the best material thus far met with for illustrating 2 “av
nal abjunction of spores. When the time aT ee ‘
duction of these spores, the tip of the hypha dissolv
protoplasmic contents become divided serially Oe
hyaline cylindrical spores which are pute we
the spore- -bearing hypha. While the pro eh
Mation is at fr height the time for the delve
Spore may not exceed fifteen minutes t
There is a second form of spore much larger
die pose of lo
third form of spore midway between the two it
in that it is produced by internal abjunction ae
oval and not hyaline. This is likely @ vali
ditions under which the spores are produce
_ 1894.) Papers Read Before Section G, A. A. A. S. 379
also spores produced within the substance of the host (pine-
apple flesh) that are still different.
BRITTON, ELIZABETH G.: A hybrid among the mosses.—
Definite record of hybrids among some species of mosses have
been made in Europe. The author here makes the first
American record of such a hybrid. The parents are Aphan-
orhegma serrata? x Physcomitrium turbinatum & (?). The
specimens were distributed as Schistidium serratum in Drum-
mond’s Southern Mosses no. 20. They show both the nor-
mal fruit of one of the parents and the hybrid capsules, grow-
ing together from the same stem.
HALSTED, BYRON D.: Notes upon a root-rot of beet.—Dur-
ing the present year a serious fungous decay was found upon
the roots of field and garden beets. It seems to be an unde-
scribed species of the genus Phyllosticta. The present paper
describes the rapid and profuse development of the pycnidia
of this fungus upon the cut surface of the affected parts of the
beets; the complete separation of the pycnidia by the inter-
vention of a layer of thin cloth laid upon the freshly cut sur-
face; and the confirmation of previous statements regarding
the non-sexual origin of the pycnidia. ;
BRITTON, N. L.: On Torreya as a generic name.—As an
evidence that the law of homonyms is necessary for stability
of nomenclature, the case of Torreya was presented, a gen-
eric name which has been applied six times. The record is
as follows:
Torreya Ral. (1819) = Pycreus Beauv. (1807).
Torreya Spreng. (182 1) = £giphila Jacq. dis:
753).
The
840).
ne only one of these genera that has stood has been the
Florid
a taxoid tree of Arnott.
BRITTON, ELIZABETH G.: Some notes on the genus En-
‘alypta.—The author compared the European and American
se aaaig 's of E. ciliata, with some notes on E. Jongipes and E.
z. )
@counz
Hotcuxiss, JED.: The growth of forest trees illustrated
AA om marked corners 107 years old.—Specimens illustrating
arks on corner and line trees taken from the Henry Ban
29~—Vol. XIX—No.9,
380 The Botanical Gazette.
10,980 acre patent, in Greenbrier co., W. Va., surveyed
April 18, 1787, were shown. The growth varied from .03 to
.05" per year, and the number of growth layers agreed in
number exactly with the record. |
PATTERSON, MRs. F. W.: Species of Taphrina parasitic m
Populus.—American mycologists formerly referred to Tajh-
rina aurea specimens occurring on ovaries of Populus tremi-
Joides and other hosts. It has been shown, however, that the
name T. aurea belongs only to the form on leaves, which has
not been known heretofore in America. The form on ovatits”
was then supposed to be identical with Johanson’s 7. rhisoph-—
ora but from this it now proves to be quite distinct and easily
recognized by size of asci as belonging to 7. Fohansonti Sader
beck. A form differing but slightly from T. aurea has now .
been found also in Iowa, parasitic of several species of Popu- :
lus planted from Europe. j
The following papers were presented in joint sessions of
Sections F and G: ome
BUTLER, A. W.: Work of the Indiana biological ete
An account of the organization of this work by the In 8:
Academy of Sciences, its plan and progress. a
Hopkins, A. D.: Some interesting conditions m™ mee !
dpeckers.—
viet sat
sy
poplar was due to the persistent wounds made by oe bird’ :
eye maple. Further investigations are in progres os
BAILEY, L. H.: Relation of age of type to 0a
There is a wide difference in variability in ¢
Some species vary enormously. The type °
tivated for somewhat less than 2,000 years, was ©
really the LZ. Scariola. The type of §
sweet potato are not known. Of tomatoes
ieties are more removed from the type t
are from each other. eo
2. Variability is not due toage, cultivation, © ie
cal distribution. "gre
han many 55°
Ba: Be i tes we, laid he Fo
ath nh gh = PEE
t reat ti ae net a
ae ae ols ead wie det
1894. ] Papers Read Before Section G. A AO 381
3. Variability under cultivation is due to some elasticity of
the species and is thus inherent.
4. The newer the type the more readily it varies. New
types are polymorphous, old types are monomorphous. The
most flexible types have not yet passed their zenith, e. g.,
Cucurbitaceez. The varieties of cereals are so much alike that
expert knowledge is needed to distinguish them.
5. Why are new types flexible? A certain answer cannot
be given but the author believes it explicable on the principle
of divergence of characters rather than by any rejuvenescence
ol type.
BAILEY, L. H.: The struggle for existence under cultiva-
tion.—The struggle for existence under cultivation can be re-
solved into figures. Seedsmen estimate that one-fourth the seed
produced is lost because unsown. (But this is less than nature
wastes among wild plants.) Three-fourths therefore engage in
the struggle for existence. Only one in thirty or one in twenty
ofthese come to anything. The rest are thinned out. This is
a struggle between members of the same species; therefore the
struggle sets up a divergence within the species. Added to
this is the selective agency of the weeder. The same laws
which govern evolution in feral conditions govern evolution
under cultivation. :
MILES, MANLY: Limits of biological experiments. —The
author contended that evolutionary laws cannot be demon- |
strated by direct experiment because of the great number of
uncontrollable factors, a point well illustrated by the many
valueless feeding experiments.
Titles of informal papers and notes presented before the
Botanical Club, A. A. A. S., Brooklyn meeting, 1894.
C. E. Bessey: The germination of the macrospores of
Marstlia vestita.
E. F. SMira: Tannin as a mordant for staining cell-mem-
branes.
F. C. NEWCOMBE: JZanninas a mordant for staining prolv-
plasmic structures. sae
. J. BEAL: The use of measurements tn the identification
of grasses. :
L. R. Jones: The decrease of oat-smut in Vermont.
B. T. GALLoway, E. F. SmiTH and G. H. HICKs: For-
maline as a preserving fluid.
N. L. Britton: The check-list of plants of the northeastern
States. :
E. F. Smiru: The bacterial disease of cucumbers with an
exhibit of photomicrographs. .
C. E. Bessey: Extreme decapttalization. ee
L. R. Jones: A Haematococcus for class-demonstration
motile gametes.
E. J. DURAND: Sporangial trichomes on certain erns. ‘he
ARTHUR HOLLick: The significance of stipules from
standpoint of paleobotany.
&. R Bide. The Sndbig of a considerable quantily of
Eustichia Norvegica in Wisconsin, in frutting stages.
J. J. Davis: Gonidial chains of Entyloma flerkee. a
B.D. HALSTED: Solandi printing of variegated NT
C. E. Bessey: A better pronunciation of botanica af pee
B.D. Hatsrep: The peach-spotting fungus 4 @
asite. a of the
E. J. DURAND: Development of Olpidium SP» one of
Chytridiacee. aconid
B. D. HALSTED: A peculiar discoloration of the Pe
ay: [tures of
E. F. SMitu: A simple method of making pur nee
Sung. the Br :
‘" CE. Bessey and Roscor Pounp: The work of : -
tanical Seminar of Nebraska. : she ear
M. B. WaIte: The killing of young shoots of # ee
excessive transpiration. :
M. B. WAITE: Staining the flagella of bacteria.
~
BRIEFER ARTICLES.
Pleodorina in Indiana.—On the eleventh of last May the writer col-
lected specimens of Callitriche heterophylla Pursh, and Witella sp.?
from a shallow, stagnant pond near Bloomington, Ind. A small
quantity of this material was kept fresh in a bell-jar in a north win-
dow of the laboratory. On June 29th, while searching for unicellular
alge for the use of my class, I noticed numbers of little, pale green
specks along the wall of the glass vessel below the surface of the wa-
ter. They were at once taken to be Volvox. A microscopic examin-
ation convinced me, however, that these plants differed from any Vol-
vox that I had ever seen. der
Having no special literature on the Volvocinez, I did not feel cer-
tain as to the precise limits of the genus Volvox.
However, a study of the life history was begun immediately as, in
the specimens in question, the asexual development from the gonidia
could be very readily followed.
While in the midst of my investigations, the Botanical GAZETTE
for July, to my agreeable surprise, brought me the paper of Mr. W.
R. Shaw of Stanford University on “Pleodorina, a new genus of the
Volvocineze.”
A glance at this paper convinced me that the organism at hand was
Pleodorina Californica Shaw, and a closer comparison confirmed the
opinion. Almost every detail in the study made by me agreed with
those presented in Mr. Shaw’s paper.
Together with few minor details which may be of little importance,
Some of the specimens examined by me, however, were a little larger
— the measurements given in the paper. The plant body of the
“gest individuals observed, measured 352/4 in diameter, the gonidia
“ine Previous to the first division, 24-32/4; vegetative cells, just one-
2 of the gonidia in the same colony, 12-164. ;
ae July 27th the plants, then numbering thousands in the same
na seam In good condition, multiplying rapidly. As this
shan © be hoped that the sexual reproduction, if sone oi a
yy may occur and be observed this fall.—David M. Mo
‘ana University, Bloomington.
Se lin in Illinois——The new alga Pleodorina California ef
abund in the July Gazerre was found during the month of co Z
wher ance at Havana, IIl.. by Prof. T. J. Burrill and myself. ae
€ the University of Illinois has its new Experiment Station
384 The Botanical Gazette. [September, ie
the study of aquatic life, and is a rich collecting ground for alge—
G. P. Ciinton, Champaign, 171.
Fruiting Eustichia Norvegica Brid.— This rare moss has been
known in the vegetative condition for many years. It occurs in dif
ferent parts of the world, and has been found in half a dozen or more
localities in this country. In the fruiting condition, however, it is
little known. Mrs. E. G. Britton discovered it in fruit at the dells of
the Wisconsin river, near Kilbourn City, Wisconsin, in July, 1883, and
described the fruit in the BwZ/etin of the Torrey Botanical Club 10:
99. 1883. Seventeen fruiting specimens were found. These, up to
the present summer, were all that were known to exist. The herba- 3
rium of the University of Wisconsin is now, however, in possession of
a sufficient quantity in fruiting condition to distribute to all bryolo-
gists desiring it.
While working on a botanical survey of the Wiscons
Mr. F. D. Heald and I collected between eight and
fruiting specimens in “ Witches’ Gulch,” near Kilbourn City,
sin, in the latter part of July of the present year. ast
Among the capsules are many one year old at least, while it is quite :
possible that some of them are older. This would indicate that the i
difficulty experienced in finding fruiting material is due chie sg ce
rarity of fructification and not to the disappearance of fruiting parts :
soon after maturity. The capsules probably matured 1m July. wi _
of the material collected by Mrs. Britton in the early part of J a
immature. The capsules collected this summer are, with seme!
exception, mature, many of them having already dehisced. An er
ination of the capsules shows the entire absence of peristome
annulus.—L. S. CHENEY, University of Wisconsin.
1 Applications for specimens must be accompanied by postage (unless :
foreign countries) and should be addressed to the Department of Botany, in
versity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., U.S. A. i
in river valley,
nine hundred
Wiscon-
CURRENT LITERATURE.
The flora of Mt. Desert,
THE FLORA of Mount Desert has for some years been the object of
careful study, and the result has now appeared in a very handsome
erogams, 47 pteridophytes, 271 bryophytes, and 421 thallophytes ex-
cluding funi and myxomycetes, which have not been collected. A
carefully prepared introduction gives a general description of Mt.
Desert and its flora. Some ot the noteworthy features are the arctic
character of the flora, the very small representation of introduced for-
eign plants, the scanty showing of Leguminose, the entire absence of
sclepias, Gentiana, and other well known genera, and the remarkable
beauty and deepness of coloration.
The introduction also contains a somewhat extended discussion of
homenclature, brought on by the recent attempts of American botan-
ists towards stability. In the list the nomenclature of the last edition
of Gray’s Manual is followed, a principle which the GAZETTE has al-
Ways strongly advocated for local lists. In the discussion of what 1s
nown as the “Rochester Code,” however, the argument is weakened
by the frequent imputation of unscientific motives to those concerned
in framing the code. We believe in difference of opinion and a
"Rann, Epwa imi talogue of the
» £DWaRD L. and Reprretp, Joun H.—A preliminary cata :
2p Sowing on Mt. Desert and is aati islands. With a map. vo. PP
: bridge: University Press. 1894.
386 The Botanical Gazette. » [September,
Minor Notices.
ANOTHER practical botany has been added to the list of laboratory
guides, this time for beginners. Professor Bower: has really given us
an abridgement of his “ Course of Practical Instruction in Botany,”
so that its spirit and method is familiar. The book can be of excel-
lent service in our secondary schools, and even in the elementary
courses of most colleges, provided, always, that it is in the hands ofa
competent teacher, and this any book demands. The information as
to methods of preparation, and the introductory exercises on the
structure of the vegetable cell, and the common micro-chemical reac-
tions, are very helpful to the inexperienced teacher. As is known,
the author begins with the highest types, an order of treatment which
we do not consider scientific or necessary. There is no reason why
the mucor of the last study should be any more difficult for a beginner
to see and to understand than the tissues and ovule structures of the
first types. The excellence of the work demanded, however, and the
scientific spirit of it all, needs no comment.
THE PROCEEDINGS of the Madison Botanical Congress have recently
been published by Secretary J. C. Arthur. The issue was much ¢
layed by the dilatoriness of speakers and committeemen in revising
manuscript and proof sheets. The report makes a han somely
printed pamphlet of sixty pages with an index by which all references
to the matters discussed can easily be found. Copies may be obtal
by application to Dr. J. C. Arthur, Lafayette, Indiana.
IN CONNECTION with the study of some recent collections, Be
H. Knowlton? has given a review of the fossil flora of Alaska.
historical review, list of species, and discussion of beds are Or aa
the 115 forms enumerated forty-six are peculiar to Alaska. a a
author has published in Zhe Journal of Geology (May-Jun WS
instructive paper on “ Fossil plants as an aid to geology.
A RECENT contribution® from the Gray Herbarium contains ate!
tions of some twenty-five new Mexican plants, among them*
tiful new pine (P. Lumholtzii) with dense pendulous foliage
figured in Scribner's Magazine.
* Bower, F. O.—Practical botany for
& Co., London and New York, 1894. 90 cents.
*KNnow.ton, F. H.—A review of the fossil flora pl. 1. 3894 ¥ :
_ of new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 17: 207-240. Pf. 4- | 7a py Be
®Rosinson, B. L. and Fernatp, M. L.—New plants cola to north
C. V. Hartman and C. E. Lloyd upon an archzologica: © Pre
30: 114-123. Aug. 27. 1
OPEN LETTERS.
Added synonymy.
_ In noticing the revision of the N. Am. Alsinez by Dr. B. L. Rob-
Inson, in the August number of the GazeTTE, was it fair to say that in
peace” !—Joun H. REDFIELD, Philadelphia, Pa.
[Naturally no reference was made to the addition of Spergularia to
synonymy, but to the consequent addition of new binomial combina-
tions.—Eps, |
Marchantia as atype.
Dr. Underwood’s objection to the use of Marchantia as a type in
morphological courses of study expressed in several places page |
and reiterated in his vice-presidential address at Brooklyn last mont
seems to me based upon a misunderstan ing. I use this plant con-
ot, as D
rwoo
address used it to illustrate, viz., the greatest possible complexity of
thallus. For neither of the other two lines of development, of a
-
honored Mar in spite of th
Marchantia as one of the bryophyte types, in spite of the
= that it is a representative of only a small group of hepatics and
at the lowest,-_R.
NOTES AND NEWS.
FINE illustration of Cereus Pecten-aboriginum appears in
and Forest of August 22d.
Tue “Systematic Botany of North America” is rapidly
demnite shape. Sample pages have been ee sub
e
pletion.
n Le Botaniste for July the six papers are all by the editor,
A. Dangeard, the subjects being: Obse rvations on the green
lous flower of Tulipa sylvestr
By THE BURNING of the Kno iacee in Wahu :
Prof. F. Lamson-Scribner jost ie cat herbarium with t
tudyl Thi
ng, h were on
hands for study. The loss is quite irreparable, and the rALE
to eed is sympathy.
HE ORGANIZATION of the aba Be ae: of Am
pleted at nti where oe charter members were
presented, ae after full sean and amendment was
d is constitution provides that only Amer
ged in research, who have publishe work of rec
e€
Nominees may be rejected by two negative votes ite
body s seven, or by one-fifth the votes cast even 4
Coun
esti were elected as follows: president, “Chae
Br ry, Charles
president, Nathaniel Lord Britton; — creta
embers
ee idered
members were elected, as it was const
the first members in accordance with the rigid provi
stitution. =
The first annual meeting will be held in Chicag
meets in San Francisco) shortly before the meeting
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Nature and ‘distribution of attraction-sphere® he
trosomes in eeecrahle cells, by Jee, H. SciArtet: :
: Arbor, Mich. .
Notes. on edoublement, by AuG. ‘F. Fo
Ohio, ;
_ Popular ‘keeriaa plant names.
E Cau ambridg ge, Scots
BoTANICAL GAZETTE
OCTOBER, 1894.
Filices Mexicanz. V.'
An enumeration of the ferns collected in Mexico by C. G.
Pringle of Charlotte, Vermont, during the seasons
1891-1892 and 1893.
GEORGE E. DAVENPORT.
-ACROSTICHUM. ?
A. conforme Swz. 5,195.
' On cliffs, Sierra de las Cruces, Oct. 2, 1892.
g A. latifolium Swz. 5,530.
__ Wet cafions, Colima Mts., 7,000" alt., March 23, fe get
__ Specimens agree very well with Chas. Wright's 996, 969,
and 3,958 from Cuba in 1859-1865.
A. recognitum Kze.
Sierra de las Cruces, Aug. 25, 1892.
A. venustum Fée, Mem. 8: 68. 5,190.
Moist banks, Sierra de las Cruces, July 19, 1892.
ADIANTUM.
33
a
z
ce
ag
cll
i,
a
*
7]
Revie
m
bee,
a
a,
a
"
j
c. 1, 1891.
d fronds, the
Segments from one to one and a half or OE
and, in Mr. Pringle’s specimens, «decurved obliquely
dactylon L. & F.).
ia =]
oO
o
‘=,
rT)
=
ee
©
a,
°
e
=
©
a.
oO
Bw
Q.
ty
°
—
-
st)
3
)
W
o
4)
2
=)
oO
ey
bale
o
4
Py
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(am
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an
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a B
wn
2
rt)
i
2
F ha,
=
6
%
=
~~]
ANEIMIA, eB
A. hirsuta Swz. 3,850, including var. Lpeogiwi re
(A. tenella Swz.) A more delicately cut f0FM, “™
Pinne deeply pinnatifid. 7
For numbers I t ° 483, 519, 555: .
o IV see Garden and Forest 4: 448, 4°3, >t or the con
: renin aphabetical order has been adopted for these notes merely for th
an ultimate re-arrangement.
3°—Vol. XIX—No. 10.
390 The Botanical Gazette. [October,
Cool grassy bluffs of barranca near Guadalajara, Sept. 15,
1891.
ASPIDIUM.
A. aculeatum Swz. 5,532.
A slender nearly smooth form from the cafions of the Co-
lima Mts. May 20, 1893.
A. (Polystichum) melanostictum Kze. 3,825.
Shaded slopes of barranca of Las Canoas, Aug. 22, 1891.
The large cinnamon colored involucres with black centers
and ciliated margins appear to fix Mr. Pringle’s plant here
with reasonable certainty.
A. (Nephrodium) setosum KI. (N. tetragonum Hook.)
3,957, # and f, the two forms so different as to appear
like entirely different species, yet not clearly separable
by any good characters. -atitd
Form a, which is simply pinnate with deeply pinnati
pinne six or more inches long and one inch broad, alm
exactly matches Fendler’s 194 from Venezuela, 1854-55; fom
fis nearly tripinnate in the lower half of the frond an
broadly deltoid with unequal-sided pinnz like A. aan
var. dtlatatum, but the upper part gradually and sot i
produces form a, all other characters being the same in
orms. Iam not sure of this determination, but ar i
it impossible to place it elsewhere, although I have ha
under frequent examination during the past three yea a
Banks of a cascade, hacienda of Tamasopo, Dec. 2,
ASPLENIUM. s3l-
A. cicutarium Swz., var. paleaceum, n. vat. 5
Rachises chaffy, otherwise as in type. 3
Moist banks, cafions of Colima Mts., May 23, 1893:
A. hastatum Kt. 3,920.
In rich forests, Las Canoas, Oct. 17, 1891.
A. pumilum Swz., var. laciniatum, n. vat. aeee
The divisions deeply cut into linear strap-shape There is
Mossy ledges, barranca of Tepii, Oct. ats 1893. Kew (566
a similar form in the Cambridge Herbarium from
from Jamaica) with which this agrees perfectly.
ar.
A. rhizophyllum Kze., var. proliferum, 0. V ‘
Moist banks, cafions of Colima Mts., May 23, 7
535
1894. ] Filices Mexicana. V. 391
The exceedingly narrow divisions, and the dareoid appear-
ance of the sori on the upper part of Mr. Pringle’s plant led
me to look for it in the Darea section of this genus, but Prof.
Eaton considers it a mere form of A. rhizophyllum, and a
more careful examination convinces me that he is right.
There are specimens of this species and 5,531 in the Cam-
bridge Herbarium with proliferous fronds, a seemingly not
uncommon character in this genus.
A, rubinum, n. $e. Sigh
Rootstocks tufted, clothed at the crown, and the young
croziers covered with blackish-brown fibrillose scales and
chaff; fronds clustered, 6 to 15 inches tall, 3 to $ of an inch
broad, pinnate; stipites 2 to 6 inches long, moderately stout,
and, as well as the rachises bright ruby colored, smooth and
glossy; pinne 20 to 30 or more pairs, sessile, or in the larger
specimens sub-sessile, variously shaped, mostly unequal-sided,
wedge-shaped at base, or sub-dimidiate, the lower side cut
away one-half to two-thirds in a curved line with the upper
base line parallel with the rachis, lowermost pairs distant,
thomboidal or sub-reniform, margins entire or slightly cre-
scure, sori large, 1 to 5 pair to a pinna, brown when mature.
Cold cliffs, Sierra de las Cruces, Sept. 11, 1892
No description can make the distinctive character of this
fine ruby-stalked Asplenium perfectly clear, but once seen it
's Not likely to be mistaken for any other known species.
In general appearance and habit it resembles a robust form of
A. 7; richomanes, but the stout red stalks, which extend nearly
to the apex of the frond before greening, and the enormous
“rl render its identification comparatively easy. ihe back
n mature pinna is a solid mass of brown sporangia, nearly
scuring the persistent indusia and presenting the appear-
nce of an Acrostichum.
T 4. Shepherdii Spreng. 3,958, a and B.
*Masopo cafion, June, 1891.
Borrycuium. “
a "atricariefolium R. Br. 5,193-
— volcano of Toluca, Sept., 1892.
- lernatum Sw. 5,192. 000" Sept.
rtoatine Meadows, Sierra de las Cruces, 10, a
392 The Botanical Gazette. [Octobet,
CHEILANTHES.
C. speciosissima A. Br. 4,202 a and f. (Plecosorus |
Mexicana Fée.) |
a, with somewhat rigid fronds densely clothed with rich. :
brown scales; 8 with fronds lax and only sparingly scaly
from growing in shady grottos. i
Cliffs, Sierra de las Cruces, 11,000" alt., Sept. 11, 1892. |
DICKSONIA. |
D. rubiginosa Klf. 3,824.
Rich moist slopes in shade, barranca of Las Canoas, Auf.
18, 189I. ; :
Five to 8* high, fronds deltoid, 3 to 5", stipes 2 to3- |
GYMNOGRAMME,
G. Calomelanos KIf., var. Peruviana Baker. 4,377. (6. :
Peruviana Desv. ee :
Calcareous banks and cliffs, barranca near Colima, st@ a
Jalisco, June 4, 1893. a
G. Ehrenbergiana Klt., var. muralis Pringle (# htt.). ;
4,420. in
A cliff-growing dwarf form with chafty rachises, aa
out scales. On faces of cliffs near Tequila, July ©, 1?
G. trifoliata Desv. 4,000. oe
Barranca of Las Canoas, state of San Luis Potosi, Aug: '5 4
189I, growing among willow and cypress bushes.
Specimens bifoliate, and without powder. Judgne. a
the series of specimens at Cambridge, the species ee
bifoliate than otherwise, and the powder is not always P .
rthography
NoOTHOLANA. This is Robert Brown’s original
as used by him when he established the genus 1?
I do not wish to be quoted as favoring any other. in Garden
orthography of Kaulfuss (1824) in my notes — 444
and Forest, 7. ¢., was not used with my appt “ ors
not concede the right of an editor to interfere wv iling or grat
manuscript unless it be to correct errors of spe have too
mar. It is not a question of scholarship that ¥*
sider here, but one of priority and right, and che ide
the ‘‘revised nomenclature” can consistently va out doing
original orthography for that of Kaulfuss w! oie. >
lence to the very code which he professes to ®
1894. ] Filices Mexicane. V. 393
N. Grayt Davenport. 5,373.
Ledges, barranca of Tequila, Oct. 4, 1893.
Mr. Pringle wrote that ‘‘if, as I think, I send you Noth.
Grayi, it must be from an extreme southerly station, much
farther south than before recorded. It was 50 miles west
from Guadalajara, where JV. Schaffnert rather than this species
is common.”
OPHIOGLOSSUM.
O. crotalophoroides Walt. 4,244. , P
Moist meadows, Nevado of Toluca, 11,000* alt., Sept. 6,
892.
QO. reticulatum L. 3,816 and 3,995. C
3,816 in moist, grassy places under shrubs, Las oe a
state of San Luis Potosi, Aug. 15, 1891. 3,995 in wet soi
near Guadalajara, state of Jalisco, Oct. 5, 1891. oie t.
the latter specimens seem doubtfully distinct from : ee
gatum; but the two species appear to run very closely he?
gether, if not into one another, and I doubt very much}
they are specifically distinct.
OsmunDA. f
O. regalis L. No number, and should have been in my
previous notes.
By streams near Guadalajara, Dec. 13, 1888. -
PoLyPopium. ;
us angustifolium Swz., var. ensifolium seins uae
sifolium Willd.) Specimen numbered 3,803,
821,
On trees, barranca of Las Canoas, Aug. ‘beer 145
wh heteromorphum H. & Gr. (P. variate Mere iF
Ya ium,
Slender and remarkably beautiful ape th annually, each
growth being distinctly seen, : th
may have upon it asad! matured and si a stat “
“ apex preparing for the next season's extension. id
hanging from hisuies in sheltered niches ai a oath
ngs summit of Sierra de Las Cruces, 11,000° altitude,
1892,
‘7
P. lepidopteris Kze. 5,359.
On trees, hills of Patzcuaro, July 16, 1891.
394 The Botanical Gazette. [October,
P. Martensti Mett. 5,360.
With 5,359. -Aug. 3, 1892.
P. pectinatum L. 3,974. A form apparently identical
with P. Paradise L. & F.
Rich woods, hacienda de Tamasopo, Dec. I1, 1891.
P. petiolatum, n. sp. 4,001.
Rootstock stout, half an inch or more in diameter, wide-
creeping, and thickly clothed wlth large fulvous (brown)
scales: fronds scattered, 2" or more tall, 15 to 18” broad, pin-
nate; stipites stout, 6 to 8" long, and (as well as the long
stipiform rachises) straw colored, smooth and glossy; lamina
divided into from sixteen to twenty pair of long acuminated
inear-lanceolate pinnz 6 to 9" long, three-eighths to one-half
lan inch broad, stalked nearly to the top, uppermost sub-ses
sile, the long terminal one with a pair of small sessile pinné
below; texture sub-coriaceous, smooth; venation that 0
Goniophlebium, areole uniserial, veins conspicuous, sof
prominent, thirty to forty each side of the prominent costa.
On mossy oak, Las Canoas, Aug. 19, 1891. the
Mr. Pringle wrote me that this fern ‘‘was found on of
branches of oaks on the mountain sides about the station .
Las Canoas in the eastern part of the state of San Luis ! ;
tosi. This must have been near the limit of its ipeauint
—certainly on the western limit and near the dry reg!
for I searched somew
ry d
and fine Polypodium.
P. Phyllitidis L. 5,187.
On trees, Tamasopo, Dec. 1, 1891.
P. pilosissimum Mart. & Gal. 4,288. : a
Mossy rocks, Sierra de las Cruces, 11,000, Sept. Il
P. Plumula. 3,999.
On ledges, Tamasopo, Dec. I, 18Q1.
P. vulgare L. 5,190.
Sierra de las Cruces, 11,000*, Sept. 11; 1892.
1892.
TRICHOMANES.
T. pyxidiferum L. 3,800.
Mossy rocks, Tamasopo Mts., July, 1891.
PRE er CT ee eee
1894. ] Filices Mexicana. V. 395
I have referred Mr. Pringle’s specimens to this species
merely because I do not find any authentic record of 7. fil-
icula from this continent.
In the note under 7. fi/icula in Synopsis Filicum, Dr.
Hooker stated that ‘‘he could not distinguish from that spe-
cies a Mexican plant from Liebmann though labelled pyxidi-
Serum on high authority,” and I am myself unable to discover
any important difference between Mr. Pringle’s specimens and
some specimens of 7. fi/zcula which I have from Leprieur’s
- Herbarium (Paris Museum) given to me by Dr. Gray. It is
doubtful if the two species are in reality distinct.
T. radicans Swz. 5,535.
Wet cliffs, cafions of Colima Mts., May 23, 1893.
Specimens somewhat larger and coarser than our southern
form, but otherwise characteristic.
Woopsia.
W. mollis J. Smith. 1,865.
Moist banks and ledges near Guadalajara, Nov. 1888.
Should have been included in my previous notes, as should
also my acknowledgments to Prof. L. M. Underwood for se
uable assistance in verifying some determinations at a time
when I was greatly troubled with my eyes, and it would seep
to me that I was taking to myself credit for what was not
Justly my due if I continued my notes without putting myself
n record in this manner. /
In addition to the foregoing ferns several other species pre-
viously recorded were again collected, mostly in, or near the
‘ame localities as before, so that it does not appear necessary
to record them again here.
ERRATA,
Prof. Underwood has called my attention to Mr. Pringle’s
eet sent out with the collection of 1887 as rafeoat i hs
rie (see Fern Notes in Bulletin Torrey Bot. Club), whe h him
Nds to be Cheilanthes farinosa Klf. 1 fully agree shane! aes
and thank him for the correction.
a € also writes that his specimens of 449 and ee
© Bulj Torr. Bot. Club) are Cheilanthes Ahan hae
we C. microphylla, the species to which I had referred th
in mers. ~My own specimens were somewh ing to-
character, but with, as I still think, a stronger leaning
396 The Botanical Gazette.
ward microphylla than Alabamensis. They are as good mi-
crophylla as many specimens so named by good authority. It
does not, however, matter very much from my point of view,
as I consider the two so-called species mere Yorms of one,
That they do run into each other through almost inseparable
gradations there can be little question, and Prof. Underwood
himself appears to doubt their being distinct.
It is certainly impossible at times to separate specimens
satisfactorily, and their variations have not only been made
the basis for several untenable species but the two extreme
forms have even been put into separate genera.
Dr. Hooker, however, in Species Filicum expressed the
opinion that we might ‘‘conceive of C. microphylla having
reached its extreme northern limits in the C. Alabamensis of
the southern states.” I coincide with this view and believe
that we should write:
Chetlanthes microphylla Swz.
8. var. Alabamensis (Buckley). (C. Alabamensts Kze.)
Medford, Mass.
Notes on Cribraria minutissima and Licea minima.
GEORGE A. REX.
Cribraria minutissima Schwz.
There isa marked discrepancy between the original de-
scription of this species by Schweinitz! drawn from the type
specimens now in the Schweinitzian herbarium in the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and the later descriptions
of Rostafinski and Massee which were drawn from the Schwein-
itzian specimens in the Berkeleyan herbarium.
The two specimens apparently differ in important points.
The diagnostic description of Schweinitz, however, accur-
ately describes the curiously shaped elongated sporangia of the
type, which appear as if ellipsoidal when first developed, be-
Coming finally constricted in the middle when mature. The
sporangia have the appearance of being girt by a thread, ex-
panding above and below into two nearly equal globose por-
tions, the diameter at the central constriction being from one-
half to three-fourths the diameter of the upper and lower por-
tions. A longitudinal section through the center of a typical
of band-like threads only occasionally wider at the intersec-
Hons, and forming irregular meshes. ;
The Berkeleyan specimen, on the contrary, is described as
having no permanent wall or calyculus, but simply a perma-
nent globose network of the same character as t
n
ear’ however, a fixed character, according to the o
pa ye of the writer, who has seen associated both cons sh
me “Aconstricted ellipsoidal sporangia, the latter approa
“Shegy y the obovate sporangia of
An important point necessary to be considered in this con-
1 x > —
Wey Schweinitz, L. D., Synopsis Fungorum in America Boreali media degen
Foc. Am. Philos. Soc. 1831. [Philadelphia.]
398 The Botanical Gazette. [October,
nection is the relation of C. mzcroscopica B. & C. to the
two foregoing Schweinitzian forms. In their spores and net-
work these three forms essentially agree. They vary only
in the shape of the sporangium, which is a diagnostic charac-
ter of no specific value, and in the size or degree of develop-
ment of the calyculus which must be conceded to be variable
and therefore a specific character of doubtful value.
The only species of Cribraria created solely upon the ab-
sence of a calyculus as a determining specific factor is C.
dictydioides Balf.; but the great variability in the size of the
calyculus in different gatherings and even in the same gath-
ering of the allied and overlapping species C. tenella and C.
intricata makes the validity of C. dictydioides more than
doubtful. '
Sporangia without calyculi associated with others having
minute disciform calyculi are constantly found with the typ
cal net characters of both the above species. The same var
iability of the calyculus is also found, though to a much less
extent, in sporangia of the type of C. vulgaris Schrad. |
As C. microscopica B. & C. differs from typical C. mmr
tissima Swz. only in having globose or slightly obovate
stead of ellipsoidal sporangia, the writer concludes that it's
not specifically distinct, but should be merged in C. minutts-
stma Swz. which is the older species. h
The Berkeleyan form of C. minutissima Swz. holds the
same relative position to the type as C. dictydioides to oy
tricata and C. tenella. It is a constant variety of C. iis
Zisstma and could only doubtfully be assigned a separate an
valid specific place. E Fair-
The localities for this species known to the writer he N.
mount Park, Phila.; Shawangunk Mts., N. Y.; Ne pk
J. (J. B. Ellis); and the original station at Bethlehem,
(Schweinitz). The Berkeleyan variety is probably more
quently found than the typical form. ; :
- In the preparation of "the preceding notes the writer :
amined and compared the type of C. minutisstma speci-
in the Schweinitzian herbarium, with an authentic
men of C. microscopica B. & C. communicated by to the
tis, the collector and one of the authors of the Laan nia,
herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences, eee
which corresponds absolutely to the descriptions © the same
by Rostafinski and Massee and is probably a part of os
gathering. Specimens from several private collectio
trating the Berkeleyan variety, were also examinc™
J
a
.
1894. ] Notes on Myxomycetes, 399
Licea minima Fr.
This obscure and little known species has an interesting
developmental history. _
he sporangia of the American, like those of the European
specimens, vary in color greatly. All, except one, of several
gatherings from various American localities examined by the
writer were of various shades of chestnut or umber brown.
In the exception, the color of the sporangial wall was dull
black by reflected light, but dark reddish brown or black by
transmitted light.
The upper surface of the sporangia in all of the gatherings,
was divided by seams or ridges into from four to six parts.
In the brown specimens these seams were of a darker brown
than the adjacent parts, but in the black specimens they were
jet black, smooth and shining. They extend from the base
to the center of the surface of the sporangia when of the usual
depressed hemispherical form, but to a short central or apical
tidge when the sporangia are elongated. These ridges are
Sutural in character and mark the lines of the rupture of the
sporangia upon the dispersion of the spores. The rupture
takes place through the middle of the sutures and the result-
ing segments of the sporangial wall become partly reflexed,
thus giving a serrated margin to the cup-like sporangial cav-
ity left by the scattered spores. :
The location of these sutures is indicated early in the devel-
°pment and differentiation of the sporangia from the plas-
modium.
This fact the writer was able to verify while bering. pe
it interesting development of the sporangia of the blac
orm,
When found, the plasmodium had just entered the first
“tage of differentiation and had formed cushion-shaped masses
of a uniform dull yellow color, probably two and three times
the diameter of the mature sporangia.
and maturation advanced, the plasmodi
“orrespondingly in size, and in the smoot
a Sutures characterizing the mature sporang!
“‘entiate, first as double rows of minute dark
pigment Points which gradually grew larger
nally blended, forming black shiny s sat ier
f ile the sutures were developing, the whole payer} nally
“ce also changed from yellow to dark garnet, 4
400 The Botanical Gazette. [October,
black, the pigmentation commencing at the sutural and basal
lines and spreading thence toward the centers of the segments
of the sporangial wall. The lines of rupture occurred between
the rows of pigment points which first outlined the sutures.
On examination of the matured sporangial wall under proper
microscopical conditions of light and high amplification, a
marginal line of rounded cells, varying in degree in different
specimens, may usually be seen following the outline of the
segments and marking the position of the primary sutural
points or foci of pigmentation.
This species will probably be found to beas widely distrib-
uted in the northern United States as in northern Europé
where only it has yet been recorded. It was recorded by
Schweinitz in his herbarium and in his synopsis of North
American fungi under the name of Licea pusilla Schrad., with
which species it is probably often confounded. ‘
The writer is indebted to the courtesy of Arthur Lister,
Esq., of London, for the identification of his specimens W!
authentic specimens of the species.
The American localities for this species,
writer, are Philadelphia, Pa. ; Adirondack M
Newfield, N. J. (J. B. Ellis).
Philadelphia, Pa.
known ‘to the
ts., N. Y.; and
Eduard Strasburger.
JAMES ELLIS HUMPHREY.
WITH PORTRAIT—PLATE XXXI.
No name has been more familiar to botanists during the
past fifteen years and no work has attracted greater attention
plete account of his life and work will be possible. But it
seems legitimate to recognize the interest which naturally at-
taches to the personality and surroundings of every leader of
thought. The following pages are simply the record of the
permanent impressions remaining to a student after several
months of daily intercourse, begun with no knowledge of the
man but such as may be gained from his published work.
_ Eduard Strasburger is a native of Russian Poland, and has
Just completed his fiftieth year. He is, therefore, in the prime
of his powers. He was educated at Warsaw and in Germany,
as called
at the age of twenty-five to the university at Jena. There he
as tempted him from this congenial post. Later he was
given the title “‘Geheimer Regierungsrath,” the official dis-
tinction which the Prussian government confers upon its citi-
oats, familiar to botanists everywhere. te
€ chronological list one is struck by the hompgeeer? “g
tengPment of one research from a cgscoat pest
Stic of the greatest investigators. Entering u ;
whisk had shortly before been shown by the path-breaking
‘ on of Hofmeister to be so full of interest an
aeacance, the reproduction of the gym
Urally led to the comparative study 0
.
402 The Botanical Gazette. [October,
also, and, one question leading to another, deeper and deeper
into the investigation of the processes involved in the repro-
duction of the flowering plants, and of their significance.
These studies naturally and-early led to the investigation of
the cell-contents, and especially of the nucleus, whose funda-
mental importance in the activity of the cell becomes so
quickly apparent to the student. And it is perhaps through
his work upon the indirect division of the nucleus that his
name is most widely known. Prof. Strasburger himself states
that his attention was first attracted to the karyokinetic fig-
ures by their conspicuousness in the endosperm of certain
Conifer, and their superficial resemblance to the figures
formed about the poles of a magnet. Studies of the cell con-
tents inevitably brought up also questions as to the structure
and growth of its wall. Apart from the two related lines of
research just indicated, his chief work has been that which
has resulted in his classic volume on the structure and func-
tions of the vascular bundles in plants, which is also the bulk
iest of his publications; so that he always refers to it in con-
versation as ‘‘Mein grosses Buch.’ : » of
Just outside the corporate limits of Bonn, in the subur he
Poppelsdorf, stands the ‘‘Poppelsdorfer Schloss, uP 7
ce 0
beginning of the present century a summer pala ns
Archbishop-Electors of Cologne. It is a huge square buila
ing of two stories, about a central circular c ee!
pied by the Natural History department of the university,
containing also the residence of the professor of b
botanical establishment occupies the entire uppet
of the northeasterly or front side.
ing was erected in the first half of the last centu
quite another use, will explain why it is poorly a pe
laboratory purposes. Yet, since the windows are pegs
one finds abundant room and all necessary apparatu tudes a
no reason for complaint. The Botanical Institute ! ae a
lecture room, well supplied with wall charts and diag
laboratory for elementary and one for advanced ang
private rooms for the professor extraordinarius, Prot. ratus
per, and for the assistant, besides storage room for app?
reagents and alcoholic material. -. residence
Prof. Strasburger devotes the two rooms of ms rving 3
which adjoin the institute to his own work, one -
1894.] Eduard Strasburger. 403
library, the other as laboratory. These rooms are simply
furnished, but their contents show that their occupant denies
himself nothing that can really aid his work; and their scru-
pulous neatness and orderliness mark him as a careful and
systematic man. Everything has its place and is to be found
there when not in use. The library is very complete in mod-
ern botanical literature, and the space required for the alpha-
betical classification of the pamphlets, chiefly authors’ re-
prints, is calculated to impress one with the volume of the
literature of botany. Perhaps nothing serves to give a better
idea of the rate at which this volume is increasing than a
glance through the undistributed accumulation of two or three
months on a shelf here.
The principal windows of the professor’s residence and of
the laboratories overlook the old palace garden, which has
een the botanic garden since the foundation of the univer-
sity in 1818. This is well laid out and well stocked. The
out-of-door part has thus far received the chief attention of
Prof. Strasburger, who is ex officio its director. This consists
of an open level plot, laid out in beds for the systematic dis-
Play of the vascular plants, and bordered at one end bya
small pond which is formed by the widening of a part of the
old palace moat and gives suitable ground for aquatics and
‘wamp plants. On each side of the ‘“‘system” lie the two
Parts of the arboretum, which contains many large and fine
trees, including not a few American species. I noted large
and flourishing specimens of Quercus rubra, Fuglans nigra,
and Liriodendron tulipifera, among others; while the bloom-
Ng of our red maple was almost the first tangible evidence
that the dreary drizzle that passes for winter in the Rhine
Valley was giving place to spring. The garden is rich in con-
les, as the inspector, Herr Beissner, is a leading authority
on this gr oup. One of the oldest and most striking of them
'S a beautiful cedar of Lebanon, which is quite hardy
jai There are also sections for officinal plants and ee?
t Plants, and a biological section where one finds gro R *
~Sether in one bed plants which have solved a given eg ats
tionsh; blem in a similar way, without regard . gett ge
feeaos os This section was laid out peste hk wee
garden was one of the first of its kind in a aoe
Me * Now give more or less attention to such a : fi
nt, whose value is too evident to need emphasis.
404 The Botanical Gazette. [October,
greenhouses, though partly old and in poor condition, con-
tain some interesting things. Strikingly good are some large
aroids and cycads and two tubs of splendid plants of Strelitaia
Regine that produce every spring thirty or forty flower-stalks,
and, after artificial pollination, develop good seeds. The
palm-house and Victoria-house are new and good, and there
is always something interesting to be seen in the propagation —
houses.
So much for the place where his work is done. Personally
Prof. Strasburger is spare in figure and above the medium
height, but his devotion to the microscope has given to his
shoulders the student’s stoop in a marked degree. His serious
face and deep-set penetrating eyes can light up most pleas-
antly, as at the moment when the accompanying excellent
likeness was taken.
In the lecture room he speaks very distinctly and earnestly,
and presents his subject in clear and attractive fashion. He
throws his whole thought and energy into the matter in hand,
he most careless
st and im- —
portance of what he presents. A lecture of three quarters of
an hour is thus often very exhausting,
doubted that its influence on the audience is far mo :
and lasting than that of a speaker of less enthusiastic porsi
ament. In the laboratory the same qualities are promine a
His real interest in the work of each student, hearty viet
ciation of good work, and pressing curiosity for eae does
stimulate all to their best efforts. The earnest’ see ,
not require much time to discover that no books, no piet*
; : t, which cal
apparatus, no plant in the whole establishment, moe
facilitate his work will be withheld. Should he feel ao ae
in asking often for apparatus which is private aba ig
mutilating a rare plant, he is met by the question
it here for?” This geniality and generosity } a
his science is res dine characteristic of Prof. pire
Earnestness is the sure passport to his fullest aid gre shown
thy, and is assumed in every new comer until he i
the contrary. ‘tent ndefatigable-
clue, welcoming evidence from every source, Its, one
extraordinary capacity for accomplishing Tes¥
‘ ‘
Eduard Strasburger, 405
knew only the man could prophesy the quality of his work.
One recognizes qualities of the ideal investigator in his zeal
for the truth, no matter whose theories suffer, his openness
to conviction, and his freedom from petty jealousy. He has
Pronounced views on disputed questions, and decided opin-
ions of the work of others; yet one soon comes to feel that
there is none of his views that cannot instantly be given up,
and none of his opinions that cannot be modified when the
accumulation of evidence shows it to be necessary. If he
sifts evidence most critically and demands that it be ample,
one feels so much the more confidence in his conclusions.
His quick, nervous manner is in marked contrast to the
usual phlegmatic calmness of the native German, and is some-
times brusque to the verge of abruptness. But one quickly
learns that this is. but the expression of his intense earnest-
hess and concentration upon the subject in mind, to the ex- Oe
clusion of all non-essentials. Finally, one’s admiration daily Nis
creases as his marvelous grasp of the whole field of morph- eg
ology and physiology is brought out by the discussion of the oo
problems constantly arising in the laboratory. One recog- ie
nizes a growing consciousness of the presence of a master
mind, and a growing delight in contact with it. It is the pos-
sibility of the free development of such minds and of the fru-
ition in them of the true scientific spirit in an atmosphere of
3I—Vol. XIX.—No. to.
Noteworthy anatomical and physiological researches.
Physiological action at a distance.
Dr. Elfving has published an additional paper? concerning
the effect of different bodies upon the sporangiophores of Phy-
-comyces nitens. Erxrera (see Bot. Gaz. 18: 196. 1893)
explained the attractive or repulsive effect of different met-
als, etc., upon the organs named as manifestations of hydrto-
tropism inthe latter. Elfving now publishes new experiments.
If iron acts as a hygroscopic body upon the negatively hy-
drotropic sporangiophores, we may expect to see the phenom-
enon most plainly when the fungus is exposed to the influence
of such highly hygroscopic bodies as calcium chloride. The
result was, however, negative. ‘
A very hygroscopic plate of gypsum (80x 35 X 10™"), dried |
at 100° C., and placed among the sporangiophores 1 pees
atmosphere saturated with water, had no effect whatever upon
these. [To those who have done experimental work with
here was no hygro
s, Erreta
rdsa place
oisture,
streaming of the molecules in the air is the !
tropic irritability. The first statement is con
experiments of Du Hamel, Knight, Johnson,
chartre, Sachs, Pfeffer, and Molisch.] This gypsum
condensed 1.665% of water. An iron plate (surface of ek :
‘**™™) had a well marked attractive effect, and condensed om
3.5°"" Of ‘water: pe
Elfving comes to the conclusion that these anise ‘oe
caused by molecular movements. Highly polishe a
platinum have very little effect upon the sporangiophot ae
t for a long
if these metals are exposed to direct sunligh ‘
they become active, i. e., they are brought into such a ‘ ale
tion that they attract said organs. This active conditio
lasts for some hours, and then it disappears. —
1 Zur Kenntniss d. pflanzlichen Irritabilitat.—Sep. from
Vetensk. Soc. Foerh. Haeft 36. 1893.
Oetversigt
1894.] Anatomical and Physiological Researches. 407
We know that a number of non-phosphorescent bodies emit
rays of light after having been under the influence of the lat-
ter. The duration of this condition is from a few minutes
to.twenty-four hours. Metals like steel and iron are non-
phosphorescent, but we have here a new form of this phe-
fomenon, dark phosphorescence. It is the light, and not the
heat which produces the effect named upon the metals; the ts
color of the rays does not seem to have any power to produce :
in the metals the effect described above. Zinc becomes ac-
tive by heating alone; when experimenting with this body,
Elfving found that it acts as a positive thermotropic agent. |
On Copper, cobalt, nickel, tin, lead, and glass, heating (as ie
above) alone did not produce the activity, although these ;
metals and the glass were heated until they were nearly melt-
8, and then allowed to cool so far that the hand could not
feel the heat.
*rpern selbst innewohnen, oder irgend eine in denselben :
Stattfindende Veriinderung begleiten, ahnliche physiologische =
Wirkungen hervorrufen kénnen. Was speciell die Metalle ar.
betrifft, zeigt uns ja auch die Metallotherapie Wirkungen, die ee
“atschieden fiit solche sprechen.”—J. CHRISTIAN Bay. ee
# Color bodies in seeds and seedlings.’
ti mt this paper Famintzin gives the results of his investiga-
aon te origin of chlorophyll in plants, a subject con—
Ditric which there is much uncertainty and difference of
* ae aS may be seen in the fact that Bredow and Belzung
“lat this question came to diametrically opposite con-
Famintzin’s attention was directed principally to the ripe
ae = Helianthus. Microtome sections were placed in ph
thus oil, Whereby colorless choromatophores, 1.5-2-54
a diamet
altho €t, were distinguished without further ghia os :
sect ugh their Presence was more easily discernible when The Oe
chroma, had been slightly moistened with the breath. Sn she ;
de tophores are situated partly in the spaces betwee mnt
va, Stains and partly on the surface of the latter ané
"Pn the cel] nucleus. ; i
- : aes
7” esas A. Ueber das Schicksal der Chlorophylikorner in ens der
Akadamie ,'0,PP-» 1 plate. Arbeiten des botanischen Centralbl. 58: 378-9:
Hig St. Petersburg, 1893. No. 5. Abst. in Botan. © sce.
408 The Botanical Gazette. : [October,
Their presence in all of the embryo cells may be demon-—
strated by treating the embryo with acid fuchsin, the chro-
matophores and a thin layer of plasma surrounding the
aleurone grains taking the stain. This demonstration is fa-
cilitated by previously treating the sections with acetic acid
which causes the aleurone grains to swell and finally to dis-
solve. Re
The swelling of the aleurone grains take place normally in
the early stages of germination, producing a similar effect a
when treated with acetic acid. : ;
The chromatophores are frequently found closely pressed
together in groups of considerable size which are liable to be
mistaken for single bodies. ee
In germinating seeds the colorless chromatophores may be
easily made out by the acid fuchsin stain. The autho
covered a further means of distinguishing them in resting
well as germinating seeds by the use of ammonia, 20 .
or alkaline carbonate. The chromatophores were found to ¢
tain chromogen which, by means of these reagemis -
transformed into a golden-yellow pigment. If th
of the Helianthus seeds are placed in a moist cnam
access of air, the chromatophores, owing to the pre at fist
chromogen, become spontaneously colored, taking on
a bluish-green, and later a yellowish-brown tint. ee
A comparison of sections of ripe see those ae
lings of different ages, including those containing os :
phyll-green chromatophores, showed all stages of pi? rain
tion so that it is not to be doubted that the chlorophy”” “la
of the seedling arise from the colorless chromatophores |
seed. This result was confirmed by a study ©
Lupinus albo-coccineus. : 1 e
A later and shorter paper by Famintzin- oaretl
chromogen of Helianthus seeds. At present the a xal
gaged in a study of the relations of this asa deriv
phyll and chlorophyll, both of which are pre Uniort
from chromogen in the process of germinatio™ gal
ately the original papers are in Russian, hence = .
the majority of scientific readers. —G. H. Hicks 3
1894. ] | Anatomical and Physiological Researches. 409
Investigations on pine and oak wood.?
This series of investigations by Dr. R. Hartig, begun in
1891 and completed early in the present year are a continua-
tion of investigations begun many years ago; and they are to
be followed by others by the same author dealing especially
with the influences exerted by the soil in which trees grow,
and the results obtained by growing ‘trees in masses and in
theopen. While the investigations were conducted in accord-
ance with scientific methods nothing that will be of value to
the practical forester has been omitted.
INE.—The trees studied were grouped in five or six classes
according to diameter at a given height above the ground.
or convenience periods of ten or twenty years are taken as-
units, each designated as a growth period. Classes one, two,
and three attained the maximum annual growth in height in the
Stowth period between thirty and forty years; class four a dec-
Ee eAtlicr; class five continued its qiax Hainan’ growth
nearly twenty years, i. e., from twenty to forty. Class six
did not reach its greatest growth until the two periods be-
tween forty and sixty years. The last tree had early fallen
hind the others in growth and was consequently overshad-
owed by them. By the time the forest was forty years old
class six was so completely shaded that a rapid growth in
height became necessary in order to obtain sunlight.
of 2 * pine tree one hundred years old five of the annual rings
olay Within the last twenty years of growth, did not ex-
Hi wn to a point 1.3 meters above the ground; four were
"ahead at a point 3-5 meters above the ground; two at 5-5 ,
eae and one at 7.7 meters. Two of these short ee
indicat. med more than ten years before the tree died. be
F that he an exceedingly interesting physiological ae 29 ne
- ing ite Cambium may remain inactive for years witho
Power of cell-division.
4 result of these and some earlier investigations the au-
Bri ves his theory for the formation of the annual par :
tated it is as follows: The wood formed in the ear 4 us
Wide ‘ib irsg Season is composed chiefly of large — ae 2,
Mis Rea These are designated as conducting vi ie
- Stream § these that the larger portion of the transpt ae
ay Passes. When a sufficient quantity of conducting ts"
" eS Sa eres ers Zeitschrift. 1: 129, ae oe
is * 49, 249, 289. 1893.—3: 1, 49, 172, 193. oe:
of
410 The Botanical Gazette. (October,
sue has been formed wood composed of smaller, much thicker
walled cells is produced.
In pine forests of recent growth the maximum thickness of
the annual ring is found in the first ten years. In trees grown in
the primeval forest, the maximum thickness is not reached
until the one hundredth year; sometimes as late as the one
hundred fiftieth or sixtieth. The thickness of the annual
ring is greater in the upper part of the trunk than in the
lower, excepting in trees grown in the open. This is due to
two reasons: First, the action of the cambium begins three
or four weeks earlier in the tops of closely growing pines than
in the lower parts of the trunks, thus producing a greater
number of cells above than below in the season; second, &
the nourishment of the tree must pass from the top to all
lower parts, the upper part is at all times supplied is
wef,
not
ternal conditions, but also in different parts of the same tree. 5
Of the timber from recently grown pine f
paratively little transpiration, and wit ;
late in the season, have valuable wood from th iokal
Trees grown well up the sides of mountains or 1n wet 10
ities have the best wood formed early. _ he outer
The amount of water present decreas J
part of the tree to the inner, with a su
passing from sap-wood to heart-wood.
of alburnum to duramen is not always the same o”
sides of the sametree. There may be a differe :
as ten annual rings. The percentage of shrinkage 0 oe
wood of pine is much less than that of sap-w0o h cent:
parison it is interesting to note that in the beech t yee fot
age of shrinkage is the same for the old and yore hrinkage
sap-wood and heart-wood, while in the oak the a :
is much greater in the sap-wood. The st e to
shrinkage in the heart-wood of pine and oak 1S i od,
deposition of the material which characterizes heart-w"™
the micellar interstices of its cell walls. :
A difference in size of trees of the sam
related to the difference in size of the
them
e age is VOY © eg
elements COMr
1894. ] Anatomical and Physiological Researches, 4Il
one-half meter from the stem was still dormant. By the 21st
of June the annual growth of stem was half completed. When
compared with the preceding annual ring the thickness of the
forming ring was found to vary from .45 to.72. On the 19th
of August the formation of wood at the base of the trunk had
ceased, in the upper part of the trunk the cells were still
thinwalled and unlignified, while in the smaller branches cell-
formation was stil] going on. By the 5th of September the
formation of wood had ceased in all parts of the tree. The
time required for the formation of the annual ring is thus
» own to be a little more than four months, extending from
last third of. April to the last of August. In this connection
the author states that in red beech and pine growth does not
egin until about four weeks later, being completed in the
pine as early as Aug. roth, and in the beech but little later,
making the time required for formation of an annual ring in
the beech and pine about two and a half months.
tthe time that shoots and leaves are developing, a com-
plete transformation of the starch in the smaller branches
fakes place. In the older parts of the tree the starch of the
bark (phloem and cortex) is first changed for the nourishment
of the cambium. At the beginning of June for a short time
all starch disappears from the sap-wood. This disappearance
has alr cady begun in the upper part of the trunk by the os
nach May. The disappearance of starch progresses pres
downward, and is completed by the 6th of June, only o
“arch of the roots remaining unchanged. By the middle «
a the storing of food ‘in the form of starch has beens in
* Suter sap-wood layers of the trunk and of branches a ey
'd. The I-3-year-old twigs are still without ears .
© Newer sap-wood is still empty. The youngest W a
the | on the contrary, shows some starch in the vicinity
ni hoy vessels. Traces of it are also found in ars a .
With = beginning of July all parts of the tree are We!" © Poon
"eserve starch. Its accumulation in the phloem ne
412 The Botanical Gazette. [October
been more rapid in the upper part of the tree than in the —
lower. From the beginning of August to the middle starch —
is entirely wanting in the phloem of the branches. In the
phloem of the stem only traces of it are found in the outet
part. It is assumed that the starch has been withdrawn from —
the phloem a second time to be used in the growth of the —
phloem itself. Not until the beginning of September has the —
accumulation of reserve food begun again in the phloem, ,
then only in the lower part of the stem. As late as the 30th
of September the bark of the 1—2-year-old twigs is still free
of starch, although it is abundantly supplied with it by the —
end of October. In December the starch has been changed
into sugar and oil. x
The amount of water in oak wood taken from different parts _
of the same tree varies considerably. It is very abundant, as.
a rule, in the outer layers of sap-wood; less so in the innet —
layers; while the outer portion of the heart-wood a
ing amount —
the sap-wood. The wood of the root-shaft contains more
water than that of any other part of the tree. By pike
roots, however, seem to be poor in water. There 1s a io
crease in the amount of water present in passing from eh
base of the tree toward the crown. This decrease continu
in very old trees to the ends of the twigs. A
the iciniten is continued to the upper end of bole, but from
here to the extremities of the twigs, there 1s 4
crease. In perfectly air-dry oak wood, to every I
of the wood substance there are 19 to 20 volumes of
tion water.
ternal conditions. The smaller roots, which eit
perform any mechanical function for th
a limited degree, contain no trace of m
mechanical tissue that they furnish we a
wood of the tree. In these places strong w00 che th
for resisting the forceof winds. If forany reasonh™™
1894. ] Anatomical and Physiological Researches. 413
tion of a tree is large in proportion to its conducting tissue,
the wood of the tree will be composed largely of conducting
and storage tissue; on the other hand, if the amount of trans-
piration is limited to any considerable degree, less conduct-
ing tissue will be required and the tree will have at its dis-
posal a larger quantity of plastic material from which to pro-
duce mechanical tissue. —L. S. CHENEY.
Adaptation of African plants to climate.
After some introductory remarks upon the highly interest-
ing flora of Cape Colony, the author describes the different
ways in which the plants are adapted to the climate. The
Variety of arrangements for this purpose is very great and
may be considered from different points of view. The evap-
oration is prevented by reduction of the leaves, either by the
development of small leaf-blades, or by transferring their func- |
tion to green stems. Stapelia, Euphorbia and the imported ie
Opuntia illustrate the last case, while small or narrow leaves
are very common, for instance in Bruniaceez, many Compos- tg
ite, and others. Some other plants show the surface of the =
leaves impregnated with substances that are impermeable to
Water, and this is to be observed in Aloe, Protea, Myrica and ae
several others. The cuticle, or a cover of wax or silica, forms
the protective medium in these plants.
Secreted mineral substances may also form a protecting
“yer over the whole leaf as in Tamarix, or only over the de=. me
°selia, and other Plumbaginez. : nee
; Such arrangements as the placing of the stomata in depres- :
Pee OE crooves of ‘leaves ahd stems, or under the re xed a
*dges of the leaves are also common in this vegetation. a s
Eucaly ptus globulus and Protea grandiflora illustrate 4
— 'n which the leaves assume the most favorable positi
°Wards-the sun. ‘ ae
“re are also plants which possess reservoirs in their stems,
thizomes, or leaves. Such plants are the delicate herb, Ele- oh
4 y # ke ‘ Nga 3 a Ai
hag R.—Some adaptations of South African plants to the climate. —
th African Phil. Soc. 6: 31. A ag
acne ae
414 The Botanical Gazette.
phantorhiza Burchellii, which has a huge watery rhizome, —
sometimes weighing ten pounds. Several Asclepiadez of the
Kalahari region accumulate so much water in their tubers that
the bushmen often depend entirely on it. The Stapelias and
Euphorbias store the water in their stems and retain it with
great tenacity. The remarkable Cissus Cramerianus of Da-
maraland has a large fleshy trunk and develops onlyafew
thick branches. ae
Too rapid evaporation may also be prevented by sap con-
Marlothii. The salt is often deposited in such quantities that
during the drying of the plant it crystallizes and forms a thick
crust on it. he
Hairs, glands or sheaths are the organs which enable the
plant to absorb the dew. This is for instance the case WIM
Salsola Zeyheri from the Kalahari region, where rain 1s rare
The depressed glands at the base of the leaves of Acacia
seem to serve for the same purpose, for drops of dew run ng
down along the rhachis must moisten them. Watsomia a
iana is protected by the large sheaths, which were found
contain water even many weeks after rain has fallen. _
; THEO. Ho
one
BRIEFER ARTICLES.
New loealities.—The following are some localities for plants, not
given in Gray’s Manual, 6th edition:
Salsola kali tragus was first found and reported in Illinois, by myt
self, at Polo, Aug. 14th. Since then I have found it at Oregon, Sa-
vanna, and Chicago. Letters to the Experiment Station also give it
as‘occurring at fourteen other places. At most places it was undoubt-
one introduced by cattle trains from the north-west. So far it has
(Satie only in the northern part of the state, and chiefly along
thi ilroads. At Savanna, and possibly at some places in Chicago,
is plant undoubtedly occurred last year, as two or three thousand
plants were found.
aN eR squarrosa is given as occurring at Evanston only, in this
ae ie everal specimens of this were found by me at Polo, Oregon,
rary anna. These towns are on the Chicago, Burlington and North-
railroad, and the plants were undoubtedly introduced by that
toad from the north.
ig “seine few specimens of Solanum triflorum were dis
Sod ot in the Manual as occurring 1n central Kansas an
; a 1S was also introduced by the railroad.
hex ee ores of what appears to be Verbascum mgru
bi orn t . Experiment Station grounds at Champaign. This
Tae ¢ through seed from Europe, as the plant is not given
; as yet occurring in the United States.—G. P. CLINTON,
paign, Tis.
abhidamany Fungi—Uromyees minimus, n. sp.—Hypophy
Bi ight brown, teleutosori black, oblong oF linear,
covered.
d west-
m was
prob-
in the
Cham-
lous. —
soon
echinulate, 12-194
smooth, spheroidal
apex rounde
thickened, the apical
.
hot seen e
Strate e clsewhere, but no experiments have been
8enetic relationship.
™~
416 The Botanical Gazette. — [0c
Doassansia ranunculina, n. sp.—Spots light brown, 2-4™ in diam-
eter, papillate. Sori ag regated or eager: usually spherical, 100-
e parench or the |
the
epidermis and the fibro-vascular ‘bundles. Spores crowded, filling the
sorus, spherical or polygonal, 6-10 in diameter. Cortex of one layer
of cells which are more or less quadrangular. in section, pee
Spores germinating in position. Promycelium 3-4 in :
vacuolate. Primary sporidia 6-8 in a whorl on the end of ce promy
celium, fusiform, vacuolate, 12-20X2-2.5M. Conjugation by mean
a large apical tube both in position and after becoming free.
ment 60-90/ long is then formed from which the secondary
are abstricted in basipetal. succession. Secondary sporidia 12-15X ;
2.5-3. In material which had germinated and produced the fila-
ments in the field the secondary sporidia conjugated by means of
necting tubes. In many of the specimens collected germination !
occurred and the filaments protruded through the cleft cortex
epidermis. ;
In the leaves and occasionally the petioles of pee mit.
Pursh, in swampy places which had become dry during the ’
Racine, Wisconsin. vs
Material has been prepared for the distribution of these s
Ellis and Everhart’s North American Fungi.—J. J- Davis,
Wisconsin.
Ruled slides.—For several years I have made much use of rtedsi
with a stage microscope. It is so easy thus to measure bee |
dissect, that I wonder they are not in more general use. ae
are ruled in squares, 1o™ each way, in the middle of a sli
ought to be three inches long, and wider than the ordin
prevent getting mixed up with them. The ruling ought to
enough so that water will not temporarily make it pes
difficult to see the lines. Good ruled slides for the eget
ought to be in the market at moderate prices.—W. J.
tural College, Mich.
CURRENT LITERATURE.
The evolution of plant life.
Another book intended as a University Extension manual has re-
cently come to our notice. In these days when college men are
eagerly looking for books suitable for interested intelligent but unin-
structed people to read—books which will give a connected idea of
plant forms and their activities—any title which promises as much as
the above will attract attention. But when attention is directed to the
book, few, we think, will be able to detect the appropriateness of the
Mycetozoa, Thallophyta, Lichenes, Characee, Muscinez, Pteri- tak
dophyta,and Phan gamia, form essentially a much abbreviated text- me
Ook on morphology, whose faults, while chiefly those of abridgement, ie
are too often due to confused ideas of homology. cee
Mr. Massee’s statements are often obscure, and this obscurity ap-
Péats to be traceable sometimes to his ideas and sometimes to the in- i
appropriate phrases chosen to convey his ideas. The definition of ee
metabolism (p. 41) illustrates the former case, and such a phrase as ~
Protection against climate” (p. 18) the latter. In discussing the evo-
lution of sexuality (p. 66) the author goes far astray. Having men-
tioned examples of conjugation he adds: :
‘Tn these examples the greater part of the protoplasm is used up in ie
Mation of the reproductive bodies; but as differentiation in this direction pro-
» We observe that the relative bulk of the individual specialized for repro-
he for-
pat Usually bear a very small proportion [sic] to the whole; pen
This confusion of ideas regarding sexuality in Pp ea ee -
“ryptogams continues throughout the entire book, most Strikt Py oe
PP. 68, 60 : ‘ :
to ;
‘ Phen the writer has been these last ten years. It
Pot remote or secluded, for we are assured (p. 7
1
a - GtorGe:—The evolution of plant life, lower forms.
88. 38. London: Methuen & Co. 1891, 2sh, 6d.
) that “the most
12 mo. pp.vilie
eres oak ere tke ye
.
jects of which it treats. :
‘through B. Westermann & Co., New York.
a
418 The Botanical Gazette.
generally accepted primary division of the vegetable kingdom at the
present day is into the two divisions formed by Linnaeus” [i.e., Crypto
gams and Phanerogams]. an
With the bulk of the descriptive part of the book less fault can be
found; but surely a writer of a university extension manual ought to
take the greatest care not to propagate false conceptions of homolo- —
gies so fundamental as those dealt with above. The book presenting
modern views of plant life and adapted to popular reading remains —
yet to be written in English. :
The essential oils. i
The chemistry of plant products, as well as their mode of origin, is a
always a matter of interest to physiologists. When these products are
of economic importance, either medicinally or industrially, interest tit
taches also to their commercial source. Schimmel & Co. of Leipaig
and Prag have long made a specialty of one group of such substances,
viz., essential oils. A few years ago’ they established branch labora-
tories in this country at Garfield, N. J.,in the name of their agents,
Fritsche Bros., and placed it under the direction of Dr. Frederick B. :
: ists in this coun
try. Dr. Power has recently compiled a descriptive catalogue of
essential oils and organic chemical preparations,t which embraces 9
a systematic and comprehensive form, and in alphabetical gore
ment, not only all the official and ordinary essential oils met with “
commerce, but also a large number of rarer products which have been
prepared at various times for strictly scientific or experimental ae .
poses. In connection with each article the botanical source, physice
characters, and chemical composition are given, with other
tests for purity when such are known. a ers
The work is divided into three parts, comprising (2) the ‘+ 1890
essential oils, or those recognized by the U. S. Phare ae
together with some closely related oils, (4) the non-official essen"
oils, and (c) organic chemical preparations.
The work is concise in its character, contains a ©
ber of references to publications embodying the m
original investigations, and the endeavor has been made satan:
ee he well-su
accurate record, up to the date of publication, of all , ie
tiated facts relating to the characters and composition of ee
chemical preparations considered in the work. ace | to all
It is designed for reference chiefly, and will be See ms thes
onsiderable num
who are either commercially or scientifically interes
1Small 8vo. pp. 96. New York: Fritsche Bros. $1.00. To ps -
1894. ]
Current Literature. . 419 -
A compendium of general botany.
This book is really a wonder considered from a literary standpoint.
It is neat, precise and up to date. One is surprised to find how much
has heen condensed in so little space. The author has intended it to
serve as a guide to the German high school pupils. It ought to serve
asimilar purpose in this country, but according ,to the present cur-
riculum of studies it will be found very useful in our colleges and uni-
versities.
The arrangement of the subject matter is scientifically correct.
Part 1, comprising forty-two pages, treats of the cell, part 11 of tissues.
and single organs, part 111 of systems of organs, part 1v of reproduc-
tion. This is the most interesting part. Here are explained and
| ; compared, as in no other textbook, the rotation of gametophytic and
sporophytic generations in mosses, vascular cryptogams and phanero-
__ sams. Part v treats of the physics and chemistry of plant life, and
Patt vi, comprising six pages, of plant classification.
_ The author’s style is simple yet cleat, and scientific. It is not
‘Intended asa book for “ recreative”’ reading. The chapter on the
general physiology of reproduction is perhaps too deep for the aver-
age high school pupil.
The original figures are excellent. ‘The others are well selected
from the works of the best authors.—A. SCHNEIDER.
Minor Notices.
THE FOSSIL PLANTS of the Bozeman, Montana, coal fields are listed,
mth annotations, by Mr. F. H. Knowlton in bulletin 105, U. S. Geo-
logical Survey.
PROFESSOR A. S, HircHcock’s “ Key to spring flora of Manhattan, =~
ansas]” is intended to enable beginners to name the angiosperms
of that Vicinity. ;
Directions For DESCRIBING a flowering plant, i.e. a “scheme for —
Plant “analysis”, based on Gray’s “Lessons,” have been prepared by
PL. Sargent and published by the Cambridge Botanical Supply Co.
ir ape OF the Sphagna, parasitic fungi, and liverworts, collected me
tls §.
ese
“epg The list will accompany the sets of specimens as
distrib-
1 . A ae acl
én Westenwater, Max.—Kompendium der allgemeinen Botanik fiir ccm
lang. PP. 309. figs. 171. Freiberg in Breisgau Herder'sche ¥
420 The Botanical Gazette.
EFFECT OF SPRAYING with fungicides on the growth of nursery stock
is the subject of a bulletin (no. 7) from the division of vegetable path-
ology of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. In general much and
valuable improvement showed in such plants by application of fun —
gicides, especially of Bordeaux mixture, and particularly with Peer ,
cherries and plums.
_ THE NINTH NUMBER of the Minnesota Botanical Studies contains
three articles. Two of them describe newly devised Pee a
paratus, and the third is a Berea tance of the subject of the fixation
titles after a time. The apparatus has already been mentioned and
also advertised in this journal. Both the auxanometer with its com
tinuous recorder, described by the inventor, W. D. Frost, and the
registering balance, also described by its inventor, Alex. P. Anderson,
are most excellent instruments, and must prove of great service to in-
vestigators and to teachers. Both instruments, of which plates from
photographs are given, can be bought at a reasofiable price.
THE ANNUAL REPORT of the New Jersey Experiment Station fr
1893 includes the report of the botanist, Dr. B. D. Halsted, occup
150 pages, with 73 illustrations. This part has also been distrib
as a separate. The number of topics treated by Dr. Halsted is wie
large. Most of the illustrations are from photographs by the er
Altogether it shows great industry on the part of the writer, ane *
sharp eye for interesting matters of observation. Most of the report
is upon fungous diseases of plants, of which a great variety ate anes i
many being of the nature of spot diseases
m the result | of Mt
had previously
should not ®
als to which
peared. We see no feat however, why the author
followed the usual custom of giving credit to the journ
is indebted. In some instances this is done, but we oe
taken from the American Florist, the Proceedings of the Sovitly
Promotion of Agricultural Science,and others, for which pad :
given. This is not only an infringement of a well grou rl cite
but it makes it difficult for conscientious writers to propen'y
articles. ust be
The report embraces much admirable work, but a m looked
gret that bibliographical details were not more carefully
—~
1894.) Current Literature. Migetaee
THE sECTION Harpidium of the genus Hypnum was elaborated for
the Muscologia Gallica by Mr. F. Renauld. These pages have been
issued as a separate.t M. Renauld’s wide knowledge of these*forms,
very careful descriptions, and criticab remarks under the more obscure
species will be of great assistance to students of this very difficult
group. ,
THE UNCULTIVATED bast fibers of the United States are treated in
a bulletin (no. 6) issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in
its series of fiber investigations. It has been prepared by C. R. Dodge.
A score or more of species find place in the list, including the com-
mon and well known plants: Hibiscus Moscheutos, Abutilon Avi-
cenne, Asclepias incarnata, Apocynum cannabinum and others.
IN a preliminary paper on Nucleolen und Centrosomen in the
Berichte a. deutsch. bot. Gesells. 12: 108-117. p/. 6. 1894,? which has
been distributed as a separate, Dr. J. E. Humphrey shows that the
nucleolus can not be regarded as an organ of the cell, since the ex-
tusion and persistence of nucleolar substance, during nuclear division
‘Snot normal but exceptional and probably pathological. He thinks.
the nucleoli inactive globules of fluid or semi-fluid substance. The
Paranucleolus of Strasburger, a crescentic body found often at one
Margin of the nucleus, is due to faulty fixation methods. He also
finds centrospheres in Psilotum and Osmunda. .
index to authors renders reference very easy. Copies of this catalogu
may be obtained gratis by addressing the director.
ae ea RTP AIRS EIT IIE ps8
Musc, Gall. 2:
. - 2: 368-395. 2/7. 205-1137. Mr 1894.
See also Annals of Bot. 8: 373-375. S 1894.
7 Veh XIX. Noa 30:
OPEN LETTERS.
Comment on ‘‘The meaning of tree'life.”’
When Professor Greene, in reviewing Professor MacMillan’s Meta-
ticular the section last referred to, seems to have furni
How far the terms which Professor MacMillan has found to express
roperty $0
. ee Life” in
ning of Tr MacMil:
By comparing the article entitled “The Mea
recent issues of the Wafura/ist with the portions of 7 sor
also w te :
NOTES AND NEWS.
Dr. A. Zi
lich” in the University of Tiibin
T PART of Husnot’s Meascoie Gallica was announced for
issue % Bectiatba: and-will probably appear shortly.
Tue European and North American species of eee are :
revised te N.C. Riwdherw; in Revue Bryologique a1; :
IMMERMANN has been advanced to professor “ausserordent-
ngen
le “elie aa
F. Atkinson has published in Bull. Torr. Bot. AP
ci ania) : preliminary paper on Some Exoascee of the United
”
‘és. Sixteen species or Nokes of Exoascus are noted, ten oo
nich are new, and one Taphrin ae
Mk. G. Masser is publishing in Gres revised descriptions of type tee
specimens of fungi in the Kew herba ie esetat of work &
en many have been very briefly ant | imperfectly descri ry Among ; =
We notice many North American spec ee
Sebo of the mreocedis s of the ‘eae pete Mie aia have
be distributed to stee aienbed of botanists, ae may be parte! os
ae interested on poe ee to the Secretary, Dr. J. C. Arthur, ie
“yette, Indiana. Send four cents in stamps for postage.
© DIFFICULTIES in the cultivation of black pepper in the pee,
€ been successfully overcome in Tr meen we learn :
: e Royal Botanic Gar a
Fy avediet Bee samples rep received highly satis-
tory See
IN Erytheg useful pub-
eyes 6 ‘a August Mr. J. Burt Davy begins the very
"gy scripts of iieien of Californian ci oh pon .
: cations. This first paper contains gener
fescribed in a St. Petcrebinrg shaper Botanic Garden Seed yp ary
18 ae
1834 t iy:
SCIENCE se seventh annual ee
mn ems to have been largel absent anor ae ie
Seting of the Association of hear Agricultural Coll = a
ht Stations, judging from the volume of Proseding ae.
: Th Ss be two s ort set i
2 a by Prot Stakes to bota any appears to Kate
~~ 8ppend
Raa
424 The Botanical Gazette. [October,
RTS 106-108 of Die natitrlichen Pflanzenfamilien have been dis-
Shietey containing the completion of Cactacez and the Bignoniacee
nn, Geissolomacex, Penzacez, Oliniacez, oy > E
leacez, and Eleagnacee by E. Gilg; and the Gesneriacee and Col:
umelliaceze by Karl Fritsch.
PrRoFEssoR JOHN M. CouLTer has been appointed “Professorial
fecinter” in Botany at the University of Chicago, in-charge of the
graduate work. This is the beginning of the development me a depart:
ment of botany which is to be put upon the same footing as the other
departments of the university.
EMBER: number of the Forstlich-naturwissenschaftliche
Zeitschrift contains the first installment of a paper entitled: “A con
sone = the history of the development of buds in some decid-
uous trees,” by Dr. Paul Albert, together with several other Paper of
less ounieal interest.—L. S. C.
n s
Sechics of : ert s stem surviving the severest oad
Tue Last EZrythea (September) announces the ce of str
Greene’s mission in Europe. e will visit Kew and
tinental herbaria for a critical study of the types of ake this
plants. It is a fortunate thing that Professor Greene can €
study, as no one is so well fitted to make it of lasting value.
GERMAN INVESTIGATORS find that yeast grown upon i a :
hate as gypsum blocks and clay age show dec sae! a .
, .
work can only be made, when aieaiie se carried out
conditions as the work with which comparison is a
is the
SuR # Myxoba tence nouvel ordre de ccizoare
title of Dr. Roland Thaxt ae shee which was printed 1n r July,
> Revue Myco es fr
z.F
94 (pp. 92- It was erage d by . Ric
only about half the figures of abe we plates ar
as just sent out ee
sta
distributed by Mr. Curtiss from 1877-1886 will w
e is
E HERBARIUM of the gt S. ag ordi A Agta .
heretofore been two herbaria, insure safety from HTe,_ oth
act more convenient, and give more room to the m
ees of Botany. De
_ _ Tue Division of Vesctabis Pathology of the eU.® ” th
Fock alii is desirous of including pe wt ie:
1894. ] Notes and News. 425
its labors, very justly maintaining that the best work in pathology is
pon an understanding and development of physiology. It is
a departure that all friends of botanical science, in both its pure and
applied forms, will be glad to see. .
L GUIGNARD, who first demonstrated the existence of “di-
tective spheres” in plants (Compt. rend. 9 March, 1891) has begun the
Pp .
in Journal de Botanique (July 16); called out by subsequent Y shat
ions. Some botanists seem to have co d I
spheres structures of an entirely different nature.
ploy no botanist, while only three are without achemist. Altogether
there are three chemists employed to one botanist.
IN tHE Journal of Botany the description of new tropical African
lants continues, among them ten Acanthaceze (one a new genus,
y E.
atry Bolus. In the May number four new British brambles are de-
scribed, and in August seven new species of Hieracium!
an HE INTERESTING fresh-water alga, which occurs abundantly in the
es of Minnesota and adjoining states in the form 0
P Richt., and
Gloiotrichia
annual meeting: i in such cases, it 1S
| €ting; but what is not common ins h the statements i
ure been taken, there being no less than 148 citations. Itisa
: of facts, and a most valuable résumé. ee
N Bulletin del Herbier Boissier for July, M. Micheli describes Six
: Fy ie
ta Leguminosae from Central pat each illustrated by a yet
h i Otto Kuntze gives aset of “Nomenclatur-Studien , 1? ¥ 8
Y considers certain recent propositions of Pf : ty
of pl nd also those of the Madison Congress (notal le the
forme ce and the law of homonyms); and A. Kasimir discustte
num of the oxalate crystals of Opuntia and Pereskia. In th South
Amen, ©: DeCandolle describes some new Meliacee from 0!
Merica. ot ie
i —AS4 résumé of a work published in Danish lait year’
= too Senland’s Havalgar. Extr. des Meddelelser om Groenland 3: ener :
426 The Botanical Gazette.
at the end of the eighteenth century by Fabricius, Giesecke, a
Wormskiold, and ieik greatly augmented by Vahl during his eight
years sojourn in Gr i land, as well as by the abundant contributions
of later, collectors, 1 pale ding Th. Holm ort Hartz, and the author. |
The paper is iris illustrated by text
. Kossowircu has conducted a careful series of expen in re-
fi nitrog'
fungi there was in part a considerable increase of ig
organisms was responsible for this has not yet been determined.
Dr. E. L. Srurrevant has published in Budd. Torr. Bet. Kosei
gust) a series of notes on maize, which impro ed nom mene 2
but the author considers our data as yet too feaperk
opinion as.to the original Jooaly of maize cultivation.
form of coats tet lists. The University oe
t Tr
140,000 specimens at the present time and is growing rapidly.
are
RECENT STATION BULLETINS having botanical char aes
lows: The Russian thistle is treated by W. M and 8
from the economic si ree half-tone ames eeds
of the flower give a good idea of oy plant. Jletin
: nt bul
cussed by F. H. Hillman (Nev. no. 22). The ay iva a ae
of Hordeum jubatum, Franseria ‘Hookeriana,
1 Untersuchungen iiber die Frage, ob die Algen freien Stic
Zeitung 52: 97-116. 16 My 1894. : j
1894. ] Notes and News. | 427
Bursa-pastoris, and Lepidium intermedium, A sprig and some seeds
ofeach kind of weed are glued to the pages, and with some plates
l
The latter include a new s ecies, Prunus Besseyi, and a id of P.
Besseyi and P. Watsoni. Cro not, a disease of fruit trees of un-
known origin is treated by J. W. Toumey (Ariz. 2, no. 1.
; in in some they are either present
ence is constant in others: and a } €
or absent, for which fact no satisfactory explanation was discovered.
2
‘st In considerable quantity exclusively in a dissolved state, the oe
epee of the absence of crystals of this salt is not aulncleat Groves :
sc'icating its abs iven species. Lupinus luteus,
example g ence in any given spe p
Gece AWASCHIN contributes to the Berichte der deutschen er ape
schaft,? a reliminary account of his researches on “Miss
M gy of the Betulaceae. He claims to have priority ‘lization
wie Benson’s publication regarding the chlazogamic fertili
fe a Plants (see this journal 19: 299. Jy 1894). | carding the
bitchee resent paper he summarizes his conclusions ie he
P aera ers. He fin . f joan
OWer js led in the
pee 18 £OR TE en
t ui
Ann. d Sci 894. Be
2 “pct. Nat. Bot. VIII. 18: 151. My 1 : logie der Bet-
ting er Bericht meiner biigsetaes Studien fiber die Embryo
lc. 12: 163-169. 31 Ag 1894.
*
428 The Botanical Gazette. | October.
embryo sac from apex to base. The antipodal cells and egg apparatus
are as usual, but the two remaining nuclei do not fuse until fertiliza-
ent: first, before
has formed the
t
at the time of fertilization the carpels are long since dried, the
has been fully formed and the ovules have jus
velopment... :
Nawaschin concluded that there must be an intermediate ee
tween the chlazogamous and porogamus angiosperms and has ¢ eo a
ered it in the Ulmaceae: At the time f pollination the ovules Fr
almost ripe; the pollen tube passes through the short atyle and
scends the funiculus. half the [ength of the ovule and thet di
itself to'the apex’ of the nucellus which it reaches by penetrating
fertilizatio®
. loc as an i
placenta containing an ovule limited to the embryo
corpuseula); = =e :
BOTANICAL GAZETTE.
1894, PLATE XXxXI.
ee ese
Mexican Plants for Sale
Having decided to limit my herbarium to the species growing north of the
Mexican boundary, I offer for sale my Mexican specimens, riage Fa a ver of
i i 5 to
ns, about 1,700 Pererigenl nearly one-fourth new species
For particulars addrés
. N. PATTERSON, Oquawka, Ills.
Oels’ Experimental Plant Physiology...
gal.
d and Edited by D. T. MacDo
A concise ices an adapt for the use of students in ar school or ‘
college, either alone or in connection with a course in pan omy.
value of aconvenient manual in English on this subject w proslinry
fvety teacher of botany. Octavo, 100 pages, 77 meee ier: binding.
By mail, Pee $1.10 ;
MORRIS & WILSON, Publishers, Minneapolis, Minn. i ta
North American Check-List
Of the numbered check-list of North American Plants, only about forty
copies remain for sale. Those who desire a copy should write for it at once, — ant
% the edition will soon be exhausted, and I do not expect to reprint the list. pet
One style only, the mailing list on light paper. Price 75 cents. ee
Address
i
H. N. PATTERSON, Oquawka, Ils.
UREDINEZE EXSICCATZ ET ICONES © ,
By J. ©. ARTHUR and E. W. D. HOLWAY. me
The first ee of the Sige apo of North American redness with every ee
Species and form illustrat pity of the spores om a oP epee as ae
Magnification, is now re =e sere fascicle contains seventeen species ¢
ac redinex, Fepresented by rhietyoene packets. The size of the fa oa
Fe diteas, b aosiae some apecion requiring ee fa the to Pomliee nis 3 ot
Cicle in pati
packets; $3. so per fiseacis in hana os
. W. D. HO LWaY, :
i ‘Paper is eheret a the
ram. We also furnish—
ae : Genus forse 16% x 24 ines, |
pes-Subscribers are requested to forward no s
tions for the Botanical Gazette throngh the I 7
UNION PUBLISHING CO., of Lansing, Michigan. —
shall have no further dealings with this petit
P
Henry Heil Chemical
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LABORATORY _
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GIVE US A TRIAL. YOU WILL FIND US bc
Before Ordering Elsewhere, Get Our
Large Illustrated Catalogue on Application.
Dissecting Microscope
IN EVERY VARIETY
EDITORS: eit ites
SOHN M. COULTER, Lake Forest University, Lake Forest, fil. :
CHARLES R. BARNES, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.
J. C. ARTHUR, Purdue University sete ager
CONTENTS:
American plant-names. — Funny D. Bergen.
ature and distribution of attraction —
poorer Loupe.—Geo. F Atkinson.
Massachusetts.-
”
FOREST HEALD, Fellow in Botany, Un very sity
= PORT, Medford, Mass.
oe CULBERTSON, Hanover eee i
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A contribution to the sae his |
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Two new ferns from New Engh: and
- Some notes on the eee of 8
= BOTANICAL GAZETTE
NOVEMBER, 18094.
Popular American plant-names. _ III.
F FANNIE D. BERGEN.
printed by request from plates kindly furnished by the editor of the Journal of
5 American Folk-lore.—Eps. |
_ Iv this paper the writer has, for convenience, discarded the sys-
‘ematic arrangement of names of genera, under families, and adopted
“the alphabetical arrangement. It has also seemed best, in view of
the threatened revolution in nomenclature, to give the authorities
for the scientific names used, as far as these could be conveniently
'rtained, In a few instances the Spanish names of species
UMBELLIFERE.
shay sp., Aunt Jerichos, N. E.
Carota, L.., Queen Anne’s lace, somewhat general.
bird’s nest, N. J.
lace-flower,! Philadelphia, Pa.
ee Devil’s plague,! West Va.
“Sigg bulbosa, Nutt., turkey-pea,? near Cincinnati, O., fifty years
aca sativa, L., queen-weed, West Va.
Bay ARALIACE#.
OP ‘da, Vent., pigeon-berry, Buckfield, Me.
~ Mudicaulis, L.., sassafariller, Banner Elk, N. C.
' Vénquefolia, Decaisne & Planch., sang,? West Va.
lia » ginshang, Vt.
oe memos, L.,, spice-bush, Hartford, Conn. .
1 : J eee
: fare former evidently a city-born name, the latter from the point of _- oe
D * Name ; . finds the species a pestilent weed. ee
od “thy in a former list, but without locality.
: ¥ an abbreviation for ginseng.
ca
: C 430 . | The Botanical Gazette, dies .
g ¥
Linnea borealis, L., deer-vine, Me.
Aralia racemosa, L., life-o’-man, Fryeburg, Me.
old man’s root, Buckfield, Me.
spignet, Banner Elk, N. C.
CORNACEA. |
Cornus florida, L., nature’s mistake, Abington, Mass., about fifty years
ago.
Cornus stolonifera, Michx., squaw-bush,! Penobscot Co., Me.
Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh., horn-bine, horn-pine, Southern States.
old man’s beard, Lincolnton, N. C.
Lonicera Tatarica, ia “twin sisters,” La Crosse, Wis.
Symphoricarpus occidentalis, Hook., wolf-berry, buck-brush, W. Neb.
Symphoricarpus racemosus, Michx., waxberry, N. Y.
Viburnum lantanoides, Michx., moose- -berry, oe hobble-bush?
Franconia,
tangle-foot,?
moose-bush, Hickfield, Me.
Viburnum nudum, L., nanny-berry, West Va., Livingston Co., N. es
Ferrisburgh, Vt.
possum-berry, Ocean Springs, Miss.
7 els lentago, L., wild raisin, Penobscot Co., Me.
RUBIACE&. :
= ooegeen occidentalis, L., pond buttonwood, crouper-bush. Fer
isburgh, Vt.
Galium Mollugo, L. (and other sp.), mist, babies’ breath, E. Mass. —
Houstonia cwrulea, L., eye-bright, W. Maine, Cambridge, Mass.
starlights, Cambridge.
Venus’s pride, Stonington, Conn.
DIPSACE. 3 B glish
Dipsacus sylvestris, Mill., Indian thistle, Huttonweed,’ £0g™
thistle, water-thistle,t West Va.
COMPOSITE. V
Actinomeris squarrosa, Nutt., wing-stem, stickweed, West Va
Ambrosia Artemisiefelia, L., bitterweed, N. Y., Neb P cabs
Anaphalis hte Benth. & Hook., poverty.weed,
0.,
* The bark is said to have been smoked by the Indians for tobacco.
2 From the fact that the branches often take root at the endss — Ce ion)
* Because found on the farm of a man named Hutton. « the leaves next the
* From the amount of water often found in the concavity of ae
stem.
Popular American Plant-Names. 433
ennaria plantaginifolia, Hook., pincushions, Hingham, Mass.
ange og-toes, Concord, Mass.
% splinter-weed,! Peoria, Il.
Anthemis Cotula, D.C., stinking chamomile, N, Y. °
nemisia Absinthinm, L., boys’ love,? Wellfleet, Mass.
Artemisia Abrotanum, L., sweet Benjamin, Concord, Mass.
| Artemisia Ludoviciana, Nutt., sage, Minn. ;
Artemisia tridentata, Nutt., Sage-brush, Neb., Rocky Mountain
‘Tegion,
Aster cordifolius, L., var. lev
_ weed, Fall Aster, West Va.
Aster diffusus, Ait., var. hirsuticaulis, Gray, white devil, wire-weed,
; devil-weed, Old Virginia stick-weed, old-field-sweet, farewell-sum-
mer, nail-rod, West Va.
- fers of any kind, Michaelmas daisies, N. Y.
Asters of any species, it-brings-the-frost, Onondaga Indians, N. Y.
Aster (a purple Species), Good-by Summer, Lincolnton, N. C.
as halimifolia, L.., ploughman’s spikenard, N. Y.
"ns viminea, D.C., black willow, Santa Barbara Co., Cal.
“ Srondosa, L., cuckles,? Concord, Mass.
Devil’s pitchfork, Ferrisburgh, Vt., Concord,
zgatus, Blue Devil, stick-weed, bee-
cta, L.., sweet ‘sultan, Mattapoisett, Mass,
~» SPs dusty miller, Boston Florists’ catalogue.
L., skeleton weed, naked weed, hog bite, Devil's
whemum leucanthemum, L., Kellup weed, Rhode Island clover,
Montpelier, Vt. ,
bullseye, Me., Andover, N. B.,
est Va.
bullseye daisy, Andover, N. B.
ISanthern yy ie sheriff pink, West Va.
camphor 4 arthenivides, hort., double feverfew, double feather-
he Fis “ee aly bridal roses, West. Mass. yee
les “s, L., bachelor’s button, Mass., So, Cal.
Bey ato children, from the appearance of the heads.
um 9 €n given because the plant was confounded with Artemisia
This may be “the Cuckold, a troublesome weed
have horns” mentioned in Williamson’s History of
il
432 The Botanical Gazette. | (N
Cnicus arvensis, Hoffm., Canada thistle, E. Neb.
Cnicus lanceolatus, Hoffm., boar thistle, West Va.
Coreopsis, sp., old maid's breastpin, Plymouth, O.
dye-flowers, Banner Elk, N. C.
Elephantus tomentosus, L., tobacco weed, Devil's grandmother, W. Ve a
Eupatorium ageratoides, L., richweed, Banner Elk, N, C,
Eupatorium celestinum, L., mist-flower, blue boneset, West Va. .
Eupatorium purpureum, L., quill-wort, Indian gravel root, 1 West Va. —
nigger-weed, queen-of-the-meadow, Ind.
marsh milk-weed, Mass.
Fransenia Hookeriana, Nutt., sand-bur, Cal.
Gnaphalium polycephalum, Michx., Indian posy, Stonington, Ct.
moonshine, Dorset, Vt.
balsam, N. Y.
rabbit-tobacco, N. C.
Grindelia robusta, Nutt., gum-plant, Cal.
Hemizonia pungens, T. & G., tar-weed, Cal.
Hieracium aurantiacum, L., Flora’s paint brush, Oxford Co. and ,
Penobscot Co., Me. :
Iva frutescens, L., Jesuit’s bark, N. Y.
Krigia amplexicaulis, Nutt., False dandelion, W. Va.
Lactuca Canadensis, L., Horse-weed, Devil's iron-weed, Devil's weed,
West Va.
_ Lactuca integrifolia, Bigel., Devil's iron weed, W. V
Leontodon autumnalis, L., arnica bud, dog dandelion, “Allston, Mass.
Liatris scariosa, Willd., Devil's bite,2 Concord, Mass. :
Madia sativa, Molina, tar-weed, Berkeley, Cal.
Matricaria discoidea, D. C., wild marigold, Col. Springs, Cal.
Porophyllum gracile, Benth., poison flower, Colorado River.
Prenanthes altissima, L., bird-bell, N. Y. |
Parthenium integrifolium, L., wild quinine, W. gas
Rudbeckia hirta, L., brown daisy, Concord, Mas
ox-eye daisy, somewhat sec! in Mass.
Brown Betty, Passaic, N. J
Rudbeckia triloba, L., nigger-heads, Anderson, Ind.
Senecio aureus, 1.., snake-root,? Concord, Mass.
Solidago, sp., yellow-weed, Vt.
Solidago bicolor, L., silver-weed, N. Y.
Solidago, sp., pyramid golden-rod, N. Y.
Tragopogon porrifolius, L., nap-at-noon, Hennepin, Til.
Tussilago Farfara, L.., ginger-root, Minn.
. _ apparenily thought to be a remedy for calculi.
* Because the corm or tuber is thought to look as if bitten off)
—— the Aromatic and bitterish flavor of the roots, like that ik
‘a. saree
Popular American Plant-Names,
LOBELIACE ®,
lis, L., hog physic, Plymouth Co., Mass, <
red Betty, Ferrisburgh, Vt ae.
1 Dortmanna, \., water gladiole, N. Y. a: a
1 inflata, L., low belia.? | ae
pphilitica, L., high belia ae
ERICACE®. a
en
ligustrina, Muhl, seedy buckberry, West Va
ius Mensicsiz, Pursh, madrofio, Cal.
los glauca, Lindl., manzanita, Cal. eA
los Uva-ursi, Spreng., hog-cranberry, Provincetown, Mass, _
mountain cranberry, Southern Me.
. Nutt., wintergreen, Buckfield, Me., Penola
ep kat
oe
eer
is
sell ifolia, Salisb., running birch, Vt.
moxie berry, Penobscot Co., Me.
ia procumbens, L., partridge-berry, N. H.
partridge-plant, N. Y.
chickaberry, Stonington, ee te
ng come-ups, Ferrisbur t.
Young leaves) ; little Johnnies, Calais, Me.
ia Shallon, Pursh, salad, Cal.
' a resinosa, Torr. & Gr., black snaps, hic ues
uniflora, L., Dutchman's pipe, N. J.
fairy smoke, Deering, Me.
ipa, Nutt., wild lily.of the-valley, Concord, Mass.
m maximum, L.., cow-plant, Montpelier, Vt.
horse-laurel, White Haves Pa.
, all species, laurel, N. C. a
nudiflorum, Torr., wild honeyrucke, Georgia, wo —
Mayflower,
viscosum, Torr., wale honeysuckle, ki, Concord, Mass,
esos, Torr., var. g/aucum, Gray, cinnamon ‘honey
sanguinea, Torr., snow-plant, Cal.
_" Somewhat general among herb-collectors._
ee See A ea ORD ia ood > Pe Seam & eh a ear | oie ee eS) Le i OF 4 ‘ +. TE EN FE a ay ae
es « SPT a LOS Pe AS, { tee Ae Y aa > Tae ae re Neb.
Be sella, L., horse-sorrel, Minn.
red sorrel, red weed, West Va.
sour grass, Hartford, Conn.
s ARISTOLOCHIACE#.
‘orum arifolium, Michx., heart-leaves, Ga.
| Virginicum, L., heart-leaves, Banner Elk, N. C.
Wm Conadense,) £5 Péottatook Necks
colic-root, West Va.
Dene ; LAURACE#.
"2 Carolinensis, N ees., red bay, Ala., N. C.
: : white bay, N. C.
nbeltatarig Californica, Nutt., California olive, California laurel,
eput, Cal,
View gq THYMELEACE.
Palustris, L. » Wicopy,® Penobscot Co., Me.
drooping h
teats a the abit of foliage.
Pe of the dark spots on ‘the leaves
Be also sy applied in the same localities to P. Pennsylvanica and P. Per-
ea po eally by bee-keepers.
430°" The Botanical Gazette. : [Nove
ELEAGNACE&,
Shepherdia argentea, Nutt., buffalo-berry, Upper Missa
EUPHORBIACE.
Croton monanthogynus, L. (2), prairie tea,! common from the Gila to
the Rio Grande.
Fe ala setigerus, Benth., turkey mullein, Santa Barbara Co,
Euphorbia ee L., balsam, Mooers, N. Y.
raveyard-weed, West Va.
Euphorbia Lathyris, L., mole-weed, West Va.
Simmondsia,’sp., “ supposed to be the quinine plant,” So. Arizona.
Stillingia Sylvatica, L., queen’s delight (corrupted into “queen of
the lights”), Ga.
URTICACE.
Broussonetia papyrifera, Vent., cut paper, West Va.
Celtis occidentalis, L., hoop-ash, beaver-wood, N. Y.
Maclura auraniiaca, Nutt., wild orange, N. J.
PLATANACE®.
Platanus occidentalis, L.., button-ball, N. J.
_ JUGLANDACE.
Carya alba, Nutt., kiskytom, Otsego Co., N. Y.
king-nut, West Va.
walnut, N. E., Minn.
: MYRICACE.
Myrica Gale, L., meadow-fern, Dover, Me.
‘CUPULIFERE.
Betula vidialien Michx., scrub birch, Mich.
Betula lenta, L., cherry birch, Canada.
Betula papyrifera, Marshall, spool-wood, Me Fe
Betula populifolia, Ait., pin-birch,2 Penobscot Co., Me.
Betula pumila, L., tag alder, Minn.
Carpinus Caroliniana, Walter, iron-wood,® Ky.
1 Used as tea. ter, which — :
? A name given ieee to the young trees, an inch or more in diameter, 7
are cut into hoop-poles, ii
® Ostrya Virginita, which in Gray’s Manual is also peer een ae
Kentucky known only as hop-hornbeam or lever-wood. nomenclatu
that of Wood's Botany, and, I fancy, may be the usual One:
ca gE LS ee Tea ee mR
“ Popular American Plant-Names. : 439 eee
syluatica, L.., white beech, red beech, N. Y.
hina Virginica, Willd., hardhack, Franconia, N. H.
Qurcus agrifolia, Nee., scrub oak, evergreen oak, Cal.
encino (Mexicans), Cal.
Quercus Catesbe@z, Michx., forked-leaved black jack, S. C.
jercus chrysolepis, Liebm., Californian live oak, Cal.
ereus cinerea, Michx., blue jack, S. C.
hiercus lobata, Nee., Roble (Mexicans), Cal.
jercus oblongifolia, Torr., evergreen white oak, live oak, Cal.
hercus stellata, Wang., iron oak, West Va.
lureus Wislizent, A. De C., var, frutescens, Engelm., desert oak, S.
E Cal
SALICACE&,
lipulus tremuloides, Michx., quaking asp, Mansfield, O., N. E., Iowa.
hilt, sp. (any of those with large catkins, when buds are opening),
pussy-willows, U. S.
goslings, Franklin Centré, P. Q.
EMPETRACE®,
‘roma Conradit, Torr., poverty-grass, Provincetown, Mass.
erin ngrum, L., hog cranberry, Islands of Penobscot Bay, Me.
CONIFER, !
tes balsamea, Miller, blister pine, balm of Gilead fir, West Va.
fies Douglasit, Oregon pine,? San Francisco, Cal.
MYparis Lawsoniana, Parlat., Oregon cedar, white cedar, gin-
spine, Oregon and No, Cal.
llnecyparis Nutkaensis, Spach, Alaska cedar, Washington.
li yellow cedar, Alaska.
“tig Guadalupensis, Watson, blue cypress, Cal.
‘ag macrocarpa, Hartw., Monterey cypress, So. Cal.
Gg ‘etragona, Schlecht., sweet-berried cedar, New Mex.
mericana, Michx,, cypress, Buckfield, Me.
juniper, Penobscot Co., Me., Grand Lake
libs ae region of Penobscot River, Me.
ba alia “gg Torr., white cedar, Cal.
, nk, cat-pine, Buckfield, Me.
skunk-spruce,! Mt. Desert, Me., Washington Co.,
: Me., Islands of Penobscot Bay, Me.
oe the n
Called
og Called by any other name.
Posed unpleasant smell of foliage.
Oe
440 The Botanical Gazette. [November,
Picea nigra, Link, cat-spruce, Penobscot Co., Me.
yew-pine, spruce-pine, West Va.
Pinus Banksiana, Lambert, jack-pine, Mich. and Minn.
shore-pine, rock-pine, Grand Lake sec.
tion of Penobscot River.
the unlucky tree,! Adirondacks,
Pinus brachyptera, Engelm., yellow pine, Cal. and New Mex.
Pinus edulis, Engelm., pifion (Mexicans), nut-pine of New Mex., or
simply nut-piné (Americans), Tex. to Cal.
Pinus Lambertiana, Dougl., sugar-pine, Cal.
Pinus ponderosa, Dougl., yellow pine, Cal.
Pinus ponderosa, var. scopulorum, Engelm., bull-pine, Black Hills.
Pinus resinosa, Ait., Norway pine, Washington Co., Me., Minn.
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, Carr., Oregon pine, San Francisco, Cal.
Taxus Canadensis, Willd., creeping hemlock, West Va.
Thuya occidentalis, L., white cedar, Minn. —
cedar,’ Pénobscot Co., Me.
Lorreya Californica, Torr., nutmeg-tree, Cal.
ORCHIDACE.
Arethusa bulbosa, L., wild pink, Atlantic City, N. J.
laughing jackass (locality ?).
Calopogon, sp., grass pink, Fla.
Corallorhiza, sp., crawley, N.C.
Corallorhiza multiflora, Nutt., dragons’ claws, N. Y.
Cypripedium, any sp., ducks,* Wyoming Valley, Pa.
Cypripedium, sp., whip-poor-will shoe (Indians), N. Y.
Cypripedium acaule, Ait., valerian,®> Franconia, N. H.
whip-poor-will’s shoes, squirrels’ shoes, Conn.
Goodyera pubescens, R. Br., ratsbane, Banner Elk, N. C.
Habenaria orbiculata, Torrey, Solomon's seal, Vt.
Habenaria psycodes, Gray, soldier’s plume, N. Y.
Orchis spectabilis, L.., purple orchis, N. Y.
Spiranthes, sp., ladies’ tresses, ladies’ dresses, ladies’ traces (the latter
two corruptions) (locality ?).
Spiranthes, sp., spiral orchid, N. H.
1 It is believed that some calamity will befall whoever stands under this piné 4
and that it is especially unlucky for women to do so.
? Called pitch-pine in some regions. |
® Never called by any other name.
3 — the flower is partly filled with sand and set afloat on water,
ere
it looks like
a :
® Probably on account of its supposed efficacy as a cure for nervous disord : ;
The plant has a wide reputation as a remedy in such cases. 4
/
Popular American Plant-Names.
cermua (??), Richard., screw-auger, Nova Scotia.
es gracilis, Bigelow, twisted stalk, West Va.
| ee IRIDACE.
Gadiolus, sp., sword lily, N. Y.
‘Jacob’s ladder, Lincolnton, N. C.
1% prismatica, Pursh,
Wivversicolor, L.,
P\yrnchium angustifolium, Mill., blue-grass, grass-flower, star-eyed
7 fs, Concord, Mass. (children).
poison flag-root, Concord, Mass.
| & = AMARYLLIDACEZ.
‘mw, sp, Indian maguey, New Mex.
Yim Virginica, L., rattlesnake’s master, S. C.
piissus Poeticus, L.,
lrssus Pseudo-narcissus, L., P
"i us Pseudo-narcissus, L., butter and eggs, Martha's Vineyard,
ass,
Easter flowers,! Lincolnton, N.C.
: “Myranthes Atamasco, Herb., Easter lily, Macon, Ga.
s F : DIOSCOREACEZ.
4 villosa, L.., colic-root, West Va.
8, LILIACES.
ag » SP, ramps, Banner Elk, N. C.
‘ay Schenoprasum, L., shore onion, Andover, N. B.
qh. pwn, Ait., ramps, West Va. C
Mant ih muscetoxicum, Gray, crow-poison, Banner Elk, N. 2m
“iat Benth., hog onion,? Spanish lily, Santa Bar
Allin
qc
la priss (several species), Mariposa lilies, Santa Barbara Co., Cal.
E. lus Nuttallii, T. & G., Mariposa lily, Deer Lodge, Mont.
Na borealis, Raf., dogberry, Bath, Me.
bear-plum, Franconia, N. H.
Northern lily, Penobscot Co., Me.
wild corn, Oxford Co., M
any, an aisig ie lily-of-the-valley, Co
a hyn... “um, UCL, ; n, In
| “a Americanum, be asin ti pen
‘ m albidum, lily, Peoria, IL.
nun Americanum, trout-flower (local), N. Y.
e.
ncord, Mass.
pg applied to Ranunculus and many early species of Lili
tastes like elm-bark, and is eaten by children-
“
The Botanical Gazette.
Erythronium Americanum, lambs’ tongues, Banner Elk, N.C,
yellow bells, Shorthills, N. J. ‘
yellow lily, Ferrisburgh, Vt. :
Povecvocallis fulva, L., Eve’s thread, West Va.
Hyacinthus orientalis, L., Jacob's ladder, No. Ohio.
Lilium Canadense, L., meadow lily, nodding lily, N. Y.
Lilium Philadelphicum, L., tiger-lily, N. J.
glade-lily, West Va.
Lilium superbum, L., nodding lilies, ete
wild tiger-lily, Min
Matanthemum Canadense, Desf., wild \dy-obthe-alley Penobscot Co.,
Me
bead ruby,! N. Y.
Melanthium Virginicum, L., bunch-flower, West Va. —
Oakesta sesstlifolia, Watson, wild oats,Penobscot Co., Me.
straw-lilies, Conn.
_ Polygonatum biflorum, Ell., conquer-John, Mo.
Smilacina Serledinc Desf., Jol? s tears, N. Y.
golden seal, Banner Elk, N. C.
Smilax rotundi ifolia, L., biscuit-plant,? Cape Ann, Mass.
orse-brier, Mass.
Streptopus amplexifolius, D.C.
Streptopus roseus, Michx.,
Trillium, sp., moose-flowers, N. Y. a
- Irillium erectum, L., daffy-down-dilly, orange-blossom, Bradford, Vt. : ‘
squaw-flower,* Ferrisburgh, Vt. q
birth-root, nosebleed, N. Y.
Trillium erythrocarpum, Michx., Sarah,5 Penobscot Co.,
Trillium grandiflorum (?) Salisb., bath-flower,® Franklin pian P.Q.
Veratrum, sp., branch eliber,’ Banner Elk, N. C.
Veratrum viride, Ait., poke-root, Franconia, N. H.
Yucca alotfolia, L., Spanish daggers, Ala. |
Yucca angustifolia, Pursh, soap-weed, Iowa.
_ Zygadenus elegans, Pursh, alkali-grass, Minn,
‘
j
4
4
’ ' liver-berry,’ St. Francis, Me.
1 Probably from the beauty of the berries.
* Children eat the tendrils and new leaves.
* From the supposed medicinal value of the cathartic fruit, hee is
by children wherever the Streptopus grows. ae
* Perhaps from the smell. . hunt.
® Trillium erectum is here called Benjamin, and children every spring 8°
ing Benjamins and Sarahs. birth
‘ 6 Evidently a chiuption of beth-flower, which is in its pai aes oe
ower, the Trilliums being quite generally known as birth-roo the
Equivalent to bratch Raleboees £ ‘ m4 the hellebore siete grows ane m3
brooks or “ branche
freely eaten
RR Ret ne eS a ee
t , :
oY Popular American Plant-Names.
_ COMMELINACE®,
adescantia crassifolia (?) Cav., mother-of-thousands, Boston, Mass.
V ladescantia Virginica, L., spider lily, N. Y., New Orleans, La.
JUNCACEA,
Jimcus, sp., sour-grass, Neb.
Tuncus tenuis, Willd., poverty-grass, West Va.
wire-grass, Jones Co., Iowa.
*
| ARACE. :
Acorus Calamus, L., calmus, N. J. )
‘isema triphyllum, Torr., wake-robin, Ferrisburgh, Vt.
ALISMACE.
| “gittaria vartabilis, Engelm., arrow-leaf; N. Y.
NAIADACEZ.
Ustera marina, L.., tiresome weed,! Little Egg Harbor, N. J.
a CYPERACEZ.
fs, Sp., higger-wool,? Neb.
am efusum, Torr., saw-grass, Fla., and other Southern States.
strigosus,’ L., nut-grass,? Concord, Mass. -
_ ans tenuts, Schultes, poverty-grass, kill-cow, West Va.
lacustris, L.., tule, Cal.
black rush, Minn.
$
*
GRAMINE&.*
um Slaucum, R. & S., slough-grass, pond-grass, Colorado blue-
' grass, blue-grass, S. W. Neb.
| wheat-grass, Central Neb.
7h repens, Beauv., witch-grass,> Penobscot Co., Me.
bhdpg oo” Té?eatus, Muhl., blue joint,® Minn. -
1 oh Halliz, Hackel, turkey-foot, W. Neb.
Ay
lron
yo the ob
Me tube
e
uy Ny
8% scoparius, Michx., big blue stem, big blue joint,’ Central
4
"For th |
"nag iven in this article, as well as for many
"PON them, — most of the grasses given in this article,
sees
ain. | SOW by any other name.
* Maine Calamag. ostis Canadensis, Beauv., is blue joint. gare”
S-calleg ‘rn part of the plains this is one of the “ bunch-grasses, an
ass | 3 The Botanical Gazette.
Andropogon scoparius, broom-sedge, West Va.
Andropogon sorghum, Brat., Johnson-grass, So. Neb.
Aristida purpurea, Nutt., muskit grass, Tex.
Bouteloua hirsuta, Lag., black grama grass, Neb.
Bouteloua oligostachya, Torr., blue grama grass, Neb.’
Bouteloua racemosa, \.., tall grama grass, Neb.!
Bromus ciliatus, L., swamp chess, Neb.
Bromus ciliatus, var. purgans, Gray, swamp chess, N. W. Neb.
Bromus Kalmii, Gray, wild chess, Cent. and N. W. Neb.
Bromus Kalmii, var. Portert, wild chess, N. W. Neb.»
Bromus secalinus, L., chess or cheat, E., Central and N. Neb.
Buchloe dactyloides, Engelm., buffalo-grass, W. Neb.
Calamagrostis longifolia, Hook., sand-grass, Central Neb.
Cenchrus tribuloides, L., hedgehog-grass, West Va.
hedgehog-grass or bear-grass, Iowa.
Danthonia spicata, Beauv., June-grass,? Penobscot Co., Me.
Distichlis spicata, Greene, var. stricta, Thurber, salt-grass, N. W. Neb.
Eatonia obtusata, Gray, prairie-grass, Central Neb.
Eleusine Indica, Gzertn., dog’s tail-grass, wire-grass, West Va.
Elymus arenarius, L., rancenria grass, Cal.
Eragrostis major, Host., stink-grass, Neb.
candy-grass, Central Neb.
Eragrostis tenuis, Gray, blow-out-grass,? Central Neb.
Festuca scabrella, Torr., bunch-grass, Cal.
lyceria Canadensis, Trin., pearl-grass,* Waverley, Mass.
Holcus lanatus, L., old white top, feather-grass, velvet-grass, West Va
Hordeum jubatum, L., squirrel-tail-grass, Neb.
Keleria cristata, Pers., June grass, N. W. Neb., Central Neb.
Lolium perenne, L., English blue-grass, West Va.
Lolium temulentum, .., cheat, Berkeley, Cal.
Munroa squarrosa, Torr., false buffalo-grass,® Central Neb.
Panicum capillare, L., tickle-grass, West Va., Neb.
anicum clandestinum, L., deer-tongue-grass, West Va.
Panicum sanguinale, 1.., pigeon-grass, Hopkinton, Iowa.
Panicum virgatum, L., switch-grass, wild red-top, E. Neb.
Paspalum undulatum, Poir., bull-grass, Ala.
Cambridge, Mass.
1 In Nebraska the three species above given are often confounded. The ee
&7ama or gramma means grass, but in spite of tautology ‘the word erat ee
ally added. By many farmers B. oligostachya and B. hirsuta are called
$ Farmers call the dead grass in the spring, “old fog.” :
pring, “old fog. : we
* A“ blow-out” is a crater-like cavity in the side of a sandhill. Hi: J. WOT q
Z Name given by a few children, some years ago. —
So called because it looks like buffalo-grass, but is worthless.
a ee a ee
ho
With Tep
/ “Sations, |
Peet at let
The nature and distribution of attraction-spheres and
centrosomes in vegetable cells.!
JOHN H. SCHAFFNER.
WITH PLATE XXXIII.
Introduction.
The question as to the nature of centrosomes and attrac-
tion-spheres and their importance in the cell is still in dispute.
Some hold that these bodies are only temporary accumula-
tions of the cytoplasm of the cell, while others contend that
they are permanent organs, which are secondary in import-
ance only to the nucleus itself. Moreover, the number of
these bodies in each cell, their movements and manner of di-
"sion, their action during impregnation of the ovum, whether
*yTemain on the outside or inside of the resting nucleus,
and even their action during the process of indirect cell di-
‘Sion are all questions more or less in dispute. It seems,
Wever, that from the chaos of opinions enough truth can be
“overed to enable one to arrive at a safe conclusion in re-
bard to many questions relating to them. Since the work
titherto done on plants was more especially in connection
roductive cells, it was my purpose to work entirely
with Purely vegetative cells,—to study the existence of cen-
Somes and attraction-spheres in these cells, to find whether
‘Ytemain on the outside of the resting nucleus or are in-
ES ed by the nuclear membrane, to determine the number of
‘ ; bodies in each cell, and to trace them from the resting
as through the stages of karyokinesis. In my investi-
had the assistance of Professor F. C. Newcombe,
S
0 ;
ue °S€ Suggestions are largely due whatever success I may
Ve attained.
Historical.
Discovery, —To Professor E. van Beneden (26)? belongs the
183 of having discovered the attraction-sphere. In the .
ie’ he found in the fertilized ovum and the blastomeres 0
Seas mMegalocephala, at the poles of the nuclear spindle,
4 4 . = . 4 H
Tet bution from the Botanical Laboratory of the University of Michigan.
Ne refer to the bibliography at the close of the paper.
‘ 4~Vol, XIX—No, Il. ;
446 The Botanical Gazette. [November,
definite spheres each with a dense center, which he consid-
ered as permanent cell organs in connection with the nucleus.
In the following year Boveri(1) observed the sphere and its
center. He called the dense central body the centrosome,
and regarded it as a contribution from the spermatozoon to
the attraction-sphere of the ovum.
Distribution.—Investigations were made on various kinds
of sexual cells until the year 1891, when Flemming (5) first
found the attraction-spheres and centrosomes in the resting
stages of leucocytes and in the epithelial cells of the lungs of
the salamander. In the same year Guignard (10) demon-
strated the existence of these bodies in reproductive vegetable
cells, both in the resting stage and during karyokinesis. Since
that time they have been found in the cells of many kinds of
tissues, and especially in the ova of various animals.
Heidenhain (14) found them in the leucocytes of the sala-
mander, in the medullary cells of the bones of young rabbits,
and in the alveolar epithelium and leucocytes of the lung of a
pneumonic patient; Biirger(3), in the proboscis-sheath of
nemerteans, in resting cells; van der Stricht, (29) in the blas-
tomeres of Triton and in the cartilaginous cells of several
amphibia; E. de Wildeman(32), in Spirogyra and in the spore-
mother-cells of Equisetum; Biitschli(4), in Surirella; and
Schottlinder (25), in the antheridia of Gymnogramme and in
the spermatozoids and the ova of Chara. Heidenhain (153)
in a recent investigation has made a special study of centro-
somes in the lymph cells (lymphocytes) and giant cells (me-
gacaryocytes) from the bone marrow of the rabbit. He foun
them also in the spleen of the rabbit, and in the lymphatic
gland and the wall of the intestine of the dog. Thus the
bodies have been demonstrated in reproductive cells of both
plants and animals, and also in non-reproductive animal cells.
General description.—The general appearance of a centro-
some and its surrounding attraction-sphere is described by
van Beneden (28) as a dense ‘‘cytocenter” around which may
be distinguished a medullary and a cortical zone concentric to
the central corpuscle. Heidenhain (15) also lays emphasis
on the fact that the attraction-sphere is sharply limited from
the surrounding protoplasm, and in many cases shows @ 1%
tinct radiate ‘structure. Guignard (10) says, in regard to te
bodies seen by him in plant cells, that the attraction-spheres
were composed of transparent granular areas in which
a ee,
=
gd
Mich has its origin from one of the larger centrosomes. .
A ttraction-Spheres and Centrosomes. 447
centrosomes lay. Attraction-spheres and centrosomes vary
in size in different kinds of cells. Flemming found them
very small in the epithelial cells of the salamander’s lungs,
while in leucocytes they were much larger. Biitschli(4) says
that the centrosomes, observed by him in Surirella, were so
large that they were visible as a dark round granule even in
the living cell.
There was a divergence of opinion, almost from the begin-
.
| ting, as to the number of these bodies in each cell. Many
observers claimed that there was but one in the resting cell,
and that this one divided before the nucleus began to divide;
7 while others held that there were two to each resting nucleus,
md that each of the two divided during nuclear division, so
that each daughter nucleus was again provided with two.
Flemming (5), in 1891, found the bodies double much more
often than single, and he thought that where only one was
sten the other might be hidden. Heidenhain(15), in 1892,
tated that the number of centrosomes with each resting nu-
fus is always two. Guignard (10) also found them always
double. Birger, van Beneden, and van der Stricht evidently
hold the opinion that there is only one. Thus there is room
a doubt as to whether there may not be variation, in some
ules but one and in some two for each resting cell.
But Heidenhain (153), in 1894, found in many cases along
with the two centrosomes a third body, and sometimes a
| burth, which he regards as an accessory centrosome (Neben-
“petchen). That is, he thinks that the accessory centro-
Oe is nothing else than a centrosome of the smallest ee
giant cells from the bone-marrow of the rabbit he found
—3€ Numbers of centrosomes grouped together, sometimes
Smany as 1 35 in a group. There is generally one main
Pof these bodies in each cell, with one or more smaller
“eessory groups. : i
The bodies have been found quite universally in the ae
ns a8 regards the nucleus. In:the resting cell they
toy tie in a depression of the nucleus, close together,
hs during mitosis they are at the poles of the spindle. co
Mane aon (12), while he holds that the apart: tae ee
ae organs, believes with O. Hertwig (13) tha z ih 2
eg lees during its resting stage and only com
St stages of division.
448 The Botanical Gazette. [November,
Activity and function.—According to Guignard (10), at
the beginning of nuclear division spheres migrate to the
poles of the future nuclear spindle and then each one
divides during the prophase of nuclear division. But ac-
cording to those who hold that there is only one attrac-
tion-sphere to the resting nucleus, the division takes place
before the migration. Van der Stricht (29) finds that the
division in the egg of Triton is, as a rule, effected in the qui-
escent stage of the nucleus, rarely during the anaphase, and
exceptionally during the metaphase.
According to Heidenhain(151) every centrosome arises
from another one, not by self-division, but by budding, the
largest centrosome in a group being the oldest, and the small-
est the youngest.
The origin of the attraction-sphere and centrosome in the
fertilized ovum does not seem as yet clearly worked out. As
already stated, in the year 1888 Boveri advanced the opinion
that the centrosome was brought into the attraction-sphere of
the ovum along with the spermatozoon. But Guignard (10)
found in the cells of the embryo-sac of Lilium Martagon that
the attraction-sphere contained a centrosome before fertiliza-
tion; so the hypothesis of Boveri must be given up. Accord-
ing to Guignard (11) there is a union of the attraction-spheres
and their contained centrosomes accompanying the conjugat-
ing nucleus of the pollen-tube, with those of the nucleus of the
embryo-sac during fertilization. He says that in angiosperms
the two spheres brought with the male nucleus unite wit!
the two of the female during the fusion of the two nuclei,
leaving the new nucleus with two spheres, each composed 0
a male centrosome and its sphere united with similar bodies
from the female.
cell organ—the attraction-sphere with its centrosome.
organ propagates itself by division when the -cell does,
the division of the sphere precedes that of the cell. The ray®
of the spindle are attached to the sphere and are contractile
fibers which attach themselves to the chromosomes and draw
their halves towards the poles. The contractile rays of the .
spindle obtain a firm hold, for the spheres are held in place
ie
+1894] A ttraction-Spheres and Centrosomes. | 449
by the cytoplasmic threads of the polar radiations. Thus an
important part of the karyokinetic process would take place
_ outside of the nucleus. Van Beneden also made the general-
ition that the spheres with their central bodies were of
quite general distribution in both animal and vegetable cells.
Heidenhain (153) considers that the attraction-sphere is
_ fot a constant characteristic of the cell but, as is the case in
leucocytes, it is present only during the resting period of the
cell, and not during the process of karyokinesis; thus the at-
_ Mfaction-sphere is not considered to be an organ in the exact
meaning of the word. He considers that the ‘‘microcentrum”
(centrosome with its envelopes) of the higher organisms cor-
Tsponds to the paranucleus of the protozoa while the nucleus
‘orresponds to the macronucleus. He gives some important
discussions on the physiological réle of centrosomes and the
law of their position, together with other theoretical views,
but since they are beyond the scope of this paper they will
hot be considered here.
Biirger’s (2) views are the following: He thinks that the
bodies are not permanent organs, but that they are simply
due to certain mechanical processes; that the central body is
lot the cause but the result of polar attraction. That is, he
thinks the microsomes are attracted toward the center of the
Polar fegion from the periphery, and since they are solid
bodies, if they are attracted equally from all sides, they form
‘hollow Sphere which is the attraction-sphere. aw
we tase (31) has advanced an hypothesis somewhat similar.
i thinks that the centrosome is simply a large microsome
"med at the point where the greatest number of cytoplasmic fil-
aeutsmect; that a barrel-shaped pindlet inde-
- €nt microsomes at each pole instead of one centrosome. But
em €xplanation, as well as that of Biirger, corresponds igre
i the observed facts that it seems entirely io atagee
bs Could not be a reasonable rere ie
i: * Seen beside the resting nucleus by Guignar lan ae
wt the four spherical bodies, which can be so easily seen
| hy *takinesis in cells of the ovary of Lilium and other
- Plants )
For the filamentary structure of cytoplasm has not yet been
‘Mic Sastrated in plants; and if the centrosomes are only aie
ea omes, then the spindle must be divided into halves to
MSduce the two centers at the poles, or else there must be a
Dice cant aa See a ¥ ; Bi Brahe . ’ a a
450 The Botanical Gazette. ' [November,
crossing of filaments below the two centrosomes, neither of
which has been observed.
If the views of those who hold van Beneden’s hypothesis
are correct, it becomes evident that every centrosome with its
‘ attraction-sphere must arise from a previous one, all the cen-
trosomes in an organism arising from the primary one in the
ovum, or according to the view of Guignard, from the two
that are inthe fertilized ovum, each of which represents the union
of a male centrosome with one from the female. And thus
they can be traced backward or forward from one generation
to another the same as the nucleus.
The question naturally arises as to whether these bodies are
present in cells which divide by amitosis, and if present what
their action is during the process. Flemming (8) states that
in leucocytes, where division is both direct and indirect,
the ‘‘central bodies” are present; but they do not seem to be
implicated in the fragmentation or direct division of the nu-
‘cleus. He does not state what becomes of the spheres when
fragmentation takes place, but concludes that only the pro-
ducts of karyokinetic division continue to live and multiply.
Neves (19) has worked upon this subject with the spermato-
gonia of the salamander. He reports some discoveries, which,
if they can be substantiated, truly present some very won-
derful phenomena. He says that he saw the attraction-sphere
become oblong, and that in various stages of the constriction
of the nucleus the elongated attraction-sphere was twined in
a ring about the constriction. In some cases the two ends of
the elongated body appeared as though they were not yet
fused together. When the division was complete, the elon-
gated body appeared like a ring lying between but to one side
of the two daughter nuclei; but there was only one of these
bodies to the two nuclei. No further observations were made
in regard to the subsequent action of the body and the two
daughter nuclei: so the question of attraction-spheres 1m re-
lation to amitotic division is yet ina very unsatisfactory state.
Plant cells espectally.—The work hitherto done with soe
is as follows: Guignard’s investigations stand as one of te
most important contributions to the subject. Guignard (10)
found the attraction-spheres and centrosomes both in
and dividing pollen-mother-cells of Lilium, Fritillaria,
€ra, and Najas; in the mother-cells of the embryo-sa¢ ee
nuclei both at rest and in stages of division; in the cells of th
1894.] Attraction-Spheres and Centrosomes. 451
fe .
ia aa agin from this nucleus; and in the endo-
ce ee t em in the microsporangium of Isoetes
ai igium of Polypodium and of Asplenium.
Dettny facts ensive report (II) he adds many new and in-
Dr .... apm numerous illustrations of the appear-
um co Lilium Martagon, Listera ovata, Le-
| Samii alanthus nivalis. Biitschli found very
ew a.,, s in Surirella, a large form of diatom. E.
an (32) has found the attraction-spheres and cen-
trosomes i i ; :
Sin Spirogyra jugalis and nitida, and in the spore-
mother-ce .
of the oi ot ea both in resting and division stages
Metis in Be oe (25) claims to have found cen-
but no aM e sexual cells of Marchantia polymorpha,
the tiers surrounding them. He found
chrysophylla, a 3 eres in the antheridia of Gymnogramme
foetida, Thus nd in the spermatozoids and the ova of Chara
directly << a a reproductive cells of plants, and those
éatrosomes ag , the presence of attraction-spheres and
ee vecorted i. non quite generally demonstrated, but has
Be egetative cells in but two cases.
Investigation.
The r
Was eal ny, ork on centrosomes and attraction-spheres
Were principal! ovember, 1893. The growing tips of roots
Nn other plant : _used, though investigations were also made
tioning was issues. All of my material which needed sec-
imbedding noah according to the ordinary, methods, by
the slide: leapt and afterwards staining the sections on
quite de I also did some staining 7m toto. After
of advantage is exper imenting, several methods were found
i D> he these bodies. — Hermann’s method,
aks Zimmermann’s ‘‘Die botanische Mikro-
via r al used very successfully on the root tips of
. =e e€ centrosomes are ines re black while
“*omewha : clear, though sometimes
Mig Bae tet by the safranin. The dark granular limit-
ted, well defined, while the surrounding cytoplasm is
Ms days in a ? for one or
Chloride, on solution of fifteen parts one per cent. platinum
aoa € part acetic acid, two to four parts two per cent.
» eighty parts water. Now wash t
Ing w
ater, harden gradually in alcohol, , an
; flowin
he objects in
d after that
eel
452 The Botanical Gazette. [November,
place them from twelve to eighteen hours in pyroligneous acid.
Next place the objects in asolution made of one part twenty per
cent. hematoxylin, ninety-nine parts seventy per cent. alcohol.
Keep in the dark and leave from twelve to eighteen hours,
and after that in the dark for some time in seventy per cent.
alcohol. Imbed and section. After the sections are fastened
to the slide, cover them with a solution of potassium perman-
ganate, which has so much water that it possesses a light
rose color, and leave until they have an ocher color. Then
wash the sections with a solution of one part hydric oxalate,
one part potassic sulphate, 1,000-2,000 parts water. After
this, stain the sections for three to five minutes in a saturated
alcoholic (100%) solution of safranin; clear and mount in Can-
adabalsam. Lalso prepared root tipsin Flemming’s fixing fluid,
and after imbedding and sectioning, stained first with Klein-
enberg’s hematoxylin and then with a two per cent. aqueous
solution of acid fuchsin. The ovaries and anthers of Lilium
longiflorum Thunb., I stained in several ways. The centro- —
somes and attraction-sphere will be stained quite well, how-
ever, by simply leaving them for a considerable length of time
in anilin-safranin, and then taking out the excess of color
with alcohol. By another method I took equal parts of an
aqueous (two per cent.) solution of acid fuchsin and acetic
methyl-green, which in some cases made a very favorable stain.
The last method tried was one suggested to me by Professor
Newcombe: (1) a one per cent. aqueous solution of ferrous
sulphate, (2) a five per cent. aqueous solution of tannic acid,
(3) anilin-safranin (one part of one per cent. alcoholic solu-
tion of safranin with two parts water), (4) an aqueous solution of
picro-nigrosin, strong enough to have a dark bluish-green color.
The slides holding the sections were placed thirty to forty-
- five minutes in the iron solution, then washed in water, next,
the same length of time in the tannin, and washed again.
Now the sections were covered again with the iron solution
and left for a minute or two or until they changed to a rather
dark color. After washing off the iron in a stream of water
they were stained in the anilin-safranin from thirty minutes
to one hour, and afterwards fifteen, minutes or more 1 =
picro-nigrosin. After raising them through the grades ©
alcohol and being careful so as not to take out too much of the
Safranin stain, they were mounted in balsam. The centro-
somes were stained very dark and the attraction-spheres ©
1894, ] z
Attraction-Spheres and Centrosomes
. 453
defined, of a
above S ehods cee the radiate structure. Any of th
“proper care is Bacch: ba fairly good results with pl celled
! ee ued plant cells, if
iron-tannin-safrani it I prefer Hermann’s method or th
ae : ule very small and u i
sating owing appeanates lens, and generally a ye Sae
€icountered in st iS rule, I think more dition Wiseats
The killing ee : be these bodies in plants than in animals
more displacement o not penetrate so readily, which causes
Bie veretable sores distortion of the elements of the cell
numbers of chromate moreover, are generally present large
other such bodie atophores, starch grains, crystalloids and
tification of Ta which myAy. greatly interfere with the iden
tips which oS ter bodies as centrosomes. In the root
of trouble; and led, I found the leucoplasts a constant source
weful become apnea stains which might otherwise be very
Bile color these “sie it because of the readiness with which
Bilism is also - odies. The radiate structure of the cyto-
| Bd cont: — less marked than in animal ceils.
tamed material: somes and attraction-spheres in the following
— I-it), in CET in the young root tips of A/um cepa L. (figs.
BR the root +i 4g ae and the various stages of karyokinesis;
ain ocr ‘par faba L. (fig. 15); in the root tips a
dermis of the yg . (fig. 16); in the resting cells of the epi-
18); and in th old bulb scales of Allium cepa L. (figs. 17 and
of the ovary “e Asien of the anther (fig. 14) and the walls
Se ithe onion r elium longifiorum Thunb. (figs. 12 and 13).
Rearly all the oot tips, I was able to trace them through
in the youn stages of nuclear division (figs. 1-10) as well as
Not trace eh ovaries of Lilium. In the other material I did
i... m through the whole series, but in the Vicia and
a them in several of the
er he li
oes bond then: vile Cae Mar cells of the lily
“the *
: Stage ect scales, where all the nuc
a “Ueceeded in — there is no subsequent cell-division, I also
~ Many cas emonstrating the existence 0
ence fn 18).
f aways two poe the bodies in resting
8S in most somes, each with an attraction
cases marked off from the surroun
cells, there were
-sphere, which
ding cyto-
454 The Botanical Gazette. [November,
plasm by a well defined granular layer; and in cases where
karyokinesis had advanced to any considerable extent, two
centrosomes could be distinguished at each pole of the spindle.
Sometimes there appeared to be but one at each pole, but
careful focusing generally demonstrated the fact that one was
lying below the other. Inthe root tips of Allium, where the
division is tranverse to the axis of the root when one goes a
little distance from the apex, the attraction-spheres always
appear at the upper or lower end of the nucleus as seen in
longitudinal section. In the resting cells, they generally lie
quite close to the nucleus in a little indentation.
In the epidermis of the onion scales I observed these bodies
_ in a sufficient number cf cases to convince me that they were
true attraction-spheres, since they had the same appearance
and took the same stain as those which I saw by the side of
the close skein of the daughter nucleus. Now in these epi-
dermal cells of the onion scales the nuclei are all resting, and
therefore the objection that the centrosomes may have just
come out of the nucleus in the beginning of division cannot
be made; and so I hold that the attraction-spheres with their
centrosomes do not enter the nucleus during its resting stage
but remain permanently outside of the nuclear membrane.
Moreover, these cells of the epidermis of the bulb scales of
Allium were all definitive resting cells; yet with the iron-tannin-
Safranin stain it was demonstrated that the centrosomes and
attraction-spheres were still present beside the nucleus, and
that they retained their usual structure.
When division of the nucleus takes place, I found the
attraction-spheres in the onion roots at the very beginning of
the close mother skein stage, one at the upper and one at the
lower pole of the future spindle, still close to or in contact
with the nucleus (fig. 2); and though I did not find any
stage where one of the bodies had gone only part of the way |
around, yet there can be no doubt that one or both had
traveled around from their original position to the poles. In
the following stages the spheres elongate, and generally by
the time when the nucleus has reached the loose mother skein
(fig. 3) the centrosomes and _ their spheres have divided,
though they still lie closer together than in the later stage>-
During metakinesis and the daughter star stage (figs. 5-7);
they can be seen very distinctly at each pole; and they keep
this position in relation with the nucleus through all the suc
-
1894. ] Attraction-Spheres and Centrosomes. 455
ceeding stages of the division (figs. 8-10), and through the
resting stage of the nucleus until a new division of the nucleus
takes place. |
It will be seen from the fact that the centrosomes remain
at the position of the pole of the daughter nucleus until the
division following, that in the case where the next spindle is
inthe same direction as the preceding one, one of the cen-
trosomes must travel through 180° to come to the opposite
pole of the nucleus. But in the case where the division is at
right angles to the preceding one, each centrosome must
travel through 45° in order to reach the poles of the future
spindle. Now in the Allium root tips, in many cases, ina
given chain of cells, division will take place logitudinally at
4 certain distance from the apex; and from that point onward
there will be two chains of cells instead of one, and farther
on the division of the nucleus will again be in a plane trans-
verse to the axis of the root. Thus taking such an example
where the cell has divided transversely, if the next division —
Slongitudinal each centrosome must pass through 45°; the
ixt division being transverse again both bodies must again
"avel as before; but in the third division one of the bodies
will be stationary while the other passes through 180°. Ina
strand of cells coming from the apex of the root, the cells as
fy continue to divide always maintain a curve, and the
attraction-spheres will not be quite 180° apart as they lie at
the two poles of a dividing nucleus. I have observed in cells
t these points, that the spheres lay inclined with the daugh-
ter nucleus toward the concave side of the strand of cells.
The bodies do not always travel in the same direction, as will
feadily be seen when we take into consideration a strand of
Cells from an onion root whose elements are dividing trans-
Yersely, If the spheres are at the proximal end of the nucleus
» When division occurs, the migrating one will travel in a direc-
ae foward the apex of the root; but if they lie at the distal
Tf the nucleus it must travel in the opposite direction.
if whole subject shows that the centrosomes with their
ah cavel in a very complicated manner during the for-
on of any given vegetable tissue.
2 very pesalas shereeneie was noticed in the root a
in ‘ium, In many cases the spindle was formed obliquely
ci +9 cell, the attraction spheres lying near opposite corners
me cell as it appeared in longitudinal section (fig. 11),
456 The Botanical Gazette. [November,
The actual length of the spindle from pole to pole was greater
than the length of the cell. It appeared as though there was
not enough room for the division of the nucleus, and the
bodies had wandered to the corners in order to gain more
space for the formation of the spindle. It seems to me that
this phenomenon explains itself if we admit that the attrac-
tion-spheres are directive in their function, and control
nuclear division; but the appearance might be just as well
accounted for by supposing that the controlling power rested
in the nucleus or the cytoplasm of the cell in general.
Results.
The special results of the investigation are as follows:
I. Centrosomes aud attraction-spheres are present in non-
reproductive as well as reproductive vegetable cells.
2. They remain on the outside of the nucleus during its
resting stage.
3. They persist in cells which have ended their growth
and division. :
Besides the foregoing results, the present investigation
furnishes confirmation to the following propositions:
I. In phanerogams there are two of these bodies for each
resting nucleus. : ;
2. When the nucleus begins to divide, one or both of the
bodies migrate so as to take their positions at the poles of
the future spindle.
3. Subsequently they immediately begin to divide, the
division being completed in the prophase of the mother nu-
cleus. ;
4. After-their migration, the attraction-spheres remain at
the poles of the nuclear spindle, and do not change their post-
tion until the beginning of the following division. _
5. They seem to be organs which institute and direct nu-
clear division.
Summary.
The theory advanced by Van Beneden has received the pt
port of many of the leading biologists, and has with some a¢-
ditions been quite generally substantiated by investigations.
Taking the facts and opinions of those who have studied these
bodies, into general consideration, the subject seems to be Hn
the following condition: There is a permanent body in t
- 1804. Attraction-Spheres and Centrosomes, 457
cell—the attraction-sphere with a centrosome—which is of
universal distribution in both plants and animals—at least in all
cells which divide by karyokinesis. This body propagates
itself by division. Asa rule, there seem to be two of these
bodies for each resting nucleus, but in some cases only one.
They remain constantly ouside of the nucleus. They appear
to be the organs which direct nuclear division. It seems that
there is a union of the attraction-spheres and centrosomes ac-
companying the male nucleus with those of the female nucleus
uring impregnation of the ovum. The bodies migrate and
divide, and are thus carried from one cell to the other
throughout the entire organism, whether plant or animal.
Ann Arbor, Mich., F¥une, 1894.
REFERENCES.
The following is a list of prt more important references on the subject of cen-
and attraction-spher
1. Boveri, Zellenstudien. fens ‘acti Zeits. Naturwiss. 22:—
2. Bir ice t, O., Was sind die se und ihre peprctiannie? Anat.
eig. 7; 222-231.
3. Birger O., Ueber Ataktionssphiaren in Zellkérpern einer Leibesfliissig-
keit. ‘Anat Anze 6: 484-9. ie
4. Biitschli, Ueber die sorceauenel Central g
. Naturhist.-Med. Viveigs ae sire eerann N. F. t. — =,
Ds | A
[Heft 5.)
+ F lemming W. Pg che gpa ge und ong el tt in Gewebezellen und .
poet ellen. Anat. Anzeig. 6: 78-81.
Anat, 37: 685 — ~751. Vv
7. Flemmi ming, W., Ueber Zalibarlane. Verhandl. d. Anat. Gesells. V Ver-
sammlung zu Miinchen. —: 12
8, te W., Ueber Theilung bere Revkieceudl bei pats bens und pate
m Attraktionss haren. Archiv f. Mikr. Anat. rence 0:
9. Fick, § R, Be Bemerk gerd zu O. Biirger’s Erklarungsversuch der aniceae
Sphdren. Anat. Anzeig. 7: 464%7. 18
an ,..; Sarl etecnes 4 des ‘sphére es attractives’ dans ee vai gin vég-
ue tales. Comptes Rendus Hebd. Acad. Sci. 112: 539-42. cae
““Uignard, L., Nouvelles Etudes sur la fécondation. Copier
é j z les plantes et chez les ani-
n
m 96. 1891. _
@. Hansemann, D , Ueber args ey -Aticaktionpenhizes in ruhenden
sspharen der
Zellen, Anat A 1-7. 189
15. Heidenhai a. ae Anzeg, 6:4 nT Protoplas asma. Festschri
gen Doctorjubilaum von v. Killiker. Leipzig, 1892, pp- !
oe 66 . 1893.) ee fine
. Sidenhain, M., Neue Untersuchungen fiber die Centralkérpe kr. Anat.
43: 42 ae zum eth und Zellenprotoplasma. Archiv. £. Mikr.
8. 1894.
- zum 50-jahri-
11-166.—(Bot
458 The Botanical Gazette. [November,
16. Hermann, F., Beitrag zur Lehre von ne eae ee der karyokinetischen
Spindel. Archiv. £. Mikr. Anat. 37: 569-86. 1891
17. Kéliiker, A., Das tinh rep a! Accaiiionsapliaves: E. v. Beneden’s bei
* Siredon. Anat. zeig. 4: 147-55. 18
18. Lebrun H, Les Sse dans l’oeuf de l’Ascaris megalocephala.
Anat. Anzeig. 8: 627. 1892.
19. Meves, F., Ueber Saaheotacke Kernteilung in den Spermatogonien see" sr
amanders und Ve wae n der Attraktionssphiaren bei ders elben.
Sues S 7: 626-639. are
20. Solger, B., Ueber 2 wetlabad Zellen und deren Centralmasse. Mitteil.
d. Neuter wiss. Ver. von Neuvorpommern u. Riige a;
: —. B., Zur Kenntniss ites Pigmentzellen. Anat. Anzeig. 6: 162- 165.
N
_
22. Soigee. B., Ueber Diese ie sinpi eledenbangs in #F Attraktionssphare ruhender
Chro omatophoren. at. An 6: 282-
23. Solger, B., Zelle und Zallkern, Thiermedicinische Vortrage 3: 60, [H. 112.]
Leipzig, 1892.—(Bot. Centb. 54: 1893.)
24. er 6h -C.oUnt ntersuchungen fre on Zelle. Arbeiten aus dem
Zoolog. Institut za Wien 9:— Heft 2.]
25. gecingac ag P., Beitrage zur patetes des Zellkerns und der Sexualzel-
n bei Kryptogamen. Cohn’s Beitr. zur Biol. der Pflanzen 6: 267-
tgs Strasburger, Pavgtewnng Beitraige 1892.
Beneden Mavens rechoiena sur la fécondation et la
ivision a ‘chez? dscavine a greale t otoes Bull. de I’ Acad. roy.
a Belg III. 14: ane
~~
=
5
ise)
ee)
3
st
is)
Ca
C., n der Sericht, Caryomitose et division directe
es cellules & noyat S eciedise tut Extr. Ann. dela Soc. de Med. de
Gan
14. 1891.
28. Van Beneden, E Bull. Acad. Roy. de Belgique 62: 77-82. 1892.—(Jour.
Roy. gk 1892, 348.
29. Van der Borckt O., Contribution 4 l'étude de Ia sphére attractive.
1892
30. Waldeyer, ar reer eo its reustion to the process of fertiliza-
tion. (Land II). Jour. of Micr. Science. N. S. 30: 159-281. 1889-
31. Watase, S., Homology "of the pistes ack Journal of Morphology 8:
3-43. 1
32. Wildeman, E. de, Sur les sphéres attractives dans quelques cellules végé-
tales. Bull. de l’Acad. Roy. de* elg. I 94-
: 5
33. Wildeman, E. de., Sur les sphéres attractives dans les cellules végétales.
Bull. de la Soc. Roy. de bot. de Belg., 1892.—(Bot. Cent. 54: 19. 1893.)
EXPLANATION OF Pirate XXXIIL
Figs. 1-11, Allium cépa—troot tips.
Fig. 1. Resting nucleus, showing two attraction-spheres with controsomes.—— *
Fig. 2. Beginning stage of divi ion, one attraction-sphere being at e ch po
m i —Fig. 3. Loos
—Fig. 7. Dau ughter Star; at the upper end of the spindie dd e of the ane
is displaced.—Fig. 8. Loose da ughter et showing the fou Sey cvomrge
Spheres.—Fig. 9. Close daughter skein, o e upper nucleus showing os
bodies.—Fig. 10. Daughter nucleus neariy plead, The nuclear membr:
Attraction-Spheres and Centrosomes. 459
hasappeared. The two centrosomes with their spheres appear at the upper
side—Fig. 11. Acell in pe — spindle lies obliquely.
Fig. 12. Last stage of citakioeds, showing the attraction-spheres and cen-
ttosomes, with cytoplasmic radiations around the poles. (From wall of young
ovary.)—Fig, 13. Last stage a close daughter skein; the upper canes
Roles shows attraction-spheres and centrosomes. (From wall of ovary.)—
Fig. 14. Resting nucleus from the epider tis of the anther, with two ateratioie
‘15. ta faba—root tips. Daughter star; showing two ‘centrosomes
Ny I ca apheres at the upper end of the spin
«Rg Tradescantia rosea—root tips. Close daughter skein; the centro-
es a ide.
Fig. 17. Allium cepa—epidermis of bulb scales. Resting nucleus with two
ee opheres and centrosomes.—Fig. 8, aissitad to fig. 17.
O)
Notes on dédoublement.
AUG. F. FOERSTE.
Trillium sesstle. Three interesting cases of more or less
quaternate structure in this species of Trillium have recently
come under our observation. One of these is quite simple in
character. First came a pair of opposite broader leaves, fol-
lowed in decussating order by a pair of narrower leaves, an
outer pair of sepals, an inner pair of sepals, then by a set of
four petals decussating with the two sets of sepals taken asa
whole, next by four outer stamens, these by four inner sta-
mens, but of practically similar insertion, and lastly by an
ovary which bore four distinct styles.
Mr. Ed. Rynzrson, teacher of botany at the Dayton High
School, found a vastly more interesting case which he placed
at the writer's disposal. To appreciate this fully it must be
remembered that the sepals of this species are green and the
principal veins are longitudinal and parallel, while the petals
are dull purple brown in color and have veins which incline
towards either side of the petals and
show more or less of an anastomosing
structure. First there is a pair of op-
posite leaves (fig. I), next a pair of
slightly narrower leaves. With these
four leaves as a whole, the sepals if
there be four acting together as a
whorl should decussate. And with
these four sepals four petals should
-_* decussate. To determine how a plant
with only six floral envelopes could manifest this tendency
might puzzle a mathematician, but the question has been
solved by this curious plant ina very odd manner.
On either side of one of the second pair of leaves is found
a sepal in decussating position. On either side of the opp?
site leaf is found a floral envelope in position a petal but in
appearance partly petal and partly sepal. One of these 1S
colored and veined like a petal on the outer half, and colored
and veined like a sepel on the inner half, so that this innet
half falls in the proper space to represent a third sepal. The
other floral envelope is colored and veined like a petal on the
wen y
Ree a
outer half; the strip along the i
Piuarter 6 g the inner half of the pet
cae te is igs of the floral leaf is pain ad ees
fits floral leaf is ut the quarter strip on the inner ed
es. eh ne again colored and veined like a a
. hag these two floral envelopes, petals in Abe:
their inner slice ecko ie show sepal character along
a quaternate plan. ere the other pair of sepals should be on
© compl
Date Bc chick: —— that third floral envelope on a
ters, both in col ating: be a sepal, shows all the charac-
between the ty or and venation, of a petal. Opposite to this
Be ther Sia undoubted sepals is found the regular petal
Te thos = complete the quaternate whorl, would
Bick ahove e ee of the peculiar floral envelopes de-
The Sele =) which are colored and veined like petals.
of the purple S04 and anastomosing veins on the other side
to the Bcccey ct can not destroy this analogy, but only add
Be eistetire os the case. The tendency towards quater-
by the colorin induced by the four leaves is therefore shown
feturn to he Se venation of the floral envelopes, while the
actual number s inary ternate structure is heralded by the
ears of floral envelopes (6) produced. There are
Ina ied and three styles.
ird case, also found by Mr. Ed. Rynerson are found
two leaves (fig. 2), followed by two
other leaves; decussating with these
are four sepals; almost decussating
with those at thre
petals, heralding t
ternate type, and at the place where
the fourth petal ought to be, two
| stamens are found, attached by their
: a. filaments below, of which that sta-
Uatern men which should according to the
ate plan be the fourth petal has a Sean neciiet
flame
n :
Not counting this half of the compound stamen,
three petals in
the stamen there
interpretation, if
Id be no logical
f the pres-
on :
explanation ms an ordinary stamen, there wou
Ne of the s the sequence of the floral leaves, OF ©
35—V eventh stamen. . There-are three styles:
ol, XIX.—No. 1.
462 The Botanical Gazette. [November,
Nothing could be more interesting from the point of view
of phyllotaxy than this attempt of plants to maintain a quater-
nate phyllotaxy, after numerically they had gone over to the
normal ternate plan.
A fourth case, also found by Mr. Rynerson, has three or-
dinary leaves in ternate order (fig. 3). There are two ordin-
ary sepals, and the third one has been
replaced by a green leaf of about
one-half the ordinary size, but di-
vided almost to the very base, the
venation of each half near the base
being obliquely outward as when
forming part of an entire leaf. The
result is that the two divisions of the.
leaf-like sepal and the two ordinary
sepals take up a position which is
ternate to a certain extent and de-
cussate with reference to the normal leaves, but more
quaternate when considered among themselves. It is im-
possible to reproduce this effect satisfactorily in a diagram.
Decussating with this set should come four petals if the
quaternate plan is to be carried out. The fact is that the
petals do decussate, but there being only three petals,
this leaves one space vacant. Next on the quaternate plan
there should be four stamens, one above each of the two nor-
mal sepals, and one above each division of the leaf like
sepal. These are present. Next should be found four
stamens, one over each of the petals present, and one over
the space left vacant in the row of petals; but the last one
does not occur, thus showing a return to the ternate order
numerically but not necessarily in position. Finally, if the
quaternate arrangement is to hold, one style should appear
over each of the outer (four) stamens. These occur, but one
of them is smaller and its cell is narrower than in the rest.
The numerical order is therefore three, four, three, four,
three, four, the quaternate position, however, being main
tained, even where the actual number of parts had gone back
to the ordinary arrangement in threes.
Ulmus. Mr. W. B. Werthner, teacher in the High School
here and an expert botanist, found this spring on McDaniel St.
a very interesting set of cases of dédoublement of leaves which
Seemed to be quite common in the young vigorous elms along
Fig. 3:
Liver
1894. ] Notes on Dédoublement. 463
the sidewalk. He very kindly placed this material at the dis-
posal of the writer. The trees had recently been pruned, and
the material in question consisted of the twigs which had fal-
len into the street. It being early spring, only the leaf-scars
remained to indicate the fallen leaves, but the scaly leaf buds
were well shown. We will use the term leaves instead of
leaf-scars.
In the most interesting case the third node above the cut
end of the twig showed a bud in the axil of the leaf, and a
smaller one in the axil of the lowerstipule. Two leaves, each
subtending a bud, occur after intervals of six, four, seven, six,
and again of six nodes, in the last case the pair appearing just
beside the terminal scar. There is herea sort of tendency to-
wards the recurrence of dédoublement after an interval of
about six nodes.
On a second twig, one of the lowest nodes shows also a bud
in the axil of a leaf and a second smaller bud in the axil of the
lower stipule. At the fourth succeeding node the leaves are
Opposite and do not maintain the usual lateral position of the :
one half phyllotaxy, the pair having a diagonal position.
Above this point every alternate leaf is separated by a shorter 3
internode from the leaf below, so that the leaves have an war
dent tendency to form decussating pairs. First are foun
three pairs, of which the leaves are separated by shorter in-
ternodes, then one pair of which the leaves are opposite, oe
a pair of which the leaves are separated by shorter per fe
and finally at the tip of the stem, a pair of leaves whic ae
Opposite, and on each side of the terminal scar. The a is
€ncy to form decussating pairs is here very marked, an
fully successful at irregular intervals. :
Ina third case, two leaves, each subtendi
at the fifth node from the cut end, and also .
ceeding node. Then two buds occur separated D. eae es
Boies, and next are found two leaves subtending rf —
bud placed in their conjoint axil. At the second axl ee
this two leaves each subtending a bud occur. aati ee nied
buds separated by shorter intervals, and next two he beds
two buds, of which one is larger. After this come
Presenting a sort of two-fifths phyllotaxy.
_ On a fourth twig the second node bears ;
Ing as a pair but a single bud. At the second n ;
two leaves each subtending a bud; this recurs a
ng a bud, occur
the fourth suc-
d by shorter in-
two leaves subtend-
ode above are
he fifth suc-
464 The Botanical Gazette. [November,
ceeding node, and is followed by two leaves separated by a
shorter internode, and then by two which are almost opposite,
and these in turn by two leaves at the same node, each sub-
tending a bud. The pairs of the whole series decussate after
a fashion. At the third node above occur two leaves, asa pair
subtending a single bud. Atthe second succeeding node are
two leaves each with a bud, and then follow six or seven buds,
as far as the tip of the twig.
On a fifth twig two leaves, as a pair subtending a single
bud, are followed in the same vertical plane by two opposite
leaves and buds, and these by a similar pair in decussating
position. Next follow ten leaves’ in a sort of spiral phyllo-
taxy, the alternate leaves being separated by shorter and
shorter internodes on going higher up on the twig, so that the
ninth and tenth leaves are again almost opposite. Then the
phyllotaxy becomes spiral again. A branch growing from
this twig shows at one node a bud in the axil of a leaf and a
second bud in the axil of a stipule.
As a series these twigs show a tendency to recurrence of
the abnormal phyllotaxy even after a more or less successful
return to normal conditions. The presence of two leaves (or
rather leaf-scars) subtending a single bud, and occasionally
of a bud also in the axil of a stipule, is especially interesting.
Arisema triphyllum. Marion Nichols, one of the pupils
of the High School, brought in a remarkable case of dédou-
blement in the Indian turnip. Two leaves have developed
on the same petiole. The petioles coalesce perfectly below,
but show an impressed line in front and in the rear towards
the top. The middle leaflet of each leaf is of course distinct;
So are also the two inner leaflets of each leaf. On the con-
trary, the two outer leaflets, which one migat expect to be
farthest removed, have grown together along their midribs,
but are free elsewhere. In the axil of this double. leaf is a
double flowering stem also coalesced perfectly below but bear-
ing an impressed line above, and bearing on each side a
‘flower,” both spathes being well developed but placed back
to back, the open ends therefore facing away from each other.
ne spadix in each case bore only ovaries. It will be seen
at once that this is a case similar to many of those mentioned
in the case of the elms, where by dédoublement two leaves
appeared at one node, and each leaf bore a bud in its axil, only
in the case of the Indian turnip the dédoublement has not
gone to the extent of perfect separation of the parts.
1894. ] Notes on Dédoublement. 465
Podophyllum peltatum. The numerical floral plan given by
Eichler in his Bliithendiagramme, 2: 137, based upon the
work of Payer and Baillon, assumes a ternary arrangement of
the stamens, of which the outer circle contains three stamens,
and the inner zzze stamens in three groups of three stamens
each, each group being consid-
ered a single but compound sta-
i" =\ men. That this is not a correct
S
O2n g, interpretation can be readily seen
( o€ Yc by one having access to abundant
v e fresh material. The typical plan
WH is undoubtedly ternate (fig. 4).
aed As is well known from aberrant
—) occurrences and from _ other
Fig. 4. species, the leaves are not truly
opposite, but alternate, the terminal flower having on this ac-
count the appearance of appearing higher up on the side
of one of the petioles. This fact has been emphasized
in the diagrams. The three bracts and six sepals are in-
troduced in accordance With the interpretation of Asa Gray,
which accords with the general ternate structure of the petals
and stamens. The position and number of the petals and
stamens and of the placenta of the ovary are taken from an
occurrence actually at hand at the time the drawing was pre-
pared. There are evidently three petals, with which de-
Cussate three more petals, and with these as a whole decus-
Sate first six stamens, and then again six stamens. Nothing
can be more improbable than the peculiar occurrences of
ternary dédoublement assumed by these distinguished au-
rs.
Dayton, Ohio.
BRIEFER ARTICLES.
New genus of Umbelliferee.—witH PLATE xxxu1.—Mr. John Donnell
Smith has recently sent us from his last collection in Central Amer-
ica a new genus of Umbelliferz. This is a most peculiar plant, not
closely related to any known genus, nor is it easily referred to any
tribe. It becomes a small tree fifteen feet high and is the only arbor-
escent species which we have seen from North America. Only two
plants were seen, growing at an altitude of 10,200% and constituting the
highest vegetation on the volcano.
This is the third genus of Umbellifere that has been brought to
light by Mr. Smith in Central America. We have previously reported
upon Guatemalan Umbelliferz in this journal for January and Octo-
ber, 1890, and February, 1893.
Myrrhidendron, genus nov.—Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit linear,
flattened dorsally, glabrous, shining. Carpels strongly flattened dor-
sally; dorsal and intermediate ribs low; lateral ribs narrow-winged.
Stylopodium low conical. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, two on
the commissural side. Seed strongly flattened dorsally, with a flat
face and furrowed under the oil-tubes—Arborescent. Leaves large,
decompound; leaflets ovate. Flowers white. -
A peculiar genus, with fruit of the shape and texture of Myrrhis but
differently flattened. The carpels are flattened as in Peucedanece butin
other respects unlike that tribe.
Myrrhidendron Donnellsmithii sp. nov.—A small tree 3.6 to 4.8"
high; trunk 7.5°™ in diameter: leaves large, 30™ or more long, ter-
nately compound; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, 2.5 to 5.0™ long, acute,
sharply and often irregularly serrate, the teeth more or less mucron-
ate-tipped, glabrous, shining and impressed veiny above, dull and
paler beneath and conspicuously reticulate; petiolules with a prom!-
nent stipular ring which is more or less glandular tufted; petioles
large, inflated: peduncles short: involucre few-leaved; involucels nu-
merous, 3- to 4-toothed or cleft near the apex, scarious margined and
strongly purplish veined: inflorescence more or less glandular puber-
ulent; rays numerous, rarely equal; pedicels 8 to 1o™ long: fruit lin-
ear, 10 to 12™ long, glabrous.—From the lava beds at the summit of
the volcano Irazii in the province of Cartago, Costa Rica, March,
1894 (no. 4,825).—JoHN M. CouLTer and J. N. Rosr, Lake Forest, Ill,
and Washington, D. C.
Pee ee ee ee
1894. ] Briefer Articles, 467
Completoria complens Lohde.—This very interesting parasite of
fern prothallia has not, heretofore, I believe, been reported as occur-
ting in the United States. It was found by me last winter in fern pro-
thallia grown in the Botanical Conservatory of Cornell University.
The fungus is very interesting both from its relationship with the
Eniomophthore and from its being a parasite in plants. It is of very
simple structure.
The germinating conidia do not enter the cells of the prothallia
directly, but put out a short germ tube which enlarges at its end, and
into this enlarged end the protoplasm migrates, thus forming a germi-
hating vesicle or proembryo. From this germinating vesicle the tube
arises which penetrates the cell of the prothallium. The cell wall
reddish brown. The tube, which is quite slender, grows directly to
the center of the cell lumen where it enlarges into a flask-shaped
body, rich in protoplasm, very granular, and with large vacuoles.
From this a short and thick branch grows out and curves more or less
_ closely to the parent cell or hyphal body. Successive branches of a
similar kind arise and curving around form a closely compacted bo-
tryose cluster, which eventually more or less completely fills the cell
lumen. From the marginal cells of this cluster slender tubes arise
which penetrate into the adjacent cells. Conidia and sexless (?) rest-
Ig spores are formed.
In the formation of the conidia certain of the marginal cells of the
botryose cluster grow through the wall of the prothallium cell to the
&xterior, where a single-spored sporangium is formed, either quite
Close to the surface of the prothallium when the conodiophore is very
short, Or at a little distance from it when it is longer. The conidium
thrown off with considerable force as in the other Entomophthor si
and the basal end protrudes slightly as a prominent point. If the
conidia are not in a favorable position for entering the cells of hd wives
thallium, or the surrounding conditions are unsuitable for it, it may
_ Ptoduce a short conidiophore and a secondary conidium be thrown
ae This may quite likely be repeated several times.
The resting spores are ey rete the central cells of the botryose
Cluster, and may vary in a single cell of the prothallium, and thus in
*, ugle cluster, from one to ten or fifteen. These cells become larger
Man the others, gradually round off, the protoplasm contracts some-
vat'and at the same time the wall thickens inward. The appear-
reat many of the outer cells in such a cluster suggests the possibility
: of there being a sexual process, but in no case have I seen any ae
— MUNication between these cells, although I have carefully examin
:
;
ee ee
468 The Botanical Gazette. [November,
many. This however may have been overlooked because of the diffi-
culty of observation in such a large mass of cells.
_ The fungus was found in prothallia of Aspidium falcatum, Pteris
- argyria, and P. cretica
It was first Boncaibed by Lohde.’ Subsequently Leitgeb*? made it
the subject of a thorough investigation, and grew it in a large number
of species of fern prothallia—Gero. F. Arkinson, /thaca, lV. Y.
Lemna Valdiviana in Massachusetts.—Several interesting botanical
excursions have been made this year in the lands recently set apart by
the state of Massachusetts for public parks
By notice sent out by the superintendent of planting for the parks,
the local botanists have had the opportunity of enjoying a seriés of
pleasant field days and comparing the work done in different portions
of the reservations.
One such trip was taken on Sept. 3d through the Blue Hills region,
eight miles south of Boston. This public park is thirteen miles in
circumference and includes the highest land in eastern Massachusetts
(Blue Hill, 636), as it is also the highest land on the Atlantic coast
from southern Maine to Florida. It has long been locally famous for
ifs rocky ledges, basin-like swamps, and, on its southern side, the ex-
tensive meadows and ponds of two sorts, rocky, with clear waters, and
marshy, with dark waters.
The most interesting find on that occasion was a Lemna, which, so
far as comparison with specimens at the Gray Herbarium shows, is
Lemna Valdiviana Philippi; and I send this note of its occurrence So
far north of its usual habitat, and would be very glad to have some
southern or western Z. Valdiviana in exchange.—GEo. G. KENNEDY,
Readville, Mass.
Paceinia malyacearum.—Some years ago, the late Geo. W. Clinton
of Buffalo, N. Y., expressed himself as disappointed because a certain
Ranunculus did not turn out to be R. bulbosus. “Why can’t Buffalo
have this plant?”
We have rather desired at this place the presence of living Puccinia
malvacearum, because it was so useful for the class room. This year,
_ for the first time, it has been introduced with some hollyhocks oy
chased at the east. It has already made serious attacks on hal
dozen species of plants in our botanic garden and now that we ae
os the thing doesn’t seem so funny.—W. J. Bea, 4 gricultural College,
ich.
* Tagblatt der Naturforscherversammlung zu Breslau, 1874.
? Sitzungsbericht der Math.-Naturwiss. Classe d. kaiserliche Aka
issenschaft. Wien 841: 288, 1881.
demie der
=
CURRENT LITERATURE.
The Flora of Nebraska.
The members of the botanical seminar of the University of Ne-
braska have undertaken not only a botanical survey of the state, but
have begun the publication of a flora on an elaborate and costly plan.
The first two parts of the twenty-five promised have recently been
issued and are an earnest of a most admirable work. The brief intro-.
duction prepared by Dr. C. E. Bessey (who, we doubt not, is the in-
spiration of the undertaking) gives an account of the principles of
classification of the vegetable kingdom. The first part, embracing
Sixty-eight pages and twenty-two plates has been prepared chiefly by
Mr. De Alton Saunders, who describes the green plants belonging to
the Protophyta and Phycophyta; while Messrs. Roscoe Pound and
Frederick R. Clements describe the fungi of these groups. The sec-
ond part, on the Coleochaetacez: and Characeze, has been done by
a Albert F. Woods, and consists of nine pages of text with fourteen
Plates,
Of the accuracy of this work only a specialist can judge and we do -
hot undertake to pronounce upon it; but however many slips there
may be, or however crude the critical work may be, it can hardly be
doubted that the publication will be of great value in making known
the A ra of the state not only to those outside it but much more to
those inside it. ‘That it begins with the plants it does (or even treats
Mm at all) will be a revelation to many a teacher, who thinks of these
4 plants to be sure, but hardly as plants which can be described, much
q ‘ss identified, by ordinary mortals.
__ Aword of commendation should be said for the plates. The draw-
1B €ngraving and printing are all excellent and they contribute much
0 the value of the work. Not all the species. are represented of
| No principle of selection is stated and we are unable to wee
at it is beyond that of figuring at least one species of ee
then 5° Many of the species are thus shown that the plates add im-
Mensely to the helpfulness of the text. pa ee, aac:
te ®braska is in peculiar need of a local flora, since it lies at the J cd
"Flora of Nebraska. Edited by the members of the botanical — shay
4to. Introduction, by Charles E. Bessey- :
hyta- a pl. 1-22. Part 2,
ho hycophyta, by De Alton Saunders, pp. 1-68 § pl. 23-36. Lin-
$ OOo,
Cover wh
470 Lhe Botanical Gazette. [November, —
floras of the spermaphytes do not adequately cover its territory, to say
nothing of the entire lack of manuals for the lower plants.
We congratulate the people of Nebraska therefore, on the auspi-
cious beginning of this work. We commend the disinterested labors
of the botanical seminar to public support by the appropriation of
public moneys for maintenance and extension of the botanical survey.
No state, so far as we are aware, has ever had such work done at pri-
vate cost, and we doubt not that a small appropriation would not only
greatly encourage these unselfish students of the Nebraska flora, but
greatly facilitate and extend their work.
Minor Notiees.
Pror. W. W. BaiLey’s Botanical Note Book will surely be wel-
comed by those who intend giving a course of lectures on structural
and systematic botany in relation to the phanerogams, and conducting
classes in laboratory work in the’same subject. The book is divided
into two parts. The first part consisting of outlines of lectures on the
seed, root, stem, leaves, inflorescence, flower, essential organs, and
fruit. Each lecture is followed by a schedule for the description of
the parts treated in the lecture.
The schedules consist of questions, and lines of investigation to be
followed by the student. Part two is devoted to lectures upon cer-
tain difficult families or genera with schedules for theirstudy. These
are arranged in the same general way as the preceding, and include
Composite, Umbelliferze, Cruciferze, Graminez and Ferns (with the
genera Carex and Cyperus.) The framework of an introductory lec-
ture on the subject of botany in general precedes the whole. The
book is of handy size, 63 by 434", and is bound in strong flexible cov-
ers. It will be a welcome addition to the laboratory, and a practical
help to the instructor.—WaLTER DEANE.
THE PROCEEDINGS of the Indiana Academy of Science for 1893 con
tain much botanical material, chiefly in connection with the work of
the State Biological Survey. Professor Underwood, the botanical di-
rector of the survey, gives an account of the work, followed by a com-
plete bibliography of Indiana botany, a list of cryptogams at present
known to inhabit the state of Indiana (about 650), containing descrip
tions of some new species, and complete lists of hosts in the cas¢ of
parasites. Among the botanical papers published in full are a general
consideration of the phanerogamic flora of the state, by Stanley Coul-
AE ics aah 6 tenn cra
*Baitey, W. W.—Botanical Note Book. A synopsis of lectures and labora-
tory plans for use in Brown University and University Extension classes.
Providence, R. I. Preston and Rounds, 1894.
Current Literature. 47t
fer; the special senses of plants, a presidential address by Dr. 5 a
"Arthur; notes on Saprolegnia ferox, by Geo. L. Roberts; the ash of
ttees, by Professor M. B. Thomas; our present knowledge of the dis-
tnbution of pteridophytes in Indiana, by Dr. Underwood; the adven-
“itious plants of Fayette county, by Robert Hessler.
Racigorski has studied the morphology and development of the
shoots and flowers of the Cabombez and Nympheacex. His re-
sults appear in Fora, 78: 244-279. 1894, and his paper has been dis-
_tibuted also as a separate, repaged. The editor of Mora ought not to
Permit this, even if the publisher knows no better than to do it.
: When will such bibliographical sins cease?
THE DEPARTMENT of botany of the British Museum has had pre-
. pared a“Guide” to Sowerby’s models of British fungi now in the
possession of the Museum. lll the species are described and many
Riss are given. The guide forms a brief compend of the larger
. ‘nd more common edible and poisonous fungi of Britain.
; ‘Mr. Epwarp A. Burr has worked out the histology and develop-
% ee of a new species of the imperfectly known phalloid genus An-
| ty A. borealis Burt. He characterizes the species, and describes
os investigation in the Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural His-
: lory, 8: 487-505. Al. go, 50. O 1894. |
: es of the useful keys to Manhattan (Kans.) pla
By t Hitchcock, has appeared. This one is pased upon
_@ets, and will be found valuable for winter study.
nts, by Pro-
fruit char-
NOTES AND NEWS.
Dr. H. Mo.iscu has been called to the German University at Prag
as professor of anatomy and physiology of plants and director of the
physiological institute.
THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE has issued a bulletin on “nut
grass” (Cyperus rotundus), regarding which Mr. Dewey, assistant
botanist, desires information
THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES at Berlin has appropriated 500 marks
for the prosecution of the work of the International Commission for
the reform of botanical nomenclature.
Dr. Epwarp PaLMER has gone to Acapulco, Mexico, where he ex-
pects to make a collection of plants. He goes at his own expense,
but his plants will be named as heretofore by Mr. J. N. Rose of the De-
partment of Agriculture.
IN THE American Naturalist (August) Professor L. H. Bailey pub- -
lishes a paper on “Neo-Lamarckism and Neo-Darwinism,” in w ic
these varying schools are defined, and exceptions taken to Weismann's
theory of the continuity of the germ-plasm, as well as his sweeping
claims concerning acquired characters.
Dr. HARSHBERGER’s note (p. 159) concerning Ra lus acris L. as
being poisonous tellsanoldstory. In many places, beggars used to rub
their hands with this plant, in order to make them sore and thus obtain
alms. For this reason the Danish name of the plant is Tigger-Ranun-
kel (beggar-r.). The Krautterbiicher and old floras know a great deal
about this plant.—J. C. Bay.
shoots and leaves caused by the Exoasci,” by W. G. Smith; and “The
capacity of oak stumps for budding, and their infection by 4ga7¢#s
melleus,” by Dr. Robert Hartig.
Messrs. Frank S. Collins, William A. Setchell, and Isaac Hoist
THE BeLcian Acapemy of Sciences at Brussels has of Lae
tothe value of 600 francs for the best treatise on the following theme>:
ae
Uae fate egy
A cae
Notes and News. 473
(1) Researches on the number of chromosomes before fertilization in
any animal or plant; (2) New researches on the quaternary flora (o
Belgium) and especially on the peat bogs; (3) Is there a nucleus in
the schizophytes, and if so, what is its structure and the mode of
division? Theses must be written in French or Flemish and sent
under a fictitious name before August rst, 1895, to Chev. Edm. Mar-
chal, secretary of the Academy.
winter, he found that respiration diminished with the diminution of
| the water; but when he operated with young tubers collected in April
or in May and formed during the season, he found respiration aug-
mented by a rather feeble loss of water.
Dr. J. Gruess of Berlin publishes an extensive paper in Pringsheim’s
Jahrbitcher f. wiss. Botanik (26: 379-437- 1894). on the behavior of
ttachee, Griiss holds it as certain that diastase belongs to the bodies
_ &pable of diffusion.
- It possible to vary the flavor of legumes. by grafti ,
have a different flavor; to retard the flowering of crucl
md oid hybridization by insects, etc., when it 1S
tion pure); and to create new varieties by grafting 2
aratgement but even the stem structure from IsoD! =
avery J* Senus chiefly used, Phyllocactus, Vochting: oareaterbe
iq ty modern one, and the changes induced in it by re, fore, he
be artificial reversion. In these leaf-like Cactace®, : ieht cnet
“neludes that leaf arrangement is due to the influence of 1}
ip
_ Revue Gén. de Bot. 6; 353. 15 S 1894. _ Gén. de
Bot echerches morphologiques et physiologiques Sur la greffe. Rev
& 1
3 Rev. Gén. de
Sur quel ay : ffe herbacée.
ques applicat tiques de la gre
' et 6: 356; 15'S tg ions practiq
474 The Botanical Gazette. [November,
the growing point. It isnot a phenomenon of secondary growth.
It may be that in other plants other external agents, notably gravity,
produce an effect, and he promises investigation of this and similar
questions.
formed opinions concerning the nature and value of Rafinesque
work which are quite erroneous. e volume will be in the sumptu-
ous quarto form adopted by the Filson Club, the edition limited to five
hundred copies, and issued in paper only. It will contain several full-
page illustrations, one of which will be a portrait of its subject. A
complete bibliography of the writings of Rafinesque, on every subject,
comprising over four hundred titles, will be included.
VERY CONSIDERABLE changes and advances are being made in the
shrubs grouped principally in their natural orders, but at the same
er, has been made instructor in bd aa are
botany. The laboratories have been liberally equipped with ad -
tional 9h Reagan and new courses, including graduate work, are being
offered.
ho lived
R. Moritz Trause, one of the many genial naturalists w
Traube
dD
and worked at Breslau, Germany, died on the 28th of June. | His
was born at Ratibor and studied at the University of Berlin. 1)
brother, Ludwig Traube the distinguished clinic, was engaged in med-
i : ; when the
orie der d’
Zellbildung und Endosmose in Reichert’s and Du Bois Reymo
Archiv, —: 87. 1867, and his many valuable papers in the Berté + on
deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 1874, 1876, and later. His wor
>
OE TORI, Se Ne Rete
Oe Riva (Pine eee vy ar
Notes and News. 475
‘the production of oxygen by the organism caused a long and most
interesting literary debate between him and Hoppe-Seyler. Traube
was unable to devote more than a part of his time to investigations,
peste the half and even to pass out through the cork layer. On
ich roots, as on those grown in plaster casts, no hairs develop, which
is probably due to the resistance of the medium. . The passage made
net on the penetration of potato tubers by rhizomes of Cy f
% Dactylon may be explained on other grounds than the excretion of a
_ fothe inner. So the ability and the force needed to penetrate, living
tissues is not peculiar to the specialized roots of Cuscuta, but 1s pos
EFFER HAS demonstrated that it is the root alone which acs
stotropic sensitiveness. “Al! previous investigations have be
: y
Sta the t h oan r
ate of things is easily demonstrated, since the rays of
as
* Stimulus can be easily directed to a single point alone
bend of the tube, and pushes on as far as the ot
Whe e by heat geotropic © D enscibetuty,
2 that | the tip of the root is not placed in the nicola ip directed
476 The Botanical Gazette. | November,
vertically downwards, the rest of the root may occupy the horizontal
or any other position, without the geotropic reaction following. By
in an uninjured root only the root tip is geotropically sensitive.
“A THEORY of the strobilus in oe ape is the title of a
. Bower be of
most suggestive paper rea y fore section D
the B. A. A. S., and published in “the dene oF Botany 8: 343° -365.
S 1894. It ought to be read in full by every botanist who 1s inter-
ested in the questions of vegetable phylogeny. The main points a the
theory are briefly stated by the author in these words:
1. Spore production was the first office of the spor op and the
spore phase has constantly recurred throughout the descent of the
Archegoniatz; the spore bearing tissues are to be regarded a primary,
a vegetative tissues as secondary, in point of evolutionary history.
Other things being equal, increase in number of carpospores is an
iinisie: a Fea of numerical spore production was attained in the
vascular cryptogam d
3. Sterilization of potential sporogenous tissue has been a wide-
kara a ae ti appearing as a natural consequence of increased
spore produc
mee aan, ve ies or pci of cells (tapetum), served in many
cases the direct function of nourishin ay the developing spores, being
themselves aained during she’ proc
5. By formation of a central mass se-alaaiedla, etc.) the spore pro-
co pica was, in more complex forms, relegated to a more superficial
6. ros vascular plants, parts of the sterile tissue formed septa, parte
=F
P
; , 8 ey septation, may have taken place repeatedly in the same line
o
Q- The trobilus as a wholeis the correlative of a body of the nature
of a sporogonial head, and the apex of the one corresponds to the
Baia
. Progression from the wong os more complex type de-
SeNied upon (@) septation, and (4) e n to form superficial ap-
pendicular organs see rangi Poke. “iporephalie’ upon which the
soar ty bad a
By continued pica} gr doin of the stobilus the number of sporo-
phytis may ae indefinitely increased. nd
i ane ger Pata as are kipceptible of great pedis in size aD
iaeniplexity > Hed tan t of paca eels Lh agi small and sim-
rilization of
I
sporophyl
ene ner rere”
tAnnals of Botany, 8: 317. S. 1894.
Weer
Yd si
Ypr\' MY
Ay
ae
/
soca sah aoe td Al hieacnatinieds shee: nh Rate AE
{ ae ZA
¥-
PLATE XXXII.
een GAZETTE,
SPHERES.
SCHAFFNER on ATTRACTION
fin Deeember, 1894, will appear the
Annual Catalogue for 1895 of the Vienna
Botanical Exchange Society
(ESTABLISHED 1845)
In it will be offered for exchange or sale about 4ooo plants
Prepared for the herbarium, most of them rare, and part never
before contained in an exchange list. This list will be the most
Complete, as well as the richest in rarities and new species, ever
published.
Sent free, upon request addressed to
J. DORFLER, Wein I, Burgring 7, Austria.
- VOLUMES III, IV, IX, X, XI.
We have recently secured one complete copy of each of these
Volumes,
BP Mntending purchasers should apply early.
Vols. IIT and Iv, $3. Vols. IX and X, $3.50. -Vol. XI, $3.
THE BOTANICAL GAZETTE,
MADISON, WIS,
PORTRAITS FOR SALE!
Half.
tone engravings of Dr. Eduard Strasburger, of Bonn,
and the late Dr. Sereno Watson
SUITABLE FOR FRAMING.
Securely Packed, by mail, 25 cents each, the two for 40 cents.
THE BOTANICAL GAZETTE,
MADISON, WIS.
APPARATUS FOR EXPERIMENTS?
Vv ETABLE. "PHYSIOLOGY
an use of schools and investigators. These Sieh are substantially made,
ostly of brass, and fully nickeled, While simple, and easily adjusted by be-
ginners, their form and superior sorktnauakip adapt them to the most accurate
‘toe
xanometer, cae eR Perea ere jer eeny Weegee ae om eee Cush. tie Foy” $25 00
ayer Geatritius al, complet ith motor and a 1OSi 625 Phar Sake Sieh ee 25 00
Arthur Centrifugal, without motor sy raat © |) enuresis RRP nR Wr cee) SeuMa ee. Aa oy Fe 15 00
Awn Transpiration Indicator, per pair. . 2. 6 6 ee ee ee ee te I 50
Slide for peer current on microscope SRE ese 6 einen ee Ne, Se eee I co
Engelmann Gas-stage; for microscope... 2 65. A I eo Fee el tae 3 50
Respiration Apparatus, baryta matieed, COnmplete: f8 os is Noe eis SS eas 30 00
prs Skt Apparatus, chamber with outer j ar sh Drase cover! os ee ae 3 00
scriptive circular upon appiication. dare re
“BOTANICAL MFG. CO., Lafayette, Ind.
Musci Europzez Exsiccati
By F. RENAULD and J. CARDOT
choice of speci ine s, will be ote in series of fifty numbers, at the price ‘of
three dollar. “ei a series, payable on receipt. Orders Tae re be addressed to the
signed, zed ap receive the amount of sabecriptibns: The
under:
sent series will re tRtheartiey short
JOHN en HOLZINGER, Winona, Minn.
UREDINEZ EXSICCAT4 ET ICONES
By J. C. ARTHUR and E. W. D. HOLWAY.
The first fascicle of the distribution of North American Uredinez, with every
Se ae ee ka et Seen et a Kane
WasuHincTon, D. C., Oct. 28, 1894-
Dear Sir:
Reletring to our conversation of yesterday, on the wild rice or Zi-
zania aquatica, 1 was somewhat surprised to be informed that “there
which I made during my recent canoe-voyage to the sources of 4
notes on th river. . “compy with pleasure a ne request for some cr
tes on this s —
Wild ri eectipares: . a staple food-product in the earliest historicat
accounts we have of the various Indian tribes which then In newer us
northern Wiscdntis and Minnesota. One of these is in fact n re”
from this circumstance. But it would be a great mistake to presume
that the case is entirely differe ice continues to be a staple
he reserva
894. }
1894. | Briefer Articles. 505
article is so well known and generally used that it is found conveniént
va,
: see sie ;
n the trade to distinguish our cultivated rice, Oryza sativa, as “white
min Oo
ed by the whites. I Hae heard the plant called “oats;” it is al-
sir ild ri i ‘rice.’
ate aquatica is specially luxuriant in still or slow waters with rich
y bottoms, and grows more sparsely or not at all in grounds
om I can
bi ds living about Lake Winni-
igoshish, Lake Cass, and Lake Bemidji. They generally cultivate
ild rice which
Winnibigoshish - the inhabitants had “gone ricing.’’ I freq
anoes en route, whose destination was some rice-fiel i
h acrotch at the end, something like a
f cloth spread to receive them. e per-
e not loose enough to
d then they soon fall
With the reeds (Phragmites communis or P. pATas :
Be aquatic growths, and in some places entirely supplanting them.
506 The Botanical Gazette. [December,
quarter of section 24, township 146 N., range 35 W. of the 5th princi-
pal meridian. This body of water, of roundish figure and about a
view completely. The deepest part of such a lake is generally open
or only broken by the bulrushes (Scirpus Jacustris); next shallower
r i redominance of rice; then
of the adjoining haying-meadows.
ere is a great difference in the stature of the rice, as well as in the
length and thickness of the fruiting heads, according to topical con-
iti ih. «So it 1 i 1
and ad be as many inches long, nodding under th
the ripened grains. The heads are for the most part le gre
color with a tinge of yellowish, but generally acquire a purplish shade
at maturity. ain makes good food; it is nutritious, tastes very
much like cultivated rice, and is cooked by boiling in the same way-
But the commercial article—at any rate the sample Is irt
appearance due to mixture with dark brown or blackish specks which
than I do. It seemed to me to belong to the grain itself, as if it were
the persistent beak of the carpel. I presume that this is what makes
them call the cultivated product “white” rice, in distinction from the
that which is freest from the dark specks. When boiled, the grains
swell up, but not quite like those of our rice, for they acquire 4 curl-
ous curl or twist
In estimating the total value of this rice-crop as a food-product, we ae:
should not forget to take into consideration the myriads of wild fowl
which eat it almost exclusively at the proper season, and are eaten 1p
turn by both whites and Indians.
‘ Very truly yours.
ig EiotT Cours.
Salsola Kali tragus.—As the introduction and dissemination of
weeds are receiving much attention from botanists, some facts regard-
ing the first appearance of the Russian thistle in Chicago and vicinity
FS ber of sheets of Lemna Valdiviana Philippi,
aq _ interesting one, the plant will be desired by
1894.] Briefer Articles. 507
will be of interest as way-marks indicating its progress eastward. I
first noticed it in August, 1890, when a patch of a dozen or more
plants was found by Wolf Lake, on the eastern border of the city.
' They were on a side track of the Pennsylvania R. R., about a mile
from the main line. The boundary line between Illinois and Indiana
crossed the track so obliquely at this point that both states were rep-
resented in the small area they occupied. A month later others
were found at Clarke, Ind., a station in the pine barrens, nine miles
east of the boundary line, on the main line of the railroad. In a
couple of years the plants had spread considerably, and in 1893 were
very abundant on the branch of the road running to Hammond and
East Chicago. In late autumn one would come upon them blown about
the fields as tumble weeds, though as yet but few are found growing
in fields. They are well represented on railroads in the southern and
eastern portions of the city, and along those crossing the northern part
of Lake co., Ind., within three or four miles of Lake Michigan, and
probably much beyond. In August, 1894, I found a few at English
Lake, Starke co., Ind., seventy miles from Chicago. ee
The fewness of the plants in each of these localities indicates that.
the season in which they occurred was about the first of their appear-
ance. The specimens were generally rather small, but examples two-
or three feet in diameter are not rare now. “ties |
These plants were, at the time of finding them, identified as Sa/so/a
Kali L., and were so published in “The Flora of Cook County, Il-
linois, and a part of Lake County, Indiana.”* They were afterwards
mentioned under the same name in notes con eh
ICAL GazETTE.2 Subsequent study of the plants and comparison wit
specimens from Nebraska led to their identification with the variety
tragus.—E. J. Hu, Chicago, I.
Lemna Valdiviana.-—I have collected and floa
ted out a large num-
discovered lately in
As the station is an
botanists, and I shall
k for it—WALTER
Randolph, Mass., hy Dr. George G. Kennedy.
be very glad to send it to anybody who may ¢
Deane, 9 Brewster st., Cambridge, Mass. : x
Ruled slides again.—I have found them already in new tgs ;
_ just received from the Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., Rochester, N. *-
_ Irefer to a slide for a stage ease i :
slide was hot enough to soften it, a stam
2 making clean eee 20X20™. I hope they can een pe
_ down, so that every one will get them.—W. J. BEAL, peice ah
lege, Mich These have been in the market for several yeats-
\Bulletin of the Chicago Acad. of Sci. 2: 155. 189¥-
. Ag. 1892.
‘ke, 19: 248
EDITORIAL.
For vears the Journal of Botany has annually had its fling at the
Reports of the Missouri Botanic Garden, and the November number
affords the last example of this unpleasant spirit. Usually with little
or nothing to say of the scientific papers beyond faint commendation,
the editor has devoted his energies to ridiculing the annual flower
sermon and the post-prandial eloquence at the annual banquet. Un-
fortunately, since they are embodied in a will, the eccentric ideas of
the dead Englishman have to be carried out as rigorously as his benef-
icent ones are executed gladly. And we may be permitted to suggest
to the editor that his own island house so abounds in transparent fol-
lies of the same sort that it is really not becoming in him to pelt our
few imported windows.
THIs NUMBER of the Journal has also its stale gibe at “the reform-
ing zeal of our transatlantic.friends”, which it now sees manifesting
itself in the formation of the Botanical Society of America. Just
what connection the organization of this society has with our “reform-
ing zeal” we imagine it would be hard for the-editor to state; but he
has thrust in his innuendo and his readers are given to understand
that this also is part of a huge farce which is being enacted in the
transatlantic wilds in the name of botany.
*
* -
Tuat sAME reforming zeal, which seems so ridiculous in the eyes of
our “British-and-foreign” friend, vaunteth not itself and is not puffed
up, spite of the good it is accomplishing and the promise and potency
of more. It has a most simple mission; it aims only to secure as great
accuracy and uniformity of usage as users of botanical language may
feel inclined to adopt. It brings together a considerable number of
botanists, who, having in view present usage, agree that it is desirable
to follow certain principles in nomenclature, or in citation, or in ter-
minology, or in pronunciation. This agreement coerces no one, if
denounces no one, it asks no one to acknowledge its ‘authority.
Still less have “its supporters . a case to prove” as the authors of the
Flora of Mt. Desert assert. The parties to the agreement have only
to submit its principles, clearly enunciated, to those interested, and
let each determine whether he is willing by adopting them to be Beg
tated to by a comparatively few botanists”; or whether he will follow |
other principles, or none at all. The choice is-a simple one, and ae &
friends that follow not with us need not fash themselves over the
source Of our authority to cast out devils. ;
UR Reh ea we
pare is iba
ey f
\
CURRENT LITERATURE.
Laboratory manual of vegetable physiology.
The rapid development of vegetable physiology as a pedagogical
subject is marked by the increase in text books and manuals. The
latest addition to the list is a work that will be received by every
teacher of vegetable physiology with much satisfaction. We refer to
the laboratory guide to the physiology of plants by Francis Darwin
and E. H. Acton,’ both of Cambridge University, England. Proba-
bly there is no English teacher of botany from whom a work of this
kind will be so highly appreciated by botanists in general as from Mr.
Francis Darwin. The fame of his illustrious father as a keen and
original experimenter has to some extent been transmitted to the son,
and has been supported and augmented by many profound and ad-
mirable pieces of independent research.
The work is divided into two parts. The first and larger part em-
| braces general physiology, including such subjects as respiration, as-
similation of carbon, .transpiration, growth, and movements due to
Writability. It is separated into 269 experiments, a number so large
that the prominent topics which have engaged the attention of original
investigators at different times are mostly represented. Often several
experiments are devoted to the same inquiry, using different methods,
and enabling the student to arrive at more or less accurate results.
Although many experiments are arranged for the best apparatus ob-
tainable, yet in each case the same principle is illustrated by expert-
ments requiring only simple and inexpensive devices. Sometimes
Much is left to the ingenuity and judgment 6f the student. At times
this is a good method, especially when the teacher sees that the stu-
dent does not lose too much time in ascertai
able procedure, but occasionally this method
the authors to escape from the description
On the whole, however, the 269 experiments of the first part are ad-
Mirably suited to illustrate the present status of vegetable physiology
_ from the physical and mechanical side; they will add a fresh interest
to laboratory work in this subject. |
__ The second portion of the work, according to the preface, gan .
Particular department of physiology in a more special manner; that
1Dar s:—Practical physiology of plants.
Den oe eee din ia the exe, easnbendge, Unie, Exim, 120 MAP
_ Millan & Co,, New York, American publishers. ees
38—Vol. XIX—No. 12.
ning the requisite or suit-
appears to be adopted
of a tedious process.
510 The Botanical Gazette. [December,
ceived in a very different spirit from the first part, however. It is not
separated into experiments, but it is a short treatise upon chemical
manipulation. In the opinion of the reviewer it is not a work upon
chemical physiology, but upon physiological chemistry, and therefore,
while admirably devised for teaching the student chemical methods,
is not a legitimate part of a book devoted to botany. It occupies less
than one-third of the volume.
It is noteworthy that ecological topics, commonly included to a
greater or less extent in works upon vegetable physiology, have been
wholly excluded. ;
A word of commendation is due the publishers for the neat and appro-
priate way in which the printing and binding have been done. An
excellent index increases the usefulness of the work.
Alternation of generations.
This subject has long been a prominent one in both botany and zo-
ology, and a clear, incisive presentation of any part of it will be ac-
ceptable to a large number of students. It is rare that any subject of
such deep biological import and such wide reaching influence as this
is more happily discussed and illustrated than in the recent work
on gall flies and their production of oak galls by Dr. Hermann
Adler, englished with valuable additions by Charles R. Straton.
The alternate generations of gall-flies in certain species are very
sharply marked, so much so that the sexual and agamic forms have
been described under distinct genera. Mr. H. F. Bassett, of Con-
necticut, was the first to point out the probable connection between
the two states, or rather to indicate that certain monosexual species
were genetically connected with apparently distinct bisexual species.
It was due to the labors of Dr. Adler, however, to fully establish the
fact, and to work out the details in a considerable number of species _
by means of careful and patient observations and cultures.
The results have been of more than taxonomic importance. We
_ have before us, in fact, a particularly clear and happy exposition of a
number of topics which are commanding wide attention at the
present time, such as the purposes of alternate generations, ad-
vantages of parthenogenesis, function of polar bodies, and the
transmission of hereditary characters. Whoever is enies in such
_ topics should not fail to read this attractively written wo
The botanist as well as the entomologist will Hin the ook tefl
1ADLER, HERMANN: SSS gag! generations: a biological study of oak oe
fes. Trans. and edited by Charles R. Straton. 12mo I
col. plates. "Oxford, Clarendon ane 1894. Macm millan & Co., New ow
American publishers. $3.25.
1894. } Current Literature. 511
in the narrower domain of his specialty. The diversity of form and
internal structure of the galls, and the fact that species are often dis-
tinguished more from the excrescence on the plant than from the ap-
pearance of the insect, should incite botanists to give them attention.
The author takes up the evolution of the gall, its minute structure, and
the question of its specific form, and brings forward many new facts
and views.
a The work closes with a list of the Cynipide, a bibliography of the
| subject, and a substantial index. The publishers have done their part
well, providing a clear page, excellent colored plates, and an attractive
binding.
a A laboratory manual of bacteriology.
q New manuals for laboratory use in bacteriology have been numer-
ous of late. The last one comes from the University of Michigan,
from a laboratory famous for good work. This volume by Dr.
Novy? is more in the nature of outlines for the Michigan laboratory,
than for general use (which will doubtless account for occasional crud-
ities of diction and looseness of statement), yet many teachers will be
grateful for its publication. It isinterleaved with blank pages for memo-
randa, which some persons may consider an inconvenient form in
_ which to keep notes. The directions for laboratory procedure are con-
_Cise, apposite and easily followed. There are diagnoses, occupying a
page each, of about twenty-five non-pathogenic forms and thirty
pathogenic forms. A series of good lecture outlines, covering the
most important topics relating to the general subject of bacteria, a
interspersed with the laboratory directions, indicating the groun
which the student should cover by lectures, recitations oF additiona
reading.
Minor Notices.
Dr. W. F. Ganonc has distributed his paper’ bes ag morphology
and biology of Cactacez, which contains much interesting ae
concerning a much neglected and most interesting group itn peg
Among the results obtained the following are pei PO ses an
tles are shown to be metamorphosed leaves; every eae eaves
axillary bud which usually remains single, but 1m | id as d.
Mamillaria (Cactus), Anhalonium, etc., the re is Hak & bro:
the forking being neither lateral branching nor dic : : sue point;
duction of permanent tissue between two parts ise ab f
‘Novy, Freperick G.:—Directions for laboratory wae ng Nes
the use of the medical classes “8 the University of Michigan. :
. ___Beitra zur Kenntniss
‘ Seales pilonarry eee agural-Dissertation, Munich. 1
1.50. :
interleaved. 2 pl. George W. T, Ann Arbor, [1894]. . - Morphologie und i
512 The Botanical Gazette. [September,
the grooves are but the stretching out of the pulvini; the sheath in
Cylindropuntia is formed from a coalescence of hairs; species of
Opuntia, Cereus, Mamillaria possess honey-secreting structures which
are always either ordinary or metamorphosed spines; the transverse
rings shown by many thorns are due to alternating zones of air-con-
taining and air-free tissue; the bundle systems of all genera are modi-
fications of the typical system seen in Opuntia. By using a combina-
tion of vegetative and floral characters the generic relationships are
indicated by the usual phylogenetic diagram. It is very valuable for
our systematic work to have such careful morphological studies made,
as too much of our work is based upon a very superficial morphology.
Tue JouRNAL oF Myco.ocy appears at such long intervals that a
new number is especially noteworthy. The last one is no. 4, the
final one of volume seven. It contains 146 pages of printed matter
and six plates. Forty-eight pages, however, are devoted to an index
of volume seven, and thirty-two to the continuation of the general
bibliographical index of mycological literature. The latter is admira-
bly done, and if it could only be reissued on cards, would be invalua-
The number is largely devoted to fungicides, and methods and
results of their application. A fungus (Aschersonia tahitensis Mont.},
new to the country, is reported by H. J. Webber as being of possible
economic importance in Florida in checking the abundance of such
scale insects on orange and other citrous fruits as secrete honeydew, and
thus harbor the sooty mold, a serious fungous disease. Interesting ©
field notes for 1892 by Erwin F. Smith, include especially a notice of
root tumors of the peach. Nine articles of foreign literature are Te-
viewed. <
are especially interesting parts of the essay. The thorough manner
in which the subject is handled in all its bearings makes the work one
of the most important contributions relating to fungicides issued up
to the present time. ! 3
a ee tc aC a
1 Farrcuitp, D. G.:—Bordeaux mixture as a fungicide. Bulletin No. 6 of
the Division of Vegetable Pathology. 8vo. pp. 55 Washington, Government
Printing Office. 1894.
NOTES AND NEWS.
Dr. ALBERT SCHNEIDER is studying the ic o of northeastern
North reopen at the Columbia College herbar
In Garden and Forest (Nov. 21) Mr. Geo. F. * Zz nson discusses the
Exoascacez of stone fruits, and Dr. B. D. Halsted describes and figures
a eee of Cosmos
r. L. H. Baitey completed some months ago the revision of
| ee S Field Forest,and Garden Botany, and the book is now in type
and sey for issue by the American Book Co.
Dr. D. H. Campsett’s forthcoming work on oe dodger aie will
be brought out by Macmillan & Co., and will be a book 400
pages. “Tt will go into the printer’s hands about Chaistias
Dr. DouGias H. Camppe.t presented before the B. A. A. S. at its
Oxford meeting a paper on the origin of the sexual organs of the
Sanaa the substance of which will appear in our next issue.
THE SECOND CENTURY of Ule’s Bryotheca Brasiliensis is now ready
for Maribancn by Dr. V. F. Brotherus of Helsi ngfors. The price is
the same as that "ot the first century ($6), of ie a few sets still
remain unsold.
* Proressor C. S$. SarGENT in Garden and Forest es 31) mois
and figures three hybrid walnut trees growing n They
seem to be hybrids of Juglans ee * and Jugtane siti, ee are re-
peas intermediate in chara
THE SCREW PINES of nesee ok ae described by Mr. A. B.
Rendic i in Journal of Botany (Nov.). eem to keep to the coast
line, five species on the west mari two of Cinch are new, and three on
_ the east coast, all of which are n
Mr Wiis, in Jour. Linn. Soc. (30: 284-298) discusses
eid of fertilization in species of Brodiaea, Stanhopea, Pimelea,
- Cotyledon, Hydrolea, Nemophila, and Ziziphora; pete also cleistogamy
in Salvia verbenacea. Two plates illustrate the paper
3 urprising harvest of new spe-
WESTERN CHINA continues to yield a Aes : J Ae couioues Wis
ote six new species of Corydalis, a
f Saxifra; pe
Natural History. It isa most caduahie aang wes lete
Sore. oe studied, and quite a pepe of new species bein
bed.
ibed (Bulletin Torr. Bot. Club, Sage
ms
a new fossil liverwort oe the ib tesgor region
- questionable whether its relationship 1s with paatog ease Senet
_ but the new generic name Preissites suggests that the
is with the latter view.
~
514 The Botanical Gazette. [December,
THE GENUS Lathyrus is presented in a paper by Mr. Theodore G.
White in the Zorrey Bulletin (Oct.). In looking over the herbarium
material from North and Central America, thirty-three species are
recognized, and an artificial key is provided for them. Of these four
species are described as new.
stricta in the northern states; some new and rare Polygonums also by
Mr. Small; five new species from Florida, by Mr. T. H. Kearney; and
two new Bolivian genera by Dr. H. H. Rusby. :
THE ANNUAL report of the state botamist of New York for 1893 has
just appeared. Considerable additions have been made to the herba-
rium, numerous notes as to the variations of local plants are recorded,
and a number of new species are described. In addition to the de-
scriptions of new fungi, a ne arex, whi
en aaa var. elliptica Boott, is described by Dr. E. C. Howe as C.
chit.
i
Swietenia. In the same number Prof. R. Chodat presents some €x-
tensive studies of certain Protococcides, illustrating them with eight
m Oct. . R. Buser protests
against Ascherson’s substitution of Cypripedilum for Cypripedium.
um sac
rophilum, The morphology and physiology of these four species —
were carefully investigated. '
Pror. D. P. PENHALLOw has been studying the anatomy of the wood
author (ein Schulbuch ist es nicht).
1894, | Notes and News,
America. Of the seventeen species of North America north of Mex-
Ico, a new species from Stone Mountain, Georgia, is described, and
another from the Florida swamps.
N THE Kew Lulletin (Oct.), among descriptions of new species
from Tropical Africa, will be f ipti
Just now very much interested in the Mexican flora, and who are not
in the habit of looking into the Kew Audletin for a description of Mr.
Pringle’s material
WING-LIKE APPENDAGES on the petioles of a fossil Liriodendron
b
Other regidns. /
ag
cent. of forest land, the Gulf states 50 per as ong Pom ptt poe
Per cent., the Interior states 20 per cent., the Kocky Nou! Pre
_ Io per cent., and the Pacific coast 30 per cent
and Liriophyllum are figured and discussed by Mr. Arthur Hollick in ©
ber). He reg
+
516 The Botanical Gazette. [ December,
NUAL REPORTS for 1893 from three Experiment Stations are
res our table, which have not before been noticed. In the Maine
report some studies by the pot method upon the use of phosphates by
ea ato a
-for the state (Plantago Patagonica, var. aristata Gray). In the New
ort S. A.
on the distribution of roots in field soils, and E. S. Goff discusses the
prevention of apple scab, potato scab and other plant diseases. Al
these articles are illustrated.
‘RECENT STATION BULLETINS include three upon the Russian thistle
(Il, no. 35; Iowa, no. 26; and Colo., no. 28), of which the one by the
several members of the Iowa Station staff is especially full and inter-
esting. Fungicides and their use in specific diseases receive attention
from P. H. Ro lfs (Fla., no. 23) ee i Phage: 3 A Pamm mel (Iowa, no. 24)-
treated by ass ig each yellows by L
Bailey and the prunicolous Exoascez of the eos States by Geo. F
tkinson, both from the Cornell Station (no. 75 and 73 resp.) are two
prickly tet bellies: more than Leseimdad well. Tuscon, Wild or
i
ae AvEN NELSson, botanist to the Wyoming Experiment Station
at Laramie, finds that the squirrel-tail grass (or as it is commonly
a 4 " £
f the a
taining this grass wake dise eres ‘till the fo tissue of the vera
is disarranged, the ulcers pees \d to all parts of the jaw bone and it be-
comes distorted and enlarged. . . . The marrow-filled interior is
peaeued into great cavities filled with the broken awns. This condi-
tion may continue till the cavities extend entirely through the jaw and
the tightly packed awns protrude till they — be pulled out with
forceps or fingers
heads:
ogy, Preparations, Rev
Names
bold fac
A
A. A. A. S., Brooklyn meeting, 362; papers be-
fore. Botanical Club, 382; pa eg before
a n G, 369; pro oceedings of Section G,.
Abr fan precatoriu
Absorption of water,
recognitum, 389; venue tanh , 389.
ieee pentadac actylon, 389; trapaesiforme,
Mchmes nee 263.
413.
Se, 425, 426, aoe Minnesota, 246; preparte
tions of, 210; sets of, 472; swarm spores of,
Alternation of generations, 510.
Ama dogg page 8 320; sibemas? argin
tus, albu erlandieri 33. Bige
stoi 2 27; biitordes, foc vars densifolius
and Reverchoni, 315; Blit bract-
pin, 314; califoricts, 313; cares, 317;
caudatu - Chloros-
tachys, 43 crassipes, 315;.cr fling 319; de-
ogee 319; poeta feos ble S,
orreyi Yl, 272, var. su
Reolsta 269, Pty Jon mmery F ere ven pula SUS,
ag viridis , 319; viridis, 319, 320; Wrightit,
dirved polygonotdes, 269; sguarrulosa, 270;
Bane ata,
Am ystegium es 240.
Amentifere, emb of, 299, 427.
Anabaena, parasite. a ycas, 25.
rd 390; tenella, 399.
Mm, 371.
astanthum, 265.
nan :
Arcyria’
eee
GENERAL INDEX.
The more important classified entries will be found under the following
Diseases, Floras, lost Plants, Journals, Necrology, Personals, Physiol-
2 synonyms are aiid in /talics; names of new species, etc., in
Arisaema triphyllum, 464.
Artemisia stelleriana, 253.
us n :
ieeaneste
setosum, 3 > aimeatatutts, 495, 497; spinu o-
m, 390; helypteris, 496.
u
Asplenium, cicuta rare hon png 390;
es 492; has lum,
va iniatum,390; chizophyltumirar. pres
» 391; oe
Attraction spheres
Aux Pe hg ‘or measuring ae in
retinas
‘Avceaiie officinalis, 32 327.
Azolla filiculoides, 87.
B s >
— mia hyalina, 24
Bacteria, effect ig oan adahye 86 86; labora-
11; liter.
Bactectans fon Bookie 344. :
Ba piee sine 42; a hybrid, 42; leuco-
terna-
viheek m, eager var. Demetrii, 239; —
os ee Waghornei, 233; subery-
pew University,
oe jera,
_epnothiza nsis, 51
theca rasilie i
Bevo mum, var, i 38.
Bp d development in Eyaccalnss, 61.
Butea frondosa, 499.
ee t. of ee 253.
hvlloide , 328; eriopetala,
C
is, llescens, 2.
Cabralea, insignis, 1; pa i leat-like, 473;
affinities ‘among, 3
Cactacee,
morphology of, 511; revision 0
perms gee Donducella, sor 501; - ohne corma, 501.
| Calcium oxalate, role 0
[517]
518
The Botanical Gazette.
Calochortus, macrocarpus, 336; pavonaceus,
Canavalia ensiformis, 50
Carbohydrates, origin aE 369.
Card index vara
Carex Pee
Saige Be, ais
Cassia tula, 501; ‘ef pote America, 301;
Cearels sinpari pin ooriiey -
Cell, Stead of, 3
Centrosom 74
Centrospheres, 425, 445.
Ceratiomyxa, mucida, 377; plumosa, 376; swarm
spores of, 375.
Ceratium h ydnoides, 3
anadensis, past cisions in, 215.
is, 395; farinosa, 395;
micro yl: a Goccunineaan, 392.
Chlorella pro otothecoides,
ES aliebigys Se saccharophilum, 514.
Chr tophores, in se
Saicmmotas Nordstedtii, 100.
Chrysom ae on a ostaphy ti,
303; i, bid
Rhodo: cee i 303
Chrysopsis villosa, 1
ae eagien, 4 nae groups, 85; phan-
am
Gh teens columnatus,
Clemavis.; Pitcheri, sh “virginiana, 103.
Climate, relation to
303; Chiogenis,
303; Pyrole, 303;
ompass plants, 35. 15 sas by
Completoria complen:
Composite, as compass ners 35-
Conifer, wood 0 i st4:
Coes militaris, 135.
Cornuella Lemnz, 187.
Cribraria, minutissima, 397; purpurea, 91.
Cryptoglena americana, ror.
cont tae ey Re Marina, 100; oyata,
D
Dedoublement, pag om 64; Poin h
465; Trillium, 460; Ulm = a es
373+
Distribution of ate by birds, 159.
success a, de: formans, r85: ae
venedia; 185; m anothiana, 185; occulta,
ies, Lagi’ Pap ae se toh 186; ranun=
41
Dolichos sinensis, 292.
7t, 187; in=)
Dracaena marginata, role - pericycle, 67.
Dion: source of native, 4
DEG teris, cristata X eels margin-
is, 200; szmulata, 497.
ie
Economic botan
Embryo, nourishment. ‘of, 327.
a ciliata, 379; longipes, 379; Macounii,
Endosperm in 1 in eg Paha 327.
E a, 514.
Rateridion: Eeteniers. germination of, 9
En we ma, orn pease 187; crastopriiiins
ym . 189.
Epiphegus virginiana, 214,
arboniferous, 71.
Shr age
Mytbronian. development of bulb, 6.
Ethereal oils in plants, 168.
FEuastrum pinnatifidum, 58.
Eudorina elegans, 281.
Seek erctesoen Sullivantii, var. ae del 239.
Eust , fruitin: s, 38
pares see cmarginalus, 3 20; VIrt idis
Ev erms, 372; of Hepatica,
uggle for existence,
sto. ax
Pasicente, ist 4723 i eediuems 46.
‘3
Ferments, in aati 210; diastatic, 473;
vegetable,
Ferns of New Bealend, 492.
Fertilization of abe gs 336.
Fibro-vascular bundle,
: fatcatulus, 237.
Floras, Africa, 167, 425; Chi ina, 513; Florida, 37
424; Georgia, 33; Greenland, 78; ein
Mexi Minnesota, 86;
Dee. Seis iebraska, 84, 469; New York,
oe, Port ugal, ee 210; Vermont,200;
n, 79.
Fluckigeaa. oe
Forestry, poh on, 515.
Frasera, caerulea, ae appr cane 119.
>
; of Florida, 37; new
ucedinous, 244i sexu we sees
consin, 415.
Pom niveum, 374.
G
Garden, Buitenzorg, 74, 421
ag rete in rhizomes, 369-
Gaura parviflora, 158.
Gilia prandifiara, an var. diffusa, 120.
Gloiotrichia echinulata, 425.
ng | Grafting, pene ee =
ri, 39.
Gt ttif Vv ants, rein: 36 164 4)
revi + - fs
uttifere, Vesque’s me anos, 39% chinctophyhe
be ] é
peruviana, 392; nce lad om 266, scia-
traphis, 266; trifoliata, 392.
General Index:
eeeetoria, of phanerogamic parasites, 46, 124,
Heat, radiation and absorption by: leaves, 85.
Heisteria, sean wegen 255; salicifolia, 255.
Helianthemum, 30
Hemiarcyria rohit:
Hepatica triloba, abnort
Hepatic, evolution of, roe ae fossil genus,
notes on, 2
Herbarium, Donnell Smith, igi? cag a
; Parry, 83; Uni f Minn
Nat +» IZ1, 424.
Picci graminea, 179; limosa, 179; reni-
179.
dry-
» 426;
Uva-Ursi i, 303;
ios. Uva a
beni hand? oo 167; Sagittari
186; Stellaria media, 296; ih zani Meese
Hybrids, Baptisia, 42; ferns, 492; walnuts, 513.
Hydnangium Ravenelii, 37.
Hype aera ~ ngulosum, 35; cistifolium and
insects,
ypnum, ve gicanteuny, var. labradorense,
240.
I
‘Index, card, i%
Tse Acad "Sci. 47, 249, 470.
ec Tig ants, 213.
Insec eae owWerTS, 103, 128; and oak galls,
ne
Tow . Sci.
Toomoe Fatnicae var. nicaraguensis, 256.
Isaria farinosa, culture of, 129.
Isopyrum biternatum and insects, 103.
oe
: Agric. Sci., |
. Micr. Jour.,
Neat.
88, 516; Bull. Herb. Boiss., 167, Re 73, ate i
425, 43 ee ie ate Sng Bull.
one Bot Chu,
Univ. “lowa, 9: Bull.” oe ue Lote
1) eae an art. Agric., 344, 420, 421,
512; Bull. U.S. Geol. Sury., 209, 419; Centr
ak. u. Par., 345; Compt. Rend., 66, 71,
25 , 2843 . S. Nat. Herb.;: 80;
rythea, 167, 211, 301, 423, 424; Flora, 301,
471; Forschungs-Ber. etc., 211; Forst.
atur. Zeit., 409, 424, ; Gard, and For-
est, 212, 30%, 388, 423, 513; Grevillea, 4233
Harp. Month., 128; Hedwigia, 82, 514; Jahrb.
73; undies, 473 :
Hanz., 472;
Zoe, 209
nate, its veneer 7 Sa
Juncoses s s y of, 208
ales, 353
Laboulbeniacez, 125.
gain paste a ‘scariola, 36, 158, 380.
cristat
marginalts, 497; simulata,
th rus, 514; pauciflorus, 335-
Ei ss of arrangement, 473; developed
soi » 45.
Le oe
302.
er ulvini She 482; of Siam, 493.
mv
ine er n,
one an Pa
Lo coho ppus,
Taphe phos 97 3.
Lophotocarp
Lupinus, a pustifolius, 292; lu
us, 292.
Lycoperdon, oe 37; larerams 37.
Maclura aurantiaca,
Maize, 44; 1 sae 0
aria
a of se 370; winter condition and
sist
resistance, influence of, 149, 191,
3 ) 88 7.5
, (Vt.) 82, 213, (Wash. 88, (
Bag y 6, (W eit yoming)
520 The Botanical Gazette.
Mechani f growing plants, 71. Pepper, black, cultivation of, 423.
= nage 84. Peronospora, phiogin 06.
Meliace r4. Personals: Agardh, 83: Atkinson, 45; Avetta,
Melilotus ieelba. motor organs of, 483. 302; Bailey, 513; Baldini, 302; Bebb, 127;
Mengea californica, 318. Bonnier, 127; Brande epee, 209; Ca mpbel .
Metanema, 19. 209, 513; Car. eton, 167; Cesati, a5 ins 453
Metzgeriace: ®, 361. Coulter, 424; Curtiss, 424; Delpino, 302;
Mexican plan ak 39, 386, Donnell-Smith, 82; a ie 253; Forbes,
kets dem _{foliacea, “Ge (sore 58; Decttans) 302; Franceschi, 46; Giessler, 302; Greene,
; pinnatifida, 58; pseudofurcata, 60. 424; Hicks, 82; Hopkins, 83; Kearney, 344;
Miaicie. on pre Klein, 302; Krueger, 302; Kuntze, 127; Lov-
Mimosa pu udic isato, 302; Macoun, 253; = i 5 -a0at
Sdsascotyledous, inet al secondary tissues, et ge 472; Morong, 127; Newcombe, 82;
g, Dr. Thomas, sketch o
Howes a hybrid, 379; new species A 237.
Mounting microscopic preparations, 45.
Myriophyllum scabratum, 200,
Dah aortamolgad ay prunes tg 466,
Myxomycetes, 397; of central N. Y., 89; germin-
ation of, 45.
N
Naegelia, observations on, 49.
Naegelielia Reinschi1, 54.
Names, popular American, 429.
Necrology: Bentley, R., 82; Boehm, Dr. Jos,,
45; Hasskarl, KK. 127; Lockwood, am-
uel, 82; Moron : Dr. Tho omas, 209, 225;
ar uce, Dr. Richard, 82, 168; apes Dr.
prites ene: Wich Weiss, br. GA
ja, 2
Negundo prcdarm 253.
Heaton new cab aisha of panna meng 35.
mxX nale, 497; stm-
Toe alum, 497; Lig m xin 90.
Neptunia oleracea, sor.
Nitrogen, fixation of free, 284, 426.
shige oem eae 126, 170, 493; of plant diseases,
No: Seine commune, 30.
Notholaena oneasba 393.
Nucleolus, 4
Number of eenke 169,
Nymphaeacez, forms of leaves, 127.
O
Oaks as weeds, 33.
a ee rape 117.
Ohio Acad. Sci.,
Oils, pier ame ethereal, 168.
‘trichum carpophilum, 244.
Gyitrict fertile a sterile leaves, 374.
Oospora scab 168.
P
Palmettoes, ceo in Fla,
Parasitism of Epiphe
» Parench ype amental, 154.
Parkia Roxburghii, 502. 4
Pedila
; Ae
Luxii, 260; Cormeen 8; san-
9% Santa-rosana, 1 + OF
oo
Zacha - Om: sas pete ye
Petunia, cro cient tiliza
Phaseolus eal aris, rhizobia ue ar
Phoebe amp! lifolia
Photeolic nl ate one
Phragmidium biloculare, 3
Phragmites, communis, 505; ohita agmites, 505.
dee turbinatum, 379, var. crassi=
Physiology, absorption of water, 136; action at
a dis e, 406; pec ma neact to poe 4133
Bacterium Zopfii,
= of, 4273 Darwin’s manual,
Agri 4243 pererigeo pot Ras oot,
ane 369;
Mabocettur: 88; in ca
sf nati
Bees of Bs ti * 4753
; growth infinenced
gen, ? gi °
i a Ste tirs 327;
Teranaletiony: 301; f
pulvini and phot colle rcv enients, 4773 Teg-
istering balance, 420; roots pe ee
tissues, 475; work re of Jama Logan
Se Broder II; pan meh (oh ite
ura, nd pul meanest 12; riparia, 11; sen-
‘arifolia,
Pines, screw, of A Africa, 513.
Pinus, a 301; australis, 33; Donnell-
Smit a, ee A naahoteetly 86; mitis, 33; rig-
cia ee foliage of, 378; Taeda, 333
Piper, Dor Donnell-Smithit, 9 es cn
y dei, yok
tubercuiatum, 8
som 6;
258;
8 Tuer ee m, 258;
u rekheimit, pe: > sa
: 9; yzabala-
Pitcairnia “puberula a, 264."
Plantago patagonica, 516.
Plecosorus mexicana, 392.
pisstens sass oa rnica, 282; in Illinois, 383; in
Indian
Plucheas a = gua plants, 120.
ophyllum peltatum, 465.
lida, 96.
Polygaia ve verticillata, 4 82.
angwstiolons tfolium,
393; haters eg » 3935 lepidopteris 393;
Martens 9 hylliti di pi osissimum
hyllt 1018S, 394; r
oon tenes » 3943 dis, 394; il 393; vulgare,
Pontaderiaces, histology of, 178.
General Index.
521
Pontederia, Sree 179; crassipes, 178.
Preissites
Preparations of al
rge
and ; ick sections, 48; mounting
microscopic, 4
Prizes, Belgian yt oa 472.
Protococcus Ba ac development of, 334.
Protonema,
Protoplasm, continuity in fungi and alge, 47;
energy : =
Prototheca,
cba,
Da:
Pyth sacri A irae on, 376; ryanum, 3
m, sag Equisett, aie? prolifera,
od of
Quercus, Catesbaei, 34; Leana, 171; nigra, 34;
wo dak
Resins in plants,
4
: R
as poisonous, 159, 472; cul
sects, 107; septentrionalis pat insects, 105.
Reticularia umbrina, ermination
Reviews: Adler’s “‘A cee of i gencraions,”
Atkinson’s | te Biolog 165;
cal note-book, ” 470; Ben-
y
any of Death Valle
oer lichens,” ioe Pre
09; emey's “F ‘Func
peel 67; Del rset eaey eal :
> ; s
, 210; formic aldehyde in, |
419;
ay
Westermaier’s ‘‘General botany,”
Woods sonal , ‘Biological lectures,”
Zi pore ia s ‘Microscopical methods
(H aig Pol ym 43.
Rhamphaspora Y Nymphaece, 188
richum, macrosporum, 245; tenellum,
Rhi 2 interruptum, 4
Puech a ee
Rhizonbiivin globosum, swarm spores of, 503.
Rhiz ra, 2 Sere 328; Mangle, 327; mu-
wer
Rhizop si cations scens, 37?
Rhus glabra and insects, 11
iccia, 273; aggregata, asia 274; arven-
sis, 27 i randegei, mig ornica, 274;
Cataline, 275; cili ata, a7 crystallina, 273,
2753 Donel, 27% Frosti , vai r. major,
2733 hirta, mA drat nace
276; Coes a 2743 sige riana, 277; lutes-
cens, 276; minima, 277; D er 277; tenuis,
276; tumida, sn Wa ies
Rice, wild, 504.
Richardia african
inn? Seg foe ped REE 475; penetrat-
ving tissues, 475.
iting utkana, sp - hispida, 335+
Rose, a curious,
S
Saccharomyces, 168,
ria, fe
Salix, some large plan
Nnaryts Kali, 82, 300, 415,
on ’ 250.
ubius, 54;
ts, 424.
506.
Reinschii, 54-
45-
atia Berlandiert, 268.
ete octosporus, 345-
Scirpus la’
Scou -
Af a hew footeana, 1
Secondar 7 schools, potany in,
| Seeds, or bodies in, 497; germination in saw-
sib 33 33: 2 number in relation to various
heno’
Sertnen be betas Chas 45 Washington, 169.
Sericocarpus tertolivs 35.
Sesbania grandiflora
Sex in fo S
Sia u ¥
Sicyos angul , poisonous, 200
Silene, generic, subdivisions, 84.
Silphium laciniatum,
Slides, — 3
Smilacee,
44: Hitchcock’s “Manhattan plants,” 470: é
Kiaerskon's “ yrtles of Brazil,” 44; Mas- Ss oe
see’s “Evolution of plant life,” 417; Novy $ Sphaeropiea af #2 of 167
Fr ie ory manual of bacteriology ue ope rages Them gE ro.
el’: ae h iol , ? ac ; . : i”
deh Seer Piefier’s “Mechanics of fra Stash origin of cultivate, 212,
? . se u ~ ,
ee aS powers“ Essenti * eg ? 418; yeomenig te in 8 ine prninate' ted sina ob, 4
ae and a AMedfield’s | Summer schools, Hara tg Univ., 213
“Flora of Mi. Desert,” 385; Robinson’s CH f p ° ;
“Contributions,” 343% = Sprengel’ ae, Swa sof Ehcophiium,
Me peti 2075. § See peat a’s eae alge and bacteria th Cycas, 25.
Boisduvalia,”’ 160; ny, ah Omen of chytriv um on § vs Stellana fia, 296. oom
“St ue
Guttife = get Vines “Text-book,” 202;
522 The Botanical Gazette.
rt
Taphrina, aurea, 380; Johansonii, 380; parasitic
on Populus, 380; rhizophora, 380
Teratology, Hepatica triloba, 338; Sah ed
298; Trillium cernuum,
ecahintiacns, structure of, 427.
Cs earmian mnioides, 200
Thamni So eh on cay 239.
aie! Elymi, 305
Timmia austriaca, yar. brevifolia, 238.
Teeeopsportuni bullatum, 1 nee seen eaneronnT 278:
Torreya,
Torsion of leaves,
Trees — of, got large, 378; meaning of
life of,
Trichia, ciert: gt; fallax, 89.
ee collmane, 40; Donnell=-Smithii, 2;
deana, 3; Palmeri,
po ac chosen flicula, 395; pyxidiferum, 394;
radicans,
Trifolium, pratense, 293; repens, 293, rhizobia
Trillium m, “cern um, 337; sessile, 460.
Bs Sap Maeceasbil, 257.
ercles of Leguminosz, 290.
U
Ulmus,
Umbellilece, a new genus, 466, 515
redinez, 303; ai aa i sporidiola, 81.
ina ine minim
SS agg 303; "avitiainlac position of,
abn ps sphaerogena, 18
oe aire hig ay tava food of, 254.
V
Vacuole, special membran: of, 46.
Variability, relation of age ie psd
Verbascum pai 415
Vicia sativa
Viscum albunt, haustoria of, 46.
Rss wer in mangroves, 327.
Volvocinez, a new genus, 279.
Gs
W
Walnuts, hybrid, 5
Ware collection ar Paeate
Willows, flora of pollard, ie
babar es ee nlfere 514; insect attacks, 380;
oa.
Woddsia ‘mollis, 395.
Woodwardia virginica, 200.
oe americanum and insects, 109.
Xylia,
ate eee z,
a AE ange geet arte
Deo, eer ne
Yeast, cultures of, 424; a new, 345- ae “
Z
Zizania aquatica, 504. Baa
Bs ak
INDEX TO AUTHORS
Atkinson, Geo. F., 40, 129, 244, 467, 503. emedy Gecree G., 468,
Koehne, E
Kuntze, Otto, a
Beal, We -» 416, a a ag gl D. Ts, 47, 7%, 120, 332.
acMillan, Conway, 19, 246, 252.
Bergen, annie
Blodgett, Frederick Hi Meehan, Th on
Bray, Wm. L. (& Gling). "268, 313. Mottier, D
Mulford, A. Isabel, i%7,
McClatchie, A. J., 245.
Cardot, J. (& Renauld), 237.
Frees Be ES Newcombe; Frederick C., 149, 191, 229.
Clinton, G. P., 383, ‘415.
Coues, Elliott, 504. Olive, — Le , 178,
ead ohn M. (S, gens 466. Owen, Maria L., 337-
sy egg Se AO a a al ls
¥ vg We eee
Coville, ~ V., 121, 2
Culbertson, Glenn, 499. Pillsbu j. H., 15.
dq, Roanoe: 422.
Davenport, Geo. E., 389, 493-
Lobo ee y M., 96. edfield, John H., 387.
avis,
‘ Deane, 4 i, 144, 225, 338,-507- Reed, aonsie. 298, 336.
era 3 ngo olle, Casimir, 39. peep oe Key Cardot), 237+
jiete 302. ,
Durand, Elias J., 89. Robertson, ees iter), 466.
Rossel, Hi
Fernald, Merritt L., 335.
Foerste, August F., 33, 460. putes tae
Schneider, Albert, ae
Setchell, William Albert, 185.
Ganong, W. F.,
og Kainerine E, TI3 . Si ale Da ah, I, 255.
A. J.» Sto baa
Halsted, Byron D., 290. Thaxter, Roland,
Harper, R A., 46. : erence 5 2
Betsktemer, john W 169; 907. Tilden, Josephine E., 334-
Hicks: G. B37 ), 28
icks, G. H., 327, or | Uline Edwin B. goa 2 , 268, 313-
Bi Ei iy 7G ay? if
Hitcheack, Ao Underwood, L. Mo 273,
m, Theo., 66, 67,483
Heresies. James Ellis, gt Walker, Ernest, 241-
aes eG as hoe
ohnson, L. N., 56. f
PLATE XXXIV.
BOTANICAL GAZETTE, (8940 7
HEALD on PULVINI.