lake Tenaya. It was a disappointment in that I expected more than we realized, and in that we were driven out by those “demons” of the high mountain regions, the _ mosquitoes. I think we might have stood them, but the horses could not protect themselves and were nearly crazed. One horse was white when traveling in other places but in the Lake region she became very dark — gray, so completely covered was she by the mosquitoes. _ Upon this trip we reached our highest altitude, ae _ ft., and just on one side of this point was growing ee -luxuriantly Cryptogramma acrostichoides, and with it one _ Filix fragilis. No other fern of interest was seen on this trip unless it was Pellaea ornithopus-W rightiana. I run these two names together, for I certainly saw almost 2 ae every stage intermediate berwe the pes 98 both, see oe facie: in the side of the ak I worked my way p to find myself many feet to one side of the trail and thing else possible but to go back the way I had come. g rewarded me for the sore knees and raw finger Pet specimens of Cheilanthes gracillima : limi = oe (Brack) Hook, P. WW. ghtiana Hook., Filie frag lis 2 Further notes on the fern flora of Ohio LEWIS 8. HOPKINS. In order to bane it up to date, some corrections ae : - | additions to the Fern Flora of Ohio* are necessary. oF Of Botrychium lunaria L. it was said; “reported from Lake Co.” This species was so given in a checklist is- sued by the Ohio State Leer In the new Gray’s e Manual it is credited to ‘ northern Ohio. a : However, “16 : ~Averican Fern Jourwau . hb in, Wayne County. I have collected it at each ae plac i It is s quite. likely that other Dryopteris hybrids will i be found in the northern part of the state within the next: few years. -Dryopreris: CRISTA ATA X INTERMEDIA Dowell [Dry- opteris Boothii (Tuckerm.) Underw.] has been collected ‘Tather — by the writer in Wayne and Geauga counti it oe occurs in other northern coun- Of this species fh says “The he os ‘spieinlued dilatata ) Unde. wit broadly, ovate or shape SHE : el y t1 e a “dilatata ond st is my = nh bel: th this species does not occur in the state. _Drrorrer : A X MARGINALIS R. C. Bene- s fe ind at Brown’s Lake, Wayne iting fronds were secured. The H.G. Rugg at Hanover, N. H. o. s J. Hopkins: Notes ON THE FERN FLORA OF Outo 117 station, near Burton, Geauga Co., in addition to Auglaize © and Wood counties, as previously listed. Equisetum FLUVIATILE L. is “not common but to be found in most parts of the state in suitable habitats.” I have collected it at Navarre, Stark Co., and at Wooster, Wayne Co., where a fine colony is to be found only a few rods from the B. & O. railroad station. EQUISETUM LAEVIGATUM A. Br. i is referred to as “gen- eral but apparently not common in Ohio.” The only | place where I have found it is within the city limits of Massillon, Stark Co., where it is to be found along the — canal banks north of Main Street. ae EquisetuM HieMAaLe L. While the seit: form itself may occur in the state, I have seen no material that could be properly classified as such. The varieties | n- : are probably general i in their distribution throu 10U the a state. ‘Lycopoprum INUNDATUM iL was the vein oc ‘one o a AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL experienced when I perceived within a few inches of my shoes a small colony of the bog clubmoss growing upon a damp moss-covered bowlder. The fruiting plants, two or three in number, were collected and subsequently — sent to the State Herbarium at Columbus. So far as is _ known, this is the only authentic record of its occurrence in the state. A visit to the same place last August re- _ vealed the fact that the entire colony had been com- : cio obliterated by the floods occasioned by the heavy all of the prec ding spring and summer f sELAGO L. A plant seine to this ed in the April number of this publica- rT or not it is L. selago depends upon’ According to the revised Gray’s ntal difference between L. selago n the former the leaves are ) tter has the “leaves in epee and found as a waif in Hopkins: NOTES ON THE FERN FLORA OF Ouro 119 Lloyd and Underwood* make the distinction between L. selago and L. lucidulum depend upon the fact that the former has hollow leaf bases while the latter does not. So far as I have been able to find out, all descriptions of L. selago say that it has hollow leaf bases while all are equally well agreed that no other Api eine has such a characteristic. erefore, since the Dundee specimen ie hollow leaf — bases, I have chosen to eall it — and mt continue to do so until convinced of m In connection with the sdeatiBaation of this a it may not be out of place to state that before. it was pub- lished as L. selago live specimens were sent. to three of the largest institutions in the United States and that all were vacate too — to venture an sassient as: to sie ae SS identity. - Marstiea QUADRIFOLIA, Lei is ‘ - SELAGINELLA RUPESTRIS (L. )s prin collec a this i in the gorge of Paint Creek i in oN extreme eastern oe f nty. It hoe = » been collected 120 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Lake region, that we were hurrying toward the best sta- tion for the Onondaga moonwort fern, where our friend hoped to collect a few choice specimens. The usual route by sheep paths and wood roads was too round about to suit our inclinations, so we decided to attempt a short cut, directly up the face of a cliff. It was hard climbing to the top of the talus, and the wall above was forbidding. __ A favorable spot for scaling the top was found, and as we were wriggling over the topmost layers of limestone, my friend called attention to a fringe of dead fronds hanging for a long distance along under the topmost rocks, which overhung the crevice by a foot or so. It _ was unmistakably slender cliffbrake, and a very promis- — i ing station for it, fully a mile cue the bebe reported _ station near Gees Pond. a The follo owin. season Ty was anxious to visit the station, and when I did hed from the top of the cliff. 6 While the fern was located. in abundance, that original . RANSIER: OUTINGS FOR ONONDAGA MOONWoRT 121 included plenty of woods ees fields, and nile far away. Turning to go on my way, i saw a tall figure coming toward me from the west along the top of the rocks. He was something over 6 feet tall, 25 or 30 years old, epparently, would weigh 190 lbs. and was dressed ~ “roughing it.” As we met in this wild, deserted, barren spot he greeted me with ‘Taking pictures?” “Nope,” I replied, “haven’t even put in a film yet; I’m botaniz- ing.” “So am I. My name is Benedict.” “Ever have any correspondence with a fellow named Ransier?” _ Upon his replying that he had, I said “ Well, I am Ran- _ sier!’”’ It was a most unexpected | meeting and we pro- : é Me to make the ane of it, comparing oe. . _ then repairing t ities, th 2 wort, which he had n never er collected before and the setae nee iffbrake, both of which were within a very short dis- a teahee of us. At first I was afraid to reveal the home of the moonwort to him, but I sized him up as safe to trust: a _ the secret to, and he has not disap pointed | mes Of _ course, we both wanted the fi floor at the same time oc- ee iy ee AMERICAN FerN JOURNAL interest to members of the American -Fern Society. The album is a large, nearly square book, in color blue, stamped with gold design, an album such as was used _ years ago by collectors of pretty advertising cards. On the inside cover is a book label reading: “From the library of John Greenleaf Whittier, Amesbury, Mass., gale authorized by Samuel T. Pikard, literary eee Jan. 1903.” On the opposite page appears the auto- 4 ee as the Bs himself: ‘“ John G. Whittier, Ames- Baty. DE of the ferns, all of which are e from. California, are od and t c ied specimens. No labels were used. lens as determined by Whittier is the — T 2 Yiego County, | California, — se > locality, a Cheilanthes, coffee ta Clara County, birdfo ot be the actual date when the spores first ripen, also as ne A suggestion on the field study of ferns PHILIP DOWELL At least in America, the fern student need not as yet resort to the mere naming and describing of forms, even though he may profitably study forms or variants and write about them. It is well for the botanist to become so thoroughly acquainted with species of plants that he _ can readily recognize certain forms or variations, but it is not necessary nor even desirable that he ‘give a scien- : . tific name to each of the : att : orms | he | earns to — recognize. ee : ‘The s suggestion of another field of activity will be students. who are favorably situated for carrying on the — _ work. I have in mind especially the time of fruiting gf o3 each species. Records should be definite, giving at least as practicable the time when the ae have been 4 discharged. In connection with t ; tion and the efforts of many _ os Notes and news This last September I had the pleasure of visiting Miss Corne’s station in Barnard, Vt., for Dryopteris : filiz-mas” (L.) Schott. It is interesting to note that co here the plants grow in land sheltered and protected by ie butternut, trees. This is” true of the plants at Miss tired. Caitiperd i in i the x sis te glad i in May and tributions to the society’s anes He about 125 nicely mounted sheets have W: Fellows of Portland, Me., Mr. Newport News, Va. INDEX TO VOLUME 2 OTE.—Species of iptied other than ferns are not included in as inde Baie ferns are listed by their scientific names when Acrostichum aureun, 39, 40, ‘75, Birdfoot fern, 1 102; excelsum, 17 Bissett, co. H. VA new locality for - 126 some Lycopodiums of Hartland, t. b gene 39; punctilobula, 91; punctilobula cristata, 91; pun ctilobula schizo- _ _ phylla, 91 Dicranopteris cc bifida, 22; 44: is Ds nuemscatae = ckilennenen fi, 21, ee ‘npr Urbani, 8 ‘Cialtors note, teed orth Am : grasa: Px. 89, Gold-back fern, _ Goniophliebium > ehnoodes, 8 81 Gymnogramma t AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Fadyenia prolifera, Fern flora of Ohio, eas notes: e; 115 Fern from Panama, A new, 21 Fern lover’s paradise Vermont, the. Fern prebertion. A plea for, 22 Ferns me Connecticut, Some hy- rid, Ferns, es notes on Bermuda, 15 Ferns, The Colorado pol for, 12 Filix sco 112-1 Florida Key Ph: Further st on “i fern flora of nid triangularis viscosa : Beye oe ta, 89; ‘Gymnopteris triangularis, 13 65 Letter to te members = the Amer- iety, Observations on of, 49 a Hiymenophy lum lineare, 44; poly-. anthum, 4 INDEX TO VOLUME 2 Maidenhair M. lea quadrifolia, 119 Matteuccia struthiopteris, 9 Maxon, A new name for @ Hawaiian fern, aa A new fern from Pan anama, 2 Meniscium reticul ae » 81 Moonwort, Sac 119, 120 Naturalist afloat, Notes of a, 1, 33, OD, ore biserrata, 102; exaltata, 6, 18; F New fern rahe a, A, 21 New cats Pag “Asplenitim ebe- — noides, A, 24 ce Hehe oc As fern, A, 19 ws, 25, 64, 96. Notes a (of a naturals afloat, : a Notes on Bermuda ferns, Random, & Nottolaena, 4 cretacea, oe Retry. 13, 18: Ss _. Observations on cha anne Hartland, Ve, 40 : Phegopteris dryopteris, 89; gonop sit New. oe ‘Ohio, Further notes — on the teen aS he tera, 89; phegopteris, 89 Puetrs, O. P. A plea for fern pro- tion, 22 » 81 Phymatodes exiguum, 6 : Plea for fern protection, A, 22 Polypodium, 122; aureum, 39, 44, Break 87, 94; sentioes: 15. it a RES American Fern JouRNAL Vermont, the fern lover’s paradise, Ware, R. A. Letter to the mem- ciety, 58 ~ ium, 121_ s herbari ae in C THE BRYOLOGIST WITH THE JANUARY 1912 NUMBER BEGINS ITS FIFTEENTH YEAR AND VOLUIE Tt is a 16-20- Seat tabnagese devoted to the oS of the Mosses, Hepatics, and Lichens. It is rel illu a. with new, original, and artistic drawings a nd half-tones. It i gileed Baas to the working bryologist, professional as well as Send for sample copy. Subscription price $1. 35 a yea Address Dr. A. J. GROUT, New Dorp, N. Y. The Guide to Nature A profusely illustrated monthly magazine devoted to nature $1.00 a year Sample copy 10 cents Address circ ae F. BIGELOW, Arcadia, vi Sound Beach, Conn. = Br ee have supplied Driers, Mounting Papers, OT. Genus Cove: a4 all ntials for Botanical ——_ for nearly — Yeas, - We were never so well eh i to {to supply you = Prime Material at reasonable