Ok bo. 'C4ig BOTANICAL GAZETTE mcecblabeiOE: EDITORS: JOHN M. COULTER, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind. CHARLES R. BARNES, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. J. C. ARTHUR, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. VOLUME XIII. — 1888 CRAWFORDSVILLE, . PUBLISHED BY THE EDIT TABLE OF CONTENTS F pata ome ‘Botanical Institute at Tubingen (with portrait and illust.) Douglas H. Campbell. Application of the paraffin imbedding method in botany J. W. Moll. rege rrazon-AoOT Announcement of Dr. Gray’s death Undescribed plants from Guatemala. I-V. Giléten’s I, x1, XXIII, XXIV) . John Donnell tii 26, 74, 188, ncinula polvohestit B. & C. (illust.) S. M. van and B, T. Galloway. Asa Gray : W. G. Farlow. _ Towa Peronosporee aud a cae season Byron D. Halsted. jz New or rare plants . : . Asa Gray. af Notes on western Unbelliere: Notes on Carex. IX. . L. H. Bailey. Distribution of Isoetes . : “Basen M. Underwood. Notes on North American Willows (plate x) M.S. Bebb, 109, Undescribed Hepatic from California (plates III-V1) Lucien M. Underwood. ‘Note on the flora of James bay : James M. Macoun. Jacob Whitman Bailey . : ‘ . Stanley Coulter. A new water-lily (plate vm) . . Thomas Morong. Zygomorphy and its causes. ‘Chasis Robertson. 146, Notes on structures adapted to ahaa a mis (plate vi11) g. F. Foerste. Description of new species of fossil Chara Gllust) F. H. Knowlton. Spore dissemination of Equisetum (plate 1x) : C. Newcombe. Personal reminiscences of Dr. Asa Gray . . CV. Riley. New mosses of North America. I. (plates x1I-XX) F. Renauld and J. Cardot. The botanical laboratory at Oxford Selmar Schonland. John M. Coulter and J. N. Rose. 77, 141, : 186 112 115 118 124 203 151 156 173 178 197 221 iv Proceedings of the Botanical Club, A. Abstracts of botanical papers read before weston F, se A. A. 8. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Ak 8 Development of cork: wings on pre trate (slates XXII and xxv) . Characteristic vegetation of the North - Stem of Ephedra (plate x xz) Emily L. Gregory. 249, 281, American acct eo. Vasey. Walter H. Evans. 258 265 A tramp in the North Carolina mountains Botany at the University of Gottingen (illust.) W. E. Stone. Notes on Andropogon Notes on the inflorescence of Callitriche Strassburg and its botanical laboratory (illust.) BRIEFER ARTICLES— Some results of mycological work in the U. 8, ttt of A ine F., Lamson Seribn A handy — : P. D, Kelsey. Erigeron Tweedyi Wm. M. Canby. lan of a botanical | laboratory ( lust, ) Sel: we r Schinland. Effect of the wind on bees and flow Charles Robertson. Conditions of assimila siine “(abstract by 4, ra Bennett). ‘he proposed botanical a club ; e Committee. ‘hacelia heterosperma, n, ; Shona B. Parish leinrich Anton DeBa . . BD. Lower. Testimonial to Dr. Asa Gra T. J. W. Burgess. f atisfactory foliny of the sii Oo. Department 60 er notes on imb Selmar Schinland. Lichens from the Easter lauds F, H. Knowlton. Notes on some Illinois gra - Schne Prunus pumila in North nore ages + Bdward R. Memminger. Synopsis of the genus P : corge Libr 3 A meeting of the German Datunival Society Puccinia mirabilissima, Pk. Tracy & Galloway. Abnormal Anemone and Convolvulus A. S. Hitchcock. A gift to Brown Unive W. W. Bailey. 127 Death from eating Cicuta maculata Erwin F. Smith, 1 An oe club ba ape esp deenh Si Veroni a peregrin p) Sana Me chan. 7 The pare pr rocess in botany D. H. Campbell. 158 Rules for the “that i exchange club 3 George Vasey. 60 The subterranean sh spe of titethe (plate xm) ‘ Wm. Trelease. Diervilla riyular is, n A. Gattinger. 191 A date palm funges i (Graphiota Pheenicis) ‘ Erwin F. Smith, 2 Parasitic fung’ B. T. Galloway. The black : L. H. Bailey. 213 The botan al exchange c club ‘ George Vasey. A list of sae mosses of North America . F. Renauld & J. Cardot. 241 Silk seeking pollen A, A. Crozier. 24 New variety of ree tubeross 5 Jos, F. James. 271 L. N. Johnson. 269, F, Lamson Scribner. Joseph Schrenk. William R. Dudley. TABLE OF CONTENTS. a's BRIEFER ARTICLES—Continued— Exploding fruits ‘ : . FF. W. Anderson. 271 Drying lenteal specimens in sand : : . FF. W. Anderson. 272 (Enothera albicaulis : : ; : NG og eg A i, Anderson. ~ Some Nebraska plants . . Ge cot ge ea ae i Sa The clover-rust ; . ‘Ineien M Underwood, 301 Dioecism in Andropogon provineialis : ‘ 7. 302 Some Maine plants : ae Shihan, a 322 An erratu F : ; : ‘ ‘ Sereno Watson. 322 Some Indiana plants. i : : Be eg An «ey GRieae aae EDITORIAL . P . 17, 38, 62, 97, 129, 161, 192, 214, 242, 272, 308 Historical “_ at: a sessavok, —Botan cial and zodlogical work.—The death of Dr. .—Discussion concerning American microscopes.— Dr. Gray. a Gaz — aa its contributors.— Duties of the new experime tions The proposed excha ] araflin imbed —Specializing in systematic work,—Plea for uniform action in nomenclature.—A chance for work.—Gov- ernment scientific work.—Suggestions about the Botanical Club, A. A. A. 8.— Concerning nomenclature.—Type specimens of Berkeley & Curtis OPEN LETTERS . : : . 18, 39, 63, 98, 131, 161, 192, 215, 243, 274 Vitality of see “sect : ‘ ‘ : : : es A. A, Crozier Pringle in Mexi ‘ 3 : = f F. Lamson Scribner Is the strawber ry "polis s? ‘ ; ; é : A, N. Prentiss Mutilation of flowers by | pei J. S An . Douglas H. Campbell On some mistaken — made by amateurs. : M.S. Be The death of Dr. DeBar Wi. ae. Dudley Typha : ; : : eet i : : J. Schneck An odd hsia . Puchner Fragrance of flow Julia S. Hoag Revision of N. ra eck of Fissidens J An exchange herbariu : : A, A. Crozier “Hise Sopra ; : : : : : Ss pas yatlebige ailey trawbe isonin : ; ; ; rentiss, Julia oag ivthe seamdens serous wr es ‘ Theo. D, A. Cockerell Botanical expedition to ‘South Ameri : Thos. Morong Report of the U. S. mycologist for H. W. “Harkness ‘ : the members of the Botanical Club, of eS ag iy ee ae | Commi The exchange club ; George Vasey What shall be done with our Prosartes? . : j : Saar ae Notes from N. Idaho ayaa : ; : J. B. Leiberg Michigan forestry commission . ; ; - a eee Diseased plums (III. : j Jos. F. James ogynous Umbellifere . . ar White-flow red Li perenne Theo. D. A. Cockerelt uchloe ductylouies . =k ie i e Smi Color variation in the flowers of apm : Prof. E. el on the citation of authors. Concerning nomenclature ee sim a . A. DeCandolle Polygamous flowers in the watermelon ee A, A. Crozier Peloria of Linaria vulgari : . . : W. W. Bailey Botanical papers at the A. ¥ re ee Ager Thos. Meehan CURRENT LITERATURE 20, 40, 66, eee 133, 166, 194, 216, 245, 275, 304, 324 (For titles see index, under author’s es.) NOTES AND NEWS . 23, 46, 69, 105, aa 171, 195, 218, 247, 278, 304, 325 BOTA NI CAL GAZETTE, ig , 1888, io NY was vb. wa ‘ Wy Ys RX WY \ SS . \ » WS N SS SS Ss SS S SO . SS Sk OR, W. PFEFFER AS NS SAS SSS RON SS Se S ee SRS > F Ae Plate | es § q | 4 : q 4 : , 7 : : Vor, XIE. CRAWFORDSVILLE, Inp., JANUARY, 1888. No. 1. The Botanical Institute at Tubingen. DOUGLAS H. CAMPBELL. (WITH PORTRAIT.) Before describing the laboratory itself it will be well, per- e haps, to say a word or:two abou American village of a quarter its size. Quaint, high-gabled houses, sometimes seven or eight stofies high, the upper ones usually projecting somewhat beyond the Jower, an standing close together with no yards, give the place an air totally” different from’ anything to which American eyes are accustomed. On the out- skirts of the town, it is true, moré modern ideas prevail, and the places look more like those to which we are accustomed. Tiibingen lies in Wiirtemberg. about twenty miles south of Stuttgart. on the Neckar. The scenery in all directions is char ming, and makes it an uncommonly pleasant place for a summer’s stay The univ ersity is very old, but the old buildings are no longer used, be- ing superseded by handsome modern structures in the extreme northern part of the town. The botanical in- Plan of the Botanical Insiitute, Tiibingen. Stitute with the adjoining garden lies in the immediate vicin- ity. The institute itself 1 is an oblong, substantially built stone 2 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. _[| January, building occupying a street corner. _ Two of the ee i rectly on the street; the others are included in the via garden. The garden is not very large but is very Bae ». as well as judiciously laid out, so that the most is — e . the space. At present it is looking its best, as the —_ . the trees are just fully unfolded and the early summer os are in full bloom. In addition, all the portable plants e been removed from the green-houses into the open air. small stream, a branch of the Neckar. runs through the on den and adds much to its beauty. Besides the land ee there is a very fair collection of the commoner aquatics, whic are planted in a circular pond divided by stone partitions into sections for the. different plants. Such a pond is, of : ourselves at once in the large and well-arranged lecture-room » occupying the whole end of the building. In this room oi the windows are fitted with, dation of apparatus, etc., and at le a water-pipe has been carried up so that a supply of fresh water is always at hand; indeed, one of the most striking features of the laboratory is the. abundant water supply, all the rooms being provided wit one, and sometimes two sinks. In addition, a plentiful sup- ply of rain-water and distilled water is always kept in the work-rooms, ; Following the lecture-room ar B and C, of which the first is occupi larger by Dr, Klebs, the assis , bac Bs i ove Elia goa AY a aaa ee ormerly of Basel, is now at Tiibingen.—Eps. ] : 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 3 like myself, are engaged in more advanced work. ‘Tables containing drawers and provided with the necessary appli- ances for work are placed near the windows and against the walls, and in -C, in the middle of the room as well, are cases and cupboards filled with all sorts of apparatus from a paper of pins to an electric clock. e more elaborate apparatus is mostly kept in room Z, the space in the other room being A CORNER IN THE LABORATORY. mostly occupied by such simple apparatus as one o:dinarily ° requires, especially glass and porcelain articles of every de- scription. The next room to the right, &, is also used by advanced students and contains most of the reference books ordinarily needed, although there is also a book-case in C. Between the windows in this room is a table built against the wall and free from ihe floor, so as to be as free from vibration as pos- sipie. The room F, nearly opposite, is principally arranged for the study of bacteria, and is amply provided with all the par- aphenalia connected with the investigation of these little but 4 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ January, — germs. It gives me a curious sensation to look at one of. these little test-tubes half filled with a harmless-looking jelly, — and to think what a tremendous amount of destruction is— locked up in this same apparently innocent little vessel. rint room, O, has its walls painted black, and is ar- ranged so that all light can be excluded, and here experi- ments are conducted that must be carried on in the dark. Opening from G is a small green-house where plants are kept that it is wished to have ready at hand. The two rooms, Z and A, are occupied | by Pfeffer as his private labo- does not forget that he has stu- — dents in the laboratory, and usually makes two or three rounds a day to see how work progresses and give necessary IN THE GARDEN, help and suggestions. His in- i variable question, ‘‘/Vaben Sie was gefunden?”’, grows a little monotonous sometimes, aS one can hardly be expected to find something new two or — a y 7: ~ . . . : . ee ee 1s assisted in the direction of the laboratory by Dr. ebs. Hegelmaier, the assistant professor, has no work in nae eee story and I have seen very little of him. | " ent high rank, and the present incumbent is no unworthy successor of his illustrious predecessors ett Tubingen, Germany. . ‘uel | Only ; Schénland, who described the bea 'tiful results obt 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 5 The application of the paraflin-imbedding method in botany. DR. J. W. MOLL. ' In the following lines it is my purpose to introduce into botanical science the paraflin-imbedding method which zool- ogists generally have employed for several years, and with great success. It will be understood that the method here studied with ease. That, notwithstanding these advantages, the imbedding method has not been made use of to any extent! in botany must be probably ascribed to various causes. One cause of the failure of experiments in this direc- tion may have been owing to the fact that the imbedding method was not combined with other methods ; and still, as has already been remarked, this is necessary in order to-in- sure ‘success. In the second place no vegetable parts pre- served in alcohol should be used for imbedding, as it will be often found very difficult to permeate them with paraffin. On the contrary, it is necessary to employ chromic or picric acid, : i d loved the imbedding method, viz. 8. one botanist has, as far as I know, ne sie i ees hae the a pa bs -Dulerotome, Ein Beitrag zur Mikroskopischen Technik. Bot. Centralblatt, 1877, ses, P. 283, , cate ito Nara of preparing meristematic tissues for observation. It must- 6 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ January, or mixtures of these with other substances. In such liquids fresh material should be kept for some time, and then only full-grown parts is very useful, and in several instances By have succeeded in it very well. y researches, however, speedily convinced me that the ~ proper sphere for the application of the imbedding method, — especially by those botanists who try it for the first time, 1S _ to be found in meristematic tissues, the cells of which con- tain but little cell-sap, a thin cell-wall, and much protoplasm, and in these respects may be compared to animal tissues- In these cases I have met with signal success, and it seems that this is not wholly without importance, as it is precisely with growing points of stems and roots that the advantages of imbedding are invaluable. I do not mean to assert that” in this manner results are to be obtained which are abso- lutely not to be had by having recourse to the usual methods be admitted that perseverance and patience have effected _ much in these matters. But it is certain that by this method the same and better results may be obtained with the greates ease, which formerly were a ee only by comparative few observers, with much exertion and loss of time... Th every student may see many things which he ‘otherw would not have seen: longitudinal sections accuratel through the median line of growing points, a series of con- secutive transverse sections of the same objects, etc. /*M* he may have such specimens in profusion, whilst every Om® who has been engaged in these researches knows that ! following the usual methods one is often compelled to be com- 1888. | ‘ BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 7 tent with a single section successfully accomplished. It 1s especially for this reason that I write these lines. [I am con- vinced that it will prove useful when more observers are en- abled to study the internal development of vegetable organs than was hitherto the case. is also very fortunate, that with the imbedding method the application of those reagents now genera ly: employed for fixing protoplasm in its living form can be combined. Thus specimens are obtained in which the proto- plasts retain, in a great measure, their original appearance. That this is the case will be admitted, when I mention that in cells with a large amount of cell-sap the peripheral pro- toplasm remains entirely united to the cell-wall; that the sections of growing points exhibit in the most beautiful man- ner the process of cell-division, with its several karyokinetic matic cells with caustic potash or similar reagents, in order to make their forms visible. Now this has become wholly superfluous, and the protoplasm may be observed in the cells of the tenderest meristematic tissue, whilst the contours of these cells are rendered as distinct as can be desired by em- ploying the staining agents commonly in use. In trying to applv the imbedding method to vegetable objects, I have followed the methods by which zoologists ob- tain their specimens, and I can not say that I have discov- ered anything essentially new. But still, some special pre- cautions are to be taken. As everywhere else in microscop- ical research, it is difficult, if not impossible, to give general rules that will hold good for the treatment ot all objects. On the contrary, it will, in most Cases, be found necessary to treat different objects in a slightly different manner, and it will be the task of the observer to find out in each case which way he should follow. us it seems most rational, instead of giving general, and therefore partially inexact directions, to describe a single instance at full length. If anybody should wish to. become acquainted with the imbedding method T advise him to do precisely what I shall describe here, and he will easily suc- ceed in obtaining the same results. -He may then apply this method to other objects, which must, perhaps, be treated somewhat differently. les Vaenoles. Archives Neer! 1887. “Went. Les premi é ene 8 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. ° | January, I will describe the imbedding method as employed in ous ways. The primary roots of germinatin Vicia Faba, or the secondary roots of the bulb of Allium — Cepa (grown in water) should be taken for this purpose, for in these large and beautiful karyokinetic figures are with — certainty to be found. In the roots of Phaseolus multiflorus, Zea Mays or Aésculus Hippocastanum, on the contrary, these figures are small and indistinct. Fresh tips of roots, 1 or 2 centim. long, are conveyed into a sufficient quantity of a reagent calculated to arrest living protoplasm in its original form. Several substances may be employed in our case. I obtained very good results with a watery solution of chromic acid (1% ), with.a saturated. solution of picric acid, etc. ; but absolute alcohol must not b applied, as not enly the roots are totally shriveled in thi fluid, but moreover, because, as has already been observed it is often difficult to permeate objects thus treated with par- alin. The most beautiful specimens, however, were obtaine from roots which had been immersed for some time in Flem ming’s Mixture slightly altered. We will suppose that suc & liquid is used, viz.: a watery solution containing chromic acid 1%, osmic acid 0.02%, and acetic acid 0.1 %. Mixtures containing more osmic acid are to be preferred, especially the karyokinetic figures are to be studied. As, however, 4 larger amount of osmic acid or the same amount combined with less chromic acid is apt to cause some difficulty in the imbedding, at least for beginners I advise to employ the mix-_ ture here recommended. It the karvokinesis is to be studied, it will be advisable to remove on both sides of the root-tip a slice of tissue in order to facilitate the entranee of the reagents. ae this mixture the root-tips remain from twenty-four t0 forty-eight hours, and then, the protoplasm being fixed, the acids are washed out in running water. For this purpose they are put into a vessel, with a double perforated cor Sy de pee a funnel for receiving a jet of water, anc econd orifice a rever a i to the bottom of the lo 9 rig ingens. these means the roots sh water, and after this time it may asserted that the acids have been thoroug! “Suggested by Prof. Pekelharing. faa = confidently 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 9 washed out of them. Then the roots must be put into alco- hol, in order to replace the water they contain by this rea- ent. This manipulation, however, must be conducted with ‘great caution, because the root-tips are very liable to be shrivelled. I have no doubt that Schulze’s apparatus’ may be used here with success, but I found that it is sufficient to bring the roots, successively for some hours, or half a day, into alco- hol of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% y5%, and finally into abso- lute alcohol. By these means shriveling may be totally avoided; whilst the manipulations are very simple, when bottles, containing alcohol of the concentrations required, are always kept ready and renewed from time to time. Now, the alcohol should be replaced by a solvent of par- affin, for instance chloroform, benzol or turpentine. These first brought into a mixture of absolute alcohul and turpen- tine in equal parts, and after some hours into pure turpentine, and this again in order to avoid shriveling. After some hours the roots may be put into a cold saturated solution of paraffin in turpentine. From thence the roots are removed into a mixture of equal parts of turpentine and paraffin, kept at a constant temperature of from 30 to 40° C, in an ordinary drying oven furnished with a gas regulator. After having remained an hour in this liquid the temperature 1s raised to from 50 to 55°.C, and the roots are finally placed in pure melted paraftin, which is renewed one or two times. I generally prefer a tolerably firm paraffin, which melts at a temperature of about 50° C. When the root-tips have remained six or eight hours 1n this condition one may be sure I employ a well-known arrangement, consisting of metal plate, on which are laid two Gothic-shaped pieces of metal, against each other, so as to form a rectangular moul for receiving the paraffin, I generally employ these Gothic- shaped pieces of two sizes, according to the form of the objects to be imbedded. One pair has legs of 1-5 and 4.5, 4 *Roots from picric acid should t *Archiy, fiir mikr. Anat. Bd. 25, p. 542. Se leoho) of from 20 to 40 per cent. allowing the object to b 10 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. { Janu another of 2.2 and 5 centimeters. Both havea heigh wetted with turpentine, to prevent the parathn from hering to their surface, and then melted paraffin is p into the rectangular space till it is nearly filled root-tips have all this while remained in the drying- but now they are taken out and put into the paraftin fillin the mould. If this was somewhat over-heated when th operation began, and needles heated in the flame employed, there will be ample time for arranging the tt tips in the directions required before the paraffin cools. | objects will not stick to the bottom of the mould, because paraftin here hardens almost instantaneously on coming contact with the cold surface of the metal. As soon a molten mass has cooled so far as to be covered with : film on its upper surface, cold water should at one : poured over it, for which purpose the whole apparatu placed from the beginning in a flat basin. This sudden hardening of the paraffin serves to pr the formation of cavities in it, which otherwise will so times occur and make it impossible to obtain good sec now proceed to the section-cutting, which shoul in thi se with a microtome. Thus only the advantages of the imbedding method be fully en) eries Of consecutive sections is 18, if transverse, will most beautifully exhibit the wl process of development going on in the root-tip, and if] gitudinal it will be very easy and save much labor to § rom the series one or a fey sections which have p r scientific instrument company, I selected an instrument ¢ 2 Principles, Caldwell’s microtome beyond my means, and the so-called rocking microtom € Moved in the three directions Space. This, however, is often necessary in making sec * Of late, however. I have become m t with some I it wonld be possible toe mplo € more and more convinced that ith soe ¥: the rockin, . Schinland’s eX fl: ©.) has Sreatly strengthened this conviction ome wat. Dey Be 1888. | 30TANICAL GAZETTE, Lt back mentioned above. It should be observed, however, _ that this microtome is properly not adapted for making a Series of sections, as the knife can not be placed in a trans- _ verse position. But this difficulty may be overcome by re- _versing that part which holds the object and further making some slight alteration in its arrangement, by which, how- ever, the instrument loses still more of its stability, already hot very great. Notwithstanding these objections, I suc- ~ ceeded in making ribands of sections well enough, if needed, _ keeping them flat with a piece of cross-wire held in the left hand while cutting with the right. The sections thus gained must now be glued to the slide before dissolving the paraffin. Tf a series of sections has been made, or sections in which mens. rom these he may then choose at leisure the most Successful ones; or those exhibiting the phenomenon sought for, and reject the rest. finger. After this the slides remain for a quarter of ‘n hour in the oven, at a temperature of about 50° ‘\. There the paraffin melts and the sections settle into the layer of gluing substance. It is also sufficient to heat ] the slides cautiously for one or two minutes over the flame In both cases the slides, when still warm, are plunged into 12 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ January, © turpentine, which soon entirely dissolves the paraftin. The 4 sections now stick firmly to the glass and the slides can pass — through various liquids without the sections being detached, — After having remained for some time in turpentine, this is — washed out with alcohol of 95 %. ’ € now proceed to staining the sections, but I can not — enter into many details here, which are to be sought for in : works treating of microscopic manipulatioa. only observe that sections made in the manner here de- scribed require to be stained in order fully to enjoy the ad- vantages of the imbedding method. : will add some directions as to the staining of the speci- ; mens which we have here chosen as an example, viz., the roots of Viciaor Allium. These roots may be stained before — imbedding, but in this case it will be preferable to use roots which have been treated with picric or chromic acid instea of Flemming’s Mixture. I put them for twenty-four hours into a solution of Gren- acher’s alum-carmine after they have reached the alcohol 0 #. After this they come again into alcohol and are further treated as described above. When the paraffin has 4 been dissolved out of the sections by means of turpentine, it _ may be directly replaced in this casé by a mounting medium: oil of cloves, Canada balsam or glycerine, the latter after try the imbedding method. In the case of a single root many slides may be obtained, and thus it will be easy to try alum-carmine, in which the slide to twenty-four hours. With haematoxylin a similar effect is— obtained, and if this should be applied at a temperature of 50° C. the process of staining will only take from ten to twenty minutes.’ With both these dyes the protoplasm, whieh wiht fi prmula for obtaining in a few hours a sol matoxylin- se very long time without ¢ reci - As if givenina dissertation; written in the Dutch langu ore tere iH ‘ et as . bi. This aud ~* me : Closed giass vessel at a temperature ee: and n filtered it is immediately fit for use. Some carton acid aided to it, and for s it is D. G. Siegenbeek von Hen ST eT ee Oa ee en ae Re ee ee ee ee =" 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 13 and especially the nuclei, are beautifully colored, and the colors of the cells will be plainly discernible, so that it will be a very easy matter to make an exact drawing of the whole twenty-four hours, or at a temperature of 50° C, for a much shorter time (one hour). After this they are treated for some seconds with absolute alcohol, containing $% or less of hydro- chloric acid, then washed out well, first in water with a tew rops of ammonia, g. 10 drops in 300 cub. cent. of water), afterwards in neutral alcohol. Finally, the sections are mounted in oil of cloves, and afterwards in Canada bal- sam. Successful preparations of this kind will exhibit most beautifully the longitudinal division of the segments Into which the nucleus is dissolved. gentian-violet, or as Dr. H. Twaardemaher recommends - To a concentrated watery solution of anilin-oil is added ity of of safranin. In this liquid the slides remain for 14 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ January, be very happy, oh being applied to (Nachtegaalstraat 32), t0 _send them a specimen. It is no doubt an inconvenience of this method that the observer must wait for some days before he can make his sections. his, however, is no serious ob- jection, as the operations described take up but very little of is time, so that he may do other work whilst his objects are getting ready for imbedding. Moreover, if many objects are to be treated in this manner, it will be easy, by a regular distribution of labor, to have always material ready for ex- amination, ther objects fit for trying the imbedding method on are the growing points of the stems of Vicia Faba, Elodea Canadensis, sculus Hippocastanum, Acer pseudoplatanus, Equisetum, etc. I also obtained very beautiful specimens by making longitudinal and transverse sections of whole plants of Mnium hornum, the first showing the antheridia _ and archegonia, the second showing very plainly the dispo- _ sition of the leaves and their development. , Utrecht, Holland. BRIEFER ARTICLES. heir esteem and respect. Later observa- wee ‘us Tungns to be wideiy distributed over the country east of the Mississippi and westward to Texas, Under special conditions it does much damage to the Crop, attacking the berries during the period - of ripening, 1888: | BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 15 31. That of “ Pourridie,” or root rot of the grape. The root rot of fruit trees, especially of the pear, has already been noted in this country, but Iam not aware that there has been any published notice of the root rot of the vine. This disease was observed in Missouri, Texas and Cali- fornia. It usually appears in low parts of the vineyard or where the soil is poorly drained, and is especially liable to occur where the land has been recently in forest. It was on land from whence oak trees had been removed that the disease was observed in California. Although the fungi causing the root rot of vines in this country have not been scientifically determined, they are doubtless the same as have been found in Europe, -and so well studied by M. R. Hartig and by M. P. Viala, viz.: Damatophora necatrix or Agaricus mzlleus. Magnificent growths of the latter fungus were seen by the writer in full development around dead or dying oak trees near Dallas, Texas. It is possible that this fungus is the cause of the serious losses which the fruit-growers about Dallas suffer from the “ root- rot” of peach and other trees. Efforts are being made to determine whether or not this is the case. 4th. That of Septosporium Fuckelii Thiimen. This fungus was found infesting the leaves of Vitis Culifurnica growing in the cafons near Orange, California. Oa some of the vines the foliage was almost entirely destroyed by its attacks. Itisa fungus similar in its habits and action on the host to Cercssp ora vitis Sice., and its presence need not be regarded with alarm It was not seen on the cultivated grapes, although it appears _ to be not infrequent in the vineyards of Europe. The appearance of the upper surface of the leaves attacked bears a striking resemblance to those infested with m‘ldew (Peronospor2), bat the black spots visible on the under surfac2 at once distinguish it from that fungus. oth. That it is very doubtful if Peronsspora viticola has yet been in- troduced into California. The districts supposed to be infested with this parasite, from the reports received by the Department of Agriculture, were found, upon investigation, to be entirely free from this disease. 6th. That of Uromyces betx on the cultivated beets in southern Cal- ifornia. So far as can be ascertained from available authorities, this is the first discovery of this disease in the United States. It is common in Europe, where it occasions some damage by diminishing the sugar prod- uct of the infested plants. It is one of the species whose life history has been fally traced, affording us the knowledge which will enable us to’ control it, should it become troublesome to the beet sugar interests. — 7th. That the stylospores of Physalospora Bidwellii may remain intact in the berries through the winter, and will germinate in the spring when placed in suitable conditions. From this it appears that the ascospores are not essential to the perpetu ition of the fungus. The expulsion of the ascospores from their perithecia and their subsequent germination, as seen in the laboratory of the Department, have already been recorded. 16 BOTANICAL GAZETTE, . [| January, and the same leaf. Microscopical preparations have been made which : exhibit all the forms in a single section. a That of finding early in December the living mycelium of Roes- — telia penicellata in the tissues of apple twigs, and its evident growth from é latter into prematurely forming leaves, for upon the latter, which were scarcely more than an inch in length, well developed sperm agonis what surprising Owing to its isolated location, far from any Juniperus or cedar. The matter ig easily explained, however, if the mycelium of the — host.” 11th. That Uredo fieus is injurious to the foliage of the fig tree in — several localities in Florida. 2 plum in Texas, and on apricots —F, Lamson ScriBner, Chief of the Section : of Vegetable Pathology, U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C Dec. 8, 1887. . A handy herbarium.—The practical study of botany is often much hindered by the amount of trouble many of us busy men find in the : handling of our specimens. Many an hour’s work has been turned by the © present busy laborer to other studies because, having at his disposal only : i few moments, so much of the time will needs be spentin hunting up — what is wanted. ; ; In this western country houses are not, as in New England, of many and large rooms. So my specimens, identified, unidentified and for ex change, have been forced, by dire nec: : dark, low and hard to reach. 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. es to be put together so as to form a rectangular rack, on the cross-pieces of which are laid very heavy binders’ pasteboards, and on these, in an orderly arrangement, the specimens are to be kept. As the inside meas- urement is twenty-seven and one-half by eighteen inches specimens of or- dinary size may be laid in two ranks. One can keep the left-hand row for his personal herbarium, and the right-hand for duplicates; and the size -of the whole article may be modified easily to suit one’s needs. To keep out the dust curtains may easily be fastened on wire so as to slide readily at the front; and permanent curtains may be tastefully fastened to sides and back, so that the general appearance will be quite ornamental, and the good wife will no more complain of those everlasting roots and herbs.—F. D. Ketsry, Helena, Montana, ~ mit, the branches monocephalous: radical leaves thickish and firm, broadly obovate-spatulate, abruptly acuminate, rather indistinctly callous- tipped, } to 3 inch long by } to 4 inch wide, on slender petioles twice their length; stem leaves few and small spatulate-lanceolate : heads rather small; bracts of the involucre narrow lanceolate, greenish with somewhat scarious margins: achenia compressed, hirsute; pappus sim- ple.—Belonging to the section containing E. asperuginus Gray, and 0 _ striking appearance for the genus. The crowded caudices and obovate canescent radical leaves much resemble those of some species of Eriogo- num, and are unlike those of any Erigeron I know of. Under the micro- scope the hairs of the leaves, etc., have a singular app2arance, being com- posed of two (or sometimes three) cells, the lower one being generally much shorter and of less diameter than the upper. Growing on rocky dry hills along Trail Creek, southwestern Montana, at an elevation of 6,000 feet. Itisa peculiar pleasure to give this plant the name of its discoverer, Mr. Frank Tweedy, author of an excellent catalogue of the “Flora of Yellowstone Park.”—Ww. M. Cansy, Wilmington, Del. EDITORIAL. In No one thing do American botanists show more negligence than in the historical study of aresearch. It seems to us that the first duty of a student is to find out what has been done by others in the line of ob- servation selected, and the second to correct and extend those observa- tions. One can hardly go amiss in choosing a field of work; but he may waste a great deal of valuable time in doing exactly what others have - done before, time which should be spent in adding to preceding knowl- 18 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ January, edge. And if he rush into print before having studied the He the subject, he is apt to bring discredit upon the whole number of ¥ fellow botanists. Happily (or unhappily?) American botanists are no the only ones who are guilty of this indiscretion, but are the more con- We have frequently to complain of our German friends for neglecting, English writings. But they neglect a small portion of botanical — : ture. Lf we neglect German and French and Italian we si mage e weightier matters of the law,” and, quoting English writings only, “ tithe mint and anise and cummin.” . Ir HAS OccURRED to the writer that there has been a good deal of — needless decrying of botanical work when compared with that of — gists. The latter are ready enough to claim, and botanists are too ready fair exa OPEN LETTERS. Vitality of seeds. : In addition to the observation on this subject in ‘Vol. XII, following, which I recently gave in the Fl.rida F y th aq er @ ma. interest: In summer o 5, a quantity of taken from two feet below the surface in a mursh, and covere a germinated, Pilea pumila, a ee ee ee ee eee ee el 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 19 with considerable care, but the entrance of the single seed through sur- face soil was not impossible. At the same time six samples of sandy soil low T ey were exposed in earthen pots, covered with panes of glass, and kept moist. The samples from the surface became covered with the dey s and weeds of the locality, and those from oe sexolapey nothing. A. A, CROZIER. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DB Mr. Pringle in Mexico. _ All who read the GAZETTE will be glad to learn aL the safe return to his Vermont home of Mr. C. G. Pri ngle. He has had a “hard struggle stamp of the collec n regard to ee grasses I wish tosay pet oop ele the large num- ber of epecies collected in Mexico in.recent years, bot th by Mr. Pringle t re) prisingly liege. Of the forty-five sheets of grasses of the present collec- tion, received by me, there are thirty-five species new to Mr. Pringle Plant. Bk ican, and among these twelve are probably 2 ew species 0 varieti F. Lamson SCRIBNER- Washington; D. C. Is the strawberry poisonous ?* The editorial in the November number of the GAZETTE in regard to plant poisoning leads me to make the present record of an interesting case which has come under my personal observation. A friend and neigh- they are without suffering serious consequences. As a boy, he was ac- customed to the use of strawberries without katie injury; but when bout fourteen years of age he was taken violently and suddenly il, ac- companied by an irritating cutaneous rash, from. sisi modera’ tely 0 of be carried from the field to the house. From this time to the present, a period of Some sixty years, he has been unable to eat even a single straw- ner evere recurrence of the difficulty. On one occasion, some ten years ¢ after - the first attack, hoping that he might have outgrown the trouble, he indulged in eating a lew npaevies at a tea party, but was taken illso suddenly that he was as obliged to leave the table and retire to his room, where he was sick in bed for a day or two after- ar ta first symptom of an attack is the appearance ce of the burnin: and ifchi ~Hiypmcnane’ rash, which always begins behind the ears ane spreads i idly over the body; in the instance last mentioned, covering whole aay within an hour. Of course, he has long sin nce learned to avoid strawbecries as he would a dangerous plague; but he is = suscept- ible tothe poisonous influence that the mere re passing he w: near oo at stand where strawberries hangecetel for sale is Bal at to taneous rash. slight development of the cu Weroot te ee Shen ae - 20 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ January, The only other case of the kind which I have ever heard of, and th only one known to the gentleman whose case is recorded above, is that [ amount without knowing what it was; but h taken with the € was soon , worst symptoms of strawberry poisoning, his illness speedily becoming 80 serious that his life for a ti portant difference being that the susceptibility to the poi veloped in the first case until the person in question was fourteen years ol age, while in the other it seems to have been congenital. ornell University. A. N. PReEnTIss. CURRENT LITERATURE. The Prothallium of Equisetum.1 In this monograph Dr. Buchtien gives, in the first ten pages, a very full history of the special studies 1717 t. Sadebeck in 1879 known, failed to understand all the later ones have been thallia. Buchtien gives a detai " Muscologia Gallica.? This important work has reached its sixth part, which aimost Cony pletes the genus Orthotrichum. This part and a portion of the preced- ing and following, embracing all Europ: i trichum, has been specially elaborated by Dr mendable recognition of the variability of the species of this genus, many Nominal species are reduced. Dr. Venturi’s work is not only 0 1 Entwicklungsgeschichte des Prothallium yon Equisetum. Von Dr. Otto Buchtien. - (Bib- liotheea botanica, heft 8) 4°, pp. 49, plates vi, Cassel: Theodor Fischer} 1837. Price 10 marks nee et des contrées voisines- — - Royal 8°, pp. 161-192, plates xly-lii. Published by the author, Cahan, par Athis, Orne, France. Each livraison, 5 franes, *Muscologia Gallica, descriptions et figures des Mousses de Fra By Th snot. 6e li 19) mea » 1888. ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 21 interest to European bryologists, but is of much value to Americans, as it contains critical notes upon a number of our species. In fact, the whole work is worthy the patronage of American bryologists. The plates are good and the work is remarkably cheap. Das Botanische Practicum.’ No book ever came nearer to filling a long-felt want than this hand-book, which was issued only three years ago, and of which two En- glish translations have lately been published. The fact that a revision has been so soon called for has been chiefly due to the demand for the book and the rapid advance in microscopical technique. This edition, therefore, has been completely re-elaborated; so completely that a de- tailed comparison with the first can not be made. A few of the chief changes may be noted. The number of “tasks” has been reduced from . thirty-four to thirty-two, and the number of specimens studied has also been reduced somewhat, in order to give room for the more complete exposition of microscopical technique. Room for this purpose has also been obtained by increasing the size and number of the pages, and it has been the author’s aim to develop the microtechnical portions rather than the anatomical. In this respect, therefore, the book is much stronger than before. But microtechnique, without reference to its application in scientific research, gets no countenance from the author. Important changes are also made in the chapters on the fibro-vascular system and on the bacteria, to which alone over forty pages are given. The bringing of the references from the end of the chapters to foot-notes is a great con- venience. Not only is the information which one most wants in the book, but it is rendered thoroughly accessible by the elaborate indexes. These, already good in the first edition, have been considerably enlarged, and two new ones added. There are now, besides a very full table of con- tents and a list of illustrations, six indexes, covering 87 pages. The first gives a list of the plants used, indicating the parts needed and the desired condition, whether fresh or alcoholic; second, a list of the plants used arranged according to the times at which they may be obtained, a Most useful scheme for the collector; third, a list of instruments and utensils; fourth, a descriptive list of reagents, stains, imbedding media, €tc., with recipes and directions for preparing them; fifth, a list of nec- essary reagents and stains; sixth, a general index to the whole work. It 18, unquestionably, the best indexed book we have ever seen. We com- mend Dr. Strasburger’s example to his countrymen as one worthy of Imitation. A number of new cuts also appear in the text of the same excellence as those of the original edition. We feel that the book can * Das botanische Practicum; Anleitung s um der mikroskopi tanik. fiir Anfiinger und Geiibtere. Zugleich ein Handbuch der mikroskopischen Technik. Mit 193 Holzschnitten. Von Dr. Eduard Strasburger. Ztveite umgearbeitete Auflage, 18°, pp. xxxvi, 685. Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1887. Price, 16 marks. ae BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ January, not be too highly commended. Certainly, it is indispensable to all bot- anists who use th? microscope, and we fancy even zodlogists will find it useful. The Fern Allies. Supplementary to “Synopsis Filicum,” and by the junior author of its second edition, appears this manual, and for the first time the lower pteridophytes of the world are described together in one volume. The general arrangement follows much the pattern of the familiar “Synopsis Filicum,” but the type is much clearer and the quality of paper used much heavier, so that in mechanical execution the work is an improve- ment on its predecessor. At the head of each genus is a “clavis” (why not “key,” since the descriptions are in English ?), but as its ultimate divisions refer to groups containing sometimes twenty species it is notas serviceable as it might have been made. The species are classified in four orders and eleven genera, as follows: Equiseracz®, 20 species, belorging to Equisetum; Lycopopiace®, 98 species, distributed among Phylloglossum 1, Lycopodium 94, Tmesipteris 1, Psilotum 2: SELAGINELLA since it is stated in the preface to this work that over 700 have been de scribed since the last issue of “ Synopsis Filicum” in 1874, and this con- tained 2,235, under the name of E, imum Milde, who examined Lamark’s original specimen. . Lycopodium sabinzefolium appears as a variety under L. alpinum, less belongs, and §, Ludoviciana, from Alabama and Louisiana, scarce! is recognized as a good species, so that the to number of our species remains as before. The most glaring omission with reference to American speci that of two of Engelmann’s species of Isoetes published in his valuable monograph In 1882. This work was evidently unknown to the av as he fails to mention it with Engelmann’s earlier papers in the sum- 4Hand-book of the Fern Allies. ns, 1887. By J.G. Baker, FLR.&., F. LS. 8°, pp. 159. #888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 23 mary of the literature of the genus. I. Suksdorfii appears as anew species from Washington Territory, said to be easily recognized by its trilobed rootstock. The U. S. species of Marsilia are reduced to four, M. tenuifolia strangely kept distinct, while M. uncinata and M. mucronata are made varieties of M vestita. Extended study of large suites of the American _ forms has led_ us to different results® The error of Al. Braun (in Berl. ee! in copying Engelmann’s M. macropoda as macropus is here iene the original description eases not being consulte Salvinia natans is not credited to America, yet its SHetines in Mis- souri is an established fact. Notwithstanding these omissions, the work is a valuable addition to the literature of the pteridophytes. Lucren M. UNDERWOOD. NOTES AND NEWS. Mr. W. Baker, formerly a member of the Kew staff, has been ap- pointed curator of the Oxford Botanic Garden Count H. von Sorms-Lavusacn, professor i botany at he as has scented | the peg of director of the botanical garden at Berlin pes | LEY, Jk., of the Michigan Agricultural College, is daiveing a course ‘of lectures at Cornell University on horticultu EW GENERA of Ascomycetes are published in Journal de Bo- tig ( (Now. 15) by M. Ph. Van Tieghem, under the names Oleina and en saa tle review of Rees and Fisch’s monograph on Elaphomyces, vol. x i, p. 255, append the ‘nitials W.T. The review was contributed at the a core’ request. ’ Dr. H. H. Ruspy has distributed his paper on the cultivation of Cin. chona in Bolivia as a re print from the Pharmaceutical Record. It was 8. at the last meeting of the A. A. ry AN ARTICLE on the mycodomata of sean ha roots by Dr. A. N. Lundstriém in the last number of Botaniska ser is acaanipanied with a plate illustrating the bacterioid adies ine re the tubercles. INTE soa TI an account of the morphology and biology of the Ure- dinew by P. is being published in the successive numbers of the Botanisches Chabeatblait in which many American species are ent aes THE West American Scientist — upon its fourth volume with con- _ tinued assurance of success. Its editor, Mr. C. R. Orcutt, is doing a g ; slope. in keeping alive an interest in sea history subjects on the Pacific © ; Proressor L. von CrenKowsk!, of the Russian ee ie Charkow, arall known by his studies on low forms of animal and plant life, and Particularly by his memoir on the “Morphologie der Bacterien,” died October 7, at Le eipzig. : _ °Cf. Bulletin Torrey Bot. Club, May, 1887. é Lar j aa, Any / /s 1} # a) 24 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. | January, dent Stokes (of the Royal Society) gave a brief account of his place in — botany, the most appreciative words being quoted from Prof. Asa Gray. THE THIRD NUMBER of Pittonia (November, 1887) contains “ West American phases of the genus Potentilla,’ the third paper on “ West Am. ew Asperifoliz,” “Some American Polemoniacex,” “N * its thirteenth number, and, with its array of autho ; 4 SHORT note in the Biologisches Centralblatt (vii. 510) Stahl suggests that raphides, hitherto considered as a ion, specially sefu plants as a protection against the herbivorous animals. In @ series of experiments it was found that a large number of animals eat not snails—eat only the parts of the pla rom ch the needle crystals ar dds that many plants considered poisonous — é. g. maculatum—owe the burning taste wholly t¢ e€ numerous raphid VOL. XII, NO.2:-BOTANICAL GAZETTE.—FEB’Y, 1888. , » Dr. Asa Gray died at his home in the Botanic Gar- den, Cambridge, Mass., January 30, 1888. He was born November 18, 1810. The funeral services took place at Appleton Chapel, February 2. A. biographical sketch, with portrait, was published in the BorantcaL GAZETTE a for January, 1886. In the March number a suitable no- 7. tice will appear, prepared by one intimately associated (a with him. 7 linear-oblong, i line long 26 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. | February — — ° Undeseribed plants from Guatemala. n JOHN DONNELL SMITH. panicle short-peduncled, 3-4 inches long, tri-quadri-trichot triangular and concave: flowers in specimens seen pseud hermaphrodite; a/abasha round-oval, half the length pedicels ; bracts 2, ovate, 14 lines long: sepals 4, oval, nearl equal, 3 lines long: petals 4, obovoid, a little exceedi paz, alt. 3,800 feet, June, 1886. (Ex Plantis Guatemalensi bus Tuerckheimianis, quas edidit John Donnell Smith, 989: ne side; vexillar exceeding I broad, round-obovate, aurit minute; alar 2} lines broad: carinal a little shorter, par cohering: staminal sheath cleft to base ; ovary linear, 1 locular ae of under surface, short racemes of smaller fl tauriculate vexillum, smaller less heteromorphous ~ Ue ars BOTANICAL GAZETTE. ~ 1888.] f -and habit.-Mountain cliffs near Santa Rosa, Depart. Baja_ g Verapaz, alt. 5,000 feet, April, 1887. (Ex Pl. Guat. cit. 1210.) Caw : & 10-15 feet high, rufous-tomentose: stipules and bracteoles Se linear-lanceolate, 2 lines long: petioles 9-15 lines long, in- long, cordate, 4-6 inches long, two-thirds as broad, 9-nerved ; lobes triangular, acute, an inch or less long, sinus nearly red, diminishing from the interior one 11 lines long and s ~, tose, exceeding petals; stipe nearly as long and style half as long as the linear 12-ovulate ovary.—Banks of Rio, Rubel- _ €ruz, Depart. Alta Verapaz, alt. 2,500 feet, April, 1886, (Ex Pl. Guat. cit. 806. )-55: r coriaceous, entire, round-ovate to broadly elliptical, abruptly | acuminate, 7-nherved, 5-7 inches long: racemes axillary and , barbate within: pistil sigmoid, nearly equali 28 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. | February broad; seeds 9-12, oval, flat.—A tree 12-15 feet high wit -roseate flowers. River banks, Pansamala and Sacolol, alt 37-3800 feet, June, 1885. (Ex. Pl. Guat. cit. 681.) sti Anneslia Quetzal. ( Calliandre series Racemose Benth. in) Trans, Linn. Soc..xxx, 8% ded : corolla 6=7 line: ase into lanceolate striat I ens 60-70, connate for half the length of petals 2—2 inches long, half an inch shorter than style, white; an thers glabrous: legume flat, narrowly oblanceolate, about. inches long by 8 lines broad; valvés coriaceous, glabrous, ~ Margins much thickened.—The large leaflets with a small - odd one resemble those of several Macrophylle; but the in-_ florescence is that of -C. Calothyrsus Mig ma.” Benth. (both collected by Mr. V. Tirckheim), and t Mexican C. leplopetala Fourn.. The remarkable stipule _ Seem to be approached by those of only one other species | the Brazilian C. /eptopoda Benth.—Santa Rosa, I ] i Verapaz, alt. 5,000. feet, July, 1887. (Ex. Pl. Guat. cit.” 1324.) i Triolena paleolata. _ ple, terete, abo scarcely a line lon equ _ Ing tube: petals 5 lines long, 3 lines broad, pink: append 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 29. of greater stamens 2-3, clavellate-tipped, one-third longer than the uniporose anthers: capsule shortly obpyramidal, — Ri acutely triquetrous, 3 lines broad; seeds obconical, muricu- iS late, pale with a red ari -—Damp rocks in the Pansamala for- “ ests, alt., 3,800 feet, Aug., 1886. (Ex. Pl. Guat. cit. 720.) _, Myriocarpa heterostachya. (7, heterospicata, Bor. GAZETTE, - XM. 133.)—Moneecious and dicecious.—More recent speci- uae mens exhibit male and female spikes borne on distinct plants, ore as well as in distinct axils of the same plant.—Forests of Pan- _ Samala, alt. 4,000 feet, Jan., 1887. (Ex. Pl. Guat. cit. 366.) The Opportunity is seized to correct also the hybrid name first Uncinula polycheta B. & €. S. M. TRACY AND B. -T. GALLOWAY. Bice facts as have been noted in a recent examination of fresh spec- -_' Imens collected on Sand creek, five miles east of Starkville, _ Miss, will be of interest to -mycologists. given. The earliest published description is by erkeley mee Curtiss, in Grevillea, vol. iv, p. 159, 1875-76, as follows : aline. On leaves of Celtis occidentalis. Carolina. No. 2°19. In Saccardo’s Syloge Fungorum, vol. i, p. 9, occurs the following ( translation) : **Pleocheta. Saccardo and Speg- 82zini. Michel. ii, p. 373. Perithecia imbedded in the mycelium, globose-lenticular, without aperture, texture sub- ‘Corlaceous, parenchymatous, appendages very numerous, -Tadiating, clavate, straight, simple, forming a hyaline band. C1 clavate, two-spored, spores rarely oval, without septa, a7 yaline. Appendages very close 70 rh straight, sub- Ayaline at the base, asci smooth, etc. , “phe and Uncinula. P. Curtisit, Sacc. and Spez. Fung 7 ge ug. NH, % ee : Berkeley and Curtis Grey. 1876, p. 159. Uncinula Lynckir BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ February a Spez. Fung. Arg. Pug. ii, p. 17, no. 54. Mycelium hypo- _ phyllous in orbicular whitish spots, perithecia scattered, ap- S o poh] nm o o © oF ee, © mn io) & ae — a @ op & D oD I o>) 1°) ~ leaves of Celtis Tale and C. occidentalis from Buenos Ay April, 1880. (Spez.) Alabama and Carolina. (Curtis. )’ ~ M.C. Cooke, in ** Notes on Perisporiacez of Saccardo’s ~Sylloge Fungorum,” published in Greviflea, xi, 1882, p. 35, res. TAs ve 1. Vart of leat, showing sput or U. polychuta Bo& CC. 2. Perithecium. 3. Lob ~pored ascus—common form. 4. Four-spored ascus. 5. Clavate appendages from i lure perithecium. 6. Curied tips of appendages from mature perithecium, ; takes issue with Sa y ccardo on the formation of the new _ Pleocheta, and insi just as in U. ad 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 31 © _ Dr. ALEXANDER Dickson, Professor of Botany in Edinburgh Univer sity, died Decem ber 30, being sej wi € , rl 1 curling.” He was 51 years of 6 i A biographical sketch in Nature (January 5) says that by his death 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 7 47 NEW species of grasses are described by Dr. Geo. Vasey and Prof. F.L. Scribner in the Bull. of Torr. But, Club for January. They are a ~ Montana and the northwestern mountain region, two species of — Poa and four of Alopecurus from Oregon and the northwest January number of the a vf foe ahs the rene vari- _ ety of contents, but appears in here are 35 species | added to the formerly priated list * ie Raciidae ize aaa Cercospore of the United States, and 15 new species of fungi imperfecti are described. ve wines uary number will be delayed and inewed with the number for THE BOTANICAL SECTION of the biological society of Washington, at their aan monthly meeting (January 4), presented the hee a ur- ; - case of sewer obstr cig: on by tree nowlton; Some fungi of the arid regions, S. acy; @ ceosporivm of the wax bean -and Feeney ‘of the rose, Mies: E. ‘A: Southworth. of Washington was as follows: Prof. Miles Rock on he uatemala for- ests, Prof. J. W. Chickering on the flora of Alaska, Prof. Edw. 8. Bur- gess nthe siostec water alge of the District of Columbia, re Dr. George asey On some important medical plants. e club is in a prosperous condition, having forty members and a good attendance at its regular ‘meeti i ous AN OLUTELY NEW VEGETABLE is a rare thing to chronicle in these: days, but eee a thing falls to the lot of the Gardener's Chronicle (January 7). Itis a tuber devsloped by a Chinese Labiate, said to be a Stachys. the potato, and are also marked by bu r “eyes,” at the nodes. e Plant i is sat to be hardy, is pt the easiest P ponte culture, and produces ubers in great profusio | Tx MENCLATURE a ‘N ymphiea is further Spgs by Mr. James Bin in Journal of Botany (Jannaty). sot ng upon Mr. E.L. Greene's discovery (Bull. ue. Bot. Club, Sept., 1887), “s gives sil more | convincing proofs that our nomenclature of | wasar lilies must be changed. - pretes should es Poi “Salish,. and Hapher is nnn wa L. The alee sults upon our A n forms are as follows: Nymphae orata comes Castalia t pion “Salis. Nuphar slecra becomes Nymphxa advena Soland., and s $ - Many eminent writers have signified their pc on mei to paints and there is promise of an auspicious beennine: Our dollars a yea THE INFLUEN n rain-fall is a much-discussed quanto Ae Mr, Henry Gaunetes i forests upon rain-f 6), treats this subject in a tabu- Way, giving the rain-fall shyanel a long series ow over her e regioes where one would expect a diminution from * defor resting.” oe iss 48 BOTANICAL’ GAZETTE, ee : conclusion is, “it seems idle to discuss further the influence of forests upon ig -fall iin ba sccauaiic point of view, as it is evidently too sli 7 actical importance. Man has not yet invented method of conan rain-fall.” ICK BRENDEL has distri iia a pamphlet of about fe pages, entitled % Flora Povian a.” It is a careful and painstaking pres: f the rvations of thi fave years upon the vegetation of @ ATION of starch by plants - fie the subject of et kee rece: ; Bratenrs Ivey and Gray at the School of A om Canterbury, New Zealand. Peas ns and wheat were used, — an e ey U6 ra ‘formation ; in continuous cloudy weather starch i ee faecal by plants but very slow ly. _ .. “ConTRIBUTIONs to the life pa a of deme is the title si a paper ee by Mr Meehan, a reprint from the Proc. Philad. cad, : 4 __ iveness after fertilization has been efiscted. In Oxyba At hirsutus, meee nothing suggests any arrangements for cross- geben ae ‘ PROFESSOR PrerreE VIALA sailed for Europe on Beckairter 3, after a stay of some months in this cou untry. One of the objects of his ‘mission . will probably appear in Fran 6 purp and in this co ountry at about the same da k of - interest to American viticulturists, te, and will - a work of special ERRaTa.—On page 5, foot-note. for “ 1877” read 1887. On page : | third Pa fifth lines from bottom : for “Gothic shaped” . Ls sha. pea ¢ VOL. XI. No.3.—BOTANICAL GAZETTE.—MARCH, 1888. Asa Gray. Three months ago the sad news that Professor Gray was stricken with paralysis and that there was slight hope of his recovery brought deep sorrow to all the friends of botany in this country. All hoped and prayed for the best, but his time had come, and we have all lost a revered teacher and a true friend. Thisis no time for a cold review of his scientific work nor need we record the incidents of his life, but, while our recent bereavement rests heavily upon us, we may well recall those personal traits which endeared him tous all. In recounting bis own personal experience the writer feels as- sured that, in all that concerns those qualities which made a deep impression at the time and still linger as a precious memoly, his experience was the experience of all who knew Prof. Gray, and he trusts that the tribute which he can but imperfectly express will find a response in the hearts of all ~ . American botanists. man, with strikingiy bright and expressive eyes, quick in all his motions, and so thoroughly in earnest and absorbed in his =f 50 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ March, — hurrying down Garden street, a most picturesque object, so — covered by the mass of branches and flowers which were to illustrate the lecture that his head and body were hardly | visible. No provision was then made for those who wished to continue the study of botany beyond one term, but, al- though it must have been a serious drain on the time intended for his own scientific work, no student who expressed a de- sire to learn more than the college authorities required failed to receive from him all the special instruction he needed. © The few who gathered round the little table in Harvard Hall in pursuit of knowledge which did not count in the college reckoning will never forget the untiring patience with which he explained what then seemed difficult, the contagious enthus- made his presence a joy in any company, grave or gay, old or young. This cheerfulness was not that which arises from mere animal spirits. It came froma deep conviction that every” stantly felt in his intercourse with others, and inspired them for, while those around him were despondent, he always fel n the end everything would turn out well. Even thé express the words of d : : ; y felt bu could not utter. of deep sympathy which many so well as he rehearse the story of their lives and work.” hi In nothing was his kindly disposition better seen than 1s criticism of the work of other botanists. His own sta « 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 51 of work was so high that he might well have been pardoned had he shown little tolerance of the cruder work of others. But his criticisms, always discriminating, although they were at times severe, were never ill-natured nor personal, an among the countless reviews which he wrote there is scarcely one in which there is not something of commendation and encouragement to the author. His view of botany was broad, and he had no patience with those who sneer at wor which is not done in their own fashion, or in a direction which accords with their own tastes. From the nature of his training, and the condition of his surroundings, his own work which has of late appeared in some quarters and claims histories. 3 The mental activity of Prof. Gray was certainly extraor- dinary. He had no idle moments. To him leisure did not ‘mean a respite from work, but rather an opportunity for do- ing something more. After a hard day’s work on the Flora he would sit down in the evening as fresh as ever, and dash off reviews and notices with an ease and skill really marvel- ous. He wrote as easily as he talked, and all his writings, even the most unpretentious, were in the same graceful, flow- ing style, rippling with a delicate humor and sparkling with imagination. The social and scientific meetings, which he enjoyed so much, also demanded from him consider- able labor, for, as he was generally expected to speak, and was not contented with the formal phrases and ram- bling remarks of extemporaneous speakers, he usually, on such occasions, presented carefully written papers. In his later years his friends urged him to take more rest, but it was of no use; unless he was at work he was not happy might have supposed that, if ever, he would have felt that he could afford to rest on his seventy-fifth birthday, when the 52 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ March, afternoon, remarked that it must have been a great pleasure — to him to read the friendly greetings, he replied: _ 1 haves not read them yet. I must work now. This evening I shall : have time to read them.”’ ' To speak of his hospitality might, in some connections, appear ungracious. But here, as botanists, we may touch — upon a subject associated by us, especially, with so many tender recollections. When we heard that Prof. Gray was — dead we recognized the irreparable Joss to American botany in the death of its leader, but our first thoughts turned to the — happy home now so deeply afflicted, and we recalled the — bright days when all were welcomed with a sincere and ‘ hearty greeting. No matter whether a titled foreigner, Or a — poor, and perhaps friendless, student from our own land, all botanists were welcomed with the same unostentatious hospl- tality, guided by that intuitive delicacy which anticipates the - wishes of others, and draws timidity from its reserve. Many, — many botanists now count among their happiest hours those — spent at the old house in Cambridge, and, with sorrow — mingled with gratitude, sincerely hope that their sympathy may prove, in some measure, a consolation to his bereaved wife, his companion for many years, his counterpart 1 all that is gentle, true and noble. For a while we may think — only of what we have lost, but when time shall have blunted — the edge of our sorrow we shall recognize that the best part — of a well-spent life is the fragrant memory which it leaves — behind W. G. Fae Cambridge, Mass. lowa Peronosporee and a dry season. BYRON D., HALSTED: | The readers of the Borantcat Gazerre who are inter~ ested in the downy connection with a season of excessive dry- ‘ he last two years central Iowa has been visited — by a drought unequaled in the history of the state, a drought d adows and pastures brow? — mer, but was so prolonged as to empty uy lls and dry up streams of considera~ ; 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 53 There is, perhaps, no better way of treating the subject than that of taking up the species of the group, one by one, in the order in which they are given in Dr. Farlow’s paper upon the ‘‘ Enumeration of the Peronosporee of the United States,’ which was published in the GAzETrE for November, 1883, and to which additions were made in March, 1884. Phytophthora infestans DBy. No signs of this rot of the potato have been observed the past season. Two years ago was an average one, and there were many complaints from all parts of the state. More than half of the potatoes in there was very much less, and this season there has been entire freedom from the disease in this locality. Peronospora Halstedii Farl. is the most common species of this vicinity. Its hosts are numerous, the leading ones of Which are several species of Helianthus, Silphium, Eupa- torium and Bidens, and a very long list of other genera, all of the order Composite. Last season Helianthus grosse- serratus was added to the host list of this vicinity, and this Season Bidens connata var. comosa was found infested. any time. Last season it was only moderately common, but oy e hibited a rank growth of succulent herbage. Peronospora obducens Sch. upon Impatiens fulva, although 54 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ March, found in small quantities in ordinary seasons, has not been met with the past year. : Peronospora Geranii Pk. upon its common host, Geranium maculatum, has not been observed this year; but in May Mr. A. S. Hitchcock collected it upon G. Carolinianum at Iowa City, and thereby adds a new host for the state. It was not at all commor. Peronospora pygmea Unger on Anemones has not been obtained this year. Peronospora gangliformis DBy. was very ‘“‘ shy,” as the horticulturist might say. Occasionally it appeared upon the lower leaves of Mulgedium leucopheaum. The Nabalus al- bus and species of Lactuca, which are hosts, grow mostly upon dry ground, and in their dwarfed condition the present species upon various cruciferous hosts. In ordinary seasons Lepidium Virginicum is much infested and has its branches over the winter in these seedlings, and when the spring comes the mildewed plants communicate the trouble to other plants by means of the multitudes of conidial spores. The vigor of its attacks upon the young pepper-grass makes this d-destroyers. It deals in the Same way with the shepherd’s purse. During the present upon Nasturtium palustre. ee lying close upon the moist ground, on the borders of s progressed farther, it was not ata specimens examined the conidiophores however, Showed all gradations, and it ata | i ell ai tte Hieak, ata leaf parasite may be dwarfed as w Peronos ora -Potentill fle Norvegica ie : we@ DBy. was common on Potent y In the season was growin: on the sloping ‘bord » Where the host was g ay pagest ers of | disap- peared as the dry weat oF low, wet places. It soon disap- her of late spri ived. eronospora Claytonie Farl. is sin ewig I cies, and has not been seen in Iowa. It was abundant in 1888. | * BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 55 andrinia, upon which the same mildew was found in abun- dance. This low Calandrinia, probably C. Menziesii, grows in open dusty stubble-fields. It must, however, be remem- years ago as to almost destroy the host in whole patches. This year it was obtained only after long search in the moist- €st place in which the vetch will grow. : as cronospora Euphorbie Fcl. is a species which quickly diminishes in times of drought. It is not uncommon on Eu- Phorbia maculata in a wet season, but has been rare, indeed, for the Past two years. A new host, E. serpyllifolia, was added last year by Mr. Hitchcock, who found it at Jewell Junction, é ( Peronospora leptosperma DBy. was easily collected in 1885, on both Artemisia biennis and A. Ludoviciana. ur- 56 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. *° [ March, ing the present season it has been met with only a few times on A. biennis, growing in moist places, in cuts along a rail- road track, and only in small scattered patches upon the lower leaves. : Peronospora sordida Berk. has been a good illustration of the influence of moisture upon the development of mildew. The host, Scrophularia nodosa, is a common plant on the banks of streams, especially when the slope is steep and with- out sod. The Peronospora was frequently looked for, but it appeared in its usual abundance in only one place, and this was at a bend in a stream, where the host grew close to the water and tall rubber boots were required to carry the col- lector over dry-shod. : Peronospora Lophanthi Farl. on Lophanthus scrophularie- folius is a rare species, in the state, and was not found at the college before the present year. It can not, therefore, be used as an element in the argument in considering the influ- t more than one-tenth as much was found this year upon the same area, namely, a young cherry orchard, left under the Same culture as last season. It was, however, discovered this year upon Hungarian grass (Setaria Italica), where it distorted the host in the same manner as on the foxtail, as illu 2. at the mildew ma conjecture, but the species now co i 4 feronospora calotheca DBy., not in Dr. Farlow’s lists, is ordinarily frequently met with upon species of Galium. This until October 14, when it was col- lected in abundance upon seedling bed- opment of the Peronospore. he genus Cystopus has four ‘known species in the state. Cystopus candidus Lév., like Peronospora parasitica, 1s confined to the C ®, and like it, also lives over the seedling plants which spring uP observed in particular with shep- fo * BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 57 _herd’s purse, and it may help to explain the absence of _ 0dspores in this host. It is not unreasonable to suppose that a form of fruiting may be omitted when it is not essential for the continuation of the species, as has been shown to be true in species of Uredinew. There was an abundance of the Cystopus on Capsella early this spring, because the late rains of last year permitted the seedlings to make a good growth, and become thoroughly infested before the season closed. This spring these same plants grew and produced a large crop of spores, which probably would have rapidly spread to other plants had not the dry weather prevented. In June there was very little of the mildew. It was fairly abundant upon Lepidium Virginicum in early spring, but soon disap- peared. Two years ago, in a fairly moist year, the inflores- cences (flowers, seed-vessels, etc.) of the garden radish were ‘very generally attacked, and often distorted beyond recog- ition. This season none of this mildew was found in simi- lar situations. Late in October it was collected in quantity upon young plants of Sisymbrium officinale, which had de- veloped in a moist shady place, after the rains of early Sep- tember. . Cystopus cubicus Lév. is the least common species of the senus, and for the last two years has been comparatively Tare. At distant intervals it was found upon Ambrosia arte- Mmisiefolia, Cystopus Blité Lévy. occurs upon an increasing list of hosts. Up to the present year it was known in the United States on Amarantus hybridus, A. retroflexus, A. blitoides and Acnida Canmnabina. ‘The additional hosts for 1887 are Amarantus albus and Montelia tamariscina. Upon both these new hosts the mildew was far from rare. The Montelia grows only in low moist ground, and what effect a wet season may have upon the abundance of its parasite remains to be determined. £ € host most commonly infested is Amarantus blitoides. This low-spreading weed grows in dry places, even upon Stavelly paths and roadways. It is, however, a thick, rather =4Cculent-leaved plant, and, like the garden purslane, is | Itself full of moisture, even though the surroundings are arid. Nevertheless, it was observed that the greatest development of mildew a peared upon plants which weresmost favored with moisture and shade. ree. ystopus Portulace Lév. is the last species of our list, and One of no little importance in its bearing upon the question Mhand. At first sight, it seems to give evidence contrary — 8 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. | March, to that of the other species of the group. It seems to have been more abundant during the last season than ever before, but we must remember that its host, Portulaca oleracea, isa low juicy plant, even when rowing upon the dry hot earth. The mildew was therefore supplied with plenty of moisture. — That it seemed to thrive better the past year than _ before may arise from a lack of vigor in the host, so that the same ora smaller actual amount of the parasite gave more evi- dences of destructive work during a dry season than on an average year. On sucha year as this there are greater facil- ities for the quick dispersion of the conidial spores. The host, being low, receives all the dews, and the dry, dust-like spores, which have been scattered during the day, germinate in the moisture of the night. Nevertheless, it is probably the disease retained their normal prostrate position. It was — spores. In walking over a piece of ground covered with purslane, the feet will hit the dusty, spore-laden, upright dee and send the conidia to some distance. The same 1s, of course, true when the feet of passing animals strike the — vertical branches. | : ae econ hea, the facts of observation show that the Species of Peronosporez are best suited to moist weather. No ing the ] genus Peronospora has been as abundant dur- Pith # ast two seasons of drought as before. There was a — e _ of mildew the past season over last year. Seneral, the mildews were found in early spring, while , all through the dry rainless summer, they occurred in limited quantities, and only upon ; ,» along streams and the edges of pools.. A few. weeks after the refre P ing in shady places. The ~ = » 4S a rule, there was less of any of the ‘ enced by drought, but species, and the infested specimens were those growing in 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 59 the best situations for obtaining moisture. In all cases when _ the Peronosporee: flourished it was with succulent herbs, and even with these there was probably less growth of the para- site, and sometimes a greater manifestation of disease, due to lack of resisting power in the host; so that these instances are no exception to the rule that dry weather is not advan- tageous for the growth of the Peronosporee. Botanical Laboratory, Ames, Towa. BRIEFER ARTICLES. Heinrich Anton DeBary.— Heinrich Anton DeBary, professor of botany in the University of Strassburg, and editor of the “Botanische Zeitung,” died in Strassburg, after a long severe illness, on the 19th day of January. ‘ Professor DeBary was born in Frankfort-on-the-Main on the 26th of January, 1831. He completed the course of study at the Gymnasium of that city, subsequently studied medicine at the universities of Heidelberg: Marburg and Berlin, and in the year 1858 entered upon the practice of medicine in his native city. During his university studies his natural inclination led him to devote much attention to botany, and it was par- ticularly through the influence of the admirable and thorough instruc- tion of Alexander Braun, then professor of botany at the university of Berlin, that he became specially interested in the science, which he after- ward pursued with such eminent success. _ in the year 1854, or when but twenty-three years of age, be became. Instructor (Docent) in botany at the university of Tiibingen, and in the following year (1855) he was appointed professor of botany at the uni- versity of Freiburg in Baden, where he remained until 1867, when he *ecepted a similar position at the university at Halle, and in 187 2 he was called to the chair of botany in the then newly opened German university of Strassburg, which position he occupied at the time of his death. ___ The first botanical researches of DeBary, which were published before ®ntering upon his career as a teacher, were entitled “ Beitrag zur Kennt- niss der Achlya prolifera, Zygomyceten Familie der Pilze” (in 1852), and on Untersuchungen iiber die Brandpilze und die durch sie verursachten Krankheiten der Pflanzen” (in 1853). Among his larger and most “ be notice of DeBary’s death in the preceding number, taken from Pharm. Runds., rrec ted as above by the announcement in Botanische Zeitung for January 27.—Eps.] e 60 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. | { March, und Farne” (1877), “ Vergleichende Morphologie und Biologie der Pilze, Mycetozoen, und Bakterien ” (1882), and “ Vorlesungen iiber Bakterien ie (1885). Several of these works have been translated into English or other languages, and are well known to American botanists. In addition 4 thereto, DeBary has published a very large number of special mono — ‘graphs; and the many valuable contributions from his pen contained in the “Botanische Zeitung,” which has been so ubly edited by him since’ 4 the year 1866, also reflect the accurate and painstaking investigations of — this talented and renowned scientist. Asa teacher Professor DeBary was characterized by great clearness — of expression, and the facility which he possessed for demonstrating the subjects of his lectures by crayon sketches or impromptu drawings. His reputation as an investigator had long extended far beyond the limits of his native land, and for many years students and teachers of botany from — distant countries, including many Americans, were attracted to his lab- ) oratory. In his relations with students, or in conducting examinations, — Professor DeBary was always just and considerate, and in social inter- course he was most amiable; but on no occasion was his genial tempera- — In his death, preceding by a few days that of his eminent friend Dr. Gray, the scientific world has lost one of its noblest and most distin- — guished representatives, and on this side of the ocean, as well as in other — lands, his memory will long be cherished and his name revered. F. B. PowEr. Testimonial to Dr. Asa Gray.— At the regular meeting of the Hamil — ton Literary and Scientific Association held in their rooms, Hamilton, — Ontario, Canada, February 9, 1888, the following resolution was unanl- mously adopted : HERE death of Dr. Asa , » That, as a mark of respect to the memory of the deceased, — e be transmitted to his family a record of found regret at such a calamity to the botanical Ward “That in his ite he furnished 4 shining example of devotion - That in his life he fur f operably interwoven not only with American botany, but with the de- — bs f T. J. W. 8. oe opment of botanical Science itsel A satisfactory ruling at last.—The following letter explains itself, — and its Contents will prove highly satisfactory to all naturalists who to transmit Specimens by mail - ; 48, This association has heard with deepest sorrow of the 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 6r ? OFFICE OF THIRD ASSISTANT PoOSTtMASTER-GENERAL, ST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT WASHINGTON, D. C., February 11, 1888. Editors Botanical Gazette : Your letter of the 4th inst., addressed to the postmaster-gen- Strs— eral, has been referred to this office. nder the recent act of congress in relation to permissible printing and writing upon second, third and fourth-class matter, there may be The labels you submit, and which are herewith returned, are there- fore permissible. [These labels are of the usual form, giving the above data.— Eps. ; mulgated, it is not unlikely that specimens sent by mail with such written descriptions will be subjected by postmasters occasionally to delay, and it may be to improper exactions of postage vent this as muc Yours, very respectfully, . H. R. Harris, Third Assistant Postmaster General. Further notes on imbedding.—In the July number of the BoTanica GazErre for 1887, p. 172, the editors noticed a method for imbedding delicate plant tissues which I described in the But. Centralblatt. Since the : publication I have had opportunity of gaining more experience in the use of this method, leading me to modify it slightly. In the first place, Inow use absolute alcohol, where I formerly only used the strong methylated spirit of commerce. Further, I now leave specimens to be imbedded for twenty-four hours in pure oil of cloves (after they have sunk), twenty- four hours in pure turpentine, twenty-four hours in turpentine saturated with paraffine, and twenty-four hours in melted paraffine. Although much more time is thus required, the resulis are more reliable, and I can now imbed, by my method, without previous staining in borax-carmine, and thus considerable time and trouble is saved. ak i ‘plasm will be brought out.—SELMAR SCHONLAND, Botanic Garden, Oxford. anprebare the sol i i : Saturate 1 part of f k n in the following way BRD cruel 2, oameee ay gees feet tt iso tal ey ‘and there 28 d dlogists, does no ell ¥ to kee, and the polities te were Gee wor been heretofore used by botanists is said not - Weep 'very wel), ~ 62 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ March, — EDITORIAL. IF WE were to give a list of the numerous papers and periodicals re- ceived containing notices of Dr. Gray’s death, it would represent the ex- pression of very many botanists. The sorrow over this sad event finds as wide an expression as did the warm and hearty response to the proposed memorial vase for his seventy-fifth birthday. The burden of these notices is the one constant refrain, that not only have we lost our leader, but, more than that, our friend. When did a scientific man ever leave 80 fragrant a memory? When will we find that combination of graces im any other? “We will never see his like again,” is the very common ex- pression. If this unanimous showing that the best part of a man is his kindly, lovable spirit would only inspire every American botanist to cu- tivate it, Dr. Gray’s teaching would reach much farther than the department — of botany. A man whose keenest criticism is so kindly that it attracts and stimulates, whose wide charity sees good in every worker, however ae obscure, is one who must win to himself an army of followers who will 3 ever use his name as an inspiration, a THE EDITORS have repeatedly called for contributions from their friends representing all departments of botany. This science has become ” If the “ cryptogamically-minded ing and anxious to hear from them. And Se ee ee ee ie 5 ee ne a a re eee 1838. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 63 an amateur,” and is modestly keeping silent, apply this writing to him- self, and know that what he can say finds as large an audience as does the technical paper of his professional brother. OPEN LETTERS. On some mistaken estimates made by amateurs. . Ido not wish to be understood as criticising adversely the literature of the laboratory when I say that its influence has led to mistaken esti- j ve to sional holiday. The student, with commendable zeal, puts devotion to Science first and the good of the individual second. We admire the scorn with which he rejects the thought of “an indolent self-culture.” st and b second—very important, no doubt, but still second. It should be valued directly in proportion as it ministers to his intellectual ' Does it help to a better style of life? Does it help in the achieve- to say, i nl’ tory-worker the last person qualified to pronounce an unbiased opinion on the question, what work had best be undertaken by amateurs in America, : : _ The first, and least harmful, mistake made under the influence to Which I have alluded is an extravagant overestimate of the educational igh se pace is taken. The student does not “digest what he learns into learn- ing. An elaborate thesis results, for instance, in comparing the cell- structure of the leaves of this order of plants with the cell-structure of the iso f elaborately prepared series of slides—and there it ends! No generaliza- fon of agreements or differences, no correlation of certain peculiarities of cell-structure with recognized natural affinities, not so much even the recognition of an a priori robability that a general similarity or dis- similarity might obtain, whieh an vee isenae of the facts showed was hot the case—nothing! Observation without judgment! Only this and ng more. Were a student, using a common pair of eyes, fo do the Same thing, comparing in this thoughtless way, for instance. the Eros Anatomy of the leaves in question, his teacher would tell him—and bent in telling him—that his work was simply silly. I fail to perceive how the intervention of a compound microscope is going to stay the ver = Purtherm ore, it may be seriously questioned if the power of enon Hi akoat ber se, is in any considerable degree capable of cultivation. ers are born, not made. . he second and by far the most pernicious mistake has been sv Part of many to ignore the one high use which the study of botany,a ~ is - ungracious task to recount them here have already spent their force. Rockford, I, 64 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. { March, power. ind you, I am not discussing the advance of science; I am dis- ; cussing the advance of man! ; ae 4 u When George Eliot, one of the foremost philosophic a be: age, was finding pleasure in learning the names of the lants o ie en enomena for which they were first elaborated, and which are still the best << Sor learning their i i i tany am popular interest in systematic bo ountry, the causes are not far to seek, and it eee . The indications are that they M. 8. BEBB. Ul. | : The death of Dr, DeBary. n work, but knowing that I decided to enter Professor DeBary’s laboratory for the winter semester, you can readily understand how eferre writing from week : biographical and critical notices as you ise desire; but possibly a few words = regard to his illness and death by ar at hand may not be uninteresting, r ins in he much annoyed toward the close of the summe Semester by pains in his face, supposed to be neuralgic or else nse from the teeth. He made a voyage to England, to attend’ the meeting 0 the British Association, I think. This and the return voyage seemed to aggravate his trouble. On account of the inflammation and alarming character of the disease upon hi i “Pon Ais face, a surgical operation became neces: sary shone October 1. He omy bly Getetraicd fro poe 0 maining in the e of ses for several wee at the Biirger Spital in Strac: : host ked for devoted to botanical work—was looked F ‘terest by the little corps of special studen 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 65 and the instructors, as ote all ee that, according to his own desire and anticipations, he would soon be with us to direct the laboratory work as f ing him, of talking — him to a limited extent, and pare! onally he would inal how my work w hier progr essing. He a appeared, ashe was r e was as n and a friend. It was clear, ebb er, that his nerves and general health and strength were greatly affected; his visits became rarer, and soon after December 1 he appeared = more in his labor ager During the holidays his colleague, Professor Dr. Zacharias, who has directed my wn work in DeBary’s absence, and who has been, both officially and personally, very kind and ie py in his intercourse with me, informed me that all hope of Professor DeBary’s recovery had been abandoned. He suffered very much nh within a few days of his death, when he be- came partially unconscious. _ . His death is regarded here as a very great ed to this university, as It is Byery where to the scientific world. He was 57, hence only in ment, and his ret interest in ie rthy objects connected wit burg affairs. He often attended Si. horticultural society of Elsass, as well as their peribaieasa society, in peewee d circles his knowledge of men and affairs was regarded a very superior; and his judgment had great weight in such questions age vag selection os professors and the de- velopment of new lines of university e burial service at the Botasiesl Institute was on Sunday, January 22, conducted by the Lut heran pastor of the Neue Kirche, Strassburg. : : _4epfiel, rector of the university. Furthermore, notwithstanding © rain which fell at short inarvats the great affection felt for DeBary Was shown by the large number of students, professors and other friends thro Weissthurm Gate, to the little ce y beyond the walls called Kirchh f St. Gallen eee all the tide “eoree’ and Verbindungen Were Se wraage D 3 even greater as a teacher and organizer num ating | rsa who mone been his pupils, or worked in his laboratory, bee tseems to include a great majority of those young ania middle-age d world. Several of these old pupils were hepa the burial, among sor a -O-day it is announced that Count Solme. who had siasts ae sinyelany from Gsttingen to Berlin, will recall his acceptan bey. etn eer to become DeBary’s successor i? at i a ie 66 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ March, CURRENT LITERATURE. Fossil woods of the Northwest.’ : aes ti« In these few pagesare recorded the latest results of Dr.Dawson’s inves her generic types. ‘tn ollowing out this idea, he has found it expedient not to give ie names in any case, particularly, he says, “as it seems in every way likely that most of them belon their leaves and fruit.” have very complete one only in very rare instances, it seems unfor Sphagnaceze of North America. In this brief paper M. Cardot summarizes his conclusions regarding our Sphagna. North America possesses all the European types except 8. Angstroemii, and several, chiefly southern,which are not found in Europe- Sixteen species and nine sub-species are recognized, as against the twenty-seven speci es. their manual are as follows : hew sub-species (of §, cymbifolium) are added, S. — lorida, Isle Miquelon and in Musci Bor. Am. no. 3, a0 8: affine Ren. et i York. Besides these, # number of new forms and varieties belonging to various species are described * DAWSON, SIR WILLIAM.—Note on fossil woods and other plant remains from the Cre- =e “Tas7_Stamie formations of the western territories, Trane. Roy. Soc. Canada, Sec- 3 Carpor, J ULES.—Révision des Sphaignes de l’ Amérique du Nord (Extrait des Bul- letina de ta Société royale de boteng le Belgique. tome xente miére partie.) 23 pp. 8 VO Gand: C. Annoot Braeckman, Ad, Hoste, suce’'r, 1887” Pe " 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 67 S. rubellum Wiis. is reduced to a variety of S. acutifolium; 8. Muel- leri =S. molle: S. Mendocinum =8. cuspidatum; S. sedoides = 8. Py- lesii. S. strictum Lindb. becomes S. Girgensohnii Russ.; and S. interme- dium Hoffm. is changed to S. recurvum Beauv. with doubtful propriety. -§. eyclophyllum is considered as probably an immature form of 8. subse- cundum. 3S. macrophyllum var. Floridanum is raisel to the rank of a species, S. Floridanum Card. While it isa good variety, we can not see that it has any well grounded claim to specific rank. To these changes, with the two exceptions noted, our studies incline us to accede. M. Cardot greatly desires to receive specimens of Sphagna from our bryologists, in order to make his work more complete, and we hope our collectors will not forget him in their exchanges. His address is Stenay, Meuse, France. American Charace2. Botanists are beginning to understand that their best work is done by confining their attention to a single subject or asingle group. Select- ing some genus or order that has been neglected—and very few have not been neglected —they give it an exhaustive study, and the result is a bet- ter understanding of the group than has ever before been attained. It 18 in this way only that we can expect to build up modern botany. Ina work’ that lies before us the author is to be commended for his selection of a very much neglected group, and congratulated upon the very com- plete and careful way in which he has gone about to “ work it up.” This first part is but introductory, laying that foundation of knowledge which is necessary for an intelligent study of the group. The second part, promised in a year or two, will contain descriptions (with illustrations) of the species now known to inhabit American waters. The introduc- ton contains directions for collecting, with the habitats and proper con- dition of the plant. The interesting observation is made upon Chara fragilis that it is universal, “found in every country and clime, in ice- water at the north and in the hot springs (boiling water) of the Yellow- stone.” An historical account of the group is given, followed by the dis- cussion of germination, development of the cortex, stipules, leaves, harniae organs of fructification, development of the spore, all fully illus- ated. ces began, as it ae almost comparable to the birth of the Linnean system.” Braun's “ #rag- ee ee * ALLEN, TiMoTHY FIELD.—The Characew of America, Part I, containing the we 904 gh morphol 64 pp., 55 figures, large 8vo. New York: amas ¥ the author, 1888,—$1.00, 68 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ March, menta” have been edited by Dr. Nordstedt. Dr. Allen’s work eh stimulate botanists to collect our American species, for, according to g author, very little of it has been done. Minor notices. E Sphagnacex come in for a large share of the study of mosses. Bs Martin Waldner has published? details of his investigations on the develo r itself. systematic side, Dr. Karl Miiller (Halle) adds® to nes The paper is prefaced by a brief characteri t Sphagnologists. Then follow descriptions es from various localities in Africa, South and adjacent islands. IN HIS notes on the genus Taphrina, Mr. Robinson gives a synopsis of the best known North American pecies, eight in number, with remarks upon their morphology and distribution, Ascomyces deformans bee purpurascens is raised to the rank of a species,and referred to “ nie Fries, char. a Tulasne emend.,” as are all the species of Ascomyces an Ex ‘ : : in Dr. oascus. The paper is an outcome, we infer, of a winter’s work in D: Farlow’s laboratory. WE HAVE received a German abstract, by Dr. Schénland,!° of Prof. F. Uy op ®WALDNER, Dr, MARTIN.—Die Entwickelung der Sporogone y num. pp. 25, pl. iy. (i, fi, iii, double) i on A A 8vo. Leipzig: Arthur Felix, 1887.—M. 2.60 *Bot. Zeit. (1879,) SMULLER, CaRoLUs —Spha n Sa t Abdruck aus Flora, no. 26'u, 27 Pp. 0. 4 sep ram novorum descriptio. 8yo, Separa “ROBINSON, Bens. U.—Notes on the genus Taphrina. pp. 14. Reprint from Annals Botany, November, 1887, da Sphag- Bowerr, F. O.—Ueber die Entwickelung u. die Morphologie von Phyloglossum emet mondii. I Teil: Die vegetative. Organe. (Auszug aus dem englischen Original von Dr. * mre.) Wo. 8 Met. Ges cae aus Bot. Jahrbiicher, viii band, 4 heft. 1887. ' 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 69 cause it exhibits such a close correspondence of its mature characters with the structure of the embryonic Lycopodiums. CULTIVATED VERBASCUMS have always been favorite plants for hybrid- izing. Dr. Victor Schiffner™ has given us an interesting account of these hybrids in general, and then describes minutely some new hybrids from V. pyramidatum which were discovered in the summer of 1885 in the Bo- tanical Gardens at Prague. They were growing spontaneously, and were of sufficient interest to justify a careful comparison of their characters with those of their parents. The hybrids studied resulted from the cross- ing of V. pyramidatum with V. nigrum, V. phoenicum, and two different combinations with V. phlomoides. NOTES AND NEWS. Dr. J. T. I. Boswetn, the well known English botanist, died Jan- . 81st. A BILt to establish an experimental grass and forage station has been sea before congress by Senator Platt. C RIES XX and XXI of Ellis’ North sg nities Fungi will be — ery in the spring—probably in March or il, EVISED EDITION of Underwood’s “ Ferns be Their sae a will be ia ioetly from the press of Henry Holt & Co., New . Ep. PALMER has just returned from Mexico. oe collection of on some 600 species, is on the way, and doubtless contains many new oR APPEARANCE of the new journal, Garden and Forest, has been de- i el by the serious illness of. Professor Charles 8. Sargent, the editor in THE Index Seminwm, the catalogue of seeds for exchange at the Jardin _ deg Panter ae just Reon received. It contains 18 quarto pages, 4 col- umns toa THE REGENCY of the Smithsonian Institution, eee vacant by the ge of Dr. Gray, has been tendered by the U.S. Senate to Prof. Andrew White, Seitagidenit of Cornell University. THE Journal of Botany for February contains descriptions of 4 ne ferns and 13 n ow Talentinn a Dr. Baber, in his synopsis of the Tilland- Siew, has reached the 165th species of Tillandsia Mr. A. P. Morcan continues bus scateiaitone on the “ Mycologic flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio,” in the Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. for Jan- pow he paper iisksla the order Pkalened under Hymenomy- ean oeepenae e “SCHIFFNER, Dr, Vicror.—Ueber Verbascum-Hybriden und einige neue ugnyeg ee yerbaseum Pyrimidatum M. B. oer potanica, heft 3.) 15 pp., 2 plates, 4°. Theodor Fischer, 1887.—4 m 70 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ March, — THE FORESTRY CONVENTION held at Grand Rapids, Mich., January 7 r. W. J. Beal presided, and B. EB Fernow, of Washington, C. W. Garfield and other well-known speakers — and 28, was a profitable gathering. were present. As THE possible successor of Professor Dickson at Edinburgh Uni- a versity several well known botanists are mentioned, among whom are — Professor ae en, Mr, Geddes, Mr. G. Murray, Professor McNab a and Professor Trai E Italian Journal of Butany bearing date of January 31 is princi a pally oceupied by a monograph of the genera Pleospora, Clathrospora — rlese. Q. Beccari also describessome new and Pyrenophora, by A. N. Berl nea, de RT of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station for the year 1887, recently distributed, contains items of botanical interest by — several of the corps of Investigators. The chief topics relate to fungous — diseases of plants and fungicides Yates, of Santa Barbara, California, announces a volume — Dr. L. G. entitled “All known ferns.” Tt is to be an octavo of about 300 pages, and author is assisted by .,. ANENT THE recent discussion on the nomenclature of our water lilies, it is to be noted that Dr. Caspary, in elaborating the order Nymphweacex for Engler and Prantl’s Pianzenfamilien, retains the genera ymphzea and Nuphar unchanged and alters Nelumbium to Nelumbo. will really be a gate Cong to fern literature. In its preparation the : . ew. er, 0 Mr. F. H. Girson, of Reading, M blication of 4 : ’ , Mass., has b th blication o work entitled “Trees of Radine Mass.” TA ough nee title is a local dsom: make the work attractive to any botanist. Part I contains two elms,4 h, with appropriate text, and costs $1.50. Tue Untversiry or K : i : ANSAS pos f the f flora of the Dakota rocks of the as — a fine collection 0 Leo Lesquerenx, Duplicates of 75 of them até . : ; © prospectus gives promise of an agt ural oneal cia Nata not only a Tatana, but to foreigner a The subseriptio appear yearly, making a volume of at leas rd of 200 ; new species have been de — ie Professor F. H. Snow, of Law 1 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 71 Mr. JAMEs M Macovn will botanize next summer along the shores of James bay and the east coast of Hudson bay. As considerable diffi- culty is experienced in drying specimens, he only collects those required for the use of the Canadian Geological and Natural History Survey. very kindly offers, however, to collect material for specialists working up any group of plants, and without any charge. He may be addressed at Ottawa, Canada. THE FEBRUARY meeting of the botanical section of the Biological Society of Washington, D. ©., presented the fol owing programme: Notes on the Lake Superior flora, Dr. George Vasey; A visit to a fossil ae Prof. F. H. Know orange, Mr. C. L. Hopkins THE Gardeners’ Chronicle (February 11) gives an illustration of Psiadia rotundifolia, a composite, styling it “the las its race.” It isa tree about twenty feet high, standing in a broad, open space near the entrance gates of the famous Longwood, St. Helena. It is actually the last living representative of the genus.- It is a rare thing to see even the photo- graph of the last individual of a species. Kew has herbarium specimens, nd has succeeded in germinating seed _, DR. M. Montus has recently published a paper in Pringsheim’s Jahr- biicher, also distributed separately, on the anatomical structure of orchid leaves as furnishing characters for classification. He finds that, as in the case of the leaves of grasses and conifers and the fruit of baa es i oun thirty-seven of which are marked as new species. The Agaricinian oe of Pleurotus, Claudopus and Crepidotus found in the state, num- ee thirty-one in all, including two new species, are described in full, notes. ras | + ea SEs 7 iti value of mush- rooms. They are commonly ranked with meat, but a recent German Writer states that it takes sie pounds of the common mushroom to ea ¢ Pound of beef. The matter has been investigated by Mr. E. F. ie BY. Aortic. Exp. Station, 1887, p. 464), who finds that mushrooms -84tlcus campestris) gathered from a pasture at Geneva, N. Y., ap bmg } per cent. of digestible albuminoids, and puff balls (Ly bia a S'ganteus) from 70 to 80 per cent., according to maturity. He concludes t they compare favorably in nutritive value with meat. } March, — 72 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ March, i umber — species of fungi, and notes on nearly as many de Brae 7 atin a this series is not yet printed. It is little short of disgrac h oxaaneell portant printing undertaken by the state is subjected to such e3 ing delays. ing to the THE SarRacenta pitchers at Kew have begun to decay oma pes putrefying mass of insects they contain. a note to the Chronide (January 21), Mr. Watso of the plants when, by the decay of the p = a ited 3 the ground directly above where the roots find mene ; THE FIRST FAScicLE of Acta Horti Petropolitani for 1887 is at hand, C 8 i kestan, 6 of which sep Cousinia (12 pp.): Trautvetter on the flora of Dagestania (40 pp.); ate Kuntze on the plants of Eastern Russia (128 pp.),in which are propos new genus of Umbelliferse (Schumann e im ‘Asia. aid species; Regel on the species of Allium (138 species) in middle pan Xe bie of some plants in the Imperial Garden at St. Pete (113 pp,). : aie THE InpDrana ACADEMY oF SCIENCE held its third annual meeting Indianapolis December 28 and 29, 1887, Besi Fr : mE - Voulter; Additions to the flora of Indiana, by G. oe bard; Characters in Umbel JN. i by Walter H. Evans; Life histor - XI. NO. 4.—BOTANICAL GAZETTE.—APRIL, 4188 New or rare plants,' ASA GRAY, Hibisens incanus Wendl. Doubting the sulphur colored or straw-yellow petals, I referred this species to //. lasiocarpos Cay, in Proc. Am. Acad. xxii, 302. But I find that Dr. Chap-_ _ man well knows the yellow-flowered: plant, and I have noy received it from Alabama, from F. J. Muller through Prof ‘Meehan. Chapman’s character is a goo a passed some dried specimens for a form of H. Moscheut which it much resembles. -I have confirmed H. lastoca _ Nay. for the hairy-fruited species, by referring to the origi. “hal im herb. Jussieu at Paris. I here record the rehabilita- tion of H. incanus, because in Rurmerously and degce in 188 wholly distinct species. Hieracium Howellii. This paper, marked “ Bor. Gazerre,”’ was found lying upon Dr. Gray’s study tone BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ April, Undescribed plants from Guatemala. III. JOHN DONNELL SMITH. h, mucronate, z late, 8-10 lines long, half as broad, margin and under- corolla: calyx almost obsolete, hyaline, ciliate-toothed : co _ folla glabrous, purple, 1 line long: stamens 3-4 lines long: _ legume not seen.—Near the Brazilian 17. glaucescens Benth. _ ew char.—In rock-fissures near Santa Rosa, Dept. Baja Vera-_ paz, alt. 5,000 feet, July, 1887. (Ex Plantis Guatemalens! bus Tuerckheimianis, quas edidit John Donnell Smith, 1327-) ts riform, concentrically striate, 1 line pin | lta Verapaz, alt. 4,300 feet, July, 1885; May, 1886. (Ex Pl. cit. 114, 761.) Sy rdisia Tuerckheimii—A smal] A leaves coriaceous, glaucous, lineolate and punctate beneath, — entire, oblong, 3-4 j : _ dately produced and obtuse, n __. Corymbs terminal, s pesicels 3-6, subumbellate at ones 2-3 Primary branches, »~9 lines long: sepals 5, ovate; oblong, a third as long ale sistent ene elongate-oblong, 34 lin — Cent: stem tetragonal: leaves pergameneous, cane somewhat narrowed to a cordate-truncate base, 23-3 inches — 1888. | ; BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 75 ae ent base of style. — Distinguished by secondary branches — of inflorescence two to three times exceeding primary ones.— J Mountain forests of Pansamala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, alt. — 3,800 feet, Aug., 1886. (Ex Pl. cit. 1,035.) Ks : ee, Cobwa triflora.—Leaflets 3-jugate, uniform, oblong-lance- olate, tapering from the middle to an acute mucronulate apex, of later development from alternate foliaceous bracts: calyx-_ I dotted with red, pale within: corolla broadly subcampanu- ’"Amér. Centr. t. xvr: flowers nearest to the Ecuador C. campanulatus Hemsl.—Banks of Rio Cajabon, near Coban, - alt. 4,300 feet, Dec., 1886. (Ex PI. cit. 204.) . ~ _Beloperone Pansamalana. (§ Beloperonides. )—Fruticulose, — epiphytal, prostrate: branches ascending, dichotomous, te- tragonal, pubescent in two lines: leaves membranaceous, — opaque, beset with cystoliths, glabrous, dark-green above, — glaucous beneath, rhomboidal to elliptical, each end acumi- , 12-16 lines long, 6-7 broad, petioles 1-3 lines long: flowers 2-4, at length pedicellate in a subsessile fascicle : and each other, hairy without, glabrate within, the posterior” re bidentulate, the anterior 4 lines broad with lobes 2 lines Calcarate - feet, Oct. Thyrsacanthus geminatus.—Suffruticose, ferruginous-pubes- — dous ex-— BOTANICAL GAZETTE. { April, pt veins, oblong-obovate, cuspidate-acuminate, Bape : uate to a small obtuse base, shortly petioled, 10-1 Foie: i ng : ‘thyrsi in a brachiate long-penduncled Pidevebiet Lee bracted panicle, virgate, 6-12 inches long: cymes subsessile, a at length geminate on a bipartite peduncle 3 lines Jong, i: : flowered, exceeding verticillastrate internodes, small brac a 13 lines long: corolla tube -equaling inflated : and 4 lines long: stamens g Seutellaria Intea. (§ s lips equal and 2 lines long; emarginate, its lateral lobes” plicate-edged lower lip: anthers : : disk obovate, nearly equaling Ovary, contracted to oblique short gynophore: nutlets glo- ; bose, sranulate.—Forest near Santa Rosa, alt. 5,000 feet, — July, 1887. (Ex Pl. cit 1,309. ) : 2 naked ; filaments margined ___ Dorstenia Choconiana Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. XX, ATT var. (v. form.) integrifolia_Rootstock tuberculate : stems sim- ple or furcate : leaves entire, margins crispate and undulate eduncles woes (ong: receptacle acetabuliform, 9-12 lines in diameter. pe ee disk chhow I : pistillate florets 6-7, intermixed wi h “humerous star s+ nucules stipitate, obovoid, com “Pres ‘essed above and below in Opposite axes, a line or more | ng ~ w AS re Prate II should be placed in the April number. The ex- it x planation of figures is as follows: : 1. Matured frond. 2. Cluster of young fronds. 8, Under surface of an abasal pinna. 4. Upper surface of an intermediate pinna and rhachis. BF 5. Gemmule vertically divided. 6. Scale from base of stipe. Botanical Gazette, 1888. 4 Piet Plate If. B. Meisel, Lith Boston. ' CE Faxon del ASPLENIUM VERA-PAX. Nn. sp. 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. _ . "7 and broad; endocarp shining-white, callose, delicately retic-» ulated. —Pansamala forest, alt. 3,800 feet, Sept., 1000, April, 1887. (Ex Pl. cit. 751.)—Freiherr von Tiirckheim’s c no tendency toward lobing of leaves. The originals of Dr. Watson’s description, sparingly collected by him in the ééerr@ caltente, are somewhat less robust plants, and the leaves hav. a more distinctly continuous intermarginal vein; the flowers were not described, and in the specimens seen are insufficient for examination. Asplenium Vera-pax. (§ Diplazium.)—Stipes tufted from a short rhizome witha few black scales toward base, 18 inches — long: fronds subcoriaceous, glabrous, pale beneath, punctate, ovate-lanceolate. 12 inches long, lower half pinnate, the up- lines long, falling short of both midrib and ma zioid chiefly below middle of pinne. (Plate 1.)—lans gah Dept. Alta Verapaz, alt. 4,000 feet, Sept., 1886. 1. cit. 850.) Baltimore, Mad. Notes on Western Umbellifere. 1. JOHN M. COULTER AND J. N. ROSE. In the following notes those specific names are used w are commonly known to collectors. hich forms than their labels show, and their range has been very materially extended. ee ee BOTANICAL GAZETTE, [| April, BP. Bolanderi Gray has been badly confused with Carum _Gairdneri and C. Oreganum by collectors, and under these ‘Names it is found in many herbaria. A glance at the con- ets scarious-bracted involucels, broadly concave seed- Ceya ), Emigrant Gap (M1. E. Fones 3603, in 1882); /regon, Union county ( Cusick 1097,1n 1883), Stein’s Mount- 8 e€ems to be British American, extending Rocky Mountains. ew have been collected Within our borders, and scovered M. divaricatum and M. trachyspermum © great plains of the Northwest tenuifolium stil] remains very poorly of it not yet having been collected. - Sp. Apparently acaulescent, but rt underground stem from a thick e or less t tvals (the lateral] intervals often with 1 or < taped but shorter Ones), 2 to 4 on the commissural fv gh. tidges- f. Oregon (Howell, in April, 1880, and b 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 79 May, 1882, as no. 67); Union county (Cusick 1010, in 1882 and 1884).—This species has been referred to P. Nevadense, : oe as several other species have been, but always with a doubt. been too often collected in its early condition, before either fruit or leaves had matured, and in this stage has been very puzzling. Mature fruit of Cusick’s collecting,in Canby’s —— herbarium, has enabled us to characterize it as quite a dis- tinct species. It belongs to that tuberous-rooted group of which P. farinosum and P. Cous are representatives. : base, an inch or two to a foot high, from an elongated com- paratively slender root, rough puberulent: petioles wholly inflated, with a very conspicuous white-scarious margin; leaves ternately or pinnately dissected, the ultimate segments i by fu th ae Ae In Howell’s distribution it is labeled P. dasycarpum. It has ~ 5 gE: az ’ Peucedanum Sandbergii, n.sp. Caulescent, branching at — — very short linear: umbel very unequally 6 to 15-rayed, with in a good stock of P. farinosum and then to If. .of its P. Geyeri. Specimens of the latter species are very much” to be desired. ; tens _ Peueedanum nudicaule Nutt. This species was first rep ’ by Bradbury and Nuttall from the ‘+ high plains, on the upper ported | . f any one can supply fruiting specimens of th called P, nudicaule, which is said to extend as far eastward — e would esteem it a favor. Angelica arguta of Nuttall, reported by him from Vancou- ver Island, has not been collected since until discovered by towell in 1882 at the base of Mt. Adams, Washington Ter tory, and distributed as. A. genuflexa: and then in 1886, long Hood river. Or alee. rofessor Macoun failed to reveal A. arguta + Jon, but discovered plenty of A. genu- he ‘oughout, O 2 inches long; pedicels a line or less” long, more or less pubetea : mediate ribs prominent, lateral ; j road as body ; oil-tubes sol-tary intervals, 2 on the commissural side: seed deeply ; ca be be the py tubes. with plane face.—Bluffs, ne oe oe SPAY, Uwaco (Lone Beach), Washington let Titory, Aug. 5, 1885 ( ja as 21 58). Z el? met AOR Hook. and Arn. is very much confused 12 _ Ith S. bipinnatifida, a good deal of S. laciniata distributed as S. bipinnatifida, as, for instances BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 1888. | lata are well set off against the pianktely parted leaves, merely acute or but slightly pointed teeth and bractlets, pur- ple flowers, densely prickly fruit, and broadly concave cen- trally ridged seed-face of S. bipinnatifida. Nevin and Lyon, in their exploration of San Clemente Island (off S. Califor- nia), collected S. laciniata with a ont ns fruit, but i in mabe other eee pres typica : aides rather sharply cut and se uthee: the teeth mucrona’ e- tipped: umbels unequally few-rayed, with involucre of a afew. leaf-like bracts, and involucels of very conspicuous bractl sometimes much exceeding the la arge globose heads of f flowers yellow: fruit short-pedicellate, prickly all over, 1 2 lines long; oil-tubes irregular in number and distributio seed-face concav e.—Sandy shores, Tilamook Bay and Ocean — Beach, Oregon, faly ee 1882 Bese 16, Henderson 1584) to appear fringed, its fruit naked at base, and 1 teal plane seed- face, are ae more marked characters which sgh to oe it ‘dis S. Howellit, ected by Cooper, Howell and Henderson, having been covered. by Professor Macoun in Vancouver Islane in I Pimpinella apiodora Gray, of the Pacific slope, is a great desideratum in herbaria. It seems to be widely distributed enough, but very rarely collected.- eee of it are v much desired by the writers. heh cine ind. BOTANICAL GAZETTE, Notes on Uarex. IX. L. H. BAILEY. | V1. Carex pansa. One of the Multifore: extensively creep- n to 4 inches deep: culm y entire beak, becoming nearl pletely hidden by the scale,—«« Very abundant in as well as borders of sea estuaries, Clatsop, Ore- aco, Washington Territory,” Z. F. Henderson. no. 237@ in my Synopsis ; intermediate be- and Fetide. 7 C. frigida of American botanists, not All always been a doubt as to the proper dispo- y first referred it to C. sempervirens Vil h resembles, but from which it is distin sea Wahl., emend.—This species presents three, : the type, a robust leafy plant with larg 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 83 inflated perigynia, occurring in the most northern states; a more slender form with slimmer pointed perigynia, growing in the middle and southern states; a depauperate form with very short perigynia, found in the southwest. The following nerved below, cuspidate or muticous, all except the lowest ones shorter than the perigynium. Boott, t. 86.—New Eng- land to Michigan and Illinois, and Pennsylvania. Var, angustifolia Boott, Ill. 34, t. 87.—C. /axifora Ell. Sk. Pl longer, sharper, and more spreading than in the species.— Southern Ohio, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, southward to Florida and Texas. ‘Common in the middle states. The variety, as outlined here, includes somewhat more than Dr. Boott evidently intended to designate, but there are no char- acters, so far as I know, which separate the extreme southern very narrow-leaved form from the plants of the central states. It is still a question as to the relationship of this variety with Carex oligocarpa Schk ; or the upper ones wholly muticous.—St. Louis, Mo., Eggert, Arkansas, Hasse (specimens somewhat intermediate between this and var. angustifolia), Texas, /Vea//y. 4. Carex flava Linn., emend.—Carex flava is a puzzling pa Species. It varies towards C. Géderi Retz, a species which may not be distinct. Yet there appears to be a satisfactory — line of demarcation between the two, and a greater accumu~ lation of confusing material must come in before their union Can be justified. The essential characters of typical C. flava RAT GATT Hy, ree Sahay tie N 5 SPS f : Ay Eee Ot BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ gre qualing or exceeding he on - strictly erect: spikes much smaller and eae ae b aggregated: perigynium conspicuously pause Oe short and straight: The spikes often have a w be ved °C. flava presents two marked varieties. From t ees ~C, flava, as characterized above, its varieties may | rated as follows: : 3 : od Var, recterostrata. Plant less yellow, or ati he spikes more scattered, the lowest two or three inc ea: ! and usually conspicuously stalked: beak shorter, a - Nearly so.—Vancouver Island, Macoun, and possi » as I recall Is not much smaller than the ty pe. one or two Atco, N, Jersey, C. Martindale. Introduced ? im England, : i . ‘ 5+ Carex aperta Boott, emend.—This species was aa Upon plants collected by Scouler and Douglas on the’ e bia river, he author erected a var. 8 at the same Ut he proposed the speci eae a GE Oi = Tek a a pa ie - 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. | 85 time he had made another var. £ (Ill. 132, t. 426), founded upon plants from the eastern United States. is latter va- riety has ever since been regarded as C. aperta Boott, in> Gray’s Manual and elsewhere, except in the instance 0 Olney’s fascicles, whére it was designated as C. aperta var. minor Olney. s none of the recent collections from Ore- — gon or Washington contain specimens which could be confi- _ dently referred to C. aperta, the species has held its place in our eastern flora through sufferance. A recent careful exam- ination of one of Scouler’s specimens, which is deposited in _ herb. Gray, reveals the fact that it is the same as the plant now provisionally known in this country as C. acuta var. pro- lixa : The specimen: appears to have been one of the more slender plants of the original collections, judging from the figure in Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am., which figure well represents the robust forms of C. acuta var. prolixa. The plant of the eastern states can’ not be considered as belong- ing to the original C. aperta, and I therefore separate it as “C. stricta Lam., var. decora.—-C, aperta, authors, not Boott. C. aperta Boott, 8, in part, Ill. 132, t. 426. C. Haydenii Dew. Sill. Journ. 3d ser. xviii, 103, probably. C. aperta var. mz- s nor Olney, Exsicc. fasc. v. no. 15.—U 1 and © more slender than the species, the basal sheaths not fibril-- lose: spikes short (seldom over an inch long), sessile or very nearly so, only very rarely attenuated at the base, spreading, the terminal staminate flowers few: bracts usually conspicu- ously spreading: scales very sharp, spreading, longer than the perigynium.—From New England to Illinois and Wis- consin; evidently also in Nebraska, Oregon and Washing- — ton. Apparently rare. 6. Carex canescens Linn., emend.—There are three marked © types of variation in Carex canescens: (1) A slender and re- duced form of the species, very common throughout the Northern states; (2) a dwarf series with brown or fulvous spikes, subalpine or alpine ; (3) a robust and very leafy form gynia long-pointed. Singularly enough, the first form has never had a name, although it has passed as var. vitilis and . var. alpicola, unless Lastadius’ var. subloliacea may be ap-- plied to it. It is very doubtful, however, if this var. sublo- — liacea can be legitimately pressed into service for our Amer- — hee plant. Andersson’s account of it extends no farther © than the fruit and spikes — ‘‘ spiculis parvis, subglobosis, “ 86 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Fore remotioribus, fructibus margine sublavibus ’’—and Boott says that it differs from the species only in the small spikes and the smooth perigynium. Boott Knew it only as a Lapla plant. Moreover, the very few ‘specimens to which | ha had access differ from the species only in the points desi » Var. vulgaris._Var. g@/ tcola Bailey in part, Proc. A Acad. xxii, 143; distrib. Carices, 1886.—Differs from th ‘Species in its more slender culm and laxer habit, its sm spikes, and usually smaller and spreading perigynia. | ~. -Variety bears the same relation to C. canescens that va : oC. echinata. Typical C. canescens . Var. alpicola W Ae Pers. Syn. ii, 539; C. Richardii Michxs. Fl. a f ahl. Fl. Lapp. 232.—-C. curta, var- ie -1, 1703; C. vititis ics, Mant. iii bbe oS edened ie - 3933 C. canescens var. spherostachya Tuc a Enum. Meth. 10,19; C. Buckley’ Dew. Sill. Journ. rst ser. x1viir 1433 C. spherostachya Dew. 1. c. xlix, 44; C. canescens val wlilis Carey, Gray's Man., 2d ed., 514; C. canescens val brunnescens Boott, Ill., 220; C. vitilis var. brunnea Olney ot. King’s €p-, 364; C. witthis vars. alpicola and spher ostachya Olney, Exsice fasc. v. nos. 3 and 4.—Smaller Nee the species (seldom much over a foot high), the culm stiff the alpine forms tawn Varies from the short, stiff and brown alpyy forms—ihe typical var alpicola—into various lax aug E forms of intermedi mediate regions along the no borders of the United States. s 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 87 7. C. Deweyana Schw., var. sparsiflora.—C. Bolanderi var. sparsifiora Olney, Proc. Am. Acad. 1872, 407 (Hall’s no. 580). —The most reduced form of C. Deweyana: plant laxer in habit than the type: leaves narrower: spikes smaller: peri- gynium twice smaller, more or less excurved. This is com- nescens, with which it “8. C. aretata Boott, var. Faxonii—Spikes shorter than in the species, usually short-peduncled, erect or nearly so, much ~ more densely flowered, part of them usually contiguous at the | top of the culm, rendering the shorter staminate spike incon- spicuous : perigynium usually much larger.—Sugar Hill, Lis- bon, N. H., Hdwin Faxon, 1887; extreme northern Minne- sota, Bailey, 1886; northwestern Ontario at Nipigon, Ma- coun, 1884, and Michipicoton, Geo. Barnston, 1800. s Carex arctata is often confounded with C. debilis, at 5 may be well at this place to state the essential points In which it differs from C. debilis: Radical leaves broader and “9 C. rosea. Schkuhr, var.? Arkansana. Differs from the spe- cies in its mostly stouter culm, the spikes much largerand more _ growing beneath underbrush where heavy timber mele cut, Dr. H. E. Hasse. This plant suggests C. Muhlenbergu Var. australis. bet o V10. Carex salina Wahl., var.? robusta. Taller and coarser than the species (2 to 3 feet high), the culm spongy si | « truncate at the base, somewhat aggregated, the lower sho eeikcd. scales various, from lanceolate and. acute to.o d obtuse, brown with a white nerve, longer than the thi T Sees perigynium.—Salt marsh, Vancouver Islat 887. Mi acoun. A singular plant with very bushy spi ariable in character. The perigynia are all empty Pye ar coh Il. Carex Liddoni Boott, var. incerta. (. adusta var. : gesta W. Boott, Bot. Calif. ii, 238.—Usually lower than the species (about 18 inches high), the culm much more slender: ” lea Gently proportionally longer (nearly as long as the orter (three- fourths inch or less long), much 1ore dense: perigynium somewhat smaller, nerveless ty nearly so.—Summit Camp, California, Aedlogg’. o shade - C. Jamesoni Boott, var, gracilis. Differs from the nits much more slender and flexuose spikes, which er peduncled. ¢, Famesoni 2 Boott, Ill. 109, t. 33 specimen figured and describe by Boott is trom nor South America. | refer here, with much uncertaint tw eae Se in southern Mexico in 1853 by Fre ed. ller, nos. i, 337 and 1,338. These specimens are Mm ‘more plendee than aa figured by Boott, smaller (one ay 3 half to t two feet high), leaves narrower, the spikes fewer an ither more slender and the perigy nium somewhat excurv: i Tger suite of (Specimens Is necessary for ‘a Fy de t.- 334.3 ip part of 1.077, thé latter from Orizaba, are ameson ni 7, tt. 336 an 337 - It seems to me that the var. uld be referred to the type. 13, Carex triceps Michx., hit Porter ¥ Olney, the type: ‘Whtsle p var. aati Porter in litt.— Exs sicc. fasc. i, no 28._-More slend lant, except the sheaths, sn x 89% es featey Li. or less long | wid ‘ower one wo usually aliriipeddnclen - perigyni ; ly. smaller: ala especially of the staminate p mmonl] ieee less squarrose and not so sharply pointed 7a Peanaylvania, southern New Jersey ands Distinguished from e h I. oni parent it most closely resembles, by its stra 41888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 89 colored perigynia, which are less inflated and much more spreading, standing at nearly right angles to the axis of the spike.—Lansing, Mich. A large clump of this Carex was found growing between clumps of C. lurida and C. retrorsa. Its habit and characters were such as to at once place its hy- brid origin beyond a doubt. It also explains certain ambig-— uous specimens which have been sent me for name—I can, not now recall from whom—and which I recollect to have referred to C. lurida. Without an intimate acquaintance with C. lurida this hybrid will not be readily recognized. It is very likely to be mistaken for C. tentaculata. It resem- bles very closely C. tentaculata x lurida Bailey (C. tentaculata var. a/tior Boott). Infertile. Agricultural College, Mich. The distribution of Isoetes. LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD. ures of their distribution on other continents. “he species Were classed by Engelmann as ‘‘ submerged,” *‘ amphibious’ and ** terrestrial.”’” Baker? makes four groups to which sim- ilar terms are differently applied, his group ‘‘Aquatice = In- cluding only a part of Engelmann’s ‘‘ submerged ”’ species, his group ‘* Subaquatice ”’ including the remainder, together 2 ‘ ; oe Gite with Engelmann’s ‘‘ amphibious” species, his group Am- — 390 (see) genus Isoetes in North America. In Trans. St. Lowis Academy of Science iv, 358- *Fern Allies, p. 124 (1887). ‘eGR the remaining species to France. In the minor distribution France leads with I. lacustris L. (1) I. Malinverniana Ces. & DeNot. (3) I, echinospora Dur. ( 1) I. velata A. Br. (3) I. Azorica Dur. (1) I. dubia Gennari. (3) I. setacea Bosc. (3) I. Tegulensis Gennari. (3) L tenuissima Boreau. (3) I. hystrix Bory. (4) I. Boryana Dur. (3) I. Durizxi Bory. (4) _ Ladspersa A. Br. (3) ‘mountain regions of central Europe; both, moreover, ate — go BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ April, phibie ” including Engelmann’s ‘ terrestrial ”’ species, while his group ‘‘ Terrestres”’ is limited to two European species _ nine species; with two of Dr. Engelmann’s species over- looked by him and the two species described below the num- _ Geographically Isoetes has a peculiarly wide distribution; — to illustrate its main features we will take the various regions — of the world in order, commencing with Europe, where the — genus was first known: ; I. Eurorr,—The European species are thirteen in num- : ber, only excelled by our own continent. The species are as follows 3 _ OF the above, two species alone, I. lacustris and I. echi- | nine species, the island of Sardinia hati. ve, while England and Sweden have only two each.* _ 7: ported deriana Dur. & Let, (3) AFRICA.—From Africa ten species have been Te : Peral 4, velata A. Br, (3 ae r. (3) I. Natalen: I. Welwitschii A. Br (8) Siae a L. Schweinfurthii A. Br. (3) L Durie; se “ I. xquinoctialis Welw. (3) FL) | L nigritiana A. Br. (3) ” Of these, the oe a the aiee alone being pec rst five are found only in’ Algeria, t j ‘ / F d uliar to that country ; the second 1s fou 37 ve ‘I = iy following the Species refer to Baker’s groups in the order ange ystrix Politically of Engle from Guernsey, which is botanically a part of France, Hove” 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. gi III. Asta.—From Asia we have the smallest number from any continent except South America, which has the same number—six. Of these, only three are peculiar to Asia. The species are: I, velnta A. Br. (3) I, Olympica A. Br. (3) I. hystrix Bory. (4) I. Japonica A. Br. (3) I. Durizxi Bory. (4) I, Coromandeliana L. (3) The first three have already been discussed as Mediter- ranean; of the remainder, the first is from Asia Minor, the — second from Japan, and the third from India; illustrating ~ again the wide distribution of the genus. IV. Ausrravasta has eight species, as follows: ; Gunnii A. Br. (1) I, alpina er ar - L. elatior F, M. (1 I. Muelleri r. I, Sturrtii A. Br. (1) . Drummondii A. Br. (2) I. Kirkii A. Br. (2) I. tripus A. Br. (8) Here again we have a singular example of wide distribu- tion: the first three are from Tasmania, I. Kirkii and I. al- pina are from New Zealand, I. Muelleri is from Queensland, and the last two are from West Australia. Soutu AmeErica.—From America south of the isth-— mus of Panama we have the six following species: E triquetra A. Br. (1) So pacaoren ig er - Lrchleri Mett. (1 i cer egal Wee aa” oe I. Savatieri rece (8) I. Gardeneriana Kze. (3) _ Of these, the first two are from the high Andes of Peru, the fe third is from Patagonia, and the remainder are from Brazil. VI. Norra America.—Coming lastly to our own coun- try, we find the largest representation of Isoetes anywhere : fo Nineteen species occur within the limits of orth America, including a single species from the West Indies. Of these, only the first two are found elsewhere. Omitting Varieties, we have: | , ay i saccharata Engelm. ( 2; I. melanopoda J. Gay. (3) pte eg ra oy) Ye ae - I. lacustris I. (1) I. nuda Engelm. (3) I. echinospora Dur. (1) I, flaccida Shuttleworth. (3) I. pygmexa Engelm. (1) I. Suksdorfiit Baker. (3 I, Bolanderi Engelm. (2) I. Cubana Engelm. (3) _ Lriparia Engelm (2) ~ I. maritima n. sp. (3) I. melanospora Engelm. (2) I. Butleri Engelm. (3) ‘Species everywhere. ~ Ohio (Beardslee), give on 92 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ April 33 I. Tuckermani A. Br. (2) I. Engelmanni A. Br. (3) I. Nuttallit Engelm. (3) I. Howellii Engelm. (3) Turning to individual a of that character, one, that of Missouri ( Tracy), wo species; three, Iowa (Arthur), Illinois (Patterson) oe (C urtiss), Minnesota ( Upham), Michigan ( Wheels . math), Wisconsin ( Lapham), Indiana (Coulter : arnes) and Washington 6 species. Massachusetts, however, has five species, Pennsyi- four each, and New York, Caliform# ach. Dr. Engelmann’s first prophecy are expected to be found when the “ More earnestly directed to them,” ne In the efforts of two veteran collecto™ —— @. Engelmann, loc. cit., p. 376, = 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 93 Pringle in Mexico, and Macoun in Vancouver Island. His second prophecy, that ‘* some of the apparently local species will yet be found in a more extended area,” depends largely — on the activity of collectors in the field. Some general conclusions may be drawn from the above notes on geographic distribution : ; 1. The genus Isoetes has‘a world-wide distribution, be- ing represented not only on every continent, but in almost every part of every continent. ile the range of the genus is world-wide, the range _ of most of the species is remarkably narrow. Excepting the two boreal species, I. lacustris and I. echinospora, and the three Mediterranean species, I. velata, I. hystrix and I, Du- — rizi, the remaining species are largely local, many being known from a single locality. care es . France for Europe and Massachusetts for America present the largest number of species and varieties, Owing, doubtless, to the fact that their collectors have been more active and watchful for these inconspicuous plants. “ies 4. No center of distribution seems apparent; we are- unable to assign headquarters for the genus. 4 : . As we approach tropical regions from both north and south we find a decrease of aquatic and subaquatic forms | and a corresponding growth of amphibious, pseudo-terres- trial and terrestrial forms. 3 ed a Probabilities derived from a study of distribution point not only toward a much wider range for individu es species, but also to the discovery of many more species aS collectors turn their attention to them. ea true of numerous other aquatic plants, water- — fowl have doubtless been responsible for the wide distri NS, tion of certain species, notably I. lacustris and I. echinospora, which, no doubt, encircle the northern hemisphere. Rare. We add the descriptions of two new species: ey Isoetes Mexicana. Amphibious : rootstock two-lobed: leaves right green, 12-22 cm. long; stomata numerous: sporangia oval, 5 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, delicate, unspotted 5 _ ; ; asl t : verging ridges in strong relief: microspores slate-colored, ~ 0.028-0.033 mm. thick, mostly smooth. ca quetraandi. = It should be noted that the two apparent exceptions to this law, I. trique cine Lechleri, though found in equatorial regions, are both high mountain forms. ce ; 94 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. { April, _ Slow streams, base of Sierra Madre, state of Chihuahua, Mexico, October, 1887 (C. G. Pringle, no. 1447). ir his species is the first that has yet appeared within the limits of Mexico. Mr. Pringle writes: ‘* The Isoetes was found in several different stations, in the shallows of slow rills of the sandy plains about the continental divide, at an elevation of 6,000 to 7,000 feet, and growing as well in the wet sand as in the bottom of pools. Its leaves—what the — specimens scarcely show since they were dried—were sinu- ous and channeled above,”’ Sh Lies aU ran SER Isoetes maritima. Amphibious or mostly terrestrial: root- stock small, only slightly bilobed: leaves 8—1 5, rigid, green, 2-5 cm. long, 1.5 mm. wide with abundant stomata: sporan- gia oval 4 mm. ong, 2.5mm. wide, brownish-white, covered one-third to one-half by the velum: ligule small, Inconspicu- ous: macrospores 0.42-0.48mm. thick, densely spinulose, _ white, smooth, 0.032-0.0 m. thick, aie. Salt marsh, Alberni, Vancouver Island, August, 1887 CF. Macoun).' This species, next to gmza, is the smallest of our marked characters; from T. Nuttallii it differs by its size, its” _ partial velum and the sculpture of its spores. Syracuse, NV. 7. BRIEFER ARTICLES, Lichens from the Easter Islands.—During the year 1885 the United — States steamer « Mohic fc se images arrived they were thickly cov d a single species of moss. Mr. Henry condition would permit, ti L., and a sterile Parmelj an) TWi ’ 2 . . 3 tallii extendine ae of. Macoun Sends from his collection in Vancouver Island I. heb ~~ Thave referred prac sen8e, of that species northward from Oregon, and two forms W ny ’ described form of the oo any to I. echinospora, though both iffer somewhat ie trout fresh water (Sproat Lake wee The habits of the two were different, one coming h €) and the other “ between tides, in flowing water.” a, 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 95 moss is without fruit, but seems to be a species of Hypnum.—F. H. Kyow ton, U. 8. National Museum. Notes on some Illinois grapes.—The following notes were made upon the grapes of Wabash county, Illinois: Vitis palmata Vahl. In bloom, July 1 to 10; fruit ripe, after Octo- ber 1; odor, delicately fragrant; habitat, borders of muddy ponds in bot- tom lands. Berries have a pleasant taste; not so sour as either of our other wild grapes. Cultivation might produce a valuable fruit. The largest vine I have seen is 1} inches in diameter, ascending a tree 18 feet. It usually forms large dense mats over the tops of low bushes and sedges. etc. Its common associates are Cephalanthus occidentalis, Populus het- erophylla, Gleditschia monosperma, etc. Peduncles sometimes 6 inches long; often throwing themselves around twigs, thus serving as tendrils. 2. V. riparia Michx. In bloom, May 10 to 20; fruit ripe, July 10 to 30; odor, slightly fragrant; habitat, along banks of large streams in bot- tom lands. Vine seldom 3 inches in diameter; straggling over small trees, forming dense overhanging canopies; rarely rising above 5) feet. V. cordifolia Michx. In bloom, May 25 to June 10; fruit ripe, after _ October 1; odor, very fragrant; habitat, throughout river bottoms. This is our largest grape-vine. I have found it 6 inches in diameter, and ascending more than 125 feet. * V. cinerea Engelm. In bloom, June 15 to 30; fruit ripe, after Sep- tember 15; odor, delicately fragrant; habitat, along small streams in up- lands and barrens. It is very close to V. stivalis; the foliage of the two an not, in many cases, be distinguished; but the difference in the time at which the flowering and ripening of fruit occur in the two species, together with the long lax bunches, smaller and bloomless berries of V. cinerea, makes a plain, specific distinction between these two plants. V. xstivalis Michx, In bloom, June 8 to 20; fruit ripe, after Sep- tember 1; odor, mildly fragrant; habitat, u plinds and barrens. 6. V. indivisa Willd. In bloom, June 18 to 28; fruit ripe, after Oc- tober 1; odor, unpleasint; habitat, throughout river bottoms.—J. Scuneck, Mt. Carmel, Ills. Prunus pumila in North Carolina.—In “ Gray’s Manual” it is stated assachusetts northward ” Tt is not mentioned in Chapman’s “ Flora of the Southern United States,” nor in the Rev. M. A. Curtis’ “Catalogue of the Indigenous and Natur Plants of the State of North Carolina.” I have, however, found it SFOw" ing luxuriantly and in quantities on rocks in Hen ’ county is situated in the alpine region of North Carolina, and from 1s altitude its flora resembles, in many respects, the flora of a higher lati- tude. A specimen of the Prunus pumila found in this locality was sent to Dr. N. L. Britton, of Columbia College, N. Y., for comparison with : : : " ’ q x Be Approx Pressed ), figa approxim 96 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ April, the specimens in the college herbarium. Upon making the comparison : he writes: “The Prunus pumila sent I can not distinguish from northem — specimens, New York and New Jersey.”—Epwarp Reap Meee _ Flat Rock, N. C. Synopsis of the genus Panienm Linn tt species of the United States a be divided into the following section mn I. Dicrrarta. Panicles of sev eral spikes or spikeline | ei nbick are digitate or approximate at the top of the culm: spike- — lets usually small and in alternate pairs along one side of the flattened — rhachis; one sessile and one short! y pedicelled ; empty glumes 2, or some> — times 3, the lower one then being minute. Species 4. Section IL Trichacuye, Spikelets densely silky-hairy, or fringed with long hairs , Sessile or shortly pedicelled, in pairs or clustered along the rhachis of the numero - leucopheum HBK. »lachnanthum Torr. - Section IIL. Bracur HIARIA. Panicle subspicate or with several short sessile simple branches : spikelets sessile or subsessile. Panicle of few (3 to 6) simple, mostly sessile, epreai : ikelets sessile in two rows.on one side of a fievanety rhachis, : as in Paspalum, but with a PP. es, Curtisii, ees. reticulatum, Texanum. iret lax flowered. PP. an i, Reverchyni, subspicatum, mals es. mata. ne erect or somewhat spreading — a » Prostratum, cespitosum i ae SON ‘ i: 4- Polystachya. Branches of the panicle at 7 : or 7b a as ‘Simple or with slot besnbtilets at the base : skal sess PP aba, laxum, beurh inode, and small forms of ance n IV, Eupantcom, oe b- _ Branches of the panicle more or less sh ally Spreading and naked below; pe cotati glomerate, » depauperace; branches few, erect. > vanthophysum, depauperatum, angustifolium Chapm a Panicle small but diffuse se, branches rather few- flowered pie short. f mp partum, consanguinenm, laziflorum, dichotomum, and Orms, 1883. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 97 3- Panicle small or large, branches long: spikelets scattered or glomerate. PP. gymnocarpon, hians, barbinode, laxwm. ‘4- Panicle larger, branches subdivided : spikelets pedicelled. PP. latifolium, clandestinum, viscidum, scabriusculum, commutatum, Neal- leyi, microcarpon and vay. anicle effuse, branches capillary and much subdivided. PP. capillare, proliferum, Hallii, autumnale, Buckleyi, miliacea, verru- cosum, . Tall grasses, with ample and diffuse panicle. . PP. anceps, agrostoides, virgatum, amarum, maximum, bulbosum, avena- ceum, Havardii. 7- Frutescent: spikelets large and turgid; empty glumes loose. P. divaricatum Linn. 8. Panicle diffuse: spikelets large; the glumes very silky-villose. P. Urvilleanum Kth.—Dr. GEorGE Vasey, Washington, D. C. EDITORIAL. Wnuar are the duties of the new experiment stations established at the state agricultural colleges by the national government, and recently made operative by congressional appropriation? The stations have two functions, as laid down by the law—“acquiring and diffusing ” knowl- edge—and it is well to notice the significant order in which they are — mentioned. The second section of the act specifies in what lines acqui- sition may be made, and it is our present purpose only to call attention to that part which relates to the study of plants. “It shall be the object and duty of said experiment stations,” so the law reads, “ to con- duct original researches or verify experiments on the physiology of plants and animals, the diseases to which they are severally subject, with remedies for the same,” etc. It can not be wholly accidental that the 0 , * ad Subject being “ the analysis of soils and water,” although if hard driven. Pes BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ April, we might insist that nothing prevents interpreting this to mean not only % lie ‘chemical but biological analysis. Thus, the law permits and | prominent mention of the study of plants in their manifold relations OPEN LETTERS. Typha. ioe An odd fuchsia, A malformed fuchsia wh : f whi odies were sepals, but as they could b h tte y could be traced to the pcp the flower by a Prominent line or ridge, I concluded them to be Wi AS EU ky Chicago, I. Fragrance of flowers : In : i yom shi riglodn. ‘aren of the fragrance of certain flowers upon ce! GAZETTE, have Ich I have observed several communications 1D A bouquet ‘ne: hed been able to sit in a room where lilacs i which sine ould I ever examine the flowers of the common milkwe es * so plentifully along the country roadsides. I have wel 1888. ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 99 many times when a young girl student, and in mature life, endeavorin se eer myself that I could if I would, but the odor of both lilac an eed seems to place a band about my head, which, as regards the Tine is ieatinle toa certain mHEH of politeness, if I am a guest in a ‘house; but the effect of the milkweed is so intensified that I think I should lose ‘consciousness if I persisted one 3 in the inhalation. Jutta 8. Hoaa. Albany, N. Y. eee of N. Am. species of Fissidens. ing the measurements of leaf-cells and tie in the i, 1887, p. 1) should be. Those who hav casion to use these measurements are, SMe, requested to sata veh: a from them, é. g., = should read 1 oe Sey should be 184, and so on. C. R. Bar Madison; Wis., Mare h 1, 1888. An exchange herbarium. ean ideal botanical exchanke is one through which one can obtain at time any plant des red. At the New York meeting of the A. A.A S. ‘i. a sa question of a botanical ‘exchan nge for this ‘country, and t Organize one if thought desirable and practicable. Suggestions fete €ach member of the committee mare been secured, as well as from other botanists, and information has been obtained in regard to the Botanical ni Te he committee, but some account of its method learned fro persons in this country who have obtained plants through : ount of the workings of the British Exchange, together with Suggestions for the management of one in this country, is e F numbers of the Torrey Bulletin and BoTANICAL GAZETT is a desire on the part of many that the exchange be located n e botanist of the Department of Agriculture has, nb dee on this basis, it will be ences an.extension of the system of distribution heretofore carried on by the Departmen ts management under special rules. In this case there would nie and the interchange of eeinians woul ade through the ected ee of posta Persons desiring specimens age Fucsgepe 4 be as e to contribute a liberal number in exchange for esire quickly establish a stock from which nearly Seay ane called for con 1Die Laubmoose (Rabenh. Krypt.-Flora), p. 427 et seq. 100 BOTANICAL GAZETTE, [ April be furnished. The stock of dupkosies belonging to the Department of Agriculture has during the past winter been labeled and arranged in botanical order, and now represents nearly 1 ‘000 genera, being e — ie ull in grasses and plants of the southw h : chairman of the co mmittee, Dr. George Vasey, Department of 7 Bee ure, Washington, 3 Ad 3 A. A. Cro: iki Washington, D. C. Si rice aeen rl such matters, are singularly silent. -Down south, where. it is said, them tives hunt all day for a sn m ay be more ‘ones on the one Here is the list for what tit ican pay Medica Botany (1 $38) the name “ rattlesn nake-mastet quarrosa, with the note that it is so called in southern ; ¢ : animal e ia th t : ts ey tk” a me the patient drinks a decoctién of it in mi x speaks of thee spies of Mikania so employed, but ours is not among td to Aristolochia serpentaria, Fliickiger and Hanbury gay," t he cure of snake-bites is now disregarded.” en nt person wo uld giv: and a'go what j 1s known of the as University, Providence, R. I pnW. Wait an BAILEY Strawberry poisoning, vt response to my note upon this subject in the January GAZE ried a co setUnication from Di Dr. Fi spaugh, of Waren Piece ilar to those Té by my a which ee already been tebe avd S publighed. tee 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 101 -of these cases is attributed to Linnzeus, 1757, who mentions | in an upon the strawberry the poisonous effects ‘of the fruit, and vito abe End symptom to be an eruption of the skin. Four other cases of the a the severi ity of the attack and the Jafforing of the sti ent. All o foreign cases, I believe, are recorded in Allen’s Encyclopedia of Pure Ma- teria Medica. On this side of the Atlantic the only ease recorded pre- vious to those ineatonad by myself, so far as I know, is a very interest- ing one which came under Dr. Millspaugh’s perianal 0 observation in his own practice, and is noted in Millspaugh’s American Medicinal Plants, Fascicle III, p. 55. ne very important difference between the six cases here alluded to by and those mentioned myself in the January GAZETTE is worthy of special note, namely, that hereas oa the former, far as stated, the poisoni lways resulted from eating the fruit, : the latter the mere inhalation of the odor of the ripe fruit might, and in many instances did, cause the F vary without tasting or even ame the fruit itself. Cornell Univer A. N. PRENTISS. n the Ce GazErte of January, 1888, Pr of. A. N. ebdigilee as on Cotiet University, refers to two interesting cases of strawberry poi as and states that they are the only instances of whi ch he has eier Since this particular idiosyncrasy is so rare, I will furnish additional testimony in r — to a cousin of min e, formerly resident in Glens Falls, N. Y., now deceased. She had never staaiionte d fondness for cetawhaeriok 0 Ww ing it a case of vegetable poison. One of them went out into the arm to find what there was ‘to tempt the child, and, cele g, said he nothing there but strawberries which would produce such results, and they were poisonous to his wife. The other uysaien said the symptoms : ome ¢ ich Strawberries. Her sister fulcind ih that later in life oi bee occa- owe them without experiencing ill effects . Hoag my, N.Y. CURRENT LITERATURE. A manual of the siealen Discomycetes.’ This is the title of.a book of over 400 pages , giving descriptions, s am and bibliographic and exsiccate references for all the fungi be- ternational Scientific 8 } PHILLIPS, WILLIAM.—A manual of “ British Discomycetes. In Series, Vol. LXI, 410 pp., 12 plates, 8 v: FEDS | 102 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ April, The descriptiong happily include the spore characters, and they are also made more complete by the addition of the habitat, and the derivation of the specific name. Under each genus and sub-genus is an analytical table of the arrangement of the species, and a “ key to the species,” which a will greatly facilitate and simplify the labors of the student. oo The systematic arrangement is greatly in advance of that of the older - manuals, the species included in Peziza and Helotium, in the “Hand- _ book of British Fungi,” being here distributed in a dozen genera and twenty-nine sub genera, A spirit of conservatism, however, runs through — rial of o well for the future of bo pai, the botanical work me bene Edited by Will elect, the late George En elmann, eollected for Henry Shaw, John Wilson @ amt Prelease and Asa Gray. 548 pp., 102 plates, 4to. Cambridge, -_ 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 103 Plant distribution, The foundation for the study of geographical botany seems to have. been laid by Humboldt and Bonpland’s “ Essai sur la Géographie des _ Plantes,” bearing the date of 1805. Since that time it has received con- siderable attention from very distinguised botanists, the bibliography of the subject showing such names as the DeCandolles, Robert Brown, Wat- son, Darwin, Hooker, and our lamented countryman, Prof. Gray. Prob- ably Dr. Gray’s most brilliant production was his “ Relation of the Japan- ese flora to that of North America.” As fascinating and important as. this subject is, the older botanists were necessarily hampered by the dearth of material, but the times are now fast ripening for a study of this great department. The latest presentation of it lies before us in the shape of Drude’s® eight charts, with descriptive text. He divides the flora . of the world into fourteen regions as follows: (1) Northern, (2) Central Asia, (3) Mediterranean, (4) East Asia, (5) Middle North America, (6) Tropical Africa, (7) East African Islands, (8) Indian, (9; Tropical America, (10): Cape, (11) Australia, (12) New Zealand, (13) Andes, (14) Antarctic. Each of these has its subdivisions. His dealing with the North American flora may be taken as an illustration. Nearly all of the British possessions be- long to the first or Arctic group, which also includes the southern shores of the great lakes and New England, and extends down the Appalachian system into North Carolina. Central North America belongs.to his fifth group, while Southern Florida and most of Mexico belong to the ninth or Tropical American group, which extends southward so as to include the bulk of South America. As an illustration of the author’s subdivis- ions we may take the Middle North American group, which is nearly co- extensive with the United States. The subdivisions are four, viz.: (1) | Practical botany. ; ; If there is anything in the so-called “practical botany ” it is getting DE Dr. O.—Atlas der Pflanzenverbreitung. (Berghaus’ Physikalischer Atlas, Ab- 3 Dru theilung V.) Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1887 $ _ ‘German edition, Hillhouse’s translation, and the second German edition a “from tae German by Rev. ve 104 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ April, abundant chance to show itself in the numerous laboratory guides. The q last one on our table is another translation of Strasburger’s “ Botanische of Practicum,”* that is, the abridged edition. In this journal the original — have already been reviewed, so that nothing remains to be said concern- ing the subject matter of this admirable book. Two English translations Minor notices. THE STAINING of living nuclei is one of the latest triumphs of histol- ogy, and one that puts the cell activities within com paratively easy reach of observation. In this journal (xii, 40 and 192) Mr. Douglas H. Campbell has already shown some of his results in this direction, and now he has distributed in pamphlet reprint® a full account of his experiments, con- ducted at Tiibingen, under the title “The Staining of Living Nuclei.” A PRELIMINARY LIST of the vascular plants of the Lackawanna and Wyoming Valleys, by William R. Dudley, is published in the Proceed- ings of the Lackawanna Institute of History and Science, volume one The list includes 769 species, and is compiled with the customary care of ‘the author, and is admirably printed. age A ERY BRIEF biographical sketch of Edward Tuckerman was pub- ‘lished in this journal shortly afte “ography of his-seientific writin W. G. Farl =r Q er Es N jo] 39) and « ” - Geaster quadr ifidus,” Am. Jour. Sci. xxxvi, 380 (J uly, sr ), and Vegetation in the White Mountains,” in King's “The White . Huls,” Boston, 1860, Pp- 230-241. Some reference to Mr. Willey’s bil liography would not haye been out of place. : si sea which produce burs or other devices for attaching their tributi vessels wy the hair or wool of animals, and thus securing dis ‘on, are interesting from several points of view. A good service *SrRaspur Laer alar ati: Gee, Dr. Eovarp.—A Manual of the microscope in vegetable histol: ogy; - A. B. Hervey. 332 pp., tally illustrated, 8vo. Boston: 9 : E. ‘Cassino, 158 § From Untersuchun en au * F PES ‘ emoir f E ‘: x ee 2 * : 7. 5 ae set Kerman, 1817-1886. Read before the National Academy APM rm “ashington: The National Academy. ae 1888. | BOTANICAL. GAZETTE. 105 has been rendered by Dr. Huth in bringing together in one monograph ® a concise account of the plants having fruit with hooked or barbed prick- les or spines. He makes five classes: (a) those in which the roughness also assists the plant in climbing during growth, as the bedstraws; (b) those from which the seeds are projected, as the Martynia and other common kinds in which this property is not always noticed ; (c) the rare anchor burs, ¢. g. Trapa natans; (d) the boring fruits, such as Stipa, Ero- dium and other grasses; and (e) clinging burs, like the stick-tights. Most of the space is devoted to a brief systematic account of all bur-pro- ducing plants, 163 genera being mentioned. NOTES AND NEWS. “ SOME COMMON THISTLES” is the title of < illustrated paper by Prof. L. H. Pamme!l in Colman’s Rural dda (March 9). Proressor J. C. LyForD is giving a course of ilvietaatedt botanical leriaizas hetins the Worcester (Mass.) Natural History Dr. Curistran LUERSSEN has been called from the pace sobs at Eberswald t ah professor pe botany and director of the botanic garden at Konigsber THE METHOD of bleaching, staining and mounting the unsectioned leaves ae aa of ferns is described by the careful preparateur. Rey. J. D. King, in the Microscope for March. FESSOR BAYLEY es a fas Lt elected to the chair of botany © in Edinburgh University, made vacant by the death of Dr. Dickson. This lea aves a vacancy in the botanical department at Oxford. Dr. Gray’s last writin the American Journal of Science for March, being the Bota nical Neeroloy for ABST. The list co the names of W. E. Tolmie, John Gol @ oth. of pee ges aie doh 886), Albert Kellogg, William Boott, Ezra ee Dr. GrorGeE L. Goopae has in the past two months ey a course of twelve fechas at the Lowell Institute in Boston, on ucts iveness as a lecturer, the course must have been caceedingly a interesting. PRESUMPTUOUS and unblushingly egsitin article on the germ of fa the southern cattle plague i i ierosco oor K. Bi ety “director of the p tho-biglogiens laboratory of the State University of Nebraska,” laying claim t all hi er a straw in the study of this subject. If this is the manner In Ww ’ sun of original investigation seems to be rising in the west,” we mia ied the credit of American science that its rays may be kept under a8 much as possible. ma GE ee eee ar derer Beriicksichtigung jhrer Ver epithe Stanien mete) ws pp 78 roms Cel aa hee Thiere. Theodor Fischer, 1887,—4 m ale’s gre attract- 106 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ April, THE DANGER of laying too much stress upon a spore mnestuselaay particularly in the Agaricini, is dwelt u r.M.C. ( ein rk-cambium cells, which brings about the gecko ph 4 cells, resulting in the formation of the swellings. e, pustules step : mene at ry up and crack or become hollowed out. forintna the sc a arkings. harply THE Revue Bryologique, 1888, p. 2, A. L. Gronval criticises 8 some of the conclusions of Venturi as tothe species of Orthotrichum a process which does not coincide wholly with M. Gronval’s views. Mi many of our American species are treated, ‘the paper is worthy the sien: tion of our bryologists. DES is the name of certain root organs Peake! by Ladi y on certain palms, and discovered to be of use “ xération of the plant. They are outgrowths from the root, point into the air, and are characterized by having a bo portion antl e rest. Dr. Goodale (Am. Jour. Sci., March, 1888), in comm. ade on Jost’s communication ee iki Sept., 1837), refers the “cypress ; knees” ” to this new class of o ex: OFFICE be the eek ter in gs jan Lege tth ah resem from il Ais caneltniens are had the Done takés up nearly or quite all the arat is able food from the tuber before the Mesias lecays, that such ri om sea better antted ti to the needs of the oung plant than nutriment Ir oa and that the rapidity with which the tran cb rasr is made depen tside eotididie: such, especially, as the condition of the soil. : Rev. THos. Morone asphalt ties studies in the Typhaces 1D n. Torr. Bot. Club (March) by p ing our six species of Spar fortis “They are S. eurycarpum Eng. “s G Morong (a d ‘ me 3 Ste satin Pachin, » and 8. honePiohtans: Leest. (from Hoon Bs na ry § ‘Labrado a ike appearance, falls off st — - remains undistur bed by the a 1 Abstract in Bot. Centralblatt, xx xiii, 209. 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 107 ing in the great water s hich empties into the Atlantic through the Parana and the Rio de la Plata, and afterward of crossing the es by the overland route into Chili. o hopes to reach Lake Titicaca, _ In THE preliminary report which M. Viala has made to the French ‘minister of agriculture upon his six months’ stay in this country for the rs : g other topics, will be published after a time. He speaks warmly of the at- ention a i im by Americans, and particularly by Commissioner Colman and Professor Scribner, of the U. 8. Department of Agricuiture. 100th year of the garden 's existence, a sketch of the history ¢ f the insti- tution is given, which is also printed in the Gardeners’ Chronicle (Feb. 18). So ames in botany appear among its directors, as, for 1ns ance, name is very familiar in connection with descriptions of Oriental plants. The present director, Dr. King, is credited with having transformed the garden and brought it up to its present high estate. THE ACTION of frost on seedlings is the subject of some interesting _ experimental study. “In cold climates the annual period of growth is shortened, the season during which the plant must vegetate 18 condensed, and the shoots and flowers have to unfold rapidly = to ‘make hay i rde icle . 29. while the others, planted at the same time, and in exactly the samé soil, etc., had as yet only begun to show shoots, and bore no tubers.” (1. ¢.) re | rasses which is projected as an adjunct to the botanical division of 4 part- és J A De > Gr * a4) se 108 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ April. vis A ; oe B Plowright, F.'L. S., is projected. It is to contain descriptions — ee now Henderson, John Thorpe, William Falconer, A. H. Fewkes, on ee En- he, . ge au N ILLUSTRATED WORK on the British Uredinex and Ustilagines, by oo: h : : : rusts is a fascinating study that can be carried on with simple pipes 7 and this boo will be a boon to isolated botanists with inclinations tow wae: origimal oer bias The publishers, Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., Lon the author (7 King St., King’s Lynn, England). The price will be 7s : : or about $1.90, to subscribers, pa able elivery. or 10s 6d, about — $2.65, to non-subscribers. sii wich Leschampsia atropurpurea Scheele. Val hot seen in any other loca eo ie - Balticus Deth. and F. triglumis 4 PPeOr RE. and’ Luculaaecucta Mever = 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 117 L. spicata Desv. were by no means rare. The sand and gravel bars at the mouth of the river were covered with Chrysanthemum arcticum LL. and Matricaria inodora L. The only ferns growing in this locality were Botrychium Lunarta Swartz, B. fernutwm Swartz and Aspidium spinulosum Swartz, var. dlatatum Hornm. : : out sixty miles southwest of the mouth of Big river lie two islands, ‘*‘ The Twins” (between lat. 53° 5’ and 53° 20’), each about thirty miles in circumference. These islands are quite barren, with the exception of a few stunted spruce trees. On the northern island there are perhaps not more than a score of these, and none of them are above six feet in lected. Potamogeton pectinatus L, was common in all ponds, and about ecimens in all of the rare P. rutius olfg. were secured, one or two ata time. The usual form of Epilobium latifolium L. is quite common all around the d ont Oo b=] SS 0 i@) id 7) Sc ot =. =) a ia) 3 Hw ma = oy 9 oO ia?) Nn ne] ig") Q 3 ia) =i 4) a oO = oO color, and with a delicate but perceptible odor. Bartsia alpina L.., Pedicularis Lapponica L., Erigeron uniflorus L., Arabis humifusa var. pubescens Wat. and Stellaria longepes Goldie var, Edwardsit T. & G. were collected together on the first dry ground above high-water, mark, while in the in- terior of the islands Saxifraga Hirculus L., Saxifraga Mzoides L.., Pedicularis hirsuta L.and Luzula comosa Mever Were frequently met with. On a grassy bank, by the only | Spring noticed on either island, grew Veronica alpiua 14-5 Ss oaldia procumbens .., Ranunculus ajints K. Dr, Valeo. validus Gray and Parnassia Kotzebuet Cham. & Sch., and Bes these species were not seen in any other locality. Ca di pe Jones in lat. 54° 30’, no species were seen there that d not grow on the islands further south. Although the exploration was carried on as far northas 118 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ May, those that I considered the most interesting, but fe oo doubt that future explorations will add many additionz Species to the list. Ottawa, Canada. —____. Jacob Whitman Bailey.’ STANLEY COULTER. taste tor scientific studies - Sports of those of hj J the woods—not the m _ Ward classified: Th; al _ him by direct inheritance from both branches of the ee line, his Sreat-grandmother Whitman being especially ts - tinguished for her love of botany and astronomy. Even . @ Doy was manifested that rare and beautiful modesty we -. Characterized his after life. He worked and studied that he might satisfy himself, not th _ OF surpass _ his schoolmates, of the fami y wi is ng “lm to spend certain evenings of the week ae home for the Purpose of studying Latin. The remain a Yin yo data for this sketch were iversity eters ‘in his meetttaished by Prof. W. W. Baile . of Brown Un : of his father in hig Possession and trom his personal reminiscences. a 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE, lig... evenings of the week the boy spent in the study @f French with a French teacher. It is a little surprising to learn that he also found time to make a very considerable collection of re shells and insects. This habit of making every moment 0! ha the day productive became even stronger as he grew in a years, and serves to explain how he was able to accomplish: Bs what seemed to be impossibilities eB _In July, 1828, he received an appointment as cadet at é: West Point, from which school he graduated fifth in his class es In 1832. : After serving at various posts as second lieutenant of artil- it is but proper to refer to the great tragedy of his life and. that which cast a shadow over his later years. He was a, a i) Bi < Qu rS) c ge io co oO = i) aes 2 16 PI =) =] > ~ 3 2 o aw ~ OF ae ctions, and his exertions — Singularly modest, reserved in manner except to those to Whom he had given his friendship, bright and sparkling in con- Versation with the few chosen ones, of rich poetic tast s : hee? strong in his hate of the wrong, tender and loving in 1s home—these were his personal traits, and these are nae lat make rare men ; ba ee hog Amon the earlier scientific passions of Prof. case eer : that for botany, and throughout his life, even thoug pert " Ma 120 BOTANICAL GAZETTE, [ y; BAS Bie» hy 3 country, and books could not dually, as he worked, he collected “ a » added to it the result of his own la OFS Kiitzing, i -ed aterials were ae with astonishing fide d over 3,00 » Containing so Oo m; Mother branches of scientific research. In the Synoptical — 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 127 x cite coal,’’ which brought new honor to the unassuming worker. is papers are quite numerous, and are character- ized by a terse and di:ect simplicity that evidences a com-— plete mastery of the subject in hand. r. Gray says of” the ‘They are all clear, explicit and unpretending as they are thorough; and every one of them embodies some _ direct and positive contribution to science.” he majority a c _ of these papers, being published in Sv/diman’s Fournal, are — of such easy access that an extended notice of them in this — place is unnecessary. Some of the more general sketches. such as the one entitled ‘‘Account of an excursion to Mount what not only the character of his work, but his wonderful — industry. Yet. to fully realize the magnitude of his achieve- ments, it must be remembered that his was the work of brea oe ig paths in hitherto untrodden regions; that he worked a ‘Virtually without assistance, without literature, without appli- _ Flora, Dr. Gray calls him ‘* The pioneer in microscopical Account of an excursion to Mount Katahdin, in Maine.—Silliman’s Journal, xxxt1 (1837), 20-84. - an ervations on the vascular system of ferns and notice of a Fea flower of Orchis spectabilis.—Silliman’s Journal, XXXV (1839), 118-117, 4 fossil infusoria discovered in peat earth at West Point, *, with some notices of American species of ‘Diatome.—Silliman e Curnal, XXxXv (1839), 118-124. ee A sketch of the infusoria of the family Bacillaria, with some account of the most interesting species which have been discovered in the United — tke ee eae Se “os BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ May, States. —Silliman’s Journal, xtx (1841), 284-305; xurt (1842), 88-105; xu (1842), 821-332; American Geol. and Nat. Assoc. Repts. (1843), 112-164, American Polythalmia from the Upper Mississippi, and also from the cretaceous formations on the Upp2r Missouri.—Sil/iman’s Journal, XU (1841), 400-401, : | Yellow showers of pollen.—Silliman’s Journal, x11 (1842), 195-197. Notes on the infusoria of the Mississippi river.—Proceedings Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., rr (1845-48), 33-35, | oo neces Notice of some new localities of infusoria, fossil and recent.—Silli- man’s Journal, xevir1 (1845), 321-343 | Oa the erystals which occur spontaneously formed in the tirsues of plants [1843].—Silliman’s Journal, xvi (1845), 17-32; Bibl. Univ. LvI (1845), 388-392; Froriep Notizen, xxxv (1845), col. 65-69. ‘ja On the detection of spirally dotted or scalariform ducts and other — vegetable tissues in anthracite coal.—Silliman’s Journal, 1 (1846), 407 7 Ann. Nat. Hist., xvirt (1846), 67-69. Account of some new infusorial forms discovered in the fossil infu- _ soria from Petersburg, Va., and Piscataway, Md.—Silliman’s Journal, XLVI le Bhs: (1844), 137-142. : 9a some new species of American Desmidiace from the Catskill - mountains. —Silliman’s Journal, 1 (1846), 126-127. oe _ Notes on the alge of the United States.—Si/liman’s Journal, ut (1847); 80-86, 399-408; vi (1848), 37-42. 3 On a process for detecting the remains of infnsoria, etc., in sediment pe. Bry deposits. —Proceedings Amer. Assoc. 1849, 409, : eS Some remarks on the Navicula Spencerii, and on a still more diff cult test object.—Silliman’s Journal, vit (1849), 265-270. iseovery of an infusorial stratum in Florida,—Swuliman’s Journal, X (1850), 289 Reply to Mr. de la R tained in the American J, a | ‘- eee pe oe: ue’s remarks on the Navicula Spencerii con- Journal, 1851, 82-84. : d ical observations made in South Carolina, Georgia aD ns » Hdinburgh New Phil. Jiurnal, it (1851), 359-861; EY Mer Cu MA: Sitiman's Journal, xtt (1851), 192-188; Journal Miaro, Sth, "HI (1855), 89-91, <= List is oo collected by the United States Exploring ~ : ' Gon under aptain Wilkes,.—P i - d. Nat. Sci., (1852-53), 431-434 roc. Philadelphia Aca ‘rations on a newly di a — Silliman’s Journal, XV (1858), 841-347 ; ¥ aiscovered animaleule. — Sillin Journal Micros. Sci., 1 (1853), 295-299. - Pe BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 123°. On a mode of giving permanent flexibility to brittle specimens in botany and zodlogy. —Silliman’s Journal, xvitt (1854), 100-102; Ann. Nat Hist., xv (1854), 373-375. ply to some remarks by Mr. W. H. Wenham and notice of anew’ locality of a microscopic test object—Silliman’s Journal, xx (1853), 28. en a universal indicator ge Rg yoda —Silliman’s, Journal, XxX (385, 58- 65; relia Micros. Sei., 1v (1856), 55-62. ee Notes ew species and ‘ibs alities of microscopical organisms — Sed Smithsonian Contihations, vit (1855 arks on Mr. Wenham’s paper on aperture of object glasses. — Silliman's Journal, Xxt (1856), ate Journal Micros. Sei., IV pd 160-162, New method of detecting fossil Diatomacese.— Silliman’s Journal, XXE 1856), 356-357. , ‘On the non-existence . polarizing silica in the organic Lisa i Silliman’s Journal, xxt (1856), 357-353; Ann. Nat. Hist., XXII (18), 75- 1; - Micros. Sci., 1v hea 803-305 me specimens of deep sea bottom from the sea of Kami i “hl —Sitiman 3s Ji ne XXI (1856), 284- ss of microscopic forms found in Pe sounding of the sea of | i. —Silliman’s Berea xxu1 (1856), 1 : - origin of green sand and its os in the oceans of the 2 prese och.—Silliman’s Journal, xxut (1856),280-284; Ann. Nat. Hist., XVII aa 425-428; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v (1854-96); ne urnal Micros. Sci., v (1857), 83-87. Report upon the result of microscopic examination of oountiuee made by Lieut. Berryman, of the U. 8. Navy, on his recent voyages to and from Ireland in the “Arctic.”—Silliman’s Journal, xxttt (1857), 153-157. he breadth and accuracy of Prof. Bailey’s knowledge — are manifest i in all of these papers. A few of the titles seem- introduced because of the many references contained in: the Papers which they represent to. work done in that direction. : €rved to give evidence af his ability in hel felis of chemistry a and geology, and have no place in a sketch of the botanist, — __ Unless it be to increase our admiration for the scientist whose Strength of mind and keenness of vision enabled him to Me both ee and broad. work gained for him many tokens of honor aad re- spect on his fellow-workers. At the time of his death he. meee the position of president of the American Association, a Had he lived would have presided at the Montrea meet-- 124 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. ing of 1857. Many species were dedicated to him, anda genus of the Composite commemorates his name. I ex- tract the following from Plante Fendleriane, at page 105, as_ a fitting conclusion to this brief sketch, giving, as it does, the testimony of Dr. Gray as to the work and merit of Prof. Bailey. Dedicating Baileya, a new Composite genus of two species” rom the Texano-Arkansas district, he says: ‘t This genus is dedicated to Prof. J. W. Bailey, of the U. S. Military Academy, who is particularly distinguished for his researches _ among the minuter alge and especially the Diatomacee (which he was the first to detect in a fossil state in this country), for his microscopical investigations concerning the — crystals contained in the tissues of plants, and for the detec- : tion of vegetable structure in the ashes of anthracite.” ° Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. A new water-lily. THOMAS MORONG. (WITH PLATE VIL.) udging from the length of stems on the specimens ae grow in shallow water. It beat tala pygmea Salisb., a plant found The writer is | _ Water-lilies he is as} ees 38 the Present dispute regarding the nomencla : the his oWD ersy, F BOTANICAL GAZETTE, , 125 1888, ] in Siberia, China and Japan, but that has still smaller flowers, with acute sepals and petals, lobes of the leaves acute, and, according to Aiton, sunken veins in both surfaces of the leaf. ___ This pretty little addition to our water-lilies was collected by Mr. John B. Leiberg, June, 1887, in a small pond in northern Idaho, near Granite station, on the North Pacific . Railway ; « very local,’ as the collector writes, and the first of the genus discovered so far west. Ma Ashland, Mass. BRIEFER ARTICLES. A meeting of the German botanical society.--Among the numerous. Scientific societies of Germany the Deutsche botanische Gesellschaft holds _ 4 prominent place, and as the German botanical society par excellence it very properly has its headquarters in Berlin, where there are probably more botanists of reputation than any other city in the world can show. The meetings are held in the botanical institute, which at present oc- cupies a building immediately back of the university. On entering the lecture-room in which the members are assembled, we find it a most un- pretending room, furnished in the most primitive style with clumsy wooden benches and desks that have evidently seen many generations of students, as is plain from the innumerable inscriptions and devices cut or _ Scrawled upon them, for in this particular students are much the same on — both sides of the Atlantic. At the front of the room, on a low platform, Were chairs and desks for the chairman and secretary. ,., rhe meeting was called to order at about half-past six by Professor Schwendener, He is a man of about sixty, but does not look so old, being hoticeably vigorous in appearance. He is of medium height, with a Scholarly face framed in abundant, rather short iron-gray hair and beard. € first thing on the programme was the election of members, and a 4 _,_ the greater part of the meeting was occupied in the reading Stracts of Pt og BOTANICAL GAZETTE. ~[ May, cases the reading being done by some other member. Among the papers read was one by Tschirch on the development of resin-passages @ : p> similar secretion-reservoirs, which he illustrated by blackboard draw- Sr: ings. Professor Magnus read abstracts of two papers, one by Reinke Dee ey the brown algee of the bay of Kiel, and another very interesting one by Schiitt on the nature of phycoerythrin. Professor Kny spoke briefly ofa r by Dr. Miiller (his assistant), who was unable to be present, on secretion-canals in the phloem of certain Umbellifere and Araliacee : e were other papers more or less interesting, but this will give some ay idea of their general character. es Among those present I noticed Professors Schwendener, Kny, A& cherson, Magnus, Wittmack, Frank, Drs. Tschirch, Potonié, Schumann, a. gard to the woman question. It was with some difficulty that Miss Bal: , lowell could escape the friendly importunities of one or two of the menr bers, who almost insisted that she should also take part in the supplement- ary meeting which most of the members held in a neighboring restatr _Tant, where overa glass of beer questions are discussed in a more informal way than in the regular meeting. served by the writers upon the leaves of Berberis repens in several wes. Not only were the uredo- and teleutospores found, but on sevé aon at ; jon ere plentiful, only an occasi a arch was made for Pucci © eh £888. ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 127 ‘many at least half the under surface was covered by the dark brown sori. : sel Care was taken Pidioepors can be found on any. This, probably, may be accounted for _ from the fact that the Colorado specimens were taken at a time when Bping checked by frost, while the Arizona specimens were taken near the close of the long dry season, when the growth was completed d,and the — plant in a condition aoe A that in which the Colorado plants would be at the beginning of the w ; Whether this “Ecidinm is spake a form of the well known barberry cluster cups or whether it is related to Puccinia mirabilissima remains _ to be proved by artificial cultures; we ao mention its OC PETEnCS in _ this connection as an interesting fa fac Our specimens ive the eae characters: Spots bright ari 34mm. in diameter, very slightly thickened: cidia hypogenou ea ee pale yellow, borders coarsely lacerated; spore Peels 0% cakeeedtes _ 1-204 in diameter—Tracy & GALLOWAY, Washingibs; ; Abnormal Anemone and Convyolvulus.— A description of two abnor- mal flowers may be of interest to the readers of the GAZETTE, as bearing nae morphology. : The first was al flower of Anemone dichotoma. Normally me ae : ent was about the same length as the others, | eta Reled. One lobe of the anther was fairly well developed, while the other a Which was next to the imperfect corolla lobe, had grown into a petal, This Portion, which was the exact color and texture of the corolla, pad uch long, and } inch wide at the top.—A. S. H1TcHcocx, Iowa City, A Ae to Brown University.— About two years ago it was - mentioned pie by Miss A. A. Stout, who gives the herbarium in the name sm Town University had the promise of the large and valuable fern tomo ; " is fon of the late William Stout, of New York. The promise eof ber ; _ Hundreds of plants were examined, but not one was found free from the. well as some of the younger and fresher ones, but only an occasional ead,” they had several weeks more in which to complete their growth before heck AON Fae NA Se en ial 5 2 ee 2 4 , 128 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ May, deceased brother, and with the understanding that it shall be made avail- able to students and public alike. A large part of the collection has been carefully mounted by the donor on sheets a good deal la rger than usual (an advantage, perhaps, with ferns). In most cases there is much dupli- bution. The collection is cosmopolitan. The following items give sone idea of the scope of the bequest: Canada to Florida, New Mexico, Arizona and Ualifornia (565 sheets); India and South India (537 sheets) ; Cay _ (228 species, 267 sheets); Jamaica (200 species) ; Trinidad (146 species); New Caledonia, South Africa, Pacific islands and Madagascar (all very complete). Besides hese, there are the herbar a of W. T. Atkinson (970 sheets, mostly North Indian ferns) and Dr. A. P. Garber (Phanerogams of Florida, 340 species). A valuable set of books, comprising the best of fern literature, also accompanies the plants. ; It will thus be seen that Brown University acquires a collection of j plant. The mild days of last week melted the snow, brought back the __ birds, and induced a general Spring-time feeling, to which the children _ ofa neighborhood on the vutskirts of the city gave expression by diggins and eating the artichokes that occur plentifully on some low ground bordering a brook. Two of these boys were soon taken violently ill, and the son of Julius Krueger, who was eight years old, died within an hour. of the stomach of the de: _-roscopl¢ examination showed the macerated fragments to be identical dried tubers of Cicuta m completed the identificatio € extreme yirulen paratively small amount tem, and from the fact, Ses ce of the poison may be inferred from the we of the tuber found in the stomach on post? pr that the stronger boy, who vomited and recove ae: cation, and generous display of material to illustrate geographical! distri- Sandwich Islands (100 species); New Zealand (nearly complete collection); ferns almost as valuable as its fine set of Carices.—W. W. Batvey, Brown o 1 Uni it & Death from eating Cienta maculata. —Ann Arbor, Michigan, adds rs other to the already considerable list of poisonings due to this virulent 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 129 ¢ suffered from intermittent spasms more than four hours—Erwin F. SmitH, Bot. Laboratory, Univ. of Michigan. An exchange club for Thallophytes.—The following official com- _ munication was received too late for the April number. It was sent in response to a suggestion by the editors of this journal that the arrange- ____ ments being made to establish a botanical exchange club might well be a extended to include the lower orders of plants, or else a similar but inde- pendent organization might be effected for that purpose, greatly to the advantage and convenience of many botanists: IRS: I am authorized by the Commissioner of Agriculture to say that the same arrangements made with the committee of the A. Ay Aw®: Botanical Club for facilitating exchanges of plants may be extended to include the thallophytes. : shall take pleasure in carrying out the purposes intended. Very respectiully, . L, SCRIBNER, , ept. of Agriculture, Section of Veg. Pat \ Washington, D. C., March 81, 1888. As the letter shows, Commissioner Colman, with much liberality,im- of the several classes of collectors, and Prof. Scribner kindly offers to un- dertake the same supervision of the thallophytes that Dr. Vasey gives to the higher plants. It now remains with the botanists of the country to- arrange and perfect plans to put the system of exchanges into successful Operation. gS Lig he: Pe EDITORIAL. — ye 4 ; rium specimens are so numerous and so obvious as to require no Re ieee The wisdom of the Botanical Club of the A. A. A. 8. in set . ing a scheme on foot for supplying thé need of American botanists In — this respect meets with general favor. Although not so specified ia the se g others might also, we took the initiative by securing the good : ces of Commissioner Colman and Prof. Scribner, as stated in another — ik *s this number. We hope the subject will be discussed by thove ; hig are Interested, and plans developed for eventually putung the matter _ ® Suecessful operation. Whether it is best to have only one exchange _ partially extends the facilities of his department to further the interests 130 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ May, club, to be divided into two sections possibly, or to have independent organizations for the higher and lower plants, must be determined. T e _ lack of a suitable printed check list of thallophytes for use in marking __ desiderata ivan obstacle to be surmounted. The meeting at Cleveland a. twill give a good opportunity for arranging details and perfecting an or- ganization, especially if there has been discussion through the journals in the mean time. ds THE process of imbedding in paraffin seems heretofore to have been R47 100 on as only suitable for tissues of considerable resistance. In both editions of Strasburger’s Botanisches Practicum occurs the phrase “ fiir etwas hiirtere und bedeutend hirtere Objecte empfehlen sich ....und Par- __ affin.” As the last edition was issued in 1887, it is not surprising, therefore, + that the Botanisches Centralblatt published in June of 1887 an articie by Dr. + Schénland, of Oxford, giving details of a process for imbedding delicate — objects in paraffin, for there does not seem to have been any record of _ Success in this direction previously. We have been informed, however (and in response to ar inquiry Dr. Farlow confirms the statement), that — _ for two years and a half advanced students in the cryptogamic laboratory” at Harvard have successfully applied the zoélogical methods of imbedding to plants. Certainly, no one could have suspected this from the expres: sions in the papers published by two of these gentiemen. Mr. J. B. Hum- ‘phrey in his paper on Agarum Turneri says:? “Although this seems — hard treatment [i. ¢., imbedding in paraffin and mounting in balsam] for an a tissue, the tough, leathery character of the frond enabled it to d * Wi paper of the volume cited, “On the Morphology of Ravenelia glandule- formis,” by Mr. G. H. Parker, p. 209, we read, “ Moreover, the density of Let it be borne in mind, however, that the esse” -Moll’s results are perfect preservation of the proto plasmic contents, absolute freedom from shriveling and perfect pence tion of the materi fin. ? Se 7 bid: PLEASURE we note the evident tendency of our sy sae work. It is rapidly becoming more and more specialized, and hence , | ne ait boi. come more and more critical. Not so very long ago, 2 pare : oe anist who made any pretense to distinction was expected (0 ® ie sbstract in this journal, xii (1887), sian, n the Anatomy and Develepment of Agarum Turneri.—Proc. Am. neg well, and very satisfactory results were obtained.” Inthe next 1388. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 1gT able to pass an infallible judgment upon any plant from Clematis to Quill- wort. Fortunately, this a of smattering seems to be passing away, an _ systematists, even a hanerogams, are confining their attention more and more to “rans groups. The consequence must be a more exhaustive study of these groups, an elaboration of all possible means as gross struc ctures, a com- Py. leer Ta 80, until the best manual will be a very composi authorship. It is commonly supposed by the uninitiated that every bot- anist whois more or less well known can unerringly determine “ off-han da” _ any plant that is presented to him. It would be far more comfortable for. some botanists if the “ uninitiated ” could be made to understand that . that every botanist knows, but such are not the ones most frequently — thrust athim. He is called upon ‘to decide upon critical ‘eases—-some spe- _ informed, has to “dig out” all such plants from the books, and is in no : case ready with an “offhand” opinion except in the group which he May just then be abd ye A man may even have written am Jeet. Specializing avoids all this, and critical points submitted to some botanist who is paying special attention to the grouRy A botanist ‘should no sooner think of sending a Composite to a m chiefly familiar with Carex than a zodlogist now thinks of sending @ gist? Be urchin to a specialist in Crustacea. ne OPEN LETTERS. Is the strawberry Lian title oe a. 28 age to Prof. Prentiss’ “open let under the above’ : (his ol volume, p. 19), the cases recorded are is por itt hea teste - of fae in the a to = peculiarity of the fruit, but liarity oe ere re of these idi in ee ze 8s E As) ee ete, se8 as r oo eee 2 3 : — the ea, t : ' ; ears is evidence that irritation was cau ‘ tic nerve, which is connected with the nok cae by a twig, Brae ae MARGE ais Souk . res, 132 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. | May, ing the RS at the back of the ear. A similar ease has been re me , Of a rash being invariably deve eating is yal it Was unaccompan y any alarming — Symptoms. A somewhat different case a _idiosynerasy is recorded in a we Lancet (Rebruary 28, 1888, p. 894), in which a negro woman in Bar- — nced the most afichion. “ak otal — an ordinary dose dose THEo. D. A. CocKRELL. "West Cliff Colorado, Botanical paar to S. America. As various nani S$ are made in regard to the botanical expedition which Tam cgtemplting 1 feel at liberty to say a ut th n is to start at Buenos Poni n the Argentine Republic, aguay and Parana rivers as Hie as possible, and to collect ‘the nding region plo the southern y of Brazi Fy ~ i=] Qu Mm 2 so o x a3 ne oo Lor | 5 o ° S Ss - 2 & ei i © made to explore the tributaries of the great water e ¢, stgentine Republic will be crossed westerly to the t made to Chili with edie to callect the little fsck sert of Atacama. these plans are liable to be modified by circumstances, but hat a large and ra rare collection of the South American flora of ge tere may Ph made and brought home to enrich the her- “cone information a8 to the disposal of the sets collected is de- iti letters may be addressed to the w oer seis Hea of June next, ' orto Dr. N. L, rah of Gotaintie College, New Yor ae Ashland, Mass Paci Moroxe. — of the Uz. adn for et C re collected by m ,and are include at. of Cul. ei apg’, ened as long ago as 1880 Peronosporia viticola, »n account 1887, 9 ounds ners alities, was Siven in Bull. Ca!. Acad, : ss fe iloaial of ite aLye alifornia on our wild vine, liforniea, and t mischievous ely b 8. mycologist will be productive of Mae’ os Pith em clive It nts ow ne-growers from taking measur Sélves from this dreaded pest already in our midst. ee H. W. HARKNESS. dh oe ete © the Bee igs Of the Botanical Club of the A A. A. S. ~ the appointed in August thod for the — — of 5 specimene amon nerican botanist, anal after consulta- ith other: botaniats des; hod is is - thrgh the } beste peg i ira ee ook prone Mpties through the Rio de la ned nto - avai ; 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 133 A classified stock of duplicates belonging to the department is avail- _ able as a basis of an exchange herbarium. 10se desiring to exchange specimens should address, for rules and 2 nor tnation, Dr. Geo. Vasey, U. 8S. Dep. of Agriculture, Washing- ton, D.. ‘ ss Gro. Vasrty, SeERENo Watson, N. L. Barrron, THos. Morone, B.D _ Hatstep, Committee. : CURRENT LITERATURE. ; The families of plants. a The rapid advance in our knowledge of plants which has come from the wonderful development in appliances seems to demand a new gen- _ eral presentation of the plant kingdom. For the Phanerogams this is ¥ g bundant and most excellent, while the — text is all that could be desired. ‘The publisher is to be commended, not only for the handsome typography, but also for the very low price, which puts this invaluable work within the reach of almost every botanist. It appears in separate numbers, which come rapidly enough, but which hold n9 special relation to each other. Thus far the only completed parts are the second, fourth and fifth of the second volume, although pehgren - _F. Pax. Of the grasses 12 tribes are recognized, and 315 genera. , acer there are 65 genera, Carex being said to contain more than 500 apecies. ee Volume 11, Part 4 (in 2 numbers), is more varied in its nature, confining ~*Sveral small groups, as follows: Flagellariacex (3 genera), Miryronce > E (1 genus), NXyridacex (2 genera). Rapateacee (6 genera). and Pp hilydrace. GB genera), : gler; Restionacex (19 genera), Centr sacha a a ee (9 Benera), Amaryllidacex (71 genera), Velloziacew (2 genera), Tacomcen Me genera), Dioscoreacex (9 genera), and Iridacee (61 genera), by F. Pax. a Smi @ are included under Lilixces. while Androstephium Torr. 18 piace attungen 0. 3 ia A., and PrantL, K.—Die natiirlichen Pflanzeniamilien nebst ihren G A Co Wichtigeren Arten insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen. Volumen, Parts 2, + M150 SPlously illustrated. Leipziz: Wilhelm Engelmann, 1887. Subseription pric? MW 1% yo tga ‘BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ May, : ferred to the Mexican Besser Sshult., Hesperanthes Baker to Anthericum _ L, Hastingsia Watson to Schwnolirion Torr. Oxkesia Watson to Uvularia Land Prosartes Don. to Dispsrum Salisb. f Se ¥ Adaptations to pollination. New methods of pollination are by no means readily discovered to- _ day, especially in so well-explored a field as Europe; but many details remain to be worked out, even in some of the best unlerstoo | species, _ and the varying adaptations of the same species in separate localities,and— A=! bout accepting this as fully demonstrated. In a number of spe- : Iz the styles are well developed when the flowers Open, but the stigmas are said to be really unreceptive in the early stages of blooming in all of these apparent cases of protogyny. Yet, while os ‘uly protogynous Umbellifere ‘appear to be still unknown (with the doubtiul exception of “Erigenia), the number, of synacmic species is creased. On is also struck by t cies of Caryophyllaceze and Labial, ag : ally new in principle is added. The part actually _ Played by insects in pollination is brought in for very little comment, care has evidently been given to this class of observa- De Bary on bacteria. dick of bacteria is increasing with astonishing rapidity, hiisee za ae m of magazine articles and pamphlets and of bound pore Among is array of facts and opin; her witl Itiphion’y of details and bewilderin Dots ss ace caneaed © eben: authors, the task of forming a well balanced and "eo © conception of the present state of the science of bacteriology — eras zur Kenntniss der sestiubungseinrichtungen und det G& ng bei den PAlinzen. (Bin); ipl. Cas. Fischer, 1888,—_a4. 5, (Bibliotheca Rotanica, Heft 10.) 104 BR: a ore ange BOTANICAL GAZETTE. placed go over all the ground, and ea language, is a much n v, whose recent death has been so greata loss to the scientific : we ns done in the publication of his lectures under the title, Vain a ; mR ie ngen iiber Bacterien. This work, issued in 1885, met with an exte ne calling for a second edition the following year. Another year saw ite in English dress, being translated by Mr. Garnsey, and revised by Prof. Balfour, who have been associated in giving us excellent English versions of . Sa standard German works. An extended notice of the first German edition was given in this journal re May, 1886, which makes it unnecessary to occupy muc h space at this time. The wo se ory than, and in ea good fortune that rarely sonia Instead of enumerating the various topics trea say that the work gives a view of the whole field of the science, with par- ticular, although meh eee of many of the more prominent and — debata ation of the relation of bacteria to _ le fermentations and mee chemical changes, and to the production of dis- ease in plants and animals. A valuable bibliography and an index com plete the volume. : . Minor Notices. Copper sulphate solution, weak alkali are recommended as preventives when ap wheat before sowin ‘Miss Neweu has prepared a very useful se 'n botany, which is now being issued in parts. ated for children 12 = old and iota ae follow the ries of outlines of ‘ante The lessons outlined are _ order M. A.; revised by Isaac ans :; nei 12mo. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1887. [ otter, salem JamEs—Smuts — wheat (Bull. 111, Cent. Exp. Farm), PP ep't of peda poi Mch, 15, 1888. H.—Outlines of ge sin agreek for tue ten 6 of ee inlet Squa 12min. [Ca aqsgeeeg os ea wv oa) is Sinigh insurmountable for all but a few specialists. To have onein — ee - ep BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ May, of Dr. Gray’s “ Lessons ” and “ How Plants Grow,” and are designed tobe i in connection with these books. No doubt they will prove very “suggeative to teachers of the little folks. Certainly, the subjects they treat are much more suitable pabulum for youngsters. than the histology pro- ‘posed by Mis. Knight in her “Primer of Botany. 3 __ Dr. Gray’s last Contribution’ is before us, being a continuation of one _ in the last volume of the Proc. Am - Acad. it contains his notes upon the oa rutacese, and only the beginning of Vitaceze. Cneoridium is restored to #,and a new species from Texas described. The only tains as a genus, with A. quinquefolia as the type, thus not accepting sp ienchon 8 Parthenocissus, nor his definition of Ampelopsis. ‘ NOTES AND NEWS. on Txos. C. Porter siils for Europe May 26. Dr. J. Pancic, of = rhea Gardens of Belgrade, died March 8, at e =i of seven ce = ia an interesting paper | a the Pypular Science ional apa on ‘ California dry-winter flow 1. DR. Prayrt, called t oO the Eberswald school of fores'ry to succeed De, rd rssen, has dec lined, and he remain at Aschaffenburg. | THE ANNOUNCEMENT of the Shaw Scho ol of Botany for 1837-8 shows 7 Ti ngreirng of 43 special ae cattoe 1887—26 in the spring New a of North ere ican Phanero: descr ibed by D gams are des : _ NLL. Britton in Bull, Tyr Club (April), chiefly Cyperaceee, together with >on certain noteworthy sp a: oe bare’ 24 Beyer ind of the Bssicient of se arb _ peg ae FONT ne thods of i of timber serrulate : invdine 8); Upper ones coming sessile, elonga pa sb: 8, and ve ng rigi sty] B kish E aot er he beg Teen ( ’ of 4 ackson ville (Curtis). “Distre rage racks. marshes, Fiori "acifering trom all spesiel 2° that group in its Sate bration 88 E. prealtum Gray, but ’ 1888. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 143 habit and foliage, but differing in leaves, sometimes bipinnate with toothed or pinnatifid segments ; fruit 4 to 7 lines long, 34 lines broad, with wings much broader than body (which 1s but a line), and prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs ; oil-ducts solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side; and seed-face somewhat concave, with central longitudinal tidge.—Rocky places, Cascade Mountains, Oregon ( Howell, 1880), flowering in May. Distributed as P. Halli, but es me decidedly in its fruit characters. Dedicated to Mr. I. C. Mar- tindale, to whose collection of Umbelliferee we are very much indebted. ‘Var. angustatum. Usually more caulescent and taller, with More dissected leaves, and wings of fruit but half a line wide, - making a fruit 2 lines wide.—Oregon, Cascade Mountains (Howell), Mt. Paddo (.Suksdorf); (Br andegee 323, T: weedy 281); also Vancouver Island, Mount _ Arrowsmith, alt. 5,500 feet (Jacoun 19). Also distributed as P. Halhiz ’ Peucedanum Donnellii, n. sp. Shortly caulescent oracaules- cent, 6 to 12 inches high, glabrous, from a fusiform root: 8 broad, with wings less than half as broad as body, and — Prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-ducts small, 4 to ’n the intervals, 4 to 6 on the commissural side.—Oregon ( Cusick 36, in 1883), John Day Valley (Howell 829, in 1883). lowers in April. Most nearly related to P. Vevadense Wats. Dedicated to John Donnell Smith, in whose collec- ” Pencedanum Californieum, n.sp. Short caulescent, glabrous, With a solitary peduncle rising from 4 inches to a foot high: leaves Clustered near the base, large (4 to 6 inches long), ‘Pinnate (the upper leaflets confluent) ; leaflets broad, obtuse (usually ending truncately or emarginately between two divar- ‘cate teeth ), irregularly incised and with broad strongly cus-— Pidate teeth ; umbel, 8 to ro-rayed, with no involucre, and _ oes of distinct lanceolate acuminate bractlets: rays I nay Inches long ; pedicels about 3 lines long; flowers yel- the ; ong (immature) ovate, glabrous: oil-ducts solitary in In 5 Washington Territory ervals, 2 on the commissural side.—San Luis Obispo, — ae retiae pied une 144 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. { June, istributed as iforni Marcus &. Fones). Distribute te ei ioe Ths is a very distinct species of 6 to 8 inches anum Yaseyi, n. sp. Shortly a tlbeta ere eee hi gore petioles wholly inflated ; pie Ae . #5 long), bipinnate, with the small ove oe frealart Sha dehed = Gabel equally 2 to s-rayed, with no fvoluets y ie involucels of obovate petiolulate rea . Pies lets ; rays an inch long; pedicels a line or a ee Suef ns yellow : fruit broadly oblong, emarginate, pecs: boa lines long, 4 lines broad, with wings twice A evel and prominent dorsal and intermediate o Aly eer _ tary in the intervals, 4 on the commissura = ue Fae nardino Mountains, California, May, 1880 ( fi or iH : icuous: see ateré idedly broadest: oi-ducts conspicuo n _ Saeenat Fae weastaine of Colorado ( Vasey somewhat, bu : tirely those of Selinum : ; leaves — ~ Selin sp. A foot or so high, glabrous ) ovate the small (4 to + inch long) 0v4 My Saas umbels ~~ Ft, | er Oo tobirdsis Epiphyllum truncatum.® Sternotribe bee-flowersare most Papilionacéze, Rhododendron, etc. Amaryllis formo- —— Sissima is adapted to birds,’ and Lilium longiflorum 1s sphing- | aa ophilous. Pleurotribe flowers are adapted to bees, € S+ _ Stamens turn down and the styles turn up; in Ocymum ss ve stamens turn up and the style turns down. In the female st age i MBs These adaptive movements are referred to the operation o biological causes. Wind-fertilized flowers are actinomor- Phic, and belong to actinomorphic orders. : : © the mechanical theory of De Candolle, that irregu- *** Potendo darsi : Bea ed iba cive,sternotriba e pleurotriba.” i = i tre sorta d’impollinazioni, nototriba cioe,ster “Trelease Am. _ Nat. xing . ae and Salvia splendens are other examples. See Trel Tre, 227, and XV. 265, bine lum _majus is commonly visited by the ruby-throated hummin Jassia Chamaret aps better examples were described by J. E. Todd, Am. Nat. XVI. 281, CAs “crista and Solanum rostratum. ‘ Siete Mt tal Shee Sah nD can ci aes ON a aio Nn A a a ect Lt * 148 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ June, between the leaves and the axis, it is objected that some terminal flowers are irregular, and many axillary flowers are regular. The fifth stamen of didynamous flowers is partially or totally aborted, and is found in the plane of greatest press- ure. But this stamen, if developed, would occupy the place of the style, and might defeat the contrivances for cross- _ fertilization, so that this abortion may also be referred to functional causes.’ Admitting the association of the two sets of causes, which ought to be regarded as having more influ- ence? Citing the case of Pentstemon and Jacaranda, in which the fifth stamen is even more strongly developed than the others, though not antheriferous, he says: ‘* Behold, in a case the biological cause has triumphed over the mechan- aeake; _ may be atftibuted to the action of mechanical causes, from ‘upper lip is strongly developed. __ We substitute natural selection, we shall have a known causes Only on variations which involve a functional advantage. g, however, to observe that even teleolog- m ; yiews : ing . r zygomorphy, while igno™ Ec aciechve influence of insects ; for it is snconceivable that y Cause, such as gravitation, should operate in such a reg air and maintain an adjustment to etn : - Suppose an insect lights on the stamen ore a of an horizontal flower, how can gravitation have power to facilitate fertilization by turning these organs * This abortion i ers, 434) and Lubbock ase tttibuted to natural selection by Miiller (Fertilization of Flowers, bb (Brit. Wild Flowers in Relation _= ding 30), oe ; be coms Pees fe Tae 1888.) BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 149 up at the tips than to prevent it by turning them down? If it bends the styles in different directions fertilization will be more likely to occur in those flowers whose styles turn up. In this way the selective influence of insects will determine that only those flowers will be preserved whose styles are affected in a certain way by gravitation, so that the influence of gravitation will be subservient to the selective influence of insects. If, however, the action of the clinostat destroys the curvature of the styles, this character is said by Vochting to be due to gravitation. If it fails to destroy other characters. these are referred to an internal cause. considered to be the cause of the adaptations. na paper entitled ‘*‘ From Buttercups to Monk’s-hood,”””” Grant Allen follows a regular flower, like Ranunculus, rough its transformations into an irregular form, like Aco- oe of the stem, as in the common buttercups. Now, Mr. | erbert Spencer has pointed out that solitary terminal d, whenever they planation of their : Are SMe cae Gee eae E oR tay ee loner tat “Seino une, : BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [J 150 cial- aay , the two top petals became ride ae ed us ac eae ‘the three lower ones § deere". al picks the colored sepals had practically ni pric ae th The views thus stated are ate oe Gihav the yma seem, as it is proposed to show set mee re nite, d of sa A that the bee would ‘light Sea ould heht 3 Wich of the flower,” I should say that pro SiR a a, ih ‘ddle, and this will account for the fact | Ma omen on the upper side. In those flowers in : nthers are _ from one side as from another. The dehiscent a : likely Way of a bee lighting on any side, The stigmas are as ae t re le ae O the mos seems to have been a restriction of the visitors t sps flies diligent bees St of the flowers adapted tee ate and and butterflies, or to miscellaneous visitors, awd the effect regular, change to a lateral position has ne . ar. that such flowers remain pe flowers same relation to small, crowded, :ateré éK. F. Jord kzenge ungswer : Se an, Die Stellung der Honigbehalter und der Befrucht ant den Blumen, 1886, 54, 4). i 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. ISI becoming horizontal. The first condition, therefore, which ; 1s supposed to give rise to zygomorphy is that the flower must be large enough to offer some part of it as a landing to ‘the insect. : ; to be s upper side, and others nototribe with nectaries on the lower _ Side? These peculiarities seem to have depended on what __, Part of the flower originally offered a landing to the insect. _ / Insects seem to prefer the stamens and styles as a lighting | ___ Place, and to have used them as such in all cases except those __ Imwhich these parts were concealed in a tube. This may be 9 because these organs were most horizontal, or came in the nototribe Mate) athe Notes on structures adapted to cross-fertilization. AUG. F. FOERSTE. = (WITH PLATE VIII.) _ Silene Pennsylvanica is proterandrous ; the shorter sta- first, then the , but bees were most frequently observed. 152 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. {Jjune, the crown is far less marked. The stamens are all inclined posed above the keel. Upon the pressure being released, the keel again springs up into its place. Desmodium canescens has purplish-lilac flowers, with two Whitish spots at the base of the standard, surrounded by a ring of dark purple, and serving as a guide to the opening Piaees withthe: body. of the intruder. ° The pers oI ie €turn to t mer position, b apidly to a bius) tinge, indicating that oe Race po a ae j i Rye neces has almost sessile, green, ne Saas ae € cleistogamous flowers, chiefly in the lower a Sheba! © not expand, are fertilized in the bud, and et I Howers to produce seed. Conspicuous blue-purPi© 7888. | | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 163 ya 7 a. both pairs lying near the roof of the coroll the same pair uniting slightly at their tips, directed downward, exposing the pollen. y insufficient. But rapidity is apt then to be no longer necessary, the pistil ment of stamens and style, but the flowers being synacmic, the stigma lobes: often in contact with the style, insect visits infrequent, CrOSS-— fertilization js not insured. The length of the tube makes the honey inaccessible to smaller bees. The flowers are violet-purple in color, with two hairy ridges on the lower lip, Separated by a groove leading to the proper entrance. In albino flowers the entrance is darker, tinged with purple. . 154 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ June, __ stigmas become receptive, although as a rule they grow effete at an earlier date. While the proterandry is not well marked, and its honey but poorly defended from general depredations, the plant is remarkable among our common among these are various bees, was s, flies, and unknown dipterous insects. Although bees visit this plant and Scrophu- laria nodosa alike, I could rarely succeed during the same " reas Jistulosa in the bud has stamens and style erect, ne ‘atter seeming the longer, but being soon overtopped by the stamens, which mature first. As they grow effete, the ae onde vulgaris has flowers whose upper lip is violet, the remainder white. The anthers mature first; later not necessary, the size of the teeth is much A bee entering the corolla touches the anthers 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. ae first, pushing them back, and receiving fresh pollen. At the same time the stigma is being brought in contact with the old pollen as the bee presses it on its way in. Soasomewhat similar result to that produced by different times of develop- _ Mentis secured. The upper pair of anthers, at first close — together, separate later, as if to avoid contact with the stig- mas. Various gradations to flowers fertilizing themselves in the bud occur, in some of which the corolla never opens. a Stachys cordata in the bud has style and filaments curved _ Re: a pollen they move backward under the upper lip, and the © __. Inner stamens move forward to shed their pollen in turn, — ____ These also take their position under the upper lip, and the_ y . 9 ’ this makes it appear as though the inner stamens moyed for- ward a little. Bees fertilize the flower. EXPLANATION OF PLaTE VIII.—1. Proralea Onobrychis; a,b, anterior — and lateral view; c, a lateral view, the petals of one side being removed ; 1, petal of the keel and one of the wings attached. ~ ) “tae _ * Lespedeza violacea ; a, b, anterior and lateral views; ¢, the andree- “um with the tip of the style projecting. . eet neacilag: odiwm canescens; a,b, anterior and Jateral views; ¢ flower ce With the keel sprung: d, andrcecium with the style projecting. : 4. Scrophularia nodosa ; a, b, horizontal and vertical sections of a bud. ; _ 5. Mimulus alatus ; a, the flower ; b, a vertical section ; ¢, an horizon- a section seen from below. : ae 6. Silene 2 regia ; a, b,c, successive stages in the coiling of the sty les. 7. Monarda fistulosa ; a, b, female and male states. 2 _ 8. Pycnanthemum lanceolatum ; a,b, male and female states; ¢, lateral a view of male state ; d, vertical section of the bud. oe ' Brunella vulgaris ; a, vertical section of bud; 5, tip of style 5 i at Tecoma radicans ; a, horizontal section seen from below; b, verte tal section of bud. ; R BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ June, 12. Stachys cordata ; a, outer stamens mature; 6, c,d, inner stamens mature; ¢, f, style in position, stigmas mature. _18. Brunella vulgaris ; a, the flower; 6, tips of the style and stamens enlarged. ~ ; x All figures are one-third larger than nature. Cambridge, Mass. BES, Description of a new fossil species of the genus Chara. = | F. H, KNOWLTON. Fossils that are now known to belong to the genus Chara e were described by Dufourny de Villers, under the name of alg ortex, as long ago as 1785.1 They were regarded by him rata described by Lesquereux’ from the Green River group ~ at Florissant, Colorado s this species is founded upon leaf impressions, it lacks the precision which characterizes these species established upon the sporostegia or ‘fruits, are not absent fro ‘: . s Pr; CO) A, White, of the Uni : 1] ° ® oa ° ba =} pid @ O Q o fo loom “S ra compressa n. sp, ( Fruit ( Sporostegium much depressed, the he gh fifth less than the Width; a or even slight] Spirals, as obs -'Mem. Y' Acad. Jun. 17 3 apex obtuse Fig. 1. Fig. 2. y depressed: number Of Craps coMPRESSA, 0. 5. 785. : ®Ann. d. M - Vhist, nat. ae ‘Denys de Montfort Goo vol: 1X, 1807, p. 236, pl. xvii, fig. 7. Ms ‘a a. Mus. d’hict crauchylologie systematique. nn, : retaccous end net L XV, 1810, pl. 28. fig. 12, oii ary Floras, 1883, p. 135. pl. xxi. fig. 12. the species described by Watelet’ from the Paris basin, par- ticularly Chara depressa and C. onerata. It differs from the former, which has only seven turns of the spiral visible in side view, and from the latter by its smaller size and also in the number of turns. U.S. National Museum. BRIEFER ARTICLES. o there is no doubt in my mind that when we find almost every flower on .. ee fertile, that plant may be classed as a self-fertilizer. It may be ee t cross-fertilization is a benefit to the race in the long run; the fact_ __ Temains that where flowers are so arranged as to require external agency |) Pollination, the agents often fail to do the work, and numberless E flowers are infertile. It is said by those who believe clover requires __-“oss-fertilization that the flowers are barren in New Zealand and other | _ Pieces where the proper insect agents do not exist. a fertilizers, Rarely, indeed, does a flower fail to produce seed.. When we nent for Securing self-fertilization, aside from cleistogamy——THoMAs Merny 6 ae _Pescrip. a. pl. Foss. d. Bassin de Paris. Paris, 1866. pp. 50-56, pl. 15. Veronica peregrina.—It may not be safe to lay it down as a rule, but. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. SG ~ ~ _ be recommended in such cases. 5 ron J » 158 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ June, The paraffin-imbedding process in botany.—Within a few months there have appeared two articles! on this subject, and as the writer has been devoting some attention to it lately it may be of interest to some of the readers of the GAzErTe to state briefly the results obtained. It was found convenient to combine to some extent the methods given in the articles referred to, as neither was found in all respects satisfactory, and some simplifications of the processes were made which were found advan u rant a very strong recommendation of the imbedding process where the sectioning of very delicate tissues is necessary; indeed, when the results thus obtained are compared with the imperfect and uncertain methods ordinarily used in such work, no one who has used both will, I think, esitate as to their comparative merits. With the firmer plant tissues there is usually no necessity for any imbedding process, and owing to the time and care necessary to successfully apply this method it is not to n regard to th gag POD co He} 1 J ond Mail disagree, the former recommending alcohol, which Moll does not consider satisfactory; prefering chromic acid or the mixture of chromic, osmic and acetic acids walls are present it is extremely difficult to get the paraffin to penetrate such membranes, whereas it is much easier where fixing solutions con- taining chromic acid are employed. A practical illustration of this was found in the very thick-walled macrospores of Pilularia. _Allter the material js thoroughly hardened, and in the case of alco- holic material allowed to remain for 24 hours in borax-carmine, it is treated as described b Schénland? For the gradual transfer from Soe bag absolute alcohol the Schultz apparatus? was found most ie The following method of imbedding was found practical and simple: _ mal’ paper box is made by taking a strip of pretty firm paper and 8 a paper cylinder can, of course, be slippe f : ° DOX 18 completed by cutting out a round piece of paper 0 1Sehé 2. 2L, peng Bot, Centralblatt, No. 22, 1887, Moll, Bor. Gazerre, Jan. 1888. gate also Bor. Gazerre, July 1887. : trasburger, Bot. Prak., 11 Edit. * 1888. | exactly the size of the cylinder and putting this into the cylinder asthe bottom of the box. The object to be imbedded is placed horizontally upon the bottom and the melted paraffin poured over it, after which the | whole is placed in a shallow, flat-bottomed vessel filled with melted paraffin. Thus there is no possibility of the paraffin’s escaping, which otherwise it is almost impossible to prevent, and there is also no neces- sity of handling the objects after they are once in the paraffin, which, in ‘the case of small objects, is a great advantage. In case the objects are dis- placed in pouring the paraffin over them it is a simple matter to adjust them, using a heated needle for this purpose. In order to insure thorough saturation the objects were usually left ~ over night in the melted paraffin, and then, as in the articles mentioned, : quickly cooled to avoid the formation of bubbles. The vessel containing the paper boxes may be exposed to the air for a few minutes until a thin film has formed over the surface of the paraffin in the latter, when these may be quickly lifted out and plunged into cold water. As soon as the paraffin is thoroughly hard, the pasted seam in the paper cylinder may be loosened with the blade of « knife or scalpel, when it will be found tee that the paper separates readily from the inclosed paraffin, and on remoy- ing the bottom of the box in the same way the result is a solid cylin- drical block of paraffin with the object to be cut lying horizontally close to the smooth lower face, so that the sectioning is easily regulated. Schénland‘ recommends paraffin with a melting point of about — 48 ©., but I found this much too soft to cut well, and prefer, as Moll tr Series of sections, a very desirable thing in embryological investi- — ations, Moll’ describes fully the fixing processes, but my experience has been that it is not desirable to hasten the staining process. Safranin was Mainly used, and the best results were had by allewing the sections to th r about twenty-four hours in a very dilute watery solution. At * end of this time they should be deeply stained. The slide is then Piunged in absolute alcohol until the excess of the color is removed, and Mes _ accomplished and most of the alcohol has been removed om the slide with a cloth or blotting paper, taking care of course not to until a ee a few drops of xylol is applied and allowed to remain : Sections look perfectly transparent, when a drop of Canada put dissolved in xylol or chloroform may be applied and a cover-glass. aS the preparation, which is now complete. ‘Lie, eL. ¢, BOTANICAL GAZETTE. I§Q°) 3 Z 160 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ June, The employment of soft paraffin in order to make the sections ere as described by Schénland, is quite unnecessary, as the sections ad ere perfectly without this; indeed, it is much easier to get a good ribbon " sections without the soft paraffin than with it, owing to the difficulty 0 perfectly removing the surplus soft paraffin—DovaLas H. CAMPBELL, Berlin. Rules for the Botanical Exchange Club.—It having been decided to | organize the American Botanical Exchange in connection with the national herbarium in the Department of Agriculture, the botanist of the department will act as director of the Exchange, and the following rules will be followed in its management until further notice: 1, Persons desiring specimens are required to contribute a mary regarded as equivalent in value to those called for. The specimens wante in return may be selected when the others are sent or at any time after- ward. 2. The number of the specimens returned will be at the pig of the director, and will depend on the rarity and condition of those : nished. In the case of well known plants they will probably nearly _ equal the number sent 3. In the case of small plants, several specimens should be furnished : . : ; : tor under one number, as in such cases a single specimen is not a satisfactory representation of the species. ed specimens of all flowering plants and bene eived, and also specimens of thallophytes, the rs mentioned to be under the charge of the Chief of the section of habe cate d Pathology. Hereatter lists will be published of plants especially desiree, or of which no more Specimens are needed. “11 be 8. An account of the Specimens received from each person he kept, and of those sent in return, and, also, of any other specimens ser of : desires or can supply. The Exchange will thus serve as a bureau information Upon this subject. ber - Conditions of membership: Any botanist may become a mem o- of the Exchange Club by paying annually to the director the sum of tw 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 161 dollars ; this money to be used in payment for postage, printing and inci- dental expenses 10, Address specimens and communications to the director of the Exchange. R. GEO. VASEY, Washington, D. C. Botanist, Department Agriculture. EDITORIAL. _ THE NOMENCLATURE of vascular plants seems to be in somewhat of aferment. The law of priority every one recognizes, and that mile-stone in our progress has been passed long since. The application of the law — is the question just now, and one that must be settled. The way of settling a itis of far less importance than to have it settled. Fixity is what we © Must have,and we must have it even at the expense of some of our most cherished prejudices. Shall the law of priority apply only to the combined generic and specific name, or to the specific appellation as well? All of us — have prejudices, backed by very good reasons as well as sentiment, in favor — of one or the other of these views. But it will never do for us togo ahead Mm sublime indifference of each other. To what a chaotic state would Such a Proceeding lead? It is hardly the thing for a monographer to roth y study some group and publish his results in a paper in which Telationships are the chief thing, and names of very minor importance ; and. then for some catalogue-maker to hunt through the synonymy and sive different names to many of the plants in a publication in which names are the chief things. We must work together, or justi¢e will never — be done to those to whom justice is due. It has occurred to us that we _ could Teach some uniformity of action, if not of opinion, that would save American botany at least from the chaos toward which it seems drifting. Prejudice and sentiment, and the names of plants, are all of so much less Mmportance than uniformity that they ought to be laid aside for the sake # say Sort of an agreement. Would it not be a feasible thing to have 18 subject discussed by the Botanical Club next August at Cleveland? me plan might be devised by which the opinions of all working bot- _ hay could be obtained, and upon this basis some mutual understanding — ght be reached. At any rate, a full discussion would do no harm. OPEN LETTERS. The Exchange Club. the ity attention has been called to an article of Mr. A. A.Crozier’sin chano, Dumber of the G i tionable This article did not emanate from the committee. 2" 362 : BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ June, certain circumstances there might be no fees,and that the interchange of hers might be made free of postage. This idea arose from the fact t this department often franks packages of plants which are sent as "are very any transmissible through the mails, and botanists will glad to avail themselves of such advantages. A set of rules for the Ex- _ change is published in this number of the GAZETTE, Gro. V ASEY. partment of Agriculture, Washington. What shall be done with our Prosartes ? The books give eight species as belonging to the American genus onedates which would rest there undisturbed did not Bentham, in Beg a a . . . m pendulous ‘ig near the top of the cells,and the American ascend- parison of the species. Botanists in a small way lik lf mus 8. y like myself must content under such circumstances to adopt the master’s decision with- on out Se ition. oe aking it for granted, tnerefore, that Prosartes can no longer stand, tae arises, what authority is to be cited for the species when erred to m asmuch as Mr. Bentham is known with cer- = 34 ne r) a b>] wa mM °o o a ud on = | 5 Qu. =) bax} m ® RS o S cot i) =) Qu z i? 5) mM ° S cor m Es c So & fa") Le | the names of both, tha : : Oth, no t i to either. Consequently, instea aa Harte can be attributed exclusively be given to Benth d Hook at this will not do; that Bentham and Hooker rity for a name which they never wrote; that ion can be foun ker’s, or Bentham and Hooker's, writings, no men xcepting D. any 0 Genera a — € of the species h ific *> one ‘1€8, or found some reason toalter the spec! oN ually fale” th rea making them say what they do not say,” aD t ying the record in citing them as authority. It is asserted tha iene ee Pest si a Beg e wine : iN 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 163 on this so-called “ ae is simply an abbreviated citation of the place where the na “Seer is = to be found. Since, therefore, this is the first time, cay s I know, that these names have actually appeared in print, this aiidte aad its ie will for good truth’s sake need to be cited, — _ and the names must accordingly stand asin column C. This, certainly, oO =) °o . << o mt Qu o mM | © 28 ° Pe a BS 5 a Ee oe) 3 — ° lord oo Ss oO ‘S made a Di oscurtes Sensei for poner That is the vor point that we “it. to know; no one cares to know who it may be that — > Tame. neal - this — Tam no authority for the transfer, a ae the author Dis enziesii; I am * mply blindly "llowing ioe a Bentham’s lead, an dpiduiniy in words what he had previously sai es - a fact. It t appears to me a worse falsification nt the fact to cite “ N. or 4g as authority in this case than it is of the record to cite “ ‘Bent a oe ’ for it is deny’ ying that they made a Disporum of Prosartes Menz As c. oe as the whole must include all its parts, hand as the andl: also in- oi the particular, so truly did they make a Disporwm Menziesti of to the same pork ne in t us as in the ; Se, now, that, instead am adopting thelr conclusion, I were here 3 gitand refusi ng to accept it, but had occasion in the course of We » i r. €3 >| == oe, : bi 164 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ June, _of the record as the bier: making now Watson say what he does not say, and representing wot claiming. authorship of the species— —the very pune he is careful not to cy - correct citation of the “ Index” would be “ Biscutella Cali iformion Ben ook , ex Watson, etc.,” whi ich shows exactly ey Wise says. This in the ordinary course of abbreviation, Oe vrnica Benth. & Hook.,” just as we cite Nuttall as authority ie merous species which he never published, “ Nutt.” bein: . rode. ad a of “ Nutt., ex Torr. & Gray,” or “ Nutt., ex DO. This nstance illustrates, abe, mere point, viz. : he difficulty of de- "termining ON certainty in case who was really t he first to use the name. It may have first. eed in an overlooked catalogue or joven or other out of the way publication, and any authority suppose nae to be co crepetly given is liable to be ousted to-morrow - . Nota few me have O08 curred where a writer in the supposed application of the le has innocently written his own name as authority for a species, to find a little | Iyer hap aig some happier mortal was in advance of him to our new species of Disporum. They are now, ac- ew cording to male pea the assumed authorship of “N. or M.,” and the ab- ny lity of perpetuati ing an s anonymons authority of this or any sort is hat shall be lf we to “ Benth. & e et can not go bac H00k.” we must go Sn eh the only alternative that occurs to me Brie, Un for ult. . equal claim ouly legitimate resource. the necessary process of condensation this e & B Cc. | D E paanPiiee Dispor rum Menziesii, Bent ae Disporum angnow a te ae oer Disporam tr ee ge Benth N. or M Coult | ae Disporum Hooker, Benth. & H.|Benth. = H. Marts va pisborum N. or M. ult. . a Me Disporum Nori. Coult. A. E 4 : . B.C. ee Norm: | cout | ABS N. or M : From Northern Idaho.! iberg w wae Lakeside, at the south end of Lake Pend d’ Oreille, Mr. “T send by this irs Fhe mail a package of seventy species of mosses. y “of otto ae arly all collected during the past hoe: weeks, within a radius § of this place, which is our winter camp. I have not yet col- ae ieee ” open’ some private } ting orthern 13 h etters from Mr. John B. Leiberg, who is prospecting thous n Lh pee Ex our Teaders some glimpses bf nie be centeal ueereatone = . - he region, and b ‘antly in the saddle, Mr. rg finds time to collect the plan 4s sent in a number o new speci a iea: 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 165 lected at “se great heights, as the snow lies several feet deep on the re peaks an ges that surround us here. In about a month we will able to ie alpe the seus N orth Fork of the Coeur d’ Alene River to collect in, one has at least the satisfaction o knowin ng that he is on ground on which no he has ever padcivt- collec “The moss flora seems to be : adesinity well developed here. To . rly 7 at nearly all conditions of climate and soil in the temperate regions of orth America are found here. Lichens and fungi also abound in these one mp woods. t the northeast angle of the lake, about fifty miles from here, _ oe Chari’ Fork of the Columbia enters the lake, there exists a grea sub- Seuhared whenever collecting I have searched for fertile stcimens of Ne ckera Menziesii, but alw = in vain, until I had begun delight when, a f fah ' ys ago, I discovered e bare face Q uU: rite ledge a large tuft o nziesii fruiting abundan This ma has stimulat y endeavors to find fruiting specimens of ie other tile mosses I have Gollecte re i‘ “ As the season advances the species of “Hypnu um are coming to the front fast. T ere is an immense pect of this sie! around es and Cire zned i umber of the GAzETTE], but the most ee ; ee is that so at a a plant should have remained un cred by weste tanists. It is hardly to that the iis particular h Nuphar pond it is very ipo aa ng with Nup! Polysepalann and Brasent ia peltata among other 166 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ June, CURRENT LITERATURE. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands.) Insular floras are always peculiarly interesting, and few are more so than that of the Hawaiian Islands. Lying so far removed from all con- tinents, these islands present important problems to the geographical — botanist During a residence of twenty years Dr. Hillebrand unremit- tingly studied the Hawaiian flora, thoroughly exploring the whole region . _ and cultivating very many of its native plants. This book, embodying as it does the results of such protracted study, is more than a mere manual, for it contains most valuable notes upon the peculiarities of the flora and offers many suggestions as to its origin. It isa pity that the author was not spared to correct the proof-sheets and to develop his notes, which are __Slven as mere memoranda, but the editing has evidently been very con- __ Selentiously done by his son, assisted by Professor Askenasy, of Heidel- berg. _An introduction of twenty pages gives a general account of the position and nature of the Hawaiian Islands, as well as the striking oe features of its flora. Then follows Mr. Bentham’s “ Outlines of Botany,” _ from his British and Colonial Floras, with a good glossary. The diversity on of Conditions, and hence of the flora, of the different islands is so great “at in our limited Space we can give no account of it, although it is pre- d in the production of diverse forms. These : only ones of the Polynesian group which contain © Proportion of indigenous plants with American affinities, while u = pe AM.—Flora of the Hawaiian Islands: a description of ai togams. Annotated a d published after the a ae and 673 pp., with 8 maps, 8vo. Heidelberg: death by w F. Hillebrand, xevi + W Y Bookseller, iggs. {Williams & Norgate, London. B. Westermann nee y W. ‘Winter, Universit New York. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 167 1888. | 389 genera, and 155 pteridophytes with 30 genera, making a total of _- species. It is believed that 115 of these species have been introduced since the discovery by Captain Cook in 1779, and 24 species by the natives in pre- historic times. This leaves 860 species as original inhabitants, of which ‘no less than 658 are endemic, or over 75 per cent. Of this 653 endemic _- Species 250 belong to endemic genera. Considering dicotyledons alone, over 85 per cent. of their species are endemic. This character is strik- ingly shown in Lobeliaceze, of which 58 species are known, all endemic, PS oe Ne ee aero the volume abounds in new species, and illustrates in every page the fact that it deals with a long isolated flora. The geological history of plants.’ . It had been known for some time that a work was being prepared vegetation, and its appearance was anxiously looked forward to, in hope that we should at last have an American work, illustrated by American 3S 2 =] a fh © <7 2 = a fo) =| oe 4 — fom m ° 5 oO tes i) K ss Q Sc ret © rg wD — ct a 77 < oOo a Le | m © cr a Dm e al g = i) B jor = Fd a aad et a oO a2) op nm — Oo =| ce oO ° ph uo] > 5 = ceanpd — ®. se B | ha ag las) m ° Q = fa*) Su ~) N (2) A QO. Sk cx] 5 oe) E. ° B i) =} a according . more than thirty-five hundred feet. The oldest unquestionable plant uro Sent bur- OWS of w pean scientists, must probably represent the tracks or bu Rusichnj 8 , e120. ie New York: D, Appleton & Co. 1888. woody. This volume describes 844 species of phanerogams, representing - belonging to 6 genera, 5 of which are endemic. It is needless to say that by Sir William Dawson on the geological history and development of orms. Under this head he places the so-called genera Bilobites, at Cl Ns RAL ee LP taurine ty Rath RWS Stes cs EL tyxtct \ 4 Tm J. WILLiaM.—The Geological History of Plants. Vol. LXI, Internat. Sci. une 69 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ June, j e, the vegetation became more pronounced, and we pee oe Sigillariex, Lepidodendres, etc., in comparative abun " Be | not, however, agree with the author that the Taxines The eae a Testes the Devonian, or, indeed, into the Ra ngraaine ' Cre scribed as Dadoxylon undoubtedly represents the wood 0 Beigh s. is shown by the fact that they all possess an gate vi Pa ~ bordered pores covering the entire radial walls of the trac . - ee : isa typical paleozoic genus which is allied to the sheer hod be Ont and the conifers on the other, and the characters as esta ga ener pi ’Eury and Renault, who have so successfully worked thes Pale: material, agree with all of Dawson’s species Laser wicrsioe gracilis, thought to represent the leaves of a species of Dadoxylon, aes st ies of Walchia, a Permian genus. os : we sd a ike point is the relationship of the Sigillariez. Since ie * ae - es and _ the discovery by Zeiller of cones containing both microspor be fulfilled 5 Sir ee. Ty speaking of the transition from cryptogams to pepe William thinks it probable that these have been their sep ©) joni ort “one leading from the Lycopods by the Sigillarieze, anot. os pene ff Cordaites, and the third leading from the Equisetums ss se ia =. mites.” After making this unequivocal admission he ames oy ~ | » say: “Ido not make these remarks in a Darwinian sense, so Hie nae State what appear to be the lines of natural affinity, and the o4 +s ge > a wn Sa ene * cf : evo- _ in this state of scientific thought that a denial of the pores poe ri lution, especially in a work on the development of LEE deemed expedient. ic and The remaining chapters of the work are devoted to pence to Tertiary vegetation, and as the deposits containing these happe be very well develo comes in consequen _ the whole work « “with the imperfe the author.” eee Bs 2 alee ithout ex me The illustrations, about eighty in number, are, ne. be author. | €eption, from earlier published works on Canadian plants by ' The Flora of Miquelon. d known 3 ___ The double island off the south shore of aageneero and the Miquelon has been pretty thoroughly explored by Dr. Delamare, : ture,and the admirable researches of Williamson on the internal structure, incredible ing to give unity to the system of nature.” It seems almost in 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 169° 257 results of his collecting and anh appeRe in collected paren in 1 this admirable “Flora Miquelonensis.”* Dr. D of this little work by a number of specialists, some of whites ariel appear. as joint authors. The flora contains a description of the topography, climate and superficial geology of the isle, extended remarks on the relative distribution of the phanerogams, with interesting notes on various matters. The introduced and cultivated species are indicated, and also species found by de la Pylaie. Of the cryptogams, the ninety- — four species of mosses are treated at greatest length, and the list contains. descriptions of several new varieties and one new species, Dicranum Miquelonense Ren. et Card., and a new sub-species of Rhacomitrium canescens, viz.: R. Dilaivcires R. & C. Only four species are extra- — Mg Euro ropean. Five species new to North America are pyar in the ies. pe away, which was long ago explored by de la Pylaie, receives but scant, a In this paper, which is an admirable contribution to geogra aphical — may nile Our Native Ferns.‘ he determina _ Keys which lead the user to within one or two species of t Mi *DELAm E, E., RENAULD, F., Carport, J.—Flora Miquelonensis: Florule de Tile snchianse Umiesiae du Nom: : cae uae systématique avec no spec ’ oe vasculaires, Mousses, Sph aignes, Hépatiques et Lie ciation Typographique, 1888. tion: hk mag Lucien M.—Our native ferns and their allies, with ai rn" 3 vty 156, ‘ogi the American Pteridophyta north of Mex — hird edition, re P 12mo, New York: Henry Holt & Co. tes descriptives i : , Bion, This feature, for the purposes of such a book, is especially to be i ee commended. Of much value also are the abundant references to the a merican sources of information about our native pteridophytes. The whole text is exceedingly satisfactory, and will do very much to stimulate r the user to a closer acquaintance with our ferns and to make of him an acute observer, or even an original investigator. The typography is __worthy of the text. It would have been a happy thing, however, for the : “ new publisher to have improved the quality of a few of the illustrations. Mast’ ay Minor Notices. Mr. Woopwortn, working in Dr. Farlow’s laboratory, has investi- gated the growing point of Fucus, using F. furcatus first, and confirming his results upon F. vesiculosus and F. filiformis. While Reinke and ea. tafinski found what they considered a group of cells, Woodworth sees __ @ single initial cell, four-sided, wedge-shaped, with convex sides, the _ smaller upper end being rounded and the base truncated, with its greater _ diameter at right angles to the broad surface of the frond. Woodworth ees me _ results are confirmed by their agreement with what is known of related ___ Species and cryptogams in general. ey glands lead to the conclusion ps €a is a retrograde development from S. variolaris. This com ‘clusion is confirmed by the fact that S. variolaris secretes a considerable Amount of a digestive : i while 8. purpurea produ ces but a trace of , curator of the Milwaukee ase and vascular Cryptogams, of whic * sos ct it ee se 2 a co qT eontH, W. McMicHazt.—The a aa, ie ead hs % pl.1. 8yo. eprinted from Annals of Botany, Feb., 1888: gy ILSON, Ww. P.—On the ‘ A ‘i #, ox 9°, _ Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila. Fe pow of Sarracenia purpurea to variolaris. p 'b. 20 oe "WHEELER, W. M.—Flora i eas .M, of Milwaukee County. pp. 154-190, 8vo.—Extract fr Nat. Hist. Soc. of Wisconsin, April, 1838, res : Prot. r . BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [June, — Was able to observe the relations of the cells accurately by imbedding the _ tips of the fronds in paraffin and cutting ribbon serial sections, and his ferment which dissolves the soft parts of insects, it Di cs pical,cell of Fucus. (Contrib. from CryPt- se Bat a 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. I7I are indigenous to the state. 124 species are, therefore, introduced, of which 113 come from Europe, and probably many of them directly from a Germany. The list is prefaced by some remarks on the topography an ____ climate of the county. It does not seem to be founded upon a Bs ‘specimens, which is unfortunate. x A PRELIMINARY catalogue’ of the vascular plants growing within a % hundred miles of New York City has been issued by the Torrey Botan- a ital Club, The boundary line is quite an arbitrary one, but probably E: limits the work as well as if it was more natural. A list of ballast plants ¥ is also included, and presents a formidable array of foreigners who have landed upon our shores, the great majority of whom, it is to be hoped, will find no welcome. The noticeable thing sbout the catalogue is its innovations in respect to specific names, for which, we are told, the sub- — committee on nomenclature, COnmEeng of Messrs. Britton, Sterns and Be, 3 Poggenburg, “alone are responsible. Ree a: NOTES AND NEWS. s | R. CHARLES E. Bessey, of bee University of Nebraska, sails for | 4 Sine June 16 to spend the sum ee a THE FIRST PART of the bac gies of a Sylloge Fun- je - §0rum is 1ssued,and will hereafter receive suitable n i. M.S. Bess describes (with plate) Salix ee in Bull. Torr, Club (ay ), and gives an account of its discovery in the White ‘ame a8 ARCHROPHYTON NEWBERRYANUM is the name of a de ag iia 8 Pant a ee (with plate) by Dr. N. L. Britton in Annals ehcagae FIGURED North American plants in Garden and Forest are a = Roa oan A Nia “ae io 25), Spec humilis Watson (May 2), 2 4 4. Palm Watson 16). ae Ra 5 q De. H. H. ee - of Columbia College, hae’ distributed & reprint ete his interesting g pa giper O06 ae me rs ie as abroad,” published in the Therapeutic si for March and ae be Mr. George M bli nee a revision of the genus e in Journ nak of Boling CMe ry "he genus is credited with cht ; Species, four of which are described as THE REVISION of Scotch sehses alae and nag rg = ioe Oy ae rem ried is bag oe a close with 223 species in th tad te the zener, : teneoust: ean a hundred miles o _ or fans ee eliminary Catalogue of niles of New. and rein tompiled ays a ‘committee of the : : €, Pl. _ Torrey Botanical Club. xviii and 90 pp., oy 4 ei BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Ss AN INDEX of the habitats of the fungi in Ellis’ North American Fung cent, XI to XX.,has been compiled and published by W.C. Stevenson i r. It si oN a great service to users of the work W BuLuetin for May contains information concerning — Brazilian gum-arabic, Trinidad a patchouli, Cochin ina vine, Ma 25a ess and Shantung cabba as published a pamphlet tile “ Grasses and Forage Pl ants of Sera. ” It is of great piesa to the farmers of that. country, and contains twenty plates of the common grasses Dr. T LEITGEB, well known for his classical researches on the Hepatice, rofeeaor of botany and director of the Bota meen al at. Graz, te on the 5th of April, in the fifty- third year of} his alian Journal of Botany ( April 7) there are dented numerous Gases of teratology, illustrated Baige> four plates, thus bringing, together @ ge amount of information ose i aaviced ted in this subject. A SUPPLEMENTAL list of cia on North American fungi, by Farlow, has been issued as No. 31 of the bibliographical contributions va _ the eda of Sees University, being a continu a a have been. car i and issued in one volume, as Noa xxxi of the Smith- sonian Miscellaneous Collections. psbioate aro Mave been made, as ape _ could be done upon the electrotype plates. Directions for pr eparing twenty-three fungicide solutions or pow- ders ar are _ ina ot Agri bulletin o he wee of veers pathology HE BULLETIN of the Botanical Salonen Ff the State Agricultural “College of Iowa for 1888 has been issued. It contains the account of a ount of work done by Dr. B. D. Hals wy a his pupils. Almost pe a of botany is touched upon, from bacteria to Iowa weeds. eronospora, P. Lapponica, from Lapland, on Euphras A cil aViben ia er P aen vais a aay bi sa ah last Botaniska Notiser (p. 49). It differs from € pest by its larger and colored conidia, and more 2 resembles P. sordida. It ft shoeld be looked for by collectors in THE “ i Memorial Botanical py tag) ” of the Agassiz Associa- # fonetitution and ought to be a very successful organiza TS are scattered thro aah several states, the presiden H. Hi cks, of , of aliradn Springs, ‘StF Mich., the secretary E. L. Byington € new forms, Stem-leaves, iia thera remarks mui arama of the branch an sections o sicpe ol Will give special attention to collectin mosses, 40 s to bring back ial attention to collecting frst objective hoint. Sia mehr eanauih collection. Vancouver are is ie - BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 1888. Plate VIII. SSS = ~ x FOERSTE on CROSS-FERTILIZATION. - t. ae — <= Reo “ps Tags LLP AVS SIID, 1888. at aT AN ACN NEWCOMBE on SPORES OF EQUISETUM. a van Tire VA, i) AA Ii nya q an ni crs | mi rob eB, cag) AY LO ) Y unm vali r Biny FAN ATA Ca 2 "a pel sil iN \ BOTANICAL GAZETTE, VOL. Xul. No. 7.—BOTANICAL GAZETTE.—JULY, 1888, Spore-dissemination of Equisetum.+ F. C. NEWCOMBE. ( WITH PLATE IX.) The subject of spore-dissemination of Equisetum may be considered under three heads: I. Elongation of the axis of the spike ll. Structure of the sporangium-wall and its mode of dehiscence II. Structure and action of the elaters. : Unless otherwise stated, these notes are wholly on Equi- Setum arvense preserved in alcohol. J. Elongation of the axis of the spike.—In the immature spike the peltate scales which bear the sporangia on their inner surfaces are closely united edge to edge, forming an unbroken wall; but as the spores are nearing maturity the axis of the spike and the stalks of the peltate scales rapidly elongate, causing each scale to become separated by a con- siderable space from its neighbors. By careful comparison of cellular structure, this elongation seemed to be due to 1n- frease in length of cells. Longitudinal sections from the axis and scale-stalks of several spikes in which the scales Were about to separate were made, and similar sections from th h Sporangium, the first step in spore-dissemination 18 accomplished. Pag Structure of the sporangium-wall and its mode of 13 “Scence.—Each of the numerous scales of the spike is at- 174 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ July, sporangium is shaped like the finger of a glove. The dehis- cence extends the whole length of the sporangium, and is always along the surface which is directed toward the stalk of the scale. ee Examined with the microscope, the sporangium- wall 1s seen to be composed of several layers of cells. The atten- 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 175 with a part of the peltate scale and of the stalk: a@, portion of the scale-stalk ; 4, section of the transverse cells of the ventral wall of the sporangium; c, section of the dorsal wall of the sporangium; below the sporangium is the scale in which the fibro-vascular bundle is seen to end. The spiral cells of the dorsal surface are continuous with the epidermal cells of the scale. Occasionally a spiral or annular celi is found in this epidermis. ig. 6 is a transverse section of a sporangium-wall, midway between base and apex. In three positions—one dorsal and the other two lateral—the wall is strengthened not only by an increase in size of the spiral cells, but also by a greater number of the inner or lining cells. As we approach the region of the ventral transverse cells, the sporangium-wall becomes thinner and thinner by the decrease in number and size of the lining cells. Sometimes— as shown in fig. 6 at a—the lining cells can be seen to be con- unued across the external transverse cells; but here the in- her cells are always reduced to a single very thin layer. Usually this layer of lining cells disappears in the ventral region; for it becomes closely appressed to the transverse ) ternal cells of the wall, it is evident that the sporangium will Contract in length much more along the dorsal than along the ventral surface. In fig. 3 the position of the line of de- arrange- hould ‘scence to move to the position indicated in fig. ted line ore from its original position. J happens, as es by fig. 2, which gives the ss sea an Open sporangium. 2 Annales des Science, 7 Series, Tome 2. 176 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ July, The act of dehiscence of the sporangium was observed in six cases. The rupture begins near the apex, a little toward the ventral surface. The opening is at first irregular, with radiating lines extending between surrounding cells; but soon the dehiscence takes a definite direction between two rows of transverse cells—this being the place where the wall is thinnest, and the line between adjacent rows of external cells straightest. The line of dehiscence in its descent to the base frequently passes from one side of a row of trans- verse cells to the other side. Near the apex especially the dehiscence is usually quite irregular, as shown in fig. 2. What is the function of the transverse cells? It can not be merely to pull the wall apart; this is accomplished ina greater degree by the oblique and longitudinal cells. The transverse cells prevent the ventral wall of the sporangium from shortening equally with the dorsal wall—thus assisting in dehiscence and causing the edges of the open sporangium to gape widely. Ill. Structure and action of the elaters.—The external coat of the spore divides at maturity into four narrow, spira bands—the so-called elaters—as shown in fig y. If the ‘rom end to end, a very thin bit of membrane attached by one edge to the elater (fig. 8). This piece of membrane has ae of having been peeled off the surface of the 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 19747 the two layers of the elater are differently stained. The outer layer is probably cellulose and the inner lignine, as stated by Sablou. In Schultze’s solution the outer layer does not seem to give a characteristic cellulose reaction; the inner layer is stained yellowish brown. In iodine solution, with subsequent addition of sulphuric acid, the outer layer oa elater shows, after an hour or two, a decidedly blue color _ Recarrrutation: I. The first step in spore-dissemina- ton is the separation of the sporangia-bearing scales by the elongation of the axis of the spike, thus allowing free circu- lation of air for drying spores and sporangia, and otis r - Spaces for the escape of the spores after dehiscence 0 € dry : ~The comp s of trans- together Moreover, the unequal contraction in length an the Strong external layer of cells of the sporang Sults Ina shortening of the ventral wall, thus causing a wide opening — n the ruptured sporangium for the passage of the spores eo. bye : eiactorily explained by the difference in chemical compos! Ea, the two layers composing them. 178 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ July, spores out of the sporangia; (2) to furnish sails for catching the wind by which the spores are distributed. Ann Arbor, Mich. ig. 2. Sporangium of E. arvense after dehiscence, 30. Fig 3. Dia Sd of a sporangium of E.arvense, x 30. The unbroken resent one border of the gape into the ruptured sporangium. ; i rtion of the wall of E. arvense, to show cells in the region : : it wall; ¢, section of the dorsal wall of the sporangium. Below the cavity vf the sporangium is a portion of the peltate scale : ‘ id wa! Ig.6, ‘l'ransverse section of a sporangium of E. arvense, midway Fig. 8. Same with elaters outstretched, < 350. Fig. 9. One of the elaters of the same, showing triangular membrane at the place of attachment, 350. : { cellu- a ig. 3 sei of an elater of the same, showing separation 0 ‘se Irom the inner layer 5 : F ig. 11. epahiat os of an elater of E. arvense, showing a split yi tween the laminze, \< 700, Fig. 12. Cross-section of an elater of the same, < 700. s « , L Personal reminiscences of Dr. Asa Gray.’ ; Co Ve RIBRY. Th ertheless be remembered essentially a self-made man, and rose to préeminence throug? wn good qualities of heart and head, coupled eae thusiasm and Perseverance. There was nothing stilte Wash- 'Remarks made at the Gray ial f ington, April 5, 1888, meeting, held by the Biological Society 0 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 179 self-contained about Gray, no congealing atmosphere sur- rounding him. He was one of the people, and few men, in dying, have had more sincere mourners. oing an immense deal of what Prof. Lesley has so fitly characterized as ‘‘ dead work” in science, he yet found time not only to popularize his favorite study, but to deal point- edly with such broad and philosophic questions as grew out of the vast structure of fact which he so zealously helped to build. Where so much pure systematic work was accom- plished, and so much more planned, it is no easy matter (as some of us realize but too well) to rise above the vast detail oh lay such a broad educational foundation as this master id. Gray took a medical course, but can not be said to have had a classical education ; yet no man wrote more gorany A or with more grace and accuracy, and we can all indorse Sir Joseph Hooker’s words when he says, in a late able notice, that “How Plants Grow” and ‘How Plants Behave” for charm of matter and style have no equal in botanical litera- ture, and rival chapters in Kirby and Spence’s Introduction to Entomology. t seems almost a work of supererogation to endeavor to convey ‘any personal reminiscences of one who was so famil- iar a figure to so many of those gathered together here to do . honor to his memory. My own personal relations with him can but reflect those of hundreds of Washingtonians. They grew out of the impulse which had been given to the subject ind plants some two de- : own charming writings did so much to quicken. I shall never forget the keen inter- ji ad before the his hospitality at Cambridge, and have spent Ours with him in travel and in camp; his own hospitable table, amid the refineme life, or in the herbarium or the experimental gardens © rounding it; whether amid the whirl of travel, or in the ait ¢ter enjoyment of camp life on Veta Fass, peel os ©Xperienced exceptional inspiration, delight and instruc se inthe communion, True to his name in color of cloth an 180 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ July, hair, his gray, spare and active form ever conveyed a sense of untiring energy both of mind and body. His unflagging industry and cheeriness, together with an undercurrent of humor—which could no more verge on the gross or profane bright intelligence, genial disposition and charming person- ality, which, as Hooker remarks, gave him the entré to salons as well as to the museums of everv capital, upon his first visit to Europe, just half a century since, continued rough the mellowing influences of age. One day last October I was dining with a friend in the magnificent new building on the bank of the Thames of the National Liberal Club of Great Britain. The conversation naturally turned on Gladstone: «+ How does he act and ap- pear,” I asked, “when e is Uh,” my friend replied, ‘he so entirely throws off his age tre on the few occasions when he visits us, and the mem- €rs crowd around him so eager to hear his voice and to pay bie] Sa lic occasions, In all my personal recollections of Gray: Meee he is indelibly associated with one who must have wielded a most beneficent influence over him. I can not think of them apart, ‘© wile was ever more sympathetic ie » More tender, true and solicitous, than t) 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 18} depend on her quicker ear and keener eye, were beautiful to ehold Few men have taken more active part in the discussions of the day, or acted more constantly or prominently as critic and reviewer. Yet, while he could be severe in private, his his botanical and intellectual work proper, I hold to be the value of the lesson of his simple, stainless life. Hooker points out the great similarity in the lives of Gray and the elder De Candolle. In the purity of his character, in the ; last € last time I met Dr. Gray was in Sep pannel ae the been 1n ie v4 Sy 182 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ July, the president of the section, was an occasion of exceptional interest. Seated upon the platform were many eminent biologists from all countries, but the mention of the name of none of them called forth such universal marks of sympathy and applause as that of ovr beloved Gray. The occasion was inspiring to an evolutionist because President Newton devoted a large portion of his address to the then unpublished ‘‘ Life and Letters” of Darwin, the proofs of which he had jubilee there was a fitness in the theme, because it was eX- ay Ww Present; and when at the close of the address there was 4 contribution to the memory of Darwi! = ate € of natural selection as a thing so self-evident that : onger needed argument ; that, at the same time, It 94 | + 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 183 little to do with the cause or causes of variation. He inti- mated that botanists were formulating some new concep- tions, but did not indicate what these might be. ow, I have no idea that Prof. Ward will have left any- thing unsaid in reference to Gray and Darwinism, for no one 1s more competent to handle the subject fully and thoroughly ; and if I venture, in closing, on a few thoughts which naturally grow out of this my last meeting with Dr. Gray, it is with a feeling that perhaps my able predecessor may not do full Justice to the design side of the question. e opening of our civil war witnessed the beginning of a discussion which, in its effects on the thought and civiliza- tion of the future, will be as far-reaching as the contest which eventually led to the abolition of slavery in our land. From the time of the appearance of the ‘‘ Origin of Species sg Gray fought for and Agassiz against the theory of natural selection and of the derivation of species from pre-existing species. The cause of freedom has not more completely conquered in the intervening time than has the cause of evolution. The names of Gray and Agassiz will ever stand in our history as typical of the opposing ideas on this question, as those of Grant and Davis will of the ideas that divided the North and South. What more striking illustration of the completeness Institution ! as more of a theist than at the close of his life, and his wo in evolution may be said to have rendered his views more design, and saw in evolution only greater reason he an intelligent cause. To use his own oft-quoted wort, r.Wwas ‘ Scientifically, and in his own fashion, a Darvnees P hilosophically a convinced theist, and religiously 40 4 ted words, for believing 184 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ July, ceptor of the creed commonly known as the Nicene as the exponent of the Christian faith.”’ Every one in my hearing will understand how this expression of faith is perfectly con- sistent with firm belief in Darwinism and evolution. Yet the manner in which it can be contorted to suit bias in the op- posite direction is very well illustrated by the fact that in a recent necrological notice the editor of a French va magazine asserts that Gray never accepted Darwinism an effectively opposed it. th Some of us are go constituted, mentally, that we wit difficulty realize in what we see most manifest in the ii in the misery, suffering and misfortune of individuals—wit hat “All nature is but art unknown to thee; All chance, direction, which thou canst not see; All discord, harmony not understood : 1 partial evil, universal good!” Darwin’s nose, as he tells us, very nearly lost him - chance of a y yage around the world on H. M. S. Beagle, and in discussing the question of design he asked Sir Charles er answers ‘‘ God is love.’’ The age. oeey of life—of Causation—is as great as ever, and none a ause of what little light is shed for us upon the are profoundly in the dark regarding oe ys and manifestations. There are few ° . ineer 7, OF as some grand controlling aang all he Past created and ordained that all things S be © an ultimate end, there is something alluring 10 who has in t work t¢ 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 185 idea of design, and, as an article of faith. something sub- hi evolutionists to explain variation, and fully realizing that natural selection only takes advantage of such variation, I yet believe that there is one influence at work—none the less are correspondingly great and exceptional. As a cause of variation this was rejected by Darwin, and the influence 1s usually denied by medical men on physiological grounds ; ut we are yet profoundly ignorant of some of the most im- portant functions of both mind and body, and if the fact of such influence can once be established, its bearing on babe mod- where mind is most developed. Who can safely assert that . +) . ©onnection because I had occasion to suggest it to Dr. Gray, at Manchester, as a working hypothesis to explain t rer design as affecting animals, and because I was please nd him by no means unfavorably inclined to the idea. none; And tempered seemed his being and his powers By all the sweetness of his loved flowers, 186 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ July, ament of S. fulcrat southern shor And hers who, for so long, beside him shone, True-hearted, and may fitly share the wreath ame that crowns him. ealth, achievement, love; These blessed his life, and on his soul serene \ (As vouching their cuntinuance after death) Forever rested, like a brooding do The promise of the gentle Nazarene! Washington, D. C. Notes on North American willows. II. Ms. 2. bEDo, (WITH PLATE X.) ‘ wey sTectangularly veined ’’ lanceolate-acuminate leaves of the ment, capsules as in Seeman’s Awatschka Bay plant an nother fully fertilized ament with capsules 2-3 lines long— eaves and fruit of S, phylicoides, and on the same twig 4 a! Species varies much in stature and habit. On oe es of Alaska it is apparently a stout bush w! _ BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 1888. Plate X. ae Sst —— pe ie Sab b4e1, ¥ " . * , SOM Seige Ny, Es, ore My tee, Seas Minty las 40%, SN Ak ay wh \ Fa .' A whe th ‘pe re arte Sere spat SS. oe BH Bebb del. BEBB on SALIX PHYLICOIDES AND. 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 187 erect branches from a decumbent trunk. On the northern shore— Point Barrow, etc.—it is a small prostrate shrub, spreading over two or three feet, but keeping close to the surface of the ground. The leaves vary in outline from lan- ceolate to elliptic, entire or obscurely serrulate, the aments rom oblong to narrowly cylindrical with or without bracts, no one of these characters being constantly associated with any peculiar veining of the leaves. e long linear-lanceolate stipules constitute a distin- guishing feature, and, clinging to the stems as they do for two or three years, often render possible the identification of staminate aments unaccompanied by leaves. Without understanding the shifting about which Seeman’s specimens received in Andersson’s hands, the student is likely to be mystified by the inconsistencies of the three con- secutive descriptions given. For instance, we have, first, in the Salices Boreali-Americane ‘ capsule 2-3 lineas longe ;” next in the Monographia Salicum ‘‘ capsule lineam long ;”’ 21 ers ae Prof. Oliver; 1, 2, leaves; 3, 1 6 °; 0, scale <6; 7, emarginate stigmas X06. : 6 lawe: Figs. 8-10. Plant coll. McKay, Nushajak, Alaska; §, ee hid rip S "ion of a large ament to show the leafy peduncle; 10, in 7 Bay pienylicoides And. DC. Prod., abortive, from Seeman’s Awatseh (Herb.Gray); Figs. 12-15. Coll. Harrington, Nagai Island, Shumagins 12, leaf showing “ retianralt ening? 13, capsule nornally Ieee s. - }, 14, capsule from the same plant, abortive (like the Phylicoides x6) ; 15, stipule 3. 188 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ July, Undeseribed plants from Guatemala. IV. JOHN DONNELL SMITH. (WITH PLATE XI.) Ovary 4-locular.—Mountains of Pansamala, Dept. Alta Ve- juPaz, alt. 3,800 feet, May, 1887. (Ex Plantis Guatemalensi- bus Tuerckheimianis, quas edidit John Donnell Smith, 1249) _ Mikania Pyramidata.—High-climbing shrub with ferruginous- hirsute branches. pet; n ceeded b Involucre i : near an ee" a 5;.—Forest Coban, De d sordid-white pappus.—F t. Al r, 1887: (Ex Pl, ace Verapaz, alt. 4,300 feet. Januar QO pak] cr = ° c 77) » e jo) = Abe ey S ~" COCO Go ee 78 6 O O 8 PR ee © yr § @ O ©@ 2s ee CT oS ee POLYTRICHUM sp. Plate XVIII. BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 1888. ms a mak: sige. d, CARDOT AD NAT. DEL. me 4 my = ° ps pol <= pos bk = oO re Plate XX. 1888. BOTANICAL GAZETTE, J CARDOT AD NAT. DEL. CAMPTOTHECIUM AMESIA. VOL, XIII. NO. 8.—BOTANICAL GAZETTE.—AUG., 1888, New mosses of North America. J. F. RENAULD AND J. CARDOT. (WITH PLATES XITI-XX.) + mm. long m. broad; costa | leaf-base, occupying nearly all the point; cells of the are- olation rectangular or subrectangular, firm, more or less elongated. Perichetial leaves from a dilated sinuate-denticu- A This species is readily distinguished from D. heteromalla : der the orifice, : e fae = ered in Louisiana by Mr. A. B. Langlois, which we had at first referred to D. heteromata, may belong to D. Fitzgeraldi. Campylopus Henrici. — Cespitose, grees. = : Leaves slightly sec lan short, without tomentum. wd aaa le Neeolate-subulate and semitubulose from nie 2 er 198 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ August, the upper generally tipped with a short hyaline denticulate and often broken point; 3-4 mm. long, } mm. broad ; basilar cells rectangular, 3-4 times longer than broad, those of the angles sometimes rather soft and yellowish, but not forming distinct auricles, the upper elongated, straight, linear; costa broad, about + the width of leaf-base, of 4-5 strata of cells, — 2-3 inferior of small thick-walled cells, one median of large thin-walled cells, and one superior of small thin-walled cells, this often incomplete, and then occupying only the middle of the costa. Male flowers small, gemmiform, placed near the top of the stems; bracts ovate, concave, rather suddenly acuminate, thin-nerved; antheridia rather numerous, with some paraphyses. Female flowers and capsule unknown. _ Kansas: Saline County, on sandy ground, where it was discovered by the late Foseph Henry. e in wide yellowish tufts. Stems prostrate and a little naked below; branches erech ; e linear, very sinuous, the lower most elongated, the upper an ‘att External pe! chetial leaves shortly piliferous, the inner muticouss ° z ie oy see : e large: . g,1 mm. broad; lid long-beaked ; annulyt fora ft i i olen unequal, nodulose and faintly papillose legs; Fopalate Oregon: on rockyhill-sides. (7%. Howell.) 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 199 A remarkable species, intermediate between R. canescens and R. heterostichum, but more closely allied to the last, from which it differs by the aspect, the yellowish color, the robust- ness and thickness of the stems, the pedicel twice longer and the teeth much more elongated. It is at first sight distin- guished from all the forms of R. canescens by the percurrent costa, the hair not papillose, and the capsule cylindrical, not inflated below. Its simple or scarcely ramulose branches give to this species rather the facies of a Dryptodon. Webera camptotrachela.—Stems erect, slender, simple or with few branches, 5-10 mm. long. Leaves little crowded, erect, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, acute, If-14 mM. 1ong, ¥ broad; borders plane or slightly revolute below, distantly denticulate in the upper part; costa strong, percurrent ; cells of the areolation elongated, subhexagonal or rhomboidal, 6-10 times longer than broad. External per- ichetial leaves more elongated, long narrowed-acuminate, more or less revolute on the borders, serrulate, with the costa eeoely excurrent; 2 or 3 inner bracts, smaller and shorter. edicel reddish, flexuous, often geniculate at base, 20-25 mm. ong. Capsule small, sub-horizontal or cernuous, wit ith a lo ery closely allied to W. annotina (of which it may be oy .4 sub-species), but differing in its curved collum an €xuous when dry, from a sheathing base, line r al, tetragonal or pen- d . apsule erect, finally epee rather narrowed aD0ve, ‘agonal, rarely hexagonal, acute-angl 200 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ August, toward the base, with a very small or indistinct hypophysis; length 5-7 mm., diam. 2-24 mm.; lid conic-acuminate, red at margin. to us this moss as P. formosum from N. Carolina, Crowdin Mount, and Mr. Ch. R. Barnes from several localities of New ha e have P. Ohioense from Lafayette, Indiana ; summit of Mt. Mansfield, Vermont ; Dells of the Wisconsin, Milwaukee and Manitowoc, Wisconsin.” Therefore, it is probable that our Species is broadly scattered in the United States, where hitherto it has been confounded with P. formosum, 1ro from Miquelon Island, near Newfoundland, where it was gathered by Dr. Delamare. In this s ecies, as in P. gracile, the capsule is rounded at base, with a distinct hypophys!s, and the marginal cells of the lamellz are in section ovate, ar hypophysis and the marginal cells 0 ed and semilunar in section. Pontinalis Howellii.._ Rigid, yellowish green. Stem 10-15 on bli tee & sean er: ; §» Subligneous, flexuous, naked below, pinnate partly bipinnate. Branches spreading, for the most pa arched downward, of a plumose aspect. Stem-leaves be- upper leaves sy mm, ] n nuch a - the lower muc smaller, Branch-leay nts Sean Sbia broad ; the i te es very different, narrowly lanceolatey — 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 201 concave, not carinate, long acuminate-tubulose, rigid, erect- spreading, 3-4 mm. long, 1-14 mm. broad, in three very dis- tinct ranks. Cells of the areolation long linear, rather firm, those of the angles more or less enlarged and generally brownish or ferruginous. Perichztial leaves rounded-obtuse and lacerate at the apex. Capsule entirely concealed in the perichetium, 2 mm. long, 4-? mm. broad; lid unknown; teeth about 1 mm. long, narrow, linear-acuminate, slightly papillose, often connected in pairs at the apex, with 20-25 lamella on the inside, not perforated on the dorsal line; lat- tice-cone of the inner peristome strongly papillose, the lower transverse bars appendiculate. Tegon: on old logs in swamps (Zh. Howell). Already in 1881 Mr. Lesquereux communicated to us this plant ; but the specimen was poor and sterile. Recentl we have received from Mr. Th. Howell good fertile speci- mens of this very fine moss, which is at first sight distin- guished from all congeners by its strikingly rigid aspect, the arcuate branches and the dimorphous leaves, the branch- leaves being narrow and tubulose in the upper part. Fontinalis flaccida.— Plant very soft, yellowish. Stems slen- der, naked below, 25-35 cm. long; branches subpinnately ramulose ; branchlets spreading, slender, distant. Leaves Soft, distant, open, but convolute-imbricate at the top of the tamuli, elongated, narrowly lanceolate, plane or nearly so, obtuse or truncate, and slightly denticulate at the apex; 5-7 Pa Scar ulliv., which resembles it b eo y the s ; quite distinct by its rather rigid facies and its leaves shorter, ea Crowded, less distinctly auricled mbricate throughout the length of the br 202 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. | August, Camptothecium Amesiw.—Widely cespitose, bright yellow- ish-green. Stems prostrate, creeping, radiculose, pinnately ramulose, 8-12 cm. long; branchlets crowded, short, equal, erect, a little curved, 5-1o mm. long. Stem-leaves broadly triangular, narrowly long-acuminate. Branch-leaves ovate- lanceolate, shortly acuminate, carinate, plicate, generally plane on one side and revolute on the other, slightly serru- late at the apex, 14 mm. long, } mm. broad; costa vanishing in the acumen; cells of the areolation linear, attenuated, 10-15 times longer than broad, the upper shorter, the alar numerous, quadrate or subrectangular. Inner perichetial beculate ; segments split their whole length; cilia long. California: Auburn, mixed with Aypuum pinnatyidum enus Camptothecium and to pl it in Homalothecium CH. Nevadense Ren. & Cavd.): oe ters tee ANATION OF PLATES xim-xx.—All figures enlarged 80 diame- ora oy copied by — of Nachet’s camera ee i sd teal ; itegeraldi.—a, entire plant; stem leav\r” go vowing page d, areolation of the ao of ie soe ig pericheetial leafs . at Lia % same; h, portion of the peristome. areolation of the Pee rici—a a, leaves; b, point of same : f same; % d d, transverse section; e, male flowers; f pract of ¢ “ghar he - itrium Oreganum.—a, entire plant; b> bare can de me He d, areolation of the upper part; ¢@, capsule, a lum ; J, capsule with the lid; g, portion of the peristom® 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 203 PLATE xvi. Webera camptotrachela.—a, entire plant; b b, leaves; ¢, areolation of the middle; d d, external perichetial leaves; e, inner peri- cheetial leaf; f, capsule with the lid; g g, capsule deoperculate ; h. portion of the external peristome ; 7, portion of the inner peristome. ditt mune; ¢ e, capsule of P. Ohioense; f, capsule of xvul. Fontinalis Howellii.—a, entire plant; b b, upper stem- leaves; cc, branch-leaves; d, perichetial leaf; e, capsule ; f, portion of the external peristome ; g, portion of the lattice-cone. : LATE } Fontinalis flaccida.—a a, leaves; b 6, point of same; ¢, areolation of an auricle; d, areolation of the middle. ATE Xx. Camptothecium Amesix.—a, entire plant; ), branch-leaf ; ¢, areolation of the base of same; d, perichetial leaves; ¢ ¢, capsule wi pedicel; f, portion of the outer and inner peristome. ‘ Zygomorphy and its causes. Il. CHARLES ROBERTSON. As soon as a shallow flower becomes horizontal the in- sect relations change, and certain modifications which would be corrected in vertical flowers become advantageous. While sect, is now limited to the under side. It will be gree hectaries, the bee must turn and hang under the grvevieed is very inconvenient operation which causes delay. 1S i? The bees menti i were named by Mr. E, T. Cresson. 8 Bor, Gaz. 1X. a in this paper 3 8 } 204 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ August, Smaller visitors do not bend the peduncles. The Synhalonia bent them so that the stamens and styles turned to an bent to one side, she lighted on the stamens and sucked the upper nectary. Only once did she insert her proboscis into all of the nectaries, and then with difficulty, since she had to turn upside down and hang to the stamens. he very fact that a bee lighting on the stamens sucks the upper nectary first must have a serious influence on the lower ones. Since bees are often disturbed before they have emptied all of the nectaries, the one which is most conven- lent is most likely to be sucked.’ Darwin has observed! that ‘* when flowers having more than a single nectary are visited the bees which afterward visit such flowers insert their pro- boscides only into one of the nectaries, and if they find this exhausted they instantly pass to another flower.” Now, Suppose a bee neglects the lower nectaries from being dis- turbed, or, like the Synhalonia, because it objects to revers- ing, the next bee trying the upper nectary and, finding tt empty will come to the erroneous conclusion that the lower a is an additional Cause of the abortion of the lower nec aries, by rendering them less accessible. . ibiscus lasiocarpus15 is a good example of a flower in the si on the base of the staminal column. The free ends ol e filaments are directed from the upper and lateral portions which |; »SO as to dust the ventral surface of the Li wateh lights upon them. The styles are bent upward, hold- “Orchids, 49. 15 Pay spi tee ‘ Adapted to larger bees, Apide, of which I have found the i Melissodes bimaculata sy, (f), B. Pennsylvanicus De Geer. (n), Apathus elatus Fabr. ta t. Farg. (m), Emphor bombiformis Cress. (mf), Megachile brevis Say 1888. ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 205 uppermost, and the column is bent down, so as to come be- tween I and 5. 2, c* Emphor bombiformis is by far the most abuadant visitor. Indeed, in two seasons’ collecting of insects on flowers, have failed to find this bee except on this plant. The female well adapted to hold the large grains. The male comes for 5, also, = on account of competition with the more diligent pied or from any other cause, the irregularity of the Hibiscus be hastened. he low Cleveland meeting A. A. A. S., was big poor! nate in its secreta: ryship. The secretary, Dr. N. L. Britto , was absen Kew, England. s B. E. Fernow, chief of the forestry division, "De- partment of Agriculture, was elected secretary pro - but on Monday morning he received word of the death of his ies father, and was obliged to leave. The conclusion of the anne devolved upon Mr. C RB. Barnes, who was elected at the m morning sessio Dr Vriks has lately ae the young pee roots of plants *ith reference to the mechanics of the tissues. He wei tes = pier a pressure of 35cm. of mercury. Every fifteen minutes a i placed une hin tangential section was from the root at a pl ¢ m t tip. No water appeared at the surface of the cut until the sheath was reached, when immediately op wa d. Similar exper! with like results were made upon the of Dipsacus sylvestris and the stems of arions plants. He also shows how the sheaih is ada sist the filtration of the r under root-pressure before it becomes sub- Vri cells which take up or transport water is such as to facilitate its Sa vascular system in the interior. In the root-hairs the rotation d i sheath an d trans’ - The movement is strongest i bsorption o! : gest in the cells in which ae sono 18 greatest. As the suberization of the walls proceed s it gradual, Feases, and ceases when the process is complete? Spharosygn ance —— well known algologist, Rev. Francis Wolle, and ineluding bis 3See abstract in Bot. Centralblatt, Band xxxv. 76 (1888). he te at ge oe aa BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 1888. Plate XX! SS es ae ee ; OEE ORME, 6 0:3" z GAN) S Ee Q at d a ks p PUK f a oe SSS | } qe UU : = saalivel abe KY 10; arny M He ap oso = a ee ee NY Ha GNARL, : yas hs Tracom (OLY TM, MOV} y UN Y) Ahaaant, LWIA BINA amie \ 1 | He ip CH ON HH eve aM iets Nt i Ley: Hii EVANS on EPHEDRA Le 9D vee Rae ees Py SA EL VOL. xIlr. No. 10.—BOTANICAL GAZETTE.—OCT.., 1888. Development of cork-wings on certain trees. I. EMILY L. GREGORY. d coniferous growths. i e arl Sanio, in his work on cork,? remarks, with true 1 dy the : ‘Pringsheim’s Jahtbiicher, 1860. 250 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ October, haustive study even of the few species examined, but rather as an introduction to an intended wider and more detailed investigation. ere n the whole range of vegetable anatomy there is, per- haps, no other subject about which so much has been written, which still remains so obscurely treated in the ordinary text- book as that of cork formation in general, and more especially of that peculiar process which leads to the formation of bark. One reason for this is, without doubt, the lack of agreement among different authors in the use of the terms referring to the outer growths of woody stems of dicotyledons and gym- nosperms. For example, several text-books, written in Eng- lish, differ in the definition of the term bark, which, though acknowledved to be a general, rather than scientific term, still deserves to be used in a manner to make clear what part of the stem is meant. Another very probable reason is, the difficulty of the subject itself and the fact that each successive a description of cork in an article entitled, Untersuchunge? tiber die Entwickelung des Korkes, etc.2._ In this he showed that the bark owes its origin to the development of cork- lamellz inside the rind.? Rudolf Miiller4 followed him, but bee work was limited to the relation of the cork to the other tissues of the rind of deciduous trees. Later, Hanstein,°® Schacht and Schleiden? made various studies in this field. After 2Verm. Schriften, p. 212. ere * Rind here in the general sense of German “Rinde,” i. ¢., all that part of the S*™" outsile the cambium rin ary rind, those cells of the fundamental tissue of me: stem between the epidermis and the ring of vascular bundles. Secondary rind, all a , phloem tissue, both of the original vascular bundles and whatever secondary growth may be added from the cambium layer. ‘Breslau Dissertation. 0 Salata ag liber den Bau und die Entwickelung der Baumrinde. *Grundziige der Wissenschaftl, Botanik. 3d edition. Page 283. pees a Sip. 1888. ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 251 il may originate more or less irregularly, deeper in the rind tis- both in a centripetal and centrifugal direction. There ) oe however, this difference, the cells cut off toward the circum-— Teason for his investigations that, up to that time, the per ; won, ** What is the suberin of authors?” had mee eS answered ; that there were two principal views on the rs ye at the One, that suberin is nothing more than a physica es fication of cellulose; the other, that it 1s 1 form} ulose, *€ Says suberin is just as distinctly a su or lignin, Farther than this, he shows how 1t1s ¢ in the wall and how it may be detected. ue Consists largely of lignin, that these Ma other, the lignin being produce © suberin later. lows It will be impossible to make clear what fol as “Site, Berichte der Wiener Akad. d. w. Nov. 1377. LXXVI I. P- sae without — 252 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. { October, ence Phellem; von Mohl made a distinction between the plate-formed cells, that is, those of short radial diameter, and the longer ones, naming the former cork, the latter periderm cells:; this distinction being considered unscientific, inasmuch as both are developed alternately from the same layer, De Bary,® who wished to retain the term periderm, determined to refer to this word all that tissue originating from the phel- logen layer. So that, as the terms are now used, periderm consists of two kinds of tissue, that developed from the phel- logen, found on the outside of this layer, which is named determinate in a sense generally applicable to all cases, and that this is owing to the number of transition forms be- tween it andthe superficial. He does not give the exact position of the phellogen layer of the internal periderm. Joseph Moeller,1° in his Anatomie der Baumrinde, gives four classes of superficial periderm, considered with reference the exact position of the phellogen layer. These, he say*s may be reduced to three, when genetically considered. \ these three, the first is when the phellogen layer is the epl dermis ; the second, when it is situated in the primary rind the third, when in the phloem of the vascular bundles. This last; he says, may be considered a transition form betwee? the superficial and the deep-seated. For the latter, it must be inferred its place is in the phloem of the secondary growth, wale A eg ee *Comparative Anat. of Phanero, d 544. 2 gams and Ferns (Eng. trans.), pp. 114 aD 10 nal : perlin 1882. Anatomie der Baumrinden. Vergleichende Studien von Dr. Joseph Moeller. seat 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 253 or the phloem produced by the cambium ring after it is com- pleted around the stem. Difficult as it is to harmonize the different ways of de- scribing the processes of periderm formation, as given by various writers, nearly all agree in the main features of that by which bark is produced, viz: bark is the product of the internal or deep-seated periderm, and it consists of all that portion of rind-tissue outside of this periderm, which tissue, cut off from nourishment by the corky layers of periderm, dies and is eventually thrown off. This is the Borke of the Germans and the ecorce crevassée of the French.1! One form of internal periderm originates from phellogen cells extending in a nearly continuous layer around the stem; this Sives rise to the so-called ring-bark, examples of which are Vitis and Clematis. Another form,of internal periderm arises deeper in the rind of certain stems on which there 1s already a superficial periderm. Th circumference, arise in such a manner that, as De Bar ex- of periderm for ed formation of ence the two kinds, ring- the definition of bark given by De Bary?’, all those trees from the list of bake not have, at some period, one of the two Periderm. He quotes this de or two previous he gives ng trees among d he expressly the soar : ned, an ecimens which he examinee, ‘ States that these 83 kinds possessed internal or secondary Periderms, : : of superficial pected sy Yack of ow, according to De Bary’s expla te rla 3d edition et anno par praite de Botanique par J. Sachs. Traduit de Vallemand su Fh. von Tieghem. 1874. *Comp. Anat. p, 551 254 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ October, may have a bearing on certain physiological questions at present under consideration. Although the number of spe- ered with a set of wings, generally five in number. manner of their origin is as follows: see en en ee ee eee erties 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 255 were covered with a periderm of six or seven layers in thick- ness. Lenticels were very numerous over the -whole inter- node. The wings do not originate until the internodes have reached about their full length. Their manner of origin may be said to follow a fixed law, though very many irregulari- ties occur. expansion, and the young, fresh p t along these angles. "A cross section at this ; pay * ints a, a the five angles is represented as lying 7 epi angles The bands of tissue represented as es et of six or seven °. 0. are composed of the original periderm n the succeeding num the text i *The plates will be published with the remainder of bers.—Eps, 256 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ October, layers which first encircled the stem. In figure 2 the new co oe oO ra) oO cs mM 'S Lom | ° a eS ra) o au oR tS pi S, wm > ta o e ey af ~m a ~” i ° = 3 te 3 ch ge a - fa) “TT later, represented by sections w. x., are not true cork cells, but ligneous, and correspond to the phelloid of Héhnel. Figure 8 shows the actual appearance of these cork and as represented in figure 4. Figure g shows eturning now to the sta f ented in . ge of growth represente¢c © ligures 2 and 3, it will be plain there are five longitudinal these, in which d ve growth is for the time suspended. nt Ome the Phellogen cells of these bands begin their ac Se Te eg ee Bh ot i? ak a ee ea ia Sees aete 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 257 oe stem, and the narrow plate cells, y, were formed, Se ia nt v around the stem. In most cases, how- Be ie os 2a able that growth of the entire phellogen aii S.cayeetgetgr 8 in the season than in the case of the Rae the ‘oy i figure 8 was taken, and that, for some ras Five Sas ind of tissue is produced as that forming the he Nhe s, viz: phelloid tissue, referred to on the figures of Pinte cell some time the fall growth occurs and the ring of plate cells, y, is formed. This must have been the case sentation of a section eted wings examined ro ds process forms the furrow. This is, therefore, given to prove ile it 1 bable the é t Ss oega as that of the first periderm section e, at this time, extends in some cases enti thi : si is mantle of thicker walled cells ; in the specime ct between the ring of n the winter cell s of the surrounding plate- cells, and they break regularly along the lines of the prece@- uring the sum- ee ogg that they are perfectly regu roe on nearly all the older branche to ognized, and the little hollow furrow ru P of each wing may be plainly seen- F. 258 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ October, cross-section of a stem four years old, in which only two of the wings show the furrow, owing to the fact that at the point where this section was cut, the furrows of the remain- ing three wings were not perfectly developed. As the phel- loderm plays no important part in the formation of cork from the standpoint of our subject, no attention was given to this : throughout the study made. : Philadelphia, Penn. , eT Characteristic vegetation of the North American desert. DR. GEORGE VASEY. The term desert has a somewhat wide application. In one sense it is applied to a tract of country practically desti- tute of vegetation from sterility of soil. Such sterility, how- ever, is not always the fault of the soil, but is due to the absence of water in sufficient quantity to promote vegetation. Our ideas of a desert are largely drawn from popular de- scriptions of some portions of the Great Sahara, where low plains covered with drifting sand, interspersed with vast fields of naked rock, spread over regions over which the vegetation of palms, ferns and acacias. But this description covers only a part of what is known as the Sahara Desert. —~ each other by valleys, immense sandy tracts at a general § a vation of from 1,200 to 1,500 feet, but sinking at times gn depressions which sometimes descend below the level of t sea, ; _ The moisture from the Mediterranean Sea is arrestee Its southward Passage by the range of mountains running nearly parallel with it, and is mainly prec:pitated on the north or Mediterranean side; thus the southern slopes at left in an arid condition, the aridity increasing as the county . m i falls in the Winter, and, melting in the summer, runs uox the narrow courses and ravines until it is finally wasted 7 1888. ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 259 the sands of the desert. Similar causes, as is well known, operate in our own country for the production of our arid districts, particularly in what is called the Great Basin. A few years ago it was the custom to speak of the country now embraced in the states of Kansas, Nebraska and New Mex- ico as the Great American Desert. ; A large portion of this country, although blessed with but a limited rain-fall, proves to be capable of remunerative culti- vation. There are some stretches of loose, sandy soil supporting only a sparse vegetati: nm of Chenopodiaceous shrubs and Coarse grasses, but these are of limited extent. tis to the strip of country lying at the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada range of mountains, and at the south where this range breaks down into high and extensive pla- teaus in Arizona’ and southeastern California, that we find our nearest approach to a true desert, and to this region our remarks will, for the most part, be confined. For a general description of the physical features of this region I shall avail myself of many of the observations of Mr. Sereno to a as given in his report of the botany of the goth par- aiel, lly s occupied by th A Mmaller streams of the region at other points in the main depression Of sie tude of about 3,800 feet above the sea. The pena - the basin vary in altitude from 1,000 to 9, = valle is. : ‘eh They are cut up by numerous ravines or canons, Ww Bip ash ete oo my Tie ee a a ee 4 hoa FS Oye TE Pea ER aUMEN eee ee Pe \ ) ) ' ‘ ‘ 260 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ October, are narrow, very rarely with an acre of interval or surface approaching to a level, the sides sometimes rocky or pre- cipitous, more frequently sloping to the summits of the lateral ridges. With few exceptions, also, these mountains are for most of the year destitute of water, with but small rivulets in ‘**No portion of this district, however des- ert in repute and in fact, is destitute of some amount of veg- etation, even in the driest seasons, excepting only the alkali flats, which are usually of quite limited extent. “Even these have frequently a scattered growth of Sarcobatus or Halo- stachys surmounting isolated hillocks of drifted sand com- pacted by their roots and buried branches.’’ With these in alkaline soils are usually combined several other Chenopodi- aceous plants, such as Salicornia herbacea, several species of Sueda, Kochia prostrata, Eurotia lanata, Grayia polygal- thraea Nuttallii, and of grasses chiefly Distichlis maritima, Spartina gracilis and Sporobolus asperifolius. There is 40 almost universal absence of trees. In the valleys of smaller, Artemisia trifida. These are often accompanied Dy Bigelovia graveolens, called broom-sage, and Tetradym canescens, and along the fresh water streams two species © ' shrubby willows. On the foot-hills only is found the shrubby 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 261 Purshia tridentata. ‘‘ The mountains are, in a large meas- ure, as destitute of trees as the valleys, or even more naked, from the dwarfed character of the shrubs upon the exposed ridges and summits.” n the higher ranges a sparse supply of Pinus mono- phylla, the nut pine, with two or three species of Juniperus, or red cedars, is to be found. The mountain mahogany, Cercocarpus ledifolis, is of frequent occurrence on high ranges at an altitude of 6,000 or 8,oca0 feet. Mr. Watson gives a list of the peculiarly desert species of the northern portion of the basin, amounting to 305, of which about one-third are strictly confined to the basin, quite a large number of which are southern and have extended up from the desert portions of Arizona and southeastern Cali- fornia. Going southward, the desert district by the trend of the Sierras is deflected eastward, and in the southern part or Nevada the Rio Virgin and its branches are reached, where the drainage of the country is to the Colorado River. A little further south, the Mohave River, coming in from the west, ents in various mountain ranges, some of which ne? 10,000 to 11,5co feet altitude, furnishing above 6,000 feet Into extensive plateaus. Over a large portion of the state Yam He says: ‘* Crossing a series 0 €vation of 6,000 to 7,000 feet, we begin t parched, SLR valley of the Gila River. A complete wee co : vitality were the expression of the plant li Mogollon mesa, in ihe valley of the Gila, hardness of texture Cee 262 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ October, and contraction of form would be characteristic of the flora. The attempt to make an analysis of one’s feelings on being somewhat unexpectedly brought face to face with this pecul- jar vegetation would be futile, as no point of comparison ap- pears to offer. The giant Cereus occupies the _hill-sides ened tissues show that they, too, have the impress of the dry, hot air about them.” One of the most conspicuous of resinous matter on the branches. It is reputed to have strong medicinal virtues. Several kinds of Rhamnaceous shrubs also are frequently met with, among them species of Zizyphus and Karwinskia. The order Leguminose has a pretty abundant representation in peculiar species in the des- ert region, particularly the genera Astragalus, Galea, Cassia, Acacia and Mimosa. Cereus to the various forms of flat-branched and cylindrical Opuntias, intermixed with Mamillarias and Echinocact! 1) — great number. Cereus giganteus, or the tree cactus, attains a height of from twenty to fifty feet, and is probably half @ — 1888. ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 263 century in attaining its maximum size. It is sometimes en- tirely unbranched, but often with a few, two or three, or even up to nine branches, which, almost immediately after leaving the trunk, turn upward and grow parallel with the main stem, presenting sometimes the appearance of an immense candel- abrum. The trunk of the older trees is often two feet in diam- eter. It begins to flower when ten to twelve feet high. The flowers are borne near the summit of the stem and branches, and are succeeded by a roundish or pear-shaped fleshy fruit two to three inches long by one and one-half to two inches thick. The interior of this fruit is of a crimson color when Tipe, of the consistency of a fig, and of a sweet, but rather insipid taste. They are eaten by the Indians of the country, who reach and detach them by means of a long pointe reed. Cereus Thurberi is a smaller species, found in south- ern Arizona and thence into Mexico. It grows in clusters of five to ten stems from one root, and rises to the height of ten or fifteen feet. The fruit is said to be delicious. Many Artemisia, Perezia, Lygodesmia, etc. Many species, also, of uous. A Bignoniaceous shrub (Chilopsis saligna), with handsome corymbs of flowers, sometimes enlivens the dreary stretches of land, especially in the vicinity of water, and, on account of its narrow, willow-like leaves, is known as the desert willow. The orders Amarantacee, henopienee and Euphorbiacez are represented by many species. ex the Cactacez, the most striking features of the yegcian are the various species of Agave and Yucca. Yucca Dac- refracted dead leaves, and bearing at the apex a large pani- ie of lily-like white flowers, which are succee ed by S , aten by both seme an Ndians, and cured by the Indians for winter food. hey sii fs eee 264 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ October, long, and below covered with older dead and reflexed leaves. This species was some years ago largely collected and man- ufactured into paper and paper pulp. It forms, in some places, quite extensive scattered forests, which have a very peculiar appearance. The narrow-leaved Yucca (Y. elata) occurs on dry hills and ridges, has a trunk three to ten feet high, with extremely narrow leaves one foot to eighteen inches long, and throws up a narrow panicle as long as the It is one of the most stately of Yuccas. Yucca Whipplei is abundant in Southern California, extending east- ward into Arizona. It has a short trunk, with leaves ten to twenty inches long, and sends up a lower scape to the height of from four to twelve feet, bearing a densely flowered, nar- row panicle of greenish-white flowers, which are succeeded by capsules one to two inches long. The leaves furnish a coarse fiber which is used for stuffing saddles and similar purposes. ans. A striking feature of some of the dry, sheltered canons of western Arizona and southern California is the American palm, Washingtonia filifera. It attains a height of thirty OF forty feet, with a cylindrical trunk two to three feet in diam- 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 265 hanging threads. This palm is now cultivated for ornament in many places in California, and has also been introduced into green-house culture in Europe. An attempt has been made at one place in southern California to utilize a portion of the rough barrens country for an ostrich farm. Ostriches have been introduced from Africa, and are kept in large in- closed tracts, where they have abundant freedom. The cli- mate seems to be quite agreeable to them, and their culture promises success. ess Washington, D. C. The stem of Ephedra.* WALTER H. EVANS. (WITH PLATE XX1.) pies an tum in the order Gnetacee. Holding thus a low rank among Gym- Nosperms, we would expect interesting anato ures. In all there are about thirty species, most Of W ce aretropical. Within the United States five or six species have een found, and their range is trom Ft. Bridger, Wyoming ter- titory, Colorado and Texas, through Utah, Nevada ener zona to California. d In this study I used the Aphedra Nevadensis ieee es an Compared with it Z. aspersa Engelm., E. pedunculata oe elm., Z. vulgaris Rich., £. trifurca Torr., and E. monosta- chya L., all of which seemed to differ in no 1mpor Common horse-tail rush. The stem bears no a brow e deciduous after et year’s growth, while in some cases . dined throughout the growing season. 1 in al lo no lea oe all probability, rudimentary leaves, Ye gh Sg and Work, have no fibro-vascular connection wit ’ 1 Contribution from the botanical laboratory of Wabash College. 7 eee ee Cee he Cee Ving ices Dee cx ant od 5 Mes 266 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ October, seem to be but developments of the cortex and epidermis. In the axils of these bracts occur whatever flowers or branches ears. e epidermis of the stem is rather rough, and is com- posed of irregularly shaped cells. The outer wall is often considerably cuticularized, frequently becoming half the thickness of the cell. Numerous processes, like very rudi- mentary trichomes, cover the epidermis, and in optical sec- tion give it the appearance of being covered with small nobs. The cortex (fig. 1, c.), is for the most part made up of palisade parenchyma, containing chlorophyll. This chloro- phyll-bearing parenchyma completely invests, the young shoots except at the nodes, where it is abruptly terminated. Within this part of the plant all the leaf work is done. As the stem increases in age the epidermis becomes more Ccutl- cularized, the wood tissues encroach more and more upon the cortex, and when from three to five years old its leaf work is over and the stem has lost all resemblance to the rush. Se ee ee eo in 2 HTL cp as Fy nlp om A 3 , Arranged either in single or double verti- A Nr € eae in the epider- 97] mis, and leading ito : {A the cortex, are found the stomata (fig. 2, 5, 5, 5; etcz).992 The stomatic structure of rm four specially developed ep!- dermal cells (fig. 3). Below” this opening are placed the’ guard cells, two in num ely (3a and ovate triangular ina cen- tral section (fig. 4). By care: ful manipulation the uae? . cells may be seen to respon to the presence of water. | ‘ fig. 5 is shown a stoma wit guard cells wide apart. Fig. 6 shows them partly closed, the ex ties of the cells being in contacts fig. 7 shows them still more nearly d closed. Indeed it is only after 4 lon soaking that the slit opening can be entirely closed. : 8 The stoma of Ephedra x 250 “! : 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 267 course, this process is presumably the reverse of that which would take place were the guard cells in their normal posi- tion in relation to the surrounding tissues. In fig. 8 a longi- tudinal radial section of the stoma is given. Below the stoma the usual air-chamber is found. ; Scattered singly or in groups of from two to ten within the cortex, and also the pith, are found very long sclerenchy- matous fibers. They are thick-walled and shining. Their length is indefinite, but seems usually to equal that of the in- ternodes. These fibers are much more numerous in the cor- tex than in the pith. Next within the cortex is found the bundle sheath of very delicate walled cells. Within this is umstances. part ot the differences, S I onan oe : ‘ ome of the cells are quit e With surrounding ones. These long cells are generally oe Zontally or spirally banded, and the walls are rathe usual '8- 10, sf.). Other cells are shorter, and Be more Or "ghar ends of all tracheids. Most fi ie in the Ss ‘ j Le Ww Pirally banded, and have thinner Wi ngs of all gym older wood hav . . di k - ni e the characteristic G15 : spi- aermous stems, while others have both the at a8 markings. The pith cells are different” ” x 268 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ October, heavy-walled ones spoken of above. After acting as an almost complete partition in the region mentioned, it gre to merge into the phloem on either side. The cells pai: up this curious structure are rather thin-walled, and abou Just what the office of these cells can be, I am not rae to say. They may be active meristem cells, an i growth of the internode may be found in this layer. i found that wherever this exists it forms a line of easy | vision, and the brittle stems always break at this. ge If the other habits of the plant would warrant it, this ae be a means for propagation, since by breaking as al pas there can be no injury to the node, and if the plant “ae from cuttings this may be nature’s way of providing them. Crawfordsville, Ind. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI AND FIGURES IN TEXT.—Fig. 1. are section of stem: e, epidermis; c,cortex; }, bundle sheath; ph, phloem; ai ; xylem; p, pith; sc, sclerenchymatous fibers; s, 8, 8, stomata; 4 % a, chambers. pn Fig. 2. Surface section of epidermis, showing vertical rows 0 Fig. 3. Epidermal cells surrounding a stoma. : Fig.4. Cross section of stoma: s, stoma, guard cells below; chamber ; e, epidermis; sc, sclerenchymatous fibers. Fig. 5. Guard cells dry. Fig. 6. Same, partly closed. Fig. 7. Same, nearly swelled shut. Fig. 8. Longitudinal section of stoma. ; Fig. 9. Longitudinal section of stem, lettered as in fig. 1. Fig. 10. Elements in longitudinal view: sc, sclerenchym sp, long tracheid; tr, forms of tracheids; 7, pith. ae jon. ig. 11. Showing diaphragm above node as in longitudinal sect Fig. 12. More highly magnified portion of same. Figures 3—8, < 250; 1, 2, 9, 10, 12, X 125; 11, x 24. a, ait atous fiber; salen Sgn teat Oe BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 269 A tramp in the North Carolina mountains. I. L. N. JOHNSON. One of the wildest regions east of the Rockies, and at the same time one of the most interesting to a botanist, is the mountain region of western North Carolina. The combina- tion of low latitude and great altitude produces, as might be expected, a varied flora. It was the good fortune of the writer to be one of a party who tramped through these mountains during the past sum- mer on a botanizing trip. Our route was two hundred miles long, extending through Jackson, Macon and Swain counties. We had laid it out in such a way as to cover both mountain peak and valley. 5 : One might fill pages with descriptions of the beauties of the scenery, but we must here confine ourselves to the flora, and that briefly. Although our trip was made just too late for the spring flowers and before those of summer were fully developed, we identified about five hundred and fitty species without any attempt at an exhaustive study. Of course the Composite headed the list in number of species, but to us the most striking feature w ; abundance of the Leguminose, both in 1 Viduals. The soil is a red clay and seems to be peculiarly adapted to them. We found thirty-five species in blossom. Along the roadsides, especially in the valleys, were great quantities of the showy flowers of the Butterfly peas, Clitoria ‘niana. Scarcely less abun- dant, but perha s more local, was the Schrankia uncinata. The Cherokees ‘call this the ‘ Bashful brier,” in allusion to iti Of course, the com- ver is not so abundant as in the north. The turf by the roadside in opal Places is made up by the stalks of a small leguminose plan With trifoliate leaves, somewhat resembling clover: It was net in blossom at the time we saw it. ae esmodiums are very abundant and of many Sead 2 he of the most variable of the Legumimose that we “sa ane Stylosanthes elatior. Its yellow blossoms were 48 cM Where, but its stalks were sometimes erect, at aaah soe Vailing, while the leaves vary in form and size. Finns showy member of the family is the Thermopsis Carolinians. 270 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ October, Its tall, simple stalk and long raceme of yellow flowers catch the eye here and there on the mountain side, though it is not abundant Uh Among the other interesting Leguminose which one may hope to find are Rhynchosia tomentosa, var. erecta, Phaseo- lus perennis and P. helvolus, Tephrosia spicata, and a dozen others. In striking contrast with the abundance of Leguminosz is the almost total lack of Crucifere. We found only four species in all the mountains. ye Of the Composite, the most conspicuous members in July are the Cacalias and the Silphiums. C. atriplicifolia and C. reniformis represent the former genus, while there are three species of Silphium found in abundance. Of course Asters are plenty, though our trip was a little too early for them, At Tuckaseege Falls we found Cynthia Dandelion and its variety montana growing abundantly on rocks continually wet by the spray. Elephantopus tomentosus was another Species new to us. ‘ he Rubiacee are everywhere well represented by Diodia teres, several species of Houstonia, which are among the commonest weeds, and by a number of Galiums. : he list of common flowers might be almost indefinitely extended, Probably none would sooner attract the attention of a stranger than the «wild potato vine,” Ipomeea pandu- rata, growing with the beautiful passion flower (Passiflora 1n- carnata), and its smaller relative, P. lutea, everywhere in the cornfields, . We have spoken thus far of some of the common flowers one may hope to meet with in a tramp through the mountains in the latter part of June or in July, purposely omitting the Ericacee till some future time. Now let us turn to the ques- tion of habitat, . e climbed Whiteside and Wayah Bald, two of the high- est peaks in that section of the state, naturally hoping to find nay new plants. In each case we were somewhat disap- ° cS TS o -eletaaas the pee 1S usually considered a lowland plant. ound so few new plants on these high summits, we Were | 1888, ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 271 greatly surprised at some of the things we did find. On the very crest of Whiteside, in the dry soil, were no less than four species of Orchids, all of them found in the swamps of the — lowest parts of the state visited. This was not an unusual case, for it became an object of common remark among us that distinctions of habitat fail here. Most of the plants seem to be found indifferently on the mountain tops and in the valleys, on dry slopes or in the swamps. _._ The effect of altitude on the time of blossoming of some of our common plants was clearly seen. We often found so far south, Evanston, I11. BRIEFER ARTICLES. New variety of Asclepias tuberosa.—Asclepias tuberosa is one of the Well marked species of the genus, with its hairy stem (destitute of a only ice), scattered leaves and orange-colored flowers. Only one variety, decambens, is given in Gray’s Synoptical Flora. A form different from this, and one which seems to be well entitled toa varietal name, has been inmy herbarium for some years, and I now wish to characterize It as a new variety, Asclepias tuberosa, var. flecuosa. Stem flexudus: leaves sub-opposite, : ‘pair at each node: the flexuous stem is caused by a peculiar curvature: of the internodes.-Cumberland mountains, Tennessee. Miss M. Mohr.— JosnrH F. Jaws, Oxford, Ohio. 4 strange little ticking sound which might be compared with = nee tate by the little beetles often found in old furniture, known as “ death- Watch beetles,” Upon examination, it was found that the ripe capsules oe bursting open and scattering their seeds in all directions. is ii MGS are not two lines long, yet the explosive power of their elastic V oe ~ st@at as to throw the seeds fully three feet away. Many oh them "98 Capsules Were watched, and the average distance seeds Te pal ead two feet, sometimes a little less and often a good deal more— oa ANDERgon, Great Falls, Mont. 272 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ October, Drying botanical specimens in sand.—This mode of drying specimens can not be called new, but, so far as I know, it is little practiced. Some- times a botanist needs a faithful drawing ofa plant asa whole, or in part. Perhaps he is too busy to make it at once, and may not have time to do it until the season of the plant is past. An herbarium specimen is not a satisfactory object for his purpose, and yet sometimes he must make it 0. In the average case of this kind, the unfortunate victim of cireum- stances will find a sand-dried specimen to be as good for his purpose as the living plant. Suppose one wants to make a drawing of (nothera cexspitosa Nutt., and can not find time for the work until the plant has been out of bloom a month. By faithfully following the directions offered he will have just what he needs: Take a tin can, or other vessel large enough to hold the specimen without cramping in the least degree. Place the spe- pletely covered. When this is done properly, every leaf is buried in its natural shape; even the delicate stamens and the more delicate petals are in the exact position in which they were developed. In remov- ing the sand, after the specimen is dry, which takes from six hours toa week, according to its nature, great care must be exercised so as not to break the more fragile parts of the plant. To do the work nicely one should have a can made for the purpose. This need causes me to suggest the following device, which answers well. The size of this vessel will de- nd upon the individual requirements of the owner. It consists of 8 can with a funnel-shaped bottom, having the aperture closed with a screw- cap. It may be conveniently supported in a wooden frame. This is & simple contrivance and not expensive. If one so desires, a rubber tube may be attached to the outlet at the bottom, through which the sand may be run into some convenient receptacle and saved for future use. Specimens dried by this method are not nearly so brittle as pressed ones; they retain their colors perfectly, as a usual thing, but they can not- be recommended for the herbarium, because they take up too much val- uable space.—F, W, ANDERSON, Great Falls, Mont. EDITORIAL. THE Discussion concerning botanical nomenclature is now fairly oD and can do no harm. Mr. Britten, in the Journal of Botany (Sept-), has written at some length con erning “recent tendencies in American botanical nomenclature,” taking for his text the recently published cata- logue of New York plants, and, in the main, protesting against the pro changes. Mr. EF. B. Sterns, in the Bulletin of the Torrey Club (Sept.) puts very clearly the views of those advocating reform in nomenclature 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 273 and seeks to +: : tanto op Aaa ea by proposing articles of agreement for sig- Be het te baka shalling of the opposing forces. This might work too much of the nd phan coins in mere questions of opinion. It smacks BEE A 5 loop cle oH -by-your-guns” principle, and does not leave ee et to b Mie some of us to crawl through and change sides Shs sicontare e converted and absorbed.” The agreement pro- UE nie that Ae adeo settles the question for those who sign it aa The nt is “ longer open for discussion so far as they aie i We uae he course, would be true of any opposing agree- friendly discussion, i Sees hardly the practicable way to begin a the other, but sim ri which one party is expected to eventually absorb pésied that th Pp y a way to insure their never agreeing. It is sug- € opposition to this reform may come from inertia, jealousy, ty of making © as : it is only a question to the best plan. It should also not be questioned as to pt a course we should ed. It isa very on, which can this we might the Tefore, the old botanist (for we take for granted that the recent ones changed its specific name istence of the former name); do not write this to expre that referred to, for 274 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ October, OPEN LETTERS. Peloria of Linaria vulgaris, ad, to-day, the most extraordinar ry pon brnaian of the idea some- i cherished, that when the mind is charged with a particular notion Se Sa is not fartoseek. Passing near a Tot covered over with Lin- tia vu ue in full bloom I said, “Now is my chance for peloria!” Sure enough, though the incredulous may smile, at my very feet was a bed 0 twe se or more plants, all showing it, and in most fanciful ways. I have in other seasons occasionally met with a single flower so reverted at the top of a stem, but here were flowers with five spurs, some with three, some with two,and others normal, all on the same stems; this, too congo by ere distinct — All fos peloric blossoms examined noe m of five capnaps ea en ce) a number of spurs. ers are dispose in whorls, ah goragin the to ‘of the stem, as if the raceme were breaking up. e number of spurs decreases in acropetal u ing _ the peloric state of Linaria vulgaris in Pennsylvania. Tor real good Yankee eccentricity, Rhode Island is, as ever, ahead. Providence, R. I. W. W. BAILey. eres ned nie at the A. A. A. S. Gazerre 1 remarks: “V e can be claimed, bower er, for the uality of the botanical pape th some exceptions, they ed a narrow- ess of observation and perficiality of study which were lamentable.” i papers ae Se ees refer to, from n gl “ed's 8, Professor Beal’s 8, or Mr. Mech. n’s, and as the on torial notes show which papers rs the “cap” is intended “ to ‘fit, a ike ou will allow me to yt oy that I should feel no right to object to this decision of Fs ¥ editors of the i hae if I ad deed that my papers were understood ose wh 0 simply desire to ask the er to co the abstract ven, Wl the notes of what the obj a ts he politi ging essays fist live been sauce ci said in proving the point that t y ad no other ar in ibute to : presenting the papers than to contribu ~ interest te the meeting, and I can only oe ts regard to the quality of rb entertainment offer ear as Dr. Gra ay once — when told that a brother — — had declared a he could “ cate oe aban manual” than the <8 Be tad ite done, “He is the man I wa By all means, let him han is manual out,’ No one will be ate ait with better papers ving, however, the above thought of temporary interest vag fen view, T had no idea of publishin ht 1g my papers in the form in whic were then presented; but in view of the sharp, and perhaps just, crt 1888. ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 275 cism of the editors of the GAZETTE, it will only be fair to myself that I take the benefit of the doubt, and lay them in full before my fellow students, and I hope befcre long to find some opportunity of doing so. ermantown, Lt. H EEHAN The GAZETTE's criticism was not directed wholly te Mr. Mezhan’s of “entertainment” or “temporary interest” they affo cism was aimed wholly at their character as scientifie productions, as which, it is to be assumed, they are presented.—Eps. ] CURRENT LITERATURE. Origin of our Trees. Paleobotany, founded by Adolphe Brongniart, is a subject of great and increasing interest. The difficulties with which it has to contend are enormous, and its growth necessarily slow, but a few years has brought mended for their Saporta, whose last work! is before us, on the origin 0 used by man. The text is interspersed with 44 excellent figures, and the whole treatment of the subject is remarkably clear. Of course it would he impossible in this brief sketch to give any detailed account of a book which is entirely made up of details, but a brief synopsis of contents will th a discussion of the various groups e monocotyledons are con= third and largest t orders being taken up in succession. The fig nsually labelled as the ancestral forms of familiar the book is a synoptical table, According to geological chronology, y this means a glance will catch facts ence of Cycads, the primitive Salisburias, ete., whi Ginkgo, is not established until the Permian. ] the ancestors of the Cupressinew; while in the | Cretaceous the first dicotyledons are discovered, ‘an Opulus, an appearance which is speedily followed in t mee (Cenomanian) by a great abundance of dicotyledonous vy So ee eee 1 pe 4 arbres Shae Ut Maeve Go Ce a ee eee * cultivés ou utilisés par r. 50C. 276 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ October, simply serves to illustrate the great amount of information that can be obtained from a table which seems to be packed with details. We com- mend this book to all botanists interested in the subject, as one which will give them a vast amount of accurate adap upon a subject whose literature is widely scattered or hard to obta A Monograph of the Lotus. Dennert, who completed and edited this posthumous monograph,’ tells us that Wigand was well known to be an energetic adherent and de- fender of the dcctrine of the fixity of species. He hoped to secure, through the work of his students and others, a series of exhaustive monographs, not only of families and genera, but also of species, in which every character of the plant should be set forth. From such a series of works upon nearly related plants, he hoped to be able to draw important conclusions regarding the value of specific characters, the relations of variation, and particularly to obtain an exact definition of the term “species.” As an indication of the sort of work which he wished, he undertook this mono- a most interesting plant, the famed Lotus. But the work was interrupted and left incomplete at the author’s death, and Dr. Dennert, assistant in the botanical institute at Marburg, added the anatomy of the nodes, the leaf blade and its origin from the eet etc. The paper dis- cusses the morphology, development and anatomy of every part of the plant, and concludes with biological remarks on the starch in the leaves and rhizome, and on the vegetative and resting conditions of the rhizome. From this it will be seen how wide is the scope of the monograph. Its execution is admirable and the paper may well be taken as the model it was intended to be. This is the exhaustive style of work to which we have eens American botanists. or Notic THE INSECT RELATIONS of oo. receives a fresh contribution from Mr. L. H. Pammel, who writes of the pollination of Phlomis tuberosa, an the perforation of flowers by insects? Phlomis tuberosa is compared with P. Russeliana, of whose pollination an account is given by Loew, and which it much resembles. On the e perforation of flowers Mr. Pammel has collected much widely scattered literature, both on the direct subject and several related ones. The paper is ‘accompanied by a very full biblio- graphy, and will certainly be of much service to students in this field. PRoressor JouN Macoun has just distributed the “ Endogens” of his catalogue of Canadian plants,‘ fay one familiar with the other parts sprees cae * WIGAND, ALBERT.—Nelubi m W., monographische woes Dieser u. herausg. von E. penne (Bibliotheca nai, tube 11), pp. 67. pl. v sais | ah ° oo] S 3 ES i) ta] a 3’PAMMEL, L. H. bn the pollination of descend tuberosa L., and the grievor of pes ers Ss aren from the Shaw School of Botany, no.1). Pp. 241-277. pl. via - Separate print from the Trans, St. Louis Acad, Sei., vol. vy. St. Louis, June 28, "1888. Nat. =sty UN, i OHN.—Catalogue of Canadian Plants. Part Dagtornayc (Geol. st. erry of Candda.) 248 pp. Montreal: Dawson Bros., and 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 297 understands the painstaking work this represents. The detailed enu- meration of stations can not but be of vast help, not only to collectors, but in the study of geographical distribution as well. Professor Macoun has availed himself of all possible help from specialists, so that the catalogue contains the most recent changes in nomenclature. This part brings the genera to 737 and the species to 2950. THE LONG HOPED for continuation of Professor Tuckerman’s Synopsis cies being included in this part. Mr. Willey has done good service also in adding, in the form of an appendix, descriptions of N. Am. lichens not found in the Synopsis, but published by Professor Tuckerman in scat- : tered publications which are not easily obtained. “How to Stupy Botany” is the title of a very interesting paper by Dr. T. J. W. Burgess, of Hamilton, Ontario, read before the Hamilton Association. THE MEDICAL plants of the United States have attracted attention from Rafinesque down. The most recent contribution to this subject is by Dr. Carter, of Waukegan, Ill. The list is a very long one (over 300 species), but only includes those plants whose medicinal properties are definitely known. The work has been carefully done, and forms a very compact reference book for information of that kind. : ‘shed by Maria L. Owen ina very THE PLANTS of Nantucket are published M4 peer wei ace ogg hat the catalogue represents a very fied aihactve soe this island of fifty square — miles, Miss HELEN C. DES. ABBOTT is a very tive chemistry of plants, and her paper on oS adanmied Ai Mem apsctrnert see Lichens: Part IL, com- erator gold by Edwin Nelson, active worker in the com para- “ Comparative chemistry of 'TuckeRMaN, EDwarp.—A Synopsis of the Prising the Lecideacei, and (in part) the Gra mherst, Mass., at $1. ‘Carrer, J, M. G., M, D.—A Synopsis of the Medical Botany ® | _X.1%6. St. Louis: Geo. H. Field, 1888. aes ery ‘OWEN, Marra L.—A catalogue of plants. growing without cu , | of Nantucket, Mass, Pp. xii. 87. Northampton, Mass., 1858. phidacei. 76 pp: the United States. Pp. 278 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ October, higher and lower plants,” in the Am. Naturalist for August and: Septem- ber, 1887, has just been distributed as a reprint. AN ELABORATE study of the structure, development and affinities of Trapella, a new genus of Pedalines, is presented by F. W. Oliver in the Annals of Botany (June), and now distributed asa reprint. It is a Chinese plant of doubtful affinity, but this study rests it in Pedalinex, as the only genus of a new tribe. It contains certain structures of great interest biologically. The five handsome double-page plates form a fitting ac- companiment to a very fine piece of work. ONE of the best local catalogues we have seen is that of Middlesex county, Mass., prepared by Messrs. Dame and Collins.’ Not only is it printed with great care, but contains just the information one desires. In with an old country and one full of collectors, the list must be a very com- plete one. The summary shows an enumeration of 2061 species, 1,484 of which are phanerogams, 60 pteridophytes, 156 bryophytes and 361 thallo- phytes. Ina private letter the authors say that the name of Mr. L ©. Martindale was inadvertently omitted from the list of those who had aided in the work. NOTES AND NEWS. Sen & RECENT fire the Syracuse Botanical Club lost all of its collec- tions, books and instruments. _ Mr. Lester F. Warp’s add « inism ” has Saab tous diettctes, address on “Asa Gray and Darwin bhi Dr. G. F. Kont, privat-docent in Marburg, became associated with Dr. worm in editing the Botanisches Centralblatt on the first of August last. Mr. FW. ANDERSON, of Great Falls, Montana, has been appointed a special agent in the Division of Botany of the Agricultural Department. - ca Jowrnal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, in its first part rg contains a preliminary list of North Carolina Desmids by W. L- THE ILLUSTRATIONS of our nati 1 : < i ts in Garden and Forest for Au ust include ripedi native pian : sae ersoni (29th), yP pedium Californicum (8th), and Erythronium Hi M. L. Moror (in Journ. de botani. se : que) shows that the anatomical stru res Of the anomalous Adoxa Moschatellina are more suggestive of Sax- _ ifragacese than of Caprifoliacez, 8 Dame, L. L., and Cotzins, F s.— ts hy y te De Fl * mi 201, with map. Malden: Middlesex : ora of Middlesex county, Mass. Pp 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 279 Reports from the recently established cL Dag es experiment sta- tions are beginning to come in rapidly. ave bee us various kinds of reports ro Indiana, Michigan, Tinos pe Tow Dr. Bessry (Am. Naturalist, June) RI po that the inj of chlorophyll- Seating tissue in young frui or the nutrition of telly in the seed, and remarks that this is ak important but potent THE LARGE and important collection of fungi belonging ad the late Dr. ‘ n purchased by the Botanical Museum lin It is well that — ee herbarium is to be kept na a and be accessible to stu ROLIFEROUS cee are not so common, and the Gardener's Chronicle (August 18) figures one that has three or four buds from the vie one of them so fully Gresniseh as See have leaves, adventitious roots, eginning runner and a terminal Pror. W. W. LEY reports ade ny te fully-doubled Aster, all the disk florets changed into ligulate ones, between Lake Oskawana and Garrison’s, N. Y., near Cowpens Mt. The species is probably A. macro- phyllus. All tis heats on the plant were so dou R. JOSEPH SCHRENK gives, in the Druggists’ eee sin ‘apen oo papers, entitled ‘Pharmacognostical notes on the coped Rusbyi,” and “ Pharmacozgnostical notes on the bark Kk of ‘Nowbo ™ levis, y "The papers are illustrated by two admirable figures. OUR KNOWLEDGE of 7 Rages of the interior of China is ee vancing, judging by the which lists ee 1G —— eee me published. In the fees of fsa (August) D rae qe two recent collections of ferns, among which are e desribed — pecie , Kew, Mrs . E.G. Britton im sules. The specimen was collected in 1 gins = look ont always for fruit, even on specimens of species usually Gardens a ANNUAL REPORT (for 1887) of the Royal Botanic Trinidad has been distributed by dor very efficient sperendent Mr. J. H. Hart. A summary is given of the history © of the gar sally in- its present condition. The photographic , illustrations ev caraeiie ron ens: giving one a notion of the beauty and plan of the ga TH st two parts of the seventh volume of the Ann Naturale (Baanique) are almost eager devoted to an elabora te per by ourchet on chromoleucites. He discusses their de ge n the ales of a Pie e eeatl orm in which it exists, and finally denies, a mae study re ae ie 3 ? ced by the % 7H : t ; amount di memoir gives a host of details, and erines jea, and Work, Tea oes not, ep icin present an essontally new princi tinge agrees, in the main Pigs Schimper’s well-known CO and allied structur S BF 8 = ct © a a ° m 2 .© rSe Q Te 1) 280 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ October, Ir. C. E. OVERTON has watched the conjugation of Spirogyra, and finds that the conjugating tubes grow toward each other at the rate of 3u per hour, and that twenty four hours elapses between their contact and the complete solution of the wall. The passing over of the contents from the male cell usually begins about ten or eleven o’clock at night. THE NEW GENUS of Palms (Bot. GazerrTe, xi, 314) from the Florida gs brought to light by Dr. C.S. Sargent and dedicated to him, is figured . “a hs what an enormourly prolific writer Dr. Gr s. Beginning with two numbers in 1834, one on mineralogy and the other the m. Graminee and Cyperaceze (exsiccate), and ending with 1888, no year is unrepre editorial work. No less than 355 numbers are credited to him, besides the uncounted number of botanical notices and book reviews. F Wenr has in the last i im’ iicher fiir wissen- : : part of Pringsheim’s Jahrbiicher fii schafiliche Botanik (vol. xix, pp. 295-356) PR ate Tb important paper ‘on vacnoles, His conclusions, in his own words, are as follows: With the exception of the doubtful spermatozoids, Cyanophycee, and Bacteria, from the protoplasm. Pathologieal «-, ies Beas ological vacuole formed by the disorg lzation of the nuclei and Sireioens ioe : The paper concludes with a Summary of the present knowledge in regard to the vacuoles. PLATE XXil. sf BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 1888. . OSA Se em, Pu \ ' AN IN / shag \ CEO ORY 2 \ So (TI oe o 9 Case os 7] ‘game —— oa ty ON Mr wi > eke sf oO ets yoo hy AA NS 6 ay Bo cS SATS spurtnee x) a es wae an 2 oe ane. SP ay ryt’ megeee BR ¢ AA @, a ah o4za was see Na PS ST } | X LIL , SACHONG ae Se We ie | ao | OF CORK WINGS. GREGORY ON DEVELOPMEN pe Feo ee eet I Re en eee eee pe es eer a 27 client hime VOL. X11I. NO. 44.—BOTANICAL GAZETTE.—NOV., 1888. Development of cork-wings on certain trees, JI. EMILY L, GREGORY. ACER CAMPESTRE Linn. Two kinds of Acer were examined, one, A. campestre, con- spicuously winged till the stem is three or four years old, the other, 4. monspessulanum Linn., much less, though the early part of its periderm formation is very similar to that of A, campestre. ' development differs in both cases from that f Quercus, sufficiently, perhaps, to warrant a brief descrip- tion. f Acer campestre, the young stem is six-angled, the periderm forms uniformly around this, by the cells of the first ayer of primary rind becoming phellogen and developing centripetally!% just as in case of Quercus. e breaking = takes place along the six angles, the subsequently increased Tapidity of growth under these fissures occurs, but with this Veloped wi n each two successive ones ped wings, the clefts betwee The cells of a. : nis the Temaining epidermis have been so protected by thi tial wall is '’ Centripetal is in the sense that the newest tangential Dearest the hea .. reat here by Sanio, 282 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ November, breaking in fissures and subsequent curling up, that not un- frequently the hairs from this tissue are seen along the smooth surface of the wing. This is shown in figure 11.a. As the autumn growth begins, several layers of narrow plate cells are formed entirely around the stem and it now takes its winter’s rest. In the following spring, the manner of growth seems to vary. In most stems examined the pro- cess was quite similar to that of Quercus, the entire zone of phellogen cells developing rapidly till the protecting band of thicker walled plate cells breaks at the fissures and the new growth forces outward the last year’s wings. This rarely, if ever, continued longer than till the third year; the growth of the three years’ stems, as well as many of the two years’, being as follows: As the girdle of plate cells breaks, the in- creased growth in circumference of the entire rind cells ap- pears to take place most rapidly in sections under the fissures, or between the wings of the first or second year's growth. The periderm cells are formed more or less uniformly, but the foundations are laid for new wings between those already formed. In this way six more wings are formed, and not many seasons after this, the stem assumes the ordinary ridged and furrowed appearance which is no longer described as winged. Thus the transition from wings to ordinary fur- rowed periderm takes place. This method of transition is carried still further in ACER MONSI ANUM L,. edges of these during their first year’s growth; that is the second year of the stem. (See fig. 14. 4.) The result of the repetition of this process is the formation of a periderm | LiquipAMBar SryractFiva L. The cork wings found on this tree have one striking igh culiarity which renders them an exception to all other cases 1888. ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 283 examined. This is their eccentric or one-sided origin and growth. In this respect the species seems to stand quite alone. The specimens examined in the summer of 1887 were taken from trees of various ages and places of growth, all of them were under cultivation and all in the vicinity of Philadelphia, except those trom the Arnold arboretum. In the summer of 1888, examples were obtained from trees of different ages growing wild near Woodbury, N. J. Th results obtained from these, while confirming in most respects those obtained from the specimens of the previous year, were much more satisfactory, as the young tree in its early stages, up to those of fifteen years old, could be observed under natural conditions. The wings of the lateral branches appear always on the upper side, running along between the leaves, two, three and sometimes four in number. They generally stand at such an angle as to form troughs along the entire length of the branches. These are, of course, interrupted at the nodes by the leaf-petioles, but they slope gradually ey 5 S = ct g Ss om yr 7 @ t=] Bae 5 = a 5 3 S 3 Q. ® tay is often produced. by deep ridges and furrows along that part free from branches, The fi riderm formation occurs early age agange nodes of the year's growth are covered only by epidermis. The phello- able numbers. On the lateral branches at beginning of the cork wings, they are muc developed and somewhat more numerous on GF is developed around the stem with lenticels connecting €rind cells with the outer air. After a ume, a ong es upper side of the older internodes of this years seg This noticed an increase in the tissue around the lenuce ro may be easily identified by the naked eye as cork tissu 284 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. | November, its color, which is slightly reddish, and different from the rest of the surface. This is the first beginning of the wing; the tissue soon spreads from one lenticel to another until a ridge is seen extending along the upper surface of the inter- node. It is not possible to say that the wing always takes its rise from the lenticels, in this way, as instances of its origin between the Jenticels, then spreading out so as to include them — afterward, may have been overlooked. No such cork tissues were found entirely disconnected from the lenticels. An- other fact pointing to the lenticellular origin of the wing is, there were several examples, where, for some lack of favor- able conditions, the wing formation had stopped with the growth of cork immediately under the lenticels in such a manner that a number of these, lying in almost a straight line n the upper side of several successive internodes, were raised up from the surface for a distance of one or two milli- meters. Usually there was only one ridge of cork at first; often, however, there were several smaller ones branching off, so that when developed a number of wings stood out at different angles. opment about each lenticel takes place in such a manner that instead of one connected line along the internode, several are formed ; these often join each other at different points SO that closed furrows are formed, the number of ridges, OT wings, thus being increased to three, four, and even five; in the last case they nearly encircle the stem. : ose wings breaking along the openings of the Jenti- cels, which have been described as normal, there occurs also another break which separates the wing from the remaining Ussues. This is a break along the edges of the band of corky - 1888. } BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 285 tissue where it joins the regular periderm. This is shown in fig. 15, 6. This breaking is prevented at first by the cells along these lines forming new walls at such angles as to form a fan-like spreading, large enough to accommodate the rap- idly growing wing. The rapidity of growth, at first greater in the center of the wing, appears to gravitate toward the edges, and the break occurs. Both sections of the wing are now free to be shoved out by the rapidly growing phellogen. In the meantime the fissure in the middle, originating from the lenticel opening, increases till it reaches in many cases quite down to the primary rind. Toward the fall, about the middle of September in the examples studied, there are formed several layers of plate cells, extending around the Whole stem. When growth is resumed in the following spring, the formation of cork is limited strictly to the phello- gen under the wings; its rapid growth breaks the bands of ber of annual layers of cork did not agree wi of woody layers of the stem. cork were found, where only three o tainty be detected. It is impossibl Whether two rings of cork had been added each year, Or Whether the annual marking off of the wood had failed in the later years of growth, as the last rin of wood which was Plainly marked off was about the width of both the other ot rapid. e to say, in this case, and one and a half Cc These large witgs, i st C stems See found on lateral branches, occur 1n most ie on a th Ich have closed their growth in length. Rie a Whose 2rowth in length is prolonged from year oO j 286 BOTANICAL GAZETTE, | [ November, they form the main branches of the crown, begin, when young, to develop wings in the ordinary manner, and con- tinue doing so for six or eight years. Then on the older in- ternodes the development under the wings becomes less and less in amount; the ordinary periderm acc mmouates itself to the increasing size of the surface of the other parts of the stem, that under the wings apparently remaining stationary, until it is highly probable in many cases the growth of the wing entirely ceases and the phellogen of the entire circum- ference resumes its function of uniform growth, and the wings are slowly cracked off. However this may be, many of the larger stems appear to be covered with a nearly smooth per- iderm, and many others are nearly smooth at the place where they join the main trunk, while further on toward their ex- tremities they are profusely covered with wings. : ow taking the growth of the main stem from its origin, a young tree, three years old, was cut off about one and a half feet from the ground. At this height the circumference was nearly covered with the cork wings, but by looking care- fully it could be seen there was still a distinct longitudinal strip or band which was yet free from this growth except under the lenticels. This was more and more easily traced est internodes of this year’s growth; date, July 16. The whole length of this year’s growth of main stem was forty-six centimeters; the lower thirteen centimeters had well-developed cork wings, above this none had yet ap- peared. Lateral branches growing out from this portion of the main stem were also supplied with wings on their older internodes. It is easy to see how the whole bole of the tree probably becomes covered with its ridged and furrowed per- iderm. In the tree just described, the longitudinal strip or band along which ran no regular wings was already supplied with corky tissue at the lenticels, raising these slightly from the surface. The phellogen cells of this tissue probably soon after the third or fourth year become endowed with special activity ; the layer is extended from lenticel to lenticel, just as in the first year’s growth, till at last connected ridges are ee 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 287 tain stages, leading to the final result of covering the whole trunk of the tree. Ridges from a tree of fifteen years were broken off about four feet from the ground. The annual deposition of corky substance was seen here to diminish as the tree grows older, the later years’ rings being much nar- rower than the earlier ones ; Ss. Biological Dep t, Univ. of Penn. Botany at the University of Gottingen. W. E. STONE. niversity at Géttingen, rite a description, has and retained an O laboratory to be equalled by few others in Europe, garden is notably well stocked and cared for. For the latter much credit is due Prof. Graf zu Solms Laubach, Many years was director of the same and pro tematic botany. In the spring of the present year he re- ceived almost simultaneous calls to the Universities at 5 4 burg and Berlin, accepted the former, and now occupies the chair of deBary. 7 There is a tacit division of the work here into the phys logical and systematic departments, each presided over by meaent professors, and each with its own laboratory, lbrary and lecture room The present director of the garden and professor of sy tematic botany is Dr. Peters, formerly 4 student and — ant with Nageli, His work upon the genus Hierecintt 2 ; He was called to Gottingen !ro San: i Sader sda is one O Oe aah ; é resting old town, occu y dwigs-" artly with- Or six acres ot axed lying at thin and p ary ® = Out the old wall.” The latter is no longet hundre Which it was planned and built some three or four cranes years ago, but has become 4 pleasant pleratet Pot fine old With grassy slopes aud planted with a double row © a ae ot : ene % 288 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. : [ November, lindens, beneath which one always meets a procession of promenaders on pleasant summer afternoons and evenings. For a part of its winding course, as I have said, it traverses the botanical garden, looking down to the south side upon the dwelling of the director and gardener, the green-houses and the collections of tender plants, thus protected from the cold north and east winds. On the other, the north side, are the more extensive collections of hardy plants, trees and shrubs, arranged to some extent systematically, especially BOTANICAL GARDEN AT GOTTINGEN, the herbaceous plants. The principal entrance to the garden is from one of the streets of the inner town. Passing the pensar old-fashioned houses of Director Peters and the gar- the little space a decided tropical aspect. Here, too, 18 an excellent collection of Azaleas, and near by in a shady, moist nook are the native orchids. 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE ; 289 Two ere other pag Priffer the ‘* wall” and bring one out on the BE corr, “g erent flora—that of the temperate zone meadow tart ad eae little stream, moistening a bit of lants. Behind hia size te a basin for aquatic and marsh Be iid cen ee ee the Beciposita: beds for herbaceous plants, where naturally Be parden - map. On the west side of this part Ree the upper = in finest building of the University, taken. Toward ee ee of which the view given here is with an entrance *t east rise masses of trees, behind which, Me sica) Isborat as the street, stands the physiological- Dikks devoted adh Still farther toward the east are open Liliacen, Araceee 26 of grasses and sedges, the to - from the + aie Fe , partly fom natural location, partly Sick exposure the ‘wall,’ furnishes a remarka.le va- Siitan a. ge os adaptation rarely met with upon so than this; the te RENE SOS ies botanical garden better kept Shanlanéon “hs Me absolutely no waste spots, although os Saar atural growths are allowed in some places. Shen the Sty Bs um . said to be a good collection, but, ihc. civ ay 3 in these days, lacks attention, and is simply ay in the upper story of one of the garden build- The intention is, however, able in the new 1 laboratory is of the youngest his early promotion being . afterwards he was assistant on the marine alge. versity of Got- fessor in 1837. the most pleasant n ably ons, and almost a ihe pg during working hours in his private labora- working Pe ne at short intervals he visits his students Sleweart es : e main laboratory, greeting © ith r. Kocl ford of advice and encouragement. The assistant, och, with whom the students come directly in contact, ee 290 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. | November, was a pupil and assistant of deBary. His greatest horror is untidiness, of which fact no student is likely to remain long unacquainted. Ty two years’ connection with these men leaves me with a lively and grateful appreciation of their worth as friends and teachers which I can not omit expressing here. : 4. The physiological laboratury is a very substantial two- story stone building with rather plain exterior. The view given is taken from the south or garden side. The ground floor is occupied in part by the janitor’s family, a common a nf ; sty ae, x aS a , a4 a ee “f he Wa hs N 1 m Nhs, sf Ma be Se « h Wh. rh te \ . f gical laboratory. There is also a workroom on this floor containing a still, forge and table for glass blowing. : In the cellar are rooms for gas analysis, tem- pire experiments, etc. The main working rooms of the abot atory are on the second floor, a plan of which is here given The main rooms are directly accessible from the stair anding. First on the left is the director’s private laboratory with its independent outfit, working table before one of the er a Se lig: aa Director s Room Bala pce ——— om | H ! Reenp z picks | ag — Roary | [aboratory —-), — Ty Pe ces ie | Microscopical laboratory eo J lecture Kooty 9 22a a oes - PLAN oF PHYSIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. | 292 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ November, dows at benches provided with drawers, closets, cases, rea- gents, water and gas. Twenty more students, engaged with simpler work, find places at four large tables arranged through the middle of the room. cabinet for microscopes, a case for reference books, shelves for specimens, a ‘‘ Brut- ofen”’ for the reception of cultures, completes the furnishing of the room. Adjoining, on the south side of the room, is the auditorium, which, as a lecture room, accommodates fifty hearers, or by removal of the portable benches can be used for experimental purposes. Two of these windows are really glass doors opening to the east and south into glass- covered balconies used for the reception and cultivation of plants for lecture demonstration. In the southern one is a opticon for class demonstration. The remainder of the south side of this floor is occupied by the chemical laboratory with complete apparatus and accommodations {for four workers, with water, gas, steam drying bath, sink, two large hoods, combustion furnace, muffle, etc. Here again a glass door opens upon a glass-covered balcony for the reception of plants under observation. From this a second balcony is entered, which, thus cut off from the remainder of the build- ing. 1s used for the generation of noxious gases. rom the chemical laboratory a gallery leads over the Stairway to the balance room ; from it a side door also opens upon a large open balcony over the entrance to the building, with a western exposure—a convenient place for growing ape nNtaenee potted plants in summer. ing plants weighing from o.1 to 15,000 grams. The same room contains the reference library, and is also accessible from the director’s room. oo the landing another staircase leads to a physiologi- cal work-room under the skylight, and there are one or tw 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 293 store-rooms also on this floor. Last, but not least, is a small work-shop for the janitor, who is an excellent mechanic and makes nearly all the apparatus and models required in the institute. A noteworthy feature is the double water supply, two complete systems of pipes leading to all points of the build- ing, one for the city water, which contains so much lime that it + unfit for general laboratory use, and one for rain-water, ected from the roof and stored in a reservoir on the third oor. The systems are interchangeable, and both may be used for either rain or ‘* city ’’ water. The building is new, having been first occupied in 1879, atures of the best A full discription hes Centralblatt, and was intended to embody the best fe botanical laboratories known at the time. oe plan and erection is given in the Botanisc . (1881) pp. 318, 349, 388. In this, as in most of the German universities, the greater part of the botanical students are derived from the medical uring my acquaintance ber of advanced stu- . ‘oN Anatomie der Pflanzen, Fortpflanzungs un oe cheinungen, Ueber das Protoplasma, Ueber Gym- Pilon pen. und Archegoniaten, Paleophyt« des pepe en cherten, Grundzige gewa re der Thallophyten, ! © thir, ae Besides these, lectures wer botanic department on plant nutrition, growth, Te ical interest. Some of the lectures ae oe the latest work of the professor oP some d ject. Some were attended by fifty oF seventy-five stu- ents, others by four. Nn summer there are usually one or two excursions weekly hich often means a n . Peasant halts the party, and the young 204 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. { November, and nudges among themselves, watch the professor banter with Hans. Then, when the masquerade is revealed, ‘* Don- nerwetter’’ changes to ‘‘ Entschuldigen Sie,” and all is well, although it sometimes happens that nothing but the payment of the regular three marks’ fine will secure the peaceful and undisputed progress of the expedition. An unfailing feature is the halt for lunch at some convenient ‘ Gasthaus,’’ where, over black bread and sausage and mugs of foaming beer, many an interesting botanical question as well as jolly joke or story is discussed. If a part of the excursion is by rail, tickets are taken third class, and even these are obtained, in such cases, at reduced rates. x At play or at work I have found the German professors and students wholly interested and in earnest. Perhaps thus their work obtains a character of reliability and thorough- ness ; perhaps thus they are able to derive such satisfaction from the most minute and tedious investigations and inspire in new students such enthusiasm and devotion. Certainly, working or playing, I was glad to count my connection with the botanical people at Gottingen among the pleasantest of my university experiences. Amherst, Mass. Notes on Andropogon. F. LAMSON SCRIBNER. Prof. E. Hackel, in his contribution (Graminez) to Eng- ler’s great work on the families of plants (Die Pflanzenfami- lien), has extended m TI .25 Species as belonging to the United States. The following is the list in full, ial furnished me by Prof. 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 295 Hackel in advance of his which is now in press, and will be Ped next year: 1. A.semiberbis Kunth. ee a. aoe Schult. 2. A. hirtiflorus Kunth. | 15, A, Cabanisii Hack. subvar.oligostachyus Hack. =_16. A. provinetalis s Lam. subvar. feensis Hack. 17. A. Hallii Hack. (cum var. fla- 3. A. cirratus Hack. sorbic incanescens, muti- 4. A. tener Kunth. 5. A. scoparius Michx. \pewe? t-Faer. @ Wrightii Hack. (Wright, subsp. genuinus Hack. New Mex. coll: no. 2104). (There are no other vari- TA? sincuaeeaen S. W eties sage iehaaa pot ye 65 var, Torreyanus Hack some forms are nam- | var. cheno ed. Nea pl nagselianye Hack. var. perforat (A. perfor- itimus (5. atus Trin.Texas, Ber- Stat landier,no. 641,Lind- var. b. betta (Texas). heimer rae 1). 6. A. gracilis Spr 20, A. Sorghum Bro te | apheneiieg Michx. subsp. halapensis Hack. a. genuinus. (Sorghum sp. P b, abbreviatus ee subsp. sativus (cuttivaced ¢. hirsutior Hack. (vaginis sorghum, the varieties of tuberculato- villosia, Mo- — re rene numer- bile, leg. C. Mohr). us). d. corymbosus Chapm. | 21. A.n utans L. (with vars). é. glaucopsis Chapm. pn a unilateral Hack. (Sor- 8. A. A Sas s L. | ghum secundum Chara a. genuinus Hac This cat n amed subvar. . steno A. secundus in conse » elgg Poylins Hack: | Gomes St ae secundus. aucus Hack. C. piaibaton Hack. 23. A. payers tee Mb m d. coercing Se Hack gou ‘ * : ike eee ‘seed: the Sorghum section, but A.longiberbis Hack. a gs Chrysopo lotti ! A. ll., sed A. clan- 24, A. eontortug oh (Heteropogon et hee — > cI = ° a & &. EO > Q > i) bo) 5 ‘= 5 tinus Hale. 12. A. brachystachyus Chapm, 25. A. Bachan Ell. 18, A.arctatus Chapm changes in Patterson’s Catalogue, following from The this arrangement are as follows: aes hrii Hack= Andropo zs ee Mx.—A. Virginicus L. : A. Mo —= var. A. Siibenanes :, . b: A. saccharoides 8. W., var. inermi ee ze Chrysopogon nu : on acu- on iH k. ghti ae. gene Hack.: Hetero minatus— A. y nee ge 3 Bil.: ‘a ntortus=A. contortus 1: Sorghum halapense—A Sorghum Bet, var. halapensis 296 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [| November, ‘There are some new varieties; other varieties reduced to forms ; and others wholly omitted. In the letter communicating the above list of Andro- pogons (dated June 10), Professor Hackel says: ‘*As to other Andropogonee, there are some changes in nomencla- ture, viz.: Imperata brevifolia Vasey is I. Hookeri Rupr. : ‘Elionurus candidus’ from Texas and Arizona is not E. can- didus Hackel in Flor. Brazil., but a new species named E, bar- biculmis: ‘Elionurus Nuttallianus’ of Vasey, Grasses of the U.S., is the type of E. tripsacoides HBK.: Rottbeellia corrugata Baldw. is recognized as a species, with the variety areolata: R. tesselata Steud. is a form of R. corrugata: R. rugosa has a var. Chapmani (Curtiss, no. 3622).”’ Washington, D.C Notes on the inflorescence of Callitriche.! JOSEPH SCHRENK. While examining the flowers of Callitriche heterophylla Pursh, I noticed some peculiarities about the so-called dracts by one of the attenuated ends to the stem, the concave sides turned toward the pistil. f such bracts, including those met with in other families, Hydrillee, Naiadez, Potamez, etc., Schen oe ser elaborate paper on the ‘Comparative anatomy of submersed sa ers of cells. They originate early at the apex of the stem, develop more rapidly, and perish sooner than the neighbor- ing leaves. Probably they all produce a secretion which en- fea before Section F, A. A. A. 8., August 16, 1888. n the numerous specimens i i two pistils in one — the stamen was idvariatly wand, , noticed that when there were P ibl. bot , Vol. I, 1887, p 10.—Phe “M. itrichs,”” by Fr. Hes: elmaier (1864) Iwas’ ores . ¢ ‘*Monograph on the genus C wlitrich2, ts of consult, and had to be satisfied with the statemen Schenck t ¢.) and de Bary (Comp. Anat.) referring win” 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 297 Under higher powers the surface view and sections of the bladders show that their wall is a thin membrane formed of a single layer of transparent, elongated, flat cells with very sinuous. side walls. Inside of the bladder a slender thread can be distinguished, which projects from the base into the Cavity. tec a pterally connected by short branches. Velopment of the sacs has been completed. The cells of its i ber and size, and have Wall have increased rapidly in num onsists of two or three rows of.long, wavy — soi a Sule etiam 298 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ November, +; | 3 On thin longitudinal sections the continuity of the air-spaces in the larger air-channels of the internode, in the inter- ~ cellular cavities of the node, and, finally, in the interior of the sacs, can be traced distinctly. I would, therefore, call these sacs, not trichomes, but reduced, or rather trans- formed phyllomes, transformed in order to fulfil a special function, z. ¢., to give the apex of the stem necessary buoyancy, so that the leaves may receive light and air, and the pistils and stamens the visits of insects or the currents of the air At no stage could any secretion exuding from the sacs be noticed. The protoplasm contained in the cells, although plainly visible at the early stages, is too insignificant to indi- cate that intense activity which is going on in secretory or- gans; besides, the comparative isolation of the cells, which are really simply epidermis cells, speaks against such a func- tion. But I would call attention to the peculiar fan-shaped, or rather palm-shaped hairs found at the nodes in consider- able numbers, which most likely produce some kind of secre- organs, the sacs included, just begin to differentiate, leaves hardly any doubt that they serve for the protection of those points that are most in need of i or systematic botany the question is of great interest, whether each, the pistil and the stamen of Callitriche, is to be considered a separate flower or not. In most text-books® the flowers are described as moneecious. In my opinion, the histology of the inflorescence ought to decide the question. 4Cf. DeBary, Comp. Anat. Engl. ed., p. 64. 5e. 9., Gray’s Manual, Eichler’s Syllabus, 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 299 one, to the stamen. The other tissues of pistil and stamen are arranged correspondingly, so that, e. o., the epidermis of the filament and of the short pedicel of the pistil area continuous layer of cells There is no reason why, under these circumstances, we should separate these two organs and call them two different flowers, when, in fact, they could not be any more closely connected than they really are. Hoboken, N. F. Undescribed plants from Guatemala. V. JOHN DONNELL SMITH. (WITH PLATES XXIII and XXIV.) Vocuysta GUATEMALENSIS, Bot. Gazette, xu, 131, Explanation of e Plate xt: F ig. 1. Flowering branch—natural size. 2. Immature capsule. Fig. 3. Flower. Fig. 4. Same with pistil exposed. Fig. 5. . Staminode. Fig. 6. Stamen. Fig. 7. Anterior petal. Fig. 8. One ofthe lateral petals. Fig. 9, Vertical section of ovary. Fig. 10. Ovule. Fig. a U1. Diagram of flower. (Figs. 83—11 are variously enlarged.) y ae 1888. (Ex Pl. Guat. Tuerckh., qu. edid. J. Wea. | 306. ) . fusco-tomentose : date, triplinerved, — e beneath: © : half an re Calea trichotoma.— Branches divaricate, leaves petiolate, 12-18 lines Jong, subcor 3 remotely serrulate, scabrid above, cano-tomen eo - Pedicels of simple or compound terminal corymbs 3, 300 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ November, inch or less long, monocephalous: heads homogamous, about 20-flowered, subglobose, 5 lines high; exterior bracts of involucre foliaceous, scabrid, ovate, minute; interior ones smooth, oblong, obtuse, exceeded by disk; bracts of conic receptacle conduplicate, laciniate, rostrate: palets of pappus 20-23, linear-tapering, nearly naked, subequalling corolla; achenia pubescent.—Nearest, especially in foliage, to the Columbian C. glomerata Klatt., Bot. Jahrb. viz, 45. Rocky mountain sides near Coban, alt. 4,300 feet, Aug., 1887. (Ex Pas Cit. 1353-) PrtcaIrNIA TUERCKHEIMII. Bot. Gazette, xim, 190. Explanation of rag XXIV: Fig. 1. Plant, nat. size. Fig. 2. Vertical section of flowers nat, size. Baltimore, Ma. BRIEFER ARTICLES. Enothera albicaulis.—The order Onagraces contains many interest- ing and beautiful species and this species is not the least deserving of no- tice. The flowers are large, white at first, later turning to a delicate rose- color, and very conspicuous. One evening during July I was walking with a gentleman from the barn to the house. We passed along the edge of a kitchen gaiden, and when near the house I called his attention to a large patch of (Enothera albicaulis which had never known the hoe, He admired the flowers, remarking that they were worth cultivating for ornament. We had not gone ten yards beyond them when a mos offensive, sickening fcetid odor assailed our nostrils. At first we could not account for it, because we knew of no carrion in the vicinity, At last I concluded it arose from a stink-horn of some kind, and the direction of the flowers. Standing still a few moments I felt three more warm pufis. and each time was nearly overpowered by the accom- panying smell. Subsequently I had an opportunity of observing the plant a little more closely. I found the puffs were stronger and more frequent on mild, still evenings; that they were then emitted, several in quick succession, at intervals ranging from twenty to thirty minutes. I never watched the plants all night, but have watched from eight in the evening till nearly two in the morning, and found that the puffs were stronger, more frequent and more regular between 9 and 12 P. M. than before or after. The flowers are influenced in opening and closing more by temperature than by the degree of light. When the morning is not too warm, that is to say not over 65° or 70° F., the flowers commonly re- | = ~ bal “ A. 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 301 main open till 10 or 11 4. mM. Likewise in the afternoon, when the heat is not too great, they begin to expand about 4 o'clock; at other times they may not open till 6 o’clock. I have taken “ wilted ” flowers, plucked during the heat of the day, placed their stems in a glass of water and re- moved the glass to a cool cellar with a northern aspect and plenty of light. In the course of an hour the flowers would slowly open. They seem to be very irregular in their habit. During the middle of the day the petals are wrinkled and loosely folded; the tube droops; the whole flower is limp and seemingly wilted, presenting a sorry appearance.—F. W. ANDERSON, Great Fal’s, Montana. d Some Nebraska plants.—In a recent visit to Clear Water, Neb., I was much impressed and somewhat surprised with the abundance and beauty of the wild flowers. Clear Water is a small town in the northern part of Antelope county, near where a creek of the same name flows into the Elkhorn river. Along the Elkhorn, and also along Clear Water creek, there is some timper, which in that region is deemed a luxury. The most abundant timber is the different species of willow, while the largest | and most conspicuous tree is Populus monilifera. Fraxinus viridis, Ne- gundo aceroides and Celtis occidentalis are frequently met with. Jug lans nigra was not seen in this immediate vicinity, but it grows quite plentifully on Verdigris creek, in this county. Two shrubs whi claimed my attention were Amorpha fruticosa and Shepherdia argentea. The latter is rarely met with. But one clump of these bushes was seen In the county. Amorpha fruticosa is plentiful, and when in flower is as handsome shrub. Symphoricarpos occidentalis is abundant, and its ae ers very pretty, although itis considered a great nuisance by cultivators 0! the soil. Rhus glabra is occasionally seen, while R. Toxicodendron 1s too abundant. : a? One of the first flowers to grace the prairies here in early spring 18 Townsendia sericea. It usually appears in Apr or much other vegetation, which makes it seem would be. Petalostemon villosus is soa favorite among the people. Cypripedium ge ee be rare in the state, is quite common abundance of wild roses of different hues, ci a, Two plants, ’ ikel Tica. wd eal ie the last cae or two been renga to become great pests to the farmers.—EmMA RB. ted am red on The clover rust.—Uromyces trifolit (soe guage 302 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. | November, Trifolium pratense in this vicinity in great abundance and is doing much It seems to be most abundant in the aftermath, though it is not confined to the clover of meadows. In many instances the rust ‘is so abundant that the clover leaves are half or more dry and dead. I should say the damage would vary from 5 to 20 per cent. of the value of the clo- ver. So faras I know, the parasite has never been reported on T. pratense from this country before, though it is known in Europe. (Cf. Winter, Die Pilze,i, 159.) Two years ago it was abundant here on T, hybridum, but this year it seems to have changed to the red clover. T. hybridum is also a flew host for America. Uromyces medicagenis-falcatx (DC.) Wint. on Medicago lupulina has been abundant here every year since 1883.— Lucten M. UnpErwoon, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. Diewcism in Andropogon provincialis.—The Iowa experiment station has been collecting seeds of some of the native prairie grasses for the pur- pose of testing their value under cultivation. The one regarded as of others, and so different that they seemed to be a distifict variety. The _ Spikes of these plants proved to be well filled with seed. After this it was seen that wherever Blue Joint was found a small proportion of the plants were of this form. The spikes of these fertile plants ripen and break up earlier than those of the sterile plants. Not all of these, however: __ have the heads well filled with seed. The sterile plants have conspicuous _ stamens with abundant pollen, and also large fully expanded stigmas. The division into staminate and pistillate plants is perhaps only partial. _ Circumstances did not permit a more extended examination at the time, ___ but plants of each form have been marked for future study. It would be well also for others conveniently situated to take notice regarding this feature. If it shall prove to be a permanent habit of tiis grass to have ___ but few of the individuals fertile it will be a serious difficulty in the way _ Of its profitable cultivation.—A. A. CROZIER, Ames, " EDITORIAL. THE ED1ToR of Grevillea, in the September issue of that journal, a cuses “some of the junior mycologists of the United States” of “ commit- ting a dangerous mistake” and of indulging in “spread-eagleism ” r egard- Ing the identity of certain type specimens. Dr. Curtis collected the series ungi known as Herb. Curtis. The descriptions of the new species were drawn up by Rev. M. J. Berkeley, of England, and published under the joint authority of Berkeley & Curtis. Now some American 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 303 allowed his love of country, so we are to infer, to blind him tothe evident fact that where a real difference exists between a specimen in the Curtis herbarium and one in the Berkeley herbarium, it is the latter only which is to be regorded as the type. This is so obviously true that we fear that Mr. Cooke was under some misapprehension when writing his warning. But while the simple statement seems to be beyon controversy, differences may still arise as to the interpretation of the Berkeley & Curtis types. Because a cursory examination appears to make out the type specimen in the Berkeley collection to be different from the corresponding specimen in the Curtis set, it does not neces- sarily follow that it is really so. It is quite possible that errors might have arisen in the original study, and that the specimen in the Curtis herbarium, although different, might yet be a better representative of the real species than the type specimen itself. There is often internal evidence to show that certain specimens in Herb. Curtis, although in some characters different, are still undoubtedly the same as those in Herb. Berkeley. For instance, if a leaf with a Puccinia has been cut in two and half sent to Rev. Berkeley and half placed in the Herb. Curtis, the de- scription in many respects corresponding to the Curtis plant, but not in — others, we are not to infer that there were two distinct things, but rather — that the Curtis plant is genuine, and a study of it can show facts not gle viously brought out. There is so much need of -cautious work in deter- : mining the species and settling the nomenclature of our fungi that itcan not be amiss to point out this possible source of misunderstanding. CURRENT LITERATURE. Minor Notices. . 1 Tur FLoRA of the Santa Barbara Islands is the subject weer Tee Mr. T.S. Brandegee. The author investigated the two largest! : ei iB was Cruz and Santa Rosa, and in the paper before ch dts ee 5 the neigh- found. A comparison is made between this flora and ; : 0 boring Santa Inez mountains on the mainland. he San Diego : i are, besides flora, leaving some ten or twelve endemic species. ee these, some nine or ten species not found on the main ; com mon to other coast islands. ~ - Barbara Islands. Reprint from Proc. + : BRANDEGEE, T, $.—Flora of the Issued October, 1888. San Acad. Sei,, 2d Ser,, Vol. I, Part 2. pp. 201-226. ee eee 304 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. | November, NOTES AND NEWS. NEW SPECIES of Saussurea by Franchet, and of Clavaria by Boudier and Patouillard, are described in Journal de Botanique (Oct. 4). Vegetable Physiology at the Massachusetts State Agricultural Experi- ment Station at Amherst. He enters upon his work November 1 Ir 8eEMs that German colonists in Australia introduced their native fruit trees, such as pears, apples, etc., and although they flowered abund- antly, no fruit was produced. Lately another colonist brought bees from Europe and the trees are fruiting well. A NEW GENUS of Berberidacez, from Japan, is described in Jour. Bot. (Oct.) by Tokutaro Ito. It perhaps comes between Podophyllum and Diphylleia, and is dedicated to the “Linné du Japon,” Ono Ranzan, being called Ranzania. We are also assured of the certain occurrence of Podo- phyllum peltatum in J apan, .. HE MARINE LABORATORY at Wood’s Holl, Mass., proposes to extend its facilities the coming year to botanical students and investigators. This is, doubtless, one of the most favored spots for the study of marine ‘ ateaantie on our Atlantic coast, and opening a well equipped laboratory to botanists is likely to be appreciated. Dr. James CLARK, of England, but now at the Botanisches Institut, “tapi Germany, has under way a monograph of the Gentianacex, American botanists who will send him material. He especially desires Ae ous of our native species, even of the common kinds, suc as G. Andrewsii. The author aims at much more than a merely systematic study of the group. , A COMPLETE ENUMERATION of all known Uredinex, arranged accord- Ing to the orders to which their host plan's belong, has been published b Leipzig firm. It covers forty-eight octavo pages with eight additional pages of index. There is evidence of careful = compilation, and the work will be heartily appreciated by all students of ru-ts. € author would do good service by also issuing a biblio- - graphy of this group of plants. and south, and are consequently utilized by belated prairie-hunters as Convenient substitutes for the magnetic needle. Prof, bray Meehan, who 8 €Xamin oi defines it as dwarf variety of the osier, named Syiphium Lacini- CSG PSs ee VOL. Xl1r. NO. 12.—-BOTANICAL GAZETTE.— DEC., 1888. Strassburg and its botanical laboratory. WILLIAM R. DUDLEY. The city of Strassburg contains two widely different quar- ters; first, the old city, full of narrow streets and quai houses, whose crown and glory is the great cathedral near its cen- ter; second, the new quarter, added to the city by the exten- sion of its walls after the German imperial palace and the great quadrangle of the new * Kaiser Wilhelm’? University. A con- op law, theology, etc. In the rear Main Entrance To Laporatory, ON the left side is the Chemical ppbybansena? Institute ; on the right the Physi- cal and Botanical Institutes, tory. Between the Botanical lies the Botanical Garden with its ¢ House and artificial pond. On a nelg other buildings for science are being erected ; in another part of the city are the numerous buildings of the Medical School, while the Library of ov greenhouses, Victoria making such an imposing display as do these fine examples on sie quail of ae «*German Renaissance style o 306 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ December, architecture. The structures are of a light-gray stone, often i one staircases and corridors, and are fire - proof throughout. A ground plan of two floors of the Botanical Institute, the ground floor and the story above the latter, called on the continent the ‘‘ first floor,”’ accompanies this sketch. These Directors a Prepare fron . » 1 Assistant; R ; ; —~GRouWp fleon- 1% eee are from tracings of drawings kindly furnished me by Prof. Zacharias and Dr. Jost, of the Institute, and deserve a care- has plans of the basement and attic stories; and these show rooms for the porter and his family, and for that excellent 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 307 “ives of German laboratories, the ‘‘ Diener,’’ or laborator ee phone To group all these people in the “ fo ee. ai is a common practice in German universities. ee mibicbafers e: Room,” as it seemed best to call it on Siege one used in preparing for lectures, and is con- seal carrying on certain work in connection with the ae museum (or ‘*Lehrsammlung’’) in the rear. oe a on the first floor is of the greatest Seba — ections of its glass roof can be raised, and, : ary, a platform, bearing jars or pots containing cul- on can be rolled out on a track into the open air. Th a ory rooms are especially interesting, as representing € most recent expression of the mature judgment of Ger- many’s ablest laboratory director, de Bary. A No doubt the architect who designed the building is ac- oe for cutting it up into symmetrical squares; any : erman architect who failed in this would be sure to die un- ae Ae Baaeee ESS for the sequence of the rooms and for : etails, de Bary was responsible, and, taking everything nto consideration, it is considered in Germany their best sin- gle laboratory for botany. Its chief characteristics are the abundance of all necessary ; nliness and orderly disposition of all its supplies, good light from huge windows and white wall-surfaces. Wall-cases are numerous and the contained plates, another pipettes, burettes, etc., etc. nning weter is convenient, of course, and distilled water and three grades dily obtained by students if necessary. There are several sterilizing boxes in the large oxes provided with laboratories ; also constant-temperature b thermostats. The chemical room is provided with a hood . he steam steriliz- ing cylinders. Gas is provide room is set apart for delicate instruments, Indeed the association and dissociagion of rooms and appa- ratus, the conveniences, the absence of unnecessary things and showy effects, indicate the intelligence and discernment of a worker and a master. The tables are broad, very heavy and designed so as to ing. They are convenient for two ‘ai student. Each person is pro- bout a dozen common reagents 308 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ December, and fluids. The microscopes for laboratory use are chiefly Hartnack. Most of the private microscopes in the labora- tory at the time I was there were from Seibert, an excellent Wetzlar manufacturer, not well known in America ; and one or two from Zeiss. The stock of reagents in the cases is large, and, if necessary, new ones will be cheerfully ordered. The University requires of special students working every Laborat ery Laboratory Laboratory Sy eat Deced L a bor alors Re om Laboratory = aeasiaes a Reteraton: of | Vissoczate Profr : day in the laboratory, a"payment of fifteen dollars, which covers all necessary expenses. _ Strassburg University had about rooo students during the winter semester of 1887—’88, and 104 professors, privat-do- cents and assistants. It is, therefore, neither one of the largest, nor one of the smallest, of Germany’s twenty-one universities, a — | | 1883. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 309 The Botanical Laboratory had six advanced and five be- ginning students, and I do not think the number was affected by de Bary’s illness. To instruct or counsel these were four instructors: The professor; the associate professor, Dr, Zacharias ; the privat-docent, Dr. Wortman ; and the as- sistant, Dr. Jost—all contributors, in a greater or less degree, to science, and of course well-trained men. At least three of the advanced students were working quite independently during de Bary’s illness, although it was the latter's custom to inquire nearly every day after the work of the advanced students, when he was in health, But the German govern- Me tes —- Ny ae BOTANICAL LABORATORY, FROM THE GARDEN. SouTH SIDE. ot a ment, which employs and pays th : ‘ ‘ats flicted with that particular kind of malaria which emiers the management of almost every eT gives it alternate chills and fever pd a is dt i : iffe ‘ bers. Numbers are a matter of indi ‘d to me: ‘The with us.”’ Yet these men plish in scientific research ten t can professor, who is ‘* persona board of trustees.. The German govern imes as much as t lly conducted” by a ment does ‘** person- 310 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ December, ally conduct,’ however, in certain very important matters. In the first place it provides a suitable corps of assistants, and makes it sure, therefore, that the professor has not too great a burden of teaching on his hands. It provides ample ap- propriations ; it appoints its professors for merit, and it sends up its students from the secondary schools with an excellent and uniform training. he advanced students were mostly engaged in bacterio- logical investigations, although one was working out certain_ biological questions of fern development. Professor Zacha~- rias was engaged in histological work, Dr. Wortman in phys- iology, and Dr. Jost completed a paper during the winter on the morphology of certain mistletoes. In the ‘‘Lehrsammlung” are numerous beautiful prepar- ations, some made by de Bary, and at once recognizable as the originals of well-known figures in his published works; and some by former pupils, some of whom are now famous m ese preparations are frequently used in illustrating the lectures, all of which were held late in the afternoon or in the evening. _ The herbarium collection is not relatively large, and is situated, it will be observed, rather remote from the other rooms. Had de Bary been a systematist, he would no doubt have placed his herbarium centrally. Instead, the large lab- oratories, the rooms which have seen so many distinguished Investigators, and witnessed so many scientific discoveries under the guidance of the great director, are the rooms around which the others are clustered. tory ; and in this, every Monday evening, meets the ‘‘Botani- abreast of advanced lines of work, they adjourn to a more next Morning are quite ready for use. he foreigner who has attended a German university { 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 31 always recalls the university town with feelings of decided pleasure. The quaintness and character of most of these towns, especially in South Germany, furnish a pictorial set- ting to his experience and work that is wholly new to him. Strassburg, a city of about 115,000 people, has an individu- ality greater than most cities. From its strategical import- ance it has been much fought over, and a variety of owner- ship has given it a mixed population and a mixed language. One sees on its narrow streets the dark complexion and reg- ular, handsome features of the Frank combined with the strong frame of the German, and hears both languages spoken by the same person with equal fluency. And the LARGE GREENHOUSE IN BoTANIC GARDEN. ence of a garrison 0 ae ; Geethe took his degree in the university, studied here Herder, Lenz, Lavater and Stil and square, and with many oft ; E and haonneved roofs and rich wood ph — to four centuries, and especially when he Sore s attractive of the old Gothic cathedrals and the Sy nessed in and around it, he can readily td ae \ the exiled Strassburger is always said to feel. Strassburg. 312 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ December, Development of cork-wings on certain trees. III. EMILY L. GREGORY. (WITH PLATE XXV.) Of the genus Euonymus, the species now known as alatus, formerly described as Celastrus alatus Thunb., presents the most marked and striking example of what is known as cork- wings. The first important consideration on taking up the study of the wing in this genus is, that we have no longer to do with large trees, but with small ones and shrubs. One of our own native varieties, E. Americanus var. obovatus, Gray describes as trailing with rooting branches. Another species has small rootlets scattered over the branches. Closely connected with this fact is another of equal import- ance, that is, the lasting nature of the epidermis, or the length of time that some part of the surface of the stem performs the function of assimilation. Of the thirteen kinds of Euonymus PLATE XXV. 1888. _ BOTANICAL GAZETTE, \ S Ae = ad p=) fh SHIPS? PSPS RASS GO | a0) S39 QO : ae ase aE NeOSOC f . a we socom anoogei UAC A Boies 2 on al Me AU Lh Se me OO SOC a) ; — \ v hie 4) ; a NAW NN Ase | ~ m Oe Sag ean Tn nr ae N DEVELOPMENT OF CORK WINGS. GREGORY O 1888. } BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 313 outer cylinder of collenchymatic cells; ¢, the inner, and d, the thin-walled chlorophyll-holding cells, which serve the purpose of assimilation, and also to separate the collenchy- matic tissue of the rind into the two cylinders. At each cor- ner, x v, the .ollenchymatic tissue extends through to the young phloem tissue. In the species and in the varieties bast cells are visible along the four corners. f the variety pur- section at si ‘dermis are in a state of rapid Silat jriecaeie 7 ig added to the outer cyl- 4 regard to the origin 0 ; : . f Bi also some see facts noted while making this study ; 314 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. | December, fibers, the second season’s rowth of cork-cells appears to spread out from the outer phellogen cells of the first, so the circumference is increased with but very little outlay of ma-. beret eta fig. 24.) n varieties already described. The stem is shar ly four-an- gled, but the chlorophyll-holding cells extend entirely around it. They consist of several layers very similar in character 1888. TAN ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 315 ee lisade fm of the leaf. There are no bast cells in the Sor the ose: phe of the wing takes place ordinarily Meet ect nue has reached its length. The first indica- he - napreas is a little line of brown flecks at equal “sh ey on a me ridges at the corners. These may easily ke tc “Ry enticels, but on examination they are found ek. tom se of the wing which originates directly a. ae a. These are distributed thickly and evenly orl iositapiighos: sunken quite deep, as is usual on stems . with a thick cuticle. he Spe . brown spots extends along the entire inter- ives the . ross section through the middle of one of them ata a apiemehnanse one fig. 2 in secti rom this strikes across the end of the brown fleck : 25, the cells marked d are the phellogen cells, and by contrasting iginate in the chloro- hed out by the growing mediately about the air space are pus rm a debris around I co rk cells, are more or less broken, and fo — oe portion which have been shoved . his exudation 1s the pecu for ot s sufficient to form a ridge on eit e wing pushes its way, and when grown ap it as in a sort of socket. That this socket forms ct that if the latter be forcibly the wing, is seen from the fa aie from the stem, the socket always remains, and can nly be removed by cutting. (See fig. 28, @.) Continuing now the description from,the stage seen in fi , new cell ard the cir- phellogen layer tow between much material being expende ing summer, and from t erally a difference in th the second year’s growth being 1 cells between the wings remain active un There is gen- f the wing; similation 316 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ December, at which time there often begins the formation of four new ones, which fill up the spaces between the old ones, and thus the whole surface of the stem becomes covered with a peri- derm, and the phellogen layer becomes continuous. In other cases the intervening spaces are not covered by means of a regular wing, but the cork formation seems to occur about the same time under all the stomata, so that after a time the whole surface is covered by an irregular periderm which grows up nearly even with the sharply projecting wedges of the wings. Euonymus Americanus has a rind very similar in struc- ture to that of alatus; it has, however, bast fibers in the corners, but they lie below the chlorophyll-holding cells. No wings have been discovered on this species, but it is rather a Suggestive fact that on some young branches a line of cork growth often occurs running along the internode, neither in the middle between, nor exactly at, the corners of the stem, but close by these projecting corners. This growth never develops into more than a little brown ridge along under the green one of the corner. It is well known that Euonymus verrucosus has warty projections of cork, which are said to arise from lenticels, though at the time of their origin there iS nO appearance of periderm, unless the outer cylinder, which we have described as collenchymatic cells, be consid- ered periderm. which at first is only two layers in thickness. By means of these additional ceils from the epidermis the number 1s 1n- creased often to six or seven layers Biological Depariment, University of Pennsylvania. EXPLANATION oF PLATES XXII AND» xxv.—The first six figures Fepresent diagrammatically the phases of growth of the wings of Quercus macrocarpa. The first four represent one year’s growth, the fifth and —s slightly different phases of a stem of three year’s growth; @ 4, reak of the periderm tissue along the line of the five angles; 0 0, the 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 317 2and 3, show the band of cork-cells; after the first year’s growth the whole circumference is covered by these ; Fie Shows appearance of cross-section of a one-year-old stem in the region designate in The letters correspond to those of fig. 2, except there is in this figure z, the parenchymatic cells of the primary cortex or rind, and m shows a cell which has recently divided, making three cells. i IG. 8. Cross-section of one-half of a wing in the stage represented in fig. 4. Lettered to correspon 4 Fig, 9. oss-section of top of wing as represented in fig. 6, stem three years old; sketched after treatment with reagents, therefore walls somewhat distorted. : Fic. 10. Cross section of a stem four years old, natural size. Lettered as the previous figures. Figs. 11 to 13 inclusive. Acer campestre. cross-section of first year’s g ; ened out along the margin, the hairs at h showing that the epidermis is still preserved here. Letters correspond as far as possible to those o Quercus figures. Ia. 12. in fig. 11 by the wings Fic. 1 Fig. 14. Acer monspessulanum; d %, first year’s wing; «’,second year’s wing. : . Fias. 15 i ‘ve. Liquidambar styraciflua. Fig. 15. Ana- 8.15 to 19 inclusive Liqu Het be a giae: 2 ae tnte Cross-section of second year’s growth, exact i . 15,6; «, first year’s wing; x’, secon June 24th d b, fissures as in year’s wing; rrow plate cells of first year ; y’, those of second year. Cross section of two y ol Fic. 19. Cross-section of six-years’ stem. ee Di a i of E. Europzus and varieties. a, epider . ie : : ede li - d,chlorophyll! mis; b, outside collenchymatic cylinder ; ¢, inside cylinder; d, 4 holding cells; e, bast fibers in corners; 2, the collenchymatie cells extend ing Me phloem cells. I . : -section cut Europeeus var. purpurea; cross-sec te ee b, a Nariies cells below; ¢, collen- Fic. 22. Same as 21, but cut at a distance 0 Letters as in 21, except that the cells ¢ can no matic. i Fic. 23. Same as 21, but cut at a distance of 25 crag ia te foe me a, section of cells burst away from the remaining oc gen cells, one side each side; ¢, bast cells now fully developed; ¢ @ id oan collenchy- of which still show their collenchymatic origin; J, elong mati ta : : : th; Pe Diagram of stem of E. ovata wing of first year’s growth ; 6, cork growth uf second year. 318 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [| December. heavy cuticle of epidermis in two sections as seen by b’ and 0”; ¢, epider- mis cell; d, cells of phellogen layer; e, chlorophyli-holding cells; f, col- iagram of young stem of FE. alatus, with only two wings started: a, epidermis and outer cylinder ; 5, palisade cells; c, inner cyl- inder; e, young cells of phloem and cambium layer; f, wood cells; g, pith; 2, wing broken off. Fic. 28, Sketch of cross section at early stage, showing how much is gained in circumference by the wing formation. Only two started and not far developed: a, epidermis; b, debris around the opening of the stoma; ¢, space with no epidermis where wing belongs; d, wood; ¢, pith. Fic. 29. Same as 25, but represents the wing well started: «, wing; y, phellogen cells; a, epidermis and outer cylinder; 6, palisade cells; ¢, Tere. iby et d, cuticle and debris, second year’s growth. IG. 3 : ° Cross-section of two-year-old stem: 2, first year’s growth of wing; y, second year’s; a, little Wing of second year. A tramp in the North Carolina mountains. II. * L. N. JOHNSON. One of the first plants to catch the eye of a stranger in the mountains is the Rhododendron. Before we reached Asheville we began to notice its dark glossy leaves and beautiful pink clusters, brightening the woods along the track, and as we got further west it became abundant. All through the mountains we found the common R, maxi- n Cashier’s valley they find the purple-flowered R. Ca- tawbiense, but not a single flower could we find still hanging to its branch. _ Another, and the most interesting and remarkable mem- ber of the genus, is the R. Vaseyi. This, too, grows u Cashier’s valley, over toward Chimne. Top. e saw it growing with most of its interesting neighbors in the exten- 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 319 sive grounds of Mr. H. P. Kelsey, at Highlands. We are em to him for the facts concerning its history. w t peas. discovered by Vasey, some ten years ago, near ebster, in Jackson county, and not long after in Cashier’s valley. It belongs to a section of the genus most of whose Tepresentatives are Asiatic, and hence its discovery here was especially noteworthy. It has a bright pinkish corolla, and some of the lobes are spotted at the base, as in R. maximum, It differs markedly from our other rhododendrons in having deciduous leaves. : ackson county was believed to be the only locality for the species til r. S. T. Kelsey discovered it, growing in abundance on Grandfather Mt., Mitchell county, N. C _each locality it forms great beds, and when in full bloom is said to be magnificent. In Jackson county it grows in rather low grounds, and intermingles with R. maximum, Azalea calendulacea, and A. aborescens, while on Grandfather Mt. it is massed with R. Catawbiense and Kalmia latifolia mostly. It grows almost on top of the mountain, at an elevation of nearly 6,000 feet. ’ Growing with the Rhododendrons, and, of course, related to them, were the Azaleas, as we have mentioned. e grance along the river banks, highest mountains did w On Wayah Bald, in the Nanteholas, we at last came upon a thicket fairly ablaze with its brilliant flame-colored flowers. i species of the genus. The f a dozen feet or more. 1 to be impressed with the great size reached by many of the Ericacex in these mountains. Be- I ich often reach the size of small trees, there are, amon others, a tree- like Clethra (C. acuminata) and the Sorrel-tree (Oxyden- drum arboreum). We several times, from a distance, mis- took the long, fragrant white racemes of the former for those of the latter, but it was a careless blunder. The Clethra bears its racemes singly on the tips of the branches, while the long, one-sided sprays of the Sorrel-tree are clustered. The flow- ers of the latter, examined singly, are not particularly beau- tiful, being only white bells about the size and shape of blossoms of Vaccinium, but when massed they present a 320 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ December, striking appearance. We saw trees of this species which were probably thirty or forty feet high. It takes both its scientific and its common name from the sour taste of the leaves We found the Vacciniums almost everywhere, some of them reaching almost to the dignity of small trees, and sev- eral possessing an interest to a hungry man aside from their botanical peculiarities. They were in fruit at the time of our visit, though not generally ripe. One of the most common plants along the water-courses was a puzzle to us for a time, especially as it was in full fruit. Its drooping branches were thickly set with alternate spinu- lose serrate evergreen leaves, arranged in two ranks, and be- neath were long, densely-packed racemes of green fruits, re- sembling those of Andromeda. It was at length identified as Leucothoe Catesbei, which blossoms in May and June, fringing the streams with white. its glossy evergreen leaves are closely matted together. We were, unfortunately, too late to find it in bloom, but, jud ing from the fruits, it must a month earlier be literally covered _ It seemed like a glimpse of the New England woods to nd, as we climbed the mountains, the ground along the road-side covered with the trailing arbutus. We found it on other old friend—the wintergreen. ere were many other small Ericaceze in the woods— among them the Chimaphila maculata and the two Mono- tropas, but doubtless the most interesting member of the fam- ily in all this region is the Shortia galacifolia. This did not come within the range of our tramp, but we were fortunate enough to see it growing at Mr. Kelsey’s, and to obtain specimens. The history of the plant is perhaps not familiar ers It was discovered years ago and described (1 think from a specimen in fruit), but. the exact locality was forgotten, Now it is known that in one locality at least it exists in abun- dance, and it is somewhat of a puzzle how it remained un- 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 321 from Mr. Kelsey, who visited the region last spring and col- lected many specimens, both plants and flowers. We can not do better than let him tell the story in his own words. e says: ‘‘ Its native habitat is on or near the banks of the Jocassee (lower Whitewater) river, in Jocassee valley, Oconee county, S. C., about thirty-three miles from High- lands. When I was there—the middle of March—it was in full bloom and covered the banks of the river by acres, and extended up and down the river more or, less for three miles. In places it grew in solid beds like the Galax aphylla. This one locality, as far as is known, is the only place where Shor- tia grows in the world, and until quite lately its real presence here was not positively known and determined.” It was growing én abundance on his place, in the shade along the banks of a little brook, where it had been trans- planted. With it grew the Galax aphylla, with which we had already become familiar. It was easy to see how Shor- tia gets its name galacifolia. The leaf very closely resem- bles that of Galax in general appearance, though t e latter is heart-shaped at the base and crenately-toothed, while the former is nearly orbicular and serrate, with rounded mucro- nate-tipped teeth. In each all the leaves are gathered ina rad- ical cluster. While to one familiar with both the differences ry easy, on a hasty alax, when not in ain why it has not sooner in the mountains. This is its very early time of flowering mountains, we would call ges to i are there many es which bear evergreen a « Arbutus, but the great masses of Rhod keep the woods green a Evanston, Ml. 225 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. | [| December, BRIEFER ARTICLES. Some Maine plants.— A residence of two months duiing the past sum- mer in Dennysville, Me., very near the “jumping-off place,” known as Sail Rock, the most eastern extremity of the United States, and sundry excursions botanical and piscatorial along the coast for fifty miles or more, brought to light a few botanical facts of interest. Euphrasia officinalis, previously collected on the Plains of Abraham, near Quebec, of very dense, compact habit, here occurs in great abund- ance, so as to be quite conspicuous along the roadsides, and even over the pastures, but loose and branching. It is not found farther inland than twenty miles, but extends along the coast as far as Marchion. Rubus Chamemorus, the cloud-berry, knowh among the natives as “baked-apple,’ occurs in sphagnous swamps in such quantities as to be brought to the stores for sale, though not very attractive to most of us. Mr. Kennan says that the Siberian variety is much more palatable. I had hitherto seen this only on some of the summits of the White Mount- ains. Empetrum nigrum occurs also abundantly in company with the last. Rhinanthus Crista-Galli is a troublesome weed in the fields and pas- tures within a few miles of the coast, its inflated seed-vessel rendering it quite conspicuous in fruit. i ritima is found sparingly along the sandy borders of sea- beaches, and has been noted as far west as York, Me.—J. W. CHICKERING, JR., Washington, D. C. An erratum.—In the record of Dr. Gray’s careful determinations of the Gamopetalz of Dr. Palmer's Jalisco plants, included in my “Contri- _ bution xiv” (Proc. Amer. Acad. xxii), there occurs a single error which Idesire to correct. On page 432, under Cacalia tussilaginoides, the “ ex char.” should be erased, leaving the determination, as Dr. Gray intended it to be, “Cacalia tussilaginoides, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 4.168?” The first reading was as given after his examination of the material in the Kew Herbarium, where he found Coulter’s Zimapan specimen, to which he re- fers as intermediate between Palmer's and the original plant as described by Humboldt and Bonpland. In Paris he found the very specimen upon Which the species was founded, but this left him still in doubt as to the iden- tity of Palmer's plant with it, In consideration, however, of the deciduous _ character of tomentum generally (which in this case is, as described, thin and rather scanty—“folia subtus tenuiter cano-tomentosa ”) and the ten- wad of the foliage in Cacalia to vary, he deemed it prudent to let his Kew etermination stand, and ended his note to me with, “Just print _ : name with an?.” In correcting the proofs in accordance with his lates conclusions I neglected to dele the “ex char.” as I should have done-— SERENO Watson, Cambridge, Mass. 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 323 Some Indiana plants.— Viola pedata L., var. bicolor Gray. This hand- some variety is found to a limited extent on the sand ridges east of Ham- mond, Lake county. I have as yet found it in but one locality, near the Michigan Central Railroad, and have transplanted it to the flower garden. It blossomed a second time in the garden the past summer. It was trans- planted while in flower, as that is the only time the variety can be dis- tinguished amid the great abundance of the common form, which grows by the acre in the open sandy grounds. Cnicus undulatus Gray. Sand ridges near Pine Station. The plant is not very canescent, only whitish. It is from one to two feet high, most commonly from twelve to fifteen inches, and usually with a single head. Thad noticed this plant for some time, but had passed it by as the com- mon pasture thistle (Cnicus pumilus Torr.). But not being quite satisfied with so superficial a determination, and a botanical friend collecting with me having asked its name, in order to be sure of a right answer, it was examined critically, and found to be as above. It is not a matter of sur- prise to find it in the neighborhood of Chicago, as so many of the plants regarded as belonging farther north come up to the south end of Lake Michigan. It seems less white-woolly than the described form, but in structure of involucre and leaves is identical. In canescence it by no means equals its neighbor, C. Pitcheri Torr. The latter grows close by the shore of the lake, in the comparatively naked sand ridges, where the wind has free play, and is often partly buried in the drifting sand, while C. undulatus frequents the ridges away from the shore, more or less cov- ered by a variety of plants. Pogonia pendula Lindl. occurs in the damper grounds amid the pines of the same neighborhood. The flowers are white, or but faintly tinged with pink. ae ee Dunal. Near Liverpool, Lake county, by the Fort Wayne railroad. Only a few plants were seen, evidently introduced by the railroad. Should it become thoroughly established, it would be a very troublesome weed, on account of its prickly habit. Cedar Lake, near Crown Point, has furnished two specimens of Pota- mogeton that I have not found elsewhere in the vicinity of site P. Robbinsii Oakes, and P. prelongus Wulfen. On account of the number of species, the lake is good collecting ground for this genus and other aquatics. It is not very difficult to find here though I have locked for fruit by the hou have never found it but once or twice 1n 1886.—E. J. Huu, Englewood, Ill. Ceratophyllum demersum L. in fruit, hour in other localities. In fact, I: fruit before the summer of 324 BOTANICAL GAZETTE, [ December, CURRENT LITERATURE. Origin of floral structures. This is No. 63 of the “International Scientific Series.” There are many figures of flowers and their parts, and many observations on the characters, insect relations and variations of flowers, which have a value quite distinct from that of the theory which is advanced. Having laid aside the most fruitful principles which have been ap- plied to the elucidation of floral mechanisms, the author goes back to the “monde ambiant” of Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, and undertakes to account for the forms of flowers as the direct result of insect agency. Insects stim- ulate “the flowers till they become thoroughly adapted to their visitors.” Conversely, the neglect of insects is “ accompanied by corresponding deg- radations in the perianth, stamens and pollen.” The flower, “if it be vis- ited by many, will presumably take a form corresponding to the result- ant of the forces brought to bear upon it; if visited by few, it will shape itself in accordance with the requirements of its principal visitors.” This considers flowers as developing in a way subservient to the uses of insects, instead of as utilizing them as servants. Adaptations for cross- ing, being the result of the direct agency of insects, have nothing to do with any advantage resulting from cross-fertilization. The Darwinian theories of natural selection and of cross-fertilization are thus wholly repu- diated. But we are so far from being convinced that insects have given rise to useful variations that we even doubt whether they have induced any of the modifications which have been appropriated through natural selection. Moreover, it is easy to show that the characters of flowers are not what they would be expected to be according to the theory. In re- gard to irregularity he says: “The immediate causes, I repeat, I could recognize in the weight of the insect in front, the local irritation behind, due to the thrust of the insect’s head and probing for nectar, coupled with the absence of all strains upon the sides.” ; ‘ But in sternotribe flowers the part which the insect touches the least is the strongest developed: Thus, in Papilionacez the banner is quite as as the two lower petals together, and often as large as the four they were developed. As an example of a flower in the first stage of ir regularity, the author cites Verbascum, a descendant of the ancient zygo- morphous type of Personales. The two genera with which it forms the * Henstow, Rev. GzorGe.—The Origin of Floral Structures through Insect and other cies. pp. xx, 350. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1888 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 325 Verbascece are didynamous, and it is evidently of that type. The corolla has become so shallow as to expose the stamens so that insects cotld - light upon them, and the fifth stamen has resumed its antheriferous function. The enlargement of the lower lobe and the ee length of the stamens, instead of indicating an incipient stage, as the author sup- poses, refer rather toa former condition. Although it ‘i evident that natural selection must act, at least until after dissemination, we are told, in chap. xxxii, that “the principal period of the struggle for life takes place in the seedling stage, before any varietal and specific characters have appeared.” The search for the reason of the author's views is re- warded in this chapter, where we read: “I must confess, it (natural selec- tion) conveys nothing definite to my mind.” Having observed that in- sects have something to do with the forms of flowers, the author is thus under the subjective necessity of referring these forms to their direct in- stead of their selective influence. However, the book can not be said to be without an important theoretical bearing, since it tends to support the view that but for the principle of selection the theory of evolution would be where Lamarck left it—R. eee NOTES AND NEWS. A VvoLUME on the folk-lore of nib by T. F. Thiselton Dyer, is an- me tha from the press of Appleton & Co. E BoTANISCHES CENTRALBLATT, which has for so long been pub- lished b i Theodor Fischer, has been transferred to the house of the Gebrii- der Gotthelft. . FRANK LEEDS reports Euphorbia peplus as spreading rapidly in Santa Clara county, Califor ay E. Lathyris, in the same region, at- tains a height of six or seven fee to note se one-fourth the present membership o ee P asabiine of Sarin Science is composed of botanists, and that a large a part as one-third of the papers printed in the proceedings for 1888 are ybotanie . tion a manual of palzobotany, pesahaplle lay? a apn the end of the following y The work will be er from American a areal far as sible, and will give an accoun genera, of fossil mae nts. THE WES Illinois, Onioher 24 and on A number of aber to the teaching of botany. e part in the dicumiede: _C. Arthur, Purdue Univer sity ; st Hi , Agricultural College of Michigan; is oe “i ey Rooney dod c aiees : : . DE OY oe Papier Phomas McBride, eT University; University ; ey es ta a: eg ame il Robertson, Carlinville ee 326 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ December, FINE SPECIMENS of silicified wood sar gencipaice rab Fi: for cabinets and for microscopic study, have been sent 1 Edgar Cherry, of Santa Rosa, California. He speaks of a pet eA aN thirteen miles from Santa Rosa, covering éwenty acres, and containing many large tree trunks in excellent preservation. Rev. A. B. Hervey, of Taunton, Mass., recently became Beet of St. Lawrence University, Canton, N. Y. Hei isthe author o an introduction to the study. ol marine algze,” a ha has, from time to res rendered botany good servi yey tra alate works from the German. e hope his new duties will moe draw his attention away from botanical DurinG THE PAST season, Mr. F, H. Knowlton has been collecting fossil pints in the heh ian Park, and has had excellent success. He writes of some slabs of stone a foot square saeco half- ae or more perfect leaves, ferns in fruit,and other prizes. In addi collections of fossil pla ee ag found time to cinee living po some of which are new to sci ER cae the well- me cfeagiege Pein florist of New by a member of the Societ ety of American Florists. The prize is to awarded at the annual meeting of 1889. : T has reinvestigated the conclusions heretofore reached as to the influence of aps in the formation of the palisade parenchyma of the Hf Arca to the statement of Stahl, the writer agrees in the main wi ith berlandt, by it is in “eon sunlight which brings about the formation of the palisade t n the ation in assimilation and transpira- tion. Especially is this so of Rio land Faye in which he concludes the illumination is unimportant except as it determines these other func- tions. 4 abstract in pate Centralblatt, XXXV, ars or forty cents for Sevicsl es Sets will be fet mae to meet tt irchasers an has been preparing and distributing such collections for some time, rer his work has been commende peeg eminent botanists as Professors Morren, de Bary, Engler, Oudemans Rauwenhoff. He will be glad to correspond (in English) with any person willing to sawly material for the distribution. Reasonable com- pensation is offered for fine material. IN THE REVISED Gray’s Manual, which is to be ready for the press next month, is to be included a revision of the age See vce Dr. Lucien ge tory of Natural History for Dr. Underwood some years a o,as much ma- biel h a bee scounmiated since then. We walk a pei ag cence of puss might have been included. They can hardly suitably provided for by the Manual of Lesquereux and 5 eg of the synonyms of common names 1888. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 327 Dr. ALFRED FIscHER has demonstrated i i A : in an important research on adage species of trees that glucose is a constant ‘ines of reserve mate- rial. The uniform statement of the text-books heretofore has been that in living cells. Dr. Fischer is of the opini i i : _ Dr. he opinion that it must be considered as material which has escaped, by its presence in these places, transform- ation into starch. For the paper, see Botanische Zeitung, xlvi, 405 would seem from the tenor of M. Prillieux’ note that this was the first report of Prof. Scribner for 1887 (Department of Agriculture, p. 331), which indicates the publication in 1886 of experiments which were at least encouraging. Th i gesting the trial of this remedy for the rot, but received no replies. of definite strength, and likewise of raffin n the under side of the leaf of Tradescantia discolor were used as an indi- nm comparing t i i cular weight of 595.7 was obtained for raffinose. actly with the weight assigned by ove of the formule, viz., 594, and set- tles the composition as C,;H;20:.¢- Pror. Hatstep, of the Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa, is prose- f American weeds, and desires reports upon the worst (say twenty) of these plant pests in any given locality. A full list ll add greatly to the value of the report. It will, of course, be n é points in favor of, and against, some kinds of weeds, but upon this ac- count the deductions from the several reports will be all the more valu- ining the range, extent of injury, and m S ounty or even a state, can mos are your worst Ww , 4 for the worst, and so on as far ossible. Satisfactory credit will given to all who are pleased to weeds of America. ae hee 1 Bot. Zeit, xivi. 393. 328 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ December, THE PROCEEDINGS of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science for the 1888 meeting have been distributed. The botanical sub- jects are as follows: Flora of the jack-pine plains of Michigan, by W. J. Beal, chiefly an enumeration of seventy-two of the most characteristic with the slightly less number of cavities in the fruit; Some preliminary notes upon the relation of our native and naturalized flowering plants to soil and climate, . R. Lazenby; New observations on the fungus of black rot of grapes, and Successful treatment of black rot, by F. L. Scrib- Sa Dr. Istvanrrt, of Klausenburg, describes (Bot. Centralblatt, xxxv, 343) methods for preparing various sorts of fungi. In alcohol one can GENERAL INDEX. Names of new i printed i Rala.ranr fies death. ‘ A A. A. A.S. , Cleveland meeting, 195, 196 ; bo- tanical clu b, 242; ee rpg: 247; bo- tanical papers a at, 274 ceedin ngs of tag er club, 230 ; sec sotar ryship sec- feces s ‘' Comparative chemistry of higher and lower p. cairty OTT gp beraag hygroscopic movements of cone- anes os a oe tre, cork wings, 281; Monspes- sulanum, cork a 282 ; nigrum 214; ophemdag Actinon pg pe Adoxa } Mosehatellina, affinity, 278 Agaricu’ mpere ris, nutritive value, 71; m sllots an 15 Agave, species of N. A. dese Agricultural department, Dailetin, 136 ; bulletin on fungicides, 172; results of ieyertogiont work in, 4; etre riment Stations, Setyge 4 at, 138 duties of new, 97; re ea 9; re Of Wed ..409 y for promotion, 325; bo- tanica papers ‘before 328 Aisarone, ss 218, 24 Algo on auinna ge rd bof America,’’ 67 Altitude, effect on 1 blooming, 27 r bot ee 2, 63 Angelica a a, 80; Anneslia Senetanl 2250 amas Now venga, Britton on, Ardis a Tuerckheimniii, hace a eso ncridity roe 232 Arthur, J. C., to Europe, 137; return, 195 Asclepias tcborua: var. flexuosa, 234, Asplenium Wera-pax, Ass sae sy ponitinns a uM Aster, do uble, Australia, Imported fruit trees, 304 Azalea nudifiora Face type; synonyms in Jtalics; ¢ signi- B Bailey, Jacob Whitman, biography. 118 pec L H. , appoin niment, 138 ; to Europe, ; lectures, iiakeae W., appointmen Baker’s ‘ Fern Allies, Balfour, Bayley, sppsintinen, 105 r destruction of, 137 Bark, 249" 281, 312 auhinia Pansamalana, 27; Ru- beleruziana, 27 . es and flowers, oe of wind on, 33 e Parsamalana, 75 Ber repens, ect on, 126 46 ‘‘ Grasses and . W. Bailey, 121; tg Biography, J. W. Bailey, 118; ray, Biological laboratory, new marine, 220 Ble phe sees lzvis, 73, scaber, var. Boswe vel, JT Dh Botanical S ociety, German, 125 Bovista, Massee on Brandegee’s ** Flora of Sta. Barbara Isls.,’’ Brasenia peltata, Schrenk on, 70 Bread, fermentation of 3 eee ction of, in 248 perce shea un ess’ * How to study botany,” C ma, i ja, Euphorbias, 325; He, . Toni a flora of coast rep 24; fl ifloresence of, 236, 296 pagnanoncet tl ne ancien 9 and insects, 225 330 Campbell, from | Europe, 199 D. H. 4 gage oat an 247; return “Staining liv ine nu- elei Cam hr i et EE pares: 202 bay, 115 Capsicum, ‘variability oe truit, 231 Cardot’s Rorieheee des Sphaignes de I’ Amerique du Nord,’’ 66 asa abla Py ai 82; adusta, var. congesta, uperta, 54; ms aoa $5: var. minor, 85! arctata Var. raxoni, +7; Bolan deri, \ hind sparsiory 87; i : ; CALLESCEUIS, Var. alpicoia, 86; tg splarostachya, 36; be legging 86; var. val cu Ce ragunittanie, 33; Var. ge 83; denii, 8; sw ecadly var. gracil- is, 83; laxiflora, 83; Lindoui, we in- certa, ss; luridaX retr s = =8 ay ~ trice rig , Var. Sama ithii, on: wiitiea, a carters ** incomes of Medical Botany of U. ressa it Moe 156; ig , 279 es rophy Moore on epidermal, ‘ ng fruit, 279 Chismarcciee Courchet on, 279 hry: eens Guatzemaltecana, Cicuta ereiet — from, 128 Vienkowski, L ta 24; of Vieist ns wor ho Orelds, Ridley on, 138 - Clover rus €o biea tri fl = €oea, one 2, Coeloplenr woly aia. 145; mariti- mu Coulins "Deine and) ‘‘Flora Middlesex co., ecanpoel lz tic filaments of, “iad | irreg- larity in go koa of N, des- > > i c, ntal ins, "wee a is speci 3,219 pared Ta Convoivulus sepium, abno mal, 1 Cork wings, bere velopineut¢ Of: 249, at, 312 "poi tment, 195 e , vroft's ** List of Texas nts,’’ 137 L plants,’ Crozier, A. A appointment, 137 ty- eer: Biitd, cl, sarge dus, 56s cubicus, ; Portulac D Damatophora neeatrix, 15 Dame and Collins, “Plora of Middlesex Co., Mass, , 73, Dailinger, W. H. , TeSignation, 195 Date palm fu ungus, 211 BOTANICAL GAZETTE, Dawson’ s ‘‘ Fossil woods cad the northwest,”’ 66 Pee — cal history of plants,” 167 Day’ 4 talogue of acne lants,’ 247 to) Hs eineen ge yn he W6; biography, a Dudle ey v n dea ; n bacteria,’ 3 Delecanee. Dr., . 247; ‘‘ Flora Miquelon- eusis,’’ 168 Delphinium, ¢ color variation in, 216; and Dent. pee ie ay ie oe 234 Desert ants of N. coe a of N.C., vB” nn ae canescens, I 52 ichogamy, cause and oe 237 ickson, br. Alex., +, 4 ypha ” 40 Discomycetes, ortar i on British, 4 Diseas ses of planis, 44, 106, 137, 193, 4196, 211, porns gr eecreer men ry hee Doassausia, DeToni’s revisio Dors: — SE spibthen side fon ‘nina Drude's s “Atlas der Pflanzenyerbreitung,”’ 1038 Drying botanical specimens in sand, 272 Dudley ‘ k., return from Europe, 195 5 “Plan “a! kawanna and Wyoming Valle E amilien, Oh, 33 phedra, ny heed of stem Epidermis, Moo nehlordphyi is 24 Equ inety m, spare dissemina Rrigeron ‘Eweedyi, 17 = Arma twets, ee articula- oridanum, 142; pe- ti mb var. armatum, 141; Var. juncifolium, 142; Vaseyi, 142. threea beste 23 ork w wit ngs, Buphorbia, ping sattnigee! 325: serpyllfolia, loding fruits, 271 Exchange Cl fab 36, 132, 160, 161, 240; for Phallophytes, 129 F Farlow’s “ Memoir of Tuckerman,’’ 104; “su pplem ental list of works on N. A. ngi, Farlow and Seymour's ‘Host Index of fun Fer aedan of bread, 140 age rns, Stout herbarium, 1 Yates on, 70 ertiliaation st Sorte Hh, an < te nts oO of cells, 99 growing geen : Fletcher's ‘Smuts atticking wheat,” 135 roe rly of plants, Dyer on, 325 nalis flaccida, 201; Mowellii, Forestry, convention, 70; Michigan com- mission, 192 GENERAL INDEX. 33 Forests, aad rainfall, 47; succession of in Michiga Tae Fossil Seine of agroup, 70; Chara, 156 ide _chiorophs oh pa 279; exploding, ‘O71; wi pth a Australia, 304 Fuc ye 98 icon ‘ep al ce an 170 Fungi, rast, ‘ot Missouth 213; phot = raph , 137 aring for JB aoe § m, 308° ty mes of Curtis herbastum, 302: Winter herbarium, 27 Fungicides, bulletin on, 172 G Galloway, B. T., appointment, 247 Garden, royal botan sige . Page tt 107; at Trinidad, repor Gentianacee, propos rag raph, 304 Geo; graphical Histribmtion, na "46, a9, 94, 95, 269, , 318, 322, 328 3, B25 Geranium np endi Germ of Southern cattle es isitlings ‘*- Trees of Readin ,, 105 Gils on? 8 ees pet vi Glucose, storage a noon Goodale, G. L., praia 140; lectures on forests, 105 Goff on ony! siology of roots, Gonolebus velutinus, var. ‘ enwialtns 5, 258 poe Gor a thyrsoide SStuingen botany xt University e 287 Grape, peg aand Ravus o sage k rot, 44; notes on [linois, 95 ; Via ot . 8., 107 Graph Pheenicis, 211 pKa ag “experimental eee on 69, 107; synopsis of Pan Vasey and Bertbner on news Gray. Asa, f, 25, 38; bib bliog raphy, 28 bi- ography, 49; notices of, BOIS : in Satie Journal of Bot- lust writing, dem n ual,’? Hepatice rev vied, * Notes on polypetalous genera cai orders,” 136; ** Synoptical Flor a—Gam- alee, 172 n no erotage ibg 186 26, H Haberer’ . “ List of Utica plants,’’ 218 Hackei on Andropogon, 294 Hallowell. Mis M., in Berlin, 46; return le 19h Chautanquan, aon $ ETE ora H upico Harvard U University. ane school of bot- Henslow’s “ Drigin of flora! structures,” 324 Hepatic, new Californian, 112 Herbarium, Buysman’s specim 826; exchiaige ease, 16; Civic types of, 302: 99; He nderson prize, 326 ; Phil Iphia Academy), 187; prepa ration of tune for, $28; Stout, of ferns, 127 inter, 2 Hervey, A. B pointment, had asl rasbur- i, 73 ora ha Hawaiian Is. a 166 Ne nse, 202 } ndaptation py insects, 287; tilation by scr 8, 39 iss H. E., utopias 218 ir oo" neal to, 24 Humphre ey, J. E ., appoi intment, 304 Husnot’s * ‘Maseolo ogla eines gt 20, 246 Huth’s '' Die Klettpflanze Hydrangea ,objects of ¢ De lertilisation, 236 Hypnum Nevadense, 202 J Tdaho, collecting in, 164 Tilinois, ona on grapes of, Jmbedding, in paraffin, 5, soap, pened suite rom con one Impatiens and insects, 208 Indiana, aon emy i Science, bot. papers pla 95 G1, 130, 158; in ndex canting 69 Insects and flowers, 33, 39, 146, 151, 203, 237, Isoetes, distribution of, 89; maritima, 94; Mexicana, 3 J F., appointment, 248 James, J. cree ‘bay, flora Journals: ie kha Kohl, G. F., editor Bot. Centralblatt, 278 L Labiate, afr emma ae A page or 804 ; ‘oxford, 22; olan i , 82; Stras: assburg, 305; ibingen, 1; ork, results of, Laestadin Loree robes 15 189 Lamow aintegerr lisade Seen. 326 Leaf. "rormation of PP mountains, 2 269; root- percles of, 23, on ct be ’ pertgeh Hob po is Lichen eT Beane r Is., 94 332 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Life-histories, Meehan on, 48; study of, 192 | Light and palisade tissue, 326 Ligusticum apiifolium, 145; scopulorum, | | —— and insects, 228; vulgaris, peloric, isveon society, centenary, Linum perenne, white- aces, 215 Saeeter nee cork wings, 282 an Luerssen, Dr. D orolatient. 105 Lycoperdon giganteus, nutritive value of, Lyford, J. C., lectures, 105 M “Catalogue of Canadian | Macoun’s (J; ) pla _ "? 276 Macoun (J. M. ) collecting trip, 71. | Maine plants, 322. Maple, black, 213, Marsilia ZExypt iaca, germination, 235 Masters, M. fet election a a Med myces on bra ch; eis ssum, 74 Melampyr rum, sectedion of nectar by, 106 Melanconiez, Hegel on, 17 n of E. and W. flora, 238; forestry commission, ee succes: sion of forests in, 239 Nicron, 218 Microsco _ cee rican vs. foreign, 38 midata Milde ear of Iowa, ba mega big hi on, 196; seeds of Me- lam im “tea ata Mimose ses Sg. Jos: Eas 153 issour vest fungi. 213 Mistleto, Jos ghes n development, 219 pare “Anatomy of leaves of Orchid- : a Sdcarde 6 fistulosa, Tes," 8“ yale flora of Ohio val- id expedition to S. A, j OF, 182, 195 Mon oe: of Ida rg 164; new to Nor th’ Amer- 197 rahe “Sp ihagnorum nov. uae Mushrooms, ube value, fopical whee in re hig of Agriculture, 14 Meet report Myrio mares ospicata, aoe hetero- | Stacl chya, ° N Naturalists, botanists at western society of, Moog “ee pope collecting = mountains, runus pumila in, 95 Mitek lants of, N rodi e Bao ck heinmii, 190 mens one Solvent on bark, 279 S of lessons in Botany,”’ New York, Agric. xp. Sta. report, 70; cit and visiaty, fore of, 171; eancis ok Loe Nomenclature, 272; Britton on, 235; De- on 10) on, ‘oat: discussion,” 161; Peat on 136; Hackel on, 234, 243: of ‘isporum, 162: of Nymphzea, 47, 70 Nostocacez of French herbaria, 248 Nympheza, nomenclature of, 47, 70 O Odors of flowers, 98,300 (Enothe tealbicaniis, odor, 300 Ohio (Franklin co.) flora, absence of Eri- pede : “Structure of Trapella, Orchidacez, Mobius on peepee 7 ‘cia ae cand’ insects, 207; Ridley on fertili- Onthotricium, Gronvai on Venturi’s revis- io Owen " Cataldetis of Nantucket plants,’’ Oxalis, subterranean shoots, 191 Ox ford, bot. lanocauics at, 224 Oyster’s new catalogue , 46 3 Paleobotany, Knowlton’s nounced, 325 alisade parenchyma, formation of, 326 Palmer, Mexican Collection, 6 69 Manual an- Palm, fungus 0 on date, 211 Pammel’s “Pollination of Phlomis and "Berforation of fl wers,’’ 276 fegel = calothe- laytonize, 54; , 55; Eu- phor ies: 3b sangiHoenis, re ” Geranii, 54; graminico ola, 56; Ha Iste ai, 53; Lap- poniea, 172; leptos osperma, 55; Lophan thi, 56; ob ns, 53: li aailien. 54; Polygoni, BS: ‘Potentitioe 64: pyima, 7 oe rdida , 56; Trifoliorum, 59; =. 15, Peruvians, ‘oonnuacle plants of ancient, = Peucedantim Austinz, 208: Bra ege celia Phellopterns aétaralia, 81 Lda British Dis rr vemm isp si hy Phe cars fera, {anger ¢ Pho cms Photog: apne a fungi, 137 Phyllosticta labrusez Physalospora Bidwell, ‘stylospores of, 15 Phytophthora infesta impinella ns odora., "81 Misa eget A rokhe im a: nechon, ten ot’s biography, 218 Plas age new application ‘of— 327 Plowright on British Uredinee and Ustila- inez, ae Plums, disease ; Pneumatodes, hey on, 106 pe. pee ete ca GENERAL INDEX. eatin, 77; Bolanderi, 78; Califor- Romanus plants, 19; Wh “re 41 Pollen, causing hay fever, 38; germ ination and m urement, 338: resistance to ex- armel influences, 188; sought by silk, Pollination, 146, 157; of corn, 242; cross, objects of, 151, 236 ; secondary effects of, Polytrichum commune, plate XVII; for- mosum, pl. XVII; gracile, pl. XVII; Ohioense, 199 Porter, T. Cc, "to Eu 136 Postage on botanical specimen Potato, _ Deg ux mee _ 827 ; ak 106; tuber, Arthur on, Prantl, _ Appointment. va wanton 136 Prin C, G., retu Pri m on assimilation, 34 Proteids, manufacture of, 139 Protogyny in Umbellifere, 193 Prunus Americana, disease, 193; pumila in M.. C., 95 ; Virginiana, yar. leuco- c rpa Pseudophce nix, se of, 280 Psiadia rotundifolia a, Psoralea Onobrychis, 158 Puccinia, graminis, “changes in hos ts by, 235; mirabilissima, 1D: , Prantepintan, Pyenanthemum lanceolatum, 154 Q Quercus macrocarpa, cork wings, 254 R Ramularia Tulasnei, 16 Rhaphides, Stahl on, 24 Ranzania, 304 Respiration, heat given off in, 220 8 @x ~rhon pen Roots ae 9" iN, appointment, 195 black spot on, 196 Ru ellia strepens, 154 = egg 301: Dietel’s enumeration of, 8 Sabbatia gage th oo Saceardo’s ‘ Syllog 1171 Salix, Saleem gs 11: Californica, 109; mutata, 110; conjuncta, oo gir 109; phylicoides, 186; vil- Sante rd’ s ‘“ Anatomy of cedar apple,” 217 Senteuta owellli, 81; inciniata: 80 rigin ungorum,’ arbres cu ultivées,”” san? nia, decay of pitchers at Kew, 72; insectivorou rous, 170 poner “Verbaseum-hybriden,”’ 69 Schénland’s Bower's “ Development, ete., of Phylloglossum,”’ 68 333 Schultz’s ‘ Ear sgypen inrichtungen,”’ Scribner, F. poli unelt 139; eres ments te vec “ae of grape d all Scro ria nodosa, 153, 226 Seutellaris lutea, 76 Seeds, Atepersion of, 139; "xchange list of Jardin des Plantes, 69 ; eg A vd piercante erous, 219; f Melam hee Man os i he Septosporium Wrackelil, it Shaw school of an tan Silene a ca, 151; regia, 15 Silphium 1 0 Sein fabulous sfreatt of, — E. F., investigating peach erat Smithsonian institution regency, 6 wegen age Count H. von, a int- t, 23, 136: editor Bot. Centralblatt, 144; die “144 pheerella Fragariz, 16, phieropsidez, on, 1 Spirogyra, rate of conjuga Sporangiu fom isetu Spores, di tion of ieyoisetom, 178; Spasarenetn Coo Stachys cordata, 155 Staining sections, 12, 61 =, et aah of, ; Stem o phedra, anatomy 0 Stevenson ’s “Index to ha Pabitats of Ellis’ fun dagen William: on, 43 Stone, x E., anpointment, 139; return from 1170] x Strasburger’s RS Botanisches Practicum,” 21 St burg, bot. Ts at, 305 Strawberry, poisonous , 19, 100, 181; pro- liferous, 279 Succulents, "society for, 46 Sycocarpus Rusbyi, Schrenk on bark, 279 T Paonia, emvariation of, 236 _| Tennessee, 8 Agric ericultura ~ experiment sta- Tera iG organization 172, 274, 279 rane exchange club, be 8 9.,”" 194 Thiimen, von, on fungi of cultiva’ ted fruits, ray racant of Fpeduncular ok 234 Feber, al nomen Ward go ag durability, rrees, bebo bt os agar of, 231; storage re age Rt » 1; “N. Ber ngs cero on, Sol Triolena paleola bingen, bot, ronstitute at, 1 "a Tuckerman's Synopsis of N. A- Lichens, 334 BOTANICAL haceze, Morong on, 72, 106; Dietz on nae y use of leaves, 98 U ido * phyllantha, discovery of fruit, 219, Umbelifero, rye on western, 77, 141, 208; TO! 1 = eas a, 29 Underwood, L. M., ‘3 Neh daw 218; ‘* Na- tive ores rns,” 69, 1 Uredinew, hig bg 304 eee Sly nu. 8:, oe chee ied faleatee, 302: ‘Peto, Utah, Jones on flora o N. Vacuoles, 218, 280 Oriel om “Tropical and semi-tropical ruits Vasey’s ‘Gras asses of arid districts,’ 217 beg ation characteristic of N. A. dese sert, Vegetable, new, 47 Veronica ca peregrina a, 157 Vernonia nigritiana, 219 Vernonine Via. ica on 0 a Vitis, 107; visit to U. S., 48; “Les maladies de la wigte. ead nes, S. i, appointment, 196 Viscum album, Jost on development, 219 Vitis Californica, Meg us on, 15; notes on nois spe : Vinla aon U.8., 107 ochys Gu ate: Zexmenia Guatemalen Vi oak lensi XXII alensis, plate GAZETTE. Ww Waldner’s ire ae opin mer Br > cor von Andrzea und Sph ,? 68 Water lily, a new, W Warnstori’s ‘‘ Sphagn cueeae ee Washington, bisiocinal society of rs a fe otanical gone pati Bigg Washingtonia fili Webera ca atoten chela, 199 Weeds, Halsted on pene rom 327 Wheeler’s Flora of Milwaukee co., Wis.,’” Lig White’s ‘‘ Dermatitis venenata,”’ 41 Wigand’ s ‘“ Nelumbium s ciosum,” 276 ‘a Williamson’s s ‘Monograph on Stigmaria, Wil llows, notes on N, A. 109, 186 Wilson’ 8 “Sarracenia,’’ 170 Wisconsin oe school of se: Wood, specimens of silicified, 326 Woodworth’s ‘Apical cell of Fucus,”’ 170 ¥ Yates new work on ferns, 70 Yellowstone Park, Knowlton’s collections in, 326 Yueea, — of N. A. desert, 263; and Yucca moth, 237 ience, 218 sis, 188 immerman’s ‘ Dhani ae + a Zygomorphy and its causes, 146, 203, 224 INDEX OF AUTHORS. Anderson, F. W., 271, 272, 300 Bailey, L. H., 82, 213 Bailey, W. W., 100, 128, 274 Barnes, C. Beal, ww. x Pe 192, 238, 239 Bebb, M. oe es 186 Britton, N. e i pm we Burgess, eel v4 H., 1, 40, 125, 158, 238 \ Canby, 1% Card Be. 3 ‘dtoanta and), 197 Leiberg, J. B., 164 Macoun, James M., sy McGee, Emma R., Meehan, Thomas, "187, 236, 237, 274 R. 95 Morong, Thomas, 124, 132 “NorM Moneoailie oo C., 178 —— L. H., 216 Gockerel The ae wae <— ape P Peck, vc it io owe Coulter’ rd, Mand i a Rose, ‘n, “a preniis Ie ye a 100, 236 Crozier, A . A., 18, 99, 242, 244, 302 Puchuer, W. A., DeCandolle. Alphonse, 244 L heer ig og Cardot), 197 Dudley, William R., 64, 305 Evans, Walter H., 265 Farlow, W. G., Foerste, Aug. ” 161 Galloway, B. ‘ Pa and), 29, 126, 213 heey pa os eg Emily L., 249, 281, 312 Hackel, E., 243 Halsted, B. D., 52, 238 » 8, 127 Hoag, Julia 8., 98, 101 James, Joseph F., 193, 271 Johnson, L. N., 269, 318 Kelsey, F. D,, 16 Knowlton, F. H., 43, 66, 94, 156 Riley, Bobetten n, Charles, 33, 146, 193, ng 224, 324 6, J. N. , (Coulter and), 77, 141, 208 th, E. F Seles jad Smith, J. Donne) Stone, Sturtevant, E. ia Tracy, S. M. (and aati 29, 126, 213 Trelease, W., 134, 191 Underwood, L. M., 22, 89, 112, 301 Vasey, George, 36, 96, 132, 160, 161, 240, 258 Watson, Sereno, 322 am ERRATA. Page 5, last line, for ‘‘1877’’ read 1887. Page 9, lines 3 and 5 from bottom, for‘ G m een Bowes i othic Schenck ” “read Sc By se ment a ae "Cokrell” read T = Bee rar it ma ve Eablou ” “Schenk” Pa, ase 218, line 5 5 from to) ang. 10 Page 218, line 14 from top, for A lie. Page 251, foot-note for ‘*w”’ din nm” read ed read Schr read A ta’’ ead ponent nd reihdige of. vs sida ae read 1 eagelmann’s. lon. ers hrenk.