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American Fern Journal —
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A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS / e
Published by the
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY
EDITORS
R. C. BENEDICT
E J. WINSLOW c. A. WEATHERBY
VOLUME XVIII ~ = ‘
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CONTENTS
VoLUME 18, NUMBER 1, Paces 1-36, ISsuED Marcu 24, 1928
New Tropical American Ferns—IV 0. tecces W. BR. Mazon 1
Fern Ecology of Barro Colorado Island .............. L. A. Kenoyer 6
Collecting Horsetails along the Way J. H. Schaffner 14
Note on Asplenium pinnatifidum....F. W. Kobbé § W. A. Davis 21
Recent Fern Literature 23
Mhorter Notes 0025S ee 26
American Fern Society 33
VotuME 18, NuMBER 2, PaGEs 37-68, IssuED JuLy 12, 1928
William Stout C. A. Weatherby 37
New Tropical American. Ferns—V W. R. Maxon 46
Tauranga and Karewha Island H. B. Dobbie 51
Ferns of Monroe and Adjoining Counties, New ge sania
. Z. Edson
Recent Fern: Literature (2
Scolopendrium Notes N. M. Sadler : J. B. Todd
Ferns at Dripping Spring, Oklahoma ............. . T. Wherry. 61
American Fern Society ......iesci--escscssecncssseesnssneesnenmeneemnntecnentereuneqmennreannts 63
VoLuME 18, NuMBER 3, Paces 69-104, Issuep AveusT 30, 1928
Fluctuation in Equisetum J. H. Schaffner 69
Ferning out of Season _H. E. Ransier 80
Ferns of Monroe and Adjoining Counties, New York ~.......--
oa ca alias soca J. Z. Edson 87
Recent Fern Literature 22 94
Shorter Notes a ee 95
American Fern Society aan cssccseeccceee ence etree 101
Votume 18, Numper 4, Paces 105-136, Issuep December 4, 1928
Ferns and Fern Allies in Wisconsin ccc.
W. N. Steil g A. M. Fuller 105
Lake Rotolti 0 H. B. Dobbie 115
The mone and Distribution of the aoa Spinulose
Fer . H. Clarkson 120
o, Fern Literature: 124
Que
nee what Conditions does Dryopteris dilatata poet sertnenrtre
R. C. Benedict 129
American Fern Society i... ieee tener a 132
Index to Voluiie 18 .2.cii ence se ee 153.
Vol. 18 January-March, 1928 No. 1
American Hern Inournal
A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS a te &
| Published by the pe
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY
s#
EDITORS
R. C. BENEDICT
E. J. WINSLOW C. A. WEATHERBY
E >
!
: CONTENTS
New Tropical American Ferns—IV........-....+- W. R. Maxon 1
Fern Ecology of Barro Colorado Island......L. A. KenoveR 6
Collecting Horsetails along the Way........J. H. Scuarrner 14
Note on Asplenium pinnatifidum.......---- _P. Ww. — and
ah ooh eer ge ee ea kn esnanee W. A. Davis 21
Recent Fern Literature .............-s0csccnenssceenener nsersnene nee nen 23
Shorter Notes—The Ransiers’ Trip. Activities of the
British Pteridological Society. ‘“‘The World’s Great-
est Curiosity.”” One Joyful Afternoon and its Spoils.
Imperfectly Circinate Vernation in Ferns. Some
Ferns of Eastern Victoria......----c:-seeeneecseneentenee
American Fern Society........----<-:00:sscees see" Sk TH
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, $1.25: FOREIGN, $1.9
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URNDALE, MASS.
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The American Fern Surivty
Counril for 1929
OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR
Winnrant R. Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, hcg DC,
esident:
Mags.- CARLOTTA C. Hatt, Berkeley, Cali
Rev. C. 8. L
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Amprircan Bern Journal
Von. 18 "JANUARY-MARCH, 1928 ne ie
New Tropical American Ferns—IV!.
WiLuiaAM R. Maxon
The three ferns here deseribed as new are all from
Costa Rica, and are of exceptional interest in their
respective genera.
Rhipidopteris Standleyi Maxon, sp. noy.
Plants colonial, the rhizomes filiform (less than 0.5
mm. thick), extens ively creeping, flexuous, sparingly
branclied, dark brown, angulate, caidconate ‘paleaceous,
the scales lax, oblique, ‘subimbricate, mostly lance-attenu-
ate, 2-3 mm. long, thin, dull fulvous, entire. Sterile
fronds numerous, 12.5 em. apart, erect, 1-3.5 em. long,
the stipe 0.5-2. 5 em. long, slender, laxly paleaceous,
narrowly alate upward; blades simple, 0.8-1.8 em. broad,
roundish-obdeltoid to ‘transversely oval or oblong, at
base truneate or broadly cuneate and usually abruptly
radiate, evident in drying, the vein-tips solitary within
the marginal crenations; leaf-tissue rigidly herbaceous,
scantily paleaceous, the seales of the lower side lan
deltoid, subpeltate, those of the upper side limear and
tortuous. Fertile fronds few, 3-4 em. long, the stipes
filiform, 2.5-3.5 em. long; blades simple, reniform, 7—
1 Published by a of the Acting Secretary of the
Smithsonian Institutio
[Vo ame 17, no. 4 on ‘see JOURNAL, pages 111-146, oo . ana
was issued March 1, dosed v
A AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
10 mm. broad, subentire, or repand-crenate except at
the re-entrant sinus, densely sporangiate, only the broad
whitish margins naked.
» Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1,215,446,
collected on a wet mossy bank near La’ Hondura, Costa
Rica, altitude about 1,300 meters, March 2-4, 1924, by
Paul C. Standley (no. 36464). In company with Prof.
Juvenal Valerio Mr. Standley collected also an excellent
series of specimens in the general region of Tilaran and
El Silencio, Province of Guanacaste, at an altitude of
500 to 750 meters, in January, 1926, his numbers being
as follows: 44454, 44663, 44678, 45265, 45406, 45925,
46258 ; all these grew on the mossy trunks of forest trees.
A proper classification of the abundant material of
Khipidopteris found in American herbaria is difficult.
Ordinarily three species are recognized: R. peltata, R.
foeniculacea, and R. flabellata, all very much alike in
type of venation but widely different in dissection, at
least in their extreme forms. R. foeniculacea (Hook. &
Grev.) Schott is probably best regarded as an extremely
fine-cut form of R. peltata with nearly filiform divari-
cate segments; and even R. flabellata (Humb. & Bonpl.)
Fée, which in its usually bifid or quadripartite sterile
blades seems distinct enough from the well known R.
peltata, is partially connected with the last by a recent
series of Costa Rican specimens. Most distinct of all,
however, is the plant here deseribed, in which there is
no indication whatever of lobing or dissection of the
sterile blades. This form is abundant locally in western
Costa Rica, often occurring to the exclusion of R. peltata,
and on the basis of present material it may justifiably
be accorded full specific rank; yet the entire series of
Rhipidopteris specimens stands with very few unfilled
gaps between R. Standleyi on the one hand and the
most finely dissected states of R. foeniculacea of the
South American Andes.
New TropicAL AMERICAN F'ERNs—IV 3
Psilogramme Jimenezii Maxon, sp. nov.
Rhizome short-creeping, woody, 3—5 mm. thick, scantily
paleaceous, the scales brownish, oblique, subulate-attenu-
ate, rather lax, about 1.5 mm. ‘long, flattish and several
cells broad in the basal portion, occasionally toothed
toward the apex. Fronds several, approximate, ap-
parently distichous, rigidly ascending from an arcuate
base, about 20 em. ‘long, the stipes mostly shorter than
the ee dull castaneous, stout e mm. a gla-
lo
pinnatifid; rachis stout, subflexuous, dull ecastaneous,
greenish-marginate ventrally, striate dorsally and sub-
ee SR “with short branched elandlike trichomes,
t length seabrous; larger pinnae about 10 on either
dae mostly alternate, subimbrieate, spreading, subdel-
toid, 2-3 em. long, 1-1.2 em. broad, with 3 or 4 pairs of
distant, coarsely lobed or pinnatifid pinnules below the
obtusish incised apex, these joined by a _ broadening
wing ; costae and costules glabrous above, subfurfurace-
ous beneath with short uviform glandulose trichomes;
segments roundish, concave, with deeply reeurved-
revolute margins, the larger ones 2-lobed or 3-lobed;
veins few, running to the emarginate lobes, there
greatly enlarged; sporangia numerous, extending in a
heavy line nearly throughout the course of the veins,
mixed with minute vellowish glandlike hairs. Leaf
tissne coriaceous, corrugate above, glabrous throughout.
- yw Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 865086,
collected at the crater of Voleén Poas, Costa Riea, alti-
tude 2,800 meters, February, 1915, by Otén Jiménez
(no. 1034). A second specimen, received at a later time
under the same number and with identical data, is P.
Warscewiczu (Mett.) Kuhn.
Psilogramme Jimenezti belongs to the group of P.
_hirta (H. B. K.) Kuhn, and among North American
species need be compared only with P. Warscewiczti and
P. congesta (Christ) Maxon, of Costa Rica. P. War-
scewizii, which apparently is common on Pods at 2,300_
4 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
to 2,640 meters elevation (Tonduz 10712; Donnell Smith
6930; Alfaro 121; Standley 34857, 34869) and up to
3,200 meters on Voledn Turrialba (Pittier 13256; Torres
14; Standley 35033), is in general a much larger plant
with wide-creeping rhizomes and blades glabrous above;
it differs at once in its copious covering of long flexuous
septate hairs beneath. P. congesta, which is abundant
throughout the central table land and mountain regions
at 1,300 to well above 2,000 meters, oceurs also on the
forested upper slopes of Voleén Pods at 2,500 to 2,640
meters, but this is immediately distinguished from P.
Jimenez by its thick multicipital rhizomes, cespitose
fronds, and abundant long septate-hairy covering
throughout, as well as in many minor characters. Neither
of these species possesses the short uviform trichomes,
with glandlike processes, which impart a glandular-
seurfy appearance to the vascular parts of P. Jimenez
beneath. The complete absence of long septate hairs
throughout is a conspicuous character of the new species.
Dryopteris Killipii C. Chr. & Maxon, sp. noy.
Rhizome short, stout, ascending, densely paleaceous,
the scales suberect, tufted, bright brown, narrowly sub-
«©
ulate-attenuate, 1-2 em. long, rather thin, mostly in-
s
mate segments beneath; blades deltoid, acute, up to 1
meter long and 90 em. broad, 4-pinnate-pinnatifid, the
pinnae spreading; basal pinnae deltoid, acuminate, 45
em. long, 30 em. broad, stalked (5 em.), inequilateral
—
New TropicaL AMERICAN F'ERNS—IV 5
ag not strongly basiscopic, the Agibowane basal pinnule
subdeltoid, 15-17 em. long, 10 em. broad, stalked (1.5—
1.8 aie long- acuminate ; Sah nuics of the third order
tage oblong to triangular-oblong, acuminate, the larger
on 6 em. long, 1-2 em. broad, stalked (2-5 mm.) ;
nee pinnules of the fourth order 10-15 mm. long,
rather obtuse, obliquely incised nearly to the costa into
4 or 5 pairs of acutish ultimate segments, the larger of
these often sharply toothed distally ; basal pinnules of
all orders nearly opposite, the upper ones alternate,
those of the third and fourth orders inequilateral at
base, the distal divisions elongate; costae and costules
densely puberulous above with short brown intestini-
few, distant, nearly confined to the distal side of the
ultimate divisions, dorsal, the usually simple veinlet not
attaining the apex of the sharply acute lobe; sporangia
numerous, bearing a short-stalked’ yellow gland upon
the pedicel ; indusia large, coriaceous, roundish- oniteae
glabrous, subpeltate. Leaf tissue firmly membrano-
herbaceous, brownish in drying
“Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1,207,594,
collected in humid forest of the Rio Caldera watershed,
west of El Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama, at an altitude of
1,900 meters, February 17-19, 1917, by Ellsworth P.
Killip (no. 5360). The species is represented also by a
second collection (Killip 5293) with nearly identical
data, and by a single Costa Rican specimen (Santa
Clara de Cartago, 1,950 meters, Maxon 8222) ; the latter,
though small and sterile, is sufficiently complete to afford
data as to rhizome characters and proportions of the
rond. .
Dryopteris Killipii is a strikingly distinct new mem-
ber of the subgenus Parapolystichum. In general archi-
_ tecture it resmbles the common tropical American D.
6 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
effusa (Sw.) Urban and D. exculta squamifera C. Chr.,
of Costa Rica, but it differs strongly in its stout shaggy
stipes and rachises, deltoid non-attenuate blades, mi-
nutely paleaceous segments, and large coriaceous in-
dusia. In color and texture it recalls D. macrostegia
(Hook.) Kuntze and D. amplissima (Presl) C. Chr., of
South America, belonging to the subgenus Polystichopsis.
Wasuineton, D. C.
Fern Ecology of Barro Colorado Island
anama Canal Zone
Lesure A. KENOYER
Barro Colorado Island is the largest island in Gatun
Lake, the artificial lake formed in 1914 to make up the
central portion of the Panama Canal. Its highest eleva-
tion is 537 feet. In 1923 the island was set aside by
the governor of the Canal Zone as a biological reserve.
Subsequently a commodious and comfortable laboratory
was erected on it. It has been visited by numerous
biologists, who find in its six square miles of forested
area and along its twenty-five miles of shore line a wealth
of material for research in tropical biology.
The region is a tropical rain forest of a somewhat dry
type, 1. e. ineluding a number of periodic or monsoon
plant types. The annual rainfall is close to 115 inches.
Half the area of the island is primeval forest, the
remainder being second growth, with only an occasional
small clearing.
Mr. Paul C. Standley (The ferns of Barro Colorado
Island. AMERICAN Fern Journan 16: 112-120; 17: 1-8.
1926, 1927) lists forty-four species of ferns and fern
allies from the island. The writer by collections made
during July and Angust added plete Sc others, giv- 7
Fern Ecouocy oF BARRO CoLORADO ij
ing seventy-two in all. Determinations were made by
Dr. William R. Maxon of the U. 8. National Herbarium.
The increase in the list is due in part to the extension
of trails, there being now about thirty kilometers of
trails, permitting access to almost every part of the
island. It is also partly due to the opportunity for
more intensive study. Eighteen of the added forms
were collected within one kilometer of the laboratory.
At the ravine crossing of one of the older trails, within
100 meters of the laboratory, were found eight previ-
ously unreported forms including a tree fern and a
filmy fern. Up to the very end of the writer’s stay,
visits to new ravines revealed undiscovered species.
So it is probable that the number will reach at least one
hundred, which is a very good showing for a lowland
tropical area.
CLEARINGS
Very few ferns are found on clearings. The most
characteristic is Lygodium polymorphum, which climbs
freely over weeds and shrubs. On a few exposed clear-
ings along the shore may be seen the snowy Pityro-
gramma calomelacna, the thicket-forming gleicheniace-
ous Dicranopteris flexuosa, or the coarse mat- 't-forming
club-moss, Lycopodium cernuum.
PronEeErrR Forest
The absence of big trees would seem to indicate that
the greater part of the eastern half of the island was in
cultivation up to about fifty vears ago. Apparently the
commonest ferns here are the tall pinnate Cyclopeltis
semicordata and the rather low but coarse Tectaria
martinicensis. Several species of Adiantum, especially A.
_ petoliatum and A. lucidum, are frequent, and there are
also invaders from the climax forest. Epiphytie ferns
8 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
are beginning to occupy the tree trunks and branches.
—Lygodium polymorphum has been replaced largely by
L. radiatum, which climbs to considerable heights.
Cumax Forest
The climax forest occupies the whole western half of
the island. A walk of a kilometer on the trails brings
one in sight of about 250 trees having a trunk diameter
equaling or exceeding 0.6 m. (2 feet). Ferns constitute
a prominent. part of the undergrowth. On the forest
floor, outside of the ravines, the largest forms are Cyclo-
pellis semicordata and Diplazium grandifolium, which
have pinnate fronds attaining a height of about a meter.
Adiantum is a ubiquitous genus, including A. petio-
latum, A. lucidum, A. villosum and A. obliquum. Pteris
propinqua frequently lifts its large ternate leaf some-
what suggestive of Pteridium aquilinum. Other species
are Pteris pungens, Asplenium falcinelium, Diplazium
grandifolium, Diplazium delitescens, Dictyoxiphium
panamense, Dryopteris dentata (Standley’s paper),
Dryopteris Poiteana, Maxonia apiifolia, and Tectaria
martinicensis.. Selaginella haematodes, with its bright
red stems, is occasional and Selaginella conduplicata
frequent in the forest.
RavINEs
Ravines are par excellence the home of ferns. Here
are found two interesting tree ferns. Alsophila teneri-
frons attains a height of ten meters and a trunk diam-
eter of 0.2 m. Hemitelia petiolata is a graceful form
three or four meters high. Danaea nodosa, the only
marattiaceous fern noted, is said by Standley to be
common in ravines, but the writer found it only on the
banks of a ravine in the Shannon Trail. It is a tall
coarse fern with swollen nodes on the rhachis. Cyclo-
Fern Ecouoay oF Barro CoLoRADO 9
peltis semicordata is particularly abundant on ravine
banks, forming an almost pure stand in places. Pteris
grandifolia is the largest polypodiaceous fern, having a
once pinnate leaf four meters in length. Dennstaedtia
rubiginosa has a thrice pinnate leaf. Dryopteris Spren-
gel has a short upright trunk suggestive of the tree
ferns. The three last forms were found only in a deep
ravine crossed by the Pearson Trail about a kilometer
from the laboratory. Dryopteris sordida, found very
near the laboratory, had not before been reported for
any locality south of Guatemala. Saccoloma elegans is
a unique type with sporangia in pockets along the
margins of the leaflets of the once pinnate leaves.
Leptochilus cladorrhizans lias the interesting habit of
forming slender rooting runners from the tip of the
frond. Other ravine ferns are Pteris Kunzeana, Asplen-
ium laetum, Tectaria euryloba, and Hemidictyum margi-
natum. On the rocky walls of a deep narrow ravine
where the light was very diffuse was found Tricho-
manes diversifrons, a fine large plant of the Hymeno-
phyllaceae.
ERopING SHORES
Dicranopteris flexuosa, one of the Gleicheniaceae, and
the rankly growing Lycopodium cernuum are associated
on exposed shores forming a dense tangle. The only
locality noted for Alsophila microdonta is of similar
character. The most xeric form of the region is prob-
ably Pityrogramma calomelaena. It is snowy white un-
derneath, suggesting the temperate Notholaena dealbata,
and is found on sunny clay banks and dry rock cliffs.
Selaginella Fendleri is found on some of the semi-
exposed shores. In more sheltered situations on over-
hanging rocks may be seen Nephrolepis pendula, a long
dzvoping form sons allied to the well-known Boston a.
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VoLuUME 18, Figure 1
AN EXPOSED LAKE BLUFF, COVERED PRINCIPALLY WITH DICRANOPTERIS FLEXUOSA, A
GLEICHENIACEOUS FERN. IN THE LOWER LEFT CORNER IS THE TREE FERN, ALSOPHILA MICRODONTA.
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VouUME 18, FiaureE 2
ACROSTICHUM DANEAEFOLIUM GROWING WITH THE CAT TAIL (TYPHA ANGUSTIFOLIA ) ON
A SMALL SUBMERGED ISLAND IN GATUN LAKE ON THE SIDE OF BARRO COLORADO ISLAND OPPOSITE
THE CANAL.
413 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Fern. Associated with it were Blechnum occidentale
and Polypodium percussum.
WaTeR AND Swamp
The only water fern, Salvinia auriculata, occurs float-
ing on some of the still bays on the south and west sides
of the island. The most conspicuous and widespread of >
the marsh ferns is Acrostichum daneaefolium with very
coarse pinnate leaves one to two meters in height. Pure
associations of this fern were noted in the Canal Zone, but
around Barro Colorado island it is found mainly along
shores and on little submerged islands associated with
Typha angustifolia and other aquatics, in a character-
istie hydrarch pioneer association. With it may fre-
quently be found Dryopteris serrata, D. gongylodes,
and Nephrolepis biserrata.
EPIPHYTES
In the epiphytic flora ferns. figure very conspicuously.
There are two fairly well-marked groups,—those with
clustered fronds and those with fronds seattered along
an extensively trailing rhizome. Among the former the
prominent genus is Polypodium, recognized by the round
fruit dots without indusium. P. phyllitidis, in aspect
similar to a bird’s-nest fern, is frequent, although previ-
ously unreported. P. crassifolium has the most ex-
tremely xeric leaf. Leaves of this plant lay for a month
in the hot dry attie of the laboratory before withering
commenced. Other species are P. percussum (ocea-
sional), P. costaricense (very common on trunks and
branches), and an unidentified species of the P. pecti-
natum group. Asplenium serratum, the American
birds’-nest fern, is a frequent and beautiful form. Also
very frequent is Eschatogramme fureata with its in-
teresting staghorn-like fronds. Nephrolepis pendula is
FERN Ecouogy oF Barrko COLORADO 13
found hanging from horizontal branches high in the
larger trees. Vittaria lineata has very long slender
leaves which, tufted like grass clumps, hang from the
branches in the forest. Ananthacorus angustifolius has
similar but shorter and broader leaves. Anetium citri-
foliwm has a characteristic simple obovate leaf. Several
filmy ferns, small species of Trichomanes, grow on the
bark of trees. J. sphenodes was collected by the writer,
and T. Godmani as well as T. Krausii were noted by
Standley. Elaphoglossum Herminieri is mentioned by
Standley as an infrequent but conspicuous epiphyte. A
single specimen of Lycopodium dichotomum was ¢ol-
leeted beneath a large tree from which it had fallen.
Of the ferns which have rhizomes extensively trailing
or climbing upon tree-trunks, the most common is Steno-
chlaena vestita, with strongly differentiated foliage
leaves and sporophylis. Polypodium ciliatum covers
a considerable part of a large tree-trunk with its vine-
like growth. Others are Mazonia apiifolia, Leptochilus
nicotianaefolius, Polybotrya villosula, P. osmundacea,
and P. caudata. The first three were collected by the
writer as previously unreported forms, and the last two
were noted by Standley but not by the writer. The
trunk of a-tree fern furnishes an especially good habitat
for such forms.
The flooding of the Gatun Lake area has called forth
new adjustments along the shore lines. The establish-
ment of exposed shore pioneers along the eroding shoes
has already been mentioned. Trees which were killed
by flooding were, of course, originally occupied by
epiphytie ferns. Most of these have died, due to peel-
ing of the bark and to insolation. Only the more hardy
forms have persisted, the most frequent being Neph-
rolepis pendula, Vittaria lineata, Polypodium phylli-
ese and. Ly ees Mater and marsh ferns have
14 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
invaded the area, occupying stumps which come to or
nearly to the water surface. On certain of the higher
stumps may be found almost an intermingling of these
forms with the surviving epiphytes.
SUMMARY
1. Barro Colorado Island in the lowland tropical rain
forest of the Panama Canal Zone has 72 known species
of ferns and fern allies.
2. Very few of these species figure as clearing pioneers.
3. Ferns are frequent in second growth forest and
abundant in primeval forest as underherbs, none of the
upland forms being more than about one meter high.
4. Terrestrial ferns are most abundant in the ravines,
where the flora includes two rather plentiful tree ferns.
5. A group of fern species is characteristic of the
marsh formations in Gatun Lake.
6. There are numerous epiphytic ferns of both the
tufted and the trailing types. Some of these are suffi-
ciently resistant to persist on the exposed dead stumps
in the lake.
WEsTERN (Micuigan) Stare Tracners CoLLEGE
Collecting Horsetails along the Way‘
JoHN H. SCHAFFNER
The summer of 1927 was spent in taking a camping
trip with my family to the Yellowstone National Park
and although the main purpose was merely recreation
and sight-seeing some botanizing was done and my
special friends, the Equisetums, received their proper
share of attention. Controlling the steering-wheel of an
HS
1 Papers from the Department of Botany, The Ohio State Uni-
versity. No. 208.
COLLECTING HORSETAILS 15
automobile interferes somewhat with the recognition of
the wayside plants, yet one can soon learn to recognize
the proper habitats and to accumulate a respectable col-
lection in his plant press.
We left Columbus, Ohio, on the seeond of July, which
was not too late for finding most of the horsetails in
good condition north of the 40th parallel. West of Elk-
hart, Indiana, several large patches of Equisetum kan-
sanum showed up prominently on the railway which
passed along the road. On the top of the railway track
there were tufts of slender plants about 6 in. high, many
of the shoots with tiny cones, while along the right-of-
way there were typical plants 114-21% feet high. The
dry railway seemed to make an ideal habitat for this
somewhat xerophytie species. In the Dunes State Park
of Indiana, with its remarkable sand dunes, and also
east of Gary the more robust EZ. laevigatum was found.
E. arvense was, of course abundantly distributed all
through northern Indiana. Both FE. kansanum and E.
arvense are abundant along the highway near Joliet,
lilinois, while a little farther on, at Aurora, ZH. laevi-
gatum was again collected. At Dubuque, Iowa, only E.
arvense was noted but farther west, at Waterloo, £.
laevigatum was again seen in abundance. JF. arvense
and E. laevigatum seem to be the common species all
through northern Iowa. The FE. laevigatum often grows
tall and robust with large prominently apiculate cones.
It was also collected at Newell, east of Storm Lake. £.
kansanum was seen at Cedar Falls, at Lake Okoboji, and
near Larchwood. As one approaches the limit of the
typical prairie, FE. laevigatum becomes rarer and E. kan-
sanum is the common species.
After passing over into South Dakota, E. kansanum
was collected on clay banks along the road at Sioux
Falls and at Salem. At Mitchell we visited the campus :
16 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
of South Dakota Wesleyan College where the writer
taught for a season many years ago when the country
was still in its pioneer stage. Both town and college
appear unusually progressive and up to date. EF. kan-
sanum was next collected in bare sandy soil in the
Missouri River valley near Chamberlain. After passing
through the Bad Lands, beyond Scenic, it was collected
on the wet, sandy banks of the Cheyenne River. It will
be noted that at each prominent climatic stage, west-
ward, the species descends to a lower habitat. At Rapid
City the influence of the Black Hills is manifest and
here both E. arvense and E. kansanum were common.
On the road past ‘‘Game Lodge,’’ the ‘‘summer white
house’’ for 1927, we had the pleasure of getting a glimpse
of President Coolidge himself, As his automobile passed
ahead of ours he waved his hand in friendly greeting
even though we were only ‘‘sage-brushers’’ and horse-
tail hunters. In the Custer State Park of the Black
Hills, E. arvense, EB. kansanum, E. praealtum, and E.
silvaticum were collected. The last named species was
abundant at one place, in an open forest in sandy soil
along a brook. It was not seen at any other place dur-
ing the entire trip. Along the high, north-facing bluft
of the creek at Spear Fish, Z. praealtum was abundant.
Beyond this we passed into Wyoming through a gate-
way which bore the admonition, ‘“‘Stop roaming, try
Wyoming,’’ and soon the weird form of the Devil’s
Tower came into view. There is a large, pure spring
and a fine camping ground at its base. In the flood
plain and banks of the Belle Fourche River, which we
crossed by fording, £. kansanwm and E. arvense were
collected. At Buffalo, which is near the Big Horn moun-
tains, F. arvense, E. kansanum, E. laevigatum and E.
praealtum were present. The E. laevigatwm was grow- _
ing abundantly along the sandy banks of a ereek and_
__ extended down into the
seca be some interesting Equisetums ing
COLLECTING HORSETAILS ies
From Buffalo to Tensleep, the road extends over
Muddy Pass, altitude 9666 ft. Here there were large
snow fields still unmelted so we played snowball (July
14) and gathered the low alpine flowers. At a lower
level E. arvense was ebserved. In this region the high-
land meadows are carpeted with blue lupine and purple
larkspur together with many other flowers which make
colorful patches contrasting wonderfully with the green
coniferous forests.
At Tensleep, E. kansanum and E. nelsoni were col-
lected on wet, sandy-gravelly island-bars in the creek.
‘Finding E. nelsoni at this place was quite a surpise, but
there it was with unmistakable characters, not to be
confused with small tufted forms of B. kansanum or E.
laevigatum.
e arrived at Cody rather early in the afternoon
and after pitching camp I wandered down along the
Shoshone River, hoping to find a suitable habitat for
some Equisetum at this low level. After walking a
long distance and being just at the point of giving up
the search, I found EH. kansanum growing in the water-
soaked bed of an overflow channel in the flood plain.
In the Yellowstone National Park, because of its high
altitude, E. arvense is abundant in many places. One
day as I was walking up a little slope of the creek gorge
above Tower Falls, the ground was carpeted with this
species and noticing a path up through it, I decided to
explore the place for others. After going a few rods, :
suddenly met a large, sleek black bear. I had not yet
become accustomed to bear and meeting one alone in the
woods was a new experience for an Equisetum collector.
I looked at the bear and the bear looked at me. We both
seemed to arrive at the same general conclusion. He
turned back and went up the slope and I turned back
and went down the slope. I one that there pe
18 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
surely enough down at the bottom was a fine patch of
E. kansanum growing in rich leaf mold with sand be-
neath and somewhat shaded by conifers. Several of
these plants had surviving bases of 1 or 2 internodes,
of the previous season’s shoots, down in the leaf mold.
This is unusual and was probably due to an early and
deep snow cover during the previous winter. Had it not
been for the bear this interesting patch might have been
overlooked. After one of these friendly animals had
tried to carry away our sack of sugar, my urban timidity
gave way to a feeling of familiar contempt and in-
difference. Along this gorge, both above and below
Tower Falls, E. hiemale is abundant. This species,
along with other Pacifie Coast plants, comes over,
through the region of the national boundary, into Glacier
National Park and evidently extends north and south
along the mountains from that point for some distance.
The specimens from Tower Falls have the normal char-
acters for EH. hiemale and are readily distinguishable
from our eastern E. praealtum. The species grows
abundantly in the deep wet misty gorge below the falls.
I had collected some shoots and was sitting on a rock
examining them with a hand lens when a lady from
Jtah, who was passing by, ealled out: ‘‘Now you will
see snakes.’’ She. called the scouring rush ‘‘Snake-
grass’’ and said that when a child they had a super-
Stition that wherever Equisetum grew snakes would
surely abound. Earlier on the present trip a boy from
Wisconsin whose father was also botanizing had -told
me that the boys at home always called it ‘‘Snakeweed.’’
I had never heard these names before although they
appear to be common in widely separated regions.
Britton and Brown give ‘‘Snake-pipes’’ as a common
name for several species,
Along the ereek below Mammouth Hot Springs, I
collected B. kansanum, E. hie
emale, and E. variegatum.
CoLLECTING HorRsETAILS 19
The last named species was growing in about the same
kind of habitat as the HZ. nelsoni at Tensleep, namely on
wet gravelly sandbars of the creek bed. Along the same
ereek near Gardner, Montana, several miles north, £.
hiemale, E. arvense and E. kansanum, were collected
Dwarfed specimens of EF. kansanum were observed in a
dry grassy meadow along the Firehole River, between
Madison Junction camp and the lower Geyser Basin.
Many of the fruiting plants were not over 4 in. tall.
They ‘were not tufted but were mostly single shoots
growing out of the ground. Of course, the eruption of |
‘Old Faithful’’ and other geysers distracted attention
from Equisetum for a time and there were also comedies
and tragedies. At West Thumb Camp while looking for
plants at the margin of the hot spring area, I noticed a
wild duck and five little ducklings, which had recently
been sealded to death, floating in one of the hot pools.
The next morning the three young members of the
family wanted to see this wonder and after various
surmises as to the cause of the tragedy we were return-
ing through the pool district when suddenly before me
stood a woman and her companion in tears of anguish.
The lady was weeping violently as though she had lost.
her first born, and with the fate of the ducks fresh in
mind I wondered whether some child might have fallen
into one of the hot pools. Going up to find out the
cause of the trouble it developed that their beautiful
spotted bird dog had been missing since the evening
before and there he lay well-cooked at the bottom of the
deep hot pool—a heart-rending tragedy to the owner of
the dog but somewhat of a comedy to an unsympathetic
Equisetum fiend. After leaving the Park by the south
entrance, typical HZ. praealtum and E. kansanum were
collected along the Snake River. Here also were ob-
served the small stunted forms of the latter species, |
ne Browing i ina dry short-erase Blot] yike poe along the
20 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Firehole River. . Nae. 2=5 inches. Rocks.
23.—Woodsia alpina. Stalk more or less hairy; black at base,
brown, shading to yellowish above. Stipe articulated
above base. Pinnate, with pinnatifid pinnae. 2-6 inches.
Rocks
24.—Woodsia ilvensis. Stalk flattened and grooved in front to
or below the joint above the base; brown below, shading
to green above. Stipe and under side of .rachis scaly.
Pinnate, with pinnatifid, chaffy pinnae. 2-8 inches.
ks.
25.—Woodsia obtusa. Stalk brown at base, green or yellowish
above, with pale scales and glandular pubescence; usually
marked with two green lines. Stipe not articulated.
Rachis and upper part of stipe grooved in front, and
often with traces of lateral grooves. Nearly bipinnate.
6-15 inches. Rocky banks and cliffs.
III. Bundles Roundish, Not Soon Uniting into a V or X.
26.—Dryopteris linnaeana. Stipe slender, translucent, smooth ex-
cept at dark brown base; slightly flattened below, grooved
in front, above. Black tissue surrounding the bundles is
very evident. Ternate rachis deeply grooved in front.
Ternate, with 1-2-pinnate divisions, 3-8 inche
o
tal
°
®
Ss
*
EY
pe
ct
=")
b=)
ot
tened base. Very variable. 8-15 inches. Cliffs and
y woods, (Filix f.)
rock
28.—Woodwardia areolata, Stipe dark brown and tapering at
42 (small specimens).
IV. Bundles Oval or Flat (curved in No. 40).
* Bundle usually 1} to-24 times as long as broad.2
29.—Dryopteris noveboracensis. Stalk grooved in front, slender,
pubescent. Rachis flattened on sides, with slight grooves.
* Written 1%x1 and 214% x1 in the descriptions.
8 ae
Stipe less flattened and with traces of grooves. Bundles
about 2x1, bridged. Pinnate, with pubescent, pinnatifid
pinnae, the lower pairs coe reduced. Veins simple.
12-24 inches. Moist woods, e
30. piilssie: simulata, Stalk sss Pees Bundles 2 x1,
idged. Rachis distinctly 3-grooved. Stipe sictatly
shine above; the lateral grooves extend to the dark
of stipe fl i
traces of two grooves in front. Pinnate, with eS.
See pinnae, the lowest searcely redue Veins
imple. 8-20 inches. Wet thickets in dense ee
Apes ai thelypteris. Stalk 3-grooved, except at base,
ubescent 1
where it is flattened on three sides; pubescent. Bundles
not bridged, 14x 1. . Pinnate, with nearly smooth, pin-
tifid euin the lowest searcely reduced. Veins
forked. places.
32.—Cystopteris lila a: Stalk weak, translucent, pale green
(often pinkish) shading to brown below. Stipe flat in
front, below. Bundles about 2x1, not ridged. Rachis
du
with traces of grooves on sid Bi-tripinnate. Rachis
and midribs of pinnae often aitsiietite beneath, 12-24
inches. Damp ravines. (Filia b.)
33. —Dryopteris hexagonoptera. Stipe slightly flattened in front,
and with a light green line on each side (except in forms
which approach No. 34 in general appearance) ; often
ing rather soon, bridged. Frond triangular, about as
broad as long; bipinnatifid, pubescent; often with scales
along wr midrib beneath. 7-20 inches. Open woods.
(Phegopteris h.)
34, Lee yopteris phegopteris. Stipe usually rather dark above;
pubescent, flattened in front, and usually grooved. Fron
triangular, = than broad, —. a
with scales along the midrib, benea 8-15
Damp woods. pean on cue 25
** Bundle usually more than 23 times as long as broad.
35.—Athyrium angustifolium. Stalk green, with brown pubes-
sheath of hairs; deeply grooved in front. Stipe grooved
®In section IV pn of the bundles coalesce at a distance above
the base and form rved bundle. In others they become united hed
a straight connective odie joins their ends. a the back. For c¢
venience these will be called ek . ndles
in front, except at the 2- s base. on flattened
tie above, grooved bel narrowly 2-winged near
top. Pinnate, with thin, liner en Me pinnae. =
feet. Rich tes (A. pyenocarpon).
36.—Athyrium filia-foemina. Stalk green or reddish, smoothish;
3-grooved nearly to the base, where there are a few tooth-
like projections on the lateral ridges. Bundles bridged.
Bipinnate, with more or less incised pinnules. Very
variable. 1-3 feet. Moist woods. (A. angustum and
A, asplenioides).
37.—Athyrium acrostichoides. Stalk green, pubescent; grooved in
t and slightly on the sides, except the lower half of
the stipe. Stipe with tooth-like projections on the lateral
ridges f the extreme base. undles bridged. ipin-
natifid. —4 feet. Rich, moist woods. (A. thelypter-
oides).
38.—Onoclea sensibilis, Stalk yellowish (often pinkish at base),
smooth; triangular in large specimens, with traces of
grooves in front and on the sides, above; 2-ridged below
on sides; above, with two light lines that run into the
broad wings of the rachis. Broadly triangular, deeply
pinnatifid. Veins areolate. 1-2} feet. Wet thickets, ete.
39.—Pteretis nodulosa. Stalk dark green, deeply grooved in front,
8
and two on each side. Some stipes have tooth-like projec-
tions at the rhombic base. Bundles bridged, ipin-
soil. (Onoclea and Matteuccia Struthiopteris
40.—Phyllitis scolopendrium. Stipe sealy, somewhat flattened on
hree sides and 2-ridged above; traces of grooves in front,
near the middle. Bundles very much curved, and finally
forming an X. Simple, oblong-lanceolate with a cordate
base; scaly along midrib, beneath. 5-18 inches. Rich
woods, very local. (Scolopendrium vulgare).
C. THREE BUNDLES
I. Bundles Curved, Arranged in a Ring.
See Nos. 5, 46-50.
It. Bundles Round or Oval.
41.—Polypodiwm polypodioides, Stalk and under side of pinnae
covered with peltate scales with dark centers, and ovate,
2 S ee 3
laciniate scales (especially on front of the stipe). Stipe
articulated to the rhizome; 2-ridged in front. Bundles
at extreme base, soon becoming two, and then one,
Bin ae fid. 2-6 inches. Rocks and trees.
#2. Polypodinns Pay te Stalk green, smooth or nearly so;
o that the front often seems 2-grooved; articu-
lated to vibesale: Bundles soon uniting, as in a BE
Pin nate or nearly so, smooth. 4-10 inches. Hock. (?,
virgin
43. is dite von Stalk yellowish green, scaly and glan-
dular-pubescent. Rachis and upper part of stipe grooved
in front. Bundle at back of stipe slightly smaller res
the other two. Bipinnatifid, Wma 12
Rocks. Large Seo may fall under E
44.—Ophioglossum vulgatum. Stipe See soft and spongy,
grooved in front ee. Bundles 3-6, obscure, arranged
otis the irregular spongy center. Simple, ovate to
elliptic. Veins areolate. 2-10 ae Bogs and pas-
ures; towards the South in damp wo
Small specimens of all of the species iets belonging under
_ E may occur here.
D. FOUR BUNDLES
I. Bundles Round or Oval.
45 ee einiagy braunii. Stalk densely clothed with large scales
an irs. Stipe very short, flat in front; marked with
sinha sears when the hairs are rubbed off; above, with
traces of lateral grooves that run into two ridges below.
Rachis grooved in front, flat on sides. Bundles four near
base, often five above.’ oe with chaffy pinnae,
the lower ones reduced. eet. Deep woods.
Small specimens belonging Be tale under E may occur here.
See also No, 44.
TI. Bundles Curved and Arranged in a Ring.
* Bud completely enclosed in base of stipe.
46.—Botrychium angustisegmentum. Stalk soft, whitish below,
shading to pinkish (or brownish) and then green, above;
spongy. Two lateral ridges and a slight groove extend
a short distance below the base of the sterile segment.
wo bundles at base, ae to six (usually four) a short
distance above. t over recurved fertile seg-
ment in bud ce E sige ange sean ——
as .
ternately bipinnatifid; midvein continuous, lobes acute.
3-10 inches. Woods.
47.—Botrychium ramosum. Stalk and bundles as in No. 46.
Apices
in bud (Davenport). Lamina fleshy, ovate or triangular,
pinnate to bipinnatifid. Lobes obtuse; midveins dissi-
pated by branching. 3-10 inches. Woods. (B. neglec-
tum).
48.—Botrychium simplex. Probably belongs here. Apices of both
segments erect in the bud (Davenport). Sterile segment
near the base of the stem; Aviat obovate, oblong, entire,
lobed or pinnatifid. 2-5 inches. ds.
49.—Botrychium lunaria. Probably percep here. Apex of lamina
bent over the straight fertile segment in the bud (Daven-
port). Lamina very fleshy, pinnate, with lunate or fan-
shaped, crenate, incised, or nearly entire divisions. 4-10
inches. Pastures.
** Bud cavity at base of stipe open at one side.
50 wi eons, virginianum. Stalk fleshy, pinkish. Bundles as
n No. 46 ud pilose. Divisions of rachis with wings
fai run into two ridges on the stipe just below the
lamina. Ternate, with primary divisions 1—2-pinnate,
and then 1-2-pinnatifid. 6-24 inches. Rich woods
See also No.
E. FIVE BUNDLES
I, Middle Bundle No Larger Than the Two Adjacent Ones.
See Nos. 43-45
51.—Polystichwm acrostichoides. Stalk brown at ba ase, green
lines) on sides. Rachis and upper part of stipe slightly
grooved in front; sometimes with traces of lateral grooves
in ia specimens. Pinna ate, with thickish, auricled pin-
nae, the lowest little reduced. 1-24 feet. Rich woods.
52.—Poly Seay lonchitis. Probably belongs here. Very short-
stalked. Pinnate, with rigid, auricled pinnae, the lowest
much reduced and short-triangular. 9-24 inches. Woods
far northward,
II. Middle Bundle Larger Than the Adjacent Ones.
53.—Dryopteris spinulosa. Stalk with scattered scales; 3-grooved
to base, where it is slightly ridged on the sides. Bipin-
‘ ;
nate to tri-pinnatifid; ovate-lanceolate, or ovate to tri-
angular-ovate. 1-24 feet. Damp woods, etc. The varie-
ties (?) intermedia and dilatata (americana) are perforce
ine d here.
54.—Dryopteris Boottii. Stalk with eRe a it grooved in
front, aid slightly on sides nearl base. Extreme
base ridged on sides and grooved in es nt. Bipinnate.
to sobentuied elongated lanceolate, narrowed at base.
ais? feet, Wet thickets. SNE between Nos, 53
55. eagen acachana: Stalk with scattered scales; 3-grooved
nearly to base, where it is ridged on the sides. The front
groove becomes obscure towards the base. Linear-oblong
or lanceolate, bipinnatifid; texture thick. 1-3 feet. We
thickets.
56.—Dryopteris cristata x marginalis. Grooves, ete., as in No. 59.
Rootstock with crown central as in No. 57 (not growing
beyond the fronds as in No. 55). Upper two-thirds of
frond like No. 57, being broader, and having the pinnae
and apex more acuminate. Bipinnatifid. 1-24 feet.
Wet woods.
57.—Dryopteris marginalis, Stalk densely scaly below; grooved
in front to base, and on the sides. The lateral grooves
run into two slight ridges at the extreme base. Bipin-
nate, coriaceous. Ovate-oblong, with lanceolate pinnae.
Pinnules entire or crenate, oblong. 1-3 feet. Rocky
woods,
Small specimens of Nos. 58 and 59 may occur here, See also
Nos. 44 and 46 to 50
ridges at the base. Bundles usually seven, round)
Bipinnatifid. Pinnae vec at the middle. 2-4 feet.
ich woods.
59.—W oodwardia virginica. Stalk grooved in front to base, and
with two lateral lines running ete to base. Stipe and
lower part of rachis brown. tissue of lower part
of stipe usually dark brown and spongy Rachis with a
ie al
slight ridge below the base of each pinna; 5-grooved
above; below, 3-grooved, as is the upper part of the stipe.
ihdios usually 7-9. Bipinnatifid. Veins forming a
single row of areoles along the midribs of pinnae and
lobes. 2-4 feet. Swamps and wet woods. (Anchistea v.)
IT. Bundles Irregularly Arranged.
60.—Pteridium ee: Stalk brownish, with a dense sheath
f hai
uid ary a 3-grooved. Stipe and: rachises
with ileht lines along the sides. Bundles curved, flat or
oval, rather irregularly arranged. Ternate with bipin-
nate branches. 1-4 feet. - Thickets, etc., usually in sandy
soil. (Pteris aquilina).
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Vou. 18 JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1928 No. 3
Fluctuation in Equisetum*
JOHN H. SCHAFFNER
In making a comprehensive ‘study of the taxonomy of
plants, the fact becomes evident that there is no general
correspondence between the taxonomic system and the
phylogenetic process, or evolution, on the one hand, and
the environment or utility, on the other. The evolution-
ary movement, in the broad sense, goes on in the same
direction in widely diverse environments. The same
progressivé movements also take place independently of
special morphological differences and often at different
evolutionary horizons, as, for example, the origin of the
flower or determinate reproductive axis. But another
fact stands out with equal prominence. There is abun-
dant ecological adaptation, as ability to withstand
drought or cold, and also great fluctuation or ecological
variation of the individual in many groups. In some the
ontogeny is often remarkably influenced by the environ-
ment. Of all the groups of plants, which the writer has
studied, the Equisetaceae seem to possess the greatest
ability to fluctuate; and it is very important that those
‘who are doing morphological or taxonomic work on the
group take adequate account of this tendency to fluctua-
* Papers from the Department of Botany, The Ohio State Uni-
versity, No. 217. [Volume 18, No. 2, of the JOURNAL, pages
37-68, plate 1, was issued July 12, 1928.]
69
70 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
tion. It is often very great in characters that we are
aceustomed to think of as quite constant. This is prob-
ably due to the fact that Equisetum represents a primi-
tive group which has developed a large number of
specializations and even of advanced characters.
The keynote to the situation is primitive position in
respect to fundamental evolutionary progression com-
bined with important specializations. Among these
specializations may be mentioned: development of
prominent internodes and internodal cavities; develop-
ment of leaf sheaths with loss of proper leaves ; develop-
ment of sterile and fertile shoots; development of branch
whorls, and their suppression, on top of the more primi-
tive sporadic monopodial branching system; the evolu-
tion of a peduncle and primitive perianth; and special-
ization in the loss of chlorophyll in the cone, peduncle,
and reproductive shoot. Equisetum can, therefore, be
defined as a specialized, primitive vascular plant.
If one studies the progressive changes in the various
plant phyla, one soon finds that the first steps in a given
direction are commonly much more subject to fluctuation
than the more advanced evolutionary stages of the same
category. Thus a primitive flower, like the cone of a
Lycopod, Equisetum, Araucarian, or Larix, or even of
a Rose, will frequently proliferate, returning to the
primitive indeterminate condition, while such a develop-
ment is exceedingly rare and practically impossible in
the higher types of strobili and advanced flowers. The
Same condition holds in the dimorphism between foliage
leaf and sporophyll. Intermediate expressions between
leaf and sporophyll are rather common in such low forms
as Osmunda cinnamomea and Onoclea sensibilis, while
such intermediate forms would be very difficult to find
in any advanced group unless a mutative change occurs.
A primitive flower, which is just one step removed from
FLUCTUATION IN EQUISETUM (z
the original indeterminate condition, has great variabil-
ity in the number of its sporophylls while a high type of
flower has its parts exceedingly constant.
Since Equisetum has such a large number of these first
steps in evolutionary advancement, one would expect the
genus to be ideal for the study of fluctuation, and ae-
cording to the writer’s observation, as intimated above,
its species appears to have a greater supply of important
fluctuations than almost any other vascular plants. The -
real difficulty in studying EHquisetum is to find some-
thing that can be depended upon. ;
1. FLUCTUATION IN THE SHEATH SEGMENTS AND INTER-
- NODAL RIDGES. In most of the species the variability in
these characters is very great, the numbers depending
largely on the comparative size of the growing bud. It
is only when the extreme species of the several phyletic
Series are reached that something like the stability
characteristic of corresponding structures of higher
plants is attained. In E: praealtum the teeth and ridges
vary from 7 to 48, or even beyond these limits; in EF.
variegatum the numbers usually fluctuate between 5 to
; while in E. scirpoides, the culmination of this species
group, there are 6 ridges (3 double ridges) and 3 sheath
segments and teeth quite regularly. In the more highly
evolved Equisera HetTeropuyapica, although the main
stem is still quite variable, the normal branches approach
@ condition of constancy in sheath segments and inter-
nodal ridges, FE. pratense mostly having 3 and E. arvense
3 or 4
2. DISCOLORATION OF SHEATHS. No reliance is to be
placed on the color patterns of the sheaths or sheath
teeth of such species as E. laevigatum, E. praealtum, E.
hiemale and E. kansanum, although these are frequently
emphasized in keys and descriptions. In E. praealtum
the whole sheath may be black or dark brown, or it may
72 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
be black with a very narrow white band at the base; it
may be uniformly white or ash-colored; it may be light
colored with a dark band above or below or with a band
at both ends. £. hiemale shows similar fluctuations.
Often several of these patterns will be on the same shoot.
E. laevigatum typically has green sheaths until quite
old, with narrow brown spots on the tips of the leaf seg-
ments, but the basal sheaths are often discolored in the
same patterns developed in EF. praealtum.
3. ABSCISSION OF SHEATH-TEETH. In those species
which have deciduous teeth the formation of abscission
layers is very variable both as to time of formation and
completeness of the development. The condition ranges
all the way from ecaducous to persistent teeth. In
E. praealtum and E. laevigatum the abscission fre-
quently occurs very early and the adnate teeth are car-
ried up on the tip of the stem as ‘pagoda caps’’; but
often the teeth are long persistent and are still present
as distinct appendages on old sheaths. In other cases,
although the stem grows through the whorl of teeth,
they soon drop off as individual members. Frequently
the lowest sheaths have persistent teeth without any
abscission layer developing.
4. FLUCTUATION IN LENGTH OF INTERNODES. The dif-.
ference in length of internodes in a species is very great,
and the fluctuation on a single shoot is often enormous,
ranging from practically zero length to 514 inches and
more in E. praealtum. In E. praealtum, E. hiemale, and
E. laevigatum there may be two, three, four or more
sheaths completely telescoped through lack of internodal
development. Sometimes a zone of short internodes
appears suddenly and ends suddenly, or the zone may
show a gradual succession of elongating or shortening
internodes. These zones may be near the base of the
in the middle, or near the tip; or there may be
FLUCTUATION IN EQUISETUM 73
two or more such zones. Occasionally one ean find a
pateh of plants in which nearly all of the shoots of a
given year have a contracted zone in about the same re-
gion of the shoot, indicating some strong environmental
influence acting at the time of development. Plants are
also often developed quite regularly. In patches of EZ.
praealtum with prevailingly white sheaths,_the bands of
shortened internodes present a striking appearance.
These short internodes are commonly discolored on the
inner wall of the central cavity. Sometimes the color is
yellowish-brown and sometimes very dark brown or
nearly black. Occasionally, however, one or more ¢cavi-
ties or even all in a zone may have the normal white
appearance of the normal central cavity. The walls of
the short cavity are also sometimes granular. This sug-
gested that the short internodes might be caused by
some sort of insect. But no evidence of any kind has
been found.
5. FLUCTUATION IN BRANCH WHORLS. Those species
which have regular whorls of branches often show strik-
ing variation in this character. This is especially true
for E. fluviatile and E. palustre, either of which may
show extensive branching with regular whorls, may be
sporadically branched or may show no branching of the
aerial shoot at all. The number of whorls of branches
and their nearness to the base or apex is also exceedingly
variable. There is also much fluctuation in the develop-
ment of secondary branches. Compound branches are
very common in E. arvense and of many degrees of com-
plexity, while EZ. silvaticum, which normally has com-
pound branches, may be simply branched. The whorled
branch condition, phylogenetically considered, is an
advanced condition imposed on a system with sporadic
branching, as manifested in the rhizome.
74 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
6. GENERAL HABIT. The general habit varies greatly
in most species, and especially in E. fluviatile, E. palus-
tre, EH. laevigatum, E. kansanum, E. silvaticum, E.
pratense, E. telmateia, and E. arvense. In E. sil-
vaticum, E. pratense, and E. arvense, the shoots may be
tall with regular whorls of long or short branches; they
may be irregularly branched and bushy or closely tufted,
or they may even develop as typical mat plants lying flat
on the ground with the main branches radiating from
the center.
7. FLUCTUATION IN THE SILEX. The development of
the silicious crust is very variable also, some individuals
being comparatively smooth while others are exceed-
ingly rough. There is often a considerable regional dif-
ference in this respect.
8. AMPLIATED SHEATH. In general the sheaths may be
described as ampliated or tight. But the close-fitting,
cylindrical sheaths are usually also ampliated or funnel-
shaped when young, and may thus cause difficulty in
determination. Well-developed specimens alone can
give definite information as to the real nature of the
sheath in a number of species.
9. INTERGRADATION BETWEEN VEGETATIVE AND FLORAL
sHoots. All Equiseta have a dimorphism of shoots,
definite, determinate, vegetative shoots and determinate
reproductive or cone-bearing shoots. Since there is a
rather primitive type of cone development, one would
naturally expect to find some fluctuation between the
two conditions. One is, however, hardly prepared for
the extreme series of ontogenetic expressions, present in
many species, by which every gradation of size and per-
fection is produced between the normal fertile cones and
the determinate, vegetative tip. The sterile and semi-
sterile cones vary from the size of a pin head to the size
normal for the fertile cones of the species. The smallest —
FLUCTUATION IN EQUISETUM 75
cones are on shoots with very slender tips. These fluc-
tuating series are common in EL. laevigatum, E. praeal-
tum, E. kansanum, E. fluviatile, E. palustre, and even
E. pratense. There are also integrading cone series in
E. silvaticum and E. arvense, but they are rather rare
in comparison with their frequency in such more primi-
tive species as EH. praealtum, E. fluviatile, and E.
palustre.
These semi-sterile cones have in the past given rise to
much speculation as to possible hybrid races in Equt-
setum. The forms known as E. trachiodon, E. litorale,
and E. variegatum jesupi have been regarded as hybrids,
apparently mainly because of imperfect spores and
sporangia. There may be hybrids in Equisetum but, so
far, I myself have never found any definite evidence of
it. The way to settle the question is for someone to
attempt the hybridizations. In attempting to discover
possible hybrids, systematists must also learn to judge of
the supposed hybrid characters by the modern principles
of genetics and Mendelian heredity. The mere presence
of semi-sterile shoots and of intermediate characters does
not constitute evidence of hybridity in Equisetum.
10. THE CALYX AND SPOROPHYLLS. The Equisetum
cone is made up of a series of separate sporophylls ar-
ranged in spirals and so placed that they fall into defi-
nite cycles. The numbers in a whorl usually decrease
slightly from the middle to the base and decidedly so to
the tip. A cone may have as few as 10 free sporophylls
(minute sterile type) or even less, or as many as 214 or
more in the large normal cones of E. praealtum. At the
base there is a special sheath or calyx of united sporo-
phylls bearing sporangia only on the upper side. The
enormous fluctuation in the determinate growth of the
cone is probably due to the fact that Equisetum has not
evolved very far from the primitive indeterminate type.
76 - AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
The acquired potentiality of determination does not
work promptly or accurately. Hence there is also much |
proliferation in some species, as in E. fluviatile. In the
lower species, the calyx segments are normally all
sporangium-bearing. Nevertheless in species like £.
praealtum part of the segments may be completely ster-
ile, and in extreme cases, although rarely, a completely
sterile calyx is developed. This development of a special
whorl of leaves between the sporophylls and vegetative
leaves is one of the characteristics of the higher flowers.
In the highest Equiseta the calyx is normally entirely
sterile and it is only occasionally that one can find one
or more sporangia on it. In E. arvense and E. pratense
one side of the bud may be more advanced than the
other, so the sheath below the cone may be leaf sheath on
one side and sterile calyx on the other. In such cases
then the segments of the calyx in line above will also
Show the more advanced gradient and will have sporan-
gia on the upper side, while the segments in line with
the normal leaf sheath segments below will be sterile.
11. THE PEDUNCLE. The lower Equiseta usually have
the cone sessile or nearly so in the uppermost leaf sheath,
as can be observed in E. laevigatum, E. pracaltum, and
E. hiemale. The internode between the last leaf sheath —
and the calyx is commonly not more than one-fourth
inch long. But beginning with the species with annual
aerial shoots a peduncle is evolved which reaches its
maximum in E. telmateia and E. arvense. In E. kan-
sanum, and E. fluviatile the peduncle is often distinet
and of some length, while in E. palustre, E. silvaticum,
and E. pratense it is usually prominent. In all eases the
fluctuation in length is very great. In the lower species
the peduncle also fluctuates in texture and color from.
the ordinary green to yellowish and brown. In &.
evens =e fluetnation i in Jength is from less than one-
FLUCTUATION IN EQUISETUM 77
12. TERMINAL POINT OF CONE. The lower Equiseta
have apiculate cones while the higher species have
rounded tips or are merely acute. Since £. kansanum
and E. funstoni have apparently originated -from the
apiculate group and have eliminated the point with the
acquisition of annual aerial shoots, this character be-
comes of diagnostic value, but, alas, just as is the case
with the newly acquired sterile calyx and peduncle, so
also can no absolute reliance be placed on the presence
or absence of the apiculate cone, as in distinguishing be-
tween E. laevigatum and E. kansanum. For although
the difference in this character is usually definite, ex-
treme fluctuations overlap and one must, therefore, de-
pend in such eases on the annual and perennial condi-
tions of the stems. The development of the projection
at the apex of the cone is to be understood as due to a
slow process of determination. In the higher Equiseta
determination of the floral axis is more prompt and defi-
nite and the point is thus eliminated, because the uni-
versal trend of floral evolution in all groups is to a more
prompt cessation of growth after reproduction begins,
until in the highest, epigynous type the central point of
the floral axis actually stops growing before the incepts
of the floral leaves have made their appearance.
13. Loss OF CHLOROPHYLL IN REPRODUCTIVE SHOOT. In
the lower species of Equisetum the cone is green until
the spores reach maturity. As one ascends the scale, the
loss of green color is shoved back farther and farther in
the ontogeny until the extreme is reached in E. telmateia
and E. arvense, where the entire reproductive shoot is
normally without chlorophyll or with only very slight
chlorophyll development. Along with the loss of chloro-
phyll goes the loss of the branch whorls in these species.
But fluctuation is again prominent, for one can fre-
quently find fertile shoots with varying degrees of
bi deve. nt and varying degrees of chloro ‘ophyll.
78 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Now, considering all this mass of fluctuating charac-
ters, where is one to turn to find something dependable
for species characterization and delimitation? There
are such characters which show no greater fluctuation
than is present commonly in more fixed groups. These
characters must be found and emphasized in keys and
descriptions. And when this is done there is little left
for varieties. There are practically no varieties in
Equisetum. Yet a great number of them have been de-
scribed. Seventy years ago Milde found 11 in EZ.
arvense, 9 in E. telmateia, 34 in E. ramosissimum, 12 in
£. hiemale, 13 in E. variegatum, 7 in E. palustre and 3
in E. praealtum (robustum). Many more have been
described in the mean time. A. A. Eaton, who was our
last prominent student of the group, realized that there
were practically no good varieties recognizable in Equi-
setum, yet he immediately began to establish a large
number of new ones,
Without going into the question of the validity of the
taxonomic groups designated as ‘‘varieties’? and
‘‘forms,’’ which have played such a prominent part in
the taxonomy of Equisetum, it becomes necessary to dis-
pose of the fact of fluctuation in one way or another,
whenever one is employed in naming or describing the
various species which one may recognize as valid.
The writer is opposed to giving formal names to fluc-
tuations, for it ean easily be seen that not only will two
shoots from the same rhizome often be placed in differ-
ent groups but the same shoot must often be catalogued
under several varietal names as is at present actually
done! Such a procedure seems extremely foolish and the
wonder is that it can actually be carried on in the name
of taxonomic science,
The writer believes that the situation can be properly
met by the use of descriptive polynomials. If Latin
descriptive terms are deemed necessary, then the main
FLUCTUATION IN EQUISETUM 79
types of fluctuations can receive general descriptive
designations, as ramulosum, pauciramulosum, multi-
ramulosum, nudum, ete., to designate the degree of
branching; proliferum for a proliferated cone; poly-
stachyum for the presence of cones on lateral branches;
dichotomum for a ease of branch dichotomy or twin-
ning, ete. Then if one finds an individual of E. fluvia-
tile which has a shoot with many whorls of branches, a
proliferated cone, and one or more side branches with
cones, it would be EH. fluviatile L. fl. multiramulosum
proliferum polystachyum. Another shoot from the same
rhizome may have no branches whatever but may have
a dichotomous tip, each of the twin branches ending in
a semi-sterile cone. This would be EZ. fluviatile L. fi.
nudum dichotomum semi-sterile. In almost any large
patch of E. praealtum one ean find individual shoots
with no branches and with a single terminal cone, but
commonly or even quite generally, in Ohio, the older
shoots develop lateral branches ending in small cones.
The first shoot would then be E. praealtum Raf. fl.
nudum, if one would not look for other fluctuating pecu-
liarities, which would, of course, lengthen the designa-
tion, and the other type would be EZ. praealtum Raf. fl.
polystachyum. And so on ad infinitum. This is exactly
the same kind of taxonomic exercise as when one goes
into an apple orchard and makes the unusual discovery
that of three trees, one has an abundance of apples, the
second one only a single apple, and the third tree no
apples at all. This is an exercise in organographie ecol-
ogy and not taxonomy. From the standpoint of ecology
this is a legitimate and important pastime; from the
standpoint of formal taxonomy, it is ‘‘nonsense botany.’
For if taxonomy is not naming and establishing larger
and smaller groups which reproduce themselves after
their kind, then it has no legitimate basis as a science.
4
80 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Ferning Out of Season
H. E. RANSIER
We started out November 26th, 1927, with car and
trailer, an aggregate weight of three full tons. Rain
overtook us the first night out, before a camp ground
had been located in the darkness, and for a whole month
it was a fight against rain, snow, sleet and cold. While
in camp at Harper’s Ferry four inches of snow and sleet
fell. Imagine our surprise to find purple cliff brakes in
all stages of growth on the face of a retaining wall along
a side street, rubbing pedestrians’ elbows as they passed!
The cliffs above would no doubt have been interesting
to examine but the sun had already come out, the snow
and ice were melting, and masses were slipping down the
face of the wall, absolutely barring investigation.
No ferns were seen in any of the Virginia Caverns vis-
ited but it was interesting to note that often where 100-
or 200-watt or larger electric lamps with reflectors had
been installed close to the clay-ecovered formations, the
heat and light of the lamps, combined with the natural
moisture present, had favored low forms of plant life,
an inch or so high, over a space the size of a dinner plate,
pale green. Three or four kinds may be seen but none
were identified. As the lights are on but a few minutes
while visitors are passing, the results are astonishing.
Our next thrill was in finding venus-hair ferns on the
outer walls of Fort Marion, St. Augustine, Florida, in
great quantities, though not growing thriftily. Most
unusual of all was to find that it grew much finer on the
inner walls of rooms of this coquina-rock-built fortress.
The fort consists of a large inner court, around which
are chambers approximately thirty feet deep, all facing
the court, each with one door and usually a window on
FERNING Out oF SEASON 81
each side of the door, with prison-like gratings only
allowing free circulation of air and a dim light. These
chambers are possibly sixteen feet high with rock arched
ceilings and all have a history. One, for instance, was
Osceola’s cell. In a number of these rooms the venus-
hair fern had found a congenial home, even growing
from seams in the wall at the extreme rear end and along
the sides as well as nearer the door. (See Fig, 4.)
The place had had repairs made upon the flat roof
overhead and the rooms fumigated, and, as a result, the
ferns had suffered, much to the custodian’s sorrow. He
thought it was the fumigation but I suggested that the
repairs of tar and cement overhead had probably cut off
the moisture from filtering down through the porous
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 18, FIGURE 5
VENUS-HAIR ON THE OLD CitTy GATES, ST. AUGUSTINE
FERNING OuT OF SEASON 83
rock and that drilling a hole to allow a little water to
reach them would restore growth. They had enjoyed
shade, moisture and protection from the occasional
frosts, an ideal home.
After some delay and difficulty, permission was ob-
tained to make flashlights of the ferns, but when the
attempt was made, an accident put the kodak out of:
commission and the results were but partially successful.
The old Spanish gates to the city of St. Augustine are
still standing, built of the same kind of rock as the fort
and on the northern side the venus-hair also grows
freely, close beside the modern paved highway where the
city’s visitors flash by, or perchance the languid native
leans against them while chatting with his fellows.
However, the colored loiterer would never harm the
ferns, for he would surely be found on the southern or
‘sunny side of the wall!
The fort is used by the local Historical Society with
the Government’s permission and capable guides show
great numbers of visitors daily through without charge,
although voluntary offerings are customary: Booths
where postals, views and curios are sold are located near
the entrance. Under the circumstances, it seems strange
that these ferns have not been reported by some visitor
before this. :
Around Miami, Florida, I began to find ferns but on
January 29th there was a frost, three-eighths of an
inch of ice forming on our water pail, and all ferns were
cut down.
A large drainage canal from near Royal Palm Park,
south of Miami to the southern tip of the state, was dug
out of shell rock, part of the rock being used for a road
bed parallelling the canal, and the balance thrown up on
the opposite bank. Several kinds of ferns have taken
to this rock as ducks take to water.
,
—
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 18, FIGURES 6 AND 7
THE AUTHOR AND THE LEATHER-FERNS. STERILE, LEFT; FERTILE, RIGHT
FERNING OuT OF SEASON 85
About ten miles from the gulf the leather fern grew
very close to the roadway but mosquitoes made it almost
impossible to do more than grab a specimen and run.
Usually there was but one fertile frond and more often
none but sterile. The latter sometimes were thirty inches
across and not much over six feet tall. Fertile fronds
are much narrower and may be much taller. Some
found on our return north near Fort Pierce were nearly
nine feet tall, but the choicest of all were found just
north of Fort Myers on the west coast, which measured
exactly ten feet eight inches in height. It was collected
in a rain storm, under an umbrella, hip boots on, about
a hundred feet off the main highway. Some have been
reported twelve feet high. One measured four inches in
circumference at the base of the stipe! Making photos
on the spot would have necessitated an hour’s labor with
a scythe or machete. Being among them was much like
_ being lost in a corn field. After emerging with speci-
mens at one place, we were informed that a rattlesnake
had been killed there very recently. (Never saw one,
though, in Florida except at a snake farm.) -
outh of Tallahassee is said to be the largest spring in
the world, discharging 370,000 gallons of water a min-
ute, Wakulla Spring. Returning from a visit there,
along a narrow woods road, a negro cabin was espied,
the roof of which was almost wholly overgrown with the
gray polypody fern, in vigorous condition. It had been
noticed on live oak tree trunks, on the larger limbs, logs
and palmetto trunks as well as on rocks, but these on the
roof were the most unique and massive lot of all. It
rambles over tree trunks, and, while frequently met with,
was more often curled up and partially dry at the time
of my visit.
BirrMiIncHAM, ALABAMA
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VoLuME 18, Figure 8
GRAY PoLypopy ON A CABIN ROOF
~
FERNS oF Monroe County, NEw York 87
Ferns of Monroe and Adjoining Counties,
New York (continued)
JOSEPHINE ZOLLMAN Epson
ASPLENIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM Michx. Occasional.
This fern, much like Polystichum acrostichoides in
outline save that its pinnae lack the auricle near the
rachis, has been found in moist woods at Ionia, Fairport
and Webster
ASPLENIUM ACROSTICHOIDES Sw. Frequent.
In moist woods at Fisher’s, Ionia and Fairport may
be found this attractive fern.
ASPLENIUM FILIx-FEMINA (L.) Bernh. Common.
Almost anywhere, in dry woods, we find the graceful
lady fern. Three of my favorite hunting grounds for
it are the Marsh Road Woods, Perinton, Townline Road,
Chili, and the woods about the Mendon Ponds.
CAMPTOSORUS RHIZOPHYLLUS (L.) Link. Rare.
The habit of the walking fern of rooting at the rib-
bon-like ends of its fronds gives one the impression of a
Mother Fern leading her little ones by the hand, along
the slippery, dangerous limestone cliffs. On the sides of
ravines at the Gulf, LeRoy and Clark’s Gully, Naples
and on rocks in Penfield this interesting fern can be
found.
PoLysticHuM AcRosTICHowES (Michx.) Schott. Com-
mon.
Var. incIsum Gray. Occasional.
Polystichum acrostichoides is one of the ferns most
frequently found in our locality, but none the less inter-
esting for that. Beside being evergreen it is extremely
88 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
variable. One may find fronds all crinkled and scal-
loped or, upon examining an especially attractive fern,
discover several forked fronds. Some have blunt
rounded pinnae, others display pinnae deeply incised
or with prominent spiny hairs.
AspipiuM THELYPTERIS (L.) Sw. Common.
In wet woods everywhere, and in Bergen Swamp and
Mendon Ponds in particular, one may find the marsh
fern waving a greeting to the passerby.
ASPIDIUM NOVEBORACENSE (Li.) Sw. Common.
This fern, with its easily identified, tapering fronds,
carpets a moist woods on the Townline Road, Chili, a
few miles from Rochester.
There is also a fragrant variety of this fern which, to
quote from Clute: ‘‘Prof. Peck has described a variety
fragrans of the New York fern which is principally dis-
tinguished by the odour... Eaton made a variety
suaveolens of which he says, ‘Fronds narrower, slightly
more rigid, very sweet scented in drying, the under sur-
face copiously sprinkled with minute glands.’ This is
apparently only a form which, exposed to the sun, has
made some slight changes to adapt itself to the new
conditions. ’”’
ASPIDIUM MARGINALE (L.) Sw. Common.
Marginale is one of our ten evergreen ferns and is an
inhabitant of dry woods at Honeoye Lake, Marsh Road,
Perinton and an arbor vitae swamp in Chili.
Aspipium Goupianum Hook. Frequent.
This is one of our largest ferns, specimens at the Gulf,
LeRoy, attaining a height of from three to four feet.
It is also found in moist woods at Webster and Adams
Basin.
Ferns oF MonroE County, NEw York 89
Aspipium Boortn Tuckerm. Rare.
This is an inhabitant of moist woods at the Powder
Mills, Ontario County, and an arbor vitae swamp in
Chili, Monroe County.
ASPIDIUM CRISTATUM (L.) Sw. Frequent.
Distinetive, due to its prominent venation, Aspidium
cristatum graces the moist woods at Adams Basin,
Powder Mills, and the Bergen Swamp. It is an ever-
green fern and cheers the winter walker with its bright,
sterile fronds prostrate upon the leafy earth.
ASPIDIUM CRISTATUM Var. CLINTONIANUM D. C. Eaton.
; Occasional.
In an arbor vitae swamp, Chili, Genesee River Wood,
Greece and in Adams Basin can be found this, the Clin-
ton’s wood fern. It is a lover of moist woodlands, wher-
ever found.
ASPIDIUM SPINULOsuM (O. F. Miiller) Sw. Occasional.
At Sullivan’s, the arbor vitae swamp, Chili, and
Cedar Swamp, Henrietta, one may seek out the spinulose
wood fern and be sure of finding it at home in the cold,
wet woods which it loves.
AsPIDIUM SPINULOSUM Var. INTERMEDIUM (Muhl.) D. C.
Eaton. Common.
This is our commonest wood fern and its evergreen
fronds are often met with on our winter hikes. It has
been found in the arbor vitae swamp, Chili, Honeoye
Lake and Marsh Road, Perinton.
CYSTOPTERIS BULBIFERA (L.) Bernh. Frequent.
This interesting fern can be met with at the Gulf, Le-
Roy, arbor vitae swamp, Chili or Clark’s Gully, Naples,
growing in its moist, rocky ravine-homes.
90 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
CYSTOPTERIS FRAGILIS (Li.) Bernh. Common.
Fragilis adorns moist banks and cliff faces with a
dainty, lace-like fringe. It brings to mind a picture of
moist, dripping rocks bright with columbine. When
encountered in the haunts of Woodsia obtusa it is fre-
quently confused with that fern.
Woopsia ILVENsIs (L.) R. Br. Rare.
. This little rusty-fronded fern is a very unusual sight
in this locality. Prof. Elon Eaton has found one sta-
tion for it on the west side of Canandaigua Lake in
Ontario County. .
Dicksonia PUNCTILOBULA (Michx.) Gray. Rare.
Unlike the Dicksonia of the Adirondacks and Vermont,
which favors sunny, boulder-strewn pastures, ours seeks
out dry woods in which to display its dainty, lacy fronds.
In the woods, near the shore of Lake Lacoma, dwells a
community of the Dicksonia through which a woodland
path fragrantly leads.
There are two other stations for this fern, one in Web-
ster and one at Honeoye Lake.
ONOCLEA SENSIBILIS L. Common.
If brought into the fern-garden this fern is very prone
to make a nuisance of itself. Its rootsock creeps along
beneath the surface of the ground and lo! in an un-
expected quarter another fern springs up. This fern
also displays many interesting forms of its fronds.
Onoctea StrutHiopteris (L.) Hoffm. Common.
The ostrich fern is the possessor of a very aggressive
personality and is liable to wear out its welcome in the
fern-bed by crowding out its weaker neighbors. It en-
joys wet woods and can be found at Golah, Lake Lacoma
or at Canadice Heights.
FERNS oF Monroe County, New York 91
OsMUNDA REGALIS L. Common.
On hummocks in shallow water one may find the
stately royal fern in the wood on the Townline road,
Chili at Honeoye Lake or the Mendon Ponds. A form
with a fruiting portion on one of the pinnae was found,
by myself, at Sullivan’s, Ontario County, in 1923.
OsmMuNDA CLAYTONIANA L. Common.
One of the ferns most commonly seen in cultivation as
it will thrive in almost any soil. We find it most
abundantly in dry woods at Canadice Heights and Lake
Lacoma. I read that it is also found in China and India.
OSMUNDA CINNAMOMEA L. Common.
The cinnamon fern prefers a moist soil for its home,
and we find it in the woods on the Townline Road, Chili,
Marsh Road, Perinton or the Bergen Swamp. Its light-
green fronds form a fitting vase for its cinnamon plume.
An unusual form of this fern was found at Mud Pond,
Wayne County, in 1927. The frond has the typical
shape of Osmunda cinnamomea, but has a dense, whitish
pubescence along the veins toward the outer margins of
the pinnules, more apparent near the tip of the frond.
Above the center of the frond the pinnae grow farther
apart and the pinnules become noticeably smaller until
they become mere scalloped, green and white frills on
either side of the midvein.
OpHIoGLossuM vuLGATUM L. Loeal.
This fern has been found at the Mendon Ponds,
Bergen Swamp and Adams Basin.
Apparently this fern remains dormant for a season.
One year it may be plentiful in its chosen loeation and
the next only a few, straggling specimens come to light.
Of this Clute states: ‘‘The curious manner in which
the adder’s-tongue appears and disappears in the same
92 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
spot in different years has given ground for the be-
lief that the plants occasionally rest for a season. It is
also conjectured that the prothallia may form resting
bodies as the prothallia of certain other species of ferns
are known to do.’’
BoTrYCHIUM LANCEOLATUM (Gmel.) Angstroem. Local.
This fern has been found in the moist woods at Holley,
Orleans County.
BotrYCHIUM RAMOSUM (Roth) Aschers. Local.
This little Botrychium has founded a moist, hum-
mocky community of several hundred at Mud Pond,
Wayne County, sweet with the musky odor of hemlock
and leaf-mould. Here they thrive, from tiny mites to
those of goodly stature. It has also been found in a
Station at. Webster.
Borrycutum opyieuum Muhl. Frequent.
In the Marsh Road, Perinton Wood and at Adams
Basin we have discovered this little fern. On a Decem-
ber hike in the woods I have found it as green as if
frost was not, its roots just under the leaf-mould with
just the tips in the earth.
BoTRYCHIUM TERNATUM (Thunb.) Sw. Occasional.
In a moist pasture at Irondequoit Bay, Monroe
County, this Botrychium has been found and admired.
BotrRYCHIUM VIRGINIANUM (L.) Sw. Common.
In the dry woods at Canadice Heights and Honeoye
Lake in Ontario County and the moist woods on the
Townline Road, Chili, I have encountered this lacy fern.
It is the Botrychium everyone interested in the wild-
ings has seen oftenest and knows the best
°
Ferns or MonroE County, New York 93
The following hybrids were first collected in this
locality by Milton S. Baxter, of Rochester, New York:
Aspipium GOLDIANUM X MARGINALE. Scarce.
Woods on the Lower Genesee River. Habitat: Wet
woods. :
A. CRISTATUM X MARGINALE. Scarce.
Arbor vitae swamp, Chili. Habitat: Swampy woods.
A. crRIstatuM, Var. CLINTONIANUM X GOLDIANUM.
Searee.
Arbor vitae swamp, Chili. Habitat: Swampy woods.
A. CRISTATUM, Var. CLINTONIANUM X_ SPINULOSUM.
Searce.
Arbor vitae swamp, Chili. Habitat: Swampy woods.
A. cRIsTaATUM, Var. CLINTONIANUM X SPINULOSUM, Var.
INTERMEDIUM. Scarce.
Arbor vitae swamp, Chili. Habitat: Swampy woods.
A. GOLDIANUM X MARGINALE. Rare.
Perinton. Habitat: Dry woods.
Only one plant of this hybrid has been seen.
A. MARGINALE X SPINULOSUM, Var. INTERMEDIUM. Searee.
Hipp Brook Valley, Penfield. Habitat: Dry woods.
Rocuestrr, N. Y.
94 AMERICAN. FERN JOURNAL
Recent Fern Literature
Prof. M. L. Fernald has published two more studies
of North American ferns. In one, he takes up the ques-
tion of the identity of the American plant, of Allegha-
nian range, which has long passed as Asplenium Ruta-
muraria, and the species of western Eurasia to which the
name properly belongs. Plants with just these ranges
are rarely quite the same; in this case Prof. Fernal
finds differences in rootstocks, scales, margins of fronds,
and spores, which, though slight in themselves, when
taken together justify the separation of the American
plant as a new species, to which he gives the name A.
cryptolepis. This is usually quite constant in foliage, as
in other characters; in Ohio, however, occurs a form with
lanceolate segments having long-attenuate tips, which
Prof. Fernald distinguishes as var. ohionis.
In the second study, the alpine lady-fern, Athyrium
alpestre, is discussed. Prof. Fernald does not agree with
Dr. Maxon (Amer. Fern Journ. 8: 120, 1918) that the
American phase of this plant is a species distinct from
the European; nor does he wholly eoneur with Prof.
Butters (Rhodora 19: 204, 1917) in referring all Ameri-
can specimens to a var. americanum. He finds that cer-
tain specimens of his own collecting from Newfoundland
cannot be separated from the typical A. alpestre of
Europe; and that in addition to true var. americanum of
western North America, there is a second variety, dis-
tinguished by its proportionately broader fronds and
somewhat finer cutting, which occurs in the Gaspé Penin-
sula of Quebec and is accordingly called var. gaspensis.
All are illustrated by fine photographs of herbarium
specimens, taken by Prof. J. F. Collins.
1 Fernald, M. L. The American representative of Aspleniwm
Ruta-muraria. The eastern Ameri an occurrence of Athyriwm
alpestre. Rhodora 30: 37-49. Pls, 161-168. 1928.
HARDINESS OF FERNS 95
In a recent number of The Victorian Naturalist? Mr.
F. G. A. Barnard has written interestingly of Botry-
chium australe R. Br., under the title ‘‘The Story of a
Meadow Moonwort,’’ giving an account of the cultiva-
tion of a plant of this rare Australian species for a
period of forty years. Several individuals were discov-
ered on an excursion of the Field Naturalists’ Club of
Victoria in September, 1887, as duly chronicled at the
time, the plant under discussion being one of these. It
was at once planted in a five-inch pot, and has since
maintained itself perfectly in the half-shade of a lath
fernery. On two or three occasions it has been repotted,
but more frequently, as required, only the surface soil
has been renewed. ‘‘As regularly as clockwork,’’ writes
the author, it puts forth its new frond the second week
in February, and this lasts until December, when it turns
yellow, withers, and dies. The frondless resting period
is thus very short; but this, the writer suggests, is prob-
ably owing to the unusual amount of shade and moisture
furnished it. ‘‘In the open its growing period would
probably be shorter and its resting period longer, and
this is likely to be the reason why it is apparently so
rare.’’
Can any of our readers match this account of Botry-
- chium as a potted plant?—Wituiam R. Maxon.
Tue Harpiness or Harpy Ferns.—In the spring of
1927 I had oceasion to study the effect of late frosts on
the first fronds that appear on some of our hardy ferns.
It is surprising to see the difference in resistance in such
as Dryopteris, Osmunda, Athyrium, and Adiantum.
Early in April spring-like weather set in, which .
started many of the ferns. The last of the month we
had three nights when the thermometer dropped several
244; 197-199. 1927.
96 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
degrees below 30 and the ground froze. I have twenty-—
three varieties of ferns growing in a garden near the
house. Those on which the frost seemed to have no effect
were the two bladder ferns, the maiden-hair, and the
royal fern. Osmunda regalis, eighteen inches high with
fronds nearly spread open, and Adiantum pedatum,
with tender-looking fronds just unrolling, paid no atten-
tion to the cold. Athyrium angustum had many fronds
open and about one-third of them were killed. Athy-
rium thelypteroides was still under the ground. So were
Dryopteris Goldiana and D. Thelypteris. But the ones
which suffered most were those hardy Polystichums and
Dryopteris. I have a fine plant of Polystichum Braunii
which I obtained from Mrs. Somerville, of Superior,
Wisconsin. Last year it put up four fronds, but this
year it was sending up eleven fronds. I thought of
course that, coming from the north, it would not be
affected in the least. How surprised I was to see the
frost had killed all but three fronds and two of those
were damaged! The one least damaged was the one not
yet unrolled. Polystichum acrostichoides was served
about the same way. Dryopteris spinulosa with inter-
media was just coming through the ground. Some of
the plants were a little farther advanced and suffered
for their early rising, as all that were above ground were
illed. D. marginalis was just emerging from its leafy
bed and those fronds fartherest advanced were killed.
Phegopteris hexagonoptera had sent three fronds up,
two of which were nearly developed; these were not
affected, but one just unrolling was killed. Osmunda
Claytoniana had about one-third of its fronds frozen.
The Polystichums produced more fronds during the
summer ; so did the Dryopteris, with the exception of D.
marginalis, which did not seem to recover fully and pro-
duce as many fronds as usual.
Iowa BotrycHIUMS 97
This test seemed to prove that those ferns which are
apparently most tender and are the first to succumb to
early fall frosts, will while in their young state resist
hard freezing. But those hardy Polystichums and
Dryopteris which remain green through the winter are
very tender in their early stage of development.—E. W.
GRAVES, Bentonsport, Iowa.
A Report or THE Iowa Borrycuiums.—In 1927 I re-
ported through the Fern JourNaL finding a colony of
thirty-one plants of Botrychium dissectum also a colony
of forty-eight B. obliquum about two miles apart.
During the summer and fall of this past year I have
explored many of the wooded creek-bottom lands, hoping
I might locate other colonies. Although I have spent
considerable time searching the surrounding country for
miles, I have been unsuccessful in finding any more
plants. It seems very queer that I should find a good-
sized colony of both ferns within a month’s time, and
since have spent days carefully exploring similar places,
yet failed to reveal a single plant. It indicates to me
that the Botrychiums are rare in Van Buren County.
I have kept a close tab on the two colonies the past
year, and I find B. dissectum has made an increase in
numbers while B. obliquum has decreased. August 20th
I counted forty-five plants of B. dissectum, an increase
of fourteen over the year before. Twenty-three of the
plants were large enough to show plainly they belonged
to the B. dissectum group. The remaining twenty-two
were small plants. Perhaps a dozen or more had come
from spores this year, as one plant had produced a fruit-
ing spike and had east its spores the fall before.
The plants in the colony of B. obliquum were counted
August 20th and I could find only thirty-one plants, or
seventeen plants less than last year. As I had dug up
98 AMERICAN FERN JouRNAL
five the year before that left only a loss of twelve plants,
due perhaps to eattle walking over them. There were
no plants in either colony that produced fertile spikes
this year, and why I cannot tell, as the spring was ex-
ceptionally wet even as late as the last of May. All the
plants in the colony of B. obliquum were true obliquum,
no dissectum were found among them.—E. W. GRAVES,
Bentonsport, Iowa.
Rassirs Eat EQuiseruM pRAEALTUM.—In March, I
frequently visited the large patch of E. praealtum Raf.
which grows in a ravine north of Columbus, Ohio. A
number of rabbits make their home in this pateh which
covers a number of acres of ground and is eriss-crossed
by their well-beaten runways. These paths were in some
places actually carpeted with Equisetum shoots which
had been bitten off from the sides of the galleries. At
various places, masses of refuse, consisting of one or
more internodes but commonly of short pieces containing
the dry sheath and the node, were seen. Usually at these
places there were also abundant rabbit droppings. Al-
though I did not see the rabbits eating the scouring-
rushes, there is no doubt whatever that the main food,
and perhaps the only thing in the daily menu at this
time of the year, is Equisetum stems for all the rabbits
living in the patch. Some of the rabbit droppings were
examined under the compound microscope and were
found, apparently, to consist entirely of small flakes and
chips of the silicious epidermal cell walls, and pieces of
vascular bundles of the Equisetum praealtum. The
silicious walls were too much for the digestive ability of
the rabbits and had passed through unchanged, so that
all the epidermal characteristics of stomata, tubercles,
and ridges were in perfect condition, although the food
elements had probably been mostly extracted from the
NATURALIZING Hart’s TONGUE 99
cells. Since during the winter the central cavities of this
Equisetum are more or less completely filled with water
or ice, the rabbits have a feast of food and drink with
the least amount of exertion on their part. I do not have
a pet rabbit at home, otherwise he would certainly have
had to demonstrate his ability to enjoy a supper of Equi-
setum or else go to bed hungry.—JoHN H. SCHAFFNER,
Columbus, Ohio.
Waar Luck Have You Hap In Naturauizine Hart’s
Tongue Puiants?—With the shipment of a few plants
this spring, the last of the first culture of sporeling
Hart’s Tongue plants at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden
have been distributed for naturalization purposes. It
will now be extremely interesting to hear the record of
suceess,—and failure,—from those who have set out any
of these plants. It will be valuable to compile a rather
complete report covering practically all the plants that
were shipped and request is hereby made to everyone
who has set out live Hart’s Tongue plants in the last few
years, either the native specimens which Mr. Ransier
sent out, or the sporelings sent out by the Brooklyn
Botanie Garden, to answer the following questions.
Have your plants lived or died? If the latter, a brief
note of explanation if you can give it as to the cause of
the failure will be helpful. If your plants have lived,
have they increased in size, both in numbers and dimen-
sions of leaves?
It will also be interesting to keep rather close track of
this experiment in naturalization and conservation. It
is the intention now to start a new spore culture from
which young plants should be available in about a year.
The intervening period will afford a useful opportunity
for report and evaluation of the success of the first dis-
tribution.
~ 100 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Another Leaflet dealing in general with plant conser-
vation, and with special reference to the Jamesville-
Green Lake Hart’s Tongue situation, was published by
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden this spring. A copy will
be sent to any one interested enough to send 3c. post-
age.—R. C. BENEDICT.
THe First New York Orcuip SHow.—The first New
York Orchid Show may be reported upon briefly in these
pages, because under the heading of Foliage Plants there
was included one class calling for a collection of native
ferns. Only one exhibit was entered in this class, by
W. A. Manda, with a representation of a dozen or so
hardy American species which had been brought for-
ward to full leafage for the purposes of this show.
The Orchid Show itself was noteworthy in a number of
ways. First, it comprised the largest collection of trop-
ical orchids ever shown at one time. The walls of a
large exhibition hall, at least 200 feet in length, were
completely banked with well-arranged displays of exotic
orchid species and varieties; and besides these, the
middle of the hall afforded space for three other lines of
plants and cut specimens. A considerable number of
native orchids were shown. One collection included
Arethusa, Calypso, Liparis, Leptorchis, Cypripedium
arietinum and half a dozen others, all brought to flower.
The chief exhibitor was Mr. Albert C. Burrage, who
is also one of our Fern Society members.—R. C. BENEDICT.
‘*SKELETONIZED’’ FRONDS OF ASPLENIUM FILIX-FEMINA.
—In “One Joyful Afternoon and its Spoils’’ (AMERICAN
FERN Journat, Vol. 18, p. 29), Maud L. Chisholm illus-
trates and describes a ‘‘skeletonized’’ frond of Asplenuim
eee and inquires if any one else has come tee
the fo n
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY 101
Some years ago I collected a similar form in Vermont
and a sheet is in my herbarium, but, as all of my
mounted specimens with their data are in Vermont, I
cannot say authoritatively just when or where it was
collected or if it is more or less skeletonized than the one
illustrated.
As I have a the species it is very variable in the
shape of the fronds. If memory serves me no tricks
Aspidium marginale is also subject to this form of frond
to a greater or less extent.—LestoN A. WHEELER,
Rk. F. D. 2, Bethel, Maine.
American Fern Society
Members of the Fern Society will be interested in the
letter which follows, from Dr. F, W..Stansfield, Editor
of the British Fern Gazette and Honorable Secretary of
the British Pteridological Society. Probably some of
our members will be interested to ask for sample copies
of the Fern Gazette, and some may like to join the
British Society. We are making a reciprocal offer, to
be brought to the attention of the members of the British
Society.
‘“‘T am glad to learn some of the members of the
American Fern Society are interested in our activities.
In this small and crowded country the range and distri-
bution of the species is pretty well ascertained and our
main interest is in the study of variation and its biology.
We have already had several examples of variation from
the American continent and I feel sure that some of your
members at least might find it worth their while to take
up this branch of the subject. We shall at all times be
glad to learn of your proceedings and I shall be glad at
any time to send specimen copies of se Gazette to in-
quirers in America as in this co untry.”’
102 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Isabel (Mrs. Ernest C.) Brown, a member of the
Society since 1926, died at her home in Copake, N. Y.,
April 3, 1928, in her sixty-eighth year. Mrs. Brown was
a Shakesperian student of note, especially interested in
the Baconian theory. She had published a number of
short articles on various phases of this subject, and one
book (‘‘Law Sports at Gray’s Inn (1594)’’) which at-
tracted attention both here and abroad as having tapped
a new vein of scholarship, and for the skill and power of
impartial sifting of evidence which it showed. Yet so
modest and so little desirous of personal credit was she
that all her work was published under a pen name and
some even of her close associates did not know it was
hers until some time after it was published.
Much of Mrs. Brown’s leisure time was spent in gar-
dening; she planned the ample grounds about her house
at Copake, often taking part in the actual manual labor
of arranging them, and had gathered there a collection
of the native plants which grew on the property, to the
number of more than a hundred species. In cultivating
them she had that seemingly instinctive success which is
granted to some favored ones.
She is buried on the estate in a place of her own choos-
ing, among the trees and flowers and ferns which she had
worked over and cared for.
Mr. Allan MacCaskill, Jr., Coleraine, Victoria, Aus-
tralia, wishes to get specimens of rare grasses and sedges
of the United States, especially Erianthus and Erio-:
phorum, for study. Can any of our members help sup-
ply him?
Mr. MacCaskill also writes us that he proposes to make
a continuing gift to the Journax of four shillings each
year above his regular membership dues, to be used
toward extra pages and illustrations. Nothing pleases _
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY 103
and helps us more than such support of the JouRNAL ;
Mr. MacCaskill has our best thanks.
New members:
Clark, Mrs. P. B., 171 Marlboro St., Boston, Mas
Featherly, H. I De ept. of Botany, Oklahoma aie and Mech.
College, Stillwater, Okla
- Hart, Bertrand K., 32 Dudley St., Fall River, Mass.
Changes of address:
- Wheeler, Dr. Edward J., 136 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y
Grout, Dr. A. J., 1 Vine St., New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y.
With the 1928 meeting of the Association for the Ad--
vancement of Science to be held in New York the week
following Christmas, the American Fern Society is plan-
ning a meeting and get-together, which it is hoped may
bring out a large number of members. llecting Cases
Fern Trowels Plant Presses
d Le it Driers
Field Picks us
WAVERLEY. MASS.USA Papers
Write to-day for Catalog F 91
CAMBRIDGE BOTANICAL SUPPLY COMPANY
WAVERLEY ee
.
=e :
~ American Fern J
ol. 18,7 October-December, 1928
A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS-
~The American Hern Society
: = hess = —- Gannril far 1928
os Shae OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR
Went R. Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, Westangien a 0. a
n Ave., Trenton, N. J J. a Secretary
e American Fern Journal —
ee oe TORS arena Dee eS
1819 Dorchester Bond, Broo 2
oklyn,
Auburndale, Mass.
; terly devoted to the seas stay of sist ae
none hs OTT, ora 0. Hau, Berkeley, Calif. . Vice- peers
Rev. Lewis, 345 Hamilton ae
26. maton, Harn, — Treasurer
East Hartford, Conn. 2
American Hern Journal
Vou. 18 _ OCTOBER- DECEMBER, 1928 No. 4
Ferns and Fern Allies in Wisconsin
Dr. W. N. STEIL,
Professor of Botany, Marquette University,
AND
A. M. FULLER,
Assistant Curator, Milwaukee Public Museum
A quarter of a century ago, Wisconsin possessed a rich
and abundant fern flora. Then in the numerous gorges
cut into the solid caleareous sandstone cliffs along the
_ Wisconsin River, especially in the region of the ‘‘Dells”’
at Kilbourn, many species of ferns grew and in large
numbers. In the gorges and glens, all of the favorable
conditions of soil, moisture, light and shade were sup-
plied by nature for any stage in the life history of a
fern or for the mature plants of any species. Here,
perhaps, as nowhere else in the State, twenty-seven
species flourished. It was, it seemed, a veritable Para-
dise for ferns.
Overhanging the moist shaded clifis, or high up on
the nearly bare rocks and exposed to the direct rays of
the summer sun grew that much sought for fragrant
fern, Aspidium fragrans. It was so abundant that van-
dals carried it away by the basketful. Im some cases,
it was planted but perhaps seldom grew, and no one
guilty of transplanting the fern from its natural habitat,
can boast of a single living specimen. The devastation
[Volume 18, No. 3 of the JournaL, pages 69-104, ce 4-8,
Was issued August 30, 1928.]
105
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VouUuME 18, Figure 9
Sr. Crorx River, PoLK Country. ASPIDIUM FRAGRANS AND WOODSIA CATHCARTIANA
ARE TO BE FOUND ON THESE SHEER TRAP ROCK WALLS.
(Courtesy of the Milwaukee Public Museum)
FERNS IN WISCONSIN 107
was so complete, that one considers himself fortunate if
he can locate even a plant in the whole ‘‘Dells’’ country.
Although the ferns in this ideal habitat have suffered,
as elsewhere in the state, nearly all the species still sur-
vive and some in abundance. In the crevices of the
rocks, Asplenium trichomanes, once so abundant, may
still be occasionally found. A. acrostichoides, A. filix-
femina, Aspidium marginale, A. spinulosum and its
variety, Adiantum pedatum, Polypodium vulgare, Os-
munda claytoniana and Botrychium virginianum, are
more common than any of the other of the twenty-seven
species listed for this region. ;
Along the cliffs of the St. Croix River is another local-
ity which still possesses many fern species. Here, too,
one may find, now and then, a colony of the fragrant
fern. Numerous other species, as in the Wisconsin Dells,
have survived and grow in abundance. Fortunately,
the region about the St. Croix has been acquired by. the
State and set aside as a park. Now we may hope that
the natural environment of this beautiful spot with its
rich flora including the Pteridophytes will be preserved.
There are other favorite haunts of ferns and their
allies in Wisconsin. However, as more land is cleared,
and swamps are drained, their natural habitats are lim-
ited in area. Then, too, the cold hand of commercialism
is robbing the state of some of its Pteridophytes, espe-
cially Aspidium spinulosum, Lycopodium clavatum and
L. obscurum. Although this group of plants is losing
ground, it would not be impossible at present to make
a complete collection of all those which the writers have
listed and of which there are specimens in the herbaria
of the Departments of Botany of the Milwaukee Public
Museum, Marquette University, the University of Wis-
consin, the’ Field Museum of Natural History, Arnold
Arboretum, and Beloit et
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
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County Map or WISCONSIN
FERNS IN WISCONSIN 109
Wisconsin has seventy-one counties. In area they
range from two hundred and thirty-five square miles to
one thousand five hundred and fifty-four square miles.
The total area is over fifty-five thousand square miles.
The Pteridophytes of the southern and eastern portion
of the State are well represented in the various her-
baria.
In the following pages no definite data is given regard-.
ing the locality, collectors and year of collection of those
species which are abundant’and occur in all parts of the
State. Definite data is given in connection with those
species which are rare, or local, or confined to certain
areas,
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
OPHIOGLOssUM vuLGATUM L. This fern has been col-
lected several times in the State. The writers are of the
opinion that if a careful search were made for it in the
latter part of June, when the species is in fruit, that new
Stations could be located. In June, 1922, Fuller found
a colony of a dozen plants along a railroad right-of-way
near Madison, Dane County. Cheney in 1892 had lo-
cated a colony in the vicinity of Madison. In 1916,
Goessl found a large colony at Marinette growing in the
moist sand along the shore of Green Bay.
BorrycHIuM LANCEOLATUM (Gmel.) Angstroem, var.
ANGUSTISEGMENTUM Pease and Moore. (oessl collected
this fern near Prentice, Price County, in 1915.
BorrycHium LUNARIA (L.) Sw. Brown (Schuette,
1889) and Bayfield (Cheney, 1897) Counties.
Borrycuium optiguum Muhl. Bayfield (Davis, 1923),
Dane (Field Club, 1901), Door (Goessl, 1916), Lang-
lade (Goessl, 1916), Lineoln (Goessl, 1915), Marinette
(Goessl, 1916), Milwaukee (Hasse), Oconto (Goessl,
Pant ae a pata Pe
‘
110 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
1916), Oneida (Goessl, 1915; Palmer, 1925), Price,
(Goessl, 1915), Rusk (Goessl, 1915), Sauk (Palmer,
1925), Shawano (H. H. Smith, 1921), Taylor (Goessl,
1915) and Wood (Goessl, 1915; Davis, 1919) Counties.
Borrycuium Ramosum (Roth) Aschers. Ashland
(Goessl, 1917), Bayfield (Cheney, 1897), Brown
(Schuette, 1889), Iron (Goessl, 1917), Marathon (Goessl,
1915), Polk (Steil, 1917) and Price (Goessl, 1915)
Counties.
Borrycntum sIMPLEX EE. Hitchcock. Marinette
(Goessl, 1916), Oconto (Goessl, 1910), Sauk (Cheney,
1893), Sheboygan (Ogden, 1912), Washburn (Goessl,
1917) and Wood (Goessl, 1915) Counties.
oo TERNATUM (Thunb.) Sw., var. INTER-
MEDIUM D. C. Eaton. Ashland (Lapham, 1858;
Cheisey: 1896), Dane (Hale), Douglas (Cheney, 1891), —
Tron (Cheney, 1896), Marathon (Cheney, 1893), Mar-
quette (Lapham) and Sauk (Stout, 1906) Counties.
BorrycHIuM VIRGINIANUM (L.) Sw. In woods
throughout Wisconsin. Associated with Trillium
grandiflorum, Orchis spectabilis, Adiantum pedatum and
Habenaria bracteata.
OSMUNDACEAE
OSMUNDA CINNAMOMEA L. Common in sphagnum
bogs, which are abundant in all portions of the State,
except in the southwestern counties which are in the
unglaciated area.
OSMUNDA CLAYTONIANA L. Common in rich mesophy-
tic woods throughout the State.
OsmunpA REGALIS L. Usually associated with 0.
cinnamomea.
POLYPODIACEAE
ADIANTUM PEDATUM L. Common; mesophytie woods
: eka ot the State.
FERNS IN WISCONSIN Tit
Aspipium soortm Tuckerm. Three Lakes, Oneida
County (Finger, 1912).
Aspipium cristatum (L.) Sw. Adams (Marshall),
Barron (Goessl, 1917), Bayfield (Cheney, 1897; Goessl,
1917), Brown (Schuette, 1885), Burnett (Milwaukee
Museum Expedition, 1909), Dane (Cheney, 1897; Muil-
waukee Museum Expedition, 1909), Dunn (Goessl, 1917),
Forest (Goessl, 1916), Iron (Cheney, 1896; Goessl,
1915), Jefferson (Field Club, 1901), Langlade (Goessl,
1916), Lincoln (Goessl, 1915), Marathon (Goessl, 1915),
Marinette (Goessl, 1916), Milwaukee (Lapham), Oneida
(Palmer, 1925), Outagamie (Goessl, 1916), Racine
(Davis, 1878), Rusk (Goessl, 1915), Sauk (Stout, 1906),
Taylor (Goessl, 1915), Washburn (Marshall, 1916;
Goessl, 1917), Waukesha (Wheeler, 1886), and Waus-
hara (Davis, 1918) Counties.
AspIDIUM FRAGRANS (L.) Sw. This species has been
abundant at the Dells of the Wisconsin River, where it
was collected frequently (Lapham, 1858; Hutchinson,
1883; Kremers, 1886; Cheney, 1894). Fuller observed
a few small plants there in 1925.
It has been collected at St. Croix Falls, Polk County ;
(Lapham, 1848; Hale, 1861; Steil, 1917; Fuller and
Hayward, 1923; Fassett and Wilson, 1927).
Lapham collected a specimen of this species at Peno-
kee, Ashland County, in 1858. In 1927, Fassett and
Wilson found it growing on the wooded: cliffs at Loon
Lake and on bare rock on Vogt Knob, near Mellen, in the
Same county.
AspIpiuMm GoLpIANUM Hook. Barron (Davis, 1923),
Calumet (Goessl, 1916), Marathon (@oessl, 1915), Mil-
waukee (Lapham), Ozaukee, (Monroe, 1906), Pierce
(Milwaukee Museum Expedition, 1910), Racine (Hale) :
and Sauk (Luse, 1877; Stout, 1906) Counties.
112 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
ASPIDIUM MARGINALE (L.) Sw. Moist rocks in meso-
phytic woods; Adams (Marshall), Door (Schuette, 1882;
Millspaugh, 1915; Goessl, 1916), Columbia (H. F. Mon-
roe, 1883), Grant (Sylvester, 1885; Cheney, 1895), Iowa
(Kremers, 1888; Field Club, 1901; Heddle, 1911), Mari-
nette (Goessl, 1916) and Sauk (Lapham, 1859; Pammel,
1880; Sylvester, 1886; True, 1887; Kremers, 1888;
Cheney, 1894; Umbach, 1896) Counties.
ASPIDIUM NOVEBORACENSE (L.) Sw. Ashland (Lap-
ham, 1858), Brown (Schuette, 1879), Door (Schuette,
1883), Douglas (Davis, 1914), Iron (Cheney, 1896), La
Crosse (Pammel, 1883), Lincoln (Cheney, 1893), Oneida
(Kremers, 1914), Polk (Baird, 1916) and Vilas (F. W.
Johnson, 1914) Counties,
ASPIDIUM sPINULOsUM (QO. F. Miiller) Sw. Common
in rich mesophytie woods throughout Wisconsin, espe-
cially in the northern counties. Millions of ferns of this
species are shipped from Florence and Vilas Counties
each season to Milwaukee and Chicago, where they are
sold as greens.
ASPIDIUM SPINULOSUM var. INTERMEDIUM (Muhl.) D
C. Eaton. Same distribution as A. spinulosum.
ASPIDIUM THELYPTERIS (L.) Sw. Common in moist
meadows and sphagnum bogs throughout the State.
ASPLENIUM AcRosTICHOIDES Sw. Adams (Sylvester,
1886 ; Fuller, 1925), Dunn (Goessl, 1917 ), Grant (Hud-
son, 1911), Green (Stuntz, 1891), Lincoln (Goessl,
1915), Marathon (Cheney, 1893), Milwaukee (Lapham),
Outagamie ((oessl, 1916), Pierce (Allen, 1916) and
Sauk (Cheney, 1894) Counties.
ASPLENIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM Michx. Brown (Schuette,
1880), Grant (Hale, 1861; Milwaukee Public Museum
Expedition, 1911), Pierce (Milwaukee Museum Expedi-
tion, 1910; Allen, 1916), Sauk (Palmer, 1925) and
Mil aes Lise, nee) Pion cae
FERNS IN WISCONSIN 113
ASPLENIUM FILIX-FeMINA (L.) Bernh. Common in
rich mesophytic woods throughout Wisconsin.
ASPLENIUM PLATYNEURON (L.) Oakes. Only two sta-
tions are known in Wisconsin where this species occurs.
In 1916, Heddle collected it near Cross Plains, Dane
County. In 1922, Steil collected it near Black Earth,
also in Dane County. This region lies just within the
edge of the driftless area where there are many lime-
stone cliffs.
ASPLENIUM TRICHOMANES L. Shaded rocks and cliffs ;
Adams (Sylvester, 1886; Cheney, 1894; Marshall; Ful-
ler, 1925), Columbia (Russell), Door (Goessl, 1916;
Millspaugh, 1918; Fuller, 1926), Iron (Goessl, 1917)
and Sauk (Lapham, 1867; Pammel, 1883; Kremers,
1886; B. Harper, 1891; Stout, 1906; Palmer, 1925)
Counties.
CAMPTOSORUS RHIZOPHYLLUS (L.) Link. In Wiscon-
sin this species seems to be limited to caleareous rock
formations. For this reason it is common in the western
counties and rare in the eastern counties. Brown
(Schuette, 1901), Calumet (Monroe, 1908), Crawford
(Dennison, 1914), Dane (Cheney, 1896), Dodge (Chand-
ler), Door (Schuette 1887; Goessl, 1916), Fond du Lae
(University of Wisconsin), Grant (Sylvester, 1885;
O’Hanlon, 1918; Davis, 1921), Green (Stuntz, 1889),
Lafayette (Fuller, 1924), Manitowoe (Benke, 1910),
Milwaukee (Runge, 1881), Ozaukee (Howland Russell,
1912), Pierce (Allen, 1916; Fuller, 1921), Polk (Hay-
ward and Fuller, 1923), Racine (Davis, 1878) and Sauk
(Skavlem; H. H. Smith, 1922; Palmer, 1925) Counties.
CHEILANTHES FEEI Moore. In Wisconsin this fern is
limited to the weathered limestone cliffs and bluffs in the
southwestern part. In places it is very common. Buf-
falo (Palmer, 1925), Columbia (Hutchinson, 1883),
Crawford (Steil, 1922), Dane (Lapham, 1865; Heddle,
114 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
1916), Grant (Milwaukee Museum Expedition, 1911;
Davis, 1920), lowa (Kremers, 1888), Sauk (Hale, 1861;
Monroe, 1892; H. H. Smith, 1922) and Vernon (Palmer,
1925) Counties.
CRYPTOGRAMMA STELLERI (Gmel.) Prantl. Rocks;
Brown (Schuette, 1881), Calumet (Goessl, 1916), Co-
lumbia (Russell, 1886), Door (Schuette, 1887; Goessl,
1916), Grant (O’Hanlon, 1918; Davis, 1920), Iowa
(Davis, 1921), La Crosse, (Pammel, 1883), Lafayette
(Cheney, 1894), Pierce (Allen, 1916), Racine (Hoy),
Richland (Davis, 1922), Rock (Olds, 1895), Sauk (Lap-
ham, 1852; True, 1887; Cheney, 1891; Marshall, 1909)
and Trempeleau (Denniston, 1914) Counties.
CYSTOPTERIS BULBIFERA (L.) Bernh. In moist ravines
and on shady caleareous cliffs. Brown (Schuette, 1901),
Calumet (Goessl, 1916), Columbia (Russell, 1886; H. H.
Smith, 1922), Dane (Heddle, 1907), Door (Schuette
1889; Bruncken; Goessl, 1916), Dunn (Goessl, 1917),
Grant (Milwaukee Museum Expedition, 1911; O’Hanlon,
1918), Green (Lapham, 1869), Iowa (Heddle, 1907),
Iron (Cheney, 1896; Goessl, 1917), La Crosse (Pammel,
1883), Lafayette (H. H. Smith, 1922), Lincoln (Cheney,
1893), Marinette (Goessl, 1916), Milwaukee (Lapham;
Kremers, 1886; Runge), Ozaukee (Runge), Pierce
(Milwaukee Museum Expedition, 1910), Rock
(Skavlem), Racine (Hale; Davis, 1879; Hoy, 1879),
Rock (Olds, 1895), Sauk (True, 1888; Cheney, 1894;
Marshall, 1916; H. H. Smith, 1922), Sheboygan (Swezey,
1874), Vernon (Milwaukee Museum Expedition, 1911;
H. H. Smith, 1922), and Waushara (Davis, 1918)
Counties.
Crsrorrine 1 FRAGILIS (L.) Bernh. This species has a
distribution similar to C. bulbifera.
a (To be continued).
Lake Rorotrri 115
Lake Rotoiti
H. B. Dossir
The road from Tauranga to Te Puke was very hilly
and rough and kept in bad repair. High forest ranges
appeared on the right and much flat, swampy land on
the left, between the road and the sea. After that it
improved greatly as, for fifteen miles, we penetrated the
most terrible looking country, a jumble of steep ridges
and deep narrow gullies, all the more dreary looking as
it was quite bare of forest and covered with a rusty
growth of bracken. Glancing across at the neighboring
mountain ridges similar to that on which our road had
been made it seemed inconceivable to me that any men
should have had the courage to make a road through
such a country. Yet we spun along over a surface like
a billiard table—of course at this season the road was at
its best—round easy curves, and gradients not too steep.
The country looked as rugged as the surface of the
moon! There were no houses, cattle, sheep or living
beings. In forty miles we met only one motor ear, but
I am told that deer are occasionally seen. It seemed to
me that the only use to which such land can be put is
afforestation—there must be thousands and thousands of
acres. I never enjoyed a ride so much, sitting at my
ease as we spun along a narrow ridge, the ground to the
right dropping nearly perpendicularly to a narrow
gorge several hundred feet below, then an easy twist of
the admirable road, and we shot past a profound gulf
on the left. I must compliment the engineers and the
county council responsible for the making and upkeep
of this road.
In the afternoon we sighted Lake Rotoiti, a lovely
sheet of water ten miles long and shut in by steep forest-
lan mountains. We skirted round for twenty miles,
116 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
passing that abomination of desolation, Tikitere, smell-
ing foully of sulphur, an arid white sear on the beautiful
green land, with its mud volcanoes, clouds of steam and
pools of stagnant water. The latter part of the journey
was very beautiful, the road having been cut across the
face of jagged cliffs that descended to the water’s edge,
every crevice and fissure supporting a vigorous growth
of tutu and konini bushes, small trees, palmleaf ferns,
bracken, ete.
We stopped at a store to lay in a stock of provisions
and had to await the leisurely attendance of a stately
Maori damsel who also looked after the post office, tele-
phone, telegraph, fishing licenses and the Lord knows
how many other duties. After an interminable delay
for vegetables one of the party brought in the encour-
aging intelligence that he had seen her sowing the carrot
seed! But they were very confiding at this store, hand-
ing over to us a bill form with the request that we would
fill it in and add up the total.
Hongi’s track is very beautiful, majestic trees, against
which the car almost brushes, towering up on each side
of the road, which is made only wide enough for two
motor ears to pass. There are very fine specimens of the
wheki ponga (Dicksonia fibrosa) with its graceful
plumed head; also the other three tree ferns, mamaku,
wheki and ponga. I counted forty species of herbaceous
ferns, including the beautiful New Zealand Davallia, but
the filmy ferns were confined to three out of our twenty-
one species. On the next day my daughter and I went
for a seven-mile ride into the forest, perched on a loco-
motive tender piled up with firewood. It was very pleas-
ant going out into the forest as the engine ran tender
first, like an observation car without windows. The line,
three feet six inch gauge, was well laid, sometimes U
one in fifteen inelines and round anannely sharp. eur
Ba |
oe
ao
:
Neth,
:
:
LAKE Roro!rti 117
The engine, upright like a marine engine, with mitred
gearing to the bogie axles, worked somewhat ponder-
ously, but it negotiated difficulties an ordinary locomo-
tive would not have looked at.
The felling, rimu, matai, and white pine, is nearly all
done by Maori workmen, who are very clever with axe
and saw. There are hauling engines in the forest which
drag the logs with long wire cables on to the loading
stages. The timber is delivered at the eastern end of
Rotoiti, loaded on to a punt and towed ten miles across
the lake to the saw mill. Mr. Wackrow and his employ-
ees were all most obliging and did everything to make
our journey a pleasant one. I saw nothing very interest-
ing in the fern line except a vigorous type of Asplenium
bulbiferum, very open dark green fronds with black
undersides to the stems and midribs.
In the afternoon we crossed the lake in a row boat.
The mountains, covered with virgin forest, descended
very steeply to the water’s edge; the rocks, though per-
pendicular, in many places were covered with vegetation.
Gazing up at the virgin forest covering the side of
Mount Matawhaura, nearly 2,000 feet high and 1,000 feet
above the lake, one could trace the course of a stream by
a line of tall tree ferns. I am glad to say this forest is
reserved, but the hills are so precipitous that they prac-
tically reserve themselves, which is fortunate, as much
of the adjacent bush is being damaged by fallow deer.
Why any one should introduce animals whose flesh is
much inferior to beef or mutton passes my compre-
hension.
Here I was more fortunate with the ferns, adding the
following to my collection round Rotoiti: Asplenium
Hookerianum and var. Colensoi, Trichomanes humile,
elongatum and strictum, Polypodium australe, and Lind-
saya Lessoni. Next day we motored ten miles to Lake
118 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Okataina. The road wound among forest-clad moun-
tains. The quantity of ferns is incredible and cannot be
conceived by those who have not seen them; they brush
the sides of the car as you go by, the dense vegetation
arching overhead until you travel in a subdued twilight
most gratifying on a hot summer day.
Leaving my daughter and her husband to fish in the
lake, I wandered back along this delightful road, adding
four more ferns to my list, and making one of the dis-
coveries of my life—Botrychium ternatum var. dissec-
tum. It was on the ground, growing among a carpet of
filmy ferns, a pure accident that such a blind bat as
myself should have found it. I also got Lomaria vul-
canica, for which I have been searching—the furthest
north I have seen it. :
I narrowly missed this find i tecetick I had dis-
obeyed orders to be at the lake punctually at 1 o’clock;
but I could not resist the ferns and dawdled on, making
short excursions into the bush on each side of the road.
Five minutes after making my great discovery I heard
the car tooting impatiently for me. Fortunately my
daughter had walked up some of the side tracks in search
of her truant father which delayed this arrival. I was
so elated with my find that the scolding I got did not
penetrate very deep. No one is so utterly selfish as the
enthusiast, but, by way of expiation, I washed and put
away all the tea things that evening while my daughter
and her husband went out fishing.
To turn to another subject, I have invented a patent
Stairease by which, no doubt, some brainy architect will
make a fortune. Our shack is on a shelf about sixteen
feet above the lake. The soil, a soft pumice and voleani¢
ash, can be cut with a spade, like cheese. The water
from the lake has to be carried up a steep incline; My
job was to cut steps; there are about twenty. Learning —
LAKE Rorto!ti 119
by experience that the upper steps were much harder to
negotiate with a heavy load than the lower ones, I made
the ‘‘lift’’ shallower and shallower as I went up. Thus,
say the bottom step has a rise of twelve inches, I reduced
each as I ascended by one-fourth inch until the top one
had only an eight-inch rise. Thus, in an ordinary house
staircase, the rise of the bottom step would be seven
- inches, and, decreasing each by one-eighth of an inch,
the top step would have a rise of only five inches.
There are a good many Maoris at Rotoiti. Each day
a charabane passes piled up with school children—the
government aid to native education. The children have
been spoiled by tourists and are incorrigible beggars, but
they were not long in finding out that we were a barren
patch, and now leave us alone. On the first day a small
boy volunteered his services as a guide into the bush—
that is to say, I walked in front and he followed me. He
suggested a douceur of ‘‘five bob,’’ and when I laughed
at once dropped to sixpence. I gave him twopence,
which was exactly twopence more than he had earned in
his half-hour stroll. The Maori ladies, like other daugh-
ters of Eve the world over, are slaves to fashion. A lady
tourist living near the lake adopted ‘‘shorts’’ as the most
convenient dress for the rough life of camping. The
Maoris, thinking this the latest Paris fashion, at once
‘‘pinehed’”’ their husbands’ pants and looked shyly
pleased when I commented on their appearance.
AUCKLAND, New ZEALAND
120 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
The Habitat and Distribution of the Broad-leaf
pinulose Ferns
Epwarp H. CiuarKson
During the past five years the writer has had growing
in his fern garden more than one hundred roots of the
broad-leaf spinulose ferns, Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.)
Gray and Dryopteris dilatata var. americana (Fisch.)
Benedict. These plants came from various places con-
siderable distances apart, as follows. Roots of D.
dilatata were imported, under a special permit from the
United States Government, from the estate of Mr. Alex-
ander Cowan, Valleyfield, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scot-
land, where thousands of this beautiful fern grow lux-
uriantly at an altitude of about six hundred feet above
sea level. Other plants of D. dilatata came from Mr.
J. B. Flett, Seattle, Washington, where this fern grows
_plentifully at altitudes near sea-level and upward.
The roots of var. americana were from various places
in Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts.
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT OF VAR. AMERICANA
Var. americana is found in the cold Canadian forest
regions of eastern and northeastern North America
from North Carolina to Labrador and Greenland. It
seldom grows very much below or outside of these forest
regions, and is occasionally found above the timber-line.
In North Carolina it grows at an altitude of 4500 feet
and even higher. As we follow north, we find it grow-
ing at lower and lower level until in southeastern Maine
and northward it is found at sea-level.
The writer desires to call attention to a statement
made in an article entitled ‘‘Problems in the Study of
the Spinulose Ferns,’’ by Dr. R. C. Benedict, AMER.
Fern Journ. Vol. 14, no. 3, 1924. ‘‘Dilatata is only one
of an association of plants found regularly under alpine
BROAD-LEAF SPINULOSE FERNS 121
conditions from the Alleghanies northward.’ This
statement seems to the writer to be misleading.
‘*Alpine,’’ to most botanists, applies to such species
as Rhododendron lapponicum, Silene acaulis, and such
other plants as are really confined to the area above
timber-line, or nearly so. Var. americana, even though
it occasionally occurs above timber-line (so does the lady
fern, for that matter) is mainly a plant of the Canadian
forest region. Where that forest is high, as in much of
New England and the Adirondacks, var. americana is
high; where, as in southeastern Maine, the forest comes
down to sea-level, var. americana comes down also.
DistRiBUTION oF D. piuaTATA (LASTREA DILATATA) |
‘‘Lastrea dilatata is a common and generally dis-
persed European species, occurring from Lapland and
Norway to Portugal and Spain, the Savoy Alps, Italy,
Croatia, and Transylvania. In Asia it oceurs in Kam-
chatka, near Petropaulowski, and in Mingrelia: in
Africa, in the Azores and in Bourbon. In America it
occurs at Sitka and at Kodiak in Russian territory:
at Port Mulgrave and in the Rocky Mountains: in New
England? and Canada. There is also in the Hooker
Herbarium, a specimen labelled New Zealand.’’ From
Thomas Moore’s ‘‘Nature-printed British Ferns’’ (Vol.
2), London, 1863.
The writer desires to add the following. Examina-
tion of the specimens of D. dilatata in the United States
National Herbarium indicates that this fern is widely
distributed in southern Alaska. It is also found plenti-
fully in western Canada and especially in British Co-
lumbia. In the United States it is found in Montana
and Washington and south to California.
1** Dilatata’’ is here taken as including v merica
far as the region ‘‘ from the Alleghanies ede is sehen
the latter is meant.
* This refers to var. americana. —
122 AMERICAN F'eERN JOURNAL
Hasitat of D. DmATATA
Because of the following statement from the pen of
Dr. R. C. Benedict the writer has taken considerable
pains to secure accurate and conclusive evidence regard-
ing the habitat of D. dilatata both in Europe and in
northwestern North America.
The Statement. ‘‘Dilatata and var. americana are
alpine or arctic forms, i. e., they require a cold climate.
In Labrador and Greenland it is cold enough at sea level,
but further south in Europe and in America, dilatata
finds suitable coolness only on mountains.’’ From
**Fern Papers in Rhodora’’ (review), AM. FERN JOURN.
Apr.—June, 1916. ;
The Evidence. Mr. Alexander Cowan, of Valleyfield,
Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland, wrote as follows:—
“‘Lastrea dilatata grows in Scotland at all altitudes. 1
have thousands of it growing on my land here, six
hundred feet altitude.’’
The following letter from Dr. Christensen proves that
this fern grows plentifully in Denmark and throughout
the great German Plain. The altitude of nearly the
whole of these two areas is five hundred feet or less.
Universitetets botaniske Museum
Gothersgade 130. Kobenhavn K
0 Januar, 1927
Mr. Epwarp H. CuarKson,
NEWBURYPORT
Dear Sir:—
8 to the distribution of D. dilatata in N. Europe I can say
the following. It is in woods in Denmark a common species, also
occurring frequently in bogs, but there in a special form with re
curved edges and black spores. It is here certainly more common
than D. spinulosa, Denmark being a part of the Baltic or North
German Plain it is no wonaes, therefore, that D. dilatata is com-
mon in the whole area just as in Denmark, the sandy heaths, of
course, excepted. gered u. P, Graebner: Flora des
BROAD-LEAF SPINULOSE FERNS 123
Nordostdeutschen Flachlandes, 1898, p. 9 (the area just Rescate
we learn of the collective species Aspidium spinu
‘*Schattige und lichte Wilder und Gebiische, durch das ‘aude
meist gemein’’ (shady and open woods and sae common i
most parts of our area) and on the subspecies A. dilatatum ‘‘so
weniger hiiufig (als eu-spinulosum), gern an schattigen erenelyy
(somewhat less common than eu-spinulosum, ——- shaded
hillsides.)
It is oe common in all woods and naming localities is of
no importan
Yours truly,
_ [Signed] CarL CHRISTENSEN
Dr. Christensen also wrote as follows: ‘‘I note that
we in Denmark have no mountains, the most elevated hill
being 170 m. only’’ (less than 600 feet. )
Professor Frederic K. Butters, who has given con-
siderable attention to the study of Dryopteris dilatata
in northwestern America, wrote as follows :— ts
common from sea-level up to four thousand to five thou-
sand feet. I have seen and collected it at sea-level at
Vancouver Island and also around Glacier, B. C., in the
Selkirk Mountains, where it is very abundant at alti-
tudes of over four thousand feet. Timber line is about
seven.thousand feet and, so far as I recollect, dilatata
never gets anywhere near that altitude.’’
Mr. Paul C. Standley, in an article entitled ‘‘Ferns
of Glacier National Pork’? (Montana), Am. FERN.
Journ. Oct.—Dec., 1920, reported Dryopteris dilatata on
the mountains there at an altitude of 3170 feet on the
west and 4800 feet on the east slope and further speaks
of it as common at middle altitudes, especially on the
west slope.
Mrs. Carlotta C. Hall, of Berkeley, California, writes
‘It is wonderfully fine in the Redwoods, where it is
very damp, at about 50 to 100 feet altitude.’’ Mr. J. B.
Flett, of Seattle, Veh who has an expert knowl-
124 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
edge of this fern, having studied it for many years,
writes that ‘‘it is quite common in rich woods near sea-
level, not extending very high in the mountains.’’
The above evidence, which is furnished by well known
fern experts, proves conclusively that Dryopteris dia-
tata does not require a cold climate. On the contrary,
it proves that in the British Isles, in Denmark and in
the vast North German Plain, as well as in British Co-
lumbia and the State of Washington, this fern is found
plentifully at sea-level, as well as in the mountains. ~
These places are regions of relatively warm winters and
cool summers. Like our D. intermedia, it flourishes in
warm as well as cool temperatures. :
The writer could find no evidence that D. dilatata is
found above timber-line.
NEWBuRYPorT, Mass.
Recent Fern Literature
It is not often that the Journau uses reprinted mat-
ter; but the article which follows, by a recent member
of the Society, gives so excellent a history of the begin-
nings of an enthusiasm for ferns, so admirably put (as
well as an account of a new and interesting fern book
by another member), that we would break a rule or two,
if necessary, to place it before our readers. For the
privilege of doing so, we are indebted to the kindness of
the author and the courtesy of the Providence Journal,
in whose columns it originally appeared, June 9, 1928.
CoNncCERNING FERNS
Fretp Boox or Common FERNS. By Herbert ates
rand. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons. 16m
Illst. $2.50.
It is remarkable how many different ways there are of
getting your hands dirty in this complex world. Babies
Recent FERN LITERATURE 125
are born with the faculty; the growing child (that arch-
anarchist) devotes his tender years to elaborating his
primitive knowledge of the art. Yet the sober adult,
safely graduated from all these early foibles, is steadily
surprised to find himself ever and again grubbing in the
earth for something or other which, only lately, he would
never have supposed himself to need.
With clean hands and an unsuspecting heart I tumbled
into the mud a week ago Sunday, and I don’t know
when [ shall crawl out of it again. Ferns lie at the
bottom of the matter. As recently as Memorial Day a
fern, to me, was only a fern—a sort of plant without
blossoms which grew, probably, in the woods, and was
best left to its lovely peace. If we hadn’t been cheated
by the man who sold us the daffodil bulbs it would never
have happened. But the bulbs didn’t germinate, if that’s
what I mean; their allotted space in the dooryard garden
stood bleak and forlorn, a reproach to husbandry. ‘‘Per-
haps,’’ suggested that member of our household who
achieves by garden magie more than the rest of us can
accomplish badly with hard labor, ‘‘perhaps a few
ers.”
Ferns grow in woods and swamps, among the black
rot of old leaves or upon the hillside shale where the
weather’s rejected artifacts rebuff the amateur with ten
thousand needle points—barbs that have waited since
the tertiary midnight to prick your own personal shins,
and no other shins. Ferns grow, in short, where man
does not; and the road to them is like the road to para-
dise. But we got ferns—forty of them, in eleven notable
varieties. Roots and all, we planted them over the de-
feated daffodil stumps, to console us with their feathery
excellence for the lost golden chalices. And that was
that. es
126 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
But life doesn’t chop things up into such neat parcels.
You can’t whip up an enthusiasm, use it for an after-
noon, and then throw it away. In the morning, it walks
in upon you, like one of those stray cats which each of
us, in some mad moment, has stopped to pet. It yowls
from the bedside. It curls up on your feet. It has come
to stay. We went to sleep with a job finished; we arose
with a complex and fascinating obligation upon us.
These woodside aliens, it seemed, were individuals, each
with a name, each with its needs and caprices, each with
the temperament of a prima donna.
It is extraordinary how much there is to be known
about a subject which yesterday was a mystery. Gold-
smith thought a folio volume could be written about
an egg (time has proved him more than right!) and
Johnson replied that even the making of bootjacks breeds
experts. I can see now that if I resign all other obliga-
tions and remain on my knees in that fern-patch until
Atropos snips her scissors across my particular thread,
I shall still have something to learn about spores and
spore-cases, fronds and pinnules, the way of spleenworts
and the different way of brakes.
Now by one of those incredible coincidences, such as
the old yarn-spinners employed when they had to snatch
their heroines out of the clutches of villainy, I was still
scrubbing my hands with pumice to wear off the root
stains when the postman rang and handed me in the
little book—the amazing little book—listed at the top of
this column. Nobody outside our garden wall knew
about those ferns; the book was mailed in New York
ten hours before we set forth to dig in the woods! Is it
any wonder that cabinet secrets leak out and that wars
are started for no reason at all?
Well, it is an inimitable book, if you are going in for —
ferns. Fifty native varieties are named, pictured, dia-
grammed, disc . You are told what to plant
2
Recent Fern LiIteERATURE 127
what to avoid, what to dig in the open woods and what
to buy.
“Do not,’’ it says, ‘‘plant the hayscented fern, the
bracken or the marshfern, for they will eat up the rest
of the works.’’ Or something of the sort.
We had, of course, planted hayscented ferns, many
bracken, very many marshfern.
‘“‘You will be fortunate if you find a Christmas fern
in the vicinity of a large city,’’ the books say. ‘‘Van-
dals have destroyed them.’’
The pride of our new garden, by a small miracle, was
a magnificent Christmas fern, for which we had not
even hunted!
And so on. The barren garden plot had begun it; the
book had sealed the deed. Bring on your experts. I
shall gabble to them about pinnate and bipinnate fronds,
[ shall point them the distinction between thelypteris
¢lintoniana and thelypteris spinulosa ; I shall show them
osmundae and botrychia of the loveliest hues. Grasping
them by their buttonholes, I shall remind them that there
were ferns on this earth 53 million years ago, that there
may be ferns on Mars, that Adam slept among them. I
Shall dilate upon the connection between ferns and fur-
naces—for what is coal but the pressed bracken of a
thousand ages? I shall, in short, bore them to tears, for
the fever is upon me.
Go thou, if you love a garden, and do likewise. But
arm yourself first with this little book. It is a mighty
Baedeker for a strange and astonishing kingdom—a
land of living lace—Brrrranp K. Harr.
Mr. Mousley continues his annual notes on the birds,
orchids, ferns, and butterflies of Quebec. Ferns play a
1 Mousley, H. Notes on the birds, orchids, ferns, and butter-
flies of the province of Quebec, 1927. Canadian Field Naturalist
42: 25-29, 1928.
128 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
fairly prominent part in those for 1927. Certain inter-
esting species are recorded from the vicinity of Montreal;
Botrychium minganense, recently described by Bro. Vic-
torin, was found to have been collected at Hatley sev-
eral years ago, and a new station for B. onondagense dis-
covered there; and at Chambly, after years of searching,
Mr. Mousley had his first sight of B. angustisegmentum
alive and in its native habitat. Other records for some
of the rarer species are given.
QuEstTions.—Apropos of the fact that Mr. H. A.
Ward of the Harrisburg Natural History Society has
found one lone specimen of Eaton’s fern on one of the
mountains back of the city, the question arises, how came
it there?
A very small woods garden at Mount Gretna is the
subject of much study and speculation. Years ago,
when it was acquired, there was dense shade of chestnut
growth. Later these trees were felled because of blight
and other smaller trees were brought in together with
many ferns and other woodsy things.
Grass began to appear and violets and flowers hither-
to unknown to the gardener, so that each year we would
be greeted by new things. One year there appeared a
thrifty plant and flower of Centaurea. Another year -
there came the cone flower. This year there is the moun-
tain phlox.
When I ask whence come these visitors, I am told,
rather glibly, it seems to me, ‘‘O, well, when you bring
in plants from the woods, you bring seeds | of other
plants.’’ This answer does not satisfy.
To return to the Eaton’s fern:—are these rare things
beginning their existence because of certain conditions
of earth, air, sunlight, and moisture, or are they passing
QUESTIONS 129
out from us and on their way to extinction?—Sara P.
Brut, Harrispure, Pa.
It is not easy to give a general answer to Mrs. Bill’s
questions, for they touch on one of the mysteries of
nature—the exact manner in which plants effect their
migrations. Many species, of course, have special
mechanism for the dispersal of their seeds, the workings
of which we ean follow. But others, with no such
mechanism (most of the grasses, for instance), have
spread over and occupied their full share of the earth’s ~
surface.
We can only say that seeds are actually widely dis-
tributed and in great numbers and that many of them
are very long-lived. Two Japanese botanists have re-
cently grown lotus seeds known to be a century old and
and got rather better germination than from fresh seed.
In any given spot, the soil may contain seeds or spores
of the most unexpected things, which may lie dormant
for years and then, when conditions are right for germi-
nation, suddenly appear.
Only a study of local conditions can throw any light
on the question of whether the single specimen of Eaton’s
fern was a new comer, born of windblown spores, or the
survivor of a previously over-looked colony. The
Centaurea and the cone flower are both aggressive weeds
of open places and found their opportunity when the
shade was reduced by the cutting off of the chestnut trees.
Certainly many plants can be inadvertently brought in
with other plants moved to a garden. I have in my fern-
bed a little colony of wild things, comprising pepper
root, spring beauty, partridge berry, gold-thread, star-
flower, Aster divaricatus, jewel-weed, bellwort, and hog
peanut, none of which I knowingly introduced. I did
plant ferns from the woods and bits of the roots or seeds
of the other plants came with them. Except with tye
130 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
jewel-weed, no other method of introduction is conceiy-
able in this case.—C. A. W.
UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS DOES DRYOPTERIS DILATATA
Grow ?—I am glad Mr. Clarkson has returned to the dis-
cussion of the Dryopteris dilatata problem, even though
the result in part is to indicate that I have been inac-
curate in using the terms ‘alpine or sub-aretic’’ when I
should have used the ecological term ‘‘Canadian forest”’
as characterizing the habitat of dilatata. Also, instead
of the term ‘‘cold regions,’’ it would be more accurate
to describe the climatic condition as ‘‘cool and damp.”’
With these corrections, I should like again to raise the
question whether dilatata is not practically confined to
regions in which moisture is generally abundant in the
atmosphere. Such conditions are found at low altitudes
in England, in Denmark, in our Pacifie states north of
San Francisco, and also along the North Atlantic coastal
regions. Inland, however, and farther south, dilatata
usually finds favorable conditions only at considerable
altitudes where clouds and fog supply the needed atmos-
pherie moisture.
In Mr. Clarkson’s discussion regarding the European
distribution of this fern, I note as of pertinence in this
connection that the Moore quotation mentions the
‘Savoy Alps,’ though not otherwise informative regard-
ing the distribution in altitude. In an earlier paper I
have already referred to correspondence from a South
German fern student to the effect that dilatata is in his
region confined to higher altitudes, with spinulosa the
species occurring at lower ranges. It seems to me that
we still need discriminating comment regarding the dis-
tribution of dilatata ecologically in Europe. To consider
ee iy Be ranges alone is likely to be misleading.—
AMERICAN FERN Society 131
ProGRAM FoR THE MEETING oF THE FERN Society
At New Yorx.—The formal meeting will take place at
the Teachers’ College Building, Columbia University, at
2 P. M. on Saturday, December 29th. Room assign-
ments have not been made yet, but will be available at
the entrance of the building on East 119th Street.
Teachers’ College is the headquarters for most of the
meetings of the 1928 Convocation of the American Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science, which begin on
Thursday, December 23rd.
Our Fern Society program will include the following
papers: Prof. John H. Schaffner, Diagnostic Characters
of Equisetum; Dr. Edgar T. Wherry, Soil Reaction
Preferences of Native Ferns; Prof. Fr. Marie-Victorin,
About a new American Botrychium; Mr. C. A. Weath-
erby, Recent Systematic work on northeastern Ferns.
Rev. Charles S. Lewis and Dr. William R. Maxon will
also have papers, the exact titles of which are not at hand
as this goes to press. Most of the above papers will be
illustrated by specimens; Dr. Wherry’s will be illus-
trated experimentally. Space and time are reserved for
any others to display interesting specimens or report
experiences.
Ten years ago, in connection with the last Fern
Society meeting in New York City, a group of members
went searching for fern material in the diversified menu
of a Chinatown restaurant. Some were timorous about
the adventure at first, but nothing untoward happened.
If those who attend this year’s meeting would like to
make a similar exploration, an opportunity will be
afforded. A choice may be made among Chinese, Japa-
nese, Russian, Syrian, East Indian, Italian, French,
et al.
On Sunday afternoon, at two-thirty, a meeting is
scheduled at the inate operant Garden to visit this
oci : ; ferns in the
Ts2 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
the general tropical collection and the series of Boston
fern sports which are being grown experimentally. Dr.
Benedict will act as host and guide.
Rey. Cuarues 8S. Lewis, Dr. Marsuatt A. Hows,
Freperic W. Kospt, Dr. Rapu C. Benepict, Committee
on Program.
American Fern Society
ie is with pleasure that we print in this number the
beginning of one more of the series of state fern floras
which, under the encouragement of the Society, have
appeared from time to time in the Fern Bulletin and the
JourNnaL, The Bulletin published eighteen of them,
covering the states of California, Connecticut, Florida,
Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana,
Maine, Michigan, Montana, New York, Ohio, Pennsylva-
nia, Texas, Vermont, and Washington. To these the
JOURNAL has added Alabama, Nebraska, New Mexico, a
nearly complete enumeration of New Jersey ferns, and
now Wisconsin. The full list is given so that members
who may be in a position to write up the ferns of any of
the other twenty-six states may have their opportunity
put -plainly before them.
Mr. Harold G. Rugg, Hanover, N. H., offers to mem-
bers fronds of Botrychium Lunaria, collected at Pereé,
Gaspé Co., Quebec.
New members:
Davis, Edward E., Norwich, N. Y.
Doubleday, Mrs. Arthur W., Longhill, biteatenat Vermont.
Payne, Prof. Clarke B. Ohteaory: Ari
Stephens, George E., 36 Bedford Sout Horsham, Sussex,
England.
Changes of address:
Cate, oe Willard N., Butler University, —— in. 3
| Simor, Mr, Hira 1,195 South Whitney Ave, Yous st
INDEX TO VOLUME XVIII
Acrostichum daneaefolium, 12
Activities of oe een Pterido-
haar Society, 27
to
ngu
Adiantum, 95; aethiopicum, 32;
Capillus-Veneris, 63; lu ucidum,
, 8; obliquum, 8; pedatum
56, 96 mile 110 ; ‘nctiointian,
; villosu
Alsophila saetriaie: ge" micro-
n eae: i
American Fern Soc ciety, 833, 63,
Ananthacoru S angustifolius, 13
Anetium cleriiclioay 13
ye aculeatum, var. scopu-
m, 43; Boottii, 89, 111;
ere Oi 89, 111; xX margi
a 93; var. Clintonianumn,
89; X Goldianum, 93; x s 2
ides Mian ge tore var
ediu “ ragrans
105, 111; Goldianum, 88, 111;
x ee 93 ; arginale,
88, ‘ 2; X spinu-
losum var, intermedium, 93;
hoveboraceske 88; 112: ‘var,
frag grans, 88; var, suaveolens,
88 ; spinulosum, 89, 107, 112,
a
and Thelypteris
Aspicaiam acrostichoides, 87, aur
2; angustifolium, 87, ;
Rinearalacarn 42; Stamege
GI, 62; bulbiferum, Ga; 11s
eryptole 94; var. ohionis,
; Curtissii, 42; ebeneum, 40 ;
pen er 2 hg 22.5 Filix-femina, 87,
100, 07, 113 ; 3 skeletonized
fronds of, flabelliforme,
oa; ficctdwin: ae 53, 54; fal-
cinellum, 8; ‘Hookerianum,
117; on 117;
2s "Ruta-muraria,
4; serratum, 12; Shuttle-
worthianum, 53; Tri ichomanes,
23, 57, 62, gets 413; plrwrnetg
22’; umbrosu 33; verecun-
dum, ond vik: 24, Pit so
Athyr
Aster car 129
Athy ried Sats in speetre. 94; var.
Sri ube ; Pilix
tina B13 thelypterotdes 96
133
eer F. G. A. The story of
meadow moonwort (review),
BENeEpIcT, R. C. Activities of the
pe hee ccc Society,
firs orchid
tions does Dryopteris dilatata
grow?, 130; what luck have
you had in “‘naturalizing hart’s
tongue plants?, 99
pee. 129
BILL, Sara P. Questions, 127
Blechnum cartilagineum, 32; occi-
dentale, 12
Botryechium, 58; an isegmen-
tum, 128; australe, are dissec-
tum, 97, 98; lan ceolatum, 92;
var. AIR kal Aeemae 109 ;
Lunaria, 24, 58, 109; min-
ganense, 58; 128; obliquam, 92,
97,. 98, 109; onondagense, 128;
ramosum, ‘92, rhe ex,
110; ternatum, 925 dis-
sectum, 118; var. nte meadiane.
110; virginianum, 92, 107, 110
Botrychiums, port of the
Bracken, 116, 127
hip Pteridological Society, 27
Brown, Mrs. E. C., obituary, 102
Camptosorus rhizophyllus, 63, 87,
Centaurea, 128, 129
Cheilanthes 40, 41; Covillei, *
ni, 40; Fee i, 113; lano
rape myriophylla, 38; tom a
tosa,
CutsHoLM, M. L. One j joyful
Cliff-brake, purple, 80
apres horsetails along the
way,
asec ferns, 124
Cone flower, iy Mead
Coprosma Hine
eyo tog ramma Me igtert, 114
Cyclopeltis semicordata, 7, if ‘és
Cystopteris pulbifera, 89, 1
"e varitis, 23, 24, 62, 63, 90, 114
De ies anbies #8
allia, u
one W. A.” A note on Asple-
pitas pi
Se
ea 21
134
Dicksonia antarctica, by ae fibrosa,
55, 116; lanata, 32; puncti-
lobula, 90; squarrosa, 32
Dicer ranopteris flexuosa, i, 9
ch dea a panamense, 8
Diplazium delitescens, 8; grandi-
broad-leaf
Lake Rotoiti,
° fa
Distribution ~r the
115; Tauranga and Karewha
Island, 51
DOWELL, PHILIP. Report of the
judge of elections, 36
also
Asp es Phegopteris, and
8
ommon ferns (review), 124
Epson, J. Ferns of Monroe
and adisinine counties, New
York, 56,
Elaphoglossum dlerminieri, 13
Equi uisetaceae,
7 Mag os poetics in,
69 ; arvense, 15-17, 19—21,
tly 73-18: boreale, 5
fluviatile, "73.7 cc 90. hae
stoni, 77; hiemale 18." 19; 25.
Gis tag , 78; var. affine 26:
var, intermedium, 26; an-
sanum, Wy 20; 2h TE: te,
‘4-77; laevigatum, 15-17, 20,
23,41, (2. 14-172 limosum, ys ad
litorale, 75; Nel elsoni, A; 19:
palustre, 25, 26, 73-76, 78;
Yar. americanum, 25; praeal-
98; rabbits eat, 98; pratense,
71, 74-76; mosissimum, 78;
r um, 78; scirpoides, 71:
obust 78; s
Silvaticum, 16, 25, 73-76: Te 1
mateia 7 78: trachyodon,
75; variegatum, oo. as 9 TE 3
var. Jesupi, 25, 75 5
Eschatogramme fureata, 12
@ fer, vertikalen
ene ony 7
Field-book of °
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Fern, alpine lady, 94; bladder,
6: Boston, Psi 12; Christal
91 aton’s,
fms. 7 Pras
127; holly, »
Ro
royal ,, 91,
oy 4
Fern evolony of Barro Colorado
Island,
FERNALD, M. American repre-
iv’
American occurrence of Athy
rium alpestre (review), 94
eastern rican variety of
Ame
Polystichum Braunii (review),
59
Ferning out of season, 80
Ferns, and fern allies of Wiscon-
spinulose,
hardy, 95;
cnnaie vernatio Nn nests
tropical American, IV, 1; V;
46 ; of eastern Victoria, some,
of onroe and adjoining
counties, New York, 56, iv
Fluctuation in Equisetum, 69
Fox-tail, 24
FULLER, A. M.. Ferns and fern
allies in Wisconsin, 105
Gleichenia circinata, 32; dicarpa,
33; flabellata, 33; laevigata,
5. See also Dicranopteris
report of Iowa
Botrychiums, ov: the hardiness
of hardy ferns, 95
Habenaria bracteata, 110
Habitat and distribution of b
broad-leaf spinulose ferns, 12 30
i of hardy ferns, 95
H = B. K. Concerning ferns,
28, 99, 100; what
Hart eben e,
ve you had naturaliz-
pie have
* 99
ee diet yum marginatum, 9
Hemitelia ra ts 8
Hop L. Report of the
35
Cut
Horsetails 14-16, Pa collecting
the
$s rugulosa ae
Rye ao ectly cirecinate yernation in
INDEX TO VoLUME 18
Iowa Botrychiums, 97
Jewelweed, 129
Karewha Island, 51
Kenoyer, L. A. Fern ecology of
Barro Colorado Island, 6
Konini,
Kos aan ow. A note on Asple-
nium pinnatifidum Nuttall, 21
Lake Rotoiti, 115
Lastrea dilatata, Fg Bue (as
i cladorrhizans, Oo;
Leptochilus
nicotianaefolius, 1
LEwIs Ss. cag Be of the sec-
retary for 1927,
Lindsaya Lessoni, tit: :
33; viridis, 55
Lomaria Banksii, 54; capen
32; discolor, 32; ‘anceolata,
32, "54; Norfolkiana, a Pat
soni, 33) vuleanica, 118
Lotus,
Lycopodium eernuum, 7, 9; clava-
107 ; dichotomum, 13;
jewel 28; obscurum, 107
oo n Polymorphum, Te;
atum
linearis,
perro SKILL, A. —~ ferns of
R. ew tropical
American’ ferns, iv sa 6;
report of an president for
be je story of a meadow
wort ( ravine ¥, 95
Teepe pid apiifolia, 8, 1
Moonw lok me gis w, 95
Moust es on the birds,
- "
ks ae ‘abi ae "68
Nephrodium rigidulum,
enheciapia a
z dula, 9, 12,
ees _ tropical Caen ferns, IV,
51
IZ; pen
erns of Monroe and
counties, 56, 87;
pois shaw w, the first, 100
et _ Asplenium pinnatifidum,
Notholaena, genta, 9, 42; limi-
sp. me deleani, "42
Obituaries : Brown, Mrs. EB. C.,
102; Munger, EK. H, 63
es. ferns at Dripping
ing,
bee jovial afternoon and_ its
lea’ sensibilis, 70, 90;
St
Ophioglossneeae, 109
135
i eaten vulgatum, 23, 91,
oe Sen G 5 110
Osm 95; namomea, 70,
o1, ee 10: Cla avioninin. ws hs
107, 110; regalis, 91, 96,
Osmundaceae, 110
Partridge pte 129
Sad hog, 1
P nM edaefolia,
ree ay 6¢; i Bacadon ata, 42:
_—* 32; flexu ‘
42; per mata, 42;
32
rotundifolia,
Pepper- 129
Phegopteris Dryopteris, 56;
56, 963 poly ie 8
ae 36. See also Aspidium,
Dryopteris, Pod Thelypteris
i ~ elaena, 7, 9
ghar Aoshi caudata, “s osmun-
Polypodiaceae, 1
shy i 4 dium Alfarii, soll aspleni-
rale, O25
ili
alli,
virginianum,
21, 98, 56, 68; 10F
icum, 27
Polypody, er
Polystichum
96; f.
var, cam-
ay, 85
—— des, 62,
multi
9,
96; var. Sept 59; Lemmoni,
mohrioides, 43; scopu-
linum, 4
Ponga, 116 ;
Psilogramme conges a. 83
hirta, J imines 3 33
Warscew
— “atalino 3+. cau
See also Pteris
Pteris aula, 33, 57
4; grandifolia, 9; mend gs
ropinqua, ;
“8 +4 83. See
ane, 9;
pungens, 3; trem mu
also Pterid
Queue de renard, 24
Rabbits eat Equisetum praeal-
oe H. E. Ferning out of
sa a 26
136
Recent fern literature, 23, 57, 94,
Report of the curator, 35; of t
editors, 34; of the Towa Botry-
chiums, 97; of the judge
elections, 36; of the grepident,
33; of the "secretary, 64; of
the treasurer, 64
~~
t
meadow moonwort,
95; Durand, H., field book of
common ferns, 124; Fedt-
schenko, B., Zur vertikalen
bet heh ete der
ebirgen
Fernald, M.
uta- -muraria, 94;
variety of
ie ba
bee, 127; Vietorin, Fr. Marie,
les Equisetinées du Québec, 2
n
ape Babes : Lunaria et le
Rnipidopteris, 2; flabellata, 2;
cnt ulacea, 2; peltata, a
Rhodod alexi, _ 1
endron micum, 121
Rimu, 117 bl
Saccoloma elegans,
baie Me, Roliepebitrtcc:
Sulvinis auriculata, 12
Scuarrner, J. H, Collecting
horsetails along the way, 14;
fluctuations in “Mantectunt ad
elt edt Equisetum pra
Sistependaae 59-61; notes on,
Selaginella conduplicata, 8: Fend-
yiies? haematodes, 8; lepido-
Silene acau 121
Skelet Sioninad ie of Asplenium
lix-fem
ee -gTas 18; “pipes, 18;
tome ferns of eastern Victoria,
Spring beauty, 129
Starflower, 129
Steir, W. N. Ferns and fern
allies in Wisconsin, 105
eee Tine 3.
INULOSUM 1
ERRATA
Page 75, line 4. Pas or peed itoring
| ‘For Gonptanu Ae son
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Stenochlaena vestita, 13
Stout, WILLIAM, 37
ee and Karewha Island,
erick euryloba, 9; martinicen-
sis, 7, 8
Thelypt eris Clintoniana, 127
spinulosa, 127. ee also Xe
idium, Dryopteris, and Phe-
gopteris
Topp, J. B. Scolopendrium notes,
’ div ersifrons, 9;
7; Godmani, 13;
: Krausii, 13;
strictum, 117;
icvecaemee|
venosum
Trillium grandiflorum, 110
Tutu, 116
Typha angustifolia, 12
Unperwoop, J. G. Report of the
treasurer for 1927, 64
Victoria, some ferns of eastern,
a eooraet Fr. Mariz-. Les
—, du aus es
un eye’ Soon 97 nou-
ses ra vith Bei ec le D. “ig
et le B. eee ge iseview), @
Vittaria lineata,
WeATHERBY, C. Imperfectly
fronds of Aspleni ium Fill
femina
Wheki, iis; ponga, 11
6
Wuerry, BE. T. Ferns oe
ng, Oklahoma,
Wr ping Spring, a: a of the
editors nee aoe
Wisconsin, ns and fern allies
in, 10
ilvensis, 23, 90;
, obtusa, orteat ba
90; var. 44;
44; Pumice 44; Pe oe
Woodwardia virginica, 57
World’s greatest curiosity, the,
28
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A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS
Published by the
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY
EDITORS
R. C. BENEDICT
E. J. WINSLOW c. A. WEATHERBY
VOLUME XIX
ino 2 9
LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA
CONTENTS
VoLUME 19, NuMBER 1, Paces 1-36, Issurp FeBruary 10,
1929
Ferns and Fern Allies in a aera
W.N. Steil and oi M. Fuller 1
Notes on eter wehaiong Ferns... St. John 11
Isoetes Lechler fe oe Palmer 17
The eer 7 pe ..H. B. Dobbie 19
Occurrence of Three- and Four-angled sjaisiss in Equisetum
rr eg 110. Vest me RENAN io ety RNA. T ESSN Cees J. H. Schaffner 24
o
atent Ai Liter ra ss ee ed trek po ea
Soar bee Rb pe ce rem ines 27
American Fern Society. -....cccsccccccscsssscesemsemsemnsinusennnssnnnnemmarmanscinnnene 32
VotumE 19, Numser 2, Paces 37-76, Issuep May 21,
1929
Ferns of Crater Lake National Park F.L. Wynd 37
A Forest of Forked Tree Ferns H. B. Dobbie 41
New Tropical American Ferns, V1........-:cc0000- W.R. Maxon 44
Ferns by the Georgian Bay. W. E. Saunders 49
Perms of Now Zonland, 3 he J. W. Brame 51
Shorter Not qe Ban gsedi Ae eiorier ee
American Fern SOG OEY. ceases eee treet pcre
VotumE 19, Number 3, Paces 77-112, IssuEp SEPTEM-
ER 23, 1929
The Flowers of Equisetum......veccccecccscecccsenemn: J. H. Schaffner 77
Ferns and Their Allies in Washington Co., Maine.
C. H. Knowlton 82
Wo abba areolata, the Traveling Fern.......... F. W. Pugsley 88
Cultivatio in California... oe re Westley 91
ieten ts in the Mountains of Caleenaa. . W. Graves
Recent Fern Literature
Shorter Notes .... ee
American Fern Society
Votume 19, Numer 4, Paces 113-146, IssuEeD JANUARY
: 19
Round about Florida for Perms... N. C. Knappen 118
The Flowers of Equisetum Continued) pune J. H. Schaffner 119
The Cemetery Ferns of New Orle ud. EB. Ransier 126
1d Tatras saiairteeineer mc 29
Vol. 19 January-March, 1929
WaT AW4e Macey 4h oko er
eet A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS ae
| oi sei ee Soe eee
The American Hern Society
Council for 1925
OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR
| Wrnua R. Maxox, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.,
| Mas. Cantorra Cartorra C. Hatt, Berkel ley, Calif. . Vice-president
Rey OSL Lewis, ae Hectory, Sees N. aa mid COrETATY
artland, V “Treasurer
——————————E——=—=—= °° °
American Fern Journal
Vou. 19
JANUARY-MARCH, 1929 No. 1
Ferns and Fern Allies in Wisconsin--II
Dr. W. N. Stren,
Professor of Botany, Marquette University
AND
A. M. FULLER
Assistant Curator, Milwaukee Public Museum
Dickson1a puNcTILOBULA (Michx.) Gray. Collected
_ by Dr. Millspaugh at Ephraim, Door County, in 1918.
ONOcCLEA sENsIBILIS L. Moist woods and meadows
throughout the State.
ONocLEA struTHIopreERis (L.) Hoffm. In moist woods
and along river bottoms throughout Wisconsin. This
Species is not as frequent as O. sensibilis.
PELLAEA ATROPURPUREA (L.) Link var, pusuit Macken-
ied (P. glabella Mett.). On ecaleareous rocks; common
in the southern and western counties where it is often
associated with Cheilanthes feei. Adams (Marshall,
1909), Brown (Schuette, 1901), Buffalo (Benke, 1915;
H. H. Smith, 1922), Calumet (Goessl, 1916), Columbia
(Hutchinson, 1883; Russell, 1886; Davis, 1918; H. H.
Smith, 1922), Crawford (H. H. Smith, 1922), Dane
(Heddle, 1920), Door (Schuette, 1882; Goessl, 1916;
Davis, 1918), Grant (Sylvester, 1885; Cheney, 1889;
Milwaukee Museum Expedition, 1911; O’Hanlon, 1919;
Davis, 1920), Green, (Stuntz, 1891), Iowa (Steil, 1924),
- [Volume 18, No. 4 of the JourNaL, pages 105-136, figures 9 and
2 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Lafayette (H. H. Smith, 1922), Milwaukee (Runge),
Pierce (Milwaukee Museum Expedition, 1910; Davis,
1914), Polk (Hayward, 1923), Richland (Davis, 1922),
Rock (Kumlien, 1860; Olds, 1895), Sauk (Hale, 1861;
True, 1886; Kremers, 1888; Cheney, 1894; H. H. Smith,
1922), Trempeleau (Denniston, 1914) and Vernon (Mil-
waukee Museum Expedition, 1911) Counties.
PHEGOPTERIS DRYOPTERIS (L.) Fée. Shady rocks,
moist woods and sphagnum bogs; Adams (Sylvester,
1886; Marshall; Fuller, 1925 ), Ashland (Cheney, 1896;
Goessl, 1917), Barron (Goessl, 1917), Bayfield (Cheney,
1897), Burnett (Milwaukee Museum Expedition, 1909),
Chippewa (Goessl, 1915), Columbia (H. F. Monroe,
1883), Dane (Field Club, 1901), Door (Schuette, 1883),
Douglas (Goessl, 1917 ), Florence (Goessl, 1916), Iron
(Goessl, 1917), Juneau (Davis, 1917), Kewaunee
(Goessl, 1916), Langlade (Goessl, 1916), Lincoln
(Goessl, 1915), Marinette (Goessl, 1916), Oneida
(Kremers, 1914; Goessl, 1915), Outagamie (G@oessl,
1916), Price (Goessl, 1915), Racine (Hoy, 1879), Rusk
(Goessl, 1915), Sauk (Pammel, 1883; True, 1887; Hed-
dle, 1907), Sawyer (Fuller, 1925), Shawano (Goessl,
1916) and Vilas (Denniston, 1901) Counties.
PoLypopium vuLeaRE L. Common in moist rocky
woods throughout Wisconsin; Adams (Marshall; Fuller,
1925), Ashland (Cheney, 1896), Bayfield (Cheney,
1897), Calumet (Goessl, 1916), Chippewa (Goessl,
1915), Clark (Goessl, 1915), Columbia (Hutchinson,
1883 ; Russell), Dane (Lapham, 1860; Williamson, 1886;
Field Club, 1901 ; Cheney and True, 1892; University of
Wisconsin, 1892), Door (Schuette, 1896; Goessl, 1916;
Millspaugh, 1918), Dunn (Goessl, 1917), Forest (Goessl,
1916), Grant (H. H. Smith, 1922), Iowa (Steil 1922),
Tron (Cheney, 1896; Hartwell, 1913; Goessl, 1917)
Juneau (Cheney, 1894), Lafayette (Cheney, 1889; F
FrErns In WIsconsin—IIL 3
ler, 1924), Lincoln (Cheney, 1893; Goessl, 1915), Mani-
towoe (Benke, 1910), Marinette (Peaslee, 1914; Goessl,
1916), Milwaukee (Lapham), Oneida (Kremers, 1914;
Goessl, 1915), Ozaukee (Howland Russel, 1912), Pepin
(Goessl, 1917), Pierce (F. W. Fuller, 1921), Polk (Schu-
ette, 1888; Campbell, 1896; Hayward, 1923), Price
(Goessl, 1916), Racine (Davis, 1878), Rock (Swezey),
Sauk (Lapham, 1849; Pammel, 1883; Kremers, 1886;
True, 1887; Cheney, 1889; Umbach, 1895; Skavlem; H.
_H. Smith, 1922), Sawyer (Fuller, 1925) and Taylor
(Goessl, 1915) Counties.
PoLystricHUM AcROSTICHOIDES (Michx.) Schott. At
the University of Wisconsin there are three herbarium
mounts of this fern; Racine County (Hale; Mrs. At-
water, 1866), and from an unknown locality collected
by Dunlap, 1893.
PotysticHuM BRAUNI (Spenner) Fée. Cheney col-
lected this fern along the Montreal River in Iron
County, in 1896. The specimens are deposited in the
herbarium at the University of Wisconsin.
Preris aquiina L. Dry open woods; common
throughout Wisconsin. This fern is one of the dominant
plants growing on the cut-over land in the northern
counties where it is usually associated with Populus
tremuloides and Epilobium angustifolium
Woopsta caTHCARTIANA Robinson. Steil collected
this fern at St. Croix Falls, Polk County, in 1917. In
1927, Fassett and Wilson also collected it there.
Woopsta invensis (L.) R. Br. Adams (Sylvester,
1886; Monroe, 1892; Marshall), Bayfield (Hasse, 1584;
Cheney, 1896), Clark (Goessl, 1915), Dane (University
of Wisconsin, 1860; Williamson, 1886; Field Club, 1901;
Cheney, 1894; Heddle, 1916; Davis, 1921), Grant (Syl-
vester, 1886), Green (Finger, 1902), Iowa (Kremers,
1888; Heddle, 1920; Davis, 1921), Juneau (Copeland ;
4 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Fuller, 1927), Lineoln (Cheney, 1893), Marathon
(Goessl, 1915), Marinette (Goessl, 1916), Polk (Schu-
ette, 1888; Davis, 1914; Fuller, 1922), Rock (Olds,
1895), Sauk (Lapham, 1858; Pammel, 1883; Umbach,
1888; Monroe, 1892; Cheney, 1894; Stout, 1906; Skav-
lem; True) and Waupaca (Goessl, 1916) Counties.
Woopsia optusa (Spreng.) Torr. Columbia (Hutch-
mson, 1883; Finger, 1904), Grant (Sylvester, 1886),
Green (Copeland, 1891), Iowa (Davis, 1921), and Sauk
(Lapham, 1858; True, 1893; Stout, 1906) Counties.
SALVINIACEAE
AZOLLA CAROLINIANA Willd. In Wisconsin this species
is confined to the Mississippi River and the adjoining
sloughs. In the summer of 1912, Mrs. Irish observed
that it was abundant in the Mississippi River at La
Crosse. In the autumn of 1920, Steil found it abundant
in the sloughs and in the Mississippi near Prairie du
Chien. Fassett collected it in Buffalo County in 1926.
In the herbarium at the University of Wisconsin there
are three sheets, evidently from the Lapham collection.
Two of these were collected along the Mississippi in
1872 by an unknown collector. The other sheet is la-
beled ‘‘Black Earth, Dane County.’’ Neither the date
nor the collector is given.
EQUISETACEAE
EQUISETUM ARVENSE L. Common throughout the
State. It is found in old sandy fields, on river banks and
along the rights of way of the railroads.
EQuisetuM FLUviaTILE L. Common at margins of
lakes, in ponds and bogs; Bayfield (Cheney, 1897),
Brown (Schuette, 1886), Buffalo (H. H. Smith, 1922),
Calumet (Goessl, 1916), Dane (Hale; Cheney, 1891;
University of Wisconsin, 1892; Field Club, 1901; Stout,
FErNs IN Wisconstn—II 5
1907), Door (Goessl, 1916), Douglas (Milwaukee Mu-
seum Expedition, 1909; Goessl, 1917), Florence (Goessl,
1916), Jefferson (Stout, 1906), Marathon (Goessl, 1915),
Marinette (Goessl, 1916), Milwaukee (Lapham; Bruhin;
Runge, 1886), Oconto (Davis, 1915), Outagamie (Goessl,
1916), Price (Graenicher, 1915), Rock (Olds, 1895),
Vilas (Cheney, 1893; Milwaukee Museum Expedition,
1907), Washington (Wheeler, 1888), Waukesha (How-
land Russel, 1915), and Waupaca (Goessl, 1915) Coun-
ties.
EQUISETUM HYEMALE L. Common throughout Wis-
consin. This species is found in a habitat similar to that
of EF. arvense.
EQUISETUM HYEMALE var. RopusTuUM (A. Br.) A. A.
Eaton. Bayfield (Cheney, 1896), Brown (Schuette,
1898), Dane (Cheney, 1890), Door (Schuette, 1885),
Grant (O’Hanlon, 1919), Iron (Cheney, 1896), and
Sauk (Field Club, 1901) Counties.
EquisetuM LarvieAtum A. Br. (E. kansanum Schafin.)
Brown (Schuette, 1898), Dane (University of Wisconsin,
1892; Davis and McFarland, 1921), Door (Schuette,
1887), Rock ss 1895) and Sheboygan (Schuette,
1883) Countie
ecierin < PALUSTRE L. Cheney collected this species
at Siskiwit Bay, Bayfield County, 1897, and along the
Ammicon River, Douglas County, 1897.
EQuisetum scrrpomes Michx. Moist woods and low
open places. Ashland (Cheney, 1896; Goessl, 1917),
Bayfield (Cheney, 1897), Door (Schuette, 1887; How-
land Russell, 1913; Goessl, 1916), Douglas (Allen,
1915), Dunn (Goessl, 1917), Grant (Sylvester, 1885),
Kewaunee (Goessl, 1916), Manitowoc (Benke, 1910),
Milwaukee (Lapham), Outagamie (Goessl, 1916), Rusk
(Goessl, 1914), Shawano (Goessl, 1916), Sheboygan
(Goessl, 1902) and Winnebago (Sherman) Counties.
6 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
EquisetuM sytvaticum L. Moist, shady woods;
abundant in the northern counties. Ashland (Lapham,
1885; Cheney, 1896; Goessl, 1917), Barron (Cheney,
1888; Goessl, 1917), Bayfield (Cheney, 1897; Goessl,
1917), Brown (Schuette, 1880), Burnett (Milwaukee
Museum Expedition, 1909), Douglas (Milwaukee Mu-
seum Expedition, 1909), Dunn (Goessl, 1917), Forest a
(Goessl, 1916), Lafayette (Stuntz, 1893), Manitowoc —
(Benke, 1913), Marathon (Goessl, 1915), Oconto
(Goessl, 1916), Oneida (Goessl, 1915), Outagamie —
(Goessl, 1916), Price (Finger; Graenicher, 1915), Sauk
(Cheney, 1893), Sawyer (Fuller, 1925), Shawano (H. a
H. Smith, 1922), Taylor (Goessl, 1915), Vilas (Den- P
miston and Timberlake, 1901; Peaslee, 1915) and
Washburn (Cheney, 1897; Goessl, 1917). Counties. e
EQuISETUM VARIEGATUM Schleich. This species, al- ‘eae
though rare in Wisconsin, has been abundant in Castalia
Park, Milwaukee County. This area has been subdi- |
vided, and this station will be destroyed in the near — |
future. Brown (Schuette, 1881), Dane (Hale; Cheney, .
1894), Door (Houghton; Schuette, 1890; Fuller, 1926), oe.
Iron (Cheney, 1896), Milwaukee (Lapham; Graenicher,
1910; Steil, 1927) and Sheboygan (Schuette, 18795
Goessl, 1914) Counties.
LYCOPODIACEAE
Lycopodiums are common in the northern WisconsiD —
woods. With the passing of the forests, they are doomed
to extinction.
Lycopoptum ANNoTINUM IL, Ashland (Lapham,
1858), Barron (Cheney, 1888), Bayfield (Cheney, 1897),
Brown (Schuette, 1882), Door (Millspaugh, 1919;
Schuette, 1889), Douglas (Allen, 1915),
(Schuette, 1884), Oneida (Cheney, 1893), Sa
(Paeristons 1916), Vilas Denniaion and nae
FERNs IN WIsconsin—II 4
1901; Peaslee, vars and Washburn (Goessl, 1917)
ont tie
Lycopoprum cuavAtum L. Ashland (Lapham, 1858;
Goessl, 1917), Barron (Cheney, 1888; Goessl, 1917),
Bayfield (Cheney, 1897), Dane (University of Wiscon-
sin, 1893), Door (Schuette, 1883; Knudsen, 1910; How-
land Russell, 1913; Goessl, 1916), Douglas (Milwaukee
Museum Expedition, 1909; Allen, 1915; Goessl, 1917),
Dunn (Weinzirl, 1893), Kewaunee (Goessl, 1916),
Manitowoe (Benke, 1910), Marathon (Kremers, 1885),
Marinette (Goessl, 1916), Marquette (Hartwell), Mil-
waukee (Bruhin), Oconto (Schuette, 1884), Oneida
(F. W. Johnson, 1914; Kremers, 1914), Price (Grae-
nicher, 1915; Goessl, 1915), Racine (Lapham), Sawyer
(Denniston, 1916), Taylor (Goessl, 1915) and Vilas
(Cheney, 1893; Peaslee, 1915) Counties.
LycoroptuM comMpLANATUM L. Dry sandy soil; Bar-
ron (Cheney, 1888; Goessl, 1917), Bayfield (Cheney,
1897), Burnett (Milwaukee Museum Expedition, 1909),
Chippewa (Goessl, 1915), Columbia (Finger, 1904),
Dane (Watson), Douglas (Cheney, 1897; Milwaukee
Museum Expedition, 1909; Goessl, 1917), Door
(Schuette, 1887), Dunn (Weinzirl, 1892), Iron (Goessl,
1917), Juneau (Fuller, 1927), Lincoln (Clowes, 1906),
Manitowoe (Benke, 1910), Marathon (Kremers, 1883),
Marinette (Schuette, 1891; Goessl, 1916), Price (Goessl,
1915; Escoll, 1917), Oneida (Cheney, 1893; R. E.
Kremers, 1914; F. W. Johnson, 1914), Rusk (Goessl,
1915), Sauk (Lapham, 1858; Benke, 1911), Sawyer
(Denniston, 1916; Fuller, 1925), Shawano (Goessl,
1916; H. H. Smith, 1922), Taylor (Goessl, 1915), Vilas
: (Peaslee, ae Goessl, 1915) and Waushara (Benke,
1913) Coun
Sistema COMPLANATUM Var. FLABELLIFORME
Fernald. Sale -Betings ee com esas
8 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Lycopoprum iNuNDATUM LL. Ashland (Cheney,
1896), Brown (Schuette, 1884), Marinette (Schuette,
1891), Sauk (Davis, 1921) and Vilas (Cheney, 1893)
Counties.
Lycopoprum LuciputuM Michx. Moist woods through ‘
out Wisconsin; Adams (Sylvester, 1886), _ Ashland —
(Cheney, 1896; Milwaukee Museum Expedition, 1907;
Toole, 1920), Barron (Goessl, 1917), Bayfield (Cheney,
1897), Chippewa (Goessl, 1915), Clark (Goessl, 1915)
Dane (Cheney, 1894; Field Club, 1901), Door (Schuette
1887 ; Museum Expedition, 1905; Goessl, 1915), Douglas ©
(Allen, 1915), Dunn (G@oessl, 1917), Florence (Goessl,
1916), Grant (Sylvester, 1886), Iowa (Davis, 1902),
Lafayette (Cheney, 1890), Lineoln (Cheney, 18935
Goessl, 1915), Manitowoe (Benke, 1910), Marathon —
(Goessel, 1915), Marquette (Hartwell, 1912), Milwaukee
(Bruhin), Oneida (Goessl, 1915), Price (Graenicher,
1915; Escoll, 1917), Sauk (Davis, 1919), Sawyer (Dew
niston, 1916), Vilas (Cheney, 1893; Denniston and Tim-
berlake, 1901; Jackson, 1917 ) and Washburn (Goessl, —
1917) Counties. oe
Lycopoprum tucmuLUM var. poropHiLuM (Lloyd &
Underw.) Clute. Dense woods, Dells of the Wisconsin
(Sylvester, 1886). ce
'YCOPODIUM OBSCURUM L. Bayfield (Cheney, 1897
Oneida (R. E. Kremers, 1914) and Sauk (True)
Counties. :
Lycopoprum opscurum pENDRomwEUM (Michx.) D. ©:
Eaton. Barron (Cheney, 1888; Goessl, 1917), Bayfield
(Goessl, 1917), Brown ( Schuette, 1889), Burnett (Mil-
waukee Museum Expedition, 1909), Chippewa (oesst,
1915), Clark (Goessl, 1915), Door (Schuette, 1883; M'
— waukee Museum Expedition, 1905), Douglas (Milwar
_ Museum Expedition, 1909; Allen, 1915), Flor
__ (Goessl, 1916), Forest (Jackson, 1917), Jacks
Ferns IN Wisconstn—II 9
Smith, 1922), Juneau (Mrs. E. B. Pope, 1916), Lincoln
(Clowes, 1906), Manitowoe (Benke, 1910), Marathon (£.
Kremers, 1883; Cheney, 1894; Goessl, 1915), Marinette
(Goessl, 1916), Oneida (Jackson, 1909; Goessl, 1915),
Outagamie (Goessl, 1916), Price (Graenicher, 1915;
Escoll, 1917), Rusk (Goessl, 1917), Sawyer (Denniston,
1916), Shawano (Goessl, 1916), Sheboygan (Fuller,
1925), Vilas (Cheney, 1893; Milwaukee Museum Ex-
pedition, 1907; Peaslee, 1915; H. H. Smith, 1921),
Waushara (Goessl, 1913) and Washburn (Goessl, 1917)
Counties.
LYCOPODIUM TRISTACHYUM Pursh. Ashland (Cheney,
1896), Bayfield (Richardson, 1914), Brown (Schuette,
1880), Door (Millspaugh, 1919), Marquette (Hartwell),
Milwaukee (Lapham), Oneida (Davis, 1892) and Sauk
(E. Kremers, 1888) Counties.
SELAGINELLACEAE
SELAGINELLA APus (L.) Spring. This species has
been collected only in the eastern counties. It grows in
moist places. Door (Schuette, 1887), Manitowoe (Steil,
1920), Milwaukee (Lapham, 1860; Howland Russel,
1908), Ozaukee (Graenicher, 1909) and Walworth
(Vasey, 1860) Counties.
SELAGINELLA RUPESTRIS (L.) Spring. This species is
common throughout the state on exposed rocks and sand
barrens. Adams (Fuller, 1925), Bayfield (Cheney,
1896), Columbia (Benke, 1911), Dane (Lapham, 1848;
Field Club, 1901; Heddle, 1916), Dunn (Goessl, 1917),
Eau Claire (Goessl, 1915), Florence (Goessl, 1916),
Grant (Davis, 1916), Iowa (Heddle, 1911; Davis, 1921),
Jackson (Davis, 1916), Juneau (Fuller, 1927), La-
fayette (Cheney, 1888), Lincoln (G@oessl, 1915), Mari-
nette (Goessl, 1916), Polk (Baker, 1897; Davis, 1914),
Richland (Davis, 1921), Sauk (Lapham, 1865; Cheney,
1893 ; Port ue) —- ees 1916), Sheboygan 2
10 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
(Fuller, 1925), and Waushara (Finger, 1911) Counties.
SELAGINELLA SELAGINOIDES (L.) Link. In the her-
barium at the Field Museum, Chicago, there is a speci-
men of this species collected by Schuette at Sister Bay,
Door County, in 1887
ISOETACEAE
This group of plants have been overlooked by most
of our Wisconsin collectors. Several undetermined
species have been abundant in Devils Lake, Sauk
County. Undetermined species have also been reported
from other lakes in Wisconsin.
ISOETES ECHINOSPORA VAR. BRAUNII ar) Engelm. In
regard to this species, Dr. C. E. Allen, of the Depart-
ment of Botany at the University of Wisconsin writes:
“*T collected this species and also a specimen of another
unidentified species at Cable, Bayfield County, in
August, 1918. These two species grow in extremely
shallow water or even occasionally on the sand above
the water’s edge, and I have seen one or both of them
in a number of the small lakes in the northern part of
the state.’’
ISOETES MACROsPoRA Dur. Davis collected this species
_ near Hayward, Sawyer County, August, 1924.
Nores oN NORTHWESTERN FERNS 11
Notes on Northwestern Ferns!
Haroutp St. JOHN
BorRYCHIUM MINGANENSE Vict., Contrib. Lab. Bot.
Univ. Montréal, No. 11: 331. 1927.
Brother Marie-Victorin recorded his new species at
various stations from Bane-Sablon, Labrador, to Al-
berta, and south in the mountains to Colorado and Cali-
fornia. From this broad range, it was obvious that the
plant might well appear in the state of Washington.
A search has revealed the two following specimens.
WASHINGTON: evergreen woods, Bonaparte Lake, alt.
3700 ft., Colville National Forest, Okanogan Co., July
10, 1921, St. John, Courteny & Parker 5373; alpine
slopes, 4500 ft. alt., Winchester Mt., Whatcom Co.,
Sept. 8, 1927, St. John 9286. The determination of the
latter specimen was kindly verified by Brother Vic-
torin.
Borrycuium pinnatum St. John, n. sp.
and fertile segments entirely reflexed; common sta
entire or frequently with large rounded pinnate lobings,
the pinnae ovate or elliptical 3-5 mm. long, prominently
veined with twice forked veins; sterile segment of large
plants ovate-deltoid, twice pinnate, 4 em. long, 3 em.
wide, the pinnae pinnately cut and closely resembling
the whole blade of a smaller plant; stalk of the fertile
1 Contribution from the Botany Department of the State Col-
lege of Washington, No. 17. :
12 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
segment exceeding the sterile segment; fertile segment
onee to thrice pinnate, erect, narrow and with ascend-
ing ce a rounded tetrahedral 36-45) in
diameter, ru
Planta 312 | em. alta, rhizomate verticali, gemma
glabra segmentis sterilibus fertilibusque reflexis, seg-
mento sterile pinnato oblongo partibus ovatis vel ellipti-
cis, segmentis fertilibus anguste erectis pedunculatis,
diodiis 36-45 u longis.
asniveTon: On dam p ground near a spring on
steep mountain-slope, Mt. *Paddo (Adams), Aug. . 12,
ete Wilhelm rsgedeF ay cbse | in Herb. State Col-
ge of Washington) ; Adams, Aug. 7, 1885, W. N.-
Suksdorf 1220; Mt. Bainter Pierce Co., Oct. 1888, EG:
ith.
The identification of these specimens has caused no
end of trouble and divergence of opinion. The Smith
specimen was determined first as B. simplex. Then
Prof. C. V. Piper redetermined it as B. Lunaria. On
this evidence together with Suksdorf July 11, 1886
from Mt. Adams, he included B. Lunaria in his Flora
of the State of Washington. About two years ago the
writer borrowed this Suksdorf specimen and decided
that it was the same species as Suksdorf 1220. Were it
not for further collections it would be necessary to eX-
clude B. Lunaria from the state flora. Typical speci-
mens of this species have recently been collected at the
Pasayten Ranger Station, Okanogan Co., Eggleston
13248, and another collection was subsequently made on
the slopes of Mt. Baker by H. L. Mason. This same
Smith specimen was redetermined a few years ago by
the writer as B. simplex. It has just been referred to
Brother Marie-Victorin who decided that it was not B.
minganense, but of the B. ramosum group.
The collection from Mt. Adams, Suksdorf 1220 was
originally determined as B. matricariefolium. The
about the year 1900, at the request of Prof. Piper; W
Notes on NoRTHWESTERN FERNS 13
Maxon studied the plant, and labeled it, ‘‘an unusual
form, but assuredly B. neglectum.’’ Prof. Piper ae-
cepted this view and on this solitary record included the
Species in his Flora of the State of Washington. In
1918 the sheet with its solitary plant was again, referred
to Dr. Maxon. Then he redetermined it as B. simplez.
Last year the writer studied the plant and concurred
with Maxon that it was B. simpler. Brother Marie-Vic-
torin has just examined it and decided that it is not
Lunaria, simplex, or minganense, but of the ramosum
group.
The recent collection of the plant from Mt. Adams,
Suksdorf 7075 was distributed under the name B.
ramosum. It will be seen that each botanist who has
Studied the plants has shuffled them into a different
cover. . 7
SS as MRE Se ee OL
Amvriran Bern Journal
Vol. 19 APRIL-JUNE, (1920 No. 2
The Pisie of Besos Foks National Park
F,. LYLE Wynp
The ferns of Crater Lake have been very much over-
looked by botanists in the past. This may have been due
to the fact that the region is somewhat difficult to ex-
plore, and that a permanent camp is inconvenient to
maintain; and then also even botanists are often in a
hurry, and in the few days of a summer’s vacation they
naturally discover only the more obvious species.
The check list of the ferns of Crater Lake National
Park which is herewith submitted is based upon three
seasons of continuous field work is this region. That it
is complete is scarcely to be hoped, but it will serve to
change the popular impression that only pines and
sedges grow there.
The synonymy given is not intended to be even
remotely complete, the object being only to include those
citations than the amateur botanist would be likely to
meet in studying the ferns of the territory covered by
this list. Perhaps when the botanical millennium
dawns it will not be necessary for students to wade
through the present maze of technical terms.
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
Borrycuium pumicoia Coville in Underw. Nat. Ferns
ed. 6:69. 1900.
Oregon Moon-wort.
The name of this plant means that the plant lives on
[Volume 19, No, 1 of the Journat, pages 1-36, figs. 1 and 2,
_ Was issued February 10, eat ee
37 :
38 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
the pumice. It is extremely rare, having been collected
but twice. One must look carefully indeed if he aspires
to find this small, inconspicuous relative of the ferns.
Its color blends so well that it almost defies detection,
and well it is that this is so for certainly it would be-
come extinct in a short time were it at all conspicuous in
a land of tourists and pleasure seekers.
POLYPODIACEAE
Fiurx Fragiuis (L.) Gilib. Exere. Phyt. 558. 1792.
(Polypodium fragile L. Sp. Pl. 1091. 1753)
(Cystopteris fragilis Bernh. Schrad. Neues Journ. Bot.
1:27 06)
Brittle Fern.
This delicate little fern, which is one of the most
widely distributed over the world of all ferns, likes to
grow at the base and on the sides of moist cliffs. The
leaves are very variable, Milde giving seventeen forms
and varieties. On the Pacific Coast only the specific
form is recognized.
POLYSTICHUM SCOPULINUM (D. C. Eaton) Maxon, Fern
Bull. 8: 29. 1900.
(Aspidium aculeatum scopulinum D. C. Eaton, Ferns
N. A. 2:125. 1880)
Eaton’s Shield-Fern.
The dry rocks and ridges are the habitat of this
species, but it does not refuse to grow in moist shady
places. The pinnules of the lower pinnae are better
developed when the plant grows in a moist and shady
locality.
PoLYsTICHUM LONCHITIS (L.) Roth, Rém. Arch. Bot.
2:106. 1799,
(Polypodiwm lonchitis Lb. Sp. Pl. 1088. 1753)
few et lonchitis Swartz, Journ. Bot. Schrad. 1800:
Holly Fern.
FERNS oF CRATER LAKE 39
The casual passer-by might easily mistake the Holly
_ Fern to be the more common Sword Fern of the lower
altitudes, but the triangular lower pinnae of the Holly
Fern easily ori unre it from others which resemble it
in this region.
Po.ystIcHUM MUNITUM IMBRIcANS (D.C. Eaton)
Maxon, Fern Bull. 8:30. 1900.
(Aspidium munitum imbricans D. C. Eaton, Ferns N.
Am. 1: 188. 1878)
Imbricated Sword Fern.
This resembles the true Sword Fern but is smaller and
the pinnae are inclined upwards, making an angle of 45
degrees with the rachis. It grades gradually into the
typical form but appears fairly distinct from it in the
Crater Lake territory.
ATHYRIUM FILIX-FOEMINA (L.) Roth, Rém. Arch. Bot. 2:
106. 1799.
(Polypodium filix-foemina L. Sp. Pl. 1090. 1753)
5 eg cyclosorum Rupr. Beitr. Pflanzenk. Russ.
Reich. 3:41. 1845
EAiNiyvtien filix-foemina californicum Butters, Rho-
dora, 19: 201. 1918)
Lady Fern
This is a tall and very beautiful species which inhab-
its the moist canyon floors. Some botanists separate this
form from Athyrium cyclosorum, saying that our west-
ern type is the latter, while typical A. filix- -foemina is a
more eastern form. But when the Doctors disagree one
may take his choice.
CRYPTOGRAMMA acrosticHowEs R. Br., Bot.
Franklin’s Narr. of a Journey to the Shores of he
Polar Se “1823.
(Cruptogramma crispa var. Americana Hook. Sp. Fil.
130.
27)
(Allosorus acrostichoides Sprengel, Syst. 4: 66. 18
(Allosorus crispus acrostichoides (R. Br.) Milde, Fil.
Eur. et Atlant. 24. 1867) .
American Rock- ‘ake
40 AMERICAN FERN. JOURNAL
Botanists have had a hectic time of it trying to decide
what to call this plant. Its complete synonymy is stag-
gering to a beginner. But whatever it is called, it is a
beautiful little fern growing up among the rocky cliffs.
PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM PUBESCENS Underw., Nat. Ferns,
1900.
(Pteris aquilina. pubescens (Underw.) Clute, Fern
Bull. 15:124. 1907)
(Pteris feei Schaffn.; Fée, Mém. Foug. 8:73. 1857)
(Pteris aquilina lanuginosa Bong. Mem. Acad. St.
Petersb. VI. 2:176. 1832)
Western Bracken.
This plant is almost omnipresent. It grows in almost
any sort of habitat, and in some form or other occurs
over most of the earth. We have tried to prepare edible
dishes of the tender young stems of the spring shoots,
but none of the many published recipes came up to our
expectations. The Japanese do, however, eat it regu-
arly.
CHEILANTHES GRACILLIMA Eaton, Bot. Mex. Bound. 234.
1859
Lace Fern.
Wherever there are high cliffs or ridges of exposed
rocks one is likely to find the Lace Fern growing in dense
tufts in the crevices. Its roots go down so far between
the rocks that often it is impossible to collect the speci-
men in perfect condition.
To identify it positively one must see the minute
forked hairs or seales on the upper side of the leaves.
This is only to be done with a good glass or microscope.
However, no close relative of it has been found in this
region and this makes the task of identifying it much
simpler.
dans Seg (Brack.) Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 150. - pl. 125.
ForKED TREE FERNS 41
er run densum Brack. in Wilkes, U. S. Exped.
0. 1854
fn oes densa gon in Eng. and Prantl,
Pflanzenfam. III, pt. 2: A: 280. 1899)
(Cheilanthes siliquosa leat Am. Fern Journ. 8:
116.
(not Cheilanthes densa Fée, Gen. Fil. 156. 1850-
1852)
This plant resembles the American Rock Brake in gen-
eral appearance, but its brown stipes will distinguish it
from any other species in the park.
Mr. L. F. Henderson, that veteran botanist of the Cas-
cade Mountains, contributed much valuable assistance in
the determination of certain of the above species, and
Charles A. Weatherby was kind enough to look up the
original authors and citations of some of the more ob-
secure synonyms.
EUGENE, OREGON
A Forest of Forked Tree Ferns
H. B. Dopsre
Hitherto I had looked upon a forked or branched tree
fern as something very rare, unusual, abnormal. On one
occasion only had I come across the phenomenon—a Ma-
maku with three heads on the Mere-mere road near Ope-
tiki. I was, therefore, more than surprised to find in the
bush near Tauranga many examples of this exceptional
growth, and not in one locality only, but in situations
twenty and thirty miles apart. The botanical works I
have consulted mention this branching habit as not un-
common in Hemitelia Smithii and Dicksonia squarrosa,
but do not mention it in D. fibrosa, and this is the tree
fern I often saw forked. I measured one that had been
cut down, twenty-seven feet high with seven forks. The
42 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
stems usually diverge at an acute angle and then grow
up nearly parallel, with the crowns on a level. In sev-
eral localities I found it was the rule and not the excep-
tion for D. squarrosa and D. fibrosa to have forked stems.
Mr. C. Cameron, of Tauranga, w
—
10 first showed me
these forked tree ferns, and his party took me to one such
forest on the Pye’s pa road some thirty or forty miles
from Tauranga, in February, 1928, where I made a sys-
tematic examination of the trees. Taking a monster
Dicksonia squarrosa as the center I counted the tree
A GROVE OF FORKED DICKSONIA FIBROSA AT THE EDGE OF
THE FOREST
ferns for about thirty yards on each side. There were
67, 15 of which had single stems and 52 were forked. In
these 52 there were a total of 227 forks, an average of
four forks to each. Some had 2. 3. 4. 5 8. 15, and, fin-
ally, the monster had 19 forks. ae
So determined was Mr. Cameron to get a good photo-
graph of this prodigy that he eut down a wide space of
tree ferns and bushes, and the result has more than ful-
filled my expectations. The fern measured 21 feet to the
ForkKEeD TREE FERNS 43
top of the fronds, four feet in cireumference two feet
above the ground and seven feet in circumference above
where the forking began, five feet up.
I find the following allusions to branching tree ferns.
In Mr. T. F. Cheeseman’s Flora occur these passages.
Page 951, first edition, under Hemitelia Smithii: ‘‘The
trunk is not uncommonly forked or branched above; a
Mr. Buchanan (Trans. N. Z. Institute, XIX, 217) de-
scribes a remarkable specimen which has no less than 16
well-developed branches.’’ Page 953, under Dicksonia
Squarrosa: ‘‘The trunk is occasionally branched and
sometimes produces adventitious buds along its whole
length, crowned with miniature fronds.’’
n Mr. Field’s ‘‘Ferns of New Zealand’’ occurs the
following passage under Hemitelia Smithii: ‘‘Near
Dunedin examples of this form with branched eaudices
are common. One on Mt. Carghill has sixteen branches. ”’
Mr. J. W. Brame, of Auckland, an undoubted author-
ity on our ferns, has given me the following particulars
ina letter. ‘‘At Opua, Taranski, in 1897 there were two
plants (Dicksonia squarrosa), one of which had seven
and the other five branched caudices, each branch bear-
ing a crown of fronds. C yathea dealbata. TT. Urk re-
corded a plant of this species having a dichotomously
forked caudex producing four crowns.—Trans. N. Z.
Inst., V, 347. Cyathea medullaris. A plant of this spe-
cies growing at Otira in 1923 had six branches at the top
of the caudex, each branch having a well developed
erown of fronds. Your finding so large a number of
Plants of Dicksonia squarrosa and D. fibrosa having the
peculiarity of branched eaudices and scattered over so
wide an area leads to the conclusion that they have been
derived from a parent plant and is suggestive of a per-
petuation of an abnormality to the extent perhaps of
varietal development. This is worth consideration.”’
44 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Possibly there are other forests in New Zealand of
many-headed monsters, but I have not heard of them.
Now that attention has been called to the subject I am
in hopes of obtaining such information. Had it not been
for the enterprise of Mr. Cameron I should not have
seen those round Tauranga.
AUCKLAND, New ZEALAND
New Tropical American Ferns.—VI.'
Winuiam R. Maxon
The following three new ferns are from British Gui-
ana, Panama, and Hispaniola, respectively. The last is
described at the request of Dr. Carl Christensen, who is
preparing a report upon the recent large collections ob-
tained by Dr. E. L. Ekman in Hispaniola, chiefly in the
Republie of Haiti.
Hemitelia superba (Jenm.) Maxon, sp. nov.
Arborescent. Fronds ample, the blades 1.3-1.5 meters
broad, quite tripinnate as to the basal parts of the sec-
ondary pinnae; primary pinnae ovate-oblong, acuminate,
65-75 em. long, 25-32 em. broad, petiolate (3.5 em. or
more), the rachis brown, suleate, densely hirsute-strigose
above, deciduously paleaceous beneath, the seales 3-9
mm. long, lanece-attenuate, flexuous, bright brown, rig-
pairs below the pinnatifid tip, distant, those of the
basal half subequal, narrowly oblong, short-petiolate
(24 mm.), 13-16 em. long, 3-4 em. broad, slightly re-
duced at the base, gradually narrowed from the middle
1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian —
Institution.
New Tropica AMERICAN FeRNS—VI 45
rounded-obtuse at apex, ciliate, those of the lower half of
the pinnule constricted to a rounded base, sessile or
slightly adnate, deeply Pallas gee or lobed, those
above sharply and narrowly decurrent, connected by an
expanding wing; midvein minutely appressed- paleaceous
beneath, above sparsely hirsute; veins about 10 pairs,
prominent, free, very sparsely hirsute above, nearly gla-
brous béneath, those of the larger lobes or crenations
with 2 pairs of subpinnately arranged branches, the basal
pair often both fertile; sori 12-15 on each side of the _
midvein, borne in a close row about half-way to the mar-
gin; indusium shallow, usually bilobate, not wholly
ieee i ciliate
n the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,120,118,
Silseted 3 in the region of Mount Raywa, British Guiana,
> G. S. Jenman; received from the Botanic Gardens,
Georgetown, British Guiana.
The present specimen, labeled in Jenman’s hand Hem-
telia multiflora R. Br. var. superba Jenm., is presumably
a part of the original collection deseribed by Jenman?
under this name; but the writer has shown® that Hemi-
telia multiflora (J. E. Sm.) R. Br. is in reality a widely
different species of Central America and Panama de-
scribed later as H. nigricans Presl, under which name it
has commonly been known. Aside from the present
plant the forms which Jenman included in his erroneous
concept of H: multiflora are now referred to H. guianen-
sis Hook. and H. Parkeri Hook., of Trinidad and the
Guianas, from both of which species H. superba is ob-
viously distinct. Of the ‘‘varieties’’ known to him Jen-
men refers to it as ‘‘a magnificent plant, and the largest
and most distant from the type.’’ He mentions no inter-
mediate states connecting it with the plants we now eall
. Parkeri and H. guianensis, and certainly none have
e_—_—
* Ferns Brit. W. Ind. Guian. 47. 1898.
ee 3 Bull. Torrey Club 38: pape pl. 33. Odea Contr. U. 8. Nat.
Herb. 17;.418, 419. 1914, poe
46 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
been seen by the writer. The huge size, tripinnate con-
dition, and distant, often free segments serve to distin-
guish it readily; in vestiture it approaches neither spe-
cies very closely.
Asplenium psilacrum Maxon, sp. nov.
Rhizome erect, 2-4 em. long, about 1 em. thick, long-
radicose on all sides, the exposed crown densely palea-
ceous; scales 3.5-4 mm. long, 0.5 mm. broad at base,
prominulous above, concealed beneath, delicate, subflex-
uous; veins 6 or 7 pairs, those of the basal lobe sterile,
once or twice forked, the others almost invariably simple,
arcuate, ending in an elongate hydathode rather remote —
is
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 519, ;
collected in the vicinity of Cana, Panama, April ‘
1908, by R. S. Williams (no. 913). Known othe
from imperfec: specimens collected on Mount
New Tropica AMERICAN FeRNs—VI 47
Province 5 of Panama, Panama, at an altitude of 1,500
meters, April 30, 1912, by E. A. Goldman
Asplenium psilacrum is related to A. oblongatum
Mett.,t A. Hallii Hook.,> and A. Spruceanum Hieron.,®
of the South American Andean region, all of which have
remarkably short, ebeneous stipes. The two last are
notably distinct, however, in their membranous leaf
tissue, in their strongly auriculate, pectinately pinnatifid
pinnae, and in having the blades long-attenuate at apex,
the reduced upper pinnae numerous and finally minute;
naked flagelliform tip very short or sometimes wanting.
Asplenium oblongatum, which was erroneously re-
duced to A. cyrtopteron Kunze by Hieronymus,’ is more
closely related to A. psilacrum, differing in its much
greater size, distinctly membranous leaf tissue, broadly
lobed pinnae, and very oblique, greatly elongate sori, and
particularly in having the veins once or twice forked. It
differs from all three species in having the pinnae nearly
equilateral, 7.e. not excised at lower base.
ovate, long-acuminate and hair-pointed, about 9 mm.
long, an castaneous, thin, flattish or convex. Fronds
(1-15 mm.), strami ineous, eueats aoeost deci u-
ously paleaceous ; blades pinnate, narrowly linear-oblong,
m. bro
4 Linnaea 36: 97. 1869.
5 Sp. Fil. 3: 202. 1860; Second Cent. Ferns, pl. 30. 1861.
6 Hedwigia 60: 260. 1918.
7 Hedwigia 61:.31. 1919.
48 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
nae about 15 pairs, alternate, subdistant (the lower ones
distant), horizontal, inequilateral, bluntly semihastate to
subtrapeziform-oblong, roundish at apex, excavate or
broadly cuneate at lower base, rounded-rectangular or -
broadly auriculate above, elsewhere subentire to broadly
erenate, invariably non-spinulose, the largest 2.5 em.
long, 1.5 em. broad just above the base, sessile, or the
basal ones petiolulate; leaf tissue spongiose, subcorru-
gate (the veins wholly concealed), paleaceous, the scales
remote, small, filiform from an expanded substellate
base; sori 3-6 pairs, very large, medial, distant ; indusia
firm, coarsely erose, deciduous or subpersistent.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1,411,237,
collected at the summit of Massif de la Selle, Haiti, alti-
tude 2,800 meters, February 2, 1925, by E. L. Ekman
(no. H.3173). Specimens collected by Dr. Ekman at the
same time and place, but at a slightly lower altitude,
were sent to Dr. Christensen as nos. 3173a and 3173b.
A singular species, in its non-spinulose character not
very closely related to P. echinatum (Gmel.) C. Chr.,
which is the plant usually known erroneously as P. tri-
angulum (L.) Fée.*® In its thick leaf tissue and long-
stipitate fronds it recalls P. Underwoodu Maxon, a rare
high mountain plant of Jamaica; but that is a species
with mostly dark lustrous rhizome scales, narrowly tri-
angular blades, pinnae mucronate at apex, and the atten-
uate foliaceous apex of the blade deeply retuse at the tip
and there proliferous.
WasuHineton, D. C.,
8 See, Journ. Wash, Acad. Sci, 18: 582-586, fig. 1. 1928.
New Tropica AMERICAN FERNS—VI 49
Ferns by the Georgian Bay
W. E. SAUNDERS
Owen Sound has long had an outstanding reputation
as a location for rare ferns and that is the writer’s ex-
cuse for this endeavor to clutter up the pages of our
JOURNAL with some remarks on a trip to that region.
It must be thirty-five years since Dr. J. Scott, of
Southampton, Ontario, published his find of Asplenium
Ruta-muraria on Flowerpot Island. This island is two
miles off the head of the Bruce Peninsula, which is the
finger that separates the Georgian Bay from Lake
Huron, and which reaches out to within twenty or thirty
miles of Manitoulin Island. Ever since then the writer
has dreamt of a trip to find that little rarity. On reach-
ing Tobermory on September 1 our spirits sank into our
boots when the residents told us of the ferns in the caves
on Flowerpot and of how the visitors to the island ear-
ried them away. We envisioned the destruction of Ruta-
muraria and it was with rather doleful feelings that we
approached the caves after landing on the island on Sep-
tember 2. Our relief may be imagined when we found
that the caves were inhabited with nothing other than
large quantities of Cystopteris bulbifera—the very weed-
iest fern that the gardener ever attempts.
After visiting the caves the walk along the cliff base
was the next thing on the program. The cliffs—about
two hundred feet high—surround the island, and _ al-
though they are broken by a gentle slope in the middle
of each side, the general appearance of the island is that
of abrupt cliffs not many feet back from the water's
edge. Large rocks have at times fallen from the cliffs
and lie in confusion at their base. Among these rocks
_ trees have sprung up and provided the necessary shade
in which grows much moss and very many ferns. The
-
-
Oe aes i
50 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
most abundant ferns on the island after Crystopteris
bulbifera are Asplenium Trichomanes and Pellaea gra-
cilis and after them come Aspleniwm viride and A. Ruta-
muraria, in the order named but near each other in rela-
tive abundance. The last was not found on the rocks
near the water, but a part of the island has two series of
cliffs and it was on the fallen rocks from the upper series
which lie from one to three hundred yards back from the
water that we found the object of our hunt. We ex-
plored only two out of four rocky corners of the island
and Ruta-muraria was found on the southeast one only.
We found ten or fifteen patches of it containing five to
twenty-five groups in each patch. All of them were on
the sides of fallen rocks growing among moss.
One strange thing about the island is that, although
Aspidium Lonchitis is an abundant fern on the way up
the peninsula, yet it does not occur on the island itself.
A complete list of the ferns observed follows and is
arranged in the order of abundance:
Cystopteris bulbifera Asplenium viride
Asplenium Trichomanes Aspidium marginale
Cystopteris fragilis Botrychium virgimanum
Pellaea gracilis Aspidium spinulosum
Asplenium Ruta-muraria
As we went home we drove by way of Owen Sound,
where we called on Mr. W. R. McColl, who has studied
the ferns of the region for many years and who told us
of a patch of Asplenium ebeneum which we had driven
by, in ignorance of its existence. After a pleasant visit
with him during which he showed us pressed fronds of
his latest pet—a beautiful crested Asplenium thelypte-
roides—we went for a short visit to the base of the cliffs”
at the Rifle Range where we found quantities of Scolo-_
pendrium, Aspidium Lonchitis, A. Filiz-mas and a few
FERNS BY THE GEORGIAN Bay 51
A. Goldianum, all of them to be found within fifty yards
of each other.
Scolopendrium was, as always, one of the objects of
the journey and we were much pleased when we found
it as far up the peninsula as twenty miles beyond Wiar-
ton. How far it spreads to the east of Owen Sound I
cannot say, but in driving along the beautiful road
which edges the peninsula between Owen Sound and
Wiarton we found it in the only woods we entered and
there is little doubt that it is extensively present for at
least ten miles east of Owen Sound and thirty or forty
miles northwest.
Lonpon, ONTARIO.
Ferns of New Zealand
J. W. BRAME
Pteridologists, after exhausting their own districts,
naturally turn to other localities and perhaps distant
countries for further knowledge of ferns. With this in
mind it occurred to me that readers of the AMERICAN
Fern JournaL might appreciate a few words about a
country that is almost farthest south—New Zealand—
and its ferns. But it is as well first to describe the
whereabouts on the map of this Dominion. Briefly and
approximately New Zealand consists of two main and
one smaller islands—North Island, South Island, and
Stewart Island—with numerous outliers, and lies be-
tween the 34th and 40th parallels of south latitude across
the mean meridian of 172° 30’ of east longitude, running
in a N.N.E.-S.S.W. direction, about 1,200 miles east of
Australia, with the east coast of which it is nearly paral-
lel. The North Island contains 44,468 square miles of
: territory, the South Island eed aqusre miles, and
52 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Stewart Island 665 square miles. The total length is
about 1,000 miles, the greatest breadth 280 miles, and the
smallest only a mile or two, so that the average width
may be 60 to 80 miles. In this, to American readers,
small area may be found one of the largest and most
varied assemblages of ferns and allied plants recorded in
any similar area in the world; indeed someone once sug-
gested the country should be ealled ‘‘Filicia’’—Fern-
land.
The New Zealand Botanical Region takes in a number
of distant islands, but only about ten species of ferns in-
digenous in that Region are not found in New Zealand
proper.
The once luxuriant forests of this country are fast van-
ishing before advancing eivilization, so that with trees,
shrubs, and other flowering plants the ferns are disap-
pearing, and in a few years many will be remembered by”
name only except, of course, where preserved in collec-
tions ; even now some are hardly procurable, having gone
from localities in which they were plentiful. This al-
though regrettable is unavoidable, grass being of more
value to the farmer than are ferns and trees.
As in other countries many New Zealand ferns are
local in habitat, and some vary in range from sea-level
to about 6,000 feet altitude, that is, from littorals ex-
posed to sea-spray to alpines growing close to perpetual
snow.
It is not possible to state exactly the actual number of
indigenous ferns and allied plants found in this country
so diverse are the opinions of botanists, but it may be
said with a near approach to accuracy that there are
recognized in the New Zealand Region of Filices 141
species and eighteen varieties, and of other orders seven-
teen species and one variety. If, say, three hitherto up- —
Ferns or NEw ZEALAND 53
recognized species may be included it will bring the num-
er to 180, and if from this number are deducted ten
found in the distant islands the total for New Zealand
proper (including Chatham Islands, 536 miles east of the
South Island) will be about 170, all included in fifty-
three genera. Of these genera Hymenophyllum comes
first with twenty species and two varieties, Blechnum
(Lomaria) has fourteen species and one variety, Asple-
nium thirteen species and five varieties, and of Lycopo-
diaceae there are eleven species and one variety. Twenty
genera are represented by one species each, and of one
genus there is only a variety. The total endemies are
about forty-two. These figures are perhaps not quite
accurate for the reason already given but will be near
enough to show the abundance in this section of the
botanical world represented in this small area. It is
curious to note in this connection that Lquisetum is not
recorded as found in New Zealand.
Most of these ferns grow in the forests (loeally called
‘the bush’’), many of them being epiphytes, others ter-
restrial among mosses and the decayed vegetable material
of damp forest floors, others again are to be found lux-
uriating as rupestrals upon the rocky sea-cliffs of the
coast, almost soilless lava beds, limestone and other sedi-
mentary rocks. In deep, damp gullies upon banks of
streams many species live and thrive, while others grow
under favorable conditions beside country road and
mountain path. In the North and part of the South
Islands rolling hills are covered and hollows filled wit
dense masses of Pteridium aquilinum var. esculenta, the
edible rhizomes of which formed a principal article of
food for the Maori people before the white man intro-
duced flour, They also used similarly the sub-aerial
thizomes of Marattia frazinea. Blechnum (Lomaria)
54 AMERICAN FERN JouRNAL
capense in its larger or smaller forms grows almost
everywhere, being found in marshes, on banks and cliffs,
on level ground by the roadside, among Pteridium and
Leptospermum, anywhere in fact that it ean find suffi-
cient soil for support, and in some places where there is
very little soil. The fronds of this species vary in length -
from about twelve inches to five or six feet and in width
from a few to ten or fifteen inches at the middle. There
are several fairly distinct varieties. It is not certain -
that this species is identical with that of South Africa.
Histiopteris imcisa, and Paesia scaberula in some places
overrun considerable areas. In the forests many ferns
grow as epiphytes, such as Hymenophyllum, Tricho-
manes, Asplenium, Blechnum, ete., some trees being
clothed from base to summit with those that live among
the mosses, ete.
New Zealand is rich in tree-ferns, having ten species,
namely, Dicksonia three, Cyathea five (two of these grow
in distant islands), Hemitelia one (this one also grows in
the Auckland Islands, the most southerly habitat of
arborescent ferns, 200 miles south of New Zealand), and
Alsophila one species,
Freak or abnormal forms are not uncommon. My
notes record at least sixty-five of our 170 ferns as having
developed peculiarities in the shape of double fronds
(bifid rachis or stipe), forked terminal and lateral pin-
nae, crested apices, fimbriate lateral and terminal crest-
ing, and in tree-ferns branched caudices, each branch
producing a perfect crown of fronds, natural develop-
ments and in no way growths after injury. There is in
this country one fern, Asplenium flabellifolium, that
often takes root at the tips of the fronds and then pro-
duces new plants. Another peculiarity has been noticed —
in connection with Asplenium flaccidum which occasion-
Ferns or New ZEALAND 5D
ally produces bulbils on both epiphyte and terrestrial
plants, although it is rarely bulbiferous like Asplenium
bulbiferum that produces these curious bud-like growths
from parts of the frond as well as the usual spores. Fur-
ther these bulbils, on contact with the soil, grow into reg-
ular plants and sometimes are produced bulbil upon
bulbil. Indeed there seems little limit to peculiar devel-
opments among ferns, as, for example, the many sport
forms of Nephrolepis exaltata when cultivated.
My acquaintance with ferns began about forty-five
years ago on seeing some mounted in albums and on
cards. These set me to work on similar lines. My inter-
est grew on finding there were so many different sorts.
Classification was to me unknown, and literature bearing
upon ferns searee and not available. But after worrying
the few botanists to be met with and working by thumb
rule my knowledge increased until now my collection of
dried specimens lacks only three or four species of being
complete as regards the ferns and allied plants of New
Zealand proper. ‘These specimens are classified and
known to me as friends by name. A gentleman once re-
marked of his collection of ferns, ‘‘They are the unwrit-
ten leaves of my life.’? Possibly many collectors will
join me in repeating that sentiment. To every frond its
story of adventure on hill or in valley, on precipice and
level ground, in heat and cold, wet weather and dry.
One might write quires and still have more to say about
the beautiful ferns and how and where they grow. Are
they not part of nature’s lovely garments with which she
clothes the otherwise naked places?
Grey Lynn, AUCKLAND, New ZEALAND.
56 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Shorter Notes
A New Marpennair.—An odd, but beautiful, varia-
tion of the maidenhair (Adiantum pedatum L.) was
found on Mt. Tom, Woodstock, Vermont, in August,
1928. The stipes and rachises are quite red, or reddish-
brown, in color—not at all the purple-black of the com-
mon form. The pinnules for one-half to two-thirds of the
length of each rachis are about normal in size, but are
folded over, or twisted, in such a manner as to appear
at first glance very small and to be set well away from
the rachis; those of the outer portions of the rachis are
somewhat larger than usual and grow flat, but so crowded -
as to overlap each other and entirely conceal the rachis.
Six plants were found in a colony of normal plants, and
they were noticeable not only for the differences in the
size and shape of the pinnules, but for the marked dif-
ference in their color, which was a peculiar bluish-green,
making them appear glaucous. This color, however, is
not so conspicuous in the dried fronds. At first it was
thought all these odd fronds were sterile, but a close ex-
amination revealed that a few pinnules on one frond
bore one sorus each. The accompanying drawing is of
part of the first frond collected; it was drawn full size,
but in reproduction is much reduced.
As the plants were found on the Billings estate, and
as Miss Billings is greatly interested in ferns, it is pro-
posed to designate them as Adiantum pedatum L., forma
Billingsae, n. f. Shaded bank, North Ridge Road, Mt.
Tom, Woodstock, Vermont.—E.ste M. Kirrrence.
A New Moss Boox.—The appearance of the first por-
tion of a new work on the mosses of North America,
north of Mexico,’ by Dr. A. J. Grout, will be of decided
*Grout, A. J. The Moss Flora of North America, North of
Mexico, Vol. 3, Part I. Pp. 1-62, om Lu. September, 19
Published eu the - author , New v York
$2.50.°
VOLUME 19, Figure 4
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
aly
A\
eh
WIE
™ ont C [.
ADIANTUM PEDATUM, FORMA BILLINGSAE
58 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
interest to many of his fellow members in the American
Fern Society, whether beginners or advanced students of
the group. The part now published comes as a partial
fulfillment of the long-felt need of an illustrated manual
which should oceupy middle ground between a technical
cut-and-dried treatment and a presentation of the so-
called popular type, the latter, unfortunately, often lack-
ing in continuity and failing to afford a clear, concise
Statement of important contrasting characters in the
form of properly constructed keys. Here, however, Doc-
tor Grout has happily combined the commendable quali-
ties of both methods of treatment.
The present number deals with the subfamilies Clima-
cieae, Porotricheae, ‘and Brachythecieae of the family
Hypnaceae, and contains descriptions of two new gen-
era, Pseudisothecium and Chamberlainia.- The treatment
is exceptionally complete, including a discussion of the
family Hypnaceae, a key to the subfamilies with deserip-
tive notes upon them, keys to the genera, generic descrip-
tions with pertinent critical comments, and full workable
keys to the species. The specific descriptions are clear
and adequate, and are followed by data as to type local-
ity, range, and habitat, and by the citation of important
illustrations and exsiceatae, along with critical compara-
tive notes. Outstanding varieties are described also, and
are discussed in more or less detail. Ina word, the work
is excellently conceived, and is carried out in a way that
will prove exceedingly helpful to students. It is to be
hoped that support will promptly be forthcoming to
justify ineurring the expense of continued publication.—
E. C. Leonarp.
More Ferns or THE VICINITY OF IrvINE, KEN TUCKY.— _
While I was on a vacation at Irvine, Kentucky, during —
FERNS OF IRVINE, KENTUCKY 59
the past summer, I found the following species of ferns
which I had not reported in the previous article :*
Asplenium Ruta-muraria L. Found growing in con-
siderable abundance on limestone cap rock cliff at the
point of Henry Mountain.
Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) Watt. On limestone cap
rock cliffs along ridge between Mt. Minerva and Chest-
nut Stand Church.
Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Hitche. On limestone
cliffs, Mt. Minerva.
Polypodium vulgare L. At base of oak tree near
Chestnut Stand Church. This fern is quite common
farther back in the mountains. At this locality the ridge
has no cap rock but is sandy and covered with a forest
of chestnut and various species of oak. There was only
a small patch of P. vulgare found here. The fronds were
very small, approaching P. polypodioides in size.—W. A.
ANDERSON, Jr., University of Tennessee.
Nores sy THE Way.—We enjoyed so much the letter
from Mr. Pugsley to one of the editors, of which the fol-
lowing is a part, that we feel we should share it with our
readers.
We have growing in our garden over one hundred and
thirty species of wild flowers and fifty-four varieties of
hardy ferns. As the wild flowers inerease, I take the sur-
plus to the woods and swamps and plant them; also seeds
are saved and sown in woods and fields.
Four years ago last September, while hiking from
Swastika, Ontario, to Ruyon, Quebee, a distance of
seventy miles through woods and swamps, mostly the lat-
ter (Ruyon was a new mining camp, just being opened
up, which I was anxious to see), being all alone on this
1 Anderson, W. A, and A. R. Ferns of the Vicinity of Irvine,
Kentucky. AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL, Vol: 17, No. 4. 1 ‘
60 _. AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
trip, which took three days to make, my time my own, I
did some botanizing.
During the second day of my trip, then some thirty
miles in the woods, I saw ahead of me a small pond of
about two acres. Around this pond was a marsh some
three or four rods wide. This entire marsh was of a sky
blue color; on coming close I found it was entirely cov-
ered with Gentiana Andrewsii. It was the greatest sight
I have ever seen. There were millions of plants.
Some days later, while on my way out from the min-
ing camp, I found a most peculiar fern growing from
under the edge of an enormous boulder. The pinnae of
the fronds were growing so close that they were over-
lapping by one-half, thus making the frond look as if it
was a double or solid affair. I took up this fern, packed
the roots in damp moss, put it in my pack bag and
brought it home, set it in the fern bed and awaited the
developments of the next spring. When I found this
fern there were no fertile fronds. It did not seem to
mind its new home, for it came on and grew nicely, but
produced no fertile fronds that year. But the second
year it produced fertile fronds and in this it surpassed
anything we have ever seen. It produced several fronds
with the sori of Asplenium and others with the sori of
Athyrium. Since that time it has produced sori of
Athyrium only. It has lost all of its northern peculiari-
ties and has become just a nice little lady fern.—F. W.
Puas.ey, Pittsford, N. Y.
Raistnc Ferns rrom Spores.—The following account
of the experiments of one of our members in this direc-
tion will be of interest in connection with Mr. Dobbie’s
article on the same subject in the preceding number of
the JournaL. It will be noted that the two methods,
though unlike in detail, are similar in principle, both
RaIsInG FERNS FROM SPORES 61
aiming to give the young prothallia a continuous supply
of moist air, and of water without flooding.
‘‘Returning home we decided to break our journey at
Lausanne in order to call upon a new member of our
Society, M. Paul Kestner, whose home is one of the most
beautifully situated places we have ever seen. He, and
his English wife, received us most hospitably and we
spent a few hours very pleasantly in their company. M.
Kestner showed us his method of raising ferns from
spores, which was on a different plan from any we had
previously seen. The spores were sown on natural soil
from the woods, which seemed to consist mainly of white
sand with a slight admixture of vegetable mould. A
thin stratum of this was placed upon strips of unglazed
porcelain, something like our celluloid labels, and these
were inserted into test tubes and the latter closed by well-
fitting rubber stoppers. There was, thus, complete con-
trol over both the atmospheric moisture and drainage.
M. Kestner said that ‘every spore’ germinated, but he
found it necessary oceasionally to take out the stoppers
to introduce some carbonic acid gas, the supply of which
would otherwise have been insufficient for the needs of
the growing prothallia. He also found it useful occa-
sionally to stimulate the germination of the spores by the
introduction of a little ether vapor. We discussed with
him our want of suecess in finding Cystopterts alpina,
which he explained by saying that alpina is a limestone
plant, whereas we had been hunting almost exclusively
upon the granite and other siliceous formations. ’’—F. W.
STANSFIELD and P. GREENFIELD, The British Fern Ga-
zette, December, 1928.
The following extracts from a letter from one of our
more recent members will, I am sure, be of interest to
many American members, both from the opportunity to
62 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
obtain spores of the considerable list of European plants
and because the project to establish at Lausanne Uni-
versity a complete living collection of hardy American
ferns is one which our members will want to assist.
CHAILLY VILLAGE
LAUSANNE
Nov. 28, 1928
Dear Mr. Benedict:
I have now obtained about everything that is hardy in the way
of North American ferns, with the exception of the rarer As-
pleniums and other Rock or Alpine fern
ost of these cannot certainly be sieruhiaseil alive from anybody
and the only possibility to obtain them is to raise them from spores.
I succeed fairly well with my sowings and in about three years
nearly every Rock fern is adult, and I succeed to have the Alpine
ferns growing happy in the Rock as in the wall.
Y purpose is to complete a collection of North American hardy
ferns in Europe. I see e there is nowhere eet one existing (I mean
alive).
sheet of wet paper pressed over any surface of an herbarium sheet
powdered with spores will collect them, and if folded and dried and
posted in an envelope, it would bring me all I require (if not too
old). I would be happy to send in exchange European ferns, either
alive or dried.
I enelose a list of what I can procure (next year) and a list of
the ferns of which I should be happy to obtain spores. Do you
think an advertisement put in the AMERICAN FERN JouRNAL would
be oe to induce members to take the trouble to look for spores?
t quite sure about all ferns mentioned in my list being
hardy, Sevsstatts the Cheilanthes. On the other hand, I may have
omitted some that may be hardy and which I do not yet know,
especially ferns from high altitudes in the southwest.
I notice I have forgotten to send you spore leaves of Scol. Vul.
There are no spores left on them now and the Scolopendrium I have
in my garden are all plants planted this spring and there is not 4
leaf I should eare to send as a specimen. But I enclose some spores
T oats collected some time age, for sowing perpen from a er
Dr. KESTNER’S COLLECTION 63
ag I shall not omit to send you some next year along with
. Hemionitis of which I have young plants in my greenhouse
oa oe yet ripe. I shall also be pleased to send you anything else
that may interest you in the way of European ferns.
Yours pra
gned) PauL KESTNER
North American ferns, spores of which are wanted by
Dr. Paul Kestner, Chailly Village, Lausanne, Switzer-
land.
"he go aati Bradley hares oe vestita
ebenoides lanuginosa
se montanum «« — alabamensis
‘¢ parvulum Cryptogamme acrostichoides
pinnatifidum Woodsia obtusa
Pellea gracilis ‘¢ oregana
densa ‘¢ — scopulina
i
Also any other Rock ferns that may be hardy or semi-
ardy.
List of ferns which can be procured next year, dried
or alive, by Dr. Paul Kestner, Chailly Village, Lausanne,
Switzerland.
sie git aculeatum Ale Hayandest
angulare Tri shomants (var-)
oe Adiantum-nigrum ra fissum
lanceolatum Cystopteris alpina
8 fontanum Grammitis leptophylla
as germanicum Ceterach officinarum
eg septentrionale Cheilanthes a
ie gla osum Notholaena Marantae
mie adulterinum is vellea
es foresiacum Scolopendrium H emionitis
At present the Hart’s Tongue spore cultures at the
rooklyn Botanie Garden have not progressed beyond
the prothallium an so that ae ee of any distri-
64 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
bution of young plants must be held over, probably until
the spring of 1930, though it is possible that a few young
plants may be available in the early fall of this year.
On a recent visit to Syracuse, two trips were made, in
company with Dr. Todd, to the Green Lake region
of Jamesville. The work of the Solvay Process Company
in developing its quarrying operations near East Green
Lake has been resumed. A large tractor and digger is
levelling off a road bed for railroad tracks within a hun-
dred feet of the southern cliffs overlooking the eastern
Green Lake; track-laying is following closely. A most
distressing report was heard to the effect that it is pro-
posed to use the lake depression as a dumping place for
refuse rock. Such a development a mile away at James-
ville itself has turned a wooded hillside into an unsightly
slope of broken rock, 200 or more feet high.
Rocks are being dynamited at present within 100 feet
of Hart’s Tongue plants.
Near the West Green Lake, several healthy colonies of
Hart’s Tongue were seen, one of which consisted princi-
pally of the hundreds of plants moved by Dr. Todd some
two years ago. It was interesting to note the completely
evergreen character of the Hart’s Tongue leaves. The
weight of winter snows had not broken down the resis-
tance of the petioles. Many of the leaves still arched up-
ward in nearly their natural position for the previous
season’s growth.—R. C. BENeEpiIcr.
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY 6)
American Fern Society
Report of the President for 1928
The report of the Board of Editors which lies before
me is an interesting and suggestive commentary on the
special phases of fern study concerning which members
have contributed to the pages of the JouRNAL, and it cov-
ers the ground so well that little remains to be said, other
than to urge the members once more to take a somewhat
keener personal interest in the success of our publication
by contributing more numerous short articles and by
sending in pertinent queries and suggestions bearing
upon our work and presentation of results. The Jour-
NAL is and must be many-sided in subject-matter, to be
of greatest usefulness. Its successful development and
management are the subject of very sincere effort by the
editors, and it is reasonable to expect a similar interest
on the part of the members at large.
In one respect, it is realized, we have failed rather seri-
ously, viz. in neglecting to build up an adequate library
of semi-technical and popular fern literature for lending
among the members. As a step toward remedying this,
the Council has recently authorized the purchase of a
complete set of the British Fern Gazette and has empow-
ered the Board of Editors to expend the sum of $25.00
annually, over an indefinite period, in the purchase ot
suitable books. The publications thus acquired will be
added to the sets of the Fern Bulletin and AMERICAN
Fern Journan now available for lending to members,
and will form the nucleus of a Fern Society library.
This will be deposited at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Through the very generous cooperation of the Garden,
plans are already well advanced whereby members came
borrow a wide range of fern volumes from that institu-
tion. Details of the arrangement will be publishec
Shortly in the JOURNAL. _ ee ee ee
66 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
With respect to the Fern Society’s library it is sug-
gested that members help along the project by sending
in reprints of any articles upon ferns, duplicate fern
magazines, and books, since with the slender eash re-
sources at hand its development may otherwise be slow.
It will be helpful in the long run also if members will
make the Society the legatee of their fern libraries, as
well as their herbaria.
Respectfully,
WitiiaAm R. Maxon, President.
Report of the Treasurer for 1928 |
_ GENERAL FUND
Received
Cash on hand Jan. 1 ou. $ 850.38
Membership dues, a ETS Anis es $ 3.00
Opin ors deaeactanan 42
coe Serie cists 390.05
Bo) 4 | Seamaster 30.00
Ft Bio sore eyed 3.25
$468.30
Subscriptions to JouRNAL .... 77.64
Illustrating Fund—Gifts 16.64
Emergency Fund (sale of Back Numbers)..... 107.83 at
Advertising _......... 4.00 co
Special for Dr. Waters? Key ..ccccccccccccmm 20.00 !
Miscellaneous ....... .70 :
695,11
TOTAL RECEIVED ....... $1,545.49
i
Paid Out |
JOURNAL expenses:
Printing 4 Numbers ................... $257.00
_ 100 extra copies each No. ............. 24.00
Title page, contents, index... nets 10.00
‘8- and 6-point com: cimitiesition.... 2.18
| Carried forward ie See
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY
Ss serought forward: «cosine $293.18
Battor’s postage ek... 1.25
Brooklyn Botanic Garden tte 7.18
Illustrations Budget. ......... $30
Illustrating Fund ...........0...... a
—— 66.28
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pages Budget 2 5.00
ine, OT. Waters, coe 20.00
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Printers’ charges, mailing 18.40
Stencils
— 20.28
Total cost of JOURNAL... —— $453.17
<7 teasnrer’s expenect ua 39.26
Seeretaty’s expenses: i. 19.50
On 1927 acct. express on JOURNALS to
Brooklyn, N. Y. sate 22.32
Loss on check credited but not collected....... 7.50
xchange Ss a dae 89
Bubscription refunded 22.2 1.12
Total Paid Out.
BALANCE ON HAND 2...
This Balance is made up as follows:
EMERGENCY FUND:
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ILLUSTRATING FuND:
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Used on JOURNAL occ «36.28
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26.20
67
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Er xecupin saadioooree This work of i oes, may con-
68 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Special Order holding for catalog of the
herbarium
sak 25.00
General Fund unappropriated 0.000000... 728.09
$1,001.73
SpectaL RESERVE FuND
On Baad, Jara 2 oie ie $796.45
Life Memberships received 50.00
Surerest -roecived 2 ete 41.65
BALANCE ON HANbD ..... $888.10
Respectfully submitted,
Jay G. UNpERWwoop, Treasurer.
Report of the Editors for 1928
A survey of the pages of the JourNAL for 1928
prompted a review of some of the earlier numbers and
this in turn has suggested a number of reflections. The
JOURNAL is eighteen and a half years old, with a history
of eighteen volumes (the first had six numbers), compris-
ing some twenty-four hundred pages. The last four
issues, with Dr. Waters’ supplement, contain some one
hundred and fifty pages; the first two numbers had six-
teen each.
Throughout the years there has been clear evidence of
a community of interests among fern lovers, resulting in
a most delightful interchange of ideas and experiences.
We cannot all ‘‘gypsy’’ across the islands and continent
of North America like the Ransiers, or explore the shores
of New Zealand with Mr. Dobbie, or the jungles of
Panama with Mr. Killip; and yet we have been doing
these very things through the pages of the JOURNAL.
And we have all had our own unique experiences which
we can share with others by writing about them.
There lie in the field of fern study many important
Bacco inant: eee
,
:
AMERICAN F'ERN SOCIETY 69
sist of pioneering and extensive studies like those of
Dr. Maxon, or exhaustive, monographic diserimina-
tion within one genus, like that of Prof. Schaffner. On
the other hand, there are innumerable facts awaiting the
investigator in connection with the commonest species.
One of the most interesting and valuable contributions
which the FerN JouRNAL can make is to receive and
record the observations of a large number of careful field
students on some particular fern problem. The sympo-
sium on the habitat of Ophioglossum vulgatum published
some years ago, and the more recent discussion of the
status of Botrychium dissectum-obliquum are illustra-
tions of this point. The last number for 1928 contained
a question, the answers to which must come principally
from European members and friends: that regarding the
ecological distribution of Dryopteris dilatata, but there
are plenty of other questions which need for their answer
careful observation within the United States and Can-
ada. The editors will appreciate suggestions regarding
such comprehensive questions which you would like
discussed.
The conservation of native species has long been a mat-
ter of interest to Fern JouRNAL readers. As early as
the second volume, in 1912, we find the title, ‘A plea for
fern protection’’ by Orra Parker Phelps, an article re-
lating to the collection for florists of the common shield
ferns. It is a matter of record that a fern species had
priority in the way of legal protection, the climbing fern
having been so distinguished in Connecticut as far back
as 1867. The most rapid and extensive progress has been
made within the past ten years, but there remain many
states which have not yet begun to give legal protection,
and the problem of artificially reproducing and restock-
ing has only been started in a most limited way. Here
70 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
is a field for the most valuable kind of effort by fern lovy-
ers, and the JouRNAL is open for the recording of pro-
grams and results.
Fern growing in out-door gardens is probably the
starting-point of interest in ferns for a considerable num-
ber of our members. Fern growing indoors has been
decidedly limited with us to the temporary maintenance
of some gradually declining greenhouse plant, usually a
Boston fern, but this is a field deserving much more
attention than it has received. There are from twenty-
five to fifty species which can be accommodated success-
fully in most homes, without recourse to over-exacting
cultural requirements. We may hope that our increasing
number of British members will feel moved to give us
the benefit of their greater experience in fern growing.
We are glad again to recommend to our members who
may have special interest in this line that they write to
Dr. F. W. Stansfield for a sample copy of the British
Fern Gazette. It would be a most happy development
if our respective societies should come to have to a large
extent an interlocking membership.
Finally, it may be noted that although the ‘‘standard”’
size of the Fern Journat has long been thirty-two pages,
this is not a fixed restriction. We venture a prediction
that before volume twenty is finished, the minimum will
have risen to forty pages with the editors asking for bud-
get allowances for extra pages as at present.
R. C. BEeNeEpIct,
E. J. WInsLow,
C. A. WEATHERBY,
Editors.
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY 71
Report of the Judge of Elections
At Dr. Maxon’s request I have acted as judge of elec-
tions this year for the American Fern Society and beg
to report the following results of the election of officers
for the Society:
The total number of ballots received is 85, and each of
the four persons in nomination received 85 votes, Viz. :
For President: William R. Maxon.
For Vice-President: Carlotta C. Hall.
For Secretary: Charles S. Lewis.
For Freasurer: J. G. Underwood.
Sineerely yours,
(Signed) H. D. House, State Botanist.
State Museum, Albany, N. Y.,
January 22, 1929.
Mrs. Ella Louise Horr, a member of the American
Fern Society since 1911, died on the 24th of October,
1928, in Worcester, Mass., where she had lived the
greater part of her life.
Mrs. Horr was born on: Jan. 1, 1854, a daughter of
Mr. and Mrs, Charles Brown. She graduated from the
Worcester State Normal School in the class of 1891, and
taught for eleven years in the schools of that city. In
1903 she was married to Richard R. Horr, of Sudbury.
Her husband died ten months later.
In 1905 she was appointed custodian of the Natural
History Museum in Worcester and held that position
until she was compelled to give up the work on account
of illness in 1923. She had a wide interest in all forms
of nature study and a thorough knowledge of the local
botany and ornithology. Under her direction the collee-
tions at the museum were greatly enlarged and efficiently
organized. She was especially skillful in conducting
72 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
children’s classes, and the impulse given to nature study
by her administration at the museum will be felt for gen-
erations to come.
Dr. Dana W. Fellows, formerly of Portland, Me., and
a member of the American Fern Society since 1900, died
on the 23d of December, 1928, at his home in Port Rich-
mond, Staten Island, N.
Dr. Fellows was born in Lincoln, Me., eighty-one years
ago. He graduated from Mattanawcook Academy and
from Bowdoin Medical School in 1877. He practiced
dentistry in Portland and was an active member and
official of the dental and medical associations of the city.
county and state for many years.
He was an enthusiastic amateur botanist with a
special interest in ferns and for many years president
of the Josselyn Botanical Society of Maine. His first
wife, Mary Louise Niles, of Fort Kent, died in 1916 and
six years later he was married to Cora L. Butler, of New
York City, who survives him.
Anna D. (Mrs. J. H.) Parker, a member of the Society
since 1923, died during a visit in Brookline, Mass., Feb.
19, 1929, aged about seventy. She was a native of Scot-
land, but her home for many years had been in Clifton-
dale, Mass. For some thirty years she had been a sum-
mer resident of Monterey, in the Berkshire Hills, where
the family occupied a pleasant old farm house in the
midst of a large tract of field and woodland sloping down
to a lake. Recently they had made their home there all
the year round.
Those of us who attended the meeting of the Society
at Monterey, which Mrs. Parker made possible, will re-
call her kindness and hospitality, her eager enthusiasm
for ferns, and her interest in the doings of the Society—
)
:
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AMERICAN F'eRN SOCIETY 73
an interest evinced by regular attendance at other field
meetings, often at a distance and sometimes in spite of
considerable physical disability. In her the Society has
lost a valued member.
Proposep Firetp Trip, SEPTEMBER 1-2, 1929.—A com-
mittee appointed by President Maxon is planning a trip
for Labor Day this year to Harper’s Ferry, West Vir-
ginia, where the smaller Aspleniums, also two species of
Cheilanthes, and many other ferns can be seen in consid-
erable abundance without excessive hiking or climbing.
Harper’s Ferry is situated about 60 miles northwest of
Washington, D. C., and ean be reached in one and a half
hours by the B. & O. Railroad, or in two hours, over good
roads, by auto. It is proposed to assemble Saturday
evening at a hotel, to be designated later, spend Sunday
on a trip several miles up the Shenandoah River, Mon-
day morning in shorter trips around the town, and re-
turn home Monday afternoon. Details will be announced
early in August.
Mary F. Wricut, Maurice Brooks, EpGar T. WHERRY,
Committee.
How Many Wovip Like Bounp Copies OF Dr.
Warers’s ‘Fern Kry’??—Mr. Charles C. Deam writes
to ask about the possibility of having copies of Dr.
Waters’s ‘‘ Analytical Key for the Ferns of the North-
eastern States based on Stipes,’’ bound in some flexible
cover for convenience in field work. Inquiries concern-
ing the cost of such binding are being made. Any mem-
such bound
bers who would be interested in ordering
copies are asked to write an inquiry to me at the Brook-
lyn Botanie Garden. When I have the information as to
cost, ete., available, I will send it to those who have writ:
Rens
74 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
THe New York MEETING of THE SocireTy.—In com-
bining social and educational features, the American
Fern Society was probably the most successful of all
those meeting with the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, Christmas week, 1928. This, of
course, was due to the Program Committee, Rev. Charles
S. Lewis, Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Frederic W. Kobbé,
and, last but not least, Dr. Ralph C. Benedict.
The first session was called to order by Dr. Benedict
at 2 o’clock on Saturday, December 29th, in Macy Hall,
Teachers’ College, Columbia University. Thirty-four
persons signed the register that day. We heard a talk
by Prof. John H. Schaffner on ‘‘The Diagnostic Charac-
ters of Equisetum.’’ This sounds more formidable than
it really was, and in the future all of us will look with
more interest and intelligence at the lowly horsetail tribe.
Prof. Schaffner’s specimens were works of art, beauti-
fully mounted and secure against any harm from hand-
ling. Dr. E. T. Wherry’s subject was ‘‘Soil Reaction
Preferences of Native Ferns,’’ illustrated by colored
slides so perfect that involuntary oh’s and ah’s greeted
each one. Prof. Fr. Marie-Victorin, of Montreal, showed
us specimens and photographs of a Botrychium he found
on an island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. He gave his
reasons for thinking that the fern should be given spe
cific rank. Mr. C. A. Weatherby told us a little about
**Recent Systematic Work on Northeastern Ferns.’’
At this point in the program Dr. Benedict took the
floor and invited every one to follow him to a Japanese
restaurant for dinner. About a dozen of us accepted his
invitation and soon were mightily pleased with ourselves
for having done so. What we ate was a mystery, but — :
that only added to the gayety of the occasion. For My
part, I was torn between the desire to devour my intrigu-
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY i)
ing dinner and the desire to ask Dr. Wherry, Dr. Bene-
dict, and Mr. Weatherby all the questions possible in a
limited time.
The next day the scene shifted to Brooklyn and the
Botanic Garden, where Dr. Benedict acted as host, guide,
and teacher. We saw hundreds of varietal forms of the
Boston fern, from the original Nephrolepis exaltata var.
Bostoniensis to mere balls of finely-divided leaves, too
soft to be of commercial value, but interesting to the
botanist. Dr. Benedict went into details on the develop-
ment of this popular house fern besides answering in-
humerable questions hurled at him from all sides. In
another house we saw rare ferns such as Angiopteris
evecta, a primitive species native to Asia and Africa, and
Todea barbara, the only one of its kind in the United
States. To most of us Salvinia and Azolla were rare, so
that we availed ourselves of the opportunity when our
generous host told us to help ourselves.
Although darkness was almost upon us, we walked
back past the lotus pond and the famous Japanese gar-
den to the equally famous rose garden and so to the sub-
way station where the 1928 meeting was officially ended.
—Racueu L. Lowe.
For Sale—Complete set (80 numbers) of the Pern
Bulletin. . H. Clarkson, Newburyport, Mass.—Adv.
Mr. Harold G. Rugg is interested in securing, either
by purchase or exchange, live roots of rare American
ferns and orchids. Address him at Dartmouth College,
- Hanover, New Hampshire.
76 American Fern JOURNAL
Changes of address:
Cornman, Mrs, L, R., 557 E St., Oxnard, Cal.
Flett, J. B., Route 1, Bremerton, Wash.
Hendee, U. G., Stockton, N. Y.
Mousley, H., 4073 Tupper St., Westmount, Montreal, Canada.
Sayres, Mrs. Edward eu Haverford, Pa,
Westley, Edwin, 2865 Nina St., Lamanda Park, Pasadena, Cal.
Wilcox, Miss Alice W., 32 Norwood het; 2 Newton Centre, Mass. —
Wy
SS a reas
Bo ae
Ne PES
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Vol. 19 July-September, 1929
American Fern Journal
Published by the
AMERICAN FERN
The American Hern Society
Counril for 1929
OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR
Wisi R. Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, idee se D. oe
HALL, Berkeley, Calif. ............ ia ante
a are C. ‘S. LEWIs, Trinity rash ats Eiebas, N. reset hee etary
Sd. G. i. UNDERWOOD, Hartland, V Treasurer
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Amprican Fern Journal
PAID os JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1929 —*No.3
The Flowers of Equisetum.'
JOHN H. SCHAFFNER
Among the homosporous pteridophytes, the typical
ferns as well as the lowest clubmosses have only inde-
terminate buds, the zones of sporophylls alternating
successively with the zones of foliage leaves during the
ontogenetic development. The species of Equisetum,
however, have three types of axes—indeterminate under-
ground rhizomes, aerial determinate vegetative shoots,
and aerial determinate reproductive shoots which end in
cones. These cones are typical primitive flowers. A
flower is a determinate, sporophyll-bearing shoot or a
modification of such a shoot. The three characteristics
of a flower are: first, the complete stopping of growth
and final death of the floral bud and axis; second, the
crowding of the sporophylls, probably because of the
activity of the factors of determination; and third, the
differentiation of the sporophylls from the foliage leaves.
All the highest flowers have these three characteristics
and since the flowers of Equisetum have the same they
are true flowers, scientifically speaking.
The most striking thing, perhaps, to be observed
about Equisetum flowers is the fact that there is a com-
1 Papers from the Department of Botany, the Ohio State Uni-
versity, No. 228 :
[Volume 19, No. 2, of the JourNAL, pages 37-76, figs. 3 and 4,
was issued May 21, 1929.]
78 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
plete gradation of semi-sterile and sterile shoots between
the normal cone and the vegetative shoot. In the higher
plants one expects to find a branch ending either in a
normal flower or in a leafy bud. But since Equisetum,
although highly specialized in some respects, is a very
primitive type of vascular plant, the hereditary expres-
sion brings out cones of every size and degree of perfec-
tion from the vegetative condition to the normal cone of
the species. The sporangia borne on the sporophylls of
the imperfect cones are also of all grades of perfection
and this fact no doubt explains why Hawkins? found
‘‘two types of sporangia differing in development and
governed by the direction of the second division.’’ It
would be interesting for someone to make a complete
study of the different types of cones in a number of
species showing the gradation series prominently, like E.
praealium and E. palustre. The species Hawkins studied
was EF. praealtum.
In general, the lower the species in the general evolu-
tionary seale the more abundant are the intermediate
cones. In E. arvense they are quite rare and when they
appear on the green, vegetative shoot the plant has here-
tofore been called E. arvense campestre. The normal
flowers also fluctuate very greatly. The mechanism of
determination does not work promptly nor definitely, so
both the number of whorls and the number of sporo-
phylls in a whorl vary greatly. In some species also pro-
liferation is common as in E. fluviatile. Such prolifera-
tion is also characteristic of low types of flowers in other
groups, like species of Lycopodium, Araucaria, and
Rosa. In such cases the factors of determination are so
unreliable in their action that they fail to work at all for
? Hawkins, Lon A. The Development of the Sporangium of
Equisetum hyemale. Ohio Nat. 7: 122-129. 1907.
FLowErRS oF EQUISETUM 79
the time being and the bud falls back to the vegetative
condition again. In the more specialized types of flowers,
proliferations are exceedingly rare or do not occur at all.
Some horsetails have added specializations to their floral
heredity which also interfere with proliferation to a
great extent. Of this nature, apparently is the hard,
spine-like point of EZ. praealtum.
The flowers of the various species of Equisetum show
a remarkable, progressive evolution, which parallels in a
general way the progressions made in a more decided
manner in the higher, flowering plants. The lower types,
like E. giganteum and E. laevigatum, are green until
maturity, losing their chlorophyll only at the time the
spores are being shed. The intermediate types change
from green to yellowish at an early stage, while the high-
est normally never have any chlorophyll at all. The
orthogenetic nature of this movement is strikingly indi-
cated when comparing E. fluviatile and E. palustre with
_E. silvaticum and E. pratense, and the latter two species
with E. telmateia and E. arvense. Such a general move-
ment in the loss of chlorophyll in the reproductive
branch is duplicated a great number of times in the
higher plants. The lower species of Equisetum develop
flowers only on old aerial stems, the intermediate species
develop them early in the development of the aerial
shoots of the season while the highest, like £. arvense,
develop the flower shoot entirely underground, which
then expands very rapidly in the spring and dies imme-
diately after the spores are shed.
Although the evolution of determinateness of the
flower does not go very far in Equisetum, nevertheless
the lowest species have cones with prominent points, and
a gradual vegetative decline of the terminal bud follows
the production of normal sporophylls. In the highest
80 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
species the terminal bud develops sporophylls to the end
and then stops growth promptly ; hence the cones are not
at all apiculate. This condition is seen in all the higher
species as well as in such intermediate forms as E. kan-
sanum, in which there is usually only a slight develop-
ment of the point or none at all. This fact along with
other developments places E. kansanum above E. laevi-
gatum and E. praealtum in the evolutionary series. AS
would be expected, since E. kansanum has just emerged
from the more primitive condition, speaking from the
evolutionary point of view, there is considerable fluctua-
tion in the tip of the cone,
The lower species show only a slight development of
the peduncle, the cone resting in the uppermost leaf
sheath. In E. silvaticum the peduncle is rarely over 2
in. long and usually less and the same is true of E. (
pratense, while in E. arvense it may reach a length of s
\ in. In all species the peduncle shows great fluctuation. fis
Thus in E. arvense it may not be over 1% in. long. The
lowest species fluctuate within the narrowest limits.
The so-called ““ring’’ or calyx is a very interesting
structure representing the whorl developed on:the tran-
sition zone from the beginning of latency of certain vege-
tative factors to the awakening to activity of the repro-
ductive factors of the sporophyte. Thus a structure is
produced which is neither leaf sheath proper nor sporo-
phyll whorl proper. The separate sporophylls represent
a more primitive condition of distinct leaves and the lack
of internodal development in the cone also represents a
condition which must have been characteristic of Equi-
setum ancestors before the internodal factors were
evolved. When these factors were added they were of
such a nature that they become inactive in the presence
of the functional conditions of the final determinate
FLowErS oF EQUISETUM 81
gradient, which is played out in the development of the
cone. Here as in very numerous eases in the higher
plants the ontogeny repeats the phylogeny at the end of
the life history of the shoot rather than at the beginning.
The united sheaths also represent a new heredity evolved
on top of the old one. This new heredity also expresses
itself only in the vegetative gradient. The peltate sporo-
phylls are assumed to represent highly modified leaves.
There is no need of indulging in any other fantastic
speculation. The tooth appendage still present on the
leaf sheath is entirely obliterated. The changes brought
about in the phylogeny simply represent new heredities
added to the cell from time to time which modify the
action of the heredities, present before, at certain stages
of the ontogenetic cycle. The past morphology has
looked too much on the plant as put together of parts
as a house is built of bricks, stones, and boards. But
a more correct way of looking at the matter is in think- —
ing of hereditary potentialities added from time to time
which modified or changed entirely the action of the
heredity originally present which was responsible for the
“‘bricks,’’ ‘‘stones,’’ and ‘‘boards.’’ In this way a new
kind of leaf sheath is evolved and in the most primitive
Species the calyx has sporangia on the upper side,*
because the progress of the functional gradient brings
the reproductive factors into play when this point is
reached. As the evolution proceeds the activities and
latencies on the transition zone become more definite
until along with the development of a peduncle a sterile
calyx is evolved. Such a general movement can also be
traced in the higher Selaginella species, in various
Gymnospermae, and, of course, comes at its highest
* See Browne, Isapet M. P. A New Theory of the Morphology
of the Calamarian Cone. Ann. of Bot. 41: 301-320. 1927.
82 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
development in the Anthophyta. In the Equisetum
flower the calyx is only moderately modified from the
texture of the sporophylls because of the simplicity of
the hereditary constitution. There is simply a combina-
tion of sporophyll and leaf sheath characters with no
special heredity present to modify the expression into
peculiar forms, colors, textures or patterns, as is s0
strikingly the case in many of the higher flowers.
To be continued)
CoLuMBus, OHIO
Ferns and their Allies in Washington County,
aine
CLARENCE HINcKLEY KNOWLTON
For some twenty years I have usually spent part or
all of my summer vacation in Machias, Maine, and the
adjoining town of Roque Bluffs, about midway between
Mt. Desert and Eastport. In this way I have come to
know the flora of this immediate region very well indeed,
and the last few years I have been making definite efforts
to know the flora of the entire county. Finding that my
knowledge of the local ferns and their allies was rather
limited I have taken special pains the past two years to
add stations, and to study the distribution of these
plants.
Washington county is the easternmost coastal county
of Maine, including the most eastern land within the
United States. It stretches inland to Aroostook county
and includes 2,456 square miles of territory. The coastal
towns have long been settled, and the people are busily
engaged in fishing, lumbering and trade, with a moderate
amount of general farming. Back from the coast is @
Series of towns with many abandoned farms, largely
FERNS IN WASHINGTON Co., MAINE 83
given over to the blueberry industry. Back of these is
continuous evergreen forest of the Canadian type, with
occasional patches of upland where there are deciduous
trees, “‘hardwood growth’’ of beech, yellow birch and
sugar maple.
For comparison with other areas it has seemed to me
that it would be of some value to publish a fern flora of
this county. I do not regard my own explorations as
final and complete, but they seem to have reached a point
where it is worth while to record them. I have included
the findings of several other collectors. Dr. G. G. Ken-
nedy spent three full days at Cutler on the coast in 1901
(reported in Rhodora iv. 23, 1902). He was so much in-
terested that the following year he returned with Mr. E.
F. Williams, Professors M. L. Fernald and J. F. Collins
for a more extensive visit. The same year the Josselyn
Botanical Society of Maine held its summer meeting in
Machias, and Miss Kate Furbish became interested in the
region, particularly in Cutler and vicinity. In 1907
Messrs. J. A. Cushman and S. N. F. Sanford collected
on the islands and forelands for the Boston Society of
Natural History. In 1909 Professors M. L. Fernald
and K. M. Wiegand explored the towns from Dennys-
ville and Pembroke east. In 1912 and 1913 Mr. S.
N. F. Sanford located several interesting species and
varieties in the extreme eastern towns of Washing-
ton county. The specimens on which the following list
is based are ineluded in my own collection and in those
of the New England Botanical Club, the Gray Her-
barium and the Boston Society of Natural History.
POLYPODIACEAE
Polypodium virginianum L. Ledges, occasional.
Thelypteris: Dryopteris (I.) Slosson. Rich woods,
common throughout.
84 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
T’. Phegopteris (.) Slosson. Rich moist woods, common.
T. palustris Schott. Swamps and wet fields, frequent.
T. noveboracensis (1u.) Nieuwl. Shady places in woods,
common.
T. marginalis (lu.) Nieuwl. Rocky woods, Pembroke,
Eastport, Princeton, Cooper.
T. Boottii (Tuckerm.) Nieuwl. Swamps, Roque Bluffs,
Machias, Whitneyville, Wesley.
T. cristata (L.) Nieuwl. Swamps, common.
T. spinulosa (O. F. Mueller) Nieuwl. Moist soil in
woods, common.
var. intermedia (Muhl.) Weatherby. Rich woods, es-
- pecially deciduous woods, common.
var. americana (Fischer) Weatherby. Rich spruce
-woods near the coast. This is the handsomest of the
ferns in the county. It grows in great masses in moist
places, the big fronds 90 to 125 em. in length, and 34
dm. wide. Along with it is an abundance of Solidago
macrophylla Pursh, which also flourishes with it in the
mountain woods of western Maine, New Hampshire and
Vermont. Here the two species often grow close to tide-
water, and must sometimes be sprayed by the salt water
at high tide.
Pteridium latiusculum (Desv. ) Hieron. Dry fields,
pastures, roadsides and open woods, very common and
abundant, especially back from the coast.
Athyrium acrostichoides (Michx.) Desv. Rich woods
at Big Hill, Pembroke (Fernald) ; rich deciduous woods,
Kast Ridge, Cooper.
A. angustum (Willd.) Presl. Dry fields and road:
sides ; common, especially back from the coast.
tae rubellum (Gilbert) Waters. Frequent in moist —
woods inland.
var. elatius (Link) Butters. Woods, Roque Bluffs.
Ferns iN WASHINGTON Co., MAINE 85
var. laurentianum Butters. Moist woods, Princeton
(Sanford).
Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. Occa-
sional inland, especially in deciduous woods.
Cystopteris fragilis (l.) Bernh. Moist erevices in
ledges; Jonesboro, Perry, Lubec.
Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. Dry ledges; Perry, East-
port, Jonesboro.
Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore. Pastures
and open woods, very common.
Onoclea sensibilis L. Wet woods and swamps, fre-
quent inland.
Pteretis nodulosa (Michx.) Nieuwl. Alluvial woods at
base of Big Hill, Pembroke (Fernald) ; swampy woods,
No. 31; moist soil near lake, Meddybemps.
OSMUNDACEAE
Osmunda cinnamomea L. Moist soil, meadows,
swamps and bogs, very common.
O. Claytoniana L. Moist soil, roadsides and pastures,
very common.
O. regalis L., var. spectabilis (Willd.) Gray. Moist
bank, Moose Island (Fernald) ; Marion; oceasional in-
land, especially along the rivers.
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Moist soil, Perry. ;
Botrychium simplex E. Hitchcock. Knolls in rich hill-
side thickets, Cutler (G. G. Kennedy et al., 1902) ;
pasture, Machias (Kate Furbish ef al., 1902). The latter
station was well known for several years, but the pasture
has been burned over since 1902, and I have never been
able to find the plant myself.
B. matricariaefolium Braun. (B. ramosum (Roth)
Aschers.) | Deciduous woods, Big Hill, Pembroke
86 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
(Fernald) ; dry open woods, Cutler (G. G. Kennedy
et al).
B. ternatum (Thunb.) Sw., var. intermedium D. C.
Eaton. Moist field, Indiantown; Pembroke (Fernald) ;
Cutler (Kate Furbish). This and its related forms are
rare in Washington county. The probable reason for
this is the custom of burning the open country every
third year to keep the soil fit for blueberry culture.
Relatively few herbaceous plants are able to survive this
treatment.
B. virginianum (L.) Sw. Rocky woods, Big Hill,
Pembroke ( Fernald) ; rich deciduous woods, East Ridge,
Cooper.
var. laurentianum Butters. Rich upland meadow,
Cutler (G, G. Kennedy ef al.).
EQUISETACEAE
Equisetum arvense \.. Very common throughout. ‘
var. decumbens Meyer. Pembroke and Cutler, in
gravel, doubtless frequent elsewhere.
E. limosum L. Swamps and wet river shores; Cherry-
field, Machias, Whiting, Calais.
E. hyemale L., var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton.
Gravelly bank, Ayer’s Junction, Pembroke (Fernald).
E. sylvaticum L., var. pauciramosum Milde. Roque
Bluffs, perhaps elsewhere.
f. multiramosum Fernald. Moist open woods, common.
LYCOPODIACEAE
Lycopodium inundatum 1. Mossy barrens, Moose
Island (Fernald) ; inoist sandy soil, Marshfield.
L. annotinum L. Open woods, Roque Bluffs; low
woods, Perry ( Sanford).
var. acrifolium Fernald. North Lubee (Sanford).
FERNS IN WASHINGTON Co., MAINE 87
var. pungens Desv. Heathy pasture, Roque Bluffs;
dryish heath, Boot Cove, Lubee (Fernald); mossy
spruce woods, Cutler (G. G. Kennedy et al.).
DL. clavatum L. Pastures, roadsides and dry open
woods, common.
var. megastachyon Fernald & Bissell. Frequent in
similar places.
var. subremotum Victorin. Roadside, Machias. In
this interesting variety there are three to five spikes, well
pedicelled, the lower two to six centimeters below the
upper.
L. obscurum L. Dry woods, frequent.
var. dendroideum (Michx.) D. C. Eaton. Cherryfield,
Machias, Roque Bluffs.
L.: flabelliforme (Fernald) Blanchard. Dry open
woods, common.
L. tristachyum Pursh. Sand-plain, Columbia; dry
rocky woods, Big Hill, Pembroke (Fernald).
SELAGINELLACEAE
Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring. Dry ledges; East
Machias, Pembroke (Fernald).
ISOETACEAE
Tsoetes echinospora Dur., var. Braunit (Dur.) Engelm.
Sandy bottoms of shallow ponds and lakes, also quiet
stretches of the rivers, common.
Hincuam, MassacHuseTTs
88 - AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Woodwardia areolata, the Traveling Fern
FRANK W. PucsLey
Hight years ago last August, while hiking on Staten
Island near Tottenville, along the Arthur Kill Road,
which was an ordinary dirt road and very much neg-
lected, I came to a piece of oak woods, and a place where
a wood or log-road turned off through the woods: this
I followed for some distance, when to my surprise and
delight right near this wood-trail I saw a stand of several
hundred plants of Woodwardia areolata growing in a
wet sandy piece of ground. I took up several roots,
packed them in damp moss, and a few days later brought
them to our garden in Pittsford, about four miles from
Rochester, N. Y., where they were planted in the fern
beds along with many other species of ferns and shade-
loving native plants. We were told that the Woodwardia
areolata would not live in our part of the country, never-
theless I decided to give them a try-out. Knowing that
the soil in the Staten Island wood must be strongly acid,
due to the great quantities of oak leaves decaying, our
plants have therefore been given a tannic acid solution
about once every four weeks during the summer months.
With this treatment they have thrived beautifully.
Two years ago last August, while in Perth Amboy,
N. J., I decided to yisit my fern bed on Staten Island, so
took the ferry to Tottenville. What was my surprise on
reaching the Arthur Kill Road at the outer edge of Tot-
tenville to find that a wonderful change had been
wrought: here, instead of a neglected dirt road, was 4
conerete highway, with subdivisions, and building going
on. TI hurried along, wondering if someone had built
a house on my fern bed. On reaching the entrance t0 —
the wood trail there was a big sign reading ‘‘Lots For —
THE TRAVELING FERN 89
Sale’’: hurrying up the trail I beheld my fern bed still
intact so far as building operations were concerned,
although the woods had been cleared nearly to this point.
The sand had washed down from the wood road and cov-
ered about half of the fern bed.
I sat down on a log and marveled as to how long it
would be before man destroyed the rest of these wonder-
ful ferns: something must be done to save them, so with
trowel and fingers I took up nearly all that were left,
over one hundred; packed them in wet moss and rolled
them in many thicknesses of paper, brought them home
and planted them in several large swamps near by, where
conditions are very much the same as they were in the
Staten Island wood. They are doing nicely, thriving as
if they had always been in their present location.
I believe in saving the more or less rare plants, even
if they have to be moved several hundred miles, and by
so doing mix up the botanists a little.
The different authorities on ferns state that Wood-
wardia areolata has a creeping rootstock. I find on ex-
amining the rootstocks of a large number of these ferns
that they are not only creepers, but systematic travelers ;
they proved to have traveled approximately twenty-four
inches in six years. The rootstocks contained portions of
each year’s growth of fronds for a period of five and six
years: from this I was able to deduce their rate of
growth, or travel, and found they were all very much the
Same in this. Taking one fair sample, will give its rate
of travel for six years: first year, it traveled five inches;
second year, three inches; third year, five and one-half
inches; fourth year, two and three-fourths inches; fifth
year, three and three-fourths inches; and the sixth year,
four inches.
The rate of growth each year would indicate that the
weather conditions had much to do with it; namely heat
=
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 19, FIGURE 9
‘*THE TRAVELING
FERN,’’ WOODWARDIA AREOLATA
CULTIVATION OF FERNS IN CALIFORNIA 91
and moisture. The main rootstock has only a few hairy
rootlets growing out at or near the points where each
year’s growth of fronds is shown; the rootstock averages
about one-eighth of an inch in diameter, is nearly black
and somewhat scaly.
On examining a large number of these ferns it appears
that the rootstock branches into two stocks every six
years, with few exceptions, where it was shown to have
branched at the seven-year period. Each stock, then,
traveling for six years, covers approximately twenty-four
inches, and then branches, doing the same thing over and
over again for many years. This accounts for a large
bed of these ferns being almost entirely grown together.
The writer is convinced that the Woodwardia areolata
is not a blind creeper, but a systematic traveler.
Prrrsrorp, N. Y.
Cultivation of Ferns under Lath in
Southern California
EpwWIN WESTLEY
It is with some reluctance that I comply with the re-
quest to write an article on ‘‘Cultivation of Ferns Under
Lath,’’ realizing, as I do, that I am but a novice although
ferns have long been a hobby of mine. To me there is
nothing more interesting than to see the fronds of some
especially prized fern uncoil, for nature has bestowed
a truly wondrous beauty in the symmetrical outline of
each dainty frond. ’
Perhaps the members would like to know how I first
became interested in ferns? I have always enjoyed rais-
ing plants that seemed to most people difficult to grow,
and been delighted when I would succeed and be able to
92 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
show my friends the results of my efforts. As most
people contend that ferns are difficult to grow, it was
only natural that I should attempt to raise them success-
fully under adverse conditions. At Christmas time of
the year 1918 I bought a holiday floral basket for a
friend of mine. Among the flowers was a fine Pteris
Wimsetti fern, and my friend suggested that I had better
take the fern to raise as she had no place to keep it and
give it proper care, and she did not like the thought of
seeing the beautiful plant wither and die. So I took the
fern and planted it out of doors, first in one spot and
then in another until I finally found the ideal location.
for it. I have since learned that they require a sandy
soil with plenty of leaf mold and, generally, a rather acid
soil kept quite moist. That was really the beginning of
my interest in ferns but it was not until about three
years later when, while on a trip to Ventura, I stopped
to see Mrs. Sheppard, the Petunia fancier, whose mother
was a fern enthusiast and collector, that I learned that
there were so many species; and I marveled at the beauty
of her collection. As I had been successful with the
Pieris Wimsetti, which I still have, I determined to have
a fernery. The ferns which I bought had mostly been
raised under lath, so I replanted them under lath. AS
my collection has grown larger I have had to continually
extend the lath house. My present fernery measures
30 x 40 feet and is 13 feet in height. It contains between
two and three hundred varieties and, besides, there are
immumerable sporelings of Pteris longifolia, Pterts
tremula, Dryopteris patens, Nephrodium molle, Wood-
wardia Chamissoi and many others. |
In September of 1921 I, together with a group of
friends, chartered a fishing launch and went on a vaca-_ =
tion trip to Santa Cruz Island where I obtained my first _
_ CULTIVATION OF FERNS IN CALIFORNIA 93
specimen of Woodwardia Chamissoi. My friends were
sure that the plants would not live until I got home again
and told me I was foolish to bother with them. I carried
them to Catalina Island and from there to the mainland
on a passenger steamer and then on the interurban to
Pasadena and I was proud indeed that I did not lose one
of the seven specimens I brought with me.
Ferns, it seems to me, grow in many different kinds of
soil. That is, the various species require the kind of
soil that is particularly adapted to the needs of each indi-
vidual species. I have found it necessary to go great
distances into mountain and valley after soil for my
fernery, and by changing the ferns around into the vari-
ous soils I finally find the right soil condition for each
species. My Platyceriums (P. alcicorne, P. Hillii, and
P. grande) are all in hardwood logs, hollowed out and
filed with leaf mold, rich loam and Oregon green
moss. They have thrived out of doors all these win-
ters but are rather slow of growth. They have been
in the pink of condition until this year when they
were frosted during the rather severe cold spell which
came unexpectedly after a very mild early winter. I
have quite a number of eastern ferns in my collection
and they are also doing nicely. My Osmunda regalis,
which in this locality never attains any great size, is now
three feet high and other fronds, I believe, will go far
beyond that.
I have quite a number of ferns in my fernery of which I
do not know the names. I have six fine sturdy specimens
of Pteris argyrea; a fern which even professional fern
growers claim to be hard to raise. I have now had them
over two years and they are thirty-one inches high. The
Scolopendriwm, or Hart’s Tongue, is producing fronds
in wild profusion. It is curious to note ne many. forms
a
i
94 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
the Hart’s Tongue achieves under careful cultivation ;
of the five specimens I have, no two seem to be exactly
alike. Thus far, the Pteris adiantoides is my favorite.
Mine spreads its fronds in beautiful fan shapes, while
those.I have seen in hothouses—where they are usually
raised—seemed to be more of a prostrate vine-like fern.
I have several specimens of the beautiful Davallia group _
of ferns, also the Cibotium Barometz and the Cibotium
Schiedii. The Cibotium Schiedii is another delicate
greenhouse fern, but the two that I have have wintered
out of doors and are putting forth large fronds, larger
than any I have ever seen in this locality before.
The raising of ferns is not an easy task for the average
amateur, but persistence and experimentation with the
various soils will speedily result in a fernery one ean be
proud of and which will be the envy of one’s less for-
tunate friends.
I find-that a pool in the fernery is a very desirable
feature as it not only adds to the attractiveness of the
fernery but provides a habitat for the frogs who are So
useful in keeping down slugs, snails and injurious in-
sects. Some writers contend that frogs destroy the fish
spawn in small pools. Slugs and snails are very de-
structive to ferns and must by all means be eliminated
from the fernery by the use of frogs or chemicals. I
find that spraying with Black Leaf 40 is quite beneficial
to the ferns in eliminating hard and soft scale, aphis,
rust, thrip and fungi.
Now that we are unfortunately unable to secure fern
specimens from abroad owing to the embargo on importa-
tion, is there not some means by which American fern
enthusiasts might secure the names of firms or indi-
viduals in foreign lands from whom they could secure
fern spores by purchase or exchange? I personally have —
COLLECTING IN COLORADO 95
had great difficulty in getting in touch with foreign fern
establishments. While I personally have not as yet at-
tempted to raise ferns from spores, I have some friends
who are familiar with fern spore culture and have the
proper facilities for raising them; one in particular hay-
ing been formerly associated with Kew Gardens, London.
May we not have the thoughts of other members on this
subject ?
I should like to take this opportunity to acknowledge
my great indebtedness to several members of the Ameri-
can Fern Society in foreign lands, particularly Mr. H.
B. Dobbie of New Zealand, Dr. Leroy Topping of Ha-
waii, and also a personal friend of Dr. Benedict, Prof.
Johnson, during a vacation spent at Barro Colorado
Island, Panama. It may interest our friends to learn
that the spores sent me from New Zealand have germi-
nated and are now ready for the thimble pots, and those
from Hawaii are showing very encouraging signs of
germination. :
PASADENA, CAL.
Collecting in the Mountains of Colorado.
E. W. GRAVES
In August of 1925 I made a trip by auto to eastern
Colorado. While there I spent a few days botanizing in
the mountains. My time was limited and I only had the
privilege of spending two nights and a part of five days
in the higher mountains. While the Pteridophytes col-
lected were very limited, I did collect more than a hun-
dred different species of flowering plants. Being
August, the spring flowers of the lower valley were
mostly past blooming, but in the higher valleys and on
96 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
U
the mountain sides near the snow there were many beau-
tiful flowers in bloom, as it was just spring-time to
them.
There is a good automobile road up Boulder Canyon
to Nederlands, where it leaves the canyon and climbs in
the direction of Long’s Peak from the south, and ends
some 4,000 ft. below the peak, which towers more than
14,000 ft. above sea-level. Near the terminus of this
road the University of Colorado has established several
substantial buildings, where laboratory work is ecar-
ried on.
Another road runs up Thompson’s River through
Estes Park and crosses the divide at 11,500 ft. and runs
around the other side to Grand Lake, a noted summer
resort. This road extends around the north side of Colo-
rado’s highest peak. -
In these high altitudes we find the spring flowers and
fall flowers blooming together, as the season is so short.
Here were Mertensias, Aquilegias, Gentians, and Soli-
dagoes, all blooming at the same time. The beautiful
blue Aquilegia azurea, which, I think, is Colorado’s state
flower, was quite rare in the parts I visited.
_Five gentians were found by me, but the little Gen-
tana heteropetala was very dainty and quite rare. It
was the smallest of the gentians I found. The few _
flowers on the tender stalk were not more than a quarter
of an inch in diameter, and the tallest stalks were only
five or six inches high. I found it only in the swamps
and under spruce trees. Here also were two orchids,
Ibidium (Spiranthes) strictum and Habenaria stricta.
Most of the gentians chose the open meadowlands and
srassy mountain-sides. Gentiana frigida grew nearly a
foot tall at 10,000 ft., but at 12,000 ft. it grew only three
or four inches high. It, with Silene acaulis, was about
COLLECTING IN COLORADO 97
the only flower found at 12,000 ft. altitude. Between
9,000 and 10,000 ft. the largest number of flowering
plants were found. Here the open places were blotched
with white and red Castillejas, or the Indian paint brush,
as it is sometimes called. But the most beautiful flower
to me was the fireweed, Epilobium angustifolium. Its
beautiful purple flowers were seen from 7,500 to 10,000
t. Epilobium Hornemanni was found around Univer-
sity Camp, but it was past flowering.
The mountain avens, Sieversia turbinata, was a pretty
little flower growing near the snow-banks at Milner’s
Pass, 11,500 ft. altitude. With it in the moist soil just
below the snow, grew Senecio petrocallis, the dandelion
ragwort, also Sibbaldia procumbens, Oreobroma pyg-
maea, and Blitum capitatum, the last looking very much
like a small prince’s feather of cultivation. All these
flowers growing below the snow-banks were very short
and in full bloom.
It was rather surprising to find so few ferns. On this
trip I only found seven in all. Even those were by no
means common. Cystopteris fragilis was met with more
frequently than any other. I found it in the valleys,
also at the higher altitudes. It was the only fern found
at 12,000 ft. altitude. Like Gentiana frigida, C. fragilis
grew much smaller at 12,000 ft. than at 7,500 ft. near
Boulder Falls. Woodsia scopulina was the next most
commonly met with. I found it around Boulder Falls -
in several places, also at Nederlands higher up the
canyon. It was much smaller at Nederlands than at
Boulder Falls, owing perhaps to its growing in a drier
location: Dryopteris Filic-mas was found growing at
Boulder Falls, but not plentiful. I hunted in vain for
it lower down the canyon in some of the ravines that
open into the canyon from the south. I found it there
~~
98 AMERICAN FEerRN JOURNAL
in 1908 on a former trip I made to Colorado, but seareh
as I would up and down those ravines, I could not locate
a single plant. In 1908 I found Pteridium aquilinum
var. pubescens growing along those side ravines. There
were great thickets of it standing higher than my head.
On this last trip I found a few plants of it, but they were
not the large healthy ones I found on my former visit.
On rocks just above Boulder Falls I found Polypodjum
hesperium and Cryptogramma acrostichoides. Neither
fern was plentiful and I found them nowhere else.
I only spent an hour on two different occasions around
the falls. If I had explored farther back, I might have
located other ferns, but I expected to find them plenti-
ful when I got up in the damp forests at 9,000 or 10,000
ft. But I was greatly disappointed, as I found no ferns
except Cystopteris fragilis. I waded through swamps,
over wet moss and fallen logs in the open places among
spruce and found plenty of plant life—several species of
Pyrola, Gentiana, Castilleja, and two kinds of orchids,
and many other flowering plants. I searched in the open
grassy meadows, spending several hours, hoping I might
find Botrychium Lunaria, but that was not to be my good
fortune. That fern has been found around Pike’s Peak,
and no doubt it grows around Long’s Peak. There were
noisy brooks flowing among forests of spruce and other
trees. There were lakes along whose borders grew great
patches of Gentians among the grasses. There were
great boulders and rocky walls that I explored, but I
found no ferns except Cystopteris fragilis. I was cer-
tainly disappointed, for I expected to find several kinds
of ferns in the damp meadows and swamps, or along the
babbling brooks, which were fed by the everlasting snows
above.
There is quite a contrast found in botanizing in the
Colorado mountains and in the mountains of Alabama
Recent Fern LITERATURE 99
and Georgia. In the southeast, if one explores rocky
cliffs he is sure to find one, or often three or four varie-
ties of rock ferns. If he wades a swamp or two, he may
find a half dozen kinds of the larger ferns and often in
great masses. In Colorado I walked miles along rocky
through forests without finding a single fern. I wan-
dered for miles through the grassy alpine meadows and
among piles of rocks above tree-line, and discovered no
ferns except Cystopteris fragilis. But this was a pleas-
ant trip which repaid in grand and wonderful scenery.
BEnTonsport, Iowa
Recent Fern Literature
Dr. Christensen has published a study of the system-
atie position of Polypodium vulgare. He argues that it
ought not to be placed, as in the past, by the character of
free veins alone and concludes, from a consideration of
all characters, that it belongs to a small group which is
not very closely related to the free-veined species which ~
have usually been associated with it in the sub-genus
Eupolypodium. Rather it belongs with certain tropical
(and especially Mexican and Andean) species of the sub-
genus Goniophlebium, of which P. plesiosorum may
stand as a representative, and with which P. vulgare is
connected by forms with intermediate and inconstant
venation."
In the summer of 1928 Dr. Maxon went to Europe in
connection with work on the fern flora of Jamaica ; he
fas written pleasantly of his visits to various institutions
1 Christensen; C. On the Systematic Position of Polypodium
vulgare. Dansk Bot. Arkiv 5: 1-10, figs. 1-9.
100 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
abroad. Jamaican ferns are historically important be-
cause the first New World species to be described came
from the West Indies and a considerable proportion of
them from Jamaica. At the British Museum is the col-
lection made by Sir Hans Sloane in 1687-89 and many
later collections; at Kew is an unrivaled wealth of his-
toric material; and at Stockholm and Berlin are the orig-
imal specimens of Swartz, author of the first ecompre-
hensive flora of the West Indies. Dr. Maxon studied at
all these places and also visited Dr. Christensen at Copen-
hagen. His paper is illustrated with several photo-
graphs.”
Mr. Mousley has published his annual report of his
outings. This year (1928) ferns play no very great part
in it. He did, howeyer, find a station for Botrychium
angustisegmentum which extends its range in Quebee
sixty miles northward: and he gives notes on various
other species.
W. A. Anderson, Jr., has published a paper on the
ferns of Tennessee, copies of which, he kindly informs us,
may be obtained on request from T. C. Lowry, Director
of University Extension, Box 4218, University Station,
Knoxville, Tenn. We hope later to have a more extended
account of this work.
SEBsRapssmner ee
2 Maxon, W. R. Studying Ferns in European Herbaria. Expl.
and Field-Work Smithson. Inst. in 1928: 109-114, figs. 94-99.
Washington, 1929,
* Mousley, H. Notes on the Birds, Orchids, Ferns, and Butter-
flies of the Province of Quebec. Can. Field Nat. 43: 93-99. 1929.
THe ALLEGHANY CuirF FERN 101
Shorter Notes
FurRTHER OCCURRENCES OF THE ALLEGHANY CLIFF-
FERN.—The relative of Woodsia scopulina D. C. Eaton
which occurs in the Allegheny mountain region has until
recently been definitely recorded from but two localities,
one in Buncombe County, North Carolina, and the other
in Monroe County, West Virginia.» ? Four additional
ones can now be placed on record.
This fern was actually first discovered by E. C. Town-
send in 1897, on White Oak Mountain, in Polk County,
North Carolina, as pointed out by D. C. Peattie.® In
1927 it was found on Peters Mountain, near Narrows, in
Giles County, Virginia, by Professor P. D. Strausbaugh,
of West Virginia University.*
During a brief vacation in early June, 1929, Mr. J. E.
Benedict, Jr., accompanied me on an auto trip through
the mountains of Virginia, and we obtained the Woodsia
at two new stations. In attempting to ford Laurel Creek
just north of the village of Broad Ford, in Smyth
County, we got water into the motor, and after being
hauled out, left the car drying in the sun and explored
the near by shale cliffs. About a hundred feet above
the road a small colony of this fern was discovered, its
associates being Woodsia obtusa, Cheilanthes lanosa, and
Asplenium platyneuron. A few days later, on visiting
a shale cliff north of the main highway 114 miles west of
Covington, Alleghany County, a much larger colony of
it was found. Here it was accompanied by some stunted
Cheilanthes lanosa and large mats of a Selaginella of the
rupestris group, along with a number of endemic flower-
ing plants, such as Trifolium virginicum.
1 AMER. Fern Journ. 9: 1. 1919.
_-2? Amer. Fern Journ. 16: 92. 1926.
3 Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 44: 117. 1928.
4 Private communication.
102 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Instead of being excessively rare, then, the Alleghany
Cliff-fern is fairly wide-spread in the southern Blue
Ridge and Appalachian physiographic provinces. So far
as known it occurs only near the summits of high, west-
facing cliffs of gneissoid or shaly rocks, where the soil
reaction is slightly to moderately acid. Specimens from
the new stations have been deposited in the U. 8. National
Herbarium, the Gray Herbarium, and the Virginia State
Herbarium at Charlottesville —EpGar T. WHerry, Wash-
ington, D. C.
SEED versus Sorus.—We have received the following
letter from Mr. Dobbie:
In Vol. 19, No. 1, of the ‘‘Fern Journal’’ there is a footnote
about my using the term ‘‘seed’’ in connection with ferns. In my
book, ‘‘N. Z. Ferns,’’ page 15, is the following passage, ‘‘I have
been tempted to use the botanical term ‘sori’ when alluding to the
fructifieation of ferns, but, in a popular work the arguments in
favor of the older word ‘seeds’ seems to me unanswerable. s de-
fined in modern dictionaries it is exactly applicable—‘ That part of
a plant which contains the rudiment or embryo of the future plant.’
Stormonth, 1884 edition. Nine hundred and ninety-nine people out
of a thousand do not know the meaning of ‘sori’ (the botanist
possibly being the solitary exception), but they understand what
is meant by ‘seeds.’ This is a popular work, written for the nine
hundred and ninety-nine majority.’ To quote J. H. Fabre in his
‘*Life of a Grasshopper,’’ page 69, ‘‘Convinced as I am tha
barbarous terms are only a cumbersome impediment to science.’
The following incident when writing this book may interest you:
I asked a hundred people if they knew the meaning of ‘¢sori;??
they all answered ‘‘no,’? and a university professor added, «« Well,
Dobbie; it’s a good many weeks since I had one, but it was jolly
ainful,’’
Sorus is derived from the Greek, meaning ‘‘a heap,’’ —_—
from the Latin ‘‘satus, to sow.’’ I certainly think the latter the
better definition.
In Webster’s dictionary, modern edition, ‘‘seed’? is defined a8
‘*The substance, animal or vegetable, which Nature provides ae
the reproduction of the species.’? :
SEED VERSUS SORI 103
This is rather a rigmarole, but it will explain why I agree with
Fabre in considering botanical terms as a cumbersome impediment
to science. I believe they deter many from studying botany.
Yours sincerely,
H. Dossier.
We are glad to have this further explanation of Mr.
Dobbie’s usage, unfamiliar to us in America; and the
playful professor’s quip about sori has surely added
something to our enjoyment of life. It is worthy of that
prince of botanical punsters, the late C. T. Druery; we
can only say in answer that it may be better to have sori,
however painful, than to run too much to seed.
Mr. Dobbie’s complaint against technical terms is a
rather common one. No doubt the use of such terms may
be overdone and degenerate into mere pedantry; but
much of the complaint against them rests on a lack of
understanding. They have a real and indispensable use.
That this is so may be readily understood by recalling
how many of them have made their way into everyday
speech—telephone, telegraph, locomotive, automobile, for
instance. These are quite as classical (Greek and Latin)
and quite as ‘‘barbarous’’ as any scientific term; yet no
one boggles over them. The reason is that they provide
aceurate names for things which would otherwise be
without a name. When Alexander Graham Bell worked
out the principle of the telephone, he produced some-
thing new to human experience and therefore not ac-
counted for in existing language. It needed a name and
he made one for it. So, when a botanist first worked out
the true nature and mode of action of the fructification
of ferns, he also found something new and nameless ; and
the needed names—sorus, sporangium, spore—were duly
made for its component parts. Each of them means,
very definitely, one thing and one only; ‘‘seed,”” in Mr.
Dobbie’s sense, means half a dozen different things, and
104 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
a long explanation (like Mr. Dobbie’s) is needed to tell,
in any given ease, which of the half dozen is referred to.
There, in a nutshell, is the reason for technical terms—
exactness and brevity. :
Mr. Dobbie receives some distinguished, if indirect,
support from Prof. Schaffner’s use, in this number, of
the term ‘‘flower’’ for the cone of Equisetum. But this
is open to the same linguistic objection. ‘‘Flower’’ has
meant for generations (to quote Jackson’s authoritative
‘*Glossary of Botanical Terms,’’ edition of 1916): ‘‘an
assemblage of organs essential for fertilization, as sta-
mens and pistils, with some protecting envelope.”’ This
does not apply at all to the fructification of Equisetum.
rof. Schaffner’s rather revolutionary definition of
flower may prove scientifically correct; but, if so, it
would be better to coin an entirely new name for the new
idea rather than to attempt to change the meaning of a —
word already definitely understood to mean something
quite different. To do that is likely merely to confuse
and weaken language.—C. A. W.
Wison’s Promontory, Victoria NarionaL ParK.—!
left Melbourne on the 8:15 A. M. train Monday morning,
bound for Welsh Pool, a town on the Southeastern line.
I took a motor-boat from there to Sealers’ Cove, an inlet
on the eastern side of the Promontory. The Promontory
contains about 100,000 acres, and is established as a peT-
manent sanctuary for the preservation, under natural
conditions, of the fast disappearing flora and fauna of
Australia (Vietoria). The country is mountainous, with
deep gullies intervening. With regard to the flora, more
than 600 species of native plants have been found, and
about 40 have been introduced.
From Sealers’ Cove I explored the gullies in search ~.
ferns and found most of the species recorded in the Vie
AFIELD FOR FERNS 105
torian Census, from the giant tree ferns to the tiny filmy
ferns. As the track winds through the gully from the
beach to the gap, the luxuriance of the embowered fern
vegetation is delightful to behold. At first the Poly-
podiums were most noticeable, growing on trees, logs,
and on the ground, but higher up the track they were
not so luxuriant.
_ IT counted in all about 50 species, but they are strictly
protected.—ALLAN MacCaskiL, Jr., Coleraine, Victoria.
AFIELD FoR FERNS IN SussEX County, New JERSEY.—
May 24-26 was an open season for ferns, mosses, birds,
and flowering plants in Sussex County, New Jersey, this
year. Even the rocks, fields, and hills were included.
The oceasion was the annual Branchville Nature Outing
of the Torrey Botanical Club, held in conjunction with
~ the Sussex County Nature Club, and with the collabora-
tion of sundry members of the American Fern Society
and the Sullivant Moss Society and various other clubs
of like nature. The headquarters was at the Pines, which
was filled to capacity with seventy-eight registered for
two days and one hundred and twenty-nine altogether
present on Saturday.
The program included an all-day automobile expedi-
tion led by Dr. Kummel, State geologist for New Jersey,
and covering many miles of country under his expert
guidance. The bird enthusiasts started in early on Sat-
urday with a sunrise walk, with the help of special hotel
alarm service about 5 A. M. Many woke who were not
called.
The first fern trip, consisting of a party of one, sane
place about sunrise also and was in the nature of a seout-
ing expedition in preparation for the leadership of larger
parties later. It yielded eighteen species, including
Asplenium ruta-muraria and Pellaea atropurpured, but
106 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
with some surprising omissions in the way of species
which are expected in almost every woodland.
After breakfast, a more thorough canvass by a larger
group brought seven more species to light, all within the
forty acre range of wooded and ledgy grounds of the
Pines. A special effort was made to discover some of the
small botrychiums, but despite concerted effort, with the
whole group on hands and knees, searching under hem-
lock and in thicket none were found at that time. In the
afternoon, however, on another round of the same terti-
tory, when nothing was expected, the matricary grape
fern suddenly obtruded itself in the range of vision,
along a beaten path twice trod before. The first tiny
plant was succeeded by a score more, some considerably
larger, and ranging from some so small that they sug-
gested B. simpler to triangular forms, like B. lanceo-
latwm, and one slender one, simulating B. onondagense.
With the later finding of Dryopteris dryopteris, the total
number had risen to twenty-six in a half mile walk.
However, the list was still lacking in some of the com-
mon swamp species, so that later in the afternoon a
Special search for a good swamp was undertaken. We
found it, a few miles distant, knee-deep in mud under
elms; we added the royal fern to our list, and on the more
elevated portions, where tree roots held together a firmer
substratum, Dryopteris spinulosa, D. cristata, and D.
Boottii were readily identified. As a matter of record, it
may be noted here that plants of these four species were
taken up and installed in appropriate situations along
the attractive little lake on the Pines property.
The complete list of thirty species is appended. From
the absence of several common species, it seems likely
that the total will rise to thirty-five or more after more
tensive search is made
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 19, FIGuRE 6
FINDING ASPLENIUM RUTA-MURARIA
(Photograph by C. A. Gramet)
108 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Asplentum platyneuron; A. Ruta-muraria; A. Tricho-
manes
Athyrium angustum-
Camptosorus rhizophyllus
Adiantum pedatum
Cystopteris fragilis
Dennstaedtia punctilobula
Dryopteris Goldiana; D. intermedia; D. Dryopteris; D.
hexagonoptera; D. noveboracensis; D. Thelypteris;
D. marginalis ; D. spinulosa; D. Boottii; D. phegop-
teris; D. cristata
Matteuccia Struthiopteris
Onoclea sensibilis
Polystichum acrostichoides
Pteridium latiusculum
Polypodium vulgare
Woodsia obtusa
Osmunda cinnamomea; O. Claytoniana; O. regalis
Botrychium matricariaefolium ; B. virginianum
. —R. C. BENEDICT.
How Have your Hart’s Toncur PLANTS SUCCEEDED?
—So far the reports regarding the naturalization of
hart’s tongue have told of failure. The plants set. out
have persisted at most over one winter, and some have
not even survived the first winter. Only a few reports
have come in so far, and it is hoped that others may have
had better luck to report. However, please send in word
whatever the result. In one case there has been reported
Success in establishing in a garden two sets of plants,
one group from Mr. Ransier and another of spore-grown
Plants from the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Mrs. A. C.
Barnes, of the Barnes Foundation, Merion, Penn., has
sent in a fine photograph showing a thrifty group
of plants, with Spore-bearing leaves. Her method of
Ferns or NEWBURYPORT “109
growing these plants is told in the following paragraph,
quoted from a letter.
‘‘We mixed a good quantity of leaf-mold with the soil
in planting the ferns and also broke up some limestone
in rather small pieces and scattered them over the bed.
Also for the winter we gave a heavy mulching of leat-
mold and although one bed (that of the photograph) has
a northwest exposure, the ferns survived. The ferns that
you sent me are planted in a more protected place with
a southeast exposure and have done equally as well as the
others with the same cultural methods.”’
Ferns or Newsuryport, Massacuuserrs.—The fol-
lowing thirty-two ferns are to be found growing in New-
buryport, Massachusetts, and its vicinity. The colony of
narrow-leaved chain ferns at Seabrook was discovered by
Alvah Eaton. It probably is the most northerly known
location for this fern in the United States.
The maidenhair spleenwort is very rare, two colonies
only being known. The Clinton’s fern, the Woodsia
obtusa, and the climbing fern are also very rare in this
vicinity, one colony only of each being known. -
Fronds of the broad-leaf spinulose fern (Dryopteris
dilatata, var. americana) found by the writer at New-
bury, Mass., in 1923, may be seen at the Gray Her-
barium, Cambridge, Mass. This is surely the rarest fern
ef eastern Massachusetts.
One colony only of the broad beech fern is known.
Polypody. Polypodium virginianum.
Bracken. Pteridium latiusculum.
Narrow-leaved Chain Fern. Woodwardia areolata.
Common Chain Fern. Woodwardia virginica.
Ebony Spleenwort. Asplenium platyneuron.
Maidenhair Spleenwort. Asplenium Trichomanes.
Silvery Spleenwort. Athyriwm acrostichoides.
ot wt ie oe bo
-
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Lady Fern. Athyrium angustum.
. Christmas Fern. Polystichum ocrontichaaies
. Crested Fern. Dryopteris cristata.
. Evergreen Wood-fern. Dryopteris intermedia.
. Marginal Fern. Dryopteris marginalis.
. Spinulose Fern. Dryopteris spinulosa.
. Broad-leaf Spinulose Fern. Dryopteris dilatata
var. americana.
Clinton’s Fern. Dryopteris Clintoniana.
. Common Bladder Fern. Cystopteris fragilis.
. Blunt-lobed Woodsia. Woodsia obtusa.
. Rusty Woodsia. Woodsia ilvensis.
. Hay-seented Fern. Dennstaedtia punctilobula.
. Sensitive Fern. Onoclea sensibilis.
. Ostrich Fern. Pteretis nodulosa.
. Royal Fern. Osmunda regalis.
Interrupted Fern. Osmunda Claytoniana.
Cinnamon Fern. Osmunda cinnamomea.
. Climbing Fern. Lygodium palmatum.
- Maidenhair. Adiantum pedatum.
- Long Beech Fern. Phegopteris polypodioides.
- Broad Beech Fern. Phegopteris hexagonoptera.
- Oak Fern. Phegopteris Dryopteris.
Marsh Fern. Dryopteris Thelypteris.
- Massachusetts Fern. Dryopteris simulata.
New York Fern. Dryopteris noveboracensis.
—Epwarp H. Crarxson, Newburyport, Mass.
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY 111
American Fern Society
New Members :—
Ackley, Mrs. H. C., 5136 hase St., Eagle Rock, Cal.
Blanding, H. W., P. O. Box 44, — Creek, N. Y.
Brown, Ernest C., Unity Cae. Cop
Darling, Cyru 30 Apricot St., ae ‘tans.
©
Egerton, Jabs 'B., 333 East 30th St., Baltimore, Md.
r
Hall, Miss Anna L., 103 Macon St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Meytroth, Mrs. Cone B., Children’s Bureau, Trenton, N. J.-
Quinn, James J., Supt. of ‘Seeds, Winchester, Mas
Raska, Miss Clara, 2114 149th St., Whitestone, Long Talon, N.Y
Redelings, Dr, J. T., Marinette, Wis.
Snavlin, Mrs. C. T., "300 Greenwood Place, Subang Nacy.
Saeed : gs Apt. 54, 190 Carroll St., Paterson, N. J.
Changes of ger —
Anderson, W. A., , 72 Wendell St., Cambridge, Mass
heney, Prof. R. oe Rises Dept., Long Island Dannie, 300
Pe ari St. ; Brooklyn: Bie
Gannett, L. S., 577 oe St., New York City.
Gaylord, Mrs. . N., 1: Conan, Cambridge, Mass.
Floyd, F. G., Riagts nis Cal.
Humphrey, @. S., Room 571, 32 Liberty St., New York City.
Kelsey, H. P., East aco Mans.
Prince, Prof. S. F., 823 Laramie St., Manhattan, Kansas.
Stetson, R. N., 7278 Holl bali Ave., Hollywood, Cal.
oma Mr. and Mrs. C. A., 27 Raymond St., Cambridge,
Mas
We get occasional news of the Ransiers. Their pil-
grimage has now taken them from Florida, where
JOURNAL readers last heard of them, across the entire
southern tier of states to California, and thence north-
ward up the Pacifie coast. Stops have been made at
many points of interest, fernwise and otherwise—
Havana Glen, Alabama; New Orleans; Roosevelt Dam
and other points in Arizona; Catalins ieend, Cali-
ny bea AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
fornia; the great redwood groves; and, at last accounts,
Crater Lake, Oregon. It is good news for us that the
Ransiers are to share some of their experiences with us,
in the form of articles and pictures for the JOURNAL.
One article is already in the copy-drawer and will ap-
pear in the next number.
The field meeting at Harper’s Ferry, in conjunction
with the Wild Flower Preservation Society’s Washing-
ton Chapter, as announced in the JourNAL, was duly and
successfully held. We had a good attendance, good, if
somewhat torrid, weather, and a very good time. A
detailed account of the meeting will appear in a sub-
sequent number.
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
MEMBERSHIP
Including Bulletin, mae and Torreya, $5.00 a year
PUBLICATION! ed
dressed mya e T fone athe basiness. se RS Box 43, 8 pat
rn fall, _ Columbia University, New
THE BRYOLOGIST :
PUBLISHED BY THE
SULLIVANT MOSS SOCIETY
The only magazine in English wholly devot ted to Mosses, Hepatics,
and ce aon Bi-monthly; illustrated: for the tistenan as weil as
for the voteenis nal, Yearly subscri ription in the stom i States, $1.25.
Twenty-five cents additional gives m mbership in t LIVANT
MOSS SOCIETY, free
with ces 34 Curiiers: for Sortsnen
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a A. TENNYSON BEALS ae
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BROOK: LYN BOTANIC GARDEN
contributions by various authors on. “genetics, pathol.
vag Island. Part I. The vegetation.
mi! io i ce
T= The egetation of at Desert, Maine, and its environ- 4
_ Sarringte re and Norman Taylor. 151 pages, 27 text
pin ph red June 10, 1927. Price, $1.60.
_antmnrcan JOURNAL OF BOTANY
Branches of Botanical
. Betablisned Month ad September. 0 z
: ons of the o Bonnet” ran Sas “ee a
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Bi: sk yates, as pa ee, cia 2 numbers,
Vol. 19
October-December, 1929 : :
«American Fern Journal
A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS
Published by the
Che American Hern Soriety
Counril for 1929
OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR
‘Wittam R, Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.,
oat esident
Mrs, Cartorra ALL, Berkeley, Calif. con. Vice-president
Oo Baw O. 6.8 Les, init) ae od Plattsburg, N, Y..........Seeretary
a oie axe ~ Uxomxwoon, Hartland. -.. Treasurer
OFFICIAL ORGAN
e I, : nun , $2.00; other volumes $1.25 each.
bei 35 cents wich Vol. I, no. 1; vol vol. III, non 2,8, and
; .e ut pt with « CO
:
Amprican Fern Journal
No. 4
Vou.19 | OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1929
Round about Florida for Ferns
NELLIE C. KNAPPEN
As nothing has appeared in the AMERICAN FERN
JOURNAL on Florida ferns since 1916, an account of the
ferns seen on a recent motoring trip through that state
may be of interest. In all, over forty species were col-
lected, many of these reaching their northern limit in
Florida."
The first fern of interest other than the thatch of the
grey polypody on the wide-spread arms of the live oaks,
was the venus hair fern thickly clothing the old gate at
St. Augustine, and lining the walls of the moat about
Fort Marion. Intermingled were countless small leath-
ery once-pinnate ferns, which proved to be greenhouse
ferns of Asiatic origin—Cyrtomium falcatum. These
formed a charming contrast to the delicate texture of the
venus hair.
On the drive to Daytona by the shore road the grass
fern and golden polypody were found growing on pal-
mettos.
Along the Indian River the huge fronds of the leather
ferns were seen everywhere, and Blechnum serrulatum
was equally abundant.
Pteris longifolia and Anemia adiantifolia were grow-
ing in coral rock along Brickell Road, Miami, part of the
1 Dr. Maxon of the United States National Herbarium was kind
enough to identify some of the puzzling species of ferns.
[Volume 19, No. 3, of the JournaL, pages 77-112, figs. 5 and
6, was issued Sept. 23, 1929.]
113
114 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
old Brickell Hammock, and in great profusion in the old
quarry at Chapman Field. The Boston and sword ferns,
several species of Dryopteris, and Pteridium caudatum
were found in the hammock of the Deering Estate at Cut-
ler. Pteris longifolia and Anemia adian tifolia grew
much larger here in the forest than in exposed situations.
In the wells and pits of the floor of the hammock were
plants of Asplenium dentatum, the first spleenwort seen.
During the next two days Mr. Charles Mosier, natural-
_ Ast of Miami, was kind enough to be our guide. Without
his help and that of his trusty machete, we could never
have penetrated to the heart of the dense hammocks
where some of the rarer ferns hide themselves. At Royal
Palm Hammock State Park ferns were growing in tropi-
cal luxuriance, though no rare species survived the
devastating fire of a few years ago. We drove to Dew-
hurst Hammock, seventeen miles south of the Park on the
Cape Sable Road, to see the beautiful plume polypody.
A great live oak had fallen long ago, one of its branches
rooting and forming a new tree. The polypody covered
the whole fallen trunk with its arching streamers, flanked
at either end by a beautiful plant of the strap fern.
There was also some of the polypody growing on the live
part of the tree. It is hard to describe the charm of this
fern—the long ribbons 25 to 30 inches in length—the
pinnae of which are so tightly curled during the dry sea-
son that they hold firmly leaves and bits of twigs and
branches in their clasp—arching over like the spray of
a fountain.?
Es IE a
*The material answers the description of Polypodium Plumula
except for length of fronds. Many fronds were a yard long but
these were already brown. Of two collected, one 26 inches long
has 100 pairs of pinnae and one 28 inches long has 106 pairs. The
Sori are minute, There are scales along the midrib, and the vena-
tion is difficult to make out due to leaf texture, compared to Pe:
pectinatum:. —
Rounp asout Fioripa ror FERNS 115
Growing by the roadside were tufts of a Pteris—blue-
green in color with a very golden hairy rootstock, and
scaly or hairy all the way from the base to the tip of the
frond. These were very different in appearance to the
Pteris longifolia. Three weeks later this was seen grow-
ing luxuriantly over the tombs and walls of the old New
Orleans’ cemeteries. This is Pteris vittata, a wanderer
from another continent.
Visits were made to the famous Snapper Creek and
Hattie Bower Hammocks, where Adiantum tenerum,
Dryopteris reptans and Asplenium dentatum grew in
profusion. In Hattie Bower Hammock were first seen
the Halberd ferns, mostly Tectaria minima.
The following day, we drove out on the Florida keys,
and, on Key Largo, entered the dense hammock to find,
very soon, the charming southern climbing fern, Poly-
podium Swartzii. This was erowing on a very smooth
white-barked tree, Drypetes diversifolia, or Larger
Guiana Plum. In this fern it is the rootstock that climbs
straight up, throwing out to one or both sides the closely
appressed fronds. The ruddy tone from the hairs of the
rootstock and the vivid green of the thin fronds make a
striking contrast to the white bark. This plant little sug-
gests a fern.
The next exciting finds were in the limestone grottoes
hear Pineola in Citrus County, western Florida. Follow-
ing Dr. Wherry’s directions we soon came out of a wood
road to a cleared place where were small rosettes of
Asplenium verecundum and of A. resiliens, growing pro-
fusely on low rock ledges in the hot sun. In the rocky
woodland near, the fern tufts continued and finally the
grottoes were reached, where our efforts were indeed
rewarded. Half a dozen different species of ferns were
interwoven in intricate confusion, on the walls of the
grotto, Curtiss, Aspleniany, Asplenium verecundum, A.
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 19, PLATE 7
Polypodium Swartzii :
A. Young sterile fronds from simple rootstock, with reddish scales
and hairs,
B. Small fertile fronds from short branches of main rootstock.
«. Mature cians, oe: Pilevigs fronds from caer hairy
Rounp asout FLoripa FoR FERNS 117
abscissum, venus hair, Pteris cretica in a very simply pal-
mate form, and the Florida walking fern. This fern,
Dryopteris reptans, both here and in the Gainesville
grottoes rooted constantly at the tips with a few erect
fronds, while on the pitted floors of the southern ham-
mocks all those found had erect fronds only. When, with
difficulty, this delicate fern is disengaged from the con-
used mass, its pattern is charming. Starring this
drapery of ferns were extremely large bladed, long
stalked fronds of the halberd fern. In another part of
the grotto was an abundance of much smaller halberd
ferns, which were probably younger plants of Tectaria
heracleifolia, though they looked different.
After driving through Istachatta to Nobleton, a mile’s
walk brought us to the McDonald Quarry where there
was a very large lime sink full of stagnant water. The
overhanging cliff was clothed throughout its twenty or
thirty feet of height with overlapping fringes of venus
hair fern and long streamers of Asplenium heterochroum.
The effect of the rich green pendant fronds so narrow,
yet a foot or more in length, was striking. Growing at
the top of the cliff was the first pectinate polypody seen.
It was a surprise to find that the Adiantum in all these
grottoes was A. Capillus Veneris and not A. tenerum.
The following day at Gainesville, Dr. Williamson,
chemist with the Tung Oil Corporation, directed us to the
adjacent fern grottoes. We drove west on the Newberry
road, past extensive Tung plantations, pink with blos-
soms, turning in at a gate on the left, eight and one-half
miles from the town. This proved the most interesting
of the grottoes. We approached by a rock-strewn,
wooded hill-side with pectinate polypody growing on
every rock. The hill-side was covered also, alas, by nettle
through which we had to pick our way. Everywhere in
the moss on the walls of the grotto was Dryopterts rep-
118 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
tans, binding together a drapery of the various lacy
spleenworts, many of which were very long fronded.
Near the base grew Pteris cretica, and along the sides the
pendant streamers of Aspleniwm heterochroum. The
simply pinnate A. abscissum stood out plainly amid the
finely divided ferns. There was some A. resiliens here,
and nearby on the floor of the wood grew A. platyneuron,
thus bringing the number of Aspleniums here to six. A.
verecundum grew in small, whorled, closely appressed
rosettes, quite iridescent, on one wall, while on the facing
wall its fronds were nearly as long as those of A. Cur-
tisstt. The latter is, however, coarser, of a thicker tex-
ture, and a different, darker green.*
As Mr. Harper wound up his account‘ of the Pineola
Region by advising fern lovers to seek it out before its
destruction, we were thankful to see so many rare ferns,
in such profusion, thirteen years later despite adjacent
quarrying operations,
A distance of two thousand miles was covered during
the two weeks in Florida, nearly half of the time being
devoted to fern collecting. Though we brought back
over thirty species new to us there are still in Florida
many ferns which we look forward to finding on other
trips, other years,
A list of the more important ferns collected follows:
Anemia adiantifolia Polypodiwm aure
Acrostichum aureum Pelpoiniin Phyltitidis
Acrostichum daneaefolium Polypodium Swartet
Polypodium Plumula Vittaria lineata
Polypodium pectinatum Pteris longifolia
’The drawing of ek: cicutarium in Eaton’s Ferns of
North America, Vol. 2, Plate 56, is so exactly like material which
was ootaried we we supposed we had found this rare fern til
Tt. Maxon iain t.
4 AMERICAN i ties JOURNAL 6(3): 68-81, April-June, 1916. _
eet =
FLOWERS oF EQuISETUM 119
Pteris vittata Asplenium Curtissii
teris Cretica Tectaria heracleifolia
Pteridium caudatum Tectaria minima
Adiantum Capillus Veneris Dryopteris normalis
Adiantum tenerwm Dryopteris pate
Blechnum serrulatum opteris florida
Asplenium platyneuron pteris gongylodes
Asplenium resiliens Dryopteris 7
Asplenium heterochroum ephrolepis exaltata
Asplenium abscissum Nephrolepis biserrata
Asplenium dentatum Cyrtomtum faleatum
Asplenium verecundum
Wasuineton, D. C.
The Flowers of Equisetum
JOHN H. SCHAFFNER
(Continued from page 82)
As is to be expected the calyx of Equisetum is subject
to much and extreme fluctuation. In FE. praealtwm the
typical condition is to have a completely sporogenous
calyx sheath and only rarely is it entirely without spo-
rangia, while at the other end of the evolutionary series
the reverse condition is the rule. In E. arvense the calyx
is normally completely sterile and only occasionally does
it bear one or more sporangia. In this species, out of 51
cones gathered at random, 48 had no sporangia on the
calyx, while three had one or more sporangia each.
The physiological gradient, on which differentiation or
character expression depends, may not develop at an
equal rate on opposite sides of the determinate reprodue-
tive bud; and thus one side of a whorl may be ahead of
the other in expression on the transition zone. Such
cases are fairly common in E. arvense, where they may
be easily studied. A shoot of this nature is shown in
figure 3. The last sheath below the calyx proper is half
120 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
leaf sheath and half calyx. In the calyx proper, several
of the segments in line with the calyx segments below
have sporangia while the opposite side is normally sterile.
The basal calyx may occasionally be quite intermediate
between a leaf sheath and a typical calyx. Another in-
teresting occurrence is frequently met, in that the first
whorl or even the second one above the calyx may have
all the stalks of the sporophylls completely united. In
such cases the gradients do not move properly and sheath
heredity is thus still in evidence in the sporophyll whorl.
Such a case is represented in the diagram of the cone in
figure 7. One somewhat similar example was seen in
which the sheath segments showed partial peltate sporo-
phyll characters on top but developed no sporangia on
the lower side except in one segment which had a single
sporangium also on the lower side along with several on
the upper side. There may also be considerable inter-
nodal development between the calyx and the first sporo-
phyll whorl or even higher up.
In the tabulation below are represented the actual
conditions found in six normal cones of E. praealtum
and six of E. arvense. Much greater diversity is present
and these are given merely to indicate the more common
types. In E. praealtum, for example, one cone had 29
sporophylls in its largest whorl while a small sterile cone:
had but six sporophylls in its largest whorl. It will be
seen that the common fluctuation of normal cones of £.
praealtum is, including the calyx segments and the
sterile sporophylls at the apex, from about 275 to 125
and of E. arvense from 200 to 75.
The figures of the two plates will give a general ides
of the nature of the calyx and of the cones in E. prae-
atum and E. arvense. The explanations of each figure
will indicate the particular characters illustrated. The
the
are e constructed from actual examples a
eileaiaeebigce:: -
¢
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VoLUME 19, PLATE 8
122 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
TABLE Bara ie ong cones te piolerabiete praealtum (Nos, 1-6) and
of EF. ense (Nos 7-12), showing the numbers of er
aad the orphvie 3 in as rehe rl. The top whorl i
E. altum is sterile or scndiibettie.
E Pe ee Ck AR BS EB es 8 es
= eee se oe és ee ee
: Es
ge
a ae eS
Fg Se
So Be
g 9" 9.0 oe
16 OP ae
1 8 Se ee
12°99 0 oes
17 365 9 IF: 28
13° 20: 10 <6 82
14-10: 16.10. 8 «3
18 40 12 ee:
18. 11 18 te 878
if 31 18: 38 473
16°12. 18 48: Wee
1612 144.41 32
44621 2 1). 8s
14 42 12 .-10..9 5
ments ....... 266 262 218 197 149 128 209 171 161 151 102 75
* Cones with two ealyx whorls.
Sporophylls of each whorl are placed as nearly as possible
in their natural positions. With such exceedingly vari-
able structures, this is difficult to do. The outside circle
represents the calyx and the small cireles the sporophyls.
In E. praealtum the large, central, dotted cirele repre-
sents the vegetative apex and the small dotted circles the
. cone or semisterile sporophylls of the top whorl |
aes ere
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VoLUME 19, PLATE 9
124 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
or more sporophylls joined by a line indicates that they
are distinctly double or are united by their stalks. The
spiral drawn from the center to the circumference indi-
cates the general spiral arrangement of the sporophylls,
which is plainly in evidence in spite of the irregular
numbers in contiguous whorls. In the cone itself the
regularity becomes more evident through the presence of
broad and double sporophylls, which compensate for the
irregularities,
The evolution of the Equisetum flowers, as represented
by living species, therefore, shows the following distinct
movements from a lower to a higher condition:
1. The fluctuation between vegetative and reprodue-
tive shoots becomes rare in the highest species while in
some of the lower species it is very common and repre-
sents a closely intergrading series.
2. The movement is toward a more prompt determina-
tion of the reproductive axis and the final elimination
of the vegetative point, as well as the reduction in num-
ber of sporophylls.
3. The lower cones have much chlorophyll, which re-
mains until the spores are matured; in the highest species
the chlorophyll is practically absent even in the young
Stage.
4. The perianth or calyx advances from a normally
sporangium-bearing structure in the lower species to a
sterile structure in the highest. ,
5. There is a definite progressive evolution of a pe
dunele, the highest species having a very prominent de-
velopment of this organ.
6. There is a decided evolution in the texture of the
cone and its stalk so that the dimorphism with the vege _
tative shoot becomes very pronounced in this respect ™
the highest species and at the same time there is a more
FLOWERS OF EQUISETUM 125
extreme and rapid condition of decay after the spores
have been shed.
7. The evolution of the time and place of origin of
the flower also shows a prominent advancement. In the
lowest species the flower develops on old aerial shoots,
while in the highest its development is completely geoph-
ilous on a highly specialized shoot, the reproductive
structures being complete when the flower emerges from
the ground.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES 8 AND 9
Fig. 1. Equisetwm arvense. Calyx and first whorl of sporo-
phylls, the calyx with 5 sporangia, 4 of which are shown.
ae pean ioec sterile calyx of E. arvense, showing
calyx segm
Pera of Ee arvense, showing unequal functional con-
dition in terminal bud which produced a normal leaf
sheath on one side and a calyx on the other. The calyx
itself shows 3 sporangia in line with the calyx portion of
the leaf sheath below.
Normal calyx of E. praealtum, showing typical ee
on the upper side.
. Calyx of E. praealtum, showing a completely sterile con-
dition except in one segment which bears a single
fe
ss)
bo
fe
a8
ee)
a
ae
a
a
w
on
of typical cone of E. praealtum, showing 9
semi-sterile eA BES = the tip, 234 normal sporo-
phylls, and a calyx of 22 segments, 5 of which have no
porangia. The
fe
ge
a
aS
9
* 99
9
dotted goes circle represents the
vegetations point. Certain sporophylls have their stalks
tog pont
grown
Fig. 7. Diagram of cone of E. praealtum in which the calyx is
nearly sterile es the following cycle of sporophylls is
in the monadelphous condition. Th calyx has 22 seg-
ments, only 5 of which bear single sporangia
Fig. 8 Diagram of small semi-sterile-cone from a lateral branch
of FE, praealtum, with 38 sporophylls and 7 calyx seg-
ia,
126 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
a calyx of 6 segments, each with a minute sterile
sporangium.
Fig. 10. Diagram of typical cone of FE. arvense with 161 sporo-
hylls and a calyx of 10 segments.
Fig. 11. Diagram of small fertile cone of E. arvense with 68
sporophylls and a calyx of 7 segments.
CoLuMBus, OHIO
The Cemetery Ferns of New Orleans
H. E. Ransier
After long familiarity with central New York’s varied
and beautiful rich fern region; after tramping through
Canadian Hart’s Tongue country; after collecting ferns
in Alaska, sometimes with my feet in the sea while reach-
ing for them on rocks above my head; after snatching
huge leather fern fronds near Florida’s southern tip, in
spite of the swarming hordes of mosquitos; after collect-
ing fragile bladder ferns on mountain tops 13,000 feet
above sea-level: after searching for ferns in Death Val-
ley 300 feet below sea-level (unsuccessfully) ; after a trip
into Havana Glen, Alabama’s unique ravine where the
hybrid Asplenium ebenoides has been found to grow more
freely than in any other place on the globe; after all
this and in spite of having an inkling in advance of what
was in store for me, it was in the great city of New
Orleans that I experienced a genuine new thrill, that of
seeing ferns fairly take possession of two cemeteries
located in the heart of the city, with but high brick walls
to favor them.
New Orleans has a population up towards the half —
million mark, is over 200 years old and much of the land
is below high water mark of the Mississippi R me
Levees are a city block thick at the base, fifty feet th
CEMETERY FrerRNs or NEW ORLEANS 127
at the top and five feet or so higher than flood-level.
These levees have cost some eleven million dollars. Eight
giant pumps raise seepage and sewerage. Cemeteries of
the usual type were out of the question from the start,
so all interments were in vaults of various kinds, above
ground. Girod Cemetery, the first to be visited, is across
the street from a large freight depot and has been in
continuous use for a century and a quarter and more.
Both white and colored people are buried there.
It was early May. We entered and the gates closed
behind us. A kindly old Welsh lady met us, explaining
that she was taking her brother’s place for the day and
readily gave us the freedom of the premises. On our left
is the keeper’s shelter, overhead the branches of a mod-
erate sized tree, and on the right, pomegranate blossoms
are conspicuous amid the thick shrubbery. Straight
ahead was the open drive, now not much more than a
path. Monuments, mausoleums and unnamed types of
places of burial stand shoulder to shoulder, except for
narrow paths to the right and left. Some structures are
of brick, some of stone, some of marble, others of con-
erete and many hidden by a coat of plaster. All show
unmistakable age. Modern ‘“perpetual care’’ provisions
were developed too late to apply here, so much of the ~*
place is overrun with weeds, vines and ornamental shrubs
run wild, except where relatives of the dead voluntarily
provide for care of lots.
How strange to find ferns here, not struggling for ex-
istence, but apparently in the most favored of places in
all creation, growing upon brick walls, upon marble
vaults, upon plastered or concrete structures. Wherever
a piece has been chipped off or loosened or a erack has
appeared, there ferns are at home and thriving, perfectly
well and happy, thank you! Time has worked its
changes upon most of the structures and the changes
128 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
have favored the ferns, always. One tomb was overrun
with and buried under a vigorous growth of poison ivy.
When asked if he knew what it was, the caretaker said:
“Oh, yes! But the owner won’t allow it to be cleared
off, for fear repairs will have to be made, if it is dis-
turbed.’’
Two colored men were puttering around, throwing
handsful of grass and weeds into the handiest opening,
usually some caved in crypt or unoccupied vault. Lime
and whitewash were their favorite weapons apparently,
as they had a pail of one or the other in their hands
usually. Far over to the right, along the outer wall, were
long continuous Sections, six tiers high, of burial niches—
vaults or tombs probably used by the poorer classes and
negroes, the equivalent of a ‘‘potter’s field.’’ Two kinds
of ferns were especially prominent, Pteris vittata, up to
three feet in length, and Adiantum Capillus-V enerrs.
The latter often grew in dense mats, though possibly not
of maximum size. Naturally both excelled in favored
shady places,
St. Louis Cemetery is the size of two city blocks, com-
pletely surrounded by old city streets, yet its high brick
wall affords a sense of seclusion and propriety. Not as
old as Girod, of better class, better cared for, presumably
used by whites only, it is in no wise ‘‘modern.’? French
and Spanish names abound, foreign touches everywhere,
peculiarities of other lands woven in with customs of our
The most modern thing I recall was the marble
Structure of an Italian fraternal order, circular, with
many niches prepared to receive the remains of members,
but in so crowded a section that it was impossible to get
any suitable picture of it,
Of course it is probable that the ferns in both of these
old cemeteries originated as escapes from greenhouse —
“eeorations brought in, but their presence is evident!
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VoLuME 19, PLate 10
BELOW: ADIANTUM
ABOVE: VAULTS WITH GROWTH OF FERNS.
CAPILLUS-VENERIS IN THE OPENING OF A VAULT.
SERN JOURNAL VOLUME 19, Puarr 11
AMERICAN
PTERIS VITTATA ON CEMETERY VAULTS.
ReEcENT FERN LITERATURE 129
not at all unwelcome. What finer offerings could be
desired—voluntary, evergreen, permanent and refined.
In striking contrast is a fine modern cemetery, in
which stand long rows of well spaced, expensive, polished
rock and marble mausoleums with perfect lawns and
landseaped grounds but not a fern in sight.
Recent Fern Literature
A Genetic ANALYSIS OF VARIATION IN THE Hart's
ToneuE.—An expert taxonomist has recently described
several new species of Iris from Louisiana, basing them
on striking differences in flower color and shape, and on
general habit, which they manifest when compared with
the species heretofore recognized from that region. An
expert geneticist who has recently raised the second
(F-2) generation of a cross between two Iris species
native in Louisiana, has found among his seedling cul-
tures a group of new forms which differ even more widely
in color, ete., than the taxonomist’s species. Thus among
the grandchildren of a reddish brown type (I. fulva)
and a blue type (J. foliosa) there are purple, clear yel-
low, cerise and pink flower types, as well as clearly
marked associated differences in size and shape of the
flower, habit of plant, ete.
These facts are offered for their bearing on the old
problem: How may the word species be defined? Are
the wild types really species, or must they labor under
the cloud of the bar-sinister until it ean be experi-
mentally determined whether they are fertile, true-
breeding and self-perpetuating? If the latter is found ©
to be the ease, does that prove that they are not hybrids?
_ If the artificially raised types are found to come true to
seed and to be self-sustaining under natural conditions,
130 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
would that allow them admission to the rank of species?
One thing is certain; experimental breeding is the only
method by which any definitive evidence can be obtained.
In Irma Anderson-Kotto’s comprehensive study of
the cultivated varieties of the hart’s tongue fern, car-
ried on at the John Innes Horticultural Institute,
London, we have an excellent example of the application
of the experimental method to the solution of a compli-
eated problem of fern variation. (Hereditas 12: 109-
178; figs. 1-25; pls. II-V; 1929.) As is noted in this
_ paper, ‘‘the evolution of the new types of Scolopendrium
vulgare probably coincided with the fern craze of the
latter century and the beginning of the present, when
natural garden and extensive cold house culture
flourished, especially. in England.’? Apparently the
original variation among wild plants was not very note-
worthy, as it is noted that: ‘‘The abundance of wild
plants which I have seen in the woods and dlong lanes
in Cornwall have all been of the vulgare type, or in some
cases, vulgare crested,’’ or they ‘‘varied slightly in width
or shape of frond or showed slight undulation of the
lamina.’”’ In any event, through intererossing, a great
variety of different forms came into existence until there
were over two hundred and fifty named varieties, more
than the number of wild fern species in the United States.
Mrs. Anderson-Kotto’s account of her work is so com-
prehensive that it is useless to try to give any adequate
review of her whole paper, but some mention of the more
noteworthy types described and of the writer’s conclu-
Sions may be made. Incidentally a request is being for-
warded for one or two extra copies of the article with the
intention of placing these in the Fern Society Loan
Library, deposited at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
The chief impression which an examination of th
article gives is found in the bewildering variety of leaf
RECENT FERN LITERATURE 131
forms figured and deseribed. The plain and simple
tongue-like leaf of the wild type is shown to be capable
of an extravagance,of variation that must be seen to be
appreciated. Actually, however, when all the types are
classified, they appear to fall mainly under a few cate-
gories, chiefly cresting, ruffling, dwarfing, which are ex-
pressed in an infinite series of combinations and types.
There are no cases of pinnate division although in some
of the ruffled forms, the margins are more or less lacerate,
giving a pseudo-pinnatifid lobing.
Cresting or forking has been carried to an extreme that
transcends the ready imagination. Picture a hart’s
tongue leaf which starts at the base as a narrowly linear
shape, forking and reforking more or less indefinitely.
As many as ten successive dichotomies were noted in
some of the leaves depicted. Some crested types are
foreshortened until the whole leaf is broadly fan-shaped.
Between these two extremes exist all degrees and grada-
tions of subdivision, but it appears that the different
Stages represent generally distinct and hereditable states,
and that inheritance is usually on a simple three-to-one
Mendelian basis.
Other differences have to do with modifications in the
general shape of the leaf, of irregular warty thickenings
of portion of the under surface. Some varieties are
dwarfed until the leaves consist of little more than the
regular basal lobes, and the mid-vein projecting as a
spine-like process between two apical lobes. With the
ruffling there are correlated lacerations and murications.
In some forms the under-surface callosities are confluent
to form distinct and complete secondary marginal ridges.
The most striking variations may be noted in the
author’s own words: ‘‘The remarkable fact is that types
have arisen which are strikingly different from Sc. vul-
gare in habit and depart from the specific and generic
132 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
characters. Thus the extravagant type, to be described
in family 1003 (fig. 26; pl. V), with its entirely new type
of sorus and habit would have been given the rank of a
new genus by the systematists, and might, owing to the
position of the sori along the practically naked branched
stem have occupied an important place in phylogenetic
speculation, had we not known its origin. The charac-
ters are beyond doubt recessive to those of the vulgare
type.
“The extravagant type occurring in another family
(36/25 t. 9) may also be mentioned as being unique in
Tespect to position of the sori, no such folded-back,
double, pinna-like sori on the edge of the frond ever hav-
ing been met with in ferns before. (Pl. III, B and
Fig. 22G.)”’
The following brief statement, also quoted from the
original paper, may be of some special interest because
of its simplicity and definite directions. There is nothing
complicated about Petri dish culture, nor about the
preparation of the agar, Knopf solution culture medium.
‘The original plants used in these experiments (refer-
ence numbers 1-25) were obtained mainly from the col-
lection of the late Mr. H. Stansfield of Manchester. To
obtain hybrids of known parentage it was found con-
venient to use the transparent culture medium which
had previously shown itself to be suitable for the rearing
of prothallia. Spores were therefore sown on a thin
m of agar-agar with Knopf’s solution in Petri dishes
under sterile conditions. Before the production of
archegonia each single prothallium was transferred to
a Separate Petri dish. In order to ensure eross-fertiliza-
tion when the archegonia were open the Petri dish was
filled with Knopf’s solution and prothallia with antheridia
of the proposed male parent were added. Twelve hours:
'S usually long enough to effect fertilization, The solu-
Recent Fern LitveErRATURE 133
tion with male prothallia is then removed. The hybrid
usually appears a week or two after, and when the root
and cotyledon are well developed it is transferred to soil.
The prothallium of Scolopendrium vulgare is at first
either male or asexual. This stage is followed by a
period of growth, after which archegonia appear at the
usual place. When the archegonia are ready for fertili-
zation the antheridia are as a rule empty. This applies
to the normal prothallium, regularly formed and more
or less heart-shaped. If the prothallia are grown on
beyond this stage new lobes or outgrowths will develop
and become covered with antheridia; in order to secure
self-fertilization, therefore, pronisitis may have to be
kept for a considerable time. For the purpose of self-
fertilization of single gametophytes the prothallia are
therefore best transferred to soil after they have been
cultivated separately in dishes and have grown to a con-
siderable size. The pots must be covered with glass, and
water must be given from above when the prothallia are
ready for fertilization. In the experiments of which an
account is given in this paper only a few gametophytes
were self-fertilized, and these cases have been noted in
the text. In all other instances the term self-fertilization
has been used as in genetical experiments upon angio-
sperms, i.e., the gametophytes from a single sporophyte
have been allowed to fertilize inter se. When no cross 1s
mentioned it may be understood that the plant in ques-
tion has been selfed.
‘“‘The soprophytes were grown in separate pots and
raised in an intermediate glasshouse, part of them after-
wards being kept in frames or planted out; all the panier
of a family? have been grown under uniform conditions. ’’
—R. C. Benepicr.
1 Here used to. indicate a Ln of individuals of given descent,
me in fhe ical botanical sen
134 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
' American Fern Society
Fretp Trip, August 31-Srerremper 2, 1929.—The
trip announced in this JourNAL, Vol. 19, No. 2, was
taken as scheduled, with an attendance of eleven mem-
bers of the American Fern Society, about the same num-
ber of members of the Wild Flower Preservation Society,
and several guests.
The party assembled at the Shenandoah Inn, Harpers
Ferry, during Saturday afternoon, and that evening Dr.
Wherry outlined the plans of the proposed excursions for
the two following days. With the aid of some excellent
slides he kept everyone deeply interested in an account
of the ferns that had been found in the vicinity. Out-
lme maps bearing dots for recorded occurrences showed
that the most notable ones are southern species here
occupying northern extensions of their ranges. Dr. C.
E. Waters commented on some of the rarer Aspleniums,
mentioning particularly the differences in outline be-
tween the hybrid Asplenium ebenoides raised by Miss
Slosson and the majority of the natural occurrences.
r. Maurice Brooks exhibited fronds of Asplenium
gravesii and of a very curious stiff, narrow form of
Polystichum acrostichoides, which had this year fruited
for the first time since brought under observation. Both
of these came from the vicinity of his home, French
Creek, toward the central part of the State. Mr. C. A.
Weatherby also discussed some points brought out by the
above speakers.
Sunday morning the entire party was stowed into the
seven automobiles available, and the distance of five miles
southwestward to Keys Ferry on the Shenandoah was
soon covered. Here we went aboard a rather primitive -
ferryboat, and were poled across to the east shore (the
river flowing northward at this point). A short xt we “
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY 135
southward then brought us to the interesting series of
cliffs, discovered by the late Dr. T. C. Stotler, an ama-
teur botanist of Harpers Ferry. Here we saw a number
of colonies of Asplenium pinnatifidum, some of them havy-
ing a curious aspect, owing to the elongation of one or
more of the lower segments of the frond, suggesting, in
fact, A. ebenoides. It was remarked that if this form
had grown in New England, it would have received a
special name long ago. Other rock ferns seen comprised
Asplenium platyneuron, A. trichomanes, Cheilanthes
lanosa, Cystopteris bulbifera, and Woodsia obtusa. Then
we proceeded to look for the prize of the occasion, the
little Asplenium which had been named A. stotleri by
Dr. Wherry? in honor of the discoverer of the locality.
There was one particularly bold bluff of the hard green-
ish gray schist which underlies the hills at this point—
known to geologists as Harpers Schist, and classed as
pre-Cambrian in age—which toward the base was quite
barren of vegetation. Serambling up over rock ledges
and fallen trees through one of the notches in the line of
cliffs, we ultimately reached the summit, and on cau-
tiously approaching the edge, a considerable abundance
of this fern met our view. In all about twenty-five colo-
nies of various sizes were counted, growing on the bleak-
est, most exposed ledges, in part where these overhung.
No other ferns were associated with it, although in a few
places elsewhere on the same rock-mass both A. pinnati-
fidum and A. platyneuron were observed. It was much
too thick-textured and round-lobed for A. bradley?, and
the participants familiar with A. gravesit agreed with
Dr. Wherry that it was distinct from that (the distinet-
ness had recently been questioned by Mr. Graves?) but
1 Amer. Fern J. 15: 52. 1925.
2 AMER. FerN J. 16: 49. 1926.
*
136 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
no one could recall having seen anything just like it else-
where. As no photograph of this plant has ever been
published, it seemed desirable to use one to illustrate this
report. The weather having been exceedingly dry this
summer, the plants were not in as good condition for this
as might be desired, but Dr. Wherry had taken a photo-
graph of the largest clump when adequately supplied
with moisture in November, 1928, which is here repro-
duced as Plate 12, Fig. 1.
We next ascended a cool mountain stream, stepping
from rock to rock among the tiny cascades, noting many
clumps of Polystichwm acrostichoides and Dryopteris
marginalis, and a few plants of Lycopodium lucidulum,
Botrychium dissectum, and B. virginianum. At one
point the party halted to rest, while a few of the more
active climbers went up the rocks and found a small col-
ony of Asplenium montanum, along with several com-
moner rock ferns. Here and there along the way, also,
were small clumps of Camptosorus rhizophyllus, the
species which was the goal of this part of the trip. We
ultimately reached the place where a vast series of ledges
was completely carpeted with the Walking Fern, show-
ing considerable variation in form and outline. A few
plants of Dryopteris spinulosa variety intermedia were
noticed in this vicinity, and then our attention was di-
rected to another Dryopteris which could not be identi-
fied at first. When Mr. Weatherby saw it, however, he at
once pronounced it D. spinulosa variety fructuosa,* eall-
ing attention to the fact that while it had much the out-
line of the species itself, there were glands not only on
the indusia but even along the secondary rachises. This
was apparently the first time this variety had been ob-
1 Dryopteris spinulosa (O. F, Muell.) Ktze., var. fructuosa Gil-
bert, n. comb. Nephrodium spinulosum fructuosum Gilbert, List N.
Am. Pterid. 37, 1901, |
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 19, Puate 12
Figure 1 (ABOVE),
Figure 2 (BELOW).
ASPLENIUM STOTLERI.
JHEILANTHES TOMENTOSA.
>
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY ist
served in the state of West Virginia. A few of the mem-
bers wished to press specimens of this plant for their
herbaria, and were somewhat uncertain as to how to get
such large fronds within the compass of a single sheet.
Dr. Waters helped out by demonstrating how, when one
wishes to bend a fern frond back on itself, for pressing,
an inch or so of the rachis may first be crushed between
the fingers, and a bend can then be made in this crushed
zone without fear of the rachis snapping so that the two
portions would become separated.
Returning to the Ferry, we crossed the stream again
and got into the automobiles for a trip a mile and a half
further southwestward, across Snyder Hill. The Shenan-
doah River meanders around considerably in this vicin-
ity, and the road soon descended the hill to its banks
again. Here we left the cars, stopping to get drinking
water at a neatly kept farm house, walked a short dis-
tance along an old mill race, and then ate our lunch. At
one point along the mill race there grows the American
representative of Asplenium ruta-muraria, now known as
A. cryptolepis, this being one of the very few instances
known of its occurrence on masonry (the two species
being very dissimilar in this respect). It proved to be
too badly injured by the drought, however, to yield a
photograph.
The chief rarity to be sought at this point was Chet-
lanthes tomentosa, a southern fern here reaching its
northernmost known limits.’ Climbing the cliffs toa
place of the same type as that oceupied by Asplenium
stotleri, although not so high, we soon found this plant,
in one large and four or five smaller clumps. As a result
of the dry weather, its fronds were mostly well rolled-up ;
but it isa sort of ‘‘negurrection-plant,’’ and members of
the party who took fronds along with them reported that
3 Amer, Fern J. 16: 108. 1926. :
138 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
on leaving these in water a few hours they opened up
and looked fresh and green again. Dr. Wherry had
photographed the large clump the preceding November,
and it seems worth while to publish this picture also, so
it appears as figure 2 on plate 12. The only other
notable fern seen in this vicinity was some Asplemum
pinnatifidum with unusually elongated fronds, which
gave evidence of beginning to proliferate at the tips, like
Camptosorus, though not making much of a success of
it, because of the dry weather.
Thus far all of our searches had been made on siliceous
rocks (except for the mortar-bound mill-race walls), so
it was next in order to see what limestone rocks would
yield in the same region. Taking the autos back past
Keys Ferry and Millville, we continued across the main
highway down into the valley of a small tributary of the
Potomac River, adjoining the embankment of the B. &
O. Railroad, about a mile northwest of Bolivar. Parking
our cars near the pumping station where much of the
water supply of Harpers Ferry is obtained, we walked
up the valley of the stream. Here the drought was not
quite so Serious, and the lower limestone ledges, at least,
were clothed with luxuriant growths of mosses and ferns.
Cystopteris bulbifera was present in considerable abun-
dance, while Camptosorus, Asplenium platyneuron, and
- trichomanes were much in evidence. Some years
before Dr. Wherry had found a plant of Asplenium
ebenoides in this vicinity, and although it had later dis-
appeared, he hoped to be able to show the party another.
This hope was fortunately realized. One rather poorly
developed yet unmistakable plant was found in the midst
of the parent species toward the base of a large mass of
limestone, and its position was carefully located so that
| merease in size. It then seemed as if the object of the
it could be watched in future years to see if it might not
|
|
|
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY 139
trip had been accomplished, but just as we were about
to leave Dr. Wherry discovered a second, far better
plant, having fronds up to 26 em. in length and 6.5 em.
in width. This was a most striking specimen of this curi-
ous hybrid fern, and excited much admiration among
those who clambered over the rocks to see it. We then
got back to the Shenandoah Inn in time to get rested up
before partaking of a splendid chicken dinner provided
for us.
After dinner many of the party rambled over to Jef-
ferson Rock, passing en route through the old cemetery,
where in a walled enclosure lies the body of John Harper,
the founder of the town of Harpers Ferry. Here, ex-
tending out of these dry walls (as elsewhere through the
town) there was seen much Pellaea atropurpurea, in
green and thriving condition, in spite of the extreme dry-
ness. Beyond this point, and somewhat nearer Jefferson
Rock, we paused for a moment at the grave of Dr.
Stotler. From the rock an impressive view of the Shen-
andoah River was had, the roar of its rushing waters
among the great rocks of its bed being quite loud and
deep, while off to the east for miles could be followed the
course of the increased volume of the Potomac River,
rolling on toward the Chesapeake, between the high
wooded ridges of West Virginia, Maryland, and Virginia.
We sat on and about the great rock through the vivid
sunset, into twilight, and the succeeding darkness, 1n-
spired by the changing scenes about us and in the great
valley below. Stars appeared and slowly assumed their
full brilliancy as many pleasant subjects were discussed,
a delightful finale of a very pleasant day. Before retir-
ing a few of the party made a visit to Dr. Stotler’s house,
where his widow showed us his annotated books on ferns
and the specimens he had collected, both pressed fronds
and living ones, from the plants which he had brought
in and whieh are still thriving in the garden.
140 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Early Monday morning we started for the cliffs of
Maryland Heights, across the Potomac opposite the town.
The distance is not great, so we walked this time, and as
-_ we descended the steep streets many stops were made to
admire the tiny but showy gardens of many of the houses,
made colorful by China Asters, Zinnias, Celosias, and
Petunias. On the walls quantities of Pellaea atropur-
purea were in evidence, along with festoons of Kenil-
worth-ivy; several ruins of stone houses had billows of
this vine hanging from eaves, roofs, and window frames,
a rare and curious spectacle. The way up the mountain
was hot and dusty, and most of the ferns on the exposed
rocks were dry and shrivelled. Some large clumps were
recognizable as Cheilanthes lanosa, but otherwise only
common species could be seen along the road and trail.
On the higher levels conditions were somewhat better, but
it was only at rare intervals that we saw in sheltered
places on the rock faces such species as Asplenium pin-
natifidum, A. platyneuron, and A. trichomanes, and these
were stunted and plainly showed distress due to lack of
rain. From exposed ledges glimpses of the town across
the river and of the mountains beyond could be had. The
unseasonably hot weather made frequent stops to cool off
necessary, so that we were unable to reach the summit of
the ridge in the time available; however, the climb as far
as we did go was appreciated by the party.
On returning to town, some of us climbed the ‘‘street’’
of steps cut out of the solid rock of the hill, which winds
among picturesque little homes and their diminutive gat-
dens. Harpers Ferry has an atmosphere that readily
recalls memories of historieal events leading up to and
through the terrors of the Civil War, and it seems that
but little change has taken place since those stirring
times. The old substantial brick and stone houses with
walls hidden under many coats of paint, and often
: AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY 141
shaded by immense oaks, maples, tuliptrees, and locusts,
add much distinction and character. The Shenandoah
Inn, which housed all of our party in its many spacious
rooms, dates well back into ante-bellum days, and we
found much to interest us among the antiques preserved
there. All too soon the time arrived for the party to
break up, and a few at a time the members dispersed to
their various homes, and another enjoyable meeting of
fern enthusiasts had become a happy memory.
The members who attended were: J. E. Benedict, Jr.,
Mrs. G. E. Bill, Maurice G. Brooks, W. W. Eggleston,
Miss E. L. Stone, H. W. Trudell, Miss M. G. Van Meter,
Dr. ©. E. Waters, Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Weatherby, and
Dr. E. T. Wherry.—Harry W. Trupet, Philadelphia,
Pa.
We have received the following, apropos of the diseus-
sion of seeds and sori:
The antipodal punning of a New Zealand professor
and an editor of the AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL (pages
102 and 103, last issue) over the pain of a sori, prompts
the more phonetically correct, but perhaps unforgivable,
statement that I am sori for both of them.—NorMaNn
Tayor, Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
With the above came this message: ‘‘Print the enclosed
if you dare!’ We accept the dare, but not wholly with-
out apprehension as to what may come next.
New members:
Cota, Florenzio M., 3846 Cherokee, San Diego, Cal.
Perry, Mrs. Robert Dunlap, Brunswick, Maine.
Porter, Miss Mary N., Apt. A-7, Building no. 2, Greenridge
Ave., White Plains, N. Y. a
Saunders, Miss Helen E., 454 Seventh Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.
rpe, Dr. M. R., Uxbridge, Mass.
Taylor, Mrs. H. B., 13 Babcock Ave., Silver Creek, N. Y.
142 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Changes of address:
Gray, Rev. F. W., Marlinton, W. Va
Kimball, ae Laura F., 1515 L Ave., National City, San Diego
Lit ‘ethect L., Jr., 612 North G. St., oe Oklahoma.
, Miss Caroline M., 142 East 79th St. ie City.
Prine, Prof. 8. Fred, Reed’ s Spring, Snes pr
g, W. “ 95 Camp St., New Britain, il:
Walton oy Bod sy Fairmount, W. Va
Mr. Robert A. Ware, 81 Pinckney St., Boston, Mass.,
offers to members, for postage, the following, all from
Europe: Asplenium Ruta-muraria, A. Trichomanes, A.
viride, Blechnum Spicant, Ceterach offictnarum, Cryin
gramma crispa, Cystopteris fragilis.
INDEX TO VOLUME XIX.
age erage aureum, 118; dane-
1,
as ce ye ae eneris,
56,
Afeld: for Rey in ae County,
New Jersey,
four sik W.S. The Hartford fern,
Allosorus i a Fay 2 cris-
S
pus ac des, ee
aie sic pepe
Alsophil » 4
American Fern Society, 32, 2
111, 134; field trip of, at
pers Ferry 34; New York
. A., JR. More ferns
ra Bag vicinity of Irvine, Ken-
ANDEESON: Koro, Irma, review of
ork
Anemia Oc — 114, 118
Angiopteris eyecta
Pe patidey azurea
Araucaria,
Aspidium aculeatum scopulinum,
38; Filix-mas, 50; fragrans,
33; hearer 51; oe
38, 50; marginale, 50;
tum enbpieane, "39: aplielapete.
50. See also Dryopteris, Poly-
stichum, nd Thelypteris.
Asplentum, 53, 54, 60; abscissum,
115, G. 198 179> radleyi,
135 ;
tarium,
119; eryptol epis,
or ih Bs ig ina, res
~_
i)
a
ic)
8
pin nnatifidum, 135,
patyneuron, | 101, 108, 109, 18.
119, 135 140; acrum,
46, ‘47; resiliens, 115, mie. 119;
Ruta-murar 45, 50, 59, 105,
8, 10%; ” Garvenantet 47;
Stotleri, 135, Ist; thelypte-
roides, richomanes, 50,
108, 109, 1135 138, 140; vere-
cundum, 1 15, 118, eo viride,
50. See also Pee
Athyrium, 60; ice ta er 84,
: angustum 4, 108, 110,
var. elatius, 84, var. laurenti-
anum, 85, var. rubellum, 84;
cyclosorum, Sof Filix-foemina,
32, 39; va 32,
Ms Girdlestoneii, $2; Filix
ccenins colton
Azolla, 75; caroliniana, 4
ws k. Cc. Afield for ferns
the editors for 192 28, 68
great oe 53, ; ecapense, 53;
rrulatum, 113, 1219
Blitum age ea 97
tae Sig
gustisegmentum,
” imiectann: 136; lanceola-
14, 106; Lunaria, 12, 13;
50, ig 108,
jaurenttenn 6
Bracken, 235, 28, 109; western, 40
Brake, American rock, 39, 41;
purple cliff, 29, 30; slender
Dit, 30
Buant, 4 W. Ferns of New Zea-
nd,
California, ai of ferns
— lath in,
Campto a, ig8: rhizophyllus,
cat a, 98
mete ferns of New Orleans,
2
Chamberlainia, 58
Cheilan nthes, 14, 15; —
vulgare (rey
Cibotium Barometz,
ARKSON BE. H. Ferns of New-
ae + tacsachusetts, 109
mountains of
i mma acrostichoides, 39,
ar —_— na, 39;
: Steller
oe ferns oer lath in
ch Pge oem namntt 2);
unnin ; 4
. i ris, 43
QO
4
ess
aoe.
ij
B
Pad
i
Be
Pot
S
a
=
=]
q
-
, 85, 1
ae 5 "97-09, 108,
144 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Dandelion ragwort, 97 Hartford, 27;.hay-scented,
29,
Davallia, 94 110; holly, 38, 39; imbricated
Dennstaedtia punctilo 85, swor rd, 39: interrupted, 28, 3
0. See also Diekeanie. 110; lady, 29, 30, 39, 60, a
Dieksonia, 54; fibrosa, 41-43; tonized, x ; leather, 113
punctilobula, 1; squarrosa, 41— long beech, 110; maidenhair,
See also Dennstaedtia. 28, 34; marginal, 110 r
Dossiz, H. B. A forest of forked , ginal shield, 29; marsh, 29,
tree ferns, 41; propagation of “ Massachusetts, 110; nar-
ferns, 19; seed versus sorus, row-leaved n, 109; New
2 York, ,110; sa 29, 0; os-
Dryopteris Boottii, 106, 108; trich, 28, 30, 110; rattlesnake,
CHintoniana, ara cristata, 106, 30; royal, 30, 110; sensitive,
110; dil tata, var. ameri- 29, 30, 110; shield, 30; spinu-
ta 109, fio. Dryopteris, 106, lose, 110; sweet-scented, 23;
108; Filix-mas, 97; floridana, sword, 39, 114; travelling, 88 ;
119: toldiana, 108; gongy- BS papi pene! SATS walking,
lodes, 119 ; hexagonoptera, 108 ; 136; woolly clo
intermedia, 108, 110; margi- dhe faces 28% precarare: 26, 99,
9; sanctuary for Stafford-
; shi ire,
patens, 92, 119; Phegopteris, Ferns, cemetery, of New Orleans,
108; reptans, 115, Mi, 118; 128; cultivation of under lath,
simulata, Lay spinu ulosa, 106, Ol: Pi of forked tree, 41;
108, 110, var. fructuosa, 136, new tropical American, VI, 44;
var, intermedia, 136; Thelyp- notes on nor stern, 11;
ters, 108, o As- propagation of, 19, 60; round
diu Lastrea, Phegopteris, about Florida for, 113
and Thelypte ris. Ferns and fern allies of Wiscon-
Drypetes diverniteiia, 115 sin, 1; and their allies in
Washington County, Maine, 82;
sing petsrom de pol ge pba 3, 97; by the Georgian Bay, 49;
Nis jabs 5 Sussex i County, Bag ‘ ssf
. 105; rater Lake Nationa
ewes 53, 17 80, 82, 86, 119, Par me ar. of Newburyport,
ers of, ‘i, 119; arvense, 4, Mass., 109 ; of New Zealand,
"te 26, 78-80, 86, 119, 120, 51+ mi the vicinity of Irvine,
122, 125, 12 i mag and four- Ken 58
angled branches 24, var. YFilix tae 38
boreale, 24, 25, var. “decumbens, Florida, round about for ferns,
vense boreale, 24, 26; arvense Flowers of Equisetum, 77, 119
campestre, 78; boreale, 26; flu- Forest of forked tree ferns, 41
viatile, cla 79; giganteum, Fuvier, A. M. ae, and fern
79; hyemale, 5, 78, var. affine, allies in. Wiscon
86, var. robustum, 5; kansa- Further occurr mig ‘of the Alle-
Soe” 5, 80; git pgeree 5, 79, -ghany cliff fern, 101
8, 79 mosu ‘“ Pe 80, Stre, 5,
; praealtum 119, Genetic analysis of variation in
120, aa 125; pratense, 24, 79, the hart’s lenges (review), 129
ae oe ides, B: nonvationm, Gentiana, 98; Ey coe Pek
f etero :
how i f. multira- . eee ai
i ; elmateia, 79; Georgian nape ferns by, 4
variegatum Gleichenia, ciretiata, 2 Be:
Cunnin bated 4 arpa,
hag W., obituar = ASI 72 flabellata, 23
erm, Ale Mieshiany lift, 10 Graves, E. W. Collecting in the
ly , Boston, Ay 17 144 ee ie” palin Mia of Colorado, 95
le, 38; breed beech, 29, 110; GreENFIELD, P. Raising ferns
rhea a spinulose, 109; 110; rom spores,
ae ee 28, ; cinnamon, Grout, A, J. Moss flora of
ak 0; climbing, 27, 109, 110, North America noeth of Mex-
5; Clinton’s, 109, 110; com- ico (review),
mon bladder, 110 ” comnon Gymnospermae, 81
cha >. eres
it ll shield, 38; evergreen Habenaria stricta, 96
: + ar gle Bat Hart’s tongue, 29, 30, 63, 64, 93
: sully et 117; analysis of of variations in, 129
INDEX TO
Hemitelia, 54; guianensis, 45;
multiflora, 45, var. superba, 45 ;
nigricans, 45, arkeri, 45:
Smithii, 41, 43; superba, 44
cov bae 30
Histiopteris incisa, 54
oRR, E. Se. obituary, 71
Howusr, H. D. a port of the judge
of elections ee
mars ge rat 53, 54
rage tm pee Petrieana, 23;
tenui-
Tbidium strictum, 96
Tris foliosa, 129; fulva, 129
Isoetaceae, 10, 8
soetes argentina, Let echino-
spora, var. Braunii, (ar
Karstenii, 17; Lechleri, 17-19,
var. olombiana, 18; ero-
spora, 10; Perralderiana, 19;
socia, 17, 18; triquetra, 1
Kenilworth ivy, 140
, more ferns of the vi-
ecinity of Irvine,
Kestner, PAvt, letter from, 63
Kittrepcr, E. M. A new maiden-
spied oe
N. C. Round about
Wierés. for ferns, 113
ean + 2
KNOWL'TON Ferns and
their ‘ailes in Washington
County, Maine, 82
Labor Day, 1928, field meeting,
report of, 32; 1929, 134
Lastrea Filix-mas, 32. See also
gg and Dryopteris
‘LEO BE. Grout’s Moss
Ficre ‘of North a Figg north
of srt bey ew),
chee lage
Lomaria, .
Lowe, R. e New York meeting
of the Society, 74
Lycopodiaceae, 6, 53, 86
Lycopodium, 78; annotinum, 6,
86, var. acrifolium, 86, ‘var
pungens, 86; ¢ tum, 7, 87,
var. megastachyon, 87, var.
subremotum, 87; complanatum,
7, var. flabelliforme, 7; flabelli
forme, 87; inundatum, 8, 86;
lucidulum, 8, 13 var. poro-
hilum, Pi : rape ag 8, ae _
Lygodium palmatum, 110
gene gh tee JR. Wil-
s Promontory, Vietoria Na-
tema Park, 104
Maidenhair, 33, 56, 110; a new,
satan a at allies in
on County,
Marattia, 21 ; fraxinea, 83
VouuME 19 145
Massachusetts, ferns of New-
buryp ’
Matteuccia Matoimggaeys 108.
See clea and Pteretis
MAXON, ve ropical
American ferns, VI, 44; report
of the president for 1928, 65;
studying ferns in European
herbaria (review), 99
Mildella,
Moonwort, Oregon, 37
Mountain avens,
agtehane H. Notes on the
rchids, ferns, and ree
of the ‘province of Quebec (re-
view), 100
eagneiele biserrata, 119; exal-
tata, 55, 119, var. bostoniensis,
Nephrodium molle, 92: spinulo-
sum fr pine 136; et bl
teris, oe es: ee
Dryopte
New Jerse tg afield for ferns in
Sussex County, 105
New Orleans, cemetery s of,
126; tropical American ferns,
VI, 44; Zealand, ferns 51
Notes by the e¢ y, 59; on north-
western fern
Notholaena, iD: densa, 15;
dis
na 2S) rsuta, 13; sulcata,
dD.
12)
W., 72
ee oe Fellows, ;
Parker,
; Mre. KB. L.,
hie Hs F2
Occurrence of three- and_ four-
an pt branehes in iequisetum
arvense, 24
jmcion sensi “er sega 2 85° 308;
See also
85, 108,
108, 110;
amo moe.
sr astontana, &
08, oar spec-
ad 93, 10 110,
tabilis, 85
Paesia scaberula, 54
PatMerR, T. C. Isoetes Lechleri
Mettenius, 17
ARKER, Mrs. J. H., obituary, 72
Pellaea manga urea, 105, 139,
140, r. Bushii, 1; densa, 14,
40; ng ace gracilis, 50.
See also
Phego heris “Dryopteris, 2 whee
hexagon nopte 110; poet:
oides,
ityrogramm reign 16
fai mag 93;
rande, 93 will, o3
Plum, large jana, 115
Polypodiaceae, 38,
Polypodium aureum, 118; Filix-
fe 39; fragile, 38; hes-
146 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
perium, 98 ; oe 38; pec four-angled . branches in Equi-
tinatum, 114, 118; phyllitidis, setum arvense, 24
118; plesiosorum, 99; plumula Seolopendrium, ane 843 OSs.
114, 118; polypodioides, 59: gare, 1
Swartzii, 116.2 418: virginia- Seed versus hed 102
num, 83, 109; vulgare, 2, 59, age ear 81, 101 : apus, 9;
99, pestris, 9, 87: selaginoides, 10
Polypody, o 109, 114, 117; com- Selaginellaceae, 9,
gery 113 ; gray, Senecio petrocallis, 97
113: ros , 117; plume, 114 Sibbaldia procumbens, 97
belvationnas. ‘aerostichoides, 3; 85, Sieversia turbinata, 97
108, fain 134, 13 gulare, Silene acaulis, 96
32; Braunii, 3; echinatum, 48; Skeletonized lady fern, 31
Lonchitis, 38; munitum imbr ri- Solidago macrophylla, 'g4
s, 39; scopulinum, 3 Spiranthes stricta,
span lena, 7; triangulum; oe rae cis: ebony, 109;
; Underwoodii, 48 aidenhair, 39 ; silve ery, 109
Populus tremuloides, 3 er eptiive F. W. aising fern’
Propagation of ferns, 19 from spores, 60
Pseudisothecium, STemL, W. N. Ferns and fern al-
vase ‘Matteuceia nae he : See lies in Wisconsin, 1
Pteridi ddim, ee, ae aay Tectaria ee err LIT; 139s
- ror eae 2 minima, 1
aaa ree fos hg vid. Thelypteris Boottii, 84; cristata,
119; latiuseulum, 84, 108, 109 84; Dryopteris, Fag Bd ceorg
Pteris adiantoides, 94: aquilina, Hookeriana, 3 a: ragged
3; aquilina Maidethoes. 40; 84 ; noveboracensis, 5 ware
aquilina pubescens, 40; argy- tris, 84; Phegop pteris, ,
rea, 93; eretica, 116, 118, 119: spinulosa, 84, var, americana,
Feei, 40; longifolia, 92,’ 113 84, var. intermedia, 84. See
115, 118; seaberula, 23: trem- pee mers Phegopteris, and
2 ryopter
ula, 92 5 on 115, 119, 1235 Tode sa, 21 21: barbara, 75
eee EY, F. W. Notes by the richomanes
, 59; Weskiinan areciata, Trifolium yvirginicum, t
the ‘travelling fern, 88 TRUDELL, H. Hield trip 0
Pyrola, 98 Am cdg seed Ben Society at Har-
pers Ferry, 134
Raising ferns from spores, 60 NDER WOOD G. Report of the
mae ge - oe ; Semocery ferns treasurer ‘ee 1928, 66
2 o Victoria National Park, 104
Recent fern iiterature, 2 ei ort Vittaria nnsegee 118
68: of the judge of elections, Walking leaf,
71; of the president, 65; he WEATHERBY, co “ Report of =
treasurer, 66 editors for 1928, 68; seed ve
Reviews: Christen sen, C., on the sus sorus, 102
Systematic position of Poly WESTLEY, FE. Cultivation of
podium vulgare, 99; G ferns under lath in southern
h
;, Maxon, Wuerry, E. T. Further occur-
‘O-
: dying ferns in Eur rences of the rpg pe pe ees
pean herbaria, 99; Mousley, H., fern, 101; report of Labor
notes on the birds, orchids, field meeting, 32 ; F
ferns, and butterflies of the | Wilson’s Promantaee. Victoria
province of ebec, 100: National Park, 104
Schaffner, J. H., field manual Winstow, E. J. Report of the
Ph be flora of Ohio, 27 editors for 1928, 68
: f
Wisconsin, ferns ‘and fern allies
—— about Florida for ferns,
Woodsia alpina, 32; Cathcarti-
; ilvensis, 3, '85, 110; ob-
HN, H. Notes on north- ranveth 4, 101, 168-110, 135;
scopulina, 97, 101
5 Woodsia, blunt- ‘lobed, 110; rusty,
NDERS, wy. E. Ferns by the Woodwa dia areolata, 88, 89,
“Georgian 109, the traveling fern, 88
_ Field manual amissoi, 92, 93; virgini
of ae ay 7 wit F. L. Ferns of Crater
_ eq ok & F ¥ cm
“of three.” and Lake Xi National Park,
eet Pps
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The Ferns of Central Chile eccescsesscsssesssescsscesunsnnisenseeenerne G. Looser 52
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American Fern Journal
APRIL-JUNE, 1930 No. 2
Vou. 20
The genus Cyrtomium
Cart CHRISTENSEN
Dr. Benedict was so kind as to ask me to contribute an
article to the twentieth volume of the JouRNAL and it was
a pleasure to me to do it, though I was in doubt as to the
matter which I should choose for the anniversary vol-
ume. At about the same time Dr. Maxon asked me, how-
ever, to revise the specimens of Cyrtomiuwm contained
in the U. 8. National Herbarium, and on the basis of that
material and a considerable number of specimens from
other herbaria, especially from the University of Cali-
fornia, which were kindly sent to me by Dean Merrill, I
have worked out a preliminary review of the species be-
longing to that genus, which is herewith published.
The subject chosen is perhaps a bad one for an article
in this journal, because the genus Cyrtomium is not an
American but essentially an Asiatic genus, but on the
other hand some of the species are very commonly cul-
tivated and certainly known to most readers of the
JouRNAL. One species (C. falcatum) is one of most im-
portant commercial ferns, which thrives well in dwelling
rooms and, in the southern States, is no doubt hardy in
the open air and to be found here and there as an escape
from gardens. Another species (C.:caryotideum) occurs
in the Hawaiian Islands, belonging to the United States;
[Volume 20, No. 1 of the JournaL, pages 1-40, plates 1 and 2,
was issued April 30, 1930.]
41
a
42 _ AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
thus it is seen that the genus is not without interest for
American fern-lovers.
The genus Cyrtomium was based by Presl (1836)
upon the Japanese fern since best known as Aspidium
falcatum, later on by Diels and my Index Filicum re-
ferred to Polystichum, from which I again in the sup-
plement to the Index (1913) segregated it and restored
Cyrtomium as a genus. It must be granted that the
technical difference between Cyrtomium and some species
of Polystichum seems to be rather unimportant, being
found chiefly in the venation, and that character is, more-
over, not quite constant as a generic one. The species
referred below to Cyrtomium form, however, a distinct
group, which besides by a distinctive venation is char-
acterized also by a number of indescribable characters
which justify the treatment of the group as a genus.
The boundary between Cyrtomium and Polystichum is,
however, difficult to define, and while I have chosen to
use the venation as the prime discriminating character,
it must be remembered that some species still retained in
Polystichum show a tendency to anastomosis of the veins.
However, these Species are otherwise so different from
the true Cyrtomia that it seems unnatural to place them
in the same genus.
In the present article I limit € yrtomium to include
such species only as normally have anastomosing veins,
which form one to several rows of areoles each contain-
ing 1-3 free included fertile veinlets; the venation is
practically the same as in the subgenus Goniophlebium
of Polypodium. The leaf is never proliferous by buds on
the rachis or by a rooting apex, by which character the
genus differs from some apparently related species of
Polystichum (P. lepidocaulon, P. basipinnatum).
As here construed the genus does not include two spe-
_Cies hitherto referred to it, viz., C. fraxinellum Christ and
SSP; Bee RET Rao Eke We ae a eg ee, Re
THE GeNus CyrRTOMIUM 43
C. Boydie (Eat.) Robinson. The former is a Chinese
species, the relationship of which is uncertain; the veins
are sometimes partly united near the margin but they do
not form regular areoles with free included veins and
this species should probably be placed in the section
Pycnopteris of Dryopteris. The venation of C. Boydie
from the Hawaiian Islands is goniopteroid, not gonio-
phlebioid and its whole habit is different from all species
of Cyrtomium. I am uncertain about its systematical po-
sition. Concluding these few remarks I shall finally point
out that the Asiatic genus Cyrtomium and the American
one, Phanerophlebia, have many important characters in
common, including several by which both genera differ
from Polystichum. I regard them both, nevertheless, as
distinct genera derived from different polystichoid an-
cestors.
The following review of the known species of Cyr-
tomium is a preliminary one, where only the most im-
portant characters of the species are briefly mentioned.
Full synonymy, descriptions and quotations of the speci-
mens examined I prefer to leave to a more comprehen-
Sive treatise on the genus. ;
KEY TO THE SPECIES
Apex of leaf pinnatifid, texture mostly thin; veins sometimes
partly free, normally goniophlebioid with 1-2 rows of areoles,
each with a single, fertile vein, sori therefore in 1-2 regular
TW ai a asco deureepodicoe satrmnt arene taionsenentannpnant irchent pote 2
End pinna distinct, usualy trilobed, texture papyraceous to
thickly coriaceous; venation more com nplicated, as a rule wit
more rows of areoles including 1-3 free veinlets which some-
times are i etre anastomosing; sori of larger leaves ca
—_
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Se ae oe Sacsccaeeaeabebnertesiinnsraaaiannqeengtar st tenn eeteyreorentrarte ceretrste) 0 7t
obtuse auric
Pinnee Passion decidedly faleate and ht auriculate
. C. vittatum.
44 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
3. Pinne broadest at base, often with an ears auricle above,
mostly serrate throughout, generally with one row of costal
areoles; stipe and rachis slightly sit lors ‘anecal 1 Asi
1. C. Hookerianum.
Pinne ECCS without auricle and quite cascoa in the
lower two-thirds; areoles and sori rage, stipe, rachis and
nderside father re C. Tachiroanum.
: . thickly coriaceous, the very margin thiek and quite en-
nae thinner, the margins mote: oF less toothed, ese
80 towards the apex of the pirmm cc ncesceecssscnorsesnsecnmnseaneneenm
. Frond simple, cordate or vitae lobed, ivy- Pepoggs
. C. hemionitis.
Or re ee a cee 6
6. Pinne cordate at base, the apex rounded be shortly acute
. C. nephrolepioides.
Pinne lace: faleate, acuminate or cuneate at the lower,
rounded-truncate at the upper base, ining pty
C. faleatum.
ot
(See also C. caryotideum var. intermedium)
7. Pinne in 10-25 pairs, rather small fees exceeding 6 x 2 em.),
dull green; margins finely crenately
Pinne in 3-6 pairs, sana (6-10 x 3-5 em.), mostly strongly
auriculate or biauriculate, toothed pom hast the teet
aristate; end-pinna as large or larger; — peed chiefly
at base, the rachis slightly fibrillose............. aryotidewm.
inne very numerous and small, rarely at x1 em.,
strongly auriculate, the auricle —— r acuminate minutely
and obtusely dentate throughout... uuu. C. lonchitoides.
Pinne larger, normally exauriculate or obtusely auricled.......... 9
all
9. Pinne obtusely toothed throu yi out, generally 5-8 em. long
y 2-2.5 em. wide, obtusely auricled
oe erjetideun var. micropteris.
Pinne usually et near the very apex only, Appi subauri-
culate, dull gree . C. Fortunei.
hs Cyrtomium Hookerianum (Presl) ©. Chr. comb.
Vv
Lastrea Hookeriana Presl, Tent. Pterid. 77. 1836.
name only.
THe Genus CyrRToMIUM 45
Polystichum Hookerianum C. Chr. Ind. 582. 1906.
Aspidium caducum Wall., Hook. et Grev. Ie. Fil. pl.
171. 1829 (not H. B. K. 1815).
Type from Eastern Himalaya: Nepal, leg. Wallich.
Distribution: Eastern Himalaya and 8S. W. China
(Yunnan).
Exceellently illustrated by Hooker and Greville at least
as to habit and size; the venation is perhaps inaccu-
rately figured with all veins free, still I have seen some
few specimens with nearly all veins free. Usually they
anastomose and form a row of oblique goniophlebioid
areoles at each side of the costa. Because of this char-
acter I place the species under Cyrtomium, though it
together with the two following species as to important
characters deviates from the other species of the genus;
the lamina tapers gradually upwards into a pinnatifid
apex without distinct end-pinna, the venation is simpler
and the serrature different, the margins are not finely
toothed as in C. caryotideum, but more coarsely serrate
(sometimes subentire), the teeth usually sharp.
With this species another Himalaya and Chinese fern
has hitherto been confused; it is excellently figured as
Cyrtomium caducum Beddome (Ferns Brit. Ind. pl. 45
and originally named Polypodium polyodon by Wallich
but never described under that name) ; it seemg to be
identical with the Chinese Dryopteris pycnopterioides
Christ, and in my opinion it does not belong to Cyr-
tomium and even not to Polystichum, rather to a special-
ized group of Eudryopteris, very rich in forms in Central
Asia. This species will be discussed further in another
paper.
2. Cyrtomium Tachiroanum (Luerss.) C. Chr. comb.
4
Polypodium (?) Tachiroanum Luerssen, Engler’s Bot.
Jahrb. 4: 362. 1883; C. Chr. Ind. 569. :
Polystichum integripinnum Ree Icon. Fie
_ mosa 4: 196, fig. 133. 191 =
46. AMER CAN FERN JOURNAL
ig integripinnum Copeland, Philipp. Journ.
Sei. 36: 1386. 1929.
ei from Japan: Satsuma, leg. Tachiro (Herb.
Berlin
Distribution: Southern Japan and Formosa.
Very closely related to C. Hookerianum, differing from
it by its longer frond, narrower linear-lanceolate pinne
(8-10 em. x 1-1.5 em.), subequally cuneate at base with
the upper side more rounded, not auriculate. Indusia
not seen, probably fallen or abraded in the specimens ex-
amined. Very strangely Luerssen referred this species to
Polypodium subgenus Goniophlebium.
3. Cyrtomium virratum Christ, Bull. Soe. Bot.
France 52 Mém. I: 33. 1905.
Polystichum vittatum C. Chr. Ind. 588. 1906.
Polystichum Balansae Christ, Acta Hort. Petrop. 28:
192. 1908.
Type from Yunnan, leg. Delavay (Herb. Paris).
Distribution: Southern China from Yunnan to Fukien
an ae Tonkin, Japan: islands of Miyajima
and Quelpart
This species agrees in most important characters with
the two former, but in general habit it more resembles
some forms of C. Fortunei; easily distinguished from
that species by the upper pinne gradually diminishing
and running into the lobed apex, the pinne strongly fal-
cate and auriculate, the margins uneven, repand, sharply
serrate in the outer half, the largest 7-8 em. x 1-5 em.
-4. Cyrromicum HEMIONITIS Christ, Bull. Acad. Géogr.
Bot. Mans. 1910: 138, with fig.
Type from China: Kewsichan, leg. Cavalerie No. 3377.
Distribution: known from a omnis of | localities in Ba
said province only, oe
THe Genus CYRTOMIUM 47
Apparently a very distinct species and very different
from all others by the simple 3-5 lobed ivy-shaped leaves
of very thick texture, but in all other characters it
agrees so closely with the following species that I am
nearly convineed that it really is a form of that species
with pie leaves.
5. CYRTOMIUM NEPHROLEPIOIDES (Christ) Copeland,
Philipp. g ees Sci. 38: 136. 1929.
Cyrtomium grossum Christ. ibid. 1906: 239.
Polystichum nephrolepiordes sie Bull. Acad.
Géogr. Bot. Mans. 1902: 258 with
Polystichum pachy phyllum Siernbe in Fedde:
Repert. Sp. Nov. 13: 130.
Cyrtomium pachyphyllum C. Chr. Index Suppl. prél.
1913-16: 11. 1917.
Type from China: Kweichou, leg. Laborde et Bodinier
No. 2526 (Herb. Paris.
Distribution: tad known from some few collections
in the said province
To this species I petee a series of forms which vary
greatly. in size, but as to all other characters are very
uniform, so I have no doubt that the synonymy given
above is correct. The original type is apparently a high-
alpine dwarf form with numerous small pinne (10 x 5-7
mm.), but in the later collections of Cavalerie this small
form is often found together with some much larger,
which again run gradually into the largest form de-
scribed as C. grossum (of which C. pachyphyllum is a
direct synonym, I think) ; here the number of pinne are
reduced to 2-4 pairs and the largest 6 x 3 em., the large
-trilobed end-pinna very much resembling the whole blade
of C. hemionitis, which, therefore, properly may be con-
sidered as the most reduced form concerning the num-
ber of pinne. From the related C. falcatum all forms
differ by the cordate, obtuse pinne. 3
6. Cyrromium raucatum (L. fil.) Presl, Tent. Pterid.
48 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Southern provinces. It is sometimes found as an escape
from gardens in warmer countries, for inst., Alabama:
Mobile (E. W. Graves No. 1253) ; Florida: St. Augustine
(P. O. Schellert 1923); Molokai, Hawaiian Islands
(Degener and Wiebke No. 3217, U. S. Nat. Herb.)
The genuine C. faleatum is a very distinct species, not
easily confounded with others when seen in a living state,
but when dried rather difficult to distinguish from the
larger forms of C. Fortwnei, which, therefore, by most
writers has been considered a form of it. The living
plant is especially well-marked by the shining upper side
of the frond and the thick, coriaceous texture, widely
different from the dull green fronds of C. Fortunei and
the thinner texture of C. caryotideum. Dried specimens
may be distinguished by the thick texture and espe-
cially by the quite entire margins; the pinne are as a
rule more or less repand or slightly lobate, but the thick-
ened margins are quite intact from the base to the very
tip; veins thick and prominent beneath. The indusia are
large, persistent, first whitish, soon brownish and finally
blackish in the centre with paler edges.
As to the characters mentioned (C. faleatum is fairly
constant; it varies in size and number of pinne (these
Sometimes 4-5 em. wide, usually not auricled, the end-
pinna small) and especially in the marginal cutting.
The most extreme form is: :
THe Genus CyrRToMIUM 49
Forma acutmwens (Christ) Nakai, Bot. Mag. Tokyo
39: 114. 1925.
sane tomium weeiaans Christ, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 24: 24,
Cyrtomium (or Polystichum) Rochefordii hort.
A well-known cultivated form with lobed pinne, the
lobes unequal, triangular, acuminate, up to 2 em. long,
the basal upper one usually much larger, like the auricle
of C. caryotideum. In size and by large end-pinna this
form approaches that species, but the glossy upper side
and quite intact margins prove that it is a form (mu-
tant?) of C. faleatum (or possibly a hybrid between C.
falcatum and C. caryotideum?).
C. faleatum with f. acutidens is one of the most im-
portant ferns in commerce; it is not quite hardy in the
open air in Northern Europe, but an excellent pot-plant
for rooms.
7. Cyrromium Fortruner J. Smith, Ferns Brit. and
Foreign 266. 1866.
ier Fortunei Nakai, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 39: 116.
tip changes rng var. polypterum Diels, Engler’s
Bot. Jahrb. 2 1900 (ex parte), and var. acumt-
natum Diels 1
Type: Heater from cultivated plants which are said
to have originated from Japan. I suppose, however, that
it was brought home by —— Fortune from southeast
China, where it is very comm
Distribution: Southern J apan to southeast China and
Tonkin, westwards to Shen-si and Szechuan. In Yunnan
it seems to blend with the smaller forms of C. caryott-
deum.
This species is in a living state easily distinguished
from C. faleatum by the dull green, not glossy, upper
side of the fronds, the more numerous and smaller, lance-
olate or oblong pinne, which are 5-8 x 1-2.5 em., acumi-
nate, as a rule not auricled; the best characters of dried
50 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
specimens are to be found in the margins which are
rarely quite entire but as a rule minutely dentate, and
the acuminate tip is invariably dentate by some few
sharp teeth. The leaf is less coriaceous and the veins
not raised beneath as in C. falcatum the indusia unicol-
orous, pale, not brown or blackish in the centre.
C. Fortunei is, as here construed, a variable species
with regard to size, number and shape of pinne. A
common continental form of it with smaller pinne is
often named Pol. falcatum var. polypterum Diels; it
runs gradually into the following species, and forms
with auricled pinne are not rare. :
8. CYRTOMIUM LONCHITOIDES Christ, Bull. Acad.
Géogr. Bot. Mans 1902: 264.
Aspidium lonchitoides Christ, Bull. L’Herb. Boiss. 7:
16. 1899
Polystichum lonchitoides Diels, C. Chr. Ind. 581.
Polystichum falcatum var. polypterum Diels, Eng-
ler’s Bot. Jahrb. 29: 195. 1900 (ex parte).
Type from China: Yunnan, leg. Henry No. 11829.
Distribution: Central and Southeast China, Hupeh,
Kweichou, Sze ’chuan, Yunnan.
Very near the smaller forms of C. Fortunei and prob-
ably only a form of it. It differs mainly by the short
Stipe, and by the large number (up to 25 pairs) of small
pinne, which are 2-25 em.x 1 em. only, triangular in
shape, short-acuminate, distinctly auricled, the lower
ones usually somewhat shortened and reflexed, the upper
ones gradually diminishing; margins finely crenately
toothed throughout, the teeth obtuse, those of the acu-
minate apex sharper. Underside with rather many hair-
like reddish fibrils,
9. CYRTOMIUM CARYOTIDEUM (Wall.) Presl, Tent.
Pterid. 86, pl. 2, fig. 26. 1836
Aspidium caryotideum Wallies Hook. and Grev. Ie.
Fil. pl. 69. 1828.
THe GeNus CyRTOMIUM 51
a anomophyllum Zenker: Pl. Ind. pl. 1.
Polystichum falcatum var. mone Diels, Eng-
ler’s Bot. Jahrb. 29: ian
southern Shen-si, Formosa (Japan, t. Nakai), Tonkin.
South India (Nilgiri, A. anomophyllum Zenker) ; Ha-
waiian Islands, found in all islands.
Extremely variable in size but fairly constant in its
chief characters by which it differs from C. falcatum
with which it has often been united. The number of
pinne is always small, 3-6 to each side, and a terminal
one that as a rule is the largest and deeply trilobed with
acuminate or caudate lobes; lateral pinne mostly 10-15
x 3-5 em., often contracted into a long caudate apex and
with a large acute auricle at the upper base, sometimes
biauriculate (var. hastosum Christ, Bull. Soe. bot.
France 52 Mém I: 32); margins from base to tip finely
but irregularly dentate, the teeth aristate. Texture
rather thin, color dull green.
With this Himalayan type agree closely the South
Indian form described and illustrated as Asp. anomo-
phyllum Zenker, and further the Hawaiian specimens,
which differ only by the practically naked leaves; a ma-
jority of them belong to f. hastosa Christ. More or less
different from the type are the following forms:
gore Sit aequibasis, n. var. Pinne narrower (14x 2.5
ually cuneate at base, without auricle, gradually
netininate, Approaches C. Fortunet, abe from it
by the — teeth and large end-pinn
Yunnan: Mengtze (W. Hancock No. 8, U. 8. Nat.
Herbarium No. 1277428, ha
Assam: Khasi Hills (G. M
g4sot Var. ‘animes (Diels) C. Che,
Polystichum falcatum var. interme
ler’s Bot. Jahrb. 29: 195. 1900.
mb. n 14
raat Diels, Eng-
52 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Cyrtomium falcatum var. muticum Christ in Lecomte,
Not. syst. 1: 37. 1909.
Differs from the type, which it resembles in size and
texture, by the equal-sided pinne with entire margins,
at best with one or two obsolete teeth near the very apex.
CuINnA: Sze’chuan (Rosthorn, type), Yunnan, Hupeh,
Anwhei; N. W.
Himauaya: Simla.
\348 Var. micropteris (Kunze) ©. Chr., comb. nov.
Aspidium anomophyllum var. micropteris Kunze,
Linnaea 24: 278. 1851
Polystichum falcatum Sim, Ferns of South Africa, pl.
32
Pinne in 6-10 pairs below the not much larger, tri-
lobed end-pinna, generally much shorter than in the type
(5-8x2-2.5 em.) shortly acuminate, finely toothed
throughout, the teeth not aristate, and usually with a
short, obtuse auricle.
ay tropical sepa Slee Mt. Kilimandjaro. Very sim-
South-west China; they are, I believe,
small caryotideum.
OPENHAGEN.
The Ferns of Central Chile
GUALTERIO LOOSER
The members of the American Fern Society who study
with such ardor and profit the pteridological flora of
North America, will I trust have a certain interest in
receiving some data concerning the ferns of Chile, in the
opposite extreme of the western hemisphere.
Chile is a narrow strip of land separated from the
Argentine Republic by the high mountain range of the
Andes. Its length is enormous compared with its width.
The extreme north of Chile is at the 18th degree south
latitude, while its opposite end is at 56 degrees south
FeEerNs oF CENTRAL CHILE 53
latitude, reaching to the antarctic seas, and thus giving
it a total length of 4,200 kilometers. Conditions so di-
verse that their equal is to be found in but few parts
of the world, naturally reflect themselves in the coun-
try’s flora and especially in the ferns. All the north of
Chile is a desert or semi-desert and there we find hardly
any ferns. Only a few specimens and species exist in
certain very favored sections. The southern half of the
country, on the other hand, which has a very rainy and
humid climate, is covered by woods and forests and there
the ferns have a very great growth, manifested espe-
cially in the genera Blechnum, Hymenophyllum and Glez-
chenia. The 160 species of Chilean ferns, more or less,
are nearly all found in the south. This is a sufficiently
considerable number, especially if the high degree of lati-
tude be taken into account. In the same latitude I be-
lieve that only New Zealand and Japan surpass Chile
in its fern vegetation. The wealth of Chilean ferns is
more striking if we compare it with the United States
which has a surface more than ten times as large as that
of Chile. Yet the total number of its ferns is but little
superior to that of Chile.
But the central region of Chile which is the part that
I know well and to which this communication refers, is
far from being as exuberant as the South and consti-
tutes in reality a zone of transition between the deserts
of the North and woodlands of the South.
I shall here concern myself only with the part of Chile
limited on the North by the basin of the Aconcagua River
and on the South by the River Maipo. Toward the
West is the Pacific Ocean and on the East the High
Andes, which have in this region the highest peaks in all
America, with Mount Aconcagua 7,000 meters in height,
and many other giants of very little less altitude. This
zone is the most thickly populated of Chile and con-
54 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
tains its capital, Santiago, and Valparaiso, its principal
ort.
The climate is dry but temperate and agreeable. It
rains exclusively in the winter (May to October) ; but
the precipitation does not exceed an average of 500 mm.
a year. In the Andes, however, immense quantities of
snow fall which are the water reserves for the summer.
The vegetation is frankly xerophytic. The plateaux,
the wide valleys, the plains and the hills have trees and
bushes adapted to a dry climate (Acacia cavenia, Peumus
boldus, Quillaja saponaria, some Cactaceae and Brome-
liaceae, tall and very decorative). Many beautiful herbs
come forth in the Spring only to dry up very rapidly.
Only in the most narrow gullies of the hills are there
woods and tall dense vegetation.
In these woods and dense thickets numerous ferns
grow, but belong to only a few species. The most abund-
ant are surely the Adiantums: A. chilense Kf. var. hirsu-
tum Hook. (A. glanduliferum Link non Remy), A. scab-
rum KIf., A. sulphureum Klf. and A. excisum Kze. The
last three are very beautiful. The lower part of the pin-
nulae of A. scabrum are sown with little white grains,
while in A. sulphureum a sulphur colored powder covers
without interruption the reverse side of the pinnulae.
A. exciswm has small and very transparent pinnulae.
There has also been seen in this region the real Adiantum
chilense, which is distinguished by having pinnulae that
are completely glabrous. I also have encountered in
this zone glabrous examples, but there is always 4
doubt in my mind whether it is the real A. chilense. I
think that in many eases they are not more than A. sul-
phureum or scabrum that have lost the powder that
adorns the pinnulae. The Adiantum chilense typicum is
common in the rainy region of the South of Chile and
on the Islands of Juan Fernandez; but it has an aspect -
Ferns oF CENTRAL CHILE 55
that is not entirely identical with the glabrous form of
the central part of the country that I have seen. There-
fore, I am obliged to observe a vacillating attitude re-
garding the Adiantum chilense typicum of central Chile.
There is also to be mentioned Adiantum Pearcei de-
scribed by Dr. R. A. Philippi, the great naturalist of
Chile, and which was found at Chacabuco a little to the
North of Santiago, but it seems that no one has ever
found it again.
With less frequency one may see the Adiantum grow-
ing along the roads or in places somewhat sunny. Mixed
with the Adiantum appears with considerable frequency
the world-wide Cystopteris fragilis, but on the other
hand I believe that the other cosmopolitan fern Pteridium
aquilinum has never been found in Chile, but that it is
found in Argentine and in the South of Peru. The
desert of Atacama in the North of Chile and the Andes
have probably impeded its arrival, as they have suc-
ceeded in doing with so many other animal and vege-
table species. To these great geographical peculiarities
Chile owes its very independent flora and fauna with
numerous endemies. That they have much greater need
of water is demonstrated to be the case with Blechnum
auriculatum Cay. common along the streamlets, and
Blechnum chilense Mett., which is larger but rather
scarce in this zone. I know only 4 or 5 localities in
swampy ground near the coast of Valparaiso and San-
tiago. On the other hand, it abounds in the South of
the country. Similar conditions of humidity are required
by Dryopteris argentina C. Chr. (Aspidium rivulorum
auct. chil.), whose beautiful leaves of a dark green color
frequently reach a length of 1.70 meter; and Dennstaed-
tia lambertiana Christ which is the most beautiful fern
of Central Chile. It has a long creeping rhizome which
generally lives in the water of mountain ravines. Every
56 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
few inches leaves grow out 1.50 and 1.80 meter in height
that are very divided and sometimes form rather exten-
sive agglomerations of a very light color. The two last
named species are not abundant.
The soils with xerophytie vegetation predominate in
a very marked form in Central Chile, as I have already
given to understand above, and there one sees only a few
ferns adapted to such conditions and belonging to the
typical xerophytie genera. They are Cheilanthes glauca
Mett. (Ch. chilensis Fée), Notholaena hypoleuca Kze. and
N. mollis Kze. They abound somewhat among the smooth
rocks of the hills which look towards the North, that is
to say, in the southern hemisphere, towards the sun.
Notholaena mollis is very curious, since it is covered
with starlike hair which is easily seen with low powered
microscopes. Pleurosorus papaverifolius Fée is more
scarce and also lives among rocks. This little fern be-
longs to a very curious genus of Polypodiaceae with only
three species, one in Spain, one in New Zealand and
Australia, and the third in Chile. It is diffieult to im-
agine more discontinuous areas. In the few swamps,
slow courses of water, canals, ete., is frequently seen
Azolla filiculoides Lam., which varies greatly in form,
depending upon whether it lives floating on water
or on humid earth. In damp and swampy places there
are to be seen two Equisetums: E. bogotense H. B. K., a
small plant, and E. pyramidale (?) Goldm., (E. gigan-
feum auct. chil.). This latter reaches a height of from
4-6 meters. Sometimes it invades completely the vege-
tation of the rivers, artificial w oods, ete.
The former species are the most common of Central
Chile and are lacking in hardly any collection, but there
are various ferns much more searce and that are only
found by chance. For example, I have only one speci-
men of Cheilanthes Mathewsii Kze. (Ch. pruinata Kit.)
Ferns oF CENTRAL CHILE 57
found near Rio Blanco in the vicinity of Mount Acon-
eagua. I have seen no other nor am I absolutely sure of
the identity of this species, but in no ease is it to be
confused with the more common Cheilanthes glauca.
Between the dry rocks of the mountains appear very
seldom Pellaea ternifolia Link, P. myrtillifolia Mett.,
and P. andromedifolia Fée. I have only seen the first
two of these. In the high altitudes of the Andes oppo-
site the city of Santiago, there once appeared Blechnum
(Lomaria) Germainii Christ, which is more frequent in
the South. According to a report which has just been
published there exists there the Polystichum vestitum
Pr., frequent in the South of Chile, the Juan Fernandez
Islands and New Zealand. To the same genus belongs a
beautiful find which I made several months ago consist-
ing of Polystichum mohrioides Pr. (forma latifolia
Hicken), which was growing among the high rocks at
2,300 meters heights in the Andes just in front of San-
tiago (Cordillera del Abanico, the Fan Range). This
fern has a very large area of dispersion which commences
in the Polar Seas of the South (Amsterdam, Marion and
Falkland Islands) to continue by way of Fuegia, along
the Andes to the western part of the United States. In
all of Northern and Central Chile it must be very scarce.
For the latitude of Santiago, I know no other previous
nd.
In the books still various other ferns are indicated as
existing in Central Chile; but I believe this is due largely
to errors. Nevertheless, a very few times specimens of
the genus Ophioglossum (O. meliphillense Remy) have
been found.
Carl Reiche, who worked a great deal on the Chilean
flora, indicates Ophioglossum crotalophoroides Walt. at
Los Vilos. It has also been found near Valparaiso, and
I have had oceasion to examine 14 fertile examples of
58 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
50 to 100 mm. in height attributed to this species by his
collector, Prof. V. M. Baeza, found on a little hill of
Penaflor a little southwest of Santiago. From Zapallar
(a little North of Valparaiso) I have seen various very
typical specimens of Polypodium synammia C. Chr., col-
lected by F. Johow and M. Gusinde. It is to be found
sometimes in the woods near the coast of Valparaiso and
Santiago, but I have never had the good fortune to find
it. From Marga-Marga (near Valparaiso) I know a
very characteristic example of Polypodium lanceolatum
L. found by Dr. O. Tenz. The scales which this species
has on the lower surface of the leaf could be readily seen.
I have also seen specimens of Pteris chilensis Desv. (El
Salto) and Hypolepis rugosula J. Sm. var. Poeppigi C.
Chr. & Skottsberg (Quilpué, Marga-Marga, Zapallar).
collected a few kilometers from Valparaiso. These two
ferns and the above mentioned Polypodiwms are common
in the humid region of the South of Chile. Pteris chilen-
sis has also been found by Meigen in the Andes neighbor-
ing on Santiago. The typical locality of the Chilean
form of Hypolepis (Polypodium Poeppigi Kze.) is im
this same zone (Conedén, a little North of Valparaiso).
In the Zapallar also, Dr. F. Johow once found Asplenium
obtusatum Forst. of such extensive geographical area,
and Dryopteris spectabilis C. Chr. Reiche also cites this
latter at Quintero in the same region, and in a private
herbarium I saw an example collected in Tanumé, prov-
ince of Colchagua, about 200 kilometers farther south.
Both ferns are common in the South of Chile and Dry-
opteris spectabilis is the species of this numerous genus
which reaches farthest south in America.
With our present knowledge it is not possible to draw
phytogeographical conclusions in regard to the ferns of
Central Chile. Nevertheless, it is fitting that it appear
that on the coast there are many more ferns than in the
Ferns or CENTRAL CHILE
DRYOPTERIS ARGENTINA (A SMALL SPECIMEN).
wo
interior. This is due to the fact that the coast is more
humid, that it rains more there, and that frequent fogs
rise from the sea. Nearly all the ‘‘searce’’ species previ-
ously cited, I know only from the coast and we have even
two species that are epiphytic (Polypodium synammia
and P. lanceolatum). This is not a characteristic of the
ferns but of the vegetation of Central Chile in general.
The coast has a more hygrophyle and more varied vegeta-
tion, while in the interior, starting south of Santiago,
reign without rival the barren plains of bushes and herbs.
60 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Many notable species are seen exclusively on the coast,
do not advance to the interior or are very scarce in this
latter region. I have already discussed elsewhere this
question of botanical geography which, according to my
opinion, the botanists who have written on Central Chile
had not made sufficiently evident.
The Chilean ferns that have been mentioned are nearly
all delicate plants that very poorly bear the influence of
man. They do not have the slightest tendency to become
weeds, except Lquisetum bogotense and E. pyramidale,
which occasionally invade abandoned cultivated fields.
It is also customarily seen along the roads just as is the
Adiantum, but generally in small quantities. Various
Chilean ferns may be cultivated very well, especiallly
Dennstaedtia lambertiana, and also Dryopteris argen-
tina, Blechnum chilense and B. auriculatum. They are
seen occasionally in the gardens and parks of Chile, but
they have not yet achieved the propagation that their
beauty merits due to the fact that as yet no one has
bothered about propagating them in a methodical man-
ner.
SANTIAGO, CHILE.
Some Reminiscences of Fern Collecting
Doveuas H. CampBeu
My own special interest in ferns goes back to my stu-
dent days at the University of Michigan. There I was
introduced to the epoch-making investigations of Hof-
meister on the comparative morphology of the Arche-
goniates, and for several years subsequently I was occu-
pied with the study of the life histories of a number of
Pteridophytes.
ome years later, when I joined the little band of
Argonauts trekking to California to start Stanford
REMINISCENCES OF F'ERN COLLECTING 61
University, I began preparing material for my book
‘““Mosses and Ferns.’’ The need of types absent from
our own country suggested a summer’s trip to Hawaii,
the most accessible tropical region, and one known to be
rich in ferns. This was in 1892, just before the over-
throw of the native monarchy, when much of the land,
now devoted to sugar and pine-apples, was still covered
with virgin forest. This was my introduction to the
tropics, and no doubt I then contracted the travel-
microbe which has since impelled me to visit many dis-
tant lands where ferns flourish.
My collections have comprised relatively little herbar-
ium material, but have consisted, to a great extent, of
carefully selected and preserved material suitable for
histological study. The great object was to secure mate-
rial showing the development of the reproductive organs
and embryo, especially of certain types which there was
reason to believe were the older and more primitive
forms, whose development might throw light upon the
evolution of the more recent fern-types. Such collections
included not only the fully developed fern or ‘‘sporo-
phyte,’’ but the often very small and inconspicuous
sexual plant—the gametophyte or prothallium—which
is quite overlooked by most collectors, but is of the first
importance in studying the life-history of the fern.
Two main divisions of the ferns may be recognized,
the Eusporangiatae and the Leptosporangiatae, the latter
including an overwhelming majority of the living spe-
cies. It is the Eusporangiates, however, which are of
special importance to the student interested in a study
of the evolution of the ferns, since the Eusporangiates
are the nearest living relatives of the ferns and fern-like
seed plants of the Palaeozoic formations. There are two
existing orders, the Ophioglossales and Marattiales, most
of whose species are tropical in their distribution, and
62 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
number only about 200, about one fourth as many as in
the single leptosporangiate genus Polypodium, the type
of the family Polypodiaceae, which are preeminently the
predominant modern fern-types, and include all but a
relatively small number of living species. Except for
the Osmundaceae and a few rare examples of the
Schizaeaceae and Hymenophyllaceae, the leptosporangi-
ate ferns of the United States are all Polypodiaceae.
The Eusporangiates are represented by a few species
of Ophioglossum and Botrychium.
As one studies the conditions most favorable for the
growth of ferns, it is evident that the great majority of
species occur in regions where there is ample moisture
and relatively uniform, but not too high, temperature.
In the tropies it is not the hot lowlands of the equatorial
regions that are richest in ferns, but the mountain rain-
forests where there are very uniform but moderate tem-
peratures. In these tropical mountain forests, and in
some oceanic islands, like Hawaii and New Zealand, ferns
constitute a large and conspicuous feature of the vegeta-
tion.
In extensive continental areas like the United States,
conditions are much less favorable, owing to great ex-
tremes of temperature, and more or less marked aridity
of much of the country; and ferns are greatly restricted
in their range, and the number of species is small com-
pared with the very much smaller area of some of the
more favored regions. For instance, the little island of
Jamaica, with an area but little over 4,000 square miles
—about the same as Connecticut—has probably at least
twice as many species of ferns as the whole 3,000,000
Square miles of the United States. Moreover, to the stu-
dent interested in the problems of comparative morphol-
ogy and phylogeny, the absence from our country of
some of the most important families of ferns, or the ex-
REMINISCENCES OF FERN COLLECTING 63
treme rarity of the few representatives of others, is a
great handicap. Thus we have no representatives of the
important families Marattiaceae, Gleicheniaceae and
Cyatheaceae; and the Schizaeaceae and Hymenophylla-
ceae are represented by only a very small number of rare
and local species.
Most of the familiar genera of the Polypodiaceae e. g.
Polypodium, Pteris, Adiantum, Asplenium—are abund-
antly represented in most tropical forests—where in ad-
dition to the many terrestrial species there is a luxuriant
development of epiphytic forms, ferns playing an im-
portant réle in the characteristic epiphytic floras of the
tropical rain-forests.
Of other Pteridophytes, many species of Lycopo-
dium and Selaginella are common throughout the tropics
—often as epiphytes. A very common and wide-spread
species is Lycopodium cernuum, which forms dense thick-
ets of upright branched shoots, sometimes 4-5 feet high.
This species is very often associated with the equally
wide-spread fern, Gleichenia linearis. Equisetum is
rarely met with in the tropics—although there are some
very large species—e. ¢. E. gigantewm, in the American
tropics. Finally ie a half-dozen species of Psilotum
and Tmesipteris, mostly epiphytes, repreesnt the class
Psilotineae.
On my first trip to Hawaii, besides botanizing in the
Vicinity of Honolulu, visits were made to the northern-
most and oldest island, Kauai, and to the much larger,
but more recent island, Hawaii, where there are still
active voleanic craters. On Kauai I had the good fortune
to find a lot of prothallia and young sporophytes of
Marattia Douglasii, the only representative of the family
in the islands, and this discovery enabled me later to
make a fairly complete study of the early history of this
species. In Hawaii mr I had my first Seen auee :
64 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
with tree-ferns in their native haunts. The abundance
of these magnificent ferns, with their massive trunks and
great fronds, ten or fifteen feet long, was specially evi-
dent on my first trip to the voleano of Kilauea. At that
time, the highway from Hilo, along which now motor-cars
make the journey in an hour or less, was available for
carriages only for twenty miles. The remaining 13 miles
was made on horseback by a trail through the dense
jungle—with extensive groves of tree-ferns, the trunks
of which for a mile or more, were used to make a cordu-
roy road. These prostrate trunks, however, were send-
ing out vigorous fronds. The commonest tree-fern of the
Islands is Cibotium Chamissoi. On my last visit to
Hawaii, about ten years ago, it was a great shock to me
to find the dense forest, which in 1892 extended almost
unbroken from Hilo to the voleano, nearly annihilated,
and all that remained of the great groves of tree-ferns
were a few wretched remnants along the highway, evi-
dently marked for an early death.
Some of my best collecting was done near Hilo, where
a coffee plantation had been started, but where most of
the forest was still intact. This is a region of very heavy
precipitation, and there was a wonderful profusion of
ferns. The trunks of the tree-ferns were often covered
With beautiful filmy ferns, and here I saw, for the first
time, the extraordinary epiphytic Ophioglossum pendu-
lum, while in the erotches of many trees were superb
Specimens of birds-nest fern (Asplenium nidus)—both
species characteristic of the eastern tropics.
In the drier and more exposed areas all over the Islands
are dense growths of Gleichenia linearis—often a great
nuisance to the collector, as these thickets are quite im-
penetrable.
These were only a few of the ferns new to me, but were
enough to whet my appetite for further wanderings in
the tropies, oe |
REMINISCENCES OF FERN COLLECTING 65
Five years later I visited a region which perhaps has
the richest fern-flora of any region of equal extent. The
island of Jamaica is about 150 miles long with a maxi-
mum width of about 50 miles; but within this limited
area are mountains over 7,000 feet high, and an extraor-
dinary range of temperature, rainfall, and soil condi-
tions. I can recall no fern-flora equalling this in luxuri-
ance and variety, especially in the upper portions of the
Blue Mountains, where from minute, almost microscopic
filmy-ferns, to tree-ferns forty or fifty feet high, ferns
in bewildering variety were the predominating type of
vegetation. The total number of species of ferns and
other Pteridophytes in Jamaica is said to be about 500.
Of most interest to me were the Marattiaceae. Marattia
alata is common, and there are several species of the
strictly American genus Danaea.
80 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
mose type, most of which are known as “‘ pulcherrt-
mums.’’ Some sixteen pulcherrimums have been found
wild but only two or three of these remain in cultivation,
the others having proved too ethereal for this world. It
has been found, however, that by sowing the spores of the
finest plumose divisilobes a small proportion of pulcher-
rimums ean be raised, and these can be recognized in a
very early stage of growth by the pellucid and prothal-
loid appearance of the primary frond. They require
extreme care in their infancy and are quite easily lost
afterwards. They are, however, well worth all the care
that can be bestowed upon them, as, when well developed,
there is no fern more attractive to the eye than a good
angulare pulcherrimum.
It is a curious fact that the hunt for varieties has been
so much more energetic and productive in the British
Islands than elsewhere, but, nevertheless, varieties have
been found in other lands, notably in the Atlantic Islands
(Azores and Canaries) and also on the American conti-
nent, especially towards the Pacific coast, where the cli-
mate is doubtless more humid than in the eastern and
central states. May we venture to hope that our Amer-
ican friends will extend more attention to this fascinating
branch of botany?
READING, ENGLAND.
WoopWARDIA AREOLATA IN THE Viciniry or NEW
York.—A few words about Woodwardia areolata in the
vicinity of New York may not be inappropriate in view
of Mr. Frank W. Pugsley’s article in the July—Sept.,
1929, AMERICAN Fern JouRNAL.
Formerly, Woodwardia areolata was regarded as rare
in New York State. Torrey in ‘‘A Catalogue of Plants
Growing Spontaneously within Thirty Miles of The
WooDWARDIA AREOLATA NEAR New York 81
City of New-York,’’ 1819, lists it only from Long-
Branch, N. J., and his ‘‘Flora of the State of New-
York,’’ 1843, gives one record on Staten Island ‘‘about
3 miles south of the Quarantine’’ and cites Mr. Cooley
for Long Island. D.C. Eaton in ‘‘The Ferns of North
America,’’ 1879, says it oceurs ‘‘at Wading River, and
near Hempstead, on Long Island; and is by no means
rare in the lower portions of New Jersey.’’ Similarly
Britton in 1889, ‘‘Catalogue of Plants Found in New
Jersey,’’ reported it common in the middle and southern
counties. Dr, Smith Ely Jelliffe ‘‘The Flora of Long
Island,’’ 1899, gives one locality in Kings, three in
Queens, and Greenport in Suffolk County. When I first
found the plant in 1902 at ‘‘Fairy Dell’’ near Quogue,
Long Island, growing with Thelypteris simulata, I re-
garded it as a rare find. (It may be of interest to note
that, although it grows in profusion at ‘‘Fairy Dell,’’ I
never found any fertile fronds there.)
More recently, the correct status of this fern near New
York City has been generally recognized. Dr. Philip
Dowell in ‘‘Distribution of Ferns on Staten Island’’
(Proe. 8. I. Assn. Arts and Sciences, May, 1906), classes
W. areolata as common on Staten Island, abundant in
places. Dr. Witmer Stone ‘‘Plants of Southern New
Jersey,’’ 1911, says it is plentiful in the Middle and Pine
Barren districts. Norman Taylor ‘‘Flora of the Vicin-
ity of New York,’’ 1915, reports it as ‘‘Common on L, I.
and §. I.’”’ and in N. J. ‘‘increasing and common south-
ward, especially in the pine-barrens,’’ in addition to a
few records in the northern counties. Finally, Dr.
Homer D. House ‘‘Annotated List of the Ferns and
Flowering Plants of New York State,’’ 1924, reports this
fern correctly for New York as ‘‘Frequent or locally
abundant along the coastal region of southeastern New
82 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
York.’’ Gray’s New Manual of Botany, 7th Ed., 1908,
is, to say the least, misleading in generally referring to
it as ‘‘rare.’’
Of course, W. areolata does not grow in salt marshes,
but I have found Clute’s statement in ‘“‘Our Ferns in
their Haunts,’’ 1901, correct, that it loves their vicinity.
Thelypteris simulata is a not unusual companion on
Long Island, although not quite as common. In passing,
I may add that 7. simulata is much commoner on the
South Shore of Long Island than would be indicated by
Dr. House’s list.
It is remarkable that a plant as conspicuous and fine
as W. areolata should have been so often overlooked. It
was not found in Canada until 1920, when Prof, Fernald
found it in Nova Scotia (Rhodora, Aug., 1921), and
later in 1921, it proved to be ‘‘rather frequent’’ in cer-
tain localities—Rhodora, Aug., 1922. There seems to
have been something elusive about this fern in the past,
when we consider how generally it may be found in suit-
able localities. It is very abundant, and grows in pro-
fusion, along with 7. simulata, along the South Shore of
Long Island, near the railroad, from Freeport to Baby-
lon (and I assume beyond) in almost any patch of wet
woods, and I have found it without difficulty near Hew-
lett on the ‘‘Peninsula’’ to Far Rockaway. It is abun-
dant on Staten Island near South Avenue, at Grassmere,
common along the brook near the Moravian Cemetery,
and generally in the Tottenville district. I have found
it in Bergen County, N. J., as cited by Taylor and I
should suppose that careful search would probably find
it common in Connecticut near the coast. (See Catalogue
of Flowering Plants and Ferns of Connecticut, 1910).
The obtusilobata form of Waters (Ferns, 1903) as
described and illustrated by him (pp. 128-129) is usual
CAMPTOSORUS AS A Watui Fern 83
on Staten Island, and I have a pretty complete series
between the fertile and sterile fronds, although I have
none from Long Island. Oddly enough, I have found
the so-called var. obtusilobata of Onoclea sensibilis very
common near Bull’s Head on Staten Island, although I
have found this also on Long Island.—Freperick W.
Kosst, New York City.
CaMPTosorUS AS A WaLL Fern.—Peanuts, cotton,
hams—these are the things one associates with Smithfield
and its immediate vicinity. Surely one does not expect
to find Camptosorus rhizophyllus in this section of Tide-
water Virginia, and is surprised to come upon a good
sized colony of it walking leisurely from crack to crack in
the mortar between the bricks of Old St. Luke’s Church.
Old St. Luke’s is located at Benn’s Church, a short dis-
tance to the southeast of Smithfield. It is so easy of ae-
cess to motorists from Norfolk or to those who cross the
new four and a half mile James River bridge just above
Newport News on their way to, or from, the historic
battle grounds of Virginia, that it seems worth while to
call the attention of fern lovers who chance that way to
the accessibility of this interesting colony.
That the bricks in the lower wall date back to 1632
raises many queries, for it is on the old wall that the
ferns are to be met and not in the recently restored por-
tion. How old is the colony? How did it come to plant
itself in this section of the country devoid, as it is, of
limestone rock? How far did the spores travel? Was it
from the nearest recorded station twenty-five miles away
in the heart of Dismal Swamp on the trunks of gum
trees? Is either of these the parent colony, or do they
have a common ancestry? Is there a stepping place be-
tween the two colonies? One wonders.—AppiE JAYNE,
Hampton Institute, Virginia.
84 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Two Srations ror ASPIDIUM SIMULATUM IN PENNSYL-
VANIA—For a number of years I have been looking for
Aspidium simulatum and on July 22, 1929, at George
Wagner’s farm, Pocono Lake, Monroe Co., Pennsylvania,
I found it. It was growing in sphagnum along a creek,
in the shade of Viburnum cassinoides, and both Aspid-
dum noveboracense and A. Thelypteris were growing
within a few feet of it.
Three days later, July 25, two colonies were found at
Little Pond Bog, Pike Co., Pennsylvania. They were
small colonies, and one of them was within two feet of the
spot where, three years ago, I thought I had found simu
latum, but what I had proved to be only Thelypteris.
Aspidium Thelypteris and Calla palustris grow close to
this small clump of A. simulatum.
On a visit to this same bog on September 3rd a very
large colony of Aspidium simulatum was found, in an
open, sunny place carpeted with deep sphagnum moss.
The many weeks of drought the past summer made it pos-
sible to scout around more than I had attempted on pre-
vious visits. Large clumps of Osmunda cinnamomea
grew with the colony of Aspidium simulatum.
Specimens from both stations have been deposited in
the National Herbarium at Washington.—Maraaret S.
StrarTan, Wilkinsburg, Pa.
THe Hasrrar or Dryopreris pILATaTA.—The following
extract from a letter of Dr. Christensen is of interest.
‘‘Concerning your question as to the growing-places of
Dr, dilatata I can say little. Denmark is a lowland with
few localities reaching 100 meters above sea-level. D. di-
latata oceurs here in plenty in many places, mostly in
shady, rather humid forests of beeches and conifers and
besides (in a special form) in bogs, for instance, at the
foot of old trunks of Alnus. Our forests have changed
HABITAT OF DRYOPTERIS DILATATA 85
\
materially during the last few hundred years, but this
change is not due to change in external (climatic) eondi-
tions, but to human influence. Modern forestry has quite
changed the old ill-treated forests, and especially the in-
troduction of a conifer (Picea excelsa), which before
1800 was unknown in our flora, but now as a forest tree
is the second after Fagus, has highly changed our land-
scape. It is very probable that the forestrial treatment
of our woods has given improved conditions for the
larger wood-ferns, which prefer shade, and it seems to me
that D. dilatata in more humid places in the Picea-woods
has found many favorable growing-places which did not
exist before. As far as I remember I have seen the larg-
est colonies of that fern in such woods, but it is by no
means confined to them. In the Seandinavian Peninsula,
where the forests nearly exclusively consist of coniferous
trees, D. dilatata is a common fern, at least in the humid
west coast of Norway. Dr. Otto R. Holmberg, the editor
of the new ‘Skandinaviens Flora,’ says (pag. 11) on the
habitat of D. dilatata (by him called D. austriaca (Jacq.)
Woynar, and rightly, I think) ‘In forests rich in herbs,
river-valleys, ravines, ete. (in somewhat more humid
localities than the following [D. spinulosa] ; prefers
shade; on the hills also in sunny places) ; it goes up to
the lower alpine region; rather common at least in the
coast- and mountain-regions; extends to Magerd [the
northernmost point of Norway] going farther to the
north than D. spinulosa, which seareely reaches the moun-
tain region.’ ”’
DISTINGUISHING WoopsIA AND CysropTERIs.—V ery
gently and kindly Dr. C. E. Waters has reminded me
that when I said, in the last number of the JoURNAL (p.
29), that I could think of no way of distinguishing
Woodsia and Cystopteris except by the nature of their
86 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
indusia, I forgot his ‘‘Key to the Ferns, based on the
Stipes.’’ This was a rather inexcusable piece of forget-
fulness, since that key was especially designed to make
identifications possible when the usual signs fail; and,
sure enough, it works in this case, at least so far as the
eastern species of the two genera are concerned. All
the four eastern Woodsias have the two fibro-vascular
bundles (easily seen with a magnifying glass in a cross-
section of the stipe) united, from a point a little above
the base upward, into a V-shaped or X-shaped figure.
In the two species of Cystopteris the bundles are separate
to the top of the stipe. They are roundish in C. fragilis
and oval or flat in C. bulbifera. These characters—and
‘Dr. Waters’s Key as a whole—are commended to key-
makers who find themselves in difficulties—C. A.
WEATHERBY.
THELYPTERIS FRAGRANS (Li.) Ntwuwn., vAR. HooKER-
IANA FERNALD ON THE MAINE Coast.—While we were
collecting on Schoodie Peninsula, east of Mt. Desert
Island, Maine, and a part of Acadia National Park, my
companion, P. M. Patterson, returned from an explora-
tion of a row of shady cliffs with a fern which, he said,
was strange to him, but reminded him of Cheilanthes,
which he had seen in the southern Alleghenies. I imme-
diately suspected Woodsia ilvensis, not rare in those
parts, and asked to see a specimen. To my surprise he
pulled out of his collecting box a fine frond of Thelyp-
teris fragrans. 1 could hardly wait until he showed me
the spot where it grew, and after some minutes’ search
we came upon a narrow crack in a sheer face of granitic
rock which harbored three or four luxuriant plants of
the fern. The fragrance was very marked, more so than
in the plants I had seen in Vermont and in Quebec, pos-
sibly due to the shady situation in which they were grow-
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY 87
ing. It seemed quite out of place among the typical
plants of an acid-soil Canadian woodland and the secant
flora of most granitic cliffs in such situations, but the
depths of that crack may harbor a slight amount of salts,
possibly a relic of the days when the sea washed the
cliffs, to which the roots of this fern, normally preferring
neutral soils, can penetrate.
Thelypteris fragrans var. Hookeriana has been found
in a few stations in Aroostook County, in northern
Maine; on Mount Kineo, near Moosehead Lake ; and near
the New Hampshire border in Oxford County, but this is
apparently the first record of it from near the coast. The
single colony found after a careful examination of the
cliffs is small, but well hidden, and should therefore, for-
tunately, remain inviolate for some time. —G. L. STEB-
Bins, JR., Harvard University.
Lerwegioon Fern Society
New member
Boydston, nal Kathryn E., 616 Forest Ave., Glen Ellyn, Ill.
Francke, Mrs. Luis J., Brookville, Glen Head, L. 1., N.
ge Osear, Curtis High School, New Brighton, Staten Isl.,
NG
a Miss Persis H., 93 High St., Brockton, Mass.
Pontius, Leslie L., 170 West High St., Circleville, Ohio.
+ Mrs. R. C., 806 E. Sherman St., ortland, Oregon.
w, E. W., 193 Aldine St., Rochester, N. Y.
ral Mrs. HL. M., 88 Barnett St., New Haven, Conn.
Changes of address
Brown, Hubert H., to 42 Pacific Ave., Toronto, Canada.
seca Mrs. L. R., to 1825 Sheridan Ave., re Diego, Cal.
as, Dr. Flora A., Sedma R. F. D. 6, Indiana.
Lawton, ‘Mine Elva, to Dept. of Botany, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Mich
1 The Key was distributed as a supplement to vol. 18, no. 2, of
the JourNaL. Members who have joined since that time and have
not received copies of the Key, may obtain it on application to
88 AMERICAN Fern JOURNAL
I will exchange live or herbarium specimens of San
Diego County, California, ferns or fern allies for similar
specimens from other states—F. M. Cora, 3846 Cherokee
Ave., San Diego, Cal.
Mr. Joseph Ewan, 1631 Shatto St., Los Angeles, Calif.,
is particularly desirous of obtaining fern material from
the Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific, by
exchange for Southern California specimens.
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American Fern Journal
Yon 20 JULY_SEPTEMBER, 1930 No. 3
Geographic Distribution of the Species of
Equisetum in Relation to
their Phylogeny*
JoHN H. ScHAFFNER
The genus Equisetum is the surviving remnant of a
once extensive phylum of plants. Representatives of the
Calamophyta, to which Equisetum belongs, were import-
ant and characteristic plants of the Carboniferous period
and fossils have also been found in the Devonian. Be-
sides what were undoubtedly true Equisetales, directly
related to our modern plants, the Sphenophyllales and
Calamariales flourished in the Carboniferous and ex-
tended somewhat beyond this period. The Sphenophyl-
lales were apparently a more primitive group than the
Equisetales, while the Calamariales represented a more
advanced group whieh had not only attained the hetero-
sporous condition but also a very efficient physiological
reaction system, giving rise to trees over a foot in diame-
ter and often over 60 ft. high.
In thinking of the most primitive vascular forms we
must think of small, slow-growing sporophytes in which
there was no sex expression and in which the functional
system was still very inefficient as compared with what
evolved later in the great trees of all the higher phyla.
* Papers from the Department of Botany, the Ohio State Uni-
versity. No. 259.
[Volume 20, No. 2 of the JourNaL, pa
was issued August 7, 1930.]
ges 41-88, plates 3 and 4,
90 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
There is no evidence and no special reason for assuming
that the direct ancestors of our small surviving homo-
sporous ferns, lyeopods, and horsetails were ever much
larger than what we find at the present day, although it
is true that some of the ancient species of Equisetites
were considerably larger than any Equisetum existing
at the present time. The great, heterosporous Calamites
could not have been ancestors of Equisetum, as is often
asserted by geologists, for there is no evidence that evo-
lution ever really moves backward and heterospory 1s a
fundamental progressive movement attained in all the
higher phyla of plants and is represented by a regular,
orthogenetic evolutionary series which attains its limit
a multitude of times in the dioecious condition.
During the Triassic and Jurassic periods, the Equise-
tales became very prominent and were widely distributed
over the earth, while the Sphenophyllales and Calama-
riales apparently disappeared in the Permian. The char-
acteristic fossils of the Mesozoic are usually described
under the name Equisetites. Some of these were of large
Size, as intimated above, the stems being up to 8 in. in
diameter, with as many as 120 leaf segments in the
sheath, and probably 30-40 ft. high. These large forms
of Equisetites are still met with in the rocks of the
Jurassic period in nearly all parts of the world. As we
ascend the geological series from the Jurassic rocks, the
Equiseta become less numerous and the species smaller
until they appear practically identical with living forms.
The species of Equisetites then either belonged to the
genus Equisetum or else to a very closely related genus.
During the Comanchean period (Lower Cretaceous), the
horsetails were apparently still among the prominent
forms of vegetation, the species being descendants and
hold-over of Jurassic plants. But by the time the base
of the Cretaceous (Upper Cretaceous) was reached a
Leen
DISTRIBUTION AND PHyLOGENY or EquisetuM 91
most radical change had taken place and both Monocotyls
and Dicotyls, of many of the types prevailing today, had
become the dominant land vegetation, the Gymnosperms
as well as the Pteridophytes having become compara-
tively unimportant. Now it was probably during this
time that all the species of Equisetum (Equisetites), just
like the Calamites in the Permian, perished from the
face of the earth, except a single vigorous survivor which
existed somewhere in the region between Mexico and
Chile, namely in the mountainous regions of tropical
America. ' Jurassic, Comanchean, and Cretaceous de-
posits are well represented in this region, so our surviv-
ing Equisetum relic really could have had a place and
habitation in the region where survival is supposed to
have taken place. The Tertiary species of Equisetites
may be regarded as true Equiseta coming from this sur-
viving form and thus falling into the recognized lines
of the modern species.
Before proceeding with the geographical distribution ,
of our present day species and considering their probable
origins in relation to definite geographic regions, it is
necessary to present the phylogenetic relationships and
sequences as worked out from a comparison with each
other of their several morphologies, physiologies, and
complexities of reaction during the life cycle as well as
with plants presumably lower or higher in the general
plant series. In the list below several doubtful species
are not included.
PHYLOGENETIC SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF EQUISETUM.
I. EQUISETA PRIMITIVA. Primitive Scouring-rushes.
-Stomata in bands of two or more lines each ; stems
evergreen, large, with whorls of branches ; a
apiculate. E. xylochaetum Mett., E. giganteum L.
II. nQuiseTA HIBERNA. Winter scouring-rushes. Sto-
mata normally in single lines; stems evergreen,
92 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
much-branched to unbranched; sheath segments
and teeth sharply differentiated ; cones apiculate.
E. myrvochaetum Schlecht. and Cham., E. ramosis-
semum Desf., E. debile Roxb., E. laevigatum A.
Br., E. praealtum Raf., E. hiemale U.
- EQUISETA AMBIGUA. Ambiguous Scouring-rushes.
Stomata normally in single lines; stems annual,
little or not branched; sheath segments and teeth
sharply differentiated; cones not apiculate. E.
kansanum Schaffn., E. funstoni A. A. Eat.
—
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id a
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a
os
the sheath segments; cones apiculate. KE. nelsoni
(A. A. Eat.) Schaffn., Z. trachyodon A. Br., E.
varvegatum Schleich., E. scirpoides Mx
u
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branch whorls, not differentiated in color; cones
not apiculate. E. fluviatile L., E. palustre L., E.
bogotense H. B. K., E. diffusum D. Don.
VI. EQUISETA HETEROPHYADICA. Spring Horsetails. Sto-
mata scattered in bands; stems annual, mostly at
Now the question may well be asked whether this is
really the proper sequence, since it is practically just
the opposite from what has been generally accepted for
"e long time. In most systematic treatments EH. arvense
1s put at the very base. But the geological evidence would
apparently put the large tropical species as the lowest
in the series rather than the E. HETEROPHYADICA. The
other method of arriving at a correct conclusion is to
— the Supposedly lowest with the supposedly
ighest, making a catalog of the characteristics that have
n added or acquired in the sequence from the one to
DISTRIBUTION AND PuyLOGENY or Equiserum 93
the other and then also compare this apparent move-
ment with what has happened in plants much higher in
the general scale in respect to the same characters.
Beginning then with E. xylochaetum or E. giganteum,
we have a plant with a long-lived aerial shoot, with nu-
merous whorls of branches, with a large sessile, apiculate,
green, terminal cone, and with numerous small cones on
the branches. The fertile and sterile shoots are essen-
tially the same. The plant is said to attain a length of
20-30 ft. and the stem is up to 1 in. in thickness. From
this condition a series of evolutionary advances is in evi-
dence in the various species groups and in individual
species until the extreme is reached in E. arvense, in
which the following aggregate of 15 new potentialities
has been attained :
1. The aerial shoot evolves from the perennial to the
annual condition. This movement appears in two
other lines of Equisetum and has taken place in
large numbers of the higher groups of plants.
The fertile shoot changes from an abundantly
branched condition to a specialized stem without
branches.
The fertile shoot including the flower has lost nearly
all of its chlorophyll and is brown in color. This
loss of chlorophyll is a general evolutionary ten-
dency in all the higher flowers.
The fertile shoot evolves from a long-lived system
to a very short-lived system, withering soon after
emerging from the ground.
The fertile shoot is developed entirely underground,
complete for spore dispersal, and differentiated
from the beginning.
The cones are more definitely determinate and do
i int. This progression
: f
a
i
or
>
the higher plants.
There is a distinct reduction in the number of sporo-
phylls beeause of the earlier determination and
94
a
io)
bed
ed
ee
boo
hunk
or
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
this movement is also practically universal in
floral evolution.
The calyx evolves from a sporangium-bearing whorl
to a completely sterile structure, thus giving a
definite, sterile perianth, the first to appear among
the living species of vascular plants.
. A prominent peduncle has evolved below the flower,
ingly rare, in fact practically non-existent.
The fluctuation in the length of the vegetative inter-
nodes is less common than in the lower species.
The aerial shoots are very much smaller and this
movement is prominent in every section of the
genus.
. Proliferation, which represents a return of the re-
productive axis to the most primitive condition,
1S much less common than in species on a lower
level belonging to the same general group, like EF.
fluviatile for example.
€ number of teeth and sheath segments of the
branches is very definite in E. arvense, being three
or four, while in the lower species the numbers
fluctuate decidedly.
Cones are rarely developed on branches, even in re-
lated species where branch whorls are still present
on the fertile shoots, while in E. giganteum and
other low species branch cones are a regular
feature.
GENERAL Facts or DIstRIBUTION.
The general facts of distribution of Equisetum are
most interesting when compared with this phylogenetic
Sequence, which has two culmination points, one in sec-
tion IV. and the other in seetion VI. The EQUISETA PRIMI-
DISTRIBUTION AND PHYLOGENY oF EQuiseTuM 99
TIVA are confined to the tropics and sub-tropics, from
Mexico and Cuba to Northern Argentina and Chile.
There is apparently but one outside species in this region
(E. bogotense) and this species is the only one whose dis-
tribution does not coincide closely with its taxonomy.
From south central Mexico to the Arctic Ocean, North
America contains at the least 14 of the 22 recognized
species which with the 4 distinctly tropical and sub-
tropical American species leaves but 4 in all the rest of
the world which do not come into the American associa-
tion and even one of these may also be present in North
Americ¢a.
There are no known Equiseta in all the main part of
the Pacific Ocean except those in the islands near the
American continents and a single Asiatic species (2.
debile) extending through the East Indies southeastward
to the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, and Fiji Islands.
There are none reported for New Zealand and Aus-
tralia. Apparently there are none on the interior islands
of the great expanse of the Indian Ocean, none in the
South Atlantic, and none in Antarctica. In all the
southern part of Africa there is but one species, the
Eurasian E. ramosissimum. The northern part of Africa
contains several European species. Several species ex-
tend around the earth in the north temperate zone and
several species extend far into the Arctic. Two species
(E. hiemale and E. telmateia) extend from western North
America to western Europe, but are not found east of
the Rocky Mountains, and apparently not in the great
northern regions of Canada, and not in Greenland.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.
As stated in the introductory paleontological diseus-
sion, the modern species of Equisetum seem to have had
their point of origin somewhere in the region of Central
96 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
America or in the northwestern part of South America,
in a species which survived the general destruction which
seemed to overwhelm the Equisetales toward the close of
the Comanchean period. This surviving species or group
at first gave rise to the present EQUISETA PRIMITIVA, to the
two species, E. xylochaetum and E. giganteum. Three
other species are frequently recognized, namely, £.
martui, E. schaffneri, and E. pyramidale. At present
these appear like mere ecological forms to the writer.
They occur in the same general region with their two
relatives and so the theoretical basis of our present
geographic speculations will not be disturbed even if
they are regarded as good species. These EQUISETA
PRIMITIVA, in extending southward, did not give rise to
new forms, or, if new species did appear beyond the
equator in South America, they have all disappeared ;
so there is nothing in the south temperate zone to cor-
respond to the interesting progression of species that
one finds to the north. These species were shut off by
the Pacifie Ocean to the west and by the Atlantic to the
east, so they neither reached the south sea islands nor
southern Africa. The entire low-land basin of the Ama-
zon also appears to be almost destitute of Equiseta of
any kind except perhaps where there is high ground
near the mountains. This is probably due to the intense
competition which they would meet from the vigorous
tropical Angiosperm vegetation of the Amazon basin. In
South America then, the EquiseTa primrriva are found
m the Andean region to central Chile and northern
Argentina, in south central Brazil eastward into Minas
Geraes, and Buenos Aires, and in the north they extend
eastward through Venezuela. E. giganteum oceurs north-
ward on Haiti, some of the Lesser Antilles, Jamaica, the
mountains of southern Cuba and in southern Mexico.
Although -there are some localities in Central America
DISTRIBUTION AND PHYLOGENY OF EQUuISETUM 7
where these Equiseta occur they are apparently rather
rare, judging from the scarcity of published reports and
representatives in herbaria. This scarcity is probably
due to the fact that in Tertiary times all of Central
America, northwestern Colombia, and some of southern
Mexico was mostly under the ocean and the species have
not been able to migrate back to the numerous favorable
habitats that must be available for them in this region.
E. xylochaetum seems to be confined to South America.
The land bridge is supposed to have been completed
from California to Colombia during Comanchean time.
Previous to the late Eocene it seems certain that Central
America connected widely across the present Caribbean
Sea to Jamaica and Haiti, which made it easy for the
floras of both North and South America to spread into
the Greater Antilles and, no doubt, accounts for the
presence of E. giganteum in Jamaica, Cuba, and Hai
The north-south tending Rocky Mountains cease
Mexico north of Tehuantepec and the Andes terminate
in northwestern Colombia and eastern Panama. During
Cenozoic time the voleanic mountains of Central America
developed diagonally across the western ends of the east
and west folds of the Caribbean configuration, but in the
Oligocene, the Costa Rica-Panama land-bridge was al-
most everywhere covered by a shallow sea, as intimated
above, thus again widely uniting the Caribbean Sea with
the Pacific. In early Pliocene time there was also a
short-lived marine portal extending across the Isthmus
of Tehuantepec, but after this the whole of Central
America emerged again and North and South America
have remained connected ever since. These are the gen-
eral conclusions of geologists and as will appear below
the remarkable geologic movements indicated will help
to explain several peculiar features of our present dis-
tribution of Equisetum species. "
ti.
in
98 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
The EQUISETA HIBERNA are typically a temperate zone
group, only two species being within the tropics. The
lowest member, EZ. myriochaetum, occurs in southern
Mexico. It is also reported from Ecuador, but this may
be a mistake. Unfortunately, I have never seen material
of this species but if the descriptions and illustrations
of it are correct it is related on the one hand to E. gigan-
tewm and on the other to E. ramosissimum and E. laeviga-
tum. It has the general appearance and characteristics
of an EQUISETUM PRIMITIVUM but has the stomata in
single rows. It is then the transition form between the
tropical EQUISETA PRIMITIVA and the more advanced
EQUISETA HIBERNA to the north. Both E. laevigatum and
E. praealtum touch its territory in Mexico. Following £.
myriochaetum are the two temperate zone species, EZ.
ramosissimum and E. laevigatum, which are closely re-
lated forms. EH. ramosissimum is in general the lower
species. EF. laevigatum extends from Mexico State north-
ward through California to Washington and Alberta,
eastward to Ontario, New York, Connecticut, New Jer-
sey, Virginia, Kentucky, Arkansas, and Texas. It is the
typical prairie Equisetum. E. ramosissimum extends
from Japan through Asia and Europe and to Abyssinia,
northern Africa, the Canaries, and the Azores. It is
also found southward in Madagascar, Cape of Good
Hope, Natal, and other regions of south Africa. It must
have arrived in this region by migration southward from
northern Africa. As stated, E. ramosissimum is appar-
ently the more primitive of the two. We can assume
that it originated in western North America, either di-
rectly from E. myriochaetum or perhaps more probably
from an intermediate species, now extinct, from which
E. laevigatum also arose in the western United States and
thence migrated eastward as far as New England. The :
more reasonable be conn is ey that there was 5
DISTRIBUTION AND PHYLOGENY OF Equisetum 99
an ancestral species in western North America, connect-
ing on the one hand with Mexico and on the other with
eastern Asia, and that this species early became extinct.
Then E. ramosissimum can be derived in northeastern
Asia whence it migrated westward and southward. In
southeastern Asia, extending from India and Indo-
China southward to Ceylon and eastward on the islands
as far as Fiji, is Z. debile which is very closely related to
E. ramosissimum and ean be derived directly from it on
the margin of the latter’s range in Southeastern Asia.
Following E. laevigatum in North America is E. praeal-
twm which has about the same general range as the for-
mer but spreading over a greater territory. It extends
from Vera Cruz and Puebla States in Mexico northward
to Louisiana, northern Florida, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and
Great Slave Lake, and northwestward to California and
British Columbia. It may extend further but these are
authentie records based on examination of herbarium
material. E. praealtum can be derived directly from £.
laevigatum and the mutation or transition may have oc-
curred anywhere within the common range of the two
species. The last species of the EQUISETA HIBERNA is E.
hiemale. This has a very peculiar distribution which it
shares more or less with E. telmateia and a number of
other plants of widely separated orders. E. hiemale ex-
tends from southern California and Utah northward
along the Pacifie and in the Rocky Mountains through
Yellowstone and Glacial National Parks, across Alaska,
Japan, Korea, northern Asia and Europe as far as the
Pyrenees Mountains, the British Isles, and Ieeland. It
is apparently entirely absent in North America east of
the Rocky Mountains and is also wanting in
It is closely related to E. praealtum and we can assume,
on the one hand, that it was a direct offshoot from this
species, originating in western North America at the
Greenland.
100 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
margin of the range of E. praealtum, and migrating
westward until it reached Iceland; or on the other hand,
it may not be directly related to E. praealtum but to the
E. ramosissimum—E. laevigatum complex through an
unrecognized European species. There are forms in Eu-
rope described as varieties of E. hiemale which have
elongated, ampliated sheaths and irregular rows of tuber-
cles and crossbands of silex on the ridges of the main
stem. These may be a real connecting species between
E. ramosissimum and E. hiemale. This is the more
probable hypothesis. If E. hiemale was ever east of the
ocky Mountains or in Greenland in the past, it was
eliminated by the ice of the glacial period. The re-
ported specimens of KE. hiemale in southwestern Green-
land appear to be E. trachyodon which may have been
transported by the Norsemen. FE. hiemale might per-
haps be in Arctic Canada but this not probable, since it
appears to be absent around Great Slave Lake while Z.
praealtum is present.
The third section, EQUISETA AMBIGUA, has two species
entirely North America in distribution. LE. kansanwm
is closely related to E. laevigatum but it as well as its
near relative, E. funstoni, has evolved the annual habit
of the aerial shoot and eliminated the prominent point
from the cone. The distribution of E. kansanum is much
the same as E. laevigatum but is usually within the limits
of the latter species, especially toward the east. It is
the typical transition prairie and plains species. Its
known range is from Ohio to Texas, to southern Califor-
nia, northward to North Dakota, Alberta, and British
Columbia. There are therefore three prominent species
peculiar to North America and in general covering the
same territory, namely, H. laevigatum, E. praealtum,
and E. kansanum. E. funstoni appears to be a direct
derivative from E. kansanum, originating in the south- _
*
DIstTRIBUTION AND PHYLOGENY OF Equisetum 101
western part of the range of the latter species, It ex-
tends from central California southward, presumably
into Mexico, and is essentially a desert species.
The EQUISETA PUSILLA represent the extreme evolu-
tion of the series included in the first and second sec-
tions. There is still some controversy as to some of the
species. Asa group they extend around the earth toward
the north of the north temperate zone and range far into
the Arctic regions. EF. nelsoni is a recently recognized
Species with a known range from New York through
northern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin,
northern Wyoming and northwestern Montana. Its ac-
tual distribution may be much wider. It appears as a
‘very distant relative of E. laevigatum and may be de-
rived from the ancestral form of that species, in temper-
ate North America. There has been much controversy
over the specific validity of E. trachyodon, it being mostly
considered as a hybrid. However, there are forms going
under varietal names of EF. hiemale which seem to have
their real affinity with E. trachyodon, and when all these
are grouped together they make a respectable species of
wide distribution in the northern part of the north tem-
perate zone, extending from North America westward
through to Europe, the British Isles, Iceland, and one
station in southwestern Greenland. The writer has not
been able to come to a final conclusion about the matter
If EF. trachyodon is a good species it can be derived from
the same stock as E. nelsoni and represents a parallel
evolution in the EQUISETA PUSILLA with E. hiemale. It is
supposed to be mostly sterile which might aecount for
its comparative rarity. This partial sterility is however
no trustworthy evidence of an immediate hybrid origin.
E. variegatum is a cireumpolar species extending south-
ward to about the middle of the north temperate zone.
It ean be considered as a direct advance on E. trachyodon
102 ~ AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
or on the ancestor of this species. It might have origi-
nated anywhere around the circle in the northern part
of the north temperate zone. E. scirpoides is another
circumpolar species, covering much. the same ground as
E. varvegatum but usually not attaining such extreme
northern habitats, although it is found in Spitzbergen
and central western Greenland. E. scirpoides represents
the extreme advance of the species usually grouped un-
der the subgenus Hippochaete. It isa decided, culmina-
tion type and probably originated directly from the an-
cestral type of LE. variegatum somewhere in the northern
part of the north temperate zone.
The EQUISETA AESTIVALIA represent the lower section
of the Euequiseta. They show decided advance over the
EQUISETA PRIMITIVA and cannot be derived from any of
the three higher sections heretofore considered. They
have stomata scattered in bands, are annual in their
aerial parts and the cones are without a point. They
must then be connected with the rylochaetum-giganteum
type, but a considerable series of advancing steps have
been taken to come even to the level of the lowest species.
It is probable, therefore, that a series of intermediate
species between E. giganteum and E. fluviatile existed
formerly which evolved in the region between Central
America and the northwestern United States and which
early became extinet. In a rapidly progressive evolu-
tionary series, the members in the ladder of ascent need
not be considered ever to have reached any considerable
distribution area. JE. fluviatile then was the first suc-
cessful stage in the progressive, orthogenetic series and if
it originated in the western part of North America, it
migrated rapidly to the east and to the west across the
Alaskan Land Bridge through Asia to western Europe.
It is mostly confined between the parallels of 40° and 65°
north latitude, but in Europe at least it extends north-
DISTRIBUTION AND PuyLOGENY oF EquisetuM 103
ward even to the Arctic cirele. In North America it is
distributed from Newfoundland to Delaware, to south-
western Ohio, northern Iowa, western Wyoming, and
Oregon; northward to Great Slave Lake and southern
Alaska. E. palustre is a distinet advance on E. fluviatile
and also extends around the earth in the northern part
of the north temperate zone. Its southern limit is usually
several hundred miles north of the southern limit of £.
fluviatile and it extends northward about the same dis-
tance. It was probably derived directly from the an-
cestral species of E. fluviatile. E. diffuswm is an isolated
species in the region of Yunnan, China, and the Hima-
layas. It ean be derived directly from £. palustre
which is to the north of it. E. bogotense is the only
species of Equisetum that exists in a region where it
presumably ought not to be. It isa species that is also
related to E. palustre. It is distributed from Chile
through the Andes to Guatemala and is also in Vene-
zuela and British Guiana. It is apparently rare in Cen-
tral America. If we connect it with E. palustre, with
which it seems to have the nearest affinity, we are com-
pelled to postulate an intermediate species which in the
earliest possible times was derived in western North
America from E. palustre and which migrated south-
ward toward Central America and there gave rise to the
tropical E. bogotense. The parent, connecting species
died out while E. bogotense migrated southward and
eastward through the mountains until it reached Chile
and British Guiana.
The EQUISETA HETEROPHYADICA are all plants of the
northern hemisphere, extending from the central part of
the north temperate zone northward, some species far
north into the Arctic regions. They are plainly the most
extreme species and were derived from the same source
n of the north
as the EQUISETA AESTIVALIA in some regio
104 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
temperate zone, presumably in North America. In a
general way EL. silvaticum is the lowest species, although
it has some decided specializations. It is mostly con-
fined between the parallels of 40° and 70° north latitude.
It oceurs in southern Greenland and thence westward
through Canada, Alaska, Siberia, Europe and Great
Britain. E. pratense covers about the same belt as E.
sivaticum, but is considerably within the northern and
southern limits of that species. It usually is quite a
distance north of the 40th parallel. In eastern America
E. pratense is usually at least one to two hundred miles
north of the southern limit of E. silvaticum. To the
north it crosses the Arctic circle in Europe, but in gen-
eral it usually appears to confine itself to the temperate
zone. It might have originated anywhere around the
cirele but probably from an extinct species in western
North America, which was the common ancestor also of
E. silvaticum. E. telmateia has in general the distribu-
tion of E. hiemale, but with narrower north and south
boundaries. It extends from southern California north-
ward along the Pacific states into British Columbia and
appears again in Asia and through western Europe to
the British Isles. In Europe it extends from Denmark
south to Greece, Algeria and the Azores. In America it
does not reach the Rocky Mountains to the east. If it
ever extended eastward it was probably destroyed by
the glacier. We can assume that it had its origin in the
western part of the United States, from the same ances-
tral species or complex that gave rise to E. silvaticum
and E. pratense, whence it migrated westward through
Alaska and across Asia to the west of Europe.
; The final species, E. arvense, has the widest distribu-
tion of any Equisetum. The ultimate steps in complex-
ity resulted in a most efficient organism, and since it is
the most complex in hereditary reaction we can confi-
DISTRIBUTION AND PHYLOGENY OF Equisetum 105
dently assume that it was one of the latest species
evolved. This successful condition is all the more re-
markable when we remember that geologically it belongs
to a dying phylum. The area of distribution, therefore,
does not at all correspond to the theoretical age of the
species when compared with such species as E. giganteum
or E. myriochaetum. E. debile, E. diffusum and E. funs-
toni are probably also recent species and they have
rather limited distribution areas. This may perhaps be
accounted for by the fact that each of these species is
more or less hemmed in by climatie and other barriers.
In any event, it is evident that many conditions deter-
mine area of distribution besides age. In many cases at
least, the age determines the extinction of the species.
E. arvense has evolved an extreme degree of tolerance to
widely diverse conditions of temperature and other eco-
logical factors and is, moreover, very adaptable in its
fluctuating response to environment. These facts prob-
ably explain its very wide distribution. In general it
extends from about 30° north latitude to beyond 80°
north latitude. It is found entirely around the outer
margin of Greenland, is in Spitzbergen, northern Siberia
and Bering Sea. At the south it reaches northern
Africa, central China, and central Alabama. For the
most part it is rare below the 3oth parallel of north lati-
tude. Its immediate ancestors have disappeared from
the earth, so it stands side by side with E. telmatera,
which is in certain respects even more extrem
than E. arvense. ;
The main evolutionary movement in E quisetum, In Tre-
spect to climate, appears in general to have been from
the tropics to the extreme Arctic regions. In only abe
cases does it appear that a present tropical spectes Ge
veloped from an immediate temperate zone ancestor,
namely, in the case of E. debile and E. bogotense. E.
ely evolved
106 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
ramosissimum, although mainly a temperate zone plant,
grows through the tropics of Africa. It has the widest
range in latitude of any species, from about 60° north to
30° south. In the general movement from the tropics to
the Arctic, each important step forward fitted the plant
better to endure lower and lower degrees of temperature,
so that in traveling through Arctic lands, toward the
north pole, several species of Equisetum are among the
last plant companions to be left behind before moving
upon the great ice pack of the Arctic Ocean.
This general review of the geographic distribution of
the living species of Equisetum, although still imperfect
and in some parts based on incomplete knowledge, shows
that the present distribution is in almost perfect accord
with the phylogenetic relationship, worked out from
purely morphological and physiological data.
CoLUMBUS, OHIO.
Some European Fern Finds
NELLIE C. KNAPPEN
Two recent trips in Europe gave an opportunity for
fern hunting on the continent and in Southern England.
In 1927, a week in the Dauphiné Alps near La Grave,
and another in the High Pyrenees near Cauterets and
Gavarnie were devoted to botanizing. However, inci-
dental to general sight-seeing, many ferns were observed
and better recalled for the historic association.
Near Nevers, on old walls grew maidenhair spleen-
wort,’ wall rue, bladder fern, oak fern, and rosettes of
ceterach, which looks like rickrack braid in rich green
and cinnamon tones.
1 See page 113 for list of scientific names corresponding to the
common names employed in the text.
EurorpeaANn Fern FInps 107
The maidenhair spleenwort was different from ours,
stiff and coarse. Later, in many places, were found
small plants that readily dropped the tiny pinnae, leav-
ing the denuded rachises like little wads of horse hair.
All through the moist regions of France, the great
fronds of bracken are characteristic of the roadside
woods, very unlike American bracken in outline.
La Grave, a tiny village opposite the lofty Meige with
its many glaciers is at an elevation of nearly five thou-
sand feet. From the underside of rocks in the glacial
streams grew green spleenwort, the fronds washed by the
swift water. This form had the pinnae distant, and
rather uneven, resembling specimens collected in small
caves in the cliffs above Smuggler’s Notch, Vermont.
Bladder and oak fern grew amid the slide rock of the
steep slopes, and on the rocky meadows, mingling with
edelweiss. On densely wooded boulder-strewn slopes
nearer the glaciers, green spleenwort formed minute
rosettes with fronds an inch or two in length. Other
ferns were beech fern, spinulose and male fern, the rare
alpine bladder fern with deeply lacerated lobes, and the
always lovely mountain bladder fern. There was a good
deal of Lycopodium Selago here.
A pleasant memory of the wonderful medieval walled
city of Carcassonne was the glimpse of polypody growing
in an ancient Roman well, seen from above when walking
on the inner wall. This was the first plant of this species
seen and it is not as common as here. On the outer
ramparts crowded rosettes of a charming spleenwort,
apparently Petrarch’s, grew, alas, just beyond reach.
_ Venus’s-hair was found on the moat wall where water
trickled constantly.
The commonest fern throughout the dry regions of
southern France was ceterach—hanging in dusty curls
108 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
from every shelving wayside rock. But as one drew near
the Pyrenees ferns were again abundant. All the way
up to Gavarnie by train, tram, and bus one longed to
gather this wayside wealth.
In the famous Cirque with its hanging glaciers and
slender waterfalls, again green spleenwort dabbled its
fronds in the little streams. The rare alpine beech fern
grew here with the oak and bladder ferns.
Climbing a steep switchback trail behind the inn, a
bunch apparently of grass amidst gay rock flowers on a
bit of pasture wall proved to be forked spleenwort, an
exciting find at the end of a day crowded with new
experiences.
Ascending the trail to the Porte d’Espagne, a seven
thousand foot saddle, grand views, vivid flowers, rare
birds made the walk memorable. The ferns were mostly
confined to the torrent bed, but little clumps of forked
spleenwort were on many dry rocks, and close to the top,
growing with a tiny woodsia, were dwarf plants of holly
fern, the four or five inch fronds a contrast indeed to
this species in the British Columbia mountains.
Cauterets, a watering place at about three thousand
feet elevation, was the center of many mountain trails.
Near the town in a rocky woods the first black maiden-
hair spleenwort was seen. This triangular fern is leath-
ery and blue green in color, with a decided silvery bloom.
Before the spores ripen, the long slender white indusia
give a charming herring-bone pattern to the back of the
frond,
On the long climb to the Lac du Gaube, a jade green
lake formed by the great Vignemale Glacier, the misery
of a steady cold rain was somewhat alleviated by the
many new ferns encountered. Before reaching the lake,
in a region of unusual glacial action a dripping mossy
Eurorean Fern Finps 109
cliff yielded many treasures. With beech and oak fern
grew the rare limestone polypody and the three bladder
ferns, fragile, alpine and mountain, were intermingled.
Plants of deer fern a few inches high were a contrast to
the rank growth of this fern so common on the Pacific
Northwest Coast. The rare alpine beech or lady fern
grew here, and the mountain shield fern with its delight-
ful fragranee. Several of the prickly shield ferns were
found here and the only crested fern seen in Europe.
On low rocks about the lake grew parsley fern, so much
like the American rock brake, familiar from Lake
Superior and the Western mountains. Comparison,
however, shows the sterile fronds of the European fern
to be triangular, thin in texture, and with deeply lacer-
ated pinnae,
At Biarritz dark green glossy fronds of sea spleenwort
tantalized by growing out of reach on a high sea wall.
Not till two years later was this collected in Cornwall.
Motoring from Seville to Algeciras a fortunate momen-
tary delay of the bus among groves of handsome cork
oaks, gave a chance to see the bright green triangular
fronds of the hare’s-foot fern, Davallia canariensis,
clinging to the ruddy bark by a broad sealy rhizome. At
the Rock of Gibraltar Venus’s-hair and fragrant lip
fern were seen.
In 1929 an invitation to motor through Europe was
eagerly accepted. With hosts who were interested In
flowers frequent stops gave opportunities for further
fern hunting. No more delightful fern region can be
found than the English counties of Cornwall and Devon.
The hedgerows along the famous lanes are green with
many ferns—male and lady fern, European hay -scented,
spinulose, the various prickly shield ferns, deer fern and
Hart’s tongue. In this soft climate many species grow
110 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
on the old stone buildings, while the sea caves give shelter
to others; some find seant footing on the cliffs, and others
‘share the moors with the heather.
The first sea spleenwort seen was well out of reach on
the roof of a big sea cave at Mousehole near Penzance
growing with Venus’s-hair and other ferns. It was
accessible at Tintagel, above the ruins of King Arthur’s
Castle, but so deeply imbedded in crannies that it was
all but impossible to procure the rootstock. This fern
is very leathery, and due to a twist into a different plane,
pressing is difficult. Specimens are bleached in spots
from the excess of salt.
The first lanceolate spleenwort found was in a grave-
yard at Gulval near Penzance. This fern somewhat
resembles black maidenhair spleenwort, but is broadly
lanceolate, not deltoid in outline, narrowing toward the
base, the lower pairs of pinnae being decidedly shorter.
It is thin in texture, of a wonderful emerald green, has
small oval sori, and there are hair-like scales along the
rachis. This grows to considerable size on moors and in
the edge of the woods, but is often small on walls. ‘Some
plants found on dry exposed rocks were coriaceous and
were so divided and so narrow as to closely resemble
the smooth rock spleenwort.
At Cheddar Gorge the rare limestone polypody was
found once more, and at Waverly Abbey near Dover
were royal and marsh ferns. In Germany and Czecho-
Slovakia forked spleenwort proved fairly common and
in the Black Forest the ostrich fern was found.
In Central Austria near Mariazell, Alpenrose bloomed
on the steep mountain sides, and the magenta flowers
of wild Cyclamen: sprang from beds of Lycopodium
Selago and Selaginella spinulosa. Here was found the
only Botrychium seen, Virginia grape fern, and moun-
EuROPEAN FERN FINDS 111
tain bladder fern grew to an unusual size, one very finely
eut frond measuring eight inches in height by eleven in
width, with a stipe over ten inches long. This locality
was memorable as well for the sight of four wild Chamoix
that came very close before taking fright.
In Austria and in the German Tyrol the green spleen-
wort was abundant and of a beautiful type. The fronds
are long, pinnae rather square, deeply and regularly
erenate, and often lobed. Two plants had all the fronds
dichotomously branched, recalling the Linnaean specific
name, Trichomanes-ramosum.
Near the top of Furka ober Alp Pass in Switzerland,
at about ten thousand feet altitude, stunted holly fern
erew in a small rock cavern, the stemless fronds three or
four inches long with closely imbricated pinnae, like the
plants found in the high Pyrenees. With this grew one
plant with eighteen inch fronds, the pinnae spaced, the
lowermost half dozen pairs an inch or more apart, and
reduced almost to scales, giving the effect of a long stipe,
thus resembling the western American form. There
were about the same number of pinnae—thirty-five or
forty pairs on the fronds of the two plants.
In the Gorge de Triente in western Switzerland long
fronds of Hart’s tongue were in contrast to a finely cut,
slender fern growing in the spray on the opposite wall
to the one where the walk is suspended. Finally a few
plants were discovered high up on the near side. These
turned out to be the long desired smooth rock spleenwort,
now seen for the first time. This fern is intriguing to
Americans, due to its reported collection on two occasions
in this country. The slender yet coriaceous, laey fronds
have an elongated S-shaped outline with the ultimate
pinnules ending in curving spines.
y Scene ee
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VoLuME 20, PLATE 2
SomE EUROPEAN FERNS
EvuROPEAN Fern Finps 113
At the Gorge de Chauderon at Montreux the steep
walls were rank with great plants of Hart’s tongue and
an unusual maidenhair spleenwort with arching ten inch
fronds. The Hart’s tongue found in Europe had very
thin fronds, except the stunted plants growing on walls
in Devon and Cornwall. This fern in New York has
more leathery fronds. In Brittany lanceolate and sea
spleenwort were again seen.
Nearly forty species and subspecies of ferns. were
found on the two trips. Most of these have the same or
a closely related species in our country. Of the asplen-
iums, ceterach, fontanum, marinum, and lanceolatum are
not known in America, and A. adtantum-nigrum has been
collected but once. Of the shield ferns only Dryopteris
aemula is wanting on this side of the Atlantic.
List oF FERNS COLLECTED
Botrychium virginianum Grape Fern
smunda regalis Royal Fern
Onoclea struthiopteris Ostrich Fern
Pteridium aquilinum cken
Allosorus crispus Parsley Fern
Cheilanthes odora Fragrant Lip Fern
Adiantum capillus-veneris Venus’s-hair Fern
Cystoperis fragilis Bladder Fern
“ Ipi Alpine Bladder Fern
te montana Mountain Bladder Fern
Asplenium ceterach aly Spleenwort
ns fontanum Smooth Rock Segal ort
oe marinum Sea Splee
um trichomanes deine fetes ort
n viride reen Spleenw a
septentrionale Forked Spleen
fe adiantum-nigrum Black sheeanaly casa
xf lanceolatum Lanceolate Spleenwort
he ruta-muraria Wall-rue
. Athyrium filix-foemina Lady Fern
114 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Athyrium ee
Polypodium vulg
Polystichum stadt
thelypteris
filix-mas
rigida
spinulosa
dilatata
emula
Lomaria spicant
Phyllitis scolopendrium
Davallia canariensis
Alpine Beech Fern
Common Polypody
Hard Prickly Shield Fern
Soft Prickly Shield Fern
Holly Fern
Limestone Polypody
Mountain Fern
Marsh Fern
Male Fern
Spinulose Shield Fern
Hay-scented Fern
Deer Fern, Hard Fern
Hart’s Tongue
Hare’s-foot Fern
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Reading from left to right.
(
Asplenium marinum, Tintagel, Cornwall, England. a. Upper
b. Under side.
. Asplenium ceterach, Nevers, France. a. Upper side. b. Un-
g.
Asplenium fontanum, Gorge de Triente, Switzerland. a. Up-
der side.
st:
side,
2
der side with some scales removed to show fruitin
3:
. Under
4.
der side. b. Upper si
or
<
nder side, rare type.
il,
usually small
WasuHrnoton, D. ©.
per side.
Asplenium septentrionale, near Bern Kastel, Germany. a. Un-
Asplenium lanceolatum, ‘Pgs Rock, Cornwall, England. a.
i b. Upper side, normal type, but un-
A New York Fern Law 115
A New York State Fern Law
M. L. OvERACKER
For the past two years, with much preceding discus-
sion, the Syracuse Botanical Club has been working on
the problem of legal action to save at least one of the
rare ferns, menaced by commercialism and auto-recrea-
tionists, for which our section is famous. Green Lake,
east of Jamesville, was dowered by nature with a fern
flora that made it a magnet for scientists and fern lov-
ers the world over. Though the work of the Solvay
Process Co., to which the fern-clad cliffs were only raw
material for baking soda, this rare and beautiful sta-
tion has been utterly destroyed.
Rarest of all was the hart’s tongue fern, Scolopen-
drium, and some four or five hundred specimens of this
were removed, with belated assistance from the Solvay
Co., from certain destruction to a location nearby that
we hope will be safe. The hart’s tongue is found only
in four or five spots in Onondaga and Madison counties,
in Tennessee, in Ontario, and apparently in Guatemala,
and in no other locality on this continent. Its appear-
ance is so unlike the ordinary aspect of a fern that the
average person might overlook it. The chief danger of
extinction, aside from the destruction of its habitats,
comes from students of botany who exchange plants, and
from nurserymen who dig it up to sell.
The members of the Syracuse Botanical Club feel that
they have at last done something practical by wey of
protection in getting the new amendment, protecting pie
hart’s tongue, passed by the legislature. Miss L. W.
Roberts, and other active members, but chiefly Mrs. J ohn
W. Church, Chairman of the Club Legislation Commit-
tee, have worked like beavers to build the protective dam.
Assemblyman Horace M. Stone, aided by Assemblyman
116 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
W. H. Sargent, and Senator Fearon have capably en-
gineered the amendment through the breakers. There
were difficulties, for these devoted public servants had to
take a terrible ‘‘razzing’’ from their colleagues for
sponsoring so unpractical (?) a measure. At one time,
it looked as if some earnest members of the Botanical
Club would be called upon to go to Albany expressly to
shed tears to aid in floating the amendment. There is
a legend that the original conservation law was so put
through the Legislature by a devoted gentleman and
lover of nature.
Now that the possession of a whole or a part of a
hart’s tongue plant is legally a misdemeanor, and the
Conservation Commissioner, state council of parks, state
police, all peace officers, and every interested person are
charged with enforcing the law, some Scolopendrium
should be left for future generations. The Syracuse
Botanical Club, which celebrated its fiftieth anniversary
last year, feels this achievement a cheering start on its.
second half century of work. The Club has had the
new law printed in ecard form for distribution through
schools. It is reprinted below as a matter of record ‘and
information for others interested.
Amendment to New York State Conservation Law relative
to the protection of certain pants, shrubs, trees and vines.
Sponsored by Syracuse Botanical Club and passed by State
Legislature of 1930
‘*Malicious injury to the destruction of property:
person who wilfully cuts down, girdles or otherwise in-
jures or destroys, a fruit, shade or ornamental tree standing on
the lands of another, or takes, picks, agit severs, carries away,
removes or injures, in a manner to kill or cause to die, or de-
stroys any plant, shrub, tree or vine or any Ww ad or cultivated
trailing arbutus (epigaea re pens), flowering dogwood (cornus
florida), mountain laurel (kalmia latifolia), any of the moccasin
BrROAD-LEAF SPINULOSE FERNS 117
flowers including cypripedium acaule, cypripedium pubescens,
cypripedium parviflorum, malik pine’ Be or either gentiana
crinita or gentiana andrewsia or fer any kind growing on
county, city, town or village;
or
2-s. Who wilfully digs up, takes or carries away the heart’s
tongue fern (scolopendrium vulgare) from any location in Onon
daga or Madison Counties, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.’’
The conservation commission and the state council of parks,
within their respective juridiction, their several employees, the
state police and all peace officers, are charged with the duty of en-
forcing this section
Possession by any person of the whole or part of a plant which
this section is intended to protect shall be presumptive evidence
that the same was unlawfully taken by the —
Syracuse, N. Y.
The Root-stocks of the Broad-leaf Spinulose
erns
Epwarp H. CuArKsOoN
The root-stock of Dryopteris dilatata var. americana is
apparently always prostrate and creeping. I have ex-
amined hundreds of these ferns in various parts of New
England and have never found any exception to this.
Dryopteris dilatata, on the contrary, has an ascending
or upright root-stock that, according to Thomas Moore
is ‘‘never creeping.’’? Old root-stoeks occasionally fall
over and become decumbent (reclining and turned up at
the growing end).
I quote from the following books and writers.
“‘Nature Printed British Ferns’’ (1863 ed.) Thomas
Moore wrote of this fern: ‘‘Caudex stout, usually erect,
rarely decumbent, not creeping, often becoming elon-
gated and trunk-like, the fronds arranged in a circlet
around the crown when erect.’? In ‘‘Ferns of Great
In
118 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Britain and their Allies’’ Anne Pratt describes the root-
stock of Lastrea dilatata as follows: ‘‘Its rhizome is often
conspicuous above ground as it does not creep nor send
out branches, but becomes a firm, strong base, rising erect
like a stem, sometimes half a foot or a foot above the
surface of the ground.’’ Dr. C. Luerssen, in his ‘*Die
Farne,’’ 1889, gave the root-stock of this fern as ‘‘thicker
than in spinulosum, ascending or very often upright.’’
According to Carl Christensen of the Botanical Museum,
Copenhagen, Denmark, this fern in the latest handbook
of the Scandinavian Flora (Hartman’s Handbok i Skan-
dinaviens Flora, ed. by Otto R. Holmgren, 1922) is
described, under the name of D. austriaca (Jacq.) Woy-
nar, aS having a ‘‘root-stock short and thick and nearly
upright.’
To the above, I ean add that all of the 48 root-stocks
of Dryopteris dilatata imported by me from Scotland in
1923-1924 were absolutely upright. They were medium-
sized to quite small.
In a previous article (‘‘The Habitat and Distribution
of the Broad-leaf Spinulose Ferns,’? AM. FERN JOURNAL,
Vol. 18, no. 4, Nov. 1928) I showed how decidedly these
two ferns differed in those two characters. It would
seem very evident, therefore, that D. dilatata var. ameri-
cana should be recognized as a species. As such, it is
entitled to the name Dryopteris campyloptera (Kunze)
Clarkson, n. comb., Aspidium campylopterum Kunze,
Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2, 6: 84, 1848.
In an article published in Rhodora in Feby., 1915,
Prof. M. L. Fernald says of this fern: ‘‘the plant is close
to Dryopteris spinulosa, and in our northern forests cer-
tainly grades into it. As a variety, however, it deserves
recognition as WE Jol bd, spinulosa (Miill.) Kuntze, var.
americana (Fisch er),’’
Recent FERN LITERATURE 119
I consider it impossible for these two ferns to grade
into each other for the following reason. The leaves of
Dryopteris campyloptera are very susceptible to frost.
A temperature of 32° F. or slightly less will soon kill
them, causing them to curl up and turn brown. The
sterile fronds of Dryopteris spinulosa, on the contrary,
are evergreen, or at least semi-evergreen. They may be
found plentifully in the spring after the snow has
melted, green and fresh. Were D. campyloptera a
variety of D. spinulosa, there certainly could not be any
such great difference in the evergreen quality of their
leaves. D. campyloptera is undoubtedly more closely
related to D. dilatata than to any other fern.
NEWBURYPORT, MASSACHUSETTS.
Recent Fern Literature
Roek Garden and Alpine Plants; Henry Correvon.
MacMillan Company. 1930.
This new book, entitled ‘‘Rock Garden and Alpine
Plants,’? appears to be the first issue in English. The
author, Henry Correvon, is a very prolifie writer on hor-
ticultural subjects. One previous title has been trans-
lated into English, ‘‘The Alpine Flora,’’ as well as into
German. One other title was issued in Italian.
Mr. Leonard Barron writes an introduction to the
present volume detailing his acquaintance with Mr.
Correvon’s writings on rock gardens, alpine plants, and
other similar topics over a period of forty years. Mr.
Correvon, in his preface, notes that his first book was
published in 1884 and that he had begun a special inter-
est in alpine plants some years earlier in 1877.
The book has some special interest to fern lovers
through its inelusion of a chapter on the fernery, in
which, in addition to a general discussion on the culture
120 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
of hardy ferns, he lists, alphabetically, some different
species with which he has had experience in the garden.
This number does not include the many additional hun-
dreds of horticultural varieties of some of these species.
A footnote regarding the vitality of a European rock
fern is worth quoting in full: ‘‘Under such conditions
the plant can resist drought for a long time. In my first
book on Ferns, Les Fougéres Rustiques, 1890, I record
an instance of Ceterach officinarum retaining its vitality
two years in an herbarium, and reviving after that
period.’’ Surely, that comment opens a very interesting
field for inquiry and experimentation.
The comment on the European and some of our native
species are particularly interesting. Our American
Maidenhair comes in for a special appreciation. His
comment on Asplenium ebeneum seems to be based on a
misconception, for he says of it: ‘‘This is the A. tricho-
manes of North America but much more developed than
the European type; ...’’ The New York fern is in-
cluded first under Asplenium and later under ‘‘N ephro-
dium’? in connection with other shield ferns.
Despite such mistakes in detail, however, the book may
be recommended for those interested in rock gardens.
Its instructions for arranging rock walls in such a way
as to serve for growing plants are of extremely practical
value. In general, it is a book for a horticulturist and
a gardener, the fern chapter being a relatively small
portion of the whole book, most of which is taken up
with a diseussion of plants suitable for rockeries, ar-
ranged in alphabetical order.—R. C. B
Mr. B. F. Bush has published a comprehensive fern
flora of Oklahoma. A brief review of the collections and
the records in literature of Oklahoma ferns is followed
by an account of the topography and drainage systems
ReEcENT FERN LITERATURE ist
of the state, and of the five floristic provinces into which
it may be divided. Then comes a list of fifty species
known to oceur in the state, with, under each, citation
of specimens and critical notes. Names of species er-
roneously recorded and of species likely to be found in
the state are also listed, but in different type and within
parentheses, so that no confusion is likely to result. The
final product is a thorough list, readily consulted and,
since it is based on cited evidence, readily checked in
case of doubt."
Various small errors have crept into the text. Mr.
Greene’s article in vol. 17 of this JourNaL is regularly
cited as from the as yet non-existent vol. 27. Stevens
no. 1799 was distributed as Equisetum laevigatum, not
E. variegatum, as stated on p. 111. And the printer’s
devil must have been responsible for the statement on
p. 97 that the cafons of western Oklahoma are ‘‘very
attractive to Ferns, and several far western and south-
western species reach their northeastern limits there,
such as Woodsia oregana and W. scopulina.’’ The
northeastern limit of both these species is in the Gaspé
Peninsula in the Province of Quebec.
With two of Mr. Bush’s comments the present re-
viewer is compelled to disagree. Under Pellaea. atropur-
purea he remarks: ‘‘Some of the specimens enumerated
above are probably to be referred to P. glabella . . . eS-
pecially those cited by Davenport, and those collected by
Carleton and Stevens.’’ P. glabella is a comparatively
northern plant which one would expect to be much less
common in Oklahoma than P. atropurpured; and all of
the five collections by Stevens in the Gray Herbarium
belong to the latter species.
1 Bush, B. F. Ferns of Oklahoma. Am. Midland Nat. 12:
91-112. 1930.
122 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Dryopteris Filix-mas is listed as having been collected
at Kenton, Cimarron County, by Stevens (no. 497) and
Mrs. Nice, but with the comment ‘‘surely not the real
Filiz-mas, as none of the authorities assign it anywhere
near Cimarron County, Oklahoma.: The specimens are
too young to satisfactorily determine, and they possibly
are D. marginalis.’’ And on the strength of this,
Stevens 497 is listed as D. marginalis.
This is a bold proceeding. No subject is more full of
pitfalls than plant geography; to determine a specimen
solely on one’s idea of what the range of the species to
which it is referred should be, one needs to be sure-
footed indeed. In this case, Kenton is at the extreme
western end of the Oklahoma Panhandle, not far from
the border of New Mexico; Wooton & Standley (Cont.
Nat. Herb. 19: 25. 1915) record D. Filiz-mas from five
localities in that state, at least one of them nearer
Kenton than the nearest recorded station for D. mar-
ginalis. To the present reviewer the western edge of
the Panhandle would appear a natural enough locality
for D. Filix-mas, but a distinctly unnatural one for the
northeastern D. marginalis, Moreover, the specimen of
Stevens 497 in the Gray Herbarium, though young, is
by no means undeterminable ; and it is ‘‘real Filix-mas,”’
as that wide-ranging species is usually understood. The
serratures of the pinnules are acute, not rounded as in
D. marginalis ; the immature sori are not marginal; and
the indusia, which are fairly well developed, have
glandular margins, a feature which, so far as I know,
has not been found in D. marginalis, but does oeceur in
certain forms of D. Filiz-mas. It would seem that Mr.
Bush’s record of D. marginalis from Cimarron Co.
should be stricken out, and Mr. Green’s of D. Filix-mas
Should stand unquestioned.
Recent FERN LITERATURE 123
Recent numbers of the American Botanist contain
several notes on ferns. In vol. 35, pp. 99-102 (1929),
Prof. Clute describes, discusses, and illustrates the form
of walking fern with the basal lobes elongated and some-
times rooting like the apex, which, he states, is not un-
common in the Ohio Valley. He also gives it a name.
It has been named twice before: once, not very seriously,
by Prof. Clute in the Fern Bulletin (15: 87. 1907), and
once formally by Mr. Hoffmann in his Flora of Berkshire
County, Massachusetts (Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist. 36:
195. 1922). Happily the same formal or varietal name,
auriculatus, was used in all three cases—In vol. 35, pp.
152-156, an anonymous writer gives, under the title
‘‘The Fern’s Place in Nature,’’ an excellent brief ac-
count of the main characteristies of the pteridophytes.—
Mr. J. G. Scott (36: 24-29. 1930) writes characteristi-
cally of the family fern, Aspleniwm ebenoides, which he
is now inclined to regard as a form of A. pinnatifidum ;
and in the next number is duly corrected for imputing
to Dr. Wherry opinions which that gentleman never
held—Mr. Plitt (36: 40-41) records an instance of
Asplenium platyneuron growing as an epiphyte on the
trunk of a red maple about five feet above the ground.
Mrs. J osephine F. Clark has reported interestingly on
the ferns of the Red River Country, Maine.? This is in
the northern part of Aroostook County, and it is a good
place for ferns. Mrs. Clark has found typical
Botrychium lanceolatum, not previously recorded from
the eastern United States; Woodsia alpina, new to
Maine; and W. glabella and Thelypteris fragrans, var.
Hookeriana, each known from only two or three other
stations in the state. In addition to these four rarities,
she lists 25 other species.—C. A. W.
2 Rhodora 32: 133-136. 1930.
124 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Crestep Potypopy.—Ledgy hillsides have long been
fascinating to us, and their allure is greater every year.
One such location, in the town of Florence, Vermont,
had attracted us as we drove home one day and early in
October, 1929, we visited it. Separating as we reached
the ‘“‘hunting ground,’’ one group turned south and soon
were heard exclaiming over beautiful plants of Purple
Cliff Brake and Maidenhair Spleenwort. The rest of
the party searched along the ridge in a northerly diree-
tion and for a time it seemed a hopeless quest, for no
ferns of any kind were to be seen. But, just as dis-
couragement took possession of me, I saw in a crevice
some fronds of the marginal fern and the bright green
of Maidenhair Spleenwort. Going over to examine
them, I saw also the dead fronds of Blunt-lobed Woodsia
and both green and dead fronds of something else—
something so startlingly curious I could hardly believe
it, but after a time I assured myself I had found a
crested Polypody. Search in the vicinity revealed no
other ferns, but as we descended the ledges and made
our way back by a different route, we saw many colonies
of Walking Fern, beautiful plants of Maidenhair
Spleenwort, a few plants of Purple Cliff Brake, and
many withered plants of Blunt-lobed Woodsia, a few of
them having green fronds, apparently new since the
frost of a few days previous.
Our Polypody was taken to the photographer the next
morning, then carefully set in the rock garden among:
other Polypodies which had there found comfortable
abiding places. Later a photograph and pressed fronds
were sent to Mr. Weatherby, who found they met in
almost every particular the description given by B. D
Gilbert of his Polypodium vulgare, var. Churchiae (See
Fern Bulletin 14: 39, 1906). As no illustration of Gil-
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VoLuME 20, PLATE 5
CRESTED POLYPODY
MAIDENHAIR SPLEEN WORT)
(THE SMALL FRONDS ARE
126 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
bert’s plant was published, it is thought the likeness of
our plant will be of interest to fern lovers.
It is a pleasure to record that the plant seems to have
survived the winter in its new home, the green fronds
looking as fresh now (April 23) as last October, and we
await the coming of new fronds with much impatience.
When found the plant bore three fresh green fronds—
one so young its many divisions were not fully uncurled
—three fronds beginning to show brown at their tips
(these we considered to be fronds of the previous year)
and very many old and dead fronds, but all showing the
amazing peculiarities of stalked pinnae and many times
divided rachises.—Etsm M. KITTREDGE, Woodstock, Ver-
mont.
American Fern Society
Report of the Treasurer for 1929
GENERAL FUND
RECEIVED
$1,001.73
$816.23 816.23
$1,817.96
AMERICAN F'ERN SOCIETY 127
Par Out
Editors’ Account American Fern Journal
Printing $275.00
eine -page, contents, Index, 6 and 8 pt.......... 26.69
ene extra pages and insert 79.16
he ns 72.93
Mailing saat postage 18.63
Stencils :
Brooklyn Botanical Garden expense............... 1.04
Editor ’s postage and expense 6.08
Special appro. for purchase of Back num-
bers and other Fern literature 31.50
Total Ff ourneal: Mx pense ohio) caine 513.91
Less credit from printer used 1930
of $6.92 leaves net Journal Ex-
pense of $506.99
Budget allowed $469.50
Illustrating Fund 28.61
Special Gift 8.88
506.99
Reprints (refunded) ie $ 28.95
Treasurer Expense 31.22
Secretary Expense ine. Membership list... 43.74
* Expense Labor Day Meeting - 8.75
Poul Paid O6t $626.57 626.57
Balances on hand $1,191.39
This balance on hand is made up as follows:
EMERGENCY FUND
On Hand Jan. 1 $292.44
Received sale of Back N ~ of Journal 151.26
Balance on hand Dee. 3 $373.70
128 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
ILLUSTRATING FUND J
On Hand Jan. 1 $ 26.20 be
Gifts Received 241 a
$ 28.61
Used for illustrations 23.61
‘Nothing on hand :
Special Order Holding for Herbarium Ex- %
-penses by Curator 25.00
GENERAL FunD Unappropriated 0... 792.69
$1,191.39 <
st SpeciaL RESERVE FuND
On Hand Sek 1 sore $ 888.10 4
Interest received ® 37.36
i 37.36
|
: 3 925.46
Balanee un band Tice. 1
I would recommend the transfer of a portion of the
Emergeney Fund to the Special Reserve Fund. Ga
ectfully submitted, oa
_ Jay G. UnvdERwoop, Treasurer :
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A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS
Published by the
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY
CONTENTS|
Has the e Genus hium any
: Onyc
Adaaieptecen ie rome bee a ae Par
A List of Tennessee Ferns..........W. A. E
Bien dais emma NAL eis
Che American Fern Society
Council for 1930
OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR
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pee « Fern Journal
Vo Be je hs iene rca oer 1930 No. 4
tas she Gene Oneida any Resrcsintative: in
South America
Dr. J. B. KUMMERLE
According to the present status of our knowledge, as
represented e. g. in the excellent book of Christensen’,
there are four species of the small tropical genus
Onychium from Asia (0. siliculosum, japonicum, tenue,
cryptogrammoides), one common to Asia and Africa (0.
melanolepis), and one (QO. strictwum) endemic in the
West Indies. Onychium strictum is therefore the only
American species of this genus, and has not been found,
so far, on the continent. The genus has no representa-
tive—so far as is known in the latest literature—in South
America.
While determining some very old fern collections in
the Botanical Department of the Hungarian National
Museum at Budapest, I came across a specimen, no. 8
collected in Peru, but without the name of the collector,
and determined as belonging to the genus Pteris. To my
great surprise, I recognized in it the genus Onychium
from South America, and found it entirely correspond-
ing to the diagnosis of Pteris siliculosa, published by
Desvaux in 1811, based on specimens from ‘‘South
America.’’ In 1827 the genus Phorolobus was created
by Desvaux, to which he transferred the new Pteris sili-
culosa together with some other, very heterogeneous, spe-
1 Index Filicum, p. 468 (1906) and Suppl. I, p. 53 (1913).
[Volume 20, No. 3 of the JourNAL, pages 89- -128, plates 5 and 6,
was issued October 12, 1930.]
129
130 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
cies, e. g. Cryptogramma crispa, Pteris ensiformis, Neu-
rosoria pteroides. The species name of Desvaux is used
later by Prof. Christensen in the Index Filicum in the
combination Onychium siliculosum (Desv.) Christen-
sen; there are added as synonyms the following names;
Acrostichum viviparum Cav., Onychium auratum Kaulft.,
and Pterts chrysocarpa Hook. et Grev., and tropical Asia
is given as the only native place of the species. I am
strongly convinced that the Peruvian fern of our Her-
barium belongs to the very same collection met with by
Desvaux ; in consequence our specimen is a cotype. Com-
paring the Peruvian fern with the original specimen of
Onychium auratum Kaulfs. from Manila (collected by
Chamisso) in possession of the Botanical Department of
the Hungarian National Museum, it was very easily seen
that the two were identical. The peculiar occurrence of
the Malayan fern in Peru, without any records from
places between Eastern Asia and South America might
raise some doubts, if similar cases were not already
known for ferns—e. g. Cryptogramma crispa (L.)
Br., of Europe and Eastern Asia, is cited from Chile (as
Pellaea fumariaefolia Phil., teste Christ in Christensen
Ind. Fil. p. 187). The theory of Wegener,? according
to whom the continents first belonging together were
driven off later from each other, may give an explana-
tion for the occurrence of our fern in two remote locali-
ties.
Based on comparison with some original specimens (0.
auratum, siliculosum, tenue, cryptogrammoides), I find
the following species in the genus: 1. Onychium aureum
* Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane. 1 Aufl. 1915. 3
Aufl. 1922. Also see FE, Irmscher, Pflanzenverbreitung und
Entwicklung der Kontinente. Studien zur zur genetischen Pflanzen-
geographie (Mitteilungen aus dem Institut fiir allgemeine Bot-
anik in Ham amburg. V. 1922).
THe GENUS ONYCHIUM 131
(Wall.) Kiim.; 2. 0. viviparum (Cav.) Kiim.; 3. 0.
melanolepis (Deene.) Kze.; 4, O. japonicum (Thbg.)
e.; 5. O. strictum Kze. My investigations were made
on material from the Herbarium of the Hungarian Na-
tional Museum (Budapest). Grateful acknowledgment
is due to Prof. Dr. H. Lecomte (Paris) for an original
specimen of Christ, to Director Dr. K. Keissler (Vienna)
and to Professor Dr. Fr. Markgraf (Berlin) for original
diagnoses kindly secured for me.
SYNOPIS OF THE SPECIES OF ONYCHIUM
Section 1. Evonycutum Kiimm. Indusium appar-
ently marginal; sori coated with waxy powder.
a. Sori golden-yellow; indusium yellow.
9¢5\ 1. Onycntum aureum (Wall.) Kimm., n. comb,
1828. Lomaria aurea Wall. List, no. 38. Nom. nud,
1828. L. caruifolia (recte carvifolia) Wall. 1. ¢. no. 39.
1829. Pteris chrysocarpa Hook. et Grev. ae Fil. pag. ad
tab. CVII. Diagnosis; Lomaria aurea Wall. cited as
synonym.
1829. Pteris chrysosperma Hook. et Grev. 1. ¢. tab. CVII.
Negima gairy Hook. et Grev. 1. ce. tab. CVII (very
tee ; Bedd Ferns so. India oe tab. XXX,
Handb. Peas "Beit. India (1883) tab
blag Locauity: Nepal leg. Bes ‘cab Lomaria
aurea.
Tian: North India (Himalaya); Southern
India? we
b. Sori pale yellow; indusium whitish.
(4st) 9, O. viviparum (Cav.) Kiimm., n. comb. o
ag\\
1802. Acrostichum viviparum Cav. Deser. Pl. p. 240. iB
1811. Pteris siliculosa Desv. Observations sur seam nouv-
eaux genres de fougéres in Berl. Mag. V. p. 324
1824. O. auratum Kif. Enum 4,
1827. Phorolobus siliculosus Dewe. Prodrome de la famille des
fougéres in Mém. Soe. Linn. Paris VI. p. 291
1836. Allosorus auratus Pr. Tent. Pterid. p. 152.
~
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 20, PLATE
+
i. Means LU inn tga
. AL eres Bharat ied, Abr etme ee. Bu flor.
att fae Oe a (ine pute, * é :
* Larter,
ig *
CA bev inint em
ONYCHIUM VIVIPARUM (Cav.) Kitmn.
THE GeNus ONYCHIUM 133
1837. Caenopteris quadripinnata Blanco, Fl. Filip. p. 833.
1850-52. O. carvifolium Fée, Gen. Fil. p. 132, non Lomaria
Wall.
caruifolia
1856. Pteris aurata Mett. Fil. Hort. ema P- 54.
1882. Cryptogramme aurata Prantl. Die et ee
Cryptogramne and Pellaea in Engler, Bot. Jahr
ITT.
1901. O. tenue ‘nak nen Weinlandianae in Bull. Herb.
oiss. ser. 2, 451.
ILLusTRATION. Fée, Gen. Fil. (1850-52) tab. VII, G;
tab. a fig. 1.
5 LOCALITIES: Philippines (Sorsogon), leg. Don
uae Nee apud Cavanilles sub Acrosticho viviparo; Ma-
nila, leg. Chamisso sub Onychio aurato Kf. (type in
Herb. Hungar. Nat. Mus.) ; New Guinea, leg, Weinland
sub O. tenue Christ ; Peru, (cotype in Herb. Hungar.
Nat. Mus. under no
DISTRIBUTION : From ‘Indo- China cers leg. Eber-
hardt under no. 8, determined as O. tenue by Christ;
type in Herb. Mus. Paris), through Java ad the Philip-
pines to New Guinea and eastward to Peru.
This species is in cultivation; rare!
Section 2. CryprograAMMopsis Kiimm. Indusium
manifestly submarginal; sori not coated with waxy
powder.
a. Sori occupying the whole margin of the ultimate
segments.
3. O. MELANOLEPIS (Dene.) Kze. Farnkr. II (1848) p.
g.
1814, pense leptophylla R. Br. in H. Salt, Voy. Abyss.;
App. IV. LX
om
1841, Allosorus melanolepis Dene. “Plintes de 1’Arabie in
ch. Mus. Paris II. p. 1
1847, Allosorus cuspidatus nae eis Jaubert et Spach,
Ill. Pl. Or. fase. 21. ITI. p.
1865. Pteris mastencligl Ettingsh. Seok r. p. 88.
1882. Cryptogramme melanolepis Prantl, l. e. p. 413.
IntustRATIONS: Kunze, l. e¢. CIV, fig. 2 (very
ate ee Jaubert et Spach, l. e. ae Bik. (very good) ; Et-
134 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
-tingsh. 1. ¢. fig. 39; Hooker, Ieon. Pl. X. (1854), we 902
(good) ; Christ, Farnkr. Erd. (1897), fig. 458 (go
TYP : Abyssinia, leg. Salt sub Chea
thide leptophylla; Arabia, leg. Paul-Em ile Botta sub
Allosoro melanolepe ; Persian Gulf, Island of Kareh, leg.
agen nos. 10 et 198 sub Allosoro cuspidato
DistripuTion: From Abyssinia, Nubia, and Eritrea
hacia Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula to South Persia
and the East Indies.’
b. Sort occupying less than the whole margin, or only
the middle on each side of the ultimate segments.
a. The segments mucronate at the apex.
O. gaponicum (Thbg.)Kze. Pteridographia Japonica
in Bot. Zeit. VI (1848) P. 507.
>
ne
a
1784. Trichomanes japonicum Thbg. Fl. Japon. p. 340.
1794, spies japonica Thbg. Trans. Linn. Soc. p. 341
and Descriptio Ss wile hay in Noy. Act. Acad.
htt IX (1795). p. 161; Juel, Pl. ‘Thunb. p. 59
(1918).
1810. Darea japonica Willd. Sp. Pl. V. p. 302.
1824, Onychium capense Kif. Enum. Fil. p. 145, (Cited by
Kaulfuss from South Africa, probably in error.
=
—
Acotyledonearum Africae australioris recensio in
Linnaea X (1836). p. 504; Hooker, Spee. Fil. II
(1851). p. 122-123).
1836. Allosorus capensis Pr. Tent. Pterid. Dp.
1845. Asplenium japonicum Kze. Ind. Sem. ie Lips., non
Thb
g-
1847. A. Swartzianum Kze. Linnaea XIX. p. 404.
1856. Pteris japonica Mett. Fil. Hort. Lips. p. 54.
1882. Cryptogramme japonica Prantl, 1. ce. p. 413.
Intustrations: Thunberg in Nov. Act. Acad. Petrop.
IX, tab. G, fig. 2 (not seen) ; Kaulfuss, l. c. tab. 1, fig. 8
(very good) ; Hooker, Gen, Fil. (1842), tab. XI (very
good) ; "Ree, Gen. Fil. (1850-52) tab. VIII G, LV, fig. 2;
8 See Kiimmerle, tber das Vorkommen des Onychium melanclens
in Vorderindien i in Folia Be autenraaes I, no. 7 (1930).
we
THE GENUS ONYCHIUM 135
Diels apud Engler-Prantl, Nat. Pflanzf. I. 4 (1899), fig.
148 E (very good).
TYPE LOCALITY: Japan, leg. Thunber
Distrisution: From North India ( Himalaya) east-
ward through China and Korea to Japan, and southward
to Java, Timor, and the Philippines.
This species is in cultivation ; common.
SYNOPSIS OF VARIETIES.
tFronds uniform, the fertile segments siliquiform.and
acuminate at the apex.
A Sori long, 1-4 mm.
0 Frond lax, rather coarsely cut.
Var. INTERMEDIUM Clarke, A Review of the ferns of
Northern India in Trans. Linn. Soe. Bot. ser. 2, I. p.
459 (1880) ; Beddome, Handb. Ferns Brit. India p.
96 (1883).
LUSTRATIONS: Beddome, Ferns Brit. India, tab. 21
Sones (not seen).
TYPE LocALITY: Kumaon, Sikkim
00 Frond oe fine
Var. LUCIDUM (an ) Christ, Les ‘eollostions de fougéres
de la Chine au Museum d’histoire naturelle de Paris
in Bull. Soe. Bot. France 58 Mém. I. p. 60 (1905) ; ;
Christensen, Plantae Sinenses. Pteridophyta in
Meddel. Géteborgs Bot. Tradg. I p. 92 (1924) ;
Handel-Mazzetti, oo Sinieae VI. Pterido-
phyta p. 37 (1929).
1825. Leptostegia lucida Don, Prod. Fl. Nepal. p. 14.
1825. Scolopendrium lucidum Hamilt. apud Don, 1. ec.
1827. Onychiwm lucidum Spreng. Syst. Veg. IV. p. 66.
1828. Cheilanthes lucida Wall. List, no. 69.
1828. Cheilanthes contigua Wall. 1. ¢. no. 72,
Clarke, 1. c. p. 459.
1880. O. multisectum Henderson apud Clarke 1. c. p. 459.
1880. O. japonicum, var. multisecta Clarke, 1.
1901. O. ab na Hope, The Ferns of North- Wester —
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. XIII. p.
1909. O. st scaled Christ, Filices novae isa in
Notul. thes a ye 52,
secundum
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 20, PLATE 8
yf fi
C9 VI, px a pi mental CE! Oe
ih td - “a pe a
HES MER CT RIS
is pie OE gh Mey
ei? lp on e ye :
ONYCHIUM JaPonicuM (THsc.) Kzg., var. LUcIDUM (HAM.)
Curist.
THe GENUS ONYCHIUM 137
ILLUSTRATION : see our figure
Type Locauities: Nepal, joie Hamilton sub Scolopen-
drio lucido; Yunnan, Kiao Kia, leg. A. Tchen et eee
sub Onychio cryptogrammoide Christ in Herb.
Paris.
items thee —- Himalaya to ernie
A Sori short, only 1
Var. PARVISORUM R, Bonaparte, Notes "Ptérid, ave 0,
(1923).
TYPE LOCALITY: Yunnan, leg. Maire in Herb. Bona-
parte in Herb. Mus. Par
tt Fronds dimorphous, ‘the fertile segments linear-
lanceolate and acute at the apex.
Var. Deuavayt Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52. Mém.
I. p. 60 (1905).
TYPE LocALITY: Yunnan, leg. Delavay no. 1715 in
Herb. Mus. Paris.
The segments not mucronate at the apex.
5. . Pest mM Kze. Farnkr. II. ae. oe ast
0. oad; tifidum Fée, 8 Mém
ase Cryptogramme stricta aa. eee See Nomencel. p.
141.
TYPE epee Stes leg. Linden sub O. stricto Kze.
et O. multifido F
DISTRIBUTION : Cuba, Porto Rico, Hispaniola.
DouBTFUL SPECIES.
Onychium chinense Fée, Gen. Fil. p. 132 (1850-52), is
probably regents with Phorolobus hier: Desv. Prod.
p. 291 (18-27), which is Pteris ensiformis Burm.
Don’s Lomaria decompositat Prod. FI. lee = 14
(1825) does not belong with the genus Onych be-
does not mention the remarkable * polden-yel-
low’’ color of the fructifications. As a synonym is given
by Don Pteris angustifolia Hamilt. and onl ‘*Nepal’’ is
cited. Probably Fée’s Lomariobotrys decomposita (Gen-
era, p. 46. 1850-52) is also identical with Don
Clarke attributes it (in Trans. Linn. Soe. Bot. ser. 2, sk
4See Hooker et Greville pn Fil. ad tab. CVII (1829) and
Boke ey: Fil. ones (1844
138 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
p. 458. 1880) to Onychiuwm auratum and Prof. Christen-
sen to ? 0. japonicum. I have not seen the type.
O. micropterum Hook. Gen. Fil. ad tab.XI. 1838.
(Syn. Lomaria microptera Br. apud Hook. |. ¢., Sp. Fil.
I. p. 124). ;
BUDAPEST.
Additional Notes on Texas Ferns
ErRNeEst J. PALMER
In the early part of the summer of 1928 I had another
opportunity to visit the Davis Mountains of Southwest-
ern Texas and also to extend my explorations into the
Chisos Mountains, near the Mexican border. Since I
was able on this trip to get into several cafions in the
Davis group which I had not previously explored, I suc-
ceeded in adding a number of interesting plants to my
earlier collections, including a few Pteridophytes not re-
ported in the list published in the Fern JourNat, Vol.
17, no. 3, 1927. One of the ferns, Polypodium erythro-
lepis, proved to be a rare and little known species which
had not previously been found in the United States, and
so a brief account of its discovery and the locality where
it was found may be of interest; and in order to make
the list from this unusual locality as complete as possible
the following species may be added to those previously
reported :
Equisetum laevigatum A. Br.? Growing on moist
sandy and gravelly banks of perennial stream, Little eg
Ajuga Cafion, altitude about 1800 meters. No. 34258, 2
June 12, 1928. The specimens found were all sterile, so y
the identification is subject to possible revision, but from
the vegetative characters they appear to belong to this
species, :
Adiantum modestum Underwood. This species of
Maiden-hair Fern, which is closely related to the widely
_ distributed A. Capillus-Veneris, if indeed the two are
ADDITIONAL Notes on Texas FERNS 139
really distinct, is found along wet banks of perennial
streams in the lower cafions. I did not collect specimens
in the Davis Mountains, but saw plants that had been
brought in from ‘‘Fern Cafion,’’ near Ft. Davis.
Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torrey. Growing under
protecting ledges of porphyritic rocks, upper Madera
Cafion, north of Mount Livermore, altitude about 2200
meters. No. 34285, June 1, 1928.
Cheilanthes alabamensis (Buckley) Kuntze. Found
along low porphyritic cliffs and on partially shaded
boulders, Little Ajuga Cafion, at an altitude of about
1700 meters. No. 34522, June 12, 1928.
Polypodium erythrolepis Weatherby. Growing on
the face of a low cliff of igneous rock along one of the
upper branches of Limpia Cafion, near Mount Liver-
more, altitude about 2100 meters. No. 34378, June 6,
1928
The cliff upon which this little fern was found grow-
ing is only five or six meters in height and fifteen or six-
teen meters in length. The exposure is to the south and
east, thus affording protection from the hot afternoon
sun, and it is also partially shaded on the other side, ex-
cept for a few hours each day, by trees growing along
the mountain ravine, which carries flowing water only
during part of the year. The fern colony covers several
square meters of the cliff face, the fronds arising from |
the extensive creeping rootstock, much as in the common
Polypody. The fronds are narrowly ovate-spatulate,
with rounded apices and tapering bases. They mea-
sure 1.5-3 em. in width and 7-9 em. long. The texture
is coriaceous; the under surface is thickly covered with
ferruginous seales; and there are usually two rows of
large cireular sporangia, although many of the fronds
found were sterile.
The summer of 1928 was an exceptionally dry one, and
at the time when they were found the fronds had already
140 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
fruited and were curled up and quite dry. The tex-
ture was so tough and leathery, however, that by wrap-
ping them in wet. burlap. over night I was able to press
some of them out and make fairly good herbarium speci-
mens of them.
This fern appears to be quite rare and local in the
Davis Mountains, as it was seen only at the one locality.
It was previously known only from a few localities in
Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico.
The Chisos Mountains, where I spent a few days
earlier in the season, constitute a small but well marked
group, located in the Great Bend of the Rio Grande,
close to the Mexican boundary. The mountains are of
igneous origin, having been pushed up through the
calcareous and sandy plain, from which they arise rather
abruptly. The peaks and ridges are closely aggregated,
many of them being high and precipitous and separated
from each other only by narrow valleys and deep cafions.
The main group covers an area of perhaps slightly less
than one hundred square miles. Altitudes above sea-
level are slightly less than in parts of the Davis Moun-
tains, but since the surrounding country is some 2000
feet (600 meters) lower, with minimum elevations of
3000 feet on the north and 2000 feet in the Rio Grande
valley, many of the peaks are actually higher and the
country is much more rugged. The altitude of Lost
Mine Peak, as determined by the United States govern-
ment survey, is 7550 feet (2300 meters) and that of
Mount Emory is 7853 feet (nearly 2400 meters). The
rocks forming the mountains are largely rhyolite, dia-
base, diorite, lava and other igneous and erystalline
varieties, and the soil resulting from their decomposition
is generally somewhat acid. The rainfall is considerably
less than in the Davis Mountains, and both winter and
Summer temperatures must range considerably higher.
AppITIioNaL Notes on Texas FrErns 141
Springs are found in some of the cafions, but most of them
cease to flow in the dry months, and water is everywhere
searee.
In consequence of these conditions the vegetation is
generally sparse in open situations and such plants as
aré found there are adapted to xerophytic conditions.
Most of the trees and shrubs are confined to the deeper
protected canons, and it is only in such places and about
springs that there is anything like an abundant growth
of herbaceous plants, including most of the ferns.
The fern flora of the Chisos Mountains is quite similar
to that of the Davis Mountains, but the number of spe-
cies seems to be considerably smaller and most of those
found are individually less abundant, as a result of the
less favorable ecological conditions.
Owing to limited time and the difficulty of travel, I
was able to explore only a limited part of the area, and
it is quite probable that a more thorough investigation
might result in adding other species to the following list:
Adiantum modestum Underwood. Locally abundant
along the banks of a small mountain brook, Oak Cafion.
No. 34122, May 25, 1928.
Pellaea intermedia Mettenius var. pubescens Mettenius.
Rather frequent on slopes and ledges along sides of
cafions. Juniper Cafion. No. 34078, May 22, 1928.
Pellaea Wrightiana Hooker. Growing under protect-
ing ledges and about the bases of large porphyritic
boulders in most of the cafions. No. 34131, May 25,
1928, collected in Oak Canin.
Pellaea atropurpurea (.) Link. Apparently rare,
along ledges and clefts of porphyritic rocks. Boot
Spring. No. 34186, May 25, 1928.
Cheilanthes Feei Moore. In elefts along face of cliffs,
Boot Spring. No. 34187, May 25, 1928.
Cheilanthes tomentosa Link. This is one of the more
abundant species, found along ledges and steep slopes
142 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
along the cafion walls. Nos. 34085 and 34087, May 25,
1928, Oak Cafion.
Cheilanthes Eatoni Baker. Uncommon in clefts and
along ledges of cafion walls. No. 34104, Juniper Cation,
May 23, 1928.
Cheilanthes Lindheimeri Hooker. Frequent along
ledges of cafion walls. No. 34123, Oak Cafion, May 24,
1928. No. 34166, near Boot Spring, May 25, 1928.
Cheilanthes alabamensis (Buckley) Kuntze. Uncom-
mon in elefts and ledges of rocks about Boot Spring.
Nos. 34134 and 34147, May 25, 1928.
Notholaena bonariensis (Willd.) C. Chr. Frequent
along ledges of bluffs and about large porphyritice bould-
ers. Nos. 34110, Juniper Cafion, May 23, 1928.
Notholaena Standleyi Maxon. Frequent on rocky
slopes and sides of cafions. No. 34105, Juniper Canon,
May 23, 1928. No. 34151, Oak Cafion, May 24, 1928.
This is Notholaena Hookeri of the Davis Mountain list.
Notholaena sinuata Kaulfuss. Abundant along ledges
of cliffs and cafion sides. No. 34100, Juniper Cafon,
May 23, 1928.
Notholaena sinuata var. integerrima Hooker. This
appears to be one of the commonest or at least one of
the most widely distributed ferns of the Chisos Mountain
region, although it was not seen at the higher elevations.
It is usually found growing amongst rubble on the
lower slopes of the mountains and along canon sides.
Collected at Laguna, or Green Gulch, as named on the
topographic sheet of the United States Geological Sur-
vey. No. 34167, May 25, 1928,
Asplenium resiliens Kunze. Apparently rare and
local. Collected from clefts of rock about pool at Boot
Spring. No. 34183, May 25, 1928.
ARNOLD ARBORETUM,
TENNESSEE FERNS 143
A List of Tennessee Ferns
By W. A. ANDERSON, JR.
In the years 1927 to 1929 I was connected with the
University of Tennessee, at Knoxville, during which
time I gave considerable attention to the ferns of the
region. Knoxville is, very advantageously located for
botanical exploration, as it is within easy driving dis-
tance both of the Alleghany and Cumberland mountains,
besides having good collecting places in the immediate
vicinity.
The collections of Gattinger and others, in the Univer-
sity of Tennessee herbarium, were available to me for
study.
In 1929 I published, in the University of Tennessee
Extension Series, a manual of Tennessee ferns, designed
especially for use by persons without botanical training.
This manual ineluded all the species I had seen in the
field and in collections.
I have since had the opportunity of examining the
Tennessee collections in the Gray Herbarium, and
thereby added several new records to the fern flora of
the state. The specimens cited here do not represent
nearly all the material examined, but do represent the
distribution of each species within the state. The sta-
tions are arranged in each list geographically from east
to west. County names are given except where the
station is near a city.
Practically all of my own collecting was done in East
Tennessee, that is, in the valley of east Tennessee around
Knoxville, in the Great Smoky Mountains to the east,
and in the Cumberland mountains to the west. This
part of the state has the richest fern flora, as there 18.8
ereater diversity of soil and elevation than in other
_ sections.
144 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Between the Cumberland Mountains and the Tennessee
River to the west is a rolling country, mostly of cal-
careous soil, known locally as Middle Tennessee. One
part of it, the ‘‘ecedar barrens’’ around Lavergne, sup-
ports a flora in which there is considerable endemism.
Gattinger did most of his collecting in Middle Tennessee.
H. K. Svenson made an important collection in this
region in 1922.
West Tennessee is the part of the State that lies be-
tween the Tennessee and Mississippi Rivers. 8. M.
Bain, of the University of Tennessee, made collecting
trips into that region in 1892 and some years following.
More recent collectors are E. J. Palmer, who was there
in 1920, and Svenson, in 1922.
I have listed each species under its most acceptable
name, and where the name differs from that used in
Gray’s Manual, 7th ed., I have given synonyms. (See
Weatherby, 1919; Fernald, 1922, 1928, 1929).
TricHoMANES BoscHIANUM Sturm
Although the filmy fern has a fairly wide distribution
in Kentucky, Tennessee and Alabama, it is so selective
of its habitat that it is rarely found. Apparently, it is
confined to the Cumberlands, and westward into the
Mammoth Cave region in Kentucky. I have seen no
records of its occurrence in the Alleghanies. The Ten-
nessee station is in the southern part of the state, in the
edge of the Cumberland Mountains.
Sewanee, near Dr. Smith’s, Franklin County, August, 1878,
Gattinger.
Woopsia optusa (Spreng.) Torr.
Widely distributed over the state but nowhere abun-
dant.
TENNESSEE FERNS 145
Johnson County, July 8, 1880, John Donnell Smith.
Tennessee River, Knoxville, June bs 1893, need
Wolf Creek, Cocke County, Aug., 1881, Gattinger
Foot of sandstone cliff, Ozone, pent eval County: July 14,
1929, 1385,
Near Nashville, July 8, 1922, Svenson, 67.
Henderson, Chester County, June, 1892, Bain.
CYSTOPTERIS BULBIFERA (L.) Bernh.
Johnson Se July 8, 1880, Se Donnell Smith.
Cherokee Bluffs, Knoxville, Sept. 18, 1928, Anderson, 1103.
Cowan, eee County, Aug. 13, ae Gattinger
Bluffs on Richland Creek, near Nashville, Oct. 6, 1885, Gattinger.
Kingston Springs, Cheatham County, Aug. 20, 1922, Svenson,
9.
27
Erin, Houston County, May 24, 1920, Palmer, 17608.
CYSTOPTERIS FRAGILIS (Li.) Bernh.
Abundant throughout East Tennessee.
By spring, Tipton’s Sugar Cove, Cades Cove, Blount County,
June 14, 1928, Anderson, 981.
Roaring Fork, Gatlinburg, Sevier County, June 10, 1928, Ander-
son, 946
Bluffs near F Wasavine, iy it, 1927, preaehen 696.
Ocoee River, Polk Cou ————, Gattinger
Cleveland, " Bradieg cous ae 1879, Gattinger.
Nashville, ————— 6, Gattinger
\ . Huntingdon, Carroll ois rand 1892, Scribner.
ONOCLEA SENSIBILIS L.
Fountain City, Knox County, Aug. 29, 1891, Kearney.
Wartrace, Bedford County, Sept., 1877, Gattinger.
Hollow Rock Junction (now Bruceton), Carroll County, Aug.
27, 1922, Svenson, 414.
THELYPTERIS PALUSTRIS (Salisb.) Schott, var. PUBESCENS
(Lawson) Fernald.
Syn. Aspidium thelypteris (L.) Sw., Dryopteris thel-
ypteris (Li.) Gray.
146 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Gattinger probably saw this species, but if he collected
it, he did not keep a specimen. It is listed in his Flora
of Tennessee,
Kingston Springs, Cheatham County, Aug. 20, 1922, Svenson,
. 269.
THELYPTERIS NOVEBORACENSIS (L.) Nieuwl.
Syn. Aspidium noveboracense (Li.) Sw., Dryopteris
noveboracensis (Li.
Near Greystone, Greene County, June 24, 1928, Anderson and
chiseinege 1066
Near top of easy s Bald (4000 ft.), Blount County, July
6, es. Anderson, 1377.
Foot of Gregory’s Bald, Cades Cove, Blount County, June 14,
1928, Anderson, 974
Thunderhead, Blount County, Aug., 1881, Gattinger.
White Cliff Springs, Monroe County, July 5, 1890, Scribner.
Tullahooma, Coffee County, ————, Gattin nger.
Richland Station, Sumner County, Aug. 27, 1889, Gattinger.
Henderson, Chester County, June, 1892, Bai
Lexington, Houston County, May 20, 1920, pies 17,557.
THELYPTERIS MARGINALIS (Li) Nieuwl.
Syn. Aspidium cag (L.) Sw., Dryopteris mar-
ginalis (li.) G
Very tea a en feature of rocky wood-
lands throughout East Tennessee.
Trail to Abram’s Falls, Cades Cove, Blount County, June 15,
1928, Anderson, 101
0,
Near ee Greene County, June 24, 1928, Anderson and
ee niso
t Leconi, Gatlinburg. Sevier County, Oct. 2, 1927, Ander-
609.
son
Pinvasle ae near Greenbrier, Sevier County, Oct. 9, 1927,
Anders 3.
Lookout sreanetert Hamilton County, —_———, H. W. Ravenel.
White Cliff Springs, Monroe County, June 29, 1890, Seribner.
ye! Petrone Polk — Aug., 1878, Gattinger.
TENNESSEE F'ERNS 147
River Bluffs, Knoxville, June 24, 1897, Ruth, 561.
Whiteside, Marion County, July 7, 1867, Gattinger.
Snail Shell Cave, Rutherford County, July 4, 1891, Bain.
THELYPTERIS GOLDIANA (Hooker) Nieuwl.
Syn. Aspidium Goldianum Hooker, Dryopteris Goldi-
ana (Hooker) Gray.
Cowan, Franklin County, Gattinger
Roane Mountain, Carter County, C. Chickering (Gattinger’s
Collection).
THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA (O. F. Muell.) Nieuwl. var.
INTERMEDIA (Muhl.) Nieuwl.
Syn. Aspidium spinulosum (O. F. Muell.) Sw. var.
intermedium (Muhl.) Eaton, Dryopteris intermedia
Gray.
In the great deciduous forests of the Smoky Moun-
tains this fern is ever present. On such of the crests
as are covered with evergreens it gives way to Thelyp-
teris spinulosa var. americana. So far as our records
show, it does not grow in the Cumberlands, or anywhere
outside the Alleghany Mountains. Sadie Price (1901)
reports it from Tennessee without other reference to
loeality.
A notable specimen is one from near the top of Gre-
gory’s Bald, in a park-like growth along the Tennessee-
North Carolina state line. This specimen became very
fragrant in drying.
Several variously named specimens in Gattinger’s col-
lection seem to belong to this variety. These are in the
‘Tennessee herbarium and are not included in the follow-
ing list.
Top of Gregory’s Bald, Cades Cove, Blount County, July 6,
1929, Anderson, 1376.
Tipton’s Sugar Cove, Cades Cove, Blount Odvini, June 14,
1928, Anderson, 983.
148 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Along Roaring Fork, Gatlinburg, Sevier County, June 10, 1928,
Anderson, 957.
Pinnacle rig mag near Greenbrier, Sevier County, Oct. 9, 1927,
Anderson, 692.
nte, Gating Sevier County, Oct. 2, 1927, Ander-
son, on
Wolf Creek, oe County, Aug., 1890, Ruth, 562.
Wolf Creek, Cocke County, May 13, 1893, Kearney.
THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA (O. F. Muell.) Nieuwl. var.
AMERICANA (Fischer) Weatherby.
Syn. Aspidium spinulosum (O. F. Muell.) Sw. var.
dilatatum Am. authors in p
Dryopteris spinulosa (Muell.) Ktze. var. americana
(Fiseh.) Fernald .
In the American Fern Journat (1928) Clarkson dis-
cusses the habitat of Dryopteris dilatata and D. dilatata
var. americana. He concludes that these ferns grow in
temperate rather than in alpine climates. The occur-
rence of the broad-leaved spinulose fern on the high
mountains of East Tennessee seems to bear out this con-
clusion. The winters are cold and the altitude insures
cool summer weather. In the same issue of the AMERI-
can Fern Journat R. C. Benedict asks if ‘‘cool and
damp”’ is not a proper climate for this fern. Clarkson’s
statement and quotation of various authorities as to the
occurrence of Dryopteris dilatata in the British Isles,
Denmark, Alaska, Selkirk Mountains, Vancouver, etc.,
seems especially significant. All of these regions are
noted for their humidity and the frequent occurrence of
fog. The Great Smoky Mountains get their name from
the same characteristic. The annual precipitation there
is relatively high, there is much snow in winter, and the
Summits. may be wrapped in fog at any season. The
high ridges where T. spinulosa var. americana abounds
_ are apt to be miry even in summer. Moreover, it occurs
TENNESSEE F'ERNS 149
only on these high, wet ridges among the balsam and
spruce trees, rather than on the better drained slopes
with the deciduous forests. It would seem that the
occurrence of this fern in the Great Smoky Mountains
bears out Benedict’s statement that fog is an important
factor in its growth.
Top of Mt. Le Conte, Gatlinburg, Sevier County, Oct. 2, 1927,
Anderson, 603,
Top of Mt. Le Conte, Gatlinburg, Sevier County, Oct. 14, 1928,
Anderson, 1123.
Top of Clingman’s Dome, Tenn.-N. C. State Line, Sevier County,
July 21, 1929, Anderson and Jennison, 1417.
THELYPTERIS HEXAGONOPTERA (Michx.) Weatherby
Syn. Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fée.
Dryopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) C. Chr.
Roaring Fork, Gatlinburg, Sevier County, June 10, 1928, Ander-
son, 951,
Tipton ’s nae: Cove, Cades Cove, Blount County, June 14, 1928,
, A. H, Curtiss,
nderson, 987.
gre owee eon Blount County, August
733.
es near Knoxville, Oct. 11, 1927, Anderson, 697.
Whiteside, Marion County, July 6, "1867, Gattinger.
Joelton, Davidson County, July 16, 1922, Svenson, 106
Hollow Rock Junction (now Bruceton), Carroll County, Aug.
27, 1922, Svenson, 359.
Fiondiyein: on County, and Jackson, Chester County, June
1892, Bai
PoLysticHuM aAcRostTicHowEs (Michx.) Schott
The Christmas fern is plentiful in all parts of Ten-
nessee, much more so than the number of specimens in-
dicates. In ‘‘Ferns of Tennessee’’ I suggested the
possibility of the oceurrence of the holly fern in that
State. This was based on a much toothed specimen of
P. acrostichoides from southern Kentucky, which was
150 AMERICAN FerRN JOURNAL
incorrectly identified as P. Lonchitis. The occurrence
of the holly fern so far south is very unlikely.
Foot of Gregory’s Bald, Cades Cove, Blount County, June 14,
1928, Anderson, 972.
Roaring Fork, Gauliaburg: Sevier County, June 10, 1928, Ander-
son, 948.
Mt. Le Conte, Gatlinburg, Sevier County, Oct. 2, 1927, Ander-
son, 611
Near state line, Gregory’s Bald, Cades Cove, Blount County,
July 6, 1929, Anderson, His
Cave Spring, Hanniiton County, —-———, 1850, Gattinger.
Forked Deer, Haywood ‘Sen June 14, 1893, Bain, 165,
Jackson, Madison County, and Henderson, Chester County, June,
1892, Bain.
(To be continued.)
Recent Fern Literature
Domin, Karel. The Pteridophyta of the Island of
ominica.
One of the most scholarly students of ferns of the nine-
teenth century, Karl Presl, lived and worked at Prague,
in what was then known as Bohemia, a part of the
Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Now at the same head-
quarters, under the Czecho-Slovakian republic, another
botanist, Karel Domin, is studying and writing about
ferns from a thoroughly scientific view-point. His most
recent publication is a large-paged volume of 265 pages,
with 40 full page plates, dealing with the ‘‘Pteridophyta
of the Island of Dominica,’ and including a considerable
discussion of the geographical distribution of ferns of
the Caribbean region.
ominica is one of Leeward islands, or Lesser Antilles,
in the chain which includes Martinique, and is located
_ hear the coast of South America. Its fern species are
numerous, some two hundred and seventy, classified in
ReEcENT Fern LITERATURE 151
forty-eight genera and nine families. Professor Domin
calls attention to the fact that the record for the largest
number of species, formerly credited to the island of
Jamaica with 500, has now been surpassed by’ San
Domingo, or Hispaniola, with 540, according to the
studies of Urban of Berlin. Dominica is a much smaller
island, but with its high mountains and abundant rain-
fall, it offers ideal conditions for tropical ferns—abun-
dant moisture, warmth, and high humidity. The publi-
cation reports a rainfall, varying from seventy to four
hundred inches per year, according to location in relation
to prevailing winds. A downpour of fifty inches in one
night is attested. For comparison, the forty-three inches.
per annum in the region of New York City may be cited.
The publication is of general interest because of its
scholarly consideration, not only of the fundamental
taxonomic problems, as of generic and specific limits, but
also from its consideration of problems of geographic
distribution. For the average member of the Fern
Society, it may serve to heighten one of those underlying
ambitions, that some time or other, opportunity will be
favorable for a visit to such a fern paradise, and for the
actual use of so valuable a publication—R. C. B.
Northrop, Alice Rich. Through Field and Woodland.
Putnam, 1925,
A very interesting volume of general biological inter-’
est, and including the story of a number of common
ferns, was published in 1925, and is worth a brief review.
Many fern students are interested in a wide variety of
plants and animals. This book is a very attractively
illustrated compendium for such. Biology teachers will
find it a source of a multitude of interesting material.
The volume was completed after Mrs. Northrop’s death
by O. P. Medsger.
152 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Fern Spores Stranp 454 DercrREES BELOW ZERO.
(Quoted from ‘‘The Week’s Science.’’)—Fern spores,
which stayed alive, even when frozen to 454 degrees,
Fahrenheit, below zero, within six degrees of absolute
zero, and within four degrees of the lowest temperature
ever obtained by man, have been reported to the Acad-
emy of Sciences in Paris, by M. Paul Becquerel. In
previous experiments, M. Becquerel has proved that
similar spores from a species of the common fern genus
called Aspidium could live for months although sealed
in a glass tube without either air or moisture. The
spores survive even better, indeed, when there is no trace
of moisture present than when they are exposed to the
ordinary day by day changes in humidity. They seem
to pass into a state of suspended animation in which no
vital activity goes on but with the germ of life still exist-
ing and ready to spring into activity the moment that
conditions are favorable. In the recent tests some spores
were dried and sealed up in a glass tube in this way and
the tube then immersed for eleven hours in liquid helium
gas at the temperature of 454 degrees below zero. Re-
moved from this bath of super-cold, warmed, opened and
provided with moisture, more than 99 per cent of the
spores proved, M. Becquerel found, to be still alive and
able to germinate. The tests leave no doubt, M. Bee-
querel believes, that germs of life could survive the cold
of space between the stars or any other degree of cold
possible in the universe.
AMERICAN FERN Society 153
American Fern Society
Report or tHe Frevp Trip or tae Society at
Lake WinLougHey, VERMONT
What a welcome announcement brought to our atten-
tion the summer field trip of the American Fern Society
at Lake Willoughby, Vermont! A meeting anywhere
in Vermont would be interesting, but one in the vicinity
of this beautiful lake and picturesque, as well as botan-
ically famous, section made in instant appeal.
On Sunday evening, the fern lovers arrived at Pisgah
Lodge, Dr. E. J. Winslow, the leader of the party, com-
ing over from Barton to join us the next day. Some
had come for the love of the out-of-doors and from gen-
eral botanical interest ; some previously had had the joy
of finding all of our New England ferns, but relished a
renewed acquaintance ; others came with the eager expec-
tation of finding for the first time those choice ferns
about which they had read, but had never seen in their
natural habitats,
From the Lodge could be seen the two mountains
guarding, as it were, the entrance to the Lake. Pisgah
on the right, we were told, would yield to. us Woodsia
alpina. Hor on the left, somewhere was guarding for
us Asplenium viride. How interesting to have these
two mountains, on opposite sides of the Lake, preserving
individually these lovely ferns!
On Monday morning, the neighboring fields, woods,
and marl bog were visited. Mrs. Weatherby’s sharp
eyes were the first to detect Ophioglossum in the field
opposite the Lodge. This was the first introduction for
several of us to the Adder’s Tongue. The following
were found: Lycopodium complanatum (typical), Botry-
chium ternatum, var. intermedium, a fine patch of
154 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Thelypteris Boottii, Selecta which gathered an inter-
ested group, with Mr. Weatherby making clear the dis-
tinguishing marks of this fern from those of Thelypteris
cristata. The usual wood ferns of Northern New En-
gland were observed.
Mr. Winslow led on through the woods until we came
toamarl bog. He donned rubber overshoes, and stepped
out into the water, about three inches deep, followed by
others. To their surprise there was no sinking into the
soil, but rather a firm footing on white sand. There
were no ferns here, but various wood orchids were found.
In the afternoon, Woodsia glabella was found decorat-
ing the talus of Mt. Pisgah.
On Tuesday, after breakfast, pictures were taken of
the group, a cheer was given with botanical terms promi-
nent, and the party was happily off for Mt. Pisgah. A
fairly easy grade led us first to a cliff overlooking the
ake. This point gave us a beautiful view of the Lake
below, with Mt. Hor on the opposite shore. Woodsia
ilvensis welcomed us here. We continued to the top
where we had lunch and a feast of surrounding country.
Mr. Winslow led down the trail part way in order to
turn in safely to the cliffs where the coveted find of the
day was known to be. A beautiful plant of Woodsia
alpina was discovered, and soon became the object of
study of a joyous and interested group. It seemed espe-
cially precious, because no other specimens could be seen.
Patient search, however, revealed other alpinas, and a
new joy was added to several hearts. Pisgah also gave
us Lycopodium sabinaefolium, Thelypteris spinulosa,
var. americana, T. Goldiana, Polystichum Braunii, and
ce some. of the rare paises ae of the region, such as
_ Sazxifraga Aizoon.
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 20, PLATE 9
Tor ALPINE Woopsia aT HOME.
156 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
still, making liquor. This cave would probably yield
some lovely ferns, though there could be no guarantee
of any liquid refreshment other than water. Before
breakfast on Wednesday morning, two row boats were
pushed off with six or seven members of the party. A
half hour’s rowing brought us to the cave. "late.
123: Tre resiliens,. fad
Sacgctnraie, 113; _ septe’ tric
INDEX TO VOLUME 20 i
Athyrium alpestre, 114; Filix-
femina, 79,
Azolla filiculoides, 56
ch,
“cpanel R. C. Report of the
see etd for 1929, +
Blecl 1 Heaton s © Nive 3 tegen | 34
60 : chitense, 5D,
Germainii, 57; ;
Sage
seri, 4 76;
Spicent
Weer eeniaws: 62, 110; lanceolatum,
123; Lunaria, 158; ternatum,
var. intermedium, 153; i
ca = 20, 21; ¢
Boy sea DPS notice of work, 25
B ik it 5, 113; common, 21
Brake, purple cliff, 124 ; rock, 109
British ferns, variation in, 78
Busy, B. F. Ferns of Oklahoma
( review), 120
Caenopteris japonica, 134; quadri-
pinnata, 133
Calamariales, 89, 90
Calla pete 84
CAM oe = D. H. Som hp raat
: of fern wuliegtin ng, 6
Camptosoru s, 30, 83; rhizophyllus,
3, aS a wall fern,
Oitetach, 106, 107; officinarum,
Cheilanthes alabamensis, 139, 142;
ucida,
ruinata,
Chile, ferns of central, 2
CHRISTENSEN, C. The genus Cyr-
n ; Habitat bad Rah be
teris dilatata, 84; of
wo
Christetisenta aesculifolia, 67
Ek agg ree 6
CLA) Ferns of the Red
area ihe, Maine (review),
, E. H.. The rootstocks
i) broad-leaf spinulose
ferns, 117
CLutE, W. N., notice of work, 123
CoPpELANp, E. B., notice of work,
Cornus florida, 116
Coromandel, journey to, 4
garden and
eri, 156; stricta, 137
Conte 68; Cunninghamii, 6;
dealbata, 9, 76; medullaris, 5,
161
Boydiae, 43; caducum, 45;
canyoridelin: 41, 44, 45, 48-50,
f. hastosa, Se var. aequibasis,
Si, var. — rhea 2 vel var.
in ntermed 51, va
se “1e, Ba: Falcatus ac Meky
44, 47-51, f. acutidens, 49," var.
i el
5
ra
Be
QO
S
Bb
on,
We!
=
S
a
S
=}
pachyphglium
rafts hiroanum
43,
Cystoptes,, 29, 85, 86, distin-
guishing from Woodsia, 85; al-
one, 113; bulbifera, 23, 86,
145, fragilis, "19, 30, 55, 86,
113, 145; montana, 113
Dachrydium, 76
key o os
DEANE, W., 0 wary notice,
Dennstaedtia Lambertiana, 5B "on:
Dicksonia, 29, 68; eae ang 75,
77; lanata, 76; squarrosa, 9 ree Wy 9
Dipteris, 69
Dorpin, H, B. A fern-clad bridge,
8; the journey of four ferniacs
to Coromand
Dogwood, flowering, 116
DomIN, K. The Pteridophyta of
the island of Dominica (re-
view ): —
Drosera, 7
Dryopteris, 27, 43; aemula, 113,
114; argentina, 55, od’ oO;
austriaca, 85, 1 Se
tera, 118, 119; dilatata, ta, OL
114, 117-119, 148, the nabitnt
of
, 84, var. americana, 117, 1 8,
; Filix-mas, 79, 114, :
Goldiana, 147; hexagonoptera,
i
Ri var. americ
; Thelypteris, 114, 145.
p oe um, Phegopteris,
ar eogra hie Selation oth gt
le 89 14 14,
162
tense, 17,. 56, 9a 96,103;
105; debile, 92, 95, 99, 105:
diffusum, 17, 92, 103, 105; flu
telmateia, 12, 14, 17, 92, 95,
105; trachyodon, 16,
00, 101; vari atum, 16,
92, 101, 102, 121; gvechactu,
96, 97,
Pakcyopterts 45
Euequisetum
uenyeia america: ae
European fern iin ge 106
Eusporangiatae, 61
Fern, alpine beech, 108, 109, 114:
alpine o atte. pede 109, Or
4; marginal, 1 24:
, 114; mountain blad-
A it; "109, 110, 113; moun-
tain shield, 109 : 0
14; ostrich, 110.
bak het
4; sword, 9
0; walking, 124
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Fern-clad bridge, 8
Ferns, _ additional notes 6 nor ene
a
Piso So aed Ay of Tennessee,
143; new tropical American,
VII, 1; of central Chile, 52;
rootstocks of the broad-le at
ne eae 117; variation in
British, 78
Putes¥er re.
ferns and fern allies,
ae 28
Key to genera
(re-
Gentiana Andrewsia, 117 ; crinita,
117
Gleichenia, 53, 73, aE ; arach-
noidea, 68; linearis, 63, 64;
Dp pose ee SES 65: vuleanica, 68
GRAVES, y vi o Sa
Mountain, ‘Alabama, 22
Hart’s crag 29 27. 3400; 114,
113-115,
Veotatatnieetactiys A rer ae
Hemitelia, ae Smit 9, 4
if of
Poep-
62
53, 68, 75
emissum, 8; secabrum, 9
-Hypolepis, 9; rugulosa, var.
pigii, 58
JAYNE, Camptosorus as a wall
fern, $3
Kalmia latifolia, 116
Kaulfussia aesculifolia, 67
auri pine,
ee ae BE. M.
pody,
KNAPPEN, oN. C. Some European
fern finds, 106
Crested poly-
KOopBBE, W. Report of
a of Anibal tor Pog a ;
Woodwardia
vicinity of New aie
KUEMMERLE, J. B. Has the e gen
Onychium any representatives
in South America?, 129
sete tay i 117-119 ; Hook-
116
Leptonteris, kik Braseri, TS
ngia
iene
INDEX TO VOLUME 20
Ly LS sasemlesog 63, 74, 94; anno-
m, 21; cernuu :
20, m, 63;
poe lal 50, 21 omplanatum,
¢
20, (21; 108; BA pied 20, 21;
obscurum, v dendroideum, 20,
ef Sh pabinartaiiatn, 154 ; Selago,
107, 110
Lygodium, 67, 69, 73
Macroglossum, 70—72; Alidae, 72
Magnolia macrophylla, 4
Maidenhair, 7, 120,
Maine coast, ae oot
var. H
alata, 65; Dou-
sarmen-
New tropical
, WII, 1; report
» o2
ca Lake, TOmLATIO. ferns of,
Nepenthes, 69, 72
Nephrodium, 120; decompositum,
Neurosoria pteroides, 130
deg York state tein law, 115;
ork, Woodwardia areolata in
Through field
and woodland (review), etDl
Notholaena nsis, 142;
14e: ene nelons ca, 56;
mae 56; i 142, var.
integerrima, 142; Standleyi, 142
Oak, 32
art ac! notice: Walter Deane,
Ouetel sensibilis, 20, 21, 145,
var. obtusilobata, 83; Struthi-
opteris, 20 :
Ontario, ferns” of the Muskoka
Lake region,
Onychium, 129, na the genus any
represe ntatives in South Amer-
138: —: SB caehage 31,
134;
are rvifoitoin,
ense, 1 conti
37 ;
cryptogrammoi ides err.
japonicum, 129, 1
135;
163
Osmunda cinnamomea, 20, 84,
var. frondosa, 21; ia pesniand
20, 21; regalis, 20, 21, 113
Osmundaceae, 62
OVERACKER, M. L. A New York
state fern law, 115
FALMGe E. J sae notes
xas ferns, 138
Pellaea “andronedifoti, 57; atro-
purpu
myrtillifolia, Oy tenuifolia, 57; ~
Wri ana, 1
Donnsrtvanie stations for
AS age Simulatum in, 84
s boldus,
Phancrophiebta, 43
Phegopteris Dryopteris, 20, 21;
op tere 149; po olypodi-
essing 19, 21. See also Dryop-
Phorolobus, ser] chinensis, 187;
siliculosus,
A aged Sestopendrium, 79, 114
Picea ex , 85
c. C., notice ue “work, 123
Podocarpus ) 76.
ypodi crags 62
BN TNE rs , 9, 26, 62, 63, 69 ;
Alfari ” Billardieri, dace.
dierangphyitum, y oe hro-
lepis, 138, 139; falcatum, 41;
be: , 1; kaieturum, 2;
lanceolatu 58, 59; Poeppigi
58; polyodon, ; polypodioides,
30; pustulatum, 7; Randalli, 2 ;
syna » O83 < Tachir
anum, 45; virginianum cambri-
coides, 32° re, 19, 21, 79,
vi
114, var, Churchiae, 124
Polypods, 107, common, 114, 139;
ested, 124 limestone, 109.
110,
Polystiehum, 29, 43, 45;
stichoides, 29, 0: aculeatum,
7 eee lare, 79, 114;
46; basipinna ;
164
Pteris,. 0; 6a, 76, 129: angusti-
folia, 137; aquilina, 21, 68;
aurat 133; chilensis, 58;
Pd ere! 1380, 131; chryso-
spe 1 ensiformis, 130,
ty bap japonica » 134; melano-
lepis, 133; siliculosa, 129, 131
ch cal sect. of Dryopteris,
3
Quillaja saponaria, 54
“QUINMASTER.” Repor tt of the
oy trip at Lake Willoughby,
Recent Fern Literature, 25, 119,
Report of the editors for 1929
ra of ferns =
fern allies, 28; Northrop, A.
through field a. vg Nodetage ny Bi
R tocks of oe broad-leaf
alpine, 110
Rushes, scouring, 11, 12, 91, 92
of
graphie dis-
the species of
setum -- relation to their
phyloge aA 8
Scolopendrium, 115, 116; lucidum,
gare, 117
lo
‘ 135; a Age oS
Cort, Pi 2 1 not need work, 123
Scouring rushes, 11, 12, 1, "92
eae lia, 63, 7 sp inul losa,
South Ameriea, has the genus
Onychium any reprentatives in,
Sphenophyllales, 89, 90.
Sphagnum, 74
Spleenwort, 107, 108; black maid-
enhair, ios. 110, 113: forked
108, 110, 113; green, 107, 108,
Hat 113, 156; lanceolate, 110,
in pare tae St ak
Ba ay smooth
Fork ‘i, a ha
AMERICAN Fern JOURNAL
STANSFIELD, F. W. Variation in
Thelypteris
Hookeriana
ig vo ie 1 oe aoe! stations
for spidium simulatum in
Pouhest ania, 84
Tectaria cicutaria, 4;
4; trinitensis, 3,
Tennessee ferns, 27, 143
exas ferns, additional notes on,
138
dete tee bait
ra
dilacerata,
. 154; cristata,
: spinulosa, r
, 147, 148, 154,
intermedia, 147. See also Meee
Krag Dryopteris, and P op-
oe 63; 7
ah barbara, 65, "5, 76; Fras-
eTrietcmanies 68, 722 Bosch
ianum, 14 44; alanis 134 ;
Petersii, Pa reniforme, 9, 77
TRUDELL, H. The ey
eben
Alabam
Tupelo, 32
vot locality near Havana
, 30
UNpERWoop, J. G. Report of the
treasurer for 1929, 126
Variation in British ferns, 78
Venushair, 107, 109, 110, 113
Viburnum cassinoides, 8
Vittaria, 26
A Aap 106, 113
BRBY, C. A. istinguishing
wae and Pareto teria: 85;
report of the editors for 1929,
Wr E. T. The Asplenium
ebenoides pieality. near Havana,
Alabam
Wixstow,. Report of the
editors for 1929
Woodsia, 29, 85, 86, 108; alpina,
— 153, 154; Catheartlaae,
; glabella, 29, 123, 154, 156;
in ag 9, 54; obtusa,
, 149; oregana, 121;
scinalion. 21
Woodsia, blunt-lobed,
Woodwardia areolata, 150-82 ; in
the vicinity of New York, 80
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