ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 1888. MISSOURI 3OTANICAL GARDEN. PRINTED FOR HER MAJEST Us : STATIONERY OFFICE, Y EYRE AND SPOTTISW ; PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXC eie MAJESTY. : And to be purchased, either mig or or through any ny Bookseller, from : EYRE AND Š scie testas East DING STREET, FLEET ve m pye bus and | NGDON ruunt WES iei 8. ADAM AND ORARIT S BLACK, 6, Nowe BRIDGE, Boissvnn; or. HODGES, PIGOR, & Co., ied GRAFTON STRBET, DUBLIN, 1888 - The Yearly Volume of the Kew Bulletin for 1887 may still be obtained from Messrs. Eyre and SPorTIswoopz, East Harding Street, Fleet Street, E.C. Price, in boards, 2s. 4d. per copy. By post, United Kingdom, 2s, 7d. per copy; Foreign Countries and Colonies, 2s. 10d. per copy. [AU Rights Reserved, ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. | tahoe JANUARY. XXIX.—COLONIAL FRUIT—(continued). In Bulletin No. 11 for November, 1887, attention was dee to the. subject of fruit growing in British Colonies and a very comprehensive Report on the Fruits of Canada was given, In the SES Bulletin it is intended to continue the subject and publish reports, which have been furnished by the Governments of other Colonies. These will cousiderably to our knowledge of this comparatively new industr be rem bere that opts reports have been pre i a circular letter issued, at the instance of this establishment, by. the Seis REGE. de Colon nies. : The list of questions to which answers are now furnished was in the Bulletin for November las -4. the arrangement o of the Repor and ish those intérested with the points to which the enquiry has been S om important feature in the Reports now published is the promin 2 given to the quantity of fruit actually available. for export in each . eolony. To this is added the months during which the fruit i is in season and the prices usually paid for it locally. NDOSN: E ‘PRINTED | FOR HER aire shi Vir ater rg OFFICE, BY EYRE aie sed OODE, PRINTERS TO THE QUERN nds m ancien MAJESTY. purchased, either directly or through any fontis e d EYRE AND SPOFTISW OODE, Eas E.O; ; CHARLES INBU. HODGES FIGGIS, & Co., dee GRAFTON STRRET, DUBLIN IST. 2 Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Cape of Good Hope in one serie Hemisphere. Ima subsequent series it was proposed to publish reports i i So fa however, we Queensland, and hence these do not appear in the present Bulletin. VICTORIA, The Report received respecting the fruits of this Colony is of a very ding the Report to the Government of results as follows :— _ As regards the quantities of each kind of fruit available for export, I may state that so far it appears to me that the quantities produced are not in excess of local requirements, but there is reason to believe that shortly the production will exceed our wants. the fruits mentioned below are capable of being pro- duced in much larger quantities than at present, and will be produced if sufficient inducement offers As he enquiry as to what steps are necessary to start or develop a fruit trade, and what inducements local men desire to ope e at in fresh or preserved fruits, I may state that cheaper rices ving been realized at di d Colonial Exhibition induced him to try a shipment of fruit as an experiment, and he fou h ing, to the cost of packing, freight, an charges imposed by the consignees for commission harfage, rates, &c., Fruit-growers here could not be relied upon for packing and placing a first-class fruit in boxes ready for exporting, owing to the fact that class fruit suitable for exporting grown here, and the want of material, such as cork sawdust, for packing fruit, isanother drawback. The dealer ment, and from indifferent packing and carelessness in han the fruit, 50 per cent. of it was useless.: He i i o after its arrival. Foreign grow "treating fruit which the growers here lacked. Here orchards were only 3 an auxiliary means of livelihood. The ready sale which growers here can obtain, does not necessitate that carefulness in gathering sorting i : Abus E not be induced to try exporting. The lowest price obtained here for apples is about 4s. a case. To export them at that price, the would eost about 10s. by the time it was disposed of at home, owing t freight, repacking, commission, and other charges; and the case of apples would not realize that price, At present the colony is not in a from Tasmania to export, but owing to the lateness of the shipment in arriving here, only about 140 casés were -trans-shipped, and the balance _ hich remained "here realized a better profit than-the larger portion which was sent home. ` He could send fruit to New Zealand, by repack- ing, and land, and dispose of it there at a profitable price, but he did not think shipments could at present be sent to the English market to the same advantage. He had no doubt, however, but that ultimately as fruit-growing increased, and & better class of it was grown so as to meet the requirements of the home market, exportation would become a success, The following is a list of Victorian fruit :— Name. | When in Season. Local Prices, Grapes - - | February, March, and April -| 4s.to 8s. per case of 48 Ibs. Appe- - - ~= | January to September - *| 3s. to 10s. per bushel. Pear > - . | > i - - - | Qs. to 10s. per case of 48 Ibs. Apricot - + - ‘January and February = - -F 5s. to 14s. em Peach - E -j December to April - =- - =| 4&tol9s — , Nectarine - 5 - = | January to March. - ^ - - | 5s. to 15. 53 Plum - - - | December te April- =- - -| 2s6d.to6s , Cherry » wo | November to January 4 = | Ss. to 12s, " Oranges det. - | July to September- == == -| 4s,to1?s, » Lemons sS c wore » = B - -|. 78. to 155. i ERES (^ -4 January to March =.. -< -. - |. 5s tolis. . 45 %:, Walnuts :-' +=} March 2-33 - eto» | Facto Man ier Almonds . - i BD. 250 4. b Oe U UK ^ Guinces = * -| January to March - - - | 2s, to 4s, - . Raspberry . - | January and February - ~ — -| 19s. to 189. per cwt. ES - -|Novembertoó January | - = | 15s. to 25s. ,, =| December to February - ^- -| 128, to 20s. „ * — 'Wt.16310. 4 The Grape. The grape is esteemed the Bae fruit of the ae Oo 'The demand for the produce of th eis unlimited, sed in such a variety of ways; asa table or dessert fi uit, it x E once one tainable, and i e Walcs would rank before us, as iheir grapes contain a greater amount of saccharine matter, although, when large plartations have been made in the Mallee Districts, the case might be materially ehanged The Apple. o doubt this is also a fruit of the greatest importance, and since. the Sareduttion of blight-proof stocks can be grown on almost every kind of soil. Orchards, like vineyards, require proper drainage, and a large amount of intelligence and industry to keep them free from the insect plagues which are already decimating some of the best orchards of the Colony. From the 16,000 or 18,000 different varieties of apples, perhaps a selection of from 40 to 50 would be found sufficient for most growers for export, cider, and drying. The exportation of the apple to England, India, and other places, combined with drying and cider making, wi L in the near future, open up a great market for the orchardist The Pear. "This may be classed as a fruit almost equal to the apple, and can be used for exportation, home consumption (as dessert and cooking fruit), drying, rr mets The dm grows rigorously, and is very prolific, Continent. Considerable arinaa of this fruit were made to the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, and most satisfactory prices realize For some of the choisest varieties the prices were fabulous; most yarieties came to hand in excellent condition. The Apricot. "This magnificent fruit is suited for any district where frosts are not prevalent, the bloom being easily destroyed by Res. or severe winds, or hail storms. When well-grown, it stands first as a jam fruit, is aloa beautiful dessert, and when properly prepared by the evaporator, a ric sweetmeat of the highest flavour. There is always a good demand for fine fruit The Peack. ike the apricot, this can also be grown in most parts of yenis but to obtain large well flavoured fruit, it requires to e irrigated. The black and green Aphis have of late years caused sa oc among the peach e "per ts appearance ac pretty well abnor all the profi ‘of the peach industry, and unless some cheaper hod of des y tg the Aphis can be found, they will searcely pay ho pou ng. The Nectarine, All that has been said of the peach applies to this very deliciously delicate fruit. Some of the varieties appear to resist the ra hé. — Aphis better than the peach. These require good soil. and good ; cultivation. T 5 The Plum. Plums of all descriptions grow well in most districts of ON and for jam making and drying, are a most valuable fruit. nch an aS talian prunes should be very much more Vic vüldeatot og unlimited demand exists for these in their dry state The Cherry. This being one of the first fruits to come into the market, is always in great demand. Being chiefly used for dessert, and being very prolifie, it is sold at prices within the reach of the poorest people. Some of the later varieties have been prid to the Mrs remunerative price The € and Lemon. These fruits ean be grown in Victoria, where frosts do e Rome but require a moderate potiti from hot winds in summe well from the frosts of winter. The lemon appears to be the icai Do 0 when it Rave here there is generally a good demand in the local market. Large plantations of lemons would be very valuable. a The Fig. There are a great many varieties of this fruit, and the hardy sorts do well in id around Geelong. The varieties suitable for drying are those whieh should be most cultivated, and although a trifle sm maller t an some others, are very prolifie, and very eer as a dessert fruit. The demand for these, like the fruit of the vine, will be, at no distant date, unlimited. The cultivation of the fig is very simple, and the tree does not appear to be subject to so great a number of pests as many other kinds of fruit. The Olive. The ie trees thrive well in some parts of the Geelong d id d m fruit well; but in the ae ays of planting a large num a a bastard ki nd was sent into the Colony, and these have ee ed eetly barren. These are remarkable for Res large amount of = scale blight, which is spreading wherever trees have been iei and fruitful olives are in great danger of being entirely Berie Es The Walnut. This should be much more extensively gei In the Gippsland and Western on they would grow to a great size. The timber in after years would become very valuable for ciet "work, while the fruit produees an Papa oil, in addition to being very popular for dessert, Almonds. Both bitter and sweet almonds arrive at great prefection, but the - demand for them is limited at present, and consequently they are nota very profitable cummodity. 5 The Quince. This is much cultivated, and grows well in any bonds ing good land, o itis red in demand for jams and edi ien _ the supply le . rather large, the price of the frait at prese sidered low. tts neis the fruit — comes in se more eet eral use, the value begreater. It is rm tree, and istud but TA dn 6. The Raspberry. In many parts of the Colony this can be grown to perfection. In and around Lillydale, a and the Western District, very large de plantations have been made. e fruit is in great demand in the s o ivate persons, who buy largely of this delicacy to manufacture their ow reference to adulterated en article, which is placed upon the market under the name of “ raspberry jam The Strawberry. Although one of the finest early dessert fruits, Ni large eem of labour expended on strawberry culture renders i 2x many places unpro- fitable, especially as of late years the Tylo der à Pipa ic (gt brown borer) has cae het great ravages, entirely desteó rd whole planta- tions ; andas a se ra remedy der this eee there appears nothing but radication and burning. There is always a great demand for the fruit in in populous districts, pe = asc tons Índsi its way into jam factories s are consumed in desser The Gooseberry and Currant. These can almost be classed together, as far as cultivation and demand for the fruit is concerned, pep adapted for preserves, dessert, or wine- making. They will always. be extensively grown and used, both for home “consumption and export. They are both very valuable fr uits, and deserve a large amount of cultivation. are many minor fruits which in time will, no doubt, be intro- Tosd into these Colonies, but the foregoing are at present the ones ted can be profitably increased. ruit growers S no doubt, be greatly benefitted, and their um welfare ensured to a very great extent, by the various Govern England, India, at reasonabie rates, and also the granting of bonuse co i private individuals for the production of a apples, pears, quinces, apricots, rel E &c., also potatoes, onions, carrots, parsnips, sweet herbs, &c., e total value of dried, stones and fresh fruit imported into the Colony of Victoria during the year 1886 was 217,589/. The total value of dried, preserved, an fresh luit exported düring the same period was 75,162/. The value of fruit imported was he Cajon lar € by 142,4271. than the value of the fruit exported from the Colon SourTR AUSTRALIA, The following Report on the fruits of P ONE Dmm: has been prepared for the Government by Mr. John F. Pas I. The order of importance is, to a certain extent, a matter of opinion, .. and varies slightly in periods of years. Until within i last four or — five years, I considered the apple our most important fruit, but since that terrible pest Fusicladium, commonly called * Black Spot," appeared — 7 in our orchards, and made such sad havoc, our apple crops have gradually decreased, and now they are of small comm C: beue ; but lam hoping and believe this visitation is only temporary, an d that it any years to recover ou r former position. The fruits we grow are,— grapes, apples, apricots, pears, peaches, oranges , lemons, quinces, plums, ee loquats, raspberries, gooseberries, strawberries, currants, red black, almonds, figs, walnuts, chestnuts, net nectarines, mul- teris, pomegranates, olives, guavas, and hazelnuts. These are mostly wn in large quantities, and generally are to fruits of the ars kinds and varieties as can be e grown in any part of the world. We also grow, in small quantities, citrons, Ae Fa hy blackberries, REY fruit, medlars, and white currants. e quantities available for export I cannot give; I can only state whether obtainable in large or small quantiti es :— Name. >» When in Season. etie Local Prices. Grapes - .|danmaryto May - | Unlimited quantities | 7s, 6d. to 108. per owt. ee Apples - =- -į January to October - | La * Er 2s. 6d. to 5s. per bush. Apricots *^ -| December to January | Unlimited ^ , ^ - | 16s. to 24s. -— ewt. Pears- = - -| December to July. - 7 (y= | 8s. to 0s. pirt Peaches ^ - | December to February is p s 16s. io 24s. per ewt. Oranges -. =- -| May to October - | Large T | 8s. to 12s. per bush. - B - | October to December | | Limited = E -| 12s. to 16s. per bush. Lemons = > - | Generally about same as oranges. Quantities grown not nearly so large, Quinces - - i May <= ik Unlimited quantities | 2s. 6d. to 3s.6d. per Plums - - | December to April. - 5 » > Bago = per bush. Cherries - - | November und Decem- | Large i < | 3d. töd. për Ib. < Loquats E a, Ocha to January - | Unlimited " = | 14s. to 91s. per ewt. Raspberries = » | December - - | Medium „ =} 3d. to Ad. per Ib. Gooseberries - - | September to Novem- | Large 2 = | 4s. to 6s, per bush, .. ; ‘Strawberries - - October io December » ex «| 4d. to 8d. per Ib. - Currants (Red) - | November and Decem-| Medium i - | 4d. to 5d. per Ib. = (Black) - Decenifiór and January| Small 5 - | 4d. to 5d. per Ib. Almonds - - | Fit to gather in January and February; pro- | 5d. to 6d. per 1b. curable all the year. Grown in large quan- "e ind. = .— eur Td for = wil not stand the long journey. Grown in large quantitie Walnuts - . gem di March ; proeurable for greater | 9d. per 1b. ofthe year. Grown in small quan- een ; : Chestnuts - - | April and May - ^-| PME quantities in | 5d. to 6d. per Ib, ^ - ed quantities, | 9d. per Ib. ‘clean n nuts. 5 May to October - | Small quantities - | Nominal. February . ^ Roa » - | 8s. to 125. per bush. — Unlimited „ - | Nominal, March to June » į Medium „p - | Nominal. — bn large quantities, No demand for | 4s. to 8s. per cwt. e fruit. Grown in small quantities, No demand for Nominal . hie del n small quantities; little demand ; ed. to 7d. per Ib. or value. : worth hiedbsiitig.- Epi -aimoudi] and. quidein that, with our excessive duties o n dried fruits, we cannot - aland, but of late years those ion in the regulations for sen ases there now, and when the railway is completed, shall probably ead large rq Te ples are shipped t w South Wales, Queensland, Western ee Mauritius, onm uad; for several years, in limited quantities Pears to Western Australia, AN New South Wales, and Queens- and to England in small qua: but want ye wi ance of Engli x market is - but we want cheaper Deights TM incidental expenses, . ee for fair and proper re 3 apples costing in Adelaide 4s., sent to ugiat in the realise nearly 9s. to pr the shipper net 2 example, — : e Bider”. I bue Jet TOY, to the Colonial H Es ong s to s haves shown good 9 ave x e- apples, bananas, and De ion fruit are — in a quantities from =. and Gabadi, but the quantities are v o not know that I can say much on 1h S dd nt, South Australia «i — r globe that can produce i in such abundance all those popular fruits needed by civilised eommunities. & € of & E we have been exporting large quantities, but = present o ards are under pie they are terribly infested with pests, inet nd fungoid, I believ DR but eres they exist, a large portion of our population pi e e great pecuniary lo 1 inds most ieted are apples, pears, apricots, peaches, almonds, cherries, and orange ro have all the remedies suggested with little or no god effect, what is wanted is a thorough scientific examination of our soils, &c. for the purpose of putting us on the right truck for com sie and annihilating our fruit- growing enemies; private snare can only do this on a e; to be effectual it must be done by the Government or societi The following supplementary Report has been prepared by - Mr. a roe Hardy :— Grapes, apples, apr T oranges, pic and citrons, ce of all kinds, pe: rs, peaches, ries, qui gooseberries, raspberries, nectarines, almonds, walnuts, PAPEN Alberts and hazelnuts, ‘equi P E guavas, : s from December to May. Apples from November to May. dicem. Pon ecember to January. Oranges from May to December. Lemons all the. vti ums from November to March. Cherries, r : arch. Loquats from October to November. Nuts from January to March. (The Lbs aie export, and prices could be given better FS Mr. ascoe, who is both a grower and dealer in fruits.) — — rapes are e sported in large quantities to Melbourne; no other — fruit is exported in any quantity 1V. There is scarcely any limit to the capable production of fr uits in the neighbourhood of Adelaide. 'The orange and lemon, the here and almond, flourish in the warm plains, the apple, plum, and berr flourish in the hills as well as in any country in the world markets, and the best time of the year to send away from here. - Considerable quantities of oranges are still imported from Sydney; - s also from Europe, large quantities of dried fruits, principally oo and oe which could all be produced here. j rapes grown near Adelaide are the finest produced in Koriin, and for the-last 35 years have taken- first place in the - Melbourne Market. A large quantity of grapes were formerly exported - to Sydney and New Ze aland; but for the last three or four years have — been prohibited, owing to the Phylloxera scare and the desire to shut out the competition of this Colony's produce among the growers in these - Colonies. Fhe Phylloxera never having appeared in this Colony, there i = o valid reason for our grapes tes prohibited in any of the There are no ) native fruits of any commercial value i in this eu Fou Venu: 30 I for. transmission to the Tireta of the Royal val ons at Kew, a paper containing information separa prodneon of the Colony. ; -tracts of land in Western Australia are NEU saket I believe it would be a very re- ke e for the French suus sad T : d welltasted wine of a Burgundy character, he awe and cheaply produced i in any iva d I feel sure it command a uly for bie but, and ose I 3 . which mee easily, quickly, and inexpensively be Australia, I feel sure that the matter would have ac sa rora formed to start a large vineyard, t£ k the d be able to give some assistance in ar ing a — block of land. e following e the chief fruits Meis in ane. Australia :— | stoi&kpéerton ^ — | January to July = | 188. per cwt. | June to October. — —. | 18. 6d. per doz. » + | December to August - d. » | December to March ; December to May ae December to dede £l . | All the year - ; January to March | | September to October. 11 of the above ífruits are produced at present in sufficient plu be ees. for fruit- -growing, but it requires capital to develop this indus At arent the supply of fruit is only sufficient for the wants of the inhabitants, and until more land is brought arp cultivation by imported labour and capital, there will be no fruits expor Oranges and apples are imported into thé 'Dolohiy from Adelaide, Melbourne, and Tasmania during the time that these fruits are scarce in the Colony. Besides the above-named fruits there are many others which could be eultivated in the more northern parts of the Colony, and others in the southern e vine grows well anywhere between the Blackwood and Gerald- ton. -Omitting unsuitable portions, there would be, at a low eie 9,000 square miles eric for the Lade of the MX The tribe do well in the same latitude e grape, but they lier a moister soil. There is a one eed “of edid — soil east of the Darling range very suitable ue. The cultivation of fruits Et o more capital to start with than other agricultural pursuit, and there are very few in this Colony who can afford to wait a number of years before they receive any return for the outlay. TASMANIA, On the fruits of Tasmania, the following ver has been received through the Governor of "Tasmania, prepare ed b y Mr. F. Abbott, Super- intendent of the Botanic Gardens, Hobart Town The apple, Pyrus Malus, is encre ely grown, and the fruit attains a degree of perfection not ordinarily reached in the other Australian Colonies. ‘Tasmanian grown apples are celebrated for their flavour and md rone : y kinds, such as Juneating, begin to ripen late in January, - but the il of the dm ed fruit is gathered from March to the end of ay me of the best keeping vari ieties keeping sound up to Chiti e or till the early apples are fit for x e pear, Pyrus communis, is alo uc piod grown, and exported to the other Colonies, and the same remarks o quality would xc E as in the case of the apple; the agb is as aulis so extended, th better kinds being over by the end of Ju Y: ae he plum, Prunus domestica, is largely grown, principally for the Le manufacture of jam; the better kinds are also exported in a fresh state, - ihe season being from January to April. : The apricot, pale i vulgaris, is also grown in quantity principally for the manufac of jam ; the trees fruit comparatively early, and the — crop, which is in aie from January to March, is considered a v: very. 2 paying ear xe The peach, Persica vulgaris, grows Td in pee soils ; grown The standards it fruits very freely, and is — seldom exported, but is used for local soutuntion: ees hence it - not E A priate planted. em Ribes Grossularia, is largely planted, the fruit idu the manufacture of jam and also for export in a he berries attain a large size in suitable situations, and the crop a m one. Fruit in season from middle of November to its, "Ribes, red, black, and white. The two former are large ly h danily i in suitable soils, the fruit ar so plentiful as y ut to pay Raspberr y, Rubus Ideus. This fruit is very extensively grown in moist bottom lands of the Colony, the canes fruiting pie LA the erop at times is so NO we uto Veg picking, an quantities in the country districts go to waste for want of a market: he fruit is much esteemed for the uec C of jam, and it i ported in bulk to the neighbouring Colonies, to be used for the same Grapes, dis E These do fairly well in the warmer parta o = poteny. ith inds, such as Chasselas, Blac S Ham e doen ing. well in all : sensons ; po pt for local Meca anon of grapes w uld not pro iiic ; erally. "The warmer climate vt the Sügiboe Colonies in this culture. Tasmania could never compete with her neighbours successfully in the production of. Tries, Fragaria, are extensively grown, both for local con- n and preserving, and’ to a limited extent for export. The fruit - in great perfection, and attains a high flavour, much above that warmer Colonies. The Marguerite commences toripen at the end „and is sueceeded by Trollop's Vietoria and the British Queen, keeping up the supply c into Sannir ; in moist s seasons ings may be had eve ate as ? Regia. pce nm datis i bec 8 oe vesca, are all cultivated to a limited extent, and thrive well. inut is the most extensively grow, and the nuts. ae. Sady for ring March and April. ylus dea de e fruit frees! in ibis soils; B 2 hie, di as Aie praes germanica, D. ; Wes rus | dis erana ab of figs and grapes, f heat to thoroughly mature “hem than eni I get eius 2 of | Tiinan ung lies E ios esHg Baraa Fol ilie Colonies, is better fitted to ats a out the good qualities of thence T: n apples and pears are better flavoured as a rule, aud are endowed. wid better. qualities. : Provided a payable market can be obtained, jh is limit to the quantity of fruit that could be produc E cooler climate would give her an advantage in dy rod for export, as it would gun possess better keping ites, New ZEALAND. Mr. W. de G. Reeves, Officer in Charge of the Agri euet Tas fürbiched: a memorandum on the fruits of New The following are the answers to the questions. conia n Mr. Stanhope's circular. I. The chief fruits grown in the Colony are the 2 Malus), the Plum (Prunus metae cs dd s Pear (Pyrus The following are also grown, but not to the vesc s Ideus), Cherry “(Prints Cerasus), Peach (Persica and in the north, oranges and lemons are here in small quant II. Apples last from J anuary to Septem March ; pears from February to June "The ‘wholesale prices are ruled. b the prices obtaine ned from Australia and Tasmania, and are as follows :— App from 3s. to 125. m gum of 40lbs. x Plums ,, 6s. to lds : P Pears” , 105 to 175. TE E: is amm prices vary according to the e of the gái and the . of the year E LP Practically t March 3L 1886, ihe total value of New v Zealand nm As oe the fruits CÓ are cay E ride quantities than at present; able Epis = See own wants in mesh. "s he Colony is in a very ba id to d th vely grown in eold vineri 00 ling aye ibs pe r - ie quality y of the rane and es grown here i is ue oue with regard to appearance and flavour. It is fully equal to the — eg osi < nea aera Dja and vastly mop to the American: g x over, to thod of aikin for so long a voyage. vM Government is desirous to afford every facility for the extension EE ans = san ds Ps the inclusion of Pomology in the in a ben ool of Fores i and i ession; a | ad 5 € he Progress Report of the State Forests Depdititiert cin l herewith. = rapid. “develope ment of frait- culture in the Colony, and the t posi pes it is fast attaining as a leading industry, render t its pt 2 ould be encouraged as as far as ves ible nt "the State “ts, the school shook afford facilities for degai g aco ledge. omology, in addition to forestry and die: tio in this important branch of teria res may be given without ein the s of the teachin i * * uo * € > proper Pure: of. youth as fruit-growers necessarily i fikia 5 rally recognized by intelligent settlers as essential to — TS gene u it-cultivation, the preparation of the soil, and its adaption discove a Mere rarely y attacked y the : | but litt tle. "This led to Experiments» with thes eb s for more suse in the pne A p we should de a the terri | tice cee Cotte: tre g late ye 15 good health, not excepting seedlings a a inches in height, were two m epe plants T ked on m Mussel st o ock. » other important subject, "sitet in some districts is crippling the fruit sionis and reducing the yield to a point which affords no profit, is the prevalence ungoid and insect pests. I need not insist here upon the extent of the injuries arising from these causes, but w ill direet t they make their first appearance, and teach him the lines upon which uc den entirely neglected by colonial fruit-growers at present, but which ceiv a large amount of attention before New Zealand- grown rud can take their proper mare nthe markets of America and Europe, is that of packing. The wealthy cities of Great Britain, the inent of Euro t during their transit will be reduced. to a minimum. Other r advantages might be mentioned ; but those already stated are Pec to: indicate the benefit to be derived Ls establishing a school o Although the orchard must be looked upon as ce of revenue, and must therefore be of js extent, it will scarcely 1 be c ad visible to plant the entire area to be devoted to fruit- -growing at once. Probably to lay down five acres in fruit trees will be found as much as can be acres are devoted to fruit-growing. Aft e second year most of the stocks should be grown on the schodl reserves, a ed or d d budded by the students. This would reduce the cost of formation to a minimum, and give the students ita interest in their work. Every year the newest varieties should introduced -from Europe and America, and their adaptability. to the clint of New Zealand properl tested. The school would thus bec soi not merely an institution for training fruit-growers, but a most efficient means of diffusing pomo- == knowledge and assisting an litetrheit branch of industry. CAPE Coroxr. * trator's Minute. of the 21st ica ns forwarding a eo ** despatch from the — Honourable the Secretary of State psa the * Co s ith particular regard to raph three re. despatch, ‘relative to an application for information o "The se i^ dules, as d from Cape Colony, eode of tabu — zx arrange such a manner that it.cannot. be cony veniently repr oduced here. Schedules l and 2 are, however, given in full in the Tooren zs to the Cape of Good Hope Government Gazette, April 15th, 1887. interested in the subject, and anxious to consult this suppl pu * gu no doubt do so on application at the office of the age ent General . for pee Attice 7, Albert ee, Victoria S —Ü s n below. Shed ^w ciu go ees kinds and prices of fruit eral divisions of Cape € are published with ence to the export of fruit. It ap the num | made, that before a trade in fruit can i bó established with 1t trees. ineipal fruits cultivated in Cape Colony, and likely to bé ' export, are apples, apricots, bananas, figs, Cape gooseberries s), grap , Dee es, nates, plums, quinces, almonds, a l Most of these could be grown in Pied large quantities in Cape Colony, if sullieiattt ents were held ou . Apples widely and generally eultivated. They are in season from January | March. s 4d. to 3s. per 100 in Cape Town ) about 6s. vnd 100 in Humansdor ; “piace are confined to warm, s sheltered, and well-watered divisions, - Seas y all the daa round. 'The local prices vary from from. pecies of Physalis (tir. order Solanacea) - rere they make a pr e Mieg for p eigen ond 17 Melons. Are produced in lar ge quantities. They are in season from January to April. The local prices are 2d. to each in Stellenbosch, and as high as 4d. to a 6d. each in Cape Tow M Are not so plentiful as some of the other fruits, and the local prices vary from 2s. per 100 to 75. per 100. Peaches Are in season from January to Mare They are sold locally x Robertson at 3d. to 9d. per 100; at Dotan: at 6d. per 100; Worcester at 2s. per bushel. Pears Of excellent Crue. are grown in the Albert, bees — the Oudtshoorn divisi They are in season from Jan uary arch. The local prices are 3. per bushel in the George Division, Is. 6a. to 6s. per 100 in Cape Town, and 1s. per 100 in the Belen Division. megranates Are only sparingly cultivated. The local prices are ls. 6d. to 2s. per 100. Plums e in season from December to February. At Worcester they are sold at the rate of 3s. per bushel. In the George Division at 4s. 6d. 10s. per bushel. In other divisions ihe prices range from 9d. to 3s. 6d. per 100, according to quality. Quinces Are in season from December to March. They are said to grow wild at Riversdale. In most divisions they are abundant and obtainable at prices ranging from Id. to 3s. per 100 Almonds and Walnuts Are in season from January to March. The local prices vary from 3d. to 9d. per pound, The information supplied as regarde. the quantity of fruit produced in each division and available for export is of a very useful character. The following particulars relate to the cireumstances of each division or distriet, as supplied by the Civil Commissioners, assisted by reports from fruit cultivators. Albert Division. he climate and soil are quee y adapted to the extended growth of the fruits specified above, except plums, oranges, and lemons. The - quantity of fruit annually available for export purposes is, —apples, 5,000 bushels ; apricots, 3, e figs, 10,000 ; Cape gooseberries, 100 ; lemons, ge 1,000 ; nectarines, 1,000 ; oranges, 1,000; peaches, 10 ,000 ; 5, 000; plums, 500 ; quinces, 20,000. eee Division. p - Apples, apricots, grapes, arines, peaches, pears, p , quinces. -. are obtainable at ls. 6d. per 1007. on eic average, "from sonar to. vend U SML E cm 18 The quantity available for export is, —apples, 300 tons ; apricots, 150 ; peaches, 300 ; pears, 150; nectarines, 150; plums, 100; quinces, 100. Clanwilliam Division. From this division large quantities of fruit are sent to other districts in the Colony, Grapes are usually sold at 2s. 6d. per bushel, and sielihie at 30s. ie r load. Guavas at ls. 6d. per 100 are available from March to August George Division. The fruit available for export is as follows :—Apples, 3,000 bushels ; apricots, 2,000; figs, 1,000; oe 90,000 (in number) ; peaches » 1,000 bushels ; pears, 5,000 ; plums, 500; quinees, 1,000; grapes ,000 baskets: the latter are sold at 2s. per bushel; figs at 6s. bushel ; apples at 3s. per bushel. Humansdorp Division. Large aad of oranges, lemons, quinces, apples, and pears available for export Ladismith Division. The em grown in this division is of superior quality. “ The wild ** plum grows luxuriantly, and [the kernel] yields an excellent oil of k de Seatac properties.” Large singes of fruit are available for export. Mi — Division. Gra rapes s and melons are grown in large quantities; other fruits in fair quantities. Grapes are sold Ville locally at 1s. 6d. per bushel. Oudtshoorn Division. It is COMER in the Report that a model farm should T T€ in this division, and plants of ehoice fruit trees supplied to gr An quantity of grapes, oranges, lemons, peaches, iigs, id quinces; a large quantity of melons, apricots, apples, and pears; and a limited quantity of plums, nectarines, pomegranates, almonds, and walnuts could be grown. Figs are gold locally at the rate of 3d. per Son pried 6d. per 100; lemons, 7s. 6d. per 1,000; oranges, 20s. per 1,000 ; peaches 6d. per 100, Paarl Division. In addition to the fruits already nino wit it is €— that the olive, cree (Passiflora edulis ?), loquat, n nilberry, ar also e ow own sion. Guavas are sold at ls. to 1s. 3d. 100 from April to Au the Cape godsabiahriós 4d. per pound ; roped Is. per bushel ; pears, 1s. to 1s. 6d. per 100. BOE Re ie Division. - Although late frosts, hailstorms, and drought affect the fruit supply, large quantities of peaches, apricots, pears quinees, apples, and figs are available for — Apples, fonts péars, apricots, and figs usually sold at 1s. per 100, Piquetberg Division. The chief items of fruits suitable for export are grapes and oranges. About 100,000 baskets of grapes and 500,000 (number) oranges would be available for this purpose. . Loquats, mulberries, and chestnuts are grown in small quantities. Figs, 6d. per 100; Cape gooseberries, Qs. per basket; lemons, 9d. per 100; oranges, 3s. 6d. per 100. 19 Queen's Town Division. To establish a trade in fruit it is necessary that there should be a falto food market at more than local rates; formation of an export company ; nominal ede rates and freights ; and Government aid in ship. Robertson Division. T Fruit of almost any known kind thrives to perfection. A syndicate sho ud To formed, land purchased for fruit growing, and the work of a fru it growers’ association carried out. At present there are e z 0,000 60,000; grapes, 12,000,000. Apples, 6d. to 9d. per 100 ; grapes, id. to 1d. T P ound; ^ov 1s. 6d. t e 6d. per 100; peaches, 3d. to d. Stellenbosch Division. Large quantities of Corse dg are sent daily, throughout the whole season, to Cape Town and Kimberley. To inerease a fruit trade an export :—Apples, 100 tons; penn, 75 tons; quinces, 20 tons; melons, 150 ; grapes, almost any quantit ; pomegranates, almost any quantity. Grapes, 1s. 6d. to 3s. per bushel ; ‘pears, Is. to 3s. per 100. Stockenstrom Division. The following quantities available for expor t:—Apples, 100,000 ne: figs, 300 ;000 ; oranges, 700,000 ; peaches, 7,000,000 ; pears, 50,000; plums, 25,000 ; quinces, 1,000,000. Worcester Division. n There is an unlimited quantity of expor € grapes at 2s. per bushel ; 2 in season from January to March. Peaches at the same price, an quinces at ls. per bushel. Steamers are required fitted up with refrige- Sir Ganache. Home duty on raisins of 7s. per ewt. is too heav y. In the — Ü Division the growing trade in fresh fruit with Kim- ined has given rise to extended cultivation. The King William’s Tow fruits of the value of 14,8887. Amongst the fresh dic cristae there e enumerated ; pine-apples from Mauritius of alue Ibi bananas and pine-apples from Natal of the value of 4,5241. fruit from — Victoria of the value of 44.; and Peers from the Portuguese . possessions in East Africa of the value of 306 re were received at Cape Town by rail de om the several divisions, 2,389,953 pounds of. fresh, and 969,810 of dried fruits during the yeur 1886. Kimberley and Beaconsfield there were received R6 rail. spud pored of fruit erii the same period. p? 22 MavRirIUS. The following Report on the fruits of Mauritius has been prepared by Mr. John c , F.L.S, Director of the Botanical Gardens and of Woods and For The pri ML nes is fruits grown in Mauritius, in order of merit, are: The banana, ** Banane,’ Musa, several varieties; the mango, * Mangue," Mangifera indica, many: varieties ; the pine-apple, “Ananas,” Ananas sativa, several varieties ; the litchi, “ Léeches,” Nephelium Litchi ; the longan, Nephelium Longan ; the alligator or avocada pear, * Avocat," Persea gratissima; the strawberry, “ Fraise,” Fragaria a va raspberry, “ Framboise Maronne,” Rubus rosefolius (this plant is indigenous, it is not cultivated in Mauritius); the sweet sop, “ Atti,” pe R 48 S Q dii D & LI -— =z © e [e] E B o E E e Em fae) lar] E 32 ge a s © 3 E S s ~ 3 S = & E reticulata ; the * Fruit de Cythére,” Spondias dulcis ; the guava, ^ Go T UE EN m pomiferum, pyr toes chinensis and Cattleyanum ; E the“ Abri e Pape," Diospyros There are several other sorts of less ES or tins thar the Pudong as the Malay apple, carambole, mabola, &c. . The banana is ripe throughout the year. Mangoes from October to i st abu t uary and February. Pine-apples throughout the year, bu mmon in r, January, and “he litchi, from the middle of November or beginning of December to the mi January. The from middle of | pea November to bp end of January. The other sorts follow at various times of the The DH “of fruit chere for export from Mauritius on an average of seasons is very small indeed. It takes about all that is grown in the island to supply its inhabitants and the vessels in the bour. As to the prices which rule the fruit market here, wholesale and c much depends on the scarcity, or otherwise, of the kind of fru The best varieties of mangoes a A age is abundant, retailed at from 25 cents to 50 cents of a rupee per n prime fruit. Wholesale, and purchasing by the haic fruit at a time at the rom R. 1 to Rs. 3 per hundred fruit. In years of scarity the fruit is much dearer. The maximum price, wholesale and retail, just given, ‘may then safely be taken for the minimum prices during such years. The Indians—natives of oe or their descendants—who are the fruit dealers of the Colony, do not care to purchase from the grower in this way. They prefer to m from him by the lump, so much for all the fruit on a tree orin an orchard. They then sell the fruit to retailers by the hundred. The litchi, longan, and some other kinds of fruit, are sold in the same way, at from 25 to 50 cents of a rupee pe hundred fruit. The wholesale at beroi at about one-half to three- fourths of the retail one. The banana is sold at about one-half a cent of a rupee for one fruit. The wholesale price at the plantation is from two to four fruit for a cent of a rupee. The pine-apple is sold, in retail, at from four cents of a rupee and upwards per fruit, depending g on size, quality, and abundance or scarci ity of the fruit. The whole sale prices of this fruit, at the plantation, is . about one-half to three-fourths of the above sums 21 The fresh fruits a from the Colony in 1885 were valued at Rs. 253. ‘They were sent to the * Cape Colonies.” But this export is said to be ** not of local NA ” in the Blue However, the shipping which visits the island during a year consumes, while in harbour, quantities of the fruits grown in the Colony; and a Some bunches of bananas are, I believe, exported to Port ne but no value is given for them in the Blue Book as of local ori Excepting cocoa- nuts, to the value of Rs. 260, that were exported 18 the * Cape Colonies " in 1885, there were no other _ fruits, the produce of Mauritius, exported in ihe year just mentio The value of the ee ies made in the Colony adi exported from it during 1885, was Rs. 1,0 The most of it was sent to France. e kinds are not given in "iie Blue Book, but they are supposed to have been Arad pickles and guava jelly. ere is room for all the kinds of fruits pow Des being largely extended, even for local supply, let alone expor The country enjoying a temperate climate inae to eaten is the Cape of Good Hope. There tropical fruits do not grow, and there and the hie of Sout rica, now opened up by railways, a prim market might be obtained for f nas, pine-apples, &c. I have no dou store the fruits s dae the voyage. Hitherto rapid communication by steamers between Mauritius and South Africa has been intermittent; therefore, there has not been much if wate rea g ent to plant and grow fruits for export to Cape Ports, wher ical fruits would find a market. But ee conditions of shipping safely and fair profits o ments a demand w soon arise. his would stimulate Peu to grow fruits forthis market. I have no doubt whatever that tropical ruits, bananas, pine-apples, &c. will readily find a mise at the Cape Ports, if Es ey be landed in good condition and sold chea ven now there is a rumour abroad among the people idt the Colony is to aeiihdraw its subsidy from the “ Castle Packets Co ompany," whose ecd run four-weekly to the Cape of Good Ho there is not much hope that these or other steamers will omnt to South African ports, we consequently people are afraid to venture into growing fruit for this trade. The withdrawal of this subsidy by Mauritius acts like a premium to the sugar planters and tropical fruit growers of Natal; when the steamers cease to run thence to the Cape ports, Natal commands the _ arke = South Africa with its sugars and. tropical fruits, without opposit s P to Australia, Mauritius, I am afraid, will be too veio in point - Marit " Cor any, whose steamers no m gue to Tende erected making Mahé, Seychelles, ‘their head-quarters in ese seas, and a branch steamer will c carry goods and passengers from Mauritius and Bourbon to Mahé, to unite with ihe. main line between — Marseilles and Australia wee ing hee are unsuitable for this trade, between Mauritius: id : diti, and | € th reales the duration of their ropie iie too nee , and too unce: l 22 Besides preserving pine-apples, hopes may be entertained | that mangoes t sage itehis ean be preserved in syrup and sent to Europe i in tins, bottles, But growing - fruits for such a trade does not seem as yet to have gone home to the fruit growers in the island. A ge , Who w anxious to export preserved pine-apples to the English market, stated that he had offers of large orders for this fr uit, which he declined, as he could not ei end on getting the quantity ‘of fruit he required at a reasonable pric Butit cannot be —À that much will be done here in exportin preserved fruit of any sort until a fruit-canning establishment is started. ecessary connexion between the consumer of preserved fruit on what to him might see hazardous enterprise; and so also will the preserver, when the mutual connexion is understood. rui owing, excepting that of mangoes, Cae and a few other kinds, and all the si uit trade are in the hands of Indian. market gardeners and trader If good reli ite information was Suppliad regarding demands and the f opi é rving, and ex ng t t infor rom these countries on this subject. This information is the fou ndation stone of the subject. It should. be constantly kept before the public in vm nt ways or forms. Then, to sum up this note, the necessary steps to develop an export trade in seen fruits, say, between Mauritius and African ports, are: (1.) Rapid and regular denm communication, giving reasonable facilities to shippers as regards moderate freight and good air store-rooms, which secure » accoramodation on board the vessels for the fruits. (2.) » AND eontract be renewed, or a new arrangement made between e Government of Mauritius and the Castle Packets Com- mails regularly between this Colony and the Cape Ports, that arrangements as regards the conditions mentioned in No. 1 be made with such owners. ED Ait the commencement, that Government grant a bounty or bonus to the exporters of fresh fruits of over certain given quantities, that will start an establishment, at a convenient and saniki pu for preserving or canning fruits in the Colony, both for home consumption and ex In the meantime, that while under the contemplated altered conditions as regards rapid communication with Australia, the fresh fruit trade with that country may be left alone, and all attention be given to establish this trade between Mauritius andthe Cape p on. a sound footing, and to start a canning establishment in the Co les are rcr ted at Mauritius principally from South Australia, and. occasio a- few from Europe. Oranges, limes, lemons from oss aioe oy Natal, the Cape of Good Hope, Seychelles, se -. and lately a few boxes from South Australia. These imports w valued at Rs. 6514 in 1885. 2 reat Britain, Tasmania, the continent of Europe, send us jams, "s jellies, marmalades, 23 Preserved fruits, as peaches, apricots, pears, &e., in syrup, were imported in 1885 from Europe, mostly from France. But the value of these is mixed with confectionery; and it is impossible to state the value of them separately. In 1885 the value of imported confectionery was Rs. 45,055. It may be worth noticing that we receive small quantities of ripe grapes, pears, &c., from South Africa, where at certain seasons of the year these fruits, ‘grapes especially, abound. But such inpia have, when made, and from what [ have heard on the subject at the mercy of a ring of wholesale purchasers who combine to give their own prices. Thus import enterprise is discouraged, if not carried on at a loss, no matter what the demands of the publie ; may be. Dried fruits of. the following sorts and values were imported during 1885 and consumed in Mauritius :—Almonds (Rs. 2201), mainly from Cape Colonies, India and France ; dates (Rs. 2062) from the Cape of Good Hope, India and Muscat ; figs (Rs. 16) from the United Kingdom; prunes (Rs. 948) from France; pistachio nuts (Rs. 226) from India and Johanna ; raisins (Rs. 3390) from the United Kingdom, India, * The Cape” and France; walnuts (Rs. 361) from Hong Kong and France; of other all sorts (Rs. 274) from the United Kingdom, United States and France XXX.—SACCHARINE. In the inaugural address of Sir Henry E. Roscoe, M.P., F.R.S., to the British Association at Manchester on the 27th August 1886, he drew attention to the chemical principles upon which organic synthesis have been affected. He stated that as soon as the chemical seb of an € substance has been ascertained, or, in other words, as s chemis s have carefully analysed and determined the exact "coit ofa xiv organie substance, and the mode in which they are arranged within its molecule, there is open to them by a synthetie process or a upon certain plants. By a purely synthet rocess, chemists may. ultimately be able to produce artificial quinine, ar rtificial theine, artificial | theobromine, and artifie ial caffeine, rtificial substances product, and they could be produced in such quantities and at such prices as would compete successfully with them, there is no doubt the growers of cinchona, tea, cacao, and coffee, would have some reason tobe __ admit that theoretically it m» In most cases, be possible to produce artificial substances having the same chernical constitution as the natural | products, it is very doubtful rel the chemist will, in man by those artificially produced by chemists is not a large one. But fros sas to time we are made acquainted with some new su bstances have been discovered by chemical research, PME: properties 24 singularly m to those which have been hitherto obtained only from Of th H certain plan ose. as mentioned by Sir Henry e, * the most T sable ‘instance is the production of an artificial sweetening agent, * termed saccharine, 250 s sweeter than sugar, p pared by a * eomplieated series of re-actions from coal-tar.” The discoverer of saccharine is Dr. Constantin Fahlberg. When the announcement of this discover y was first — followed the appearance = saccharine as an article of commerce, there naturally arose a well grounded anxiety amongst pue planters to earn = far this new uncus was likely to constitute a competitor with cane sugar. It is admitted that saccharine is now an article of Gaete, and that it is anticipated that it will be largely ompidrad for dietetic purposes. It appears to be agreed that saccharine does not undergo assimulation when takęp asan article of food, and hence it zd be safely employed, for iustance, by diabetic patients and by per suffering from gouty affections and liver compiaints. Further, iti is said, that one grain of saccharine is sufficient to sweeten a cup of tea or coffee, and that it is very difficult if not impossible to distinguish whether a beverage is sweetened with saccharine or cane sugar. And lastly, further it is claimed, that saccharine used in sweetmeats does not to be a costly process, and it cannot at present, nor is it even likely, to be sold as cheaply as sugar. em Sir Henry Roscoe, as to the probable influence of the discovery of saccharine on their particular industry. In reply to a letter addressed to him from this establishment in which it was stated that corres- pondents the Colonies were anxious to learn the opinion of those best able judge as to He uture of saccharine, Sir Henry Roscoe expressed himself as follow Sir Henry E. Roscox, M .P., F.R.S., to Roya, Garpens, Kew. 10, Bramham Gardens, Wetherby Road, S.W., My Dear cues December 3, 1887. y to yours of November 28, as to the probable influence m et B ® Su P © = iT te © my Fa e O E 2 = ee 3 eo o i=] et EB © z e [ac] [^ = 5 [t lu] "tS n ds £ = 2 5 [7 compete cone Ithink that this — sweetening agent will, however, become a useful material in cases which sugar cannot be employed, as in ms to me BREE: the bounds of possibility that the price production of cane sugar can be materially affected by the EE e of saccharine ‘J am, ; s truly, D. Morris, Esq. (Signed) | HT E. Roscoe. LONDON: Printed by Ex and SPOTTISWOOLDE, Printers to the Queen's d C Exedilent Majesty. For Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. [All Rights Reserved.] ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF e MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 14.] FEBRUARY. : [1888. XXXI—SEEDS OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS. Tur following is a list of such Hardy Herbaceous Annual and Perennial Plants as have matured seeds under cultivation in the Royal Gardens, Kew, during the year 1887. "These seeds are available Tor exchange with Colonial, Indian, and Foreign Botanie enu as well as with regular correspondents of Kew. But the seeds are for the most part ‘only available in moderate quantity and are not old to the general public. In the years Y ae and 1886 the list was printed as an pipe publication. Tt has now been thought more convenient to issue it as number of the Buletin. Every effort is made to correctly determine the nomenelnture of the © plants in the list. As far as it goes, it will serve as a record of the viden Species eultivated at Kew. It mi nust, however, be remem- red that a vanis proportion of herbaceous plants do not mature clim moka in ius te of England, and these are necessarily not Hn lis ; in the PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S ST em OFFICE, BY EYRE AND adeb oe ate. PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCE LLENT MAJESTY. And to be enar either dircotly or through any Bookseller, tom. sis EYRE ayp SPOTTISWOODE, Kast HARDING STREET Vibe bases , E. io. or ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK, 6, NORTH BRIDGE, Exe i ; HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co. 104, GR APTON STREET, DUBLIN 1888. Price Twopence. 26 RANUNCULACEZE. Aconitum chinense, Sieb., China. Lycoctonum, L., Eur., etc. a batum. ar. carpathicum, H — var. Kusnezoffii, Reichb. * Napellus, L., Eur, Temp. Asia. r. r. album, Hort. voinbile Pall., Siberi Actæa spicata, L., Eur., la Anemone Aquil coronaria, L., S. Eur., etc. etala, L., N. Amer. multifida, Poir., N. Amer. — var. Hudsoniana. narcissiflora, L., Eur., etc. polyantha, Don, Himal. , Pulsatilla, L., Eur., etc. rivularis, Buchan., Himal. sylvestris, L., Eur. egia Bertolonii, Schott., Ital. chrysantha, Gray, N. Amer. — var. d i Rauwolfii, Ho rt var, aurea, MN Lam, st Siber ar. Kitaibelii. — var. monstrosa, Hort. Caltha palustris, L., Eur., ete. -— var. minor, Syme. radicans, Forster, Eur., ete. Cimicifuga Clema feetida, L., Eur., Siber. — var. intermedia. "e Nutt., N. Amer. aaan, L. Ear. alba. ( Atragene alpina, L.) integrifolia, L., S. Eur. ochroleuca, Ait., N. Amer. recta, L., Eur., ete. — var. pauciflora. Delphinium Ajacis, Reichb., S. Eur. unonianum, Royle, Himal. Salamon, Fisch., Siberia. rar. enueasicum, L. "Cau *. elor gatu m. Con soli da, b. ,HEur ti Sehr, Cau — var. : skies dicty: ocarpum, pe Siberia. , L., Eur., — garden varices — var. i —- var. LS m | fou et. Hs `, lilae glébellum; Tu urez., EN: Baical. randiflorum, L., China, etc. << Fisch. ) hiybriduni Dem Caucas. laxiflorum, DC., Siberia Maackianum, Regel TA. Minor. moschatum, DC. ae . Eur nudicaule, Torr. et Gr. a Calif. triste, Fisch. ., Siberia vestitum, Wall., Hi S Eranthis name Salisb., Eur. Helleboru diia doro: A.Br. colchicus, Regel, Levant. ectidus, L., te. guttatus X colchicus, sem id. eus. pup WwW. a EK; Hun gary Isopyrum fumarioides, L., S. Eur. Myosurus minimus, L., Eur., ete. Nigella damascena, L., S. Eur MN b. Caucas., “ete. m 59. "Eur "abor Pall., China. — var. candida, And. — yar, Reevesii, Hort. Pzonia—coné. iflora, var. uniflora. oS And., Orient. — var. . Ander var. preening, Hort. decora, And., Orient. falcatus, L., cephalus ileatus Pers.) Flamm , Eur — var. pm pic Syme. Lingu .» Eur, repens, L., Eur. Reuterianus, Boiss., S. Eur. (Córato- Ranunculus—coni. trachy carpus, if ee M. trilobus, Desf., ` Thalictrum angustifolium, Jacq., S. Eur. — var. — var. nigricans. aquilegifolium, L., Eur., etc. pureum. Chelidonii, DC. Sikkim, et. flavum, L., Eur. — var. — var. dme cina Lej. glaucum, Desf., S. Eur javanieum, Dlume, Java. Eur — var. flexuosum, (Bernh.). kemense. 'ronatum. — var. pubescens, Schleich. — var. squarrosum, (Steph.) Trolliu iiic; L., Siber. europeus, ie Eur. — var. — var. Denayanus, Hort. = PAPAVERACEA. Adlumia cirrhosa, Raf, Unit. ta Argemone eee L., Mexico. — XA Boisi & cords, W., China, Chelidoniu es L, a — var. fae Corydalis see Pers., S. Eur. g - ursh. , Unit. States. te, DC, S S. Eur. acem osa, Pers., Japan. Cystiapnos africanus, Gertn., Asia E 62960, Wt. 16. Eschscholtzia eg , Cham., Calif. r. alb ba: — egspitosa, Brewer. S tenuifolia, Bth.) Fumar donina DC., Glaucium goram Curt., S. Eur. var. m, Ho rt. derai Cati Eur. (luteum, fulvum, Sm., S. Eur. Hunnemannia fumariefolia, Sw., Jem Calif. a2 Hypecoum procfhubens, L, S. Eur. Rene oet a, Vig., Eur Wallichiana, Hook, Himal. Papaver . caucasicum, Bbrst., Caucas. ubium, . nudicaule, È. . Alps. Ree L., Orie — var. bracteata, “(Lindl.) E epi Sith, ., Greece. — var. — Heldreichii, ( Boiss.) 28 Papaver— con Rho it n Kur. Ipe var. . Hookeri, (Baker). er Boiss., Spain. var. atlanticum, Ball., las somniferum, L., China, etc. pe album. * Danebrog." — Vals - pl. — var. setigerum, (DC.) var. Ranunculus flwd. Gabaa, rt. Plaiystetood culiforiücdr; Benth., Calif. CRUCIFERJE. AEthione | Aubrietia— cont. jeteroenrpum, Fan) dag S Eur. | deltoidea, var. Richardi. ttile, R.Br., S. Eur | — var boat Alyssum | — VATES y Tori; L., S. Eur | erubestihs, riis: Greece. maritimum, L., 5. Eur Barbarea Koniga maritima, R. Br.) vulgaris, R.Br., Em Wierzbeckii, Heuffl., S. Eur. — var. intet mela ka enu. Arabis — WE variega sibida, Stev., Caucas. Biscutella iliata, DC., S. Eur. auri culat ata, Lam., S. Eur. cenisia, Reichb., S. Eur ete. a, L., Kor. Aubrietia deltoidea, DC., S. Eur. — var. aa — var. Campbe — var. grece E cb. ) — var. ora. — VAT. ficis — var. purpurea. didyma, L., S. Eur. erigerifolia, DC., Spain. Brassica alba, Boiss., Eur. balearien dich, T e campestris, , Eur. (B. chinensis, Lg ua, ( Thunb.) . serotina. Shantung Cabbage. Cheir anthus, Vill. 4 S. Eur. Pose jJall., N. Afr — Var. BRE 1, L., S. Eur. Erucasiruto Vil. S. Eur. nigra, Koc mesopotamica, Bor nh., Mesop. caT L., Eur. ar. — var, capitata — Var. capitata | crispa. — var. Jersey kale. rugosa, Roxb., Thibet Tourvefortii, Gouan, Spain, ete. dn A ess Sternb., Alps. Dani: i Erheago, Ie S. Bar: . Camelina sativa, Capsella Bu ursa-pastoris, úr., ete: — ne Meench, patiens, L., Eur. fadoviciana: "Hook. N. Amer. pratensis, L., Eur. Carpoceras sibiricum, Boiss. ., Siber. Cheiranthus Cheiri, L , Eur. nectare tenella, DC., Cauc., ete. learia var. alpina, Conringia perfoliata, Link, Eur. Diplotaxis erucoides, DC., Mediter. tenuifolia, DC., Eur. Draba aurea, Vahl, Greenland. borealis, D C. As l. of St. Paul. a. C. A. Mey., eiii DC., Caucasus. verna, L., Eur., N. Amer. Erysimum asperum, DC., N i erepidifolium, Reichb., Germ. incanum, Kunze, S. Eur. Kunzeanum, Boiss.) Marshallianum, Andrz., Siber. recie DC., Asia Minor. m, Roth., Germany. Vassstia Gives R. Br., S. Eur. Heliophila amplexicaulis, L. fil., Cape. aboides, Sims, Cape. (H. pilosa, Lam. oe gps L, Eur, Uymenophy pubescens, Mey "y 29 Lun ' Malcolm Iberis amara, L., Eur. Foresti ieri, Jord., France. — var, carnea. Tsatis n L3 n ete. virens, Hort Lepidium eon datum, Willa, Siber, a S. Eur 6,000 ft. Meüziesli, DC., N. Amer. repens, Boiss., Orient, ete. spinosum, L., Orient. Y irginicum, L., N. Amer. naria iustae. L., S. Eur. africana, R Br, S. Eur, hin, DC. Gree maritima, R. ir: a.) 3. Eur, ete. Matthiola vind DC., Greece. cana, R.Br., Medit. iriond E R.Br. .„ Medit. — sis, DC., Eur., ete sonchifoli ia, Hk. China Or chophragmus - sonchi- folius, Bun Peltaria allies, E Italy, etc. Pteroneuron grecum, DC. xreece, e Rapistrum Linneanu m, A eue Ww Walkeri, ll., Eur. Sims., Sisy brut Alliaria, x Eur. Assoanum, R. et P., Aragon. atria, Jacq., S. Eur. o p., Eur. strictissim mum, L., Eur. Villarsii, J ord, France. Suceowia balearica, DC., Balearic Tsles Thlaspi arvense, L., Eur. latifolium, Bbrst., Caucasus. verfoliatum, L., Eur., Caucas. Vesicaria cretica, Poir., Crete, 30 RESEDACEZE. €! TE ., S. Eur. lutea, L., Eur. - complicit, Bory., am Lu oli ii . Eur. ca, L., Spain, mediterranea, L., N. Afr. CISTINEZE. Cistus Heliant E AE -c0 albiflorus, Hort. p um, Mil, is “Eur, hirsutus, Lam., Mediter. lanrifolius, L., France, Spain. Tuberari ia, Willa, Eur. platysepalus, Sweet. his, be Gertn., Eur. villosus, L., Mediter — var. albicans. — var. roseum, DC Helianthemum — var. A e a (Dunal.) leptophyllum, Dunal., Eur. — var. tomentosum, (Duual.) niloticum, Pers., S. Eur., N. Afr. VIOLARIEJZE. Viola Viola—cont. canina, L., Eur., N. Amer. pinnata, L., Alps, Eur., ete. — var. alba, pumila, Willd., S. Eur. elatior Fries., Eur. yrenaica, Ram., Pyrenees. Delabordii, Hort stagnina, Kit., Eur. Jooi, Janka, Transy lv. striata, Ait., N. Amer. lutea, Huds., Eur suavis, Bbrst., Siber. — var. grandiflora. sylvatien Fries., Eur mirabilis, L., Eur orata, L — var, Reichenbachiana, — Var. = var. purpurea, Caucas. tricolor, I = d palustris, L., Eur ma, Patrinii, DÈ., In iia GV. primulifolia o ) V. chinensis, CARYOPHYLLEZ. Arenaria ptr Fe tos balearica, L., Balearic SN rvegica, Gunn., Eur. mr Se "nk S.E piniflia, Bbrst., Caucns. — var. multiflo tenuifolia, L., Eur. var. parv uio Cerastium apres Schreb., arv dise. L., Eur. fasciculata, Gouan, Eur r. grandi florum. ( Alsine Jaoquinii, Koch.) Koraani, F- -et M., laricifolia, L., E Anatolia. 91 Cerastium—co Cucubalus baccifer, L., Eur. Dianth Gypso Lepigonum azoricum, Kin g Lychnis frigidum, Tin. , Caucas. — var colli 3 mantieum, L., S ne Mere ns um, L., Enr., SN. Amer., chinensis, L., China: ar. Hoddewigii patel , Sm., Eur caryop s, L., S. Eur matte td Grist, 8. Eur. deltoide eus, L., | hirtus, Vill., s. Bae | glacialis, Haenk., Alps. petreus, W. et K. doen ste hiies, L., Eur — var. albus. | suffrutescens, Willd, Crete. hi m ee Fisch., Cauc. culata, L., Sib eria. Se taica, Fisch., Alta chaleedonies, hs E. de. eic. r.a aria, Dav, S. Eur. davis Sibth., Eur. los-jovis, Desv., S. Eur. Githago, Lam., Eur, (Agros- Hésgonns, Lemai y : S. Eur., ete. oculata, Ldl., "idee — V elegan perfoliata, jm Sgait ete. pyrenaica, Berger., Pyren vesperti th., Eur. Viscaria, ur | var. Sagina glabra, Koch, France. Linnæi, Presl, Eur Saponaria Silen calabrica, Guss., Italy. — var. ocymoides, È, Eur. eem. L, "Eur. — var, ataie, E Orient. Vaccaria, L., Eur adpttiels; L., wn Eur. ambigua, Camb., S. Eur. Armeria, = sai argoi, Boiss T. chlo oe rh r, swertiæ ln (Boise ) Chouleti, Coss., Eur. conoidea, L. : Levant, etc. cretica, L., S depressa, Bbr st., Caucas. — &. diur niflora, Kunze, Cape. a, O echina tth., Italy. ceased Sims, Caucas firma, Ca S.S. Fortunei, Vis., China. fusca, Link, ugal, gallica, L — var. gracilis DO, "B. Eu ur. (S. i m.) linicola, G s oit Otth, Portugal. a, With., r. — var. Gija ied H, ew. ari 5 L., Mediter. nutans, , Eur. men É. Sicily, etc. Persooni . non Schott. peeudo-atocion, Desf., N. Afr. Schweinfurthii, Rohrt.. Schafta, Gmel., Siber., etc. tatarica, Pers., Tatar. Vallesia, L., S. Eur. Silene—cout. | Spergularia vesieulifera, Gay, S Pur: | marina, Cumb., Eur | rubra, de c. ur. vespertina, Retz., S. Em salina, Presl., Eur. Zawadskii, Herbich., Austria, Stellaria gn iapa. L., Eur Spergula arvensis, L., Eur, | Tunica Saxifr aga, Scop., Eos. PORTULACES. Calandrinia Claytonia compressa, Schrad., uc Lesser Don. m. Am ~ sibirica g ined color [m ) (C. alsinoides, Sims.) | Portulac ca — pina a, Ldl. fhecakiclia. Du N. Àmer. gee vu gee cm : micrantha, Schlecht., Mex. ` | papulosa, Schlecht. pilosiuseula, DC., Chili. pilosa, Amer meo Lal., Calif. | rostellata, Brign., Bra var. a | Spraguea um mbellata, Tide Calit Eon DC., Chili. Talinum patens, Willd., Mexico. HYPERICINES. Hypericum | eee nt, Androsemum, L., Eur. hireinum, L., Med ealycin num, L., Eur., ete. hy seopifolium, Willd, Jen. i ur sori 1$, L., D. Ur. t delphienm, us et k nk nepaulense, Chois., Nepal. elatum olympicum, L., Greece, etc. enpetiflini, Willd., Medit. perforatum, L., Eur., China. floribundum; Ait., Canaries. . prolificum, L., N. Amer. zinniduladite Ait., Madeira. pyramidatum, Ait., N. Amer. -— riegatum. quadrangulum, L., "Eur. MALVACEZK. Altha: Kitaibelia vitifolia, Willd. „Austria. lavatenedork, DC., Syria. Lavatera arborea, L., S. Eur ,N narbonensis, ghee sits Eur. Afr. officinalis, a Eur Olbia, L., S. Eur rosea, Cav., Orient. «ban gi. des x ete. — ies trimestris, : PS Mediter, r. Heldreichii, p ) var. alba is or DC., Ita Malop oda trifida, Cav., N. Afr. hastata, | Cav., N. Amer — var. alba. Vrightü, Gray, Mexico. Malva Callirhoe pedata, Gray, N. Amer. Alcea, L., Eur Hibiscus Trionum, L., Cosmopol. — var. Mil a .. africanum, Hort rt.) cretica, Cav., S. E jene out, Modiola zane Moench, N. Amer. roliniana, Hort.) Palavia hke av., Lima. hastata, Cav., Amet. limensis, L., Peru. | Sidalcea parviflor , Eur. | candida, Gray, N. Amer. rotundifolia, = Eur, | liiis Gray, N . Amer. sylvestris, L., Eur. ete m deis Gray, N. Amer, — var. mauritiana, (L.) regana, and (M. sinensis, Cav.) Sida one Cav., N. verticillata, L., Eur. aper od rivularis, E N. ( M. glomerata, Hort.) Amo LINEZE. Linum | Linum— cont alpinum, = Eur. ( Leonii, | narbonense, L., S. Eur. Schu | pete mee, I, Eur., etc. angustifolium, xd Eur. | -— var. agreste, ( Brot.) | — Levis (Mhibrg.) sathartiemn, L, Ew | tenue, Desf., Algiers. corymbulosum, Reichb., | usitatissimu um, L Eur. ce. album. urandilortus, Desf., Algiers. GERANIACE. Erodium gs He L’Herit., Greece, sin ee P Herit., Eur. . Eur. ar Willd., S. Eur., ctl o, L'Herit., Alps. Manescavi, Coss., Pyrenees pelargoniflorum, B.et K., As. Minor. triehomanefolium, L'Herit.. Leban. Geranium armenum, Boiss., Orient. bohemicum, L., Eur carolinianum cA N. Amer. collinum Steph., Russia. certius DC. Caneas, rieum, Cav., Lowe Fisch. i Siber., ete. nodosum, L., France, ete. Geranium—eoat. dried. L., Eur. m, L., Eur Richardson F. et M. N. sanguineum, L., Eur s anatas, “(With.) asso ianum, DC., W: aliiichinnumi Sweet, Himal. — var, Impatiens parviflora, D , Siberia, ete. sa Walp. "Himal. ar. enn Wall., Ind. Oxalis Aectosella, L., Eur., ete. cornicalata, L., Eur. — var. fol. purpureis. bosa, DC., Mauritius. 34 Tropæolum | ‘Tropxolum—cone. aduncum, Sm., Peru., ete, | majus, L., Peru. (T. peregrinum, Jacq.) | _— (T. canariense, Hort., Engl. — Lobbianum. RUTACEZE, tase ak Ruta : albus, L., W. Eur., Jap a L., S. Eur. (D. Farinella Pors) var. divaricata — var. purpureus SIMARUBEÆ, Cneorum tricoccum, L., S. Eur, LEGUMINOSÆ. Adesmia orarie DC., Chili, | Coronilla vaginalis, im ., S. Eur. Aapa monoica, Ell, N. varia, L mer, 'ytisus Anthyllis biflorus, L’ Herit., EUR 8, dex Eur. capitatus, Jacq., | Vulnera CL. Eur purpureus, Scop., S. E E — var. Dillenii, Schult. uralensis, Ledeb., Russia. Astragalus Dalea lagopus, Willd., Mexico. aduneus, Willd., Caucas. Desmodium canadense, DC. N segyptiacus, Spr., Egypt. ros alopecuroides, L., Siber., ete. Doryen betica, L., Spain, Sicily. borbodoutm, Vill., S. Eur. chinensis, L., China. intermedium, Ledeb., Caucas, chlorostachys, Ldl, Himal. rectum, Ser., S. Eur Cicer, L., Eur a Lens, L., Eur., ete. falcatus, Lam. , Siberia. Galeg: glycyphyllus, di, Eur. offici alis, L., Eur Hypoglottis, L., Eur. thong , Lam., Orient. — var. albus. ae Onobrychis, L., Eur., Siber. Geni pannosus, Fenz., Taur., ete. raa W indi Eur. stipulatus, Don., Nepal. sagittalis, L. , Eur. suleatus, L., Siber., Taur. tinctoria, I Eur. thianshanieus, Regl., Turkes. — var. Baptisia Glycyrrhiza 9 R. Br., N. Amer. echinata, L., 'Taur., etc. — var, exaltata, (Sweet.) glabra, L., S. Eur — var. vane. (Lodd.) — var. Cicer Hedysarum arietinum, L., India, boreale, Nutt., N. Amer. songaricum, Steph., pon coronarium, L., S. Eur 35 Hedysarum—eont. coronarium, var. aloum. denticulatum, egel. flexuosum, ; As. Minor. microcalyx, Baker, (ceram neglectum, Ledb., Alta rum, L., Eur Lathyrus angulatus, L., S. Eur. Aphaea, L., articulatus, Liss S. Eur aureus, Benth. e t Hook., Taur. robus aureus, Stev. Clymenum, L., r. (O. Jo rdani, Tenore. ) filiformis, Gay. lathyroides, B. et H., Siber. lathyroides, L. j latifolius. S, — var, ensifolius, (Badure. ) H., Asia Minor. ily, ete. pisiform Siberia, ete. Leper Pa Willd., Caucas. MC var. à speri icus, Retz., Eur. sylves aitoi Desf., Eur., ete. tingitanus, 4 N. Afr. ". atropurpureus. et H, , Pyrenees. s, Lap.) . Eur. phils Sims.) venosus, Muhl., N. Amer. — var. tus cornieulatus, L; Aag , Seo aj tenuis, W. et K. dies ete. Lupinu sdipuscifolice, L., S. Eur. ar rboreus , Sims, N. Amer. — var. Cosentini, Guss., Greece, ete. densiflorus, Benth., Calif. elezans, H. B., Mexico. luteus, L, France, e ete. micranthus, Dougl.; N. Amer, ay sre -—Cc0h na n Doug 4 N. Amer. sott nsis, Don, N. Amer. plow ur. polyphyllus, Ldl., N. Amer. — var. . densus. Medicago apiculata, W., Eur (Berteroana, Mor.) Aschersoniana, Urban, N. Blanchiana, Boiss., Syria. denticulata, Willd., Bar. Echinus, I S. cata, ur, Ho ornemanniana, Pers., Eur, lappacea, Desr., S. Eur lupulina, L., uricata , Eur orbicularis, Willa, S. Eur. Des rigidula, Lan, $ ^N E sativa, L., var. yeni or, Ser. scutellata, Lam., Eut.. etc. "Terebellum, Willd., S. Eur. Cine Lam., S. France. Onobrychis sativa, Lam., Eur. Ononis arvensis, Auct., Eur. rotundifolia, L., Eur. spinosa, L., Eur., ete. — var. alba. Ornithopus repandus, Poir, S. Eur. Oxytropis campestris, DC., Eur. foetida, s, Eur. p ochroleuca, Bunge, Siber. Phaseolus capensis, T Cape. (P. caffer, B, lathyroides, P» Jutas, multi iflorus, Lam. f. ungo, L., India Ricciardianus, Ten. Y eser. Ls ia. var. a ba. ar. fructo-rubra. Willmotianus, Mart. Pisum Jombardi, eoe sativum, L., — var. quidratum, Mil!. — var. Ahebaicum. tee chya, DC., N. Sari orici Ldl., N. Am s, Dougl;, N. Am Sewonidiik ‘turkes tanica, R. et S. Tu irs Scorpiuru itirilod; bs — eata, iu nl edite eonjugatus, Link., France. purpureus, "Moench, S. Eur, Thermopsis aaa E- ^ "Ciao, ved DC. j Trifo liu Alexandrinum, L., Egypt. Cherleri, L., S. Eur. hybridum, L., Eur Lagrangei. Boiss., Orient. medium, L., Eur. minus, Sm., Eur. pannonicum, L., Eur Perreymondi, Gren., "Mann pratense, L., Eur on aa s, L., Eur var. fol. atropurpureis, Siberia. "4 Amer. 36 Trifolium— cont. repens, var. erubescens. resupinatum, L., S. Eur. SE, Fidi: suffocatum, Sm., S. Eur, ete. vesieulosum, Savi i, S. Eur., etc. Trigonella cerules, Lam dans Cancas, corniculata, Is 4. Eur foenum-grecum L, S. Eur. hamosa, L.. Quint Vicia amphiear| pa, Dorth., SE cetica, Fisch., Siberia. calcarata, Dest, Algiers. cinerea, Bbrst., Caucasus. r. pannoniea, Jacq., Eur pyrenaica, Pourr., Pyren. sativa, — var. Morisiana, ( Jord.) ur sylvatica, L, E villosa, Roth., S. "Eur. spice argentes, Ruiz et Pavon, Chili. microphylla, Hk. fil., N. Zea- d. puce ie. ve s vali avon, " (andire repens, lent. sanguisorbz, Vahl., New Zeal. Agrimo ator L., Eur., € odorata, Mill., Eur. Alchemilla alpina, L., Eur argentea, Don. , Eur. (con- juncta, Bab.) arvensis, Lam., Fasi vulgaris, — var. Minds. ` (Pers.) (A. montana, Willd.) Tpi L., Eur r. — var. Drümriondil, Wate. Fragar ii, eed 4 Nepal. i ? — VAT. Rono lla, Duch. Geum atlanticum, Desf., S. Eur. (Ges lvaticum, Pomer. coccineum, Sibth., S. — var. grandiflorum. macrophyllum, Willd., Siber. montanum, L., Alps, Eur. pyrenaicum, Ram., Pyrenees, rivale, L., Eur. strictum, Ait., ^ G. ranunculifolium, Seri ing.) triflorum, Pursh, N. Amer. (Sieversia triflora, Spr.) M ga Geum—co tyrolense Host, Ap idowr Gillenia trifoliata, Moe Ne Potentilla seed Lap., Pyrenees. ua, Jacq., Himal. urs Uc Ames sai Pr ey rophylla, Wall., Himal. — var. — var. “ Gloire de Nancy.” astracanica, Jacq, J NI ete. biflora, Willd., bifurca, L., sie gent collina, Wibel, Conia Eur. Comarum, Nestl., a Lo N: T. Zone. flagellate, Willd., Siber. grandiflora, L., A s, pini LS Eur montenegrina, Pane. E Alps. ` o ee oen i » Benin. m py renaica, Ram., Py recta, L., Eur., Caueas. pase ar. Hookeriana, (Lehm.) — ves ries var. macr: A (Leab.) — var. Nuttallii. — var. obseura (Willd.) — var. palm ma — var. = pentaphylla, (Rieh.) s L., Eur. r fl , Himal. nii i Pan Ta Wr angeliana, “Fisch, Siberia. Poterium Spira alpinum, Bunge, Siberia. officinale, Be Eur.( Sanguisorba officinalis, Sanguisorba, L., Eur, sitehense, Wats., N. Amer. £ Sang. media, L.) astilboide s Hort. wem » L., N. A angustifoliu "S igitata, "Willd. Siber., etc. mer. Filipendula, i Eur. lobata, Jacq., N. Amer. — var PREGA (S. palma 1, Hort palmat a, Th iub. = Japan. — var. alba procumbens, een CMM em maria, L., Eur. SAXIFRAGACEJZE. . | Bouchon we Astilbe japoniea, Miq., Japa Hoteia japoniea, M. et D. Spiræa japonica, Hort.) — var. variegata, rivularis, Don., E. Ind. Boykinia major, Gray, N, Amer. rancoa ramosa, Cav., Chili. (F. picturata, Van Houtte.) Heuchera americana s N. Àm "ead hispida, Pursh, N. Am (H. iardain, Re ‘br. ) gu Pus nubicola, DM Pursh, N. Amer. inea, Eug., er. Hook. fil., Saxifraga altissima, Kern aphylla, S r, Eur. ur., Alps. urchillii, Kern. . Ch — yar, Gaudinii, "—— 2 zoon, var. inerustata. — var. ". minor. yar, pygmæa. . recta, oe) — var. r laris, § en miris Laps -primu „ Alps cxospi ito oss, L. 3 Eur. = viis renees, (leucanthemifolia, Lap.) pag , L., Eur., Alps. pyramidalis, (Lap.) driieifolis L., Sib (Megasea eamin. Haw.) : p-) — Willd., Arct. Eur., — var. mucronulata, (Royle.) anulata, L., Lur. Hostii, Tausch, Alps. 88 Saxifraga—cont. Hos tii , var. E: t Nolehatiatis Regel, ayi lactea, Turcz., Tem longifolia, tu Pyrenees. nata, Hort., E luteo-purpurea, Lap., Alps. reti media rti cru ce Bosnia. ar. we and (Griseb. ) rotundifolia, L., repanda, (ia. ) poen, Gmel., S. Eur. tenella, Wulf., Alps. umbrosa, L., Eur. — var. minor. — var. varieg valdensis, DC, [om Alps. Tellima grandiflora, R.Br., N. Amer. Tolmiea Menziesii, Torr. et Gray, N. Amer. CRASSULACEJZE. Sedum— Cotyledon (Umbilicus Semenovii, Regel. Grammanthus chlorwfolia, DC., ape. Penthorum sedoides, L., N. Amer. Sedt 15,000 feet. — hybridum, L., Siberia. kitinaetstiedu, Fisch., Kamtsch. maximum, Reichb., C. Eur. monregalense, Balb., S. Eur. (cruciatum, Desf.) Middendorfianum, Max., Siber. oppositifolium, Sims, Caucas, ` — var. populifolium, L., aean Eur. rubens, L., de Eur. (Crassula ru bens spurium, "ee, Caucas. Seduni—cont Te lephium, L., Eur. trifidum, Wall., Ind. Or. ate, ek pinum, G. et S., Alps. arichneideun, L., Alps. agger i, Hort. t.) arvermense "Lecoq et Lamotte, akan , Ballet Hook., Atlas, barbatulum, Schott, Eur. icolor, Doissieri, Hort., n ED Bill., Br xen, fn Funck, Germany. calcareum ,E Fauconnetii, Reut., Alps. imbriatum, L. et S., Eur. > lur. Italy. , ucum, "Tenore, (S. violaceum, Hort.) 39 Sempervivum-—-cont. grandiflorum, Haw. Hauna, Hort., Eur. hirtum, L., Alps. juratum, Jord. et Four., France. ane Lamottei, Boreau, France. . Mettenianum, Lehm., Switz. Alps montanum, r pallidum, J. et F France parv :4. š Schnittspahnii, Lag., Eur. speciosum, Lamotte, Eur. tectorum, L., Eur. — var. erubescens. — var. triste. — var. CARD: Verlotii, Lamotte, France. (S. Deia Hort.) LYTHRARIEZE. Ammania ooo. Willd., Upper | Lythrum alatum, Pursh, N. Amer. Cuphea Mélióeoléta: Ait, Mexieo. Salicaria, L., Eur. (C. silenoides, Nees.) — var. br eed petalum. viscosissima, Jac 3q. . Amer. var. rose Zimapani, Roez ico — var. tiie beating (Mill.) (C.s ES var, Zimapani, virgatum, L., Eur. ort.) ONAGRARIEZE. Circæa lutetiana, L., Eur | Epilobium-—con Clarkia pulchella, Pursh, N. ker r — var. ire res a, Dgl, N. Amer. Mn gauroides, Hort.) Epilobiu alsinifoliam, Villars, Eur. angustifolium ur. — ate lahol, Fow New Zeal, hirsutum, L., Eur. Lamyi, Schultz, S. Eur. nummulariefolium, Cunn., N. Zeal. — var. longipes. pa arv en, Schreb., Eur. osmarinifolium, Hænke, — var. ar. Fleischeri, (Hochst.) m, Schreb., » ur, etc. ri, Gray, Calif. con tiras Bs et M., Calif. — var. Gaura Lindhcimeri Eng. et Gray, | Lopezia. et, Andr., Mexico. (L. minuta, Hort.) 40 CEnothera Œ rcm a—e sorde Jay., Chili der "Hour N. Amer. ". tar cielos, (went) Sim rostigma micranthum, sodas Lehm., Calif. F. et M. : Godetia amena, Liles — var. hirtum, F. et M. DNE L.N Amer missouriensis, Sims., N. Amer, WE vast idélia odorata, Jacq., Patagon. LI ate n < : bistorta, Nutt, N. Amer. (Œ. - Roe Hort.) ect pumila, L., UP campylocalyx, K ba purpurea, Curt, N. Amer. densiflora, Ldl., Calif. (Bois- ts.) xdet g duvalia den siflora, Wat Godetia purpurea, LN. | quadrivulnera, Dougl dentata, Cav., N. Amer. | Amer. ( quadr jvninerá, fruticosa, L., N. Amer. | Spach.) — var. Youngi, Hort. | Romanzoflii, Ledeb., N. Amer. glauca, Michx., N. Amer. ; (G. MANI S Spach.) s : osea, Ait., ? r leptosiphon, F. et M. stricta, Ledeb., Ohili sies ups N. Amer. tenella, Cav., Chili, Amer. longiflóra, Jaeq., Bonaria. (G. tenella, Wats.) Lamarckiana, Ser., N. Amer. — var. dasycarpa. (CE. biennis var. grandiflora, | ON Nutt., N. Amer. T. et G.) i — var. rhizocarpa, Spr. LOASEÆ. E volubilis | Loasa— cont. Presl, Chili (Seypautbus | volcanica, Andr., New Gren, elegans, Doi L. Wallisii, Hort.) Mentzelia Loasa MS Torr. et Gras hispida, L., Per Calif. (Bartenia aurea, lateritia, Gill. et Hoot, C ve Lindi.) papaverifolia, H. ix Chi ornata, T. et G., Calif. prostrata, Gill, Chili : Wrightii, Gray, Calif. CUCURBITACEA. Bryoni» dioica, L., Eur |. Momordica Elaterium, L., S. Eur. Cueurbita Pepo, i India. | FICOIDEZE. Mesembryanthemu m Mesembryanthemam—cont. pinnatifidum, L, fil., Cape. tricolor, var. aibu is ecu L., Cape. Tetragonia expansa, Murr., tricolor, Willd., Cape. : Austral., ete, 41 UMBELLIFERZ. 4g opodium ae z , Eur., ete, ieg. Animi; Benin bing L., S. Eur. Anethum Sowa, Roxb., India. Angelica dahurica, a » Dahur. levis, Gay , in. Anthriscus Cerefolium, Hoffm., Eur. sylvestris, Hoffm., Eur. Apium graveolens, L., Eur., ete. Archangelic littoralis, Agardh, C inl cnp officinalis, Hoffm., Eur Astrantia Biebersteinii, F'. et M., Cav helleboritoli, Salisb., Cauc. (A. m a, Pa 1.) anger, L, "Buc je — var. earinthiae ca, (Hoppe) — var. pauciflora, (Berthol.) Bupleurun Ca dole Wall. faleat ; Himal. ur. L., Eur. semicompositum, L., S. Eur. rum Carui, ps e m, Turo, Siber. Caucalis latifolia, Li (Turgenia latifolia, Hoffm.) Cherophyllum patie Jacq. 4 S. Eur, um, L., Eur. Conioclinum Fischeri, Wimm. et etc. er, Corandiiit Vai, L., Eur., ete: Cuminum Cyminum, L., Egypt. Deweya M Torr. e DI N. Am i; CH ic arguta, or £t Eryngium ee” L., S. Eur. triquetrum, Vahl., ; Sicily. Serra, Chmss., Brasil. E 52969. Ferula Ferulago, L., S. Eur., N. Afr. gigantea, Hornem., S. Eur. sulcata, Desf., Italy, etc. tingitana, L, 'N. Afr. Feniculum virescens, Bth., Eur vulgare, Geertn., Sar, etc. Heracleum ur. , Caue., — var. gummiferum, (Wild. ) Sprengelianum rio em. Ind.Or. villosum, Fisch., i Hydrocotyle valenti, i Eur. Lagocia euminoides, L., Greece. Levisticum officinale, Koch, Eur. Ligusticum rante , Hk. fil., N. Zeal. pyrenaicum, "Gouan., yren. Thomsoni, Clarke, Himai. Molopospermum cicutarium, DC., C. et S., Eur. | Myrrhis odorata, Scop., Eur. | Neogaya mucronata, Regel., S ibis: CEnanthe erocata, L., Eur. DEMNM Brign., C. et S., ; Hacq., Carniol. karsthia peucedanifolia, Poll., Eur. ruere Em Koh) Poredni dasycarpum, R. > i. Orient. officin Ostruthium, Koc : (Imperatoria rodar Petteri, Vis., Dalmatia P. (P. Schottii, Hort.) salsum, Steud., Russia sativum, Benth., Eur. inaca sativa, L.) Petagnia saniculæfolia, Guss.; Sicily. Petroselinum Physospermum commutatum, | Rm Eur. (P. cornubiense, DC.) B Pimpinella na, L., Eur ners L., S. Eur., etc. Pleurosperm Tea "Clarke, Himal. pulchrum, Aitch. et Hemsl., ha Ptychotis Kowii DC., India. Scandix Balansæ, Reut., Orie oa Guss., Sicily. Candollei, DC., Nepal. Selinum—cont e e 8, Bth. et Hoo r. (Cnidium e Spr. Seseli gummiferum, Sm., Taur., etc. Sium lancifolium, en Cauc., etc. latifolium, L., | Smyrnium oie Um Eur. Trachymene cerulea, Graham, Austral. ( Didiseus — Hook.) pilosa, Sm., Austral. RUBIACEZk. Asperula m ora Bbrst, S. Eur, boxer AIL, Italy, ete. longifolia, Sibth., Thrace, ete. L. | Galium—con it | parisi o' 2 Eur. rubrum, Scop., S. Eur tinctoria, L., Eur accharatum, All., Eur Crucianell sub-Mollugo X verum. gi! oa L., Egypt. tenuissimum, Bbrst., Cauc gilani rin., Persia. tricorne, With., Eur. graeca, ay e s. Eur. uliginosum, L., Eur Galium verum, L., Eur. agreste, Wallr., Eur. verum x Mollugo. aristatum, L., S. Eur. Phuopsis boreale, L., Eur. stylosa, Benth. & Hook., Cruciata, Scop., Eur. ersia. (Oroi —— Jord., stylosa, Trin pice ifolium, Fisch., Rubia maritimum, L cordifolia, L., FE dn etc. (G. hu mii, ‘Borst. ) m, L., S. Eur, ete. Mollugo, L., Sherardia peiser L., Yo VALERIANACE/E. Centran 'aleriana—econt. sagas, DC., hu, L., S. Eur. microsiphon, Boiss., i cist | — var, aureo-variegata. Ñ 1 | Valerianella — var. albus. ricula, DC., Eur. Fedia Cornucopis, Vahl., S. Eur. inata, Loisl., S. Eu Valeri coronata, Dufr., Medit alliarizfolia, Vahl, Caucas. eriocarpa, Desy., Eur. montana, L., Eur ss DC. S. Eur. officinalis, L., Eur ur. Morisonii, DC., Eur., Taur. — var. exaltata, (M dioi, E m M., ; Persia. — var, Ein (Minn. Y. 43 DIPSACEJZE. Cephalaria leucantha, Sehrad., Eur procera, Fisch.et Mey. „Orient. tatarica, Schrad., Siberia. Dipsacus asper, Wall., Himal. — var. Fullonum, (L. ) Morina longifolia, Wail., Himal. Scabiosa | | oo ee s, Brign.) Piedra ink, Caue. Orie Knautia or "ientalis im ) palestina, L., Syria, ( Asterocephalus Putssliuns, r. ^ alpina, L., Alps p arvensis, le dus. (Knautia Be pesca L. Or d 2 Petters ‘Coult.) (Pterocephalus Par Spr. atropurpurea, I., Eur. Succisa, ee — var. alba sylvatic ur. (Knautia australis, Wulf., S. Eur. ayivatios, Coult) COMPOSITZ. Achillea Ammobium alatum, R.Br., ægyptiaca, L., Orient.” Australia. geratum, L., Eur Anaphalis decolorans, Schrad., Eur. bates ed Lam., Orient. — var. Eupatorium, t. ligustica, All., pratt L o» “Eur. — var. pallescens, DC., Asia Minor. Ptarmica, L., jm — var. alpina ^. biserr - (Bra ) tanacetifolia, All., Eur &, L., Eur. cadera sem Gray, ou Forces Hook.) (Be Gray. j (Shortn aie Hort Actinomeris Barro; iin y M. mer. Itern folius, DC.) (A. ‘helianthoides, Nutt.) Ageratum conyzoides, L., N. Amer. Amellus strigosus, Less Willdenovii, Hav. T Ca (A. annuus, Willd.) ape. mem per. Bth. et Hook., foyiett a, DC., var. inedia Royl., Ind., Or. Anacyclus radiatus, Loisl, ce Eur. Andr — lanata, L., 8. Eur., etc. Anthemis granatensis, Boiss., Spain. L. — var. Antennaria ie Been Eur., etc. — var tosa. — var LE rborea, E yper plantaginifoiia, Hook., Aphanostephs arkansanus, Gray, Ark. ramosissimus, DC., Mexico. E — và Arctium Lappa, L., Eur. (A. mjaus, Schkuh.) 4*2 rticum—con minus, Schkub., Eur. (Lappa inor, DC.) — var. Kotschyi. Arnica e m uae Nutt., N. Amer. Chamissonis Less. 4 N. Amer. ctoti aspera, L., Cape. var. a arborescens, Bot., Mag. Titolita, Jacq., Cape. (A. Leichtlinii, Lynch.) (A. speciosa, Jacq.) Artemisia Absinthium, L., Eur. ritima, L., Eur., Siber. Messerschmidtiana, Besser, ber. Si parvitlora, Roxb., € rupestris, L., Siber., valgus, d Ades n jee Eur., — var. indie —- var. fol Sir iegata. Aster acris, 2 Eur. (Galatella aeris, r. pun s, (DC.) scuminatus, T VG s N. Amer. n; Bigelovii, Gray, New Mexico. (A. T shendii, Hk. fil it., N. Amer. 4 N. Amer. dahuricus, Benth. ., Dahuria. (G. dahurica, DC.) — diffusus, Ait., N. Amer. Drummondii, Lindl., N. Amer. ocky junceus, „N.A mer, TA r mi vin L., N. Am fiuartifolids; i em m plopappus "inset ) 44 Aster—^coi Li icy Bernh., Eur r. (Linosyris vulgaris, longifolius, Lam., N. Amer. — var. 3, Hort., Kew. TMa a E L., N. Amer. Novi-Belgii, L., — var . densus, Hort., Kew — var. niveus, Hort., Kev ars. 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, Hort., Eres ieii Lam., N. Am polyphyllus, Willd., N. Wes N, pr UN Muhl., Ame peendo-amellus Hk. fil., Himal., cn Tot GE N. Amer. po L., N. Am ar. baii Ban Eee p. vimineus, T. et Gr. pyrenzus, Desf., Pyrenees. Radula, Ait., N. er. salicifolius, Ait., N. Amer. var. Shoes, Hook., N. Am sibiricus, L., Siberia, d Stracheyi, Hk. fil., H ae ao L., N. Am T bae. Clarke, Himal. 'Tradeseanti, L., n ee trinervis, pe var. min E (Galatella oe Cas s. Tripoliu , Eur umbellatus, Mill., X. Amer. olius. vau, Took. et Arn.. Falk- and Isles. er Lam . Amer. (fragilis, T. : dc) Bahia lanata, DC (Eriophy llam emspitosum, ugl.) Beria gracilis, Gray, Calif. Bellis sylvestris, Cyril., Medit. Bellium bellidioides, L., Mediter, “ronda L., N. Am milis, H.B. K. Chil Tempa e Willd., N. "Rue, etc. procera, Don. Arizona. Bolton a d List ( B. glas- tifolia, L'Her incisa, Benth E Siberia. (Caii- meris Brachycome Vives, F.et M., Australi Dupitbshevin salicifolium, DC., Eur speciosum, Se hr Eur. b., (Telekia speciosa, DC. ) Cacalia suaveolens, L., N. Am st Nutt. SN Amt Calendul Callistephus Wanra Nees, China ‘ , Eur Carbenia ben: Carduu acanthoides, L., Eur. edicta, Benth. stenolepa, R. et. K. Carthamus lanatus, L., S. Eur entrophyllum lintan, Cassinia fulvida, Hk. fil. Catanane Inten, L., Italy, ete. r. alba. Cenia t n Pers., Cape. Centa ed , L., Italy, ete. atropurpurea, Wa K ustri utoopia Willd., S. Eur. inerea, Lam., T Crocodylium, i Orient. yanus E r. jb cynaroides, (Less, ), Pyrenees, ( haponticum. dealbata, Willd., ‘Caucas. helenifolia (G. et G.), S. Eur. haponticum.) acea, L., Eur., etc. macrocephala, M. et P +s rmenia, melitensis, L., S. Bp monta . Eur. pulchra, (F, et M.), Caucas. 45 Centaurea—cont. D d Jord., Rance ia, — var. . Olivieriana, (DC.) sonchifolia, Ls Medite Zano tes Sebast. et ae. | Chanactis minke Nutt., Calif. | Charieis heterophylla, — Cape. — var. rubra Chrysopsis pilosa, Nutt., N. Amer. villosa, Nutt., N. Amer. Chrysanthem aichillenifotiumi, Bbrst., Cauc. um, Bbrst t carinat cinerariefolium, Vis, Dal- i P. cinerariaz- folium, Trev. eoronarium, L., S. Eur. — album. var m — var. fl. pl cory m, L, Ner (H be midi Willd.) matomma, Lowe, Madeira. latila Willd, Eur. (L. D lat ifolium, ucanthemum, (4n Eur. (L. vulgare, Lam.) — var. discoideum maximum, DC., ees. macrophyllum, W. et K., Eur. (P. macrophyll illd.) Parthenium, Pers, Eur. (E. henium, dpud Parthenifolium, Pers VE anhele Wil ) plánatifiduni, L. fil, Madeira, roseum, Adams, Caucas. (P. Bees e x) segetum, L. Tehihatcheihi (Regel), Siber, (Pyrethrum.) Chrysanthemum—con nt. uliginosum, Pers, Hungary. ies uliginosa, "W. et K.) yD Spain. Chrysogonnm virginianum, bj mer. Cichorium ding; L., Eur. Cni altissimus, Willd., N. Amer. (Cirsium altissimum, xe » ——— Bbrst., ucas. = n M dom. eas Hoffm., Eur. (Cham:epeuce.) me Willd., Eur. (Cirsinm heterophyllum, All. lanceolatus, Hoffm., Eur (Cirsium lanceolatum, Sep. ) monspessulanus, L., (Cirsium vec ien unitus, Borst., Caucas. i m munitum, Bbrst.) ochroleucus, Willd, Eur. irsium m ochroleucum, All.) . (Cirsium D) strictus, nore, Italy, e (Cham:epeuce stricta, DC. y evil Willd., Me ie Wallichii, DC., Hima Conyza Gouábi, Willd. =. Isls. Coreo reopsis Atkinsoniana,Dougl.,N peer: las, D. et H (Leptosyne Douglasii, DC. C) lanceolata, L., N. Amer. maritima, Hook., Calif. osyne maritima, G Gray.) (Leptosyne Stillmani, ray. — Za 4, N. Amer. — var. Cosmos ipit tón, Cav. ., Mexico. t a L, S. Eur., Cape, ete oxyodonta, ] , Cap Cousinia Hystrix, Mee; em | Echinops repis aculeata, DC., Eur. Dioscori idis, touc T " jur. pulchra, L., Eu rubra, 4 setosa, Hall. fil., z ctorum, L. fil; Eur, Siberia. ren 5s a Eur dorsi = ndulaccum R.Br., hypoc BeA aN, Cyna Cardunculus, L., x" Scolymus, L., Medite Dahlia coccinea, Cav., Mexico. D. Cervantesii, Lag.) Mere Lebm., Mexico. r. (D. glabrata, Lindl.) Mens Desf., N. Mexico. D. rosea, pr ) Dimorphotheca annua, Less, Cape. (Calendula per ialis, L.) Doronicuin caucasicum, Bbrst., ges ete Pardalienches, = — và ctw plantagineum, L. Em celsum., um. NE, tee as Harpur riva Hort.) ehantavieus, Traut. Ritro, L., S. Eur. ruthenicus Reichb., 5. Eur. sphierocephalus, L., Eur. — var. giganteus Emilia sagittata, DC., Ind Cacalia coccinea, Sims. ) Erigeron acre, L., Eur. alpinu sE Eur., Amer., e bellidifolins, Muhl., N. ines glabeilus, Nutt., N. Amer mucronatus, DC., Mexico, Erigeron—cont, philadelphicns, L., N. Amer. pulchellus, Regel, Turkestan. salsuginosus, Gray, Aster salsuginosus, Rich.) speciosus, DC _ Amer. (Stenactis speciosa, Ldl. ) aie tag Muhl., N. Amer Eupatorium — L., N. Amer. var, melissoides, Gray. agethtoldes, L., N. Amer purpureum, L., N. A Felicia tenella, Nees, Cape. averia Contrayerba, Pers. MIB Peru. » Lag., N. “Am pile Foug. N. Amer. . lutea — var. ' maxima aristata, Pursh., N. Ara Richardsoni, Hort.) Galinsoga brachy ee ea S. Amer. parviflora, mer. Gamolepis annua, hig , Cape. G anandria, Schultz, Japan, lanuginosa, REIS — Gnaphalium japonicum, Thunb., Japan. uliginosum, L., Guizotia MN DC., India. Helenium autumnale, L., N. Amer. var. p iilum, Gray. Hoo oopesi i, Gra 'ay, N. Amer. Boladi Gray, N. Amer. nnuus, L., N. Amer. . Am cucumerifolius, Gray. ditapetank T aeta Lam. AN. Amer. giganteus, L., N. Amer. l To t G., N. Amer. occidentalis, Riddell, N. Amer. 8 rinm as IN Amer Helichrysu ifolium , DC., Eur bracteatum, Willd, dusiral. bum | N. Amer. | | neeme Buhseanum, Boiss. , Persia, ete. orienta pe i: Es nt. — var. m. eens DC. Austral. Dee "iia Pers., N. Amer. Helipter Manglesi B ne Austral. Rh odanthe h Mangles Milleri, Hort, Australia roseum, Benth., Australia. cro iécliiun. roseum, Hk.) alpinum, L., Ew acopteatbanie, is es H. pu ulmonarioides, vire E a, Blyttianum, Fries., Norway. — Fries., Eur var. cesium, Backh., Eur. ompositum, Lap., Pyrenees. W. et K, E i Eai = P yrenees. Schleich., witzerl. maculatum, Sm., Eur. murorum, L., Eur pent Lindeb., pr €— Tausch, , Eur. tridentatum, Fries., Eur. umbellatum, L., Eur. villosum, L., Eur. vulgatum, Fries., Eur. H hæris rem Ces. et Pass., Medit. (Metabasis mem DC. 4 arachnoidea, Poir. maculata, L., Eur, eee falcata, Willd., S., Inula bifrons, L., Eur. britannica, ts Eur. bonium, Jacq. - Eur. , ete, crithmoides, L., Eur ensifolia, DM Eur T4 e grandiflora, Willd., Canes, ate aree M Willd, Cau ur. Heleni hirta "Y tae Hookeri, Clarke, Himal. Oculis-Christi, L., S. Eur. montana, 5 Et ur. rhizocephala, Schrenk., Son- garia, ete. salicina, L., Eur thapsoides, pns Caue tuberosa, Lam uberosa. Vaillantii, Var ie Iva xanthiifolia, Nut E Amer. ye clachena xanthiifolin, Lactuca an 1a, , S. Eur. cracoviensis, Bick, ur. flavida, Jord., Fr tata, DC., India a Mul- gedium nilgherryense ght. Wig monocapa, (DC.), N. Amer. (Mulgedium lactucaria a, Jacq. „ Eur. So "Gren, et Godr., S. Roberowaki Maxim., Turke- sati vig T Eur., Cus Seariola, L Eur undulata, Edeb., omg Lapsana communi E Tn Bridgesii, eg Chili. ) ba ealliglossa, Gray, Calif. Douglasii, Hook. et Arn., Calif. elegans, Torr et Gr., Calif. glandulosa, Hook,et Arn. Calif. heterotricha, Gray, Ca lif lom glossa, Leontodon ‘hispidus LE Leu ecioides, Hook. E Arn., hili : Liatris eylindracea, Michx., N. Amer, eee erent | Liatris—co er. (Neja falcata, Nees. | spica n “Wil ld., N. Amer. Lindheimern texana, Gray et Eng., Texa Lonas aier Gertn., Sicily. (Athanasia annua, L.) Madia filipes, Gray, S. Calif., acest a madar ioides, Nut sativa, "Molina. , Oregon; Calif. — var. — var. congesta, T. et Gr. — var. racemosa, Gray. (M. mellosa, Jacq.) Marshallia —— vein Texas, etc. . folio , Eur. (Jasonin : Mstriosid callosa, Sch., Eur. caucasica, Bonth , Caucas. (Pyrethrum caucasicum, Willd.) disciformis, DC., Caucas. inodora, L., Eur nigell efolia, DC, Microseris linearifolia Gea am N. Amer. (Calais linearifolia, ; Myriactis Gmelinii, DC., Caucas, etc. Wallichi, Less., Ne T al. oh asperum aquat Schu xc pe cus uen en DC.) Onopordon Acanthium, L., E virens, DC., S. fiw; “ete. Palafoxia Hookeriana, Torr. et Gr; Texas, ete. ( Poly pteris Hookeriana, c J texana, DC., * (Polypteri is tankin, Gray.) ur. | Pallenis spinosa, Cass., Parthenium integrifolium, L., N. | Perezia multiflora, Less., Peru., ete | Picridium tingitanum, Desf., N. Afr. Pieris dahurica, Fisch., Dahur. echioides, L., Eur. (Helmin- thia echioides, "sm ) hieracioides, Ey — var. indica., "Himal. Peíasites vulgaris, Desf., Eur. Prenanthes muralis, L., Eur. Pyrrhopappus carolinianus, DC., Florida, Texas. Rodigia commutata, Spr., Crete. Rhagadiolus creticus, All., S. Eur. (He- dypnois eretica, Willd.) celpinia linearis Pall. stellatus, Geertn., S. Eur Rudbeckia amplexicaulis Vahl, Texas, ete. opis amplexicaulis, enlifor nica, ao Calif. hirta, L., N. Am veh ied SN. occidentalis, Nut, Starr a Nevada, e — var. (R. diversifolia, Hort., l. Eng speciosa, Wend., N. Amer. (Newmanni, Hort.) Sanvitalia procumbens, Lam., Mexieo. Saussurea ep een Hk. fil. et Th., Him dee Ledb., ig ete. oleuca, Spr., Him Scolymus hispanicus, L., g. i Seneci Pers., io e Se S. aureus, ,D., T Amer. eon color, 4 N. Afr. chanting Poir., a Jacqui inianus, Reichb., “Eur, japonicus, Sch., Japan. (L. ni Kæmpferi, DC. Japan. (L. Kæmpferi, DC.) 49 | | | | | | | | i | | Solidago NICA Senecio ; macrophyllus, Bbrst., Caucas. quinquiculatus, Regl., "Asia r. cus, L., Eur., eines Lepech., Siberia. (L. sibirica, Cass. thyrsoidens, DC., Siberia. (L. thyrsoidea DC.) viscosus, L., "Eur. Sericocarpus eid tess: Nees., N. Amer. Serratula coronata, L., Siberia. aucas. heterophylla, Desf., S. Eur quinquifolia, Bbrst,, Caucas. hue iri b. — indivi. Poir. «uris orientalis, L., Ind.,etc. Silphium integrifolium, Michx., N. N. Amer. r tum, L.) onjun ctum, E lld.) ubati rimum, Elliott, N. Amer. tere binthinaceum, init: N trifoliatum, L., N. Amer. (S. t ernatum, Retz.) Silybum eburneum, Coss. et Dur., Eur. Marianum, Geriner, Eur. arguta, Ait., N. Amer. oottii, Hook., = rag bicolor, L., N. A —- var. ae Tor et Gr. canadensis L., N. Amer , N. Am cæsia, ai er. T. oa Gr; N. Drummondij, Am elongata, Nutt., N. Amer. A Solidago—con sempervirens, L., N. Amer. *, ulmifolia, Muhl., N. Amer. Virgaurea, L., Eur., etc. — var. minuta. — var. pumila, Meme Spilanthes Acmella, L., India. oleracea, L., Ind., S. Amer. , Cape. Stobaea gorpur en, DC., . Ste Eupatoria, Willd., Mese, a, DU., „Me afe S Arizona. ar. alba, Gri serrata, Cav., New Mexico, iz (S. TEN Tagetes glandulifera, Schrank, S. mer. Parryi, Gray, Mexico. Tanacetum leucophyllum, Rel, Siber. we. v Eur — var. crispum Taraxacum penn aa DC., Greece, is barbata, Gertn., S. Eur. virgata, Bert., S. Eur. Tragopogon (Geropogon glabrum, Tripteris € "hcinnti Schultz., Urosperm Dulechampii, Desf., S. Eur. — Desf., S. Eur Ursini pulehra, N. E. Brown, Cape. ( Sphenogyne speciosa, Know. et "ape. (SHE UE ee R. Br.) Venidium, ugax, Harv. es um, Hiir. Xanthiun indicum, Wall. Ind., ete. (X. orientale Li Gene . et (Gutierrezin gymnosper- Gr.) , Xeranthemum annum, L., S. Eur. — var. fl. pl. cylindraceum, Sm., S. Eur. longipapposum, F. et M, ersia. Ximenesia encelioides, Cay.,' exico. Zinnia Haageana, Regel. CAMPANULACEZE. Adenophora communis, Fisch., Siber. liliifolia, Bess., Hungary, ete. A. suareoleus, Fisch.) Campanula ^ Willd., Caucas. barbata, ps. o e Eur., W. Asia. carpathiza, L. fil., Carpath. — var. alba. — var. rosa VE ) collina, Bbrst., Erinus, L., Eur. glomerat iL. Eur. Eak, F. et M, “Önek Cam € lactiflor , Bbrst., Caucas. yea Sg peril, i. pw mier prisa qi. Ta. Spain, Campanula—cont. punctata, Lam., Siber., ete. pyramidalis, L., S. Eur ar, alba. rapuneuloides, L, Eur. ramosissima . et S., Greece. i et B., Orient. r Ebon, L, Eur. rotundifolia, L., Eur. ba. (C. Hostii, alba). — var. TEE (Vill. ) sar matica, Ker, Caucas. sibirica, L., Eur., Asia. Lobelia—con syphilitien, : d N. Amer. Tupa, " ens, L., Eur. | Palmore debilis A Ors. N. Am Phyteuma campanuloides, Bbrst., Cauc. . Eur r ENG Platycodon, Lu m : grandiflorum, A.DC., Siber, thyrsoidea, L., Eur. var. } aviesii, Hort. Codonopsis aber ovata, Bth., Himal. (Glos- | coa, OE ond ovato, 1 on.) | faleata, A.DC., Mediter lurida, Hort., pentagonia, A.DC., Orient. Cyananthus lobatus, Wall., mal. — Speculum, A.DC., Downingia pulchella, Torr., f. Symphyandra Clintonia DONS MS pendula, DC., Caucas. Laurentia minuta, DO W: anneri, Teuff., Transyl, Lobelia Wahlenbergia Cliffortiana, L., N. Amer. capense, DC., Cap Erinus, L., Cape dalmatica, A. DC, matia, — var. pur purase ens, ( Edraianthus penat inflata Amer. IC. littoralis, Cum. N. Zeal. lobelicides, DC., Madeira. ramosa, Bth., N. Zeal. saxicola, DC., N. Zeal, DIAPENSIACEJE. Galax aphylla, L., N. Amer, PLUMBAGINEJZE. deccm oreet glumaceum, Boiss., Orie Armeria canescens, Boiss., Dalmatia. a B. & R., Orient. aritima, Willd., Bc — var. alba. E Erden. nde. Willd., Eur. — var. alba. — var. leucantha, Boiss. sibiriea, Turez., Siber. vulgaris, Willd., Eur. — var. rubra, | Statice — Regel et Schm., anrieulæfolia, Vahl occidentalis, (Hi ) Bonduellii, Leoteb., A d., Ca meas. our., "x p iu los dii — var. ‘Gaol (W illd.) — var. puberula leptostachya, Boiss., Orient. speciosa, L., Siberia. . Suworowii, el, Turkestan, tatarica, L., Tauria, ete, 32 PRIMULACEJE. gallis arvensis, L., Eur., etc. — var. carnea, Schrank. — var. coerulea, (Schreb.) septentrionalis, L., Eur., ete. E stellatum, Link, Eur. Coris monspeliensis, ii. „ S. Eur. usa Matthioli, L., ui dif Meadia, L., N. Amer. — var. splendidum. Lysimachia : barystachys, Bunge, Japan. | Samo ee tA ue N. Am Ephscio um, L., Fr rance, ete y rhaskdslis, "Wall., Ind. vulgaris, L., Eur. rimula elatior , Jacq., Eur floribunda, Wall, Himal. denticulata, Sm., T nd. e, Ind. is, Hook., Himal. verticilint a, Forst., Arabia. lus repens, Pers. Aus (Sheffieldin repens, E fil.) Valerandi, L., Eur ASCLEPIADEZE. Asclepi Cornnti, Dene, N. (A. syriaca, L.) tuberosa, L., N. Amer. Amer. | M scatum, seul S. Eur. nig neh, Eur. cinale, Mineh, Eur. GENTIANEJZE. Erythre: enpitata, Willd., Eur. — sphærocephala, Ss. Centaurium, Pers., Eur. diffusa, shige Azores. linarifolia, , Eur. pulchella, Fries. Eur. Gentiana affinis, Griseb., Calif. asclepiadea, t S. Eur. var. alba Társeri, La apa Pyrenees, eruciata, L., Eur, Siber, Gentiana—cont. utea, Pacumonsnthe, L., Eur. tibetiea, King, Him (G. macrophylla, Hori.) rerna, | Sabbatia ‘latin Pursh, N, E. mer. | Sebacea pallida, Mey., S. Afr, 58 POLEMONIACEZE. Collomia coccinea, Lehm., Chili. grandiflora, Dougl., N. Amer. linearis, Nutt. , Cal stenosiphon, men Chili, ete. Gilia achillezefolia, Bth., Calif. androsacea, Steud., Calif. (Lep tosiphon androsaceus Bth. capitata, Dougl., , Calif. incisa, Bth. , Ca laciniata, R. et P. Chili, Peru. micrantha, Stend., : A : Navarettia, Steud., Chili. Gilia—cont. squarrosa, Hook. et Arn., Calif. tricolor, Benth., Calif. Phlox Drummondii, Hook., Calif. paniculata, È., N. Amer . Polemonium ceruleum, L., Eur., Amer., ete. ort mexicanum, Cerv., Mexico. HYDROPHYLLACEZJZE. Hydrophyllum virginieum, L., : r. Nemophila sonir ia, Fisch. et Mey., Menziesi var. ) 1. | Phacelia campanularia, Gray, Calif. congesta, Hook., Calif. jossudalis, Torr., N. Amer. Ttr Dougl., C : : — var. grandiflora, Hort | Parry i, Torr., Califor. : maculata, Bth., Calif | tanacetifolia, Bth., Calif. Menziesii, Hook. et Arn Whitlavia, Gray, Calif. Calif. (N. discoidalis, Flore | Sdn grandiflora, des Ser | t.) parviflora. , Doug N. | — var. alba, Hort. bliésélioides, Natt, N. Line. | BORAGINEÆ. Amsinckia Cerinthe MN Lehm., Acum maculata, L., Eur. rmedia, Fisch, et Mey., major, L., S. Eur. 'alif. minor, L., S. Eur. Anchusa retorta, Sib. et Sm., Greece. eapensis, Thunb., Cape. ‘ 1 italica, Retz., S. Eur., etc. Cynogs vase oe L., Eur. Bor officinalis, L., Eur. — var. alba, H ort. laxiflor: 2, DC., Mediter. Castihis eave, Savi, Persia. micranthum, sae China, officina e, L., pietum, Ait., S. pe Echium demise S. Cb ny — r., (violaceum, L.) Er MR barbigerum, Gray, Calif. strictum, Dene., Himal. Lindelofia spectabilis, Lehm., imal. permum officinale, L., “eo € vrais: Hoffm. a, H. C. Wats., Azores Balbisiana, Jord., Eur —— With., Eur Semperiorens, Hort. wenn Hoffm., Eur see osea, Dbrst., M. x d versicolor, ' (Swee ventricosa, Griseb. 54 | Saure linifolia, Moench, .dympijtum offieinale x asperrimum. tuberosum, L., Eur CONVOLVULACEZE. Calystegia Convolvulus —cont. Sepium, R. br. undulatus, Cav., Medit. — var. sylvatica, (Chois) [pomæœa Convolvulus | P Lam., N. Amer. siculus, L., S. Eur. | ærulea, Hort. tricolor, L., Medit. | Nolan — var. al | atriplicifolia, D. Don, Peru. r. albus, Hort. — var, striatus, Hort. — var. subcerulea, Hort. ; SOLANACEZE. Atro pa Belladonna, L., Eur. So viscosa, H. ru (B. Czerwiakowskyana, B Qa). atura ferox, L., Ind., China. levis, L. ‘fil, Africa. Stramonium, L., Eur. Tatula, L., Eur., etc — var. gigan ten, Hort., Berlin. Hyoscyamus niger, L., E — var. alb t. , Hor orientalis, Bbrst., Caue. L rsicum perenne Mill. St. L. Humboldtii, Dun.) racemigerum, Lange, Amer Nicandra physaloides, Gaertn., Nicotiana ; uminata, Graham, Peru. ácutifolia, St. Hil., Brazil. Amer. | | Nicotiana—cont. , , Brazi chinensis, Fisch., China. fragrans, Bern longiflora, Cav., Chili. multivalvis, Ldl., Columbia, iculata, L., S. Ame plumbuginifolia, Viv., N. répanida, Willd., N. e Eur — var. e "3 (T Virginian,” viridiflora, Lag. Petunia nyetaginiflora, Juss, La Plata, Physalis Alkekengi, L., Eur., Japan. MOOR, L., Peru (P. edulis, | Belpiglsteia sinuata, R. et P., Chili. Schizanthus pinnatus, R. et P., Chili. var. albus, Hort. Scopolia lurida, Desf., Himal. an Dalcamare, L., Eur oes Lam., Trop. Afr., oyali, L., S. Amer. villosum, Lam., Eur. SCROPHULARINEÆ. Alonsoa Linaria incisifolia, B ER. i amethystea, Hoffmg. et Link., W iezii, Rgl., Anarrhinum imi de "Willd. S. Eur Antirrhinum majus, L., NT $n Calit. Orontium, L., Eur rupestre, Boiss. et Reut., pain. Calceolaria chelidonoides, H.B.K., Chili. lsia Arcturus, L., Crete, As. Minor. glandulosa, Bouché, S. Eur. cretica, L., Crete, N. Afr. — var. grandiflora. Chelone glabra, L., N. Amer. semi Pursh, N. Amer. Collins bicolor, Benth., Calif. ulticolor gréndiflors, Dougl., N. Amer. parviflora, Dougl., N. Amer. nag Nut itt., N. Amer. Digitalis ambigua, Murr., (D. grandi- ora, Lam., D. och P. cur. ferruginen, L, : Eur. lu Y purpurea, L., ia — var. alba, Hort. Erinus alpinus, L., Eur, — albus, Gratiola officinalis, L., Eur. Haberlea rhodopensis, Friv., Mace Ianthe bugulifolia, Griseb., Turkey. aparinoides, Steud., Atlas. var. a o-purpu rea, crt UH resti ía aureo- à urea — var. splendens, Hort. a, Hk. minor, Desf., Eur x purpurea, L., Eur., ete repens, Mill., Eur. ee DC 4 S. Eur spartea, Hoffm., S. Eur tips ia, Wilk, Ae Eur. tristis. vulgari s Mi Ts do | Mazus Vieh Benth., Ind. | Mimulus cardinalis, yet N. jv luteus, ding ringens, L 4 4N. Aion: | Nemesia sia floribunda, aes -, Cape. Benth., Cape. versicolor, Meyer, Cape. Pentstem nite tin, Dougl., N. Amer. barbatus, Nutt., N. Amer. EX i campanulatus, Willa Mexico. sus Hartwegii, Bth., Mexico. (P. gentianoides, Ldl.) Pentstemon—cont. levigatus, Soland., N. Amer. CE. strictus, Bth., N. "Amer. Ramondia pyrenaiea, Rich., renees, Romanzoffia sitchensis, Chin. Schistanthe peduncularis, Kunze, | S. Aft: | ee ; Lo Eur Ehrhartii, Stev., Caucas. lateriflora, Traut., Caucas. nodosa, L., Eur. — var. serrulata, Hort. pauciflora, Bth., Sikkim, 12 ,000 ft. Seorodonia, L., Eur. vernalis, L., E Verbascum Lychnitis, L., Eur. macrostachyum, Griseb., Olympus. “a Par, olympieum, ( Boiss.) phæniceum, L., Eur. Siber. var. ferrugineum, (Mill.) phlomaides, L., Eur., e pyramidatum, Bbrst., Caucas. Verbaseum rubiginosum, W. et K., Hun- gary (cupreum, Sims.) Thapsus, L., — var. turkestanicum, Regel. bee Armstr., N. Zeal. "ianuis L., Eur. 56 i Veronica—cont. | | | | | | | Zaluzians | austriaca, L., C. et S. -- var. insat, Pohl. Beccabunga, bellidioides, ai "Kur B Ten. "S. Eur, ete. . e S, _ Al gentianoides, Vahl, Tear: , etc. ems Tis s. 2 etc. sa, Ait., Sib ria. ligustrifolia, Cuin. 4 N. Zeal. longifolia, Le d E S. Eur. variegata, Hort. officinalis pss € Amer. repens, saxatilis, E; aes —v r. Grievei, Hort. seepyliifolla, L., Eur. — var. humifusa, beri. MS L., Eur, e h brida, L) — var. ppm Hort. Teucrium, L., : — var. latifolia, ( L.) r., saturezfolia, Hort. vinis, L., N. Amer. — var. japonica, (Steud.) | Wulfenia carinthiaca, Jacq., Carinth. nskya capensis, Walp., Cape. (Nycterinia capensis, Bth.) selaginoides, Walp., Cape: OROBANCHACEJE. che ramosa, L., Eur. PEDALINE. Martynia—cont. Martynia ere Sw., Ind., Amer fragrans, Ldl., N. Am proboscidea, Glox: sg IN: 6 57 SELAGINEZ. Dischisma arenarium, C. A. Mey., Cape. Globularia trichosantha, Fisch. et Mey., Orient. EE garis, L., Eur var. Wilkommii, (Nym.) bétstreitin tenuifolia, Schrad., Cape. — var. alba, VERBENACEÆ. Phryma leptostachya, L., N. Amer. Verbena bonariensis, L., S. Amer., etc. caroliniana, Michx., N. Amer. officinalis, L., Eur. eg + Hs : Buenos ACANTHACEZE. Acanthus longifolius, Poir, S. Eur. LABIATZE. Ajuga Chamepitys, Schreb., Eur., ta nigra, L., Eur. Calamintha alpina, Bih., Alps. ‘linopodium, Bth., Eur. grandiflora, Lam., S. Eur. umbrosa, Reichb., S. Eur. Cedronella cana, Hook., Mexico. Cleonia lusitanica, L., s. Eur., N. Afr. Dracocepha nutans, PES pares E "Siberia. Ruyse schian . Eur, Asia. vrimincum, Kar. e t Kir., Elsholtzia prc, Willd., S. Eur. ostachys s laciniata, Buge, Horminium pyrenaieum, L., Pyren. Lalle i canescens, F. et M., Syria, iberica, F. et M., Orient. peltata, Fisch. et Mey., aucas. Royleana, Bth., Turkest., ete. mium Lavandula Spica, L., S. Eur., ete. — var. alba. crm i L., Eur. Lophan eines Bth., N. A chinensis, Benth. Oliba, ete. Lycopus exaltatus, L. c s ete. europæus, L., Marrubium candidissimum, L., S. Eur., ete peregrinum, L., Eur., ete. — ‘anh remotum, Hort. e, L., Eur. Seite officinalis L., Eur., etc. rp m Hall., Eur. L., Eur. ntilis, L., Eur. gentilis Huds. . Eur. yramidalis, Ten., S. Eur. Hoquienii, "uo Corsica. L., Eur. — var. crispa, Hook. c Micromeria græca, Benth., Mediter. : Monarda didyma, L., N. Amer. tenia 1 I. à ur Rami Monariella Pring, Gr, "Out Ne xis antha, Fisch., Siberia, multibracteata, Desf., Atlas, Mussini, , Caucas ganu Majorana, L., S. Eur. etc. (M —— tank umbrosa, Turcz., Sita Prunella grandiflora, L., Eur. eg ra, "Hort gw CBranella — var. RUE (L.) egia iana, Bth., N. Amer. — var. speciosa, CERE aa. imbricata, Hook.) Salvia argentea, L., eo Physoste ea udococcinea, Jaeq.) Columbarise Cu alif. glutinosa, L., Eur. à Royle, iain , S. Eur. "Horum Ls, S Eur. interrupta, Schousb., Ma- roceo. Been ene s S. Eur. Vahl — a, Hort. Pda Vahl, Eur. 58 Salvia—cont. ; Penais L., Eur. var. alba. o Vn. — var. rosea, Hor Repolinns, Test , Siberia. Sclarea, L., — var. alba, Hort. angularis, Thunb., > Cape. n L., Eur , Armenia. viscosa, Jan. S. Eur. Satureja hortensis, L., Taur, Caucas. montana, L., "SE Scutellaria alpina, L., Eur., ete. galerie ata, L., Bar. g 8, I, Tauri ja. Sideritis sodfibidos, L., Eur — var. elongata, Hort. alba, Hor longifolia, Bent, Caucas. B. orientalis, L paniculata, Bü. As Minor ; setifera, Mey., Ca ; sylvatica, Is uc Teucrium canadense, L., N. Amer. Chamais E Eur. discolor, Royle., Himal. multiflorum, L., Spain. Ibus var. ig Ruban (Sehkr.) 59 PLANTAGINEJE. Plantago Plantago—cont. arenaria, L., E — var. asia Coronopus, s SR — var. remedi. (Gilib.) Cynops, L., S. "Eur maritima, L., Eur fuscescens, Jord., s. Eur. maxima, Ait., Siberia. Ispaghula, Roxb., India. media, L. Eur. lanceolata, L., Eur — var. roseeflora, Hort. — yar. irrigun, (Fisch.) ; stricta, Schousb., Spain, N. major, L., Eur Afr. NYCTAGINEÆ. Abronia Mirabilis multiflora, Gray, Amer. N. latifolia, Esch., Calif. (A. | Ox Su ois rs ie Sw., arenaria, H Am umbellata, Lam., Calif. ILLECEBRACEZ, Herniaria Paronychia—e glabra, L., Eur. , etc. h A Nutt. , N. Amer, hirsuta, ÉÍ Eur. Scleranthus Paronychia annuus, L., Eur. capita ,S.E perennis, L., Eur. dichotoma, Nut. N. donde. Telephium Imperati, L., S. Eur. AMARAN TACEZE. Amaranthus Amaranthus—co ERE Steel s, Willd., India. yahiculatos. L , India, ete. Sh E, Amer. polygamus, L., Ind. etc retroflexu Kd , Amer., ete. — var. caudatus, (L.) Albersia biden, e acq., s var. speciosus, (Don.) (Euxolus caudatus, Moq.) duos L., N. Amer., ete, CHENOPODIACEA. Acroglochin chenopodioides, Beta Schrad., W. Himal. maritima, L., Eur Atriplex oreille ads India, etc. Halimus, L., Mediter. (B. T gy Roxb.) hortensis, Ls N. Asia. trigyna, W. et K., E. Eur. — var. rubra, Hort. vulgaris, L., Eur., Afr., etc. lacinias, Li Eur. , ete. Chenopodium album, L., Eur. bia ] I. Siberia (Obione Bonus-Henricus, L., Eur. a capitatum, S. Wats., Eur. (A. (Blitum capitatum, L) pee ue wA et "ED fotidum, Sarul Eur 60 Chenopodium—con Corispermum hyssopifolium, L., micranthum, Tranty. (Berlin, i ; B. Eurotia ceratoides, C. A. Mey. opulifolium, d vus i . 1 . polyspermum, Hablitzia tamnoides, Bbrst., inoa, ere ete. : Blitum virgatum, B; ri Eur. Spinacia oleracea, L., Cult. Vulvaria, L., Eur PHYTOLACCACEZ. Phytolacca acinosa, Roxb., India. | Phytolacca decandra L., N. Amer POLYGONACEÆ. Oxyria elatior, R. Br., Ne ; Rheum— Fagopyrum tataricum, "Gern; officinale, Baill., ‘Thibet. palmatum, L., Ind, ete. Polygonu — var. tanghuticum Mus. Don, Himal. (P. Rhaponticum, L., Si Brunonis, Wall.) Ribes, L., Syria, Persia molle, Don multiflorum, Thunb., China, orientale, L xi om viviparum Weyrichii, P "Schm. .; Sachal. Isl. heum Emodi, Wall., Himal. Moorcroftianum, Willd., Ind. syiciforitie; Ro undulatum, L., Siberia; ete. Rumex abyssinicus, J en 4, Abyss. Acetosa, L., Eur alpinus, T3 Eur. Brownianus, Campd., Austral. bucephalophorus, L., Mediter. Hydrolapathum, Huds., Eur. deeem Campd., S. Eur sis, Spr., Himal. obtusifolius, L., vesicarius, L., EUPHORBIACEÆ. Euphorbia Euphorbia—cont. Characias, L., S. E Peplus, L., Eur faleata, L., S. "Eur ur. platyphylla, = "Eur. . ete. heterophylla L., Tad. jue. — a, (L. Sipe Bodl. (St. ze, Spr., Spain. Lathyris, L., Eur. terracina, L., Italy, ete medicaginea, Boiss., Spain virgata, W. et K., Hungary Myrsinites, L., Eur. Mercurialis annua, L., Eur, palustris, L., Eur URTICACEZE. Debregeas Parietaria—con sling Gaud. Se a en lusitanica, L. S. Eur. si n J In rtica Hunk ees S dioica, L., Eur apan. Forskohlea tenacissima, L., Egypt. Parietaria officinalis, L., Eur. elevata Buil: "Madeira. — var. grandidentata. pilulifera, L., Eur var. ilikin (L. ) IRIDEÆ. Anomatheca cruenta, Ldl., Natal. | Iris—cont. Crocus | mellita, Jka., Thrace. aure m., Monnieri, C., asturieus, Herb., Spain ochroleuca, L., Siber. (I. Balanse, Gay, As r gigantea, Carriére.) , 5, var. cilicicus, Kotschy Clusii, Gay, Portuga corsicus, Maw, nen qmdem Ten. qos dis- rict. iridiflozus, Heufil., Transyl. Cult. sativus, L., — var r. Elwesii. suaveolens, Bert., C. Italy. E ma Herb., Dal- vernu s, All. ., C. Eur. vériiscior, Bert., a Alps. zonatus, Gay, C Cilie biflora, L., Spain, etc. Chamæiris, ue S. Eur. — var. lutese graminea, L., Eur. Guldenstedtiana, Lepech., iber. longipetala, Herb., Calif. m, L., Spain, ete. - QXiplion vulgare, Mill.) siphioides, Ehr., Pyrenees (X. latifolium, Mill.) versicolor, a IN, wee virginica, L., N. Am Orthrosanthus malti ‘Sweet, ustr Sisyrinchium Bermudiana, Lin r californicum, Ait, f., Calif. - striatum, Bit, Chili. E 52969. 62 AMARYLLIDACEZE. Alstremeria Leucoium aurantiaca, Don, Chi estivum, L., Eur., e hemantha, R. et P., Chili vernum, L., "Eur, ein Crinum Narcissus _ capense, Herb., Cape. — var. ripari triandrus, L., Pyrenees. DIOSCOREÆ. Tamus communis, L., Eur. LILIACEÆ. Allium A Ampeloprasum, L., Eur. um, L., angulosum, L., Siberia. — var. petias "Reichb — var. acu eed e Schcenoprasum, L., Eur. (Schrad. var. sibiricum, (L.) atropurpureum, W. et K., Seordoprasum, L., Eur H * senescens, L., Eur., Siber attenuifolium, Kellogg, N. — ara L., Eur. ; . Deseglesei, (Bor.) — var. roseum. Bullenem; Willd., Siberia. ceruleum, c Tone subhirsutum, L., 5 , etc. carinatum, Suworowii, Regel, Turkest. declinatum, Heichb., Iu in. tricoccum, fistulos muah Us Siberi urceolatum, Regel Turkey. gigan Regel., Siber. ursinum, dlobosum, Bbrst, Caucas. vernale, ineo, ‘Sici Victorialis, L., Eur. M nr: ete. SE ey Ta Tur- Anthericum ke L Ealing L., S. Eura N. Afr. hymenorrhizum, Ledeb., var. "Algerienso, [m Siberi — var. — — var. tenuifolium, Regel. ramosum Ledebourianum, R. et. S., Aspa din exis 7 pa Eur. Siberia Perea IR jatea; Reichb., S. neapolitanum, Cyril, Italy, E Asphodelus nigrum., L., S. Eu albus, Willd., Eur. — var. multibulbosum, Jaeq, — var. sstivus, (Brot.) nU L., Siberia ramosus, L., S. Eur. rum, L., Siberia. Brodie sorit Don, Siberia. congesta, Sm., Calif. polyphyllum, Kar. et Kir., grandiflora, Sm., Calif. wet lactea, S. Wats., Calif. Porrum, L., 5. Eur. peduncularis, Wats., Calif. viridi Don, S. Eur. etc. . uniflora, Bth., BuenoszfA yres, — var. flavum, 5, Eur. (Triteleia uniflora, Ldl.) 63 cocta _ Willd., Cape. aperi Bulbocodium vernum, Te Eur. aureum, Hk. fil., Calif. anas rupes Kunth, Amer., esculenta, Ldl., N, Amer. | Africa, Asia. Leicthlinii, Ww ats., N. Amer. | Ornithogalum Chlorogalum pomer idianum, arcuatum, Stev., Caucas ‘Kun Calif. exscapum, Ten., X. Eur. Colchicum speciosum, Stev., fimbriatum, Willd., Orient. Caucas. latifolium, L., Egypt, etc. Convallaria majalis, L., Eur., Amer. narbonense, L., S. Eur. Eremurus altaicus, Stev. 3 Caucas. | ortbophyllum, Ten., S. Eur. Bungei, Baker, Orient. tenuifoiium, Guss., Sicily. Fritillaria a tum, L., Eur., N. Afr. imperialis, L., Eur. Polygonatu — var. inodora. anceps, ? M oeil Eur., ete. Meleagris, L., Eut — var. striatum, Hort. pontica, Wahl. » Bithynia. biflorum, Ell., N. Amer. (P. ruthenica, Wickst. .. Siber. pubescens, Pursh.) tenella, Bbrst. ., Caucas. giganteum, Dietr., N. Amer. Funkia (P. latifolium, Desf.) ver ine Spr., Japan. cup e All., N. T. Zone . alba, je — var. albo-marginata, Hort. erticillatum, All., Eur ovata, Spr., Pusehkinia scilloides, De Sieboldiana, Lodd. „ Japan. ucas., ete. sgh pes € Japan. Scilla | ameena, L., S. Eu Galtonia sondicans, Den ne., Natal. computa Ait. n "dosis, ete. ( Hyac inthus candieans, (S. hispanica, < Il.) f, — var. b Glyphosperma Palmeri, S. Wats., italica, L., Ttaly, dx dco. lingulata, Desf., N. Afr. Hemerocallis nutans, Sm., Eur. (S. non- Dumortieri, Morren, Japan scripta, Link.) (H. Sieboldii, Hort.) ar. alba. flava, L., S. Eur — var. cernua, (Hoffn fulva, i Gm Kur, pratensis, W. et K., Onde — var. Kwanso. Regel. T: Huds., W. Éur. Hyacinthus Smilacin amethystinus, L., iet. rialisti Desf., N. Amer. dubius, Guss., S. racemosa, esf., N.A romanus, L., S. Eur (Tovaria racemosa, Neck.) (Bel levalia roman a, ' Reichb.) Tulipa Kniphofia biflora, L., Cau Wess Meench, Gas Regel, Siberia, rallina, Hort. i bilin. Veratr eian Halbocodium, Ram., i , Eur. ; : t N. Amer., ete. Muscari Wachendoráa S ytins Ss Cape. armeniacum, Baker, Medit. Z: esi eh ^ Bue i commutatum, Guss., S.Eur. (Z. commutatus, Heldreichii, Boiss., Greece. Schult fil., Ze cana neglectum , S. Eur, Hort, Z. chloranthus, racemosum, Mill., Ear, Richards, Anticlea glauca, Szovitsianum, Regel, S Siber. Kunth.) Narthecium tepals Hud., Eur. 64 COMMELINACE. Commelina - 'Tradeseantia— cont. ccelestis, Willd. virginiea, L., N. Amer. se UN Roxb., E. Ind. — var. latifolia, Hort. Tradescant — var. pilosa, (Lehm erecta, vite . Mexico. — var. splendens, Hort. JUNCACEZE. Juncus | Juneus--eond acutiflorus, Ehrh., Eur. | obt tusiflorus, Ehrh., Eur. balticus, Willd., À | platycaulis, S., Amer compressus, Jacq., Eu | tenuis, Willd., Eur conglomeratus, L., Eur. (J | trifidus, L., nis, Meyer.) | Luz filiformis, L., Eur. | campestris, DC., Eur. glaucus, | nivea, Desv., Alps, ete, , Eut lamprocarpus, Ehrh. ,; Eur. TYPHACEZE. Sparganium | Typha , Curtis, Eur. | angustifolia, L., Eur. simplex, Huds., Eur. | latifolia, L., Eur. . AROIDEZE. Arum orientale, Bbrst., caucas, ete. ALISMACE. Alisma Plantago, L., Eur. | Butomus umbellatus, L., Eur. NAIADACEJE. Triglochin palustre, L., Eur. Triglochin palustre, var. Bar- relieri, ( Loisl.) CYPERACEJZE. Carex | Carex— acuta, L., Eur. binervis, Sm., Eur adusta, Boott, N. Amer. | crinita, Lam ,N.A ampullacea, Good., Eur. | depauperata, Good. pow ur. | distans, L., Eur. ra axillaris, Good., Eur. disticha, Hads., Eur, flava, P — var. Oederi, (Ehrh.) glauca, Murr., E Bordeifoenis, Wh Ibrg., Eur Cauc. (hordeistichos, Vill.) Se Schk., N. Am Linki, wW illd., Mediter. Morrowii, Boott, Japan ovalis, Goo „ Eu paniculata, i. Eur. pendula, Huds., Eur. (C. maxima, Scop. ) punctata, Gaud., Eur. remota, L., Eur riparia, Curtis, Eur. straminea, Schk., N. Amer. (C. fænea, Mhlbrg. ) strigosa, Huds., Eur. , Carex—con sylvatica Huds., Eur. tenella, Schk., Amer, ete. vaginata, Tau vulgaris, be N. Amer., ete. vulpina, L., Cladium ue um, Sehrad., Eur., etc. (C. Mariscus, R. Cyperus vegetus, Willd., N. m Eleocharis palustris, . Br., Eriophorum angustifolium, Roth. Zur Scheenus nigricans, L., Eur. Scirpus atrovirens, Muhl., N. Ame Caricis, Retz., Eur. gf rail compressus, Panz.) setaceus, L., "E sylvaticus, Li. eand e uur. ar. zebrinus, Nicholson. triqueter, L., Eur. Gmel, GRAMINE. ZEgopogon pusillus, Beauv., Mexico. m, Beauv F; ete. repens, oun Eur, ete. (T. repens, L.) — . var. xri ed s geniculatus, L., Eur nigr icans, Ho ornem., deae praten sis, L., Eur. ar. fol. variegatis, een furcatus, Vote N. Amer. scoparius, Michx., N. Amer. Eur. Wc erum odoratum, S A Eur. elii raus et Lam Apera Sricavent Beauv., Eur (Agrostis Spica- -venti, L. y Arundo- conspieua Forst., New Zeal. (Ca m magrostis con- spieua, Gm Arvhenatherum ude Beauv., Eur Avellinia Michehi, beds Eur. Avena sativa, L., S. Eur Brachypodium dihi R. et S., Medit. gracile, Beauv., Eur. Siber. pinnatum, Beauv., Eur. Briza media, L., Eur. minor, L., Eur. Bromus arvensis, L., Eur. Biebersteinii, R. et S., Jau cas. MNA Thurb., N, Am Bromus—cont. ciliatus, L., N., Am . (B. Adda Michx., epigeios, Roth, Eur. T ceolata, Roth, Eur. ria, Trin., Eur., etc. Cainbéont E uatiea, Beauv. , Eur. Ceratochloa aniclaides, S. Eur r. (Bromus unioloides, Chloris elegans, H.B.K., Mexico. on Dactylon, L., Cosm op. Cynosurus cristatus 2 Eur. Dactylis glomerata, T Eur, ete. Deschampsia — Beauv., Eur. ( Aira sa, L.) cæspito — var. eae. flexuosa, Tn, Eur. (Aira flexuosa L.) Eleusine coracana, Ie 4,8. Amer., ete. — var. strict: Elymus arenarius, L., Eur., ete. canadensis, L., ‘Amer, var. glaucifolius, Gray. condensaius, Pre: . Ame giganteus, Vahl, Siber., etc. mollis, Trin., N. ini L., N er. cus, L., N. Erianthus strictus, Baldw., N. Amer. Festuca arundinacea, Schreb., Eur. H heterophylla, [germ Eur. rassata, Salzm ur. (Vulpia incrassata, Trin.) 66 | | Melica Festuca—con? rhe is Eur. (V. Myurus, el.) ov e T Eur rigida, Kanth, Eur. (Scle- rochloa rigida, Panzer.) grues Roth, Eur. (V. omoides, Link, F. ima cu es, L.) Glyceria elongata, Trin., N. Amer. maritima, Wahl., Eur Hierochloe borealis, Roem. et i ur. Holcus lanatus, L., Eur. Hordeum bulbosum, L., S. Eur. jubatum, L., N. Amer murinum, L., Eur. pratense, Huds., Eur. a cristata, Pers., Eur. Loliun dn e L, Eur — var. it alicum, (Braun, ) temulentum, L., Eur. altissima, L., S. Eur.,Cauc.,ete. ili te. nutans, L., uniflora, Retz., Eur. Molinia eroe. Menon Eur. — var gata E E "Willdenovii, Trin., mer. Han stricta, La Per, Panicu capillare, L., N. Amer. um paced ae B, Br, C. ustralia. effusum, R. Br., Austra!. m. maximum, Jacq., S. Amer. Wightii, Nees., Ind. Or. Phalaris srundinacen, graphis L, Eur, ete. arundinacea, Trin rin.) — var. fol. variegatis. Phalaris—cont. canariensis, L., S. Eur., etc. cerulescens, Desf., 8. Hie „ete. paradoxa, L., S. Eur Phænosperma globosa, "Munro, u pratense, L., Eur. — var. nodosum, (L.) Poa alpina, L., — var. ^ed ee: Setari glauca, ae Eur. macroc ions ink, Eur. Schismus "fürgiaatol, Beauy., S. Eur. | Secale cereale, L., As. Minor. montanum, Guss., Sicily. Sorghum cernuum, Willd., Ind. halepense, L., S. Eur., etc. saccharatum, Moench, Ind., t ete. vulgare, Pers., Ind., ete. — var. bicolor, Willd. _ | Stipa Aristella, L., S. Eur., etc. barbata, Desf., N. Afr. Calamagrostis, Whlbrg., $. Eur. (Lasiagrostis Cala- | Tri eres flavescens, Beauv., Eur. ^ Mays, R5 ^ Eur. — Var. ae * d ae Toe f BE Xov : diia d A oi aT dam [AU Rights Reser ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. XXXII.—FORSTERONIA RUBBER. (Forsteronia gracilis, Benth.) ora of British Guiana is in course of being ho a intelligently investigated e Governm and Superintendent of the Botan arden at iens ie eritical determination of the Petters is i ania à on at Kew, where typi specimens are added to the collections o f Guisn xist shm the E. I] Um B st Macw . A botanical examination of the peer by Professor Oliver pro roved that this plant was a species of Fo ” Ar. gracilis, Benth.), a genus of Apocynacee. "This family is ext rich in india-rubber p ue zs dieci ose which : alayan The a i nb re ie dy rrp Belles om EYRE Ax» SPOTTISWOODE, M anD ©. | No “ could obtain à a on, I should be greatly obliged Tt is dis- “ coloured from the creek water in which it was washed, the only kind > “ of water that was there obtainable. The fresh ini. seems to be * rich beyond any I have before found in caoutchouc. The only "n E I He need} is that it dries slowly, remaining sticky for some E the kindness of Mr. S. W. Silver, F.L.S., to whose good ore in connection with the investigation of numerous samples of is establishment is greatly indebted, we have been favoured : i valuable properties, that it would be well to ascertain whether a ; tity could be laced in our hands for further experimenting. of commercia E .* We note the remark as to its being * discoloured = being washed n peaty water’; this treatment has in no way interfered with our being able to report upon it. One side of it is he with a a brownish t of a resinous character, and is evidently prod ed either n of the resin itself, contained i in this eene or from ‘substance, as it is, ,cannot be worked it = i oe ber sppliances ; this is due to its Arist i difficulty of removing water frorn it c any ordin proce: of drying, which is essential with india a-ru On removal of the resin, the caoutchouc is r reovened i in a soft, i: sticky condition, quite unfit for manipulating as itdir ‘When a substance of such promise is sen xamination ^ it is . only im portant that a larger supply should be availa able for the rpose i nt ex] far, there appear eme grounds for pelier that if the plist from which the rubber was extracted exists in any quantity in the r of Demerara, the colteotion of the rubber osa be a xm g commercial undertaking. with this subject, it may be useful to draw attentio ncc er species of Forsteroni tei T. beatus called în in o yield | been unable to obtain specimen wer or fruit.” | Report for the year 1884, pp. 46-47, it is furiher stated that digenous plant, known as as _the * milk-withe, ' found in the mo eme of what by bale to be the same rubber was sacred iere ago A the Manm of tbe Pharmaceutical Society of Great | by Mr. John Sawyers, of Derry, S 1 parish of Manch T Exe ES idus this irae = now (thanks to further speci- me by Mr. Bassett Key) been determined at Kew as - = FUR floribunda,” G. Don XXXIII.—PATCHOULI. (Pogostemon Patchouli var. suavis. it s used in a os e ate scenting drawers, after the manner of the old-fashioned lavender The otto or esset oil is of a dark brown colour, with ur to be more powerful than any obtained from the v pears to come from the Straits $ ments and islands in the Eastern Archipelago, nang enr E Fuller particulars respecting Patchouli and its c £s p. Nerd tote bri rings oper the information which has reste this sihaislhvtint road ao the actual source of Patchouli and. its present emeret lv ’s ^ Penan nang, - 17th August, 18 =“ Thaye the honour to advise you of ihe despatch, per S. ` ees — .* of one small case, containing dried plants for determ dca leaves of Urena lobata, i var. ‘santa ' Patchouli; and it would be interesting 1 not cultiva ui e quantity in pau. ET wis god wile du me "ésoubicscias When fud joe mut h to submit the three samples to a content judge of , and by so doing you will be conferring a bene shall be enabled to form a definite eee ded cultivation will prove profitable or o otherwi: information respecting the prepar weiss probable ‘future &c., would also be of great assistance * C, CURTIS.” e specimens received from Mr. Curtis were forwarded to Messrs. d Lubin, of New Bond Street, who were good eno i e to ri spon them, as follows :— "2 New Bond l Stree * Sth October m “The sample Ns. lisexcellent. 'The com sien value we estimate & to be about 807. or 1007. per ton. No. 2 is less valuable pro rata for * the weight of stalks, which kave no odour, and yield no attar on * distillation. No. 3 you correctly describe as being used for the .* adulteration of the genuine leaves. We always “find it in the .** Patchouli leaves we purchase for perfumery purposes. If it yielded ‘odourous essential oil on distillation, that would possess some ial value. The sample appears to us, however, to have but very slight camphoraceous odour. are expecting shortly the first consignment of i ub leaves . €. Fillan, who is- E it experimentall minica. Hd mand for Both di and attar of Doak iab: not great, is steady and continuous. The attar fetches about 2s. per oz. weight. — “Presse AND LUBIN.” ioa specimens were forwarded to Messrs. teh eer Burbidges, . and Fi rries, who obligingly sent the following report :— “16, Coleman Street, 12th October 1887. receipt of your faveur of the 3rd ultimo, together r with. of ui es. The sample 1, Pogostemon Dicho uli, i8: r aod worth abcut ls. per Ib. No. 2 is very air “flavour, worth about 4d. to- per No. 3, il known on oV market and is of no commercial Ns T doubt if it contains any useful property, € should think. es only be : added to inerease the bulk of Patehoul e valuat uations I have given you would apply to shipments of t if a large parcel, say 20 tons, were suddenly put on —— would probably decline. It is, therefore, advisable ; caution in making shipments. At the pre moment : e fair demand for good leaves. Any further information. I shall iei Lh to e. you. BURBIDGES, CYRIAX, AND FARRIES,”?. Don a d | sak e | regards Pate houli leaves us s good aink to supply. us with the following "n Pere on “Mincing Lane, E.C, Rios ease | «20th October 1887. . g to my letter of du Ge Iam gei tobe able to give information a bu sines character re P atchouli, : * The supply is somewhat limited in this maket, dnd the quali? of * leaves arriving here not, as a rule, quite satisfactory. The quality ost “There is ever a emand for leaves, as the ye p s 5 & prefer io buy the oil itself, but, as a rule, distillers in the East * adulterate it. If a genuine oil could be shipped, it would fetch ^ ph ive con * sell them on the market for 3 cin cent. commission, or to bu; uy t rta dud ijed to approval of quality. ; u think of any Siha: er a which i might, i v 1 oe be — to give 2 Lampen > above information will, no doubt, prove acc epable dents in tien Colonies, and it will, at the same tim: ully servi E eet uiry which has reached this értabsbonert mpi t Patchouli fion the Government of India, 1 Simla, 5th August tter date In a let , the Revenue and Agri- ostemon xtended ; icularly, can Has cultivated Er the following reply w as addressed m idia Office x * Royal Gardens, i E January 1888. Eu. The true Patchouli plant is free from reco it is the Pogoste ** mon Patchouli described and figured by Sir William Hooker i “ Kew m urnal of Botany, vol i, p. 328, t. Il, from. cultivated : p. í A ni * commerce, is indigenous in any part of India. . © him in this opinion, as. € in oe that it m ultima > p to Eos origina — 5 « Patchouli plant: is pese c. known, thou; at p * origin. It is equally certain. that it is abundantly e votes Settlements, The Patchouli of co e is, as concerned, an ie production. I may remark, he y pr. King, the Superintendent of the Royal Botanic. Garde den, “ when recently i in Ex gla nd, informed us that there is a pl that it does not etn but da did agree with the true pe of c càn be more Sad There is no evidence vice in ds ow fence of the. ‘ existence of any form of Pogostemon Patchouli, scented or sn ae * in the Khasia or es region. ith a Patchouli " dar. native to Khasia and Assam. What this. “ plant A be is doubtful; but it is Y not the Patchouli of | It finds a place in the Flora of British India, vol. 4, 624, as a doubtful Plectranthus (Plectranthus Patchouli, Clarke). atever it may be, it is widely different from any form of Pogostemon D m = = of course, not denied that if it has the true mmercial u use in ndia. There is no inherent 3 hat, however, is a p to be worked out. upon n the. i p arded as feral disti of Pogostemon Patchouli, . * What may be re m probably mid scentless, are commonly indigenous in the Western Peninsu ombay southwards. ‘There may, however, be lo oc ** scented for E which are cultivated, ced for aught I know, the true .* commer peat Patchouli plant may be cultivated in Indian gardens i in “the Peninsula. All this can only be eMe by inquiry. If dried f a specimens of plants used as Patchouli could be obtained from differen * parts of India, the matter could be very readily settled by botanical J: y d gation at w * W. T. THIsELTON Drm." noue plants Indigofera tinctoria, and are plentifull Soon uted in West seu "heaven ba Indigo, . Loncho ea which has been n already ins inv Mi eid — of fruit are still. wanting to 1 one case, wate x Randia 1 malle oro, Benth., have ‘been sent. — of. this Tean locally called “ Blippo,” is used by the the onbuttoo to dye ihoia. "The juice at first — colourless, an it is said to develop n a day or two. The frui ardenia mpra "Thurnlergio, and the seeds of Cren loma) verd were ing Indigo, but Leena under a mist ical with the species of Randia above menti j | to be the c of an aroid p ined st apprec ' quantity, b pari ossessed no special ‘properties which would render th r dyeing Lie as So far there i is nothing "Fe tobe to indicate that any of these Indigo =a are likely to mn e of commercia vine The. ordinary indigo en (either 7. tinctoria or I. Ani nil), à Ted under cultivation by the natives, but the preparation is so inefficient that the produce is not likely to compete successfully with Indian and other sources of Indi k The most promising plant, next to species of Indigofera, is no doubt. that alveaty mentioned as yielding Yoruba Indigo. Ina paper, read. > su _ of correspondents and others interest a West African products :— “Tt has long been known from the ‘observations of travellers, that. * the natives of the West Coast of Afri rica or of them was = source of the dye in use amongst the = inhabitants of the West cd a “ It was therefore with some surprise that I found amongst * number of specimens received at the close of last year ' from Capta * Alfred Moloney, C.M.G., Admini th Coa: o * He replied to me, on April 10, from Lagos, as follows : ieee * * [ am glad to find I have sharpen ed your appetite as to the Indigo. * * The country abounds with it; but as the young shoots are the ** * parts from which the dye is made, you can realize the difficulty of “ < securing flower and fruit. I do not despair, however. . . . - Em his tree might be largely deve! edd ee: uminous. The Yoruba for éi T" * gequai of the vast Kew He ratum in which it « safe to say that no human being will ever surpas ee my attention to a specimen (3360) brought back 1 ae edition by Barter in 1859. It is accompanied by a 3 — which I transcribe: ‘t Indigo of the Yoruba country. erum shrub 4 h panic u tn. t plant is an orchid of teme habit, of which there are pro- bably several species under remet on. e more common oe appears tobe Vanilla planifolia, Andr. (V. clavieulata, Sw.) Other species ader cultivation are V. aromatica, Sw., and V. grandi fora, Eich. plants yielding Vanilla requires to be carefully e 8 i the herbarium of this scd ittle li on the subject. Hence, a good its of plants yielding Vanilla, carefully dn spirit, would be a valuable addition to the appears that C IONS Chica, Rehb. f. (Xenia Orchidacea, »P- t. 2), yields Vanilla on the Isthmus of a vmi which is The fedt of ‘this plant is highly esteemed as an aromati ic by the habitants of the Isthmus [Panama], and used for all purposes for h real De = commonly used. It is termed * Vanilla Chica, anilla,’ because its fruit i = very much smaller than that of Vani illa found in the Isthmus.’ as D \s regards starting a Vanilla —— it is important Um p Ne in mind that. the plants, being climbers, it i necessary to UE le them with support of some om and generally, f for As Fen dem: v. — trees, trellis-work, s pillars, o . Du [ ving stems of rough- are Srobabl? th the best MS d. iem used. In siaaa to support, the — pri amount of shade. This, however, | de | j "A ce | of ihe shade may be; it 8 oe | id that the Vanilla plants should be Espi within easy reach — at and mot allowed to climb high up smongst the J nd arcund. the e support ionii be prepared by dee ‘trenching ; the fay of a foot or iit inches. The drainage of the bed should be rfect. The most favourable soil consists of fine "fine rich loam, mixed with. Bi ORA alow the: mestiere surface and support by means of stones or rockwork. Wher ere obiit E able, the cuttings should consist of portions of stems about two or three feet long, but all the better if four or five feet long. The leaves are Thus started, Vanilla cuttings readily take root, and the stem will i grow and flourish. den upon um: e size of the cuttings, the plants — begin to flower in the ex year after medir They do not, however, flower freely ont the third kn fourth yea n Fertilization of the Flowers.—The first duty of ais cultivator wh | e pla i i f e flowe DUAE. differentiated organ, the parts of which ca v ce to ^ + o 79. pollen is carried to the stigma of the Vanilla flower by means of i agency id rues Where these partieular inseets are absent, their work m be performed by the cultivator, or no Vanilla pods will be secl It is recommended that the dig of fertilization shonld s place in the morning. It is advisable that all the flowers in a cluster be ferti- lized as they open; but of t Beta are successfully rin, only a certain number, de “ponte on ae age and strength of the v should be allowed to remain. If too many pods are retained at first, ihe vine a rocess of fertilization will be better understood by: a referent to the ene given herewith. The only instrument n l piece of bamboo or sharpened stick the thickness of a load p about Tour or five inches long. = h er is venas it will be noticed that there are three outer and three inner floral parts, which are sometimes designated the | p sepals and the petals respectively. tam: of the latter i is so — altered and so distinct in form and At a, fig. 5, is re 'epr resented containing the pollen. masses, and at 5, the stigma | or: viscid s - At fig. 6 is represented a ‘section through the top of : the coh . the position of the pollen masses masses a, and the stigma b. . noticed that the stigma is separated from the pollen masses by a lip projecting over the stigma, In the work of fertilization it to lift up or tear away this lip, and transfer the tee : at «to the stigma at 6, as shown in fig. 7 .. the instrument is s shown at figs. 2 and 3. aS "The work of fertilization, when on idi An ex a thousa e orenoon. ne sini mode is to seize the flower with the left hand “bettie een = thum middle EXPLANATION OF PLATE. k e L—Portion of stem of Vanilla plant, with leaf, aerial root, and cluster of flowers; a, front view of Vanilla flower; b, side view; c, aerial root, with root hairs. Fig. 2. d flower of Vanilla, exhibiting the first stage in the process of artificial fertilizat The operator, provided with a finely-pointed piece of bamboo, divides the lip or labellum medially, so that the central lobe is separated from the two side lobes. This exposes the column and organs of fecundation. The instrument is represented as placed against the column, ready to press upwards the anther a, and bring the pollinia in contact with the stigma b. es 3 een flower = Vanilla, exhibiting the second stage in the process of cial fertilization ; b shows position of column exposed by division of di i [the middle lobe of lip is pulled forward and soes api itself to Show the position of the column; the side lobes of li shown in Fig. 2, are represented at back of the iiio $0, ds SEN - of pollen masses, taken from the anther and placed on the stigma. Fig. 4.—Enlarged front view of top of the column; a, the anther. Fig. aee side view of top of the column; a, the anther; 5, the stigma, or d surface on which the pollen masses must be placed to ensure fertilization. section through top ‘of the column; a, one of the tee masses in situ; b, the stigmatic cavity. i ; nee Fig 7 Sa section through top of b column ; a, the T masses, having n transferred from a, Fig. 6, are now represented in contact with the enun surface. d dried shown, these figures give a tolerably good of what is actually necessary in order to mte fertilization i ina Viii flower.] olumn is rem moved, so as to expose the anther-and stigma. Pie aper wards, and the anthers brought down tact al ate peel surface, as shown in figs. 3 and 7. reped until it is six or seven mon ring the Pods.—The pods are left. on the vine until they begin to slight yellow tinge at one end. "They are then gathered from day, ca hee ng taken not to Pp those not yet fit to Lm are spread out on mats to drain. For the -with oil, and rendered supple and lustrous. When quite cured, the pods of a rich ark chocolate colour, pliable in texture, and perfectly free skets of 50 aee they are tied in the middle, and end. These packets are then carefully put up in closely reped uring Vanilla, cannot do better, ultivati India, by J. E. O'Connor, Caleutta, 1881; and La Vanille, sa Culture ud Préparation, par A. Delteil, Paris, Challamel Ainé, 2, Rue Jacob, : ee have been frequently grown and fruited in oo A Sion House, and other establishments. 187 ema fifteen. cuam each of which d off quite clear and bright. It is — GENE as a flavouring , or, when blended. with other scents, it makes delicious per- Those sold em the titles of initis; heliotrope, wall- ntain | half in bulk of Vanilla extract. XXXVI.—STREBLUS PAPER. (Streblus asper, Lour. ) The preparation of paper and even cloth from the bark of the Papet Mulberry (Broussonetia era) is a circumstance which is well known, Variou us specimens, illustrating the uses of the bark of this from Streblus asper, Lour. This latter is a tree widely distributed | e India, Ceylon, and t Asia, where it is known under - variety of native names. It does not appear, however, that it is used- for paper making to any Aen extent in any country except Siam : RUE . The following correspondence, which has taken place bett He ae establishment and the Foreign Pun contains practi ar all: = available information on the subject :— | ; “I have the honour to inform you that I o ) m. * Makers’ Monthly Journal an account, based on i MENT. cquire« : * by the late E = hard Schomburgh, of the manufacture of paper * Siam ada ark of Streblus er (otherwise 7rophis aspera), * a tree | has ie as Ton-Kh “Tt is stated that legal documen ts and Government correspondence * are written on paper r made from this material. Black paper, written es j e used for r * seems wo use ^d acre tak of p aper. e Museum of the Royal Gardens * no specimens illustrative aihir of the raw material or of the n 1b 3 ure, therefore, to us the dam that the Secr * State will us e of. the kind offices e Minister gem ps I o d .** specimens (1 ut the raw material in its se : 5 of of in s (1) * characteristic Ee etl miis ed in Re heatha ; 8) 1s it : mod ad establishment i in usual cour ew o z *€ Fo; "ip "WIR aute to your letter of the 26 l -S * the se of Salisbury to transmit to you eM 's Chargé d'Affaires at rmn forwarding D * manufücture and u uses of Ton Khoi 3 >. © Bangkók, 28h. “IN an oa to instructions contained in ck a of. 29th .1887, close a re prepared by | B Dagstios; with Tm T the SUE MAE ot paper fi from the bark = T tree dem Ee di * EB: GOULD? “Ton Knuor" 1rs MANUFACTURE AND USES. Ed French, in a commercial report for the year 1885, in describing follow tu *" "Ton Khoi? The process of manufacture is simple. The smaller “ branches of the tree are cut, and steeped in water for two or three days. “ The bark is then stripped off, and brought in bundles and sold to arthen jars, and more lime is added. After a is taken out of the jars, a having been well washed to ; e, it i i ime, it is beaten with a et [for about until it paesani am of pax pulp. A frame of netting six and a half feet long, and of width " from eighteen in water, and the Lie e pm di c n | mixed up in [ water, is X poured out on to the frame so asto be equally distributed over The frame is ike en lifted out of s and a small wooden rar is run over the surface of the Ly zb. Er this process the water is squeezed out and the pulp pressed Th ace. This is done by applyi ng the suri: y a se paste of rice : uur to the surface, and then Te it down wit | black paper, which is written o with a slate Dedit; is made by uri Me xürfuce ^il ur mel i oal,” The process of the — having | ‘been thus described, some tree itself, and the various uses of the m e of dro diens e Tae ut which most of the native paper industry is carried on — on the left bank of the River Ménam, between six and seven eu venation ite retical, and there is : à bese inn is ripe ‘deste March ‘and April, is small and ary, is not PS to any use by the natives of Siam. - : "he in addition to being. d in the manufacture of paper, by nati ive doctors for medicinal purposes. It is boiled with a portion of "te and, — terme state, it pice ` Xe § e. especially in the teeth, when pole SEU to the affected The native name for the frame of netting into which the pupi ie: ured is *Phaneng," the price of which i me one tical (2s. ) The price | of a sheet of the paper, as it is rm off a eS IF x 11", is one fnnang, equivalent to 3d. Englis ney. 2 -= A paper of a thinner texture is dis sista fees fineness - the | texture depending on the greater or lesser adm of water with the pulp of the “ ton khoi” bark when placed in the reis of netting.- This | thin paper is now falling into disuse, and is gradually bang relegate ted to remote districts of Siam, and to use by the poorer classes i. m eem apes mem es French's Report, ae of t sid i ample veas is made of the ou _ ken ries “of the bark, A hist the white is produeed qeu M interior lining. The paper made of the outer peelings, after Pie ee » L B p t me process as the white, is smeared with a liquid mixt by boiling the charcoal o t s or shrub called ** Ton San certain quantity of rice. When folded in the shape of books of th ace EMO the paper is sanly covered with a double Sani. of i this e “Ton Sanoh” above mentioned is a shrub growing to t height of some 8 or 10 feet, and is of a pithy na E Eu pen and ink, or, better, by mean a native pen formed o small piece of split bamboo, hollowed along the centre, and tapering to a point. This latter is used with Chinese ink (the same as z ndian ink), stick. T which is sold in sticks at prices varying from lłd. 3e black - n e pen for writing on white paper, the — —— being a mixture lime either with the sap of the “ton makhuit” (a species « with a kind of chalk called. v pd natives * horadan. i writing has been impressed on the paper, the whole is smeared ing of varnish obtained from the *ton jang, ” in order to- characters ard prevent erasures. The blac 3 DOM of the but in its t stages of manufacture MA f d, numbered and marked E to the successive sta, : “through which it passes before its appearance in paper fo rm; ee ear of the leaf, and of suc ch other objects that bear upon We illustrate the manufacture of native paper as I have been able to W. R. D. BECKETT. The specimens illustrating the mE a whieh have been deposited in eped of trunk of tree; a frame of netting ; native books, white and samples of material in various stages e preparation ; hammer bark ; and mixing pot, with Penis and pens for rM : Kew, 30th December 1887. I mm the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of December 10th, transmitting a despatch iu original (herewith returned) rom Her Majesty’ s Chargé é d'Affaires at Bangkok, forwarding a report _ The cases of specimens have been duly received. ‘The collection is extremely interesting and instructive, and the objects transmitted are avery desirable accession to the museum of this establishment, where this curious industry has hitherto been wholly unrepresented. I venture to express a hope that the Secretary of State will be pleased to convey to Mr. Gould an intimation of his satisfaction ea the courteous and basia intelligent manner in which Mr. Gould has ted this establish Itis Proposed fo publish the report in an early number of the “ Kew Bulletin.” W. T. THISELTON DYER. XXXVII.—URERA FIBRE. .. (Urera tenax, N.E. Br.) e fibres | exhibited. in the Natal Court at the late Te al nd xhibition attracted a a good deal of attention, Unfort: ian : "in iid. dé "s x-spinners expe- and from rur da Henri wih u results of p hey have formed a high estimate of its value." ere Wood, mod the indefati MS. del et ith. Urera tenax, N.E.B*. The next most interesting fibre exhibited in the Natal C Cou appears to have been forwarded by Mr. J. Kirkman, of Umzinto. : by Mr. Wood to belong to the natural order Urticacec, bu jer ato that time been unable to obtain tenui fruit or flowers, d it was unrepresented in the herbarium at Dur Of eR in Natal he states :— | ; “There ar eral indigenous varieties, some of which attain & Y. Sec * height of o over paste feet, with a pithy semi-herbaceous stem eight p * inches in diameter. thers are more or less dwarfish, being but half Ref are * thread they make, in their own rude manner, from the ae conta * therein. It is known to them by the name “imbogo sempi In a letter, dated 23rd August 1887, Mr. Woods writes :— “ By this post I send flowers of my No. 3, Hin which appears to be a It is a shrub about 8 to 10 fee t high or more, and is, I a | a ^ ~ * think, the plant producing the fibre which was said to be PE a v re shown at late Colonial and Indian Exhibition. “ The is not on in the mi first time that I have xA the flo be i ee ortant, I think, to ascertain whether E i is. e; it grows readily from cuttings, and could be cs "^ A really of v. in quantity x found to be payable." Again on the 23rd November :— * I have collected a quantity of seed for distribution, also staminal - * flowers, of my No. 3,837, Urera sp., but Iam afraid that they are scarcely recognisable. .A specimen of bark shall be sent Lee le — post. I should like to have sent a larger paver e essenger I sent said that the trees been stripped. who use the bark for m c cumstances of Natal than the China grass. On receipt of : sample, it will then be possible to ra its merits in an } Mo We are enabled, by permission of the Bentham plate of this Natal fibre plank, XXXVIIL—TEA. (Camellia theifera, Griff.) — Recently, three samples of tea grown and AMAICA TEA. t the Government, Cinchona plantations, Jamaica, at an levafiH of 0 were forwarded to Kew by Mr. W. Fawcett, F.L.S., Director tatio year 1884, pp. 45, 46. e first plants of tea were supplied from Kew in 1869 (see Kew Report, Pene 883, and again in 1884, seeds of Assam hybrid tea were obtained 5 Kew from the Lebong tt hing ustry on a ei basis. The very reports on the samples of Jamaica tea sent by ' tt have. indly furnishe d to this cesset by a firm a merchants in the City = 13, Rood Lane, 31st December 1887. SAMPLE No. 1.—UNASSORTED TEA. leaf is er d but : Toe e e er in colour, and be dusty. The on colour, but is w crinkley, and has no | Il, and of a nice flavour ES des a fairly b bright colour. veins 1s. 9d. er ues e m No. : i Ranae Oraner Pesca dte leaf is good colour, € with E € tips, but is ari open, zoe and I CR: » full, and ze Sa remon D 'aulty. e Pheer akol os 2 dd 3, the feat 1 vem r3 colour - uors of Oui Ne ia flavour. No.list 00 tot i in baie and bles China tea es 2 and 3 Sie more like C ind fea. : 87 All the samples have a peculiar smell, and taste of some substance quite foreign to tea ; for this defect we have made due allowance in our r The leaf of No. 2 is quite limp, instead of being crisp; the sample has been damaged in transit. Gow, WILSON, & STANTON. MADAGASCAR TEA.—The following correspondence has been forwarded to this establishment respecting experimental tea cultivation at Madagascar :— Foreign Office, 29th September 1887. I am directed by the Marquis of Salisbury to transmit to you herewith a copy of a letter from Mr. Pickersgill, Her Majesty’s Vice- Consul at Antananarivo, to Haggard, Her Maj Madagascar, on the subject of tea plantations in the interior of that Island. P, W. CURRIE. Antananarivo, 6th May 1887. I have the honour to inform you that an experiment in the cultivation iles from Antananarivo, and that there seems to be reason to believe the result will be very encouraging. I visited the orchard a few days ago, and found nearly 200 plants in a healthy condition. They have all been raised from a small packet of seeds obtained from the Curator of the Botanical Gardens of Mauritius, and a number of them are already 18 inches high, although it is not yet th m h ed successfully made to clothe the bare hills of Imerina, the preparation of opening for European capital which would be well worth a trifling outlay now in the promotion of extended efforts to introduce this l culture. 3 The publication of the present brief notice of what is an experiment made under favourable circumstances might possibly lead some one interested in the tea trade to furnish a quantity of seed direct from India or China. ould be happy to receive and distribute such coritributions to the possibilities of prosperity in Madagascar W. C. PICKERSGILL. TEA. —The first plants of tea which reached Natal were sent 50. Th fr Durban Botanic Gardens. The young plants raised from the seed of t present ndustry i informed by Mr. Brickhill, of Prospect, Umbilo, that he obtained 100 plants of the earliest seedlings, many of which are still growing wit Iti le that these very clearly that the climate and soil of Natal were suited for the - owth of tea, and in 1877 seed of Assam Hybrid and Assam * from Caleutta in coolie ships, freight free, seed of “ the Government agreed to do. Several xes were imported, and from the first Taik of seeds about 1880 the first real tea field was planted a fi : . 10,000 plants. ‘the total area under tea = tivation was cues I acres, and the ot of tea produced w about 57,000 ast year km the amount of tea produced t may be pointed ‘out that the extent of country supposed to be lit. ble f for tea culture in Natal is confined to a belt about 12 miles. iri sea, where there is to frost, and so far it has proved succe a industry in Natal i is practically in its atten but the results . Stanton, in the. ; the tea vides: in the court dn. re epre esenta- e indicative of [All Rights Reserved. | ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 16.] APRIL. [1888. XXXIX.—NEW GARDEN PLANTS. The number B x garden plants ur er described in vario English and Forei n periodice als renders it a matter € considerable difficulty. to bobina and horticulturalists to keep them ago. as 1860 a list of new garden n plants was “published i in 0 ed — >` © 3 ublieation of alist of new garden plants is of the greatest possible interest to Botanical establishments here, and as su a lis give information respecting many new plants grown at e regular i issues of the Kew Bulletin tin. It is believed that such a nerally. PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from $ EYRE AND UE EN DEM E, East HARDING STREET, FLEET STREET ees por - ADAM a CHARLES BLACK, 6, NORTH BRIDGE, por meine HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co., 104, GRAFTON STREET, DUBLIN 1888 Pis Twopence. —MM— 90 The present list ra the new garden plants and alteration of ween Ist October 1886 and 31st December 1887. e have been ded the names o i in former lists. The full description of hybrid of garden varieties is not given, as otherwise the list would exceed the moderate limits within which it is necessary to confine it. The publications from which t the abbreviation which immediately follows the name. Botanical Magazine, B. M.—Garde Gfl.—[Illustration Horticole, Jil. H. —L ind —Revue Hortic CU. A The abbreviations in the Inflorescence.— Ft., Foot or Feet.— N. e list is compiled are indicated by re :— rs’ VAR eme G. C.—Gartenflora, a, £.—Reichenbachia, Zi. an nd Williams Orchid Album, ole, ner — Warner’ s Ska iDiehidacébus Plants, JF. S. O. P arme of the plants are : —Inft., rs.—Fr., Fruit.-—7., Hardy.—- Sige: DUIS Pereutinl..— , Petals.— Sep., re an éphl —Unless specie all Orchids and Bromeliads may be dolissdared to be stove epiphytes Abelia, cea var. grandiflora, André. (R. H. 1886, p. 488.) Capri- foliacem. H.shr. Garden variety. Abies OIM ar. horiz talis, C: Carriére. (R. 7.1 1887, E e) Conifere. H. tree. Garden canthus Caroli-Ale: ari fria (Gf. 18865 p TE f. 73-75. Acanth x rosette toothed radical l, growing to about lon, in nd Acer idit var. ii ee et tg MO acu » E Sapindacee. arden Acer platanoides, kei H, tree. Garden varie Acer platanoides, var. undulatum. s H. 1887, p.63.) H.tree. hum. Zabel. (Gf. 1887, p. erc f. 107-108.) ty. Carrier ne. Garden Achillea paon Huter. t. 6905, 1887, um 166.) Com- posi pine plant of dwarf tufted habit, vi rosettes of linear-spathulate, obtuse, pubescent, entire greyish-green l, and sparsely leafy stems, 4-6 in. high, with small l white fl.-heads. very broad ray florets. h Italy Adesmia — € Bert. (B. Legumin G. spur re- above, beneath, changing to curved, blunt, not half as long as th greyish-green or purplish-green. — blade of the lip, which it edis wanlise. 6-9 in. long, slightly tapering, Anguloa Rucker], ME media, Rchb. f. : green. Ecuador. € v 3 p. 1 ides. handsome var. Palih yellow fl. densely Anthurium C. 1887 a D 515) 2 Re eim covered on the inside of the sep. and pet. ( it "c s E with crimson s 2 and having a crimson we cde : made éd ihe back with lip. Columbia a broad shallow channel down the face; Anectochilus Lansbergiis Linden. the blade is 19-16 in 3 (ill. H. v. 34, p. ded arit ; G. a sant broad, oblong-lanceolate acute, cuneate- vl 21.) Bi a at bas uncle a ft. 1 orchid, A very ennt ivan foage Spathe spreading or reflexed, 42 in. long, plant, nm hoes y o cute 1, 1 in. — T on both sides, with ground r of E is rs r green dix 6 in. wm = amd velvetty Saeed in the middle, reticulated c pt Mole purple Brazil. Anthurium Linden. Cl. E H. v. "34, p. 51, pl. 18) S. Garden variety. Anthurium els ener c um, cs parisiense arriere p. 144; Il. H. v. 34, p. 47, t 16.) S. Garden a Aphelandra chrysops, Bull. Sa Wat. p- y mi T th REY G. eis v. 1, p. 736, p. 140.) Aeanthae S ` This is the ail as A, squ arrosa, var, poldi, Van Houtte. B. flabellata, mcm R. H 548, Banuneulaceg. Galen fants Arii capt itata, A. Gr. (Gf. 1887, 70.) Myrsinee. S.shr. L. crowded compressed, bearing Lap wee -white fl., succeeded by bright red berri Fiji Ardisia m m Hance. (G 1887, v: 2, p. 810, bL 3 ental compac , hairy, l. bens stalked, oblong, about 4 in. lon 15-2 in. broad, of green, papiliate above. Fl. white, with rose, umbellate Berri on axillary peduncles 2 in long. brilliant as large as a pea, Saree, Aristea platycaulis, Baker. (G. C. 1887, v. 1, p. 732 linse G. per. A well-marked ME having a stem nearly broad he ensiform Ps = a ft. in length and inch in breadth. FI. in dense clusters, on short poate, blue. Pondoland. Aristolochia „hisas, Willd. (G.-C. 1887, v. 1, p.. 40.) ~Ar istolochiæ. 8. ber, v imilar to A. eins and margin nside of the d sh-green, og pere — with weder bro Vene chia salpinx, M (G. 1886, v. 26, P 456 koi. p E e 0 compressed, trumpet-shaped tube, mouth, outside cream- purplish spots around it; the is Tightly reflexed, marked with ipie lines a a few short purple hairs. Paraguay. 94 Asplenium ESO E Asphodelus comosus, Baker. (G. C. 1887, v. 1, p. 799 xa Liliaceæ. H. per., resembling differing in the bracts, which trude beyond tg fl, and i in the much exserted stamens. i ft. long, imn in. broad ensiform, glancous. Fl. -stem 2L ft. high paniculately branched; fl. white with cn Msi to the segments. NS W. H Himalaya. Asplen amboinense icum ridge. (Williams ams' Cat., p. 20.) Filice creeping stem GET with ale e frond. South Sea mu (G: C: 39.) S. A beautiful ciui ing aR i EI sessile, lanceolate, mpound fronds, a ft. long, narrowed perdial from the middle to tae and apex. Sumatra. tus, Torr. and Gr. (G mpo warf and st toloni- ferous, 1—4 in. high, villous. Radical 1. dios NUR. toothed, stem-l. 1-2 in. long, sharply serra Stem, with 1 to few fl.-h an in diam. Involuere of a few narrow scales, scarcely imbricating. Ray, ish- urpl estern Himalayas, 12,090— 13,00 As cephalus, Clarke. (G. r tri C. 1886, v. 26, p. 686.) H. per 1-2} ft. ry; stem ]. ries enti half. 6 a ikki im, 10,000- 14,000 ft. 4 s crispum, but no rena ion is given. Scotland. Azalia dari var. alba, Veitch. gie Cat., 9.) ricaces. A var. ‘with white fl. Japan Biti poser . p. dns f. 96.) Composite. H. : 6-10 n. hig gh, bra -s from = base, with pend osite linear l. and solitary S vrbium of bright malt f., about Californ Bakeria vitimis - E Araliaceæ. E: small tee i an debian AL digitat with 5-10 daissi _cliptic-obovate leaflets with blunt points. - n large compound um green. Bambusa Ca: oni, tiie CRE. 1886, p. 513, f 425 G ex. H Bamboo with square stems, curiously a n and the other yellow, these colours alternating in the internode. L. next i also varegated. Japan. Bambusa Weiseneri, € ose (R. H. 1887, p. 83.) Gra H. Bamboo. Garden variety, of digit origin. Barleria genen, TON 8 Free ult % dwarf, ‘prostrate, m branched dicono with elliptic or obovate, obtuse l; y 1-24 in rowed into a ary, deep diam., [irish with 5 oblong spreading lobes. E. Trop. Afric Be onia cycloph lla Hook. f. js M. s : pte be Y B. e A pretty and CE Bi remm Fabadas Sp., with a solitary, orbicular-cordate, sparse l., ha be 3 apt d pedun culate ied rose-pink fl. an in. in nia 2 atin Chi Be Onis e esia, N. E. = ce: pple à p. $46; Eu Cat., p. 9.) An ee wit z pom thiek stem; pelt: “éhligsty -obini ha : : numerous whi | ins in E Johnstoni, Oliver. (B. M. p.45. S. per., gitas stems E green spotted wi L. on long Saoka, obliquely cordate ovate, acute, crenate, the basal lobes 95 bem um dark green above, paler Cymes -—— on | e, the males about hie iin Betula Medwediewi, Rgl. (G. H., 1887, p- 383, f. 95, a Cupulifere. H. tree with gla abrous bra and elliptic-ovate, scately toothed glabrous t "4 ese n dd 1i 14 in in. oe the Sammie Pia (Gf. 18 cana, pie: e, fae oth — Radd p. 383, f. 95, 5-11.) e nee you DEM. seabed pubescent. ovate, ac pore toothed, ilodi Tem. on the and in the Epod of the nerves. ; Cutkin ovoid-oblong, 2—1 in. long. uca cei Gire oudiana, and i (Gf. User p- 330.) omo: liaces. S. Epi Garden : Bollea ea pulvinaris, = chb. f. p. 29, pl. 61) Orchidex. appear to differ from Zygope coeleste, Rchb. f. Bougainvillea refulgens, Bull. [ 9.) Nyctagi S. climber. re fcis vith lege "brilliant pupie mauve bract — nitide chee CR. H. 1887, p- 344, f. 67-70 0.) Palme. H.H. palm with ras e. P cag ieee ar reen lL; an nched glabrous bid sal sions the ize ,b ico. An orn acute L, and n cles of erect spikelets. T Mesias.” Brasil, à nd Chili. Brodima Pai uui Wats. (B. M.t 166.) Liliacez. ined "Tricia do ord. ana, "Linden and Ill. H. Shy » 55, pl. 19.) See Crinum PERRAS v.3 siete: -looking p able than beeen or seen I" rho- zome, istant four-angled bulbs rs tlin. “long, € E ellipitie l v 1-8 in. long, by 13 in. broad, inge solitary 21 densely reticulated with colo Seps sep., strongly arching over at the base -x ine deii in front of the fl. — Rehb. f. ders om 1) Orebides. A enon species with small oblong two- edged gua with solitary, thick, lanceo- lat x jo endulous few-flovere racemes af Ain onpa o out the er s of those of B. frag Calanthe A ( Williams’ Cat., p.21.) Orchid. “=a vi distinct s ring-floweri ring species, with i Be B E 3 E © 4 "1 e a Bg B © Qu i Calanthe veratrifolia, va r. Regnieri, Rehb.f. (G. C. «Vesp. 20:)- A var. with white m yet pet., and alight ochre lip, with diverging, nearly semi- Finite side lobes. Cochin China. Syn. C. Regnieri (G. 88 2 Calceolaria AME e . C. 1886, ED Scrophulariacez. G. Garden hybrid Calliandra a tergemina, Benth. 1887, p :) u shr. of ornamental character, with pin nate grey- Ree " hes, and globose heads of white fl., having the e mrs with red. ‘Tropical Ameri Campanul a Wanneri, Rochel. (Gf. oe 7, p. 444, FIT — H. alpine set, about 6 in. high, pu scent. L. laneeolate acute, dentate, the lower ones stalked. rom the axils stem 1., pedun neulate; ca "n lobes lanceolate, acute ; corolla blue, an in. long, erect, campanulate, with very short broad lobes. Banat. Canarium vitiense, A.Gr. (Gf. 1887, p.7 2 A small tree with pinna ita T. ring 5-7 een Beta A tic, obtuse 1 eafle ts, and panicles o: INN sh-white fl., succeeded by bl =" k fruit. Fiji. Caragana pendula, Carrière. (R. H. 1887, "P 298.) Leguminose. H. shr. Garden variety of C. arborescens. CSS p. 12, wl eniana,André. (R. x 1887, p. 12, with pl. G. C. 1887, v. 1, p. 251.) h romeliacez, S. epi e. with a with recu ones dark green, graduall sing, by being shaded and tinted with E bou into the violents flora Fl.- in Carex NT Ow Clarke. T M. t. 6940; G. C.1 .2,p. 108.) Cyperacez. rnamental in erect, loose panicles of brownish-red spikelets, South China. 96 Carmichzlia Mulleriana, Rgl. Cur T. striate with purple. LUN Zea rore e aie (Hed foliis ds , Lovym icd H.. tree. L variegated. ety. Catasetum othi, var. aureum, Linden (L. v. 3, d 3, pl. 116.) Orchi- deze. i distinct var., with light yellow fl. Ven —— Var. Poft sinum, Linden. AGUA s .341 ( i 3. curious species with "fellosiah sep. an t ip with erect triangular side lobes, ciliate o upper border, 1 en extending into a low blunt triangle, ta the unt E shorter dull pati le ipe striata with blaekish-purple. Lip green, fringed, having a triangular basal-fringed erest. Catasetum, p aoran var. Pet t kim, f x4 182 Dum Y sh “pape ana havi depressed crest on lip tasetum galeri eh $a FTO v. 2, Js. Di Ge > G. C. 1886, v.26 h agrees marked with ae around the sane, and marked — E a yellow eran Sistas, "Colum Catasetum Wu ux ngs Re £ (G.C 1886 fine species with | ciha large white fl. Sep. narrow oblong, acute, petals broadly oblong, acute. Li ee broadly bins Sry with a bluntly conical spur. mn, with a very long beak Catas otun. sanguineum var. inte- grale, Rc (G. C. 1887, v. 9, uA A ‘pain var. with an entire Catasetum tralla, w subimberbe, Rehb. f. (G. C. 1887, v. 2, p. 552.) A var. without a fringe of hairs to the lip. Cattleya Bullieri, gettin This is a trifling form of Ç, Tibista, var. Trians, Duchartre. Cattleya "E DP Bleu. (G. C. 1886, v. f. 104; Gf 1887, p. 88, f. 813 Pardon h hybrid Cattleya Dukeana, Rchb. f. (G. C. 1887, v. 1, p. 576.) Bulbs about 2 ft. hi L b e-purple a narrow me border, t the disk between the side e is sulphur-yellow with six mauve Cattleya granulosa, var. „asperata, f. (G. C. 1886, v. 26, p. 681.) "i oy varie S ub knit sep. and pet. spotted with dark pu te id n ree light vivid puris "nS road white border in front, rough o Schońeldiana, Veitch. quer Man. Cattl. and Lelia, p. 36.) sehn R at y^ s Galen — t "4882, F » 104, Palen Man. Cat and Lelia, p. 91.) Garden Cattleya Kopi Linden and : odigas. pe 2, p. 85, pl. 89; G.C. front lobe is rich purple on the front Cattleya labiata. The f now given as varieties of this in n Veitch. Man. Cattl. and Lelia at the page i of each var. —— Var. = Veitch, p. 19. Syn. C. alba. ving of the mouth of the tube of the lip, and a large wedge-shaped dark purple loteh Cattle E Lowrenoenna, v var. ocula’ —— Var. viol Cea, Man. Cattl. and Eade 97 tg hy labiata—con r. brilliantisst fe ee jp 19. C. brilliantissima, of gar — - Var chocoe oensis, Vani. p. 25 Syn. C. chocoensis, Lind. and André. Var dec Veitch, p. 17. Syn. C crocata, Reh — Var. d elic ata, vwd ps m Syn. C. Warscewiczii var. s slic , Moore and C. Rollissonii, Moo AK Dow Bih Veil p 16. Syn. dorado, Veiteh, p.17. Syn. C Ern Lind Var. ornata, Xd. p. 17, Syn. G: Eldorado, var. ornata, Re p T regina, Veitch, p. Syn. C. Missi e e var, regine, Rchb. E — Var. splendens, ore A 17. Syn. C: Eldorado var. sp lendens, Linden. mide inalis, Veitch, - 17 and C. virginalis, ‘Lind, and M un C. Wallisii, Linden, Var. Warneri, iue p.27. Syn. C. Warneri, T. Moo = Var, Wilsoniana, Rchb, L3 € 18875 Ww 9. 0.) var. with amethyst c colou ifed à sep., os and front lobe of lip, which latter is marked and tk purple, a ground, and i are some oblique din purple. lines ua a light yellow eye on each Veite xem e Lal with the central area ‘of she “i bet yellow, and vitto t a E. rosea-superba, Veitch. (Weiter Man. Catil. and Lelia, p. 41.) -A robust var. with large delicate rosy- purple fl, striated with white, the sep. paler than the pet. and lip, which has a white disk. Cattleya Loddigesii, var. Harrisoni pes Man. Cattl. and Lelia, p. 42.) pee C. Harrisone, Lindl ee candida aoe (Veitch "Man. Catil. and Lelia, p. 42.) Has white fl. with a yellow disk to a —— Var. maculata, Vei - Man. Catil. and Lelia, p. se P A var. the fl. eem Pri peas than typical fo Cattle Veite ‘Veitch Man var, alba, P s A form with i die tate th yellow and purple 47 mie pe [^ 98 Cattleya eel Rehb. f. (G. C. lanceolate acute; pet. broad, rsa 1886, v. ; Veit renee Cattl. eer d tubular, entire with a frilled and Mc s LP. Garden hybrid .fron Cattleya Mossiæ aurea — Cattleya Walkeriana. The following CG. O 18875 v. 2; p- BES} Garden now as varieties of this variety. voids s by ies het = m Manual of Cattl orphvro lossa var. pünc- Cattleya and Lelia, "Vases R rp yy d 1 687 v. 2, Aen r. dolosa, Veitch. pdt C. dolosa, 98.) A var. hai i E and pet. _ Reh marked with erimson Var. — Veitch. Syn. C. nobi- Cattleya bitis vu Amaliana, dir, Rehb. f Linden. (ZL. v. 2, p. 81, pl. 87; G. C. | —— Var. Schroederiana, Veitch. Syn. 1887, v. 2, p. 108) A handsome form C. Schroederiana, Rechb. f. with a very large broad front lobe to per Zenobia, Rolfe. (G.C. 1887, the lip, which is densely veined with 52.) Garden hybrid. ite ground, an bright purple on a white ground, and Cecropia, dealbata, Williams. (Wil- mE - 21.) Artocarpegz. c Epod var. oculat = ne ioe tps tree of ornamental Veite ( Veit roe Catil. and character, with large, soft, pubescent, Lelia, p. 46.) ar. ein a large palmate 1., light ds ase, glaucous maroon- -purple blotch on the beneath. New Gra ttle a sororia Rchb. f. E t. Cerasus eh yar. seti Car- e TY , p. 40. ' Veitch Man. Cattl. ière and A p H. 1886, p. 460.) did Laeli p.97; W OA v. 7, osaceæ. E wit A garden. variety pl 307.) Something in the way of of os since toed Messi ias erect C. Harrisonie with —— bra forming grow tips to the sep., the pet. are marked eure that of the iba syn with numerous dark spots, the lip is epi cem es E. ao (G white with light purple margins, and a 5. f° 99.) Peda- a n Bes lines at the t and s j Ee a Uu An nnual An ts “on the — e ceedingly béautiful Bid" of tall habit, "on lobe 3 the lip is triangular, retuse with opposite stalked l1, the lower ones emarginate, with some deperitios on the large and 3-lobed, the uppermost smaller, disk. Brazil. cordate or ovate-lanceolate, lobed and toothed. Fl. 1 eflexed, in lon Er - dm or; d ame racemes, tubular with a n oblique limb A. v. 6 1 261; G. C. 1887, the lower lobe longer than the rest, 46) z vis ud ek Or C. la- Vea ed pere 4 as the d are, large fl. of a delicate ros the colou itis dani Font sze ot the lip being ri ich inside, the lower lobe marked with magenta, — magent — along purplelines. Natal = centre o the disk, he mouth — Montiroæ, Hook. f. (B `the tube naked wie ge yellow. 927.) Asclepiadacem. S. su eii V abes climber, ae 2 its s singular fl. Rehb. £: (Veitch Stem rough. ong, lanceolate, Eu DOT p. 92.) San bluntly pointed, wavy. Cymes3-flowered, xillary. at g, trumpet-shaped, with a dome-like canopy over the mo Weder: TERMS var. Hooleana, the colour is white and green, spotted bs SR I v. = pl. 265.) with purple-brown, and fringed with A form re laha - Triang, purple hairs: Delagoa za with ad entire lip of veh m nta- purple, marked with two curv T RR orange-yellow spots in the throat. New Granada. Cham:ecerasus Alberti, Späth. (R. H. 1886, p. 547. » dae iaar H. shr. A species of Lonicera with slender wh branches, soft linear ]., somewhat like Cattleya one hero iR rpm f seb these of the Rosemary, of a greyish- 1887, v. A p. 512.) rm of green, glaucous beneath, and rose- C. labia ta, var. "Triana, S ely sented colou a d pet. and lip, the genera Chamze igena, var. colour being a purple, with an orange Carrière. iy H m p- 63.) [me area o H: en variety of y aera ome a yir - Lind. and André. sipigena. T ina 1. 101.) A large Chrysan n Decaisneanum, N-E Ei olevini € Pih the disk and Br. m H. lic-dowaiy tude of the lip yellow, The sep. are per. 1-13 ft. high, similar tw Clematis Cl ginatum in appearance, with obovate pinnatifid 1., and gen cms pale yellow heads. Japan. Syn. Pyrethrum -Decaisneanum, Maxim Chrysanthemum marginatum, i: wering per., with rte Br. H. late- a stems, d blong 1., pinnatifid n the upper third, tomentose beneath iid on on the edge, and ro small dark yellow heads. Japan Pyr Miq chrysanthemum malticaule, coe H. annual 4 n 2 with smooth, glaucous, and Bec ER hy, linear- spatholte, ai coarsely pinnatifid, i-i in. b o tary on long pedun- ae E vant alee 13-2) in. Bu here og Spee padste mE etalum stra arium Rchb.f. pr 1887, v. XE: 86.) Allied v Thouarsii, with ^ upper sep. siio — with a short a (B. 8. Shr., r. Stem. "e robust. L. “clustered m the. “ends of the branches, in. long, in. br oad, ep oblong « or elliptic-oblong, ac dark ab ellow: masa flo arate: ye sow. . rhodochlora, André. (R. H. s 449.) Coe Pte Garden srodan dro on Romphisnam;, Ex (Bull Cat.,p.9.) Verbe 5. handsome e. with large, T foordinh- ovate, dark green l. terminal 99 Crinum v.34. 126) panicles of long-tubed fl., which at first are irre: oured, deepening to red and crimson; stamens exserted, red. Java Coe wah eis Hookeriana, m Prachy- glossa, Rchb. f£. (G. C. 3.) ete — CA variety open eli sep. having the disk DT yellow spot with reddish-brown. layas ii pa le virginea, nar à UM ar. f. 37, 1.2, p 682.) Av ia idee: n bulbs, and the lip tinted wW with light palpi, mies spots. Coelogyne erus lowe Rehb. f. (G. ne species vid B ‘fl, the front xp of the lip being yellow and the s ark with 3 b pes. Ba bs over 2 ins. long. L.a t. long, 25 ins. wide, petiole dilated at base. Raceme AR we Fl. as Marge as those of C. . Sunda Isles ic roodii, Kotse diy. (B. M. 1887, p. 166.) Liliacen. ee species, the depressed globose corm, produci sE 14 ns. with, narrow r oblong dofet: ap- pea ng, 6- 12 ins. long, 2-1 in, seni sta emi obtuse, dark green. Cypru eciosa., 6901. R: LA in diam., Cor x os Bull. p40.) P ME Md L,d e into cn segments j in. es armed with hooked iini d Bull Cat. ta «dr UP eem to the bas saicus, Bull. iem Cat. 10. go st. variegated foliage. es ` obliquely lanceo- late, 3-4 ins. long, t tre dar the rest tessellated pou silvery- que Congo. Crassula ond N. E. Br. (G. 1886, v. 26, p. 7 suceulen t of botanical interest, 2-3 ins. high, glabrous. L. rhomboidal, hunched above = bana a s subacute, Hi in. long, ick, glaucous, short-stalked, flesh- rassulaceæ. a access aes : eo terminal, ton die cymes, pale coloured. ‘Transvaal. Crate innatifi var. N. E Br. (6. C. se, v v. 26, f. 121.) Rosaceæ or ^n i n orna- with pat on lobed, lar; Wr Baker. (G. C.1887, maryllidacee. ulb very large, conical. L. lorate, suberect, 4 ins. broad, bright green. Scape c pressed, less than 1 ft. long, 2 in. thie 73 15-20 in. an umbel, tube 3 ins. long, limb png 22 ins. long, #i the Sony 4 iu. broad, white, with a pink keel. Stamens d Marr ds iu Crinum longifolium, var. - (G. C. 1887, v. 1, p 833.) w, with a long neck. ong, 2 ins. broad, glaucous. side of the bulb, 2 ft. Crinum Baii N. E. Br. A fine species, allied to C. Kirkii, nàcs very oie rand bulb ome 18 ins. long, and long broad 1, bo 21 ft. high segment. Zanzibar. Massaiana. RES and Rod. in Zi. v. 84, p. 55, pl. Crin e ran Welw. a H. v. G51A). 26s i ace > Me long-tubed, white and — n segments. um Angola. Croton Novi nii Bull (Bull. C pp. 10 and 5 dps AD Esphoriace S. form € lanceo fart L ;variegaied wit yellow and whitish on a bright green ground, the n forming a broad Ca stripe. Polynes Cryptophoran anthus maculatus, Rolfe. (G. C. 1887, v. 2, p. p: 090) Orchidez. See Ple Vivat WET Cypri ipedium bf. (GLC. 87, v. 1, p. Hy Me idee Md hybrid. ripedium amandum WG 7 Wi 3; T 174; Pes Cun, p- 10.) Garden f ybri Amesianum, Williams. Rone Cat., 22.) Garden cxpripetinn concinnum, Bull. (Bull p.10.) Garden hybrid. ypripedium concolor, var. tonki- pa 5 CL. v.2, p. 61, pl. 77 ; Cypri diim delicatulum, Rchb. f. Y Fe . 1887, v. 2, p. 552.) Garden Oypripe edium doliare, Rchb. f. (G.C. 1887, v. 1, p. ae ee hybrid. Cypripedium Hornianum, Rchb. ic P 1887, = 2, p. 428.) dide: Moore- C ri “shanti insigne, var. spr ; 5 Sat ams’ Cat., Williams. p. 22.) Garden variet Le — Laurenceanum, var. C., 1887, riti fortix. v vith a with light i atum. Rchb 272 2 more acute n agg sep., a mauve bet umerous Was on the es a. — Var. stenosemium, Rchb. f. (G. C. 1887, v. 2, p. 38.) slight variety with a ae upper sep. than in the typical for ripedium lineolare, Rchb. 1. K 1887, v. l, p. 447.) van po ue Measuresianum, Wil- M "Cat. Hm 22; W. O. A. VID -) Garden hybrid. Cypripedinn TIR Rehb. f£. 1887, bis) Garden hybrid Cypri Sila orbum, Rchb. f. (G 1887, v. 2, p. 778.) Garden HN s OG Pees Pos abu Rchb. f. p. 552.) Garden ied plunerum, .R f. in T IBBAL * dopo 40.) [oa copie ium prestans, Rehb. f. G. C. 1886, v. 26, p. 776 ; and 1887, v. 2, p. 243, p. 813, p. 155, and p. 814; 34, pp. 35;and 73, pl. 26.) A of C. a with a M prg basal part, yellowi sh, New Gui ipedium regale, Bull. (Bull Cat. oe 10.) Garden hyboid. z 101 acest Saundersianum, Rchb. E. C. 1886, v. 26, p. 654.) Garden send ium Schroderz, var. splen- ens, Linden. (JZ. v. 2, p. 45, pl. 69.) Garden hybrid. ripedium uw tin Rchb. f. omm p 1886, v. 26 P ; GA. 1887, p. 286.) Garden bu dcm Pritchard, oo a 1887, p. 130. glabrous shr. "a petiolate, clip, obtusely-toothed 1., acute at both ends, 5-6 in. long, by 2-91 in bond ; aid pedunculate, axillary, 3-flower ed cymes of small white fl, succeeded by ovoid white pécttei: Fiji he i m Besson. (R. H. 1886, . 547.) Leg H. shr. Said A be a form a ' Genista sibirica, with numerous pale yel Dasyiitio , Wats. (Gfl. 1887, p. 280, f. 75.) Liliaceæ. G S. Ste ut, about 3 ft. high, erowned wi dense tuft of slender uadrangular 1., about ng. stem about 5 ft. high, gd dense spike- like panicle of small fl. Davallia Ds pe Desv i G. C. 1887, v. 1, p. 639.) Filices. SK en sarmentose species, with decom- pou fronds, having small, sessile, UM cuneate ultimate segments. adagascar. hinium Zalil, Aitch & Hemsl. (G. S ST Vo 25D. 558.) Ranunculacee. H. of attractive appearance, with Mami stem, finely eut dark green 1. and long racemes of pale yellow fl. Afghanistan. . Dendrobi f. (GC. FORMER. Du ap UU. 1887, ; p: ey Allied to D. elavat, bui having lon dod hee broader sep. and pet. ovate,” roug nifo oblong, Tet Broader, Q^ s hastate semi- h inside, e linear elevations at rms A aie Dendrobium eosum, Rchb. f (G. C. 1886, v. 26, p. 809; L. v. 2, p. $6. An interesting an Demi in capitate e purple with yellow dips n marked. with, reddish on the front la et. narrower, oblong acute spathulate, a little convex on the upper -— much thicker at the es New uinea, oe Ton chlorostele, Rchb. f. ion 887, v. 1l, p. 477.) Garden Desdrobiom Chr ysoulsons, Rehb. f. Arnie. . 1887, v. 1, p. 414.) Garden dieci cybele, Rolfe. (G. C. 1887, v. 2, p. 778.) Garden hybrid. kt PEE var. gigan- vum ams. NGA "0. 6, n) iage bist fi. tipped rosy: purple on sep. d e of the lip ei n - purple amd E red with orange-yellow. North Denieshiam | Friedricksianum, Rehb. 1887, v. 2, p. 64 iid Allied subacute, o w elsi raised line at the base, which is tomentose at its apex Dendrobium riba ianum, var. rosea, Berkeley. (G. C. 1887, v. 1, p. 209; Williams Cat., p. 92.) "n variety with rose-coloured sep. and p d the side lebe = bare. of piet rem of lip deep Burmah, Derbi da lossum, Rchb. f. £ v. 26, p. 487.) A pre ved D. 6, species alli du , with lender stems havin racemes at the top. Fl simi those of . aduncum, but the spur more oblique ; sep. and pet. delicate mauve ; lip white li with a mauve-purple recurved apex, the basal part is cup-shaped, inside, and separated from eue hens part by a transverse fringe of hai Malacca. — e inant, Rchb. f. > pl. ovate, green bul the apex into a slender brownish leaf stalk 3-4 in. long, bearing an e obtuse 1, from ; yellowish. Lip , Obtuse- angled t — mede te acumi- nate p depen with owe Edna Dendrobi am Loddifesii S G. C. 1887, v. 2, p. 155; ee is Tesh. v 2, p.:786.) is is the plant ineorreetly named .D. pulchellum in garden i Dendrobium melanodiscus, Rchb. f. (G. C. 1887, v. 1, p. 414.) Garden hybrid. Dendrobium EN f. (G. C. 1886, v. 26, p. 616.) A weds ae on the green spot on the disk i, which — € triangular arg st retuse centra D ae vli I hlebium Rehb. * 6. CHlser b p 102; ; W. 0. A. v Lat e f D. Pierardi, but the sep. and pet. are broader, of a brig osy € ; li rounded, slightly fringed and hairy, the basal part pale, ree keels and numerous radiatin purple veins, the disk rich Sari} and the margin whitish or pale yellow. Burmah. hee eric, Rehb. f (G $, 42.) A brightly colo olo to var Md a Vicio indt outside the la teral sep., the dark bloteh on the of the lip is interrupted b amethyst- colo and the front margin is white, straw lou b aes yar. can andi- Pin Red Be var. » p. 7, pl. 98.) with dins fl, Cake with green on the TEE rutriferum, R f. G. C. 1887, v. 2, p. 746.) Stems cett aving rginate, linear erest in front of the base. New Guinea. Dendrobium Schnei iderianum,Rc E C. 1887, v. 1l, p. 209.) Caren brid. ; dome splendidissim ve rum, Veitch. C Veitch Cat., p.10.) Garden | hybri sulc ii . poly- (G. C 1887, v. 1 merely the bieri d condition of the plant, the original arcs oes and figitte given by Lindley being from a poor specimen. e onopus, Rchb. f. - x: to Bulbs young on both sides. Fl., solitary (always ?), golden yellow ; ovary, 3-angled sep. oblong, acuminate arya ; pet. broader and shorter; lip h a rather long claw, and a broad tothletted limb, which I si the disk is marked “with bili ruso red lines on each s and the front lobe has a pret eiie. area. Birmah. — ee ch (G. -G; Vi 2p: 72) das h brid. URL fruticosa, D.C. (G.C. omposite nS mi white ray, browni sh Ca bonisith, mid a yellow disk. Cape. Diospyros aurantium, D. Bertii D. elliptica, and D. a Dig. var. gallica, André. ( 1887, p. 349 with pl.) Ebenacee. Garden vars, of D. Kaki. ict fot Wiseneri í Carrière. (R. E à n at the apex ; Calyx lo ith a short ntral lobe, Fruit, egg shaped, ipid ribbed. Japan. Probably var. of D. Kaki. bua — P f. (G. C. 1887, v. 2, p. 809.) Orchider. — meten confined to aged chocolate-brown, edged and with a Stas base. with whitish, Eeu ador. osissimum, v (Veitch Man: e sep. and pet., which avy than in the type. New Odontoglossum Ls e memes eG 6 * 380.) Something in “trot oF O. “2 indle; eya anum. ceme lax, $ — am pet. ligulate acute, ede ow, w ith a n line and a few ben spots at Frid of pet. Lip with a narrow acuminate front lobe, keels 2 or 4, no bristles Odont Lindl. The sates are 3 c of this in Veitch Man. Odont., p. 65 :— —— Var. as um, Veitch. Syn. O. aspersum, Rchb. f. Veitch. Syn. —— Var. cerulescens. O. agra A. Ri ch. —— Var. Bi ak Syus. O. Daw Lee hb. , and O. Ehrenbergii, Lindl. — Var. Humeanum, Veitch. oO. tir te sey wr Syn. majus, Carrière. (R. H. Es p. .492, bar ^ This is the as the var. rubescens, Veitch. —— Var. rubescens, Veitch. Syn. O. rubescens, Lindl. —— Var. Smeeanum, Rchb, f. (G. © 1887, v. 1, p. ~ A fine variety, with a brown se ;, marked with a few 114 Mee dots; white pet., with a brown and base; and a white lip with a ed Var. virescens, Veitch. A var. "with white fl. scons, with green — Var. Warnia lana, Vite Syn. O. Warnerianum, Rehb. f. Odontoglossum Schillerianum, Rehb. (L. $-5 7H pl 82; LM r y Rather a showy sp h compressed oblong bs, bearing one strap-shaped acute 1. convolute at the e. mes erect, about a ft. high, sever ered. Sep l part chocolate with a yellow margin. Venez Oaeei Schroederianum, (G. C. 1887, v. 9. p. 36 Tu indt here described is Miltonia Clowesii not at all th p. 700, which I am inform petent rivets is but a form of 0. crispum bro mtoglorsum staurastrum, Rchb. f. +. 1887, T l, p. 313.) Very some on the sides of the stalk. Colum M clip stauroides, var. ravesianum, Rchb.f. (G. C. 1887, * 3, p 15 A form with ochre- sulphur sep. and pet. marked with a few spots and some lines and dots o le-brown at the base, a white V. at the base purple-brown, crests Odontoglossum tripudians, var. lencoglos isum, Veitch. (Veitch. 67. A var. with on gom: vou of the lip white. E Veitch. Nc aen. p. 67. — ed und colour of the lip Onc iium um Braunii, Rgl. (GA. 1886, 1235, E a-c; R. H. 1887, with very short 2-3- = small, yellow marked with brown on the sep. pet. iod basal ‘half of the 115 lip. Sep mor reflexed, Poet lateral Lip connats E ase, Pet. ovate-oblong. , bilobe with a many- taberen er pubescent at the base. Oncidium hasta — - Lemim lenum, Rchb. f. 887, 4 j p. 137.) = ae me an residui sep. and p ped, and occa — spotted on ox = Pith whitish-gree Oncidium DW — (G. C 1887, v. 2, p. 520.) ew name for the plant figured i ffer ferum i = hissing the lateral sep. united or half their length. Brazil. Oncidium jZonenanum, var. phean- = um, Rehb. f. (RH. v. 1, p. 47, t. 21.) A var. with brownish sep. and in a remis erit on the lip, and no ots. raguay. Oneida lutescens, Rchb. f. (G. C. T * v Le 799.) Allied to O. metal- margin, lateral brown ; et. very short, — triangular, WAVY; dar with a el oblong, Pad eis — at Sens angled base, pur ple the front part Oncidium stelligerum, v "d * zy Wiliams. CUN Ay pl. 260; G. C. Ey - Mexico. On TUN tigrinum lugens, Rchb E (G7 C. 1888, * "e, p. 552. A variety with the sep. iai. yak et. of a uniform hk reddish: brown inside, the tips being yellow and the dorsal keels green. Oplismenus anni, var. albi- dulum, N. E. x dem C. 1886, v. 26, dn Gram G. or-S. pretty litt e grass v dwarfer and more Pel eme gels than = common — ime form (Panie variegat of mostly de ardens), having ne 1, a green stripe along the mi idrib. India. Onnithidam ochraceum, Rchb. f. (G. C. 1887, v. 1, p. 209.) Orchideæ. with distant, ochreous with a few spots white with the disk of soley lobe och dotted with mauve. New Grana magnifica, (GA Ostrowski , f. 160.) i MNT 1887, p. "638, „and a terminai x with a series of lin o segments. rolla campanulate, 3 long and as much in breadth. Central Asi Oxalis T i M) N. E. Br. (G.C. $887, vod, Geraniacee. G. A distinct ds sw ered ; very — cuneate-oblong Pi San Catha alis im ER E. and Z., double- flo Tue krion (G: G 1887 ;ov. 2, p. 681, f. H) G. A pbort cim with ha airy l. i in having three da PETE in, which often ~~ each other. eduncles hairy 3-4 in. a gh, iid one double rose pink fl. Africa Org yuh, Lab. (B. M. t. 6938; 6, v. 26, p. 786; and min v. 2, p. 108.) Ver bena cem. S. some free flowering c ^ striking earance, quite glabro op app 2-5 in. long, lanceolate eir dnd; with lar, entire, or with large crenations, bright green. arge and showy, 2 in. long, funnel-s with lobes, Sa pendulo po — owered axil ymes much exserted, with two than ak Patera ones between them, New Caledonia Panax fruti ticosum, var. multifidum, N. E. Br. (G. C. 1887, v. 1, p. 544; Cat, p. 11.) ae - aving à mose crown of tipinnatiseet l, rm finca or linear-lanceolate segmen long, tipped with a short white bri stle, and n with bristle tipped teeth on their margins. Pandanus Nin. Rod (JH. How. 38, p. is, = Sony Pandanem. S. , allied to POR vei s; taller stem, and broader i de eds toothed L, eei) gm de crar nerves. New Lind. and 8e. 34, E 35, pl. 12.) . OF i | spines. d dralty li Panicum S uos var. japonicum. (Gfl. 1 on f.72.) Graminex. H. Garten r. of Setaria italica. Paphinia Lindeniana, Rchb v. 3, p. 23, 106.) Orchidee. ong-ovoid brown bas jw Tee id filiform and papillate crests. Pa mopar tain ae Rehb. f. (G. C. 1886, v. 26, p. Orchidee. ical interest. L. 2-3 in. long, linear acuminate. cemes lax, dulous. Fl. small, green with yellow bristles on the sep. and pet., some yellow the li Dorsal sep ipe egi — tail-like oblo is wi with small tubes cles. —Ü ye b.f. (G. C. 1887, 6.) Drchiden. Something in de. o ot P. cerina. Bulbs narrow, light green. e long, narrow, and thin. FI. bright yellow, sep. and pet. with dark Lii spots; lip bleit dotted with indian- iin selligera, Reh (G. C. Peristeri 2, E » rade. Very ec to P pendula, but with an arm- s column, and a saddle -shaped crest lip. emerara Phaius Sede nianus, Rchb. f. ( 1887, v. 1, p. 174.) Orchidex. Garden hybrid, 116 i — Reh p. 799.) Grchidee Something in bé wiy of = grandi iflora. L. silvery green. Sep. a t. creamy white, the sep. P yellowish pns Lip white with y spo n the lobed Aran mail of a lip, aie: lobes MC COE and k the nearly cross-shaped front lobe TAG C ot Rothschildiana, Rehb. : Mos 7, v. 1, p. 606.) Garde (G. € Phalenopss ei iae FR A small de outside, and a yellow callus on the inner fe side of each; Il iris 3-toothed, with an erect fiba eh Phalenopsis Ha rette, Rolfe. ( Ve 25 , f. 1.) Garden hybrid. Syn. p SiE d amabilis. Rolfe. Phalænopsis Luddemanniana, heirog yphica, Rchb. f. (G. C. 1887, v 2, p. A var. with rather nar- 7, V. a larger oblong- eei apiculate ont lobe, much ened u ; the filiform pro- Ese are represent by s whit mall te teeth, and is ses a small three- lobed v crest Sia: Pheenix rupicola, var. argenteo variegatis PHIL. H. * je $ 10, pl. C ng the l. varie- "Garden variety. ta, Carri p. siwer Phytolace H. per. variegated. ae sade (Gf. 1887, ion tree. Much in the of P.e a, but having the young io velvety wih stiffer,shorter, d thicker l., about 4-2 in. long, and more dotad 4-angled. Swiss Alps. Picea excelsa, var. vir ta, Caspary. (Gf. 1887, p. 521, f. 1 syno 8. Coniferz. H.tre. As € Abies excelsa, var. monstrosa 117 Pinus austriaca, var. foliis aureis. Podocy tisus caramanicus, Boiss. ae p.643.) I. tree. Garden (R. H. 1887, p. 63.) See Laburnum vari caramani icum. Pinus pee var. variegata, Pogogyne MEUM Gray. (GI. Carrière. (R. H. 1887, p. 83.) 1587, p. 113, t. 1242; G. C. 1887, v. 1, Garden variety. p. 447.) Labiatæ. Fy A pretty an- nual 9-12 ipn. high, with slender puber- Pi GRE M. dest, p: 304) lega Franchet ulent branches, narrow, obtuse, glab- p 2 gumi nose. rous l., and whorls of bright blue fi. shr., somewhat resembling P. nepa- | Shout 2 in, long. Califo res but rats thed i. a Lond tomen- 3 B: tum in all parts. Yunnan, Chin p eera ceruleum, var. Himala- Pitcairnia Roesli Morr. (B. H. v. 35 opua e E la- xu ME p. 285, , ees 3 eel p. 766 vs Polemoniacem. H.. A. mosca Bra iad, with lax tufts of x ik. eh 4 with ne Teque ims df been linear acuminate l, about 2 ft ibis orollà being 1L in. in diam., ulis: ng, with sm es, and very mealy aya. beneath, and a tem about as long as vhs the ]., bright red, having green bracts area erben Gre (B. M. with a cobwebby tomentum. ‘The fl. are 5.) A distinet species about 23 in. long, and of a bright scarlet- 3 fe high, "Joosely tomentose in the x e arranged i upper part. L. — with lanceolate n Mountains, Rrazil. segments. Cymes corymbose or pan- van rhytidoc arpum, A Ge. oni reb light yéltos; 1 in. 5 diam. nar P S87. p. 130.) Pittosporem. G. with obovate or oblanceolate, shortly Polyscias panipulata, Baker. (G. C. acu greets and terminal crowded um- 887, v. 2, p. 366.) ences The of w A das pretty and use- co rected nam bg the S. = Fae as Pal p eber plant. Tj. ieat dedi in garden Platanus occidentalis, var. foliis edt Eugenii, v COR 1887, gets, ger CR..H. 1887, p. 64.) p- : p. 818.) H. tree. Garden variety. incisa ^u ca Garden pavers d . canadensis. ^ em P. pyra Plerandra Gr, no doubt a TT print for P, Grayi, : ^e (GA. 18 dalis var. Meetens 7 p.71.) Araliacezm. $. mall obs PUMA eub ern Bul. (Bull Cat., tree, with home green mee. having 2) S. foliage plant of 8-10 leaflets. Fiji. Pimbing pos with obli uely ovate- snr at . of a silvery- , with the Pleurothallis ins insignis, Rolfe, (G C. | margin anda band along the ditdecth ei Pe ATT, achat De T Sees prea. Tom chideæ ery 8 iking species, with — oblong bukar 1; 3-34 in. long, 1 in. dox nitens, a (Bull Cat., ad; peduncles 2-flowered, 21 in.long; ds ) S. climber aper a acute l., nd fl. 25 in. long, of a whitish pellucid quely cordate at of a dar green, striped with dull! purple, lip dark si bronzy- die pide Malay Backii- pure villose at the apex. pelago. Primula blattariformis, Franchet. cecil mac uitio Br. (G. C. 1887, v. 1, p. 575.) Primulace. An insignifieant species, with very we Ih per. istinct and handsome stems, elliptic obtuse fleshy 1., 11-21 ins species, clothed with short papilliform broad, spotted with purpie, and nume- hairs, wit obovate, deeply ous minute yellow fl. spotted with crim- erenate, and crested 1., j son, the ee united at their base and 8-12 in. long, bearing numerous scat- apex. ? Syn. Cryptophoran- tered lilae fl. with broadly obcordate thus oer roe Rolfe. lobes. Yunnan. Pleurothallis picta, Lindl. (G. C. | Primula capitata, var. (B. es t. 1887, v. 2, D. A eee lile 6916, f. B.) H. H. A var. with a species, prec tuft of 1. ke der of much larger violet- high, and race —— bright yellow urple fl. Sikkim he emera bois obtusifolia, Royle var Pl sürbthallis tribuloides, -— CB. M. 1.099563 G. C. 1887, v. 2, (G. C. 1887, v. 2, p. 835.) p.341) H. Te egi alpine prim- conspieuous species thon 2 in. S Mut. rose, with ed, oblong, obtuse, with MM P mgd brick-red fl. glabrous, i Md toothed L, and Jamaica, umbels of deep claret-purple fl, with 118 koe calyces. $i kkim. N. "e —The — is not the typical form o the speci Primula spia) tun T Hook. fl. and 2L) HH. A dpt ‘little species, m in. high, with a rosette z D coarsely toothed 1., 4-4 in. long, and few-flow v utt of n nodding purple fl., about 4 Sik i Wikia Vui (G. C. pns wi, p. 390.) H. Garden hybri ula vincifiora, Franchet, (G..C. hi 1, p. 5 575 08.) H. per. A ring 5 ——— et fl, 1i in ong pubescent me. omina: at the bin. nna Pritchardia Thurstoni, Mull. and Dr. (Gfl. 1887, p. 486-489, f. 123 and 124, C. 1887, v. 2, p. DR OH. Palme. S. A fine m crowned with a on, n the 1., and bear : a master senile Fiji. of t 4. at their apex. Pepin alm growing to 25 ft. in height, with pinnate 1. 4} ft. long, — A lanceolate me i leifa n. 16 in. long, glau- cous Eo ix panicled, about v; and bons: Berries 2 in in diam. rel ht orange or red. Fo orida S : Ps jo P baee = x qf. sabi s ing gr and clusters of Centran gone Hike right bise fl., and sulphur-yellow be Ptelea trifoliata, var CR. 1886, p. 547.) Rutacee. H. icm rie CE tree. Garden variety. Pteris cristata, var. "A eyes (R. H. 1887, p. 90.) A garden var. of P.s Peri Eu Pteris tremula, var. pape Bull. e C. 1886, v. 26, P. 7 ull Cat., 11.) G. Gard yid. URS d Maxim. marginatum, Miq. HRA H. = p. 185.) See Chrysanthemum. Quercus sessiliflora, var. yos a, Carrière. (R. H. s p. 6h ere. ndul branches. H. tree pe ous n em pandurata, Rchb. E ia (G . 1, p. 244.) Orchideæ. . 1887, v Sir with pirple- bewi spots. Rhapis Kwamwonzick, cid H. v. 34, p. 39., pl. 13 ) iole palmately divided into 17 preste segments. Japan? Rhododendron albescens, Bull. (Bull € ia 11.) Ericaceæ. G. Garden Rhodenāron A run ciha e album ureum, Veitch. (Ve iic A Cat., a and 6 and 7 with fig.) Garten hybrids. Er ap gee d mer var. roseum, G. A vari- whic i bar with red = saa iard deep red fl. Rhododendron graveolens, Bull. Sees Cab, jp. 1L) ae —Ganen Rhododendron ledifolium, var. plena ES i Pe iai — 5 155, 1 Ed 887, fe 43.) H. shr. res € Bhodotonaren Victorianum,Cuvelier. (G 5 v.1,7]. 98 7.) Garden hy rid BS EE a yedoense, ee (GA. 1 p. 565, t. 1933, f. . a-b.) i L pr d are lanceolate e, nio acuminate, with adpressed hairs, the autumnal 1 ller, gr : U linear-oblong, acute, serrate, setose; corolla fannel-shaped, rose-pink. Japan. Ricin us cambodgensis , Benary. ER 1887, p p- Pu Rapholtiaces Probably a for td with large 1., and “blackish stem and branches. Aeneis, var. mono- Robinia peeudo udo-aca. hylla, "r — cer A) nos variety Romulea Macowani, Baker. (G. C 1887, v. 1, p. 184 d 180, f. 42. eee. G. A beautiful little bulb with linear-curved 1., and erocu e fl., -lj in. in di which are bright n. diam., golden yellow in the lower part, lighter upward Bredi tinged with red at p h: y H. 1886, ) Rosacee. A broad- faved form of R. =a Thbg. 119 Rubus americanus of gardens is e given by n mc to oe E E NOR Ait. (see G. C. "E v.2,p Sacc vie oor Rehb. f. (G. E 1887, v. 1, p. 4 ) Or chidee. L. long, 2 in. afe oblong, T bide. Raceme few-flowered, fl. arge those of S. bellin Sep. an rer d subacute, ochreous h cupular is yellow w red — 8, ie di lobe whitish. oam ally p Racem Fl. small, whitish with mauve mid-veins to the and a uve dis the white lip, whic latter fades to yellow and brown, the sep. . fadi o ochre mauve-brownish stripes. Sep. and obl Side lobes o very E Salix RICE = gardens. (Gf. 1887, p Age ves 44.) qorn onm var. of S.r s, said to be entai vile y= mingling with mou plan Salix — t lancifolia, ve (GA. 1887, and 409 8.) with . dor ideni l., 6-10 in. long, Bron ely — on the margin ; reniform stipules, and greenish- yellow catkins about 2i ar "long, on short lateral shoots. Californ Sanseviera aurea ee Wil- iem ms. (Wi Wo Cat, p. 23.) Lila- stinet looking plant with thick, bey oblong-obovate 1. green in the wW bands of oa san white pale green margin erdum us Friderici - ugusti. d. C. 1887, 1» 1p. 47. Saxifragacese pin e plant t of very d n rec ene with small rosettes of narrow lanceolate bright green 1., and iei yello s. fl. on short lea fy stalks. and a narri Schizanthus Gr das. ar. lilacin CGJ. 1887, p. 665, f. 100) ,emphn- Faas cem G. Garden eae ata ig and Rod, GIL H. v. eae pl. 6; G. C. 1887, p. 5. foliage plent, k ike S. F artei in genera pit tre age * cei yel erg gree zs rly ban with rosy Blade of 1 . sagittate, piai NAg green, with pale AKERE tan midrib and nerves, Sia Schombur. rgkia Humboldtii pre n ( Veitch Man. Catil. and Le lia, y Orchidee. A handsome species dei fl. somewhat like those of a Bulbs tapering, 6-8 in. long, furrowed. L. 2 to 3, oblong, leathery, Gin. long. Fl.-st 8-4 , panieulate 21-3 in. in diam nd pet. wavy, pale lilae, Schomburgkia marginata, var. im- — Rehb. (G. C. 1887, A and pet. without a uec Tip. and column white outside yo e, with whitish dots. the front be of the keels. pn: Ble tia chb. f. Thomsoniana, Sciadopitys verticillata, var. varie- ta, Carrière. (R. H. ier p. 83.) [ene oy H. — riety. na (f. ba (f. 4a and 45) h white fl. Algeria, Moroce see apy oficinale, var. Val- loisii. oa Om a dics p. 447, Hi "ge 2 Fili H As ong grow- ith. ‘th e fronds dilated and irregularly divided and crested at their summit, forming large bunch-like tufts. y à Pent elegant species with a Feind egre ic — fally pa inel tely branched stems, the yg cuts ug in dme slender spikes. Bra Silphium aifioren (B. M. t. 6918; R. H. 1887, p. E Com- posite. ” An ornamental H. per., 2-4 ft. high, scabrid. L. piinata. n the axils of the upper stem l., radiate "Y in, in diam., creamy white. Te xas. ~~, PA CE. Rchb. f. CW. . 6, pl. 271.) Orchidew. His u dl Mons with ceolate acuminate, plicate 1., and io ite fl., with the throat iud "disk o he lip deep yellow; marked with o ipe lines in the tube. Costa Rica. Sobralia xantholeuca, Williams. CW. O. A. v. 6, pl. 250.) A distinct and showy species, with broad, lanceo- late, acute, plicate, dark n l., and ‘fl. . with spreading ipii Solanum n dii, saxi ( a M ‘ t viel JL B: I887, p. o- lanace ome climbing peat with prickles on the stem and oles. L. variable, 2-10 in. long, -4 in. b and oblon pinnatifid, pin Fl. in large bora in: plete purple, 2-22 in. dia Costa Rie Daip Batemanniana, Rolfe. (Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 24, synonym of Lælia hb. f. So Sint erii var. auran- fia ca, Carrière. (R. H. 1886, p. 492, pl.) Orchidee. A var. with dark -red fi. —— Var. purpurea, Veitch, and v rosea, Veitch. (Veitch Man. Cattl. imd Lelia, p. 106.) The ei named var. is the S. purpurea, Reh and the second is similar, but Herm bright rosy- le fl. purple Spathiglottis Regni jeri, Rchb. f. YG. rod 18875, V l; p. I 174.) Orchidee. Allied to S. "Lobbii, but with broader 1., fl, having the a stands more no eilia on the c angles of the long sta ochin Chi Staphylea Colombier André. (R. H. Yr p- Sapi indacex H. tree. Garden vi v Statice superba, (Gfl. 1887, 666, f. 170.) Piunbarines. H. cael resembling S. Suworowi, but he spikes a nir soured into a cle. with t yra panicle Stellera Alberti, Rgl. a -— p. 649, t. 1262.) Thymeleæ shr., l che i P ob- sinat ly silky-pilo in un- eulate heads, mg Jie. Central 120 Strelitzia regina, var. citrina. (G. C. E v. p. 816. Scitaminez. ir m var. vik citron-yellow sep. $. ca. Stre LER Ue. Hook. f. M. t. 6903; G. C. 1886, v. 96, p. PUNCOEK nerace Bui D Sit; ig, B e a3 ou ‘bata red fl. Tra p. aru inii Ne RB. Br. 87, v. 2, p. 137,and 246, f. a, de n. 1887; p: 99b) G: Garden spa Watsoni, N. E. Br. C. 1887, v. 2, p. 137, and 215, f. G. Garden hybrid. Strobilanthes —— Jaeq. (GA. 3.) Acanthacez. s yos with petiolate, ^s an marked with a val spot in the throat. Himalaya. Strohilanthes V ci are (B shr., gubrows, L. "e zd d nate, toothed, dark green biis le be- eath. y T panicles, is lilac- de rpl with a swollen, nearly pet taba. "Matri Himalaya. Strobilanthes flaccidifolius, Nees. M. t COLT: GLO. Test: 3 9. S. A pretty shr., yielding e dye. L. in. long, elliptic- lanceolate acute, narrowed into a petiole, serrate, glabrous, bright green Fl. in 1 eafy, paniculate spikes, al the tube of the corolla is bent, e lobes deeply notched. India, Chin Strophant ue Ledienii, Stein. (GA. 1887, p. 145, t. 1241; G. E 1887, v. 1, . 447.) Apocyneæ r. of in- teres esting character, with decidtious; op- posite, obovate, pm subsessile, rubescen a nal of $ "^ z [z] -®© -— ' KA S fari œ TE oO gr e aee ant with linear tails 41-6 eon "Mititbotbaa: Carriére, € H. redd r E Leguminose. arden ic ace anat var. alba, Carrière. HS 1886, p. 562) G. Garden variety. Syringa emodi, var. aurea Bi: CR. patr 1886, p. 547.) Oleacem. shr. Garden variety. foliis b asd Simon- Lou eH 1886, p. 547.) Gar- den variety : Tapeinanthus humilis, Cav. 1887, us b> B 5 "1 tá ES eo g^ = ° oO 8 rrow e seg weale at their base. Spain -—— Powe ae Orti Tanfani. (Bul- let cult., 1887, P. 17, S. minal panicles, corolla with a s t infla narrowly fotinel- shaped tube, and spreading ad deli- cate rose-pink, veined Mad = 8. rica. Syn. vim te. (G. C. 1887, v. 1, p.2 i um ung culatum Rehb. v0.4. v l. 266.) Orchidee. This, which i is iiec known as nop- sis Ruckerinana in gardens, is a rte of Sarcochilus unguiculatus, Ld. Thunbergia xeu S. "gens (G. C 1887, v. 2, Acan- thacee. S ae “shr. with shortly stalked, eniti or tilt eis: bea dee ary fl. 2 i in anie ved da a yellow throat. sae ae stach s, Baker. (B 061 H Hf. 1881, p. 166.) Bromeliacee. in E riesia chrysos- s, Morren. Tillandsia fene stratis, Hook. f. (B t. 6898.) Syn. riesia fenestralis, Lind. and André Tillandsia inflata, Wawra. (R. H. 887, p. 44.) The corrected name for Trin psittacina, var. Truffautiana, satiate tng Baker. (G. C 1887, Me ^ 140 "This is the Tias n gar PI "ec nnia also su hala £d Vriesia Atakai Tillandsia Bagira ord and Schl. (G. C. 188 p- One of the brond-apit A here "fte em ae © nót u linear - subulat . broad, channelled, a simple d Mia cihous spike, yellow, with bright red glabrous Mex iii mt eri, var. —— Gump. (Gf. 1887, p. 667, f. 172.) Scrophulariacer: arden variety. Tournefortia nia — ( H. 1897, * Boragines. G.orH. H. Shr.of bold | Tridax Leere var. habit, _ clothed with short ha corymbose cymes. ‘Trop. Americ Trichocentrum albo- urpureum, var. uut erem NS v. 2, p. 77, pl.85; G. C. 1887, v. 2, p. 1 the apical part striped with the same colou rosea Gr. (G: C. 1887, v 2, p. 428, mag 553, site. A pretty warf habit, with tated ovate 1l., slightly glandular exei poe long-s vae heads 1i in. rosy-lilae ray and erie disk. ies T fe d Rgl- ge cn t I? 887, 5 14y Liliaceæ. pul Ib. A smali es, with about ihree linear- Janceo obtuse segments. Ulmus proxi e var. Berardi, Car CR. H. 63.) Olivades. ree. Gaiden d Urgines 1 M rade capire Baker. (G. 260 Li sana. “botanical interest, ta nh cylindrica, glos vri ie a fl.-s 2 ft. high et whitish f S. A ag — Baker. (G.C. 2) G- Duib of botanical eet. Bulb globese 2-3 ins, with a aaa s of diam. Leaf solitary, terete, erect 1j ft. long. Fl. stem 3 ft. high, stout, ith a se raceme of ascending, pes a white fl, tipp ith green ; west bracts with a curious convolute spur 3 Pda long. Africa. Urals pulchra, 5 . E. Br. 1887, v. 1, p. 670.) Composi H. annual. This is merely the "familiar ied. yui speciosa of men id now o the genus Ursini S. Amesiana, Rchb. f. (G.C. ze v.l, p. 164; and v. 8, p. 472; W. O v.7, pk 296.) Orchidee. A ipe species, having a short stem with 1. like those of wit P pet. cuneate ag, subacute; Side] lobes wel P rare, lip small, pearly front lobe reniform, decibel: «x raised rmm n the disk in front of a small tran ed tubercle. Spur poniai, compressed, short. India 122 Vanda Clarkei, N. = » (Esmeralda Clarkei, Rehb. f. . 1886, v. is p.552,) Much in cz Se of V. Cat carti, with cuneate, sean obtuse a: a d t, of a dar own barred with ochre, yellow outside the lateral sep. and pe rved. 3-lobed, with h a chien pos s “whitish, wit b bo and 8 betwee en o e bes. . date, oblong - elliptic, with lobulate kae and 7-9 radi indnpwhiteh eels. Mouth of vara covered by two retrorse nene wit other crest in front. Himalaya. Vanda PTS Rchb. f£. (G. C. 1886, v. with yellow very acute, bi- dentate at apex, 1j in. broad, yel -green. Sep. and pet. shortly stalked, elliptie obtuse. Lip with small trans- squarish side lobe vi conical and has a short, rounded, grooved he front its der var. albata, uu f. (G, C. 1887, v. 2, p. 9.) is sometimes Venidium fugax, Harv. (G. C. 1887, v.2, p. 333.) Composite. H. annual, E" ft. c ie with short Da Radical 1. o. iptie, more or less sinua pe per l. sessile, entire or sient éliuti icudied. H x E orange with am., bright ; SA eal udiludéuii is Ft species of garden 8. Vicia Dennesiana, Wats. Zygocolax Veitchii, a p. ntc. Ve ohio wed ged pe 2" uxi, (B. M: t. 6967.) Leguminose. H. H. p climber, of great interest, on account of ild st sion to a dingy fawn colour. Azores. Vitis s capensis Thunb. ok H. 1887, p. 872, with p) A Ampelide tomentose fl., followed by depressed globose blackish-red berries. S. Afric Xanthorrha æa Preissii, En dl (B. M. 6933.) Juneacem. G. One of the escis ** Grass-trees," with a stout t iem long, quadrangular, slender 1., = -stem 1-8 , bearing a length ik of dironuboreliów . W. Australia. Zea gracillima, var. variegata. (Gf. 1886, p. 640.) Ep aminem. Garden variety of the Mai Zinnia linearis, Bth. (Gf. 1887, pen 66s. £ ee Composite. H. annual. NOS utiful ones 12-18 in. iici fh fro ds of a bri right io etin, Een 1 in. in diam. aquatica, L. an 1886, : Graminez. A = e grass, with e lanceo acumina a vag aione inflorescence. meri (6.-C, Hee - Ayyo- Carrière. Orchideæ. A i sm ll Fl. ra ; showy ; sep. and pet. dark red spotted and stripe yellow; lip large, white with violet lines on the margin, nd with short nerves covered violet-rose hairs, Brazil Zygo pue -rk Veitch. (G. C. 18 Garden hybrid. Syn. TUR he Veitch Rolfe, ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF No. 17.] | e Ay XL.—IPECACUANHA. (Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, Rich.) The ipecacuanha plant is a half-shrubby perennial not more than 18 inches High, which enone in abundance under the shade of trees in hot, moist forests of many parts of Brazil. It was cultivated . country at Edinburgh at least as eeu as 1832, b nd flowei red . in 1843. j -The part used in- medicine is the dried roots. These. more or sor all the year. round, but jess during the rain the y of drying tat rede tle Trim men (Medicinal Plants, vol. ii., 143), «From its stimulant acti * on the alimentary c anal i ipecacuanha has always been in PORA as * remedy in chronic dysentery and ordre and in large d s cvm and re ards it is regarded in India as almost a s te dysen For the s quarter of a century a persistent attempt has teii to introduce the ipecacuanha plant into India. This = met 1 iac i LONDON: PRINTED FOR HER Rope cma ER QUY i , And to be purchased, either directly or kani Doit ; EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, East HARDING cmd FLEET STRET, deas GDON STREET, S.W.; or ADAM AND. CHARLE BLACK, 6, NORTH BRIDGE, RonrenAx: or À tecum FIGGIS, & 204, GRAFTON inanes: Dos — HN most varied fortune, and has a t last be en eoim ith success m the Seats Settlements. s is idni that the p presented w: of no ordinary difficulty. The ipecacuanha plant pend very y little elasticity of constitution, and refuses to flourish, except under a very nate p of physical eno The result of experiment lini n to sho at it cam be propagated by extrao rdinary ‘facility, uae by ordinary cuttings, by cuttings of the roots, or even . by merely pegging a leaf to the earth. The eed of the series of the ipecacuanha plant into India 1 commenced with the following extracts from a letter emt D. Anderson, Pec ee tina of the Botanical Sardis, Calcutta e r Ronin ti to the Government of Bengal, dated December Sth, My attention had been directed to the introduction of 2 ipeca- uanha plant into the Botanieal Gardens of Calcutta for some years, * but I was unable to procure any plants until April 1866, sien one me by the overland route by Dr. Hooker, Director CI * on the plant by Dr. George King, Assistant Surgeon o of the Bengal * Medical Service, during the hastis e to India for its having arrived in Calcutta i in good health." z > plant of ipecacuanha o rm introduced into the — : si epe xir but I n v medias ne plants in this On March . 23, 1869, the tin Oe enl. t 5 Kew. requesting thot í plants- fs ipecacuanha, usd be. procera sa. sent with care to Joseph Hooker replied) Mar rth 19: ^] ean ad two. healt thy the disposal of his Excellency the matin in Council at and: I hope — be able to supply more, but the plant 0 imported alive) is still. se uaivels rare ished after their arrival i | , 1870, Dr. Anderson, who had in dv nM to nit i6 ;Me the India fest "T The plants have thriven at of three. planta abide by Mr. These i four. reps — are abe only ones ve been all-others having perished the conn x tis — now to of this plant, but it is believed it ofa direct importation from oan dco peeecvanha as possible from. botanical - and p tain and Europe.” Heec ontinues : nF . Balfour, mr ise of Botei * and both he a AM ir de Odlcatts! B Gard E be; prom t aes i pea ite gardens and will be rooted did grow * in cg estimate that I shall be able to take out in eem M -— .* less than 50 plants of E true ipecacuanba, all of w : urope, principally in — E or md sees eeds from the Boitoa Gardens, Calcu ^ ted the ony curvving o We from Dr. — ote wh E /** acc ordance with the orders of the Government of India, based on — the results of the EIE of the late Dr. Anderson, these plants ** were forwarded to Sikkim as soon as practicable after their arrival “here. The Calcutta climate having proved totally unsuitable to this plant, all attempts to propagate itin this garden have been abandoned, t under o wd nchona plantation, and p is being carried * on chiefly in one of the hot, deep valleys on the our E m opes of the ikkim Himalaya, which open towards the terai. Hitherto frequently been produced; we must therefore look to increase — and other artificial methods.” From the report of Dr. George Henderson, officiating Re ete es ory of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Calcutta, to the Governmen of Bengal, 423. He states: * The cultivation has been practically confined Sikkim, where it has been conducted chiefly by Mr. J affrey of the x howi . “ root and leaf cuttings was discovered progress was idee SON _ Since this discovery. it has been proportionately ra Mr. Gammie, the pi manager of the cinchona ARE aE ipe i: and 1 cacuanha cannot be successfully cultivated in In open spots where it gets the full “Tt is essentially a tropi ical plant an itly priki moist, shady spots where there is much t eieiablg * mould in the soil, and au equable steamy atmosphere. ; w plants had been sent during the year to the Khasi ills, 100 are about to be despatched to to the Madras Government for — he at Barliar, a low -lying, moist spot in one of the Heys oft the Nilgiris." 5, Dr. King reports: “ The propagation of the plant oy r thoroughly understood, and there are in the hot- . Jaffrey's care, at Rungbee more than 100,000 young — while two years ago th ere were less than 7,000.” u s th, Seinen De ae nhe isse to the Government of re a a quantity o of the drug tset o on General for trial in hospital ML > by Dr. Crombie i that skim i exoept in shady places tie ickly ought to suit ipecacuanha perfectly. * * * We have been per a fem suecessful in propagating the plant € rt repe and seed, * and it grows luxuriantly under cover. But out of doors the low night * temperature of the cold weather proves too severe for it. During the * year 26 pounds of the dried root, taken from plants grown in frames, “ under Mr. Jaffrey’s care at Run ngbee, were sent to the medical depôt * for use, previous trials havi hg peering the “ew of the * Sikkim-grown drug.” Aga July 10th, 1879: “I have been — * obliged to give up all hope of ‘the profitable cultivation of the drug * in Nerthern India, the climate being unsuitable.” Here its official history i in this part of India closes. But the follow- ing extract from a letter addres to Kew by Mr. Gammie, thé resident manager of the Government Cinchona Pisatabions at Darjeel- ing, November llth, 1886, illustrates in a striking way the v aried | te nt ew te ** differed greatly from each other. All the Kew plants were of one the start the Kew variety. It * rougher in the leaf lani the Edinburgh cil and rot so strong - * growing while under glas * After we had satisfied REY es that we could make nothing of | ipecacuanha from a commercial point of view, we put all the plants * out in the open, under shade, and let them take their e * this time we had all the sorts mixed up together, and as w - originally at least, ten Edinburgh ts for each one of the j * sort, and the Edinburgh lot had, Paidra; been much hae * growers under glass, the Kew plants formed formed less than five pe up thios bai But i vege the Edinburgh dám. begi dis- ** appear, until, in the a year or two, there was not x ng * plant of dé of the Ydinbugh varieties alive, whilst almost every * plant of the =v variety lived. Of it, at the aay deem e * have a good stock, and in one place, at 1,400 feet elevation, unde * the shade of living trees, we have plants whic E ed ago in the most perfect health, but, unfortunately, their gro has been so slow as to render the prospect o: fitable * from them almost hopeless. Still it strikes me that in plac * graphically better situated for ipecacuanha growing than “ that this particular variety succeed although other L o " et ^ 4 ZE oa "e = © & E > & 4 ~ jpecaet ianha than the * Kew variety ’ to be found.” = Co He King’ pëcdiction in 1878, that the climate of Singapore be found well adapted to Hes anha Amt been abundantly be seen from Mr. om rest | Settlements for M A - to grow in the Straits with all the lux “ when a proper situation is hit upon. It enj e a very mo tmosphere, | ewha e s the Straits it DR a its sive any 1st, Stl verage of the Brazilian drug bein per He con- odes eretar; that * the Indian [so- “srt puede peras cc is * quite equal to the average Braziliau ro Nothing is known of tle history of the plant grown «in the Johore tation. It is, however, probable that they were derived fro im, neh four piante were a from Kew to t peti in 1875. spon “has passed between this this establishment ae i Office o an ithe subject of Brazilian gum arabie;— - E ROYAL GARDENS, Eus, to FOREIGN OFFICE. = Royal Gardens, Kew, February 6, 1888, AM desired by Me Waien D Dyer to inform you that owing rruption of c n the Soudan the price of “gum Binit that oons -e ieri — to st ter from other countr © Secretary E State would approve of the a; Con Pará being r w ue ons of © he es forum, e — of the tree or s is — FM : CowsutL KANTHACK, Pari, to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. | pub eo British Consulate, Pará, April 3, 1888. I HAVE the — to acknowledge the receipt of your letter the 8th of piro e and a copy of your Despatch $e od v of England. which has thus appeared here consists of two differeut : kinds. One is obtained from a tree called Jatuba [according to i: chell this is probably Hymenea Courbaril, L.], and is of a Me ch 5 Angico [probably Acacia an Mart mut and is a gum of ; colour, oozing out by cutting the bark. This gum ur disci von in | bstit and is considered a substi for gum arabic. —— i . Ishall endeavour to = from Parnahyba specimens of le: flowers of these two kinds of gum, and shall be glad wi to you with all further fafobihation I may procure. Rm I have, &c. T D. Morris, Esq., (Signed) E. KANTHACE, Assistant Director. Consul. - We have ves the plant known under the native name of Meme from Burchell as probably Hymen@a, and there is little dou ibe character of the gum that it is H. Courbaril, L., the Locust tree of e West Indies und the Simiri of iana. The gum ang more A the nature of ; a a gum-resin han of geir pede um Ani insoluble in : lately - roe The plant. Known ida i native name of Angico is d belese T Nara Angico, Mart. Th known.to yield a soluble gum y similar T gum arabic, Until specimens are received at Kew. the question cau ri d, may assume that the “pulk af corpses! qua dod by this latter species ; £s E $ ya | P XLIL—TRINIDAD COFFEE. ^ Semple staple one ‘of Trinidad are sugar and cacao. e pe oe of these two sugar, 700,0 h « of d the vorthor portion of the Island, east of the Maraval Valley. .* In the up E part of St. Ann's Valley ‘there are extensive plots of * e which for vigour and fruitfulness are simply perfection." Owing probably io reeurring periods of drought and to the absence 2 Suitable shade trees, coffee cultivation has not prospered = the lo lands ially at a higher Tu E =H e S Lr = 5 o ct = E — #8 SEE e E 5 & ig elevation, complete success would, no doubt, be attain In the report on the samples of Trinidad vate contributed to the c hat *they w The in their poe Tn 535. dem 55s. per cwt., but iUad easily D be made to realise 5s ore by careful picking and preparation "Tt is oubtfol i if the Trinidad planters know iow to remove the e pulp “ quickly and well after picking, and if they clean their qusc [11 Mr. J. H. Hart, the pag appointed sai nie s of the Botanic ns at es id i rned his a on to the possibility of "bi a letter addressed to coffee grown here ca Af n res spec tively Creole, Hybrid Moc E & Mocha coffee. Tam very desirous of obtaining the market value of these samp es,as I believe with proper appliances the coffee grown here could be increased in market value at least e per cent. The samples have been cleaned and propad by fermentation.” In acid to this reque t the asa ferie: with enelosures was Colonial Office et Royal Gardens, Kew, April 11, 1888. at AM desired by Mr. Thiselton Dyer to inform you that he lately received from the Superintendent of the sarang Gardens, Trinidad, samples of coffee which had been prepared by him experimentally for the purpose of testing the merits of Trinidad coffee. .2. It appears that coffee cultivation at Trinidad has no so far proved ` suc l industry. The planters who have ridi tial is i 1 able to cure the produce in such a manner "Ss Mr. ] art who takes an i intelligent. interest in local industries has _ ` ery properly sought to improve the quality of Trinidad coffee by curing — = ee wis method so > well pursued in regard to | e Blue = ee amaica. The result of Mr. Hart’s experiment ‘according ta io the reports s of brokers enclosed herewith has improved the value of Trinidad ffee by about 25 per cent. 5. Mr. Thiselton Dyer is of opinion - that the report of the EE also the letter of Messrs. Shand and Haldane, will prove e of interes William Robinson, to whom they might be communicated for ihe se of aioe At attention to coffee growing as EIE e means of the industries. of the tis d aces ward Wingfield, Eq, Colonial ve. : e, &c. Gia "pr Mons. ^ CET : Messrs. Snax AND Harpase to RoraL GARDENS, Kew. ... 24, Rood Lane, E.C., April 7, nd WE réciived ls RUE d 29nd ultimo, and we no w have enc report and valuation made M Messrs. Wilkos Mii & Co., 41, Mincing Lane, of the Belg ot Trinidad. coffee | nt by you to us. "A few words as to the system of coffee preparation — genos) adopted in Ceylon upon the estates may perhaps be of interes The coffee cherries are allowed to get fully ripe upon the trees, and care is taken in picking to avoid green and partially ripe cherries cherries are passed through machinery generally as soon as they — are More i into the measuring loft from the field, though some planters prefer keeping them for a night i in the loft before pulping, and | believe thereby a better colour is obtained for the bean when it reaches market, though the parchment skin may not look so clean. In the operation ali moved ; it is then put on mats or an asphalte or Stee dept and left in the sun to de and after two or three day iunt. T | dn Binim irteeren F RO “Haldane, lachen 7 1886. ; We à; (Bip iE. HALDANE & Co. D. Morris, Esq. DEAR Sins, 41, Mincing Lane, E.C., Mo 27, 1888, ve examine "t the samples of Trinidad coffee as under experimental cultivation at Trinidad, aud report as folloy Qd ee of good liquor and flavour, the of the be Hy ap mondes ds to long-ber rry dre e Royan GARDENS, Kew, to COLONIAL Ond beer tion =. Sn, Royal Gardens, Kew, April 23, 1888. = In continuation of my letter of the It instant I am danat Mr. Thiselton Dyer to forward to you, for the information of the Govern- ment of Trinidad, the enclosed copy of a letter received from Messrs. Lewis and Peat, of Mineing Lane, on the subject of cleaning * parch- mente 2. It would appear from this letter that an entirely new aspect has been given to the dee of vae for the English market by the establishment in London of a factory to clean parchment coffee in a ler. T A tis proposed to treat this subject as regards its bearing upon Indian coffee in the K Kew Bulletin for the month of May =a g to the falling off of coffee aeris in the East Indies to t Setar, it is said, of a million and a quarter ewts. annually, coffee cotta on in the West Indies should be largely augmented. The difficulties m, &c. Edward Wingfield, Esq., (Signed) D. Morris. Colon: nial Office, S.W. [Enclosure.] Massas, Tews AND Peat to Royat Garpens, KEW. a 6, Mincing Lane, ; E.C., April m. aas io your Tor of the 16th instant we "hs. e of importing coffee i in the parchment is largely on on increase, and some most satisfactory results have been attai e have recently sold large parcels from America which were same coffee cleaned on the plantation we obtained 86s. per ewt although prices = Rendre were lower, Experience shows that the | : the bean from atmospheric Eso rue which ct ‘the olor, and in every instance where trials have been made Prats $i favour i. peek here. The process is —_ is o ie We remain, Ae. ES US wm (Gee) - Lows & Paar. irected by Lord Eastin to acquaint you that a copy of i evili be sent for publication to the Governors of the West Indian iia other Solomos interested in the production of coffee. m, &e. > (Bigned) Epwarp WINGFIELD. — The Director, Royal Gardens, Kew. XLIIT.-—PATCHOULI. ; (Pogostemon Patchouli, var. suavis.) In the Kew Bulletin, | No. 15, for. Maso; 1888, page 71 was given c the patchouli li plant use used i n perfum Toi was tes recently received from Mr. Curtis :— Sir, Penang, February 16, 1888. _ to thank you for the determinations of Penang plants. (1,140-1, 201), and also for your kind letter of E erbe Refer ting to your remarks tchouli, it may i o kno result of an | 21st the whole was cut, and w in ; ter being dried in a cool airy deg z3 10 tjs was 106 Ibs. The leaves were then separated from the stems and | weighed separately, the result being, “good leaf,” 6 37 lbs Samples were submitted to two London Mops both of said that the sample was good. One valued i d. to 10d. and the other at 10d. to 11d. ae o Fh e patch was cut again the first wok in Jha. ; . and the Mise and results were site ena the same as i that there is ubt a patchouli will : ne ton 2I mentioned some time ago, when sending a sample to Kew, that the 2 Feros of the Urena lobata are used for adulteration. . Can you inform me whether patchouli is used for any other purpose _ than for perfumery ? ne I remain, &c. js . D. Morris, Esq. (Signed) C. Curtis. XLIV.—COCHIN CHINA VINE. (Vitis Martini, Planch.) An C new species of vine has been received at Kew from the Botan s, Hong Kong. It was sent by Mr. Ford as Vitis Tartini, Planch. From ctm nical specimens also contributed by Mr. ord to the Kew Herba “go Nba r Oliver has identified the plant as Vitis (Ampelocissus) Morte of. Plane chon, but he is doubtful . whether it is e distinct nie Vitis barbata, Wall., of Bengal and Burma As plants of this vine have been distributed from Kew to correspondents in the Colonies it is a Re to place on record all the available information respecting se report of the Superin tendent of the Botanical and Affor weiss "Depattinent, Hong Kong £, for the year IBS the following tiag account is given of the ochin China v “ Another Sans of considerable interest is a new tuberous-rooted vine, Vitis Martini, Planch., from Cochin China. It fruited this year in Hong Kong for the first time. dens, a e fresh s the il, 1884, xai grew well during he summer, but E no MELIA to Bow er; and again died down in the winter. * Last summer they started vigorously and ed flower about * the end of May. Many of the bunches, Tow ver, failed to develop _ fruit, owing, apparently, to imperfect ferbitization but there was a $ good a average crop of banches on the canes irrespective of the failures. it was ripe in October, many of the bunches weighing a nd each. The berries when D. are jet black, and rather Mu re ordina Th | n MOs rs m 'tionable. The flavour might be altered, as ing the mode of cultivation; but the size of cinerem is codi to prevent the grape becoming popular as a table “ fruit x it may, -or very well adapted for a wine producer. | rst resident res “of DE Colony, V but I learn that none of these plants have fiuited. A few remark the mode of cultivation may therefore be useful. cul be planted at a distance: of 12 feet apart in well ed soil, taking care to keep. the manure ure near the surface as the ake a Lorizontal d j ; 135 zt “ laterals that show bunches; but it will be fud d hat — very * bunches will be developed on the lateral shoots, most of the bunches — * springing directly from the main rods; but in the case of a bunch n * second bud above the bunch. The laterals cim be allowed to grow. * till they are 2 feet long. It will then be s if eid ras likely * to throw out oldie or not. If not, prune them parre escribed, * and also pinch back all subsequent growth a opidi a may “ be found necessary to thin out the — to Sion the sun to get at | * the branches, but in doing this great care should taken not to ; reak o a * bunches, leaving a space of 15 or 18 inches between them. BR * is also advantageous to thin the berries, leaving hardly one half of the . ** original quantity on each bunch; but I am afraid this process would * prove impractic cable if the vine were extensively grown, owing to the | “ labour it would entail. After the fruit is gathered the vines require no farther lot « ot * ground just as the erowns began to push in the warf they, too “ failed = — and traen rather a sickly appearance during the E. i The. : aean Press’ has already suggested that this vine “ should receive the attention of vine growers in the wine-producing — * countries of Europe e e phylloxera has denuded the Men sot * view of the won nderful improvement agit have been and can * brought about by skilful and per dus cultivation, it is not un- * reasonable to surmise that this new vine may ultimately c ipi Mae d It is easily cultivated, and seems to be well ad * for a tropical climate, or a climate in whieh the pater st « comparatively cold and de growing season hot. M XLV.—MADAGASCAR EBONY. ( The information contained i in the following SOE resp T M w i tion it is impossible to express an opini The flora of the par of Mac it is most : “ti Principal Assistant in the Kew "Herbeciüm, bas for many years. deve attention to the flora of the mountainous eie of Mada . deseri coe ed collected. for the most | mbers. of the jin oem ae work ow DOCA ii sir de nn Ma 2 faltestiogs of plants, - which a is confidently an te greatest. possible in interest. S i is, well. known. that ue heart MR A ains many diront species at Diospyros constitute the ebony of commerce: -There are.10 endemic gpecies of Diospyros at Madagascar, but itis impossible to identify | e.. of.. eem yielding commercial ebony. Mr. "Godfrey tes 1 nowr country is ebony, and in this my house i is the largest rator. Hitherto we are dependent. for ro on the French 'erman ho ood ' different species of dium alum: Indian from Santalum album, L., and West Australian Fuso s. Sandal-woods ".is given by rc Petersen. in J aceutical Society, vol. rds [3], p. ! “According to Mr. Baker there i is no ies of Cien — from gascar, Pt wi mem name of -Hasoran 0, while another wood ARA isa specimen of wood labelled * Santal M esie from Madagascar and Zanzibar into to be used fe burning the bodie — specimen om Professor MacOwa si d . Mr. J. Heathcote, from received February 6, 1886, labelled ** Wood like sandal-wood (Groton sp.). Ji is ground and mixed. with water, and used by the natives at Inh elves.’ ese latter are not properly gadno They are mentioned as wating the possible source of what- is called sandal- wood t adagas The correspondence is as follows :— Turk Fo OREIGN Orrice to tie GARDENS, Kew. reign Office, March 19, uet ui of ini p^ instant I am direet ted b herewith EX E Taster. a yon t th I pe ies sent tim aving been ncessio: export. dor fom th the . all that i is pups is smuggled out tof the country. cm El gir CR IT Lewis Ransome (of -= pa of A. Ransome & Co., Chelsea) has been i t Kew for a botanical survey of the. Te. contession in the an, Nort h-east QUE of M: mcg n to Mozambique and Nossi i Pe; and, if ee and sound andi it fetches ron 40 to 55 dollars a ton. E heard € mien I was z Majumba Bay that im grows on the sent to Nossi Be, that there were - ! anks of ? ya irees there, ats I was net to go as small-pox w was raging in all "the: à ri wn ; ab qvyselt found ebony close t to Ampasimerime, about 20 miles N. E. of — nga, marked in Oliver's map incorrectly Pajong; it was here both mall in size and quantity ; from there to Ambolivozy, a village on the dcos entrance of Moj y, Idi cover any, but i see recommence there in small quantities, and extended along the southern bank y.. «At Ampasamala t were large quantities of sm and at At Amboeliana, not far from there, I cut. and sent t same to London, and info Emo tat its value ther is from 350 to 60l. a ton. = Wn. iq * $ icy ue spa. e ooi us * * 1 trees ; Androhibe, about 10 miles inland, I saw sinter aei old trees of wes sandal-w From Soulala to south of TERS (Manitirano exóepled) itis. enin to DS. unsafe for a white to go, and impossible = a See uth of Morandava aS same Bur o ccurs ; Sakalava pwa there are creole traders’ agents for Mob, “of Live In iti opinion the only way the ebony trade can be worked on this coast-is by opening stations on the rivers where the ebony grows, and employing Sakalavas and Makoas at a sena wage with an English. overseer at each station ; he, of course, would have to take cotton | as the wages are mostly paid. in goods, coin bei "f hav (Signed) Pee C. Kyo British Vice Consul. J. G. Haggard, Esq., ; ub EUM. Consul for Madagascar. | di Mh ng Lesen in E petu Ws | . appears to be little, if at all known, in this country. © Hug stated: “I have, just received from Chefoo, North China, ed ess Shantung Cabbage seed, and I should like, if poss aad * boiled itis nearly as good, if not quite, as sea kale: eaten raw, in a as „it is of so delicate a flavour da IL Las of no vegetable in is an e atered ev — “ nearly full grown it should be tied round so as to give it a good white . “heart. If it can be acclimatized in this country it will be a great addition to our vegetables.” .. The seeds received at ag bas few in number were carefully : cultivated. They were sown ina heated pit on the 3rd May, and in tied in e way as Cos lettuce, and when se filled and blanched were cut for use. They were pronounced to be excellent. aco. > seed — only sparingly, probably owing to the dry der of It is nents en this Chinese cabbage may prove a useful addition to English ga e kinds most highly esteemed : in & 3 the uéighiboarhuot of the little town of Ngan-sun. * are said to be reserved for the table of the Emperor. ‘They are eaten ier d : — Under suitable circumstances the cultivation of this cabbage would doubtless prove as simple and as successful as with the ordinary cal te à om. 3 um $ hk] nt nder the native name of Pai-tsai he describes = * when youn g it is eaten as a cabb: age. and used for light and cooking.” th the Index complete account of t the Shantung cabbage is given in otages reis uriene | hist cultu usages de 100 plantes Pailli les peu o po woke par eux et D. Bois, 885. Iti : i» hows yeei ire 3 Pé-tsai, or Chou de Chine (Brassica hinensis, r information erg 8 be obtained from the Bulletin de la Société Onirele d' Horticulture de France: Note sur la culture du Pé-tsai aux iles Maurice et de Bourbon, par M. Breon, Vol. XXIII., Mention is ates made of the Chou de Schangton, or Pé-tsai, in the Bulletin de la Société d’ Acclimatation : Productions de la Chine, par .lAbbé David, 2° série, t. IL, p. 237. Ce mémoire contient, au ga du Vut ce Lem suit: ** Comme plantes alimentaires, on trouve “ dans nos ns : le Pé-tsai, dont les Chinois consomment * une énorme quantité, et qui vaut plus que tous les autres légumes * réunis; les Eur uropéen s le trouvent aussi fort bon et de meilleure * digestion que les divers Choux d’Occident.” _ A figure with cultural hints on Chinese Cabbage, or Pé-ts-ai, is given in the Vegetable Miei by MM. Vilmorin-Andrieus. London: John RN, 1885, p. 1 ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 18:45... JUNE. XLVIL—MANUFACTURE OF QUININE IN The following important papers have been communicated to th establishment by the Government of Bengal, and are published f ae the information of the colonies in which Ci own ER The historical summary of the introduction of quinine-yielding plants. from South America into India, may be Suppen ted by a reference to successfully carrying out this fupe mem erprise. aaa species of Cinchona were also distributed to Coro, Hen ropical ork ( (Cinchona ubra species o | in the Sikkim uoi ions. oes n the manufacture of febrifuge, which contele bui a small SOEUR of quinine, but a large amount of Cinchonine and Cinchonid he new process now described is intended for the manufacture of quinine from yellow bark (Cinchona Calisaya). 1f successful, it wil lead to the substitution of Indian-manufactured que for cu febri in the hospitals and dispensaries of India, and asa necessary co to ve oco HA: of yello w bark for red bark in iis i plantat FINANCIAL DEPARTMENT, ‘CALCUTTA, March 26, 1888. ~ Apprehensions of the extermination, in their native forests, of the -quinine -yielding Cinchona trees having reached an acute stege about 30 years ago, the Government of India decided to take effectual steps to : h i pru d Cont veas ipie with these efforts on the part ofthe English or the Dutch authorities were at work on behalf their Malayan Colonies, and by the year 1862, Cinchona cultivation had been ent of Cinchona growing in India were the Nilgiris and And the excellence of this selection has been proved two sorts: (1) quinine yielders, and (2) mixed Alkaloid yielders. Of quinine yielders there are two kinds, viz., yelow or Calisaya ing ntact Ni and Crown o or officinalis, barks. < Of the mixed yielders, there o two kinds, viz., red or succirubra, which to para y small proportion of quinine, with large proportions of Cinchoni- dine and Cinchonine: It had been chiefly used by druggists in the ne makers as a source of quinine. This red-bark tree was, however, the kind which, in the early days of the cultivation, it was found most easy to propagate; and in all pna both public and „it Cres preponderated over the other so: ^ eriment, resin problem that presented itself was “the their bark.’ For the private grower, the most lucrative sent time, has been to sell the. — bark in secure a cess, b but to » provide the people e of the nner A ‘at 4 the lowest with an efficient uere fe for the most prevalent of all the untry. for Government to take was, to discover whether it was real a fact that quinine is the only hind. unn extracting separately from Cinchona bark, and whether Cinchoni idine and Cinchonine might not each be an efficient febrifuge, true that a alone had got into ath as a febrifuge, and that le ( ef. — hona alkaloids had found a place in the British mu ti : agile : three alkaloids must undoubtedly enter, had for many years borne reputation of ida. comedies for fever. The presumption, peared to be that the position claimed for quinine as the ly real febrifage Dm ded by Cinchona bark, would prove, on careful _ examination, to pn untenable; and that the other vede alkaloids would — > found to hav e value as e rpose of 141 investigating this point, commissions of medical officers o all three sidencies were formed during the years 1565 to ey Th was that Cinchonidine and Cinchonine are both excellent febrifuges, à UA former not much less efficient than quinine itself. 4. Having thus established the value =A Cinchonidine and Cinchonine» | to be settled was how bes : sts, we as Government quinologists on the Nilgiri and Sikkim plantations - respectively. Mr. Broughton (the Nilgiri qiinolariat), as the — of hi i a a misapprehension as as to the “proper dose in which it should be 4 me prejudice existed against this drug. In 1875-76, however, E pounds of it were consumed, and its eonsumption so materially inere made and sold in London under the name of Pige i but un Cinchona febrifuge had first been manufactured in Indi sim preparation existed. It is, therefore, a remedy for which ie world : large is indebted to India, Cin chona febri used in India as à substitute for quinine, It. „been restricted t e beginning, and until now, its price has unifo 6 rupees 8 annas per pound, an dinit a a bes QUE contrast to quinine, the pri — vs which. has — neu al s been in Xo ad at this yoni rate) o ,704 pounds of 587,6162., ` while this quantity of. febrifuge has. actually dian consumer for the sum n of e ‘Rs. 14,47,116, 112 The actual saving to India has, therefore, bee very great, and the eapital €— E the plantations (about l1 lakhs of rupees) has been covered severa repon cium of red bark trees in the Sikkim plantation, ached d M while he was attached to it, naturally induce Woo give his t utilization of their bark. But by nom he quinine barks. these barks only one,— Calisaya and ts variety Ledg $a eR y thrives in Sikkim, the Crown bark, or inali having mparative failure. e many experiments in the manufacture of pure sulphate ofc quinine ; cis. up to the time of his retirement, for private reasons, the s Government in 1879, he had not succeeded in is in dun efüeieuit process. Mr. Wood was of opinion that good ine barks could be grown in Sikkim, and that it might be possible to extract the quinine from them on the a Dr. rintendent of the plantation, was very strongly of this opinion, and all effect, has, however, been given to it of recent years, and succirubra pie been supplanted by Calisaya to the extent of about a million trees. ; roce tried ; ; but, after much experiment,it was in turn abandoned. During a visit which he paid to Holland in 1884, Dr. King acquired some hints as toa process of extraction by means of oil. And now, benefiting by the advice of some chemical friends, Mr. Gammie has been able to perfect this. dese with the result that the whole of the quinine in yellow bark i form undistinguishable, either Mo eed or om the best brands of European manufacture. This can - ed that, as long as the sare of bark is kept up, never cost. Government ment much above 25 rupees per pound. the moment, qu is o ha Hie: il i in nee gone, that South A: dri! of the market. EI. is no igen os ; n the P RE are via. io Dr. "i and is : Mr. Ma Ee the patie t desire to make a profit by ow — produced in order that private growers of Cinchona may be enabled to — take full advantage of he per ocess, and that a permanent Bear inthe _ the dorar. and the TA are now price of quinine may en Cotman MACAULAY, | Secretary to the Government of Bengal. Method of se sp of the Alkaloids from Cinchona Bark by Cold : Oil as us e Government Cinchona Factory in Sikkim. n order ar = oil pe speedily and effectually act on the Cinchona bark, the latter is reduced to a very fine powder by means of Carter’ 2. A hundred parts of the finely-powered bark are then set aside 1 Eo mixed with Aper parts of commercial caustic soda, 500 parts of water, and. = mixture compused of one part of fusel oil to four parts soda, or caustic soda may be Rr s omitted, and 15 parts of slaked _ lime may be used instead of it. The caustic da is dissolved in the | water and mixed with the bark. Then the oil is added, and the whole is - e thoroughly intermixed in an agitating vessel. Should lime be - it is mixed in fine powder with the dry t bark before : adding the wate and oil. 3. The agitating vessels in use at Mun ngpoo are barrels. with winge pete revolving in them vertically, and with taps on the sides drawing of the fluids. ‘Tho first stern is carried on for four and then the v i er s * RA " An doa idi i 18 nvpe mansit vitii it£o > the oil is As . off in the same way, rashod as before in the Tenis and they are separated as before from Jiquor by tration rimo i cloth. The crystalline mass dinis y filtration is then placed in small lumps on "euh bie koreans paper E racticall stretched « p dried. They are afterwards thoroughly dri ied b oy pale: laid on blotting lend a room heated to about 10 degrees above the temperature of the open ai UE In Cinchona febrifuge is wanted, the alkaloids are exhausted from _ the oil by muriatic acid, the solution being neutralized and filtered in the : e alkaline liquor has drained off, the precipitate is washed with a little plain water, dried, and powdered. The powder is Cinchona febrifuge ready for use. . : March 24, 1888. : J. A. GAMMIE. . XLVIIL—JOB'S TEARS. (Coix Lachryma, L. var. stenocarpa.) The round shining fruits of a grass Ty vet ipn in tropical countries are familiarly known as Job’s Tears. The fruits when youn nd. Japan, belongs to thé “tbe Maido of the natural order, ramineæ. It is a tall growing grass, now commonly found in damp in tropies of both hemisp n man soanen it is egarded as a troublesome weed and a source of annoyance, especially Tice fields. As far as we are aware, the fruit possesses no prod 1e* wild state. The stem is stout, ect, a . In favourable situations it often attains a eet. The leaves are broad and. flattish, about a foot long, with a distinct midrib. The flo wers are moncecious, male and female in different parts of the same panicl W es bee simple branches icle break Spi die so yat when the fruit is ripe, the male spikelets comnis disappeared. The globular Job’s Tears as commonly found in the tropics are used ; laces, and in various ways as articles of ornamentation. The colour is s white, but j^ are cheap s found slightly tinged with MS.delethth. Coix Lachryma,Lvar. stenocarpa. g ce ; m prettily ornamented with these Barir i involueres, an a a attracted paki Pa attention. As these were not represented in the In w museums, application was made to the India Office for a small — sample, which, at the request of Lord vides, was e forwarded to Kew by the Chief Commissioner of Burma. Th nvolueres i in this sample vary from five to nine lines in jeg à ey are usually more rless fusiform, tapering at the ends one line in diameter. The mean thickest part is about 14 line in diameter. For ium specimens of plant yielding these its, we are indebted to at M. ; y : th. In a note attached to L in ie po EI Plantarum, Vol. VIIL, Professor Oliver states that the Kew Herbarium OSS , in addition to the packet of involucres from the India Office, “ a letter from Mr. R. Bruce, of Balipa: e * ofthe British Museum, saying that the involueres are known to the * Assamese a ris, and called by them the cowr-monee or crow n orandum, dated Simla, 22nd "December 1887, . t. Watts pic that * the grain (of this variety of Job's Tears) is not Tikely to prove of any great economie value as a source o i construction of artificial flowers, laces, bugle trimmings, and other om sed for which glass beads are being used. If capable of being Sw a deep black colour, there might be a very extensive “ since such beads would be infinitely more durable “ During the Exhibition, several gentleme: * inquired after see ble for the abo ‘ “ was not able at the time to furnish the es cal form of Coix now under consideration, but show ordi P erical form. y seemed to think there was fi X. prospect even of the common spherieal form comin "Se, = 4 objected to its large size. This led the writer to show th the Karen garments with the cylindrical form e are enabled, by permission of the Bentham Tien, to Rp a plate of this variety of Job’s Tears, from. the current issue de the Jc Plantarun [Vol. VIL, is 3, oe I 764 a rd E oR RHSEA, _ (Boehmeria nivea var. tenacissima.) d The plant t known under the several names of China Grass, Ramie, or Hiec eem to- » the. natural order, Uréicacee, and hence it is not a gura ^ but a nettle, somew what resembling in- appearance Ni ede 146 " The China Grass plant, first e: and long cultivated by the Chinese Stier the name of Tchou Ma, is the Boehmeria nivea of botanists. The s c name, nivea, was ive to it on account of the white ince on the gogig of the leaves. Boehmeri as the Green-leaved Gilias Grass, a name which may be conveniently ined for it. The fibre yielded by these plants has been long recognised as ` pre-eminent amongst vegetable fibres for strength, fineness, and lustre. Hence numerous attempts have been made to cultivate them, and to srep the fibre in 1 u r : be given to tho heo climate be deri and stimulating, in order to m a equent crops of stems. The plants veg be raised from J ut the more uttings. Th: roots e eroii the stools become | stron ronger and moré vigorous every and buc fron these, fresh sets are iiis btained for amie the Nüierous a tempts have been made during the last 10 years to exiract the Mira fibre which exists in this plant. The experimental processes hitherto e nei may be briefly classed as either mechanical orc mical. In the first, it has been sought to extract the fibre from e green stems, by means of rapidly revolving beaters attached to a drum driven : steam power. In some cases, water is used to wash the fibre while under the beaters. The chief difficulty experienced in this sen quantity of fibre cleaned per day. This has É eost to . In the chemical processes, the Ramie stems are or dry. The object sought is to treat the stems either - ler great pressure with steam or with chemicals, so as to dissolve the nin which the individual. fibres are immersed. After ter being thus - ed, the | 8 e € and are sent to market in the form of ribbons. The question diete s here also very important, and it is felt, under present circum- Mire, ‘that = Grass can only be satisfactorily grown and prepared there is an abundance of cheap labour. isa fact universally known, that the fibre of the China Grass is one he finest and strongest known. If a process could be devised that ild extract and clean the fibre at a a. eem the results would i of the greatest possible interest to all our tropical colonies. The pon cule dei UE TOES made to fw for infor- that interest par maintained in the China Grass or r Ramie, nes and under these cirumstances it is felt to be duni. to o plos Du record the latest facts — have been gleaned Fang the present position of the industry ROYAL GARDENS, Kew, to FOREIGN OFFICE. Sir Royal E seg Kew, April 16, 1888. AM desired by Mr. Thiselton Dyer to inform you that siderable interest is being taken in British “Colonies in the culture of the Ramie plant, known as Rhea and China Grass (Boehmeria nive 2. Hitherto the industry has not assumed large proportions anywhere, owing to the want of a thoroughly suitable machine to pr puo d the fibre. 3. In the Foreign Office Report, for the year 1887, on the of the Barcelona district [No. 275, Annual Series, 1888], Wooldridge states, that in the provinee of Cataluña, “ * already in v capable of decorticating the [Ramie] fibre o qum iem . Mr. Thiselton Dyer is of opinion that it is very desirable to e. Mr. Wooldridge the names of the makers of the machines which appear to have successfully solved the problem of pde Ramie stems. Any particulars he could add as -— ards ce cos of the machines, the power necessary to drive them, and the out-turn lean fibre per day, would egy of the greatest Sasis btk to plants in our tropical countries ve, &e., Sir T. Villiers Lister, K.C.M.G. (Signed) D. Monzis. Mr. Coxsur Woororwen to dis. POEA or Sarumomr. Mr Loro Manges A E the honour to ackno wle t ve an of interest to planters i in British tropical uds olon Although the Ramie plant t has been ultivated 1 e dones years in th north of Cataluña, i is d ithin t last ears that, through. the invention of a decorticating dig bya Morse Favier, m" er |. of the “ Société La Ramie Francaise,” it has as been brought before publie, M. Favier has a factory, called the “Fabrica : 'Torroella de Montgri, in reps in the a of the Ler ori tend re his at work. —— These stalks in a dry A pre cut and exposed to the ch rays of. the sun. .. 48 hours, as experiments and praetice show that the green Ramie is impracti P eee tt M. Revie bor been. the first to solve the to be s .'* Cent Jas in its number d “ Although the "use of stares = Meee "M . . . aahi extension in its use; h ; ‘avier co d a machine for the purpose of separating the fibre, a real revolu- tion has been produced in the industrial world, and the cultivation of * the Ramie plant has taken voip) aope An other decorticating machine, similar to the Favier one, has, wever invented by a Monsieur Billion, of nae i who i consider it to be superior to the Favier one, Full descriptions are given of these machines in Professor Obiols’ mphlet (in Spanish), and can be purchased for a few pesetas. The Billion machine can produce 300 kilogrammes of fibre a day, | advantage over = Favier one. machine is not for sale to the public, the “beg reads, &c., himself, as the ** Société La Ramie Francaise a Neither, I believe is the Billion machine to be ne uired or money. is another machine, known as the “ Agramadera (flax-dresser) ented by M. —— of Paris. Its size isa cubic metre, uires half a horse to put it in motion. n, and can be worked , by a windmill, or Dy Hen It is portable, weighs 350 kilos., 2t : L) wn to produce 175 kilos. has been invented in Barcelona by Don Demetrio for extracting fibre from textile pens and many of his machines are in use, with su ccess, in Mexico. The inventor is about to introduce certain modifications i = eg machine, in ardet to adapt it to the decor- tication of the Ramie rk s Phe the Favier machine, and the cost per e. osi : Two: men to separate the extremities of the stalks the stalks.» 1 "a. 15 or abou i pa day aca xr ; and hs ^ 1000 kilos. of oe alks the proportional out-turn would be as follows a s 2 50 kilos. of extremities, or 5 per cent. of the sold weight, 190 kilos. of fibre, of POR DM of the whole we ce ilos. of wood. , kd pellicles n may al te wild. the working of: 20 of Faviei would require - rares the open wa p dme pa Actual cost of stalks of Ramie (in Spin), 100 pesetas per I and each machine decorticating 216 kilos. per day. i. Expenses. Pesetas c. 4, me — of — - - - 432 00 eae - «208 00 psidéobn] Stoeb - - (4.3128 00 — Total ^ - 662 00 Products. 5 per cent. of extremities - c0 B0 20 per cent. of decorticated vom or it kilos. of fibre 864 00 57 per cent. of wood = J ai, BL 90 2 10 per cent. of pellicles - < e i RE. 9 per cent. of loss. . Total - - 953 50 Total jams isa EUN E - 953 50 Total expenses - - - - 662 00 Clear profit - perday 291 50 or 117,150 pesetas per annum of 300 etim of labour, which represent approximately 48 per cent. of the capita 'The Favier machine has the advantage of extracting the fibre and making the threads elear of gum, for in the raw Ramie which comes from China and — there is so much gum that it is most diffi cleanse. These machines, as I said before, are not yet within the of agriculturists, pen of M. Favier being used by the i nven that of “= Billion having ses to dier don Spain charaeter. These are just now in a depressed state, and hence it is felt that some effort should be made to encourage the growth of coffee, cacao, maize, indigo, rice, cotton, ginger, in gira, cocoanuts, hear ane and any other plants suited = the soil and c . Captain Moloney, C.M.G., the present Governor of. de Colony of has given considerable atant d West African produets. . has been in correspondence with f erra k tedni is a settlement with a coast line of about 180 miles, and an area. xe about 3,000 square miles. Agriculture is generally neglected, the inhabi l> y the ti hich passes ch "Hie Colony’ BOG the interior. An effort has been made to 1 à botanical station and model farm near Freetown in connexion with a botanical society, of which the Hon. S. Lewis is secretary. The finances of the Colony appear not to justify direct action being taken by the Government, but it is evident that, without official support, the aid of a skilled gardener, and regular supplies of seeds and plants, the results attained will not have au appreciable effect upon the welfare of the eet ent. — The Gambia is a comparatively small settlement, the total area being P nes iles. The chie fé pih are unión rice, maize, : , anc ook -ru c ountry last year, he prepared a memorandum on the subject for ap ree: the Secretary of State. This m memorandum : * Sketch ot the Forestry of Wat Alien, swith Pastioilae: Remet tn ftp roducts. By Alfred Moloney, eM. ot the Government — "the ur. of Lagos. Mte Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and —— 151 on ‘that already adopted for the West Indian Colonias, but modified to suit e special | circumstances of West Africa. pg MEMORANDUM prepared by Caprain MOoLoNEY on establishing a a Botanic Station at Lagos. ohne A practical agricultural school to be the means of divertin some of th young edes of the country in the direction of agricultural pursuits, an so lessen the general teudency of the rising educated youth to be 2 fitsechanits and clerks.’ An established centre for the introduction and subsequent develop- ment me es elements of economie botany of commercial importa nce. elsew A nurser ry vA economic tropical plants of commercial Mime : that border the net-work of water which permeates the ue and i pu spem hood. pots, and pie preparing them for distributi Gardener and Libor: He would require under him a gardener at 302. per annum, labourers at 1s. per diem each. Potting and tool shed would represet an initial cost of 207. Cost of tools. and incidental expenses n down at 127. per annum. ded; ot Again, quarte rs will have to be provi ‘total cost L be estimated at 3007. 3 Site: iie mis Foniureos td. be sosiród ute d soil, com ' m 5 from atmosphere impregnated with aae rin dc finir Veit on Eee rss eges is B eel ee tornadoes | — tee and accessibility - Management. [n an executive sense, for the present, this sitibiisndit should be deemed to be a oboe of the Public Works Department, and be annually weed for as su Sigo Committee. thy supervision, there s th rary Soles of such gentlemen a or may appoint. E the year, over which he himself ce d reside. The : chief ome that require attention as regards isi station a my y be ised at the station, while for imports direct; the cost must be classed ms incidental, and be charged accordingly. Gratuitous Distribution of Plants. ere it may be advantageous to the general interest, a gratuitous distribution may proceed under the authority in writing of the Cocoa Nut growth i in hands of Government. opra and coir, the development of the t m proceeds i in the Colony of Lagos in the hands of the ment, whose lead has to some extent ping followed by the ; Direction of forts of Superintendent. In addition to the points mentioned under “ objects” in favour of the S dent of such an institution as is proposed, the efforts of the cee should be d to the— motion of extension of growth of the cocoa nut pal io: ass of cotton and its todt growth, ed to aen and improvement therein by gingen cacao, pepper (red), and coffee. 3 of the rubber, Kaiera acs acl aie ae Growth pem Judicious. planting" of — — and Model kitehen garde ning. end a list, by the Assistant Direstor of i. of plants suitable ative culture in West Africa.* Blind adherence to one industry only means commercial ruin, as was od, to the cost of many, in some of our t- polonies: "a Magmina "s proved disastrous. - : e um Publication on of Prose | i e encouragement saree home proper sense of = — sibility, dis should ee tendered for pulled te he Govern- 2 Gazette te quarterly, ies the Colonial Sec retary, a brief account of a done, —QQ bow dune roe — into, and i issues from station. + Not pb. Apprenticeship of Hofugee Togs: Further, as to the establishment suggested, I would remark, that i dno addition to the staff proposed, refugee (ex-slave) boys might be renticed under Government for such agricultural training as the station will ee and I hope that, after the UE rem I mean to have r ra the irectors o the nc e Hussey pui established at Tagos, on the advisability of working their boys h the sapie Lad ork of the station, general benefit in such direction ate may be deriv: Industrial Education of Sons of Chiefs. would venture also to urge upon the Government the desirability of | utilizing such a centre the re ies education therein of or four s of i tant chiefs in or outside the y. eir. maintenance would not cost much, say, 1007. a year, and could form an n addit : charge to vote * Aborigines." The result of such a potus would prove of great value to the country n wing this scheme, conferr Mr. Morris, the Assistant Director of Kew ens, whose ex ere must be matters of detail that will present themselves later, and can, left with advantage in the hands of the Governor of the Colony. -~ At the request of the Secretary of State, the selection of a suitable man to take charge of the botanical station. ted to 00 pae. Caleutta, Ceylon, and Jamaica, was forwarded from As indicating the nature of the duties in which Mi Mec gos, the following. extraet rece Jan cede &c. Iam glad to inform you. that. tT Tn i : a ise seeds of Hw No. u Mango an | Black i | e ds tur yay th of a e kind, like : € Lii well. The T d Annatto, * Divi-Divi, “Theobroma vs mm de ‘Tam still staying i in the town of * Lagos, the erae being not yet completed." a Again, on the 6th March last, Mr. MacNair wrote as follows :— i .* Ihave been engaged during the last two, months making a road th As ^ o ing up a couple of beds otti the e for r flowering and (€ “í ornamental plants, which will give the vem ane i e fi ive men of the prm i different fruit trees which I have in stock, also a few uple ^ ME. p "a have got a good. supply of bot ok pee hand ; dun the d Bulletin, sent me by the Gov 3 ads Downing Pt d May 5, 1688. AM dir by the: Secretary of State for the Colonies to you, for your s ijao a copy of a ‘despat tch from i Mme. the Vid odd des o me. station at. 2 m, ‘ ATUS i: & Gl RA G. W. HERBERT, Raya Gardens, 1 Kew. s — | Govanson 1 Moroxer to Cortos — | E TES di WO UE RE 19, 18 i "NT. : ber, 1887, H have: ves (age fetis the first reporte on is station of this Colony, vins for. the quarter ended December 31, e work done up to. the premi tine — wellfor itsfuture — — importance as a teaching centre and depót whence we s cortinas vins ami tiodeiof culture of trees e 165 _ plants, and eventually a’ distribution: eT seeds- and: qnte dor cultivation among the natives effect 4. The superintendent, Mr. J: Ma Nai is à very good man for the ae post; a hard bie er, with a ere amine s knowledge of his work, in which he takes at interé or his selection, as d as for supplies — f specimen planis a and se Ma the Colony is pire m much indebted to the — Director and Assistant Director of the Royal s, Kew, to whom I would ask you to dobe jet enough to supply a copy of the report now © transmitted. | ; * : * ve, &c. ; T v Signed) ALFRED MOLONEY. The Right Hon. Lord Knutsford. Report on the mee Sration, Lacos, for the Quarter ended - st December 1 1887. At the end of the first quarter of 1887, the Right Honourable the Secretary of State for the Colonies was pleased to approve of a scheme for the establishment, as a branch of the Government at Lagos, ta ati T the local press, and appeared in -— * Lagos Observer" of the 21st o 2 28th January 1888. To make a start and to have a suitable place for- a nursery by the arrival of the vitpefinaide tt the house and compo ound t Ebute Metta of Bishop Crowther, a dmirably suited for the pu were put in order, and rented temporarily by the Government during September quarter. r. MaeNair, who was selected in Jamaica for the post of sapehintendane: ^x tel with his family in the Colony on t 8th November 1887, and Pie crm his present quarters at Ebute — : on the 19th January 1888. ute Metta, on the mainland, was rat on as the most site for such an. Terence . The site there chosen offered | features to be viz. good druiniüpe, being m sippe } of the Petit 5 which it is approac reached from Lag quarter OE ur by steam launch, and half an hour by boat parativel; mei prs "reedom from an atmosphere impregnated salt, being over three m leaf entities i at a 114 15s. The work of grubbing, Sending levelling, path- proceeds irr wire-fencing has been ordered froni Ens This fence, when erected, is intended to have a height of 5 feet strands, the s lower being placed close together to prevent enteri and menti by tee resist. M ee «of the white ant. were P a dilapidated condition the latter particularly so. — welis h ave been dug at a cost of 6l. = re 23 feet deep each, rood water inches. In time they Ü employ o su b-gardeners and 16 laboore uu It is intended in 1 time to take ina ee number of day scho ) it is to be hoped educational bidis the Besieebectn 2 been supplied for the use of the and : apprent — v ng 30th June 1888, plants will be avaiable for very low rate, and otherwise ; a list will be ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. JULY. | No. 19.] « LI.—BHABUR GRASS. (Ischemum angustifolium, Hackel.) S grass, ine ciosely approaches esparto in habit and in tl echnical qualities necessary for paper mauufacture, ng in Se orden apron of. the: 8, di iere. Thi possession of t was flrst aht ien notice by Dr. Ki toyal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, dnt. the yea po rely distinct p. confounded with an ies of E Coporacee e, t i 5i i h i , 7 " m eferred to in the Kew Report for 1878, p. 45, a |. * Eriophorum comosum.—This planti is well known in Nott Ww In dia, MS under e Mayo of bie te has, i Pros e ou i d the following year Mr. Duthie, E ante of the Gowina t Y Pinisi Gardens, Saharunpur, sent a specimen to Kew for identifi- . eati Zi : am C * have been asked to identify. It isa ipit ‘of the EA Tersi, and c. It has been sent to m 8 o h occasi without flowers. It is said to flower only once in three This r a grass which, under the name of Bunkuss appears, from nat th the Bengal Catalogue of Indian products, to pe been show London nene of 1862 (section 1, pp- 137, 168), as used in ufui for making ropes. r. Dnthie's TA, though CM imperfect, were submitted e late General Munro, C.B., r n the hope e = cane able Deme of grasses m might e sits him to it was. e ed in identifying it ith Sbodictogór- utilis (Trinius in ies etrop. vi, ii, p. ; Spec. Gram., t. added :—* Tt in Royle's Illustrations (p.416). It is very common in all rts of the Lower Him alayas ; and I have seen it from Afghanistan, riffit ed iy subsequently informed us that. it was also known under = Bha ib 88, thatit was used. for the manufaeture of i & varie ty of other articles of which a E collection to the Kew Museum in 1880 (see Report, 60). i re indebted to Sir Dietrich Brandis, K.C.LE., late Inspector- lof Forests to the Government of India, for pointing out that riously known as Bhabar, Bhaib, and Bankas were all i The following nite upon the subject is contained in a | paper entitled “ b prie regarding Forest Administration in the "N.W. Provinces and Oudh ” (Calcutta, 1882, pp. 7, 8) :— “The export of ia: rin known as Bhabar, Bhaib, Bankas ndropogon involutus, not as has often been erroneou usly stated, ‘omosum), from the Siwalik Hills, em from tr "ees of erable. eft for ro making, and it ds by no means impossible - vedo tor "erg paper-mills in Tome India will ec the ein ipa of this rass fo manu : Early i in 1883 the India Office fı ished us with a copy ofa ‘report p= C. E. Edwards, the mana, of the he Lucknow Paper | rector ent o rieulture and Commerce of the obser- A üt ibe: but this could be obviated by o ‘the top FOE eere despatching itto the paper mills, and if it could be had at * the same price with the tops off, I have no hesitation in saying “ would be a good and cheap enough fibre for paper-makin ng purposes," ies King, in his annual report for 1882-3, summed up its Prospects * utilization of bhabur must remain in abeyance. This is only in “ with the common experience in the Mofussil, that co mpetition i o assist us by making experim on paper ma isis: Py reported, as the final result of his trials ‘of Bhabur Fase i— * I believe it will make a fair sheet of paper, much the same as | e. Ta in fact, in many respects, as a natural product, it clo dt roping, ^iilaitin ing, Maskot, t of tapas: '* collecti ection, carriage to port of iius sud , latterly, siting d chat a freight to England, &e, i acer from India, with long “probably costly inland carriage, with hea Bey freight added, it ** come into competition with espero is doubtful, and I do not think it * would pay to convert it into stock.” The prospect of utilizing the grass would be no doubt improved could be cultivated. From the followi wing account vli. 2s - Boerresen, of Rampore Håt it (printed in the Proce oceedings of the A, tur Society = India for October, iur it oc Dabo grass yields two crops i September, and ihe other at the end of October, « without = irri as the rainy e might 3 «(3) I have never attempted to propagate it by sed, but t always by roots. When a clump or tuft is dug out, it may be divided into as * many small divisione of roots as one pleases, and these are put down again in rows about three feet from one another, and the same .* which it is planted must be kept free from aes grass. When it is seven oreight years old, the roots should be beaten down with rooden mallets, or a plougl should be run through thero i the whole i It is not cultivated as a source of incom * or trade, so that I am unable to say where the roots may be bou ght, * or at what price. We got a small quantity of the roots originally rea ot, l SS stations, where the water oozed up from below and rotted id ser that it ben not grow there. A sloping site is probably the b When w started the mission here we had to pa Re 4 a de hits shes est SOME im order to twist it into rope or i to pay so much that led me to try and ours selves. PE pide runs to seed in the hot months, shortly y seas son, but these must be cut off and removed, or the ter esa ae i ety of native names, Bhabur grass has, from the se ascertaining its affinities, received an almost equal ones. Under the name of Pollinia eriopoda, it is in the Journal of the Linnean Society (vol. xx., pp. 409, 410), red and described in Hoo ka) s dodge Plantarum (tab. 1773) gustifolium, the Sea, about 200 : Coan 1 Islands consist of of the Grand Cayman, Little s Cayman, yman Di They in the Caribbean : do included under the Government ng, and v. readth ote d MS K. r X Ia eushtitohum O haemum an LSC 1 affic resent dapes of Gra is a 000. Little Cayman contains only 35 inhabitants while the population of Cayman Brac is said to be about 300 whites aad : 30 blae It isa remarkable characteristic of the inhabitants of these tropical - islets ‘that they are a temperate, strong, tall, healthy-looking people, - chiefly vida ^o or coloured. They are doubtless descended from the original settlers of the last century. The proportion of black people . i at is Mixer ate iu small. d^ The t Governor of vermemndi Sir Henry Norman, has t [May 1888] he was mpani nied by } or: William Fawcett, F. L.S Director of the Hotanicál Department, whose mission was connected with an investigation into a disease which has existed for some time amongst the cocoa-nut palms at Grand Cayman. We understand that Mr. Fawcett is at present engaged in the pre- paration of an official report of his visit. In the meantime the following extract from a letter just received from him will afford a first impression of the vegetable resources of these lonely and little known islands :— Jamaica, 21st May 1888. have a returned from a visit with the aoe to the Cayman cultivation of “ ground provisions ” : Brac exports a “large number of cocoa-nuts, as much told to 800,000 annually. The shore is lined with cocoa-nut pah and there is no disease. A very great number of nuts are, hc destroyed by rats Grand Cayman i is surrouuded by coral elis amd th tie, shor 5 what is usual in such places, but at as ns of an indigenous fl whic examination. My special work Dede: to i produets of the islands, I could not dovete i buk the ip is purplish, not one red. I enclose ‘flowers ae or the present, e if = like I will send some of the living plants, as well as dried mens.* From whai I saw of the interior the soil appeared to fortied: by the disintegration of ose this red clay and the lime- stone rock being of the same chara is found to such an extent in maica. Wherever, therefore, it is of any depth it is suitable for cultivation. Mangoes grow well, but they are said not to be so good as some of the Jamaica fruit. Oranges, both sweet and bitter, and a few lemons are produced, and great quantities of limes are exported jekled. Yams, cocoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, pine Te melons, sugar canes, bananas, guinea grass all grow well. I took a ir dert suckers with me, which they were glad to have. The sugar ced poor, but they said that it was due to long-eontinued -and that canes grow sometimes from 12 to 15 feet in height, ogwood, fustic mahogany, and Hard Wood timbers. K alici. would appear to prove that the island is something more than a mere coral reef, The . people are excellent shipbuilders, and use their native mahogany and other hard timbers in the construction of schooners up to 50 tons, but planking is now at least imported from the States. These hard- wooded. trees grow on the north side, but as it was doubtful whether I could go and return in one day, ad to abandon a projected visit. I was sed ER also, not to see the cultivation there, as I heard that the soil ined, tl crop was not a RUE iou ge robably the first ipt to grow coffee in these islands, and I think that the ere pos piratii? The pis and the coco plum oo wild, as in v little Cayir Abergi is mahogany, but no cedar AR Cedrela odorata) n Ca ayman Brac there is plenty of cedar and scarcely any mahogany, | Cayman there i is no logwood nor fustic ; at pef I was told so bita I met with none. On Cayman Brac I found decry re s limestone, Podrias into io hows dn Re best y dieu and ier un Wherever sufficient r otl ual “g ground provisions,” man. sease in the cocos-nbt palms ied ome- , and spread throughout the whole island, ^s die while they are quite young, and sometimes a crop is produced From an examination of these flowers at Kew, it appears that the Sekondarya Thomsoniana, Reich. f., Gard. Chron., 3rd Ser., vol. ii., p. 38 [188 "The | of Professor Reichehbach's Pags - e erac Me Mari nu m new species of Dendrophylax, e Jamaica Dendrophylax ) funalis, Grisebaeh. Flor. Brit. W. Datis pP. «m, but "be ‘lower i is ded 2 Tiüch I t e tree. is ed. ther to do thing. ght back small species i in prier (diluted), bu. have not yet examined them under the microscope. The disease is evidently not caused by an- after the disease has taken hold of Ne peg and decay has I did not see à trace of the Jamaica beetle or the scale insect. W. Fawcert, LIIL—-VALONIA IN CYPRUS. 'Fhe following correspondence has passed between on establishmen aa the Crown Agents for the Colonies on the of ; shipped. to this country by the Government of n ein "s Valonia Rorar oes Row to Tae Crows AGENTS. spun Gardens, Kew; : qms une Ti e May 25th, ‘vith enclosures hes with returne d), : and gun samples of acorn-eups sent from Cyprus as Va onia. chops tanning material is in large use in this E as onsists of acorn-cups of the Vila Oak, mercial > is. der: ived sneer e ‘exclusively from. i: Nt. TNR erc two WUO suuL : ‘pole » Bristol, te h ne tanning poeta and I t if samples - ed to see if any ——— à olonial Office, April 20th, island. It could probably be very easily raised from d and the . Government of Cyprus could hardly do a wiser thing than to raise and pest. out year by year a stock of this valuable tree. 3 I am, &c. à The Crown Agents W. T. THISELTON DYER- ^ or the Colonies. The peona AGENTS to ROYAL ei Kew. Downing Street, June 16, 1888. I HAVE tiechored: to acknowledge tho receipt and to thank you for your letter of the 4th insta [n accordance with your urge ion we have sent samples of the us eer cupa- € to Mr. Evans of Bristol, and I enclose a copy of his report upon them, which we propose to communicate, with a copy of - your letter, to the Isiand Governm I have, &c. The Dire E. E. BLAKE. Ro mt pet Kew. [ Enclosure. } Mr. Evans to THE Crown AGENTS. 66, Stackpole Road, Bristol, June 1 ipt of y Be D T. 29 ae. UN ‘he parcel : ^ h came in due course Yelle, I have carefully them, and beg to enclose copy of "thé Aw ian by which you “observe that although m ontain very small gest tanni be pleased at any time to give information on tan or aye the same. : et Yours, &e. d (Signed) W. N. Evans. ANALYSIS of Acorn-cups from the IsLAND of Cyprus. No. 1.— Quercus Pfeffingeri. j Per cent. : 'Tannin = 2O 90 Organic acids E - 4°02 D Water - - 12:20 ao Ashes - = Wo DE Woody fibre - : - 80:24 : "Tan ina - ; p Organic acids ee ee CT ME Ashes x ae Pa 2:30 Woody fibre - é - 79:48 100*00 worthless. Cape To own, 5th April 1888. Cónüning what I have to say to experience in the districts of Somer- set and Graaff-Reinet, there nevertheless exist, in many other r places, areas over which the prickly pear plant has spread during the ek 50 years so as to become a serious difficulty. The courses of stre and flats between their eurvatures, have in many cases been aopla run, and such places are generally abandoned: in despair. Thus O years. The thicket on the site of the railway station at , Cookhuis Drift, though ai so large, was even more den ma and Ido not think the ordinary means at the disposal of any farmer will be adequate to the extirpation of such concentrated masses of this plant. own i rface of a sheep-farm, things are not so hopeless Many enterprising men have, in the districts named, spent from 1002. ‘to 2007. ne som to clear their property, ard find advantage in the outlay. i am informed, are apt to get under the lee of a thicket of Opuntia in oe hee) weather, and, besides the mischief aecruing (mostly to from irrepressible nibbling of the needle-armed stem-joints, ud t to receive in their eyes the spicules knocked off and carried wind,in which case violent inflammation, suppuration, and en blindness may result. y tenacious of life are the stem- p vag oe mere hewing down is irpati e three stem-joints cut eminently capable of ‘rooting at any I can be formed. dt is this tenacity of life that has _ with ve you rpated every Opustia on their : e ant have rid macer of the pest by simply throwing it, on as into the river Viene it Oe cen to “ come down.” ways of etiatn Tho. 6l ae ebay and method, to my knowledge, is to uproot and Mod the Opuntia short lengths, to pile the pieces in iia rectangular ee about reme , a 5 feet to deu nd tained “with stones * is heroic poised is, however, powerless to Ape the — | ue deori por in texture. I — seen a multitude ; of little plants, not aspan high, rising Sect almost every square site of o these piles, whence the stones had been remo a kraal, bs the wind isper: the fibrous residue parent plants. This was the increase from the seed in the ri: pears on the plants when first stacked up a year before. b without some difficulty that the proprietor was brought to see the probable future of these little villains, and at my earnest solicitation ough y f se ar reus t up € ads of dry kraal-dung to cover them completely, and acted such a to-da-fé over them, by the k, as effectually | prevented all possible mischief thereafter. experience is to stack the Prickly Pear for rotting down at the when i Qus nof uin iden. e former occupier of the ‘Prickly Pear centre at Cookhuis Drift, j NM a man of great en nergy and intelligence, tried to put into practice a — plan said to be effective in California for extirpation of the plant. This consisted in feeding the stem-joints or leaves as they are ttemp speak perfect appliance thas a small root pulper such as is used for ma: but enough was accomplished to show that seed a piepen a I machine and sufficient power, an unlim q of Opuntia mon be Yd with great cher my and converted imo poke manure, — lue of Prickly Pear as Fodder for Sheep and Ostriches—I am- aware iib the plant has been occasionally turned to a hen in seasons. of drought when food and water were equally scare But it is essential that the spicules be removed, and this necessity DE ar saree of Opuntia as a food both tedious and cos i el urnip cutter et io cut coarse. dicis over tio mass made a sapid mess for which the pe and his progeny fought like-dogs over a bone. I do not think one the more for this incident, ponen n the "i is scale but that of an experim Y eaii a clever perso , to pay for i its footing and something mor 2 de o height of the mania for ostrich raising, mad a fw r lied. the place. now taken by Ded gta t to e: pen prin Eder alae ore tha inge, but produced Sarria and other mischief when too freely used. ing by a process of steaming is worth a tri ess Opuntia.—And here permit me to speak of the thorn- ie -d 1 be spared t "n Luderitz at Angra Pequina, where it grew akat: e very communication from Herr Luderitz, scarce six mont before his untimely decease, informed me that a hungry span of oxen, foodless and thirsty, had broken into the enclosure where the cuttings were being grown, and had eaten them up to the last square inch. My argument, therefore, is very much to this end. If in this Colony u places legislative interference and Government expenditure for its extirpation, what store of food material, good en enough for an occasional hařd time, might not be encouraged to propagate itself in precisel were only known and propagated of all men. And fu urther, ce seems determined to spoil South Africa 2 indulgence le ankind had the wit o propano the valuable Spek-boom [ Portulacaria afra, Jacq.) all over ut and kopjes [hills] which are its natural habitat, an exceptionally good food, greedily devoured by horned stock and horses, occurring here and there in the greatest abundance, yet never artificially propagated. T ean only y fall back or my oft-used o organ onder, and hope that in future years some Africander will arise to ike ten. spek-booms grow for on one alivo i ee E nU. | . desirable that a careful study be made of t different countries, and that, if necessary, a complete set of - be prepared and forwarded to Kew for ultimate determina might be mentioned that the best method for packing the specimens the typical stems would be in dry sand, while the prepared and dried flowers and fruits should be accompanied by careful c and descriptions. : SPECIES OF OPUNTIA. Originally natives of the American Continent, inhabiting hot E zr ae places, the Prickly Pears were doubtless first introduced to the Atlantic h islands, such as the Canaries and M „an have rapidly spread to the Mediterranean regi ; e Cape, ia i usu uu xui Ecos are er ene T Tina, TI^ "0. vu garis, ‘Mill, € aW., n igrica an O. monacantha, Haw., O. decum ana, es O. Fi cus-indica, Mille Opuntia (Nopalea) 'ebecinellifera, Mill. : mri cienfictue al. Ithade i in all the islands dri previous to the introduction of the i insec P iet by Webb that the first introduction of the insect. opposed by the country people on the ground of its rendering Tuneras or Prickly Pear plants barren and injuring the crops of t favourite fruit called Figos, iae are even now much use d, both d dried puntas sent Haw. [ Bot. Mag., tab. bie) pe a i stem, gone free from spines ; the flower is ee purple. pnta Dillenii, Haw. {cactus Dillon RE in Bat B — À very spiny plant, with a sulphur-yellow fk sed generally - . the rags im nated with d young insect ^. tue O. due op L. _Lowe states t rek u of ( et ame : NN Opuntia enema cocci dDiferc, em belongs to an m different section of the genus, and is by some writers removed entirely ; The are tan ines. viride areole at vue eed ede ng s isto PRICKLY PEAR IN INDIA. . From specimens sent to Kew in 1886 by Mr. Joseph Steavenson, the indefatigable. H Honorary Secretary of the Agri-Hortieultural Society of , it appears that there are three species of Opuntia, more or less, n in the C tae dee of ras, These are O. nigricans, ; O. Dillen i ; ng to mense tracts of country covered with Priekly Pear plants in India and elsewhere, various attempts have been made either to eradicate them as recommended by Pro rg MacO wan, or to utilise 2m: in various eir for industrial purpos Inthe way of eradication ugges e time ago to the Ges bimet of Madras to utilise the Pr Prickly Pear plants i in that re Re =n oa first place as a shelter seeds sown broadcast amongst of them. It was ho d ces 19 June on in ichinopoly that à osa M elia 3h Sadirachta) ad tamarin: d seed sown D rcadéust i in i patehes of Prickly Pear, resulted in the growth of 364 tamarind and 1,886 margosa seedlings, In South Arcot the plan able character are plen ntiful, ‘and Ve the E season, it is possible It is by no means an economical than India it ola: dt be less districts in some parts of or. mtd the RE i dry rain b ‘Pro: Aecording t o Lowe, as mady noted, tha ddy Diet Mio Canaries to: rearing the cochineal insect (Coccus Cacti) is little doubt this i is the principal cochineal plant, but there Qu Mountains » the ‘Colora o rec -stock the pla ; direction should be undertaken in mprehensive manner, and it is - sedo that a fresh supply of saith eer be required snow until | uccessive broods are established on a large scale. Gere diam. Pears, > Kew to the Governments of St, Helena and Jamaica with tl of Erde tiis ese A of fang rea Pears, aad 80 impro! yk field of fruit o ar: é, di Pear, locally called Chambos, and ‘the employment of the fruit for the manufacture of alcohol.* e Author states that his experiments, which have extended ovi of twelve years, afford most satisfaetory results, and he suggests he cultivation of this plant didi use. ores d in this ict, ou land hitherto used for vineyards, w may n d by MN or on land which could not otliérwile be ly cultivated.” The Pit matter of the Paper is divided under three headings :— cultivati an process of fermentation ; ry and u pies necessary eated.” ae countries where the fruit is poded 3 in immense e might be taken of the circumstance for t o; purpos obtained with great difficulty, and at prices which practically prohibitive. If alcohol from Prickly Pear is ipsi e of being rectified so as to be suitable for perfumery purposes a very extensive field of usefulness is — to it. It might also be utilised for preserving fresh t for rt purposes, and indeed there are endless ways in which it might b be rendited capable of assisting the growth of local industries, s SiLo EXPERIMENTS. Ten mm LE Hooper that mixed with grass this product of i incipient usse ticos of the pois Pear stems would have no injurious effect on cattle, but on the contrary, would prove to be a valuable addition to their regular apena of fodder. LV.—STAR ANISE. (Jllicium verum, Hook. f. ) The following interesting. account of the. true Star Anise been p gaat Jos eph Daltor ; a " The plant producing the true Star Anise of China is here for time figured and described. For many years the fruit was supposed to be that of Z/licium anisatum, Linn. (see Ben Trimen, Med. PL, Bag i t. 10), the Skimmi of dapes, a giosum, Sieb. and Zu uce. (Tab. nost. 3965), supposed to China, but which is identical with Z. — of Lin inneus reiro. For an account of this pes its y and « "cg to Baillon’ s learned treati viii, Vincent Brooke, Day & Son Imp i. u Hk E - R4 qu SS = = . IB TL Pitch by del, C commonly c ompared aniseed, the | that of fer ied; ŝo that the name given to it p. 172) in 1675 was Feeniculum sinense. In employed asa condiment and as a spice, and it still used spirits in Germany, France (where it "is «e: flavouring : a "e de Bordeaux) and Italy. In pum according to Hanb sed only as a substitute for oil of an ds, on visa, fide K * stellatum officinarum, quod rig "ips as ocellari e enenum.” The italics are m * gastos Gee is not answerable for the br ae d the e second objection is, that it would require the of indir i name for the old and well-known Japanese ee however, the synonym I. ee of Siebold and Zuccarin adopted.—J. D. Hooker ExpistaBion of Plate. Fig. 1, Flower. Fig. 2, front view of stamen. Fig. 3, back view of stamen. Fig. 4, the carpels. Fig. 5, side view of single carpel : —all enlarged. Between Figs. 1 and 4 is represented the mature fruit. E x aes en "oru [AH Rights Reserved. ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN No. 20.] AUGUST. LVI.—COLONIAL FRUIT--(contin ied). n the Kew Bulletin for the months of November 1887 and Jan : 1588 a derived from official sources, was supplied, certain Colonies for the pri uae 1887 was wholl er By Li ealand, Cape Colony, and Ma uritius, - In vet VN Bulletin it 'oposed to continue the publication of such reports, and we now ] a summary of information relating a the fruit hg ene ons - . resources of me A est Indian Col E esp Bai consulted, wi will aoi K a key 6 to the arrangemen ! ef ihe reports and - furnish those interested with ihe Beo pus to which the inquiry has _ been dieses JAMAICA, The chief fruit interest in the West Indies is teen with Mes cvs The exports of fruits from this island are of the annual value of a quarter of a Ies sterling. The following Kn was prepare ur by Mr. J. H fore his transfer to the charge of the Botanical Tidi na, var Avocada Pear (Persea gratissima), Bread Fruit’ (Artocarpus. incis isa) vene d (Achras meget Bilberry (Vaccinium meridionhle), St berry (Fragaria CE Apple (Chr dal i idi Feet suava Psidium Guava), Pomme e or (Passiflora laurifolia), Granadilla Passiflora macrocarpa), Nutmeg (Myristica fragrams), Otaheite pple (Dugenia meraes Rose Apple (E men Jambos), Otaheite erimoyer Cft Cherimolia), ae So (Anona App nona reticulata), Sweet Sop (4n p (Melicocea bijuga), Tree en (Cyphomandra Cocoa-nu (Coens nucifera).—This is placed first on the list on account ofi its being a fruit whieh is likely to become in the future of rmanent value "^ any other, (1) on account of its (fe is "sapientum).- —Obtainable herd the en but iful during August and following months. Supply good, cultivation might be largely extended. : trus Aurantuim). —In full season during the closing Hecate "y hone — of. teno largely a a iva) .— hw n season dune, duy and Angust in in i i [ hd vehe costi in fair numbers, | Could a pio na i large es if demand arose D Dis (Citrus eie var. nacida .—In season all the year round. dt * a ying demand aro supply could in three or four years be made net ed a, var. Limetta).— Tis. possesses more — is ades with skin resembling an orange; it is a very fine fruit, - : is small, but t worthy of extensive cultivation: == = ango- Hanpifero i ).—Throughout the island t ow practically unlimited, but were an po^ demand to arise i uld be planted and the value increased. dn ‘season June, . ^t Citrus Medica). € still all the: year round. Cap: ib] sing extensively = at lower oe of — ec Lemon (Citrus Medica, var. ánimo Bap excellent quality ; could be extensively grown. — haddock ( tras decumana) — See Lemon. -— seen Avocado Pear (Persea gratissima).—Supply very Lu In season from June to September at different dibviitións- Supply could be very largely extended in a few years. z Bread Fruit (Artocarpus ?ncisa).— Supply small comparatively, except a in moist districts; in season during most so of the year. If cooked = by baking will keep well for two or thre ... Neesberry (Achras Sapota).—One of the iroh delicately Ravoure . and wholesome fruits grown. Gathered when “fall,” it will stand transport well. In season June to Novem ilberry (Vaccinium d —A wild mountain fruit which. could be readily cultivated; makes a fine coloured natural jelly, a good — wine, and is excellent for tarts. June and ugust. Strawbe erry (Fragaria vesca).—A small variety resembling the Alpin: species. In viene on the mountains at 4,000 feet during nine months of the year, wi Star mie (Chrys Cainito) —In season June tos A fruit difficult to transport. Gua vs Eoi Guava). nto a limited. "Wild; no ost f varieties cultivated though present. J uly ‘or (Passiflora Lurifolia) and Granadilla E macrocarpa) = — Could b be cultivated in quantities for r export. July, September Nutmeg amita Lee i —Mentioned here for sake of its peri- r fi carp or ow eshy envelope which is succulent and possesses a fine mild spicy Pati ria an excellent and rare preserve, which only . waits to become known courage a lar. mand, o urage a e Otaheite Apple (Eugenia abiere and Rose Apple (Eugen Jambos).—Make excellent Jos rom a : eho tter | Cas nt iens Laub dis llent will no not 2 mper Nuts, when roasted, are a choice dish pe Ch itis vinifera) —Grown in small quantities in the e oul Bodo of f Kingston, chiefly the Museat rice but never likely to venere a reliable crop, all the year round. Cherimoyer (Anona M ina —A mountain fruit of great deli . but difficult to transport. July to CEN ber ae ... Sour Sop (Anona muricata), Custard A e (A. reticulata), S Sop e m emer ei and Gen nip (Melicorca Hing) s ropieal fru 7 pe "orit eid (ey p E quality, which when pre ‘ he Apricot of Eu fe upwards a - A all the year round ; easily cultivated = fidei to any extent i in two or dre y years. . , Of the fruits most capable of bein o an enormous EN lacing them in suitable wi ts J .. mentioned could be in | J demand we A 58008. We. 16310, The s siepe necessary to derdop d the | fruit trade are: ; . Suitable and speedy tr tain e 3. The institution of a system of brands at port of export so that frit E a certain brand should be of uniform quality; in a similar r to the governmental inspection of fish stuffs in the province of ova ra Sotia, which does not permit an inferior article to be exported. tter system of packing, methods for which might be introduced inder Government control for a time to show cultivators that bigher price would surely acerue from well-packed fruit. troduce a syndicate for packing, delivery, and sale of fruit e best markets, instead of trus sting to brokers and E i nts. tees communication from responsible agents to enable ce uei produce ‘at ports where there is the best demand 7. And n “Teast; att at easy rates to assist eultivators or an serena ken ban o preserved fruits the local methods hitherto = vogue are i What is required is to institute the mo n English iud thods, which should be done by someone mean ius with sive pl quired in a preserved fruit factory. The price focally preserved fruits is prohibitory to their extensive sale, and as a the taste of buyers is consulted. An article sditabhe for the s in 1 their frek state BAHAMA ISLANDS. principal a of the Bahamas are Pine Apple, dene dre. Fruit,* Cocoa-nut, Plantain, Limes, Mango, S: cR : eium Pumpkin, Alligator or Avocado oe Guava, id, Lemon, Sour — Seville Orange, Shaddock, Sour S op,Sugar —— , Ma a; Cu ipumber Rose A Apple le, Bread. Cash TRAC ne is obtainable froi the ch part a May to nd ‘of : Crop amounts to about 6,000,000 fruit. The wholesale local E 2s. per dozen for the first cuttings, or pick of the fields, s. 6d. Lise dozen for the second aimes "e 9d. to Is. e : mon, an nd Sour idi ean iven. Oniy a Sail doaritity of each is Ee At poer pretont -are grown chiefl -local consumption. The wholesale are respectively 9d. to ls. per hundred, 15s. per thousand, and per thousand ME cultivation of oe Shaddock having materially =~ eelined within ie ies 15 yeh dep does not no' more than 4,000 to 5,000 fruit The wholesale price hundred. The Banana, Plantain, and Cocoa-nut can be obtained d:ovhghó P the year. The annual yield of the Banana must be fully 400,000 iM: by far the greater p of d Kec Puts The gos Wholesale E from ls. to 2s. Gd. per The Plantain is extensively grown, det being an important article of food, reece he entire crop is consumed in the Colony. The annual yield is nearly equal to that of the Banana, The Lone available for expor rdiet is much less, and does not exceed at more than 300 to 400 bunches. Wholesale price is from pw 6d. to 4s. neh, The Cocoa-nut is also extensively consumed at home. ‘The al crop is about 1,000,000 nuts, of which from 8,000 to 10,000 can thor p any month for export. Wholesale price 4/. per thousand B both for home consumption and for export. The-q exported is about 2,000 bushels. Wholesale price averages 4s. ‘per bushel. The Mango is in season from d to August. No reliable estimiite of the extent of the crop can be given. It is never less, however, than 1,000,000 fruit, nearly all of xd. are locally consumed: Owi wing to the ra apid ripening and decay of this fruit after being plucked, it is- ae impossible to export it with any prospect of success. It not stand a sea-voyage of over a few days’ duration. m is habetis exceedingly small, and is almost entirely confi near port of Key W "The above quite dis apply to the XUocado feri the — Sour ya and the Sugar A Wholesale icd 4s. to 65. per E us Er The Sapodilla, first crop, is in season in February and TOME e the second crop i n August and Septem mber. 'The tree grows wi cultivation and in the e annual yield i isim being several ilios only : a propor tion of del is utilised, x price 9d. per hundred. e Sug E ei is not avitubla for pecu = the Sour Sap Limited quantity only (not over 1,000). sale ] latter is about hu -The Wate n -Th r Melon is obtainable in quantity for export from Bápteber Pp crop is about 10,000 only, abow is exported. Wholesale price averages 14. 5s. per hund died Sega can be obtained throughout the year, but p -during the summer and autumn months. Annual yield about as that of the e Water Melon. Wholesale price also about the à Guava s e almost ent tirely used fn the f preserves. ‘Thi foreign trade in the raw I ; Wholesale price a about 2s. p bushe! n the list of important fruits only to show that they can - e cultivated in the Colony, and that diy only require the _ : nip ' markets for their t- peottablo sale to make them become s article es of export. A Banus Fnurs Nue ina dures wt in 1886. Nido. Destination. . Quantity. Value. os . - | United States - - | 888,800 doz. > | 34,185 `- = | United Kingdom - | 18,865 , - 2,810 es- — -| United States - - = | 3,198,196 -| 4,031 Ee - ette - | 10,930 bunches 434 - - yo eee - | 67,696 - 7 80 - - | United Kingdom - | 34,760 - - 60 - - | United States - - | 30,533 - - 115 = - - - | 76 bunches - 4 : ,600 E 62 - | 64,000 - = 41 i 1,600 87 - | 8,329 crates - 34 544 - 34 -|4,35 - - 33 - | 7,900 - s 10 =| 4 DDIS. - - 1 -|4850 - » DI. -| 2,700 - z tu -|218 - - 23 800 - E 6 =F BO . - 1 Banawas Frutrs exported in a Preserved STATE in 1886. Name. Destination. Quantity. Value. ws e oia States - - | 93,686 c cases - | 35,534. p 50. Unika - ed iie so gue ae a site E x .30 (90. - 25 e exce pon of the Pine PUE a of te fruite mentioned om R g produced ia gon. larger. duin > tnd died fo ts cultivation is now - not d all probable, erdum, that. the pro- 2 con y of th Bahama Telands to the United States j that cote almost m onopolises the trade in both fresh ed fruits, mother country is too far away to admit of e fruit | E TN? with it. The w t tates, therefore, these islands — princi- : pally to look for any further development of their fruit midan The steps necessary to secure this object are: (1.) The reis of dior ghee communication. Doiii Florida and Southern p^ ifornia, these islands have to compete with Cuba, J f and oth i í the Colony. po mee a decided advantage over its West Indian com- petitors in the fact that it is nearer to t "This advantage, howe vel is entirely lost s the facilities which its competitors en : < ihe feuis Colony, while on the other. hand the consignees at rts of deli should also be posted as to the aitain and extent of the cargoes whi t bein i has to - — handled and sold after reaching eds destin by cable. Unfortunately this course cannot be taken in the mas, and the dealers in the Colony ré handicapped, and labour under a great disadvantage (2.) Increased steam Me for hbipping the fruit. : During the summer and autumn, when the principal fruits season, a steamer of one line makes a trip [ : i ment go, and only after the esta factories i in amie islands. "The effect of t 184 a have apui operations, and those in existence are not doing a very large: C TA of the duties referred to would etel . prove a great help to the fruit trade of these islands. em (4. ) Increased deman tropical fruits imported into the United St ri un o hods of cultivation, so as to increase the yiel a well-known fact that or fiic laces t ran years wei has been a marked deterioration in the size and flavour of the Bahama Pine Apple, owing, it is supposed, to the fact that all of the d has alr y been eultiva ere can be no doubt that the fruit can be improved by higher cultivation. Man fertilizers hould b enerally and fr d. The fields and orcha uld be kept ir as of weeds. The Orange and other fruit trees should . | regularly and ully pruned and scra These important. matters are ee neglected in the Bahamas, and the result is that d plants ar are usually in a weak and sickly condition. They the necessary vitality to withstand long periods of roug easily become the prey of the scale and other insects. The exportation of all fertilizers from the Colony ought to be prohibited, r every ounce of them which nature has bestowed "den us 1s required and ought to be generally used cn our own purpos (6.) The exercise of more care in the packing of. the fruit and in its sorting and grading, the latter Seius attended to As regards suggestions for the improvement of the fruit industry in Bah it might be !omentiones that the cuttings from the Pine rved at the Pine Apple Factories could be | delicately flavoured syrup. Valuabie m the leaf or stalk of the Pine Apple pl plant, and also from the Banana and Plantain ken Pe va nut. Perfumery could be extracted from Orange and losons Guavas T be more ii utilized in the oe of els an ther preserves. =. Baxuinos. The chief frnits grown in Barbados are Bananas, ras ies; Shaddoc! € ‘ama Star Apples, Golden Apples; Avocado Pears, Cashews, Sapodillas, dm Apples, Chili Plums, fandi Mainmee Apples, and Pa - (a.) What er to Mareh. Sees The sur fruit available for UON are little fruit there is is. chiefly obtainable from Septem- m Tamarinds. : Re E 1881 2 - - 5e ep 2: DOT AG: 1882 : : : =. 41,192 7 1883 s 1885 2407 7 (c.) All of the aa was shi ee to PE Paün wich the exception of small quantities sent to British North America in 1882, 1884, e 1885, the value of pis ch amounted in the aggregate to one hundred and ae forty- ane pounds te shillings. - All the fruits esochianse above are capable of being produ in much bier quantities than at present, but land is eonsidered to be by most landowners far too. valuable for vis a purpose as- eem g fruit. 5. (a.) The oor fruits are imported in a fresh state, ei from vd atria States of America, viz.: Apples, — i (5.) I preserved state : yide Pears, Vota n lums, Apr aeea aspberries, Gooseberries, and d (c.) There is no way at pesce by which the quanti and value can be ascertained. G. As there is no prospect of Barbados ever becoming a fruit-pro ducing scaatey to any extent there is hardly need for further remarks, ; y, fairly ‘a P dm Ln and Pine v Apis to men same pae. one Los re shipped in very pane short time Bananas: pons demand for $1 Then, but the att bes glee fallen d h. Our other neighbours grow all the fruits that we do and cy their own wants. There is consequently no demand for our fruits, =e otive for growing more than we need for our own immedia There can scarcely be said to be any ek trade in preserves beyond es of succades for presents. ractically there are ae imports of fruits, except a few barrels of end in the fall of the year. But jams and jellies, candied fruit, Raisins, Figs, &c., in England and France, are pretty dexgely seasons for ens vary neni sok and the months named in- pan: ables are year. I have that some fidit can be n St. Lucia than in the neighbouring islands but Ta in ears m le en the fruits begin T be abundant. Smaller juantities are procur rable before and afterwar The prio es of preserv s piedi are such as would be taken if large ad to be executed and nd aTa fall lower if competition rise. At present what are set down at 8d. a lb. are actually í m yen a e 1s. 3d. i. s e 1s. 6d. I make no ttempt to indieate the quantities ne AED I do not te would he even approximately corr » ind Sr. Lucia Fnurrs. : Seasons, Values, Quantities. - | June - - | 4s. per 100 - - | Moderate. - | All the year - A 3d. k bunch - | Large. - | July - - 100 lbs. - - | Small. -|May,&e. - -| Bs, s. pi - | Large. + | All the year = | 7s. 100 Moderate. aaa is iei 3001. to 007, a year, - Lust of Sr. Lvcra ‘Local Names. — | Seasons. c Wale Bread Fruit POM - | June - 2 | Bd. per b: - J- ait ie = te - - 1s. 3d. d Ib. el Qu -|May,&e. - - » = | Large. Chery oo - | June 3 - | 15. 8d. n Go XD mean € -- | June e EIS Id xg -= | Large. Cocos nuts - -| All ie year - | 8d. »* ae Figs - = cs Jum - - Y - | Small, - FM ISBN 25 a Golden Appie -|3 eviit to Maroh BE A - 5 Gooseberry (2) ^ - | June = | Large. - Granadila - All the Eng sj lI&tdÓ. - | Small. Guava E - | July wo cr LBRS o sj - | Large. Limes - - | June Ceo A 18. Qd gy - | Small. Mammee Sopote — -| May, &e. - TIG — eS -| Large uttoy (pup) . -| August. - sles Id Gy = Orange = - | November—March - | 8d. jo c. Papaw wa } All the year -... --| 8d. $ - Pine App! June - - | 8d. 5 as Plamrose € Chit) @) June = - | 8d. 5 - Shaddoc December - - | 8d. » - » ore - -- | December - ~ | 8d. 1:9 Mae lie ad e Tamarind . - .O|January—June | .-]| 18d. , © - Large. "Tomato - - | May, &c. - =| 19.60. . 3; - | Small. mn 2 ccn disti — (3.) Eugenia Jambos. (4.) Hibiscus Sabdariffa. quantities are the Bana — in several ariei, he: Mange |. varieties, a Pine Apple, the Guava, the. a w Avocado | the Mamm mie rats opia Plums (Spor s purpurea), the Java Plum (Eugenia Jambolana), the Go os. Apple (Spondias dulcis), A ‘Sugat Apple (Anona EPUM the Sa UE Aver apota). "There are several other sorts of less importano as A Papaw, Granadilla, Bread ‘Nut, and dis. Pomm 0$). Y. e Banana is. MEC roeit us year Mangoes D Quia, Pine. due uay: Il the e present pr Matta: "The vary piem pre t or otherwise of tie Tu but. erre e no true wholesale (except i of Mangoes, h are. bought in quanti kt Rome e fruit is El rong in from the coun: f Producers; Oran retailed wh ny; iden d e pine e prices of ti f these ruits are bout half of the above when purchased from the gro There are to means of ring s ‘at the value of the fresh fruit exported from this Colony, as no separate account is kept of them at the: d ty being paid pin eek But Mangoes, Ban small quantities to- the nek gh boating ies of os and Trinidad. Other fruits are occasionally sent these places, but in no appreciable quantities. A blight some years back seized upon and killed nearly all our Oranges and ‘Cocoa-nuts, and s only of 35 that Oranges have ai sprung is Pre d fruits are exported, and the value of confectionery is alm great room for the extension of the PES of all kinds own er dt local wants extend as opportunity for gratifi- ort is in its. infancy. The nearest possible market ed from Jamaica, and the other larger Colonies, who have already direct, ns and regular commünieation with New York and other i Trinidad is s already starting the cultivation of the Banana for the American market ; and could our people be induced to see that money o pints. crock wi >in a g Colonies for our sappy. of nuts, which are imported dry. A small quantity «d may and pre- served fruit is procured from England, these are Raisins, Currants, — &e., - nta total value is insignificant. There a re no other garding the fruits of this Colony other than kere lands. GRENADA. | rmation respecting the fruits of Grenada has been prepar — bf R. Elliott, Curator of the recently-established Botanic Gardens. principal fruits grown at present M Gradi we — Grenapa Fruits, —— Name of principal Fruits. When in Season. Local Prices. ges - - - | December to wks ma ~ bis ls. per 109. Pine Apple - - | February to Apr mae en. ango - - - to - ed ~ ls. per 100. Sapodill - - | December to April z- | Ts: per. 100. — - - | Whole y - 6d. to 1s. per bunch. Plantains - - - | Whole year - - | 6d. to 1s. per bunch. Limes - - - | October to December ~ - | 3d. per 100. Guava - - - berto December ~ - . per 100. Avocado Pear - - | July to September - - | 1s. to Is. 6d. per 100. st have been given. ere are numer other fruits adapted for export fo. the neighbouring islands, the following veing among the mos spe AE F rtocarpus t Sweet Sop (A odes ), Suge ple AT : Cashew (Anacardium occidentale), Water Lemon (Pas. : folia), Rose Apple (Lug ambos), Granadilla ( Passiflora quad = MRE anu Star Apple (eem Cainito). | It is almost i - to judge of the amount of fruit avai ‘lable o There are at nt enormous quantities = fruits allowed to- rot owing to there not beig sufficient-demand for t : The whole of the fruits mentioned above, cime Oranges, Pine- apples, Mangoes, and Sapodillas, are capable e of being produced i in much larger quantities "than at present. ‘To develop a fruit trade in Grenada we s re a market for our fruit, ar / r properly dece c. establi. shed by any entèrprisi rising local finis; Ju h th lucements local men w sat pay s eu ——— n abundant £ Mir ot felt oE all the yeai Su. Pamphlets could.also be distributed. throught country bivisg hints as to the best modes of cultivation, &e. The importation of fruit into this Colony is‘confined almost entire erystallized fruits and English fruits in syrups ; oe ecasionally a Apples find their way here from mee but-the pem is very ranges, and — latter varieties ` quality, and the tw EE. English: market. | i col would — to PES attention. to the “the country sete t E mo are hun of unsuited to ies trait — be mA ibur profitably. : s following is a list of e chief. frufis g grown in Taago i . the — of their — or extent :— - Cocos nucifera = - Citrus Medica, var, acida, = - Mangifer - - Tamarindus indica, G - «= Psidiu tuava "Pine Apple tw - Ananas sativa. ananas - - — ~ Musa sapientum. > - Achras Sapota. Orange, Sweet - - Citrus = ee Shaddock ec o Citrus lO - Citrus Medica, v var. Limonum. E - Citrus Aurantium. Di - - Citrus p ica. Forbidden Fruit - - Citrus téboninind, var. Grape Fruit - E . Sugar Apple - «^ Anona squamosa: rcs Apple - ` + Anona reticulata, ` 3 ur Sop - = Anona muricata. - aie Tlum eto ve n jas purpurea. Hog Plum - =- Spondias lutea. ~ or Spondi " 2 t atas Sp. ~; : SACIBOERU hua oliviforme. Persea Gt wh oL uL MM 13 a 1 at T Chrysophyllum Cainito. Lucuma mammosa Anacardium occidentale. Punica Granatum. Terminalia Catappa, assiflora macrocarpa, et gei lauri folia. elicocca biju L] i Lycopersicum esculentum. Vitis vinifera. Coe ix un [E 4 Blighta rapidi: o MIT - = Mene vulgaris. aed me “extent ; zur the low price in home Ee Tocs wot if pital in that direction, Mangoes are sent the season to Barbad they meet with ready i 4 es vi nd readily, and a — have been sent hom : in mice small. RD every the island, and some have been = 1 the principal fruit ‘as Mangos ; from the tienes: at “would be necessary, to afford | ofthe carrying steamers, thus permitting the picking to be delayed to latest eta moment, so that the fruit might be shipped in the freshe con anb fruits imported are vie es tinned and English bottled tart fy a and these only in Small q anti ities. much of it is now in the market. Ca ital is -eN A company fi with the view of fruit growing and tinning would be sure e of succéss The above Report was prepared by a Committee e the T cultural aid sia sta, of Messrs, John McKillop, Edward : er and D. McGillivray. : es In a despatch pii the Administrator of Tobago to the Govern rnor-in- ; Chief of the Windward laid, dated 26th September 1887, it is stated - that “ Tobago ean produce fruit as fine as any other island, but its “always been a bar to its advancement. Fruit for New York from ** Tobago would have to compete. Against fruit piod some M ** Jater in the more northern islands." ; 9 quis falling piteni süspocillig tha froite GF TIME We ‘piled last year by Mr. J. Y AR ‘Redhead, oe Superintendent. ; Hots c Gardens :— re pes Ment. bea] Names, id | e they | Wholesale Prices Locally | October to January - regards the steps necessary to start and deve fruit trade in nidad, the most important is good communication’ "with European and nerican markets by means of vessels fitted y for carrying fruit. Iuformation is necessary as rds the prices ‘which fruits are likely to realise in foreign markets, and as regards the best manner of packing , the seasons at which they would command the highest prices, and quantities likely to be required at each shipment. - Since the above information was recei ived, Mr. Hart has prepared a pamphlet on * The Banana Trade” at Trinidad, in which he has fully discussed the po necessary to establish a fruit industry in the island. Er British GUIANA. oe “The f ollowing report on the fruit Baten uus is resources o British Guiana has been prepared by S. Jenn Government Botanist and Sirperintentdetit of the Botanical Gardens at t eur getown :— PREFATORY REMARKS. The export of fruit from the Colony is so small that it is only worth considering as evidence that on a much larger scale a profitable export were that fruit is only grown to meet the local demand, and the extent demand is i ~ well known to growers. that. only under t eom el tanees at ly favourably the , production of certain fruits, is an and. I wil review each of voe; trate be said generally here that were there er is comm u doh etown as, E Pane Gero ae are in their season, if indeed it is not more "umnilnt fe neers p k as to i die quantity actually imported. Of such importation record is kept at the Custo! stoms, all being there included unde upply ht ouring circumstances, for ching Hees for ble portion of the fruit brought from the country - market fc —— is s taken us Vers peer in the Common Name, > Scientific Name. - Principal Season. ; ‘Amount orate for Export, Wholesale Price.* Retail Price,” Pasa Granadilla : Scimitoo - z Sour Sop eo x 2 Avocado e = | Bell Apple - = cantes sapientum » » < à ifera indica et] Mi Guava ‘Citrus Visas un yis Leder < Chrysophyllum Cainito Sapota Achras - i PEU quadrangu- bd urifolia - Anona Eo Persea gr atissima Passiflo ora maliform - 8 | Anacar rdium oeit | -| Anona reticulate 3 ondias dulcis acourtia Tomentclà )0 E m to December - | January to I December - November to ary June to October August to December - January | to December March to August - October to Dece May to December. ner - July to September m January to December - January to December - July to December J ny to ee Small quantity Small quantity Varies with Season Small quantity Hardly any at present - Considera pine a i present. . cat - E None - Hardly any None - None - Hardly any Hardly any Hardly any day any o «5 ee one Non Small quantity small quantity Small quantity Hardly any |. Hardly ai Not worth exporting - - 24 cents to 72 cents per unch. 10 cents to 20 cents per unch. Varies with the crop 12 cents to 24 cents per ushel. 45 cents to 90 cents per eh Oto $15 per manan c ach - s to 16 cents per quie 2 cents to 4 cents each = a à per bushel ents to 24 cents per 24 Penta to48 cents perdoz.| s per 12 cents to 24 cent bushel. 12 to 24 for 2 cents. 4for8cents . - | 6 to for 8 baa ots 2 to ^ dor. for 2 cents Not 32 sens $ to 84 cents per 16. cents to 24 cents. T Varies with the crop. 2 cents for 6 to 24. 50 cents to §100 per 100. ; 2 cents to 3 cents each. | - 6 cents to 36 cents teh. : 1 cent each. LE 2 cents each. 4 cents to 8 uk L cent for 6 to 12. 2 cent to 4 cents each. 4 cents to 8 cents each, 4 to 8 for 2 cents, : " 12 for 2 cents, o 3 for 8¢ cents 4 to e 8 cents. No i 2 dosen for 2 cents. Not sold. i ET to 2 for 2 cents. 2 for 1 m 2 for 8 cents. portation of fruit is coined alic entirely ‘Other F js exported are of trifling quantity and average in value le over a huudred dollars a year. ep Rem Fruit exported the average value is not much over a thousand dolla ing to iud Fresh vet T have said there is no separate | kept of. this at the Custo From inquiries I have made of erchants in the trade it seems to y about equal the value of the e ii "uit. - It does not exceed from four thousand to five thousand dollar 8 | Presero ed Fruit imported Mas Ses in annual value between nd and seven a a * ulti- the produce. Shippers are : e cultivators being, as a r ing ies, livir om hand to mouth, they cannot shipping themselves. I have suggested that a company ld i be formed to undertake the Uses or that Government should few years to vessels rrying fruit. If it were y taken up. and judiciously man managed, E believe a very important be established from the for which none of the tes is in. possession. of better tncilities. emarks on the Principal Fruits of Colony. These being the a article of food o , their produetion come = ext to sugar (though race ation) as one of the staple industries of the Colonies. They are red green before maturity, and used as a vegetable, boiled or roasted. Cut when full grown, but while still green, they are used by 'olonists roasted in ashes. At this period they have a soft mellow, d > ice, ept for a Migs or n and turn yell is hardly r of bunches annually m ent three hun dred Um but in quality is s not so good as several of the taller growing kinds, — am quite unable to estimate the quantity or value ‘i that locally Ue sumed. That exported I estimate at from 10,000 tc 12,000 bunches a year, and in value from $2,009 to a 500. For full "ufofratión on the subject of this fruit as an article of export see the paper attached seein * Regarding an Export Fruit Trade. ngoes.—There is no cultivation in the proper sense of the term of this fruit From its first introduction to the Colony it was planted on sustain idleness among the labouring classes; and partly as a conse-- quence of this “fruit walks," as the avenues of fruit trees on the dams on and then only in an exceptionally dry s is tendency is characteristic of the Mango in all countries to m ch my experience has ` extended. The kinds grown here are generally poor, and there is no remedy this by pr opagating only good and first-class kinds by grafting (in-arching) and offering them for public sale at a cost to cover expenses. i t such times it has hardly any value in country districts where trees are plentiful, and after transport to town, is sold at from one dozen to two dozen for a penny. In less fav vourable seasons it sells at twice to four times this rate. None is e ted, First-class fruit wen be worth exporting, but a r efviperatoe: osi be required for its safe conveyance. No attempt, however, should be made to export the ruit now available, as its quality is so poor it would only pejus the market. The difference between poor and good Mangoes is as great as that between A crab-apples and the choicest cultivated kinds of that frui it e sete to an indefinite extent. There is no export, and small quantities re sometimes imported from the West Indies. an se ar conditions here are liege and the cultivation might be multiplied indefinitely. Two or three varieties are grown, one or two of which a It. les—The land of the coast deem. a stiff clay, is not suitable for the best growth of this plant. Still a good many fruit are on the dams of sugar estates and elsewhere. Some of the best of the ^k first-class fruit among them. The Botanic Gardens are endeavouring to-- A plentifully indigenous, e : = on. There the In Posi grow this fruit more or less. entifully i in their provision. fields, The area of land, within reasonable of he ports of shipment, - ve xr edd adapted for the. of this fruit is ve ry large. None 15. ese a Em in ota and other places, and ently are not mueh cultivated. The greater part of the fruit * È . There are three or four varieties, all of whic a reely on both the coast and pe lands, and might d indefinitely. - 1o Pear.—This tree does not thrive so well here as in the W In the principal season there is a small importati the West dae Islands. It thri ves better in the more e humid asc » other fruits enumerated in the opening table are not of a quality in sufficient = to call for detailed remarks. [ All Rights Reserved.] ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 21.] SEPTEMBER. 1888. LVII.—COLONIAL FRUIT (continued). Dominica. The following interesting and valuable Report on the fruits Dominica has been prepared by Dr. H. A. Alford Nicholls, F.L.S., . Government Medical Officer, a a valued correspondent of Kew :— From the time of zs settlement Dominica has been justly celebrated for its fruit. O e British Puessnópe in the Lesser Antilles it is now regarded as having the best promise of the development of a large and remunerative fruit trade, not only with the United States and e and Canada, and it is also the nearest of the West Indian fruit ‘ LONDON: PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, East Havne STREET, 1 FLEET STREET, E.C. and DON STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.; or ADAM AND RAE BLACK, 6, nc reenter EDINBURGH; or HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co., 104, G N STREET, DUBLIN. 1888. Price Twopence, 198 islands to Great Britain. This is an important fact in regard to the future of the fruit trade between Great Britain and North fruit even a few hours curtailmen n Ocean vo eans some- times all the ime between profit and loss, Possessing a fertile soil, unsurpassed in any other part of the world, an abundant rainfall, and a wide diversity of climate, owing to the mountainous nature of the country, the capabilities of Dominiea for the culture of tropical and sub-tropical fruits can scarcely be over-estim ere can, there- ore, be no doubt that when the ral advantages of the island form farms for the "Pim of the various fruits and vegetables that can be exported at a The earliest recorded. instance of a trade in Dominica fruits is found * scenting blossoms, and the fruit of both is in great abundance, t even now, for quantities of the island fruit are exported not only to England and America but also to many of the neighbouring islands. It was not, however, until recent years that fruit became a regular article of export from the Colony, for the — prosecution of such an is style the industry requires experience in what is de andling” of the fruit, experience also in the various ees of mola, and a knowledge of the requirements of the markets abroad times American schooners used to come to Roseau, the chief port of Dominica, for pay; a knocked off the trees, and the bruised fruit was shipped roughly i in bulk in the hold of the vessel, with _the result that most of it became r rotten po s 1151., the value of the Lime juice exported that year. With the exception of 1,019,800 Oranges shipped to the United States, and valued at 489/., there are no details given of the kinds of fruit exported; and as no | wer to. i fterwards, it must be assumed that the venture was iol a paying one. About 14 bra ago, with a view of demonstrating the capabilities of the island or a pie t pen I made a few trial shipments of Oranges and Shad- eeling and Hunt, of Monument Yard, London. Notwithstanding ‘the long voyage by the Royal Mail steamers, longer n point of time than it is now, and the transhipments at Barbados and t. Thomas, the fruit, which was carefully selected and packed, arrived in London in Vr: condition, and fetched the highest price in the where it was then somewhat scarce, and as a consequence the — of the l a eel a large profit on the outlay. I showed of our local merchants the account sales, but nothing was done to beate oad trade, and things went on in their usual style, for Oranges appear in the official lists of exports for the years 1876 and 1877, and they that disappear again, as might be expected, for the ipments could not possibly have paid owing to the rough handling of the fruit. Probably there would have been no considerable fruit trade H J E : 199 in Dominiea now but for the enterprise of some Americans who to the island in the proper season, bought up Oranges and other kinds of fruit, and shipped them to the New York market. These Americans went the right way to work. They refused to purchase Orang es that did not have the stalks attached and properly cut, and in this var they ensured, to a great extent, the proper hand-picking of the fruit. They rejected. with ridieule all bruised fruit, and what they bought they packed carefully in suitable boxes, each Orange having been exami for bruises, and if found sound wrapped in paper specially imported for the purpose. The result wasa revolution in the desultory and insignificant fruit trade of the island. The Americans came back year year, thereby showing the people that the trade was successful, and then local men began to take up the matter, with the result that at the present time the Americans have to compete with resident shippers. With the exception of the Limes, which are Le hie grown in the island for the sake of their juice, and the Ban which are cultivated by the peasan s the greater part of the fruit shipped fro i dd island is athered from trees that have grown up, in most cases mirese in gardens, in corners of estates, and the roadside. Considering that the exports of fruit, excluding Lime juice and othe tp ood deal 1 r, or about one forty- eighth of the total value of the exports of the isla f a ery striking, and they are pregnant with preier for -= future of the trade e planters an nt w turni te nd proprietors ar ng their attention to the systematic cultivation of Cea, Shaddocks, and other fruit trees on a small scale, but the only estates in the island devoted entirely to fruit culture are those belonging to the Lime planters, who do vire liga ship the fruit in its natural condition in tity. rta export from the island, and any account of the fruit trade would be incomplete without some details of the industry, which was started in Dominica years ago by the late Dr. Imray, to whom the island owes, on that account alone, an everlasting debt of gratitude. The Lime, which is the fruit of a tree closely allied to the Orange and Lemon, » done much to help to revive the prosperity of Dominica; and, as the industry is con- stantly growing, it gives promise of great things i in the future, In addition to the juice of the fruit, a very fragrant essential oil, calied commercially o es is increasing, d the of article are rdingly running up in val Lie i juice, E cd die ce has been exported by one of the pl e: duri t e principal kind is that an obtained from the Pine bid Ti is shipped principally to the United States, and it is used for flavouring pur In order to give a correct idea of the fa industry in Dominica, I have made a careful examination of the Blue Books kept at Governm ent Office, but as the volume for 1880 is lost, and as no other copy n in the island, I have been unable to go back for more than se consecutive years, A 55172. 375.—9/88. Wt. 40. Az $00 VaLuE of Frurr and its PRODUCTS EXPORTED from Dominica during the Seven Years ended 1887. Ml Ru [ees E | T cond cm gag Lime Juice. pie Juice.| Pine Apple | of Limes. Se wT SS Ge Ao RS a ee a Se £ s. d, 1881 | 16411 0| 386 0 0| 4117 6|63860 20| 7 6 0| 16017 6| 7146 14 0 3882 | 625 0 8| 193 0 0| 2014 0|5081 010 e 16812 0| 6018 7 6 1883 |1,523 3 e*| 187 0 0| 2118 4|4507 18 4 - 17614 0| 6507 4 2 1884 |1,807 16 6*| 1 0 0| 31 3 03234 15 10 - 284 0 0| 535815 4 1885 |1027 0 7*| 242 3 1| 51418 0|9,737 510 a 9012 0| 461119 6 1896 |1,22019 9| 193 0 0| 415 6 6|458515 0| 5 7 0| 19215 0| 6616 3 3 1997 11,157 15 7| 3216 0| 512 7 6|745818 0| 1913 0| 58916 0| 9771 6 1 Totals|7,526 7 7|1165 9 11,558 4103408415 10| 32 6 0 |1,663 6 646030 9 10 * In the official ret for tl tl fresh fruit and vegetables are included under head. As will be seen from this table, the total eres si the op e fruit and €— for the seven years amounts m of 46,0307. 9s. 10d. an socie ear the value of the same articles exported during the seven years en 1879, and a comparison of the two tables will conclusively show the satisfactory progress made in the prosecution of the fruit industry notwithstanding the many disadvantages that the shippers and growers have had to contend with. VALUE of Fruit and its PRODUCTS EXPORTED from DOMINICA during e Seven Years Bde 1879. Raw Concen- | Oran Essential Year. | Fruit. |Tamarinds| Lime | trated | *dPine| Orange | "oi Totals. i Juice. |LimeJuice| FPP © * | of Limes. andj £54 Edi) £66128 nile wd) 28d) £d. 1873 | 3816 7| 173 8 0 783 3 8° - 100 — | 96838 1874 | 95 5 0| 25216 6 1,600 16 8* 610 0| 040 — | 188512 2 1875 | 10019 2| 16810 0/ 19215 0|169018 6| — 1710 0 — | 211612 8 176 | 107 911] 148 1 0/135 2 4/1699 3 4| 40 0| 0 3 6| 27 0 0| 2121 01 19577 | 234 0 0| 21914 0| 36 0 01155710 0| — - 80 0 0| 2197 4 0 1878 | 7218 4| 297 1 0|187 7 0|207912 0| 0 5 0|199 0 0| 156 0 0| 2992 3 4 1879 | 2 0 0| 486 6 0| 76 5 6|[307812 0/10 0 0| 16 5 0| 100 0 0| 3,769 8 6 Totals} 587 9 0|1745 16 6 13,057 6 0 2015 0| 234 2 6| 863 0 0|16008 9 0 ^ It was not until 1875 that any distinction was made in the official Ln exports between raw and concentrated Lime juice. Both are included under the head “ Lime j .. Until the year 1886 the various kinds of fruit exported from the island were not enumerated in the official returns; but, except in the 201 case of Coco-nuts, were all included under the headings * fresh fruit" or * fresh fruit and vegetables." I pointed out, however, in 1886 to Mr ent. d advantage for statistical purposes in keeping proper records of the progress of a new and growing industry, and since then that gentleman may fitly be pie as their orchard. The a nn ireen of a trade, toc, has been made wi ith ed — _Kingdom ; and, as I understand ompany are not sally Sidom toi to foster this Jal industry. Particulars of the fruit exports are given in the table under nine heads, but two of them, namely, Limes and Pickled Limes, are essentially the sare, the latter being simply ripe Limes packed in brine, which preserves them remarkably well for a lon The following are the average prices from which the values have been officially estimated :— Bananas, per bunch - Joco-nuts, per barrel ‘resh Limes, per barrel : ickled Limes, per barrel ine Apples, per Jena? haddocks, per barre Yon-enumerated ied per. barrel must be remembered, however, that this valuation is for fruit pro- es n 06» a HE t$ :€ 91:5 ae N € 1 1 8 Tuis P (Y ( ] ] Mangoes, per hundred ( ranges, per hundred Pi £ I hased 9d. a hundred, and Limes at 4s. a barrel, and it odd doubtless pay some London fruiterer to visit Dominica in the fruit season in order buy up fruit for export. Under the head of “non-enumerated fruits” are included a end number of various kinds other than those mentioned in the eight fore- i ín: a r and more varied number of fruits than any o of the tro I have e the following list of 60 kinds of fruit that are grown in the island ; and, in order to the list as useful as possible, ee e given the local n names, the botanical names, and the habitat of the ts producing the fruits, as well as the season during which each kind is is Plat aà I have rem such special information as appeared me to be h plant has been placed under its natural onder, as soli bi iieuGoir ie ET ccm ee ree. Taste bir the Varve of the different kinds of Ate Exportep from Ae goa during the Years 1886-87, and the Countries ich the Fruit was Exported aeta Oranges, | -Coco-nuts, Bananas. Limes. Pica Mangoes. | Shaddocks. | Pine Apples. menied I sdl £& «4| 8 a disn di KAE idl ek 2d) & w CER «4 $.s d. United States - - -|86717 5| 8315 0 10.1 017610 0| 74 Hl 9 — 48 4 7? bg 414 2]|1,16 18 10 Antigua - - - 6 9 6|27015 2]|196 17 6 -= — 1911 8 — — 912 6| 443 6 4 Guadeloupe - - - == Irn gi 18.4 0 — == — — 150] 012 6] 197 13. 2 Bt. Kitso - - -p 1815 0|19519 4| 30 4 0| 212 6|. = 084| — = - 172 19 2 St. Croix - - + 310 0| 80 611|102 0 6 — — B Tos — $i 4L1 0| 14811 8 United Kingdom — - -| 4911 8 — 06 0|915 0|.815 0 — $6 BE. EM SiT 8110 2 Barbados - >- 8. Citron (Citrus Medica). ewe ee India, but naturalised in the West Ind The Citron grows well i the island, but it is not very common as ar fruit is used only in peu mereri for the purpose of - 204 making the well known candied Citron peel. Some years ago, one of our shippers exported to America a few barrels of the rind preserved in the fruits. The Citron is cultivated very extensively in Corsica, where the Zo i is called * Cedrat," and the industry there is a very paying one. re is no reason Whatever why it shouid not pay. equally well in Homies should any person be enterprising enough to “ go in” for the culture, 9. Lem n (Citrus om var. Limonum).— Habitat, East Yun but eed in the West Indies, Season, June to February. ‘This fruit is rather scarce, but it secre v in the island and ean be propa- gated qui ey Several large varieties occur, and, although the fruit specie too coarse to be useful for export, the rind is valuable for the purpose of ems ng the Candied Lemon Peel of commerce. A very €— essential oil is also obtained from the rin 0. Oran. nge. (Citrus dip eis —Habitat, EE Indies, but natu- ralised | in the West Indies. Sea n, September to February, but some of the trees bear much earlier than September. The Orange is almost wild in Dominica. It springs up wherever the seeds are thrown, and the n o o bearing “ee fruit was planted, it may s ely be said, with a view to the export of the produce. This interesting fact is significant, ds it isa clear Aiei of what the island is capable of d The rees are . raised seed, and contrary to what I have eben read, I find that they “breed true." Dominiea seedling Oranges, or rather the best inds of them, cannot be surpassed anywhere for atte d sweet- ness, and delicacy of flavour. 11. Sweet RUD (Citrus Medica. var. iocus "ener East Indies. Season, June to January. This delic s Orange uch smaller than the common "kind. It has a thin M E ind x a amid pulp. It is grown rather extensively, but most of es fruit i is bought up in the island, as it is considered one of the best of the Orange family in Dominica. But for the flavour the fruit is exactly like ‘the Lime to which it is closely allied. 12. Tangerine Orange (Citrus nobilis, var. Tangerina). Season, pae to Jan his fine and well known fruit is quite €— the island and could be exported in quantity. 3. Seville Orange (Citrus Aurantium).—Habitat, India, but Vinci sed in the West on. Season, June to February. The Seville Orange occurs in abundance and it is aes os martes for making The rind i and it is the aurantii cortex of the British "Pharma copea. A valuable ex it has not been exported lately. In 1878, as will be seen on reference to the table of fruit. exports, the shipments of this article were valued at 1997. 14. Lime Aer Medica, var. acida).—Hahitat, India, naturalised in the West Ind Season n, June to February, but lies in more or got 1 products and Cacao, Lime juice is now the most considerable export from Dominica, Several estates are devoted entirely to the culture of 205 the tree, and there are in all of them factories for the concentration of the juice which, in this form, is shipped to England and to America, i h of and is the source of muc the citric acid manufactured there. The juice is usually concentrated from 10 or 12 to 1, when it becomes a dark stuff like i nce to molasses. ‘The exports of the raw or natural the skin of the ripe Limes. As soon as this fruit becomes better known a At the time of the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, at the EDU of Sir Augustus Adderley, I shipped a good many of our fruits to the Exhibition market. The Limes mad at the rate of 30s. a barrel, ma I am told that they sometimes d ~ pee at deg par Bat last year I sent a small consignm rim a firm in London, and they ge difficulty in iiis of. it at a dei which did not cover the cost. 15. Shaddock (Citrus decumana).—Habitat, India, naturalised in the West Indies. Season, October to February. This fruit occurs in ieti whitish o Ow o the extreme thickness of the skin, the fruit keeps fresh for a edm ud and it bears the long voyage to Europe remarkab ger well. 16. Forbidden Fruit or Pomelo (Citrus decumana, var. Paradisi). — Habitat, India. Season, June to February. This fruit is not abundant as there is no particular demand for it; but it grows well in the island, and could be exported in large quantities. OXALIDEX., 17. Carambo oe Carambola). — econ Asia. Pm November to February. Introduced this fruit into the islan years ago from the Trinidad Botanic NUM it ne: taken well to o the soil and climate, and it bears abundantly. AMPELIDEJE. 8. Grape (Vitis vinifera}.—Habitat, Asia. Seasons, January to Man ch and October to December. The Grape- vine grows very well in the island, and considerable quantities of the fruit could be raised for doubt o of the dried TEREBINTHACES. 19. Plum — pepe ea), — Habitat, West Indies es. Season, May to acm ee r varieties of this fruit are much liked b many pe ing the plum is quite common, and it is y ropan by erasi cutting off a branch and planting it in the ground during wet ni takes root. A yellow species, soon ias lutea, is also grown, but it is not so good Purple Pidi, 206 20. Golden Apple, or Pomme Cythére (Spondias dulcis). —Habitat, Boned a Season, July to September. This fruit is common in and, and it is esteemed by the , people. It could, o Meanie. indica). — Habitat, East Indies, but tore throughout the West Indies and South America, Season, April to October. The supply of Mangoes in the island is practically unlimited, for the tree is one of the commonest in the lowlands. The people being very fond of the fruit—indeed, in the season it forms an important part of their food—they eat it whilst walking along the roads, and throw the seeds away. The seeds soon germinate, and as the seedlings are very hardy the tree springs up in all directions, and it is found by the sides of all the roads and paths. There are many. varieties of the Mango in the island, the grafted kinds yielding the best and most luscious fruits. As will be seen from the table of exports, ui numbers of Mangoes are shipped to the neighbouring islands. Cashew and Cashew Nut (Anacardium occidentale).— Habitat, West Indies. Season, May to September. ‘The Cashew tree is wild in the island, and it gives practically two * fruits "—1the Nut and the “ Apple.” The latter is simply the large pear-shaped swollen receptacle of the Nut, called by botanists a pedicel. It has a pleasant acid astringent flavour, and is liked by many persons. It contains much juice, which in Brazil is made into an excellent wine. The nuts are roasted, in order to destroy an acrid oil which pervades them. They are shipped from the ee in small quantities to the neigh- bouring islands and to Europe. nut is an excellent one, and the trade might be greatly increased. : LEGUMINOS&. 23. Ground Nut. (Arachis hypogea. )—Habitat, West Africa. Season, April to June. is nut is cultivated in the island in smal quantities only for local consumpti It grows well, bears abundantly, to Marseilles iid there made into a olive oi A good deal of this islands, and it would, doubtless, pay well to cultivate the nut and make the oil on the spot, and thus save half a dozen profits " the consumer. (Tamarindus indica. grana ge et Indies Season, to September. The Tamarind occurs in great abu ndance in the ping: and, as I have shown, it is a constant Side of export d cid in its preserved state. The fruit is Rd. to be eaten raw. It is candied or Sosa Re in syrup. The mon commercial article, known «T simply the Hoe "fruit deprived : its shell and packed in ride doin which afterwards molasses is run and finds its way after a time into all the interstices of the fruit. ecd CHRYSOBALANE. 256. Zicack. (Ch osos Teaco. )— Habitat, West Indies, ason, November to January, This fruit is wild, and the shrub _ bearing it grows along de; sea shore, and a little way in es interior SM is not much esteemed, = many you. like the flavour. It is so _ times called “ fat pork " in consequence of the likeness of the pulp to | aei fat of =< It ud make ecules candied fruit, — 907 ROSACEA, 6. Fraisé, or Redberry. (Rubus vigo ment — Habitat, ordi India. Seasons, April to September. ‘This fruit, which evidently escaped from cultivation many years ago is now wild, and occurs abundantly along the roads s in several distriets of the island. By careful cultivation it might be so improved as to make a very fine fruit; but, in its wild condition, ii is x full of seeds to entitle it to take high rank. It is eaten with cream like strawberries, and is a 27. Bir awberry. (Fragaria vesca. )— Habitat, Europe. Seaso May to July. This delicious fruit is scarce in the island, but it grows well in the noe and it even beam in the lowlands. "The fruit is not nearly so fine as the European and American varities, but this is robably due to the fact that no y aktión has been directed to the enltivation of the better kinds. 28. Loquat. (Lriobctrya japonica.)—Habitat, Japan. Season, April to July. The Loquat is rather rare in Dominica now, for it has been introduced into the island only within the last few years, but the tree grows well, and I have seen it springing up in several out- of-the-way places. MYRTACEX. 29. Governor Plum. (Eugenia Jambolana.) —WMabitat, nan ndi Season, July to September. This fruit has not long b introduced into the island, and it is therefore scarce now, but the jn are being propagated, as the fruit is much liked. 30. Malay Apple. y rana Paint. )—Habitat, East Indies. Season, August to ember. ruit is rare in the ame di Season, erdt to September. This fruit is common in the ae The trees were used formerly as protective belts coffee plantations. The fruit is a good one, the flavour being ores like dar of rose water, and hence its name. It makes an excellent preserve. 32. Guava. (Psidium Guava i n West ees os is, perhaps, with e d of , the common B. ro aeos Gers Cattleianum.)—Habi tat, South America. dg June to December. This fruit is smaller, but much - se in flavour to the M ava. Itis not, however, abundant : n the island, 5 1 - : 208 34. Pomegranate. (Pumica Granatum. ) —Habitat, North Africa. Season, April to July. "This well-known fruit is common, and it grows to a large size in the island. It could easily be exported to Europe and America, but I believe that no attempt has been made to do so as yet. The rind is much used locally to make a decoction which is M esteemed as a valuable remedy in chronic diarrhea and dysente COMBRETACE X. 35. Almond (Terminalia Catappa). — Habitat, West Indies Season, April to June. "This fruit is not mnch eaten, slihough it occurs in abundance. The flavour is not unlike that of the Filbert CUCURBITACEA. 36. Musk Melon ( Cucumis i re Asia Minor. "This fruit is rather rare, but it grows the island and could be cultivated for export in large dosis 37. Water Melon ( Citrullus vulgaris). — Habitat, North Africa. The Water Melon is not cultivated in Dominica to any extent, but it thrives well, and the vine bears abundantly. PAPAYACES. 38, =o (Carica Papaya).—Habitat, Mi Indies. Always in apaw springs up spontaneousl ut the cultivated lands on the coast of the i sland, and the fruit is abil t is very pleasant to [the taste, and it acts as a digestive owing to rinciple, ich it eontai The half ripe fruits on being scratched yield a milky juice, which, when dried, is the drug Prpa from Ww. small quantities, and a sample was shown in the Dominica Court at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition. PASSIFLOREA. 39. Water Lemon rs ee bomi pe (I ori Meg: MK Season, April to July. This frui d the bearing i vi it is both wild and exin The. fruit] ees int well, and it might even now to the New York market were ordi aken in It has a "m pleasant sub-acid flavour, and it is a general favo 40. Granadilla (Panier quadrangularis). Liae West Indies. Season, April to July. This fruit is quite common ^ island, but as it does not last long, it could be exported only in vessels with cold chambers, CACTE2. 41. Prickly Pear Vae, Tuna and Cereus, various species), —Habitat, West Indies. n, October to December. The Prickiy Pear is poet eel from el poak of Cacteæ, and the fruit of all resemble each other. Should a considerable fruit — be developed, pe^ Pears will doubtless become articles of ex arbados Goosebe rw A ( Peirescia sedia) mem md oe This fruit is ; the scandent leafy sh rub bearing it grows luxuriantly. It dakak an ans Excellent j jam. 209 RUBIACEA, 43. Gen p (Melicocca bijuga).—Habitat, West Indies. Season Angus to Gouies This fruit is not common, and it is net liked by so It has a leathery rind, and a large hard seed which is person surrounded by a thin layer of sweetish pulp. It remains fresh for a long time, and could be easily exported if there were a demand for it. SAPOTEJE. 44. Star Appie Muy ue Cainito).—Habitat, West Indies. ason, June This fine fruit is rare in Dominica, but it grows well in ihe isin d. "i i t could be introduced into the American and English sides it would, 1 believe, meet with a ready sale. 45. Boni or Damson Plum (Chrysophyllum oliviforme).—— Habitat, West Indies. Bod son, July to September. The fruit, which is the produce of a large and handsome tree, is sparingly grown. F: 46. Sapodilla (Sapota Achras).—Habitat, West Indies. Season, October to January. This fruit is much esteemed and it is abundant during the season. It is usually picked from the tree in a half ripe condition and allowed to ripen in the house, as the frugivorous bats are very fond of it, and they make sad havoc amongst the ripe fruit. Messrs. Serutton, Sons, and Co., having succeeded in getting this so and easily spoiled fruit from Demerara to En ngland in excellent condition by means of the cold chamber system, the experimen c- cessfully solved the question as to whether more perisbable of the tropical fruits can be placed in the arkets in a fresh state. London The next thing to be done is to A pete up a piedini trade in these fruits, d, a s Dominica is the neares t tropical country to England capable of vopi fruit in large quantities, it is to be e em that the fact will brought to the notice of those interested in the matter. 47. Balata (Bumelia retusa).— Habitat, Dominica and Jamaica, forests which cover so large an extent of the island. It is as large as sized Damson, the skin is yellowish brown, and the pulp is "ef loadant to the taste. POLYGONES. 48. Seaside P rape (C (Coccoloba men -—hHabitat, West Indies. eason, Septemb mber. frui | ose to the va dio It us a a elas fruit, and excellent preserve. The fruits are sometimes steeped in rum, in the same way that Cherries are in brandy, and they give a very agreeable flavour to the spirit. LAURINEAE. 49. Avocado Pear d irre =- Habita South America. Season, August to Oc This valuable fruit is very . abundant in the island, and it Betis ade into the food supply of bed a If steamers with cold chambers for fruit storage ularly between the island and London, the Avocado Pear and Mid dur iudi fruits odd. undoubtedly after a time "become articles of consider- able trade with Great Britain. 210 EUPHORBIACEJX. 50. Gooseberry (Cicca disticha). — Habitat, East Indies. Season, August to November. Sa s tree, which, by the way, Grisebach wrongly described as a shrub, is common in the island, and its fruit, which is borne very utter is used principally for making j jams and other preserves. 51. Candle na aes triloba). -—— Habitat, East Indies. Season, September to Decem This tree is rare in the island, but it dd well and beac abundantly. a is called “ Candle Nut,” because e s contain so much oi to burn brightly like wax candles. The fruit i is liked by many aiiora. UnTICACEX. 52, Fig (Ficus Carica).—Habitat, South Europe, Asia, and North Africa. This delicious fruit is always in season, but les Bien ate: in the wage of Apri, May, and June. It grows well in Do and might of commercial value. The purple variety is "Uis ‘only one that i is ‘eiikiivated i in the gardens, but it is, I believe, the best of i ind. 53. Bread Fruit (Artocarpus yea — Habitat, Pacific inant. Season, November to NUM ry. The fruit of this tree is really used as a vegetable in its ripe state, and as it is ae liked by the people it is cultivated E n might, therefore, be exported in considerable quantities. The spikes of the male flowers are sometimes candied like the Citron and Lemon-peel, and if introduced to the trade would no doubt meet with a ready sale. 54. Bread Nut (4 ica eg € var. POS Pacific Pacific Islands. Season, November to February. The tree producing this Nut is a variety of the Bread I Fr uit. The so-called * Bread Nuts” are simply the seeds which are found in the interior of the large fruits that, in pe Fy Smad are indistinguishable from the ordinary Bread-fru seeds are somewhat like chestnuts in look and flavour. They bu boiled and eaten with salt, per are also used by cooks for stuffing poultry. 55. Jack Fruit yi ues e "d .—Habitat, East Indies. Season, February to April. y a few trees growing in the island, and as the fruit is not ed for om by the people there are no signs of its propagation s are eaten like the Bread-nuts PALME. > POP UE CS Cocos mucifera).— Habitat, sere grape in seaso The Coco-nut, besides being export siderable quantities, ed largely into the food of tho peus of Dominica. The t very common, and there is scarcely a garden or yard in the island without one or more of these splendid palms growing therein. No particular use is made of the fibrous husk, so that this D uable article is really a waste product in Dominica, The « oil is made uantities, and all of it is consumed locally. A “Cocal” or Coco-nut L panon near to the sea-shore, with machinery for ae theo iE paring the fibre and bristles from the hus k, would n zem ubt Pes paying concern, and there is, therefore, room for ca pital and kii in this direction. If it pay to erect a factory in London to prepare the fibre and bristles, it ought to pay much the che in Domi inica, where labour and land are cheap, where water powe 211 take the place of the more expensive steam- -engine, and where there would be a saving in the differenee between the carriage of the prepared . os bode raw luets. Date (Phenix dactylifera).-—-Habitat, Africa and Asia. This pe is rare in the island, but if a regular fr uit trade were irpo it would doubtless be cultivated extensively. The Date palm grow very well in Dominica, and it appears to be quite hardy. BROMELIACEX. 58. Pine Apple tna sativa).—-Habitat, West Indies. The fruit is in season from May to September, and it occurs in the greatest abundance, It is not aei to any extent, but that is simply because d > n, for as a flavouring substance for ices, cooling " Me e like, it "edi be quickly bought up. MvusACEA. 0. Banana and Plantain (Musa sapientum).--Habitat, me Gla and New World tropics. ‘These fruits occur in the grea reatest abundance, and they are always in season. They could be exported from Dominica in practically unlimited quantities. Many varieties are grown in d Boe and they are of all sizes and flavours, from the large and luscious Fig Banana to the small and delicate * Fig Sucrier." e ete arge trade in Bananas between Jamaica and the are put in for shade to the young Cacao plants. Thus there is always a quantity of fruit in excess of local wants, and Res a fraction of this surplus is exported to the neighbouring colonies Besides the above sixty fruits — others have been introduced into the island lately, and they are ing so luxuriantly as to indicate that they have found in Dominica a congenial soil and climate. Amongst these fruits, I would pr Worm the following which have been introduced from the Royal Gar The Mangosteen tous cinia TO Hab., East Indies. The Baobab (Adansonia digitata). Hab., T rópi Africa. Du eros The Monstera (Monstera deliciosa). Hab., Mexico. All of the fruits enumerated in the above list could be produced in much greater quantities than they are now if there were such a demand Of course many of the fruits could not be exported to Europe or even to North America under the present couditions of the trade. But were steam vessels, specially adapted to carry fruit and provided with cold storage chambers, to ply regularly between Dominica and New York and Dominica and London, all the fruits in the catalogue could be shipped in large and constantly increasing quantities 212 In the Per opens of a large fruit trade Dominica labours under peculiar disadvantages. The island is so backward that the means of tion, and it thus happens that the fruit hitherto exported has been gathered from trees and plants growing only in the neighbourhood of Roseau and Portsmouth; the two ports of entry on the leeward side of the Sid. The other districts are practically untouched by the present trade, although fruit can s got from them in the greatest abundance. The roads, except for a mile or two round Riseau, the chief town, are small company to start a coasting steamer. Most of the capital was readil subscribed as it was thought that the Government would tee an canem st of 5 per cent., for the members of the "petens nication is as far away from Dominica as is Lisbon from m Don very injudiciously declined to sanction the small outlay for the first year or , and undertaking unhappily fell to the ground. The entire absence of dioe: means of communication from one district to another has much to do with the present backward condition of the island, and unless the country be opened up by good roads the fruit trade cannot possibly attain to anything like the large dimensions that the peculiar ets improved, were ar n att look after the interests of shippers, and were the Government to fide, ae they have really effected a good deal. But their ships are not specially adapted to carry fruit, and they do not arrive at the island with sufficient punctuality. Inthe case of Oranges it is necessary to way from Dominica have arrived in London after a fortnight’s voyage in excellent ca: thereby showing, rent all doubt, that the island ed easily supply the exe markets with Oranges and similar fruits, e with London mi i "ous VE port t of call for their diet line steamers; but, as this would probably dislocate their sonno, y might require a subsidy for the first year or so, or until the trade became sufficiently extensive to bear a good margin of profit. In the opening up, satel ba of a trade of this sort it is to be expected that there will be frequent losses if the fruit be consigned to the open market and sold for oak it t wil fetch ; and this is really one of the greatest tastes in the development of the indust try. Our growers 213 and shippers of s are not men of capital, and, for this reason, à Jisediuns shipment may mean in individual instances the abandonment s further efforts i in ithir direction. It dap eke for the building up of a a permanent trade that the nascent industry should be nursed b vae experienced persons. The Dominica fruit shipped to London should be received by a firm willing to take some trouble to obtain good prices ys it, until wide channels E. its disposal are regularly opened up. In rich countries where men o i n be foun y to necis in such undertakings, all this would be done as a matter of course, ominica i and too backward to be able to go rse, but about the starting of new industries in such a way as to be able to guarantee success, " ence has shown that the poe of the island will not embark in a new undertaking unless it be satisfactorily demonstrated to them that there is money to be made in it, And really one cannot blame them. The crisis in the sugar trade, and the back- Ye bie of the island cannot be expected to take place unless aid comes from abroa Dominica i is, as I have shown, p fitted by range of climate, fertility of soil, and geographieal position, to become, for its size, one of these heir own perm and if this should happen it will be, I am S as fortunate or them as it will be for the future welfare of Dominic ILA, rure NICHOLLS. J. Cox Fillan, of Wall House Estate, has furnished the fol- uns —— respecting the development of the fruit trade at omin di head of the fruit trade of Dominica I confine myself xs $ could easily be effected if due regard $vere paid to pruning the trees at the proper time, and to other requisite modes of cultivation to doen that end. Anoth er drawback is es careless and alinost wanton "gardens" (provision grounds) or cottages. These persons as a rule baer no care on their trees, and are quite unconcerned igo their fruits are large or small, sour or sweet, stained or not; in their native watts “the offspring of the same mother is not always alike and of the same size.” I think the buyers and aes of fruit could to a great extent induce the growers to remedy these drawbacks if they were to decline to buy inferior fruit, or to make such a difference A 55172, B 214 between the prices of poor and of fine fruit, that the grower would find it entirely to his interest and to his profit to be careful in the gathering and selection of the fruit he brings to market. Yet another drawback is the — on of the steamers which now carry what fruit is shipped, and the irregularity and uncertainty of the delivery of the fruit at his deni bi I suppose this desideratum is one that will remedy itself so soon as the “trade” becomes sufliciently large, but it is to be regretted that the present mode of conveyance does not give the shipper and the consumer all the advantages that could be derived by a speedy transport pending the increase of the tr The exportation of fresh preserved fruit is yet in its infancy, and I believe has hitherto been only tried experimentally. It now awaits only capital and energy and success will be achieved. Jams, Jellies, and Preserves.—At present the sugar used in the iiri of these has to be imported from England and from America, weighted with a heavy freight and a still heavier import duty, and before it reaches the markets another freight has to be inc ar will thus be seen that West India preserves cannot in an compete with the home-made sweets of England and the United States where sugar is cheaper than in its native land. After all that has been written on fruit-growing, perhaps the most important necessary to advance the economical industries of m is absolutely indispensable, even at the cost of increased taxation. J. Cox FILLAN. MONTSERRAT. This small island has become the head-quarters of the oe industry in the West Indies, chiefi yt he well-known Montserrat Lime Juice Company with whieh Mr. Facts Sturge is con- nected. There were recently exported from Montserrat :—Lime juice of the value of 10,300/., — Limes of the value of 3257, Tamarinds - of the value of 254/., and general fruit of the value of 93/7. The prin- Fs fruits deekerintóry i Mr. J. Spencer Hollings as growing at Mont- are Java Almond (Terminalia MT EB Avocado Pears, Bie “Bell Apple (Passiflora maliformis), Water Lemon (P. lauri- folia), Citron, Cocoanut, Custard Apple, Date, Fig, Forbidden Fruit, Genip, Granadilla, Guava, Hog Plum, Jamaica Plum ( dias pur- rea), Java Plum (genio Jambolana), Jack-fruit, Lemon, Lime, ammea Sapote, Mango, "ts Orange of several varities, Pineapple, Pear, Water Lemon, Bell Apple, Guava, Hog Plum, Lime, Mango, Mammee Sapote, Orange, Pineapple, Plantain, "— the Shaddock are abundant. The Lime and Tamarinds are largel The months of June to December are the chief imd months, At 215 Limes are — fresh, preserved, or pickled. Lime juice is exported fresh and concentrated. Pine Appia are exported fresh and candied. Bananas are pius in a fresh s The produetion of fruit could Te largely extended in Montserrat if regular opportunities for shipment in suitable vessels at a low rate of fr eight were provided, The fruits now imported into the Colony are the ordinary bottled and pudding fruits from the United Kingdom, and the canned and dried products of the United States, The trade in these is very limited, - Sr. CHRISTOPHER AND NEVIS. In these islands most of the tropical fruits found in the West Indies are cultivated to a small extent. At present these fruits are utilised locally, and little if any are exported. The Banana, Pine Apple, ango, Orange, Lime, Plantain, and the Mammee Apple are fairly abundant and easily capable of considerable extension. ‘The Shaddock, E indebte d for the above táforiisifol, are not capable of belg easily incre The. pre reserved fruits available are Guava jelly, Guava jam, Pine Apple jam, Mammee Apple jam, Mango jam, and Tamarinds. Virain IsnANDS. Mr. President Cameron has prepared the following information re- speeting the fruits of the Virgin Isiands: In iance with the "Eiern eontained in the Secretary of — apaa Despatch of the 30th November 1887, I have the nour to forw - — af ia as I am able to give relative to the em of this Pres The only fruit that is at all cultivated is the Banana. Of these there are three kinds, the horse and fig Banana and the Plantain. Many other fruits grow wild, Pers as Mangoes, Guavas, Guava berri Custard Apples, Avocado Pears, Sour Sops, and others. Bananas an nd. Man Sour Sops are obtainable all the year roun goes come in about the end of May, Pears in July, and Guavas an berries a little later. The greater part of what is grown is available for export, and actually expo: production, however, is not on a scale to rmit of wholesale dealings. All the ts above-mentioned are exported in one in . Th i is St. "Thoiüis& A fair quantity of the different kinds of Bananas are carried there, and realise from 40 to 75 cents a bunch. I am unable o give an estimate of the value of the various fruit exports; they can, however, only amount in all to an insignificant sum. anas might, I imagine, be grown in very much larger quantities romae: is canoes vido the introduction of capital, there being no local men with either means or energy to take up such a business 216 whatever might be the e offered. Until, therefore, the Virgin Islands are redeemed from the utter isolation which renders them a terra incognita to all but ve Pind official, I fear moe any resources they may possess either in this or any other line must remain undeveloped, BERMUDA. The following is a list of the chief fruits grown in the Bermudas :— The Sugar Apple, common, and bearing freely ; Cherimoya, becomin common ; mon, common, but san produced in sufficient quantities for home consumption ; ; Bitter ge, common, bears freely ; for early home consumption; Quince, fairly common, but not fruiting satisfactorily; Surinam i Charly (Eugenia uniflora), common, and ing freely; Guava, not very common, fruit unsatisfactory ; Potidgràtatté; common, but fruit not of much use; apaw arica =ni ya), common sr Musk Melon and Water Melon, comm bear profusely in early summer; Avocado Pear, a most rires siat highly esteemed fruit, but bearing most irregularly, some Vera in profusion nag a do others barely at all, obtains a high qe as much as 4s. to 6s. ana, common, bears egens de me, common, fon kedy, aid i is much used locally ; uat, common, v bos profusely. ese fruits are obtainable as follow Fruit. Season, Local Prices, Strawberry - - | January to May - - -- per quart. Loquat - - - |. January to March - Lemon - - - | Perennial E - nd to 2s. per doz Lime - - - - - | 9d. to 1s. 8d. por di ant - - = Do. - - | 2s. ae Ib. Coy the bunch), Sugar Apple - - | December to i E em w oe e re Musk Melon - - | July and August- - M. 1b. Water Melon - - Do. - | ld. DE Bitter Orange - - | October to December - | 6d. per d Sweet Orange - - Do. - | 1s.6d. 1035. “ed. per dozen. P - - 2 to ovetahée - . Tamarind - - - to r -| }No trade, Guava - - - imei to October - Avocado Pear - - | July to Octo - | 4s. to 6s, per dozen. Grape Fruit - - tober to December - | No trade. Cherimoya - - Do. . - | 6s. per dozen. Surinam Cherry - - Perennial - - | 6d. per q $ Quince - > - | September to December - | No trade. None of these are available for export. - No fruits are exported at present; but Bananas aser Avocado Pears, Loquats, Strawberries, and Melons (perhaps), might be produced more largely, but it is — doubtful whether, nm hé general cir- cumstances of the soil, the limited amount of cultivatable As and the 217 difficulties of transport, any remunerative cultivation for export could be has n made in Banana and Strawberry cultivation with satisfactory results, for seasons, when the islands are thronged by American and anadian visitors. In many quarters it is believed, and it has been frequently for May 1888, have been communicated for publication in the Bulletin by Commissioner, some particulars regarding the India-rubber trade in the Mogaung district. India-rubber seems to have been first exported from Upper Burma to Rangoon about the year 1870. Up to 1873 the trade was free to all who chose to engage in it ; since 1873 the forests have been worked under the monopoly system, For the first nine years five Chinese 218 sim s styled Mientsuan, aps he Fuhomei, Sears and Paoh- ing, res ly, were t e joint pes eases dar e two first named for that one year sold for Prose the next year business in In at a standstill owing to local disturbances caused by " * Kachin revolt." € two Yunnanese Ania agreed to pay auction cand realised a lac of rupees. The forest officer attached to the Mogaung column has no doubt reported on the general distribution of the Ficus elastica and on the Kachin methods of tapping it. I shall, therefore, touch very briefly upon these subjects. he Chinese say that the India-rubber tree w been hitherto procured in forests distant from four to six x days journey n of Kamein. An equally large supply should soon, it is said, be obtained hut the Endaw and Laotsun districts. On the recent dere e few trees seen were strong and — ant though ered with innumerable small incisions even up to the tiny topmost ; branches, they had erii not been drained to the extent of one-half their power. In the early days the Kachins made the natural mistake, . Boon discovered and rectified, of over-bleeding the trees ; it was in this way ascertained that a large tree if bled to death would yield 500 viss of rubber in the course of a single seas Mogaung is the headquarters of the ‘India-rubber trade. Of the total ese supply four-fifths are brought. into Mogaung by Kachins, the whom are in the regular employ of the Chinese lessees, and onec fifh i is purchased in the districts by Chinese PT of the lessees, Under the present system the Chinese manager at Mogaung, a man named Li, makes liberal advances to Kachins to die as their expenses during the collecting season, which lasts from September till June. a ad This system orir “inconvenient to both part mee sometime e since abandoned by mutual consent. The Kachin nis now edited. ihe 219 at Mogaung is well washed, dried, and minutely examined, ball by ball, before it is sealed. Those Kachins who have received advances from Li, make the refund by selling to him at half the current price, until the amount of the debt is cleared off. A small quantity of rubber, as I have said, is collected by uer agents of the lessees. Up till quite recently there were only 10 or 12 of these agents. They travel from distriet to district making ud from Kachins. The price paid is nominally the same as at Mogaung, but as the Kachins possess no standard weights they are usually cheated to the extent of about 70 per cent. This profit on the difference of weight more than pays all the expenses of the agents. In November of last year a new and hitherto unworked district was open ned. Lin, one of the monopolists, the Amber mines. Objection to this inroad was at once made by the local Kachin tsawbwas, who insisted on the right of working the forests themselves, and declined to admit other labour. ter much discussion a compromise was arrived at on the following basis. Two hundred of the new coolies were to return at once, the remainder were to be allowed to collect rubber under the superintendence of the Kachins to whom they were to pay 10 per cent. of the quantity collected. The place of the 200 dismissed coolies was to be taken by an equal number of Kachins who were to be paid for what they collected at the rate current in other districts. Under this system matters have so far worked smoothly; it was expected at Mogaung that at least 20,000 viss of rubber would be obtained from the new forests this season. In most cases India-rubber is subject to certain charges whilst in transit through Kachin districts other than those in which it was pro- ced. The tsawbwas of such places usually take a very moderate toll, perhaps two or three balls out of each hundred. = long as these charges do not amount in all to more than 10 per cent. no complaint is made, But this proportion is sometimes largely ird and in ^ a remonstrance, nearly always successful, is made b ‘the Chinese to the tsawbwa or tsawbwas who have helped themselves too liberally. Posaw, the ex-Myoók of Mogaung, was of great service to the Chinese in arranging disputes of this nature between them and the Kachins ; since his flight a regular expenditure in presents to the tsawbwas has become necessary in order to keep the amount of transit dues at a reasonable ve ber comi wn to Mogaung the Chinese beste d and the Kachin owner bear the iios | in equal shares. The Kachin, however, is amply co sat by being housed and fed at the sche of the Chinese during his stay in Mogaung. The circumstances a the past year have been very favourable to the prod di been stric apprehension caused by the visit of ee Bae M country, gos or no work m attemp! i q the a numbe Kachins dd Shans KTE employed at the sty in able t o alee their services to the India-rubber traders, e u e profits realised tliis year by the lessees mus considerable. There are no means at Bhamo for ascertaining how much India-rubber they have already sent down to Rangoon, but it is gst here that before the end of their term thay. wil have collected at any rate, if not hipped, something over 150,000 viss, I estimate that a total collection 220 of only 50,000 viss would pay them a handsome dividend on their outlay. The account may be stated EE ; PAYMENTS. RECEIPTS. Rs. Rs. er of licen - 1,00,000 Sale of m qug viss at t o! 50,000 vi viss of: rubber Rangoo Rs. = 2,25,000 K Mogaung, at Rs. 145 Las 72,500 per 100 - Freight, “Mogaung to » Bhamo } 1,000 Freight, Bhamo to Rangoon, at Rs. 6 8.0 per 100 s — icons: Pe eatablishinnt at , Mogaun B: an Eod 12,000 alay (say tides expenses, sueh as ents to — isawbwas 2,000 Total - . - 1,90,750 Total - : - 2,25,000 Which leaves a clear profit of Rs. 34,250, that is to say, over 17 per cent. on the voe invested, assuming that the whole pedis occurs at the commencement of the season, which is by no means the t there is little doubt that the mercem will collect a great deal prea than 50,000 viss this season; and on every extra 50,000 viss collected they will n a net profit of eiri a lac and a half of rupees. From the foregoing calculation it seems clear that the pe revenue deed from the India-rubber aye is far too small. It is not easy to indicate any sure plan by which it may be improved during: the next year or two. It is possible, of course, that thors may be keener com- petition when the monopoly is next put up to auction; but it is quite likely that a “ring” will be formed to keep the price at its present with the Meis in the Mogaung district. With the single exception n, the Jade lessee, no native, even of another Chinese province, es Us attempted to compete with them in those 7 Pa Indeed there ot half-a-dozen Cantonese or Fokienese, all told, at Mogaung, and all in probes with natives of Yuannan, Who require a mman ers possess the Défis essential to the preservation of continuous and satisfactory business relations with the Kachins. It is probable, therefore, joging from the pa unfriendly attitude of the Kachins towards us t attempt to buy rubber direct from them, or to collect it in their inte, would be a failure. The Yunnanese, from interested motives, would averse to assisting us i task, and without their co-operation, or at least their gdod will, it would be difficult, if not ceder to, wen a vence supply. With the complete pacification of the d t this will no doubt € ; in the meantime it might de Rm ; ma either by placing a reserve price on the monopoly when next put up to aiietion, | or by ebotishiup the monopoly and andi the India- rubber as it is — down, or by effecting some arrangement with the Yunnanese traders, to make thesé' fine forests yield tga more than the nominal révenue heretofore derived I them AE a [All Rights Reserved.] ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 22.] OCTOBER. [1888. LIX.—COLONIAL FRUIT— (continued). SIERRA LEONE. e following is an extract from a despatch from Administrator Hay to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, dated 165 ril 1888 :— * With respect to the information required as to the fruits produced in this Settlement, I referred the question to the aboan of the Local tanie Society, to transmit a copy ofa report and returns e re e venture ur remark that the report and return resting aracter, and trust that -" resources of the Settlement t cde may become more widely kno Notes on the fruits of Sierra Leone, pereo by Mr, Samuel Lewis, Hon. Secretary of the Local Botanical Society :— “ire n, April 15, 1887. Wirz reference to your letter of the 18th of ember last, N fo. 1 ,079, "C ed o Lac] 2 =| © Eder o H un t © f.n m th "E . + ja] B ct o 5 [0] Ta "1 o "t © Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, duis Sx the fruits of the Settlement, PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S rA OFFICE, BY EYRE AND SPOTTISW! THE QUEEN'S MOST abe - MAJESTY. either directly or through any Bookselle: EYRE oe potent erent East HARDING ee FLEET sami E.C., and 32, ABINGDON STREET, WES KR, S.W. ; or ADAM anD CHARLES BLACK,6, Leonis reino EDINBURGH; or HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co., 104, GRAFTON STREET, DUBLIN. 1888. Price Twopence. 222 I have the honour to state that the matter has been duly referred to the Society, which, with the object of securing a complete and accurate information on all points embraced by Mr. Morris's questions, bad them published in the i pet and invited answers from any person who could give informatio * & * The chief fruits exported in a green state from Sierra Leone are pine-apples, bananas, plantains, pears, mangoes, limes, and oranges, of e-a 8 ritain as exporte that year alone. This quantity can be annually main- tained and oec ina increased if the trade were remunerative, and sustained by the fruits arriving at their destination in bad SU has checked the continuity of the supply and growth of export Almost the whole of the bananas, plantains, pears, aha limes, and oranges grown in Sierra Leone, go to the Genis; Goree and Senegal, whilst some pines also are exported to those place It will be seen from the table annexed that the ud esie and indeed nearly all the fruits of Sierra Leone are in sens from January to April, though some are obtainable throughout the re is no export of preserved enis aad "lio cocoa-nut is the only fruit of the Settlement exported in a dry state, and in that state, in which it takes the name of coprah, it is not used as fruit. "But the waste of economie matter in the shape of shell, husk and fibre thrown away after of growth since last year of an export of cocoa-nuts in husk, — s Europe, where the now w neglected materials may be used in the facture of ropes and matting, and the kernel in its fresh state sd X as ruit, Besides the la. ede just made relative to cocoa-nuts, it is not rink of record regarding the mango that its abundance and cheap- ess here, and 1 the capacity which Sierra Leone has for its increased production, are conditions icm point to the necessity for studying ho and where it may be turned to account as an article of export, either n, to be used in the muatintactare of spirits which it is said may = in. - d preserved state afresh state, and before it is fully ripe, it is employed Totaly as, asdi is found to "pn a good iebeiitite for, English apple-sa Like pine-apyles, the other exportable fruits above referred to may be produced in larger quantities than the present yield, but the drawbacks ^ i dE a pr steam vessels now poe een Aes Sierra Leone, and for Europe, the absence of quick transit, as well as the absence of vessels specially adapted for receiving and conve: ^ rui The export trade in two of the “fruits of the Settlement is likely to gain a new impetus, viz., cashew and velvet tamarind; for the stone of 223 the cashew is in great demand in Germany, where it is used confectionery, and is sold there at 9s. a cwt. thrown into the dust hea The chief fruits oy ewig into the Settlement are yo apples from peaches see plums, and Rrawherkies from Germa ny vid Pony and olives from Fran The dried were — are almonds, currants, figs, prunes, and raisins from Fra Cuter FRUITS or SIERRA LEONE. Local Names. In what Months obtainable. Local Prices. Pine-apple - | Throughout the year, Be t abundantly 10d. per doz. om January to Jun Banana =- -]| Throughout the year - - - | 8d. a bunch. ashew - - | January to April. ies Ls Cocoa-nuts - - | Throughout the year - - - | 6d. per doz. Cucumber - | December t Guava, red - | September to cepe er - - | About 2s. per bushel, Guava, white - | Septem December. ne ime - "Throughout sn yak, chiefly i in August | 6d. to 8d. per 100. e - - | April to Jun Mango > - Traa ye year, but chiefly | 3d. per doz. ebruary to J Orange - - | Throughout the year, but chiefly —— August to Ju Ti abi - - | Throughout the year. — - | March to June - - - | 6d.to 9d. per doz. Planta Throughout the year - = - | 8d. to 8d. per bunch. nm black o or| January to April. —— Gor» Coasr. In a "uere. dated 12th November 1887, addressed to the Secretary of State by Colonel White, it is stated that :—“ Fruit, with the - Pests of cocoa-nuts, cannot in my koi at present be profitably ** exported from the Gold Coast Colony, owing to S distance from ail $4 call. the agricultural refer the matter to * them. There is very little available knowledge

E a 15'S i [e] =? REL x EE ES ae® ~ ~ ie 2 age 2: SUN Nar +, [-- co 4 p mie eo e- e. a n E = E E: oquat (Eriobotrya japonica). . Grape ( Vitis vinifera), sa varieties and Catawba. . Strawberry (Fragaria vesc 0. Cape gooseberry (Physalis] pubescens). ora). M rM antl eae © DTH Gr h5 tS 23. Mango (Mangifera indica 24. Avocada pear (Persea a gratissima). Pine-apples, generally a coast product, but grown mu to 2, wets feet in sheltered localities, are available from January to Aug ceptional cases, the whole yeu Supply equal to any Mer "Piles "d. to 3d. each, according to season and quality. Bananas ir: planta ains produced on the coast, and up to elevations ` 1,500 feet are available generally throughout the whole year. I thor emand the supply would be unlimited. Prices vary from sis uality. ranges, limes, &c. are available from April to August. Grown all over the eua the supply would meet any ressonable demand. The prices vary according to seasons, being lowest between May and Augu and highest aes the scare sity. Immense quantities are for want of a market. Mar e and lime-juice may be pr ates in unlimited quantity. This sh nae is extending rapidly, and will soon be sensibly realised. Peaches s are lard grown all over the Colony, certain varieties being e warmer coast districts, and others of the hardier and be tear Haired varieties more suitable for the c elevated districts. They are available from December to F annually TO fruit. Much is preserved for Jocal use. A price ey n the circum- stances, can hardly be given. When the fruit is offered for sale it is merely to cover cost of oH a and carriage to market. 228 Apples, like peaches, are grown all over the Colony, the hardier varieties being i in the upper districts. The supply is far in excessof the demand, there being no market for vd produce of ever garden. The fruit is in season from December to January, and prices are such as cover cost of gathering and Ph E to market, 1s. Gd. to 3s. a hundred, according to size and quality. Quinces, like apples, thrive best in the upper metres of the Colony. a They are in season in January, earlier or later ing to situation ; cultivation capable of extension unlimitedly i iles were a market. The fruit is often preserved but seldom sold, there being no demand. cots come into season in November. Any demand could be met by large supplies. The price, 2s. and 3s. per 100 for first supplies, soon alls owing to the lim “pone arket Figs are seed in January, and c ue in’ season for two or three months. Production dm be e xtended 1 indefinitely. Prices just suffi- cient to cover cost of gathering and carriage to m ars are in season in Februa e Berg can be jroduond to any extent. renad re in season from November to May. Its growth is capable of indefinite Memes Prices vary according to season, 1s. 6d. b mm he g n quotation, and insufficient to cover cost of gathering and car * qu re ed season in May; capable of — indefinitely ; prices nominal, m — suficient to cover cost of e zrapes come into season in De Westin: and uito for two or three months. The price varies cai 6d. to 1s. per lb., according to variety, quality, and season, the Cape varieties being the most expensive. The Catawba, owing to general hardiness and freedom from disease, is capable of extension without limit. A valuable preserve is being made from this grape which threatens to take the place of black currant Y: trawberry.—This valuable fruit is rie into general cultivation, and may be extended on any scale. Itis in season from r to April Prices vary according to season, bd. a pint being the minimum. ape gooseberry.—This valuable esculent is not cultivated, being at their convenience, selling it to eerie i in town or country. D — is generally about 4s. 6d. a bushel. es situation as per ricts, the fruit is in season ebruary to Mis 4 "This fruit is made into a jam, which is biyé ever known to e Amatungu lu.— This is entirely a coast plant, and the fruit isin season from January to May. As a rule the plant has not been cultivated, but it admits of ready extension by cultivation, and thereby its productiveness Th is greatly increa wild state, and dispose of it to o me the price, therefore, eres from a mere nominal sum to anything they can get. Tamarind.—This has been tried, but on a limited scale. The fruit ripens in May but there is scarce any demand for it. . angoes can be grown in abundance, and come into season in May, but there is no demand for th vocada pear can also own in abundance, and comes into season in March, but there is no demand for the fruit. In 1886 the dried and preserved fruits exported were entered of t value of 4227, but the sorts are not enumerated. The green ‘eas 229 exported, chiefly Bananas, were entered of the value of 2,4397. Both kinds, viz., the preserved fruits and the green or fresh, were shipped to the Cape Co olon the above-mentioned es are capable of being produced in much larger quantities. The nee of a market has deterred the farming al requirements. e steps, in my estimation, necessary to develop a fruit trade are first the preservation of the fruit either by judiciously drying it or by xinh itin tins. Messrs. Jameson and Co., Durban ; Hulett, Nonoti ; Ladds, Mooi River; and Blaker, Estcourt, have made a good start in that direction, and others will follow their example. Local men complain that the tariffs of neighbouring states militate seriously against the use therein of Natal preserved or green fruits, im- port duty being so high as to prove prohibitive. This, no doubt, is the case (as the question would be viewed in the light of free trade) omitting the consideration of the question whether the industries of these states do not stand in need of some such protection as is secured by a high import duty. The trade vili the mother country is sericusly menaced by the long ocean voyage, and tbe risks of damage to green fruit, however well it may be prepared before embarkation. In the case of preserved fruits, the new industry here will have to cope with the same industry established in other colonies and Pss for many years enjoying a reputation which cannot easily be set asic Dried fruits, unspecified, imported fron: rd United Kingdom, 80,000 Ibs.; value 1,252/. From Bombay, rer and Madras, 195, 967 Ibs. ; value 612/. Mozambique, 608 lbs.; value 8/. America, United States, 850 ]bs.; value 147. Curranis and raisins from the United Kingdom, 183,828 lbs.; value 2,5414. From Cape Colony, 34,548 Ibs.; value 3462. Preserved fruit from United Kingdom, unspecified, 26,378 lbs. ; value 6537. Calcutta, 180 lbs.; value not specified. Cape Colony, 38 lbs. ; value 8/. Fresh fruit :—Cape Colony, quantity not specified, zaai 1807. Mauritius, quantity not areata. value mported fruit, prone dried, an dig s nearly 6, 0000, per annum, while lae sts to tre ot quite ‘half that sum. conditions TI the we papal favou rable to the development of Ed "life, fruit i is liable to suffer much, the only remedy for which is the maintenaace of the teen in the t vigorous possible condition, giving proper heed to the due supply of manure and moisture. Violent hailstorms occasionally do much damage, but as they are very local it rarely emu s that a district suffers; of two plantations a quarter of a mile apart, one may MN entirely, while the ‘other may have been entirely sexi of its fru ng the bitu ‘of a fruit trade with the mother country, or with the neighbouring states, it appears to me that the first object should ried fr uit XR may with perfect safety he placed upon the markets at Doc or in other colonies or states yeei et Lee be the same. Much experience e an necessary in the conduct of the export of fresh fruit. "Facilities pr ship ment are, it is true, so great now as to lessen the time the fruit requi to be at sea considerably below the period required fifty years the from the Mediterranean or the Azores. It should, however, not be forgotten that the latter slow passage was made by asailing vessel ` cold season of a temperate climate, while the modern quick passage . 230 is made through the tropics in a steamer of great heat. Preserved and dried fruits suffer comparatively little from such heat as would be totally destructive to fresh fruit. Much no doubt may be done by careful the value of the fruit when exposed for sale in x home markets. . C. SUTHERLAND. The following Report has been prepared by Mr. J. T. Edwards relative to the cultivation and production of fruit in Natal :— ietermaritaburg, 20th January, 1888. In accordance with the request of his Excellency the Governor, I have the honour of furnishing you with et — particulars respecting the cultivation of fruit in this Colon e fruit-bearing area in Natal may be divided into three districts, viz., Constland, Midland, and Upland; these distriets being defined by the varying altitude The Coast district embraces a belt of country extending on an average from 20 to 30 miles inland. In this district nearly ‘all the known tropical and semi-tropical fruits thrive. ‘Those at present most exten- sively cultivated are the pine-apple, banana, orange, mango, and guava. Fresh fruit of the two former are exported largely to the Cape Colony ports, also in smaller quantities to the Transvaal gold fields and to the Orange Free State. There are two varieties of the pine-apple grown, viz., the Jamaica (spiny-leaved) and the smooth-leaved Cayenne. Both varieties do well, but the vem of the latter is especially fine, weighing in many instances from 4 lb ee Ib. each. The wholesale price of the spiny-leaved kind is from 3d. to 6d. per dozen, and of the smooth-leaved from 3d. to 1s. each. Although considerable quantities of these fruits, both in a fresh and preserv eserved state, are exported annually, the growth at present is greatly in excess of the demand. All the varieties of the orange do well, and during late years the gor fensi- have been greatly increased. ‘The yield of fruit is enormous, some trees bearing no less than 4,000 oranges. The variety most esteemed for its fine flavour and ex traordinary fruitfulness is the naatje, or mandarin orange. e wholesale pe of the orange is from 6d. to 1s. 6d. per 100, and of the naatje from 1s. to 2s. per 100. The Coast oranges are in season from May unti! September. Of the other fruits which thrive in this district may be enumerated ws lime, shaddock, lemon, papaw, loquat, grenadilla, Brazillian cherry, Avocada pear, mulberry, pomegranate, et sweet sop, custard apple, &c. Also the Cape gooseberry, and a u, two indigenous ipia which, when preserved either as jam be botla sea level, p the prin aiiz fruits grown are "the apricot, peach, pear, apple, an d and of small fruits, the strawberry. ‘The apricot and peach are dicii pt xtensively throughout the district, and the yield of fruit is most prolific The local markets are much too small for the consumption of this fruit, and many tons are annually allowed to waste eading varieties of the apricot grown in the Colony are the Large Early, Moorpark, -- Turkey. The varieties ripen in the order named; the Large Early about the first week in December, 3 5 e T & 8 B, & this season has been fro wn are very numerous, but those most in | favour are the Alexander, o Batiin, Grosse Mignon, Precoce, Royal George, Noblesse, Early 231 White, and Walker's Large Yellow, The white varieties of the peac ripen in December, the red varieties in January, and the Yellow ones early in February. Nectarines do fairly well, but are not grown so extensively as the peach. The best varieties are Stamwick, Elruge, Newington Early, and Pitmaston Orange. The wholesale price for peaches is from. 3d. to ls. per 100, according to quality, and of nectarines, 2s. to 3s. per 100. Pears have not been planted very extensively until within the last six for seven years. They do well throughout this and the Upland district, the trees coming into profitable ring from 8 to 10 years old, or in about half the time required for their maturation in Great Britain. The following varieties are amongs the best yet grown inthe Colony, viz., Cape Saffron, , Burgamot, Jargonelle, eurre Diel, Louise Es deJ ersey, Bon Chretian, Beurre de Aumanlis, &c. Pears are in season from January until March. Several shipments of this fruit despatched Pen January arrived in London in good order, and it is to be hoped that an increased and remunerative trade may be done with the home market he aig id price of pears is from 15. 6d. to is experience has, however, T, been gain "hiis with the result that greater care January until March. The wholesale price is from 6d. to ls. 6d. . Vines do fairly well, but the choice varieties require evo p from the rain during the ripening season. An American variety, known here as the Catawba, thrives most luxuriantly, and produces enormous crops in d to exte The alue of t from ld. to 2d. per lb. 'The Co sagi is indebted to Sir Theophilus Shepstone for the introduction of this valuable plant. Figs do — in the ar o this fruit a valuable increase might ied our ee The oran nge and naatje do well, and as the time ofr ri gis somewhat later than mber. Strawberries grow with perfect luxuriance, and produce their fruit from September until March. "The: principal other fruits grown in this district are onds, di marabella plum, guavas, mulberries, quince, idis limes, pomegranate, medlar, walnut, Spanish ELI raspberri e Upland distriet is from 4,000 to 5,000 feet above the sea level. Here ali the hardy European and other fruits 5 Uie, including the ums, already too small for the c and it is of the utmost importance that pec dis outside the colony should be secured for the sale of our 232 surplus fruit. The trade in preserved fruits, with the rapidly increasing English population in the Transvaal, is being se bend retarded by the i o hbours glan perhaps the most important matter is to ie a reduction of the hig freight charges, trn at present are quite prohibitive in their effect. With these improvements effected it is reasonable to anticipate that a large trade Aight be done with the eaga € in fresh fruit of the orange, naatje, pine-apple, pear, mango, banana, Although difficulties may attend the vrpltéütint “of fresh fruit, these disadvantages cannot affect the development of an export tr ade in eserved and dried fruits. Considerable attention has been devoted this excellent jams, jellies, marmalades, candied and bottled fruits manu- factured by Messrs. Jameson & Co., Durban, Mr. Ladds, Mooi River, and Mr. Procter of Maritzburg. In regard to the d of fruit into the colony, these are mostly preserved fruits, jams, &c., and come almost exclusively from Great Britain, excepting dried fruits, hii are imported from America. It is, however, satisfactory to note that the consumption of imported jams in the colony is rapidly decreasing, on aecount of the superior quality of the colonial manufacture, and from the fact that the prices of both for by th the increase on tin and other arti used i Pale pres cit business ; and it ought also to be remembered that jsi the encouragemen of this i industry a market is created for our sugar Last of the Curer Fruits Grown in the Cotony of NATAL. Popular Name. When in Season. Wholesale Price, Quantity. Apricot = - | December and January | 3d.to 6d. per100. - | Very plentiful. Avocada Pear - - | February - - - — Scarce. Apple, 40 varieties — - | January to March - | 6d, to 1s. 6d. per 100 - | Very plentiful. Almond - - -| March - - P ʻa Scarce. Amatungulu - - | January to May - | 1d. toltd. per Ib. -| Plentiful. - - | December to February —- — Brazilian Cherry - = ag | tae . - | October to July- ^ -|1s perl - -| Plentiful. Citron - - - | May to January - | 8s. 6d, per 100 - | Scarce. Cherries, 6 vars. - | January - s * = » Currants » - | December - - -— » Custard Apple z — » Cape Gooseberry - | May to August - - | 4d. to 1d. per Ib. - | Plentiful. 233 Popular Name. When in Season. "Wholesale Price. Quantity. Catawba Grape - | January to March - | 1d. to 2d. per Ib. - | Very plentiful. China Guava - | April to August -|1d.to3d. ,, - | Plentiful, Date - . . Em ois Dingaan Apricot - | November to January - | 3d. to 1d, per lb. - | Plentiful. Fig > . . ” » - n Guava (large) - - | April to August - -|1d.perlb, -~ - á Gooseberries - - | November and December _ Scarce. Grenadilla . - | November to May -|6d.per100 - - | Plentiful. Grapes - - | January to April - | 3d. to 9d. per Ib. . -—- Lemon - - - | May to January - | 6d. to 1s. per 100 - | Plentiful. Lime - - » » d or p - Loquat - - - | July to September - | 4d. to 1d. per Ib. - | Very plentiful. Litchi - - | November and December| Scarce. Melons - - - | November to May - — a Medlar - - | April to May - — Scarce, - Mulberry - - | September and October | id.perlb. - -| Very plentiful. . M -| December to March -|3d.to6d.perdoz. -| Plentiful. Marabella Plum -|October - . - | 3d. to 6d. per Ib. » Mandarin Orange — - | May to December - | 1s. to 2s. per 100 - | Very plentiful. Naatje., - - "Ls ~ - » » |o» ” Nectarine - - | December and January | 2s. to 3s. per 100 - — Orange - . - | May to December - | 6d. to 1s. 6d. per 100 - | Very plentiful. Pine-apple - - | December to March -|3d.to6d.perdoz. - a » Papaw - - e | October to May - - Plentiful. : - | March and April - -— > Plantain - - | October to July - | 9d. per 100 - - » Plum E - | January - - ras Scarce. Peach - . - | December to February - | 3d. to 1s. per100 —— - | Very plentiful. Pear - - | January to March -|1s.6d.to 5s. per 100 -| » . Quince - : < Š * - | 1s. 6d. per 100 - - " n Raspberry - - | November to January - | 3d. per lb. — Rose Apple - - — — — Strawberry - -| September to April - | 3d. per Ib. . » | Plentiful. Shaddock - - | May to December - — - Sweet Sop - - — — - Seville Orange + | May to December - — Scarce. "Walnut - E - | February to April . — — Jous T. Epwarps. Pietermaritzburg, 20th January, 1888. 234 Marra. ~ The inquiry into the fruits of Malta was brani by the Govern- ment to a special board. For this boar e following exhaustive Report has been prepared by Professor Gavino Gulia, M.D., Director of the Botanie Gardens: 0 caused by these enemies of Christendom: nit civilization. -Unluckily, i heat, and i i e the cause of their putting aside the planting of trees. "The extensive Lec were no more cared for, the trees Ken felled for eaten to make room for other puse produ ucts,—a fact which is greatly to be fégiéttod, for, owing to its excellent Hits a fertile soil, trees and shrubs of different kind grow in Malta wonderfully and pr roduce fruit, which being of an exquisite sort, would well repay exportation. It is desirable “that the Agrarian Society of Malta and the wealthy The Wing i felt n ves kd water supply in ‘rural districts e lately, fortunately, been ect of careful research. : The water supply of these islands is errans d from rainfall, part of which is directly absorbed by plants, t is vaporated, part runs into the sea through numerous ravines, and part sin ks uei the soil and quie natural therefore be Moraria to eem, by law, aodiorde to aie i a tan nk i in each field, the dimensions of which to be proportionate to the extension of the field itself. With the view ds Missi e ds griculture, prizes for the best plantations should be awarded to farm ian T dnd whilst an way of obtaining young trees is "afforded imos ine expense of obtaining water ve irrigation should be as moderate a art of manuring is very little eadeni by o our farmer, who chiefly uses rotten animal and vegetable manures after having exhaled their best constituent parts w hilst lying in a corner of his field. He knows nothing of liquid manure, “ which ” as Professor Lindley remarks, works the winder; and operates like eg overflow of the Nile or the * Indus. The large DNE of nightsoil, which is now lost in the the old farming customs of Malta. Owing to "de of sound knowledge of horticulture and of proper agricultural falenehto, the 235 work of our farmers is laborious, tedious, expensive, and often unsuccessful. As a modern writer remarks, “farming in Malta and * Go or abour. e 1 me da other will be brought under cultivation, that the primitive rti lan of agriculture still in use will be superseded by proper machinery suitable for our soil,and that, as books for our farmers are useless, lectures on hortieulture will be. given them in each casal, with cim view of teaching them how to improve their old inethods of cultivation and lead them to the discovery of better modes. It would be then oos to introduce and largely cultivate many exotic trees and some sah bearing excellent fruit both for the home market and for exportation ; and to improve at the same time the products of those species which are now more or less successfully grown. Wild Fruits. nder this term we include the Rubus discolor, or common bramble > nt, , and o children and birds. It is known under the name of zgharun. The Mespilus germanica, which used to abound in several ravines, especially in the neighbourhood of the Boschetto, belongs now only to the flora of Gozo, where it grows seemingly wild among bushes. It is called pomm el lip. The fruit of the wild variety is middle-sized and incipient t decay. Punica Granatum and Ceratonia itar belong to the Flora of these islands, so does Olea europea k that i Caution should be more extensively eultivated for the sake of the abundant Carobs it produces, ealled Aarrub, which are eaten To the poorer classes, PE P times s. rani and form a food for this purpose The Mal Carobs are di Bun 2s. Gd. to to 5s. po _ The 236 It has been thought best to speak of pomegranate and olive trees, both indigenous, in the section of cultivated trees, the fruit of the wild varieties being worthless Cultivated species. Our soil suits admirably the pestes: Peruvian Cherimoyn, Anona cherimolia, known under the name of puma cannella, which is sparingly grown in some gardens, and the Sweet Ss Anona squamosa, called Oranges and lemons: If any one were to visit a Maltese garden in January where orange and lemon trees are "erf éuttivated he zone come to the conclusion that the Hesperides’ garden could not hay been more beautiful. Oranges and lemons are grown with k success in the central parts of Malta. The highest Gaaltties grow in casals Lia and Musta and their neighbourho e the species of the Citrus tribe grown here into three : (a — with tubercled or wrinkled thick iit; ; (e) fruit of a pale r, with wrinkled rind, pulp sweetish and slightly bitter. Sw dige Citrus Aurantium (laring comuni), are very exten- sively cübivated and fruit very freely. Malta oranges, being lon keepers, and having a very delicate taste, are exported in considerable thickish, the pulp not very rich, whilst the seeds are often numerous ; (2) Thick-rinded orange, laring tal kexru hoxna: Fruit oven rind ick, juice not abundant nor highly flavoured; (3) China orange, helu or lumi laring : Fruit round, rind thin, yellowish, seeds few or wanting, juice very sugary. It is much esteemed in December and January, when the other kinds are still very sour. It is nota good the market; (5) The blood orange, known as lari ring ta demm Crus Aurantium, var. melitense) : There are several sub-varieties, all of quality, much esteemed both at home and abroad. At maturity the peel is red as blood, the pulp is partially or wholly of a deep red colour, being juicy and delicate, sometimes it is only striped with purplish red. Not being very extensively cultivated, it is exported in small "pec: It finds a ready market at home, realising from 4d. to 8d. the dozen 237 (6) The egg-shaped or oblong orange, laring tauuali, forms ay lucrative production for the Maltese gardener : Frui a slightly sub-compressed, smooth, of a golden colour, with a thin rind adhering to the pulp, which is full of a sub-acid pleasant yellow juice. the tree is vigorous, long lived, sometimes very high, covered all over with lichens; the leaves are a green colour; it is the most abundant bearer. The fruit is sold from 2d. to 5d. the dozen, according peel ; it is sold from 2d. to 8d. per dozen. The first variety being a long keeper, is adapted for shipping to long distances. It is the opinion à mm : à h e dozen; (2) Fruit small, oblong, middle-sized, acid, called citrat, much eemed for the agreeable perfume which it exhales, Price, from 2d. ‘ : M The oblong, terminated by a nipple-like protuberance, rind thin, adhering to the pulp, which is very acid. Of the 25 varieties described by Risso, ihe aspermum, seedless, the vulgare, ordinary lemon, the racemosum, the tenue, and the oblongum, are extensively cultivated. "The sweet lemon ovate and without ; its juice, which exhales a pleasant me, is rred by some to that of common lemons. It is not extensively cultivated ; price ld. to 3d. the dozen. It is a pity that the Bergamot (Citrus Aurantium, var. Bergamia) is not largely grown in Malta; of the variety parva of Risso a specime U 61218. B 238 is cultivated in the botanic gardens of this fisland, yielding numerous middle-sized globose fruits, the rind of which is full of the fragrant oil peculiar to this species. This s small tree, 5 feet high, produced | in 1887 no less than 16 dozen weet limes are ro plentifal; they are known under the popular names of lumi helu and lumi tal caruna. Of this species Aiie ant var. Limetta) two very distinct Paria are here known: (a) Middle-sized, depressed shining fruit, with a large broad nipple- shaped, depressed A tuberance, rind thickish, pulp as sweet as sugar; generally eaten by ance. The pulp of this form is more agreeable than that of t ther. Denies are cultivated in gardens, and in courtyards of country houses. Price, 1d. to 3d. the dozen. ‘America, &c. Of the jujube tree, Zizyphus at ial called zinzli, two distinet varieties are sparingly cultivated, the fruit of which is round or oblong, the size A a common olive, and of a ques taste. It is eaten chiefly by Tt is is E be A Satan that the cultivation of the vine, Vitis Pe, ta dielya, which grows luxuriantly here, is grea neglected. Its culture is more attended to in Gozo, where it dotes i ih important and profitable branch of rural economy. In marly fields and in the fissures of the limestone strata it grows without demanding any l vated. The white and black cornichon, cin ng a rose "enl bet rry, is a showy good grape, called bezzula by the Maltese ; the black corinth ‘is sparingly cultivated, and is called passulina ; the royal meee je white i A the white swo a water grape, and o ther varieties | , repute. The walls of fields should be covered by vines, and prizes awarded to promote this object. A tolerable sort of white and red wine is made in Gozo by people who do not understand the general E cse a 01 wine-making. Our ancestors were cleverer; they m good win not less than 47,500 gallons (5,000 barrili) yearly. It Be be dei n der an able Italian or French director we could compete with se ess: both in the production of grapes and in = making of wines, Grapes from August to November are sold in th 239 markets from 4d. to 2d. M Ib. Some varieties are good keepers, so much so, that in some gardens grapes enveloped in thin paper bags are kept up to Februa a sold at 1s. to 1s. 6d. per Ib. The family of the Rosacee ei s our markets em April to June with strawberries (fraul i), Fragraria vesca. The Chili DIM is only grown as.a curiosity. Strawberries are sold from 4d, to 10d. the Ib. The loquat or Japan medlar, Eriobotrya Japonica, nespola or nespli of the Maltese, grows e xceedingly w well in Malta; its fruit is ripe in the months of May and June, and sold from 1d. to 2d. per lb. The loquat not being a long keeper is exported to a very limited extent; in 1887 Several varieties of the pear (Pyrus c communis) are grown, such as (a) common bergamot eg dons a a aniio of which is ripe in November (bergamotta ta sanguian) and another in January (berga- as ** Caillot rosat d'hiver" or Malta pear, is an abundant bearer; if not gathered mellow the fruit, which is rich, "Taseous and high- flavoured, is a good keeper. They all thrive vell, a e remunerative, and sell from 4d. to 1s. per lb. They are seldom expor mie d. Weimport a large quantity of — A only of a coarse quality, from Sicily, and a better sort from Mars = The apple (Pyrus seals, toffieh, is largely grown in Gozo, mir. ue in Malta. Apples are not exported but sold for local consumption principal varieties are: (a) toffieh abiat or pumicellta Malta, fruit yellowish, streaked with red, of a rich aromatic flavour ; (c). toffieh ta f large jeep RA fruits, yellowish rath eti d with red, flesh greenish white, fine mildly sub-acid and aromatic. Season, September to November, e peach and nectarine commence to ripen their fruit in July; the first, called in Maltese, hawh (Amygdalus persica), presents two varieties: (a) yellow, firm, flesh, hawh ams d fruit me grebninh, or white and red, hawh ta Ma lta, “ pêche d alte," * Belle de Paris," or Malta peach. The Nectarine, called pesce ~ bok Varieties : (a) fruit, middle sized, green-yellow, always red on the sunny side, or wholly dark red; (5) fruit, large, and white, anciprisc fatis The best of these fruits, when picked, realise from 2d. to 3d. per Ib. The quantity produced is hardly sufficient for local consumption, and consequently it is not exported. The most valuable sorts are the Malta peach and the nectarine. Large plantation of these trees would be very rnana as ^x par ee well if properly gathered, and bears carriage. lgaris, called here uince, Cydonia vulgaris, sfargel, is sparingly cultivated in N in Malta, but in Gozo it is grown in quantity far the manufacture of jams and other confections. The fruit, which is pem r eaten m. is sold from 2d. to 3d. the lb. o be hoped that the — and sweet almond, which grow most lufaliéptly and fruit freely in Malta, will be pro pagated. es tig the 240 island. The bitter — (Amygdalus communis) is called lewz morr ; the sweet almond, with a hard shell, is called Zewz helu, and that. with w comfits, and the like. Formerly the almond was extensively grown. It requires but little care; it blossoms in January, and ripens its fruit The “Apr ricot (Prunus armeniaca) is called berqùq or berkuk, of br four varieties are sent to market: (a) berkuk ta Meju, May to 24d. per Ib. A variety, E a very small exquisite Bail. now only ültivatod in the Botanie Gardens, was formerly widely grown. It «eu ne long, and is an abundant bearer, called berkuk ta santa round, rer compressed, dark i venis al jee oe with a whitish bloom, gratefully subacid. It is becoming a popular dessert fruit, which ripens in August, and sells from 1d. to 23d. to D. The blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), € led prayn, is grown to per eme varieties of peaches, nectarines, and plums, which ie Lad upon Plums (Prunus domestica), called g hanbakar, succeed remarkably well; they are abundantly cultivated, especially in Gozo. Several nz (a att, sparingly cultivated, is a first rate dessert fruit, deep yellow, ripening “a c end of August. It is pear-shaped, the flesh adhering to the ; (b) greengages, ghanbakar abiat, are also plentiful; August, Beatae ld. to 2}d. per lb.; the pruna dei frati from 2d. to Ad. per Ib. As far as we can learn of the true service tree (Pyrus "— known here as peces only a vmm are cultivated, which produce pear — es fruits of a medium ity. is to se “regretted that — are here cultivated only as a ‘onan ne sort we have seen grows vigorously, and is very oe the fruit is large, deep p purple, ec and sweet, May to mene rows Granatum (calle PR anos in Malta), are dnd thrive ad cultivated, differing the one from the other by the colour and size of the fruit, and of the seeds: (a) one of these varieties has been called melitensis, the fruit of which is red and round, slightly depressed, with a thick rind, and large red seeds covered w ith a a very sweet agreeable pulp, which variety, from the size of the seeds, is called smén n el nette that is mule's teeth, and in Italy, * Me ek. di Malta"; (b) a variety is called rummien ta San Guisepp, the seeds of jT are a god smaller than those of the * Melitensis "; (c) rummien francis, or rummien ta Santa Rosa, or ta bla ghadma, or rummien ta Santa Caterina, has small very tender seeds, and very sweet pulp; it is much = : À : u the wild variety. Pomegranates are sold in the market from October to January from 4d. to 1d. per lb. ale cases of pomegranates were exported to England in the course of last The Maltese water melon, Citrullus vulgaris, (phaira dollieh) is, as a rule, of medium quality. The pulp is either white, yellow, or red, sometimes granular, and very sugary. Its quality depends much upon the soil, locality, and the ae of the summer. It is a bad keeper, and sells from id. to 1d. Next to oranges the sei Cucumis melo, is the richest of the fruits produced in Malta. The following are the varieties exposed for sale in markets: (a.) bettieh ta L Ahrax, netted melon of Malta, * Melon muscat de Malte," fruit roundish or oblong, thickly grey, netted, pulp from id. to ld. per lb.; (b.) bettieh tal curuna or ta sometimes oval or sub-compressed, rind green or yellow, oem streaked wit or yellow, thin netted at the extremity, j ften salmon grues at the € part, in which t is generall sweat-scent eeper, price as above; (c.) bettieh ta spagna, mm “ Melon de Malte à à chaire hlénchi, dd fruit dima rind smooth, green or yellow, flesh white or green, and very sugary. tis held in great esteem, - bs., even m g e eantaloupe of Paris and that of Valparai so have been introduced into the Botanic Garden succe cessfully but ase began to degenerate after the second year ue losing The a Ficus ? There i = a (piles variety baytar ta bla zerrigha which is era rare. The yellow fruit is more sugary than the others. Prickly are very abundant in summer, and are sold at a very low price id. per lb., and even less. Only Pantelleria can surpass Malta for the quality of prickly pears. There is a winter crop, which is scanty and not so saccharine as the summer produce, sold from ld. to 2d. per lb. The plant is of a very easy culture: a branch of three or more joints (improperly called leaves) separated from the tree and allowed to lie several weeks to dry, and then put into any soil, even of the worst description, soon strikes root. It is productive after three extensively grown, for both the “leaves” and the rind are given to sheep and oxen in the summer when green fodder is not obtainable. The European olive, Olea europea (zebbüg in rss and pem in Arabic), is a native of the south of Europe, and grows parts of this island. The fruit of the wild | plant, O. Oleaster, i is pe 242 and valueless. The MN — sativa, was in olden times extensively grown here; the names of Casals, Zebbug, and Zeitun, show how abundantly the ater was cultivated in Malta. During the Roman dominion, and subsequently in the 15th century, so much was drawn from the Maltese olives that Malta was called the oil- shipper of the Mediterranean, The pickled olives of this island were held in great esteem by epicures. It is really desirable that this useful and very. profitable tree, which is now sparingly cultivated, should be widely and generally grown. Though a slow grower it thrives wonder fully in low and high localities, even in ‘the most ungrateful soil, and in the crevices of calcareous rocks. The sides of the ravines should all be covered M plantations of olives. We have reason to believe that the variety precox of Risso, which produces a large, oblong, dark fruit is Sea to cae varieties. tree, Ficus ei ruin called by the Maltese baitar ta San Caen f n, ^, and par. c., grows most luxuriantly in Malta, and the fruit of all its numerous varieties, sigiar tal halip, come to perfec- ion. ho first quality are those known under the name of parsott and haped o indeed very sweet, covered when pathoredt with a thin white bloom. The variety called tin gludi (October) is coarse. The so-called zondadari figs having been introduced, as it is supposed, by the Grand Master Zondadari from Siena, are round, covered with a whitish bloom, internally red, and of a good flavour. All these varieties ripen in August ; they | are sold in large quantities in markets and by country- women in the town streets at 4d. or less „per pound, the choicest varieties being sold at 1d. per Ib. There is an early variety called baitar ta San Guian, which ripens in June, the fruit of which is large, purple or green; the quality depends much upon the nature of the soil in which the tree is cultivated. The fruit coming from the districts of Zabbar and Mellieha, especially those coming from the latter, are most esteemed, mue that from the district of Città Vecchia is less thought of. St. n’s fig-tree produces a second crop of an inferior sort in August a - September. With the exception of the St. John’s fi igs all varieties are dried by the country people for their own use, and for village shops. The white mulberry, Morus alba (cewsi, chewsi, or chawsli), was widely cultivated when its leaves were wanted for the silkworm, the rearing of which is now entirely abandoned. We have two distinct varieties: (a) meridionalis of Risso, with a purplish, sweet fruit; and (5) esigara, with a white, very saccharine fruit. The fruit of both varieties is eaten only by children and the poorer classes. It is a ood for | i ubstituted for the Phytolacea dioica which, as yet, has been almost the only tree planted along the sides of our public roads.* the south of Praia vide it rg planted A a T in public abet Other species of the genus Phytolacca are herbaceous plants, common in most tropical countries. 243 black mulberry, Morus nigra (tit in Maltese), has a large dark purple acidulous fruit, which ripens in summer and soon decays; it is consequently eaten within a few hours of its being pete The fruit is made into a preserve, Tenia ( saimi pleasant and c fully, as is evident from the te igo cultivated in some gardens. Its fruit attains the same degree of perfection as in Sicily. It is desire that this ie should be cultivated at least for local consumption. The stone-pine, Pinus Pinea (prinioli), grows vigorously in some gardens, paa produces abundant cones containing the edible seeds known as Pignons doux. Although palms grow here luxuriantly, and the date- palm especially, nevertheless dates seldom, if ever, come to perfect maturity. Protected from winds and placed in rich soil, and often watered, plantains (Jusa sapientum) grow here, and fruit remarkably well. The banana is especially cultivated in courtyards, where it produces rich bunches of first-rate fruit. The Abyssinian banana (Musa Ensete) and a decorative sort known as Musa ornata. are waiving wonderfully in the Botanic Garden, but as yet have not borne Of the Arotdee the Tornelia fragrans, also id own as — tera deliciosa, was introduced to the Botanie Gardens about three 0. The fruit in a- perfect state was much admired, both for its beautiful perfume and the delicate taste, and was many consi superior to the pine-apple. Though a slow grower the plant requires but little cultivation, and is easily propagated by IE s far as can earn, it has not fruited in Italy, where it was introduced some 10 years ith a view of Pov as Po our report, we annex herewith a table showing the kind, guni value, and derivation of fruits imported into this island in the yea eia Before concluding, w e may perhaps be allowed to su bmit another ts utility is. so apparent that we will not dwell on its merits, which we consider are alone sufficient to commend themselves to those on whom = adoption may depend. It would be of great advantage to institute experimental garden, where productive bon and shrubs could be ented in their climatic ‘adaptations, and their economic value accurately deterinin The Botanic Garden, having so small an area and teeming with plants, is insufficient for this purpose, nor is the locality adapted for such a li ul experiments. institution of such a garden free to the public would a most valuable source of information d » ue think, is a decisive step e taken at once. een vr in all civilized countries where new methods of ier ee plantations have been introduced. Gavino GULL, M.D., Director of th the Botanic Garden, Malta. 244 FRUITS IMPORTED into MALTA during the Year 1886. Fruits. Countries whence imported. Quantity. Value. Almonds - - | Italy, Barbary - . -| Soorts d ^ 0 Do. peeled - -| Italy - E - - - 128°75 764 5 0 Apricots - - | Barbary - E . 93°70 60 6 0 Cherries - - - | Italy - ^ - . E 243° 182 5 0 Chestnuts - =- -| France, Italy ~ - - $,125*60 287 12 0 Do. peeled “+ | Italy - - - - . 336* 252 0 0 Do. baked - -|Italy - . - - 350° 180 0 0 Currants - - | United Kingdom, Turkey, Greece - 583°05 1,041 3 0 Dates - =- œe -| France, Tunis, Barbary - - 6,114°17 12,207 18 0 Figs dried — - - | Italy, Turkey, Greece, Egypt - -| 178579 2,198 11 6 Fruit . - | Italy, Turkey, Barbary . - 2,238°60 914 15 0 Do. dried - - | United Kingdom - - - . 1° 740 Do. preserved - -| Italy, Barbary - - - 132°68 247 7 6 Do. candied - - | France - - - - - *06 060 Grapes - - | Turkey - E - - 145* 5014 6 Ground Nuts - -|Frane - - - - - 246'85 370 5 6 Melons E -|Barbary - s à . 4°02 100 Mandarins E - | Italy - - - - - *50 010 0 Nuts . - | France, Italy, Turkey, Tunis, Barbary, | — 3,322°10 2496 4 0 Greece. Oranges - - - | Italy, Barbary . - - - 1,380°20 1,034 12 6 Apples - . - - - 289°20 80 8 0 Pomegranates - -| Italy - - B - - MU 050 Pears - - - | Italy - - - - 1,417°45 708 10 0 Prunes - xd Oe. . M d - *80 012 0 Pistachio Nuts - | Egypt - - - - - 21°35 188 5 0 i - - - | Italy, Bar! , Egypt - - 538°80 806 12 0 Walnuts - - | Italy - - - - d 790*60 108 13 0 Tomatoes - - | Italy - - - - 1,462°75 438 17 0 25,162'86 | 95059 1 6 One Cantar is equal to 175 lbs. 245 CYPRUS. The following interesting Report on the fruits of Cyprus, forwarded by the Government, has been prepared by Mr. A. F. G. Law, Principal Forest Officer :— The chief fruits grown in Cyprus are :— Name. When in Season. Local Price. pes - | July to itta - -| ito? T per oke. Caroubs - - | Ripen in Au - | 11s. to 16s. per cantar. Olives - | October to Douai - to 6 dora per oke anges - - | December to MY - | 2s. to 3s. per 10 Bitter do. - - - | 43 to 6 piastres per 100 andarin do. - mber to Fe ebruary - | 2s. to 3s. per 1 Lemons - - September to May - - . to 3s. per 100. Do. Sweet - | Decem o March - | 2s. to 3s. per 100 Citrons - - | January v ‘Vanity - | Sales so rare that there is no fixed et price Figs - - - | August to October - | $to 2 piastres per oke. Pomegranates - | August e J imd -| itoz piastres per oke Apricots - - | June and July - | ito 1} piastres per oke Peaches - - | August to October - - 2 to 4 piastres per oke Plums - = o. - - | 3 to 2 piastres per oke. Almonds - | September to October - | 3 to "i ume per oke, or 137. to 22 Walnuts - - -|1to3 ate per 100, Hazel nuts - | July to enis - | 2 to 4 piastres per oke. erries - - | July and August E pi Apples - - | September to December - | 3 to 5 piastres per oke ears - - - | September to Janua - | 2 to 4 piastres per oke Quinces - - | October to December - | 3 to 5 piastres per oke. nan = - | August to November - | Barely sold, no sale price can be give s - - | June to Oetober - -| 1to3 piastres per oke. Water melons -~ o. - - to 2 piastre e y - | August to November - | 3 piastres per 100. - | July to September - | 2 to 5 piastres per oke. The oke equals 2:7 English lbs The Aleppo cantar, the one referred to in this report, equals 180 okes. Nine of the piastres mentioned equal one shilling. The only fruits of which there is any export to speak of are caroubs, oranges, lemons, pomegranates, and grapes in the form of raisins. apes are produced in most parts of the Island. The grapes from the hill districts make the best wine. removal of the tithe on great impetus to vine planting for the purpose of making wine. Fresh grapes are exported in small quantities to Alexandria and Port Said. Raisins are made in most of the hill villages, and are principally exported . In the year 1885-86 the export was 440,206 okes, - value, See imd in 1886-87, 599,880 cia value 7,0117. isins of a Spain. In 1885-86 the export was 96,233 cantars, value 74,5627., and in 1886-87 the export was 124,463 cantars, value 102,7237. 1 st parts of the Island; and on the waste lands in the hill distriets the wild olive is one of the commonest trees ; it bears 246 well being transplanted if the opivatias is wre out with care 0 e trees die, because the work is not carried out with proper care and attention, The black olives are as arule of good quality, A sample of Cyprus oil sent to the Colonial and Indian Erg iim was reported on by Professor Passed Field, F.R.S.E., F.C.S., in the following terms:—‘‘Cyprus also exhibited some excellent though * unrefined olive oil, and doubtless will prove in time to come a formid- market, olive cultivation would be men extended, affording a very profitable occupation to the agriculturist. ` Oranges will grow in almost all the villages of the plains, but the cultivation of them is much neglected; they are chiefly grown- at Famagusta, Nikosia, and Lefka. There is a small export trade with England if there was any direct means of communication, although the ordinary orange of the country is not of the best quality. Mandarin oranges are grown in small SAM: and are of good quality. "They graft side on to the bitter orange stoc L ol. eet Ph dst and are mostly used for making preserves sum are Ade grown in most parts of - Island, but not more fen cufficient for local consumption are pr hey are not of very fine quality. Dry figs are imported tdt: Puryras; Deyrous t and Tripoli. Pomegranates are principally grown at Famagusta. A small export trade is carried on with Port Said and Alexandria. Apricots are Fodio ced in large quantities ; the trees are not u sually d, but are much improved by graftin ing. Dried Epoa ts and apricot pastes are imported in — quantities from Be Peaches are only grown in small quantities ; the BR inm sometimes grafted, which very much i prore the flavour it. wms are generally of an inferior quality and are chiefly used for preserving. ee in small quantities from Kilindria in Asia Mi lm ond d ive about the best return of any fruit crop in Cyprus. Great m hae has been given to the planting of these trees of late tree requires little or no attention, although if it can be watered so eet the better. UP the plains it produces LT crops e quality as eater part being a goal hard-shelled Lee but lately seed has been fatroduepd fi from Chios o elled k In the hill districts dis crops cii suffer from late frosts. The Chios almonds are much esteemed in the East and many people, who possess some special knowledge "s the mntter, believe fat almonds might be very largely grown in Cyprus with imported in small quantiti os fom. Kiliideia sd Morais, 247 Walnuts grow well in the hill districts where there is running water and the climate is not too hot. They are exceedingly fine trees aud the fruit is fairly goo azel nuts are grown largely in the district known as Pitzillia; they much care to do well. The ground should be broken up round the roots every spring and the trees irrigated until the crop is gathered. erries grow plentifully in the Marathassa valley at a height of more than 4,000 feet above the sea-level, but the fruit is e of good q Apples are only grown in any quantity in the village of Prodromo, 4,500 feet — the sea-level; they are of inferior quality and only fit for cookin ars are only grown in any quantity at present about 3,500 feet above sea- -Jevdl The € E is not good. Fairly good pears can however be grown in the pla Quinces are grown in fair mumbers and are of good quality. Bananas are cultivated in the towns in private gardens, but not to any great extent; they seldom come into the market. The Paplios r e JMelons are grown largely in most gardens s; he quality is iem d good i eed. Prickly Pears grow abundantly in sy low e untry ; they furnish useful fences. The fruit is good. The st Oe is equal to the local ort Dates are only grown in a few pa aces, and are generally a an inferior quality. The dates consumed in the island a are "— impor Besides the above fruits, medlars are gro ut are m y em they are all consumed locally, and the genit is iae Strawberries ur grow if properly attended to ; Pie an insignificant number is grown in the island. Capers grow ‘wild i in the hills. They are Acids in a rough way by the inhabitants. It seems likely that di cultivation and proper atten- tion an export trade might be established All the fruits of Cyprus are capable of be being produced in much larger quantities than at present, and there is also no doubt that the quality of most of the fruit might be greatly improved ; but this will not be done until the subject of fruit-growing is much better understood than it generally is at present. The Cypriots make most excellent jam and preserved fruits, but little or none of these come into the market; house- holds, as a rule, making only for themselves. I think it would be well worth while for someone, who understands the business, to consider whether a manufactory of marmalade and jam, especially apricot jam, sz not be worked here with profit. ruit trade is to be developed, which I believe to be quite possible, it would be necessary to provide better means of communication within ie island, and better, quicker, and, above all, more regular communica- tion with coun .. A. F. G. Law, Principal Forest Officer. — 248 CEYLON, The following report on the fruits of Ceylon has been prepared by Dr. Henry Trimen, F.R.S., Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya :— A list of the fruits grown in Ceylon would include nearly the whole of those found in the tropics, for though the really "ze uc of any value are very few—the Jambu, the Plantain and the ka (Gracinia Cambogia) being the chief—there has been introduced ey various times South-west, most Malayan fruits come to perfection, the ian, ee Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), Bread fruit, Nam (Cynometra cauliflora), Java Almond (Canari E commune), Sanco! (Sandoricum indicum), expos ( Lansium domesticum), &c., well as other tropical sorts such as the Sapodilla, the Custezdsiiile (Anona squamosa), and the Cochin-Goraka (Garcinia xanthochymus). In the low country generally the common fruits of tropical countries are many place fruits of sub-tropical coun can be grown, as the litchi, the loquat, and the wampi, whilst in the ceu regions of the North and East, gourds of various kinds are ue grown, and in a few places on the even grapes ure successfully ripened under a system of artificial winter- ing. I must also mention the ubiquitous orange, which, though nota tropical fruit naturally, succeeds so well in tropical countries, and is grown throughout Ceylon under several ce of which the true eid m ed * Mandarin" is the best. 'The rind of all our oranges a dar when fully ripe and 7 for eating. In the bilis qe those of the drier distriets in Uva, some fruits of still more temperate character do well, especially peaches, figs, and less successfully plums, apples, and straw vberri - It must be admitted that many of these fruits are grown in very small antities, and that very little pains e cre taken to cultivate or sage ie is mor E ——— than any other it by the poorer natives. i Badi very pom and the prices paid to the native growers ex- tremely low. 'The trade needs encouragement and regulation, and its 249 details are well worthy the careful attention of the agents of the great mail steam companies at Colom With the exception of this supply to the ships there is practically no export of fresh fruit from Cey 'The Colony is indeed an eae of fruit instead of an exporter, but those i mye are chiefly for the European residents. I do not know : it be true of the eastern tropies generally, but in | Ce eylon gm is ong re —— I cannot say, but it would EID be largely y éhtetiained, I much doubt if, after satisfying the curiosity which indt nite feel on the subject, there would be much further demand at home for most kinds. Pine-apples iid plantains (bananas of West dy w no e question of the export of fresh fruit, however, is not on ich possesses any practical interest for Ceylon. We are too dist y rom home endeavour to send ied xm fruit as a commerce ia o : quantities sent are all without doubt presents from residents to "friends at home, and have no commercial significance. The act tual values have been, in 1882, Rs. 280; in 1883, Rs. 102; in 1884, Rs. 239 ; in 1885, Rs. 296 ; in 1886, Rs. 105. e is no information as to kind of fruit preserved, but in all bti they were samples of the jams and jellies commonly made ere from such acid fruits as the Lovi-lovi (Flacourtia inermis), Bilimbi (Averrhoa sje Carambo bola (A. Carambola), or Nelli (Phyllanthus i re pal lly liked, but can emblica) atable enough and a y liked, but scarcely compare with the excellent jams made in Englan latter the im int lon must be very but as in the case. cannot be asc I cannot but think that an export trade might, however, be set on foot in preserved plantains and pine-apples. - These ca n be readily and preserved pine-apples has prung up at Singapore and might wal be also attempted here in Ceylon HENRY TRIMMEN, * 250 STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. The following are the principal fruits grown in the Straits Settle- ents :— m A. Plantain - E - Musa sapientum. Pine-apple - - Ananas sativa. Durian - - - Durio zibethinus. Mangosteen - - Garcinia Mangostana. B. Rambutan - - Nephelium lappaceum. Champedak, B - Artocarpus polyphema. - - - $5 integrifolia. Ram - - .Pierardia dulcis. Orange - - - Citrus Aurantium. Pumelo - - - - » ecumana. ime - - - » . Medica var. acida. Chiku - - - Achras Sapota Soursop - - - Anon j Pulassan - - Nephelium mutabile - - - Eugenia Jambos. - - ansium domesticum. Man - - AMangifera indica. Custard-apple - - Anona squamosa Bullock’s Heart - - reticulata. Papaya - - Carica Papaya. Melon - - - cumis Melo. Water-melon - - Citrullus vulgaris. Granadilla ^ - Passiflora quadrangularis C. Bingay - - - Mangifera cesia. Guava - - - Psidium Guava. okum - - - Flacourtia inermis Sintol - - - Sandoricum indicum Bachang - - - Mangifera fetida Blimbing - - Averrhoa bilimbi. - Carambola - - os arambola. The four fruits in Class A. are certainly the most important grown in the colony. The fruits in Class C., and many others, are eaten only by the natives. It is difficult to arrange fruits in order of importance; the arrangement here must be considered as approximate only. e two fruit seasons, July and August, and December and January ; the n being as a rule much the most important; but the quantity of fruit at each of the seasons d much on the wetness or dryness of t her, which varies considerably from "S 251 In the height of a good fruit season the supply is so PME that Wet quantities of fruit are sold for almost nothing, or even destroyed. months ago pine-apples were very plentiful: M. Bastiani, who doe large business in preserved fruits, offered to buy a large quantity este from neighbouring islands at $ cent each; they had never previously been sold for less than one cent apiece, and, sooner than go below this price, the Chinese importers threw them all into the sea. Durians, early or late in the season, are worth from 25 to 50 cents each ; when plentiful they sell for five or six. The following prices may be considered roughly to represent the price of fruit when plentiful :—Plantains, per bundle of 30 to 40, 7 to 10 cents; pine-apples, per hundred, $14 to $2; durians, each, 10 to 15 cents; mangosteens, per hundred, 10 to 15 ceníts. Fruits exported in a fresh state :—(1) mangosteens, e pine-apples, @) durians, (4) rambutans, and perhaps some others in small quantities record is kept. ‘There is a large trade in fr mh fruit between pens Penang, Malacea, and the States of the Malay Peninsula. Considerable quantities also go to Sumatra, China, Ceylon, India. The value of fresh fruit exported, according to Government returns, is over $30,000 yearly, s this includes s» ee trade. Fruits export erved ETE and mangosteens, the former in serve counter to Europe, China, India, &c. e annual value of the preserved fruit ex ported arent a $1 e : E ®© ün ne-apples, 340,000 tins. About 200,000 to England; some to Siberia, North America, Australia; a few to South America and "Mangosteens, 20,000 tins. Chiefly to Europeans homeward-bound. Guava jelly, pine- apple jam, bread-fruit, 15,000 tins. Chiefly to kaai homeward-bound. The supply of fruit is now gehe for local wants. All the sipia roduced fruits would be produced in much larger quantities if there market for them. With a railway | = India or Chi pe or ships with ite- ice- houses, fruit-growing w would become an important industry. Fresh fruits imported :— l. Plantains in large quantities, brad from the islands of the Dutch rehipelago. The number of plantains grown in the Colony is probably not one-tenth part of the number consumed. The plantain, mangosteen, pumelo, Chinese date, &c. are picked before ripe, and ripen on their way from place of production to place of consumption. The quality, however, of fruit ripened this way is inferior 2. Oranges in large quantities from China, from October to February. The local orange, obtainable all the year round, are very inferior to those imported from China. : 3. Pumeloes and mangoes in considerable quantities from Siam, Java, ke e are among the best E obtainable in the Colony. hose grown locally are very inferi I Ukae date (Diospyros kaki) in wea quantities from China, from October to January. 5. Apples, pears, grapes, peaches, in small quantities and of inferior quality from China. The total value "of fresh fruit hr gar 1886 was $183,000, of which $85,000 worth came from Chin eserved fruits impor 1. Dried dates in large quiste. from the Persian Gulf. 252 2. Litchee; a small quantity of litchees (Nephelium Litchi) from Chi ina. 3. Apples, peaches, plums, &c. from a ‘There is a dbi ca d mangosteen certainly, and possibly the durian, would find a ready sa They would be available in considerable quantities in January, Februa E arch, when other fruits are scarce, and the trade in fresh fruit between t once be devoted to fruit-growing, and it is probable that many of the fruits "^w quon would be much improved in quality. Sr. HELENA. e following information has been received respecting the fruits of x island of St. Helena in a despateh from Mr. W. Grey Wilson, administering the Government :— St. Helena, sees 23, 1888. _I have the honour to acknowledge the recei ipt of your circular of 30th November last, calling attention to the portion of Mr. Stanhope’s circular of the oe _ mber 1886, respecting colonial fruits, which remained u ^ The chief fruits "of the island in order of importance are: Guava, peach, banana, loquat, pear, fig. No island fruits are grown in sufficient quantities for export, ves e local demand. which h fills the es with maggots. e island imports some grapes and oranges from the Cape; but the rates of freight charged by the mail steamers are so extortionate that the amount is vi all. The Sarbanes of grapes has entirely ceased, e none are now grown on the island, blight h having destroyed all the tree W. ies Wirsow. E am. OFFICIAL COPY. [All Rights Hescrved.] ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 23.] NOVEMBER. [1888. LX.—LAGOS RUBBER. (Ficus Vogelit, Miq.) 'The investigation of plants likely to yield the caoutchouc of commerce s being carried out in West Tropical Africa by numerous corre- acad of Kew. Pos ssibly in no other part of the world is me such a wide field for investigation of this kind, and in recent years considerable trade in india-rubber has arisen through the exertions of officials and traders who have given attention to the subject. = numerous branches which support themselves on the neighbouring trees. gi rubber un the Gold Coast, known in commerce as Accra rubber the produée of Landolp ia owariensis, Beauv. This is probably ‘the best sacra plant in West Africa, The rubber is obtained by cutting off ae eee of the bark in strips varying in length from 3 to 10 inches. The cuts are made sufficiently deep to reach the latex canals, and soon the crude juice starts out in drops and gathers on the newly-cut surface. The rubber of the Landolphia coagulates on exposure to the air and requires no preparation other than rolling it LONDON: PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from BYRE as ae SPORTISW WOODE, East HARDING STREET, FLEET STREET, E.C. and BINGDON STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.; or ADAM AND HERE BLACK, 6, NogTH BRIDGE, reap or HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co., 104, GRAFTON STREET, DUB 1888, Price Twopence, 954 up into balle. “A quantity of the milk is first dabbed on the fore arm * of the operator, and being peeled off forms a nucleus of the ball. * being t ith a sere? motion the coagulated milk is wou * like im from ac e coagulation takes place so rapidly cn * exposure to the air that not only is every particle cleanly removed * from the cuttings, but also a large quantity of semi-coagulated milk rubber appears in more or less oer masses of small cubes, Specimens of such rubber are shown in the Kew Museums under the ib., p. The quantity of rubber e exported annually from West Africa from British and other possessions is about 30,000 ewt. The value in 1885 "was 265,61 It appears ‘that in some distriets, sueh as the Gaboon, owing to the reckless erp of ee r vines the trade is becoming es "and less Attention has s al ally directed to ae pla: nts in the e of Gold Coast and Lagos, and owing in a great measure to the interest taken in the subject by Captain Moloney, the precum from these British possessions E risen from nothing in the year 1882 to a value in 1885 of 69,9114 There are doubtless other ie in West Afriea from which gh commercial rubber might be obtained. 'The Mbungu rubber plant is Landolphia florida, Bth. This i is s distributed o over the whole of ‘Contin Tropical Africa. There are also several spec f Ficus, the original genus yielding commercial rubber which deserve jio be investigated. We are glad to fiud that following the enterprising example of the Governor of the Colony of Lagos, "Captain . C. Moloney, C.M.G., Mr. Alvan Millson, Commissioner of the Western District residing at agry, has pm d given attention to the preparation of comm mercial rubbers from the latex of the trees generally known there as “ Abba” 8 served in British Honduras, where he had become acquainted with the preparation of what is known in commerce as Nicaragua or Central American rubber, the produce of Castilloa elastica. A contribution on this latter subject from Mr. Millson n be found in the Kew Bulletin for the month of December 1887, p. 1 he investigations under taken by Mr. Millson in West Africa are described in the following notes which have been poe to this establishment by the Secretary of State for the Coloni Badagry, 15th — 1888. In nearly all the native villages in the western district e bus Colony of La and, I believe, throughout the colony and interior, aro to be found large spreading trees, which have been planted for Bladi in the the fig market places, streets pounds. These trees are of family, and are called X ee natives Abba I have measured a of this species of the age of 13 years, and found its girth, at 3 feet | ‘rots the ground, to be 6 feet 4 inches, and its 255 height to the branches 12 feet, while its total height could not be less than 50 or 60 feet, and its foliage area a quarter of an acre. A tree of this size ought to give large quantities of milk if tapped at the right time of the year, Althoughit wasin fruit when I tapped it, and the season being very dry, was in every respect unsuitable, yet the milk exuded in large drops, and flowed for a considerable distance down the trunk. Three quarts of milk were extracted from this tree without injuring it in any way, and I dais little doubt that at any time between the months of July aud February from four to five gallons could have been ob- tained with but litile trouble: The trees, however, should only be tapped on alternate years, so as to leave time for a fresh growth of bark to replace that which is removed. It is difficult to form an accurate estimate of the per-centage of dry rubber that pA RE be yielded ay a gallon of milk, but I have reason to be lieve from M. experi care yi which it is prepared, and I have reason to believe that the milk of this species, at least, of tho “ Abba” tree, can be made to give an excellent sample. ould the above facts be established, it becomes evident that planta- tions of the * Abba " tree would be a highly profitable investment. It is ae by the simple method of cutting offa branch and pushing it nto the ground, and on account of the facility and rapidity with which it is raise ed, the natives used it largely for fence posts. From the trees already i in full growth in the bush and towns a considerable export trade could be readily established, ie careful planting would develop this trade to almost an unlimited ex "he rubber gatherer has no need p expensive implements or heavy baggage when he goes into the bush to collect and prepare the milk. He should take half a dozen or more kepem kerosine-oil tins. With these tins, a sharp cutlass, a few yards of strong cotton cloth, and a sieve made of doubled muslin fastened like a jelly bag to a round hoo oop, he has all that he absolutely requires for his work. On reaching the tree to be tapped, deep incisions are made side only of the stem and branches, "The milk, as it flows from the i in- cisions, is directed into the collector’s vessel by a small piece of tin which is inserted into the bark so as to serve as a spout, When the day's work is done, the milk should be mixed with an equal quantity of pure rain water, and strained through the sieve = Bes kerosine-oil tins, which have been well scalded to rem traces of grease. The mixture should be left to stand, witho ik Ae moved or shaken, for 36 hours. "The milk will then have risen to the surface, and the water and impurities which have sunk can awn away through a small hole near the vg of the tin 2 which has eges stopped by a plug of wood. As so white particles are see pass through the hole vit the visé, the es should "be inserted, p the Mice milk poured into the prepared tin, with the cotton-cloth bag in The milk, having been poured into the bag until the tin is half full, should e left with. the mouth of the pe well tied, and a square piece of wood lying on the top of it for 12 hou A bag of sand weighing about 10 pounds may then be put on to eus top of the piece of wood for en from the perforations in the sides and bottom of the tin during this E BM MMS WER —— — A A* 256 process, and on —, the top of the bag it will be found to offer tree asdf Md 20 feet long shovld now be cut and trimmed, or if palm-leaf * bamboos " are obtainable, six or eight of them can be strongly lashed together. The pole thus obtained should have upon which it rests. Gre t pressure can be broug ight t to bear by this simple means on the coagulating | juice. Indeed, it will be ters iex sable to have the prepared tins replaced i in their wooden press the milk in them side by side, by placing a flat board früh block a cph irn allowing the pole to rest upon that rather than n: upon the zs. Unless some such precautions be taken, the tin will be apt to bales, and perhaps burst outwards, when full pressure is oti g of sand should weigh about 100 pounds, and should be hung as near the tin as possible for 12 med It Mond then be moved along the pole gradually until it reaches z eud farthest from the tin, where it Nop d be left for two or three da ng out, Ts vill apo be found to Sdhere to the cloth i in the slightest ak ac s à white semi-elastic mass, which on exposure to the air will gradually turn Wachs and will ge in elasticity as it dries. The samples when prepared should not be unnecessarily exposed to the sun, but will not be dijs in any way by exposure to rain. They will, if anything, be improved by immersion in water. The above method was ‘lien ed when preparing the sample which I forward as Exhibit No.1. At this season of the year it is difficult to obtain large enough quantities of milk for extensive piu and is, how experiments on which these notes are based when the rains begin and the trees yield more sap. A fur as Thaci will then be submitted should any new features present them Exhibits Nos. 2 and 3 are of Biat, milk coagulated by pressure, but as an insufficient weight was appl ied, they s show a cellular structure, and are also not free from impur Exhibits Nos. 4 and 5 are of hates id sega unwashed milk, and are of fair quality. This method, how cannot well be appli ied during the rainy season without the ipiko of artificial heat, which d have proved to give perg pags results, ibits Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5 are the penr of „preliminary experi- 257 "xhibit No. 1 ie that the method indicated has been to a certain extent successful, even under extremely adverse circumstances. It will, however, be Ps xperts in England to point out the good and bad EUR of the EE and to declare the price that it ought to sag TuS in the English market. These rotes have been strictly limited to the beg quis of certain Aa to apply the method above described to the preparation of sidered as in any way final. They serye e. prove the possibility of ican market, and any question addr essed to me in writing will als wit Section, and wi Be answered as fully as my slight ALVAN MILLSON, Mr. Silver was kind enough to forward the samples of “ Abba” rubber to the India Rubber, Gutta Percha and Telegraph Works Company, Limited, at Silvertown. The report received on the specimens is as follows :— Report on Frve SAMPLES of INDIA-RUBBER received from S. W. SiLvEn, Esq. 6th July 1 'The samples are numbered in accordance with the report of Mr. az natty n. 1 internally was dark in eolour, almost black, uin & bluish Tones xar graduall vanishing towards centre, which i arly white, Tt was strongly alkaline in patel, evidently due toa s little original tra 0. 2, light eg € Ms i blackened about j inch in ink tint and vd ra facth alkaline. ade No. 1, No. 3, No. lw were treated in detail; the eg gi of the others being too small. Washing and dryi ying, No.1 los e per eent. moisture, No, 3 lost 5 per cent, and No, 4 lost The AEEA of the drying room was that used for the usual descriptions of rubber, If the samples had been hung up as usually adopted, the want of strength and firmness would have “caused them to 258 drop. epa ‘means of drying would have to be devised. "When No. 1 was very clammy, a = 2: s firmer than No. 1, but not nin T. so good as No. 4. No. 4m e more easily handled in drying. They were all Mat: ‘hort, "win very little elusticity, this might have been expected from appea of the original samples. They were ‘kept in the drying room no geral than would be required if working ona een xed with a a suitable proportion of sulphur and vulcanised, they nds tured soft an but were not blistered. With pigments it may be er uM slightly tougher. It can evidently not be used by itself in y form. . All the samples were troublesome to work in the i machines. 1t oid not be right to assume that this behaviour ness, - When we take into aecount the great improvements which have ‘béen introduced in preparing certain African and Asiatic varieties of rubber, manufacturers must feel that the praiseworthy efforts of "Mr. Alvan Millson to increase our sources of supply are in the right v ru f ‘in the way these samples have beats prepared is such as to ensure the best product in a commercial sense, is à most important matter. The lant tissues, whieh completely modify its character. It is this con- sideration which would lead one to ask how far the levatan of the juice of the C ástilloa elis tica can be app pli ed to another plant, the juice of which, though containing caoutchouc, has very marked secu Vo am not aware of any native india-rubber with an acid reaction ; ven the juice of the Para c tree, Hevea brasiliensis, is distinetly of amm alkaline when drawn, and exhales a strong smell onia. The rubber from this source is: inch In: ting the nuts of the Urueari s rge quantity of acetic uim is given off, which pro- variety is obtained from the same source, and is nof smoked although itis strongly acid, we must consider the yeneration of acid as due to fermentation, at least in a very great measure. "The samples obtained from the ‘ * Abba” tree are not acid, but whether the product could be improved by gine, Paton Mrs ordinary crude acetic acid, which at the same time would a those changes which are Hable to go on ` afterwards, to the deinen. probably, of the rubber, is worth finding out. I thought it would be important to ascertain whether the soft clammy condition of the pos wa e to oxidation, or to the presence-of resinous matter white pulverulent resin was obtained from sample No. 4, amoun ting to o 24°48 per cent. of its weight. The eaoutchoue, b destructive gro pend yelded bendi and the other produets obtained from dia-rubber. nen resins exist in the juites of india-rubber yielding plants as a rule they are combined with water, tes, which is 0 ir use for vulcanizing, since e may be bardered by pigments, but its strergth is still v vu low,. It can 259 . be mixed with other e = ‘rubbers with a corresponding improve- ment in toughness and s 1. In a locality so is sts for the growth of india-rubber viris plants, it would be interesting to know, whether any o of the without invalidating the produet. Common alum is sometimes found in the Para r ubber, being used as a medium for coagulating, perhaps it may be useful in the pr esent case I was informed by a friend who spent some time in Africa, that a very large quantity of crude acetic acid was shipped to different parts on the East Coast some years ago, and was evidently used in preparing aaben In smoking india-rubber, any plant may be used which yields acetic acid, but any plant yielding turpentine or similar products should be av oided. The preservative action of the crude acid is enhanced Ad ereosote and tarry matter present. Para rubber is ice with these, While forming a favourable opinion of this gum, we cannot fix a value upon it, as everything will PpO upon hoy far the experimental working can be verified in working on a larger quantity, As a supp of this is at present available, we would suggest that a larger quantity be sent over, say 100 pounds, so that we coul t it in a practical manner, and. thus give a better opinion as to i commercial value, supply sufñcient for vasa i use should be s RUBBER, GUTTA Paia AN - TELEGRAPH Works Co. ra y Silvertown. ` The results of the inquiry and the suggestions offered by this esta- lishment are contained in the following letter addressed to the Colonial Office for communication to the Government of Lagos : ROYAL GARDENS, Kew, to COLONIAL OFFICE, Royal Gardens, Kew, Sir, September 11, 1888. I AM desired by Mr, Thiselton Dyer to acknowledge the receipt ad A gea leta of the 16th June last forwarding papers a and specimens e Gover eter of Lagos, relative to some experiments which had been made by Mr, A. Millson on the preparation of rubber from the From “the botanical specimens forwarded by Mr. Millson, Pr a Oliver h has arrived at the conclusion that this particular * Abba” tre ia probably Ficus Vogelii, Miq., a West African rubber tree frat collected by Vogel at Grand Bassa. This determination, however, ranches, leaves, flower: s The various samples of rubber ceived were forwarded, through ilver, Esq., F.L.S., to the India Rubber, Gutta Pete an Telegraph Company ( at erto he samples have trum close 260 It is necessary in the first place to point out that rubber from the Abba tree similar to that under notice has already been investigated at this establishment, In the Kew Report for the year 1878, p. a notice It will be noticed that!in the report furnished by the India Rubber, Gutta Percha, and Telegraph Works Company it is stated that the specimens received from Mr. tain show an alkaline OR and that on this and other grounds, such as the presence of resin and "e soft clammy condition, “it ean evidently. not be used by itself in any for > contain xi ce has very marked chemical differen he ied of the inquiry so earefully conducted by the India Rubber mpa d appear to show that the juice of Ficus Vogelii does not it hitherto prepared from this tree has been treated with acetic acid, an ifthis is the eta possibly in this direction may be found a solution of the problems involved, It is inibi in any future experiments carried on with india-rubber on the West Coast that larger samples be forwarded. to this country for the purpose of testing the quality. In the report it is stated that about 100 Pm unds is necessary to test rubber in a thoroughly practical ord er to afford every information to the Government of Lagos in a fa if the experiments are continued, as it is hoped they will be, and if the valuable suggestions contained in the report are carefully carried = pr cvs commercial rubber, ‘Ther W Subjects at the present time of greater importance than a careful investigation of caoutchouc plants, and the extensive distribu- tion of Abba trees in West Africa indicates a wide and useful field of inquiry. I am, &c. (Signed) D, Morris, Min R.G. w Herbert, K.C.B., Colonial Office, Mr, ALvAN Mırisow to Royan Garpens, Kew. Badagr st Africa, August 16, 1888, Your letter of the 4th ultimo pos me yesterday. I regret that the samples of rubber sent by me were—owing to the difficulty of .7* Para rubber is yielded by Hevea brasiliensis and Accra rubber by Landolphia » * = * s 261 obtaining pure milk—both small and of inferior quality to those which have since been made. I was sorry also not to have had an opportunity of correcting the notes for the press, as I notice several misprints in em. were correct in your belief that the name “ Abba” is Picco to all arboreous fig-trees in this neighbourhood. Of these there is a remarkable variety. I will ata later date send specimens ant as you so kindly direct me. An enterprising firm of Lagos merchants, who have lately established a branch house in Badagry, have made a fair beginning in the rubber business. So far as I can at present see West African rubber will never be reliable so long as the natives have the preparation in their own hands, The milk bears transport well, keeps well, and can easily be tested, by letting a sample (mixed with water) stand for twelve hours in a glass vessel. Unless merchants employ reliable men to buy and coagulate the milk, I fear that the trade will be of a very ephemeral natare, Yet on the other hand it seems clear, from the large numbers of rubber- giving fig-trees, that a properly conducted trade would be a considerable source of future prosperity to the whole coast. "The present palm oil and kernel trade may be said to depend upon the continuance of slavery, and is indeed in many ways an injury to the people. The Governor of the Colony, with his usual insight, is encouraging cocoa-nut planting and other similar industries, which will do much to improve the general prosperity. He has already proved that the india- rubber industry i is by no means the least important of these branches of commerce, Atvan MiLLsON, LXI.—LIBERIAN COFFEE AT THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, (Coffea liberica, Bull.) About 15 years ago the introduction of a new species of coffee, now known as Coffea liberica, to supplement Coffea arabica which had itherto been Eccli cultivated, was looked upon with considerable interest t tl me the coffee plantations in Ceyl were threatened with partial, if not total, extinction by the prevalence of a fun est known as the Ceylon coffee-leaf disease (Hemileia neci. at "s West Dos the once prosperous mes. s aps soil, and the pressure of other, ce = the pred more rem tive cultures. It was claimed that ‘the mo: dy à an the Arabian; that it could withstand, Bere Praga the attacks of i for in and fungoid pests; and tha ble serge at lower elevations and in localities loe phos poris s as regards n e scientific discoverer Te Liberian coffee appears to have been Afzelius. It was described and figured by Sto in the Transactions of the agree” Maren e.t cond Seri ries, Bot. I 171, It is also described by the same author in Flora P Tropical Africa, yol, III., p. 181. 262 ` Liberian or Monrovia coffee is a native m Upper and Lower Guinea, and was cultivated on the West Coast of Africa in several localities before it attracted any notice in Europe. T was first introduced as a cultivated plant into the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1872. It was largely owing to the action of this lakanen that Liberian coffee, within a short - period, was w idely preme for vibrant: Dip through- out British possessions in the tro Particulars respecting the distribution of Liberian coffee plants from Kew, and the early history of its culture im different pu. of the world, are given in the Kew Reports every year from 1872 to 1882. It is well known that the successful cultivation of palate coffee is testricied to hilly or mountainous districts, and that only in such districts will the produce attain its highest value. The Liberian coffee, on the other hand, being a native of the comparatively low hills of West Tropical Africa, i is suited to hotter conditions than the Arabian coffee, and it ean be diii e cultivated in distriets quite unsuited to the latter. In this lies the chief merit of the new coffee. s a commercial article Liberian coffee has not hitherto proved so and pulpy when ae but remain hard and fibrous. Hence it has been found difficult to husk the beans, as the machinery fond. suitable for preparing Arabian coffce is not applicable to the Liberian eoffee. Again the « M skin in the latter is tough and woo dy, and the labour and percentage of waste entailed in “cle eaning" is increased, while the aetual mae value is less. Probably, also, in the enlilvation prefers a warm, moist climate with abundant rains well distributed through the year. Should the present high price of coffee be maintained it is not un- likely that the cultivation of Liberian. coffee w prove sufficiently remunerative to warrant further attention being pa it. e understand that in Java the Liberian coffee ihe ios are fermented ven they are pulped. It is claimed that this process enables the cleaned much more readily, and that the coffee witinantely podiet: is brighter in colour and of better quality. This, if — is a fact of some importance to the growers of Liberian co : We hav o Beek led to make the foregoing remarks and review the present porion of Liberian coffee owing to a ve ery fine sample of this coffee which lately reached us Mi Malacca, and upon which is based the following correspondence : Mr. R. Derry, Forest. Department, Malacca, to Royan, GanpExs, Kew. Malacca, 50 July, 1 “I am sending you per steamship “Ajax” (Ocean Steam Ship Com: coffec So far, no Malacca coffee has been shipped to Europe. I should be glad to learn the value of the samples sent, kind whether Malacca coffee would be likely to meet with a market at home, - R. Derry. s We are favoured with ariel of th of coffee which we find as follows :—No. a consignment of : coffee in the parchment;from Johore, and it will have to be sold and we shall have much pleasure in giving ife res result. not properly dried, and that the parchment -of coarse very hard and difficult to clean na left long before. ‘cleani certainly think if such results can be attained _ shown by your sample from the T dé Ack Ce disi Lien it would a be folly, to send the ~~ home here nt eon of 110° shen de j 264 LXII.—TEA OIL AND CAKE. (Camellia Sasanqua, 'Thunb.) In the Annual Report of the re corameht anp lyst of Hong Kong fo or rawn to the u ina n ap cimen of oil-cake, and a decoction of the SAI ns used in “Chin for various purposes, are also in the Museum from Hong pe connexion with this subject, the following eren have been pre- pared by Mr. Charles Ford, F.L.S., Superin ntendent of the Botanical and ‘Affotestation Department, Heng se rom d ese notes it would did eum Ch‘á tsai ping might be turned to a useful purpose in ying worms in soil in — dise plants are grown, and also in odd them from grass lawn Botanical Gardens, Hong Kon September 20. 1887. reply to your inquiries ier a tho pre spat ration and uses of While on a botanical tour in the Kwangtung province, from which I have just returned, I had an opportunity = “inspecting plantations of the shrub from which the material is obtain d, of seeing mills in which the article is prepared, and of receiving lafüruntion on both the culti- vation of the plant and the omn of tea oil from an intelligent and eourteous old Chinese gentleman Camellia pers. a Thunb., i is extensively grown in South China for the production of seeds which yield a valuable oil known as tea oil. Ch'à tsai "Ua is YE refuse matter left after the oil has been expressed. The preparation is very simple. The seeds are collected in October or November, dried and taken to a mill, where they are crushed in a circular mortar or trough by a pestle drive through it by water power. 'The seeds after being erushed are steamed, and then the mass is placed in a powerful press, which expresses the oi. The refuse, after the extraction of the oil, is the tipo known as Ch‘é tsai ping. It is pro- duced in cakes weighing, when dry, about 3 ozs. and 3} lbs. respectively. The quality of the two kinds of cake is the same, I am not aware that anything besides the seeds of Camellia Sasanqua enters into the Ch'á tsai ping is used by the Chinese as a hair wash, and as soap for eleansing both the spur and clothes. It is also used for the uli. eation of earth-worms from the soil in which plants in pots are grown. In these gardens we jio use it for eradieating earth-worms from grass lawns. For this purpose the eake is crushed and boiled. The decoction is then diluted and poured on the grass when the worms come to the surface of the ground. Asa rule the small worms die, but the larger ones after a time recover. After being picked up e the grass t i worms are often given to fowls and ducks, which devour them readily and apparently thrive on them effects of the Ch‘a tsai ping with which the worms were LXIII. —DEMERARA PINK ROOT. (Spigelia anthelmia, a. z We recently received from. St. Vincent, West diens specimer put. Me was Swe ted. d be poison ous to cattle, she goats, a e fatal in or three h This identified x Podio Olle AE Spigelia an o eg 3x natural order glabrous annual, with two pairs of u that the „Plant somewhat resembles Pari (* * Hio of E James ; "There ean be no doubt à “allied S. and yon en edies, but j © the unpleasant narcotic the © especiall 266 LXIV.—F00D GRAINS OF INDIA (continued). Corx GIGANTEA, ROXB. In discussing a new variety of the ordinary Job's tears (Coix Lach- ryma, L.), it was mentioned in Kew Bulletin for June 1888, p. 144, ‘that the fruit possessed little or no nutritive value in the wild state, and its use was restricted to a few aboriginal tribes in Eastern Bengal and Assam. At that time we were aware that some cultivated plants of Coix yielded a compar aie nutritive grain, but their determination was by no means certain e have now _obtaive d, on the suggestion of Sir Joseph Hooker, sufficient information to warrant us in drawing the co eee that the cultivated Coix in the Khasia hills as also the cultivated Coix ikkim This the female as in the genus, but merous and three fold ; the two lateral ones sessiie, and the middle one pedicelled ; they are closely — round à — of the spike. The involucre is ovate, entire und the cireumfer . . .smooth, glossy . . d [in the wild plants] sxseodtnply is ha The portions of the above deberiptión | in italics indicate the characters which separate this species from C. Lachryma. Other points of dis- tinction are to be found in the generally larger size of the plants ; in the absence of spathes to the pedicels ; and in the pedicels not being jointed (i.e. the fruit is persistent). The chief character of C. gigantea as distinguished from C. Lachryma is, however, to be found in the male T arranged in groups of three, the two lateral being iie while the middle one is pedicelled. In C. Lachryma the male flo are few in number arranged loosely in the spike and always in pairs,—one sessile and the other pedicelled. The male flowers in C. gigantea are numerous, and closely inbricated in a spike nearly twice as long as in C. Lachryma. Roxburgh gives the habitat of C. gigantea “ chiefly in the valleys * amongst the Circar mountains and in Bengal.” There are specimens in the Kew Herbarium from East Bengal (Griffith) ; from Syong in the Khasia Hills (Hooker and Thomson, 1850), marked “the usual eultivated cereal;" from Sikkim, 4,000 feet, wild plants and also imen marked * cultivated ;" from Mysore, Carnatic, and Malabar (Stocks and Law); and from Gangetic Plain (Duthie, 1885). This species is not mentioned as cultivated either by Roxburgh or Griffith. In most works on economic botany the use of tle grain of Coix is exclusively associated with C. Lachryma. This is doubtless an error of identification. We have no evidence that C. Lachryma is or pete for the sake of the grain, although, as in the Naga Hills, Assam, n N.W. Luzon, Faeries (fide Vidal), the grain is gathered from wild plants and eaten. In Sir dosi Hooker: 8 Hinológo Journals, | vol. i., pp. 289 ard 313, itis stated that “a good deal of Coix is culti- 5^vatod i in the Khasia Hills ; the shell of the cultivated sort is soft and : the kernel is sweet, whereas the wild Coix is so hard that it cannot * be broken by the teeth ; each. plant branches two or three times from - * th and na seven to nine plants grow in each square yard of i soil; the praia is small, not above 30 or 40 fold.” The specimens oe ae by Sir Joseph Hooker when in Khas ich are now in the w Herbarium, show that the eaim Coix ot of Coix with large es lent seeds, known as Kalepoukpouk, which are treated like Indian corn, are often for a in the bazaars, and are cultivated very extensively by the n order to si at Sha s information contained in the Foop CA : ished by Professor Chur Coix gigantea, Roxb. 2: the ants dobili ed to analysis it was found hä d 3 m r removal of the involucre weighed on the average no less t = s. From four parts by weight of the sample three parts of abr grain were obtained,—three times the quantity ispum yt — Lachryma. ; Mese sa Go 100 ee aes E ee with which they have hitherto been oe --— 25 per cent, of clean grain. In both species the chemical composition of the grain is remarkable for the quantity of albuminoids | it contains, and if the soft-shelled cultivated form of C. gigantea was — more prominently brought into notice, it might prove a much more | valuable cereal than many now in use in various parts of the tropies. ——— LXV.—YORUBA INDIGO. (Lonchocarpus cyanescens, Benth.) With Plate. _In the Kew — € for March 1888, p. 75, will be found a summary especial regard to eta qr back specimen ns from the iger the mination of the plant yielding Yoruba Aes c been keenly raised e ew by Captain Bo : mmunieated to us by Dr. Trimen, F.R.S., we are — ni de tham Trustees, to give a drawing of- n by Professor Oliver taken from the Linn. Soc, IV. x - ocarpus cyanescens, Journ. ue .) 96: a shrub of twining ee “belonging to the tribe Dalbergiee _ . Stem often 20 he od 4 to 8 owed at both ends, sae 6 ver Flora Trop. im ii, 2n; ; a, Schum. et Thonn, r Guin. = >r Rev, BAe Wood; 'olone. 5 and perhaps the cun rm Š Oliver states: “This | i 2 44 T T v AW SANI NI Ym N& i AN / A Ma eR. NE y NS = = PUE C l 3 NS aN 4 E f 7. cdd P. f L EC VIS N SS O e A M. 8.del.etith a e blue, Common near rivers; plantations of savers bundred. of this are about Abbeokuta. In cultivation the plant is kept — dad 7 or 8 feet high; long shoots are eut close, and it becomes short and spurred and bushy, like eee sinensis when similarly treated. The y es are gat ered young seen in the specimen), merely n a mortar into a blac k a sti made into balls the size drei s “fixed with potash; a fine deep blue is produced, very per- se Soci years we are entirely indebted to Captain Moloney, C.M.G., Governor of Lagos, for specimens of the plant and ultimately for the . ds which exi been the means of affording us a scientific determina- tion of the spec 25 ected specimens of Yoruba indigo were brought to this country by Captain Moloney in 1883, and a portion of these were submitted to mmercial ygonum tinc- cs Chinese or Manchuciad indigo ; Strobi- Room x es dA dye of | LXVI. —TRINIDAD IPECACUANHA. s: (Cephaelis tomentosa, W.) — due is well known thet he dand br de idal Ipecacuanha* is een while the supply of the drug is either stationar; scarcer. Inquiry is therefore naturally direct * 270 y goy it to ie to some extent that drug which has now become arce an " n time ago we received from Mr. J. H. Hart, F.L.S., Superin- tendent of the Botanic Gardeus at Trinida j specimens of the roots and leaves of Cephaelis tomentosa, W. e found these were in use in Trinidad as an emetic, and hoped that their physiological action might - be due to the same principle as that existing in the true Ipecacuanha. The plant is a tall shrub, with the younger parts of the stem sog leaves covered with a shaggy tomentum. 1e elliptical oblong, acute. The stipules are prominent, two on each side, not very good, appears in Aublet Plantes de la Guiane Françoise, t.61. A more recent drawing appeared in the Botanical Magazine, t. 6696; from a iind grown by “Messrs. Veitch at Chelsea. The species is described “as a very singular plant, congenerie with that yielding * medicinal Tpecacuanha, but of very different appearance, a native of * tropi merica, where it extends from Mexico through British * Honduras, Nicaragua, United States of Columbia, British Guiana, * to equatorial Brazil on the east, and to Peru on the west side of the * Andes. It is found in Trinidad, but in no other of the West India zs Islands.’ The —— of stems and roots (but apparently not the leaves) meet 2: r. Hart have prp been investigated by Mr. Francis note giving his results was re es l befor re the Pharma- ceutical Conference held at Bath in y Sootna las It was found ihat traces of an alkaloid were a present resembling aai ia ee the quantity was so inappreciable that the Eom — = be ut = zed commercially as a source of Ipecacuanha. ansom's paper, as it pe in the Phurstmitival ouis, [3], ns xix., p. 187, is as follows :— * Mr. R read a note on the examination of the root and stem of Cephaelis a said to be used in Trinidad for the same purposes as the ro C. Ipecacuanha, though the root is totally pro that drug, both ~ Perera! appearance and internal structure, senc ascertained of traces of an alkaloid which gave a reaction with mercuric ee resembling that of e tine. But the physiological action of G0 grains of the root was ibápptesisble: the amount of alkaloid present must be very small.” "d 3 4 LXVIL—TREATMENT OF VINES IN FRANCE. The Vice Office has agente ser the ett letter addressed o Her Majesty's Ambassador at Paris by Mr. J. A. ea, Attaché for Europe, he the ihe condition of the Vine-culture in France :— Mx Lonp, Paris, Oetober 18th, 1888. Ty August last Mr. Viette, Minister of Agricultu ure, paid a visit to the wine-growing di distriets of France; and he is understood to have returned with a very hopeful report on the prospeets of ANS year’s vintage. Th ; erat: to which the Minister gave special attention were American vines, submersion, the sese B sulpho-carbonate of potassium, and the í ; mildew by what is known as the “ Bouillie Bordela ise." * The methods is of grafting ee deseribed as having been perfected and su y extended i in t e Médoc and the department of the Hérault and Gard. ta Viette communicated to his colleagues and - to the press the substance of ie Taniko he has received respect ting the vine cro z meu old area of Medo has, it appears, been almost entirely replanted. zi e Hérault and Gard. The total yield of wine for 1888 is fo ,000 hectol. last year, and 8,000, ,000, the Gironde, 2 indica: ing quali of the wine. accounts I have had from departiients less D the south than those noted are not very favourable as to the bre of the grape mp) of them. wee (Signed) T à. Cui. elei uu. d E notice on T it that each rain SE Crees s ME Duthie gave the following additional information in his report for the year ending March 31, 1885 :— .. *'The chocolate-coloured b aie produced 15 maunds grain and 12} maunds straw per acre. The yield of grain was thus heavier than tho vent eve g grown curiosity ; we possess a white-grained variety of. huskless baie: and a good large sample of this has lately been sent to Kew for special report. eh i a iae as & o > e E Z2 sample was duly Te vod. se as submitted t 1 price. With FEE to to the origin of these curious cereals, a communication was read from Captain Pogson at the s of the A cultaral and Horticultural Society of India on January 29, 1886, in whieh was stated that Indian wheat-barley, as he termed it, was introduced Seca the: Punjab and North-western Provinces during 1881, when consider- able success was secured in the Punjab. He further stated that the seed was obtained from P 1 Thi Three var barley art cz vated in Thibet, tdem the white, the dull ¢ green, — and the dark brown (chceolate-colou "There is wodbiog rlar tà. Si youd em this huskless barley till the present year, when = specimens in the Kew Museum attention of Mr. : e T. Brown, of Burton-on-Trent, who has com- municated is be pi ia interesting —Á which he has — Mr z Horace | T. Mies to Rota GARDENS, Kew. E ee Street ten DNE June 22, 1888, z Shan" barley wbich yon RM CHINO Imost wi he jw aie MOM STRA = pei since the embryo would be very liable to be separated Pe the t of the grain. T'he sample of white sepe barley from Kotgahr, which, bri 1 st free hoe is defect, o owing to the t xn k Sahárunpur barley conseque in this particular, ten eis between ordinary barley and rp isso thin that the plumula bursts through dt at If, or by the a | s the plumula until it may its way out at = are several manifest advanta es in this w. n lost by the PEAR of thin-skinned varie ve ur ordinary v u cou Id get vu me any fresh samples of naked Indi an barley shou 3 esteem it a favour. One would like to know en i 2008 the nature of the colouring iyu xd black b : m Ayriorlture t. India, ctio 7 i e Kew | -collected at Kyunglung, Tibet ir 14,000 ft., s C8. ach of a baee rins aey e name Horde E subject of the utilisation: of the TER e _ Hk.) is one which has been viser followed Kew ew or many y _ The importance of the subject in in India and t considerable corres, i 274 of Methods (mechanical and chemical) for preparing the fibre of the Ramie plant. The order was based on the fact considerable interest was taken in the cultivation of the Ramie plant in Algeria and rench Colonies generally, and that it was a ma e of nationa importance to solve the problem of preparing Ramie fibre so as to bring it within the reach of commercial enterpris The competition was, in the first EES fixed for the 15th August, but it was afterwards E ee to the 25th September on account of the unfavourable season whic een experienced for the growth of the Ramie plant intended to be ae in the trials. IMPORTANCE OF THE RAMIE QUESTION. s well known that the production of the fibre of Ramie in com- Seii quantities, and in an economical and remunerative manner, has Bae uedo ne of the most important industrial problems of the present da t been keenly followed in nearly every part of the world; y. P x: e out efforts hitherto made have been confined to India, to the ian Dosen to the United States, and more recently to cem ance si her Col The tsi ot pes nearly 20 years ago, was led to offer a reward of l. for the best method for sed ao fibre and — it ina seule condition for textile parpos It was led to this step by the conviction that the only obstacle to "the development e means for decorticating the plant. This was the third time had become the Subject of official action. The first effort for utilising this plant was in 1803, when Dr. Roxburgh started the question; the second was in 1840, when attention was directed to it by water Jenkins. The offer of 5,0007. in 1869 induced many competi enter their names, but it was found that no machine fully fulfilled "tbe conditions laid = own by the Government, and therefore the full prize wa s not ay Other unsuccessful attempis were subsequently made, and eventually the offer of ~~ was withdra Since that time many thousands «d unds a = spent pim fibre. ber processes have m: brought forward fr eto time and it was claimed for each of — that mor um Bo erii the hopes of their inventors. But ising as these processes om were, they do not appear to have pem introduced | tin regular use, and only one or two have at all come into promin Naturally the earlier attempts to prepare pcm fibre had followed the methods already in use in preparing flax, hemp, and jute; but it was soon evident that as regards Ramie these methods were useless, i. a v ey fibre of the Ramie plant is embedded in a gummy offer e greatest obstacle to the production of clean and bright dreads inue for the spinner. e ARRANGEMENTS FOR Paris TRIALS. The nee tis International de la dee recently held at Paris, toek place in one of the annexes of the proposed exhibition of 1889 on the Quai d'Orsay epus de ? ABK y^ was attended by represen- tatives from all-parts of the world. 275 It was evident that the proceedings were watched with considerable. interest by inventors, no less than by persons directly interested in the rr ? test Be chemical processes, a mr of Ramie ribbons were available o be converted into filas e commission of jurors included M. Tisserand, Councillor of State and Director of Agriculture, a number of prominent engineers, chemis evidently men who were acquainted with the eooni problems connected with the eultivation and utilization of the Ramie ph and the trials were conducted in a systematie and exhaustive mann Lisr or PRIZES OFFERED. s had been offered by the French Government in the following five itari :—(a.) For a machine to decorticate Ramie in a gree 2 b m : 5 (ce) For a machine of a light and portable character driven by horse power, and suitable for use in the Colonies, 1st prize 700 fr., 2nd prize 500 fr. ; (d.) Fora hand- power machine of a light and portable puc suitable Ks use in the Colonies, Ist prize 500 fr., 2nd prize 300 fr.; (e.) For the best E most economical process (chemical or ERN to convert the Ram ribbons into commercial filasse suitable for the use of mitt Ru facturors, Ist prize 1,000 fr., 2nd prize, 700 fr, The entries previously made at the Ministry of Agriculture ineluded 19 niaciicdn and 10 (che niat processes. On the m morning of the trials e qe four machines and one chemical process, were submitted to the juro THE DELANDTSHEER MACHINE. Taking the machines in the order in which they stood, the first was that invented by Delandtsheer of Paris (Décertiqueuse de Ramie Systéme Delandtsheer). The cost was stated to be 404. ‘This was a erushers which received eig t or ue om ata € from the hands of the operator, and sed them to be beaten by a pair of rapidly evolving drums var similar in n character to y found in the Death machine. In the Delandtsheer machine, however, there is a reverse pomis attached of an effective character, When about five- sevenths of the lengths of the stems had been cleaned, ref are —_ returned by means of the reverse action to the hands of t rator, who then presented the unclean ends to the machine ar completed the operation. ‘The fibre in this case was only moderately well-cleaned ; there was considerable waste, and the actual amount of rathe r- bruised om As the lat were dried, the calculations dur dry ribbons would be about 6 kilos, If we take the result at 5j kilos. per hour of dry ribbons, the Delandt- 276 sheer machine wouid produce -y 55 kilos. per day of 10 hours, equal to about 120 pounds avoirdupois. The commercial value of thes ribbons at 77. per ton would be Ts. 6d. The inventor claimed for the Delandtsheer machine that it could produce 3 ewt. of dry ribbons per day. -'lhe small out-turn at the trial : cory : was attributed by hi r character of the stems supplie ere was some cause for complaint on this head, but ir case it was diffieult to believe that this machine could föda uce, as wor at Paris, ribbons in commercial quantity at a vendent cost. Tue BARBIER MACHINE. The second machine known as Barbier’s (Décortiqueuse Armand pour Ramie et toutes les plantes textiles: Constructeur Paul Barbier, Paris) was very similar in construction to io Delandtsheer I machine already described. The cost was the same, viz., 407. was also fitted with a reverse action. The feed-plate was erteontat and the operator handled about 8 to 10 stems at a time. The fibre was somewhat severely bruised in cleaning. In the first ier with dry stems it produced 3:6 kilos. per hour of ribbons. With green stems it pro- dueed only 7:5 kilos, in 47 minutes. "There was a tite ge amount of waste, and owing to the fibre being pushed backwards “and forwards between the revolving beaters, the ends were often ig tangled. Tt was mS by the inventor that this machine reat 2,5 kilos. of gr tems per day of 10 hours, pee 125 kilos. uae c of dry) ibas worth 50 fraus per 100 kilos A machine illustrative of the Systéme Lasalle imer eai by H. Chasles, Paris) was on the ground, but it was unable to compete in the trials. For the purpose of this report it may be d without further notice. tine OF cig one FIBRE SST No. 18, E why. New Yu under the charge uf Mr. Noble. This in use, and d few s of deseripti E cu = = 6 in. long and support dards abou ft. hig c] a wooden structure designed to receive the movable Kaai in which the stems were placed. The feeding was vertical a taining about ste laced above n poii working hor izontally through the whole length of the machine, By means of a movable bottom in the feeding frame, the stems were di ee base-end downwards between the rollers which slightly crushed th Ee ly held in the machine the stems were pressed gain length. After this they were bent in such a manner that the woody » d : s we latter was ultimately delivered in two ribbons, one on each side of the machine. In this instance all that was attempted was to separate the fibrous bark from the stems and deliver the former in broad ribbons, almost intact. No attempt was made to remove the corky e idermis or separate in any way the constituent fibres, ‘This machine was worked y steam-power and required three men to attend to it. e cost was no . It was tried on green stems only, and produced at the first trial 7 kilos. of wet ribbous in 18 minutes. At the second trial it pro- duced 12-8 kilos. of wet ribbons in 38 minutes. These results would oe ys © 5 be equivalent to 21 kilos. of wet ribbons per hour (Ge allowing o i third of the weight for dry ribbons) equal to about 15 í avoirdupois o bons per ho us ed som e machine, as shown at Paris, i is needless to remark, was prekati; useless for commercial purpostai Tue Rorer Cuemicat Process. ing) for textile purposes was shown by the i s Pi proces the 30th Septe: the general opinion of those present was not f: avourable to the process dome ture on the 26th September nu dl ) Sony os -trials with dry ] Ramie hile the third was as day was -the Pau" Ramie siens w 1 a ; peas chemieal process for converting ribbons. iie fourth day ydo jury earetly examined the co construction: . "tested by a dynomometer the powers necessa in the machines in 278 . These are, briefly stated, the results of the Paris trials on Ram That the results are unsatisfactory and ie iron and fall far hat of the estimates of the inventors, there can be no matter of doubt. It is probable that a fresh series of trials will be ciet next year in connexion with Exhibition of 1889 ; and if the value of the aris prizes is increased there will — appear a larger and better repre- sentation of machines und proces Tus FAVIER SYSTEM. It will be noticed that there was no trial this year of the Favier system which is in operation in Spain, and is described in the Kew Bulletin hà June 1888, pp. 145-149. Nor was there a trial nachine (constructed by Death and Ellwood of of th Leicester), whi n has been in use, experimently, in many parts of the world. ‘The Favier process is being worked privately, and is therefore rot available to the public. The fibre hitherto produced has been e y used in France; but the quantity so far available as not been sufficient to base an opinion as to the permanency of t enterprise ier, who has Fn taken a deep interest in the Ramie has jo eae on the sri to the Journal Pindustrie Pro- gressive of October 7 et seg. may be looked upon as embodying the views of one of the best informed of French experts on the present position of the Ramie question Tue TREATMENT OF Dry As AGAINST GREEN RAMIE STEMS. Amongst the French there is attached an importance beyond their value to machines for cleaning Ramie in the dry state. This has arise doubt from the fact that the Favier system nly one grow one or two crops of Ramie, and eut and harvest the stems in summer and work them off at their leisure during the speculi a shine were devised to treat Ramie successfully, it is imprcbable that France could compete with tropical and sub-tro opica E ee ps ae three four crops of stems could be reaped in the This conclusion is new being gradually adopted in France, and the (mms Sepa of Ramie is treated a qu or. which more nearly concerns Algiers and the French tropical — As regards I - our own Colonies, it is essential that Ramie machines should work upon the green stems, and not upon the. dry. n the rainy season, when the air is impregnated with — to dr Ramie stems in the open year after eutting woul impossibility. "To attempt to dry by artifieial means the enormous quantity of stems yielded even by a few aeres would entail so much labour in m and so much expense for buildings and fuel that it would be altogether a hopeless task. "The per-centage of crude cali yielded ry Ramie stems is estimated at about 10 per cent. If the stems must- be first dried before they are in and cart out agai treated, it would be neces handle, to cart t in rying sheds, 100 e of stems ery 10 tons of "veis produced Tt might be su arvesting the stems shou in 1 e — in the open air. WA v. d 279 This panes would not be Ls gies The stems grow best during the rainy on, and when once ripe they must be cut at once. Besides, it is evident that the sooner one crop is removed the better will be the prospects of the next. During the dry season the stems A and i internodes, are very woody, and offer relatively greater resistance to the process of No cMior. OTHER PROCESSES AND MACHINES. Of processes and machines not already mertioned, it is desirable to refer to one or two for the information of persons who m may not other- i rear 2 wW then operated upon by other processes and eventually it was deprived of gum and mucilage and worked into a toler- able fair fibre suitable for manipulation by textile manufacturers. This fibre was reported by Messrs. Ide and Christie as “long, fairly cleaned mie fibre worth about 28/. perton." ‘The particulars iof Mr. Maries's methods ies not been made public; but we understand that a well- known firm of merchants in Calcutta has acquired the patent connected witk Then, and the system is now in course of being practically tested. on a large scale. In the hes of the Times there recently appeared an account of a machine invented by Mr. John Orr Wallace, and placed on view at the Irish Exhibition. This was artes a “patent scutching machine * for cleaning ramie, flax, hemp, &e.” The apparatus is about 6 ft. aich t came which deliver the stems downwards between five pairs of e tw ap . downwards by rollers which have an intermittent motion, and at each momentary pause, the pricking pins enter the material and are _— withdrawn from it. By degrees this fibrous- ME curtain over which table the woody su ce has previously passed to a receiver ina crushed X semi- pedo pened on, int perfectly free from fibre. is machine, it may be mentioned, was not constructed for the special i clea ie i of 1 ewt. per ho The machine can be driven bra two-horse power engine, and it requires two persons to feed and tend it Small quantities of Ramie stems grown at Kew have been s publie test similar to that adopted at the Paris trials. | For this pep special adv vantages connected with this machine | ana to bá mentioned. In the first place teste t least 40 stems can be fed to the rollers fed ave been fully grasped by the doa nO! jen = hold upon them any longer. The 1 the express an opinion ms = mor mi than and it is Ramie qnem the results ^at is done i is tion us. a mac weh possesses which, with further improvements, of service in the production of fair marketable fibre. Gesenat CONCLUSIONS. kers recently in informed me: “ Official Copy. [AU Rights Reserved.} ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 24.] DECEMBER. [1888. LXX.—INHAMBANE COPAL. (Copaifera Gorskiana, Benth.) The term copal i is commercially applied to various hard gum yielded by certain she um eal and sub-tropical trees. In the iei vot eases copal is obtained in a scmi-fossil state on land where no trees at > e other eases what may be termed recent copal is a gum-resin in a com- paratively fresh state odisetad from living trees or from trees in a state There are numerous commercial distinctions between varieties of opal. It is unnecessary here to do more than draw attention to some of oo chief plants yielding these substances. Zanzibar copal, or Anime, the most valuable of any now used in commerce, is obtained from Tr etre tak T rie pi E Sierra Leone copal is derived from Copaifera Guibourtiana, Bent What are known as Lis copal, recent and fosssil; pebbly as from i on the Gold Coast, LOND : PRINTED ae Hec ogni i hcm OFFICE, E AND SPOTTISW inu TO ae QURE N's MOST EXCELLENT E And to be purchased, either directly or through any iy Bookseller, fro: EYRE AND oe pasen East HARDING STREET, dox STREET, E.C, and 2, ABINGDON STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.: ADAM AN re | CHARLES BLACK, 6, NORTH BRIDGE, Corian, or HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co., 104, GRAFTON STREET, DUBLIN 1888. Price Twopence, 282 and Benguila copal, ave all probably dcn by species of Copaifera, has t b but material for their determination ret been received. Sierra Leone and other fossil African copals are vu foundation of all fine var- nishes. ‘The locust tree of tropical South America (Hymenea Courbaril, ust .) yields a resinous substance resembling gum anime, which i s found in masses in cavities, and at the bases of old trees. The vittime: Dammar, or Kauri i,gum of New Zealand is yielded by Dammara forests, and the exports from New Zealand in 1883 were 6,518 tons, of the value of 336,606/. Indian copal, or white dammar, used in varnish on the Malabar coast, is obtained from Vateria indica, L. Black dammar is the produce of Canarium strictum, Roxb. Recently a new source of copal has been heirt in South-east Africa, which has created a good deal of inter The first particulars pueg this new pe communicated to this establishment are summa in a communication made by Mr. Thiselton e to the Lum Society (Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xx. pp. In the course of last year we received from the Foreign Office a copy ot a despatch D ated June 11th, 1882) to the s lined of State from Henry G Ma ae di Consul for Mozambique. I extract the following passage our to sn that from Mr. — Heathcote, : trade of that place. He had just returned from an expedition to the interior, and writes: * The forest where I obtained this gum, of which I * send you specimens (I have collected six tons), is fully 200 miles long. * It is a belt which runs parallel with the coast and the first range of * mountains; from Inhambane it is nearly 100 miles to get right into it, * The distance of the forest from Inhambane may retard its being opened * up; but its discovery adds to the known wealth of the district, and a * new export to the place.’ Mr. Heathcote further adds : * The native name of the gum is Stakate and Staka ; the Zulu name for the gum is * Inthlaka, The tree domineers over all. The gum has a beautiful odour if pounded and burnt, also if boiled in a pot of water, ‘The or dinary gum copal tree of the mainland of Zanzibar and Mozam- bique though, as a rule, lofty, i is by no means of the striking stature indicated by Mr. Heathcote. The first thing that struck ns from a superficial examination of the specimens uim by Mr. O'Neill was that they were entirely different in appearance ordinary East African copal (the produce of Trachy- lobium Horned exported from Z anzibar. T hey consisted in part of waterworn pebbles, and very much resemble the ees copal} which is exported from the West Coast of Africa. They are destitute of the characteristic goose-skin texture frequently dieere in Zanzibar A * Some extracts from Consol O'Neills despatch appeared in Nature for Aug. 10, 1382, p. 351, but I reprođuce the substance here in order to: make the plete. f An vetu piece by Dr. Welwitsch on West African Copals, in J'ourn. rues Noe 1X., pp. 257-302, may be consulted; it does not, however, carry o knowledge very fa far copal, and, as Sir Jobe Kirk informs me, possess an entirely d roduct was not identical with Zanzibar copal was further report with which Messrs, Robert Ingham Clark and ‘ commercial value to them ; but as they now are, and together to represent one bulk, we should say their value would be about 80/. to 1007. a ton Certain descriptions of animi shipped in a very clean and picked state from Zanzibar sell in this market as high as 4007. a ton. With a avs despatch dated February Lith, EE Consul ( sent samples of the leaves and bark of the tree yiel ni ali i copal. pnie that Consul O’Neill’s collectors have made no mis- take in the identification, Professor Oliver, the Keeper = the Ke 5 Herbarium, was satisfied that the leaves afforded s ufficien . the species as Copaifera Gorskiana, FET Although it is ated in Flora of Tropical Africa (vol. ii. 315), on the I| = Sir John Kirk, that this tree affords a abel hard timber, à interesting on acco blance of Inhambane to Accra copal. The latter has Tong been suspected to be produced by a species of Copaifera. Sierra Leone copal is tained to be derived from Copaife ibourtiana, genera, and py species on both the east and west coasts. Lan orida, s m CUP vius i is a seo example Saey tothe date of the above communiontion, urther ns of cendi ina. fruit. receive i 1886. The pru fortunately con rom these several hundred plants wer 284 LXXI.—THE CULTIVATION OF RICE IN BENGAL. The following interesting summary of e e respecting rice eulture in Bengal has been communicated by Mr. C. B. Clarke, F.R.S., well known as an accomplished Indian iar Mr. C. B. Clarke was a mem of the Bengal Fducátio on Department sie is the author of several tepis published at Calcutta, but inaccessible in England, dealing x rice cultu ossessing considerable practical knowledge ‘of rural my, his yiews on Aue subject, based on personal observation, are cited with piile frankness; even those who may be indisposed to with him Aek must feel that on a ia of this nature it is very desirable to t throw as much light as possible :— DEAR Mz. ——— Dre Kes ne aer endi pers at hand, nor any notes, and what I now write must be deficient altogether in quantities, and imperfect in many other ways. M account refers to the Lieutenant-Governor ship of Bengal only. engal several hundred varieties of rice are distinguished, named, enl - exiltivated. I have written of them under three main heads, viz. :— a .) Rowa; harvested in November-January ; grown mainly in small fields surrounded by a bank 4-12 inches high, and often at no period of growth more than 6-12 inches deep in water. (2. mon; harvested in November-January ; swamp-rice, ape 2-8 feet (locally eo 14 feet) deep in water for several weeks —— nein Sept etr 3. rested June-August It is perhaps ardly necessary to state that — are numerous sorts of rice fania to the above three. The Rowa is the most valusble crop; an proceed to describe the cultiv Min of what I have skis as the type variety. Tue Rowa Crop. Rowa can only be grewn where there is some clay in the soil to preveut the water slipping away ; the finest Rowa is grown where the small bank round each little field retains the ur rains (which are usually oon broken), so that throughout October the Rowa is always in inud, but rarely 6 inches deep in i the wate. go such Rowa e there is very rarely any second crop; the n iem untouched fro December or January (when one crop comes off) till Ju ij-Sipiseibet (when the next is dibbled). It grows a Ro d every year— and East Bengal I believe it is necessary to go back m human memory when an altogether abnormal failure in the ainy season occurred, The Bengalees, with that inverted view " politiend economy favourite to them, have several times given me, as the reason w y second crop in the year is not taken from the Rowa land, that the Rowa mences what we call (by a misemploy of the English language) ploughing. His implement is a vertical post. with a “flat shoe at the base, all of wood; it is, in brief, a simple dultvtor: Many of the fields 285 do not contain 10 perches, and very many not a rood, in area; and within the small plot bounded by his little bank the cultivator goes round and round and across and back again in a very promiscuous frame; but the “plough” often goes over the ground behind the mowee again y the combined operation of these implements the field to a depth of 4 to 6 inches is reduce a stiff mud, the water remaining mostly in the upper portion; the weeds, especially the reeping grasses, having been thoroughly picked out and laid mostly a seed-bed) with a stick ; it gets a firm hold on the * pan," the surface of the undisturbed soil. The seed-bed is usually in the village or near the cultivator’s hut, 7.e., in unflooded land, where rice for dibbling is raised in a dense mass on a very small plot; and if not dibbled out exactly at the right age soon gets very yellow. The Rowa rice requires nothing more done to it till the day it is harvested; where the land is terraced, and to a less extent in the apparently dead flat of Bengal, the water requires a little watching and regulation. But no wee ing is required; the Rowa has a fine start of the weeds; there should be no creeping grasses left; a great multitude of annual weeds of ma y species grow iu the Rowa fields, but they are mostly low, and they exert no appreciable effect on the cro TI — = tion of this statement), but almost entirely on the rain holding on in the autumn. The B i i -— a m) = -— eo c & e Er e O Ls, o "a ps e ft — © E — = — -— et E I z Ei S ur T un (D ge c e B f Z ha c E & — — rice completely which then perishes, but in general the water rises (in ; B i end of August (or till the middle of September sometimes) and then sinks away as 286 teadily—often more rapidly. ‘The way in — the Amon is got in atl varies very greatly with the circumstances of t In Central and Taneri Bengal (as in all alluvial deltas) the ness he the anastomosing rivers are usually dem ost elevated groun these sd commonly the villazes stand. As you walk in Abs cold season from one river to the next you insensibly descend from the Sr bank tin you come to the * bheel" which at this season ma similarly from the bheel till you come to the bank of the next river. Now this bbeel will begin to swell in spring— sometimes as early as April (when the April showers are dud quee not till June if and of land round the e- Em © m [e] un > o * e "P un £2 ye | ®© er “IQ [-u fU x a Ru r pes Qu wg 3 e af — covers the whole country eru tia narrow belt by the rivers occupied by the villages; and the getting in the Amon may thus extend for three months. If the water rises very nicely = steadily the Amon may be dibbled, provided there is a seed-bed of rice just ready at the moment require red, or the cultivator may be driven i sow it broadcast ; or if e water rises ien ien jumps the cultivators may fail to piens e Amon, i ec earlier tina the Bow wa. dre is not only a coarser, less valuable rice . d - ite toil to the cultivator. “Oori” is belie ved to be the wild state of za sativa, the origin of our cultivated rices, and being so nearly allied it is pres the most pestiferous weed of rice. vier Amon is in in their hosti us their fields; they then get down into the water and which return to the village as small veris hagetücks s the Oori is the village, just above the water evel. .I do not know how, in this young state, the saly ators tell the Oori from the Amon. I cannot. The Oori grain is good in quality, but so very caducous that it is impos- sible to harvest it on any considerable scale. The children often do, with the aid of a large cloth, harvest the Oori that fruits in ditches and waste corners and so collect a considerable quantity of good grain. The typical Amon swamp-rice has often a pink tinge on the husked grain ; it i the ma i considered of very inferior quality to Rowa and is always muc cheaper. [In Behar the masses do not get ‘ist as the Desepel part of their food. ] THE owsa OR SPRING RICE CROP. Owsh, or spring rice, is much smaller in quantity than the preceding two classes, though hera are highly-valued varieties raised in urisal, But, as a whole, sh may be treated as generally of very small i E famine of 1874 a wsh erop in Central Bengal (Zillah Jessore, &e.) early reduced the pressure for I Owsh oe there is oed always grown annually a second crop that is not rie On itiolading the above description, and before going on to criticise fashionable schemes for teaching the natives how to grow rice better; I 287 should warn you that many points in the above description have been controverted ; and in partieular it has been asserted, not only by Caleutta 4 cs English newspapers, but by Government officers, that there exists no such rice as I have described as Rowa. RENOVATION oF Som ın Rice FIELDS. In the Rowa fields, as I describe them, the rice gets only rain-water, and the water drains from the fields into the rivers. Liebie says that i gal every year in the same e rivers annually replenish the soil n the west side of Burdwan to Orissa, the hills rise in many places gradually, and we see e inundated from the rivers. As we proceed further into the western ills we find V-shaped valleys terraced in narrow curved platforms ; the rain-water is led down gradually from one to anot 1er'; there is on the outer edge of each platform a little bank, usually not more than 6 to 12 inches high, and the rice is therefore never more than a few inches land Roxburgh refers to, his account being drawn up in the Circars immediately south of Orissa, Not rarely in this kind of rice cultivation a bank is drawn across the upper part of the valley and a tank formed silt from the rivers. In the north and east of Bengal the hills rise very suddenly from the plains; there is little terraced rice, but there is a broad belt of land in which there is enough clay in the soil for Rowa, that extends from Mymensingh to Chittagong, In the most valuable rice land, as on the right hank of the Bruhmapootra, throughout the Zilla of Mymensingh, the water runs from the rice fields to the Bruhma ootra, and the fields Noakhili. The gross produce of swamp rice may be about as gea that of Rowa, though raised at a greater cost of labour; but the value of the crop per aere is very much less. am prepared to go further and to doubt whether even swamp rice gets much silt. Where the water from amuddy rapid river gets through its bank (which is the highest part of the country) and spreads out over 288 the lower country bey ond, it loses its velocity very fast, and therefore drops all its silt in the “ba nk,” ie, near the river it has left. If this may be a quarter of a mile wide) would not be the highest parts of the country. In fact, in pervect rice, the water is pem still and bom evidently all or very nearly all rain-water. Where the land i well silted, as in the case of large sandbanks, it is ebie to Wis "T Botanie Garden, was of opinion that in these rice fields the sm n ative power of the soil is sufficient, under the sun and rain of Bengal, to go on growing the present crops of rice indefinitely. IMPROVEMENT IN Rice CULTURE. ot I pope is ee that have been made to teach the Bengalees to gro A favourite proposal is to give them an English Eg which shall go deeper than the native cultivator and bring up fresh soil. I pass by the ‘practical difficulty that in none of the terraced fields and in none of the small fields, without a revolution in boundaries and customs, could such a plough be used, The plough is the most perfect i mplement yet devised for setting in cree ping grasses, g ns and sees a pat couch grass in the fallow he misses that patch with the Penis: er = some ay aee in early summer he turns in a party of boys to the ughly out. — bad (or about-to-quit) farmers wili ‘plough a field fail of creeping grass to get a corn crop; they get an gres. corn crop and the field is f found Ps pr parlance) to ek * clean run out," or (as I should rather put it) to o thoroughly foul that it will take two years at — ard a heavy ep * get it straight. Now in India we have, not one or two, but many ereeping grasses to eontend with ; the safety of the diede cultivator is that he has a hard pan, impervious to creeping grasses, which his cultivator travels upon but broken. He get i water i t. y add that if a Bengal field was ploughed with an English d nuns just before dibbing, I doubt whether the rice would get a firm enou g have no doubt this id be the result. The "En glis à skilled agri- eulturist in this ease would have been md to have on land perfeetly clean before he commenced on it with his English plou ] am not at all oe manm a pom in applying the English plough in B ee hands in Bengal. ney it w be exceedingly difficult to af a Bengali cultivator e clean hi s land 289 N before ploughing, or to undertake any extra labour to pe a better crop in a bad season ; he would say that if the rain should n ast on the average time that would $ the will of Providence, ane over (as see below) I think there is something easier than deep ploughing which might be done to assist the crop when the rain stops too early, Manvurine Rick FrELDs. A second favourite proposal is that the Bengalee cultivator should be taught to manure is rice. It has — urged on the Lieutenant- The Bengalee eultivator has little manure and he applies what he has mainly to his cold bh a i crops. There is a considerable quantity of cowdung used for fuel. It might be possible to forbid by police ukase the burning cf cowdung i in Caleutta and its suburban sene tati do not think it would be remunerative to purchase extraneous manures. The effect of manure may be considered as similar tb Pu t of deep ploughing, and it must be recollected that it is quite possible to get corn too st The rice crops, when a full one, often suffers before harvest by petting laid into the mud and water when the eL is Pile up n November ; this is especially the case with the Am EXPERIMENTS WITH CAROLINA Rick. ird Government plan has been to introduce eter Ak as foreign "prolific sorts of rice. The Carolina rice has a arge grain ; it does not follow that the produce per aere would be larger, far less that th i it oai be more valuable than that of Bengalee small-grained kinds. Government for 20 years past has been sending round this Carolina rice for trial in Bengal. A ba d a is sent to each collector; the and the dibbling early. There was a very heavy crop, but no native dealer would purchase it, and it was finally „bought by a European merchant for export to ea ndon. Government is still (up to three years ago) sending round bags of experimental Carolina rice to the collectors. The Bengalees distinguish shades of flavour in rice; they do not like American or Burmese rice; they do not like large-erained coarse rice ; and they do not like newly harvested rice, as the say it disagrees with them extremely, The Rowa rice in Mymensingh, harvested in December is kept in raised well-thatched granaries till the following August, when the Calcutta traders’ large boats arrive; it reaches Calcutta just In the 18 aged enough for the Caleutta baboos to f 4 famine Government import urmese rice largely into Behar =z distributed rations of it to those emplo oyed on the famine relief wor But thes recipients largely sold their ete to traders, by whom the) Burmese rice was exported back to Burm SUGGESTIONS ror Improvine Rick CULTURE. I concluded my first (1868) paper on rice um saying that I did mot think we had much to teach the Bengalees in ‘rice growing; and this stasenicnt did not, I fear, conduce to the popularity “of that paper. I E 56362. n 290 will venture here to mention a few points where I see the best chance of mene nts being effec nost important point is that the Rowa should be dibbled out as early as T ible. iis is in general not done; the rain comes, and by the mi Pes of July the cat ator us his field but the plants for dibbling are not ready ; a month or eeks later often he cultivates his field over again and dibbles it. Ones reason of this is the deep-seated Bengalee prineiple never to do to- Su what = pa be put off till to-morrow, and to do everything incompletely ; he says, “it is not quite as it should * be, Sahib, but it will aet p vi "p he real diffieulty in intro- w no Sor Kiss rice that was dibbled between Ist August f rd rice; while if the rain stops between Ist and 15th October the forward rice gives nevertheless an excellent crop. Many of the simple o due to their Lai Sie in dibbling; but I have never spent a whole season among these peoples. difficulty i is dutéünisted, itis true, in dibbling rice in Bengal c the uncertainty of foreseeing the exact time when the land will ready for r dibbling, so that it is impossible to raise the seed-bed to fit; the rice must be a certain length for dibbling and cannot stand over long in the seed bed, so that the native eultivator plants his seed bed in fair average time; rather late than otherwise. It thus often happens that the field is wet enough for tilth before the seed bed is ready for dibbling ; and in one season I saw in Burdwan the water came so late that. the seed-bed rice = seriously injured (and some dead) before it could be dibbled and a defic nr. es the. Burdwan a ensued. But this difficulty could surely be met by some combination among the cultivators to have a series of paras * to follow in succession," RAILWAYS AND TANKs. For the increase of the gross rice produce in Bengal Seat s= ba pan unication a margin o the eae Sina would be made to grow rice, if com- munications gave a good market. Also irrigation tanks could be largely increased in ‘Chota Nag fiore where the long gradual slopes at the head- * of the valleys lend themselves to such. -Communications in Bengal tion of European enterprise, for no well-educated Bengalee wishes to live in the wilderness; and the o ing of a railway produces a line of schools, where before, at great direct cost to Government in paying ones "teachers, no satisfactory schools could be kept. Whatever is to be taught the Bengalee cultivator must be taught by example. It is no use whatever to “lecture him; it is absurd to expect him to adopt a new, outlandish, and troablesonie process unless you show him clearly t at it is remunerative. You must therefore have model farms in central, accessible situations where this can be shown, 291 OTHER Crops. 7 _ I fear that it will be very difficult for Gover pe to show remunera- thought that if one tenth of the ‘English ener ey | y ad aee had been devoted to the wild date palm (Phenix sylv Me d, that have been devoted to tea, the results would à been very surprising. Few educated natives take any real interest in agriculture; on the European tea planta- tions Bengalee baboos are kept as clerks in the office ; but as overseer both in the field and in the factory, Paharias are usually preferred to Bengalees. The Bengaiee sete esteems rice as the great crop; and, “if he tries to grow any other, be it sugar cane or onions, his one idea is irrigation, My view is that rice is the very last crop on which we should attempt to give the Bengalee instruction. C. B. CLARKE. LXXII.—SILKWORM THORN. ( Cudrania triloba, Hance.) With Plate, This is a tree evidently of wide distribution in Met and known as the Silkworm Thorn. Its Chinese name is Tsa. It belon shrubby tree it was introduced to this country in 1872, and a plant (bearing staminate flowers only) growing at Kew has pr oved sufficiently hardy to stand the winter in the open ground. The juvenile shoots are armed with strong, straight-pointed, axillary ; ema while the leaves on the same shoots are broadly three-lobed. entral lobe is Mire deltoid and much longer than che side lobes, e leaves of matur fruiting branches are entire, broadly elliptical or obovnte-elliptiill vu i smooth above, pale beneath, 21— 41 inches long and 11— 23 inches broad ; the petioles are 1—1 in ich lon (dicecious) flowers are = come heads (capitula) single the axils of the leaves. somewhat hard, and shin n pairs in he fruiting capitulum is elliptical, pete The plant was escribe under its aoe name mf the - Dr. - ; Hance, in Journal of ENS ^ ME 9. The synonymy is Gudra ania tricuspidata, Bur. in Jav, Arb Segre z. 243, and Maclura tricuspi ta, , fig. 37. and «Hork 1872, 56, fig, d: It is also igei ind: setar ib "Nicholson, Dict. : Its extensive ene: eben in China may be gathered from the fact that — -there are specimens in the Kew Herbarium from Sha tung ghai, Binge, Ichang, Kap Kwsalung, and Hooper Island, Corean Archi- e ite t i Chinese plants. Dr. Henry states that the Silkworm — to be as good for silkworms as the mulberry, but it is not used long as mulberry leaves can be had, because the tree is thorny and it is bt odi to pick off the leaves. It is given chiefly to adult silk- B2 QU ae Bi 2 'The staminate amd ‘Distillate A horn is cone ipee nen es soon betoi finished it is sick used. t of aout 20 ted to the Bentham "Trustees for the opportunity add this interesting plant from the Zeones Plantarum, ; VIL, = 1192. Explanation of Plate.— Fig. 1. bugie — 3. Stamen and subtending h segment. 3. Pi ur ate flower, rsed in its capitulum. 4. Sing e flower remov e in se Sec T. Portion of fruiting capitulum. fuit and Ryle Base: s. ‘Fre laid open, 9, Embryo. Enlarg LXXIIL— JAMAICA INDIA RUBBER. eres duh G. Don.) r. ese subjects are, Nicaragua, or Puts uber (Casita elige) Kew Bulletin, Dec. 1887, E arrieballi - p. 1 0 merara rubber (Forsteronia gracilis), Mare p. 69; and Lagos rubber (Ficus Vogelii), November a further note on a new rubber is eon locally as the milk wythe, or milk vin irel; confined to .the Island of Jamaica, and is dandi mountain woods of the interior = th ter an t Elizabeth. It is closely allied to the plant already mentioned, but the caoutchouc, judging ) imd ene nade the I India~ evga ta G - The report of the India-rubber, Gutta-percha, and Telegraph Com: Pay of Silvertown, obtained th rough S. W. Silver, Esq., F.L.S., pr that this nat ive rubber of Jamaica is of high aduta value, and it might give rise to an Bod aah local industry if it were found possi to increase the piant by cultivation and to pursue the subject in ees z er, : s latter point the Government of Jamaica will, no doub consult Mr. Favo weett, Director of the Botanical Dep di Jamaiea might be glad to be placed in possession of in io Vou a ie rubber plant which stands so high in intrinsic r Vari samples of commercial rubber manufactured from the Jannis clit are enclosed, (Sigue) e Momnm. Edward Wingfield , Esq., Colonial Office, [ Enclosure, | INDIA-RUBBER, dde pe AND TELEGRAPH ROR Company 1 OYAL GARDENS, KEW Silvertown, London, E dde E 1888, e sample received with letter from Kew, 2th Septem! 1888, consistad of a lactescent juice ny coagulate idi a a ‘ong! cid reaction. bein y it was contained in a stout - ot! cud : 10 ounces capac s rtion which had coagulated in the boite could be à only by fracturing the same i B- 294 mother-liquor should not be thrown away, but should be continually worked up with fresh juice. "The method recently g given by 3 Mr. Alvan Millson for the recovery of caoutchouc from the “Abba” tree, is admirably adapted for the ve et of the juice of the Forsteronia floribunda. rubber from this plant is so remarkably good that no time should be lost in submitting samples — red on the spot. The rubber cannot be seriously deteriorated by any process likely to be used in its recovery. ere is n ~ seat but - the examination of the natural juice of a plant p in most cases, enable one to point out what epom, should be taken t o ensure the best result; still the fact must not be sight of that such an examination might lead one to suggest hen difficult of being carried o out. e surrounding circumstances, and Washed: caou choue, o 22 ounces or ordinary crude caoutchoue as generally met "with, bor ees A. About 21 ounces of this daot was recovered, the weight being that of the washed and drjed article. In colour and strength it ap- ches more nearly to the better descriptions of Para rubber. Mixed with sulphur or SEA it vulcanized perfectly, in being solid, firm, and strong. Itis a light colour when vulcanized. B. About 14 ode ‘of this produet was recovered when washed and dri was much darker in colour than sample marked A. This remark applies also to the washed product, but it is not nearly so tough as A, LXXIV.—SEEDLINGS OF SUGAR CANE AT BARBADOS. (Saccharum officinarum, L.) ‘The sugar cane is one of the most valuable economic plants we It has been cultivated for so long a period that the ae — habitat LI the species according to De Candolle, i i unknown.* Ben in Flora ong Kong, p. 420, states that * We have no berum ** record of any iol wild station of the common s sugar cane," Fur- ~ ther than this, in com with many plants that ‘have been for a - long time under cultivat tion and réprodueed solely by means of buds and suckers, the sugar can rarely produces muture fruits that no one, as far as we are aware, has ever seen them. Certainly in the rich Herbarium at Kew there are no seed-bearing specimens. In botanical - works the subject is often referred to, but apparently only to restate the fact that botanists like MeFadyen in the West Indies and Roxburgh in India “have nev Z Schacht is one of the fi ers o has given a good analysis of the =. of the sugar cane including ^h pistil ; he also had not seen the ri In seti the problem how far the saccharine qualities of the sugar cane cou ld be improved on the same lines as those so success- fully adopted with regard to the beet it was lately pointed out in a e addressed to the Colonial Office that, owing to the posu of |— * Origin of Cultivated Plants (1884), p + Hooker's Botanical Miscellany (1830), du I. p. 95, tab. 26, produeing fertile seeds having mane been lost by the sugar cane, it was impracticable to deal with it by means of cross fertilization or by the ordinary course of seminal selection. It was further pointed out that new and improved varieties amongst sugar canes were to be looked for amongst — variations, and planters were advised to mark any canes n slios eparture from -— type and cultivate them sugar. bci ion mer thus been ditodod to the subject by official notices published in sugar emen japones several communieations have been received at Kew from per who believed that they we able to afford some information on hes putat whether the sugar cane "—— seed or not. time ago hele was published in the Government Qu ette of this m * neighbourhood. Some time afterwards 1 went to see the sort of cane * from which the seed had been gathered, but the plant was dug up and * [ could only learn that it was a purplish cane." xe seed sent by or Gaines corn. Recently, hov iMi a statement has reached Kew, from a trust- worthy source, that seedling sugar canes had been found at Barbados, and that plants were in course of being raised at the Botanical Station in that island, under the care of Professor Harrison and Mr. Bovell. ed B. Harrison is Island professor of chemistry and aspere keai at Barbados, and in conjunction with Mr. T. R. Bovell, who is Gipériatelident; of Dodd's Reformatory, he has been engaged fo for the last ree years in cer em chemical experiments with various kinds of to sugar cane s, s also the relative merits = new and old varieties “of canes now under veunavations in the West Indie The statement sent by Professor Harrison appears to en in a pertectly natural and circumstantial manner, that a few ma seeds may occasionally be produced by the sugar cane under dime 1 circum- stances. It is stated by o that the sugar cane *'never : a t I > shape seedlings, self-sown or otherwise. The canes that would be likely to produce fruit would be those eoe nearest to the original wild cane, obably - A pe — E S et 2 Q e o = zB et ^ and would be less rich in sugar than the canes improved by a long course of cultivation. P Without promig a decided opinion on subject, and in the absence of jhe specimens themselves, the Seule o supplied Professor Harrison is, so far, the most tangible of an ria received to show that the altei .sugar.cane.may oecasiona lly produce mature fruits. 296 Government ieu vere Jee 17th Pa rne 1888. On certain of the higher dist the island fro to time growths of sugar cane Fecha dis grass have ba: "ed but in most cases no attempts have been made to cultivate them. Mr. Parris some years ago succeeded in raising a few canes from the cane arrow or flowering shoot. Mr. Oy rke ae the same with the arrow of the parple produce young canes, Mer mpi them, Kno ing thas ses, Mr. Bovell and myself considered that a favourab opportunity of examining into this que offered itself during the cultivation of the varieties of canes which we have here. These canes were planted in rows of four broad by 25 feet deep, and so as to have two sets of each kind, in all 36 plots of 18 varieties ; planted side by side. The plots up by some o the varieties. We gave strict orders to the labores employed in weeding and watching the a T n. t land to dis eh to us any g depth of 18 inches. Some 80 or 90 plants 8 sprang up at intervals after- wards. We found a good deal of difficulty in keeping t them alive, as the sun quickly shrivelled them up; it was necessary to protect them in the absence of any Tertii of old cane in them, Their mo: le ofo bori was quite different to that of canes grov from the eyes of canes. Sixty plants were successfully Buspisitad and are being cultivated. At present they are not far enou gh a advanced in their growth to speak kinds, probably five or six at the jd sb: H Hunt think E worth e vell and myself will send you a specim ane of eae i January or February next, when they will be uani far adere to show their characteristics. The way in which they first grow is quite is, o ciate much more favourable for production of seed than the of one variety only. I have never heard of the Bourbon c cane predicting here fertile arrows, in ali the alleged cases of fertility the arrows were either those of the pu ire or white-transparent varieties which, as you are aware, are prone to variation. We shali again attempt this year to obtain the same results. Iam anxious to have the benefit _ of your opinion upon this year's ‘esl as of course, if we can establish the fact of the cane oeensiona y; and, under derai favourable con- ditions, producing fertile seed, it wi ill open an important field of : om eim, J. B. HARRISON, 297 LXXV.-—RAMIE, (Boehmeria nivea, Hk.) The difficulties attending the development of the Ramie industry appear to be not confined alone to propering the fibre as detailed in a recent note on the subject (p. 273).* Itis also found that that those who have in a measure been ‘successful in preparing the fibre in com- received at the hands of spinners and manufacturers. In a word, it is found that Ramie fibre when produeed is practically unsalenble in the London market at the present time. A corres Juge interested in Ramie estates wrote to Kew a short time ago :— * We have spent much capital on Ramie, but s yet cannot see our * way to commercial success. e have produeod excellent filasse, but * the cost has been far too great id the chie eulty seems to rest, * not in the production of filasse many systems [if the question of cost , “ is set aside] have accomplished this, but in the spinning of the filasse Sin No British manufacturing firm appears willing to take up * this business except on terms that would practically give t * monopoly ; they pu esas a guaranteed minimum of raw material * whieh we cannot In a subsequent m the same correspondent states ;— “Tam age to thig k that the only way m succeed with Ramie * or Rhea fibre. Have you had any adis imas or can you put * me in communication witb, any manufacturers, who may be disposed “ to take up this fibre as a specialty? I am interested in a works and * process for the preparation ree Ramie filasse in the form similar to the * enclosed sample. With our present appliances we could undertake to * deliver it at from ten to twenty ewts. weekly. So far we have -: een * able to find any manufacturers here so inclined, and the ed * material has been sent abroad. you can render me any bras * it will be esteemed a favour." Since the receipt of these letters Kew has been favoured by Mes Ide and Christie, a respectable firm of fibre brokers in the City, "idid a mon ovember. In this eopy of thei y circular dated the 15th November. cireular, under the head of China Grass and Ramie, it is stated :— n 31st ulto. a large parcel, consisting o 130 t * ribbons and 20 tons ramie or rhea in various stage preparation, “ were put up for publie sale, practically without reserve, and afte r * Kew Bulletin, November 1888, p. 273. 298 * numberless processes and machines Mg inventors have set forth * for its manipulation, the result of this wired be viewed as dis- * tinetly discouraging. It would almost open s if no bite demand “ exists for this interesting fibre, and that, in ae pom attitude of * the manufacturing interest, the application of skill either to cultiva- * tion of the plant or extraction of the ‘filasse, is premature and “& misplaced.” In order to understand the present. position of the Ramie industry it would be useful to adopt some kind of classification of the details con- nected with it. In the first place we have the mere i: usines cultivating the Ramie FA and of producing stems with the fibre in the best possible condition. This is vavely the work of n planter. Secondly, we have the the process or processes ied to separate the fibre from the stems in the form of ribbons and filas t is necessary for many reasons that this should be done either by t the planter on the spot, or by a central factory close at hand. uirdly, we have the purely technical and manufacturing er in which Ramie filasse is taken u p the spinners and utilized in the same manner as Ve. on, flax, and silk are utilized for the purpose of being made into fab For our present purpose we may take it for eee that the eultiva- tion of the Ramie plant presents no de asina difficulty. Also that if a suitable selection of soil is made, and the locality possesses the neces- sary climatic conditions as regards heat and moisture, there is no reason to doubt that Ramie could be ; grown to greater or > ane in Noc of our tropical possessions. As regards the second stage— is involved the decortication of the Ramie iilis oid ew ge as ds at p. 273, is by no means completely solved. On this really hangs the whole subject. The third stage is dis- appointing and unsatisfactory, because the second stage is still uncertain ; ro Luc of machinery specially constructed to deal with it, Owing to the com- paratively limited supply of Ramie fibre hitherto in the market no large firms of manufacturers have thought it worth while to alter the present, or put up new machinery to work up Ramie fibre. If appliances, or processes for bere. | Ramie in the colonies were already E and the fibre came into the market regularly, and in large quantities— say hundreds of tons at a time—there is no doubt m anufacturers would be fully prepared to deal withit. At present the industry is practically blocked by the absence of any really successful means of separating the fibre from the stems, and preparing p cheaply and effectively. This, after me is the identical pr eil which has baffled solution for the last fifty yea LONDON: Printed by EYRE and SPOTTISWOODE, de e = the ie Majesty s most Excellent ENT. esty's Stationery Office - [49,—975,—11/88.] CONTENTS. Date. | Article. | Subject. Page. | 1888. ; January AKIS | ym Fruit emen 1 Vietoria, South Aust P 6; estera Australia Macs 10; Tasmania, Zealand, p. 13; C Goons, P. 15; ; Maar, p. 20. u XXX. Saccharine 23 February XXXI Seeds of Herbaceous Plants at Kew -| 25 March XXXII. Forsteronia Rubber at Demerara | 69 CForsteronia go Benth. y XXXIII. Felohopi (Pogostemon Patchouli var. 71 e XXXIV. We i Afíica ean Indigo Pla -| 74 5 XXXV. Vanilla = Vanilla planet, ` Andr) 76 with e, 5 AXXVI. Streblus Pager CStreblus asper, Lour. -| 81 A XXXVIL | Us A ibre (Urera tenax N. E. Br.),| 84 " XXXVII. | Ten ( Camellia teifera, Grif.) 86 | ; Madagascar Tea, eo Pea. x 87. April New Garden Plants - : ; 5] 89 May - Cm (Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, | 123 i Brazilian Gum Arabic (Hymenea Cour- | 128 baril, L., deci | Angico Mart. * XLII. Trin idad ie ede eril D) -|129 E XLII. aris Continued i 1 133 ae XLIV. ochin Vin C Vitis Martini, 134 gE- Fan x aye ii XLV Madagascar Ebony 135 p XLVI Shantung Cebtage (makica denda, 137 June (LV I. Manufacture of — in Indi 39 » XLVIIL | Job's Tears Lackryma, d var, | 144 went ds with p k XLIX. Ram a ( Bernat nivea, Hk. | 145 nd B ar. tenacissima, Gaud.) » L. Botanical Station a at Lagos 149 July. LI. Bbabur' Grass (Ischemum angustifolium | 157 meme with plate, = ue ma yos 60 LII. Valonia i in Cypru s (Quercus Æ ilo L.) | 163 " LIV. | Prickly Pear in South Afrien -77 65 LV. 2 po (Illicium verum, Hk. t), with 173 Colonial noe Rc ets ed) amaica, p. 178; Bahamas as Teldan p. 180; Barbados, 184; St. Lucia, p. 185; D , Vincent, P 187 5 Geta, * 188 ; Trinida British Guiane, p. p. 192, dae Article. Subject. men vr (continued) Pantie: Movteearak. 214; St. "Christopher and Nevis, p. 215; Virgin Islands, p. 215; Bermu da, p. 2 India-rubber in Upper Burma (Ficus elastica, Roxb.) Colonial Fruit Sein Sierra Leon Bt. Helena, p. 252. Lagos rubber (Ficus Vogelii, Miq.) Liberian Coffee at the Straits Settlements Caffea liberica, Bull. t oil and eake (Camellia Sasanqua, unb.) Denari Pink root (Spigelia anthelmia, Food grains of India (continued) (Coix gigantea; Roxb. Yoruba Indigo (Lonchocarpus cyanescens, Benth. ), with plate. Tpecacuanha ( Cephaelis Huskless Barley - Ramie (Boehmeria Kaay. Trials of métiadh and processes at Pari — Copal ( Copaifera Gorskiana, rh Culiivation j in Bengal - —— eo EU th pla nra: (Forsteronia a, G. Don n) S Cane at Barbados arum officinarum, L. fBenié- (Boehmeria nivea, Hk. f.) -