w. ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. е, BOTANIC BISL BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. LONDON: PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from 8 HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co., 104, m ON STREET, DUBLIN. 1891. Price Three Shillings. CONTENTS. Date. Article. Subject. Page.. 1891. January CLXXXII. He ipe сте fibre (Raphia vinifera, 1 ú CLXXXIII. | Chinese g ginger (Alpinia Galanga, Willd.) 5 * CLXXXIV. | Production of seed and seminal variation | 10 | in nh sugar-cane. February CLXXXV. | Ipoh poison of the : 4 Peninsula (An- | 25 i aris toxicaria, L js CLXXXVI. | | Kath, or pale ¢ Mak. epe m Catechu, and | 31 A. Suma). » CLXXXVII. voeem of cane-sugar in the sugar- | 35 ^ T CLXXXVIII. Timber = xm - - -| 41 » CLXXXIX. | Phyllox - -| 44 » CXC. акагы station at Lagos - -| 46 » CXCI Mealy-bug at Alexandria - - -| 48 March CXCII Cotton in West A -| 49 š CXCIII List of orehids Psi eh at Kew i in | 1890 “< 58 AM CXCIV Dammar from New Caledonia .| 76 April CXCV Persian ае ог tombak (Nicotiana | 77 Tabacu ^ CXCVI Botanical seca in the Niger Protee- | 84 torate. » CXCVH. spies barilla (Sueda fruticosa, L.) 36. 35 CXCVIII. am rubber for West Africa Wicus 97 щт» ca, Bl.). May and June СХСІХ, вона enterprise in the West Indies, | 103. 890-91. (Mr. Morris’ Mission.) July CC. Gold Coast eter on station · - -| 169 * CCI. Bahamas indus - | 175 š CCIL Argel aves Билен ` Argel, | 177 Hayne » CCHI —Ó jaborandi (Pilocarpus pennati- | 179 folius, Lem.). A CCIV Journey in qu - | 188 3; CCV. African oil palm ( 155 guinténsis, Jacq.) | 190: August CVI. Orchid nomenclature 193. ne CCVII New garden orchids : в: L - - | 197 mM CCVIII Artificial coffee- - | 201 » CCIX. Kana e or Deecan hemp T. canna- | 204 binus, L.). » CCX Indigenous mid of Ya и - | 206 s CCXI Planting in Per; - | 220 September CCXII. — —— Cyprus (Aspidiotus au- | 221 antii), wi є CCXIII. Re-discovery of кай percha tree at Sin- | 230: gapore (Dichopsis Gutta, Benth.) ССХІҮ. New process for recovering loss of gutta | 231 percha. Date. 1891. September ”> » October and November Article. CCXV. CCXVI. CCXVII. CCXVIII. ССХІХ, CCXX. CCXXI. CCXXII. Page. Subject. Tagasaste (Cytisus proliferus, Linn.) ~ | 289 — n buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum, | 244 нь notes - - | 245 Chinese fibres - - 2 - | 247 Ipoh poison of tm beri Peninsula (con- | 259 tinued from Botany of the Gambia Delimitation Com- | 268 mission. Miscellaneous notes - - - | 275 Historical Account of Kew to 1841 - | 279 List of seeds of hardy herbaceous plants, 1 and of trees and shrubs. New garden plants - - -| 88 b +. 2 1A ш + ^L а k о d 55 Index to Kew Bulletin, 1887-91 - 68 [All Rights Reserved. | ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 49. | JANUARY. [1891. ` CLXXXIL—WEST AFRICAN BASS FIBRE. Raphia vinifera, P. de Beauv. This palm is d in the Flore d' Oware et de Benin, vol. I. p. 76 (tab. 44, fig. I. et tabb. 45 and 46), from which the sect Eee have been и, It is very abundant on the borders о in ets. is very large, about 4 feet long, and fo ses ie hank avy load he tak man to carry. What this tree lacks in height is compensated for by the beauty uf its form, the brightness of its colour, and its imbricated shining fru The stems are used to form the framework of native cela and the leaves, bound with lianes, are used for thatch- ing. Huts so built are substantial, and afford a good protection from the rain and heat of the sun, but at the same time serve as a haunt for vipers, rats, and other vermin. From the trunk an intoxieating bever- age of a whitish colour is obtained, and is called ру ЕЁ the natives Bourdon ' 's it is not pe 80 sweet as ane lm wine, but is. more vinous, and appea co a larger tity of spirit. The fruits of this Dalm, lich « are err oer all бе: year round, are likewise PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY, And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, EYRE AND — on DE, East HARDING STREET, FLEET I E.C., and GDON STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ; JOHN MENZIES & Co., 12, HANOVER STREET, Borspcnon, and} 21, DRURY STREET, GLASGOW; HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co., 104, GRAFTON ба DUBLIN, 1891. Price Twopence. 2 said to afford a beverage of a second quality which will keep for a ec ee = time, The Board of Trade Journal [November 1890 p. 596] quotes from the Lagos Weekly Times an account of the fibre, and states that it * promises to замн: an important and valuable addition to the ex- *€ ports from It will probably bë found a useful substitute үр Piassava, an account of which was given in the October Bulletin for correspondence has taken plae between this estab- lishment and the Colonial ‘Office on the subjec COLONIAL OFFICE to Royan GARDENS, Kew. Sir, Downing Street, — %, — I Ам directed by Lord Knutsford to transmit to you despatch from the Governor of Lagos, reporting that he hid aieri to you, for analysis and report, a box containing 20 lbs. of bass fibre obtained from the Raphia vinifera. Lord Knutsford will be glad to be informed of the result of your ex- amination of the parcel in question m, &с. Ere EDWARD WINGFIELD. The Director, Royal Gardens, Kew. Sir A. MOLONEY to COLONIAL Orricr. nd House, Lagos, My Lorp, t 20, І wave the honour to report that there. "D go "forward by the t mail steamer to the Royal Gardens, Kew, a box con- ema 20 Ibs. of a bass fibre obtained from the Хоры vinifera ог wine palm of West Tropical Africa. 2. The m I had ет prepared during my last visit to the — dist 3. On its а find, ” area of supply, local preparation and uses, as also on its prospects as an export for which I anticipate a bright an and profit- able —— I have drawn up a minute with a view to = advertisement. og; Мәх І ask your Lordship to let the Director of the Royal Gardens, Т, who takes such deep interest and pie e encourage- ment to the development of the economic botany of our colonies, have a copy of this despatch, and to allow of the circulation of the minute among the various Chambers of Commerce 5. I attach a copy of the notice that has locally appeared inviting the attention of the public to this fibre. I have, &с. (Signed) ALFRED MOLONEY, The Right Hon. Governor. Lord Enutsford, G.C.M.G., &c. Extract of MINUTE T the Governor of Lagos on the Bass fibre of the amboo palm (Raphia vinifera). In a letter received by me, shortly after my arrival in TAA in February last, from a well-known Manchester firm, a sample of a fibre known as * African Bass” was fo orwarded, with the following remarks: “Tf this ean be found and shipped in quantity I could sell larg quantities. It should be kept straight, tied up first in small bundles, . thickness of a man’ š a hundredweight each. It must be kept straight, whatever the length, as the bends spol the fibre 25 makes its ones to Tea ** Please note hs brown fully meis: ilr is д to the light red colour; present value 30/. to 32/. p In the * African Bass” of which ine ain was sent to me I w colony, used, I may say, by every fisherman in the manufacture of his lines, and prepared from one of the most plentiful of the palm trees of the colony, the Raphia vinifera, or “ Bamboo” palm The “ African Bass ” is in appearance a stiff and wiry fibre, varying in colour from dark brown to light red, dependent for its shades on duration of soaking. It is most readily obtained in lengths of from 3 feet to 4 feet, beyond which length it is inconvenient to pack and — ~ aeey without injury to the tree. In diameter it varies from о y of an inch, the latter of which may be accepted as the limit à ец to be admitted i in a commercial sample for the European t is used, I believe, mainly in the manufactnre of hard brushes for various domestic and manufacturing purposes. The demand appears to be very large, and the price, as shown above, is exceedingly _ satisfacto The source of its supply in this colony alone may be said to be prac- tonia айаны as will readily be acknowledged when its origin is explai The « Bamboo” palm, or Raphia garni is perhaps the commonest tree in the swamps and low lands whic e the waterways of the colony. Dense thickets of these palms, ен эне only by the palm wine gatherer or the bamboo cutter, push their way into the lagoons, and extend over the flood grounds, and even to a distance of from 15 to 20 miles up the river valleys into the interior. e area occupied by these Пара forests it would be impossible to calculate, but it may be accepted without doubt that they extend throughout the length of Me colony, and to a distance of at least 15 miles from the sea coast, an that over this area of about 5,000 square miles they form a bea к proportion of the GR a AEn only in numbers to the Oil palm with the extent of the acreage which must be overrun 5 this freni pa alm Everybody i in the colony is aware of the manifold uses of the Raphia palm; how from its leaves hats, cloth, and cordage are made, from its leaf-stems rafters, fences, and walls, and from its crown of young unopened leaves palm wine of excellent quality. Of one part only the se seems not generally known, and it would appear that this particular О 65221. 875.—1/91. Wt. . A2 ` 4 portion of the tree, though hitherto treated as useless, is in reality of more value than all the rest. When the “ Bamboo” cutter clears away the leaves from the lower stem of the palms the trees present a very ragged and uneven appearance, owing to the practice of leaving a portion of the leaf-stalk adhering to the parent stem. These base-stalks partially encase the bole of the tree and project upward and outwards, forming the scaly covering which gives so strange an appearance to a grove of Парма palms. From these stumps of the leaf-stalks the native fishing lines are made. The fibre is extracted by a process of soaking and scraping, which is exceed- ingly simple and is fully understood by every bamboo cutter and line maker. It is this fibre which is known in the European market as on even terms with the sources of supply which at present monopolise e . the market ж * * * In the Yoruba language the Raphia vinifera is known as 191-одито, Eriko and Akpako ass fibre as Гуо, and the fishing line /yo-oguro г Гуо-адбе. the natives use this fibre for fishing lines, and as twine and rope. Messrs. Тов AND CHRISTIE іо ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. 72, Mark Lane, London, E.C., Dear SIR, October 10, 1890. i We duly received your letter of 8th instant, and to-day brings us the sample of fibrous material found at the base of the leaves of the mboo ” palm of West Africa (Raphia vinifera). | 25 _ We have seen this material before, and the small importations that made (some years ago) were not at all well received by consumers, who found that the expense of cleaning and the ultimate result were most unsatisfactory when compared with the price and results of South American Piassava. During the past year or two, however, the market values of the latter have undergone a great change, Bahia Piassava having largely risen in producers’ .` price. We think, therefore, that it might be well worthy of specimens herewith, and clean them effectively from all the adherent small fibre. Only the strong healthy fibres should be selected and pre- pared, and the various lengths should be bundled separately. The material being somewhat of a novelty, it might be well for shippers to confine their first shipment to, say, 10 to 20 tons, so as to try the market adequately. If properly selected and cleaned we estimate that it would sell at 25/. per ton to-day in London, a figure that, in our opinion, should leave a handsome profit to the producer. ours, &с. (Signed) Тре AND CHRISTIE. D. Morris, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. Messrs. IDE AND CHRISTIE to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. 72, Mark Lane, E.C., Dear Sir, October 24, 1890. е your favour of the 23rd instant, and duly note the contents of enclosed =e from Minute of Governor of Lagos on the fibre of Raphia vi ince we last wr fot tb you on this subject, a few bales of “ African Bast” recently imported have been sold and reached the extreme price of 421. The fibre had been carefully selected and remarkably well cleaned, hence the excellent market it met with. We scarcely expect this price would be maintained for substantial quantities, but for fibre of equal merit the immediate outlook would seem to indicate that 357. to 401. might be the range of value. Yours, &e. | (Signed) Іри AND CHRISTIE. D. Morris, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. CLXXXIII.—CHINESE GINGER. Alpinia Galanga, Willd. Every one is familiar with the preserved ginger which comes to our dessert tables from China, and is imported in earthenware jars of more or less artistic. merit. s long ago as 1878, Dr. Perceval Wright, Pro- fessor of Botany in the University of Dublin, € to Kev, | pointing out that the “large flat finger-like masses sent to this coun a as preserved ginger,” differed from iral that the ordinary ginger plant (Zingiber —À could possibly produce. The fact itself was obvious as scon as it was pointed ou The question then чуге sas arose what was the plant used b Chinese. Ginger itself, as is the case with so many cultivated plants, is unknown ina wild state. But there can be little doubt that it isa native of Asia. It was known as a spice to the Greeks and Romans, who received it by way of the Red Sea and supposed it to be a pro- duction of southern Arabia. It was very early introduced into the West Indies, from which it was shipped for commercial purposes Europe as early as the 16th century. The dried € met with in British commerce is almost entirely derived fro e West Indies, Sions ев Leone, Egypt, and India. 1t is noteworthy he we receive none om Chi At the ` instance of Professor Perceval ае sag Mr. G. H. M. Playfair (of H. M. Chinese Consular service) sent a Wardian case of the Chinese plant to Kew in 1878. The satis were sciatis ithout diffieulty and б distributed to tropical colonies. Unfortunately е brought us no nearer the solution of the difficulty. That the plant was different to ordinary ginger was obvious. = prt of the сае family, as is the case with many plants which are easily propagated by their екй, are shy of flowering in cultivation, ‘wile their foliage is all so much alike that it affords ù equate means of СЕ The plant maed refused to flower at Kew, as it also appears to cene done in to donations of growth in ‘some colonial stot enabled ie to be furnished with the necessary material for identification. In the meantime, a root of a girger from Siam shown - the Health Exhibition at South Kensington in 1884 proved to be alive when received at the Kew Museum. As it obviously differed from it, and ultimately in flowering it in 1886, when he communicated хын ‘following account to the Gardeners’ Chronicle (July 31, 1886, р. 150). * Siam Ginger—Amongst the collection of fruits, &c. shown by the Siam ominis at the International Health Exhibition, held at South Kensington in 1884, were some roots labelled ‘Ginger.’ These were obtained for the Kew Museum, but one of them being alive was — to grow, and it is now bearing stems 5 feet high, and is in comparing it with the drawings and specimens in the ный Мг. Baker has identified it with a specimen labelled * Alpinia sp., Bangkok,’ which was collected by Sir R. Schomburgh in 1864, and which is very near to A. Allughas, also a native of Siam, where, according to Schom- burgh, it is cultivated for its Cardamomum-like =a and is known as as Luk-Reu or Bastard Cardamom. Under the e of Galangal, A. and lane" cultivated bes the Siamese as a substitute for Ginger. rhizome is very thick, slightly flattened, and not so freely branched as in common Ginger; it has the pungent aromatic properties of Ginger, so far at least as could be told by tasting it. ‘There is some reason for believing that the Chinese Ginger of commerce is not obtained from at present they have the same habit, broad leaf and rhizome, of the Siam plant. In Zingiber officinale the inflorescence is borne on a sepa- rate short stem without leaves, X barren stems being about 3 feet high, and clothed with narrow Nel «8. foliage. ; in Alpinia the flowers are borne in panicles on the ends o tout leaf-stems, the well known tans and the newer A. ж, А. beautiful garden plants, being familiar « Or mie ^ n 1887 Sir Joseph Hooker figured the plant in the Botanical Maga- Pm (tab. 6944) as a new species, Alpinia zingiberina. The rhizome he describes as “ very aromatic ?` they “smell and taste а good deal * like the officinal plant; they are, however, very much larger, at * least three times as thick, are much more shari and irregularly ** branched, and the branches are thickened in ihe m Mr. Baker in working up the Scitaminee for tke "Flora of British India has arrived at the conclusion that Alpinia zingiberina is not essentially distinct from Alpinia Galanga, Willd., the Greater Galangal, a plant d uà native of Java and Sumatra now much cultivated in India for its rhizome. In December 1888 we received the first authentic flowering speci- men of the ** Chinese Ginger " from the Botanical Department, Jamaica. It was grown at the Hope Gardens, by the Superintendent, Mr. Harris. This proved, as suspected by Mr. Watson, to be an Alpinia, and also identical with the Siam plant. It is in fact а more than the weil known Alpinia Galanga. Specimens received in the present year from the indefatigable corres- pondent of Kew in Dominica, Dr. Alford Nicholls, F.L.S., confirm this result, and Mr. Ford, the Superintendent of the Botanical and Affores- 7 tation Department, Hong Kong, having flowered the Basm in the Hong Kong Botanic Garden, arrives at the same conclusio Professor PERCEVAL WRIGHT to ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. Trini meee Dublin, Му DEAR i Fon time I have been anxious to know the species of plant which produces the large flat finger-like masses sent to this country me al the каны е could, апа this morning І got Swatow, April 25th, 1878, saying that by the same mail that brings it, а friend of his, Мт. Т. W. Richardson, sails, “bringing іп a Wardian case half a dozen of the young ginger shoots, which he will on * arrival in London take or send to Kew. I have given him a letter “ to Sir J. D. Hooker asking the latter to forward the plants to you, * and suggesting that if all survive, he should, if he cared for them, * keep one or two at Kew.’ Should they turn up and prove all sickly, M you ag A ask that they be all cared for at Kew before coming on another jou urs, &c. o (Signed) E. P. Waren. G. M. Н. Prayratr, Esq., to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. H.B.M. v Swatow; Dear Sir, April 22, 1878. I HAVE been requested by Dr. E. P. Wright, professor of Botany, Trinity College, Dublin, to send him some specimens of the plant from the root of which the preserve, known as “ Chinese Gingen is made. By good fortune a gentleman at this port, Mr. T. W. Richardson, is on the eve of his departare for uk land, taking with him various plants i in a Wardian case, and he has ost kindly offered to take six young ginge plants among them to be таей to yeu, as Dr. Wright енер for ibis res to Dublin uld the whole or the greater portion of these plants survive the yop I hope you will not seru ple to detain some of them for the Kew collection if they are required, and I shall feel aber ‘obliged if you will be so kind as to forward the remainder to Dr. Wright, at Dublin Later I to. find a convenient opportunity of sending tubers, leaves, flowers, &e. of the mature plant preserved in salt ard water, or otherwise, for the Dublin Botanical Museum, and I shall again venture on the liberty of addressing the packages to your care. I forward this letter favoured by Mr. Ric bar dson. Yours, &c. dab. G. М. Н. PLAYFAIR. Sir J. D. Hooker, K.C.S.L, С.В. С. М. H. Prarram, Esq. to Колт, Garpens, Kew. H.B.M. —— — My pear Мв. DYER, I REMEMBER a sending home those roots of Zingiber i in a Wardian case, in 1878, to Dr. Edward Perceval Wri ight. If my memory serves me, I did not send any plants or parts of plants in salt and water. What Dr. Wright wanted was such parts of the plant as could be utilized for the purposes of botanical identification, such as the flowers, or, failing these, at any rate the fruit. But it has been estab- never flowers. He has been in the country since bod: and is not likely to be mistaken ; the natives, moreover, assert the same. The plant is рока entirely by tubers, I believe. It is “hopeless, therefore, to to identify it fully. Dr. Hance told me in 1878, when I made inquiries on the subject at the instance of Dr. E. P. Wr right, that, in his of sweetmeats. An application to him would, doubtless, elicit more detailed information on the point. . Canton is the head-quarters of preserving ginger; the plant grows here too, and is used as a condiment, but not as а sweetmeat. As І said abore, it is, to my knowledge, impossible to obtain either a flowering or “fruiting specimen. If you would let me know whether the leaves ‘and velit alone Mais be of any use to you, I should be happy to procure Yours, &c., (Signed) G. M. Н, Prayrarr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer, Esq., C.M.G. ExTRACT from Dr. Trimen's Report on the cad Botanic Gardens, Pérádeniya, for 1885, p. 1 Chinese Ginger.—Of this plant, the source * the preserved ginger of commerce, nothing is certainly known. In China, where it is grown, it is said never to flower. І have received from Kew a box of roots, which are growing well at Pérádeniya. The plant is clearly quite distinct from ordinary ginger, and I await its flowering with interest. Extract from Mr. Ford's Report on the Hong Kong Botanical and Afforestation Department for 1886, Appendix I. Some doubt has existed as to whether the Chinese have not one or more kinds of plants in use as ginger that are unknown elsewhere of plants generally included by the Chinese as ginger with the hope that when in eultivation they can be studied and observed in such a mei as to secure all possible information in сойлоп with this subj While at San Ui I was fortunate in being able to obtain from cultivated plants good flowering specimens. These I dried, and together 9 with specimens of the roots (properly rhizomes) forwarded to the Director of Kew sitet for a study of them to be made there, where they can be compared with other kinds, or with specimens of the same The specimens which I procured were, without doubt, Zingiber officinale, the species commonly in cultivation in other parts of the world. It is, however, possible that some other plant, which is not a true ginger, may be used in making the celebrated Canton preserv but all the information which I have yet obtained points to the species Zingiber officinale as the only kind which the Chinese use for this purpose. The ginger cultivated on the Lo-Fau Mountains has a wide reputa- tion amongst the Chinese as being of unusual efficacy in medicine; this superior quality may, however, be derived merely from peculiarity of soil or climate, which communicate to the plant exceptional pro- perties. Dr. H. А. Atrorp NrionuoLrs, F.L.S., to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. Extract. Dominica, West Indies, Mx prar Mr. Morr July 5, 1890 I HAVE succeeded in Е: the Chinese Ginger at Saint Aroment, and I send you a botanical specimen (taken from a shoot aly 41 feet high) by this be You will be enabled бой t his specimen to ч арш, the plant, and I hope I: may be first in the field. I was € first to get the Yoruba indigo to flower, but foolishly I did not send speci other specimens of Chinese Ginger Sowers pressing, and you can have hem if m wish. (Signed) UH A. ALFORD NICHOLLS. SUPERINTENDENT, BOTANICAL AND AFFORESTATION DEPARTMENT, Hone Kone, to Котлт, GARDENS, Kew. баай DEAR Tel Hong Kong, July 10, 1890. * Chinese esce ” enm you had at Kew, and sent to write about this when the fruit has “matured, when I will write fally on thè subject. Dr. Trimen fornei me that it would not fruit in Ceylon. Yours, &с. W. T. Thiselton Dyer, Esq., C.M.G. (Signed) CHARLES Fonp. 10 CLXXXIV.—PRODUCTION OF SEED AND SEMINAL VARIATION IN THE SUGAR-CANE. r. Darwin sums up the results of many well-known observations tication, Vol. I lants which f cau ow t * luxuriously, duce wes stems, runners, suckers, tubers, “ buibs, &c. in excess, hei do not flower, or if they flower do * not yield seed.” As a mple he gives (p. 169) the sugar-cane. This, “ еол grows ob eme produces a large supply of succulent * stems, never, according to various observers, bears seed in the West 4 Indios, Malaga, India, Cochin China, or the Malay Archipelago.” o one has ever found the sugar-cane gro wing wild, and no one, says Alphonse De Candolle, in his well-known “ Origine des Plantes Cul- tivées” (p. 125), has ever described or figured the seed. The late Mr. Bentham always spoke to me of the seed of the sugar-cane as a thing entirely unknown in herbaria. Hackel, the most recent authority on grasses, states in his recently published Monograph of the Andropogonee тшт respect ч е seed of the sugar-cane, “cariopsin nemo adhuc етм videtur.” DN nee of practical men has been to the same effec Leonard W аў x Proetieat Sugi Phanter, ” 1848, pp. тва мын the question at great length. А few passages may be quo “ ften hear of ‘ cane seed,’ and latterly a very aun inqui was set on foot with a view to decide the question whether the sugar- cane is really raised from seed in any part of the world or not, which terminated, I believe, in establishing the fact of there being no country known wherein the cane is, at — ey raised from seed ; whatever may have aoe the case ie earlier age * * * = The ашы recurring = that canes аге raised from seed in Egypt and the Јес Indies has kept alive a strong belief that the ch i e numerous have been the endeavours, both private and public, which have been made to become possessed of it. The Royal Agricultural Society of Jamaica took up the subject, and exhibited much industry in collecting information ; and, for aught I know to the contrary, may still be инш — o inqu uiry." * 3 * * He finally arrives at the conclusion, “по variety of sugar-cane is * known to perfect its seed (or, indeed, to produce Ae like seed), “ either in India, China, the Straits of "Malacca, Egypt, or even in the * South Sea slands i as in those countries the cane is entirely * propagated by cuttings” Lock, Wigner, and Harland (Sugar Growing and Refining, ad authorities nearly 40 years later, may be quoted to the same effect (p. 61 ** Tt has more than oo been cael that the sugar-cane is in some localities reproduced from seed, but the statement “has originated in a misconception, there being no kind: of sugar-cane known to regularly perfect its seed. а is, therefore, effected slav by means of cuttings from the stem e number of varieties of sagas-cané in existence is ты їп the Jamaica Botanic Gardens in 1884 there were 60 u cultivation. The interesting question arises as to wh they have * 11 originated. Looking at the fact that the raising of sugar-canes from seed has long been a parently unknown, the conclusion seems most кы ЛА that these varieties ane slowly developed by the selection of known as bud variati That is, a cultivator has noticed a are cane in a clump which ama de exhibit some advan In 1886 a correspondence e took place between Kew and the Colonial Office as to the measures жек n ight be taken to мирге the sugar- cane, as undoubtedly the sugar best had been improved, by persistent analysis and selection. As to the desirability of the attempt, and the importance of the results which would flow from it if successful, there could be no matter of doubt. But an institution such as Kew can onl advise according to the materials that exist for its scientific judgment. In the case of the sugar beet, the cultivator dealt with a plant which could run through its life in a comparatively short space of time, and could again and again be reproduced from seed. gine advantage of the well-known principle of “seminal variation” yea appreciable advance could be УДА towards the desired oe But in the he sugar-cane, there was nothing to indicate at the time, that anything of the kind could be done. All the evidence pointed to the fact that the sugar-cane had lost the power of producing seed. Under the circumstances, there was nothing but what is called “ bud variation ” to work upon. The advice given to the Colonial Office in this sense seems to have been transmitted to the several sugar-growing colonies, and to have beeu embodied in official notices. The following appeared in “The Darbadoes Agricultural Gazette” for August 1886 :— Roysat GARDENS, Kew, to COLONIAL OFFICE. [ Extract. ] "T ns, Kew, May 13, 1886. * Mr. Thiselton Dyer deems it advisable to direct’ the attention, not only of professional эйр, but also of planters, to the fact that new varieties in sugar-can e to be sought in bud variation appearing ems announcements ides to at communications — received at Kew with reference to the supposed seeding of ar-cane Thus, in 1887, a correspondent in Fiji sent what he кз believed to be the true thing, but which turned out to be Guinea cork (богойат vulgare). The most important communication was, however, one from Mr. J. B. Harrison, the Island n i Chem mistry and Agrieultural Science at Barbados. This was d September 17, 1888, and was published in the * Kew Bulletin ” for December of the same year. For reasons which will appear in the sequel it is now reprinted. Prof. Harrison to ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. —— Laboratory, Barbados, 7th September, 1888. On certain of the higher districts of ses island from time to time growths of sugar cane resemblin ng fine grass have been noticed, but in most cases no attempts have been made to cultivate them. Mr. Parris some years ago succeeded in raising a few canes from the cane arrow or 12 flowering shoot. Mr. Clarke did the same with the arrow of the purple ` transparent cane, but did not seg in getting the seedlings to flourish, and my wife’s father many years ago succeeded in getting the arrows to ane young canes, but not in penare them. Knowing these es, Mr. Bovell and myself considered that a favourable opportunity of. examining into this — offered itself during the cultivation of the varieties of canes which we have here. ‘These canes were planted in rows of four broad by 25 feet deep, and so as to have two sets of each kind, in all 36 plots of 18 varieties, planted side by side. "The plots were noticeable this year for the number of arrows sent up by some of the varieties. We gave strict orders to the magne ae in weeding and watching the adjacent land to report to us any grasses springing up upon them in any way Меша. a vam usual weeds. Towards the end of January they reported to us that a Sault tufts of grass different to the usual kinds were — their appeara We found these to be growing in a rather narrow belt of the field « on one side of the plots and ir alittle below it, following the direction of the prevailing wind. ey were found not only on the surface of the field, = < of 18 inches. Some 80 or 90 plants sprang up at intervals after- e found a good deal ы се in keeping them alive, as the with certainty, but there appears to be amongst ares several different kinds, probably five or six at the least. If you think it worth while, January or February next, when they will be sufficiently far advanced to show their characteristics. The way in which they first grow is quite _ sufficient to account for them not being often noticed upon the fields. The weather here during January last was particularly favourable for their growth, and the fact of different varieties being grown side by side is, of course, much more favourable for the production of seed than the owth of one variety on have never heard of the Bourbon cane producing here fertile arrows; in all the alleged meres of fertility the arrows were either those of the purple or white nsparent va arieties which, as you are aware, are сый to variation. We: shall again attempt this year to obtain the same results. I am anxious to have the benefit of your opinion upon this year’s Pme as of course, if we can establish the fact of the cane occasionally, and, under certain favourable con- ditions, producing fertile seed, it will open an important field of investigation. J. B. HARRISON. The interesting discovery of Messrs. Harrison and Bovell gave dis- tinction to the important work in the scientific investigation of the conditions of culture of the sugar- re сеи аг as 1 know alone in the Empire these gentlemen had for some = carried on at Dodd’s Reformatory, Barbados. Attention had already been drawn to the ` = da and capability " with which this Wo had been prosecuted, in * Kew Bulletin " for June 1887 (p. 9). 13 The importance of the discovery that it was possible to raise те sugar-canes, attracted а good deal of attention in the West Indies, Its penus significance was clearly summed up in an article in the * Dem rgosy " for April 13, 1889. I extract the following passage :— “ From what we know of the great improvement that has en place in other cultivated plants, through selection in seminal n, the generat can hardly prove other than important and [armed An improved variety on the best we now have may not be obtained, possibly fon several years, but we may be confident that if the better kinds do, or can be induced to breed, with systematic attempts, carefully con- ducted to Баға the operation, and careful trial and selection of the progeny agen forms will in time result.” The same view was expressed in a letter from Kew to e Colonial — rendi 9, 1898, (2 Kew Bulletin, ” 1889, pp. 242, * From the point of view of the sugar planter it dei highs if established and intelligibly followed up, i is capable of effecting as much improvement in the ee and in its yield of sugar, as has been effected in the beet. Scientific men are never content to accept a fact on mere statement, Before the seminal reproduction could be regarded as more than highly probable at Kew, it was necessary to see authentic specimens of the sionally pro- duce barren inflorescences, which bear е bulbils instead of seeds, and аз № s. Harrison and Bovell do not profess to be botanists, it would have bett. no diseredit to them if ыу had been misled by га acircumstance. In fact, Dr. Fressanges of Mauritius, seems to hav fallen into this error, to inde from the account given in the “ pote of Botany " for October, 1890, pp. 303-305. This doubt was, however, dissipated by the receipt from them at Kew of portions of the arrow (flowering panicle) of the sugar-canes supposed to yield the seedlings. They were carefully studied by the Assistant Director, Mr. Morris, and I take the following account of the result from a letter —= com edem by him to the * European Mail" for August 20, of the present year * Some Meudon of spikelets were carefully examined, but it was only after a lengthened examination that a few seeds were ound . .. Some cg bes ds niatter had an important botanical — a commercial side, Mr. Morris communicated the facts of Messrs. Harrison and Bovell's in = стое and ultimately reached the eyes of Mr. ison who the meantime, on the recommendation of Kew, had bee minted to another post in Demerara. 14 This led to the following communications being received from him. GOVERNMENT Бакти. he formerly observed in the case of ers, a variety very rich in sugar, fertilisation without formation of шей he first of all tried to 6 seed by crossing it with a wild kind which produced seed. Here нын refrain from reproducing the original report of Soltwedel, which appeared in the Tijdschrift voor Land en Tuinbouw, etc., of the Ist July 1887, in order to show how minutely he went into the question. He writes: “ For the purposes of this орах of cross-fertilisation ** we this year selected Glagah and Loethers ; Glonggong was out of the “ question, because this kind of cane i not come into flower. until * Loethers has done flowering. But the endeavour to produce cross- ** fertilisation is accompanied, in the case of the sugar-cane, with almost ** endless difficulties, because of the extreme minuteness of the flowers. * Dr. B. uses, instead of seeds, the more accurate botanical form “ fruits." 19 * By the aid of very small anatomical scissors we endeavoured to cut * away the, as yet, unopened —s buds from a number of flowers of * Glagah and Loethers. After so doing we put into the thus partially & sterilised flowers of Glagha, der duit of Loethers and vice versd.” As a matter of fact it was not possible to ascertain, later on, whether this eross-fertilisation had suceeeded or not, however, almost at the same -— fertilisation са observed in the case of E a of the her tha e Loethers variety Ind true can - this year the бейте of seed was aed in nine diffe rent ное Sol “еб has given details of these in the following table : VARIETIES OF SuGAR-CANE PRODUCING SEED. -cen f h Name. EE Mowers which Seed. ER т pens minate rmed Seed. | Milligrams. Yellow cane - | Hawaii - 3:0 0:20 16 Teboe batoe - | Borneo - 6:0 0:16 15 Teboe koening - - тпео - 4*5 0°10 6 anche - | Mauritius - 31:0 0°15 85 TS - - | Mauritius - 0°37 0°20 — Teboe rapooh - -|Jav - 0°23 0 22 Teboe soerat balie - | Java - 0°36 0:20 us Teboe soerat redjoe - | Java - 13:7 0:11 a: Teboe i - | Java - 0:8 0°20 20 Glonggong - - | Java (wild) - 8:5 0°16 — h - | Java (wild) - 24°0 0°34 — “ Thus, in a spikelet of Branche blanche we found the greatest number of seeds, out of 100 flowers there were = on the average which ad formed one seed each. In the case of Tebo ж» we found the fewest seeds, as there was only one seed to 435 ot The seeds are exceedingly small, those of Glagah being the ee £c those of Teboe koening and Te boe soerat redjoe the smalles A very large number of the seedlings eer dit ; only from the yellow Hawaii cane did Soltwedel эз уе 1887) obtain strong plants which grew metres. In the 1888 he divided these into cuttings, and obtained from them in the own; year plants of 34 metres igh. From what has been stated, there can be no doubt as to the man to whom belongs the honour of the discovery of the s ne seed Without wishing to hurt the feelings of the West Indian investigators e German investigator. As far back as В wedel was actually in possession of the seeds, whilst the Barbados inves- tigators had in 1888 only arrived at a н (which was still open to dispute) as to the existence of seeds from germinating cane plants, and indeed had probably only ана the pee in the cane flower for seed, without being acquainted with the seed Further, besides Soltwedel, another BAR in Java, Dr. L. Ostermann, had in June 1887 obtained seedling plants by sowing whole tassels in moist soil (Benecke, page 51). Afterwards a chemist named Schmitz, Ostermann, and more especially Dr. F. Benecke, obtained numerous 20 plants by sowing isolated seed grains, the whole of which the writer had the opportunity of seeing. I have already mentioned at the outset be the first cut descrip- tion of the Sugar-cane seed had issued from the Samarang Station, in the shape of the pamphlet of Dr. F. Pandya who was labouring there along with Soltwedel as botanist. This work, " Morris charac- terises as “a very clear and w aceount of t e whole maer, 1889, and finished somewhere about aptent of the same E. The translation (the MS. was written in German), execution of the drawings, and printing were surrounded with eU special difficulties, so that the latter was not completed until January 1890. So much towards clearing up the question as to priority of discovery. I may add, in conclusion, that in Java itself people do not attribute to the discovery of the seed that importance for the practical culture of the cane which they appear to do in the West Indies and other countries. I hope I have met your wishes in this matter, and remain Yours fraternally, H. WINTER, As will be seen, opinions differ as to * whether or not any advantage will be gained by the use of the seed.” An excellent account of what so far been accomplished in British Guiana is given in the “ Demerara A ” for November 1, 1890. This is worth reprinting, if only for the emet observations it records on the seminal variation of the E a SEEDLING SUGAR-CANES. The s cc propagation of the sugar-cane from seed is as yet in its infancy, nevertheless some facts of interest and T RN have been discovered which are worth briefly summarising here. псе the time ` that the re-discovery, at Dodd's Botanical Station, bitid of the seminal fertility of the cane was authenticated, realising its potential importance, systematic experimental work has been carried on at our Botanie Gardens, as our columns have before disclosed. That the very earliest varieties of sugar-cane can reach maturity the first year of their growth from seed has been shown as possible under favourable circumstances this season at the Botanie Gardens ; though it must be admitted that even with these very earliest varieties both the proportion of canes in a stool and of plants to а bed of the same variety which flower the first year is small. Seed of the variety Karakarawa, which is one of the two earliest kinds in the Colony, was sown on 1st October last year. Three months later the young plants were taken from the seed boxes and pricked o out in baskets, five or six in each basket. Six weeks later again they were shifted on singly into larger baskets, which were about six inches deep and wide, and in which they remained till they were from 1 to 1j feet high, when, on the 19th April last, they were planted out in the open ground. At that time each plant consisted d a solitary shoot, noue having begun to sprout from the base. few eeks later, however, they began to tiller freely and to grow rapidly, died by the middle of September a few shoots of the more advanced plants were in flower, di completing the cycle of growth. As, when they were planted out in the ground in April, the young p plants were only in an equivalent stage to that of a cane top put into the ground at the same time, the record above given shows that seedling sugar-canes of the earlier varieties make rapid and vigorous growth once they get , > NE past the tedious period of infancy, which occupies from four to six months. Only, however, the very e aaa varieties mature the first year; all the rest, though they may be only a month or so later in their period of flowering, miss the first season of arrowing, and consequently have to go on to the following autumn before the chance of performing that — occurs again ; so that for the great majority of varieties it may be said that two years are required from the time the seed was sown 4f» the seedlings to mature, or from 15 to 18 mana from the time they were strong enough to be planted out in the o ground. This is a suficient proof, if any were needed, that the idea of resorting to seed for propagation in field agriculture is impracticable, and that the present methods of propagation by cuttings or stumps will E to be cone ges to in the future as in the past, if only for economy ntime. But, of course, the insuperable obstacle to using seed in field Bistagstion, even if time could be regarded, as the Indian regards it, as of no consequence whatever, is the delicacy aaa slow growth of the sugar-cane in infancy. In the climate of Guiana, field hs iens of the cane by seed would probably not yield an average of o r cre. As we have emphasised before in these columns, men only useful possess of the su e's new varieties. Of this method of propagation and its results we have now had two seasons' саты ar short as the period is over which s have nded occurs in эшш generation in the sugar-cane ; usd the second the marked tendency to improvement shown in this variation. as re are numerous instances of m Spo but the general tendency is clearly on the lines of improvement in each particular variety that has been so far successfully tested. The | progress in improvement is pitan of course, and the degree naturally in direct proportion and relation to the character and quality of the parent canes, The inferior varieties, for instance, do not produce large varieties in a single generation, but as with better kinds, few or many of the progeny show a decided improvement on the parent stock. In the majority of instances the improvement, though evident, 2 not pe but occasionally an instance occurs that is a striking advan This is the ground of encouragement in pursuing this method of Io aic, If among the seedlings of a variety is found in the first generation a plant twice or thrice the size of the parent plant, we are justified in expecting that by selecting this larger plant and discs d from it again we shall get still further improvement, to repeated again and again in succeeding generations. This, we may note, is one of the points already achieved. By recording the name of the variety sir which each lot of seed was thered, when it was sown last year at the Botanic Gardens, this possibility of improvement has been Votnblished with certainty, so far as the Minero altorded by a few varieties in a single generation can be taken as a guide, and we know of no reason against its acceptance, We have mentioned the occasional im ment observed in size in the seedlings of these — recorded dd varieties; but the variation in colour and form and other extern € aracters is = eneral and conspicuous than that in size. In the ority of in s there is an evident approximation in physical ж ice Кенд to the ` 22 characteristics of the parent, but the departure from this typical state overs the entire range of variation possible, tm the least to the widest extreme. Of this wide range too many instances have occurred to leave any room for doubt on the ground of possible error of record as to variation is slight, but several cases purely white or purely green canes have been = E dark purple ones. We have said that in the majority of the seedlings there is a general approximation to parental eness, but absolute likeness does not бла а very great proportion to _ the whole variation. The degree of ар imation varies, however, in the erent kinds, the smaller inferior canes € a larger ne that a stray seed of some other kind had got into the stock, but, as we have also before intimated, the several i ae of the — that have occurred. are too many to require or to justify resort any such explanation. It мын not improbable in fact that if nis one of the inferior varieties, possessing a fair degree of germinating power upon which success Due depends, were taken in hand, that by seminal propagation and ear е. selection from the seedlings, as many varieties, showing as wide a range of size, colour, маты ‚ &е., eM procur: = it in a, few generations, as all t inds of cane collected from П sugar-growing antc which we now aeris азі This i aded sina gathered from our brief experience, justifies sanguine hopes of improvement in the ө жетине of the varieties we now cultivate, and imposes the obligation of zealous endeavour to realise this improve- ment. ie encouraging feature of seedling canes is that the features they == рор appear not to be their best or permanent ones. During t rst two years, at the къз hay | under Observation here, there seems to be = anny general im ement in character. Where the first shoots have been slender, subsequent ones have come double the size, and where in the earlier canes the joints have been short and often bearded, in the later ones they have been long and clean, and a higher gloss and glow have also developed in the colour. So that as two full years are in most in- - period is necessary for them to develop their true character. The inference may be taken from this that if the cultivation of the seedling canes first discovered in Barbados had been extended, the objectionable features for which they were discarded and destroyed would have disappeared ; in which case we should probably not now have to lament varieties of cane, we have intimated as well that our object—that is obtaining an improved variety of cane to any now existing—would no doubt be earliest realised by breeding from the better kinds. The primary — required are—first, large size, io give weight of cane from the fields, and— second, sweetness to give yield of sugar from the canes. m "may be regarded as the primary and absolutely essential qualities of a good cane, while it is admitted at the same time there are 28 several important minor qualities, which, though dispensable, are also desirable. ‘These pertain to the habit of ‘growth, resistance to drought, earliness, flowering or non-flowering, degree of itch to the leaves, of fibre in the cane, &c., &c. In selecting breeding stock it must be admitted that we have much to learn on the ир of the transmission internal chemical variation. But we must wait another year, till our pedigreed seedlings have matured, before we can speak with assurance on this point. However, the uncertainty need not affect our present action ; there can be no question, whether the saccharine quality varies or not in descent, the best stock to breed from is that possessing in largest degree the qualities, separately or combined, of hin ae of cane and of sugar. There are three possible ways in which we may look for improvement in the sugar-cane. We may obtain a variety that will give a larger weight of cane per acre, though it may contain no more sugar per ton of cane than the better kinds we possess now. in, we may obtain a variety yoding a higher jane of sugar, though the weight of cane be not increase ed. This is what has bee — show what is to be sought in propagating the sugar-cane from seed. We shall not get an ideal cane ; but Mr. Neville Lubbock gave the r contents just mentioned may be left "tb 'conjecture and the result of future work, but it is along the lines pops to those ends that we confidently look to make progress. The seedling gives us an indication of what is possible. This is а plant d unknown parentage and fortuitous birth in Barbados. It was among the earliest natural see edlings discove red ае by Me essrs. Harrison — Bovell. thi osum up. Though the work done in Java undoubtedly anticipated that done in the West UE by Messrs. Harrison and Bovell, it attrae but little eral attentio: , The E disce of these latter gentlemen has been termed “ e Even if true, that is no demerit. Most 24 discoveries in some sort are accidental. They often lie, so to speak, t done in the matter was to put it on record and give it a scientific verification. For my part, I have no doubt, looking at the whole history of the improvement of Бегма plants, that the discovery, for so Т think it, of Messrs, Harrison and Bovell has been the starting point of a new era in the cultivation of the sugar-cane, and with time and patience I do not see why even the aspirations of Mr. Neville Lubbock should not be realised. But it will require both. At the moment of sending this paper to press I have received the following important communication from the Director of Forests and Botanical Gardens, Mauritius. It shows that the advice given from Kew in 1886, as to the possibility of effecting something for the improvement of the sugar-cane by taking advantage of “ bud variation,’ though based upon theoretical considerations, was fully justified. do not, howe ever, pit one method against the other. I simply point out that the cultivator in quest of new varieties has, so to speak, two strings to his bow. W. T. THISELTON DYER. Roxar BOTANICAL GARDENS, Млокиттоз, to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. The Gardens, Curepipe, Mauritius, DEAR pate 9th December 1890. * * * Raising canes from seed to get improved varieties will be a long and tedious affair, and there will be many n before a really good mt sugar-yielding variety will ained. I think ink it probable that more and better results will be bathed by good cultivation and by new Vias from bud sports. Of these last we have eight or nine in alone, e ve hardier than their parents and yield more sugar. They are mostly obtained from new canes recently introduced. The sudden change of climate, soil, and other circumstances cause them to be thrown off. More of them might t be obtained if the planters were more grees than they are, and closely followed the cane cutters when cutting the canes. Thus they would range all their fields over, perhaps, areas amounting to 1,500 acres, matching each cane as it is seen cut. Аз things are, a new variety is only observed should it chance to dem б up in an outside row. our eet) José Horne. W. T. Thiselton Dyer, Esq., C.M.G., F.R.S [All Rights Reserved. | ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 50.] FEBRUARY. — pe. CLXXXV.—IPOH POISON OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. Antiaris toxicaria, Lesch. The use in the Malayan region of a Masa poison to tip the bamboo arrows, which are discharged from a blo w-pipe 7 is too well known to need description. To this the name Upas is given in Java, and Гро by the Malays elsewhere. Both ra have the same meaning, and, according to Blume, эмн а. signify poiso dh to cds the sap when drawn off mem анг Ld elaborsió pre- paration before the blow-pipe arrows are tipped with it. But he expresses the probable opinion that the sap alone would be found equally deadly. ts poisonous properties are, in fact, due to a definite chemical sub- stance which has been extracted from it called Antiarin. this the following short account may be conveniently extracted from Watts’ Dictionary of Chemistry :— * Antiarin. (CHO +20.) The poisonous principle of the Upas Antiar, a kind of n resin which exudes from the Upas tree йн toxicaria), and is абе by the Javanese for poisoning PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY EYRE AND SPOTTIS PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT М AJESTY. be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from EYRE AND » SPOTTISWOÓDE, East HARDING STREET, FLEET еме, Е.0., and ABINGDON STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.; JOHN = & Co, 12, HANOVER STREET, prenons, and , DRURY STREET, GLASGOW ; HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co., 104, GRAFTON Sesar, DUBLIN. 1891. Price Twopence. 26 their arrows. It is extracted by exhausting the upas with boilin alcohol, es to dryness after the antiar-resin (which is да sce has de posited, t renting the extract with water, and evaporating to a syrup; the үм ate then takes the form of scales, hic are puri rified Y re-erystallisation n. It is without odour, sc de ка 5 C. in 251 р is neutral to М papers. It likewise аат іп dilute seid When dried at ordinary em ak e it жине 13:4 per cent. of water of crystallisation, which it gives off at 112? C. It melts at 220° C. into à colourless liquid, which assumes a Exe aspect on cooling, and at a higher ternperature turns brown, and exhales acid vapours. Dehydrated antiarin contains C14H20O5 Du we p. с. С, and 7:45 Н.). Sulphuric i dieit: - res afterwards dentis ; its poisonous action is remarkab к> accelerated Ъ mixture with a soluble substance, such as sugar. (Mulder, Ann. Ch. Pharm. xxviii. 304.) ’ It has long been known that a precisely similar use of apes blow- pipe arrows "obtains in the alay peninsula. nd the tree which furnishes the material with which the arrows are tipped has been generally regarded as identical with Antiaris toxicaria. Half a century acea, and remarks on the la EC in the Kew Herbarium, * the small-leaved Epoo or J Е poison ué arsenic is said to be : © mixed with the milk А otherwise . . . ‘said to be inert.” In 1881, Sir Cecil Smith, n 10W cM e but then Colonial Secretar of the Straits Settlements, comm icated to Kew a bottle of Ipoh poison as well as foliage speci ens y the x ee from which it was ob- tained. These were collected by Sir Hugh Low, then British "Resident in Perak, at the Plus river, The poison was EY aware’ to a very careful examination by Dr. Sidney Ringer, rofessor of Clini- cal Medieine at University College, who ранай ‘that it pars perfectly "The lant seemed identical with баі Selen by башы, and both were identified at Kew with the Javanese Antiaris toxicaria. Sir enin Hooker in the Flora of British India adopted the same con- chusi br 1 889 the Straits Government sent to Kew further specimens of Ipoh Tees , which were again examined by Dr. Ringer with entirely pi ем ults, eda were not, however, unprepared for this result. The Datch 1 botanist Blume in his fine work J?wmphia has given an elaborate account of the Javanese Upas and of the tree which yields it (pp. 46-59, tt. 22, 23). But he points out that Rumphius, our earliest authority on Д Malayan botany, distinguished two kinds of Upas trees, which he termed Arbor toxicaria femina and mas respectively. The words emale when applied to plants in the East have no special meaning, and are little more than fanciful terms of discrimina- tion. Rumphius’s femina was destitute of any spel ти апа Blume has described it as a distinct species under the of Antiaris innoxia (Rumphia, рр. 171-173, t. 54). Не recei E paia both from the is land of Timor where Spanoghe* found that the sap was * Spanoghe’s ме rin the — Upas of Timor is — that of Leschenauet t kind in Hooker's Companion to aes Tened Magazine, vol. i., pp. Ам 27 destitute of any poisonous effect on animals; he also gives Celebes as 2 locality for the innocuous plant, Other botanists have not, howev found themselves able to attach much weight to the distinctive анна, pointed out by Blume, and there сап be no doubt that what ——— principally in = мой was its remarkable difference in the erties of the two form ‚ however, made by botanists on a tural feair phological 7 аныл, and not on physiological. In the same species of Cinchona it is now known that there are the widest differences in the amount and even nature of s alkaloids which can be extracted from the T€ An equally striking, and even better known instance of difference in properties, pee cane oa by any difference in external битись, і is afforded by two well-known British umbelliferous plants, Gnanthe crocata and Cicuta virosa, which Sir R. Christison found to be innocuous when grown near Edinburgh. Kurz in his Forest Flora of Burma (vol. ii., p. 462), followed „4 Sir Joseph Hooker (Flora of British India, vol. v. pp. 537, 538), have combined the poisonous and innocuous forms under the older species . Antiaris toxicaria Brandisin his Forest Flora of North West and Central India has iden- tified with Antiaris innoxia the Antiaris saceidora of South West Indi the western ghats, and the hills between them and the coast.” sare made of the thick woolly fibrous inner bark. The method is thus described by Graham :—** A branch is cut corresponding to the * length and diameter of the sack wanted, soaked a little, and then * beaten with clubs till the fibre separates from the wood. This done, * the sack formed of the bark is turned inside out, and упай um may be taken for eed. “that a bark which receives this ра of manipulation must be free from poisonous properties. identification with one and the same — of trees from widely distant localities, which have always been supposed to be distinct, is one of the uses of a large herbarium, Specimens of each can be readil ily brought under the eye at the same time for comparison. i remarks (le. p. 427) :— Another species of the same genus ж Tenkasen (Myah seik, Burm.), the juice is used by the Karens to * poison arrows, but the poison does not seem equal in its effects to that 2 a the famous Upas tree of the Indian Archipelago.” Nothing more ms known of the tree which yields the x arrow poison, but it is vie probably referable to Antiaris tovica And Gamble (Manual of Indian Timbers, p. 332) refers the неде name Myah seik to that species. The facts as they stand present a rather curious puzzle. There can be Е ae msr in Java the Upas tree furnishes a very effective arrow poiso may be inferred that its use originated in Java v ‘some of the other Malay. islands. Finding the same tree on the mainland the Malays used its juice. But they must have long since compet that о Т thentic specimens of Ipoh poison from the , Malay ети Antiarin The following T E gives the official history of the matter and the experiments in detail. U 65653. 875.—9[91. Wt 1. E.&S8. A2 28 EXTRACT from LETTER from Sır Свси, C. Suita to Rovar GARDENS, Kew. Dear SIR, Singapore, August 25, 1881. * * * * Lam sending you a small bottle containing some of the poison * Ipoh," which the Malays use on their darts and spears. There are also some of the leaves, but I am sorry to say по flowers or fruit. We have gotit through Mr. Low, who T to obtain the specimens while travelling in the — Ў, а с - W. T. Thiselton Dyer, Esq. (Signed). is Сес, C. SMITH. Prof. Sipney RINGER to Royan GARDENS, Kew. 15, Cavendish Place, Cavendish Square, W., My pear Sm, November 24, 1881. ND you a report of the experiments made by Mr. Stonham and myself with poh. As you will see it is quite inoperative though we administered it in large doses. Yours, &c. (Signed) Бірме RINGER. ResuLrTs of Experiments with * Ipoh.” 1. Nov. 5, 1881. Healthy frog: 1 c.c. of 5 °/, sol. injected under skin. No effect. 2. Nov. 7, 1881. Same frog as on Nov. 5th. m x. of 20 °/_ sol. No effect. Between eiperiménts 1 and 2 this frog was kept under a bell jar on a table, and this in all probability accounts for the lethargy noticed. 3. Nov. 5th, 1881 Healthy tr 2.44 га i c.c. of 5 “/ sol. 2.53 ec. of Б. ° sol. 3.8 piis i 6.6. of 5 7. ° sol. 3.10 pm., 1 c.c. of 5 ^/, sol. 3.20 p.m., 1 c.c. of 5 ^/, sol. 3.55 p.m., $ c.c. of 5 °/ sol. No effect. On Nov. 7th this frog was quite well, but a little lethargic. 4. Nov. erem 1881 thy frog : 1 c.c. of 20 °/, solution. No effect. б. Nov. ӨШ, 1881. Kitten, six weeks old. т x. of 20 °/, solution. No effect. 6. Nov. 14th, 1 it en, six woke old. m xiii, of pure Ipoh. No effect. Summary :—In all these experiments the drug was injected p gt dermically. In none were an — obtained, Certainly the fi were a little sluggish in their movements, but this was probably owing to their being kept on a dry surface without water Prof. Sypnsy RINGER to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. 15, Cavendish Place, Cavendish Square, W., My DEAR Sim, November 28, 1881. Тнопвн the specimen you sent me is inert, no doubt Antiarin is a powerful heart poison, like digitalis, E scillitin, &c., and its poisonous action is not due to arsenic, for the effects of antiarin on the heart are very different Sn бе of arsenic Yours, &с. (Signed) SYDNEY RINGER. AcriNG COLONIAL SECRETARY, STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, to ROYAL GAR w ' Colonial Secretary’s "are aiios Sin, September 17, 1 I am directed by the Governor of e Straits Вазн to forward she enclosed bill of lading and copy of a ег from the Resi- dent Councillor of Malacca, regarding a box containing sap of the “Ipoh Kayu” and “Ipoh Akar,” forwarded to your address by this mail, and to request that you will be good enough to examine and report upon the sap for the information of this Government. ave x (Signed) . M. SKINNER, = Colonial Secretary, The Director, Royal Gardens, Kew. Straits Settlements. RESIDENT COUNCILLOR, MALACCA, to COLONIAL SECRETARY, STRAITS SETTLEMEN Resident Councillor’s Office, Malacca, Sm, September 7, 1889. I mave the honour to forward, for transmission to the Kew. authorities, and for examination (A) 4 & bot tle of sap from the ** Ipoh Kayu” (tree) Зав toxicaria]; (в) a bottle of sap from the root of the * Ipoh Akar” (creeper). 2. I have procured these samples because the sap of the Antiaris oxicaria ig spoken of in a letter from a London firm, quoted by the £ Director of e =: = л р E ou bei © i: x m b m ber | š * s ТЕ Е: = 5 Ф E зе 30 tallies with the information given me by the aborigines that it was not itself poisonous, but was the vehicle for the other things mixed with it, among which is the sap of “ Ipoh Akar,” to form the blow-pipe arrow poison, respecting the preparation of which I атое details when last in England to Dr. Rost, of the India ues Ihave , (Signed) D F. A. The Hon. the Colonial Secretary, Resident ‘Couneillor. Straits Settlements, Singapore, Dr. Sipney RiseER, F,R.S., to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. 15, Cavendish Place, W., DEAR T THISELTON DYER, December 10, 1890. M very sorry 80 long a time has elapsed before sendin ng you the = n The work was completed very shortly after you sent the material, but ац І have often asked for the report I have not been able to get it from Mr. Bradford who made the experiments. I, how- ver, saw them all, and so can report myse ‚ Gerrard, our dispenser at our hospital, a very able man, carefully examined the specimens* and could not obtain any body, either an alkaloid or glucoside, and came to the conclusion the substance must be inert. Mr. Bradford’s experiments quite at this conclusion. Large doses were used without any effect ; once we thought the heart the substances may be nein inert, 8, &c. (Signed)... 5, RINGER., RoYAL GARDENS, KEW, tò COLONIAL SECRETARY, SINGAPORE, Royal Gardens, тне. ecember 15, 5, 1890. I mave the honour to acknowledge the receipt of: the Acting Colonial Seeretary's letter of September 17, 1889 [Mal. -gg ] enclosing a copy of a ietter from the Resident Councillor of Malacca, regarding specimens of Ipoh poison forwarded to me by the same mail. 2. These imens were р at Kew. I was fortunate in бйр “Dr. Sidney Rin Ringer, F.R.S., Professor of~Clinical Medicine, University College, London, to tindertake their examination. He had been good — to report previously on a sample of the same poison obtained by Sir Hugh Low, British Resident at the time in Perak, and ce it a to Kew in 1881 by the present Governor of the Straits Sir. Ws T1 od recently, reminded Professor Ringer that I had n received any report for transmission to you of ue results of the mod nation he had so Eine undertaken. He has e ape to ‚ышы ва * 1 Ringer informs me that Tak ipli wii yen both proved * 31 me at the delay, but informs me that the work was completed under his supervision shortly after the receipt of the material. Professor Ringer, however, has never succeeded in obtaining from the gentlems who made the experiments a detailed report upon them. He has now been contained any alkaloid or glucoside, and the conclusion was, therefore, arrived at that it was inert. Physiological esperimente ө entirely con- firmed this view, as large doses were used without any effect. This - entirely confirms the results obtained in 1881. 5. 'The inertness, which now seems to be established, of the Malayan Java, the sap of that tree yields a very powerful heart poison. It is possible that the Upas of the Malay peninsula is an innocuous race, different from that of Java. I ea to discuss the whole subject in an early number of the Kew Bulle m, &e. (Signed) У. T. THISELTON Dyer. Sir J. Е. Dickson, K.C.M.G CLXXXVI.— KATH, OR PALE CUTCH. In the Kew Bulletin for October, 1889, an account was given of the source and manufacture of Gambier. This is sometimes called Pale atechu. It must not be confounded with a substanee manufactured in India a latter, when met. with in commerce, is an earthy-looking light brown substance, consisting of cubes about an ineh each side, more or less A enun Cutch, on the other hand, is met with in dark brown masses, hard and brittle on the surface and at first softer within, It breaks easily when dry with a shining granular fracture. It is, however, curious that there is a form of Cuteh w hich a good deal approximates to Gambier. This is called Pale Cutch; and it is the subject of the present article. The excellent ое of the Economic Products of India which is in course of publication by Dr. George Watt, oe the authority of name, and that "E South India the pida was first exported, 32 authors, however, say that it is derived from the Cochin Chinese word to drop or distil. Whatever may be the origin of the word Catechu, it would save much ambiguity if it could be restricted to the extract from Acacia Catechu instead of being made popularly to include one or two properties, but Ri are obtained from widely vg ent plants ex In manufaetured in countries separated from each o our Trade and Жоков Returns the exportation appears as ‘Cutch and Gambier,’ from one would naturally infer that both Catch (or Catechu) and Gambier were exported from India, the relative pro- portions of which had not been determine ed, however, by my friend Mr. J. E. O'Conor that this practice is a remnant of the time when the Straits Settlements returns were published with those of India. At present, therefore, by ‘Cutch and Gambier’ is meant in all Eos chiefly Catechu ; a small amount only of Gambier is re-expor The ы characters of dut and Pale Cuteh are contrasted by Dr. Watt as кү (1. os 35) :— * Commercial Catechu occurs in great meme 6 by leaves or broken into ncs blocks in balls, cubes, or irr r-shaped pieces. colour it is externally of a rus ty brown, internally в a dirty orange to dark liver colour—in some cases almost black, in others port-wine coloured. It is inodorous, with an astringent an =з bitter aea followed by a sense of sweetness. It is brittle, e breaks with a — more or less resinous and shining. The pale form "Kath is bee ured, porous, and under the omer t is sei at be composed of боран masses of needle-shaped сг * Kath, or Pale else: is the restricted name given in Northern India to a grey crystalline substance prepared from a concentrated decoction of Acacia Catechu wood by placing in it а few twigs and allowing the decoction to cool. The twigs are removed, and the crystalline substance collected. Whether the liquid is rejected, or я тонет 4 down to produce a poor quality of dark Catechu or Cutch, As sold tained. sold in the bazaars this crystalline babine occurs either in irregular pieces or in square blocks similar to the dark orange-brown us Catechu. This is the substance eaten by the D Kumaon, although the substance is universally used in " ‘ne portion of the Khairis is — employed in cutting down the best trees, and for these the i hav search far in the jungles; only € o with an abundance of red че ie en wil answer. This is жама few inches square. Under two large sheds are the 33 furnaces,—shallow, and with a slight convex d roof pierced for twenty ides y ett earthen pots. This operation takes place in about an ho f e liquor resembles thin light port, and the Kathi sere чаш on leaves and twigs thrown into it for the purpose, Each pot yields about a seer of an ashy white colour. The work is carried on for twenty out of the twenty-four hours by relays of women and children; the men рар: preparing the wood, which, after being exhausted, is made use of as Fluckiger and Hanbury (Pharmacograplin pp. 242, 243) give "^ following account of Pale Cutch as the result of their own researches * In Kumaon, in the north of India, a slight modification of the topes affords a drug of very different appearance. Instead of evaporating the decoction to the condition of an extract, the рата is stopped at a certain point and the liquor allowed to ‘cool, © coagulate,’ and jen over twigs and leaves thrown into the pots for the purpose. drug is finished off we do not exactly know, but we are told that by this process there is obtained бов заа pot about 2 Ib. of * Kath,’ or Catechu, of an ashy whitish appear “ The Pale Cutch iras o о аз nt ren. in the north of ова is in the form of irregular fragments of а саке ап inch or more thick, which has a laminated structure - agp to ка been deposited in a round-bottomed vessel. It porous, opaque, earthy-looking substance of a pale Sirera ay light and easily broken. Under the microscope it is seen to be a mass of needle- “shaped aar exactly like Gambier, with which in all essential points it corresponds. e have received from India the same kind of Cutch made into little round cakes like lozenges.’ The following documents give а. most recent information on {һе subject : INDIA Orrick to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. | India Office, Whitehall, S.W Sm, 17th January 1891. I am directed by the Secretary of State for India in Council to forward to you the enclosed copy of à Memorandum by . Warth, of the Geological Survey of India, on the preparation of К ath from the wood of Acacia Catechu. Viscount Cross hopes it a be considered of sufficient interest for publication in the Kew Bulle m, &e. (Signed) - A. GODLEY. W. T. Thiselton Dyer, Esq., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director, Royal Gardens, Kew. [ Enclosure. | MEMORANDUM on the preparation of Kath, or Pale Catechu. n Dr. Watts’ Dictionary of the Economic Products of India we find it stated that the merits and the preparation of Kath deserve to be aig cod investiga е had occasion to study the ления and to make experiments, it may be useful to record the following fac The Kath of the North-west Provinces which i is used with pán and the prepared from the wood of Acacia Catechu. The Kath is in its purest state chiefly catechin, a crystallizing substance, nearly insoluble in cold water. The Catechu is chiefly catechu tannin, a substance soluble in €old water and not crystallizing, but some eatechin is usually mixed up 34 with it. The difference between Kath and Catechu is partly due to the methods of иссе partly to the difference in the trees. The trees in Burma differ from those of the North-west Provinces, and at each place hes are two kinds of trees, No. 1 and No. 2, although of — the same sees соед No. s have white spots in the wood, caused by a white substance stored up in cylindrical masses half a millimetre thick and 10 туна ir Trees No. 1 have no white spots. Trees with spots yield an extract richer in catechin, and both kinds of trees > = — Provinces yield more catechin than the corresponding k n Bur I found the following кыйн of catechin in the total extract ;— Catechin, Burma, No. - - - - - 14 per cent, №. 2 (spotted) - - - 30 y North-west Provinces, No. 1 5-88 — й » No. 2 (spotted) - 40 4 - The greatest amount of extract obtained from each kind of wood was as follows ;— Extract. Burma, No. 1 E - * - 17 per cent. No. otted) - - se 8. wi ss North-west Provinces, No. 1 - 14. № ” ” No. 2 (spotted) а: Mex» h 'eatest amount of catechin obtainable from these woods is accordingly as follows :— Catechin. Burma, No. - - - 2 per cent. No. ә (spo tted) M " s o le North-west Peres но тыт ” o. 2 (spotted) v ” Such a great ncm of catechin in the spotted =e of the North- west Provinces explains that Kath manufacture t home there, Moreover, the local Kath makers are ырны to a ga as unfit all trees which do = contain white spots, so that the trees No. 1 become wasted in the fores I Сны the catechin by direct separation as follows. About tw ounces of the wood reduced to thin shavings were boiled with 20 Qe their weight of water for half an hour. The extract was separated from the wood by repeated settlement, and reduced in bulk on the water bath until it just began to thicken, and contained by estimate 6 per cent. of catechin. It was then left to stand in a cool place for five days for the crea of the catechin. Опсе the eatechin had separated, the liquid be diluted with cold water for the purpose of filtering, The filtered ud pies washed catechin was dried at ordinary temperature, and weighed in a thoroughly air-dry condition. The high degree of еи and the long standing are required se the catechin separates with difficulty out of an extract which contains so much Catechu анд Once the bulk of the tannin is sepa- rated, the eatechin may be dissolved in much more water, and it ар separate оне, on cooling, but the catechin is at all times delicate substance, which changes with water slowly into a soluble к stance, and is thus lost. drying of the moist hin must aid place at a low temperature, as TA at once destroys the microscopic crystals, The manufacture of Kath, or raw catechin, is carried on in the forests with very primitive appliances, The filtering i is done through layers of sand, and much sand becomes mixed up with the Kath, The drying is performed i in the open air. he people say that they possess a manufacturing secret, but there seems no need for one, unless their secret consists in the mixing of some finished catechin with the thick liquid, which sometimes promotes the separation of the new catechin, Anyhow, I made out of the 50 lbs. of Acacia Catechu, No. 1, from the North-west Provinces, nearly 2 Ibs. of pure catechin, and it is from this wood that the Kath makers of the North-west Provinces declared themselves incapable of making Kath. For filtering larger quantities of catechin I found the filtering press an excellent expediei ent. The pressed catechin dried in a few days from simple рз to the air, and once dried the catechin is a very durable substa Оо with iron must be ser ad avoided during the extraction of catechin. With Catechu or Cutch contact with iron is of no con- sequence, and the reports mbon i caldrons in use for the final boiling down of the Cutch in Burm The preparation of Cutch or Gast is of course simpler than that of Kath, because nothing but watery extraction of the wood is required, and subsequent boiling down of the extract. After a certain de egree of concentration a skin forms over the surface of the hot liquid, and constant stirring for hours is required to effect the final dessication. ‘This long stirring process is also mentioned, but not explained, in the descriptions of the Burmese Catechu extraction, In H, WARTH. December 1890. ‚ As pointed nes by Fluckiger and Hanbury (Pharmacographia, р. 387), Pale Cutch and Gambier agree in но, both consisting mainly of Catechin m энеге acid). This is readily soluble in hot water, but much less so in cold; it is therefore ° deposited i А * crystalline i is and l methods of preparation " obviously e induce EI when the critical th of concentra tion has been Warth, impedes the район of the Catch i ina cdam form. It is remarkable ge Pale Cutch does not appear to be met with in commerce. As it so closely agrees with Pra iie which is now in — great demand, it wast be probably readily accepted by tanners as a substitute, CLXXXVII.—PRODUCTION OF CANE-SUGAR IN THE SUGAR-CANE. The sugar-cane will no doubt have, even when bounties are with- drawn, still to compete on no unequal terms with the beet. It is obvious, n, that no pains should be spared to increase its productiveness in - 36 е7 eané-sugar. Yet it is remarkable - little has been sen - e investigate the life-history of the sugar-cane, and to ascertain the m avourable conditions for the formation of kan p its stie. The only rem at present in the British Empire where any scientifie study of the sugar-cane has been made is at Dodd's Reformatory, bados, where, as pointed out in the Kew Bulletin (1888, p. 295), « cultural and chemical Maus with various kinds of sugar-canes ha s the importance of the subject it is a matter of regret that г knowledge of what may be called the internal economy of the sugar- бале is far inferior to that which has been obtained in the case of a The great desideratum with the sugar-cane, as in the past with == beet, has been to increase its productiveness in cane-sugar. The las word on the subject is the statement of Mr. J. R. Bovell, the Superis tendent of Dodd's Reformatory, in his most recent report: — “ No * information has yet been obtained with regard to increasing the * richness of the canes, — eu the manures or "by growing them from * portions ofthe cane rich in sugar ` "The problem of the ийиндин ‘of cane- -sugar in a plant is a some- what obscure one. ‘The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the slender information which we have about it. Cane-sugar is one of a large number of chemical cope whicli play a most important part composed of the three lanii carbon, кейга , and oxygen, the tw latter elements being present in the same pesci as they exist in water. Starch, from the botanical point of view, is the primitive carbo- hydrate. The whole series of substances found in the plant, which, in their ultimate constitution, are found to conform to the carbo-hydrate type, undoubtedly derive from starch by virtue of chemical changes brought about, for the most part we know not how, within the plant organism. Starch is — in the leaves of plants from carbonic acid absorbed fro sm atmosphere and from water supplied by the plant. The йрй до ous oxygen is retur ied to the ame here. Hence we get a rough justification of the term carbo-hydrate ; ке may be regarded as welded together with the constituents as ter, though this is not an altogether accurate description of the н я by which starch is produced. Roughly, ча passage ks! starch, and = more intractable analogue cellulose into sugars of various composition may be regarded as a variation in e proportions with which the proe carbon is grees with wate as has bes n said, is formed in the leaves. It supplies веры trom which ull the solid parts of plants are built up. It must therefore, in some form or other, be capable of transport from the only be distributed through their structures in the soluble form. Starch, having been once formed, is practically locked up as long as it remains To be available for the purposes of plant-growth it is necessary, for the most part, that it should be converted into a soluble sugar. One of the most striking changes of this description is that which takes place in the germination of starchy seeds. e process of malting is only an arrested germination. The seeds of barley are allowed to germinate sufficiently to convert ali their starch into starchy sugar, or 37 maltose. The reason of this is that maltose can be made to yield alcohol by fermentation, while starch cannot. Now, the conversion of starch into maltose is effected by one of a peculiar class of bodies, called ferments, whose very compo — and mode of action is still imperfectly understood. In the case of s m the conversion into maltose effected by a ferment called ee But a ferment of the nature of АА is, there is reason to believe, very widely distributed in plants, and is by no means confined to the seeds of barley. Diastatic fermen ts have been found in leaves and shoots, and it seems probable “ that a ferment of. this kind is present in all living plant cells.^ Few an have been more carefully investigated than the chemistry of malting, and it might be supposed that the chemical results of the change by which starch is converted by means of a ea rt ferment into a soluble sugar D be thoroughly under- stood. s is, however, far from being the cas сап be no doubt that in the case of Е nur barley the resultant is maltose. This is not, however, apparently, much met with in plants. What is met with is a substance да ,sintplér constitution, ealled variously glucose, dextrose, or grape It is * widely dis- T * tributed throughout the vegetable Mani beitig especially abundant * in the juice of 1 ripe sweet pirate tue name grape sugar =. derived * from its occurrence in considerable quantity in ripe а е is asked as to the origin of glucose he can give no ye ene r It appears that diastase has no further effect on starch-sugar after it has produced it from starch, but that dilute acids have ; and as dilute acids abound in plants we can easily understand that the stareh in plants may yield ае = that this may in turn be bro ken up fast as formed. Here, however, the chemists fail us; they have not yet made up their mind as to "what 1 is the exact result of the action of dilute acids on starch-s “ Although," remar aE. Armstrong ‘and Groves, "there can be little “ doubt that the final product of “the action of acids on starch is not * merely sucrodextrose [glucose], as has been nd generally supposed, Still, Soph chemists n give no cid theoretical account of - the origin of glucose in "the plant, it is a substance onl importance to starch, of which there cannot be the t€ doubt, from the chemical point of view, that it is the direct deriva Leaving glucose for a moment, we may turn our ilu to cane- sugar. While the former is a migra product, destined to afford materialfor the building up of tissues, the latter, as Sachs correctly points out is al " st or some future effort of growth on alarge scale, sueh as the process of flowering. Yet it is singular that it is twi soluble as glucose. Nev ucose seems to be t called the sugar “currency " of the plant economy, and cane-sugar only the * bullion” or banking reserve. The botanist is quite clear as to what happens in a eane-sugar This is Sachs’ account :—“ h is assimi in the leaves of the Beet ; “ їп the petioles it is found again in the foris of glucose. This * glucose eti enters the growing” and swelling root, and is trans- * formed into cane-sugar in its parenchyma.” Тһе parallel processes sugar-cane seem to have been’ little studied. "Thé following note is therefore reprinted from the Proceedings of the Agricultural and Horticultural = of India for July 1890 :— ` 38 Note on Овоутн or SUGAR-CANE. Мт. Criper presented the following suggestive note on the growth of sugar-cane :— Iam enabled, by the kind permission of Mr. Macalister of the Rosa Sugar Works, to place some analyses made by me at that place, = the Society, illustrating the gradual formation of sugsr in the sugar cane, at differe nt periods of its growth. The cane was analysed in July, September, and November. The three joints at the bottom of the cane, and the three at the top, just below the commencement of the leaf, were taken for analysis, the middle joints being left, ANALYSES OF Secs = DIFFERENT PERIODS = THEIR GROWTH, WING THE PROGRESS or RIPENING. Ist Ana —J ex 3155, Height to end of leave - 8 feet. eginning of leaves - - » Weight of was who e - - 11 chittacks. Cane only Lad " 7 25 — Top 3 joints. | Bottom 8 joints. - - à a - nil. 2:00 оне - < ^ * = - 1:28 1°60 ч - - - = ‚96 " Cul - - - E 6°00 13°95 Organic т matter soluble - - - - 1:68 Acid (acetic) 2 š š š -22 Wate > - - - - 89*86 80:97 100 100 Total juice - - - -| 94 per cent. 86 per cent. ANALYSIS OF CANES. 2nd Analysis.—September 12th. Height of cane to end of lea 9 ft. G i iE begi sts ‘ot loaves - - 6 ft. 4 Weight of cane only - - 10 chittacks. hole = T м 14 Р] —- Top 3 joints. | Bottom 8 joints. Cane-sugar - - E nil. 8 Glucose ~ - - ~ a - 2°69 1 — 34s as Gee X eue № Es ose and л Albuminous matter $ Е * ° 10°82 15°09 Acid bad j - < - e 9 Water - - - - - - 85:52 75:13 ETE 100 \ 39 3rd Analysis.—November 7th, Length of cane to end of leave 12 feet. eginning of. leaves - - 8 feet. Weight of cane, whole - 1 seer 7 chittacks, Cane only > - - 1 seer. со Top 8 joints. Bottom 3 joints. Cane-sugar - - il. 8-00 Glucos - - 2:12 *16 $ - 1°12 83 = Cellulos — - 17:92 - Albuminous matter - ee dX aca une 3-97 Acid - - - “07 Water - - - 81°16 69°75 100 100 Total juice - — 82 per cent. From the above analysis it will be notieed— Ist. That е top joints contain по cane-sugar in November when nearl 2nd. That glucose i is invariably present, =. highest in September in the top joints, and lowest in Nov mber in the bottom joints, i.e., when the cane is about ide e. 3rd. The top joints contain about 10 per cent, more water than the bottom ones, and this ratio does not appear to alter during ripening. 4th. The amount of water present is from 8 to 11 per cent. more in July than in November. Analyses of cane-juice at different periods gave the following results :— ist Analysis, | 2nd Analysis, 3rd Analysis, Aug. 31st. Sept. 29th. Dec. 10th. . Height of canes to com- 4} ft. 53 ft. 5} mencement of leaves. To end of do. - 9 ft. 101 ft. 104 Specific gravity of juice - 1:037 1:04 1°071 Cane-sugar - - 4:95 8:00 16:00 Glucose - - - 1°27 2°00 *31 + ‘73 *78 єє / Albuminous matter - 1°51 `89 8°25 Acidity : *16 — Water - 92°08 88°33 79°71 100 100 EUN The rise in the amount of albuminous matter, and decrease in the алы between September and December is particularly йлы = ~ Y It appears probable that the plant organism effects the conversion of the glucose into cane-sugar by combination with the elements of water. The foregoing shows "how wasteful is the practice common in some parts of India, of reserving whole canes for seed purposes instead of utilising only the upper portions of the plants, the West Indian method, as pointed out by Mr. Goodridge (see the Society Pr Peel September 1885), “ The West Indian planter w would consider it pure waste to u * his mature cane for seed [plantin the tope are се іу ** cut off, the stems and blades are used as fodde er, and the cane tops, * about a foot long, are carefully prese med in trash, till the time for * sowing arrives Mr. Goodridge remar that besides saving the mature cane for the mill the ре of Us for ptu had other consider- able advantages which he point In connexion with the subject, dd following mcm from a note by Mr. J. J. Wi lisin the Gardener's Chronicle for the 12th July is of interest :—© In experiments at Rothamsted with the sugar-yielding root * crops, it was found that there was more sugar produced the larger the * amount of nitrogen applied as a manure, although not in proportion “ to the amount supplied. Also that the efficiency of a given supply of “ Taking the mean of many investigations in which potash formed an * ingredient in the manurial supply, it was found that 11. of nitrogen * in manure yielded 20 Ibs. of sugar. From the very remarkably research of Brown and Morris “on the germination of some of the Graminex,” in the process of malting the conversion of starch into cane-sugar appears to be S ss ated and the glucose stage to altogether disappear. It should be explained that in the seed of the barley there is a large store of tarth external to the embryo. The latter grows at the expense of his store, and of course to feed it the starch has to be converted into a s The authors state :—“ We cannot avoid om conclusion that trans- * formed starch is absorbed from the endosperm by the columnar opi- * thelium of the embryo in the form of maltose, and that this maltose, by “ the more or less complicated metabolic processes of the living cells of = the eam is rapidly converted into cane-sugar.” e have been able to demonstrate in a very striking manner the ability of the growing tissue of the embryo to convert maltose into cane-sugar. This was done by cultivating the excised bepa of barley upon a solution of maltose, and determining the cane-sugar in the plantlets after such cultivation. Although under these са sta: cane-sugar may be found within the embryo, not a trace ca discovered in the стат medium itself, which we should ая Tš the maltose were edes by the action of any secreted ferm “ When, on the other hand, embryos are grown орой: solutions of abr [seo] instead of maltose, no cane-sugar is formed in their es." “Their researches further point to the conclusion which botanists are quite ready to accept, that cane-sugar is the diffusible carbg-hydrate which is most easily reconverted into starch and therefore cellulose. The object of the sugar-cane and of grasses generally in storing up a large quantity of cane-sugar in their tissues is to pr for the great demands of flowering and the ie crt e maturation of the That the sugar-cane has for the most part become sterile in cultivation does not - affect the point ; the physiological habit remains, though the ultimate 41 purpose has been abandoned. Brown and Morris point out clearly the ultimate destination of the cane-s m — “ The intimate connection between cane-sugar эн starch in са has been clearly shown of late years de several chemists. In the case of I tuber of the potato, the dependence of its reserve starch WBOR t previous existence of cane-sugar in the juices of the plant has been same has been done for maize by H. Lepley (Compt. dr 94 (1882), 1033), and 23 A and by Balland (Compt. rend., 106 (1888), 1610)” ‘Ina series of experiments which we con [nete a few years ago upon the ЧАГ, plavt, taken from the fields at various stages of its growth, we were able to satisfy ourselves that cane-sugar forms a la arge proportion of the sugars existing in the sap of the plant, and that this cane-sugar disappears pari passu with the "formation and accumulation of starch i = the se “It is divubtless in the form of cane-sugar and its products of in- version >> the transference of earbo-hydrates i in the grasses mainly takes plac One ward may be added in conclusion. Cane-sugarin the sugar- cane, as in the beet, is, as will be seen, the derivative of starch, This substance is the result of the putting together under the pasmi y action of solar activity of the materials of carbonic acid and water, In the field of nature the process will be most effectively uiu on, and the result for the same expenditure iu eultivation must be largest where the suppiy of solar activity is most воров All things being equal, the formation of sugar as a product of solar activity Fought, in the tropics, to be more easily and cheaply e KS than in temperaie countries. CLXXXVIIL—TIMBER OF YORUBA-LAND. e Kew Bulletin for October 1890 contained an account of the Ж Son and Cultivation in Yoruba-land. he following correspondence relates to the attempts made by the Governor of La; agos to draw attention to the timber resources of the same count ту. T A note on Iroko wood AA, E a is a WE This w communieated to Kew by Sir Alfred Mol K.C.M.G., January 30, A Db with some very & T. samples which | may be seen in the Kew u COLONIAL OFFICE to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. Sir, Downing Street, November 10, 1890. — I am directed a) vais Knutsford to transmit to you a copy of л Despatch from the Governor of closing a circular on the Lagos, en == =e. of the timber p the Yoruba country, and to ask you to be so s to advise his Lordship what steps should be taken to make the Tater ination known as desired by Sir opos Moloney. ‚ &c. The Director, Royal Gardens, (Signed). Јонх BnawsTON, ' Kew. | LU 63658. : в 42 Sir ALFRED MoLoNEx to Lorp KNUTSFORD. Government House, Lagos, Мт Lorp October 2, 1890. Tux sea-board of Yoruba, Е by the Colony of Lagos, is rich in valuable woods, and the work of inland waterways ex- = favours the dévelopient. or a profitable export timber rade. 2. I have the honour fo transmit a circular I have issued, having for its object the direction of commercial attention to such а n enter rise. 3. I shall be obliged if Ems Lordship will allow edili circulation thereof as will promote its object. I am, &c. (Signed) ALFRED MOLONEY, The Right Hon. pent Кача G.C.M.G., Governor. &c. | Circular. | Colorial Secretariat, Lagos, Septembe 1890. I Ax directed by his Excellency the Governor to draw your at ttention to the advisability of securing for examination and report suitable samples of the various valuable timbers of Yoru There is no doubt that in the interior, and, indeed, at no great distance from the grand network of inland waterways which extends in every direction throughout this Colony, there exist a large number and variety of excellent timber trees, and that this part of West Africa, in common with the Gambia ы the Gold Coast, is rich in cabinet woods of good quality and appeara All that is пей. у= make these woods an object of demand in the European market would appear to be a more complete knowledge of their commercial value, and the conditions under which Ad should be shipped. The celebrated oe ==: the Gambia in * Mahogany ” (Khaya senegalensis) and in Rosewood (Pter rocarpus erin nhe is rapidly reviving, and from the Gold Coast, celebrated for its Odoom ( Chlorophora Pas synonymous with Ir oko, of Yoruba), an encouraging timber rt has been established. Under these circumstances it would seem Нан that, with proper encouragement and advertising, the timbers of Yoruba would become a qu addition to the commerce of The appended list of n in the Yoruba language will serve “to indicate the different vali of timber which are at present most valued, жазны, for cabinet work, house and canoe building, and ship Companies have generously о offered to co-operate with the Govern- ment in its endeavours to secure the establishment of any such enterprise in а The logs should be complete sections of the stems of the trees from whisk they are taken, should be cut from fully grown timber, an should be from four to six feet in length. The bark should be retained uninjured as far as possible. All who are interested in the development of the commerce of the country are invited to рза with the Government in this matter. 43 : эшиден: сап be deposited оп the embankment near the Harbour r’s Office, and should in each case bear some distinctive letter or "The Colonial Secretary should also be notified of the number of specimen logs supplied by each contributor, 2. their Yoruba names, their habitat, and distance from variable e wate The supply of dried specimens of the leitet еы = fruit will enable the Government to have the trees scientifically na ee Atvan MirLsox ssistant Colonial берб. агу. Acting Colonial Secretary. APPENDIX. Names of Yoruba Timbers. 1. Igi egba. 12. Ofun. 2. Orogbo erin. 13. Osere. 3. Etinrin, 14. Orosun. 4. O ; 15. Abadu. 9. Seta 16. Koriko. 6. Awun. 17. Eki. 7. Osun dudu. 18. Osun. 8. Palufon, 19. Iroko oni koko. 9. Iroko. 20. p лій. 10. Ayon. 21. Olugbomdu. 11. Abora. 92, Akomu. Royat Garpens, KEW, to COLONIAL Orricr. Sir, Royal Gardens, Kew, November 13, 1890. І HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of November 10, transmitting a copy of a Despatch from the Governor of Lagos with copies of a circular on the subject of the timber of the Yoruba Ihave despatched copies to the persons to whom I think it is likely to be commercially interesting, se I propose to reprint it in the fortheoming number of the Kew ctim tn; de (Signed) W, T. THISELTON Dyer. John Bramsten, Esq., С.В. Nore on Iroko wood by Sir Alfred Moloney, K.C.M.G. The — of the Yoruba country, West Africa, is known on the Gold Coast, behind the Accra coast line, as Od m. To the countries also the uu of the white ant. It is used largely for [m pur- s, being cut and sawn into beams and plank n frames shutters, doors, furniture, exterior balconies or v s, fences, shingles, &c., are m it. Most of the Basel Mission Houses on the Gold Coast dwork, made of it. I was informed a Shingle roof of this камы lasted some 20 years. 44 The Zroko or Odiim has been and is regarded as a Fetish tree. Iroko wood is also suitable for furniture, as it is very ornamental when polished, RE A a combination of the character of satin and wavy maple woo Its botanical identity was ema pn so at Kew. It prov ga to be the product of Chlorophora excelsa, Benth. and Hook. f., and is a near ally of Fustie (Chlorophora tinctoria), the енй Чуе- ee of the W. India islands and Brazil. CLXXXIX.—PHYLLOXERA. The ravages of the Phylloxera upon the vine have been the subject of numerous notices in the preceding volumes of the Kew Bulletin : vol. Ш. p. 66, Phylloxera in Asia Minor; р. 230, Phylloxera in South Africa; p. 236, Erroneous Report of Phylloxer ra in Greece ; p. 255, Regulations at the Cape ; vol. iv., p. 36, Phylloxera in Victoria. The present position of the struggle between the vine and this ineradicable pest is conveniently summed by Mr. C. V. Riley in the sep ion extract from his annual address to the second annual meeting e Association of 1 Economic Entomologists, sae in Insect Life, = Tauta Б of the Division of Entomology of the United States Department of Agriculture for January 1891. "Mr. C. V. Riley add, the leading authority in Economie Entomology at the present day. “The Grape » Phylloxera has continued to attract the attention, not only of most European been = also of those of Australia and New Zealand. It continues its spread in France, having at last invaded the more valuable champagne eroe The last report of the Superior . Phylloxera Commission of that country shows that about 240,000 acres ` have undergone defensive measures, submersion being employe 72,000, bisulphide of carbon in 145,000, and sulphocarbonate of мел: sium in 23,000. The ить ДК а at an end in such Departments as Hérault, Gard, and e, where the American ARTERI vines have most ‘effectually ee Po while the wine-growers of Algeria, pen ltaly, Portugal, Hungar y, Austria, and Безе are all battling against it, and are all more or less aided by their respective governments. The advent of the insect in New Zealand has been the cause of much writing and of much legislation there, and the government has been quite anxious to get t the best and latest information on the subject. There is very little that is available in the way of published experience in this country, as my Missouri reports are now very difficult to obtain. I would repeat here in substance what I have recently written to Sir F. D. Dell, Agent-general at London for New Zealand, because the demand for the information is continuous, and our own people are, to a great extent, unfamiliar with ES fi acts. During the more - twenty years’ struggle in France against the species innumerable remedies PER been proposed, most of which have ved to be серу valueless. А few measures have been devised, er, which, under eel conditions, fe fairly satisfactory results, "Phil 4 consist in (1) methods which avoid the neces re of direct treatment, comprising xe è of American stocks an anting in sandy soils; (2) че enployent of insecticides (bisulphide "z carbon, and the kerosene йана); апа (3) submersion. 45 Tt was early found in the history of this Phylloxera се most of the cultivated varieties of American grape-vines, as also the wild species, resisted, or were little subject to, the attacks of the root fott (radicicola) of the Phylloxera, although the leaf gall form — ste ogg in point of чай does little if any permanent damage, occurs in greater numbers of our wild and cultivated sorts than on the рый vines, wish are all derived from the single Eee Vitis vinifera, and which are so exceedin ngly subject to the attacks of the root form. This i b more extended scale by my earlier MM ns in the United States. The use of American stocks upon which to cultivate the susceptible European varieties has resulted in an кериб trade in certain Ameri- can seeds and cuttings, and now supersedes all other methods against the insect. as my privilege and pleasure to spend a week in August 1889 among ces world-renowned Médoc and Sauterne vineyards of the Bor- deaux district in France. Her ere, by virtue of the rich alluvial soil and the ease with which the chief vineyards can be submerged, the Phyllox- era Fàs made slower headway, and the opposition to the use of American aee stocks has been greatest. Yet they have finally vanquished prejudice and are, either from necessity or choice, rapidly coming into general п use. en I say choice, I mean that even where the vines yet do well and the Phylloxera is kept in subjection by other means, it is found that great vigour of growth and i — in heal ome ness and yield of fruit result at once from the use of Ame piis ose going into a lengthy discussion of the subject of wild hone’ can species, those of practical mtem to the grape-grower are the following: Vitis тет V. riparia, and V. labrusca. The varieties derived from V. атут are of value for their fruit as well as for T ET е and, being easily propagated from ae they a ery often used in France as stocks. The most mportant зе, аге Jacquez, Herbemont, Black July, and Cunning- am. The varieties of Vitis riparia, both wild and cultivated, are, on account of their special fitness, almost exclusively employed in France as resistant ма, for whieh they easily take first rank. The varieties usec , first, wild forms ; and, second, the cultivated varieties Solonis, Clinton, апа 1 Taylor. Of the cultivated varieties, the Clinton abov іди for any other r purpose on account of i acidity of its grapes. In California, the Lenoir, Herbemont, and Elvira have been used, but late айк Frane shows that the wild Riparia is on satisfactory there, as it is in The different varieties of Vitis labrusca are less resistant to the i ge than those above mentioned. Certain varieties have, how- r, been ee successfully in France, and of ыш се Concord has di much the best results; but others, Isabella and Catawba for example, s тачна ud to the root-louse, as indeed they do in many sections of this Of the many wanani hybrids obtained from the American species of Vitis which are serviceable as stocks, the more important are the Elvira, Noah, and Viala. The last named, perhaps of all the resistant varieties, gives the greatest per-centage of successful grafts, and is geom adapted for grafting on cuttings. 46 Early in the study of the a it was d that the nature of the soil has a very marked influence on the success of the different stocks. The subject has now been quite “fally i inv Ж in France, and the latest researches are formulated by the experimental school at Mont- pellier in the statement quoted ‘below, which will be of interest as giving the various classes of soils, together with the American vines best adapted to e (1.) New. SEGA fertile soils: Riparia (tomentous and glabrous), Jacquez, Solonis, Viala, T'aylor, and Cunningham. (2.) Deep soils, somewhat strong, not wet : Jaequez, Riparia, Solonis, Cunningham, Viala, Taylor. (3.) Deep soils of medium consistency, new and not P in summer : Riparia, Jaequez, Solonis, Viala, Taylor, к July (4.) Light pebbly soils, deep, vel drained, and “not 100 dry in summer: Jacquez, Riparia (wild), Taylor, Парня (5.) Са leareous soils, with subsoil shallow or ааш: Solonis, (6.) Argillaceous soils, white or grey: Е (7.) Argillaceous soils, deep and ver y wet: V. cin (8.) Deep, sandy, fertile soils : Даран ta (wild), Solonis, Jacquez, Cunningham, Black July, Rupestris (9.) Light vend soils, dry and barren : Rupestris, York, Madeira, Riparia (wil d). 10.) Deep soils, with a tufa base and salt lands: Solonis. (12.) Ferruginous soils, containing red pebbles of silica, deep and somewhat strong, well drained, but fresh in sammer. All the varieties indicated, and in addition : Herbemont, Clinton, Cynthiana, Marion, Concord, Herman CXC.—BOTANICAL STATION AT LAGOS. Particulars respecting the establishment and progress of this the first Botanical Station on the West Coast of Africa have already been given in the Kew Bulletin (June 1888, p. 149; March 1889, p. 69; and July 1890, p. 162). The ани correspondence gives the most recent accounts of Из progres: The p pros ospects of Ааай cultivation at this station are discussed in the Kew Bulletin for July At the conclusion of a year the late Curator, Mr. James McNair, aay E appointment for the purpose of returning to the West as been succeeded by Mr. Henry Millen, of the Royal бы, Kew The e Colony i is under gat obligations to Mr. McNair for the faithful way in which he has carried out the work entrusted to him o organising and stocking the new station, which has now, it is hoped, passed into b.e stage of a permanently useful institution. 47 CorLoNIAL Orrice to RoraAt GARDENS, Kew. Sir, Downing Street, January 30, 1891. Iam directed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to transmit to you, for your information, the бн, paper relating to the Botanic station at Lagos. am, &с. (Signed) Rosert С. W. HERBERT. The Director, Royal Gardens, Kew. Sir А. Motonsy to Lorp KNUTSFORD. vg inae чо Lagos, My Говь, ember 31, N x continuation of my Despatch, No. 386, “of the sath ultimo, I have the honour to transmit the twelfth report on the Botanic Station of the Colony of аф for the quarter ended the 30th of September ' zu lants and 32 ounees of Annatto seed have been sold in шон t = yield of the vegetable garden. The plants — chiefly of 1,180 coffee, 800 annatto, 49 cacao, and 300 с 58. 3. The "ris realised by the sale of the products of this department was rd ud — were made to the женеп during the quarter, acknowledgmen ts of which are detailed in the _ 9. The rainfall has considerably exceeded without harm that for the corresponding periods of 1887, 1888, and 1889. 6. The graceful and useful beef-wood tree, Casuarina muricata, thrives luxuriantly even along the sand beaches in close proximity to the sea. 7. A small nursery of fbre-yielding plants of commercial importance ar been established in the Western District. 8. There has continued the usual activity in the diréction of the extension of the d — d in the form of =e were to the local nurseries and of plan out seedlings in permanent p 9. I regret that some Cn y fire, which is to be attributed to accident, D verre to the Government cocoa-nut plantations in the Western District, the effect of which cannot yet be accurately gauged. The copious rain vwd has since fallen it is expected will revive many. a aes (Signed) ALFRED MOLONEY, The Right Hon. Lord Knutsford, G.C.M.G., Governor. &с. &c, &е. 48 CXCI—MEALY BUG AT ALEXANDRIA. In the Kew Bulletin for May 1890 an account is given of * a Mealy Bug, very destructive to cultivated plants,” which has recently made its appearance at Alexandria. This was described by Mr, J. W. Douglas as Crossotosoma egyptiacum. Mr. Riley, the United States entomologist, makes the following remarks upon the subject in the -January number of Insect Life, р. 184:— “ A study of Mr. Douglas’s description and figures has convinced me that this insect is an Zcerya, and that its spread is greatly to be feared judging from our experience with Z. Purchasi. Moreover, three addi- year: one occurring in Mexico on grapevines ; another in Key West, Florida, upon roses and other garden plants; and the third in the island of Montserrat, West Indies, upon the cocoa palm, the banana, and a species of Chrysophyllum.” A full account of Icerya Purchasi, Maskell, the Fluted Scale-insect, | was published in the Kew Bulletin for August 1889. [AU Rights Reserved. | ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 51.] MARCH. [1891. CXCIL—COTTON IN WEST AFRICA. In the Kew Bulletin for June 1890 an account is given of the attempt which has been made to improve the produce of cotton in West Africa by introducing the best forms of us ni cotton. “ This * over that grown in America, and commands a much higher “ at present its s production is limited to gre Nile valley, where there * is no room for extension to meet the increasing demand, and where * the crop is at times almost ruined by a low Nile The present corr Ersten nidi relates to the feed mre айай of Egyptian cotton on the Gold Coast Curator, BOTANICAL STATION, Авовт, to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew [ Letract.] Botanical Station, Aburi, Gold Co Sm, November 11, 1890. I Ax directed Ly his Excellency to inform you that he is sending o Kew a sample o gyptian cotton grown at Aburi. I beg to state diat I planted an acre iof this cotton. It has grown remarkably well, and is yielding a d crop. І have already gathered a large quantity, and there is still a quantity not yet ready for gathering Ia m, &с. - The Assistant Director, (Signed) W. CROWTHER. Royal Gardens, Kew. LONDON: PRINTED "E HER MAJESTY’S т OFFICE, Y EYRE AND SPOTTISW PRINTERS ме THE QUEEN’S MOST gat MAJESTY. о be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from EYRE AND SPOUPISWOOUE East HARDING STREET, fer жи. E.C., and , ABINGDON STREET, WESTMINSTER, S. W. ; JOHN MENZIES & Co., 12, HANOVER STREET, Enrxpcnar апа 90, WEST ‘NILE STREET, GLASGO HODGES, "жоош, & Co., 104, GRAFTON STREET, Dep. 1891. Price Twopence. por A isa 50 ROYAL GARDENS, ee to Governor, GOLD Coast Corowr. Sir, yal Gardens, Kew, December 23, 1890. I mave the cud to acknowledge the receipt of a sample of Egyptian ae which I learn from a letter from Mr. eie eer of the Botanical Station at Aburi, was grown by him there. This was no doubt raised from seed obtained by Kew early in the “present year from the British Commissioner of the Egyptian State Domains. is sample was submitted to the Manchester Chamber of Com- merce, and I have now the pleasure of forwarding you a copy of their ort. 3. I find that a sample of cotton оа Elmina was = at this establishment in 1882 from the Colonial Office. It was reported upon аз Saring for its chief fault “the large proportion of доб inferior + x trust that the station will possess in the new strain of Egyptian cotton a staple free from this ben and will be able to promote its growth throughont the Colony I am, &c. (Signed) W. T. THISELTON DYER. His Ex xcellency Sir W. Brandford Сая. K.C.M.G., Governor, &c., Gold Coast. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, MANCHESTER, to Royan GARDENS, Kew. Chamber of Commerce, Manchester, Dear SIR, December 11, 1890. I THANK you for your letter of the 10th instant, and for the sample of cotton named therein, which has come to hand. This will be submitted to the Board of Directors in accordance with your request, and I hope to forward a report upon € in = course of a few days. (Signed) У РЫЙ HELM, Secretary. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, MANCHESTER, to ROYAL GARDENS, Krew. Chamber of ее wer! DEAR Sir, December 20, 1890. I HAVE now the pleasure to report to you upon the sample of Egyptian vum en at Aburi, on the Gold Coast, forwarded to me on the 10th instan This eem i is worth to-day about 53d. per pound in Liverpool or Manchester, and at that price it would find a ready sale. The growth of it should be encouraged. Can you tell me whether or not the Gold Coast Egyptian cotton represented by your sample is imported in the or unginned state am informed by a gentleman who used to im A this deseription to England that he could not get it ginned in rica, because the natives were either not sufficiently intelligent or too superstitious to use a ginning machine, although this is of the simplest description, resembling very closely an ordinary hay-cutter It is to be eared that if this difficulty still exists it will constitute a formidable, if not an cc eei a obstacle to the export of this cotton from the t Gold (Signed) - > ram HELM, 51 CoLoNiaL OFFICE to RovAL Garpens, Kew. Sin, Downing Street, December 16, 1890. I am directed by Lord Knutsford to transmit to you some s mens of Egyptian cotton, cleaned of seeds and uncleened, grown on the Castle Farm, Christiansborg, Acera, which have been sent home by the Governor of the Gold Coast Colon ny. He states that the seed was planted at the end of June, and the cotton picked between the 5th and 14th November. Lord Knutsford would be much obliged if you could furnish him with a report on the commercial value of these specimens. am, &e. The Directo (Signed) К. H. Мелре. Royal Eb Kew. ROYAL GARDENS, Kew, to COLONIAL OFFICE. Str, Royal Gardens, Kew, February 9, 1891. Iu the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of December ^6, transmitting a report on a sample of Egyptian cotton, grown on the Castle Farm Christiansborg, Accra, and sent home by the Governor of the Gold Coast Colony. 2. In aecordance with Lord Knutsford's wish the enclosed eos upon the sample has been obtained from the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, у I very obligingly assisted this лке рет on this and other occas 3. From the ово дебе published in the Kew Bulletin for June 1890 you will observe that the production of this type of cotton if successful in West Africa may be made the basis of a very profitable industry. You will, therefore, no doubt also observe with satisfaction that the present sample is reported upon in very favourable terms. The estimated value is the highest which tm been put upon any sample of cotton yet received from bin Atric m, &c. (Signed) - W. T. THISELTON DYER. The Hon. R. H. Meade, C.B. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, MANCHESTER, to ROYAL GARDENS, Krew. Chamber of Commerce, Manchester, Dear Sir, February 4, 1891. ‚1 nave pleasure in cium to you upon the sample of about 6$d. per pound in Liverpool Can you inform me whether the sample was ginned in Africa or in this country ? ours, &e. (Signed) — Erian Нкм, Secretary, U 65995. 875.—3/91. Wt. 19275. Е. & Б. a2 52 CXCIIL—LIST OF ORCHIDS FLOWERED AT KEW IN 1890 Since 1887 a record has been kept of the Orchids which have flowered each year at Kew. The list for last year, 1890, does not materially extent from all other collections, except those of similar establishments. No attempt is made to give prominence to the most showy flowered by the cultivation of a large number of examples. On the other hand, kinds of scientific interest, such as the ordinary collector would consider his notice. In the limited space available for Orchids as com- prehensive a collection of species as possible is aimed at. Consequently, time of the year is the collection wanting in flower interest. Thus, whilst the highest number of species flowered in any one month was 125 in May, the lowest was 85 in January. The average for each month was a fraction over one hundred A few words on the growth of the Kew collection of Orchids mee J pe interesting. In 1811 the number of species in cultivation at Kew only 37. It was not until some thirty years after this that efforts aad made to obtain a representative collection of these plants, which at that time had be egun to attract the attention of horticulturists generally. Soon after Sir William Hooker’s appointment as Director in 1841, he made arrangements with the Messrs. Loddisis of Hackney, at that time the most celebrated of E uc nurserymen, to supply Kew with 200 species of Orchids for 50 " The collection of Orchids E. by the Rev. J. Clowes, of Broughton Hall, near uero. was bequeathed by him to Kew, whither it was transferred in 1846. Liberal gifts of Orchids were made about the same time by the Duke of Bedford and others. Exchanges were also made with growers of Orchids, and collectors were instructed to send home living plants of this family, until by the ers 1850 the collection at Kew had increased to 880 s species. From some cause or othcr the number fell again to 638 species in 1864, but °з 1880 it had again risen to about 950 species. At the present time (Jan. 1891) there are in cultivation at Kew 1,342 species, шел sed in 158 genera. These figures do not include 174 varieties and over 100 undetermined plants. The collection is kept up by means of = poked and a small нечай about 20/. annually, for plants which сап only be obtained by ome "€ the most noteworthy amongst - genera represented in the following tables are :—Dendrobium, of which 69 — flowered last Masdevallia, 53 species ; в ogyne. ner species ; Oncidium, 40 бан Odontoglossum, 28 species ; Cattleya ‚ 24 еван and Cypri- pedium, 38 species (exclusive of hybr ids). Amon ngst smaller or less | known genera may be noted :—Angrecum, 17 species; ик anm 19 species; Catasetum, 9 species; Pleurothallis, 20 species; and ies The flowering period of many Orchids extends over a considerable энн of the year, some, such as, I -— — Tn sd neha longt- folium, Masdevallia he ita aa and Odontoglossum crispum, which were in flower all through > 53 р — ас Ë Ë зе. 3 i Š i E JHHHEHBHEHHEHHE m m |= |< бє|5]<|@|5С|шж я Асашре: dentata - - | India - = их multiflora - | China ` - x Acineta: chrysantha - | New Granada - x sulcata - - | South Ameriza - x Acanthephippium : bicolor - - | Ceylon - - x Ada: aurantiaca - | New Granada - | х | х Lehmannii - $ * x Aóonia : polystachya -| Peru - «1X IX Aéranthus curnowianus - Madagascar - х Arachnites - й - x grandiflorus -~ id - x is - - | Comoro Islands - x Aérides affine var.roseum | East Indies ' crassifolium -| Burma - > Emerici - - | South Andamans x ioc В. houlletianum - | Cochin China - leeanum - - | Philippines - Luwrencie - | East Indies ` E: Lobbii - - | Moulmein - - odoratum - | Khasia Mountains savageanum - | Borneo - * Warneri - -| Bombay - 2 Angraecum : ashantense -| E. Tropical Africa х arcuatum. aff. -| Grahamstown - x bilobum var. Kirkii - | Gold Coast - күк distichum - | Sierra Leone - х eburneum - | Madagascar «геги x — var. virens - m «Ки рж x fragrans - * | Mauritius - - [хіх glomeratum + | Sierra Leone - хра Angrecum—cont. Hildebrandtii - henriquesianum- ichneumoneum - odoratissimum - pellucidum - pertusum - sacciferum - tridactylites — - Anguloa: Clowesii - - Ruckerii * ^ — var. sanguinea Ansellia : africana - > — var. gigantea - Amblostoma tridactyla - Appendicula Luisii - * Arachnanthe : Catheartii - Clarkei - - Bifrenaria : vitellina - - Bletia : hyacinthina - Brassavola Perrinii - - Brassia : ocanensis B Comoro Islands - I. of St. Thomas - Madagascar š Tropical Africa - Sierra Leone - Tropical Africa - South Africa - Comoro Islands - Sierra Leone - Colombia - E » - - » Tropical Africa - Brazil - - Penang - - Sikkim - - East Himalayas - Mexico - - North India - Brazil - -| China and Japan - » Central America > West Indies * Brazil Б - New Granada - January. February. March. April. May. June. July. August. September. October. November. Deceinber. š Bl — ja E i Bl. š E E $12 JEHEIHHHEHHHE Ея + |8 |5 4|2|ólxz Brassia—cont. | verrucosa * | Guatemala - KER Broughtonia : lilacina - - | San Domingo + KIK sanguines - | Jamaica - - x x ton ра Bulbophyllum cespitosum - | Madagascar - x careyanum - | East Indies - x crassipes - - | India - - xix cupreum - -| Caracas - - x Dralei - - | W. Trop. Africa - x - - | Sierra Leone - x gibbosum - | Java - - х hirtum - - | Himalayas - x |x | X imbricatum - | Khasya Hills - x Lx Lx Lobbi - - | Java E - < macranthum &l o» - - х meridense, aff. - | South America - * „| Neilgherries - хх - | Borneo - - х Péchéi - - | Moulmein - - хіх rufinum - -| Burma - - х U striatum - - | Khasya Hills - x umbellatum - | North India - x Ca . clavigera - - | Australia - - x Calanthe | Dominii - - | Garden Hybrid - x x pleiochroma — - | Japan - - x roses - - | Moulmein - „ох Regnieri - -| Cochin China - x Turneri - - | Moulmein - «Ix Véitehii - — - | Garden Hybrid - | x x|x|x ^ —var.laetea - * 25 - х — var. splendens w de - x |x veratrifolia - | East Iudies - Mie хх vestita - -| Burma - B ит — var. auranti- » . - хи il K аса. | — тат, oculata - » > 4 xixix 56 : Б кір — BE Ë i om гта i E š E E Ё HHEEHHEHEHHHE - Calanthe—ocont. — pe rubro | Burma - - x |x | xX —var.Sedeni - |- - - 4 * | K striata - - | Japan - - x P x Calypso borealis - - | North America - x Catasetum: — 3 barbatum - | Demerara - - x darwinianum - | British Guiana - x |x| x discolor - - | Brazil = - x Гк БЕ garnettianum - »* - - xis EK P Gnomus - - » - - x x ; longifolium - | Demerara - š x macrocarpum - | Tropical America - хүхүх ух Naso - - | Caracas - - х russellianum - | Guatemala - хх Cattleya : bowringiana + | Brit. Honduras - x | x citrina - - | Mexico - - x F x dowiana = - | Costa Rica - x | x ‚ — Var. aurea — - | Colombia - . x |x "Eldorado - - | Central America - x ab Forbesii - - | Brazil - - x x gaskellian - » . - X Ge, Tx Gigas - - | Tropical America x guttata - - | Brazil + - — var. Prinzii - 5 - - х intermedia - » - - х x lawrenceana — -| British Guiana - * Lx lindleyana - | Bahia - -|x : Loddigesii -| Brazil - . x — var. harrison- » - - х iana violacea. 5 luteola - - » ` -| x x maxima - - | Tropical America — var. peruviana & " - © к Mendellii - | Colombia - - K LXrx Mossie - - | Venezuela - x | x percivaliana - | Brazil - «іх |х porphyrophlebia | Garden Hybrid | [х 57 : EC Eig Ri -— ЧИН ЗЕ: В 8815185131813 ња |< ањ |< шои А Cattleya—cont, Schroderee - | Colombia - - Skinneri - | Guatemala - x superba - - | British Guiana - ] x Triane - *|Oorderillasof - | x | x — var. delicata - | Quindiu - -| x walkeriana - | Brazil - - Warneri - - » - - x |x Chysis: _ bractescens - | Mexico - : x x Cirrhea : saccata - -| Brazil - E x warreana - Ñ - - x Cirrhopetalum : fimbriatum - | East Indies - х Macrei - - | Ceylon aes P : x Meduse - - | Singapore - - х picturatum > | Borneo - - x x Wallichii - | Nepal - . XIXI Wightii - - | Ceylon - - x Cleisostoma : wendlandiana - | Tropical Asia - x Cochlioda : rosea - - | Peru - са Coelia : baueriana * | West Indies - х macrostachya -| Mexico - E | x |x Coelogyne : conferta - - | India - - x corrugata + » - - Mo corymbosa - | North India - ER - cristata - - ” Š «1T K ' F RAR — var. lemoniana Š å > хіх elata - - | Sikkim - - х elegans - * » - - х fimbriata - | India - - х flaccida - - | Nepal - - х flavida - - | Sikkim -~ - x fuliginosa - | India - . fuscescens - | North India - 58 B Ë ; P H Е E = ET “| а ||] 8 812188 818188183 Б |а| | |» |414 јо |А |А Coelogyne—cont - | East Indies - XIX humilis - - | North Indian Alps XX lagenaria - - | Khasia Mountains ж K lentiginosa - | Moulmein ei x longipes - -| Khasia Hills E x maculata - - | India - - ж massangeana -| Assam -~ - x L N mayeriana - | Tropical Asia - x nervosa > - | Neilgherries - x IX ocellata - - | North India - XIX ochracea - - » » x pandurata - | Borneo - - Mele Parishii - - | Moulmein - rhodeana - | Moluccas - - X Ix schilleriana - | Moulmein - - sparsa - - | Philippines - х speciosa - - | Java ms - ия tomentosa - | Tropical Asia - ити uniflora - - | North India - х wallichiana - | North India - RIX Collabium : nebulosum - | Java - -1% Cottonia : macrostachya - | India - - х KEE Pees Cryptochilus : - | Himalayas “ Cryptophoranthus maculatus - | Brazil - - X LX Cyenoches : chlorochilum - | Demerara - - х ventricosum - Guatemala E x Cymbidium : aloifoliam - | East Indies - хх devonianum - | India - - кр eburneum - | North India - xix = giganteum - | Nepal - - x | x ' lowianum > Burma - - x x pendulum - | East Indies - x|x|x sinense - — -|Chin - - x|x 59 i zu gibus, —, 590805 b| š = S E: E НЕНАЕНЕННЕНЕ Six < ЕВЕ Cyperorchis : elegans - - | India - - x | x Cypripedium : Argus = - | Philippines - x barbatum - | Tropical Asia - x — var, biflorum - | Mount Ophir - ху Bees bellatulum - | Tropical Asia - x х |x| x xall - - š 5 “=| хіх x bullenianum -| Borne - - x — var. anopthal- » - = mum. callosum - - | Cochin China - KIKIR calurum - - | Garden Hybrid - xix|x|x|x|x cardinale- . Es ý E NJi IR REFER caudatum - | Peru - - х ciliolare - * | Malay Arch. E x conchiferum - | Garden Hybrid -| x | x x ри к concolor - - | Moulmein - „и K — var. Regnieri- | Cambodia - . x Curtisii - * | Philippines - ik xx Dauthieri + | Garden Hybrid - x | x dayanum -| Borneo = - х dominianum -| Garden Hybrid -| x | X x Godefroy: - | Siam - - x |x harrisianum -| Garden Hybrid - [x hirsutissimum + | Java - - х Hookerre - -| Borneo - - х insigne - -| Nepal - -| x x |x] x — var. Maulei - | India - sj xX x] x |x To- - - | Garden Hybrid - x T l x javanicum - | Java - - x |x klotaschianum - | British Guiana - KIRIK lawrencianum - | Borneo - - х х leeanum - | Garden Hybrid -| x x lindleyanum - | New Granada - x longifolium - | Central America - | X | x x Ии ри Ах Lindeni - * | Colombia - - x Meirax - + | Garden Hybrid - x niveum - - | Malay Arch. - х Parishii - - | Burma - - RIN 60 aA P Jalg — ОИ S8|$|3|£& аъ Б вы |< љ|њ|< 12| о Аја Cypripedium—cont. parviflorum *| North America - Pearcei - * | Peru - - politum - - | Garden Hybrid -| x porphyreum - » » | хх хх к р ae pubescens - | North America - purpuratum - | Khasia Mountains хх Roezli - - | New Granada - | х |х |х |х XIX ES ых sanderianum -| Malay Arch. - 90. Schlimii - - | Colombia - -| x x L RK X Sedeni - - | Garden Hybrid -| x | x | x | x REE SCR PR Ee — var. candi- = » - X 296 selligerum - b * x | x spectabile - | North America - spicerianum - | East Indies - x |x Stonei - - | Borneo - - x venustum - | East Indies - ЕЕ — var. spectabile | Sylhet — - - хл villosum - - | Moulmein- «Ex Lx Dendrobium mulum - | New South Wales x x aggregatum - | India - - x х Ainsworthii - | Garden Hybrid -| x | x x albosanguineum- | Moulmein - - anceps? - - | Pegu - - х aureum - - | East Indies - жк Жк bracteosum - | New Guinea - x TS TOS bigibbum - | New Zealand - x] x |] x capillipes - | Moulmein - x chloropteruam - | New Guinea - х ehrysanthum - Nepal - ° xd] x chrysotoxum - | East Indies - x ciliatum - - | Moulmein - — таг. breve - » ы # х crassinode - | Siam - -}x |x — var. barberia- | Moulmein - - x crepidatum - | Assam - - x cretaceum - x10 - x — var.roseum - s i “ x 61 lx Ë e NEST — — | |.|.) |.| 14111 ЕЕ ЕЕЕ ЕЕЕ ЕЕ БЕ |а| || < 21 оА|А Dendrobium—cont. crumenatum - | Malay Arch. - x crystallinum -| Burma - - x cumulatum - | Moulmein - - x dalhousieanum - | India - - х densiflorum - | East Indies - x devonianum ~- | Khasia Mountains x dixanthum - | Moulmein - - x eburneum - " - TX fimbriatum - | India ° - x — var. oculatum | Khasia - - x findlayanum -| Burma - - x x fuscatum - | Himalayas - x heyneanum - | Deccan - - х hircoglossum - | Malacca - - x jamesianum -| Burma - - x japonicum - | Chinaand Japan- x Jenkinsii - - | India - - х kingianum - | Australia - - х — var. pallidum - = - - х linawianum - | China and Japan - х linguaeforme aff. | М.Е. Australia - x x lituiflorum - | East Indies - x — var. Free- » - х manni. Loddigesii - | South China - x luteolum - - | Moulmein - - x Мас Carthie - | Ceylon - - x x: macrostachyum - ” - - x macrophyllum - | Java - - x mesochlorum - | India - У х moschatum -= | East Indies - х mutabile - - dia - - х nobile = - | East Indies . MISS IS — var. nobilius - | - - - x|x — var. sanderi- | - - - x | x nodatum - - | Moulmein - - х parcum - -| Burma - . х Parishii - - | Moulmein - - х Phalænopsis Е a НИНЕ ss mH HFHHRNPBHIHHHE аа SalI S]a AiE] l: яч |5|5 |41 Slas Dendrobium—cont, Pierardi - - | India - - к plicatile -| Manila - - x primulinum - | Moulmein - E x - | Moluccas - - — var, Moseleyi- | - - - x rhodostoma - | Garden Hybrid - x rhodocentrum - | India - - x Ruckeri - - | Philippines - х sanguinolentum | Ceylon - - secundum - | Malayan Islands - x speciosum - | Australia - - х — var. Hillii - ә - x suavissimum -| Burma - ` x superbiens - | North Australia - | x x T superbum -| East Indies - x * = thyrsiflorum ~ | Moulmein - - x X transparens -| Himalayas - x 1 - Williamsonii -| Assam - - xl wardianum E » - $i x undulatum - | North Australia - x x Diacrium : bicornutum - | West Indies E ; x Disa: grandiflora -| South Africa — - 5 х racemosa - - с * 1 tripetaloides -| „ „ i а ‘mucronata - | New Zealand - x E ; x brachyglossum - | Peru - - x x Brassavola - | Colombia - х U ciliare - -| Tropical America x cochleatum - . x | x eooperianum - | Brazil - - х | х difforme - - | West Indies -|x discolor - - | Rio Janeiro - x elongatum - | West Indies - x equtans - — - i x fragrans - - | Tropical America | x 63 Е |= ЕЕ x Е Е Ваз E E i Е E ЕЕ Sis яра 5| atei otata Epidendrum—cont. pm p Tropical America x ionosmum - | Demerara - E x inversum- -| Brazil - - x ellipticum E б - E x ledifolium -| Mexico - - lx nemorale - . » - - х odoratissimum - | Brazil - E x patens - -| Jamaica - " | х polybulbon - | West Indies -|х purum - - | Colombia - - х radiatum - -| Mexico - - х ramosum - | West Indies - x Schomburgkii - | Demerara - E x selligerum - | Mexico - - — var. purpureum| - - - х variegatum - | Tropical America x venosum - - | Mexico - - х verrucosum - | West Indies - |х virgatum - - | Mexico - - x virens < - | Tropical America x vitellinum - | Guatemala - — var. majus -| Mexico - - х Wallisii - - | New Granada -j| x | x | x Eria: convallarioides „| Nepal < - x | Ë нЕ Е. „12151213 T ОЕ = 214815 |51418 $ |А Gomeza: x crispa < - | Brazil - - х planifolia - | Rio Janeiro - x Gongora: bufonia - - | Brazil - - — var. leucochila » - : x galeata - -| Mexico - - х Соойуега: discolor - - | East Indies - х japonica - - | Japan - -|x procera - - | Tropical Asia - x Grobya : Ambherstiz - Brazil - А х е du o - x Habenaria : militaris - - | Cochin China - x Hexadesmia : crurigera - | Central America - x fasciculata - | Mexico - ч х fusiformis ~ | West Indies - x Houlletia : lowiana - - | Colombia - < х Lelia: anceps - -| Mexico - =| x x autumnalis - * - = —var.atro-crubens| , - - жа cinnabarina - | Brazil - = А һагро- » - - х erispa - - - - x dormanniana - | Rio Janeiro - х elegans - - Brazil - - х majalis - - Mexico - . x monophylla - | Jamaica - - х lobata - -| South Brazil - x pumila - - | Brazil - > — var. dayana - » - - x xanthina - - я - - х Liparis: Bowkeri - - x 65 ЕЁ i 31.1818 IET. IT ЧИНЕ SEIRE HEE P JHEELELIBEEEHHHHBILE Liparis—cont. cuneilabris - | Australia - - х disticha - - | Trov. Asia - х longipes - -| India - - - — var. spathu- š - - x Prainii - - | Assam - ù x Lissochilus Krebsii - - | Natal - - х Lockhartia elegans - - | Trinidad - - x Luisia : primulina - | Tenasserim Т х Lycaste : aromatica -| Mexico < - x Barringtoniæ - | New Granada - x cochleata - - | Tropical America x Deppei - - | Peru - - ; x dowiana - - ” - - x fulvescens - | New Granada - & gigantea - a od » - x |x — gran- E b - х leucantha - | Central America - x (Paphinia) lin- á à % х deniana. plana - -| Bolivia - - x ` gchilleriana — - | Central America - x Skinneri - - | Guatemala ит xytriophora - | Ecuador - - x Masdevallia acrochordonia -| Ecuador - - xIxix amabilis - - | Colombia - - anchorifera -| New Granada - x | Benedicti - | Colombia - - х bella - “Ка жо“ - x campyloglossa -| New Granada - x canaliculata -|- - - x capsularis - | Colombia - х x Carderi - -| New Granada - E x | | 66 : | E ots = = а. | felg аа ВЕНЕ | 151514 5 а|ард|ж|а Masdevallia—cont, Chelsoni - - | Garden Hybrid - x Chestertoni - | New Granada - Chimera - - | Colombia - - — var. Gorgona - | - E . demissa - - | Costa Rica - erythrochete - | Colombia - - Estradee - - - - х floribunda - | Mexico - - х gemmata - - | New Granada - x gibberosa - | Colombia - ^ x guttulata - -| South America - x harryana - | Colombia - - hieroglyphica - | New Granada - x gracilenta - | Costa Rica - ignea - - | Colombia - - x ionocharis - = - х Lindeni - - | New Granada - x — var. Winnii - | - - - macrura - -| New Granada - | x mooreana “T а м - |х melanopus - | Peru - - х muscosa - - | New Granada - x maculata - - | Colombia - - х Nycterina - 23 - š octhodes - - | Colombia - — ee on ee ae, ee x хк ER pachyura - - | West S. America - | x platyrhachis ~ | Costa Rica st platyglossa - | - - - х polysticta - | North Peru - х porcelliceps - | New Granada - x punctata - - » » - x pulvinatis = Eoo y lx 1 xx Ix x x ] x lx; hx t K radiosa - - » » - х reichenbachiana | Costa Rica - х ‚ Воейй - - | New Granada - senilis - 4T is - х simula - орон 2 š Shuttleworthii - | Colombia - sk * - - х | : = EE] BLE! 21.1508 uH ОН ii. 2811315131848 |318 [8 Masdevallea—cont. tovarensis - | New Granada - | x x triangularis — - | Colombia - -| x triaristella - | Costa Rica - х trichæte - - | New Granada - š tridactylis VE E < я triglochin - | Ecuador - è x Wallisii - -| New Granada - x xanthina - - | Colombia - . x Maxillaria : aciantha - - | Costa Rica - а Se acutipetdla - | Central America - x aureo-fulva - | Brazil - - x crassifolia - | Colombia - - x cucullata - - | Central America - зе sed A callichroma ~ | Caracas - - х densa - - | Mexico - - x grandiflora - | Peru - - x 1d wd x lepidota - - | Colombia - - х luteo-alba . s < ° x meleagris „| Mexico - - х1 хи nigrescens -| New Granada - x-| x pe - mp om z ы. K punctata - - | Brazil - - x puncto-striata - | Guatemala - жа: porphyrostele -| South Brazil - x rufescens - - | Trinidad - E x scabrilinguis — - | Colombia - - x setigera - -| New Granada - 5 stachyobiorum - | Central America - xd tenuifolia -| Mexico - - х variabilis - » - -| x — var. lutea - ” - - x 4. — var. media - » - -| x venusta - -| New Granada - хх | х Wagneri - | Caracas - š La Megaclinium sp. - | Lagos ç stR Microstylis : Rheedi - - | India, Java, &с. - x Wallichi - | Moulmein- - x Я E] aja iit з BIE]. MEI IE š El |= ы1812| 215 Я ETENE 8 8858 ю |а | 51418 15| Miltonia : candida - + Breall - — > х Clowesii - E » - Ы cuneata - ә - - х % Phalenopsis - | Colombia - - spectabilis - | Brazil - - — var. moreliana| „ - - = жук ii - - | New Granada - x russelliana -| Brazil - E * vexillaria - - | Colombia - - x Warscewiezii - | Peru - E x Mormodes: Colossus - - | Central America - x Mormolyce : li E - | Mexico - - Nephelaphyllum : pulehrum - | Malay Arch. - x |x| x Oberonia : tahitensis - | Society Islands - жж Octomeria Bauerii - - | West Indies - х Loddigesii и » - x supra-glauca -| Brazil - - x x|x Odontoglossum : arnottianum - | - - - x astranthum - | Tropical America Cervantesii -| Mexico - е — var.roseum - » - - х cirrhosum - | Ecuador - - х citrosmum . | Mexico - - x — var. roseum - ” - . constrictum += | Venezuela - - x cordatum - | Tropical America crispum - - | Colombia - sikiwi x] x xixix|ix|x|x cristatum - | Ecuador - ° А eristatel- | U. 8. of Colombia x Edwardi - | Ecuador - - х grande - * | Guatemala - ® |x] x 69 x: aba 424 Е See Ë Sa #1518 3 JHHHHHHEHBHHHE 51215141515 |51412 |5 [4 EZ Odontoglossum—cont.} harryanum - | New Granada - x leve - - | Guatemala - х lindleyanum -| New Granada - x luteo-purpurem - £ - x maculatum -| Mexico - . x ' madrense - > - - х mirandum -| New Granada - x nebulosum -| Mexico - ¿1 Oérstedii - - | Costa Rica - x — var, majus - b —» ç x Pescatorei - | New Granada - EIS polyxanthum - | Ecuador - - х pulchellum - | Guatemala mini x Rossii - . | Mexico - - х — var. majus - Ñ - - x — var, superbum Š - - x sanderianum -| New Granada - x^ schlieperianum - | Costa Rica - ў х triumphans -| New Granada - x : (Eceoclades maculata - - | Pernambuco - x Oncidium ampliatum - | Central America - x auriferum - | New Granada - x barbatam -|B - - x bracteatum — - | Central America - REX candidum - | Guatemala B x cesium - - | Tropical America x caminiophorum- | Caracas - - x eheirophorum -| Colombia - - х ` cucullatum -| New Granada - x — var. nubigi-|] ,, # - х пиш. concolor - -| Brazil - - х excavatum - | Peru - - х flexuosum -| Brazil - . x harrisonianum - - . x hebraicum -| New Granada - x heteranthum > | Peru - - [х 70 — | — | + ү, ЕН ЗЕЕ ЕЕ Oncidium—cont incurvum -| Mexico - - х isopterum - - | Brazil - - jamesianum ~f- è Е x janierense -| Brazil - - х jonesianum -~ | Paraguay - - x lanceanum - | Surinam - - x Limminghi - š ; x longipes - -|Brml - - = z luridum - - | West Indies - x microchilum -~ | Guatemala - x micropogon - | Tropieal America x ornithorhyncum а » x | x ornithopodum - » о х obryzatum - | Peru - - x Papilio - - | West Indies - xixixixixixixi|x pelicanum - Mexico - - x pubes - -| Brazil - - х pumilum - - » = - х retemeyerianum |- - - х sarcodes - -| Brazil - - х splendidum - | Mexico,Guatemala | х tectum - -| Colombia - - x tigrinum - - | Mexico - - x | x trulliferum - | Brazil - - x |x varicosum - a - - хх — var. Rogersii - » x - Orchis: foliosa - -| Madeira - - x maculata - - Europe - - x mascula - - ” - - x Ornithidium alum - - | West Indies - х ineum - » - х Sophronitis - | Colombia - sI K Бб Ornithocephalus krenüiforus -| Brazil - - и | Ornithochilus : fuscus - -| Burma - - х 8 lx 71 TT н Be JHHEHEHHHHEHE 5[mim|i4iz8i^i^9i*|2|o9|£* Peristeria : cerina - - | Central America - x Phaius albus ~- - | India E - х і Bensonize - | Rangoon - - хх хк к: bicolor - - | Ceylon -~ - х ; callosus - - | Java - - x Humblotii - | Madagascar - x maculatus - | India - - x Marshallise - | Moulmein - х pauciflorus - | Java - „| x Wallichii - | East Indies ` x — var. Manni -| Assam - - х Phalenopsis : amabilis - - | Philippines - и ee ee amethystina < | Sunda Islands - RIX buyssoniana - | Cochin China - KIJXIXIXIK Cornu-cervi - | Moulmein - RIKER ; denticulata - | Tropical Asia - x L x gloriosa - - | Sulu Archipe KER grandiflora - | Java - - кіх luddemanniana | Philippines - x |x Lowi - * | Moulmein * - х sanderiana - | Philippines - хія schilleriana - | Manilla - {ика stuartiana - | Tropical Asia -| x | x Pholidota articulata - | India - - х chinensis - -| China - i x conchoidea + | Philippine Islands x imbri * | India - - x | ventricosa -| Java =- = x | Physosiphon : Loddigesii -| Mexico - + x Platyclinis : Cobbiana- — -|Philippins - x |x filiformis - - » - K glumacea - š r = x uncata - А » * x | x a 2| БЕ — — 8 ЕЗШЕ ЧННЕНЕННЕНИЕ Pleurothallis: barberiana - | Trop. S. America- | x irtela cardiocrepis - | - - - carolie aff. -|- Р - š gelida - .|- - - x immersa - - | New Granada - RIKIN] macroblepharis - | Brazil - - х nutabunda - ^ - - х octomerioides - | Mexico - - : x ornata - - s - - х picta - - | Brazil and Guiana x prolifera - - Š » x pulchella - | Peru апа Colombia x semipellucida - » še x rubens - -| Brazil - - х tribuloides - | Costa Rica - x tridentata - | Venezuela - 219 Е velaticaulis - | Colombia - - х velatipes - - | Venezuela - - x х yillsa - - | Mexico ~ - х х wendlandiana - | Tropical America x ras Лах ога - - | Sierra Leone - | x leonensis - - ” б - х grandiflora - » Š - x x | x pubescens - | South Africa - x purpurea - - | India - x Pterostylis : Baptistii - - | Australia - - x concinna - - i - - x nutans - - a * - е x | x Renanthera 2 bilinguis- - | Јата > > š: x coccinea - - | Cochin Chi - x | x Restrepia : antennifera - | Colombia - -| x аб . elegans - -| Caracas - - х ophiocephala - | Guatemala - x — var. purpurea | - - - x ^ pandurata - | Tropical A nerica x T 73 — — | E 1 š E i AJHHEHRBHEHHHHE HEIHEFHHIKEHHEHEHE Restrepia—cont. striata - - | Tropical America x ы Rodriguezia : fragrans - - | Brazil > - x secunda - - | Trinidad - - х Saccolabium : bellinum - - | Burma - SERES Blumei - - | Tropical Asia - x ? curvifolium - | Ceylon - * E gemmatum - | Khasia Hills - х guttatum - | Malay Arch. * x |. micranthum ~ | India - - x | * paniculatum — - | Himalayas - x Péchéi - - | Moulmein - - хх Sarcanthus: insectifera -|- - - х pallidus - - | India - х pugioniformis = | Malay Arch. - x мй И teretifolius -| China - - х Willamsoni - | Moulmein- . - ` # | > ilus: Berkeleyi * | Andamans - Ж luniferus - -| Burma - EEROR x Satyrium - coriifolium - | Sonth Africa - х Princeps - - š ” - x Saundersia : А mirabilis - - | Brazil - > x |, ia: s Hadweni - | Brazil - : x Steelei - - | British Guiana - = fx . x Sobralia: macrantha - | Mexico - $ x|x|x _— тағ. пада ` -|- š - x | sessilis - -| British Guiana - хи ии wx x Sophronitis : omnua - - | Brazil - - х |x| x “grandiflora -| » - -|x ` 7 ияти — var. rosea : š - - 1х х | x U 65995. $ E ; | 81312 83181 212515]: чо Bölen А violacea - Brazil «+ -|x Fortunei - Khasia and Sylhet x ixioides - Himalayas - x Vieillardii Sunda Islands - хіхіххіх хашин Stanhopea : | insignis ~ Brazil = Р ë x jenischiana Peru - - х grandiflora Trinidad - - x |x Ruckeri - Mexico < - х platyceras Colombia = - х saccata - Guatemala - x Stelis : discolor - Peru . - х muscifera Venezuela - - x fimbriata South Africa + хо Tetramicra : bicolor > Brazil - - х Thelasis : carinata - Malay Arch. - х Trias : i - Burma LI - x Trichopilia - fragrans - Colombia - - x — var. nobilis - e galeottiana Mexico > - х laxa - New Granada - hymenantha West Indies - х 'tortilis - Mexico - - х Trichosma: suavis - Khasia Mountains х Trichocentrum : fuscum - Mexico ~ - x Trigonidium sp. - - - x. x Vanda: _ Bensoni Rangoon - - | : x 75 н | ) Е Е жей: Aes JHHERBPRRHEHEHE HHEEBHEHEHHHHHE Vanda—cont, coerulea - - | Sylhet, India - x Lx lise cristata - - | Nepal - А х insignis - -| Timr - < x] x | x x kimballiana - | Tropical Asia - &Ixl. limbata - - | Java - - suavis - - б - - р — var. Veitchii -| „ - - x|x tricolor - - б - - — var. insignis - š - - xix Wightii - - | India - - х Vanilla : planifolia - | Tropical America x г Xylobium : corrugatum - | New Granada - x x elongatum - | Central America - x leontoglossum -| New Granada -| x Zygopetalum : cerinum - - | Central America - x citrinum - -| Brazil - - x crinitum - - $ - - х discolor - - | Costa Rica - - x Gautieri - - | Brazil - - x brachypetalum - n - - х gramineum - | Popayan - - к intermedium - | Brazil - ЕЕ marginatum - | Colombia - : x | Rollisoni -| Brasil - - x stapelioides - » - ла : x velatum - - | Tropical America x wailesianum - | Brazil - - х 5 х Totals foreach month - = | 85 | 108) 104 104 125| 101 87 | 90 | 96 114 99 76 CXCIV.—_ DA MMAR FROM NEW CALEDONIA. We have for some time had in the Museum of the Royal Gardens specimens of the wood and resin of a tree indigenous to New Caledonia, obtained by Professor Moseley, F.R.S., who communicated them with the оз note :— A gum from New Caledonia, le: at Canala, on the east side of tbe island, by Mr. J. Brazier, and given by him to With this is a sample of the wood of the tree from which the gum is collected. An incision made in the bark of the tree produces a copious flow of the gum he pt is soluble in aleohol, and burns with a pleasant odour Very large quantities of the gum might be — obtained i in the island if it were found suitable for varnish or otherw e wood of the tree is commonly used for building purposes. The bark and leaf of the tree are said to be like those of a Dammara. Н. N. MosELEY. We have been unable to get any further light on these neos But having recently obtained Sebert’s “ Notice sur les bois de ou- - velle aledonie” it seems бай with its aid to clear di the identification. A tree described as Dammara lanceolata, A and occurring * depuis Genguéne jusqu'àla baie du Sud" 69), agrees in every particular with Professor Moseley’ s note, while P the other two species of Dammara known to oecur in New Caledonia, D. Moorei, Lindl., only occurs in the north, and D. ovata, Lindl., in the south. It is, however, — puzzling to find that Lindley had described no species under the name of D. lanceolata. poet however, states, that in the descriptive botanical work of his book he was assisted by кыны, and in the md Herbarium we vis a а ee _ lanceo- which we ou “he material form an opinion, must be call h their pottery. It will be remembered that the Kauri resin of New Zealand is afforded by Dammara australis, Lamb. [AU Rights Reserved. ] ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 52.] APRIL. [1891. CXCV.—PERSIAN TOBACCO OR TOMBAK. (Nicotiana Tabacum, L.) A curious confusion has long existed as to the vw miami of the сво plant cultivated in Persia. Flückiger and Han ographia, one of the most accurate books ever P DUDAS remark (2nd ed., р. 469), “ Nicotiana persica, Lindl., yields the tobacco Shiraz.” Bentley and Trimen, Medicinal Spe vol. iii., sub. tab. 191, attribute Poran or Shiraz tobacco to the sa e species. hese statements are adopted from the account and figure Wiblished by Lindley in the Botanical Register (tab. 1592). He says, “ We are happy to * have the opportunity of laying before our readers a genuine figure ** and description of sd = which chen => far-famed Tobacco Shi «of raz. The е on Virginian tobacco is also cultivated in * Persia; but this it is а which the finest gini» is manufactured. * of it were brought from Persia by Sir Henry Willock, Ape = erm to the a ae А а д in whose garden it blossomed * in September and October PRINTED хова HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE, EYRE AND SPOTTISWOOD literas de TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, East HARDING STREET, FLEET STREET, Е.С. and 32, ABINGDON STREET, WESTMINSTER, 8.W.; or me: JOHN MENZIES & Co., 12, HANOVER STREET, EDINBURGH, and 88 and 90, WEST NILE STREET, GLASGOW; or HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co., 104, GRAFTON SIREET, DUBLIN. 1891. Price Twopence. 78 nal, in his monograph of the Solanaces in De Candolle’s Pro- dromus (vol. xiii. 1, = ids adopts Lindley's species with the remark, * celeberrimum tabac m e Shiraz producit." Yet, of the half a hundred species of Nicotiana ней have been described, only two are ordinarily own for smoking, namely, Wicotiana Tabacum and the more hardy yellow-flowered species, №. rustica A curious fact to start with is ` that under JV. persica Lindley has redescribed a well-known species. As Alphonse De Candolle remarks L'Origine des Plantes Puitietes, 2nd ed., р. 115), * Lindley has ** figured с zt before vr Link and Otto (Icones plant. rar. * Horti ber. t. 82). ‘This was raised from seeds sent by Sello from * S. Brazil. " is a species certainly Prazilian, nearly allied to the * Australian М. sxaveolens. am unable to offer an opinion as to * how this species has been introduced into Persia. It must have been * as a garden escape, or through seeds introduced by accident from * America. It is improbable that its cultivation is common in Persia, " e Olivier and Bruguière, as well as other naturalists, who have seen- * the cultivation of tobacco in that country, made no mention of У oN. persica.’ The difference between the two plants is unmistakeable. N. persica, or, rather, N. alata, has white flowers, with a long slender tube, ter- minating in a nearly flat or salver-shaped limb, while the corolla of N. Tabacum is red, and funnel-sha; A Nico otiana, now much cultivated in о under the name of N. affinis, is probably only a cultivated form long ago as 1876 steps were taken to st the point by procuring from Persia authentic seeds of Shiraz tobacc Mr. W. Taytour Tomson to RoYAr GARDENS, Kew. My DEAR Sir, Tehran, 30th iiid i wis IN accordance. w ith a request received some time ago, I have much pleasure in sss aca you by to-day’s mail a bag of the best Shiraz se I have also received the — не as to the sowing, watering, and growing them, but as there is no time in which to have | them translated for sending by to-day's courier they shall be sent on by the first oppor- tunity. I am, &c. Dr. J. Hooker, C.B. (Signed) — Ww. Тдзтоов THOMSON. The seed own at K ow; and largely distributed. It w doubtedly “ merely a form of Nicotiana Тађасит.” ‘This was stated in the Kew Report for 1877 (p. 4 About ten years later attention Ye to be attracted to a mysterious article of conimerce mentioned in consular and trade reports as Tum belt, or Tombak. The ~ extracts are taken from an interesting paper by Mr. E. M. Holmes, F.L.S., the Curator of the Museum of the Pharmaceutical Society, printed in the Pharmaceutical J qe for February 13, 1886 (p. 681). ; 79 'TUMBEKI. Tumbeki is the name under which an article of regular. commerce between Persia and Turkey is mentioned in the consular reports, especially in that for Trebizond. wo or three years ago an inquiry was made at this institution con- rning the nature and botanical source of twmbeki the onl to be some od rete importan $ narcotic or possible medicinal properties, I wrote to Mr. A. Biliotti, "Consul at Trebizond, for informa- tion. In reply, he forwarded samples of tumbeki of different growths and qualities. This proved on examination to be unquestionably some kind of tobacco, and iio T ask pane to know why it figured in the Blue Book as a distinct mams ed Mr. Thomas Christy, F.L.S., to make inquiries for me in Pers He received the following note through Mr. Zanni, the well kn ovn zd at Constantinople, from whom I received the following informat * There are three йез: of ‘the teymbeki, all derived from the. Nicotiana persic * ], Shiraz гужы, valued = E gold piastres per oke. * 2. Kechan teymbeki, valu ten go * 3. ‘Teheran teymbehi, туя in Meet to No. 2. ** The Shiraz is the best quality, the leaves are four decimetres long and half a decimetre wide. The leaves of the two other qualities are not so large. The a n of setae Темы in the leaves of teymbeki is more mu i The m miens is found in every coffee house and even in a great number of private houses. It resembles somewhat the wash bottle used in н мй for kee sz À filters with distilled water, but is often made of metal eymbekt is placed in а small reservoir on the top of the vapour is drawn through the tube, which passes to the bottom of the water and colleets above it, whence it is inhaled through the longer tube. It is in fact a water-pi Having ascertained then that tumbeki was a species of tobacco, I sought for further confirmation of the statement that it is the produce = N. Berica a wrote on the subject to Professor Hausknecht, who well kno one of the е authorities оп the botany of Persia. He kindly replied as follows : * Tumbehi is the produce of Nicotiana rustica, and is almost ex- clusively used for the е called kallian or narghileh, The plant is cultivated throughout the whole of Persia, especially in Ispahan and Shiraz, whence the best kind comes.” But the statement of М. Zanni that tumbeki contains more alkaloid than tobacco, and that of Professor Hausknecht that tumbeki is the produce of N. rustica, seemed to conflict with the statements in books that N. rustica is less active than abacum In the “Commercial Report," No. 25, 1883, p. 1056, under * Sm Consul Dennis confirms M. Zanni's statement concerning tumbeki. Hs U 66245. 1000—4191. Wt. 37. A2 80 says:—“It is much stronger than ordinary tobacco, and cannot be * smoked in the usual way, therefore it is exclusively used for the ili... the distriet of Smyrna, but much is also re-exported to Egypt and other parts of Turkey. It is imported from Persia, both through Trebizond and Bushire on the Persian Mr. J. B. Fraser, in his work on Persia (1826), remarks, “The * tobacco smoked in the kalian is called tumbaku in distinction to tootoon, * or that smoked in pipes or cigarettes. It is sold in the leaf, which is * packed dry in layers, and is preserved in bags sewn up in raw -— * It improves by age, but is quite unsmokable the first year. The bes * comes from Jaroum, south о In an interesting article in “ hanes s Magazine” (January, ш р. 224) on the * Domestic aad Court Customs of Persia," the wr remarks concerning tumbeki: * The kalián or water-pipe ‘differs om * the Turkish narghileh by Penso ashort straight stem. In itis smoked “ the tobacco called tumbakee—a species grown "wi in Manes That * of Shiraz is very delicate in flavour and is the The tumbakee “ must be first soaked in water and squeezed liked + а oit or S^ will * eause vertigo. А live coal, made from the root of the vine, is placed * on the tobacco, and the smoke is drawn through the water with a gentle inhaling, depositing the oil in its passage through the water.” The leaves of tumbeki which I have received from Trebizond and Constantinople both metes with JN. persica in hc. but not with М. rustica, since they have no trace of а рено o far as it is possible to ascertain, therefore, 1 in the absence of РТА the met of evidence is in favour of tumbeki being the produce of JN. persica." A sample of Shiraz tumbeki was submitted to chemical examination by Messrs. Ernest J. Eastes and Walter H. Ince (Pharm. Journ., l.c; p. 683), with "€ eiiis results :— Nico - «s 5885 miren t P - 8:855 Saccharoid ee after "Pb азайа - 8:49 Soluble in water - - - 55.6 Insoluble in water - - - 44:4 Ash 1% ы > - - 2615 The following further account appeared in the Journal of the Society of Arts for August 9, 1889, p. 744. PRODUCTION or PERSIAN TOMBAK. “This narcotic, which is known under the name of Nicotiana persica, is cultivated in Persia exclusively, in the provinces of Chiraz , Kechan, = Ispahan. Its quality varies with the place of production. The t tombak is that which is derived from Chiraz. The production m Journal de la Chambre de Commerce de Constantinople says that tombak of this superior quality is not very abundant, and the price paid for it-is about fifty or sixty francs the oke, the oke being equivalent to 28.108, avoirdupois. The province of Kechan produces the second € of Persian tombak. With small leaves like the Chiraz tombak, product of Kechan is not even so abundant. The province of prm is the centre of the product for exportation, Its cultivation is 81 carried on оп a large scale, and the plant, which has a large leaf, forms the third quality of Persian tombak. It has been vainly endeavoured to grow this plant in other localities of Persia and Turkey, and experi- ments which have been made in growing Chiraz tombak in the districts of Jspahan and Kechan have not been attended with successful results. Mee is attributed to the quality of the soil. Zombak, which is used bacco, is cultivated ір a manner almost identical with that followed in tobacco cultivation. The seeds are sown in the month of May, and as soon as the young plants have "ie. a height of from fifteen to twenty centimetres they are watered once a fortnight. The harvest takes place in September or December, "I the leaves are cut and spread upon the ground, where they are exposed to the dew for a period of forty-eight hours, and to this exposure they owe the fact of their being slightly stained with little black patches on the leaves. When carried to the warehouses the leaves are piled one upon t the a robin dia e are sorted and рас cke d. In the latter operation the following is the — employed :—After having separated the leaves one by one, they are placed one upon ihe genis = ot in bundles of fr forty t forty-two okes. They are apped in half dressed, are then ready for delivery to the trade. condition, packed in bales, and warehoused in places not too 2 may be kept without any deterioration for several years. Tt seemed worth while, as the results of Mr. Holmes's inquiries P ot proved absolutely conclusive, to make further inquiries appliontion м Нег Majesty’s Legation at Tehran led to the following rresponden Dr. Casson to Roxar GARDENS, Kew. Her Majesty’ s Legation, Tehran, 3rd March 1890. DEAR SIR, I HAVE to-day се your letter respecting the tumbaki. I was engaged at the moment in smoking some Shi , which is by far the best to be found iur in my жетин ог мч ow impression is that it is simply a form of tobaeco. I will do my ome = obtain you seeds and leaves of each variety, and send them by messeng to the Foreign Office for you. 1 will also lay myself out to gather ali possible information respecting the plant. am, &с. ; D. Morris, Esq. (Signed) J. Hornsey Casson. Dr. Casson to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. My DEAR Sir, Tehran, 17th May 1890. I sEND you herewith such information respecting Persian Tanbaku > I have been able to collect at present. Later оп I hope to send you specimens xen iem and I also арбаа гаво and specimens rude the Ispahan distri Iam, &c. D. Morris, Esq. à; (Signed) J. Hornsey Casson. 82 TUNBAKU or TUMBAKU. Her Majesty’s Legation, Tehran, 16th May 1890. The following interesting particulars with regard to the cultivation, &c. of the tunbaku plant. have been kindly. furnished by the Nawab Haider Ali Khan, British agent at Shiraz. A translation, as nearly as possible literal, of the original Persian of his communication is here given. Hakan and Lars, trom which the samples most in request b the higher class Pen itin both in theimmediate neighbourhood of Shiraz, from whence the Nawab promises to send in the autumn specimens of leaves, ть ad seed, with samples of the soil and water. On receipt of these I will forward them at once to Kew. append also an abstract of information the same subject afforded me by Mr. Wright, the English head бие of НЛ.Н. the Zil-é- Sulta: J. Hornsey Casson. [Enclosure I.] About the beginning of February the seed is sown broadcast on the ground, which is first ploughed and reploughed two or three times, and well manured, mixed animal manures and nightsoil being used for this purpose. Ridges, about a yard apart, are made, and the intervening furrows are flooded, and while the water still iti on the ground ground, which is then covered thickly over with camel-thorn as a protection principally against birds. When the plania i Кы to show above ground they m must be watered once a week, so that the ground remains slightly moist. Later the watering must be continued every second week until about the 10th of Apri when the thorn is removed. The ground is then weeded and bat and pigeon is scattered broadcast over it. About the commencement of May the transplantation into other ground is effected. Old fallow land should be selected ; two consecutive crops of good tunbaku cannot be pape The course "generally adopted is to plant ¢unbaku one year, wheat t following, and the third year the land is left fallow. The ground wem be 1 терю ughed four or five times and arran -— in ridges and furrows sight (8) splants are — d. in m sY water-line about OL h proc ess is repea the ебі Pes ier. an interval of two bees and again continued weekly until the plants attain the height of about one yard. The crowns are then cut off, leaving five or six eaves. After the cutting, smaller leaves begi zin to sprout, and these must be cut away, the larger and thicker the leaves, the better the tunbaku. maturity is known by the appearance of red "d on the in whic t stuck into the ground at the water-line, the leaves remaining ground. When the prickles on the leaves are quite dry, the а 83 is once more flooded. Next day when the water has ‘vell subsided, and the mud is beginning == dry up, the plants are pulled up and thrown into the fur rows, wher they are left for about 24 hours. Before sunrise the following morning they are collected and removed into a shady place, e.g., into tents, where the leaves are separated from the stalks as rapidly as possible before drying takes place. A pit about two yards square is made, and the leaves, arranged in layers, the stalks being placed on the top as against sun, are y rodden in. Ten fifteen days later they are taken out and spread over the floor of a store-room, where they are well turned over for two or three days, and in this manner carefully dried. They are then closely packed into canvas bags, which are generally cased over with skins for protection during transport. Tobacco seeds of cold countries will grow in hot climates, and vice versi. ‘The points most to be considered are the water, soil, and climate. Та all good tanbaku districts either the water or the soil, or both, are brackish or salt (shir). The peculiar aroma most appreciated by Persians is only to be obtained by growth in warm climates. The produce from the non-brackish districts is exported and not relished for home consumption. itu tobacco, and ¢anbaku, are two different plants, but the cultivation i is the sam Tatum can never — nas or tanbaku, tütün a good year 10 paimans of land (one paiman = 100 squ are беса, will yield one thousand (1,000) to twelve ара (1,200) mands of tanbaku. (Signed) Нарев Ам KHAN of Surnaz. Shiraz, April, 1890. [Enclosure II.] Mr. Wright, late head gardener to his Imperial Highness the Zil-é- Sultan, considers that por is the ordinary tobacco plant, and that Shah’s zanbaku, which is of a specially fine quality, grows in a very — district known as Hakiin or Hakan, at the foot ‘of th the аай some 14 miles from Shiraz. This ground is irrigated by a stream of ver = Mitten: water (Àb é shür) and the natives Me ha superiority of this particular sample entirely to that cause. Cotton and grapes grow in the garden of the —ww at Tehran, where the water is sweet, produced melons entirely гона, of their native distinctive flavour. The inhabitants of the district are well aware that the same melons cannot be produced elsewhere, and attribute this circumstance entirely to the water, which is so strongly impregnated with salt as to be undrinkable. After the tanbaku is packed in the skins no fermentation takes place. As ribs, and the snuffy dust being rejected. The preparation of the ghkalian 84 for smoking is a work of some technical detail. The tanbaku is moistened w ith water and then pressed, secundum artem, into the (Signed) J. HORNSEY Casson, Tehran, 16 May 1890. Dr. Casson to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. My DEAR Sir Tehran, 24th December 1890. THREE days ago I received from the Nawab Haider Ali Khan of Shiraz, the promised specimens of fruit, flower, and seed from the Shiraz district, which I have much pleasure in sending on to you, through the Foreign Office. I hope our messenger will make his way safely over the mountains to Rescht ; there is a very deep snow, and at an altitude of some 12,000 feet it is no easy or safe journey. А year ago I was lost at the highest spot for eight hours in a snow drift, having under my eharge a poor widowed e with her two young babies, on her way home after the death of her husband. On that occasion our courier = the dispatch bags for four "Yan in thesnow! However, I hope t specimens may reach you safely and be useful. I have not а. the writing on the packets, as they are only the addresses of the Nawab at Shiraz ; pac of the bags, however, is inscribed Tockhin é Tunbaku, * seeds of Tumbaku.” So you may depend upon the authenticity of the specimens. I shall be interested to hear the result of your researches. ours, &c. D. Morris, Esq. (Signed) J. HORNSEY Casson. The material sent by Dr. Casson required a good deal of soaking and ТЕ before it could be it nd in to a form in which it could be compa botanicall This wever, having been done, the edücimiós was incontestable that he "t of the Shiraz tunbaku was nothing more, as had indeed been expected, than ordinary Nicotiana Tabacum. CXCVI—BOTANICAL ENTERPRISE IN THE NIGER PROTECTORATE. The following geographical account of the раар 18 кми from the Colonial Office List for 1890, ** The British Protectorate over the teca basa of the Lower Niger, the perce of the Rio del Rey at 9° east longitude. Inland, the Pro- includes the whole basins of the Lower Niger and Binué up to and t bijend the Boussa rapids on the former, and Jin on the latter, in 85 about 10° north latitude. * * * * Тһе whole of these vast districts are under the general supervision of the British Consul for the Bights of Benin and Biafra, but on the 10th of July 1886 a Royal Charter was granted to the Royal Niger Company (formerly the of they have treaty rights, including a belt of 30 miles on each bank of the Niger and Binué. The operations of the Company ser as far inland as Gando and Sockatoo, with the — of which countries treaties have been ообой The Company’s rations on the sea coast are mainly confined to Akassa, the Nin Pair i to the Niger The original trade both of the cen велели and of other West African possessions was in the ral products of the country. gradually opened up there has been a marked disposition to utilise Из. physical resources in the growth of every suitable kind of tropical pro- duce. It is upon the development of this policy that the material progress and peaceful prosperity of these countries must ultimately depend. The Kew I for — 1890 — (pp. 195-199) a memorandum drawn up by the Assistant Director, in the first instance for the Royal Niger Санан but subsequently bons wait expanded so as to cover the cultural industries of West Africa generally. The Royal Niger Company has on various occasions applied to Kew for assistance in turning to commercial account the natural products of its peer many of whick were ка le known in trade. In 1889 it supplied with two picked men, George Woodr Бана Bartlett, from Kew, to take charge of the botanical stations which it had — Жы in the interior. The rs at Kew are specially trained to fit them for en appétit uter The Royal Gardens have, in fact, always bee ed technical school. Each gardener is admitted for a two de urse, during which he has the opportunity of seeing every kind of банып carried on in the establishment, and in addition obtains systematic instruction in scientific subjects connected w “ith his profession. The best men receive appointments as орната offers, and they are now to be found in every part of the w It has always been the practice < in up as far as possible informal corre: i - tropics that is strange and unfamiliar to them, by giving the advice sug- gested by long experience in dealing with such difficulties. In the case of the two men sent to iin Niger Protectorate, the Royal ny PEN set its face against their carrying опа correspondence with K seemed a short-sighted policy, as the Company had obviously everything to gain by such assistance as Kew could give to the men in its employ. Both men unhappily have di ed, the last at the commencement of the presen r 6, however, of the семаи kind can attach to the Royal Niger Company. for this untoward res {t is evident that it did ele in its power to promote the health and comfort of the Kew 86 But it seems only just to place some account of the work in which they perished on record. If Kew sent them to Africa where they met their death in the attempt to do something to extend the resources of the empire, it may at least rescue their names and memory from complete oblivion. 'The letters printed below were, as will be seen, not in any way official but were addressed to former fellow gardeners at Kew. They are interesting as showing the type of men that the Royal Gardens turn out; the ‘plu cky way in which they face their difficulties, their loyalty to their employers, and the kindly feeling they entertain towards Kew. Beyond the omission of purely private matters, the letters have not been edited in any way RoyaL Niger Company to ROYAL GARDENS, Krew. Surrey House, b eis D eue W.C., Dear Sin, 24 Jan Some time ago you thought you might S able to find for us an шн young gardener who would be willing to go out to the Niger territories to take charge of the botanical work at Asaba. We have, during si «ёк ; year, made as considerable progress as could be expected ithout the assistance of a trained gardener. If you could now recom- Asaba, where there are a considerable number of Europeans, as it is the seat of the Supreme Court of the territories, and also the x heed quarton of the constabulary force, which is officered by Euro It is re- puted to be one of the healthiest places in the Niger territories, so that any candidate for the post should be informed that the climate is entirely different to that of the swamps of [p West m, &c. (Signed) M GEORGE TAUBMAN GOLDIE. D. Morris, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. Royat Nicer Company to Roya, GaRDENS, Krw. Surrey House, pitis Embankment, W.C., My pear Sir, 1 July 1889. Mr. Той Dyer and you wil be glad to hear that Wood- ruff is getting on capitally at Asaba, and seems to take great interest in his work. Do you think you could find us a second man of about the same calibre? We should be so greatly obliged if you could. Isend you a copy of our annual report to our shareholders, so that Mr. Thiseiton Dyer may see that we — not forgotten to make our acknowledgments to him for his T maa (Signi) "5 GkonGE TAUBMAN GOLDIE. D. Morris, Esq, M.A., F.L EXTRACT ge tes Annual Report of the Royal e Company e Year ending 31st December 1888. Wiru =s wae assistance of Mr. Thiselton Dyer, Director of the al ns at Kew, the Council have established a public botanical plantation, о on asmall scale, at Asaba, where experiments in the com- mercial botany of the territories are conducted, and from which it is 87. intended that suitable plants and seeds may shortly be Weg e a moderate price to native and European cultivators and settle They have also established in the >. ag ood of Abutshi a second experimental administrative plantation for the growth of coffee and ocoa, for the purpose of similar distribution to all who may desire to cultivate those products. Roxarn Nicer Company to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. Surrey House, Victoria Embankment, W.C., Sir, 19 September 1 I am desired by Sir George Goldie to ask you to be good enough to inform Mr. Thiselton Dyer that while the plantation No. 2 at "Abutshi, to which Mr. Bartlett is specially going, and which contains a far not proved satisfactory owing to the too great dryness and lightness of the soil at the latter place. Instructions have therefore been sent to e ыл eats s transfer plantation No. 1 as soon as possible fro o the e loamy soil at Abutshi, rather lower down river ieri on he бым side, where Mr. ruff will manage it as heretofore. Mr. Woodruff and Mr. Bartlett will thus be cl neighbours, and will have the advantage of each other’s mutual advice, while each will have his independent сузбе: to look after, and will thus be spurred on to make it a success. Meanwhile, as the failure has largely affected the tobacco plants, Sir George Goldie will be greatly obliged if Mr. Thiselton Dyer could kindly supply a second set of tobacco seeds similar to those already sent, and of which I append a list Tam, &с. (Signed) Евер. W. Brett. D. Morris, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. LETTER from H. E. BARTLETT. c/o Royal Niger Company, Akassa, West Coast of Africa, DEAR ——, November 3, Tl what I imagined it to be. A hundred years and more of British rule have had their results, and, as a consequence, Sierra Leone boasts o of the refinements of civilisation ; artisans and mechanics of all and a poor glass at that. A glass of lemonade ran me е 94. Тһе poptalšea і is of course all black. There are a few resident whites, but black par excellence is the colour, and there is quite as much difference between "as is observable at home. The educated natives speak English beautifully. A lawyer came on board and went as far as Cape Coast Castie, and it was a positive pleasure to hear that man speak ; and he, in colour, was almost ebony black. I was disappointed in my wish to see Mr. Lewis (who has formed extensive plantations here), as 88 he is still in England. I visited what is by courtesy — a Botanical Garden. It is situated some distance from the town, and is the most abject, forlorn, and neglected looking place it is possible to conceive. . It is, in fact, a barren wilderness, unproductive, uninviting. On my way I saw hundreds of those black ants similar to those that came deti Serge an case to Kew some time ago. ey are very von i here are very heavy, a fact sufficiently indicated by the deep сЕ киа watercourses which are everywhere to be seen. ha ome personal experience of their character, for it being yet the rainy season I encountered one tremendous driving storm of rain in going back to the shi After leaving Sierra Leone we kept the coast continually i in sight, and many times I thought of Monteiro’s description of it in his book ** Angola and the River Congo." ‘The coast-line is low, flat, depressing ; a no hills or cliffs rise to break the dreary monotony, and this coast is ashed by a tremendous mit a long white line of Beating surf being visible for miles. e ne xt place I went ashore at was Accra (accent on the second syllable), and рае |. had extreme boe: of landing for the first time on a surf-beaten shor The sensation is grand, exciting, perilous. The surf bón shoots ойду я ‘the midst of the boiling surf. The natives seize you an bear you on their shoulders high and dry to the beach. І have not much to say about Accra. It is made up principally of native im huts, with the addition of some ouses of European residents. I paid a visit to the Rev. Mr. Freeman, a retired missionary, who, at one time, was a gardener in England. He is now living in patriarchal nm surrounded by children and grand- children. In his little garde n as vines, tomatoes, garden egg, см dreariness. Looking at this interminable Cg ee prospect one sighed for the bold cliffs, the verdurous hills and pleasant smiling valleys of Madeira ; ovely eira, “ where ev "ak prospect pleases and ouly man is vile," and man is sometimes very vile in this earthly paradise It was on Wednesday, October 9th, that I landed at Akassa. The passage out was a quick one, occupying 26 days, and was not marked by any episode of more than usual interest. Akassa is the depót through which everything passes on its way up river. It consists of two dwelling-houses, one for the white men and one for the black clerks, and a long line of stores, and a billiard room. Here I spent 10 days, waiting to be sent up d and on Sunday, 20th, I started on board the steamer “ Kuka.” ‘The r Niger was now at its full tide. It was the close of the rainy ; season, ne the river had risen 40 feet from its level in the dry season, The er delta сона а inundation ; enormous volumes of water een out by every. аи ereek and river, and it is here that the mangrove swamps abou he mangroves give a weird, fantastic appearance to the jungle ; their white interlacing stems and roots forming an а barrier, through which no human being could foree his wa The navigation ofa tbis delta is a теь zen intricate. The creeks run into each other and co nicate ery imaginable manner, forming a maze, a n sees "asr eet АЕ h which it es a careful pilot and an experienced one to find his way. A stranger 89 entering these creeks without a trustworthy pilot ue tac ше tah be lost. While I was staying at Abassa the Britis n-of-war, the * Alectro,” came in to go up the river on some "iplomate ett e and a captain of one of the Company’ s boats was sent as pilot. As we went further up the river the vegetation slowly changed its character. The country still continued level, but in place of the mangroves, which almost wholly prevailed when we started, cocoanut and oil- -palms (Zleis guineensis) began to make their appearance, - as we proceeded the giant silk-cotton tree vie sp.) reared i colossal head high above the surrounding vegetatio While the Niger flora seems to be wanting in go lofty grandeur which one almost савету анньа with the чоь yet the compact and dense masses of palms, alternating and intermixed with trees of a sturdier habit, from whose branches hang petilatit climbers, give the scene à charm peculiarly its own. The eye looks in vain for a bold striking effect, and is сеси сее to pick out and admire the individual beauties of leaf and fro stem r getting past the creeks of the delta, we emerged into the Niger proper. Here the true width and volume of the river was at once manifest. We were on a Pare rushing flood, of width varying from two to six miles. Not a bank to be seen. They are all covered by the expanse of water. Like a huge lake the river looked, and hurrying on to split up and divide itself among the countless creeks that compose the jungle delta, and thence ultimately to жт м way to a sea. It is while the river is at this flood that banks are swept away, and even ati and Уже хк "he, making te Pes to reel and lifting all light articles and popping them overboard. The fury of the wind and rain was terrible. Suddenly there eame a dreadful cry from the side and ushing over we saw the steam-launch rapidly sinking. It was ineredible the aie with which she went down. Two of the men managed to scramble on board, but the third, the engineer, was washed away. The тый was at once manned and sent after him, but the poor fellow was lost. The rain fell in torrents. Within 15 minutes from the commencement the tornado ceased, and all was over. Tt took three days to get to Abutshi, where I am at present. I found Woodruff here. He has shifted from Asaba, as the latter place is totally unfit for a botanic station, the soil being mostly sand. Consequently he has started here, and has made good progress. The plants and seed I brought out arrived in excellent condition except Eugenia malaccensis, which had lost all its leaves. As we have others, that will not matter. all that; coffee doing ga well ; eocoafairly. Віха orellana oe a ‚ы nt, as before cu “for long. Plans are not definitely settled yet. The work of the day commences early out here, and also all over the West Coast. At half-past 5 the bell rings and all the “boys” (boys is the name general to all the black labou urers) turn out and work until 10, when they stop an hour for “ chop," turning to again at 11 and working on 90 till 6 p.m., when the bell rings. That, in effect, means working from dawn to dark, as it is soon dark after 6 p.m. We have to keep much the same hours, but having a little different arrangement for meals ; thus, after turning out the boys, or before, if we prefer it, there is early tea. Breakfast at 10, lunch at 2, and dinner at 6.30. So far I like the life very well. Of course there is always the contingency of ds to guard against. I had my first attack en = but it was soon over, and in two days I was out in the plantation The worst time of the year is now approaching, the dry * * Limes, the fruit of Citrus асїйа are largely used for making lime drinks, which are both xi and refreshing. I must close up my letter within the compass of this sheet, or I shall exceed the half oz. ‚ which I must ask y to pay this time. I ho ope to alter this "s of things when I send again. We have no stamps here. You wi ee I have written to both of you, S n save кн especially as yon live together. Please remember o K and show him this letter. H. E. BARTLETT. LETTER from H. E. BARTLETT. c/o Royal Niger Company, Akassa, West Coast of Africa, My DEAR —-. March 16, 1890. I must thank you very heartily for your interesting letter with its news of Kew and Kewites. Oh! the palmy days at Kew as you are so fond of remarking. I was very much ‘eratified pes met by the invitation to write paper for the Kew Gardeners’ Mutual Improvement Society, and should like to have done so, but for ditus Gotten reasons could not. Firstly. I did not get your letter until nearly February, thus not leaving time. Secondly. 1 was in a very precarious state of health at that time and had been for two months. I did not lay up at x y superintended all my little operations and works all the time, yet I had a terrible struggle with the € I kept up a stout heart and pulled through, but was near going un Third. ly. rece more particularly I do not know to what extent I might compromise myself by writing home any account of the territories or Company’s doings. My agreement talks glibly of heavy fines, as you W 1,000 aeres of land which has to be all >< ese up - pidan: The name of the plantation is the N'Kisi Creek Plan so na the N'Kisi River which runs с it. I have nal 100 men at work on the estate at present. urers from Lagos, men very ignorant, who have to be shown eve сейде. I am living on the plantation in my own house built by myself; that is, by my men under my directions. The house has two rooms, and verandah running all round. The walls are of mud, the floor ditto, and the roof of — leaves (Raphia wem seua prepared for that purpose. The rafters are of mangrove wood. back, but separate from the enr isthe sioe nem. bath room, fier 91 and servants’ room. a have two servants, both black—cook and house- boy. At the back of this, again, I have a little qu in which I have the planted рерге кин), tomatoes, t ir sop, the Papaw, &c. So y е my cile is composed entirely of native materials. The palm ыен аге нев n with *tie-tie," a kind of cord or ro obtained from R. amigas in common with the mats. It is a jolly house, situated on the top of a hill, with a ы er = сен of the iger, from which a breeze frequently blows. It is always cool and comfortable i in the house even under the fierce glare of the futile? вип, am аз comfortable as a king, and as happy аз a sand boy, always em. мен very good health, and can pummel the recalcitrant members of d with ease. Living alone as I do, away from the stations amongst my crowd of “ boys” (boys is the term used loue. aad ретт when n speakin ng of labour here), men who are unscrupulous, and would take the instant advantage of өч boss if it is рок» it is necessary to keep the whip hand of them aste I have learnt many things Him my short sojourn in this lend of Goshen. I have had «4 — pretty hard nearly the whole of the time Ihave been out. I work for my own credit you understand. I want to keep up the good old name of Kew, too, if I can. We are early birds. We turn out between 4.30 and 5. At 5 I have coffee and a snack of something. At 5.30 I ring the bell, and the day's X commences virtually with daylight. The men work on until 11, and turn to again at 12, working until 6. I sees breakfast about 11, and авг at 6.30, and 8 o'clock is time to turn I am dreadfully busy rags now. About 20,000 coffee and cocoa plants and 130 pods of cocoa seed arrived three days ago from Lagos as a = instalment for plantation, and there аге more coming ; that means bus to d i Sunday I had a little shooting practice; I am getting to manage the revolver very nicely. Rifles are not new to regard to climate, just now it is comparatively cool, as there are rains and tornadoes; but until quite recently it has been n blazingly hot, The heat in the middle of the day is simply immense. I never stra far from the hou ex myself to the sun at any time without wearing my pith Бы. People at home may scoff at the helmet, but it is with the majority an indispensable а vene in the tropics.’ I could not stand the sun a day without my he Another matter will interest you. When I left England I was a teetotaller and a non-smoker. I am neither now. "Tis true I drink scarcely anything ; it is not obtainable. I do not think a man is any better in the tropics for teetotallism ; abstinence by all means. Smoking also, in some degree, 4T e the plagues of Egypt as represented here by mosquitoes and sandfli The plants I took ot. are doing very well. The coffee plants at Abutshi are very promising. Cocoa and cotton likewise show up well. water, per canoe, but died ride. You remember in ‘the economic 92 those ingredients; but for all that the fruit is delicious. І am great on mangoes; the turpentine taste is only just as you bite ч fruit ; as soon as you have got a fair grip you lose the initial bad flav The sour sop is a favourite fruit of mine, with its aid taste. І donot object to a pine-apple now and then. It would surprise you to see the mes Asie e knife a pine. I have half a dozen hanging in my randah n ; they are very nice. "The Niger region, as represented by t this distriet, is not a gay place at all. Nature wears a somewhat solemn face ; and there are not man y flowers wasting their sweetness on the desert air. There is a striking lack of both flowers and fruit. In out of the way shady, watered creeks and bush many beautiful flowers have their home, but these require searching and finding. I hope to make some contributions to Kew after I have * written my name " on the plantation. It is now Wednesday, March 26th. ч must try and finish your letter. Iam just a d busy now, having received 25,000 coffee and 10,000 soa. You can have no idea how w densely stupid the average African is, and how inepta We is of reasoning from cause to effect. My plantation hands are from Lagos, and they know not the use of any tool. It is amusing to see them handle a spade for the first time. І have got them, or rather some of them, to turn a piece of ground something near the mark. Yet, for all like Mark Twain’s jumping frog, they have ous how quickly they succumb to slight wii It is not vsque altogether, as they lose their pay w when rking. A turning-to time I generally find half a ее o ask. more—siek men squatting on my теков. They all come to me when sick. I give them salts ay be on the principle that if it does them little good it also does little I have had a lot "of African fever since my arrival in this country, but I have never had a real knock-me-down attack. The fever is quick in its action. You feel heavy and tired; then you may or may not be taken with the cold stage, shivering and shaking, although the tempera- ture is over 90° in the shade. This for an hour, or several hours, an it =н passes off, leaving you in the hot stage. You are now t semi-unconscious state, and awake to find yourself beginning to perspire. The whole business is over in about four hours, but it leaves a man very weak. Last week I had the fever, as described, three days following. Н. E. BARTLETT. Royat Nicer Company to Rovar GARDENS, Kew. Surrey House, Victoria Embankment, W.C., DEAR os 11 July Б x copy letter from our Principal Medical Officer in the Niger Territories, giving анаи of the death of Мг. Н. Е. Bartlett. (Sigue) us Bora Nube Gon For the Royal N Company, Charte red and d. Limited. 93 Principat MEDICAL Orricer, Niger Territories, to ROYAL NIGER COMPANY. : Medical s Asaba, My Ей dm eee May 1890. ery sorry to inform pn ve Mr. H. E. Bartlett, of the aria Plantation, tied on May 16, 1890. Cause of death: Remittent fever; uremia; exhaustio The fever was of a very severe type, known on the otal as blackwater fever, ie, a form 2 — — in which one of the leading symptoms is the passing of u f a port wine, or nearly black, colour. I was in constant Бегай on him, and was with him when he а, as buried by ће Rev. Н. Н. Dobinson, of the Church Mis- iy oblati] who saw him more than once before he died. I am, &c. (Signed) W. Н. CROSSE, The Royal Niger Company, Principal Medical Officer, Chartered and Limited. Niger Territories. LETTER from 9. WOODRUFF. Botanical Plantation, Abutshi, iger Territories, DEAR ——, You will have heard before this of Bartlett’s death, "I had just left him and gone back to Abutshi, and was busy reading bei kind and welcomed letter when the doctor sent to tell us. I never i = would be out here long, but I thought he might home agit He as sick nearly all the time he lived. Our work is very trying out Web having to be out most of the day. АП other Europeans never go out but very little in the hot part of the day; but until we are well established it will be nothing but hard work, and unless a man is thorough practical gardener he will find it very hard here, as every- pref is from the commencement; it is very different to going н ne made for you, and it takes very little worry to you Palok here will not be so hard in two or three years time. It is not only сие your work, but you must know how to manage men and уе able to teach them, as when you get them they cannot use a spade ду A ре it hard now, as I am A ce at Seti own place sid I am pleased to "AO getting my plantation es pers a iiis like а botanic garden. It = ттт 84 acres, and by the end of this year I hope to have it most all planted. When the Earl taking the plants all poor ee looking so healthy. While I was at Lagos for plants, I paid a visit to the Botanical Station, and was well received by Mr. uite the ау It looks to be about 34 acres. We also went to St. Thomas’s Island for coffee and cocoa plants. I did not see much of the island, е the flora appears to be similar to the Niger. We have about 2 3,000 coffee and 27,000 cocoa to be planted this year at the new place Bartlett started. I have collected — 4 U 66245. B 94 about 4,000 Sansevieria guineensis, and planted them; the leaves grow quite 5 feet long, and produce splendid hemp. They are difficult to get, as they are only found here and there like most things out here. I hope some day to have a good turn in the bush, but I am afraid it will be that you must not Керен much from me at present. The only things we hav been very successful with are Cephaelis о черен апа back ; І have just go ot them round again, and hope they will о better. Tea grows well here; at present we have the six plants sat out of sg = and I have 12 cuttings struek. They grow without any shade, keep nice and green Some of them have made 1 foot of new wth in a month, which I should think was good. We have nearly two hundred of Piper nigrum and the Patchouli about the same. Piper longum grows very отуу, and will not suit here at all. І have had ; they аге all up, and some planted out— Bau- hinias, Sesba ilr Salvia coccinea, &c., which will help us in the flower vn ini nothing of much value. We are just about com- mencing the rainy season, w «и гада See must be planted out to be able to stand "ihe next dry season. І expect уе shall have to start a cotton plantation this year; I hace sent home a sample, although not a good one, as they were late being sown, owing to my shifting from one place to another, and they had not finished their growth when the dry season set in. The tobacco from seed of our own saving from the few lants I managed to bring from Asaba, have done much better this time, and I hope this year we shall get some fine leaves. If we succeed, we can grow two crops in the year. I find that as we get the ground put out next year; they are co арн very well, so for. They ike six weeks to germinate, 9 іп Mas timethey have so many chances of being washed in by tornadoe мае a going up or coming down stops * == so that there could not be a better place for a botanie garden, and we are always six in the house, and all very nice men. We live well, better than what you would think in so wild a country. We have coffee at 5.80 a.m., breakfast 10 a.m., е 2 p.m., dinner 6.30 p.m. We have very little expenditure ; ; even our washing is done, for a washman is kept on the place. I saved 1007. during my first year, and I expect there are few places going nowadays where you can do that The other plantation is quite away from anybody ; you u have your own house steward, cook, &c., &c., and are master of your own house, and when it is all planted it will be a fine place. The house is built about to live down among the swamps that it is so trying; altogether, a man can be quite happy out here H he keeps his health. À little sickness out here pulls one down very m The way I shade my Duis is this: I have beds made 4 feet wide, leaving a walk 3 feet petere each. We then get forked pos abont 3 feet out of the ground, tie bamboos right along the forked sticks; then put bamboos across (7 top, and cover with palm leaves, 95 Then, when you want to harden anything to the ig after they are up, just take a few palm leaves off every day or so they are exposed altogether. They being built so low, a tornado never blows the leaves off, and now that I have had a year here, and know what weather to expect and the best way to sow things I am very successful. I have succeeded with everything I have put in this season so fa have not been able to dry any specimens yet, but we have just built a tool shed, seed room and office, so that I hope to dry some next flowering season. G. WOODRUFF. Roxarn Nicer Company to Royan GARDENS, Krw, Surrey House, aes Embankment, W.C., 8 Dear Stn, I am instructed by Lord гечи to end you full a as to the regrettable decease of Mr. Woodruff, the gardener from Kew, of which the Company received news by cable on the 19th ats The written information in question will к, arrive about a fortnight hence, when I shall at once forward it to t present the Company has no news beyond the two words, * Woodruff dead.” Yours, &c. (Signed) Henry MORLEY, У. T. Thiselton Dyer, C.M.G., F.R.S. Secretary. Royat Niger Company to ROYAL GarpEns, KEW. Surrey House, EA Embankment, W.C., DEAR SIR, 6th March 1891. I am instructed to inform you Ton we have this day received the annexed reports of the regrettable death of Mr. Woodruff from Dr. Crosse, the Company’s principal medical officer Yours, &e. (5: кпе) Henry Mortey, W. T. Thiselton Dyer, Esq., C.M.G., F.R.S. Seere [ Enclosure. ] Asaba, River Niger, 17th January 1891. I REGRET to have to inform you that Mr. Woodruff died at Asaba on January 2nd, 1891, from blackwater fever, followed 5y inflammation of his kidneys. I have to inform you that, before he died, Mr. Woodruff made de a will, _ — by which it is arangos that his property is to be sold and the proceeds, together with his balance of wages, divided. equally between his sister and his fiancée. As soon as I conveniently can, this will be carried out. Please let me know what amount stands to his eredit in the London кт and should he have left an allotment, perhaps it will be as well to top it His effects may realise about 157. (Signed) W. Н. Crosse. —— U 66245. €, 96 Extract from Dr. Cnossz's Diary. Dec. 29th.—-Mr. Woodruff, at his own earnest request, was removed to Asaba in a steamer, He is Yer ill, has constant орок, which pulls him down very much, has verything | he can wish for (as champagne, brandy, soda, Жетеден, milk, CXCVII.—ADEN BARILLA. (Sueda fruticosa, L.) In the Kew Bulletin for March 1890, an account is given of what is to the India Office to procure specimens of Aden Barilla, and of the plant producing it, for the Kew Museum. INDIA OFFICE to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. India Office, Whitehall, S.W., Sin, 24th February 1891. WirnH reference to your letter of the 12th July last, I am directed by the Secretary of State for India, to forward you herewith a copy of a letter received from the Political Бена at Aden, and to inform you that the case therein referred to, containing a cake ‘of manufactured Barilla and specimens of the plants from which it is made, has been forwarded to your address. I am, &c. (Signed) «C. E. BERNARD, cretary, The Direc Revenue and Statistics Department. Royal үт Kew. [ Enclosure. | Cory of LETTER from the POLITICAL agemus ADEN, dated 8th January 1891 WirH reference to your Lordship's серай to the address of the Government of Bombay, No. 11 (Revenue), dated 30th October 1890, I have the honour to forward to your address a case containing a cake of the Barilla as prepared at Bir Ahmed (near Aden) where it is’ best made. It is broken in two pieces, but this is a proof of its good bou as the inferior cakes only remain whole. specimen of the material as prepared for burning is for- Wanted: and also some specimens of the green plant. 2. The mode of preparation is as follows :—The young green twigs at ` the ends of the branches are picked and pa on the ground i in the sun for seven days, at the end of which time they turn black, but are full moisture. Shallo s with a diameter of from 18" to 2’ are then’ dug in the sand and the bfaekenéd twigs are put into them and then ignited, and allowed to burn for some hours, at the end of which time they become a viscous pulpy mass, which is gently stirred with a stick until 97 it cools, — it does in six hours, and on the following day the solid moved. Should rain or water fall on the picked twigs they become нс тыа 13. The bush is now at its brightest and freshest. I have also enclosed some specimens of the flower as at present growing on most of the plants. They were picked on the Ist of January, and the specimens of the plant оп the same da (Signe a) JOHN ФОР Riighdice-General, Political Resident. Roya rma Kew, to INDIA OFFICE. Sir, Royal Gardens, Kew, 30 March 1891. I nave the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter [В. & S., 152] of February 24, enclosing a сору of a letter received from the Political Resident at Aden and informing me of the despatch to this establishment of various ее illustrative of the Barilla 2. These specimens have since meeting and will form a valuable addition to the museum of this establishm 3. The plant sent by Brig ag Et al Jo opp proves to be Sueda d L., and not, as stated i r. George Watt's report, communi- ted in your letter of August 18, 185 Е. S. & C., 969], Sueda ied ¿flora, the so-called * Aden Balsam.’ 4, 'The manufacture of Barilla has been the subject of inquiry at this establishment on the part of the Egyptian Government, and I purpose ` publishing the interesting information now obtained in the Kew Bulletin. m, &c. (Signed) W. T. THIsELTON Dyer. Sir Charles E. Bernard, K.C.S CXCVIII..— ASSAM RUBBER FOR WEST AFRICA. (Ficus elastica, Bl.) COLONIAL OFFICE to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. Этв, Downing Street, 20 November 1890. I am directed by Lord Knutsford to transmit to you, че уош information, a copy of a despatch from the Governor о п the йй of the Ficus elastica of Asia. I am, &е. «The Director, (Signed) JOHN BRAMSTON. Royal Gardens, Kew. [ Enclosure. | Sir ALFRED Moroney to Log» KNUTSFORD. Government н, Lagos, My Lorp 13 Oct 1890. I mave the honour to Saree 5 the rept direct a India, of pe packets of seed of the Ficus elastic account by Mr. Gustav тра Conservator of Parasti; "ot the mode of culture pursued in Assam 98 .2. For their ready and practical co-operation, may I invite your я to convey to the Government of India the thanks of this olon . Tho information — is of vk general interest and value I an ventured to issue nso as a circular, of which I would ask р Lordship 1 to xus the Director! of the Royal Gardens, Kew, to Ts some copies . The seed received has been treated in accordance with the method аврһуа i їп те in the cultivation of this rubber tree. I trust the experiment will prove a success and m" rui trouble I have given. e, &c. The Right Hon. Signed) ALFRED MOLONEY. Lord Knutsford, G.C.M.G. &e. &e. &c. CIRCULAR. Colonial Secretary's Office, Lagos, 30th September 189 e following correspondence on the subject of the Ficus elastica of Asia has passed between his Excellency ma ЭМСЕ and the Right Honourable Secretary of State for the Coloni The Ficus elastica is distributed over гән, Java, and probably other Malayan countries; it is cultivated in Malabar, and is the chief, if not the only, source of Assam and Java caoutchouc. The caoutchouc supplied by this tree is only second in importance as _ an article of export to that of the celebrated Hevea braziliensis of the Amazon Valley. The tree is of similar growth in almost every respect to the ‘ Abba” tree (Ficus Vogelii) of Yoruba, and would doubtless thrive excellently in the moist climate of the West Coast of Africa The preparation of the caoutchouc is similar to that of ре * rubber” of the Landolphia owariensis of West Africa. Such of the milk as flows freely is coagulated by boiling, but the greater part W allowed to dry on the tree, from which it is stripped when sufliciently evaporated to bear handling. The value of good and fine Assam caoutchouc was quoted in 1887 at from 2s. to 2s. 7d. per po nid, and in the quantity annually shipped to the United Kingdom it would appear to compare favourably with the Para gei pa eed of this valuable tree, which has been supplied ttm the kind ifie of the Indian Government, is now being cultivated at the Botanie Station of this Colony, and young plants will be miniis for the public in a short time. As little or no skill is required in its cultiva- it is to be hoped that it will soon establish itself in this Colony and the neighbouring States By Comma ALVAN ge Assistant Colonial Secretary, pro Acting Colonial Secretary. 99 The UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE COLONIES. Sir, | 29th January 1890. I HAVE the honour to request that the Secretary of State for the ee may у pleased to invite the co-operation of the Indian Govern- n the direction d м supply to the Botanie Centre of the Colony of L on of some se e Ficus elastica, also a copy of instructions on "ue mode of its уз patel in Mala ook ve, &e. ( Signed) ALFRED MOLONEY. COLONIAL OFFICE to INDIA OFFICE. Sm, Downing Street, 13th March 1890. I am directed by Lord Knutsford to transmit to you, to be laid before Viscount Cross, a copy of a Денег from the Governor of Lagos оп the sant of the * Ficus elastica." Lord Knutsford would be glad if the seed required by Sir Alfred Moloney, together with the information regarding the mu of this bar, could be supplied through your Departme Any expense which may be incurred will of conrse be defrayed from Lagos funds, and upon application to this Department the Crown Agents will be directed to pay ee amount in such manner as the Secretary of State for India may m, &c. , (Sign ed) Ковевт С. W. HERBERT,- The pude Áo md of State, INDIA OFFICE to COLONIAL OFFICE. (R. & 5. 354.) India Office, Whitehall, S.W., 24th April 18 I Ам directed by the Secretary of State for India in Council to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the l3th ultimo, enclosing a of the seed of Ficus elastica, and to forward the same to the Governor of Lagos together with the required information as to the culture of the plant. I have, &c The Under Secretary of State, (Signed) 3 X. GODLEY. Colonial Office. Local Form No. 1. No. Kf. 134. From Gustav MANN , Conservator of Forests, Assam, to his Excellancy The GOVERNOR OF LAGOS Sin, Dated Shillong, y зањ July 1890. Іх obedience to the orders received from the Government оѓ India, I have the honour to advise your dimi of the despatch of three small bags of rubber seed (Ficus elastica), containing about one \ 100 pound of seed, by sample post, and to enclose a brief account of t methods employed in cultivating this tree in Assam. I also pare copy of a letter addressed to the Secretary to the Chief ae small and light, so that probably a pound or two will be found sufficient instead of 1 ewt. as now ordered have, &с. (Signed) Gustav Mann, Conservator of Forests, Assam. € of LETTER No. Af. 73, dated Shillong, the 21st July 1890, from ‚ the Conservator of Forests, Assam, to the Secretary to the ‘Chief үүнү фы оЁ Аззаш. I mave the honour to acknowledge receipt of your office Memo. No. 201/72, dated the 27th ultimo, forwardin ng to me a copy of the Government of India neal aes 494, and dated the 18th June 1890, and directing me to send to h s Excellency the Governor of Lagos, on the West Coast of Africa, 1 Pt of seed of Ficus elastica for cultivation in that Colony. 2. With reference to these instruc tions, I beg to report that the seed of Ficus elastica ripens in February and March, and that I wil make the arrangements, if necessary, to have it collected of good quality = that season, but before doing so, I beg to point out that this see extremely small and light, so probably a much smaller soa will suffice to commence with, each of the figs contains about ` eed, and as 90 figs go to one tolah it will ы p number of seedsin one poun 270 0,000, which ought to be sufficient to begin experimenting gee even though P should bé no skilled rei available for sowing i 3 e obtained about 1 №. of seed from pp S hich I will send at once to his Excellency the rige of Lagos by post, and I shall write direct advising Boy despatch of the seed, and giving a brief account of the methods employed in е the Rubber tree here in Assam; the үре. incurred is so trifling (six annas), that it is not worth while recovering; the "postigo on two letters would ex 4. I shall await further instructions before despatching more seed. Brier Account of how Rubber Trees (Ficus elastica) are k in Assam. The seed ripens from January to March, hes it is collected ms it falls off the trees, aud afterwards dried in t the It is, properly speaking, the fruit, and consists P small figs, the size ofa pea. These at the time of sowing are broken between the hands, and the seed thus mixed with the particles of the fruit is sown witbout any attempt to clean or separate the seed. 2. Germination takes place sometimes only tires montas after the n sown, and аз it is very small it be sown on the surface of the soil only, but otherwise just like the seed of any other plants, it requires as much light as possible from order side shade is an advantage. The seed can be sown on beds, or n boxes or — pots, but it is most essential that the drainage of ‘the soil be perfect, and that the earth never becomes soaking wet, whilst on the ims hand it 101 should neither be allowed to become thoroughly dry, but be kept always: mois 3. As the seedlings are very small at first у must be treated with great care, and drip from trees above the seed bed must be guarded against ; the soil must be kept loose, and os vegetable mould is the best soil. w the seedlings are 2—3 ee £e they have formed rend a little thickened root something like a small carrot, and can then be transplanted very safely; this should "ie done on to a a pro viri vis nursery bed, well drained, and the seedlings should there be placed. sita one foot in lines also a foot from each other. . After the seedlings have become 1-2 feet in height they are very mee and can be A ogy ши at any time of the year, but as the deer. are very much after the leaves of the rubber trees. and to avoid the great expense of fencing in our F plantation we have of late years trans- planted the young trees a second time in nurseries giving them more room, say, 3-4 feet square each plant, and let them grow until 10 to 12 feet high, when they can be put out into the plantation акын ос: that the deer. will destroy them ; they require, however, a strong st each, as the deer will bend the young trees down with their horns, if not stake 6. The seed of Ficus elastica, where the tree grows naturally in the forests, реше almost invariably in the forks of trees, 30 to 40 ) feet roots reach the ground, and increase rapidly in size, until some of meme reach a girth >. fum 4 to 6 feet; they are very numerous, and it not uneommon at a later age that they are thrown out And from the upper branches 80 to 80 feet from the ground, etd first as thin as whipcords, but very soon increasing in size after they "have reached the ground ; it thus сану happens that the tree on which the young rubber seedling first germinated, is killed by the more vigorous growing Ficus elastica, which in this respect resembles the well ‘known Banyan tree, and is one of the largest growing members of our mixed forest in Assam uires an exceedingly damp atmosphere to do well, and therefore shelves best at the foot of the mountains, or on the mountains themselves up to an elevation of 2,000 feet. It is met with also at a higher elevation, but n so vigorous, and at 5,000 feet it is liable to be xU or killed b 7. Seedlings of Ficus elastica planted in the forks of trees in the forest are very diffieult to attend to, and they in consequence often become dry about their roots, “whieh retards their growth if it does not kill them ; for these reasons the rubber trees planted on the ground have grown much better in the Assam Soames u ~ the latter mode of planting has therefore been adopted almost exclusively ; they are not planted, however, on the ground in the се “wae but on small mounds, 3 to 4 feet high, of earth, and the cut-wood and rubbish close at hand, which suits the epiphytal habit of growth of this tree. h ber trees can also readily be propagated from cuttings if only perfectly ripe young branches or shoots are used; but young trees s never are so hardy as the seedlings, and do not make equally good growth afterwards. 9. 'To ensure the test possible amount of moisture in the atmo- sphere, the plantations of Ficus elastica have been made in the moist evergreen forest near the foot of the hills, through which lines 40 feet in . width were cleared 100 feet apart from centre to centre of the lines, 102 thus having 60 feet of forest standing between the lines; on these cleared lines the mounds for the planting of the seedlings or saplings are thrown up at distances of 25 feet apart, care has to be taken afterwards to prevent the forest trees left standing closing in above, over the lines, and the rubber trees planted on them, which they have always tendency to do, and which, if not guarded against, is very detrimental to the growth of the young rubber feos The undergrowth, which springs up on these lines and gro most vigorously has also to be cleared two or three "бате in the yar Horie the first four or five years to admit air for the young rubber trees, but beyond this, and the args a oceasionally some more earth into the mounds, nothing is necessary e lines on which the rubber trees are planted are eut. in an east and west direction, so as to protect the young rubber trees against the strong sun in the middle of the day ; the atmosphere also keeps moister in this case than if the lines were cut south and north. 11. High ground is always best, and meen ground where water lodges should be avoided, but the tree grows very well on alluvial flats on the banks of сея even though this be надао for a few days once or twice in the yea N, Conservator of Forests, Assam. [All Rights Reserved.] ROYAL GARDE NS, KEW. BULLETIN MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION, Nos. 53—54. | MAY and JUNE. wb in CXCIX.—BOTANICAL ENTERPRISE IN THE WEST INDIES, 1890-91. The scope of botanical effort in the West Indies has of late years been ОНЫЙ expanded. This has been due to а desire on the economic plants, and thus assist in the general development of loca industries. The larger establishments at Jamaica, Trinidad, and British Guiana have э жау proved of great value in this —— To meet the wishes of the smaller islands a scheme of Botani Stations has been devised as deseribed in the Kew Bulletin (June d n the pip e of this scheme successive Secretaries tate for ihe Colonies have taken a warm interest, while in the elaboration of the details Kew has taken an active part. Since 1884 Shaping: Stations have been established i in the M ctn Islands at Grenada, St. Vincent, and St. Lucia; in the ard Islands at еле g ih Dominiss, and St. Kitts-N prie; while ЕЕ 3 — > м LONDON: PRINTED — ip MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, RE AND SPOTTISWOODE, PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. And to EYRE AND SPOTTIS WOODE, Bast HARDING STREET, FLEET STREET, E.C., and 39, ABINGDON STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.; or JOHN MIS & Co., 12, HANOVER STREET, Жину, and West NILE STREET, GLASGOW жора. satin, & Obs 104, GRA GRAFTON STREET, с wati, 1 891. Price Fourpence. 104 a very important one has been in active work for some time at Barbados. The Curators at these Stations are, for the most part, men carefully trained at Kew, and their chief qualification is a thorough knowledge of horticultural methods as applied to кле plants. The main object in view is to meet the special circumstances of the West Indies at the present time, and do all that is possible to а a diversified system of cultural industries, and thus relieve them from the results inevitable from the fluctuations of prices in the one or two staples to which they have hitherto confined their attention. The Botanical Station scheme affords indirectly the basis of a federation for purely economic purposes likely to be beneficial to all classes of the community. As the scheme took root the discussion of details involved a heav u The task seemed almost hopeless of solving the difficulties success- fully by correspondence alone. It ee efore seemed advisable to send out to the West Indies a member of the Kew Staif, who by и corse experience was well aequainted with die different Colonies, and who by oral discussion would be able to remove many of the obstacles in ie way of the ser of the scheme. The task was entrusted to Mr. Morris, F.L. the Ass istant Director, who before his transfer to under which the Imperial Government assented to Mr. Morris’s mission. He left England in November last, and returned to Kew at the end of February. His detailed report on the present position of the Bota- nical Stations is, by permission of the от of State, reproduced in the present numbers of the Kew Bulletin ROYAL GARDENS, lb to COLONIAL OFFICE. SIR, oyal Gardens, Kew, 21 March 1890. I mave the honour to Алы the receipt of your letter of March 15, in which you inform me of tlie general concurrence ot the Secretary of State in the views which { have ventured to express as to the measures which it appears to me desirable to take for the А9 ment of the resources of the West India Islands, by what may be veniently described as “ botanical enterprise A eal, as you are aware, has heen already gms get in the way of the needful o organisation. But though n e been spared by this establishment to get matters ho 4 a right ove by means of unofficial cor respondenee, I cannot say that I am altogether satisfied with the position in which they at present stand. I am driven, therefore, to the conclusion that the new system will only obtain the of an officer thoroughly conversant with the technical details of an administrative problem of this deseription, and well acquainted with the successive steps which, duri ing the past eight years, have been taken in its development, It is for these reasons that I have suggested that the Assistant Director should go out to the West Indies next winter. ust confess at I am reluctant to deprive myself of the services of the principal 105 new ber of my staff; but I feel that the situation is of sufficient import- ance to demand some sacr ео оп my part. On we other hand, Mr. Morris, while equally impressed with the importance, and, indeed, те of ће mission, and ee to undertake it, is in no degree anxious to do so. While he is ready to go as part of his official duties, and therefore does not suggest that any honorarium 1 additional to his pay should be given his services, he very properly stipulates und ds mission sha in an y held to affect his salary, serv other i dr aab: of his position as a member of the staff of this ostablishmen A mission of this kind must be r кыы as ап affair of State. It must, therefore, be distinetly од that the only official action I can take beyond advising it, is to give it my formal sanction. The necessary assent of Her Majesty’s Government must be obtained by the Secretary of State, and it must filter down to me through the regular official channels. I am, &e. (Signed) W. T. THISELTON DYER. Edward Wingfield, Esq., C.B. COLONIAL OFFICE to Roya. GARDENS, Krew. Sir, Downing ee 26th April 1890. I am directed ied Lord Knutsford to aequaint you that, with the concurrence of the Lords Commissioners of the ‘Treasury, His Lordship desires to avail himself of the services of Mr. Morris in visiting, in the course of this усе, the following West Indian Islands : Grenada, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, Antigua, St. Kitts, Dominica, in which Botanieal Stations have en or are intended to be established, or the purpose of assisting the Colonia Governments in placing these institutions on a sound and durable Lord Knutsford деги» from pode correspondence, that Mr. Morris is willing to undertake such a mission without any honorarium in addition to his salary, his expenses, of course, being defrayed by the er a in question, and that vou ire willing that he should do o request to be informed at what time it would be convenient for Mr. Morris to visit the islands. &e. The Director (Signed) БКовевт G. W. HERBERT. Royal Gardens, Kew. | Royat GARDENS, Kew, to COLONIAL OFFICE, SIR, Royal Gardens, Kew, 2 June 1890. I Have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of Aprii 26, in which you request to be informed at what time it is pro- posed that Mr. Morris should leave England in order to visit the West Indian Islands in which Botanical Stations have been or are intended to be established. I n Wie would be the most convenient date t U 66855. 1000.—5/91. Wt. 87. A 9 reply I have to inform you that the middle or beginning of Ee o fix. o 106 It has always been part of the scheme that the еи should Бе in some kind of relation to the larger and central Botanical Departments of Trinidad and Jamaica. It will therefore be essential that Mr. Morris should also visit both those islands in or der to settle the practical details Mr. Morris will see his way to soive finally the innumerable petty administrative difficulties which have hitherto hindered the effective working of the scheme and have given rise to so much correspondence. am, &с. (Bigned) W. T. TuirseLTON DYER. Sir Robert G. W. Herbert, K.C.B Roya ёз Kew, to COLONIAL OFFICE. al Gardens, Kew, 22nd September 1890. vE the honour xd аон the receipt of your lettters of the 2nd lid 14th ultimo, informing me that the Governments of the Windward and Leeward Islands wil gladly avail themselves of Mr. Morris's services in his mission to the West Indies with the view to the development of the scheme for the establishment of Botanical Stations. . I am now in a position to inform you that Mr. Morris will embark by the Royal Mail Steamer leaving Southampton on the 12th November next, aa in accordance with an intimation already privately Ore to Sir W. Е. Haynes Smith he will proceed direct to Antigua, where D to arrive on the 27th November. After eonsultation with the Governor-in-Chief he will visit sever. ally the islands of tbe Leeward group, in which Botanical Stations have been or = intended to be established. . Mr. Morris will then arrange to proceed to the Windward Islands, ma hes will be prepared to meet Sir Walter Hely-Hutchinson at an ere he may at the time be engaged. Afterwards Mr. Morris will visit Trinidad and Jamaica to discuss and arrange any details that may be deemed necessary for the supervision of the stations from these Conghi as suggested in the third paragraph of my letter of the 2nd June ast. * * * * * * 6. The Secretary of zie will be interested to learn that Mr. Morris will take out with him from Kew, for the hotanical estahlishments in the West Indies, several Wa rdian cases of Gambier plants (Uncaria d which bave been raised for the purpose at this establishment. x . Gambier is an article largely used for tanning purposes. It used to wort 107. per ton, and now costs 40/. Hitherto it has been exclu- ы produced in the Straits Settlements, but the present state of the е appears to justify its extended culture in other parts of the tropics. An effort is now being made, in accordance with the usual policy of Kew in regard to new cultures, to introduce the Gambier to the West Indies, where hitherto it has not been known. 8. The plants which Mr. Morris will pes out with him will, it is hapai, enable the реси аа in this part of the world to raise within a reasonable ock sufficiently large to distribute to such — as may feel disposed to try it on a commercial scale. 07 A somewhat. full account of Gambier is given in the Kew Bulletin for 1887, pp. 247-253, a copy of which is enclosed. ou will easily understand that the delegation of a member of the staff of an administrative establishment such as Kew upon a mission of this kind is a procedure of an extremely exceptional nature, It has only been justified by a sense of the extreme importance at the present moment of starting the West. Indies in a direction which there is good ground for believing will lead to their ultimate hag уол This the West Indies are beginning themselves to understand: Morris's assistance to the utmost. There will be every inducement, in all probability, brought to bear upon him to prolong his stay, so as to give his technical assistance in many matters outside the immediate scope of his mission. lfeel it, however, my duty to point out that I have obtained the assent of my Board for his absence during a period specially limited to three months, and I do not think that it would be compatible with the due performance of the multifarious and absorbing duties which fall on this establishment to entertain any proposal for a prolongation of this period. I have, &c. (Signed) W. T. Тніѕкгтох DYER. Edward Wingfield, m 5 Us Colonial Office, S.W he following letters, communicated to this Кыл. a the Colonial Office, express the satisfaction of the Governments of the Lee- ward and Windward Islands or segre qi at the manner in which Mr. Morris carried out his mission The Governor or THE LEEWARD ISLANDS to the COLONIAL OFFICE. Government House, t idt Mx Iano. December 27, 1 І wave the honour to report that Мг. D. Morin ^A jo sistant Director = the Royal Gardens at Kew, arrived in the Colony, and in visit, and an impetus has been given, by his energy and — Ы to the development of eultural weinen for which I desire to express to your Lordship my warm acknowledgme Mr. Morris has now seen эе himself, and, I believe is — pressed to your Lordship my own opinion, that these islands may become whatever your Lordship chooses, and the present appears to be à favourable opportunity for taking active measures. * * ' * Public meetings were held in Antigua, St. Kitts, Dominica, and Montserrat, which were well attended, and at all of which. much interest was shown, with the evident desire of obtaining instruction. The Gambier plants have thriven in Dominica with great success, and I propose to open a Government plantation for the cultivation Gambier, for, if attention in exceptional advantages offered in Dominica for the cultivation of various 108 economie tropical thie’ the Crown lands а. would be readily taken by persons pr ca The visit of Mr. Morris has been very well received by all classe and it has been taken as a pleasant gift from the Home authorities. If your Lordship sees no йени, I would ask that the thanks of the Colonial Government might be communicated to the authorities at Kew, for permitting Mr. Morris to visit these islands, and to Mr. Morris personally, for the valuable services he has rendered to the Colony during his visit, services which I trust he may add to by continuing to give us his aid ‘whenever it may be possible for him to do so. have, &e. (Signed) W. F. Haynes SurrH. The Right Hon Lord Knutsford, G.C.M.G., &c. The GovERNOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE WINDWARD ISLANDS to the COLONIAL OFFICE My aue St. Vincent, January 19, 1891. TH reference to your Lordship's despatch, Grenada, No. 79, of 30th Septe mber, ! forward reports by r x Morris on the Botanic Gardens of St. Lucia, St. Vincent, aad Gren am in communication with the Ad жос atii of St. Vincent and St. Lucia, and shall do my best to give effect to Mr. Morris's suggestions, * * * * * * Mr. Morris arrived in Grenada on the Ist instant, and left on the 16th instant. I regret to say that for three days he was unable to leave the house, having injured his foot by an accident at St. Vincent. This delayed his work in Grenada, and tpe it impossible for him to complete it in time to enable him to visit Trinidad, Mr. Morris visited some of the principal наме in Grenada, and delivered an interesting and instructive address in St. George’s. He devoted several days to a thorough examination of the Botanic Garden, and spe йыш two days in а botanical exploration of the ridges above the Grand * * * * I T reference to the Administrator's ономе, женк ап account of Mr. Morris's proceedings at St. Lucia and St. Vincent. Mr. Morris has been at great sion to carus himself as to the agricultural requirements of the islands. He has devoted himself with remarkable zeal and energy to the objects of his mission, has shown a deep interest in the progress of these communities, and has made man valuable suggestions to those interested in horticulture and agriculture. advice which he has given, and the suggestions he has made, should not fail, if followed out, to conduce to valuable results. I give Majesty’s Government for allowing him to visit the Windward Islands. | I have, &e. (Signed) WALTER HreLYv-HUTCHINSON, The Right Hon Lord Knutsford, G.C.M.G., &c. 109 Report of a Boranicat Mission to the West Indies, undertaken by the Assistant-Director, Royal Gardens, Kew, presented to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, April 20, 1891. IN accordance with the arrangements made at the request of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, and with the consent of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury, and of the First Commissioner of Her Majesty’s Works and Public Buildings, I left Kew for the West Indies on the 12th November 1890. I embarked at Southampton in the yal Mail steamship “ Atrato.” I took out with me from the Royal Gardens, Kew, six Wardian cases of Gambier plants and four boxes of vine cuttings. These were eae for the following botanical institu- tions in the West Indies : ardian case of Gambier plants each for the Botanical Gardens at Trinidad and British Guiana; a Wardian case of Gambier plants and a box of vine cuttings for the Botanical Station at St. Vincent; a box of vine cuttings for the gems i t. Luci of vine euttings for the Botanical Station at Dominica; and a box of vine cuttings for the Botanical Garden at Grenada, The Gambier plants had been raised at Kew from seed received from the Botanical Department ` of the Straits айрон They had always proved most difficult to send in Wardian cases, and several attempts to obtain plants from the East had hitherto failed. A fall account of Gambier, a tanning substance obtained from Uncaria Gambier, Roxb., is given in the Kew Bulletin, October 1889, p. 247. The present attempt to introduce the cultivation of Gambier into the West Indies is a fact of some interest. was only possible to arrive thus far in HA matter after several years of persistent effort. The ra i industry had hitherto been entirely confined to the East Indies, but owing to the increased demand due to American consumption and the саа in quality which had obtained of late years it was felt desirable to extend its culture to other parts of the tropics. The effort made to place these plants at the disposal of those who may be inclined to cultivate готаў: in the West India Islands is only a part of the policy pursued at Kew for many years. The plants in the first instance were entrusted to the botanical establishments in the West Indies to be propagated and distributed. Owing to the cold зыри the cases on board the “Atrato” were placed below in the n saloon. There was very little — light in the day-time, but the {еше of warmth was for the ent of more importance than that of light. It was also мора that етее could placed k in a day or two at the most. The weather during the whole of the first week, however, continued cid cold, and it was impossible to expose the plants o n deck. Under these circumstances it was араат that the electric light, with which every part of the there was so little direct light available during the day that the plants had to > almost entirely on the light they — at сери. The Gambier plants are particularly sensitive as regards a diminution of light. a the prevalence of fogs at Kew they háite been known 110 to drop their leaves within a day or two, and to remain bare during the rest of the winter. This may have been in some measure also due to the injurious intluence of the fog itself. In the present instance the plants were placed below on the 12th November, and were removed on deck on the 19th November. They been below exactly one week. On deck they were placed on a hatchway on the starboard side, and shaded from the direct rays of the sun by an awning. In order to make myself acquainted with the exact condition of the plants before they left my charge, the cases were opened on the 92nd November, about 36 hours before arriving at Barbados. All the plants were in good order; a few, it is true, had lost their leaves, but the greater number were in excellent condition. The case in which the plants had vember. The cases for St. Vincent and Trinidad were transhipped on board the * Eden"; the case for Demerara was transhipped to the fof the great interest they took in this valuable consignment of plants, and for the facilities afforded for their careful treatment during the oyage. The reports received respecting the Gambier plants on arriving at their destination were as follows :—Jamaica, Dec. Lst, “34 plants in *" good order, 8 in fair order, 38 somewhat weak »; British Guiana, Dec. 3rd, “ the plants arrived safely, all living”; Trinidad, Dec. Tth, “ all the plants arrived safely, the larger portion growing freely" ; St. Vincent, Dec. 19th, “15 plants in good order, 7 leafless, 10 dead "— these plants were overcarried by tlie “ Esk " to Trinidad and La Gua and returned to St. Vincent 10 days late ; Dominica, Nov. 28th, “the plants arrived in good condition." As it had been arranged that I should first proceed to the Leeward Islands, I left Barbados on the evening of the 24th November, in the * Solent." The next morning we touched at Castries, the ehief port of St. Lucia, and I had an opportunity of going ashore for about two hours, aud visiting the Botanical Station with Mr. John Gray, the Curator. ‘he steamer left Castries about 9 o'clock. The voyage from St, Lucia to Dominica was rendered particularly interesting on account of the clearness of the atmosphere and the beautiful view obtained of the chain _ of islands. Probably in no part of the world would it be possible to see a more charming picture of tropical scenery. After calling at St. Pierre, in Martinique, we arrive ‚ in Dominica, about 5 o'clock in he afternoon. The President of Dominica, Mr. G. R. Le Hunte, and Dr. Н. A. A. Nicholls came on board to meet ше. I was gratified to. 111 learn that Mr. Green, the curator lately appointed to the дүгү Botanical Station, h had made an excellent impression. Mr. Le Hun brought with him a choice collection of cut flowers from his garden and some excellent fruit, as evidence of what could be grown in the climate and soil of Dominica. The case of Gambier plants and the box of vine cuttings were safely landed for the Dominica Botanical Station. The steamer touched at Basseterre, Guadeloupe, at midaight, and at Plymouth, Montserrat, in the very e early m orning. Soon a ter с earing Montserrat we had Redonda, a rocky islet, immediately to the north. west, and the peaks of Nevis and St. а in the clouds beyond. To the north-east, about 25 miles away, was Antigua, with its low conical hills in the St. John, Antigua, about 10.30 on the morning of the 26th November. I was met by Mr. Lucie Smith, the Governor’s private secretary, and н ouse by his Excellency Sir William F. Haynes Smith, K.C.M.G., and we pease at once to discuss the best means for carrying out the objects of my visit LEEWARD ISLANDS. ANTIGUA. Antigua is the seat of the Federal Government of the Leeward Islands, where the Governor and principal officers of the Colony reside. The а, of Antigua includes the islands of Barbuda and Redon with a total area of 170 пок miles. Antigua is comparatively flat, the chief s. aT Ae ‚200 to 2,000 feet, occupying the The clim i very healt About one-third only of the island is under cultivation at the present time, The chief town is St. John, situated on a gentle slope overlooking a harbour of the same name. The population of St. John is about 10,000; of the whole island about 35,000. November 26.—My first visit in Antigua was paid to the land selected as a site for the Botanical Station on Clare Hall Estate. Although operations had only been commenced during the past 12 were devoted to 20 varieties of grape-vines, pine-apples, fibre plants (Sansevieria, Boehmeria, Furcrea), bananas, cacao, Mois cotton, coffee, mulberry for aime rms. d fruit trees. ursery beds contained several hundred small plants ready for distribution, and some ornamental trees and shrubs suitable for shade Iter. A short distance from the Botanieal Station (on the Skerrits Estate) it is К to establish а reformatory school for boys. The labour of these boys is to be chiefly devoted to = чуч of provisions and pote p for their own maintenance, and to carrying on experiments ке. to sugar-cane cultivation, on the lines so successfully 112 at Dodd’s reformatory, Barbados. This will give a valuable industrial pii Ji to about 300 or 400 boys, and the experimental DT ation carried on by them will prove of great advantage to the portion of the same estate, immediately at the back of the sinum of St. John, is in course of being laid out as a publie park. Driving roads were being made through it, and Ув grass land was being levelled and planted with shade and ornamental t November 27.—After an early visit to the Botanical Station I accompanied the Governor to Wallens, a district in the heart of the hills of the south-west, тея а large reservoir is in course of being ^el ` Pesar = island with water. Antigua has always suffered of a to St. John along the coast road to Johnson's Point and Blubber's Valley. The principal plants noted on this journey were fine specimens of Walnut (Andira inermis), the African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), re badly injured by bo (Cocos pae, үү introduced, were seen near the town reser- November 28.—I discussed with the Curator, the plan of operations at the Botanical Station, and drew up a form of weekly report to be forwarded to the Colonial Secretary’s office. At the request of the Governor, I gave an address in the Court House, St. John, at 3 o'clock, on Cultural industri ies чын to ү нии of An па. The Governor took the chai To quote from the Anti Observer, ** There were present the Colonial Sero. the Chief Lema P * Branch, the Members y^ the Legislative Council, ани most of the * leading proprietors and planters.” Attention was ‘drawn to i im- provement тич of being grit in regard to the signe industry by the introduction of new canes, and b и with the aid of a the subject of fibre plants, Egyptian cctton, the cultivation of fruits, coffee, cacao, tobacco, ы fodder grasses. At the close of the address resolutions were passed in favour of establishing an agricultural and commercial society for shat Colony of the Leeward Islands. This society was proposed to devote special attention to the development of local industries, and to advise the Government in any matters calculated to increase the мебу бете resources of the islands by skilful and systematic cultivation. After the lecture a visit was ms to the Pope's Head district “ the north-west of the town of St. John. This is an undulating tr f country, with a rich с soil, "where the canes, in spite of nthe drought, were in very goo November 29.—In idi to give me an opportunity of seeing the eastern and southern portions of the island, the Governor kindly arranged to drive from St. John to English Harbour, tbrough a district in which there were numerous sugar estates, and where some drainage 118 works were in course of being carried оп to relieve certain low-lying lands of water. In this district it is proposed to establish a large sugar torv or wsine, и. а light railway to bring in the eanes from . the surrounding estates. The route taken was, first of ail, in the direction of Parham, n then in a southerly direction through Liberta village to Falmouth. At Liberta village the land is occupi ied by small very freely on hill-slopes in a black friable loam apparently peculiar to this part of the island. ‘This district produces nearly all the Black An- canning factory in order to utilise any fruit that may ripen in the intervals between the mails, "The capabilities of raising fruit such as oranges, E and bananas in this part of the island are evidently very English Har бал is а naval station maintained by the Ноте Govern- toad for the "os of war on this station. Near itis a large tract of land, ridge, to the south of this land, and almost overlooking the naval station, there are solidly built, but now deserted, barracks still in a fair state o ро Altho ugh the district is very thinly populated, and there is no town of importance nearer than St. John, 12 miles away, troops were quartered here up to quite recent times. The naval station of English Habeas is е kept u up, and occasionally a man-of-war ога nboat puts in to clean and refit. en there is no vessel in the pun harbour the place bas: a singularly deserted appearance. аген House (once occupied by King William IV. when commanding on this station) overlooks the harbour, and is occupied by the commander of the war-ship that Peppe to be in the harbour. After dining with Captain Rayner, of H.M.S. “ Tourmaline,” we returned to St. J ohn and arrived there about 11 December 1.—Another morning visit was paid to the Botanical Station for the purpose of examining the land in the neighbourhood extending to the southward slope of Cedar Valley Hill. Some е experi- of fibre nnn The soil is of see character, and, as it has a soi uspect, is probably very hot and dry. The northern slope of the hill is too steep for cultivation, but at n foot there is a large extent of flat land suitable for grazing purpose In the afternoon the Governor divis out with me to Parham, a small town on the windward or eastern side of the island. Here two very interesting private gardens, bem ed to.Dr. Freeland, and his son Dr. F. J. Free and, were visited. Dr. Freeland за numerous ornamental plants, s such as Cx otons, Araucarias, Rose Aroids ; while his son devoted his leisure time to the ealivatióti of feras and smal! palms. These were chiefly in pots and sheitered by an + 114 arbour formed of pitch pine covered with creepers. [n the village street were some interesting fan-leaved palms, probably Sabal Black- burniana. December 2.—After meeting several planters, who desired informa- tion, ар the Government offices, І visited а few private gardens in the town of St. John. Mr. Alleyne Archer, an К ea horticulturist, had a very ро collection of fruit trees and ornamental plants, Amongst the latter were fine plants of Jpomea Horsfullie, a large flowered ferm of Antigonon leptopus, numerous plants in pots of the graceful Thrinua radiata, which is said to form large thickets in the island of Barbuda, and a very ка ыл series of Hibiscus hybri Dr. Edwards had a fine plant in flower of Porana volubilis, known locally as the “ white corallina,” a good pe of Calliandra purpurea, originally from Kew, and a grape-vine, Muscat of Alexandria, Bishop. Branch, whose diocese extends over 16 islands, 10 English and six foreign, very courteously and kindl took me over his garden. It QUIM many puis P gres and, where uA lied with water, they are growing luxuriantly and producing a wealth of beautiful flowers. Methonica (Gloriosa) dels had established itself thoroughly in this remote part of the world, as also a fine form of Bougainvillea glabra, which clambered over high trees. —'The morning was devoted to a Hove visit to the Botanical Station, The details of work for the t twelve months were fully discussed, and саси made for "amt shade and shelter trees on the eastern boun The following contains a short description of a station and of the suggestions made to the Government respecting it The Antigua Botanical Station is situated at Clere Hall (an old sugar estate, late the property of Mr. Liggins), Mont ы к from Govern- ment House, and 14 from the landing wharf a hn’ е site posse sses good soil. It is ачко ея to the eastward, and will — to be sheltered by growth of mango or other hardy trees, are three ponds of fresh water on the land; but it will no doubt be ERE to lay pipes on the upper portions to supply the nurseries and propagating sheds. A house for the Curator is required to be built on the land, a he lives in town, and is cut off from the immediate supervision of his The a angement of the plots is shown on a detailed plan left with ме зл} The plants under Sms imental trial are those which now ract chief attention at Anti Plot A will ии be planted cacao, nutmeg, cloves, cola, fruit trees and ес bis likely to be ызынга at Antigua. Plot now growing the two varieties of Egyptian cotton, will be permanently М with economic plants of various pola ди" п as models of what such plants should be under proper treatmer Plot C, on = slope of a rise facing south, is occupied with vines and pine-apples (Black Antigua). Grape-vines do fairly well in Antigua. A fruit industry is sought to be started in grapes for the markets of the United States and Canada. Pine-apples have not hitherto thriven in the northern parts of Antigua. They flourish best in the black soils at Liberta and Piber pistes р De e extreme south of the island. 115 The nurseries and propagating sheds " Clare Hall are being gradually established. So far, seeds and plants of economic value are obtained with difficulty, but it is hoped arrangements s will be made to plot about } acre in extent is opened on Cedar Valley Hill, peut + mile ар e "em the Botanical Station, in a pasion direction contains 1 of Furerea bra nsis and pine-apples; of of this plant on a stony c Galenin us soi ‘The Government possesses an extensive tract of country at Separe a near English Harbour. The land is somewhat poor and arid, may be utilised for growing fibres and pine-apples, and ot ther a might be devoted to pen-keeping for вазе, sheep, horses, mules, The Curator of the Botanical Station, acting under the orders of the Government, has started a small experimenta tal plot with pine-apples and fibres at Piccadilly. An effort will also be made to try cotton there. The arrangement of the present plot is shown on a plan marked D., with the Curator, My visit to Antigua terminated this praning, (December 3). After dinner I accompanied the Governor on board the “ Solent” te proceed to Dominica, We touched at Montserrat at 2 a.m. T: Guadeloupe at 8 a.m. We arrived abreast of Dominica about 11 а.ш. and steamed compara- tively close to the shore. "Phe character of the slopes on the leeward side was well seen. Valley after valley opened out reaching far into the interior of the mountains. Thanks to the information kindly given by the чан it was possible to form a very good idea of the lar extent of forest land at РА papaine of veing established with remunerative yes om scenery most th islands 18 picturesque, but one is never tired of ма сы Ше eel skal of inica. Dominica. Dominica is the largest and most southerly of the Leeward group. It contains 291 square miles, and has a population of about 29,500. The principal town i s Roseau, on the south-west coast. The surface is ery mountainous ind abundantly clothed with vegetation, and in almost every valley there is a clear running stream of water. The climate is generaliy cool and pleasant, The rate of mortality is 15:6 r 1,000. Тһе rainfall is abundant and кы All the high eleva- tions are covered with tine penas and only about 20,000 aeres out. of a total of 186,436 a are under cultivation, In fact, this beautiful. and fertile and is quite д жы nR Its industries are urely agricultural, and sugar-cane, cacao, limes, coffee, isa! fruit, and vegetables receive aaa The resources of the island are shown by the export, although at present in small quantities, of ginger, cinnamon, cloves, nutmegs, arrowroot, tous-les-mois, (Canna arrowroot), - cassava, logwood, hard woods of various kinds. satin and cabinet woods, canoe-shells, &c. We landed at Roseau, Dominica, about 2.30 p.m. We were met by Mr. Le Hunte, the President, and walked to Government House, hu stands on rising ground to the и of the landing-place. А visit was soon after paid to the nurseries, established on land. adjoining Government House pending the acquisition of tie land selected for the — 116 Botanical Station. Mr. Green, the кн had made excellent progress | in raising piants, and the nurseries were in good order. The Gambier plants, landed 10 days previously, had already pushed forth new leaves, and were evidently doing well. Later the day we drove up some distance into Roseau Valley, to see a new bridge in course of being built, and afterwards took a am view of the land proposed to be acquired for a Botanical Station December 5.—Mr. Blane, Sides dl of Crown Lands, met me by appointment, on ihe land selected for a Botanical Station at 7 a.m., and the nature, boundaries, and extent of it were carefully examined. In the afternoon a ride was taken along the Windward Road in the direction of St. Joseph. This road is being placed in an excellent state of repair; culverts and bridges are being built. By means of this road a large extent of country will eventually become accessible for wheel t December 6.— The most interesting не possibly a most yearn portion of Dominica just now, is that stretching in a north-easterly direction from the mouth of the ye river, on v» west opis to feet. Portions of these known as the Layou and Sara flats comprise together an area of about 20,000 acres, covered with valuable timber, and watered wá a great number of streams joining the Mahaub and Layou rivers n the west, and the Quanary and Pagona rivers on the east side of the island. I was very anxious to see this portion of Dominica, and the Governor kindly arranged for a short visit to-day. arty consisted of the Governor, the President, Mr. Fadelle, onial Engineer .45. e met here by Mr. Riviere, a leading sugar and cacao planter. After breakfast we started to ride up the valley. At Brook Hill there were notieed growing very luxuriantly some Liberian coffee and nutmeg trees at an elevation of 400 feet. Further up the valley 5 үер where a very simple and effective encao-house was in operation for curi — the produce of the estate. side. Leaving the main valley, and кне across the country іп а north-easterly direction, a good view was obtained of the district. We ultimately reached a point below Cassada Garden, where, owing to the evidently very suitable for purposes of cultivation. Dr. Nicholls has red an excellent account of the resources of the Layou flats for the Government of Dominica, and I cannot do better than refer to that document. I was able to satisfy myself “that the country for miles around the route taken by us was covered with luxuriant forest growth, that it was well watered, and that the soil was capable of growing almost every kind of tropical produce. In several places the capubili ities of the soil have et tested, as at Cassada Garden, where Dr. Nicholls has a small planta Evidentl sisi or or light railway is necessary to open up this valuable district, туч т subject i is now, I believe, under the considera- tion of the Govern Dr. Nicholls enumerates and deléribón twelve valuable timber iresi pete found on the Layou flats, and he states that “the forests of these interior flats contain trees of great value for 117 м кормы: purposes, some of them furnishing hard woods and carn * woods of considerable strength and апу; and it is a fact o * abundance, indeed, it has been pointed out by competent authority “ that the hard wood trees of Dominica pr eponderate greatly ‘over the г: growing < soft wooded kinds. r leaving the Layou valley we rode up the coast road as far as the old town of St. Joseph, and then took boat to Roseau, where we arrived at 7 o’clock. December 8.—The morning was spent on the land eo for the Botanical Station, with Mr. Blane and the Curator, Mr. Green. The lines of the roads, "апа the positions of the nurseries, pipari sheds, tool-sheds, &e. were laid down, and arrangements made for supplying the land with water. In the afternoon a visit was paid, at the invita- tion of Dr. Nicholls, to the St. Aroment — where cacao, lime trees Liberian coffee, and numerous interestin omes s hav ome carefully cultivated for many years, first, by the late Dr. Im Dr. Nicholls, F.L.S. This place is one = the бй: ү Конн вроїз in the Leeward Islands. December 9.— Another visit was paid to the Botanical Station, for the purpose of examining the portion of the land proposed to be set apart for 1 accompanied the Governor to examine the land "reper. to the and со In ve aftériióód; at 2 o'clock, I gave an address at a publie meeting held at the Court House, on Cultural industries. The Governor took the chair. The topics touched upon related to the particular subjects — for cultivation in Dominica. The principal exports at present аге :—Su rum, and molasses, 20,2907. ; cacao, 12,2937. ; lime-juice (еспей and raw), 8,0617. ; fruits and vegetables, 1,3631.; coffee 3981. Limes appeared to be specially suited to the climate and soil of Dominiea. From an estimate prepared by an experienced planter it was shown that the cost of establishing a plantation, including the neces- sary works and buildings, was at the rate of 407. to 507. per acre. At the end of seven years the gross — return woul be at the rate of 184. per acre. On 20 acres, with a vd sensui mai of 1,0007, spread over seven years, n planter, acting as his own manager, could expect to receive, from a lime-estate in full bearing, a gross income of about had greatly T and T hep required more attention to be devoted to the curing. A large and very valuable fruit eng was capable of being established in вы This only gor x regular and suit- able steam service between the island and t 2 базы to enable the people to ship the produce in good order, An шк was given of the Gambier plant, and of the conditions necessary to establish regular ea The districts of the Layou flats and the Pickard учн. were mended for experimental cultivation with this plant. Particular Mention was directed to the objects in view in starting a Botanical Station in the island, and the sympathy and support of all classes were invited to render the work of the Curator as effective and as successful as possible. 118 Before bringing my visit to Dominica to a close the following sum- mary of suggestions in regard to the Botanical Station were submitted to the Governor :— The land for the Dominica Botanical Station has been acquired by the Government on a portion of the Bath Estate. It has an estimated area of 40 acres. Within the boundary of the land there are at present six small plots which have been sold at various times. On these are small wooden houses of an unsightly character. It has been suggested Station. The land lies immediately at the back of the town of Roseau, and about half a mile from the landing place. t is on the right-hand near the first bridge over the Roseau river. Immediately above the land, to the south-east, the Morne, an elevated plateau about 500 feet above the level of the sea. On the edge of the Morne, overlooking the Botanical Station site, are precipitons cliffs, and at the foot of these are easy slopes, suitable for cultivation. 'The land is of an Кэм, character, with a rich sheltered hollow immediately under the Morn In other places the soil is somewhat stony, and not so good for the vede: of plants. There is, however, no part of the land not suitable for some cultivation or other. e site is well sheltered from. prevailing winds to the south and east. On the northern boundary it is somewhat ex posed and will require to be protected by а belt of trees. An abundant supply of water is available from the mains of the Roseau reservoir, which pass through the middle of the land. This water had already been tapped and led in the direction of the spot selected for the nurseries, on the oceasion of my visit, There are the remains of stone walls on three sides of the land, po these it is ges should be repaired and placed ood order as soon as possible. The principal entrance to the Sera Station should be from the main road, leading up the Roseau valley as near to t e town as poss Be The te of the carriage roads iani the land has already been discussed and partly carried out. ‘These roads, each of which will be 20 feet wide, will traverse the higher and more e gravelly parts, and con- spot also seats might be placed under the Aca of trees, to allow visitors to admire the view up the Roseau valley or in the direction of the sea. Footpaths will conuect the carriage roads “Р the cultivated part of the land. One footpath will probably be made to pass at a certain height at the foot of the cliffs, to afford a general view of the grounds. Т site for the propagating sheds, plant houses, and nurseries has been selected in a sheltered situation and not far from the edge of the depres- sion, with good soil. The depression itself is to be reserved for the pe MO cultivation of a set of specimen plants of Liberian coffee, cacao, nutmegs, cola, blaek pepper, vanilla, gambier, and other plants likely to suit the loc ocality. There are already some bananas, cacao, and lime via on the land. ne land is larger than is Deme required for the nurseries, beds, „ы experimental plots of a Botanical Station, it may esirable to lay down such parts as are not тнк ч required in grass, and plant it with shade and ornamental trees. A few cattle or sheep could then be grazed on rens, A portion of. the land towards the north-east. is suggested as a recreation ground, There is no a recreation ground in the neigh- 119 bourhood of Roseau, and the во à this site is felt to afford a i Th entirely away from the cultivated part of the station land, and, if suitable arrangements are made for its up-keep, it will not interfere with it in any Great stress has been laid on the objects in view in oie this Botanical Station at Dominica. Its function has been defined as s of an experimental and economie character, ornamental plants are yn be n in moderate quantities for rendering the grounds attractive and interesting, but chief attention will, it is hoped, be devoted to the plants an economie or industrial charaeter, and ss aee those likely to in demand for establishing new plantations in Dominica. A list of such plants is given ¿mua pas Again, the more the vain dd operations of every kind are carried on as object lessons for the instruction of the people the better will CH station fulfil its mission as an important factor in developing the resources of the island. A large number of very useful and interesting plants already ад in the island at St. Aroment, the property of Dr. НА. A, Nicholls, F.L.S. These have been sent out from time to time from Kew to the late Dr. Imray and Dr. Nicholls, in of the gentlemen just named. e ection is now the best in the Leeward Islands. A. list of these aie is given in the ү Bulletin for July, 1887, pp. 10-12. Dr. Nicholls takes a deep interest in every- thing connected with the redit of cultural industries in Dominica, nd he has very generously pe the Government, without charge, any cuttings, seeds, bulbs, o spot which can be s rom St. Aroment for the bere of. establishing the Botanical Station and for паррон in the islan fter meeting in the Court House I accompanied the Governor on board the ** Esk, w ud. pe at 6.30 for the northern islands. It was arranged that I should land at Montserrat and earry out the work of my mission there, while the porum returned to Antigua to dispose of the mail correspondence. We w e to meet at St. Kitts a few days later. MONTSERRAT. Montserrat, a Presidency of the Leeward Islands, has a total area of 32} square miles, and a population of about 11,000. It is composed o a series of rocky hills with conical peaks (2,500 to 3,000 ft.), and from these there are sometimes steep, sometimes gentle slopes reaching down to the sea. The whole surface is broken up into valleys and ravines, fields, 'The higher slopes and summits of the mountains are covered with dense forests, with cabbage palms, tree ferns, wild bananas, and valuable timber trees. "The principal productions are sugar, lime-juice, rrowroot, of the Montserrat Lime-juice Company in growing limes and man ke lime-juice has spes this little island considerable commercial importance of Jate years December 10.—The * Esk” touched at — = daylight. x landed at Plymouth with the Commissioner, Mr. pr сорта и had come on board to call upon the Governor, at 7 0 U 66855. B 120 I first paid a visit to the Botanical Station in course of being laid out to the south-east of the town, close to the sea shore. The spot is very small, but it is the only land available to the Government for the purpose at the present time, and, limited though it be in extent, it can be rendered .of great service as a nursery or depót for plants and for misisti a small representative collection of such trees and shrubs as are suitable for growing in the island. As the Cotimisdionbr was unable to accompany me on a general visit to the principal centres ves cultivation, arrangements had been made for me to have the pleasure of doing so with the Hon. J. S. Hollings, C.E., a most intelligent and well-informed resident, who was thoroughly acquainted with the country. In addition, I was fortunate enoug con an invitation from Mr. Hamilton, the able manager of the Mente t Company i pattie of seeing the many new industries in course of being established in the island. We left Plymouth about 9 o’clock, and after Briteby Point, we struck iniand and visited the Elberton Lime Estate, where they were gathering their annual erop of limes for making into lime-juice. Owing to the drought the fruits were not so large this year as usual, but the immense golden heaps collected in the fields and near the factory were trophies of a harvest well worth travelling all the way to the West Indies to see them. ` The West Indian lime (Citrus medica, var. acida) appears to be a thin-skinned local variety, little known out- side the West So epe It vields juice of a singularly pure acid things besides limes. Nevertheless, from limes alone it is possible to produce a variety of articles more or less valuable. The limes them- selves are exported as gathered, or they are preserved in salt water and shipped in a pickled state for consumption in certain parts of the United S . Lime-juice, obtained by compression, is exported either raw or in a concentrated state. This latter is obtained by evaporating the juice in boilers until it is reduced to about one twelfth of the original b molasses. This is used for the ке“ of commercial citric acid. From thé rind of the fruit, by a process known as “ ecuelling," which consists of gently rubbing the fruit on өнчү projections arranged ide a brass basin, a very fine essence of limes is obtained. Again, by distilling the raw lime-juice a spirit is obtained known as oil of limes. From Elberton Estate we travelled further inland through groves of lime trees, and reached Olveston Estate. Here aiso was a large centre of activity in connexion with the utilisation of the produce of the lime tree. The business of the company was evidently carried on with great energy and enterprise, and Mr. Hamilton, who had formerly been a Мерг in Ceylon, was thoroughly alive to the desirability of turning to account everything that the land could produce. Some excellent cacao been cured on the Ceylon method, and while ordinary Montserrat cocoa fetched about 60s. per cwt., this cocoa had been valued as high as ° . There was also some very well cured coffee grown on the hill slopes above. In a small factory close at hand there was in gei of preparation the juice of the papaw, to be made into ** papaine," or vegetable рерзше. tree grown in a garden here as mangosteen proved to be a pecu of — swith male бене only. After lunch 121 at the Cot, a charming residence on a commanding spur of Centre Hill, appliances and machinery, and under circumstances conducive to the utmost cleanliness, a comparatively new ast wee for "enr M ы course of being established. Very fine plants of Furcrea E the Mauritius hemp of commerce, were plentiful in this АШ urhood. ‘They were used chiefly as hedge plants. An elementary ерда for negro children is maintained by the Montserrat Company in the neighbourhood of their estates. It is said to be one of the best in the West Indies We now travelled in an easterly direction, p visited Water Works sugar estate, owned by Mrs. Kirwan. In the eys above the house was a small but very promising cacao estate. On the ridges of the hills were clusters of an interesting native palm (Cocos amara) ` with the habit of the cocoa-nut. The fruit is about үл inches long. After traversing one or р at nightfall. Mr. Wade, the Curator of the Botanical Station, brought up а sketch plan of the саа and arrangements were made to have the paths and beds pegged out, ready for my inspection the next day. December 11.—Leaving Richmond at 7 a.m., and again accompanied by Mr. Hollings, it was arranged to cross the island and see somethi of the windward side. It was afterwards proposed to take a southerly direction and ride round the soufriére into Plymouth. As will be seen ned this part of the programme was not Diei = carry er in the From Ric through D he hes saddle of depression between the Centre "Har (2,450 feet) and the Soufriére Hill (3,002 feet). This is the main line of communication between the leeward and the windward sides of the island. The road at its highest point crosses the ridge at about 1,200 feet. Along this road excellent views were obtained of the country on both sides of the ridge. In ora to the regular sugar estates, of about 200 or 25 eac are numerous thriving “negro villages where the land is held by small freeholders. In tl and provision grounds in a good state of cultivation. Swee padi ams, eddoes, pigeon-peas, and fruits and hanger = island produc- tion are cheap and abundant. It is estimated by Mr. Hollings that there are about 1,200 negro freeholders in мч ‚ owning lots varying from one to five acres each. In the cooler climate of the hills many of the northern fruits and vegetables could be grown, but as there is little or no demand for them in the island, ree as the facilities for shipping them are fitful and — they receive little attention at present. On the windward slopes the country is rendre broken up into deep ravines and rocky defiles. The soil in the valleys is, however, very rich, and where these are wide and sheltered from prevailing winds ` cooler than on the leeward side, and the air more bracing. At Hermit- age, a representative sugar estate, Mr. Wilkins was good enough to show us his cultivation. He had tried the coc Queen, or St. Kitts’ cane, on one of his fields, and it had stood he drought much better than any of the other canes. Young cocoa-nut ins ant in avery ` en B2 122 weis e n condition. In а deep (nor reaching up to the oe ay о plantation was in co of being established. Where exhausted by the cultivation of оке а grounds the soil was good pe the plants healthy. In deep valleys o of this kind cacao evidently requires little overhanging shade. а practically requires nothin in hi winds came up the е valley from Be sea; hence shelter belts of galba Сбн Calaba) от pois-doux ( Inga laurina), planted across the trend of the valley would afford the гыр protection possible. The vege- tation in the upper reaches d these deep Montserrat valleys is very striking and luxuriant, Hug сы, with slab-like buttresses, grow on the sides, and these are literally clothed with masses of odii ferns, and bromeliads. Depending from their upper branches ar merous lianes and climbing жен. NE A of green n leaves, relieved here and there by the bright flowers of Ipomceas and Bignoniads. Оп the tops of the РКА ра ор trees are Roca now more coria- ceous leaves, and covered with masses of mosses and lichens. Here also are numerous tree-ferns and mountain palms, and the ground is carpeted with lyco ods and selagine I was due at Plymouth early i in the afternoon the proposed expe- dition to the south and round the Soufrière had to be given up. In order, however, to see another district of the island the return journey, which proved a very interesting one, was made over Windy Ridge and back to Riehmond, on the other side of St. George's Hill. At the desire of the Commissioner and the Legislative Council I met a number of the leading proprietors and planters at the Court House, Plymouth, at 4 o’clock, and gave an address on minor industries, The Commissioner took the chair. At this эса а large number of negro freeholders was quee. and they appeared to take great interest in the proceedings. A collection of plants and specimens had been brought kinds of economie plants and poing up produce, such as bananas, orauges, рше ме for shipmen the Botanical "Sith and кше following report upon it was afi eris presented to the Gov The Montserrat Botanical Station is in course of being established on a small plot of land, originally about two acres in extent, to the south-west of the town of Plymouth. It is close to the sea, and about a quarter of a mile from tne landing ре. It is тутыш on all sides, except that facing the sea beach. A public road runs between the station and the sea, formed out of the original two acres оди by the Government. At ‘the back the land is bounded by a somewhat stee slope about 30 or 40 feet high composed of stone and gravel. This however, for the sake of keeping it in order, and forming a suitable background to the cultivation carried on at the Botanical =н, to acquire the whole slope or at least to lease it at a nominal re can be of little or no value to the present owner. The boundary on posts to keep out trespassers g fence of Galba or Lime trees should ultimately be ished here. Between the station ground and the public road ^ rustic fence has been constructed, which appears to answer very well for the present. An entrance to the Station is necessary at ч pete point to the town, and a suitable gateway placed there. The drain or watercourse constructed to carry off the 123 water from the gully in the north-east corner should be walled and paved ; and in addition to the present steps, a small rustic bridge might be constructed. A constant supply of water should be distributed everywhere over station. ‘This is a most important matter and one = ака = tention. The present yox Mr.Wade, was formerly a gardener to Capt. J. H. H. Berkeley at St. Kitts. He has been in the West Indies for пеагі s pos An outline sketch of the manner in which t ob И be laid out was left with Mr.Wade. Immediately adjoining the barbed wire fence to the north, and to the left of the entrance walk, there is soil suitable for a nursery, propagating sheds, eoe 09, shed. ‘Adjoining this, and to the right of the entrance walk, mall banana plantation might established, to be used as shade for ethan plants. Beyond this, to the south-west, would come the watercourse, and then a series of beds about 10 feet wide, divided by walks three feet wide. ‘These beds could be devoted to the experimental cultivation of specimen economic plants, all of which should be legibly ж. lidar i гук might be ре оп the dry stony soils to the extrem and also at the of th slope. The slope itself might be vili with trees and fact of an ornamental character or with Agaves, Cacti, or other plants capable of bearing dry arid candidam Parallel to the rustie fence adjoining the the raising of economie plants from seed or cuttings, and to the importa- : tion of any ey plants from other аа It is possible, ` however, for it to do a great deal of good in this way, and especially if a few жи: plants are wall ей cea at the Station for the instruction and observation of the people. e Curator, under such circumstances, should endeavour Е place his knowledge of horticultural methods at the disposal of those anxious to become acquainted wi them. He should train a few boys e eran and do all that is possible to aid in the dei clopment of local indus x A large number of economic plants already via in gardens in the island, and the Curator should endeavour to obtain these and establish ` able for a and so utilise to the best advantage the local око of the islan As мов доз -— етумен about 1,200 small settlers, with holdings eg 2 to 5 ac ach, it is very desirable to influence them to take p the permanent үзе бнр ан of fruit, spices, cacao, coffee and other parai, n large demand. In this work the Curator should take an active par. Immediately after the address it had been intended that I should leave for “St. Kitts in the schooner “ Georgiana.” As, however, the cargo steamer “ Mirima” had arrived and was leaving for St. кин m 124 a few hours, Mr. Cowie, the agent, was kind enough to arrange for a passage for me in the latter vessel, I went on board after dinner, and arrived off Basseterre, St. Kitts, early next morning. Sz. Kitts-Nevis. St. Curistoraer.—The three islands of St. Christopher, Nevis, and Anguilla. ge one Presidency, called the Presidency of St. Christo opher and Nevis. St. Christopher (ог more commonly St. Kitts), lies north- west of Mh erat: it contains 68 square miles and a population of about 30,000. It is а long narrow island somewhat bottle-shape in outline, with the neck pointing towards Nevis. The main portion is between 12 and 13 miles long, and contains several peaks and ridges cultivated appearance. First come rich expanses of cane-fields with the houses and works nestling among trees, then the higher slopes with the deep verdure of grass lands, and, ultimately, the St. Kitis is a bright and interesting island. It is very healthy, and the people are enterprising and intelligent. К. can gre w almost every- thing suited to the tropics. Its only dra is occasional season of drought, when, owing to the porous white of pta soil, Végebatibi suffers considerably. There are 135 sugar estates, containing 18,507 acres of arable land. The chief productions are sugar, molasses, sweet are cassava, ground nuts, pigeon peas, a little coffee, cacao, and tobac English vegetables are readily grown at nearly all нове The m town is вЫ те; with a Population of 10,000 inhabitants. It several good buildings, including a fine church and court heres апа an attractive public square and garden Nevis.—The island of Nevis lies south-east of St. cat from which it is eun by a channel about 2 miles wide. Nevis is circular in outline, contains 50 square miles, and a population of abadi 12,000. About inakat of its 82,000 acres is, or has been, under cultivation: Nearly in the centre of ‘the island rises a anes peak (3,200 feet) with a dark wooded crater. The slopes of this are at first steep and covered with forest, they then become aga ta e steep and undulat- an аб + last spread out all round towards the sea. The soil of Nevis, aa from the decomposition of crystalline trachytes, is more clayey “wa that of St. Kitts. On that.account it is less easy to work, but it is by no means unfertile. Sugar is the chief product, but a large number of other articles are in course of being experimentally grown. Nevis differs from St. Kitts in the larger number of small proprietors it contains. These cultivate ground provisions and fruits, and, if suitable cilities existed for shipping them, Nevis might. become much more prosperous than it is at present. The chief town s Charlestown ; this is 12 miles by boat from Basseterre in St. К "à small Government io be pini on the service ce between tho two islands, 125 December 12.—On landing at St. Kitts, I went up to Government House and joined the Governor, who had arrived the л, before by the mail from Antigua. After breakfast we drove out to inspect land, under the consideration of Government, to be acquired as a site for a Botanical Station. | The first was the land immediately opposite Govern- but was entirely unsuitable on account of the exposure to strong winds. The locality was perfectly flat or slightly a towards the south, with no shade or shelter, and it was fully exposed to winds from all aie In the калыш эт dry баре of this portion of St. Kitts, thrive in such situations during so dry a season as that of 1890-1891. nother locality visited was to the west of the town of Basseterre, an tween it and the site of the signal itation and battery. This was somewhat close to the sea, but the soil was good, and a sheltered hollow near the high road, where the canes were growing most luxuriantly, offered an excellent situation for-a Botanical Station. А fuller description of this locality is given later.: Owing to the absence of 1889, had started nurseries and a plant дербі on land placed at his disposal, adjoining the residence of the Commissioner, Captain Churchill. | This situation was very dry and so ex posed to hot winds к it еў у res be utilised as an expedient of a temporary charac At 3 punt I delivered an address at the Court House. The Governor took the chair. The subjects touched upon in the address are briefly summarised in The St. Christopher Advertiser of the 16th December 1890, as follows :— Мг. Morris “spoke of the advan- “ tages likely to arise if the Leeward Islands would put forth efforts to & improve their staple industry [of sugar], and to encourage the starting “ of new industries. He sketched the activity displayed by Kew aud $ эур ыды Ше me for Botanical Stations, and the formation of ff и Society, instancing the benefits which have acerued * to [Trinidad], Jamaica and other countries from syi institutions. * He described fully and clearly the discovery of the cane-seed, and “€ his illustrations of the ‘arrow’ or flower of the sugar-cane were most * interesting. . He then direeted attention to the (— of coffee, É and fibres, and suggested that every endea should - * made "bs the Colonists to show what the capabilities of е islands * were, and to invite capitalists to invest their money in the cultural industries of the West Indies.” After the lecture was over, I accepted an invitation from Captain me of h SOAM p Potatoes and tomatoes been successfully grown on e lands and shipped to the United States as early as December of un year. The only drawback to the development of a large industry i Captain Berkeley deserves great credit for his — in this ина similar matters, He has shown the way to many new industries, and if the improved shipping facilities now under the considerations of the Government are fully carried out, it would be possible to embark in 126 many enterprises connected with the supply of early fruits and vege- tables to the northern markets and secure T results and caudis and a good view obtained at an elevation of about 1,200 feet of the sugar gus of St. Kitts and of the vegetation of the higher slopes. In the ere growing very handsome tree ferns, the stems of which з largely used as fence posts. Numerous small ferns clothed the sides of streams and gaily flowered plants such age hom and Alloplectus gab in tresses from the trees. The dense forests of St. Kitts from 1,500 feet to 3,000 feet have evidently not been fuily ка. Тһе climate at this elevation was cool and pleasant. grow almost any kind “of «баса at St. Kitts. The soil is of a fine loamy character, easily токе, апа very productive. St. Kitts still ib n ‹ Пат ааа. "This locality was formerly a swamp, an A being to the wind- ward of the town, caused some unhealthiness. Efforts a to be in every way successful are being made to cover it with grass, and plant trees upon it. In time it should be available as a асыра ground ог elter trees. As the soil gradually dries up = loses the salt contained in it numerous other trees might be grown ther Owing ressur a visit to the island of Nevis. I was able, however, to meet several persons interested in the industries of Nevis, and to offer some hints in regard to them The permanent land for the Botanical Station е not been acquired at the date of my visit. The Curator, Mr. Plum "e however, been engaged in raising plants in pots and in nursery чай a small piece of land adjoining the residence of the ойо "This land con- tained very poor soil, was exposed to dry winds, and had only a moderate plants were ready for distribution. The success so far attained by Mr. Plumb's efforts showed that he was fully alive to the special work re- quired "d him at St. Kitts-Nevis, and 1 have little doubt that when deal ims it. He has a good knowledge of tropical economie plants, and could afford useful information respecting their culture and treatment. As regards the land for a permanent — Station, the Govern- ment had before them two possible sites. One was a flat piece of land immediately in front of Government House, aiid: divided from it by a public road. It formed a part of the gradual slope to the north of the 127 town of Basseterre, and dues a mile distant from the landing place. This land, cultivated as part of a sugar estate, contained some g soil, it was easily accessible Pn the town of Basseterre , and if in other respects suitable would have contributed to amenities of Govern- time on the Governor. The land had, however, some serious чейн It had а plain unbroken surface, and sloped in the direction of the vailing winds. d was эту ес fh without vM protection whatever from the north and north-east, when low during the greater part of the this land. I arrived, therefore, at the conclusion that the land was е unsuited for a Botanical Station The only other site to which my attention was called as likely to be er tad was situated to the west of the town of Basseterre, and this also formed part of a sugar estate. It was close to the sen-shore, and extended ana by a series of gradnal ped all of which were under cultivation. A considerable portion of this land was intended to be acquired by Government for the PB у эө of TE the town in this direction, and of affording a much needed expansion of the area available for building purposes. I carefully examined this land on two oecasions with the view of finding out whether any portion of it was suited for the purposes of a Botanical Station. The rocky land =: a broken charaeter to the extreme west was obviously out of the question. 'The same remark, but for other reasons, чылча to the higher Атат of the land extending in ped direction y e. public hospital. In the one case the situation was rya es ; in the other it possessed Government House. One portion on the land to the eastward nearest to the town of Basseterre was, however, found to be far more promising. This consisted of a sheltered depression n with good soil extending in a line parallel with the sea. The extent of this sheltered land may not be more than 610.8 acres. If suitable arrangements are made by throwing up banks, planting live fences, or building good stone walls along the north and north-eastern boundaries of this land it might be € very suitable for a Botanical Station. There is a sufficiently large are of good land here fur nurseries and experimental plots, and the ipit known as * Cholera ground," forming the western limit of it might be laid down in grass and planted with ornamental and shade trees. At present this spot is, and has been for the last 20 or 30 years, under mira in canes. ully aware that the land here is very near the sea, and on that account may not prove suitable for the cultivation of many plants that thrive only in elevated places inlan am aware, also, of the com- parative dryness of the sea-coast lands at St. Kitts, and further of the sentimental objection that may exist with regard to associating the Botanical Station with the so-called cholera ground. It must be h eapital of the island, and contain some of the best residences dotted about on the ridges above. The grounds of the Botanical Station below 128 will thus naturally prove a source of attraction to an important section ily h of a i upon it. А ske and roads was prepared, also the position of the office, tool-s nurseries and experimental plots. The great point is to secure adequate shelter from prevailing winds. The next is to secure an unfailing water supply distributed over the whole surface. And lastly, advantage эе taken of the good soil in the hollow to lay out there the nursery beds and experimental plots. The other portion of the land could be laid down in grass and shaded with trees. As regards the experimental plots, taking into account the fact that the ра industry of the island is sugar, and that the planters are very a s to increase the yield per acre, the Curator might carry on investigations in regard to sugar canes on the following lines : —(1) the manures on sugar canes in increasing the yield of sugar, (3) raising new varieties of the йб: СА | m 2, and (4) observations on plants and on insects injurious to the r-can he work of the Botanical Station at Barbados might usefully be followed i in this respect at St. Kitts; and if an agricultural chemist at hand, where facilities are available for crushing the canes and obtaining results on a larger scale, The other experimental plots might be devoted to the growth of Peyptian орно tobacco, vanilla, trees yielding tiling substanees, fibre plants, t trees, cacao, Arabian coffee, Liberian coffee, bd bois ut is desirable, to save expense, only a a i few plots be worked a The nurseries should, however, contain a good supply of an plants likely to thrive in the island, еа pesi nell of each should be ablished on the station land, cultivated according to the best ооо adopted in other anita Some of the indigenous plants of St. Kitts are very interesting. All likely to thrive in the lowlands should be established at the Botanical Station, and the Curator might be encouraged to make collections both of living and dried plants illustrative of the flora of the island. For this purpose he should be provided with a horse and a “ modified h allowance.” The Botanic Station at St. Kitts will probably be found unable to meet satisfactorily the requirements of the island of Nevis. A plant depot, or possibly another station, n. eventu ne = ae there. Nevis is essentially an island of small s в, and these people are likely, if encou , to take up the ativan of fruit dod еы, and supply rd Islands and New York. For the present the Curator might visit Nevis at certain intervals, and make himself cos acquainted with its circumstances and requirements. He will then be in a position to judge exactly whether these latter can be met from the St. Kitts Station or not. This evening, at кы request of the Governor, I embarked with him on board H.M.S, “ Partridge ” (Lieut.-Commander Noel, R.N.) for the 129 he mber, rving condition. The Le оранта Council of the Presidency had voted certain sums of money from time to time towards alleviating the most urgent cases of distress, and if rain came it was hoped that some early maturing crops would be possible tobe grown. The “ Partridge” left Basseterre about 6 o'clock, and coasted along the leeward shore broke over the top of Mount Misery, the fanciful resemblance of mountai d slo ds to the figure of St. Christopher noticed by Columbus was fully realised. St. Eustatius, celebrated for ‘its most perfect crater possible,” making up five-sixths of the island, was passed negroes lives in the bosom of an old voleano, with JY one small landing place and a stair leading up 800 feet into the to Early the next (Sunday) morning we found P ROS passing Dog Island and Prickly-pear Cays, outliers of Anguilla, and making for rocus Bay, an open roadstead well sheltered from the north-east trades. The coast line at this point was about 150 feet high, formed of, probably, tertiary caleareous marls. On the highest point was a neatly built court house, with a flag-staff and signal station. Below the cliffs in this spot was a small margin of beach with bright glistening sand, suggestive of those curious nullipore sands formed from the calcareous skeletons of certain alge. 21 ANGUILLA. Anguilla (little snake) belongs to the Sy кае of St. Kitts-Nevis, and is distant 60 miles north-west fro e former island. It contains The elevations are chiefly along the coast, the interior recedes from the coast, and forms a basin-like depression. In recent books, descriptive of the West Indies, it is stated that there isa salt lake in the centre of the island, If this occupied the basin-like depression abore dures ioned, this lake must have disappeared many years ago. The is fully exposed to the trade winds, which sweep over it with verre force during the greater part of the year. There are few or no swamps, aud to rearing cattle, ponies, and small stock. These are shipped to St. Thomas, where they find a ready market. December 14.—The Acting-Magistrate of Anguilla, Мг. Edwin Baynes, came on boa А hi receive me foe On and it was arranged gli urch. After service we rode in the direction of th. cultivated por- that had been completely abardoned on aceount of the drought. A little rain had fallen the pev week, but it had done little to moisten the soil, which was dust to a considerable . epth. ʻe went on board foe lunch and retur ed immediately after. The Governor held a conference with the principal inhabitants to devise means for alleviating 130 the orig ee of the people, while, at his request, accompanied by Captain Noel, I made myself acquainted with the character of the ies ded we the view of suggesting some plants that would be likely to thrive in so unpromising a country. We first of all examined a large шге < Ts north of the Settlem ent. The surface here was almost entirely Hit with a porous Жерен ne, in the cracks and fissures of which some trees and shrubs of a scrubby aspect managed to grow. Here Srp there i in glades were some batebes of a shallow red soil formed by the disintegration of the limestone. In this soil, during such seasons as moderate rain fell, the people iie eassava, pigeon-peas, sweet pota- toes, okro. At the time of my visit, hardly anything pop was seen except some species of Agave, Opuntia, саа; and the vegetation peculiar to rocky cliffs in the tropics. The mier (Bursera gummi- - fera) was the largest tree seen, while small айй plants of Eugenia, Phyllanthus, Eleodendron, and weedy looking Crotons formed the bulk of the undergrowth. Such la id was evidently useless for purposes of cultivation, except for occasional and precarious food crops, and these could only be satisfactorily grown during seasons when there was a plentiful. supply of rain. Some of the brushwood was capable of being converted into charcoal, but there was no market nearer than St. Thomas, and the means of communication were few and far таж Some grass was growing here and there in cool hollows, and Ber goats, irse: and horses, if supplied with water, could pick up a somewhat scanty existence. Le might be,made of the patches of prm биесин for pastu ses, for some ' kinds of grasses are known to thrive where almost жылы other vegetation fails. We rejoined the Governor at nightfall and went on board. It appeared that the privations at An- guilla were not entirely owing to the drought. A large number of the men had been regularly м. in digging phosphates on the island of Sombrero. Their employment there, however, had suddenly ceased, and this, combined with the prolonged drought which had over taken them at Anguilla, bad left them almost destitute. December 15.—We landed this morning soon after 6 o'clock. iis went off into the interior of the island in a north-easterly directio: towards the revenue ap: near Sandyhill Bay. The чу һеге sloped radually towards the eastward, was less rocky, an depressions there were the remains of sugar estates ивы had been in — — the last 30 years. Тһе soil was fairly good und some shelter from wind. The trees in this neighbourho d fac than those seen the day before, and water was obtainable о deep wells even in the driest weather. Careful search but only tunately, one that yielded a very inferior class of fibre. It was useless, therefore, to attempt the systematic cultivation of this plant. After con- siderable difficulty, one plant of Furerea cubensis was found on land to orth-west. This it appears had been introduced there. The көйү 131 rom the number of wells existing in various parts of the island, it is evident that it should be possible to obtain a supply of water all the year round. The pune well near the Settlement, lately placed in a state of thorough repair by Government, yielded at the end of a prolonged rainless season, an ey supply o water. In other parts where the wells were private property they appear to have been neglected an become useless. It is well known that in eastern countries where there obtained from wells. By such means large crops are regularly raised, and the cultivator is almost entirely ae of the seasons. At nguilla, where the trade winds are so regular, motive power for pump- ing well water might be obtained ae Canadian wind-mills or by horse or cattle labour. The matter is well worthy of consideration. The people as regards agricultural matters have an air of shiftlessness about them which is very jeu the patient plodding habit of their eastern brethren. water for irrigation purposes could be placed at their disposal, there should penen. be an end to these periodical visita- tions of не + crops and privation Although the greater part of ihe land at Anguilla is rocky and poor, there are istis red patches capable of cultivation, but the present race of people is quite incapable of initiating anything more than will provide them with the barest necessities of life. From the north-east coast we retraced our steps in the direction of the Settlement and made for blowing Point, on the extreme south-west of the island. For some time we could look across a narrow strait separating Anguilla am St. Martin. This latter (a ux er island than Anguilla) is divided between the French and French coast faces that of Anguilla. It is more hilly than hé British island, and appears to have suffered less from drought. There is a regular уе ay in small boats maintained between the two islands, and smuggling (looked upon as a qe venial sin indeed in these remote places) is somewhat prevalent. Before arriving at Blowing Point, an interesting in fairly large quantities, and the fan-shaped leaves were used for thatching native huts. The chief interest attached to this palm is connected with its dwarf habit. The largest and apparently most matured specimen did not measure more than about 30 to y inches in height, and the stem was about 2] inches in diameter. as unable to find any plants in flower or fruit, but there was no doubt it was a species of Thrinax. Т brought away with me about 30 to 40 plants to be estab- lished at the Botanical Stations at dades a and St. Lucia. The largest specimen was reserved for the Museum of Economie Botany at Kew, Tes d was lately seen = sec Wendland, an authority on palms, who kf: opinion it is new to science. He has suggested a name for it, Ae d forms a introduced in the living state to this country, but when it is there is little doubt it will ричи — interesting and attractive in а horticul- tural sense. 1 made, as tioned above, a special — for flowers or fruit of this plant. qe was told that it ppd bi very pretty pink flower. This, when produced, proved tobe an epiphytal ог d wein a gc of Epidendrum, which attached itself to the stem of the small palm and рай its lowers through the fronds, The nearest iocus di to the 132 present plant is probably Thrinax radiata found at Barbuda and other localities in the Leeward Islands. That, however, grows to a height of 15 to 20 feet, and forms a stem 3 or 5 inches in diameter. fter passing Blowing Point we descended to sea-level and visited the salt pond near Road Bay. Salt-making is practically the only im- portant industry in the island, and unfortunate ely just now it is rather a precarious one. The lessee pays the Government а rent of 200/. per annum for the right of making salt, but the success of the crop depends so much on the weather that there is no а of employing more than a very limited number of people. е were unable to continue our ment and traverse a rugged path across the country in the direction of the Court se. When we arrived there the Governor held an informal th ished started in connexion with the repairs of the roads, and afterwards extended, if found absolutely necessary, to the clearing nd for a fibre industry. An offer was made to the able-bodied to find work for them at St. Kitts or Antigua, and transfer them and their families to estates where they would have cottages tree and regular wages. Ver food without labour. Seed for planting was proposed to be distributed in order to enable early crops of peas, beans, and corn to be raised. went on board the ** Partridge” early in the afternoon. We im- mediately д under way and made for the Virgin Islands. It was ould have time, at least, to touch at Tortola, 90 miles away, and then Roa on to catch the mail steamer due to leave St. ние for the southern islands on Tuesday evening. There was a rately rough sea during the night, but at daybreak we were well within рер of the outer fringe of the Virgin group. VIRGIN IsLANDs. The Presidency of the Virgin Islands consists of 30 to 40 small scattered islands to the east of Porto Rico. Geologically speaking they form a submarine prolongation of the mountain system of that island. = юш area is about 58 square miles, and the estimated орава 5,000. The principai members of the group are Tortola, Virgin Conta, and Anegada. The latter, as Из name implies some inundated) i is merely a iow reef elevated a few feet above the level of the sea as an area of 14 square miles. Tortola, 26 square miles in ruine s com- posed of hills, the highest of which rises to nearly 1,600 feet. "The surface is much broken up into ravines or *gullies," and nearly the whole of it has been under cultivation. Virgin Gorda, 10 square miles in extent, is also hilly, but less fertile than icut Copper mines have been wor ked here, but at present they w are not productive. The inhabi- nd age y eet and кабет is very succes ssful. r Road Town, a small place on the south-side of Tortola, is the capital of the grou 133 December 16.—The navigation amongst the Virgi Islands, owing to the presence of reefs and currents, is very difficult, and requires t care and judgment. Although we sighted the ads at daybreak, it was ney 8 o'clock before we arrived off Road Town, the chief town and seat of Government of the Virgin Islands. From the harbour it bie a broken-down and ruinous condition, evidently the result of the terrible hurricanes of 1867 and 1871. Soon after we dropped anchor, the President, Mr. Edward Cameron, eame on board, and the Governor, the private secretary, and myself went ashore. While - Governor was engaged on publie affairs I was fortunate enough to as guide, Mr. Campbell, the Colonial Surgeon, who kindly lent me a Du and took me first ‘of all to the top of the ridge. The land appeared to have been cleared at one time and cultivated with great enterprise. The remains of sugar works were still seen, but the Ais had long ago given place to coarse grasses, tropical weeds, and scrub growth of an uninteresting character. The soil was evidently good, and on the hill slopes it could maintain сау pasture grasses. Ап Agave, which, according to Baron Eggers is Agave Morrisii, Baker, the Koratto of Jamaica is found чч ар ыл ын. An attempt'was being made y Mr. Campbell to start a fibre industry in connexion with this plant. If, as is supposed, it is identical with the Jamaica plant, the fibre is not of great commercial value. The reports received respecting fibre pre- pared from it by the Death and Ellwood machine at Jamaica were by no means satisfactory. The reports were as follows :— (a.) Keratto vr Eae fibre is of little strength, and is undesirable ; value 127. to 147. per ton; itis not an even fibre, and it rid that comes from Spain (Ide and Christie) 2 ; (b.) Keratto fibre.—VWery towy; not well cleaned, value 161. per ton (Collyer). On returning to the town some plants of Furcrea cubensis were found on land to the westward, and also a patch or two of Sansevieria _ guineensis. Both these are excellent fibre plants. The latter yields fibre that eould be used for weaving purposes, and the demand for it urged upon the people of these islands. As it is, there are numerous small industries that might be taken up, and it is hoped that the impetus - given to cultural industries by the establishment of Botanical Stations in kms; Leeward Islands will eventually do mach to give ч fresh Start We Тев Road Town before mid-day, and threading our way amongst the intricate passages of the smaller islands, we coasted along the leeward side of the Danish island of St. John, and arrived in the harbour of St. Thomas at 8 o’clock. The pee og Mail steamship “ Esk” was lying at anchor there, ready to on her voyage southward to Barbados не 6 o'clock. =, English Consul came on d the “ Partridge,” and afterwards accompanied us on shore to call upon his afte Eeiliéhey, Colonel Arundrup, bé Governor of the Danish West Indies. 134 At 5 o’clock we took our leave of Commander Noel, with whom we had made a most interesting and successful voyage, and went on board the “ Esk ” (Captain Powles) December 17.—We arrived off St. Kitts at 8 a.m., and Nevis at 10.30 a.m. ` had a fair passage from these islands to Antigua, where we arrived at 4.30 p.m. Here I took leave of the Governor, his Excellency Sir William Haynes Smith, with whom I had spent 21 "very usy and interesting days in the Leeward Islands. December 18.—I continued my voyage southward again, passing Montserrat and Guadeloupe, and arriving at Dominica at 1 30 p.m. Ву £g le] - => Ф un = £ >. Ф Ë -= ® "б =. — Ф RB ЕЗ = Ф et + ` un e lar] e > Ф ік) апа paths had been surveyed, and the water had been laid on. e site is a most suitable one for a station, and it should prove in time one of the most interesting and attractive gardens in the whole of the West Indies. WINDWARD ISLANDS. St. Lucia. St. Lucia has an area of 243 square miles, and a population of about The surface is very hilly, The main axis of elevation trends th, with marked featur i district it is soe. ged picturesque. The hill sides are generally steep and covered with forest. The valleys are very rich and fertile; the most noted of бае are the Mabouya, Roseau, and Cul-de-Sac valleys. Two large districts in the northern and southern portions of the island hh drought. At present only a small extent of land is under systematic cultivation. There are several large sugar factories or usines, the most prosperous at the present time being that at Vieux Fort in the extreme south. Excellent crystallized sugar is рано, as also molasses ап rum. Cacao, coffee, ginger, annatto, black pepper, vanilla, graines d'ambrette or vegetable musk (Hibiscus Abelmoschus), arrowroot, ven hance gia (Canna), yams, sweet potatoes, various and beans, vegetables, are grown in small quantities. It is evident that the serinltur development i in the interior of St. Lucia has hardly yet begun. "There are extensive tracts of splendid land yet untouched, and while some of the valleys could be established with thriving sugar — the higher and healthier lands are well adapted for large an ecessful plantations of coffee and cacao. "The climate of St. Lucia is undeservedly classed as unhealthy. The unhealthiness is entirely confined to a few swampy en aclosed n and the danger from venomous snakes (found only in this island am British Lesser Antilles) has been EMT ipa iiim The chief town is сино, with a population of 6,000, i s an excellent harbour and is becoming an important naval and crine station. Sincea swamp - 135 to the windward of the town has been filled up and the drainage improved Castries is acquiring a healthy character. Soufriere, near the Pitons, is the next town in importance to Castries, with a population of about 2,000 souls. It is the centre of an interest- ing oe ultural district, where sugar, cacao, fruit, and spices are gro December 19.—I landed at St. Lucia from R.M.S. “ Esk” 6.30 a.m., and visited the Botanical Station. The Curator, Mr. Gra y; was laid up at inte with an attack of illness. I rode up to Government House on the Morne, and was the guest of His Honour C. C. Knollys, C.M.G., the A Aministyasor: The forenoon was devoted to correspondence for the mail. After lunch I again visited the Botanical Station with the Administrator and the Hon. Charles Chastanet, President of the Agricul- tural Society. ag were met by: the Hon. Henry Reeve, Colonial Engineer, ge of the station. We discussed care efully the steps ans to be taken to lay out the ground and drain it. Also the best arrangements for planting the land with shade trees and economie plants. December 20.— Correspondence oceupied the morning, and I then visited the Botanical Station by appointment with the Curator, who was so far better that he could attend to his duties. "The ornamental plants in the garden were well cultivated td in good order. A large central bed was entirely devoted to roses. In the borders on the north and east were numerous plants doing well. А good fence of Furerea neon the garden from the public road on the eastern boundary. The nurseries contained a moderately large stock of economic plants, including such fruit trees as oranges, corn: limes, and g mangoes, “purple guava, sweet sop, sour sop, and custard apple, pine-apples and extilis, Agave ; r sisalana, and Boehmeria nivea. neral economic plants such as Arabian and Liberian coffee, aes coca, black pepper, vanilla, g ginger, в, arrowroot, cacao, nutmeg, cola, and Nicaragua rubber ( Castilloa elastica). Besides ә and small ‘plants of the above, there were represented about 30 species of eM about = varieties of eae and numerous other plants of an ornamental character. rator reported that black pepper and vanilla “ бте splendidly at St. Lucia.” Mr. Gray further added that the particul wroot found in St а lately tried at Trinidad, is said by Mr. J. Н. Hart to bave the west of the Station. Some Aire a had been undertaken by to the Botanical Station was a swamp, which, on sanitary unds alone, ought to be filled up or drained as soon as possible. The other p had a small area of good land in a hollow cultivated with sugar cane. The sides and slopes of this were in grass with a poor, clayey seil. A plantation was close to the of Castries, and in а very promising condition. The ‚ at е" time of my visit, appeared to suffer a good deal from the depredations of rats. We rode back to Government House along the Dennery Road, and called to see an excellent kitchen garden with all kinds of English vegetables, belonging to Captain U 66855. c 136 Hellard, R.E. This was on the Morne at an elevation of about 800 feet. December 21.—After lunch the АН was good enough to ride with me along the main road across the island from Castries to Dennery. This road passes aiong high narrow ridges, spurs of the central mountain system of the is sland. It dips under the high peak of Piton Flor, and then ру descends into the Mabouya valley at the back of Devnery. Its highest point of elevation is about 1,200 feet. balisier M Numerous species of small ferns clothed the anks, also opodium ее and Selaginella PAN tain There were large fate: of excellent forest land at the head of the Mabouya valley, and cultivation was nu brie spreading in thie direction, which, although on the windward side, was ply by the numerous ridges extending from the Piton Flor and Sor It was evident that in these interior valleys p» land is well suited for оок. At present there аге no roads to reach them ad projected from the Cul-de-Sac valley into the Mabouya valley, known the Goldsworthy Trace, would have opened up one of the most fertile portions of the island from coast to coast. ‘This road, unfortu- г, was never completed. Cacao is grown in numerous call patches in the Mabouya Valley. We met parties of peasants carrying half-cured cacao оп their heads to Castries, as Kaaro ss no other opportunity offered for dis- posing of their produce. A few coffee bushes still lingered in patches at high elevations, үе. that the soil and climate were suitable for the plant, but apparently that other circumstances of capital and labour were not favourable for its extended cultivation. ‘The hot huwid valleys of St. Lucia could grow Liberian coffee to almost any extent. December 22,—'This morning I started at 5.30 to accompany Mr. Chastanet on a ride to the northern portion of the Meu through Choe and Union Estates to the Marquis section, This rt of the country is almost entirely denuded of forest. The Тай э ker long been in cultivation under sugar, but the area is becoming mor “restricted than fo ТАШУ and the т are being turned into pasture. ‘The sugar industry in St. Lucia has become depressed flrs to over- speculation just before the es prices of 1884-86. Much money was then lost in connexion ‘with the usines as well as on small estates. Under astanet and others who t. Lue ia vail a system of ` Credit Foncter similar to that in МА at Mauritius would be the means of giving a great impetus to the agricultural pisei of the island. The vegetation of the northern portions of St. Lucia, where the climate is dry and the soil is т ely poor, differs greatly from that met w vith in the central portions. Plants of Furcrea cubensis, and these, as well as the Gommier (Bursera gummifera), the white Jedar (Tecoma ум and Coccoloba uvifera are sufficiently indicative of a smaller rainfall and a diminished fertility of soil. e robin to Castries about mid-day, 137 In the evening, at the request of the members of the agen Society, I gave an address in the Court House. His Hon the A ful i experimental cultivation of tobacco undertaken at St. Lucia in 1882- ; * Forests of St. Lucia,” by Mr. E. D. M. Hooper; and the Crown Lands' s owe passed in Executive Council on the 5th November 1890. In the latter (section xi.) it is stated that “Sales (ot * Crown lands) by Via shall be for cash, or on such other terms “ and conditions as may, with the approval of the Governor-in- Council, ** be specified in the notice of sale. * In the case of private sales, payment shall be by four equal annual “ instalments, the first of which shall be one year after the date of the * deposit, and the others on the corresponding date in each of the next ar Е years. * To encourage the атаа of economic plants, the final payment " wil be returned to a certain number of purchasers of Crown lands * under these regulations, "ha are able to show good progress in this * direetion, in the fourth year after the date of the de eposit. ants * may be obtained [from the Botanical Station] free of charge." December 23.—The morning was spent at the Botanical Station. A plan was furnished by the Colonial Engineer, and on this various sug- gestions were entered for completing the planting up of the land, It was arranged that the plots at the Station should be numbered according to the plan, and а m progress reports should refer particularly to the operations carried o on each one. The best position for the office, nurseries, and MC siete was considered to be the land to the south-east, oa at on e it was intended to have a lawn tennis е This and aleran ti to me to be unsuitable for that purpose, as it would not > likely to carry а good turf; and besides, if the small ; area available at this Station for the exper rimental cultivation of economie plants is taken into consideration, it is not desirable to reduce it still further by T а portion of it to a lawn tennis ground. If the additional land adjoin the present yer were acquired by Government, the matter roit then very w ей o me under consideration, аат to Die ck me up at Vieux Fort and cross over to St. Vincent. A sloop was kindly engaged for me by Mr. Chastanet, and it left with my baggage at 6 o’e clock. Sree 24.—I was up this morning at 4.30, and rode down to take the coasting steamer, leaving Castries at 6 o'clock for hag ufriere. І arrived at the latter place soon after 8 o'clock. Along the coast there were numerous valleys extending inland, in whieh there were cultivations f sugar-eane and cocoa-nuts. The ridges especially in the Canaries c2 138 district, were all clothed with forests down to the sea. Mr. Jules Du Boulay kindly assisted me to hire a horse and accompanied me to the Soufriere. Afterwards we visited some cacao cultivation. Mr. Dix, the Resident Magistrate, was at Castries, and I therefore lost the opportunity of meeting him. A good deal of cacao, fruit, spices, and ground provisions is being grown here by peasant proprietors. The soil in some localities is very rich and yields large crops. г. Dix is himself a very intelligent and successful planter, and his example is very beneficial in regard to М. development of small Pg ms n in the district. After parting with Du Boulay I rode the direction of Choiseul through small elits in the hilly paid of the island. The majestic peaks of the Pitons he almost everywhere in view, forming well defined landmarks tothe westward. One of my objeets in traversing this district was to meet Mr. * ene Meynier, whose had been mentioned to me as one of the most nueces cultivators in this part of the island. Mr. Meynier was at hom he received me very kindly. He was the first to export vegetable а seeds ( Hibiscus Abelmoschus) from St. Lucia. He received about 107. per bag for it, but the value now is considerably Meynier was able to show some excellent black pepper plants in fruit, pine-apples, very heavy bearing orange trees (St. Michael and Tangerine), tae and Ня vegetables. few score industrious and intelli- nt men like eynier would be a great boon to St. Lucia, where Вані! НОВ» in regard to the cultivation of plants are cr unknown. Mr. Meynier some time ago was very successful in grow and curing tobacco. At the suggestion of Sir William rasis thes Governor of the Windward Islands, smali grants in aid were offered, and the industry made progress in various parts of the island. The ants were, however, withdrawn өүү x esL was established, and since 1884 nothing has been done in If a Cuban tobaeco-grower could be induced to settle at St. Lucia kal teach the people how to cure their tobacco, there is every hope that the industry would become perma- wis There are excellent soils in St. Lucia, and the climate, especially in the southern M would appear to be well suited to produce tobaeco of good q: I regained tHe oti road near Mr. rg ha age estate. After slight rest here I started for the village of Laborie, and ultimately reached Vieux Fort about 6 o'clock. The sloop “ Langeliere” arrived about 11 o’clock, and at midnight I embarked for St. Vince A copy of the following report on the St. Lucia Botanical Station, dated 22nd December 1890, was presented to the Administrator :— The Botanical station at St. Lucia ers been established on land reclaimed to the north-east of the town of Castries. It will consist eventually of five and a half acres, but d present only about pen Acres are in a sufficiently complete state for being planted out. It is distant about half a mile from the landing place at Castries, and easily accessible to the inhabitants. As the site of the station consisted of a swamp, considerable time has been occupied in filling it up and laying out the land. Apart from the advantages likely to be derived from the Garden itself, HT praras of a dangerous swamp in close proximity to the town of Cas public benefit. There is a further small portion of sw imp о a tha 139 If, however, the owner of the swamp, who is also owner of the land between the Darling and Chaussée Roads to the westward, could be induced to sell the whole of it, estimated at 7 acres, for a reasonable sum, it would be well to acquire it. The Botanical Station land would then consist of about 121 acres, and it would form a very convenient and snitable site for nearly all the operations likely to be undertaken there. A sketch of the Botanical Station land as at present existing and of the land that may be acquired in the future is submitte The general plan of the Botanical Station is so far satisfactory. The roads, paths, and drains are suitable for the purpose in view, and should be completed without delay. The drains in every case require to be b : ith gr masked with plants of a suitable character. The ei prih of drains with soft yielding slopes and unpaved water-ways is unsightly and unwholesome, and under the circumstances which obtain here in every way undesirable. No permanent supply of water is laid on to the ground. Fortunately there is a copious and apparently a regular rainfall, and there has no as ye would be desirable, however, to have a reserve of water in tanks or cisterns; or to lay pipes connecting with the Castries reservoir as soon as pos sible. The Curator lives in a small cottage on a hill close to the station. This arrangement ensures a healthy locality for a residence, and keeps the Curator in touch with aa sah rge. The buildings necessary for the station should consist of a small office, a seed shed, tool shed, potting « ai and, u. on, a small house ч а watchman. haati is a suitable site for these on what was intended a one time for a lawn tennis ground. The land is iol poor for this pur i and may very well be utilised for offices and sheds. If it is found desirable to lay out a lawn tennis ground at the station, and on this y м ress no opinion at present, such a ground might be selected near the Darling Road, and away from the ornamental and more cultivated crm of the tation in the neighbourhood and cart it in before the walks and paths are permanently laid down. Some soil might be obtained from the adjoin- ing land, but more will be required than is likely to be available from this source. Some complaint has been made that the work of planting permanent | trees has not been carried out so expeditiously as eould here are some grounds for this eomplaint. "The Curator should now proceed systematically with the work and furnish a weekly report showing exactly what is being done by him in thia ree The operations requiring immediate attention are as follows a. Land recently peime should be planted in maize, guinea corn, sweet potatoes, peas, Deans, bananas, and other early maturing crops so as to sgat ring it into a suitable condition for regular cultural opera ration b. Land suitable for the purpose should be marked out and planted with type specimens, properly named, of all the economic plants 140 obtainable in the island. One or two plants of cach would be quite sufficient. c. Suitabie plots should be selected for the experimental culture of cotton, tobacco, pine- оо grapes, figs, cacao, spices (black pepper, vanilla, cardamoms, &c., &c.), an гүн mes subjects likely to be suited to the circumstances of St. Luc An important function of the Botanical Station is to teach the people of St. 5 how to cultivate plants, and obtain the best results from their lan The cutee should do all that is possible to teach and train those with whom he comes in contact, and be always ready by precept and ‘example to d an horticultural methods amon There shoul system organised for training intelligent boys at the Botanical eben to fit them for becoming gardencrs, and charge of plantations. The Curator might start with two or three at first, and have them apprenticed for two or three pay should be small, and the boys encouraged to fit themselves for positions of trust where they would assist in the development of local industries. The Rules for tke Protection and Government of the Botanical Station recently adopted appear to be suitable, and are likely to be effective. [See Appendix A. |] St. VINCENT. St. Vineent lies about 30 miles southerly of St. Lucia and 100 miles westerly of Barbados. It contains 133 square miles, and баг Ag of about 48,000. The whole island is of volcanic origin. The last eruption of the St. Vincent voleano (now known as the Soufr iere) took place as late as 1812. This is situated at the northern extremity of the island, close to Morne à Garou, and rises about 3,000 feet above the level of the sea. А central ri idge of mountains extends Patt north to sse € from = numerous spurs spread on each side, running down tot The tain slopes are less steep than at St. Lucia, ind on de унта чтв side, ‘expecially, there are easy gentle slopes well suited or sugar-cane cultivation. At present only about one-sixth of the surface of the island is under permanent cultivation. Large tracts of mountain lands, belon to the Crown, are eapable of growing cacao, ging coffee, and all kinds of tropical fruits and vegetables. These lands are now in course of being carefully surveyed. The climate of St. Vincent is СЕРУ cool and healthy. It is well watered by numerous streams, and the soil is fertile. Bequia, one of the group forming the мены under the Government of St. Vincent, is distant about 9 miles, and thinly populated by fishermen and a few peasants cultivat- ing provision grounds and raising small stock. The chief productions of St. Vincent are sugar, rum, cocoa, arrowroot, spices, a very all quantity of coffee, cassava, honey, beeswax, oils, gums, tanning sub- stances, medicinal plants, fibrous substances, and “excellent timbers. St. Vincent very much resembles Dominica in its characteristic vegeta- tion, and, like Dominica also, it possesses wonderful capabilities which have hitherto received little or no attention. The energies of the people have been vene entirely devoted to the eae of sugar and arrow- root, and these industries have of late years become more or less depressed. A good deal of the communication between Kingstown and the outlying islands and districts takes place by boats and small 141 schooners. ‘These are managed with great skill, and although the sea is often rough, ee 0 in comin from Be ша, accidents are not of frequent occurence. nternal communication is by roads and bridle paths. The and will нё to be gradually extended to the rich lands in the interi December 25.— arrived in the schooner from St. Lucia at Kingstown, the chief ds of St. Vincent, on Christmas morning at 9 o'clock. I was kindly received > His Honour Captain Maling, the Administrator, - at Government Hou In the course of the afternoon we ha a walk through the land set еа for the Botanical Station, which is situated immediately below and adjoining the Government House garden. December 26.—-This morning was spent at the Botanical Station with the Curator. ‘The station bes pay portion of the old Botanical Garden of St. Vincent, established in 1764, but discontinued about 1830. A very interesting account of this garden, illustrated by wes pa is given by the Rev. Lansdown Guilding (Glasgow, 1825). dedieated to ed es Sir W. J. Hooker, the Director of Kew The St. Vincent Garden was in charge of Dr. Young, who, in 1772, received a gold medal EU the Society of Arts “in recognition of the * flo urishing state of the garden." Captain Bligh deposited 300 of the bread-fruit ‘plants, brought by him from Tahiti, at St. Vincent, and a little later nutmeg, cinnamon, and cloves were introduced. Some of the man-of- en succeeded by Mr. Lochead, and, on id death of the latter, Mr. Caley was appointed Superintendent. Soon after this the War Office, under - issued orders that any plants that could be moved should be sent to Trinidad. Since that time the land has remained in possession of the Government, but little has been done to it except to keep it fenced and gather any crops of nutmegs that might be produced on the trees still merous interesting trees still remain ont it. The Governor-iu-Chief states that “it might be of the greatest use, not merely to the agricul- “ tural interests of the island, but for the promotion of the general “ interests of tropical agriculture and the extension of botanical ены * ledge.” Mr. Henry Powell (formerly of Kew) was appointed Cura of the Botanical Station in April 1890. At the time of my visit a portion of the land had been с nurseries and seed-sheds had been sta and experimental plots of sisal hemp, cotton, pine-apples, and обес plants established. In énajutistion with Captain Maling and the Curator a plan was prepared for laying out the land. The direstiou of the roads and drains and the shelter belts necessary for protecting the Station from north winds was defined. The site proposed for the offices ined aleo the position selected ye the Curator’s house. In all these and kindred matters Captain Malin took a deep personal interest, and I have little doubt the station will make great progress under his superintendence. December 27.—The morning was spent at the Botanical Station, In k the afternoon at 4 o'elock I gave an address at the Court House on the objects sought by the establishment of a Botanical Station, and the 142 special industries likely to be successfully pursued in the island. - chair was taken the ministrator. Information was giv regard to the borer (Chilo (Diatrea) saccharalis) which had lately attacked the sugar-cane, and suggestions offered for dealing with it. This е which is the larva of а small moth, was € noticed at Si. Vincent 28, and it is now found almost everyw in the tropics. It has in uad sugar- cane at Jamaica (in 1841) ; at Macsition (in 1856) ; at а уы (їп 1857); at British Guiana (in 1879); and latterly it dealing with the pest, and if the recommendations then made are fully carried out there is every reason to believe that the injurious effects о the borer can be almost entirely kept in check. The cireumstances of the arrowroot industry were also discussed. This has for a long period been a staple iue À of the island. Latterly, however, St. Vincent arrowroot has fallen so low in price that it has hardly paid to export it. At the anan o ы Governor an inquiry was lately made at Kew into the cause of this. It is probable that in some cases the кб не been exhausted, and in others that the process of manufacture has nof been maintained at so high a standard as не Possibly both tege circumstances have been at work at one time. any case, a firm of city merchants to whom Kew applied for Жэне AA on the subject, expressed the opinion “that during the last few years € cwn has been a considerable falling off in the quality and appearance .* of St. Vincent arrowroots, so much so that they have now reached the “ iih level of inferior brands. In other words they have lost their * reputation.’ pinion was confirmed by other merchanis. It was suggested that systematic effort should be made to bring about a more satisfactory state of things, and that the planters should “energetically grapple т the situation and realise that the matter was practically within their ow control. А series of St. Vincent soils in which arrowroot had been 1 manures is evidently called for. In the process of manufacture there were numerous improvements capable of being inirof gad, while the nature and purity of the water and other circumstances also bore directly upon the subject, A fungoid disease attacking the тен had been noticed on one estate, but this is not believed to have had any injurious influ- ence on the general quality of St. Vincent arrowroot. December 28.—At the invitation of Мт. Duncan MacDonald I left Kingstown for Wallilabo, an estate on the west coast. We travelled by at, and arrived at our destination about 11 o'clock, After lunch we rode into the interior, visiting small cultivations of cacao and coffee in course of being established “by Мт. MacDonald. In good soil and жеб, situation the plants were doing very well. An excellent view was obtained of the interior valleys. The mountain slopes were being extensively cleared for Brerisiop, grounds y the negroes, but little or no permanent cultivation was seen, In the afternoon Mr, nal was go Nothing could be better done, and 1 was not surprised to find that his wroot was of the best quality, It is evident that if all the planters Maiden highly and paid the same careful attention to the manufacture, 143 devi Vintest arrowroot would soon regain its position in the markets of the w December 49.—I left Wallilabo at 10 o'clock for Chateaubelair. e Godman, F. i West баве € fai stores History) Mupiosstist Committee. My object was to visit the Richmond valley, a rich tract of country lately explored at the foot of the spurs of Morne % Garou. Mr. Herbert Smith, who knew the "e well and had taken a deep interest in it, was good enough to pany me and make all the arrangements for the j journey. After teit fast we rode through the Golden Grove sugar estate and up the valley leading to the high woods through Petit Bordell. We left the horses near the crest of a ridge, and then made our way along this for some distance until we overlooked a deep valley with Morne à Garon rising in the distance due north. We descended by a steep path to the bottom of this valley, and after following the course of a river for a short distance we struck across the country in a northerly direction until we struck a larger river flowing to the left. We now found ourselves at the bottom of the Richmond valley, and camped for the night at a sheltered spot at an elevation of 1,000 feet close to the river. According to Mr. Herbert Smith the valley extended inland from this point for four or five miles. It had an average breadth of about three to four miles. Altogether it was estimated that there were between 8,000 and 10,000 acres of rich forest in this district, and most of it was suitable for cultivation: The elevation would range Кош 1,090 feet to 2,500 feet. is broken up into numerous valleys and ravines bounded by somewhat sharp rocky ridges. There are numerous streams of excellent water, The soil that eame ander my observation was of a rich loamy character on a substratum of clay and broken rock. fine timber growing everywhere. We camped under the het of fine clean-stemmed Gommier trees, some of which were three ur feet in diameter. [n a direct line the distance from the coast pde not be more than eight to ten miles. So far no cultivation had been attempted in any part of the valley. The general character of the vegetation indieated a rich soil, plenty of moisture, and sheltered conditions. December 30.—Leaving Mr. Herbert Smith to eontinue a journey he had planned across the island I returned to Chateaubelair with a negro guide, following the tortuous and roeky course of the river. This had n Although HA ee a det deal ae my foot I kept an "— to give another address at the Court House at 4 o'clock, for which a large number of planters and small negro proprietor s had come in from the country. In this address I drew attention to t the extensive clearing of rich forest lands that was taking place in the interior of the island merely to grow a few crops of yams and provisions, These lands were exhausted by successive crops, and then abandoned E fresh land. This system was eharacterised as a most injurious and wasteful one, and demandisg the earnest attention not only of the owners of such land, t of all дар а in the welfare of the island. Suggestions were к respecting the permanent retention of such lands in a state of fertility, and the plants likely to be successfully cultivated upon them, 144 The рус of кеттт in m cacao, dorm T —— bac ed, and hints given respectin numerous forest. sehe math: as eon Pd pee tanning stet capable of being utilised at a small c December 3i.—As I was laid up Rut my foot I discussed with the Curator at онан House various subjects connected with the Botanical Station, and I prepared a short report upon it. А series of papers relating to the survey and sale of Crown lands was received from the Administrator. I was glad to notice that in dn Regulations * selves to clear and чам the land with such trees, whether cocoa, nut- * megs, coffee, &c., or other products as may be approved in each case * by the Governor, ом to the under-mentioned conditions ; namely—- “ Within two years, one-fourth of the area purchased ; “Within four years, one- a and “ Within six years, three-fourths. ** If any purchaser under contract fails to pay Ar part of the purchase “ money, or if any such purchaser having obtained a grant, fails to * observe the conditions for planting the land as iria specified, the “€ contract, or grant, in Aged ease, may be rescinded or revoked by the * Governor. Notice in the Government Gazette shall be conclusive ct." oof o Such provisions as these in regard to establishing crown lands in permanent cultivation should, I believe, be gradually extended to every West Indian island, and if the conditions are enforced with due regard to the special circumstances of the land and its capabilities for main- taining permanent crops the cultivators themselves as well as the com- munity generally would greatly profit by them. In supplying seeds and plants for permanent industries the Dotanical Stations д^ established in the islands would be able to give useful assistance e Curators woul in a position to afford information and assist iube cultiva- tors in deciding upon the selection of subjects best suited to the soil and climate In the evening I embarked on board the sloop * Water Witch” for Grenada. The following is a a of the Report — on the Botanical Station at St. Vine The Botanical itn at St. Vincent is in course of being established on a portion (about 8 acres) of the old Botanic Garden of the Colony abandoned about 60 years ago. Spor ree lies in a cool, fertile valley low Government House. It is within asy reach of Kingstown, the capital, and about one mile distant from the landing place. Owing to e prevalence of strong winds the area sele cted for eshivation will reqnire to be well sheltered. "Shelter belts of Galba (CalopAyllum matt have been recommended to be planted across the trend of the Water is required to be laid on to the plant-houses мене The boundary бий аге іп good order. The plan of a veneta e those ГУЙ ее of trying new cultures. A house for the Cura course of being built on the land. ‘The plan, prepared by Mr. ев, Colonial Engineer, might very well be adopted as а model 145 of aon is suitable for the residence of a Curator of a Botanical Station in est Indies. ‘The Botanical Station is under the personal нуе of the ACE E committee of local acervos has Grenada and St. Lucia. The present Administrator, Captain mem. takes a very deep interest in the work of the Station. The Curator, Mr. Powell, is devoted to his duties, and has already ГЕ а favourable impression by the energy and zeal with which he has red upon work of laying out the garden, and the deep interest pe ha deni м local industries. GRENADA. Grenada is mountainous and very picturesque. It contains 133 square miles (about half the size of Middlesex), and a population of about 50, e leeward side bold headlands, with intervening valleys and ravines, come down to the sea. On the windward side the slopes are easier, with aen extending in a parallel direction north and south. There are numerous springs and streams and two crater lakes, one, the Grand Étang, at an геев of 1,740 feet, and the other, Lake Antoine, near the north-eastern coast, The conformation of the country is wel suited for the purposes of agricu еее еге is a regular and copious d and the soil is fertile. The enr has been formed by the dis- tegration of volcanic rocks, and varies from a loose friable loam to a reddish strong clay. This негі із found principally in the — rts of the island, and w a marly character on a substratum of br тни en rock, it ields large tots of cacao and nutmegs. Orden is a ы к, healthy island. The heat is tempered by regular trade urricanes are hardly known. The roads in Grenada have of lute yeti jest much improved. In the mountain districts they exist - chiefly as bridle paths, but they are for the most part well graded and _ : well drained. A regular coasting service is maintained between St. George and the other ports. St. George, the capital, has an excellent and well protected harbour and bay. The town is built on a hill projecting into the sea, between the harbour and the bay, and occupies a commanding position. It has much improved of late years, and it is well supplied with water. Th are several other towns along the coast, such as Gouave, Sauteurs, and Grenville. The latter is on the windward side, эчү тики a good prim with, however, a very narrow and difficult en | arriacou and Cannouan are the largest of the Grenadines under the Government of Grenada. These possess an arid climate and rather - poor soil, but at one time, before they were deforested and the soil exhausted, they yielded large crops, both of sugar and other produce. olden days Gre nada was a prosperous sugar colony. At pre- sent ite are very few sugar estates, and the whole бынын» of the cultivation have been changed by the substitution of cacao. е exports of this have reached 55,393 ewts., of the value of 166, er Spices, such as nutmegs, mace, cloves, and cinnamon are largely gr the exports of these amounted in 1889 to 1,460 ewts., of the ме of 10,2201. Cotton and ground-nuts are produced in the Grenadines. а exports of these are:— Cotton, 3,357 ewts., of 6,714/. ; and ground-nuts, 347 ewts., of the а of 2601. ‘Tropical fruits and бан аге раде and + 146 ch he food resources of the negroes consist of yams, sweet potatoes, kush-kush, pigeon-peas, plantains, Indian corn, cassava, bread fruit, January l.—I arrived, in the * Water Witch,” off St. George's, Grenada, about 1 o'clock and landed at 2. After a short conference with the т иін чм нан (Mr. Drayton), I rode up to SA ar use and met the Governor-in-Chief. Later in the visited the Botanical Garden. І was much pleased with the азса appearance and the growth made by the plants since 1886. January 2 to January 4.—Under the Mime of P (ete I rested my foot for a few days. In the meantime I was able to discuss numerous subjects of a botanical character Péláting + to the Windward Islands with the 5 Chief. Тһе newly appointed Curator of the Botanical Garde r. George W. Smith, brought up a plan of operations for the ele year. I arranged with him in regard to suitable subjects for the monthly Bulletin, and a selection of plants for the trial plots to be established in aid of local industries. January 5.— Visited the Botanical Garden. Went carefully over the land and sketched the position of drains, paths, and water pipes neces- sary for a proper working of the establishment. In the afternoon engaged with correspondence. January 6.—Again visited the Botanical Garden and selected the position of various experimental or trial plots. In the afternoon left with Mr. R. T. Wright, the Chief of Flies for the pariah of St. David. Rode along the Windsor Road to St. David's Court House, and then to Hampstead, the residence of Dr. Wells, who had kindly offered to receive me for the night. Dr. Wells has a most interesting estate at a moderate - elevation above the sea, with пне, clove, cinnamon, cacao, and other plants well established. Тһе situation was under the shelter of a large hill covered with virgin Кы. d admirably к ри for growing spices. Some of the nutmeg trees were the oldest and finest in the island. The pimento or allspice of Grenada is А ау. Pimenta acris, the bay-rum tree, and not Pimenta officinalis, the true a tede of ca. settlers, who grow a little sugar-cane, Mone в, a d nd vegetables. The soil is a rich red clay. e or two large ar estates, me remnants only of the old sugar шаан} of the ‘sland, survive in alluvial valleys near the sea coas пату 7.—Т left Hampstead about 9 o'clock, and rode through Grand Bacolet (a sugar estate belonging to Mr. Lamothe), and through Tuileries (another sugar estate belonging to Mr. Ваш), These are бя the windward slopes of the pend facing e east. Cacao is grow Mis К running inland. About 4 o'clock I reached 1 Bellevue (St. gà rew's), a nutmeg and cacao bin лг to the Hon. H. This is at an elevation of 1,100 feet. There were here some very large Indies. The yield is s, of course, phenomenal. It has taken about ag years to bring it about, | and the Sei t circumstances and aspect found here may possibly not he met with Ак ыр oyi in 147 the tropics. Amongst other rr seen here were Tacsonia sanguinea, an attractive native passion flower ; a fine «wen of Sabal Black- burnianu ; the Spanish nutmeg k (Myristiea surinamensis) ; and crowning the top of the hill close to the house were two fine plants of the cabbage palm ( Oreodoxa oleracea), about 130 feet high. January 8—In company with Mr. W. В. Elliott, the — of the itate, St visited the higher valleys above the house, where cacao, nutmegs, and coffee were in course of being planted. The 1 localities for ard estate, where I was hospitably received by Co Duncan, who h. lately come out to visit hi renada estates. Colonel Duncan is an enterprising proprietor, and he has established several cacao and nutme tates. His example has stimulated the cultivation of all kinds of become annual value of 10,2207. In a few years, when the young trees now growing come into bearing, it is anticipated that the exports of spices will be more than quadtupled. January 9.—1 had the pleasure, in company with Colonel Duncan, of visiting the cacao fields at Boulogne and the excellent cacao house (boucan) fer fermenting and curing the produce. A method for drying means of Hos t-water pipes, devised by Tus Messervy, the cacao hs use. This was of so simple a character that it could easily be adapted to cacao benda of any size or character. During the prevalence of wet weather it would be likely to be most effective. A model of this apparatus was shown in working order at the Jamaica Exhibition. As lg the upayanen capable of being effected in regard to a single estate by Colonel Duncan, it may be mentioned that during my visit to the Boulogne Estate te in 1886 the crop was about 180 bags (30,000 lbs.) eac 1 ме м in Grenada there ans about 16,000 acres under cultivation in cacao, and the exports in 1889 were 6,203,973 lbs, of the value of 166, 178. In 1875 the exports were 3,137,360 lbs., and in 1865 only 1 263,743 Ibs. There are several large and well managed estates, such as Plaisance, Tufton Hall, Duggaldstone Annandale; but Grenada is peeuliar in possessing num roprietors, who cultivate small estates in cacao, an d ты. to the total of the exports After lunch Г left Boulogne, and rode through Mount Чо, Когсе, Columbia, Balthazar, and Chantilly to Colonel Dunean’s nutm at Belvidere, where I met the Hon. F. Gurney, the manager, w spent has the reached Mount Felix, on the poriaja Ae cti a cacao estate, where nutmeg trees are also growing most luxuriantly. A large tree of Cine hona succirubra, the red bark наивны, bout 35 feet righ, was growing just a the house. ‘This and some others were receiv ed from me while in of the Jamaica Botanical Gardens in 1884. 148 January 10.—The morning was spent in making observations and ecllecting specimens of the Cacao beetle, determined by Mr. McLachlan, F.R.S., as Steirastoma depressa, L. ‘This is a longieorn when the burrow extends all round a or branch the trees are RI ME ql injured. The eb: has bias been introduced from South America. Itis a well known enemy of cacao trees in Surinam, und specimens were a etl in the Surinam Court at the Jamaica Exhibi- tion. Ifound both male and female beetles at Mount Felix on cacao trees. The females were busy laying their eggs. Some Liberian coffee trees were in a very thriving condition, but in some cases he had been cut down to make room for nutmeg trees, cere dade of vanilla were growing on tall trees, and there were numerous clumps of Malabar and Ceylon eardamoms Melegueta. pepper. Besides these were some trees of Ceara rubber, tonquin bean, Arabian coffee, cloves, and cola nut. To quote the words of the manager, “ "s soil and climate of Grenada will grow every- thing," and to judge by the number of valuable plants ме at Mount Felix this would appear to be almost true. After » long day in this interesting portion of "A enada I had the ELA of returning wit r. Wright through Belvidere Estate, and after passing over the Grand Étang we took the main road to St. Ge eorge's through Constantine, us чидан and Tempé Valley. І arrived at Government House at 6.3 January 12.—T gave an neat in the Court House at 11 o'cloc The Governor-in-Chief, the Hon. Sir Walter Hely-Hutehinson, K.C. M. G., took the chair, A full report of this address was given in mprovements likely to arise by its co-operation in foster loea ае, tries. Attention was directed to the desirability of extending nowledge in regard to horticultural methods, and to training young men as gardeners and to take part in extending minor industries. In spite of the flourishing state of the cacao and spice industries in Grenada there were still nearly 57, acres of uncultivated land in the island. A ing a suitable amount to be permanently kept in forest on the central ridges, at least i. а to 20,000 acres of land already cleared remained to be made produc Plants for such lands were suggested and hints given for Med нео ныкы treatment. The following industries were then briefly reviewed :—Sugar, cacao, nutmegs, cloves, ci innamon, uem black pepper, "di cud oranges, bananas, pine-apples, grapes, mangoes, Arabian eri Liberian coffee, fibres, tobacco, cocoa-nuts, silk, eion; and Gambier. An account was given of some of the insect and fu ungoid pests statis cultivated yds in the island and directions given for dealing with them. By means of a large drawing of the cacao beetle kindly prepared by Lady Hely- Hüichídsón and various < pee: placed before the meeting, the life-history of this enemy of the cacao wót was sketched. It was pointed out that it was very easy to capture the beetles in the early morning, and if children were regularly and у employed to do this during one or two seasons there would soon be an end to them ж.) 18 to January 15.—A visit was paid to the interior forests in the neighbourhood of the Grand Etang with Mr, В. У. Sherring, F.L.S., employed by the West India (Natural History) Exploration. Committee to make collections of the flowering and cryptogamic plants w the Botanical Garden were first discussed, == a sketeh € of the ing 1 149 of Grenada. Within a radius of two miles of the Rest House about 60 species of ferns were observed, and numerous small flowered orchids some of which were probably undescribed. Numerous palms were found ‚ crowning the ridges, and exceptionally fine mountain gommier or incense trees (Dacryodes РР a). The results of the Botanical collections made in this and the other islands will be published from time to time, Already very valuable additional information has been obtained of Min А distribution of certain species, and many new ones have been escrib January 16. a paid a final visit to the Botanical Garden this cial tendent of the Botanical Gardens at Trinidad. Mr. Hart supervises the е Institutions in the Windward Islands, and he had come to Grenada eet me. I was glad to find that a good foreman could be боті анвьй Ф him for service under Mr. Smith. At 9 o'clock I embarked on board the R.M.S. Eden (Captain Smith) for Barbados and Jamaica. The Governor-in-Chief was also on board going on an official visit to St. LT The following is my report on the Grenada Botanical Garden This garden was started in 1886. It is situated about a mile due west of the town of St. George by road ; but it may be reached by water from the wharf by a much shorter distance The site was selected on account of its proximity to the town, the i Th the top of which is Richmond Hill. The garden, in fact, occupies a hollow sheltered slope at the foot of this hill and faces the harbour (careenage). The site is in every respect well ii for the purpose o a Botanical Garden ; and the rapid growth made during the last three or four years by the palms and trees in it Non bali out this view. The only serious drawbacks to the site as out by me to the Garden Committee in 1886 were (1) the probable wash that would arise from water coming down the slopes; ard the absence of a permanent water supply. To remedy t di first AA Istrongly urged that a large well-paved drain be constructed horizontally above the garden oundary to carry off all the water coming down from the Richmond Hill. [ then recommended also that a series of сасна be made on the land itself, and that these be connected with three walled and paved drains passing down at the side of or through the garden grounds. nder a system of drains here indicated, constructed under the super- vision of urveyor and engineer, the garden land would have been 92 ~ 5 B = = c Е 5 03 «+ © the garden paths or caused wash in any various circumstances, which I need not discuss here, the arrangements for draining the land were never fully carried out. In consequence, considerable injury has been caused to the garden paths and beds, and rs manner. Таш glad to find that a vote of l this year’s Estimates for this purpose. It is probable that a larger sum will be necessary to complete the whole work ; amoun already voted wn will go far to construct the most urgent of the drains required hoped that provision will be made in next year’s Estimates to complete the work. The supply of water to the garden is now in course of being laid down. The wa Mif of a continuous supply of water during the first three years' operations at the garden has been severely felt. Tn fact, I ^w 150 attribute to this the backward state of many of the “era a connected with the garden work, as for some time the greater part of the small sum allowed for the establishment had to be expended in carrying water by hand to keep the plants alive. To render the present water supply more efficient it is necessary to furnish each stand-pipe, or many of them, with a small cement or iron tank into which the water-cans could easily be dipped and filled. may, however, mention that, in spite of the drawbacks which have hampered the proper establishment of this garden during the last five years, its present condition is by no means unsatisfactory. The original laying-out and planning of the garden devolved upon Mr. W. В. Elliott, who was first Curator, from March 1886 to 1889 I must bear ow to the good work done by this officer, often under disadvantageous and discouraging circumstances ; and the on ly practical view of the situation, and the main features of the garden as first laid out by him should be adopted in any future operations. As regards cultural details and recommendations of a purely routine character, the reports prepared by Mr. Hart fully meet the circum- stances of the case. e supervision exercised by Mr. Hart over hg d the other Botanical establishments in the Windward group i calculated to render them more efficient than they would Sheria be, and I recommend that, in addition to Mr. Hart’s annual visits, the Curators "d be allowed to go to Trinidad from time to time in order to study the operations carried on there, and make a selec- tion of seeds and plants for their several gardens. Amongst the special matters now requiring ipae at the Grenada A nr ure the erection of a seed shed for raising plants from see the re-arrangement of the nursery beds. le present very un- unslghily potting shed may be converted into a tool-shed, potting shed, and a store-room for cases. ‘The entrance to it should be m asked by an arbour covered with creepers. ‘The present office should have a rockery on the upper side of it, containing a selection of succulent plants, and the surroundings below and on the sides should be made as ornamental and as attractive as possible. Mr. Hart has already dealt with the treatment of the footpaths. I would add that the drains crossing the footpaths should have earthen- ware or concrete pipes, and in no case should an open drain be allowed on the main footpaths. Further, a contour-drain should be constructed "ne character. The system should be extended throughout the garden. The plants already established in the garden are growing well, and they Med soon give кы e place an attractive appearance. Many of the plants are common sorts, and scarcely ornamental enough for a Botanic ев. This is a defect that can be gradu i e collec. tion of economie plants is somewhat small and should be increased. Scarcely any experimental work has, so far, been undertaken. ‘Trial plots t be established, as soon as circumstances permit, with such plants as Egyptian cotton, tobacco, vanilla, eubebs, black pepper, Gambier, 1571 cloves, nutmegs, pine-apples, vines, and any others likely to be of use or interest to the island. It is not desirable to have numerous plots in opera- tion at one time. The work should be “ec во as not to encroach too*heavily on the garden vote, and at the same time be confined to subjects of practical interest to planters and dieit. This industrial side of the Botanic Garden work should not be lost sight of. It is one of the most important funetions which the garden is intended to discharge, and if шерә carried out, with suitable information published from time to time in the monthly Budletin, it cannot fail to be widely and addition to “the collections of ornamental and economic plants the Cusitur should make a special effort to introduce into it as many native plants as possible for the instruction of visitors. The ferns of Grenada, for instance, are very oe and owing to the researches in course of being carried out under the auspices of the West India (Natural эт characteristic. The Curator might at once commence а fernery in a table spot, and all the native and other bct should be correctly and distinctly labelled. 'The same course might be adopted with regard to the native orchids, the native medicinal plants, the most remarkable timber trees, and, indeed, of all noteworthy plants native of the island. Of the latter plants one or two, specimens only would be necessary or garden possesses fe i в these are often found in remote and inaccessible places, eme beyond the reach of most of the inhabitants, it is impossible for them be observed and — unless they are cultivated in some central ol like the Botanical Gard The Curator should receive permission to visit different parts of the island for the purpose of making collections a o meet planters and s the circumstances lo industries. I find that the number of people who visit the Grenada Garden at present is very small Apparently the people have failed to be interested in the work of the — эңе the suggestions here made will, I believe, go far to remedy this defec As already stated, this garden was saos the care of Mr. Elliott from 1886 to 1889. After his retirement it was temporarily placed under the control of a sub-foremian from the Trinidad Botanic Gardens Mr. Charles €— fo rmerly of the эйе чы. p Botanic — appointed Curator the Botanie Station at Dom , was transferred to Grenada. Mr. Mari) proved unsuitable for the p est, and ha Moris the ia hae teen, in November last. e present Curator, 3 W. ncen may p eflicient Curator of the Grena arden. He is active and energetic, and evidently thoroughly accustomed to bear fatigue in a tropica climate. der the circumstances of the case I recommend that Mr. Smith may be allowed to remain in charge of the garden. It is essential, however, that an efficient foreman, trained at the Jamaica or Trini idad еа be engaged to сагту on the nursery and planting work and assist the Curator in ‘training young lads as gardeners. It is coram to explain more fully the desirability of training young lads U 66855. ; D 152 at these Botanical Stations. The subject has already been dealt with in Siis к туч on other Stations. ould be of considerable advantage to Mr. Smith if he could at an as ca te spend some time at the Trinidad Botanic Gardens, and obtain a thorough insight into the details of the work of the propagating sheds and the nurseries at that establishment. It the — M contained in this report are sa carried out, I have every hope that the Grenada Garden will enter upon a more рев career than гэмт and that it will prove of lasting benefit o the community. The present Governor-in-Chief takes a deep personal “isi in the Institution, and that in itself is an important element in regard to securing greater efficiency in administration =з in attracting public attention to the work carried on in connexion wit TRINIDAD. It was intended that I should pay a visit s Trinidad during my mission, and made arrangements to do so. I had also received a very kind invitation from His Excellency "Sir William Robinson, in which Sir William Robi ha y developed many industries, Uu - — the — made in regard to the staple industries o cacao, А v uccessful and interesting Owing. however, to the time lost while I was laid up at Grenada, and the absence of a convenient means for crossing over to Trinidad between the mails, I cns compelled, much to my regret, to give up my intention to visit the island. One of the — I had in view in going to Trinidad was to confer with Mr. Hart in regard to the supervision of the Botanical eee in the Windward Islands. I was, however, able to carry out this part of the arrangement by the courtesy of Sir William Robinson, who kindly allowed Mr. Hart to meet me at Grenada. BARBADOS. On the voyage north the “Eden” touched at Be Vincent about, 2 о'сїоск. Тһе Administrator, Captain Maling, came on board to pak the Governor-in-Chief, and he brought with him six Caribs, who w going to show their special method of making baskets at the EER village in connexion with the Jamaica Exhibition. I undertook to loo after the men during the voyage. In taking leave of Sir Walter Hely- оо at St. ‘Vincent, 1 expressed to him my warm thanks for rsonal kindness ме e АТА I had received from him at Gretta: It was with sincere pleasure I had discussed with him the numerous and Не ghtatied. a аз әна he has in hand for the development of the resources of the Windward Islands, 153 January 17.—-I arrived at Barbados at 6 a.m., go > accordance with an arrangement previously made with Mr. J.R vell, Super- onde of the Botanical Station at Dodd, I visited War institution, The’ station is attached to the boys’ reformatory school, and the Jabour of the boys is utilised to cultivate about 90 acres of land chiefly i in sugar- canes. The idea of establishing a Botanical Station here is due to Sir Dom Robinson when he was Governor of the Windward Islands in umerous varieties of canes were obtained from Jamaica and d viu. and in conjunction with Professor Harrison, Mr. Bovell, the Superintendent, undertook and carried out a v ery valuable series о cultural experiments to Үт: cun the best varieties of canes suitable for the circumstances of Barbados. After this the scope of the experi- ments was enlarged, and the effect of artificial and other manures on the growth and yield of canes was carefully followed. The results of these investigations were et = annual e prepared by Professor Harrison and Mr. Bovell. 887- 88 t here were. noticed in the cane sugar-canes, The first information respecting this discovery (or rather rediscovery, for similar growths had been noticed before at Barbados) was published in the Kew Bulletin for December 1888. Both botanists and sugar planters had hitherto sought in vain for seeds of the cultivated varieties of sugar-cane. The subject was closely followed in subsequent years, and the fact was ultimately established that under certain condi- tions some varieties of sugar-canes still retain the power of producing fertile seed. A de escription of the flower and fruit of the en ager t a эске and drawings of the seed, were published by Dr. Ben e at ан value to the se industry of the island. The facts so far o show sug a good - more is posi to be done to improve the yicid of canes; and in spite of the great importance of the su in hitherto been made to establish snper stations “properly equipped for the special purpose of doing for the sugar-can hat has bee successfully accomplished in European countries in gud. to the beet. pi Nel gres station devoted ie scientific gory е tural con- trolled by bae ire men, and acting as the training school for the ` planters of the futu Besides the e experimen n sugar-cane an effort has been made at the Dodd Botanical PEOR © ы other plants, especially species of. Agave, Furcrea, Sansevieria, Boehmeria for fibre purposes. The , n seasons of the year сеч is little or no water available for purposes of cultivation. It would be of considerable advantage in the meret of bbw sugar ay 1 as well us of others, to possess an experi- f the island. А petition oh the tal station r part o Barbados 3 ынша [ж and Reid School of Practical Chemistry U 66855. E 154 has 4 presented to the Governor, asking “ le a Bill be sent down - e Legislature appropriating a sum of money for the purpose of ч establishing on the highlands in the * ra oit? district of the island exposed character of the localit January 19.—A very interesting day was spent visiting estates the western side of Barbados. In the evening I embarked on board iio _ В.М.5. * Medway ” for Jamaica. JAMAICA. ood deal of interest is attached to Jamaica just now. After a ve long period of stagnation it is believed that it has eventually entered upon a condition of comparative prosperity. It Ваз а large surplus revenue, the land is fast increasing in value, and the people have developed numerous . rees which a few years ago were little thought of. The fruit | еф, of Jamaica (chiefly in bananas and oranges) is probably now the ost important of any in the tropics. In this “e S of the estimated ута of 15,0007. ; іп 1884 it had increased to 274,000/. : while in 1889 it had reached the total value of 324 0007. During AN the value of the sugar gode was 244,000, and of the rum 137,0007. The fruit industry is now, therefore, the most important industry in the island, aud its I is all the more gratifying that it stimulates the culti- vation of a number of plants that ve be the means of extending large and permanent industries. ' As a case in point, it may be mentioned that cacao plants can be easily and ит grown under ma shade of cacao t _ cacao. In 1875 the exports were othe value of 873/.; т 1883 they had increased to 5,000/.; while in 1889 the total value was 11,0002. Another eri development has taken place in regard to log w The value of the logwood exported in recent years has eet as low as ,000/. In 1889 this had reached a total of 379,7591.` This general 155 Industrial Exhibition which was opened amidst the greatest enthusiasm and in the presence of a large and brilliant assembly by H.R.H. Prince George of Wales on the 27th January. A few years ago such an exhibi- tion in Jamaica would have been impossible. Its success as an exhibition is felt to be largely due to the personal influence and the capable energy of the present Governor, Sir Henry Blake. He has fully realised the value of fostering every industry calculated to add to the welfare of the people ; and, although financially the exhibition will not be so successful as it deserves, it will mark an altogether new epoch in the history of the island. t is possible here to give only a brief description of the Jamaica Exhibition. ‘The building, about 500 feet long, is designed in a Moorish a theatre, a fine-arts gallery, and industrial village, п, an apiary, a working dairy, and models of various buildings and machinery suggested for use in the prosecution of tropical industries. Every n e Queen Consort, from Windsor Castle. These are placed on each side of the large dome. Nearly one hundred different English firms have exhibits . in the main building and in the several annexes. The Exhibition was for the Colonies, was honorary president, and Mr. Charles Washington Eves, C.M.G., was chairman. Further, the Imperial Parliament made a grant of 1,0007. towards the general funds of the Exhibition. _ The British West Indian Colonies represented at the Exhibition consist of the Bahamas, Barbados, and the Windward Islands, including St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Grenada. A short account of the exhibits from the Windward Islands is given in Appendix B. Вой the Turks Islands and the Cayman Islands, dependencies of Jamaica, have excellent exhibits. colony of the West Indies deserves great credit for the enterprising manner in which it has supported the Jamaica Exhibition. h ‹ nd, as was natural, it contained (Sisal Hemp), which just now is of great educational value to the people of Jamaica, and it will so greatly enlarge their views of the value of their resources that whatever money may be required to cover the general expenses of the undertaking, it | E 2 156 cannot fail in time to advance the social and material interests of the. Colony. Inthe arrangement of the ornamental grounds Ph wna orded valu able assistan се, Ву means of inii 3 т бөгү кыре through Kew, the grounds brave been established within about 12 months with handsome collections of large palms and ornamental trees, clumps of bamboos, tree ferns, and various economic gardens in the island containing valuable plants from nearly every part of the world. The old Botanic Garden of the Colony was at Bath, in the eastern part of the island, about 40 miles from Kingston. To this garden Dr. Thomas Clarke was appointed superintendent in 1774. It contained chiefly tropical ae and here some of the first bread fruit trees and the first mango trees w wn in the island. A private garden of great interest had already "Bein established near Gordon Town, about 9 miles from ARS age by Mr. Hinton East. A catalogue of the plants was prepared by Dr. Broughton, and published as an appendix to Bryan Edwards’ History of the British West Indies, vol. 1, p. 475. At the death of the founder this garden was purchased by the Government, d Mr. James Wiles, a gardener who had assisted Captain Bligh in i th as placed in charge of it. In 1782 there were in Mr. East's garden the mango, akee, cinnamon, camphor, jack-tree, bichy or cola nut, date palm, rose apple, litchi, turmeric, and many eren tropical and sub- tropical plants, numbering in all about 600. A third garden had been established some time Ъеюге 1793, on the slopes of St. Catherine’s Peak, at an elevation of 4,300 ft., by Mr. Matthew Wallen, a friend o the great botanist Olavus Swartz. Th for plants of temperate i his garden the Blue Mountain districts of Jamaica are probably indebted for many Europ plants now found naturalised re. e English oak, comm ite elover, sweet violet, black- berried elder, buttercups, strawberries, wild pansy, groundsel, dandelion, are all no doubt plants that once flourished in Mr. Wallen's rd It will be notic ed, therefore, n more than 100 years ago Jamaica possessed excellent Botanical Gard Further, in order to utilise those indie the control of the Government * separate committees were appointed for each county to receive and * distribute the plants allotted to them ........... by which * means the publie has derived all the advantages to be expected from * these establishments.” (Journals, House of Assembly, 1791—1807.) The present Botanieal Gardens of Jamaica have fully sustained the ccr gener of the past. They were reorganised at the instance of Sir Anthony Musgrave as a separate department in 1879, and the жейбиз Hi was in charge o them until 1886. They have now as Director, Mr. William Fawcett, B.Sc., F.L.S., assisted by four жүл me “superintendents, A sketch of the various establishments is as follo 1. The Botanic Санни. Nieto: —Elevation, 580 ft. ; mean temp., 76^ F.; annual rainfall, АШ inches. Extent about 10 acres. Situated in the paris of St. Mary's,19 miles from Kingston. The chief features are an excellent etum, a к оа of economie, spice an a fine collection of orchids, an experimental ground d for new industrial plants, and large nurseries containing about 40,000 plants. 157 2. The Hill Garden and Cinchona Plantations.—Elevation, 4,500 ft. to 6,300 ft. ; mean temp. at 4,500 ft., 63^ F. ; erence rainfall, 121 inches. ные cover about 140 acres. e nurseries contain Кек. numbers of plants of timber and shade trees for eu purposes, as well as plants suited for cultivation in the higher mountains. 3. The Hcpe Garden. — Elevation, 650 ft.; mean temp., 77° average rainfall, 50 inches. . Extent, 220 acres. Situated five miles н Kingston, at the foot of the Liguanea Hills. This garden is destined to become the chief botanical establishment in the island. It is being laid out with great care and judgment. Carriage drives, with ornamental borders, of a total length of more than two miles, have been already made, and a large number of very interesting plants established. ing's Ee Ga rdens und Grounds.—Elevation, 330 ft.; mean residence of the Governor. Many ornamental palms, orchids, ferns, and other plants are cultivated, and very attractive borders have lately en made on each side of the carriage drives. 5. Kingston Parade Garden.—Elevation, 50 ft.; mean temp., 80°F. ; average rainfall, 35 inches. Extent, 5 acres. This isa publie pleasure garden for the town o ingston, with ornamental trees, flowering plants, tanks for aquatic plants, and fountains. This is also utilised as a depot for economie plants, and the headquarters of the Department in Kingston. The old Botanie Garden at Bath has been much reduced in size, and, owing to its remote position, it is of little value or importance. It is, however, maintained as a station, and possibly in the future it may serve as a depót for plants for distribution in the rich and fertile districts in the eastern portion of the island. The Palisadoes Cocoa-nut Plantation was established by the чак Department on the long strip of sandy land enclosing Kingsto Harbour. About 23,000 cocoa-nut trees are now coming into Бак Having accomplis ished its — purpose as an experimental plantation, the Pali sadoes is now leased by the Government at an annual rental. The important part taken by the Botanical Gardens, Jamaica, in developing local industries i is fully recognised. Their history is almost unique in this ct amongst the botanical institutions of the Colonies. They кес contributed largely also to increase botanical knowledge i in regard to the flora of the West Indies, and taken a leading rt in disseminating sound and practical information p anum the tutions. Now there are eleven. This eona is one of the strongest proofs that the islands are recognising the value of miter organisation of a botanical character for increasing their natural re- for the lecture were inade = the members of the Horticultural Society, i t the request His Excellency the Governor, who was as also present, I treated of subjects of special interest to the island at the present time. These briefly stated referred to the better cultivation of fruits, the larger cultivation of choice early vegetables for northern markets, the systematic cultivation of limes, the most favourable openings for a fibre 158 industry, the improved curing of cacao, and experiments in the cultiva- tion ed spices, cola, and gambier — for Barbados on board the R.M.S. “ Medway” on February 10 BARBADOS. February 10th to February l4th.—The impression carried away ас С hem for so many years. ` Iç is to be hoped that what tina bean done in Jamaica will encourage the smaller islands.. They should not, {= anas; merely copy the Jamaica industries, because they happen at the time to be remunerative. This isa weak point in most of our tropical possessions. There are hundreds of small industries spited to the West India Islands where there would be little danger of crowding the markets. Each island possesses its special circumstances, and if these are intelligently and carefully studied there ought to be little culty in : selecting. such industries as. shall prove permanently тетипега уе. While at Jamaica I received the following letter from Barbados :— The COLONIAL Secretary; Barbados, to Mr. Morris. Colonial Secretary’s gro Barbados, DEAR ve "M January 23, 189 as been represented to the Governor by the ding member of the ук t ait and Horticultural Societies in this island, that bétoréi lan ts, 0 subject of "s interest. lam bodes directed by his Excellency to communicate to you that such a lecture from you would be highly appreciated by the community of Barbados, and that you will confer an obligation on the Colony and on the Government if you can make it convenient to deliver one. brief reply by telegram will oer assist us in making timely arrangements in case such should be necess cei &c. (Signed) С. A. KrNG-HARMAN. D. Morris, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. I consented Se give the wa on the 14th February, the day the “ Medway” was expected to t at Barbados. We duly ar i at 6 a.m. on the morning of the "a: and I went ashore early, м io observe the method adopted for the preparation of Вега 3. This old industry still survives in one remote corner of the ао, and with the kind as indie of Mr. J. R. Bovell I was able to arrange to drive out to Dodd, and from thence to the College estate, 1% being cut, were. placed ^ drain. The crude juice was carried into a boiling house close by, placed in a large cauldron, and boiled for several hours until e. was concentrated into a thick viscid mass. During the boiling process the juice is well stirred by a wooden paddle, and as it thickens it is e rly tested until it has attained the degree of con- sistency required. It is then n placed in gourds, and when hardened probably be given in a later number of the Kew Bulletin I returned to Bridgetown about 2 o'clock. I gave my promised lecture in the Council Chamber. The chair was taten ДЕ the Жш his Excellency Sir Walter Sendall, K.C.M.G. follow extract from an article in the Agricultural Gazette, ian official оо of the Barbados Agricultural Society :— “The community at large is vere much indebted to Mr. Morris for the very conclusive and effective lecture which he delivered on the 14th ult., at the Council Chamber, to a rep and а Suen na in no wise detract from the merit of Mr, ris’ utterances when w вау that he reiterated a thrice told ae His ex bas for years та the theme on which, in these pages, we have harped both in and out. season ; and not harped i in vai % > * * * Mr. Morris’ visit was most timely ; ; he came amongst us to tell us of the ба of things just at the time when our reason, sharpened by experience, was ripe for receptivity ; and so we feel sure his worda fell on no barren soil. We have harped for many a year on the * Minor ERT ae Mr. Morris has now touched it with a hen hand, and it the true pitch and intensity of tone which it lacked, and which ‘will “was anh cause it to give forth no uncertain sound, but a clear, metallic ring, inviting the workers of our busy hive to spend their en ergy wherever honey may be gathered or stored. * We have no intention of dealing categorically with. Mr. Morris’ lectare ; its main lesson is too Чыр and too obvious, and we not like to utter a single word that might, perchance, deflect the mind of the producer r from the aahh of that lesson: and that lesson is this, * in these ды nothing is too small, nothing too insignificant, * that it can be despised.’ Bananas have made Jamaica prosperous, yielding an export to the value of over half-a-million sterling ; and from - this at one time small and apparently insignificant industry ut, now worth a half-million—as a natural consequence, roads and railways, shipping and telegraphic communication, have ЕЗДЕ into existence as it were by magic, culminating in a noble exhibition.” | This lecture at Barbados brought x. visit to the West Indies close. I embarked on board the “ Medwa in the «эя for nd reached Kew on the following day. My mission had in all occupied 106 days. The distance travelled during this period was a little over 12,000 miles. 160 SuMMARY. The chief object of my mission to the West Indies was to give such assistance as might be required by the several Governments 1 in laying innumerable petty Боевые difficulties which Tc hitherto hindered the effective working of the scheme and given rise to considerable cor- respondence. While ae ic I had been requested by the Secretary of State to afford as much assistance as possible in regard to the develop- ment of local ет ме? to render generally my visit to the several islands as effective and as useful as the time at my disposal woul allow. It will be gathered from my report that I visited first of all the Leeward Islands, and devoted three Misc d in carefully planning and сч ang of advising in regard to industries best suited to their require- ents. Public — were delivered at Antigua, Dominica, Mont- ыы, and St. K then pr anand to the Windward Islands for three weeks more exactly similar course was pursued in regard to the Botanical Stations at St. Lucia, St. Vince nt, 4 iere: Addresses were also delivered in each of these islands, a uch time was spent in affording information to the Governments xil to овд private people who sought it, on a careful study of their special circumstances. Althoug Barbados was not included in the scope of my mission as first planned, I was happy to accede to an invitation extended to me while in the West Indies to visit and report upon the Botanical Station at Dodd. I further gave an address in the Council Chamber at Bridgetown on cultural industries. My visit to Jamaica gave me an excellent oppor- tunity of witnessing the great ie Pen made in island of recent years, d I was able to diseuss with the Assistant-Colonial Secretary and with Mr. Fawcett the detail ^ any connexion that might be con- Jamaica to edet from time to time viis cie die of ie seed of Blue Mountain coffee and of other economics procurable in commercial quanti- ties for the Leeward Islands. I was also able to procure for them what they had hitherto failed to receive, viz., a valuable consignment of the suckers of the Jamaica banana required for the American market. I gave the ed lecture in connexion with Jamaica Exhibition on February 9t It only remains now for me to refer to the general icis y arrived at in regard to the supervision of the Botanical Station im Г been ‘felt all along that the smaller islands uda present circumstances could not support any considerable organisation of their 161 results would be attained. ‘The Stations in the Windward Islands at а and Hs Vincent have already been placed under the supervision Mr. J. H. Hart, F.L.S., the superintendent of the Botanieal Gardens š Trinidad, po the arrangement has been in force for a sufficient time to justify its ee i Curators, some of them new to tropical ЕЕ аге dris ught sur contact from time to time h regularly with him in Фит to pedis details, and to obtain, by would suggest that the St. Lucia Station be also placed under Mr. Hart’s supervision As regards the supervision of the Stations in the Leeward Islands the matter is not so easily of solution. ey are to some extent that of Secretary ‘of the newly organised Agricultural Society lead me to the conclusion that if a salary could be provided for the combined offices likely to attract a suitable man, it Va. be in every way preferable to have the entire services of such a man for agricultural islands rather than the occasional visits of an officer from Jamaica or Trinidad. 'The reasons which appear to justify such a course have already been brought at some length under iae tn of the Secretary of State and I need not dwell any further upon The Botanical Station at Barbados has been affiliated to the parem Botanical Department for rides years. It pa s 201. a year towards Department, and ресе consignments of seeds and plants at reduced rates. The plants, up toa certain limit, are carried between the two islands by the Royal Mail steamers free of charge. The arrangements, so far, have proved thoroughly satisfactory on both sides, and there is every ‘desire to maintain them. here are good grounds for believing that the Botanical Station scheme devised for meeting the special requirements of the Leeward and Windward Islands will now be finally set in motion. The Stations picid Their herr gory is to elias and assist in the ор ment of cultural industries, and the closer they keep to this initial idea the better will they attain the objects set before them ways been considered desirable to associate with the distri- bution of plants from the Botanical Stations ihe. preparation and distri- bution of short and practical hiuts respecting their treatment and cultivation, By means of such hints which might take the form of 162 botanical bulletins on the model of that issued from the Royal Gardens, Kew, the people would be instructed in the conditions and circumstances January 1887. A Bulletin of the Botanical Department, Jamaica, w started in April 1887, and a similar Bulletin of the Royal Ee des Gardens, цай, was also started іп April 1887. Since that time botanical bulletins have pe prepared in connexion with the Botanical Stations at Se d St. Vincent, and others are in course of prepara- tion. i many islands the Official Gazette is used for the publication of s reports and also of extracts from the Kew Bulletin bearing on hotanical pojecia of gr interest. ‘This plan is of great utility, especially where no newspapers exist, a it might very well be ex ео ied to every island, until it is found practicable to issue a regular bullet regards rip lin the Curators of the Hoenig re should keep in regular touch with the supervising officer, and dis with him all matters relating to the routine work of the TUB, as well as questions affecting the determination of species, and the sup- plies of seeds and plants. It is most important that all such matters should be well discussed and оные locally before they are officially referr dee ew. time for making botanical collections of dried plants. It would be well, however, for them to study the local flora and make themselves thoroughly acquainted with the indigenous plants possessing interest or of economic value. ey should collect and establish such plants in a living state in their gardens and utilise them for the purpose of making exchanges with kindred institutions in the West Indies and elsewhere, and 80 enlarge their epus without incurring much expense in the purchase of seeds or plan The training ot young men as gardeners and the накр of practical information in regard to the propagation and cultivation of economic plants are most important functions of the Botanical "Stations, have already dwelt ш considerable length on this subject їп m public addresses, and orward to the Botanical Stations rong I was welcom y all classes of the community from the Governors downwards with such genuine goodwill and such hospitality that my visit, in spite of the necessarily continuous and ra apid travelling which t on me, le i To his Excellency Sir William F. Haynes Smith, K.C.M.G., ee of the Leeward Islands, and to his Excelleney t the Honourable Si- Walter Hely-Hutchinson, K.C.M.G., Governor-in-Chief of the Wind ward Islands, with whom 1 spent several weeks in close relation, to further the objects of my mission, my warmest thanks are especially due. D. Morris. Kew, April 20, 1891. 168. APPENDIX А. The following Rules drawn up for the protection and “qn = the Botanical Station, St. Lucia, даа be usefully placed on record the guidance of other Stations : RULES FOR THE PROTECTION AND a or THE Sr. LUCIA BOTANICAL STATION 1. The Governor may from time to time appoint some . who shall have ca general supervision and control of the Stat 2.— Mig ) The Governor may from time to time appoi „з am number of persons to be a ey mittee to advise on matters connected with the working of the Sta he supervising officer shall be chairman of suck committee. 3. The committee shall meet for business at least once a month in the gardens, and at such other times and places as may be appointed by the chairma 4. The э, Жы айы, of the committee shall at all times have free access to the gardens, and may make у = they desire of the Curator touching the working of the Stat The — of the sedie m ‘shall note in a book to be kept for the purpose, and to be called the Suggestion book, any circumstances connected "with h the Station which it may be desirable to. bring to the notice of the committee. . All communications and directions from the committee to. the Curator shall.be made through the Chairman of the committee. The Curator. 7.—(1.) The Curator shall, as far as possible, place himself in a position to afford information respecting. the cultivation, use, and economic value of plants, and of all other matters which come within the purposes of a Botanical Station (2.) If he is unable to afford information in any such matter at the time it is sought, he e shall make a ve thereof and endeavour to obtain and supply it as soon as possible a e shall forward to the supervising officer of the Station, within preceding month, as to any new nts or seeds received, as to an matters of interest connected with the station or the agriculture of the colony generally, and drawing — to any subject of interest in any botanical or other publicatio 9. He shall forward to the боны during the month of January in each year, an Annual Progress Report, extending the information in his monthly memoranda to the whole year. To “this report appendices › giving— (1.) A list of books and publications onan to the Station. (2.) A list of tools ready for distribution. onging to the Station. 164 12. He shall, oe when his presence is needed elsewhere in the interest of the Station, be in attendance at the gardens during working hours on every day of the week except Sundays and Public Holidays. 13.—(1 it He shall keep such books as the Governor may from time to time dire 2. А list of such books shall be kept in a conspicuous place in his M. He shall have the control over all labourers and persons employed in the gardens, € Hun regulate their work and wages to the best — of the Sta . He shall vorum enforce all rules with regard to visitors. Visitors. 16. The gardens shall be open for the admission of visitors on every day of the week between 6 a.m. е nightfall. 17. Visitors shall not stand or walk on any garden эр or other parts of the gardens to which бй ас olm may not be allow 18. Visitors shall not pick or break any plants or ie in the gardens. 19. No person shall be allowed to carry any load into the gardens. 20. No carriages or vehicles of any M and no horses or other — shall be admitted within the garde оне person shall sell or expose ВЕ: ls any articles within the 22. "No public meetings, picnics, or gatherings of a similar character shall be allowed within the gardens. 23. No person shall be admitted within the gardens unless decently 24. Any person who conducts himself in a disorderly manner in the gardens, or contravenes - of the rules for the rire of the гено may be summarily ejected by the Cura tor, 8 oceeded against for the Рене A of the rules or oe disorderly rtm Sale and Distribution of P lunts. 25.—(1.) Sales of plants, flowers, and fruit shall be aecording to a scale approved by the Governor. Such scale shall be published for general information, and copies shall be placed in conspicuous parts of the gardens. 26. payments shall be made to the Curator, who shall give a receipt therefor from a counterfoil receipt boo 27. All sums received by the Curator shall be paid into the Treasury weekly, and oftener if at any time the cash in his hands exceeds the sum of five pounds. 28. No plants, flowers, or fruit shall be issued by the Curator, with- out the authority of the Governor, except on payment of the fees preseribed. Miscellaneous. 29. A library shall be formed in connection with the gardens, in which the Curator shall к all botanical pamphlets, reports, periodicals, or Dee which may nt him Passed the Buceo Council this 12th day of poe 1891. J. B. Cro Clerk of боб, 165 APPENDIX B. The following correspondence relates to the exhibits forwarded from the Windward Islands to the Jamaica Exhibition, 1891. The GovERNOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE WINDWARD ISLANDS to Mr. D. Morris. Government House, Grenada, As I am much obliged if you would favour me with a report on the Windward Islands Exhibits. + am anxious to hear, from an independent source, what measure of success has attended the attempts which have been made in the Windward Islands to secure proper representation at the Jamaica Exhibition. e, &e. (диин UN ns HELY-HUTCHINSON. D. Morris, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. Mr. D. Morris to the GOvERNOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE үү 8. IsLAND Sir, al Gardens, Kew, March 2, 1891. G to acknowledge regs receipt of your Excellency’s. letter of the 14th MR in which you desire to learn m ent 5 i a sure of s nded the attempts which * have been made in the Windward Islands to secure proper repre- T TIL - the Jamaica Exhibition." view there. ы In the first place І would mention that the Exhibition building is e of the most attractive ever built for an east ong estie It is bates situated at the head be the ing Kingston e sea; and it has a magni nificent panorama of hills at its back cul- minating in the Blue Mountains rie to vice с of 6,000 to iow оча vehe ai NA the Exhibition are tastefully laid out. mboos, and tro ical trees and shrubs have been oe ony ; quim = ете аге industrial pe vns scs gl coffee, other * works" and a illustrating Toe ик Xen y curing and preparing Prog dure . The arrangements in the interior of er. main AN have been e rien. and intelligently and tastefully carried out. est Indian Gases represented etsium УЛ “ Barbados, the Windward Islands, and the Bahamas) occupy pro t positions in the building and are grouped as nearly as possible ee the central dome. All the 166 Colonies mentioned have been successful in adding greatly to the interest of the Exhibition ; and they deserve to be highly commended for the enterprise shown by them in supporting what is undoubtedly the most successful Exhibition, so far, held in any portion of the West Indies. 5. The exhibits of the Windward Islands occupy positions on the northern side of the central dome. The St. Vincent court is to the planned and arranged by Mr. P. C. Cork, the Honorary Commissioner, and Mr. T. B. C. Musgrave, Superintendent for St. Vincent. The results of the labours of these gentlemen are apparent in the very taste- ful and successful way in which the various articles are displayed, and the facility with which they can be examined by those specially interested in them 6. I may say at once that both in the number of articles displayed and in the manner in which they have been prepared the exhibits in the St. Vincent Court are of exceptional merit. simple enumeration of them covers seven pages in the official catalogue. This last state- ment, however, gives but a very poor idea of “the real nature an character of the exhibits. They co onsist of nearly eg. relating to the datore and vegetable produetions of St. Vincent, and suggest in a striking manner the numberless resources of the island capable of being developed under suitable circumstances. 7. The principal articles consist of sugar, rum, arrowroot, starches, tapio ca, cacao, coffee, numerous fibres, tanning materials, ginger, nut- megs, cinnamon, mace, black pepper, turmeric, tobacco, cigars, carib baskets and wicker work, medicinal plants, honey and bees in syrup and crystallised, jams, jellies, walking sticks, native timbers, native se Pec fishing lines, carib stone hatchets, vegetable oils, building stone and lime, antimony, native hats, native made leather, spa mineral waters, and an inlaid table (containing over 5,000 pieces of 30 native s.) Of purely botanical collections Mr. George W. Smith has con- tributed a mgr set, numbering about 200 species, of St. Vincent ferns; Mr. D. A. MacDonald a set of St. Vincent mosses and ferns ; and Miss Maling a set of St. Vincent grasses. The Government of St. Vincent exhibits a collection of native plants, age by Mr. Geo Smith, possessing medicinal and commercial value. To each plant a a few notes are added explanatory of the use for which it is adapted. 8. Possibly the most cime and suggest ive of the raw products чт St. Vincent are its excellent fibres and fibrous materials.. There ar several very complete sets of these. One set, prepared by Mr. Powell, Curator of the Botanical Station, exhibits the ati in a remarkably fine condition. Such fibres as “lapite” prepared fro wild variety of the common pine-apple; “ gri-gri” skilfully prepar a: son the young leaves of a quem ; and * china” prepared from the aen of a a " too short to compete inden ty i e best sorts of Sisal hemp, as roduced in the Bahamas and нев The woods of St. Vincent are well shown by Mr. 53 samples), Mr. J. G. Nanton E. Beae š (6 samples), and Mr. H. Powell ir 65 samples). There are severa exhibits of turnery work, illustrating the character ot the St. Vincent woods. Few West Indian Colonies can produce better woods. 9. The articles of Carib manufacture are a special production of St. ` Vincent. It is one of the few places, if not indeed the only place, in the | 167 егет Antilles, with the exception of Dominica, where there are still to be found some of the aboriginal inhabitants. The Carib baskets, fibres, cordage, fishing lines, and other articles exhibited in the St. Vincent court possess great interest. This interest is increased by the fact that the Government of St. Vincent has despatche | six Caribs to the Jamaica villages, Altogether I regard the efforts made by the St. Vincent Government to secure a proper representation at the Jamaica Exhibition as vp mid erp ners s 10. me to the Grenada and St. Lucia courts. In point of size and the adinbėt of exhibits neither of these attain to the standard E e о and their productions are probably equally interesting, but as regards their representation at the Jamaica Exhibition they have not bin equally successful. The Grenada «уе consist of a fine series of cured cocoa, the staple industry of the is ere are several fine samples of sugars and rums ; of spices ee as nutmegs, mace, ginger, cardamoms, cloves, and cinnamon ; of Arabian and Liberian coffee; of native woods, fibres, starches, „еей, jellies and sauces, tobacco, native grown rice, of cotton from Carriacou and Cannouan, some of the few places whe apparatus is capable of being adapted at a small cost to the diua “ boucan ” found on Grenada estates. The heat is — by a simple low-pressure boiler . The = Lucia exhibits consist of vacuum-pan crystallized and ЕН sugars, rum, cotton, fibres, syrups, tobacco, limejuice, pickles, starches, native woods, grain d’ambrette (Hibiscus Abelmo- schus) or vegetable musk, and plants said to poas medicinal properties. Amongst these latter are some leaves of a ho of Clusia to useful in cases of enlarged spleen. Mr. MY furnishes the follow- ing particulars :—** The Aralie leaves (Clusia rosea) ar Creoles as a remedy for enlarged spleen. In the green state, the full grown ryin d * The leaves being fixed in place by a broad belt round the waist, the ss ayant can go about his ordinary duties, take no medicines, and eat — drink as ma islands so fully in vem d with the present development in West Indian industries. Jamaica has taken wonderful strides during the last few years in such ш, and the prosperity which has resulted to Jamaica on this account will, I hope, before long, extend also to the other islands in the West Indies. As Governor-in-Chief of the Wind- ward Islands i it must afford your ‘Excellency great pleasure to see that 168 Le apos in these islands are awaking to the possibilities within their h, and making such energetic and most successful efforts to develop their resources. I have, &c. His Excelleney (Signe 0) D. Morris. һе Нор. Sr Walter Hely-Hutchinson, K.C.M.G. The GOovERNOoR-IN-CHIEF OF THE WINDWARD IsrLaNps to Mr. D. Morris. SIR, Grenada, March 19, 1891. E the honour to acknowledge, with thanks, the receipt of your vitek and valuable EM on the exhibits of the Windward Islands at the Jamaica Exhibiti Iam forwarding a copy to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, and copies to the Administrators of St. Vincent and St. Lucia, and to the Governor of Jamaica I hav (Signed) WALTER HerY-HuTCHINSON. D. Morris, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. [All Rights Reserved.] ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 55.] JULY. [1891. CC.—GOLD COAST BOTANICAL STATION. The success which has attended the efforts made by Sir Alfred. Moloney to establish a Botanical Station at Lagos [noted in the Kew Bulletin, 1888, p. 149; 1889, p. 6 69; 1890, p. 162; and 1891, p. je undoubtedly the Botanical Station in course of — established at Aburi, a hill village in the Colony of the Gold Coas The history of the establishment of this station is given i in the following correspondence. The station is in charge of Mr. William Crowther, a 5 w 1 ичун i Sir W. Brandford Griffith, K.C.M.G., the Governor, takes a deep personal interest in the work of the station, and the results so far attained əre very promising. LONDON: PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S ЫЙА ы OFFICE, BY RE AND SPOTTISWOOD PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN’S MOST ванг MAJESTY. be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from EYRE Кез a COPTISWOODE, EAST HARDING STREET, FLEET STREET, E.C., and ABINGDON STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.; or HODGES, ; FIGGIS, & Co., 104, GRAFTON STREET, DUBLIN. 1891. Price Twopence. 170 GOVERNOR ОЕ GOLD Coast to COLONIAL OFFICE. My Lorp, Accra, 28th August 1888. In my Sox pars No. 53, of the 2nd of March last, in section 11, it was stated: t- Aburi, -which- has, mountain slopes of southern , * aspect and ‘a fertile soil Parin suited for coffee and cocoa, the © former of which is alread У cultivated to some extent, owing to the example of the members о A a - hasised the advantages of agriculture to the Africans of the place, “ and endeavoured specially to stimulate the local native sluggishness < in which some leaven of industry has begun to show itself. I had * already ordered a space of about three acres to be cleared of bush, * with a view to the commencement of and concentration of the expen- xs diture upon gardens at out-stations on the аа of a model ке з well as with a view of improving the sanitary surroundings = pf this house ; pe I am hopeful that I may see my way at no distant « date’ to place before you a definite scheme on the subject." In my Despatch No. 232, of the 30th of June, I referred to the subject in paragraph 19, and stated that I should presently do myself the honour of submitting to your Lordship a scheme for the formation of an agri- я farm at Aburi under the charge of a fit and competent man то 522265 [<] B gz have now the honour of bringing the proposed scheme more par- ticularly under your Lordship’s notice. The “ Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information ” for June, issued by the Director of the Royal Gardens at Kew, refers to this Colony i in the following extract from page 150 :— š As : < “ from the fact that the coast line of the Gold Coast Colony alone is * 350 miles, and that the total area of the British Protectorate is from “€ 24,000 to 30,000 square miles. The staple products of this Colony “ are sive oil and en лине bst among other «ср a аге сорга “ (from the foot But Im), guinea grains, gum copal, c ood, and “ beniseed, If. о gs N eed ресе magnificent TE in this * Colony were ae S to cultivate economic. plants in a systematic * manner for purposes of export, the material wealth of the Gold Coast “ might be enormously inc It was mainly with the view of teaching the Natives to cultivate economie plants in a systematie manner for purposes of export that I and distributed in large numbers to the people in the neighbourhood in the first instance, and afterwards sent further into the country by pupils whom I contemplate taking from the schools when willing to give their attention to industrial jii By their labour and agency, when sufficiently educated for the purpose, additional farms or gardens could be started, and by these means the people generally would become acquainted with the fact that other products than those indigenous to the country had been ert into it, were thriving and would be remunerative, and thus observing the advantage to be gained by their propagation, would be disposed ‘to cultivate them. By this mode of procedure I trust that in time it will be possible to raise sufficient quantities of new productions which may, in the not too distant future, add E to the value of the exports from the Colon h these objects in view, when passing through ye in March last, 1 instructed the Surveyor-General that he was to have "e L2 171 e house e al Aburi, which is alrea eady the property of the Government, of 187 The hill slopes and soil of Aburi are Дн suited for the cultivation of cocoa, coffee, cloves, cinnamon nutmegs ‚ vanilla, and other useful A sum of 300/. has been inserted in d estimates for 1889 for an е5 and DOSE garden at yide * I ios — put the initial -— of d scheme at a low direct the Botanical Gardens at Kew, Mr. Morris spare who has b paratively PM a * * * * I have, &c. (Signed) W. Branprorp GRIFFITH, overnor. The Right Hon. Lord Kutsford, G.C.M.G., &с. &с. &e. ROYAL Garpens, Kew, to COLONIAL OFFICE. Sin, Royal аат "i October 12, 1888. I am desired by Mr. Thiselton Dyer to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 27th September on the Mes ct t a proposal to — establish a Botanical Garden at Aburi, on the Gold Coa e details of the scheme set forth in the Despatch of Sir Brandford Сява of the ir sies appear to have been carefully and judiciously ; and i evident that the proposed Botanical Garden, if successfully “ke phere prove of considerable value in stimulating the attention of Natives to the cultivation of economic plants, and in disseminating useful information respecting them. The future prosperity of the West African Settlements would appear to depend very much on how far the natives inhabiting rich me fertile lands not far from the Coast can be led to cultivate certain plan and prepare the produce so as to give rise to commercial sited aes t products have already shown signs either of becoming exhausted or of уез рї, depreciated in the world’s markets Sir Brandford Griffith has fully grasped the practical aspect sought * purposes of export." Steps iit ilis to be taken to train pupils i ee менй Н, and generally diffuse a knowledge of practical "эк culture amongst the people. U 67747. ik —7/91. Wt. 37. AQ 172 As regards the site of the proposed garden, it is always ier to ения such an institution as near as possible to the seat of the ment, and easily accessible to a large section ж е oputetion: Doubtless these points have been duly considered in the selection of Aburi. — soil is ned to " good — ihe locality fairly liealthy; e, &e. The Hon. R. H. Meade, C.B. (Signed). РЕМ Sir W. Branprorp GRIFFITH to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. My DEAR а Aburi House, April 5, 1890. acknowledge the receipt of, and to thank you for, your kind letter " Ra 25th February, i in which spas are Е enough to inform me of the receipt of the telegram I sent athurst on my way to Accra, and the steps лосу Mr. Thiselton od and yourself have so kindly taken to meet m Mr. Crowther arrived m on the 16th ultimo, and I have much € in ыша that I owe you many thanks for havi ing selected for who appears, from the short acquaintance I have with ов preis of all the good qualities I could wish for in a man ae to fill the appointment he now holds. You will be interested to learn that I left Accra on the Ist March, for this place, having come up for the purpose of pushing on the work of clearin g the forest and bush on the farm preparatory to Mr. Crow- ther's arrival. e have now nearly 8 acres ready for sowing and planting, seven of which have been recovered from the forest and bush and put in capital order, and the Curator has already sown several thousand coffee and cocoa seeds as well as those of other kinds in smaller initié I have also written to the Governors of Trinidad, British Guiana, and Jamaica, requesting their kind offices in aiding my work b sending to me plants and seedlings in accordance with a long list transmitted to them. I should mention here that some years ago a Wardian case, containing plants, was sent to me at Lagos from Trinidad through Messrs. Elder, Dempster, & Co., Liverpool, and the plants did not suffer at all from the long voyage Inote what you state with regard to the Egyptian cotton, and I have given Mr. Crowther minute and special instructions that it should be placed on record that when any is harvested specimens are to be sent The Natives for many miles round are already evincing much interest in this experiment on the part of my Government, and I feel confident that the good beginning which n made will be carried on until the useful y beneficial aim for which this centre bas been established, is accomplished. With kind regards to you, and to Mr. Thiselton Dyer, Believe me, D. Morris, Esq., (Signed) W. BRANDFORD GRIFFITH, Royal Gardens, Kew. Governor. 173 CURATOR, BOTANICAL STATION, ABURI, to RoYAL GARDENS, Kew. Str, Botanical Station, Aburi, July 1890. I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of a ‘packet of seeds, йты three species of Eucalyptus, together with notes upon th also beg te acknowledge receipt of a box of Palm seeds (Bactris sp. and Livistona sp.) тё а box of Mahogany seeds, all of whick were received in good condit In regard to my wor £ at Aburi, T would beg to inform you that most of the eaii received from the Royal Gardens, Kew, have been sown. Many of them have germinated and are growing well, notably the two grown most luxuriantly. [A report upon this will be found in the Kew Bulletin for March, 1891. | The plants received from Kew are all tabs satisfactorily, and seem to be adapting themselves to the clim The Governor, Sir W. Brandford Griffith, who takes a Жеў interest in the working of the garden, has supplied many valua seeds, including Cinchona, Casuarina, Tobacco, Indigo, Jute, "Dot leney also expects a lot of seeds and plants from the West Indies shortly. I think Aburi is a very proper place for a Botanical Station. It is at an elevation of 1,400 feet, and the vegetation around is very luxuriant. the shade. The soil also is v ood, consisting chiefly of vegetable matter, and there is a spring of fresh vrai within about a quarter of a mile of the garden I have, &c. D. Morris, Esq., (Signed) W. CROWTHER. Royal Gardens, Kew. Согохтлі, OFFICE to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. SIR, Downing Street, 12th June 1891. I am directed by the jr ici A of State for the Colonies to transmit to you, for your information, a copy of a Despatch from the Governor of the Gold Coast relative to the Botanical Station at Aburi. am, &c. The Director of the (Signed) Ковект С. W. HERBERT. Royal Gardens, Kew. GOVERNOR ОЕ THE GoLD Coast to COLONIAL OFFICE. Government House, Christiansborg Castle, A Ma My Lorp, ecra, 6t HAVE the honour to report that I left Christiansborg at 8.25 p.m. on the 2nd instant, and arrived at Aburi House, for ies кире of ti 1 the Botanical Station, at 11.25 p.m . the sam 174 miles of the way in a hand-cart. The road was good, and I might have been drawn the whole way in the cart had I been so сліна а. Returning yesterday, І left Aburi at 12.35 p.m., and reached Christiansborg ‘at 6.35, thus taking only six hours en route and travelling 16 miles in a hand- cart 2. I found the station in excellent order, which left nothing to be desired on the part of the Curator, Mr. Crowther, so far as I can see. hen І arrived at Aburi in March 1890, I found one acre of land clear of bush and forest trees. I cleared seven acres myself eig and shorily after, the arrival of Mr. Crowther in the same month; since then Mr. Crowther has cleared 15 acres, two acres a of which юта of 1 from Monrovia as a permanent labour gang have for the most part turned out well and built themselves neat and comfortable Bd to which are attached patches of garden land which they work for themselves. The rainfall el Es. year Mr. Crowther has been at Aburi was 60 inches, but heavy mists prevail in the early morning throughout the year, . which are Bie “helpful to plants. He has pes pusaq] health the whole time. He has hardly lost any of all the different kinds of valuable economic plants which have been received toa various quarters. Liberian coffee has grown very well; there are some 7} acres = А planted out, 3} permanently and the rest for transplanting pur The annatto dye plants, some six feet high, are flourishing. The different fruit plants are very promising. The е Egyptian с cotton grew well. Since the local publication of the peti last with regard to this йад, applications have been received for supplies of a from Messrs. Bannerman and Fearon, two deeds ptio proprietors, which I regard as a hopeful sign. The beefwood (Casuarina етедь d trees which have been planted are eiae we ived from Paris has failed. The leaf of the tobacco не is splendid, but it is a question whether the climate will admit of its curing by other than artificial means. There is no native demand e vegetables has met with the greatest success. The lettuce I tasted there was as ncs as that of the best European gardens. I make permanent arrangements for the transport to Accra of green food ana зб аети fn of cost to the officers, looking to their importance as a means of the promotion of health. "The different varieties of ornamental plants have grown Mic as have also kola nuts and shea butter trees, indigenous to the country. The soil has proved to be of the richest, and on the sides of the hills is of good depth. I was glad to observe patches of clearing on the mountain slopes facing the Basel Mission Station of Abokobi, at the foot of the range. Along the road to Accra also I saw much more evidence of country gardening than has ever been attempted before. Iam told that the natives come and look on at the operations at Aburi with interest, and when the results of the agriculture and arboriculture which are being pursued become more patent than they or now are, the model which is thus put before them cannot, I should think, fail to impart ed them the desired industrial stimulus; this may take time to effec t I doubt not as to its ultimate success, if the management of vw ation should proceed as well as it has com онен. 175 two days and ‘a half, I inspected the village of Aburi, which I found clean and in d order, and I also went over a patch of lan 14 acres belonging to the Rev. Mr. Clarke, a native minister, which I think should be бесы by the Government and added to the Govern- ment property. I will submit the question to the Legislative Council at Cash and — —— O'Donnell, of the constabulary, with Dr. Gunn in attendance upon them, were at Aburi during my — term of service of Mr. Crowther, the Curator, expired on n 14th ultimo, and I had shiny Mr. Eyre with me т Aburi to relieve him, but when I found on arrival that Mr. Crowther was in such good health, and as he ai mpi expressed his willingness to comply with a suggestion which I made for his considersQun that, looking to the large amount of valuable речи зем -— perty which he had so far success- fully brought to a critical d he should remain in the Colony a little longer, before going on leave, to superintend the transplanting from the seedling beds of the different. "youn g plants with the advent of the rainy season and initiate Mr. Eyre into his duties, I was glad to avail myse of his offer. Mr. Eyre’s term of residential service also expired on the oth instant, “put he does not desire to return to England, and is only too glad to have the opportunity of continuing his service in the healthy climate of Aburi, whilst engaged upon work which is congenial to him, and of which he has had previous experience when employed upon plantations in Fiji. am of opinion, moreover, that it will be of advantage to the public service that he should be allowed to x= so, as there is no other officer who is available for the service. I apprehend that, in the circumstances, his offer will entitle him to the з extra leave under paragraph 424 of the Colonial Regulations. he Right Hon. Governor. Lord Knutsford, G.C.M.G., &c. &c. &c. CCI.—BAHAMAS INDUSTRIES. e most interesting circumstances connected with the rigida var. sisalana). "This subject has already iscussed in the Kew Bulletin, 1889, p. 57 ; 1889, p. 254; 2 va 1890, p. 158. In a recent report in the Blue Book for. the year 1890, Sir Am pin Shea, Ay ticulars “respecting this and other нү industries петиот wi the Agriculture, Apart from the fibre cultivation agriculture is омй one to ine-apples. The people raise maize aud sweet potatoes for their own = ива their eel тел wed се is much assisted by these crops. Cotton . boot an increase, being 1,5937. in value compared with 1,0747, in 1889, — 176 There is no reason why this business should not be en pro- secuted, as most of the islands are well adapted for its cultivat It is hope: t the presence of strangers now coming in to каршын the their attention cannot fail to be directed. It is quite possible that, in time, cotton may be found only secord to the fibre in the category of rts from the colony. The pine-apple crop realised 49,795/., as compared with 25,5582. in 1889. Of canned pine-apples there were exported 26,789 cases, valued at 6,1267., and in 1889 the export was 21,683 cases, with a value of 4,5007. In oranges there wa in Florida, as we are proo oof а against frost, which often visits that — This branch of emer may also be favourably affected when m of enterprise from outside, appreciating the opportunity, use it wit ith energy and the зом wa of well-ordered methods of packing and shipping. Fibre Cultivation. Ste teady progress continues to be made in this industry, with increasing faith in its value and permanence. A report of the cultivation to the present time om Rea prepared by order of the Government, which, though strictly accurate, would not convey true impressions to those at a dis ce. The m speaks of 4,100 acres being already planted with 2,500,000 of plants, but it states that there are also 1,300,000 plants in nurseries, which, being in course of growth, adds 50 acd cent. to the active cultivation, making an aggregate of over 6,000 acres. Plants are now kept much lo mpi in nurseries to lessen the cost of weeding, which is an expensive operation, and annually attended to after the plants are set out in the fields. There has been some question as to the time to bring the plantings to maturity, but four years is now the accepted period, while plants tained in the nurseries, as above stated, will mature in three Ages There is but liftle to add to former reports on this enterprise, which has passed out of the experimental stage and will not probably present any new features of interest until exports of fibre begin, which will be, on a moderate scale, in 1892, then developing annually into proportions of increasing importance e value of the fibre, like that of other Ner will, of course, be Buffet to market conditions from time to time, but п the natural order tures. The time is now approaching when the machines for separating the fibre from the leaf will acquire practical importance ; of those now Some of them clean me =. [<] В е+ © 5 Ф © et > — — ow E e "9 c © g: p p | Фф Е % Ë et Es stake we must suppose inventive genius will be found equal to the casion. Professor Edison has directed his attention to the matter of 177 decortication and he hopes he has found an effective method which avoids waste. e treatment is by a solution of crude petrcleum, and this Ed are now in communication with the Professor. · If the results meet our requirements, a most important end will be attained, which will have the. further advantage of enabling small padre to dress their own leaves instead of being capella to sell sms. a loss to a large neighbouring planter, who is able to procure a machine. e process being enterprised by Professor Edison aos other and most Mots interests in this colony. Many thousands of tons of pine-apple 1 are now annually left to waste. The fibre commands a high price, from 60/. to 80/. a ton, for use in fine textiles. The small quantity now produced cumes from China, where it is roughly and ex- It is understood that the same solution may be used many times, and, if present hopes are realised, the petroleum will be admitted free of the duty now imposed. CCII.—ARGEL LEAVES. (Solenostemma Argel, Hayne.) Alexandrian Senna of commerce has commonly been adulterated with Argel leaves yielded by — Argel, Hayne, a native of Upper Egypt, Nubia, and the northern parts of A Arabia. It is figured in Bentley and Trimen's Medicinal Plants (tab. 175). It appears to have formerly been the cu * to mix two parts of Argel leaves with eight * of senna en and рч orate thus formed constituted commercial * Alexandrian Argel leaves may ro known from senna leaflets by their paler colour, ep leathery texture, less conspicuous veins, and by being equal-sided t their base. It appears from the experiments of Christison “ that " they possess little or no P effect, but cause sickness, griping, “ and other unpleasant symptom They were gemens d collected by the Arabs in the valleys of the desert to the east and south of Assouan. They were thence sent to Cairo to be mixed with true senna leaflet No authentic specimen of Argel leaves existing in the Kew Museum, an applieation was made to the Foreign Office to procure a sam sample. In the correspondence given below it will be noticed that during the last few years, since the trade with the Soudan has been closed, Argel leaves have not been brought into Egypt. Колі GARDENS, Kew, to FOREIGN OFFICE. SIR, Royal Gardens, Kew, 31st October 1890. I am desired by Mr. Thiselton Dyer y inform you that the leaves of a plant, native of Ps pe Egypt and Nubia, known as o- stemma Argel, are said to be used for rare commercial senna leaves at Alexandria. 178 In the Museums of Economic Botany at Kew an attempt is made to furnish as complete a series as possible of every economic substance derived from the vegetable kingdom. In certain cases it is sought also to supplement these by exhibiting substances used for purposes of adulteration. In this way such substances may be the more readily detected. In this particular instance the use of the leaves of Solenostemma as an adulterant of gn senna =a be decidedly i ean as the plant belongs to the Asclepiadacw, a natural order containing plants which, as a rule, are of a poisonons tian ter. In быт all elie is an acrid juice of a drastic chara her means are available to this establishment, Mr. Thiselton Dyer would esteem it a favour if the Secretary of State would invite the assistance of Her Majesty’s Agent and Consul-General at Cairo to procure a small quantity, about a pound in мыло of the dried leaves of Solenostemma for the use of the Royal Garden i Й am, &с. Sir Villiers Lister, K.C.M.G. (Signed ) D. Morris. Sir E. BARING to FOREIGN OFFICE. My Lorp Cairo, кш 22nd, 1891. Ох ceipt of your Lordship’s Despatch, No. 43, 3, Commercial, of the 4th Муен; last, I asked Mr. Wallace, the dicte of the Agricultural College in Egypt, io endeavour to procure for me some of the dried leaves of the Solenostemma Argel, in compliance with the desire expressed by the Director of Kew Gardens. ve now been informed by Mr. Wallace that he has ascertained that the leaves of this plant are not now to be found in Egypt. were, he says, formerly brought in from Nubia, before the events Е the last few years closed the trade with the Soudan, but they are not brought in now. Mr. Wallace has promised to do his best to get some of the leaves from Nubia, but before he can do so there may be some difficulty and delay. I have, &с. The Marquis of Salisbury, K.G., (Signed) E. BARING. &e &c. &c. FonEIGN OFFICE to RovAL rami Kew. accompanying specimens of Solenostemma Е" which Sir Е. Baring has, at last, succeeded in obtaining from Lam, &с. The Assistant Director, (Signed) Jas. FERGUSON. Kew Gardens. 179 CCIII.— PARAGUAY JABORANDI. (Pilocarpus pennatifolius, — ) In 1881 there was opis through the Foreign Office from Mr. E. H. Egerton, C.B., then Her ? Majesty’ s Chargé QP Affaires at Bites Ayres, a supply of las of * Jaborandi,” an ае -producing plant found in Paraguay. he Jaborandi usually met with in commerce Professor Oliver, F.R.S., the late keeper of the Herbarium and Library of the Royal Gardens examined the Jaborandi received from Mr, specimens in the Kew Herbarium from Paraguay, collected by Gilbert and Balansa, referred to Pilocarpus pennatifolius, Lemaire erbarium also contains leafy specimens (without inflorescence) of di Pernambuco Jaborandi, which probably belong to an allied but different рев judging from the indentation and the form of the base of the leaflet * P. penna atifolius appears to have been introduced from St. Paulo, but Baillon has identified with the species fragments gathered in Corrientes by Bonpland. * [ doubt if P. selloanus, Engl. be distinct.” The Paraguay Jaborandi appears to be <=" vmm than the Brazilian. The particular characteristics of the form e carefully worked out in the following correspondence. It has not haid fonnd possible to carry the matter farther, and the information тн is placed on record for the use of those interested in the subjec Foreign OFFICE to Royan GARDENS, Kew. Sir, Foreign Office, 1 September 1881. I am directed by Earl Granite: о transmit to you Pee for your information, an extract from a despatch from Her Majesty's Chargé d’ Affaires at Buenos inn cma certain vegetable products of Paraguay. Iam, &с. Sir J. Hooker, K.C.S.I., (Signed) T. V. Lister. &c «е. &c. ExTRACT from Mr. EcxRTON's No. 5 COMMERCIAL of J uly 31, 1881. Iw answer to my numerous inquiries respecting eem: dye and fibrous plants, I learnt that one of the most remarkable of the former is a plant which grows in great quantities in Paraguay, di virtues of which first became known in Europe about six or seven years ago called Jaborandi, from which a product called Pilocarpine is made, which is unequalled for its effect as a sudorific. There are said to be two kinds of this plant in Par mis yoa one of which only is efficient. i which is extremely common, called the yambayu, which the Indians дор 4 is used at Buenos Ayres—as a cure 180 for asthma; but, from what I learn, its virtues in this respect have been exaggerate ed, and it is not likely to become, like Jaborandi, an article of commerce Mr. Villiers ] Lister presents his compliments to Sir Joseph Hooker and begs to state that he is directed by Earl Granville to forward the . accompanying extract from a letter from Her Majesty’s Chargé d'Affaires at Buenos Ayres арий the “ Jaborandi,” an alkaloid pro- ducing plant found in Paraguay. The leaves of the plant mentioned Mr. Egerton are sent in a separate packet, and Mr. Lister is to request that Sir Joseph Hooker will distribute samples thereof to the College of tiem or to any other institution to whom the plant might be of use or i Foreign Office September 5, 1863: Extract from a Letter from Mr. EGERTON. Buenos Ayres, né 30, 1881. From а роза I understand that the leaves of a shrub called * Jaborandi” are now exported in certain quantity to брата where a valuable alkaloid is is iiec eo from them that fetches a very high price in the drug market. ow in Paraguay this plant (leaves of which I send herewith) exists in such enormous quantities that, even should its richness in alkaloid be less than that from Pernambuco, n cost would be relatively very much ess. In it has no value in Par. у. The chief virtue as a drug of this “Jaborandi” known in Paraguay is that a decoction from its leaves is the strongest sudorific known. RoyaL GARDENS, Kew, to FoREIGN OFFICE. SIR, Royal Gardens, Kew, September 8, 1881. I am desired by Sir Joseph Hooker to е the receipt of your letters of September 15% and 5th relating to . G: Be Egerton’s reports on certa vegetable produetions of Paragu i The rri of Jaborandi from this source, and -the information regarding it, is of great. interest. The drug, although a recent intro- duction to pharmacy, is one which has attracted much attention. looked into the matter, reports that, thou ugh the Paraguay and nambuco plants are extremely closely allied, it is possible that they im not absolutely identical. The medicinal proper ties are, probably, owever, similar. A portion of Mr. Egerton's sample has been preserved for the Museum of the Royal Gardens; the remainder has been divided between the Pharmaceutical Society, the Professor of Medicine at University College (Dr. Sydney Ringer), and Dr. Michael Foster, the Pralector of Physiology, Trinity College, Cambridge. І 181 will take care to furnish you with any reports which reach us as to its pharmaceutical value. It would be interesting to have dried ay sapere in flower of the Paraguayan Ipecacuanha, and also a ia pA the dru T. V. Lister, Esq., (Signed) - E T. Тназегтох DYER. Foreign Office. Prof. Sypney RINGER to Rorat Garpens, Kew. 15, Cavendish Place, Cavendish Square, W., My DEAR Sim, Septem I ENCLOSE the report on Paraguayan Jaborandi, and, with best regards, remain, Yours, &c. (Signed) SYDNEY RINGER. Report on PARAGUAYAN JABORANDI. HIS specimen is undoubtedly true Jaborandi, but it is far inferior to the Pernambuco Jaborandi, e its physiological action is much less, weaker as a sweater than the alkaloid obtained from the Pernambuco Mr. А. W. Gerrard, F.C.S., made the pharmacentical examination, над І "aig his repo estimations were made E - alkaloid i in the leaves, pa this, ` fmi into nitrate, gave a me *12 per cent. This is very small compared with that of м Jaborandis. The nitrate ‘of the alkaloid formed a moist semi-crystalline mass, slightly deliquescent, thus difering from the Pilocarpine of ordinary Jaborandi. “ The leaves are us RE rich in essential oil. This at present has no — al value t diaphoretie; and our physiological investigation suggests that the alkaloid derived from the Paraguayan specimen contains but little of the diaphoretic alkaloid. Mr. S. Stonham, resident house physician e vides d College, made the physiological investigation. He experi well as on other persons. He employed an edens of the leaves, ‘the liquid extract, and the alkaloid. The Paraguayan specimen, like ordinary Jaborandi, causes sweating, salivation, and lachrymation, the salivation in every instance being in of the sweating. Mr. Stonham made three observations with an infusion, using 90, 90, me^ 120 grains of the leaf respectively ; two observations with liquid xtract, using 5ij and 5iij respectively ; - four observations with. the alkaloid, using 4, 4, } of a grain, and 1 D respectively. The alkaloid was administered us эрлик < to 90 grains of the 182 infused commercial leaf and one-third to one-half of a grain of com- mercial Pilocarpine produce copious sweating and salivation, lasting from four to six hours, whilst much larger doses of Paraguayan Jaborandi excites far less sweating iad salivation, both of which results ceased within an hour To a man we gave. еее grain of commercial Pilo- carpine, and in three minutes he sweated | profusely. o the same man on another day we gave } grain of Paraguayan Pilocarpine, and this excited only slight perspiration and slight salivation. This last experiment shows that in the same dose the alkaloid from commercial Jaborandi is much more active than the alkaloid from Para- guayan Jaborandi. This is probably due to the fact that the methods employed extract all the alkaloids. Now Jaborandi yields at least two alkaloids. Probably the non-sweating alkaloid predominates in Para- guayan Jaborandi. Mr. Gerrard, Mo probably knows more of the pharmacy of J spi than any other m n, tells me that he finds the black leaves yield mo alkaloid, but ies Paraguayan leaves are Hee Possibly another ipiis men of thicker -— б gz be more efficacio I certainly suggest that another specimen d be sent over, and I ‘would further suggest that the whole plant of presses year's growth should be tested. YDNEY RiwGER, M.D. Dr. MICHAEL Foster to Rovar Garprens, Kew. The leaves were eee for the preparation of the purified alkaloid, to Messrs. Brady a artin, of Newcastle-on-Tyne. Those gentlemen succeeded in нец а small quantity of alkaloid only, and this they were unable to present in a crystalline form, so that no exact statement can be made as to the quantity of alkaloid present in a given quantity зт нач The physiological investigation of this alkaloid was кнн to Mr. J. N. Langl ey, M.A. of Trinity College. He found that the alkaloid had an action similar to that of Pilocarpine, but = eri ia in some i i creased se smaller doses, than is the case with Pilocarpine. Hence, as a drug to promote secretion of n perspiration, &e., the present alkaloid is inferior to Pilocarpine Bu € are reasons for believing that in Jaborandi and in Pilo- carpine, as at present prepared, there are two alkaloids, one stimulating secretion ad one stopping secretion. If this is the case, and if means are discovered for isolating them, then the value of the leaves under discussion would depend simply on the quantity of the stimulating substance present in them Besides this € alkaloid present in these leaves has not so injurious an effect on the heart and vascular system as has Pilocarpine. The gen "ama conclusion at which Mr. Langley and myself have arrived at is, that if the alkaloid were (even approximatively) isolated in the country itself where the leaves are gathered it might be worked quantity which they contain. If pharmaceutical chemists succeed in isolating a stimulating substance and the method prove карай: of 188 being employed оп a large scale, then these leaves would become very valu sem Hence, even if it is decided to do nothing with them at present, they did. мі be wholly lost sight of. М. Foster. Trinity College, Cambridge, Oetober 7th, 1882. CCIV.—JOURNEY IN NYASSALAND. The following account of a journey made on the frontier of the British Protectorate of Nyassaland by Mr. John Buchanan, C.M.G., Acting Consul at Nyassa, who has already made botanical collections in the Shiré Highlands, contains references to plants and native industries of an interesting chara The district traversed was along the river Ruo, a tributary of the ү river, in a nac direction towards the southern extremity of Lake Nyass FonErmGN Orricr to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. SIR, Foreign схо April 6th, 1891. I am directed by the Marquis of Salisbury to transmit to you herewith, for your e n copy of a despate teh from Mr. Buchanan, the Acting British Consul at Nyassa, giving an account of a journey taken by him from Chilomo to Milange. am, &c. The Director, (Signed) "Р. W. Сове. Royal Gardens, Kew. Mr. BUCHANAN to the FOREIGN OFFICE. My Lorp. Chilomo, December 10%, 1890. H reference to my despatch to your Lordship, No. 48, > the present ser e I have now the honour to enelose an account my journey, which for the greater part lay along the frontier of the British Protectorate of Nyassalai he geographical feature most worthy of notice is my discovery of the Zoa Falls, which are situated on the Ruo, about 25 miles inland from Chilomo. The falls are from 150 to 200 yards in breadth and 200 feet in depth. I trust this account, though imperfect, may be of interest to your Lordship at the present time. I have, &c. ( (Signed) JOHN ANAN, Her Majesty’s Principal Her Majesty’s ae Consul. Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 184 Report of a Journey taken along the Frontier of the Britis PROTECTORATE of NYASSALAND villages were being ‘constructed by natives who had crossed from the other side. A mile inland from the Shiré there commences an exteusive belt of Borassus palm, which, varying in breadth from one to nine miles, extends from the Ruo to near Nkati, a distance, т a few broken tracts, of between 35 анч 40 miles. Nowhere is the result of the Portuguese “invasion more apparent than in the number of those graceful productions of the vegetable kingdom that now nudely ees as if protesting against the barbarous treatment they received at the hands of those ruthless intruders, who beheaded them for their life's bl Giant Baobabs and tall “ Njale" trees stud the plain, and the umbrageous Kigelia is ever present. As one journeys on he comes suddenly upon patches of lawn closely shaven by the incisors of the wary antelope, defined it may be by a finde of dwarf palm supported by a combination of other trees and sh rubs, and the ubiquitous mimosa, which, though unmerciful to tio fect of ‘the unshod ныл not only en in flower entrances the vision by presenting a solid semi-globe of golden blossom, but diffuses RM a fragrance such as only prodigally beneficent natüre may indulge Several miles of the plain are kipa wooded with the more common types of African а эр Acacia, Bauhinia, Terminalia, Pterocarpus, Tamarindus, &c. ; and at the foot of the hills, the forest, if not primeval is certainly virgin. "There is aa} to be ^ an abundant supply of firewood for river work, but s improvident are the natives, and so oriri their methods of ныл. їп defo oresting a district, that ill have to be exercised in order to maintain a supply of this ed. The river abounds in fish, and it is no exaggeration to say, that in some places the water is literally black with shoals of yambo, golokolo, machenga, micheni, msuluwa, mambuli, makambali, and others, all more or less eaten by the natives, and some of which are welcome adjunets to the white man's o. isine. Men and boys sit for hours atatime in some secluded s n the river's bank, patiently plying the * gentle art," while others den “mindfal of sport resort to traps an weirs At “Mtengera the first of the rocks. known as Chichiri are visible. s, а as Chipolopolo's, aboat eight miles, while ts Mtengera nine to A" during the whole 12 months : but de the rocks no craft can be of use. At =r poiut the hills commence, and the path still gee the course of th er crosses many undulations before reac ing the spot where Mlolo from the left bank has chosen to establish himself. The 185 country between Mtengera and Mlolo’s, a distance of about five miles, is poor. The various undulations are covered with trees of small owth, the soil is thin and shingly. ear = and about Mlolo’s it is different, there being less shingle and more ief Mlo k o . however, der eriam than submit to онумо wr he left his country, and crossed into the British Protectorate. This tep meant to himself and his people a severe sacrifice, as bar had to ат their well- stocked мю минее; to Portuguese troops, and live for months оп w food they could together from among their Manganja friends. lolo, being a u hospitably disposed man, “deeply lamented the poverty of his position, in that he had not the means of treating me as he would wish to have done. I presented him with the British flag, greatly to his delight. His principal village, у consisted of а hu undred or more huts, was still in the embryo stage, and before he could = thoroughly upon the work of the field, he had » present an offering to the spirits of UN rig ея This took place on my return ene oo three weeks I was present and witnessed the ceremony. The headmen and Дреа of the о b chief himself officiated as priest. He proceeded to transfer the contents of a flat sieve filled with flour into the small baskets, letting the flour fall gently through his fingers, the while enumerating his wants and desives in a kind of chant, while a principal headman at intervals called out * Wopa, wopa," which was intended for a strong seconding of lolo’s statements, aud was in turn approved of by the elders, who unanimously clapped their "d in full assent. 'The next part of the ceremony was to adjourn to the banks of the Ruo, where, under a shady tree, an altar had been repared. This consisted of a few withes stuck pot, again enumerated his wants, and beseeched the spirits of his into the receptacle within the je he apum: his prayer as before, while the old man at his hand responded М чу, wo - and the. elders of the assembly re ig clapped their hands in а solemn amen. pot within eoe was now filled, notwithstanding its being perforated, and as the precious liquid. дрі from within the sacred precincts, several young :cen, who had not tasted their beverage since crossing the U 67747, B 186 frontier, voted libations out of place at such a trying time. The priest having notified that they had done their duty to their ancestral spirits reserved a toothful of the beer, which led to a rather unseemly alterca- tion between the assistants, n otably,—he whose гае it was to call “ wopa," and whose thr lecidedl y needed moisteni The ceremony being over, a — clapping of hands followed, as a "iod amen to the whole proc ; the grass roof was placed over the altar; the cala- bash seid in улен the beer was hung on a branch h of the tree overhead and the company retired. офи and field operations were soon undertaken in right earnest, and on my revisiting Mlolo’s 10 weeks later, many acres of forest had been ато and planted. Mlolo’s villages extend for several miles below and above that in which he resides, which is situated partly on a promontory jutting into the Ruo, and partly on a knoll lying in the bosom of a crescent-shaped ridge. One tall vede. i Borassus palm stands asa landmark of former inhabitants long since assing beyond Molo" в the path follows closely the course of the iver. Here and there it crosses belts of meadow, now under an umbra- geous tree whose grateful shade invites the ть to rest, then emerges to the waters’ edge, and so on for several miles till it enters upon very _ At this part of the river its bed is one mass of rocks and boulders, the — formation of which is beautifully evident. For several hundred yards the appearance of these rocks is as if a shower of snow had fallen on pattern, this appearance being due to the various strata having a sinuous =) form, and the rocks oido polished by the wear and tear of ps Nakale, nine miles above Mlolo's, there is a small village of that _ ehief's people eking out a precarious subsistence. Our frien nds on the other bank made strenuous efforts to persuade the Nakale people that they had egregiously blundered in leaving Portuguese for British territory, only they would not see it. We : und here an intact ver. miles further on you get the first atem of the Zoa Falls, another half hour, during which you ascend several hundred feet, and you stand on a level w ith them, and already begin to feel and to breathe the bracing рее бед of - mountains. Fifteen minutes more takes you to the village of Nhataombere, which is odiei over by a swarthy dame, who placed her best fidence at the disposal of the stranger. For years past I had knownthat the Ruo abounded in miniature falls and cataracts, but until I passed it was not known to Europeans that this charming river, among the sombre recesses of r hills, took a giant leap of 200 feet into a foaming abyss whose dept had no means of estimating, and which the river itself had fried er bygone ages. 1 estimate the breadth of the river bed at this point at about 200 yards, "e from bank to bank across the face of the fall, the breadth is much The falls of Zoa are about 25 miles inland from the mouth of the Ruo, and at an elevation of between 1,400 and 1,600 feet. The general outline of = fall is that of a horse shoe. Near to the left bank is a chasm some 60 yards long by 30 yards broad and 200 feet in depth to the water ты, From this chasm to the right bank the wall is less or _ more terraced. Above the chasm on the left bank there stands a huge mass of rock, from behind which and down whose face during the wet season pours a gigantic cataract. At the time of my first visit the water from various channels collected into one main stream which thundered 187 down the chasm foaming and furiating et its walls, — heavenwards clouds of vapour, and in em g from its confinem many small * pot holes : from 18 inches to 10 feet di iameter, and from one to 10 feet deep. I was not fortunate enough to see the water at its work of forming these holes, but the stones lying at the bottom of them, some in the rough, others kidney shaped, others almost round, are conclusive evidence of the water's action An "s a common to many of the rocky river с in Nyassa-land had taken possession of every hole and cranny where it was possible to ` exist, and liberally carpeted the face of the fall with] living green. On the left bank several spevies s of aloes were in bloom, a nd among the rocks there existed various kinds of succulent plants enjoying the moist atmosphere of the spot. Both banks are well wooded down to the water's edge The country around Zoa is composed of hills and ridges, from the top of some of which an extensive view to the east may be obtained. se of the Shiré, gradually diverging inland to a distance of 10 miles at the Ruo, forming a wall averaging from 2,000 to 3,000 feet high, probably 70 miles long, and fronting the plateau on which Blantyre, Mandala, and surrounding districts are dicere Among — „© o = "i ready sa For eight miles beyond Nhataombere the road feo through se se within few miles of Blantyre. ‘The country beyond the Zuchila is rather hilly for the first few miles, until ба the Milanji plain the Zuchila to Milanji ran through a succession of Wa-n llage: many of which were of quite recent origin, the inhabitants having only lately crossed from the left bank. I was much pleased with the Ld displayed x these Wa-nyassa people. As we reached each dispositioned man, who seldom or never Mk the нен СЕ. own hut situated near to a clump of patriarchal monarchs of the Das | E 188: eneath whose sheltering branches, enclosed. by a reed fence, are several den raised to the ancestral spirits of the Wa-nyassa, In times of trial and diffieulty the old man often found his way within the sacred enclosure, and might be seen as if in earnest, close communion with make dient to Ch ipo ka by cds him in some of the. many forms in ipis with the pk qu 84 African’s faith. whole distriet abounds in iron. Every hamlet has its smithy, and qi every group of hamlets there is a melting furnace, where the ore is reduced to malleable form. Hoes and axes were in demand, and early morning saw the blacksmith hard at work, while the hammerman, who, y bent, and legs apart, raised a roughly square stone high over his head, and br ought it down with hereulean force upon the glowing metal, signallised to people afar à that the descendants of Ham are not wanting in the genius of Vulca A villainous Yao chief, Chikumbo, who had previously helped hime e e live in peace and quietn wn homes, under the speeial protection of Her Majeety'a mye cad which they so ardently The co country lying along the bank of the Ruo inhabited by these Wa-nyassa is slightly nndulsinrys, and has a checkered appearance colour of the soil of the district is al, and Жы. From the Shiré to Milanji, sorghum forms the staple crop. р] passed through же that had produced marvellously, and I measured sorghum stalks ly 20 feet in length, It would notwithstanding be a mistake to кызы. that such fertility is to be found all over. “Cajanus indicus is also cultivated cente and bears profusely, and here at least it almost merits the name. o n tree," Judging from what I saw of the Milanji plain, hi should ч a wheat- bearing distriet, and as it is only slightly undulatory, and is well pied, it would be easily brought under cultivation. It may not be too im imagin ary ieture this plain before long the home of many siad families in the midst of fields of golden grai ! days from Chilomo, I was pea ae welcomed. by the Rev. Robert Cleland, onsular business with chiefs in the neighbourhood. Tm devoted аатай у had Pe rchased a piece of land for mission purposes, built a use and started a school, and the Church of Scotland ui fairly claim to have taken — of uei in the name g Бенин work almost hopeless ; the more so as Mr. Cleland had planted his station between Chikumbo and the Wa-nyassa with the double intention of appeasing the former and ameliorating the position of the latter, to whom indeed he rendered much assistance, Pending the advent of a more peaceful state of matters Mr. Cleland and his coadjutor, Dr. Scott, removed to a neighbouring chief under whose friendly :gis they eed to онша their labours, but malarial fever. had already to told u 189 Mr. Cleland’s constitution, and a few weeks after my visit he was num- bered among those who have laid down their eter for the regeneration aving completed what political work і ha to do I moved north- е гоа lay along the base of Milanji. This geile: n ountain merits description by a better pen than mine. Based upon a sully 2,000 feet above sea level it rises in lofty grandeur to a height of 8,000 or 9,000 feet, and extends eastwards for a distance of 20 ent being separated by a narrow path from Mount Cheza,a continuation of whose well- wooded ridges extend to the south of Lake Shirwa, pd the south- easterly ledge of the Shirwa basin. The north face of Milanji, Chambe, confronts you with 6,000 feet of living rock, the south and easterly faces are less perpendieular, and more broken. The home of Manga is a distinet feature of this part of the mountains. Situated at the south-east corner, and slightly apart from the main rac of ас i it rises to a height of 6,000. ог 7,000 feet, and seems to possess a influence in attracting passing rain clouds as the climate in its vicinity is more moist, and actual showers more frequent than anywhere else eastern faces, but the devastating axe and fire of the natives have worked sad havoc. The district on the whole is well — Every ridge has its burn, and large streams are frequent. On t top of the mountain, within a-limited. area, four rivers, the ioni Likubula, rainy season. The soil is fertile, that at the north-east corner about - ыар» particularly so. АП along the base of the mountains are sorghum are the staple erops. Bananas grow luxuriously. At Chipoka's pem are a few orange trees which produce an excellent quality of fru Milanji is Е chiefly by Wa-yao and Wa-nyassa, the latter being wedged in abou: the upper affluents of the Ruo between Chikumbo and Metapwiri. ‘The Wa-yao of these parts are well known as inycterate slavers, who still traffic in this nefarious trade. From Milanji we passed to Mount Machemba, а long day’s journey. Machemba is an unpretentious mountain situated on the Shirwa plain about 15 miles south-west of that lake. The Palombe River, which ously 1 ides and as badly off for water. This аги stretches northwards for many miles, and during the wet season is partly under water. During the dry season water supply is a serious question. In the immediate neighbourhood of Machemba it is obtained from wells, and is is he vegetation of the plain is € species of acacia, which seem to thrive anywhere. the base of the Í 190 while among the rocks monster euphorbias and yuccas hold possession, and predominate. The Machemba district is peopled by Anguru, who have their head- quarters round the south and south-east corners of Lake Shirwa. The i a them. "Though not distinguishable in dress, however, he proved himself a chief in kindliness of heart once he knew that our mission was peaceful. He was delighted, as were all his people, to receive the British flag, and in return for something I gave him presented me with a fat-tailed sheep such as I had never seen before. Nyeserera rules a numerous people who seem to enjoy life to the full. They came in crowds to see ' the strangers, my friend's donkey proving a P reat centre of attraction. As the territory of Nyeserera reached the limits of the Nyassaland Protectorate in a north-easterly direction, Б object of my journey was now accomplished, and I returned to Chilomo by a route which for the greater part lay through spna bush having no particular features worthy of description, CCV.—AFRICAN OIL PALM. (Eleis guineensis, Jacq.) The Kew Bulletin for November 1889 (p. 259), contains some account of the Palm Oil industry of West Africa in peanas неге the attempt made to introduce it into Borneo. This account may be supplemented by the fuller жө extracted from the набе, published Report of the Commission appointed in 1887 to consider the promotion of economic agriculture on the Gold Coast. This document contains a great deal of important information upon the principal staples of the Colony, and is understood to have been drawn up by the Vice-President, Mr. W. F. Hutehinson, “а gentleman of local connexion and practical experience," who has himself артат and worked an agricultural farm in the neighbourhood of Ca Of all the products of aie Gold Coast the Eleis guineensis is undoubtedly the most important to the native. The fruit supplies him with a favourite and two important articles of commerce; with the leaf-stalks he builds his house and barn and thatches them with its leaves, and from the stem he extracts a pleasant an mes) intoxicating drink. The tree — a moist soil, flourishing in t warm, damp — where it grows in extensive forests. It ever been made the object of systematic лавы but, as n ascertained, it begins to bear in its fourth or fifth year, increasing till u its fifteenth and continues to bear at least 60 yea roduces from four to seven bunches of nuts every / he “ fatness ” of the nuts (i.e., the amount of oil contained in the fibre) differs greatly according to soil, the quantity of oil varies from three gallons per year in a moist soil to one gallon in dry. These nuts have a fibrous gett which contains the moe palm oil. Three varieties of the tree are dis- tinguished, ba orange, red, and black nuts spin So the first giving the finest. oil but small deme = €— less oil but Mise the bunches of nuts zre ripe th cut and thrown into a hole а till a sufficient quai; is cilicio to be made into oil. 191 During this time the nuts appear to undergo a small amount of fermen’ tation, and the produce is “ hard ” oil, the fresh nuts giving “ soft” oil which fetches a better price in the European markets. The quality of the “hard” oil is also deteriorated by the dirt which becomes mixed with the nuts while stored, to separate which no саге is taken. When a sufficient quantity has been collected the nuts are boiled till the fibre is softened ; they are then heaped up in stone — pa second prepared for the purpose, and beaten with sticks till the fibre heap of nuts is then covered with plantain leaves and left for 12 hours, daring which time great heat is developed and a quantity of oil runs off. ‘he nuts are then washed in hot water and the fibre separated and squeezed by hand. The oil is then boiled to separate it from the water taken up in the washing This process is defective at every stage. To produce the finest quality and the largest quantity of vil the nuts should be treated when just ripe and fresh gathered from the tree. ‘They should not be allowed to ferment, which darkens the colour of the oil and causes it to harden. a large quantity of which is left adherent te the nuts, and second b nt of power in the squeezing, which fails to extract the whole of the diis Finally, the last boiling further аы ane oil, л palm оч changes * Pure fresh palm oil has ап Siren Pond (it has ри мае. аѕ resembling че Ж рых cake), an is of a bright orange colour; but the oil of com ‚ owing to еч of manufacture, has a stink abso- lufely бсн, and every shade of colour between golden yellow and black. In the Western Province the quality is further deteriora by adulteration. At Salt Pond a pecu uliar fine red earth is used for mixing by the middlemen. In the Chama district the oil is ал with r ripe plantains and sour kanki. Accra may be considered the dividing line of the two sorts, the oil made in that district. p to the eastward being soft, that made ќо the westward being hard. The soft - oils are in general purer than the ard; these being less able to incor- porate foreign | Wiper enne: = adulteration is almost, confined to me mixture of w To show the ‘effect of анна thing more is necessary than to compare the position of Lagos oil nd is the purest known) with that of Gold Coast oil on the European market. When Lagos oil sells for 221. 10s. per ton, Accra oil (which includes Addah and py wi pe fetches 19/. 10s., and Salt Pond (including Winnebah, Appam, Chama sorts) 187. only, or 20 per cent. less than Lagos sorts. No doubt some of the superiority of Lagos oil is inherent in the article, but having in view the amount of adulteration in the oil from the клен set it is not xis merits to expect that the production of a and the adoption of the Lagos “ cold” process of manufacture (as distinguished from the Gold Const ро” — would =, Lari It is impossible to pass from this sei Vin й ing to the сани: и the price of ne oil which have occurred dt iring the last few ye * Thi is the исо of transport that Ses the price on the Gall Coast | at such a height as renders the present state of the markets in Europe - unprofitable to the exporter, although the grower can produce it at a which would enable him to sell it with profit at 3d. to 4d. per gallon. Allowing 300 gallons to the ton, the cost to the exporter would — 192 be 3/. 155. to 5/. per ton, which, after paying for caskage, shipping, &c., and allowing 1/. per ton for transport from the plantation to the beach, would enable him to place it on the European market at 131. per ton. In view of the increasing use of other fats, displacing palm oil in many —— the inhabitants of the Colony have to face the probability of the price of palm oil ES 154. to 144. per ton, and have the right to call upon в their MN to perform its obvious dut uty by putting the roads in such a condition as to enable them to transport their produce at a reasonable edi and to prevent their staple produce being driven from the market to the ruin of their trade. After the manufacture of the oil the nuts are still valuable, as they contain the Pise an paim kernels. For every ton of palm oil there should be 21 tons of clean palm eren and yet we find that the exports of this ьн аге much below those of the oil. The direct loss to the Colony is enormous, an arises tt the same causes as diminish the export of oil. Machine have been invented by Gunnell and others for the purpose of rapi are the e but they can never come into general use until it is possible i . where the oil is extracted, but this might be done on the Coast if it were possible to put oi! mills on the plantations or to convey nuts cheaply to central mills, and would probably be found more remunerative than the siii of the kernels. The average yield of the kernels being 30 per cent. of their weight in oil, the utilisation of the whole estimated crop dd produce 8,700 tons of oil per annum, which at the price of cocoa-nut oil ^os it closely resembles) would be werth to the Colony over 175,000/. To this must be added the value of the cake after the expression of the oil. The brown or black oil made by the process now iu use in the country is not worth exporting, as it can be only slightly bleached, and is therefore useless for soap-making. [AU Rights Reserved. | ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 56. | AUGUST. [ 1891. CCVI.—ORCHID NOMENCLATURE. It seems desirable to state the position of Kew with regard to orchid nomenclature. In other country are pains and money so снет п commerce by which these collections are su жт jod. It is the business of botanical science to furnish such plants with — rene under which they ean be recognised, and with technical deserip- ‚ by means of which the names can be xed and the plants d tified. For this purpose it is necessary that a standard of nomen- clature should be maintained by some competent authority. During the NDON : PRINTED FOR ge MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, YRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, PRINTERS eas THE QUEEN’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. | 2i € And to be purchased, eit ther directly or through any Bookseller, from HARDING STREET. тм eng REET, E.C. and, EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, p ер йын P а 12, HANOVER STREET, Eprxnunor, and. vie ИА Wan € STREET, GLASGO HODGES, FIGGIS, & арун 10% GRA GRAFTON sani pue KH 891 . Price Twopence. ~ genera, which h 194 middle of the present century this funetion was performed by the well- known botanist, Dr. Lindley. After his death, his admirable private herba- rium of orchids, amounting to 3,000 sheets, was purchased in 1865 by the from that Lp e made the study of orchids the seientifie business of his e. He was speedily recognised as eer T place of Lindley, habit i I probably the largest comprehensive herbarium of these plants. It was Professor Reichenbach’s custom to spend in most years a few weeks at ew, and he had the ы of examining and, in some cases, of describing the new accession He was, however, in the habit of describing the shih ыс. sent him b correspondents from English collections in the pages of the Gardeners’ Chronicle, and of these, for the most part, no other record exists at Kew. Thus in the genus Dendrobium about 160 species are repre sented in the Kew Herbarium by names above ; and in Epidendrum as many as 2 The defect of Professor Reichenbach’s method was that he never kei the pui. work of his life to anything like a comprehensive view. ` To a certain extent he had the clue to it himself, but when Duel with ‘failing health in the latter years of his life, he seems to have become in some degree overwhelmed with the enormous amount of material which he had accumulated. And it is now ascertained that he often described the same species more than once under independent names. There is the further difficulty that he was not a felicitous expert in the art of describing plants, and from his bare descriptions alone it is often all but impossible to identify the species which he had in view. This difficulty would not have been considerable if, after his death - 1889 he had, as was confidently e xpected he would do, left his erbarium to some public institution where it would be open to the ` inspection of those who took up his work. For reasons on which it is easy to speculate but for eg it is difficult to account, he bequeathed his collections to the Imperial Hof астана at Vienna, on ће condition that they should be sealed up for 25 his singular provision ра кеты placed the “ orchid-world ” a rather cruel position. Reichenbach was no longer available to sind em names; and his herbarium was not мно: ^к to ascertain what he had done in the past. To this no one having an unnamed orchid in his hands possessed very much in the way of a clue. Nevertheless something had to be done, and amateurs of orchids turned to Kew for help. t seemed a proper part of the functions of the national botanical establishment to render all the — in its power as regards the solution и — botanical problem 2 Kew not, as will have been ns on the whole badly equipped for the а. Tk the first place it possessed in fid 8 —— the classical starting point of systematic orchidology. t, Mr. Bentham had devoted two year s at Kew to the Eu Ki "the family for Bentham and Hooker nent Plantarum. This was published in 1883. mte ioo hly sorted ge copious, 2D material at Kew into: kama dee Reichenbaeh's work upon various collections preserved at Кон. whieh he described and published, is of c available here. Moreover, Sir Joseph Hooker с e № 195 1309.00 thoroughly worked out the orchids of India, amounting to about 1,300 species (in 113 genera) for the fifth volume of his Flora y ени India. Not to speak of other countries, the collection of South Africa orchids is pronounced by Mr. Bolus, F.L.S., their ре) recent monographer, to be the most рее in existence. The collection of living orchids now amounts to 1,400 species, the nomen- clature of which is all carefully o lt the most recent ename- ration of the number of existing species is that of Sir eni Hooker, who puts them at 5,000. On the whole Kew probably stands in a better position to serve as a standard of orchid nomenclature than any other botanical esta- blishment. ‘The only real difficulty in its way is how to deal with Reichenbach’s indetermi nable descriptions and : nomen 1 ture. Various up this ga by t e comm unieation of specimens fom Tiving plants which Reichenbach had named. Much more might be done in this direction, and in time it can bat j^ m l that the vast proportion of Reichenbach’s types might be re es d however, always the risk that when an unnamed orchid annot be run down in the Kew Herbarium it may not really be un- describéd but may be lurking somewhere with a name in Reichenbach's collections. This, however, is a problem which, for the next quarter done in official time, the descriptions will be published from time to time in the Kew Bulletin. It must be the aim of every me Bu Nis рон а Sian g Committee endeayour, amongs objects, to maintain some : nex rd of Maite in orchi nomen- clature, The following partes кале ce is published as defining the position taken by Kew in the matter ;— Коулт, Horricurrurar Soctery to Rovat deer ан Kew, | oyal Horticultural Soci ионы 26th Au Sin, Tam ave In pursuance of a ion passed at ial meeting the ‘Council of this Society have жанны че а Сота а to draw up “the “rules whieh they consider should be followed in the of “ orchids” for garden purposes. I was nione bos act as hon. see that capacity, to request you to 5 di nom ou os wa of ne (a s= qam ^A the vei ав The keeper of the Botanical Department of the British Museum will also - be asked to name a member, It is probable that no meeting of bd . U 68064. 1000.—8/91. Wt.397. K.&S. 24 2 196 Committee will take place till the end of the recess, but, in the mean- time, I shall be glad to learn your views on the subject, and to receive any communication for the Committee with which you may be inclined to favour it. I am, &c. The rere (Signed) MAXWELL T. MASTERS. Royal Gardens, Kew. ROYAL GanpENS, Kew, to ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Sm, oyal Gardens, Kew, 26th August 1889. HAVE the honour to нана the receipt of your letter to hand this toring, in which you inform me that the Council of the Royal Horticultural Society have appointed a Committee to draw up the rules which they consider should be followed in the naming of orchids for ean purposes, M requesting me to name one member of my staff to act on the Committ 2. In Stiticipation of this Wetton on the part of the society, I have already тет to the Gardeners’ Chroniele my views upon the RE appears to me that there are two entirely different questions e, colo which, though of very great horticultural importance, are not for the most part taken note of by botanists. is purely scientific work, which can on у : carried on with the resourees of a herbarium and library by ex who have given careful study to the subject. I have already вау i that I am prepared, as far as the resources of this рат ge will allow, to name orchids on precisely the same footing as all other plants not coming within the designation of florists" ur ii already largely been taken advantage of, with, I think, mutual benefit to peines and to Kew. o not, however, see how this branch ofthe work could be in any way aided by the deliberations of a com- mittee, or “that ерлк go would be gained by a member of the Kew staff attendin ii. The ВНЕ of а definite system of nomenclature for cultural strains of ascertained "species of orchids. This is a task of great impor- tance which the proposed Orchid Committee is well qualified to take up. But the diem ge of ерте — have nothing to do with the matter, and botanists should in my judgment not meddle with it. It appears 8 me that ten ferit will create their own standards of excellence with regard to the eultivated varieties of orchids, just as with any other florists’ flowers. Such a standard will be a matter of taste | judgment but not of science, and horticulturalists are entitled to name on a purely horticultural basis any form which they wish to recognise _ 88 distinct, when they have secured adequate evidence of its permanence. Jt appears to me that the proper precedent to follow is that of the Nar- _cissus Committee. Such forms should be distinguished by Meine m _ names so that they may no longer be confused with botani arieti 7 г such names as having its authority, accompanying the name in each case with such distinctive marks as ma; serve to to define it. 197 3. In the - of the Committee as above defined, I do not see that ff any member of the Kew scientific staff could give any effective assis- tance. I ай гат point out that our officers are already hard- worked; and the ence on extraneous duties of those who work bs during prescribed official hours is contrary to the regulations of the Civil Service m, &e. Dr. Masters, F.R.S., (Signed) У. T. TRISELTON DYER, 117, Vietoris Street, S.W. Director. CCVIL—NEW GARDEN ORCHIDS: DECADE 1. ori. Bractee "spathacez, acute, carinatz, 2 lin. 13 lin. longi; flores 3—31 lin. longi. Sepala Festi, pra Em carinata, carnosa. Petala obovata, obtusa, oe 4 lin. longa. Labell valde carnosum, 1 lin. longum, leviter trilobum, basi atte nuatum T medio oblongo obtuso obscure’ crenulato, lobis lateralibus parci erectis rotundatis. Columna small species. Рт ах with Odontoglossum grande, Lindl., from Guatemala, in the Glasnevin Botanic Garden ‚ and was sent io Kew for determination by the Curator, Mr. F. W. Mo ооге, in J P and ый soins 4 poll, longus. Racemi 3-4 poll. ite 12-16 Pedicelli again during the present is nearly allied to Lindl., but is smaller in all its parts, especially in the much shorter 9 of the вера] e sepals are deep yellow; the petals light maroon purple, the lip somewhat darker, and the column light green with broad maroon-purple wings. 2. Bulbophyllum denticulatum, ade n. sp.—Pseudobulbi subdis- tantes, tetra-v. pentagoni, 12 poll. longi, 1 poll. Ич, pde Folia lineari-oblonga, obtusa, 3-31 poll. longa, 5-8 lin erectus, gracilis, 5 poll longus. Racemus snbde lici Зв а. аен ovate, subacute, 14-2 lin. longs. Sepala coriacea, ovata, minata, carinata, 3 lin. longa; lateralia subobliqua. Petala шеш- branaceo, рв co-ovata, mucronulata, minute denticulata, 2 y longa, valido. Label um carnosum, lineari-oblongum usum aitai, ° Ва, longum. Columna brevis alis oblongis aiid sub” ` membranaceis. A small species, native of Sierra od, sent to Kew for determina- tion by Mr. James O'Brien, of Harrow-on-the- Fill, Middlesex, in May long, the sepals of a pale purple-brown tint; the petals white, with a very strong purple midnerve, and very narrow purple margin ; and the lip orange, except a narrow pallid greenish-brown area down the centre, which is narrowly borderec with maroon n-purple. he petals аге minutely but very distinctly denticulate, whence the specific name is derived. 3. Bulbophyllum nigripetalum, /0//е, n. De approxi- mati, late depresso-ovoidei, 6 lin. longi, 8 lin. : ee Е olia lanceolato-linearia, obtusa, cirea 3 poll. lon nga. lati, pallide ty en — 5 lin ч 198 lata. Scapus erectus, gracilis, 6-10 poll. longus. Recemus шеш, subsecundus. гасіев lanceolate, acute, carinate, 3 1 long Sepalum posticum oblongum, obtusum, ciliatum, 24 lin. m de i lin. latum; sepala lateralia ре latiora, шеген ин, Petala obovato- lon oblonga, obtusa, arcte ciliata, 1 lin. longa. Labellum valde carnosum, anguste oblongum, ilu ciliatum et [коче pubescens, 2 lin. longum, basi canaliculatum. Columna brevis, alis latis subacutis. A most distinct species, first sent to Kew for de termination by Mr. James O’Brien, of Harrow-on-the-Hill, Middlesex, in May 1889, and again during the present year. Tt is said to have been imported by Messrs. F. Sander & Co., of St. Albans, from the West Coast of Africa. It has somewhat the habit of the preceding, but the scape is longer, and the flowering part more erect. This, as well as the ovaries, E. * a light glaucous green. ‘The flowers are under three lines long ; sepals pale yellowish white, with three to five light maroon lines; the petals and lip cf the darkest pur gm £e. the "— pale greenish, € purple margins and teeth. The n s given in allusion to the v unusual eolouring of the petals iod. lip, the “latter being in мајр а modified petal 4M um . i Rolfe, n. sp. Rhizoma validum, repens. Pseudobulfbi 2 poll. фани, late oblongi, acute tetragoni, 1 poll. longi, $ poll. lati, diphylli. Folia oblonga, obtusa, 21-23 poll. longa, 4-1 - lata. Scapus 61 poll. longus. Rhachis faleato-ensiformis, obscure crenulata, circa 4 poll. longa, 4 lin. lata. Bracteæ triangulares, acute, reflexæ, 11 lin. longo. pump postieum subulato-lineare, subacu- tum, scaberulum, 4 lin. lon Sepala lateralia faleato-ovata, acum inata, breviora. Petala оць obtusa, lin. longa. La баа recurvum, basi ovatum, subintegrum, apice lineare, obtusum. Columna brevis, apice quadridentata, Sent to Kew for determination in May of the present year, by Major Trevor Clarke, of Welton Place, Daventry, with the information that it is a native of West Africa, It is allied to M. oxypterum, Lindl., ‘but has more acutely-angled pseudobulbs, and more distant flowers, which present various struetural differences. ‘The rhachis is light green along the centre with numerous purple-brown spots, and almost with the latter colour near the margins. e sepals are light green below, spotted with еи. рои, wholly Беклан: рифів abore; the petals maroon-purple; the lip whitish-green, densely spotted with blackish- purple ; and the column of the latter eolour with a light green dise near 5. clinium leucorhachis, ое, n. sp.—Rhizoma validum, repens. Pseudobulbi ovoideo-oblongi, acute ove р 2} poll. longi, 14 poll. lati, monophylli. Folia lineari-oblonga, obtusa, 6= П. longa, 1 poll. lata. Seapus inen 6-7 poll.longus. Rha this faleato-ensiformis, obscure crenulata, circa З poll. longa, 4 lin. lata, albidula. Bractee ovate, же пан Am 2} lin. longse. Flores . Hace velatini. Sepalum posti- cum to-lineare, acutum, 31 lin. longum. Sepala lateralia semi- ovata, fale, acuminata, duplo breviora. Petala falcata, linearia, о $ lin. longa. Labellum recurvum, basi latum, fimbriatum, apice linear oblongum, « obtusum. Columna brevis, apice breviter quadridentata. A most — species, sent to Kew for determination by Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M.P., of Burford Lodge, orking, in May е Nothing i is recorded of its habitat, but no doubt it isa native of so of Afi e rhachis is nearly white, with a very faint tinge rot 77 ish green, iid. as in this feature it presents so stron; тш и. the character is comme 199 name, The flowers are deep yellow, and the bracts brownish, It appears to be more nearly allied to М. oxypterum, Lindl., than any other. 6. Pholidota repens, Rolfe, п. sp.—Hhizoma repens, articulatum, elongatum, juri d Gau 14-54 poll longum. Folia oblance olata, petiolata, 3—4 poll. longa, 4—1 poll. lata; petiolus } poll. longus. Scapus brevis, arcuatus; racemus circa 12-florus, recurvus, flexuosus: Bractex suborbiculares, obtuse, 6 lin. longe. Pedicelli 3 lin. longi. Sepalum posticum late ellipticum, obtusum, eoneavum, 3} lin. longum. Sepala lateralia paulio angustiora, leviter carinata. Petala elliptioo-cblonga, obtusa, plana, 1} lin. lata. Labellum cymbiforme, basi nervis 5 crassis basi lamellatis, apice biauriculatum, reflexum, auriculis suborbicularibus. Columna oblonga, apice breviter quadridentata ; rostellum rostratum, aeuminatum Sent to Kew for determination by Mr. J. O'Brien, of Harrow-on-the- Hill, in June 1890, and again during the present reat. It is a native of : den 1 ped. longa 9-10 — "able Paridi Bind ramosa, laxa, ramis E cosis. tem reflexa, rigida, late ovate, subobtuse, lin. longs. Ovarium ындан aspero-verrücosum, 3—1 poll. longum. pala ali tig eae subaeuta, 7 lin. longa, patentia v. reflexa. Petala oblaneeolata, subobtusa, subsqualia. ^ Labellum profunde trilobum, 5 lin. longum; lacinia mediana late elliptica, obtusa, undulata ; laeiniis lateralibus multo brevioribus subspathulatis; disco medio bila- mellato, basi quinquecarinato. Columna clavata, quadridentata. by the colour and other characters. It was first sent to Kew by Mr. Е. W. Moore, Curator of the Royal Botanic Garden, Glasnevin — (after whom it is named); in May 1889, and afterwards by Mr. W. Bull, of Chelsea, Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., of Clapton, and by Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M.P., of Burfo rd Lodge, Dorking. A search through the 200 or more species described since the publication of Lindley's Folia Orehidacea has not resulted in vA discovery of any iip Mp which applies to the present spec The segments re pale green with a few dusky — and ihe. lip deep vibe em the _ front ай “eo atid the side ones narrowly, margined light gree he flowers are deliciously frjrant Messrs. Low dinis ; that it is a ме of Costa Rica. 8. Polystachya bulbophylloides, /olfe, n. sp. — Planta minuta, | habitu Duibophylli. Rhizoma graeile, repens. ` Pseudobulbi 6 к ! a Hes | gracile tantes, ovoideo-globosi, 3 lin. longi, diphylli (an Usa ?). elliptica, breviter bidentata, s subcarnosa, 4 lin. 5-flori. Bractee ovato-orbieulares, minute mucron sadi 11 lin. longe. Flores subsessiles, carnosi, : 8 lin. _ postieum ovatum, subacutum ; sepala lateralia obli Petala | ad ` tubeswilum. minutissimum reducta. 200 trilobum, eri Spee laciniis lateralibus parvis obtuse rotundis, apice arcte recurva obtusa, disco lve, Columna brevis, dentibus minutis. e and very anomalous little species, by Mx of the West Coast of Africa, sent to Kew for Mgr ten on r. J. O'Brien, of Harrow-on- the-Hill ең ае the Hber yar. It is precisely distant, with a pair of small fleshy coriaceous leaves, and a iwa scape, quite аске апу Polystachya in the Herbarium. The flowers, however, agree in structure with that genus, except that the petals are reduced to a minute fleshy tubercle, вп other anomalous character, but one which is insufficient to exclude it from the genus. The flowers are white, except a large ee ae ен at base of lip, a similarly coloured tubercle at extre apex, the e clinandrium, and teeth of the монеа а] весь with light purp 9. Renanthera imschootiana, Rolfe, n. sp. asp lineari-oblonga, breviter “biloba, 4 poll. longa, 9 lin. lata, Pedunculus axillaris, 1 ped. longus, racemus circa 8-florus. Bractes: semiorbiculares, 1 lin. longe REOR 1 poll. rude Sepalum posticum oblanceolato-subspathulatum, subconcavum, 9 lin. longum; sepala lateralia unguiculata, oblique opico ovat, t obtusa, undulata, 1 poll. longa, 8 lin, lata, m lin. | Petala subspath ellu 4 lin. lata. spathulato-linearia, obtusa, 6 lin. long 3 lin. gra итгин lacinia antica recurva, ovato-orbieularis, Seti, apice Va; lücinic- laterales erect», triangulare tusa, basi brevior "Mario at»; calcar conico-saccatum ; epe céjtilitibeeeal pal olumna brevis, truncata, subteres, alis obsolet A showy species, allied to R. coccinea, Link As 88 В. Storiei, Rchb. f., sent to Kew by M. A. Van Imschoot, of Gand, Belgium, during July of the present ycar, with the information that it was imported by Messrs. sepal reddish-buff ; petals buff-yellow, with small red spots on the lower half and larger ones near apex ; lateral € reddish vermillion ; lip light; yellow, with a pair of crimson spots near base; the side lobes and small a auricles ЫК -crimson ; front ‘half of central one barred with the colour, and some orange about the middle of the crest. an is very complex, and eius of a pair of contiguous parallel plates in front of the mouth of the spur, then a pair of arcuate ig ame ones, diverging upwards, and finally three erect tubercles at the A the front lobe of the lip. It is readily distinguished from X. coecine by the shorter segments, the broader lateral sepals, and different details of the lip. J?. Storiei, according to the description, differs in numerous м and, like Л. coccinea, its flowers are borne in branching et uamis ЖАЙ аен apice pubescen oll. Qe po Bracteæ lineares, acuminate, pubescentes, 3-12 lin. longe. Ovarium pubescens. Sepala оке а; lateralia $ pos 1 жылт ыйсы, obtusum, 5 lin. longum. Petala membranacea xw subobliqua, он» ‘titi Labelli limbus late ovatus, obtusus, 201 reflexus, fere 2 sima зоа Columna 4 lin. longa, rostellum subulato- aciculare, 1 lin. lon This species is a SAMO of some part of the Andes, whence it was sent to Messrs. тена s a th, & Co., of Heaton, Bradford, by Mr. E. ; plant was presented to Kew in Apri 1890, where it босго! about a veld r later. The leaves are dull olive-green in colour, with a = irregular silvery band on either side, between the mid-rib and ma The sca e, ovary, and sepals are also olive green, and pubescent ; “the petals pellucid white ; the limb of the lip, also the tube formed by the union of the unguis of the lip with the column, is white, the mouth of the same being light yellow. ‘There isa specimen in Dr. Lindley’s Herbarium, collected by Fendler, near Tovar in Venezuela, which so closely resembles the present species that it will probably prove - to be a form of the same. А note — the leaves as dark green The structure of the flowers in this genus is very ens page and - always correctly described from ariel specimens. ‘The claw of the is united to the sides of the column, forming a tube, whi re is rien behind inside the spur of the lateral sepals almost to the latter's free apex, and there terminates as a pair of free linear processes. This tube contains much nectar, and the pollinia are situated just at its apex. CCVIII.—ARTIFICIAL COFFEE BEANS. 'The manufacture of artificial coffee beans has apparently assumed some importance in the United States. Specimens of these nine beans have | been obligingly communicated to the Museums of Economie Botany at — Kew by Dr. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary of the Базен maet M tution at Washington D.C. The idea of preparing artificial coffee bea | .R.S., presented to the Kew Museums very carefully modelled aren beans, believed to be made from finely pow dered chicory. There is no indication as to the country whence these were obtained. Тһе American beans are supposed to be composed of rye flower, glucose, and water. — They are prepared to resemble in size and colour a moderately good — — sample of roasted coffee beans. By the prse of a few genuine - ns they are made to possess the aroma of tr e coffee. The esting ios” x all critically examined it is noticed that the groove on the flat surface is broad and shallow and it does not extend into the heart of the bean Љу a narrow long slit as in the natural product. Also there is no trace of "The одос of spurious coffee beans as an aude of eommerce m i ` ‚ the United States is thus described in an article from the New ‘ork World, bind in the Board of Trade Journal, 1890, к x Aer _ The average bulk of the genuine coffee imported into the United Peai is 8,000, 000 bags, or 130,000,000 pounds per annum, Exp 202 а, that fully 20 per cent. of the coffee sold to consumers is ich raises the consumption to 216,000,000 pounds. Taking 30 inu per pound as the average retail price, the people of América pay 65,000,000 dollars every year for this one article = food, of which 13,000, ‚000 dollars is paid for roasted and ground beans, peas, rye, or a manufactured article in no way resembling the Brazilian berry. То this must be added the production and sale e of what are called © coffee substitutes." So extensive is this business that it is quite safe to say ihat consumers pay 12,000,000 dollars for what they believe to be cheap coffee. This raises the total expenditure to 77,000,000 dollars, and it répresents a sale of 276,000,000 pounds, for the “substitute coffee” usually sells at 20 cents per pound. It will thus be seen that year, and some estimates place it at 120,000,000 pounds. Taking the lowest figures, 25,000,000 dollars are received for substances which can be profitably placed on the market at six cents a pound. The manufacturers, erefore, receive 6,000,000 dollars for their goods, while retailers gain a profit of 18,000,000 dollars. There are ө kinds of bogus coffee, an imita- tion bean aud the пун article. The bean is the most difficult to pro: үн and it is only recently that Мам» success in this direction has been attained. e bogus bean must not only look like the genuine berry whit raw, but it should be capable of taking a proper colour when roas ood specimen is now manufactured in U and Trenton, being composed of rye flour, g glucose, and water. The so paste is then moulded and carefully dried. ‘To the eye of an expert, thi hoe of this imitation is easy of detection, and it cannot be used to extent among wholesalers. But when coffee goes to the түй as Айай begins. Sometimes the retailer is Hoel but nine times out of ten he is the one who introduces adultera The ground article is very easily produced for a poper eolour к! infuse an aroma by strong decoctions of coffee essence ** When mixed with real coffee even the expert eye and tongue may be үө» while to the ordinary consumer it seerns to be the genuine fistaral berry, for though they possess proper г form tlie cicatrice on the inner face is too smooth. Then, again, the grey деген of the raw bean is not quite up to the mark, but when these manufactured lman are . roasted with 5 per cent. of genuine coffee they find a ready sale. These bogus beans can be made at a cost of 30 dollars per 1,000 pounds, and when mixed with 50 pounds of pure coffee the whole 1,000 peau cost 37° я dollars, or 33 cents per pound, so that a profit of nearl y LOO per cent, is the result. ‘There are any number of “ coffee substitutes," the ИШ» variety being the most ыя This company is already manufacturing 10,000 pounds per week, it being sold by the barrel to its operations have reached such a scale that the stockholders were recently offered spay 1,000,000 dollars for their secret and business, but it was declined. No one accustomed to coffee drinking жи imagine that a decoction of this stuff was like dide Mocha or ‘Rio, when mixed with four times its bulk of genuine coffee only an pb «м detect the пара, The manufacturers of these “ coffee sub- titutes ” claim that they are not violating the law of adulteration of food products because they do not sell their goods as coffee, but simply asa substitute. While this may be true it does not apply to the retailer, who mixes the bogus stuff with good coffee, and sells the whole as tlie 203 ий by retailers would be impossible, › hen it is remembered th 1 is apparent, eomargarine cannot be sold as butter, neither should “ coffee substitutes" be made to masquerade under the name of Java, Mocha, or Rio.” SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION to Royan GARDENS, Kew. United States National Museum, Washington, March 80, 1891. Drar Mm. THISELTON DYE I TAKE pleasure in infor orming you that I have succeeded in obtaining samples of bogus ecffee for which you expressed a desire in your letter of January 17. 1 have sent them forward to you through the Smithsonian Bureau of International Exchan Wesley and Son will notify you of their receipt, and transmit them to m, &е. (Signed С, Brown GOODE: W, T. Thiselton Dyer, Esq., C.M.G., F.R.S Royal Gardens, hig ee production of artificial coffee has also received eres aitention in . Germany. According to the Magdeburgische Zeitung (quoted in the — — oard of Trade Journal, March, 1891, p. 301), an Imperial жене W be looked upon as such, but are i intended to odi уч in trade for то i EC energy towards the discovery of some cheap compound with the an- deniable object of deceiving the publie. In the meantime the sale of — — such compound is not to be | prohibited, provided it be known by such B name as will ex éhide all possibility of deception. x will be — however, from the eme d — at. iba Fonit Office from Her Majesty’s Chargé 4 res at Berlin the- production of men ey coffee beans in Germany has om е. prohibited by | law, and no samples have so far been obtainable from that country, The Hon, P. Н. Le Porr Tresca to ад OFFICE. ` - Mv Lonp lin, June 30, 1891. p? Wirm reference to your cuiu ha depute No. 32 of this. series, of the sth of April last, I €: the honour to report ape I have | ‘made inquiries in this city, as well as im other p it 204 Germany, but, so far, have not succeeded in finding any of the artificial coffee beans the authorities of Kew Gardens are anxious to obtain for the museum attached to the gardens. The Under Secretary of State for the Department of the Interior informs me that it is quite impossible to get any of these beans, as all the machines for making them have e роне (Signed) pé ox “Le Porr TRENCH, The Marquis of Salisbury, K.G., &e, &e. &с. CCIX.—KANAFF ОВ DECCAN HEMP. ( Hibiscus cannabinus, L.). Recently an announcement has been made of the discovery of a new textile plant on the shores of the Caspian. ‘The plant known as Kanaff report which appeared in a Tiflis journal, it is supposed that Капа fibre, from its abundance site consequent cheapness, and its extraordinary ropes, and pack-thread. The fibre is said to have a greater resistance than hemp, and its specific gravity is less. The chief source of information respecting the plant yielding this fibre is contained in an article entitled ee sur le Sunn, le Yucca, et quelques autres plantes textiles, by MM. Jules Grisard e t Max. Vanden- Berghe, in the Revue des Sciences es es enh 1890, pp. 992-993. cannabinus, I., a well-known m plant P pumaq also oe in a ud: i that cords and ropes are prepared 200 its fibre. pedit s of Kanaf fibre have recently ban received at Kew, but no ан specimens of the plant producing it have so far рн en. There is every proba- bility, however, that the plant is one of the many varieties of Hibiscus cannabinus, and the utilisation of its fibre on the shores of the Caspian is a fact of some interest. The information so far furnished is as follows :— " The French Revue des Colonies reports the discovery of a new textile ipulation, M. O. Blak i , o made a e study of Kanaff, has obtained an admirable textile matter; it is soft, elastic, and silky, gives a thread, which is very tough _ and сап be chemically bleached without losing its value. e stuffs с. p anh out of Kanaff, and then bleached, сап be successfully dyed in every shade of colour, and would compete with зај of the ishing ma now in use. But it is particularly for making — — E sacks, poc Acn &e., that this new bn. from its т рт апа 205 its Erde resisting power, might defy all competition. Its specific weight is much less, but its resistance much greater than those of hemp. ‘Thus, a cord of 8. 25 mm. diameter, woven with the hand out of three threads of Kan aff, requires a weight of 180 kilogrammes to break it. A cord half an inch thick, manufactured at Moscow, did not break till the weight of 625 kilogrammes was reached. When it is The following more recent information respecting Капа — been communicated to this éxtablishnient by the Foreign Office : (Copy.) FoREIGN Orrick to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. Sir, Foreign Office, July 6, 1891. 1 лм directed by the Secretary of State for For reign Affairs to transmit to you, to be laid before the Director of the Royal Gardens the accompanying despatch, reporting on the cultivation of cotton in the inv distriet, and transmitting some fibre of a newly discovered lant m, &c. The Assistant Director, буйый). JAMES FERGUSSON. Royal Gardens, Kew. (Extract. ) 2 Mr. Vice-Consul Murray to FOREIGN OFFICE. My LORD; Batoum, June 24, 1891, * ж newly discovered plant has been exciting great interest amongst — ts eed ae as itis hoped that it will prove a strong rival tothe Jute p o s It i Min as the Kanaff (Kanabe or Kanaspe) and is a textile — — plant found in large quantities on the Persian shores of the Caspian sea, all the production and sale being in the hands of Persians who do not know what value to put on it and therefore ask absurd qid c settle. : At the present time the price is about the same as that of Indian jute, which, Wow a TN cost of local transport is added, pu ee it out of the oS The reat ties is from 124. to 24, per poun I have the honour to enclose a sample of the Abed of this plant, . The Right Hon. (Signed) Arex. Murray, _ p The rris 0 жоошак E Lieutenant and Acting Consul. + &c. A fall account of Deccan or Ambasi hemp obtained in India from Hibiscus cannabinus is given in the Dictionary the Economie 206 Products of India, va 4 iv., рр. 231-236. The plant is а herbaceous shrub apparently wild i e parts east of the Northern Ghats but largely cultivated for its fibre че India. The produce is chiefly by the agricultural classes locally. Dr. Watt, C.I.E., states that the fibre is soft, white, and silky and eminently suitable for the coarser textile purposes to which jute is applied. Were a demand to be created for this fibre as distinct from that of Sunn-hemp or other fibres the cultivation of the plant might be indefinitely extended, and with profit to many needy cultivators who are unable to produce either jute or cotton. The leaves of Hibiscus cannabinus are used as a pot herb while the seeds are sometimes exported from India to England as an oil-seed. CCX.—INDIGENOUS PLANTS OF YORUBA-LAND. Mr, Alvan Millson, Assistant Colonial Secretary of Lagos, West Africa, and lately a special commissioner to the interior of the native territory of roe has pr epared several interesting reports on the results of his An account of the soil and of the native agri- cultural industeles "el Yorv №: was printed in the Kew Bulletin “for October 1890, p. 238, and a list " Yoruba timbers with notes respecting the most interesting, was given in the Kew Bulletin for February 1891, р. 41. The botanical collections made by Mr, Millson in the Yoruba country, were transmitted to Kew and carefully examined. Although the collections did not ideis any striking novelties, there — to be several undescribed species, and better material thar Ben viously possessed, of a number of interesting i Speciall REVA are _ seed-vessels of 100 (Bombax) and of 85 (Triaspis) ; ftis poel censis (58) is new from Western Africa; 4 is probabl a new species lius?) is an interes ат from this region ; 139, of v w hich adverts are ay is perhaps a new genus of Euphorbiaces and near Micro- is (15); 42 and 135 are $ and g spei: À "d the little known унн ч s laxiflorus, of which the fruit was til unknown; 106 is an Urticaceous plant which cannot be more "girly determined without better specimens ; finally, 89 is an undescribed genus of petaloid monocotyledons, imperfect specimens of which were collected by . @. Mann, ripe fruit (seed-vessels) of this is much wanted. UoroxiaL OFFICE to [^s GanpENs, KEW. Sin, owning Street, 13 ы uu 1890. I am directed by Lord Knutsford to transmit to a copy of a despatch from the Governor of Lagos with its dnd ле А а schedule, n is sent in original, of a botanical collection which has been made by Mr. Alvan Millson during his late expedition into the interior. 'The Crown Agents will чч — to send the specimens io you, if they have not already done I am, &c. The Director, (Signed) В. Н. Мелье, 207 Sir ALFRED Moroney to COLONIAL OFFICE. My Lorp Government House, Lagos, 25th June 1890. 1 HAVE the honour to transmit for your ‘Lordship’ s information a сосну of an interesting botanical collection comprising 149 her- bari m specimens made by Mr. Alvan Millson on the occasion of his edn visit to the interior of Yoruba. The habitat may be view i" between 6° 40’ and 8° north latitude and 3° 40'—5* east longi- t 2, Your Lordship will, I am sure, appreciate this further proof of Mr. Millson's zeal, and observe with satisfaction that his collection eit specimens of "several economie plants yielding gums, fibres, and dyes extensive daily use by the P and doubtless capable i in time of con- siderable commercial developmen 3. The Yoruba courtry offers, as has been repeatedly pointed out, a field ready for enterprise and rich in the produets named, but it requires more freedom of inter-communication and the intelligent activity, interest, and ead be of the commercial ме brought to bear on its developmen 4, ВЕ have always been alive to the importanee of 9. the capabilities of the country with ‘small encouragements so far as regards practical result. For instance, attention has been often called 10 the large quantity of Ogea gum ( Paniai, sp.) in the country. At last,'even at the low local value of 214. p ;it would seem to be established as a growing article of export which began with 1885; the output of the Colony has been since as follow 1886 - - t Ibs. 907 ost o LM. 5 ; 1888 = - 48,905 s 1889 - - 110,766 „ The specimen of the Yoruba edible fig which J^ deseribed as of T Bh flavour " is most interesting ; its cu sige, E е botanic centre — > — has already engaged the attention 1 of the Governm 6. The botanical в ave аы. now forwarded may = “of local rather ihan — с of new scientific inter т. May I ask your "Lordship to be good enough to invite the Director : — of the Royal Gardens to have the esca named and to accept it from | a this Government for the Kew Herbarium. e column has been left in the vocabulary transmitted which I would Кел to be returned for the insertion of the scientifie name in on ‚о : ' ку a P? Ае det | (Signed) ALFRED FOE uae Right Hon. Lord Knutsford, G.C.M,G. . 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VIE < әләт ét [o | *Oruo3 se ospe | | | | "р AH 'seprotao8 woqd4[o | “Хвпләуп воцалоно 10} Крәтшәу |- а a “ji * эп |- р м | i | | . | f E vont Яш 1 "ввп "eojrurdreo имел |е | Ы é > in 4 * * iF x “ qup sqezxnnbsoup, |- өләҳҳо шишүү | Aer ту "XH “uotrotre|q этаозин | - - - - - “|+ е ж ч = "OHJY "M ‘0430480 | - * > аі е одот, 98r р "ЧН 'suiopixer snanjoprdey | вұпиетоуг әлаәвәла OF posu вало | ~ - - qnayg | ~ н = е“ * * -|- s ‚ч. 960 "(а 2400] | "8 ‘IPloyoyeM ааа) “%eHpnsng |- . > “ " "H° > ` и не 2 T « PI9U 91 jo ooutaq , | - + 0X0 эчегу | Ger “ше” “51549839005 vruuvurury | - ^ ` - - oy * ` ‘que | = ^ T : я - - | ` әгә ло ‘одоцву | ТЕТ *әш1} OUIUS 3% | mo Бләмор LIGA рив *ƏA | За} pat Jo sojsnpo- d * "Оа “вәшплләу SIJSOUD | -uxu[ V в posu soAvo[ JO uorjoooo(q | foutospuwm Mor *gsng |- б unm |- ` > „|. * олуя | OST ‘opo un "ОС 079331965 vip |- . è > - aja E > “ - “ 9m$g vsu | - ¿ unpeunpo49j€A, | npo 4o ‘owy | бе ‘ds хет | < - E . - =|. B - qued | - * y E ` - =|- ogZwu-eugexy | scr *puuos Surddod е к чї əpoldxə Aoyy лаем ut 2nd 2 uu porrp әлә spoos ot uo « c BARANY , әң mm Laon nam ur pent wn punos в цал өл T, "wredquyy pue *outeu.jsrg 1opum sputoa 30 ‘ds sisdo|feuq | suryouneys лоу poesn дормод | = E à -|- е s = Spunoa [wey I ,, *owqso-wdxy | Let “ "увод *idg ‘snorpur snuufuo | o108 10] post soavery *vod элек | - ^ - Зета | - — €Songy ‘м funarx | - > - “1? š ИНО | 98L |ы OWEN ogiuorog *s98/] 191140 10 тешотрәуг "ondoso *punoj ева ыу е wen vqniog | *oN | 218 ‘SB equao X oq ‘цао pos оцу T 90A] *sedox әѕлоц лој seqnaox pur sessnoy Aq posu Á[ozXrv[ ей 4əuur шолу opeur edoy ‘598 -md 3urp[mq 10} suməq pue 53504 лој pesu әәл} әцїў Jo шә} *i[19s цлоо цим рәхтш лоп oy} рив ‘репа *193uM prod ш рәјвләәвш uoqa^ əsodmd eures 10} posu 59489] 3unox "ioddod зо Чул poxrut a *pourvjqo you suom — “ооо aoz A[[eurorpour pasn yeg | «roods плимзалон "әйоҸ - - Tis а * x By * OXOXY | GFT "peurejqo jou әләм sueuroeds — mm qaqa JO 'oor JO um» | - id т - H - . | - . E -| su *unÁuos 10 X[IS AVU 914 oxi n и. t - ia z “ |- — =,,uoyoo-yng,, | * — unsuog uno | ST $'Зау И ‘sedeo ѕпузовАца | - ё a n Е Ep" + » че | - gi ча] | - - x EI » » 1 5 = *punois әлодв i ‘sty 3u Kd Surrmedde qsn[ ләлмор ‘qea *veurnsuws visuruuoq] | juO1q3 әлоѕ 40] рези цпофдодә( | pai Эшозризц " - a uupuqi | - . B - | - ` - =] op “IBA ‘OIBS[NA umnqsaog |= > - Ы esp poy |= ` ` “ - pe шыу |- , Us00 voum poy „ |- AMvdyndy ухо | мт ‘ds vuriodsoj14?) | = ` - . * -|- > ` “ » “ “ 2 “ r “ : SFL ¿ds ъшләйвоўлАуу | = Š т * . 52. ° - E d - 2 и - % . “ І ' 'тәцалоцоЯ лоу pur ‘ds vurrodsoj]a&7) | ‘АлэзиэзАр 10] рәәѕ Jo 10130099( | - Ы - заза |- voyy `A ‘0430450 | - 4 Wd o8] OUL » | ` 09ү әмӣхо | TFL әш 20139105 "вәз д 19430 10 Iwutorpə]x "поцанозаа *punoj вова олени ‘ое uq oK | “ON 219 Gums. T consider the three varieties of Ojiya (Ojea) met with to be worth further investigation, not cultivated, forest trees 4. Akkaw L’odo. (Brac achystegia n. sp. 2) Apparently a — anm arabic. One of the many centage of yield per tree not ascertained. Could only be gathered during the dry season. Fibres. 9. Agbari Ettu. (Alafia sp.?) Very s used, not culti- vated, plentiful ; might, if of value, become an object of export, but its value for any but native use appears doubt f il. 28. Fe-ru, or Rawaye. — are tinctorium.) Bark makes largely used as such by Yorubas and Houssas ; plentiful, . (Urena lobata.) Fair rope bark, used for various purposes by Yorubas and Houssas, chiefly in house building ; plentiful, not cultivated. Fruit. 14, Edible Fig. eer guineensis.) Used as article of food in raw state, flavour agreeable and 2 t equal to ordinary fig, yellow when ripe; very plentiful, Sik cultiva I have not tried drying the Trait, but consider the experiment worth trying. Dyes. 28. Fe-ru, or guy (Cochlospermum tinctorium.) Good y dye, largely used by Houssas in conjunction with Elu Codigo) for making the eel green dye which is a secret trade of certain families, Not cultivated, very plentiful all over Yoruba-land, Ы cal bas. . Red guinea corn. (Sorghum dd Grain edible but not ag Cultivated as a dye plant, excellent red dye; рик фы" һе exported, but doubt if ^ would compete with other red dyes; an experi- ment would be advisa 10, 18, 116. Buje. M Randia spp.) Three varieties; plentiful, not cultivated, Fruit only used as colouring for tattooing, apparently not ilable as an article of export. E 220 CCXI.—PLANTING IN PERAK. (No. 171.—Circular, ) Notice to Planters, &c.—'The Government of Perak, being desirous of encouraging agriculture in the State, draws attention to the existence irgi tivation, and to the following, among other, advantages which this State holds out to intending planters :— (a.) океаны to Singapore and UM e Ame days' steam from the rmer and six hours from the latte (5.) The country is traversed by good ноа cart-roads. (c.) Taiping, the capital, is ген неее with its port, at Port Weld, by a short railway. ailway connecting the Port of Teluk Anson with the Foi: distriets of Batang Padang and Kinta is under р (d.) Arrangements have been in force for seven years with the Government of Зай admittiug of the introduction оѓ inden- tured Indian la (e.) jaa м has given satisfactory results on an estate of about pened by Sir Graeme Elphinstone, in the Kuala Kangsa District, while Mr. Heslop HilPs Liberian coffee comes of about 300 acres in the same district is most Ing. Cf) Attached a be found a return showing remarkable crops of Liber ee on Messrs. Hill and Rathborne’s estates in n (g.) Tea ga be Government as an experiment, and oe to and, has been favourably reported on by London brokers. (h.) The Brat ite of the State is carried on under the Зав of a ritish Resident, with a staff of European officers, and under == wil ne meee of his Excellency the Govino of the Straits tt 2. 'The Government is prepared to grant the following special terms to the first ten approved a applicants who shall apply after this date, that is to say : Lease or leases in perpetuity for 1,000 acres in one block or in blocks of not less than 500 acres each. No premium ; quit-rent 20 cents acre after two years’ free occupation. ‘The Gov eine him - sem of s! Gic an EY as duty on produce, which may not exceed 23 pe t. ad valor Ifs ven: with road frontage the ran to be dace es the brune: ; ыы Jide commencement to open to be made within 12 months from Government approval of selection ; cost of demarcation and survey ded be made eire required by Go vernment) and registration fees to be borne by les If desired by applicants, a premium of $3 an acre and no beet wil be accepted. Minerals are reserved, and, with the above exceptions, the land would be subject to the general Land Regulations of the State, which will be forwarded on application to the State Commissioner of Lands, Taiping, to whom all communications in connexion with this circular should be addressed. tj 5 By command, W. Н. ТЕЕАСНЕЕ Government Secretary’s Office, Seeretary to Government. _ Taiping, тою: P 1891. .. * This is not printed, as similar information has already been given in the P Bulletin for 1888, p. 262, vie 1890, p. 107. [All Rights Reserved. | ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. Бош нт OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 57.] SEPTEMBER. [1891. CCXII.—ORANGE SCALE IN CYPRUS. (Aspidiotus aurantii.) e trees in certain localities are peculiarly liable to be attacked insect now under notice (Aspidiotus aurantii) is widely distributed throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions, and the remedial measures which are recommended for its treatment cannot be too widely known. Mr. Arthur E. Shipley, F.L.S., who has АЕА the present inquiry, is Demonstrator of Comparative Anatom the University of Cam bridge, and possesses special qualifications "for work of this kind, It will be noticed that Mr. Shipley is desirous of receiving specimens of coċcidæ which infest plants, as also of the nematode worms parasitic on plants with portions of their respective hosts. LONDON: PRINTED PR ^ mre MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, PRINTERS pe: THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from EYRE T xi gie East HARDING STREET, n". =н. Е.С„ апа 32, ABINGDON STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.; JOHN mc yero wd w 12, HANOVER STREET, Eprxprgon, and i NIRI STREET, GLASGOW ; HODGES, Mock yi TW 104, GRAFTON STREET, Duct. 1891. _ Price Twopence. 222 Mr. Автнов E. Surrey, F.L.S., to Roya Сблвремѕ, Kew. Christ’s College, Cambridge, 91 Dear Mr. THISELTON-DYE Ju ; In forwarding you oe enclosed гари I should like to take the opportunity of making it known that I am very anxious to obtain (i) examples of coccide which infest tani i and (ii) examples of nema- tode worms parasitic in plants, with the affected parts of their respective I should be very grateful to anyone who would e me, at the above address, specimens of these two classes of plant pest Yours (Signed) Автнов E. Ѕніргкү. ‚ W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, Esq., C.M.G., F.R.S. REPORT on an ORANGE DISEASE in CYPRUS, CAUSED BY A SCALE Гузест. : The material which forms the text of the following report was kindly sent me by Captain Arthur Young, Commissioner at Famagusta, who has also been good enough to forward me the details T the spread of the pest throughout Cyprus, which will be found belo The disease is caused by the presence of a эы insect Aspidiotus aurantit, Maskell, which is a member of the sub. family spine This sub-family with some others, compose the family Coccide, insecta popularly known - le insects, Bark lice, Mealy bugs, &c. Aspidiotus aurantii seems to have been first named Aspidiotus coccineus by the Greek енории Gennadius, and, since this name has priority, it ought to have been retained. Nevertheless, the түт entomologists, to whom we are almost entirely indebted for our know- ledge of the methods of dealing with this pest, consistently use “Maskell 8 name, and I have therefore thought it well to do the same. ‘The species has also been called Aspidiotus сїйїї, and is popularly known in America as the Red scale of California. The precise home of this insect has not yet been determined, and it is variously stated to be Europe and Australia. It is one of the most, if not the most, destructive of the insects which attack orange or lemon trees, and is notorious for the damage it has done in California, and, more recently in Florida, in Australia, New Zealand, and other pacis of the world. A single instance of the loss this pest occasions pu quoted from Mr. Comstock's report of 1881. The rental of an orenge grove of 33 acres had to be reduced from 1,800/. © 1201. їп six чым on account of the ravages of this Шын е disease seems to have been noticed in Cyprus for the = six or eight years. In the district of Limassol the insect was foun ago in every rg at Episcopi and Kolossi, two orange Mario 8, an it must have been there for some years previously. At Nikosia it has been ы А for eight years or more, and at Larnaca for at least six years. It was first noticed at Famagusta in 1888, but it was only in 1890 that the gardens were seriously affected. The sweet lemons are the first attacked, then the lemons, and lastly the oranges ; old and young _ trees are attacked alike. On the whole it seems the disease firm hold in the island, and Дрен measures should be at Qus taken to arrest its progress before it is too late. 228 Appearance of the Diseased Trees. The scale is found on the fruit, leaves, and smaller branches of the affected trees. In the specimens sent to England, both the oranges and lemons were so covered with the insect that at least half the outside of the fruit was concealed by their presence, and there must have been several thousand insects on each orange. Fig. I. attempts to represent the appearance of a piece of crange peel, only very slightly magnified, with the scales scattered over it. Ап enlarged view = several scales is given in Figs. III., IV., and V. 'The scale or puparium is really a dirty white, but the body of the insect which underlies it ro the whole a Eus nish-yellow or dark brown appearance, Some of these, as Fig. ows, are much darker than others; they very ‘often overlap one к, a lens three different stages e the insect can be detected —(i.) large scili Figs. IV. and V., which are the mature females after their second moult. The scale which covers i tici also protects the eggs when they are laid; (ii.) small circular scales (Fig. Ша, J which еня e fe- male after its first moult. g. II.) “after it has come to rest and cast its skin. After a second ir “these become the large scales, No.i.; (iii. small oval scales (Fig. IIIb.) У а cover the male insect. do are formed in the same way The Life History of the Insect. The various stages through which these scale insects pass, in their passage fou the egg to the mature form, differ somewhat in the two sexes, so that it will be advisable to consider them separately. The Female. We will commence жор the female. The eggs which are found massed together under the scale give rise to minute larve, which are all convenient place to fix itself. This it does by inserting its rostrum into the tissues of its host, and by this means it sucks up the nutritive juices fixed for life on the spot where it first took up its position, | The larval skin is not entirely thrown ой, but remains covering the insect, and forming the scale, shield, or puparium. In allied species * This figure represents the larva of an allied form, Aspidiotus ficus. It is copied from Comstock. i U 68320. 1000,—9/91. Wt. 37. A 2 Li 224 this scale is partly composed of a considerable waxy secretion, which issues from the spinnerets in the form of a cottony, fibrous mass, but the females of Aspidiotus aurantii are амиркен, from those of allied species by the absence of groups of spin probably serves to keep the cast P kin in its place, this is much less abundant than in other species. The insect lies thus for some time, covered by its larval skin, and u its skin, it undergoes a second and final moult. It skin thus thrown off is added to the first, and the insect lies as a motionless mass covered in by the two larval skins, which with probably bat Tittle secretion, form the scale of the adult female (Figs. ТҮ. and V.). The female is probably fertilized soon after the second moult, and its body soon becomes swollen with е These are deposited after about the same interval has elapsed as existed between the first and seccnd moults, or between the birth of the larva and the first moult. Thus the life of the female may female collapses ard dries up, thus making room for them. After саа. interval they iio rise to the six- аа ке described The Male. he early stages of the male, the egg, the larva, and the first moult resemble closely the similar stages of the female. The stage following the first moult resembles in outward appearance the corresponding stage in the female; the only difference is that the scale is longer and more oval (Fig. -— №). , howe the insect be examined with a microscope, striking differences ean can an be detected between the two sexes in this stage. ereas is termed the Pups, and the insect in this condition possesses legs an antenne. The pupa casts its skin, and gives rise to the adult-winged m their metamorphosis the Sein lose their seat — and their ede is said to be taken by a pair of supplementary eyes ee food, adult males are thus incapable of ing and their short life is entirely devoted to fertilizing the fema ey are so minute that it is amen to find them, and the way of procu them is to rear them from the scales on sies of g t orange peel or leat, which should be enclosed in small boxes with glass lids. - 225 ` The following scheme represents the life history of this insect ;— Ovum or egg. | | | Mobile larva. Mobile larva. | Small round scale. Small oval scale. | | Large scale. Pupa. | Winged insect. | Egg. Methods of Treatment. We are in the main indebted to the officers of the division of detailed account, and 1 have thought it would be of service to quote the following pages from the fa of Mr. D. W. Coquillett,* who has done so much to aid the orange growers of California in their efforts to rus this and other insect pests The Gas Treatment for the Red Scale of California. “ Briefly speaking, this process consists in covering the infested tree with an air-tight tent, and afterward charging the tent with hydrocyanie gas. The material commonly used in the construetion of the tent is what is known as blue or brown drilling. A few ns have ducking instead of the drilling, but this is much inferior to the latter; in the ducking the гето of which it is composed extend only lengthwise and crosswise, reas in the drilling they also extend diagonally-—this belonging to aie class of goods to which our merchants apply the term “ twilled”—and for this reason the drilling is both stronger and closer in texture thats the ducking. the tent is sewed upit is given a coat of black paint, as it has been ee es that tents treated in this manner last longer than those on — been simply oiled with linseed oil. Some persons mix à quantity ofsoap suds with the paint in order to render the latter cov the ten usin i this purpose covering he š small quantity of whiting or chalk (carbonate te of lime, Ca Соз), is did M “this sizing with or without the addition of lamp- P xs black. A few make use of the mucilaginous juice of the comin Cactus (Opuntia a Salm.) for this purpose ; to obtain ai the Cactus leaves or stems are cut or broken up into pieces, thrown into a barrel and covered ih der after which they are allowed to soak for E — * Т], S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology. Bulletin No. 23. 226 three or four days; the liquid доно is then drawn off, and is ready for use without further preparation. Tents which I saw that had been prepared with this substance were to M emere as air-tight and descri completed about 60 dollars. Where the trees to be treated are not more than 12 feet tall the tent can be placed over them by means of poles in the hands of three persons ; to accomplish this, three iron rings are sewed to the tent at equal distances around, and 6 or 7 feet from the bottom of the tent; immediately under each of these rings an iron hook is attached to the lower edge of the tent. When the latter is to be placed over a tree each of the hooks is fastened into the corre- sponding ring above it ; one end of a pole is then inserted into each of these rings, and the tent is raised and placed on the tree. The hooks are then released from € rings and the lower edge of the tent allowed the tent allowed to rest upon it. By the use of this simple device the danger of breaking off the small twigs on the upper part of the tree by the weight of the tent is avoided. Mr. Leslie, of Orange, used four tents and tent rests of this kind, and he informs me that with the aid of two men he fum migated 120 trees in one night. To eti the tent . H. Dunn, of Pomona, informs me that four men, "ing six te ute like the above, fumigated 240 orange trees in one night, and that the average for each night was over 200 trees, the latter being 8 feet or less in height. After the tent is placed over the tree the next step is to charge it with the gas. The materials used for the production of the gas The tent is allowed to remain over the - for a period of from 15 to 30 minutes, according to the size of the tr “It wasfound by experimenting that the trees, were less liable to be injured by the gas when treated at night than t they were s operated upon in day time, and at the same time the gas is just as to the scale insects when applied at night as it would be if applied i i it appears to be applied at night. This is accounted for by reason of the fact that in the day time the light and heat decompose the gas into — i [телге o meg more or less in a state of rest, and а пано 227 day time, when they are actively snp in absorbing nourishment aud replacing wasted tissue with new mater f the different materials used in irent rp the gas, the most important is the potassium cyanide; of this there are three grades: the mining cyanide, commercial cyanide, and the C.P. (chemicall pure). Of these three brands, the mining cyanide is wholly Nm for the production of the gas, and the C.P. is too expensive; the commercial brand (fused) is the only one that is used for уан the 1 m utmost importance that the operator should know the exact per-centage of pure potassium cyanide that his cyanide contains, and when large quantities of it are purchased at one time it would be advisable to obtain one or more analyses of it by a reliable analytical chemist ; or if it not possible to submit the cyanide to such person, an analysis ‘of it could be made by almost any person accustomed to the use of chemicals or drugs. “ The only substance required for this purpose is the crystals of nitrate of silver (Ag NO ), which may be obtained в almost апу — € drug store. Dissolve the nitrate in cold water contained in a glass or earthen vessel, using one-fourth of an ounce e (ran of the crystals ч one pint of water; this dissolves in a few minutes, forming a whitish, semi-transparent solution. The с anide, when dissolved in water, orms a transparent, nearly colourless solution; when a small quantit; of the nitrate of silver solution is added to this it at first spreads out in a white cloud, like milk, but it soon breaks up into small, white pieces ich ually disappear upon being agitated, р ы the solution nearly as trans t as at first; when more of t silver solution is added from time to time the тем er is d, added to the cyanide solution the latter immediately becomes white and opaque, like к, completely concealing from view the bottom of the vessel containing it. This completes the operation, and the quantity of nitrate of Komm, solution used will indicate the strength of the cyanide © tested. "When absolutely pure, 5 grains of the "potassium cyanide i i i i uid ounce of the above nitrate of silver pri before the turbidity occurs, indicating that the cyanide is 100 per strong; if only one-half of a fluid ounce of the nitrate hand it аы а reddish or black stain, which can ndr be removed by washing the stained part in a solution of cyanide and water ; this will quickly remove ee stain without causing any injury to the parts precei, except, of course, when the stains occur upon a sore or cut n the han d, in which n it would be dangerous to apply the — o these places. “Tt sometimes happens that the per-centage of cyanogen (CN or Cy) — — is given, instead of the per-centage of potassium — — ar KOy) p but in cases of this kind the per-centage of cyanide can be readily ascer- - 228 tained by always bearing in mind үч) "od of a given mee of tassium cyanide is cyanogen. s if a certain bran cyanide contains 24 per cent. of vot iai и. is equivalánt to 60 péi cent. of pure potassium cyanide. Potassium cyanide when absolutely pure n than this. “ The potassium oyanidé used =ч m" ти hydrocyanie acid gas is principally manufactured by two fir Po Weight am ө Philadelphia, Pa., and the Mallinkrodt Chemical Works, of "St. Lo Mo. ia made vi the first named firm is the most largely mrs when purchased by the ton € priee is 36 cents per pound for the grade containing about 5 per cent. of pure potassium cyanide, packages and carriage extra. It is put dp à in tin cans holding 10 pounds each, and also in barrels holding about 400 pounds each. That in the caus is much to be preferred, since the quantity in each is so small that it will soon be used up after the can is opened ; whereas, the barrel containing so large a quantity, the cyanide asd towards the last will have lost much of its strength by contact with the air. It is customary to weigh out the cyanide in small paper parcels, and mark each parcel with the number of ounces of cyanide that it contains; vy when the tree is to be fumigated it is an easy matter for the operator to select one of the containing a sufficient quantity of the cyanide for the tree, thus о each tree. As the fumigating is done only at night the weighing of the лт is та done by de ladies of the house upon the day Apre cdi its : “The antity of cyanide to be used on each tree will, of course, depend not dais on the size of the tree but also on the strength of the cyanide used. The following table will aid in determining the proper quantity of each ingredient to be used on different sized citrus trees, the cyanide being about 58 per cent. pure :— " Diameter of š š ium Height of Tree. | р. top. Water. Sulphuric Acid. [err d. —— | io C s Il Feet. Fluid y Fluid ozs. Ounces. 4 : Я 8 6 2 A. X 0 8 41 2 2 12 10 8 : 1 Py 12 14 16 8 8 14 10 10 5 14 14 19 91 91 16 12 16 8 8. 16 16 29 14 14} 18 14 26 13 13 16 36 18 18 23 18 52 26 26 24 20 66 33 Ш” This treatment is rot only fatal to Aspidiotus аиташи, but also to any other scale insects which — на found оп the orange, and to numerous other insects. The gas i course poisonous = тап апа other animals, and care — be ret in using it. time it has been used in a very extensive scale in California, fully 20,000 trees were treated in Orange County alone in 1890; and Mr. 299 Coquillett states that he.has not yet heard of any aecident either to human beings or domestic animals resulting from this treatment. The Spray Treatment. The .gas method of treatment, if аучы applied, has a great advantage over any method of spraying, inasmuch as every insect in thoroughly as to leave no insects untouched, and those that escape may form the starting point of a new outbreak. Nevertheless, the gas treatment requires a special apparatus, which may not be at hand, whereas the spray, which has been used with very good effect, is; comparatively туу applied. ‘The wash which has proved most useful is the Resin Wash (i) The Resin Wash. The following receipt, given in Insect Life, Vol. П., has proved very efficacions :— - 20 pounds. TORA AM 70 per cant. - . 6 pounds. Fish oil 3 pounds. Water pach to cake 100 gallons. It is ba aces Py placing all the ед in a red and covering them with wa Boil and stir for about two hours, or until the mixture will diteté evenly Yu water, then add wate "slowly till the kettle be full. "This may then be emp fied into a larger receptacle and diluted with water till it — to 100 gallons. The water must be added slowly so as not to coo the mixture too suddenly. The resin and caustic soda should. be ver into powder, to facilitate solution. The cost of materials in America, amounts to a little under one halt- penny a gallon, An orange tree, 16 feet high and 14 in circumference, the resin and rish oil saponified by the action of the caustic ¿sura and not to the direct influence of the last-named ingredient. The wash is usually sprayed over the trees twice a year, in о March and April, and again in August or September, but some grow prefer to spray twice in the autumn, with an рае of салаб two months The wash does not seem to injure the or must be taken that the scales in the under are of vem genii d not escape be If уйы attempt be made to rid Cyprus of this pest, and it would bé obviously an easier task in the case of an island than of any portion of the mainland, it would be BI to appoint inspectors, whose business it would be to see that proper remedial measures were га taken in every in nfected grove. An energetic cultivator who succeeds in his own trees of the pest may fall a victim to the ence of his neighbours. ln cases вы this - it is necessary to take con- certed action, as one diseased t ree may become the centre from which a whole distriet may be infected, and to ie: aetion of this kind would necessitate some organised page of inspection. 230 Explanation of Plate. Fig. I.—4A portion of peel from a diseased orange, showing the "9 very slightly magnified. Fig. II.—Larva of Aspidiotus ficus (after Comstock). Fig. III.—4A portion of eei orange peel, highly magnified. a. F er first moult. с. . Female » second moult adult. igs. IV. and V.—Views of adult females, showing the different outline of the scale. Fig. VI.—Adult, winged male (after Comstock). CCXIIL—REDISCOVERY OF GUTTA PERCHA TREE AT SINGAPORE. (Dichopsis Gutta, Benth.) The following account of the continued existence in the island of Singapore of the original species (originally described as Jsonandra Gutta, Hook.) from which Gutta Percha was first obtained;is transla (with some compression) E P note 2 5, Sérullas in the Comptes Rendus for September 15, 1890 (pp. 428—426). “ The existence of Gutta ial was announced to the civilised world in 1842 by Dr. W. Montgomerie. The priority in this respect of the traveller ‘Tradescant has not been established. ae mgr ease the first specimens which reached Europe under the name, coming from Singa- pore, were brought to London in April 1843 by Sir den osé d' Almeida. “ In bringing to light their remarkable properties no tim e was lost. by Hancock. heatstone, moreover, who had been speculating since 1837 on a telegraphic union ‘between England and the Continent, conceived the idea of employing them for this purpose, but it was not until the 104 anuary 1 а Mr. Walker іп the English Channel. This cable, whose length, how- ever, was only two miles starting from Folkestone beach, was sheathed with Gutta Pe “ Since that time numerous attempts have been made to replace Gutta Percha for this purpose, now that the demand is so great, and it is year. i o of Mimusops Balata trom the Guianas, have only given negative results. As for that of Payena Leevii (Gutta Sundek), if it is in actual use to-day it is simply owing to mistake on the part of the collectors. “The only gums which are of use as insulators for cables are produced by trees of the genus /sonandra (now sunk. : Dichopsis). Their natural habitat is pi й in the Malayan regi ^. of the interesting zone of I Malay forests proceeds rapidly. The ейн cut every available tree, and repeat the process as fast as a spring up again ; they nes thus suppressed for the last 40 years their reproduction and multiplicatio: 231 “Such gums as those used at the commencement of the industry are no longer met with except in exceptional cases. ose which have replaced them will share the same fate within the next 50 years. Little by little exportations are beginning to cease from the Malay ports. ed not of the better "XE but of those which though rich in latex yield an inferior product. Submarine telegraphy, in point of fact, is on the eve of finding itself destitute of those plants which are indispensable to it in the present es of science, yet the source of these guttas is still imperfectly understo * Historically the first plant described as a source of Gutta Percha was Jsonandra Gutta, Hooker. This is the only tree of which the coagulated latex, when sent to Europe, has stood the test of practice. It is described as extinct since 1857 in the island of Singapore, and as existing only in the Malay forests. * In point of fact this species has become excessively rare, but it i still in existence. Its adult representatives were still propagating themselves in 1887 at Chasseriau estate in the ravines of the anci forest of Boukett Timah, situated in the centre of Singapore, deni it was discovered in 1847 by Mr. Thomas жаг" who collected on the spec spot the ens preserved in the erbarium. Except Dr Oxley no one has since succeeded in obtain it. e tree only flowers when 3 ars old, and at in of tw ars. en The extinction of the tree was supposed to be complete. Nevertheless hardly three years ago there still existed in the remnants of the ancient forests of the island adult trees of this species, represented chiefly by offshoots “The w ‘gutta’ in the Malay language is only used in Le SUB 8 general sense of ‘gum > or “glue” The word ‘ vtech not mean merely ‘Sumatra’ as has hitherto been generally belie jad east} is enlied, * perxa, which means the inhabited terrestrial — Percha means ‘rag’ and exactly characterises the appearance o gums, which before treatment with warm water resemble rags half reduced to compressed paper- pulp. “In the Malay forests, in which I меннн for four years, I me . а possible to confuse it with the other species of Jsonandra which ch podus gutta of different quality, Gutta Sundek in this respect being in “ The Gutta Sundek of commerce is evidently a complex ener CCXIV.—NEW PROCESS FOR RECOVERING LOSS OF GUTTA PERCHA. The following eR eta gives "Y; account of the attempts which have been made, both recently and at a later date, to recover some portion of the Gutta ащ which is jet i in the bark of the trees after collection by the ordinary native method. 232 CoLoNrAL OFFICE to RoYAL GARDENS, Kew. Sir, Downing Street, August 19, 1891. I am directed by Lord Knutsford to enclose, for such obser- vations as you may have to offer, a copy of a Despatch from the Governor of the Straits Settlements on a new process for extracting Gutta Percha. | I am, &c. The Director of (Signed) В, H. MEADE. The Royal Gardens, Kew. Тһе Governor of the STRAITS SETTLEMENTS to COLONIAL OFFICE. Government House, Singapore, My Lon», July 18, 1891. I Have the honour to inform your Lordship that I witnessed yesterday a process for extracting Gutta Percha from the twies and leaves of the Gutta Percha tree (Jsonandra Gutta). It is difficult to over-estimate the importance of the invention, and this will be readily understood when I mention that the method hitherto and still in vogue for obtaining Gutta Percha is to cut down the tree and collect the juice as it exudes from the stem or trunk. This collecting of the juice of i proceedings, that they are reported to consider it necessary to collect К. _ 2. Monsieur Eugene Sérullas, a French savant of repute, is the dis- coverer of the invention to which I refer. will now describe his st I са i y been brought into the store in bundles are finely chopped up. It isa matter of no moment, apparently, whether the leaves, &c. are still fresh main secret of the invention) until a reddish-brown liquor is produced. This is put into an alembic, already supplied with a small quantity of one pound of it extracted from thirty pounds’ weight of the chopped up leaves and twigs. n the process has been perfected it is expected that the proportion of 2 per cent, at least of pure gutta will be obtained from the raw material. 4. The demand for gutta has increased enormously since the intro- duction of submarine telegraph cables. It is estimated that the trade consumes 4,000,000 Ibs. a year. The article forms one of the principal exports from this Colony, as much as 76,592 pikuls (—10,212,2662 Ibs.) having been exported last year, the value of which is given at $4,946,890, or about 825,000/. The greater portion by far of this quantity goes to the United Kingdom, and has been i ried here from Dutch India. From the Protected Native States only a little is 233 obtained, because, on finding that the forests were being denuded of gutta trees through the destructive qnse. adopted in procuring the sap, a stop was put for a time to its collectio 9. A syndicate has been formed here to 54 out the process and to establish a factory, and, so far as I can judge, there is every prospect of a very valuable industry and most э аА concern being in their hands. ve, &с. The Right H (Signed). Секси, C. SMITH. The Lord Kantio, G.C.M.G., &c. &c. &c. Colonial Office. Royat GARDENS, Krew, to COLONIAL OFFICE. Sm, Royal Gardens, Kew, August 24, 1891. I mave the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of August 19, Tire a copy of a Despatch from the Governor of the Straits Settlements on a new process for extracting Gutta Percha. t has long been known that both in the case ‘of India Rubber and of Gutta Percha the ordinary methods in use only yielded a peat of the milk contained in the tree or vine operated upon. the method of tapping w was resorted to this was rather ао ‘than otherwise, as the tree was not epi ge by the process, and could at Pu be repeatedly tapped aga Where, ate fos the tree was felled in order to drain it of its milk, as appears to be the case with Gutta Percha yielding trees, there сай be no doubt that the residual loss was very considerable, and the grin few. irrecoverable waste very great. 4 s was carefully pointed out by Mr. Leonard Wray, junior, the Curator of the Perak State Museum, in a very important re sented to Sir Hugh Low, G.C.M.G., then Her Britannic Majesty’s i me :— The bark * on the upper part of the trunk and on the branches . . . is just as * rich in Gutta as the lower portion of the жегш Even the leaves “ contain a notable proportion.” Не estimated ro vag wet bark contains fully 5'7 per cent. of. ‘Gutta Percha, an * by simply * pounding or rasping and boiling the bark, ену P pe Gutta which * it contained may be extracted." With these facts in view Mr. Wray sent to Kew at the end of 1885 a quantity of the dried bark in e с tracted in ge country. The investigation was undertaken, as a informed you in my letter of August 6, 1886, by the India Rubber, Gutta Percha, xd Telegraph Works Company, Limited. I may quote the result :—'* After a very careful study of the question they find Ee * though a large proportion of the Gutta Percha is undoubtedly el + coverable, it is so intermixed with a brittle resin that the resulti »^ roduet is commercially valueless." . This result is, however, not incompatible with the more favour- able results obtained by M. Eugene Sérullas. It is quite possible that by acting upon um material the Gutta Percha may be obtained free m deterioratio 6. The idea, 8 T of obtaining. the residual Gutta is not, altogether, a new one. The same rwn presented itself in erara in the case of Gum Balata. The late Sir William Holmes тем P Ç 234 by a method, sinatra purely mechanical, to extract the Balata from the bark by m a steam crushing mill. Тһе process was, how- ever, I Бане: abandoned, the product being too impure for com- me pur 7. The method of кыдо aes the Caoutchouc or Gutta Percha by means of a solvent is much m romising if it proves practicable, and yields a product the essential рге ены of which are not impaired. It is not, о novel. In 1878, Mr. Sowerby, the eheu d of the B 1877 (p. 32). o not remember meeting with any account of the method being carried out practically. 8. Gutta Percha is a substance which is at present of first-rate im- portance to civilisation, The trees which yield it are confined to a very limited area on the earth’s surface; they are of slow growth, and I believe, at present, no steps are being taken to plant them so as to provide for the Gutta Percha supply of the future. The exhaustion of this + important product would seem to be within a measurable distance. riments of M. ulus en as, if successful, MA will SEM the yield, appear to me к. deserve every encouragemen e (S imd) ide У. T. THISELTON-DYER. The Hon. R. H. Meade, C.B., Colonial Office. A portion of the original report of Mr. Leonard Wray, junior, is reproduced. Mr. Leonarp Wray, Junr. to Sir Носн Low, K.C.M ‚в. Нег Britannic Majesty’s Resident at Perak. Sin, Taaipeng, Perak, September 25, 1883. I nave the ерен to inform you, that in pursuance of the made some months ago, I turned my attention to the study of the trees from hjóli the Gutta Percha of commerce is procured, and I now beg to present to ycu my report, embodying the result of those studies up to the present time, and solicit your special attention to that portion which relates to my discovery of the large quantity of Gutta Percha that may be extracted from the bark which is now entirely wasted, * * * * * * Method of collecting the Gutta Taban Merah. A tree having been found, a staging of saplings tied together with roots or — is ereeted round it, so that it can be cut above the spreadin ng b uttresses. The tree is then felled with a little Malay axe, _ called a “ billiong,” and as it lies on the ground V shaped rings about along the whole length of the t runk and of the large branches, with a heavy chopping knife ед á “parang, These cuts soon become with the white са like sap, and in about half an hour the Gutta will — - rom the aqueous portion of the sap, and ‘may then be 235 removed by rolling a small ball of it round in the cuts, to the edge of which the coagulated gum adheres and forms a dise, varying in size, the collectors to the men who export it to Penang or Sin nga pore e Gutta is at first pure white, but soon changes to от. and fina ally to a Wl red. The water in which the gum is boiled becomes a dark red brown, and this colouration is the most distinctive feature that this variety of Gutta possesses, and by which it may be easily recognised. 'The air seems to have an analogous effect on the sap to that of rennet on milk, coagulating the gummy portions so rapidly, that only a small quantity of their watery stuff runs out of the cuts, all the Gutta Percha remaining as a soft spongy mass in the scores. The amount of Gutta Obtained тй a single tree appears to have been greatly over estimated in the accounts that aie been written on the subject; and d large yields from gigantic trees have been obra quoted as being an average product, which i is clearly by no oF had a tree felled that was two feet in diameter (at six feet from че ground) and about 100 feet high, е age of which I estimated from annular rings to at over 100 years. It gave only 2 lbs. 5 ozs. foy fairly clean Gutta, valued by a Malay dealer at $1.20 з cattie or 85, 3d. per 1b., so that the product of this tree was worth o ‘Some say that if Gutta trees are felled in the "height of the rains, and when the sap is hers strongly, they then yield more Gutta than at ei ee but I have had no means of testing the truth of this assert * * * * EJ * Whilst engaged in collecting specimens and information respecting the Gutta producing trees of Perak, I was greatly struck by the exceed- ingly small amount yielded by even large trees by the present Malay method of ringing the bark, which led me to an examination of the dried bark, with à view to ascertain, by a series of careful — i bei t n of the whole amount of Gutta contained in a tree w ually left in the bark after the usual process o of e беф it had bién performed. ` With this object, I had, on the 24th of May 1883, a tree of Gutta Taban Simpor felled, and scores cut in the bark, at d obtain 12 ozs. of Gutta. Some two or three days after, I had some of the bark removed, and on the 29th I cut some of it up into thin slices across the grain, and boiled them in water for a short time, when I found that Gutta had been expelled, and remained as a slight and irregular rem | re-boiling in clean water. By this method, the sample of wet bark yielded "т “8 d cent. of clean white Gutta. Another hed sample 35 was cut up and dried in the sun, and then put into chloroform, an some hours, with frequent shakings, the liquid was | poured off шне allowed to evaporate, fresh chloroform being added to the _ 236 The reat deductions may be made from these results, firstly, that the wet bark which is now allowed to rot in the jungle contains fully 5:7 per cent. of its weight of Gutta Percha, or when dried 11:4 per cent, ; and secondly, that by simply pounding or таер, ды boiling the bark, nearly all the Gutta which it contains may be e ted. After the tree was felled I made careful fec est p it, and weighed portions of the bark, so het I could calculate the total weight on the trunk of the tree up to the first branch, which I found to be 530 lbs. when in the wet state. Now, if we take 5°3 per cent. of this as being the amount cf Gutta that may be ы by the process of pounding and boiling, already specified, we find that it would yield 28 Ibs. over and above the 12 ozs. which was obtained by the ordinary Malay method, or to put it in КУЛДА way, that for every Ib. of Gutta gate at present, 37 lbs. are waste In the Kew Report for 1881 I find i stated that in the year 1875 the export of Gutta from the Straits Settlements and Peninsula was ьа at 10 millions of pounds weight. І һауе no means of ascer- taining the accuracy of that estimate, but accepting it as being tolerably correct, we must, from my experiments, come to the conclusion that that collected, there were during that one year no less than 300 millions of lbs., or, putting the price at only 2s. 6d. per Ib., 37,500,000/. sterling worth of Gutta Percha thrown away, and utterly lost To fully realise the importance of this subject, it must be borne in mind that this vast destruction of these valuable trees (which are of such very slow growth) and of this material, on which the communica- tion of the world may be said in a measure to depend, is going on every year, without any cessation whatever. It will be noticed that I have left out of my calculations all the bark on the upper part of the trunk, and on the branches, which, pk is just as rich in Gutta as the lower portion of the trunk. Even the leaves contain a notable pro- portion ! I have tested also re varieties of these trees, and have obtained almost у ЫРАҢ results, therefore I need not enter into further details. ‘The question naturally eps can ve bark be taken from the trees and dealt with in the country, or can it be dried and sent to eid the object of having this point so Y tested, I have gnus a some bark, and am sending it to the Roy al Gardens at Kew, wi request to have it sent to one of the la ane manufacturers, so tars a report may be obtained from them on the subject. The labour involved in stripping the pad carrying out the wet bark from the jungles (where no roads no n paths exist), A in. it, carrying it to a port and thence to Ы. are items of e which must not be over- looked! At the same time, it must De ж лабига: that some other igle нн, quiet as рак, and not so лава are yet Pe 237 If the Gutta contained in the bark сап be profitably extracted, the тзн of those trees on waste lands might possibly be undertaken by aaa with ta prospect of success. The variety that seems to be most easily grown is Payena Leerii (биа Sundeh). This tree fruits rely, ee wil 1 thrive on the swampy plains near the coast, and is said by the Malays to grow fast. Its wood is hard, with a close grain, and takes a good polish, therefore may be of some value as timber. I have tried experiments in making eniin of some species of Dichopsis, but have not had any success as yet, although it is probable that they may be propagated by this means, when the proper mode of effecting it is found out. 1 have not tried Payena Т,еетй as yet, but hope to be able to do so very shortly. e, &c. (Signed) - de Wray, Junr. The following correspondence gives the results obtained from the material sent home by Mr. Wra The INprA RUBBER, GUTTA PERCHA, and TELEGRAPH Works Comp ANY, LIMITED, to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew 106, Cannon йге London, Е.С., Sir, Au 1886. ugust REFERRING to your letter of the 11th June, which was acknow- ledged on the 16th of the same month, I beg to send you enclosed a notice that we obtained 13:6 cent. of gutta and resin, agrees fairly well with the analysis of Mr. Wray, who gives the ar Gon as 11°4 per cent. here is no doubt that there is a considerable quantity of resin in the sample which 1 a e presence of this resin diminishes the commercial value of t e gum m to such an extent that there is, so far as we see, no profitable siot forit. I would also draw your attention to the chemist's report where he says: “It is very improbable whether be remu ive, as “ useless matter would be very great.” Our decision is therefore that the зн is practicality useless. R ing we cannot give a more аналі report. ours, (Signed) Rogert Kaye Gray, Engineer in Chief. W. T. LN ec Esq., C.M.G., F.R.S., al Gardens, Kew. [ Enclosure. | Mr. Тнов Г. P. Broce hey mene Analytical Chemist, to the INDIA Rosser, Gurra PERCHA, and TELEGRAPH Works Company, LIMITED Dear Sim, : n E., August 4, 1886. ауе examined the bark of a refe rredito in letter from W.T. Thisoltan: Dyer, Esq., dated June 1 Lith. U 68320, B Бї 238. Our examination has been principally directed to the following points, viz., whether the extraction of Gutta Percha from the same could be made remunerative as a commercial li and whether — is dui probability of its meeting with a specific application which m give it a commercial status. source of Gutta Percha many points have to be considered, apart from the quality of the Gutta Percha which may be obtai ned from it. The most кии method for voa the Gutta Percha from it, is in treating the crushed bark with a uitable solvent of a volatile nature, so that the diris of the soluble туша may be attended with little chance of alteration in his physical properties The crushed bark thus treated Meier 13*6 per cent. to bieulphide of ибо rating the b i n hardens on cooling, and stems 1 in warm water; in fact, in these respects it strongly comports itself to Gutta Percha; in colour and tenacity it is unlike any description of ordinary good Gutta Percha. It is very improbable whether its recovery by means of solvents would be remunerative, as the necessary loss in treating ah large quantities of accompanyirg useless matter would be very grea The want of tenacity in the product obtained is due to the presence of a britile resin, which also contributes to the facility of softenin low tempera acon The difficulty of manipulating the same by any ordinary appliance used in treating Gutta Percha or India Rubber, adds to the difficulty ч suggesting a probable field in which its pro- perties would be apprec I am, &c. Biete Тноз. T. P. Bruce WARREN. . Robert Kaye @ 106, Cito rs E.C. ROYAL GARDENS, Kew, to COLONIAL OFFICE. Sin, Royal Gardens, Kew, August 6, MS. I HAVE the honour to inform you that Mr. Leonar ys junior, Curator of the Perak Museum, addressed Vy icon oe 1883, a very valuable report to Sir Hugh Low, K.C.M ‚ Resident in that State, upon the Gutta Percha yielding trees indigena In this report he set out grounds м believing a no ый Шап 30 times the amount of Gutta Percha actually extracted by the process of felling remained in the tree and was sche wa Struck with this fact he was anxious to dba yaa if any part of this enormous residue could be extracted from the dried bark after removal from the tree. As will be seen from the aecompanying correspondence four barrels of bark of one of the species were 5 ODDO to Kew for the purpose of mited, ment in the matter. regret to say that after a very careful PT of the question they find that though a large proportion of the Gutta Percha is undo ubtedly ls er it is so — m with a bilis: resin that the resulting is commercially. nate as is this onli it by no means diminishes the credit T to Mr. Wray for his thoughtful s i 239 As the question involved is.one of the greatest interest, I venture to hope that you will think it advisable to communicate copies of the correspondence to the Government of the Straits — by whom they will, no doubt, in turn, be — to Sir Hugh Low (Signed) > W. T. THISELTON-DYER. The Hon. R. H. Meade, C. Colonial Office, Downing Street, S.W. CoLoNIAL OrricE to Royat GampENs, Kew. Str, Downing T je 17, 1886. I am directed by the Secretary of Sta r the Colonies to acknowledge the receipt of your interesting e я the 7th inst. re- specting the Gutta Percha yielding trees of Perak, and to inform that a copy of it has been sent to the Governor of the Straits Settle- ments, m, &e. (Sig ^ ' Бовквт G. W. HERBERT. The Director, Royal dudes, Kew. CCXV.—TAGASASTE. (Cytisus proliferus, Linn.) The following account of ч useful fodder plant is reproduced from the Kew сле for wags Fat We indebted to PG. V. Perez, for seed of this forage plant (Cytisus peur iferus, var. у "Тїз a shrub indigenous to the Canaries, the y branches of which are said to be a useful fodder. It requires a h soil, and is rather intolerant of frost in winter. The plants. should be placed six to ten feet apart, may be cut two or. three times a. year, and will last 10 to 20 years. Thirty-five pounds of fresh chopped Tagasaste, mixed with 20 lbs. of chopped straw, is said to ufficien for the daily nourishment of a horse or cow. The seed is 24. slow in germinating. It was pretty widely distributed from Kew. CIRCULAR from Royat GARDENS, Kew, to COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS. Royal Gardens, Kew, Sir, July 18, 1879. I am re you, through the Colonial Office, a packet of seed. of Tagasaste (Cytisus proliferus, var.). This is a shrub, a native of the Ома 3 the бару branches of which are said to be а useful fodder. It requires a light, dry soil, and is rather intolerant of frost in winter. The — should be placed six to ten feet apart, may be cut two or ree times a year, and will last 10 to 20 years. The seeds are very slow in germinating. I am, &c. (Signed) W. T. THISELTON-DYER. U 68320. c 240 1879. Extracts FROM Krew REPORT. Madras.—Most of the seedlings died off pe ев Colonel Grant reports at commencement of present year :—“ At present only “ two or three are looking healthy, and from them I should think very _ * little fodder would ever be obtained.” South Australia.—Dr. Schomburgk reports from Adelaide :—“ The * seeds were sown and all came up. The growth of the plant is * vigorous, some of the plants having reached two to three feet, e gee healthy, not in the slight st degree affected by the severe dry eather we have had to contend with. I have DN plants for “ distribution.” The ADMINISTRATOR OF THE TRANSVAAL to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. Government House, Pretoria, Transvaal, Sm, September 7, 1879. E the honour to acknowledge and thank you for your letter of July 18th, ртт with the accompanying packet of seeds (Cytisus proliferus, var.) which arrived safely. The seeds have been — in various districts of the Colony for the present sowing season, and I shall have much pleasure in communi- eating to you at a abuse date the в of their growth and progress. I have, &e. W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, Bn . (Signed) W. Owen Lanyon, Royal Gardens, Kew Administrator. 1880. Exrracts FROM Krew Report, Adelaide.—Dr. Schomburgk reports :—“ Тһе seeds have ge * uncommonly well, the plants reaching a height of four to five fee “ There is not the slightest doubt that this plant weit not iom “ in our climate, but in any kind of soil and situation . I “ do not doubt a moment that this shrub if sown on the sheep runs, * naturally well covered with soil, will "sess become acclimatised, and “ will stoek the runs with a new fodder plan Brisbane.—In these gardens the seed e freely in the open air, but makes bui little progress in its subsequent growth. 1881. Exrnacrs rrom Kew REPORT. Ootacamund.-—Mr. A. Jamieson, Superintendent of the Botanical en, reports, July 7, 1881 :— Nothing could be more satisfactory 5 1 * made a wonderfully rapid growth, many of them being 15 feet * in height, and are well furnished with branches, which are covered “ with succulent healthy foliage. I have tried milch cattle, sheep, оне ts, бе. with it; sheep and goats eat t are), ; cattle eat s it, but do not seem to care for it much. i have o doubt, pon d м ever, if they were persistently = with it they koal of | — 3 “it ee Ке plant is is perfect hardy, and is not affected by frost ! md oen 241 or drought, and I feel certain would thrive in many parts of these hills, where nothing else of any value as a fodder would succeed. The plants are coming, into flower, and will probably yield a quantity * of seed by the autumn.’ - ^ . 1882. Extract FROM KEW Report. Adelaide.—Dr. Schomburgk reports :—“I must again iere recommend to the squatter the *'l'agasaste, which has found a genial elimate in South Australia. 'The dry season has not Vi the slightest effect on the plants. If the seed be sown on the runs it would soon become acelimatized, and would stock them with a profit- able shrub capable of withstanding the severest drought. Although 1 offered seed of the * Tagasaste* for distribution, only a few appli- * cations have been made in South emit ia, but a large number wer received from the neighbouring colonie In 1886 the merits of songs were again brought into notice (оъ the Foreign Office British CONSULATE, TENERIFFE, to FOREIGN OFFICE. My Lorp Teneriffe, September 1, 1886. Dr. VICTOR PEREZ, a Spanish Бранко residing in this island, who devotes much of his time to agricultural pursuits, mentioning to me — the suitability and nutritive qualities of a certain kind o the Уз pn proliferus, varietas," and highly recommending it as an all the year round food for horses and cattle, I obtained from him a sample Жанын рар in a canvas bag) and descriptions herewith enclosed r hay, which, in the interest of the trade in England, and in pursuance ‘of the Foreign Office Circular of 31st July rm I beg leave to submit to your Lordship as a commercial item for the information of Chambers of Commerce and others — in such matters. e, &c. piam Majesty's Ses J. Ноттох Dupuis, Secretary of State, Foreign Foreign Office, London, Description of the TaGasaste by Dr. Victor PEREZ. shrub, a native of the Island of Palma, the precise site where it U ne ger originally being on the hills above the celebrated Chapel of Our = ly de las Nieves, at a height of one thousand metres Саев Be = ix ҹи evel, ia 'Taken from there to other parts of that island by native farmers, E soon obtained great repute for feeding cattle. In troduced into Teneriffe by Dr. “Victor Pres he made Кош. its | properties in a pamphlet published in 1865, © Apuntaciones sobre el Tagasaste por el Dr. Victor Perez, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 1865.” Since then Dr. Perez has Эре, a special snl of e pent and has published in 1867 and 1879 the results of his o A t present its suitability as green food for енче, is ола, and й ‘is certainly superior to any other known. During the last two ru T 242 Dr. Perez has made fermented hay after the German style (see sample sent). Fermentation produces a sweet principle which i it particularly palatable to horses and ruminants, so that during the rainy or w season, in which there are no other plants for food, the Тирмен should. be stored as hay, the more so, as it can be cut several times uring the year, and that during the summer itis perhaps more luxuriant "than = = Sheep taken from the pastures to Santa Cruz awaiting shipment, and there submitted exclusively to Tagasaste hay as food, gained in weight; the quantity of hay allotted to each was 2 Ibs. Horses т SIME шы well with it alone; they also take it mixed with chaffed str Its КУЖУН deserves of every attention being paid to it, and once farmers in Teneriffe and the other islands where they know not what to cultivate at present with profit erez has sent some seeds to Kew and to Paris. It could grow well at the Cape of Good Hope, and at Algiers, and in other countries whose climate resembles that of the Canaries. t value is Tenian M the fact that it requires no irrigation, that it can grow in comparative barren land up to a height of about 4,000 feet, and nt all ein ts branches can be cut off three times during the year, resisting perfectly well a long dry summer. It lives a great many years and produces from the second or third. 11888. Dr. Эсномвовак reports from ADELAIDE :— 3 * * * * * e Tagasaste has found a most suitable and — climate in South Australia, flourishing alike in wet and dry seasons. I have fre- quently called attention to the value of this ‘dead in my reports of - previous years, and данак. that time have distributed seeds for cultiva- tion. lt seems to me that in matters of this kind, both the pastorists and agriculturists have hitherto shown a most remarkable degree of apathy. The Tagasaste requires but little trouble in cultivation ; it readily adapts itself to the climate, and with a small amount of exertion would soon stock any run into which it might be introduced with a profitable fodder shrub. I am glad to say that, recently, applications from farmers for seed аге on the increase. For the benefit of those who are inclined to profit by the experience afforded by the late drought, I once more recapitulate the valuable qualities of the Tagasaste as well as the mode of treating it. The seed may be sown broadcast in эе usual way, but, before Sowing, it is well to won it 3t for a few hours in hot water во аз to soften it, and allow it to germinate the mor b fiy: When the plants come up too freely they should be thinned pt, and those whieh are removed may be planted out elsewhere. They should stand 8 feet or 10 feet apart. For the first tw о years the shrub does not attain its fullest crimi In the “third year a large > obtained, h $43 against 1:028 in an equal quantity of first class clover hay. Each 100 Ibs. of Tragasaste fodder is calculated to produce 2-60 Ibs. of flesh. Animals fed upon it come into condition more rapidly and in a greater degree than with any other sort of food, except corn. Tt is said that animals in Madeira fed on Tagasaste E — fatten more rapidly than with any other fodder, or than his is thought to be due to the presence in the plant of an uim oil, which retards the waste of tissue, and so promotes fattenin he very favour- 1889. W. iier Conservator of Forests, einen in the id OURNAL OF THE CAPE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Tagasaste is sown in 8 or 10 of the forest nurseries in the forest country north of King William's Town. The seed was obtained partly in the colony and partly from Paris. Both samples of seed germinated equally well. А good deal of it was eaten down by insects during the stormy weather of the summer rains, and it does not appear to be hardy against either frost, drought, or the wee s dt. the prope but when kept in the nurseries and cared for it pw well. am informed that its progress since I left that part of the Colony is good. Ехтвлстз from REPORT of ADELAIDE BOTANIC GARDEN (р. 6). Dr. Sehomburgk* writes:—I feel it desirable once more to direct attention to the Tagasaste. It seems that its value as a fodder plant is fully recognised in the neighbouring colonies. In a letter from Mr. G. Kuch, from Gippsland, to whom I forwarded some of the seed, that gentleman writes as follows :—“ It is now four years since I sowed * the seed of the Tagasaste, and the shrubs have reached a height of “ from 13 feet to 14 MT The pel gs have been clipped several times * during the summer months. clippings are eaten with * avidity by cattle d cep. ghe. clipping, the branches soon start “ growing again. The shrub appears to thrive better in sandy soil, and to grow more vigorously than in heavy ground. It possesses another * property, which will be of immense value to apiarists in places where “ it is cultivated : it flowers from May to September; during this agasaste is most valuable to those e in bee-culture. Indeed, ean confirm Mr. Kuch’s statement in this respect, for the trees that are in the Botanic Garden are covered with bees during the flowering season. Mr. FREDERICK T be Botanist to the ——— of Agriculture, w South Wales, reports ad — A Canary Lana shrub called Tagasaste is now occupying much attention in some x ade which experience will eventually prove to * Itis with t regret that the death must now be recorded of the accomplished — | Director of is Boule Gardens, Adelaide, on the 24th March 1891, aged 80. : 244 have been misdirected. I have observed this shrub for a number of 15 feet high, but I can firmly assert that an old salt bush елена parabolica) would at the same age have produced about inount of a superior fodder, ap would grow in even more isi panna of drought and hea Extract from the Report of the Dursan Botanic SOCIETY. In my report for 1889 I gave some particulars about this plant, wen by the kindness of Messrs. Miller & Co e of Las Palmas, 1 obtained a bag of seed for distribution. This was divided into packets, each containing enough to plant about half ir. acre of ground, and of thes с ave been sent out free to applicants, chiefly i in the санай and upland ty including five to Transvaal. It succeeds well in all parts of Natal. A c oe ed in Madeira, where the plant has been lately introduced, s says:— It is now thriving well with us, and * sheep are simply mad for - It thrives in the suramer heat without ves Мн wood, gr * &. Its tight shade нанай. е grasses in dry w eather. I * consider it one of the be st fodder d all ша plants that have ever * been introduced here.’ CCXVI.—KANGRA BUCEWHEAT. (Fagopyrum tataricum, var.) In January 1890 there was received at Kew a packet of seed of a partieular kind of Indian Buckwheat bipes 579 іп some respects from the ordinary sorts of Fagopyrum m, Gertn. Mr. J. Е Duthie, F.L.S., Director of the Botanical поке of Northern India, sbg whom the packet was received, was gi enough to supply ое particulars respecting the origin and characteristics of this buckwheat. The ordinary buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum, ме is ыт е cultivated on the Himalaya, where it forms a in O season crop, being sown in July and ihe ctober. The back Wheat of the higher Himalaya appears to be Fagopy rum tatari- сит, бетш. The Kangra Buckwheat is a variety of dido latter species. DIRECTOR OF THE pee ж» Northern India, to YAL GARDENS, Kew Camp, Phase District, | ral Provinces, India, My mee DYER jy een ber 19, 1889. м sending you a packet of a prane kind of че: эр Fagop tataricum (var. nov. according to Regel) A sample of this kind was sent from nee npore to to St. дыдыды їп 1878, along ve numerous other seeds and vegetable products which were re collected 245 the occasion of the Paris Exhibition. Professor Batalin, of the and that the core being light and loose it was suitable for the prepara- tion of groats. As no record was kept as to the locality from which the original sample was obtained, I had some difficulty in getting hold of it, but at pe received a sample from a place on the Punjab Himalaya above gra. As the seed is quite fresh I think vien vh you d wish ngs sow some at Kew, and retain a portion of it for the Yours, &e. J. Е. DurHIE. CCXVII.— MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. The Secretary ad rng for the Colonies has appointed, upon t nomination of r. C. A. Barber, B.A., late scholar of Christ's ollege, Ciakas, аа University Demonstrator in Botany, Superintendent of the Botanical and Agricultural Department in the Leeward Islands. d Affores be Superintendent of the Taj Gardens. "^ аа N.W. Provinces, India, The Secretary of State for the Colonies has appointed, on the nomina- tion of Kew, Mr. W. J. Tutcher, Sub-foreman in the Royal Gardens, to ese Mr. Westland as Assistant to the dom of the Botanical d Afforestation Department, Hong Kon . N. L. Britton, of Columbia College, New York, has presented totbe Herbarium of the Royal Gardens a further batch of about 450 species of western South American plants which he is publishing from time to time in the “Bulletin” of the Torrey Club. The Herbarium formed by a Moravian missionary named Bernhard Schmid, in the Nilgiris, about the middle of the first half of the present century, has been acquired by exchange from Dr. Stahl of Jena. It is Zenker, 1835-1837. . Mr. G. H. Garrett, a travelling Commissioner, has presented a small but interesting collection of economic plants from Sierra Leone, with notes on their uses and habitats. Captain J. Donnell Smith of Baltimore has E рУ a set of the улан collected by himself last year in Guatemala. in previous : m collections, the specimens are in excellent condition, and they represent about 670 species. large collection € gern plants has been received from Dr. King of mid hey are mostly new species described by him in his ** Contributions to the Douis of the Malayan Peninsula." The Hon. D. F. A. Hervey, Resident Councillor, Malacca, € к= sented a collection of about 500 species made by himself in Malae Among Cryptogams the most important additions to the Herbarium are а set of Nostochinee, from Prof. С. Flahault, and various Australian Fungi from Sir Ferdinand Mueller, K.C.M. G. Professor Flahault's gift is valuable in connexion with his recent monograph. \ [All Rights Reserved.) ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. Nos. 58-59.] OCTOBER and NOVEMBER. [ 1891. CCXVIII.—CHINESE FIBRES. Under the name of jute or hemp there are included a eee g commercial fibres in China yielded by very different plants. There different fibres bearing the same name, and the same product often bas different names at different ports. The fault is proe due to the fact that Юогореай traders have used ave terms jute and hemp in a аф sense rather than a specific one. There is probably also a scal element concerned, ‚88 the патр? on “jute” is only “2 шасе рег picul,” whereas * hemps” pay 3$ mace. An inquiry made a Kew less than a year ago in regard to the origin of Chinese jute, as quoted i the London trade lists, has brought out very forcibly the confusion which exists in п regard to the origin and classification of commercial is grown and prepared in the neighbourhood of the town of Wénchow while the so-called jute of Northern China is obtained from an entirely LONDON PRINTED eod ae MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE, E AND ее: PRINTERS v om уйн w NILE STREET, GLASGOW; HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co., 104, GRAFTON STREZT, рових, 1891. 248 ë da i M t which has been lately identified, from i to the Acting Consul at Chefoo, Mr, Alexander Hosie, as Abutilon vt Pia Gertn. In regard to the application of the term hemp this appears to be. still more ss widely and loosely used. It is applied, in its usual sensé, to the common ог Каззїап jemp, grown in s indifferently used ‘and applied to the China grass or Rhea fibre oehmeria nivea, Hk.) of Kiukiang, to the fibre prepared from the bark of young trees of Sterculia platanifolia, L., at Hupeh, and to the pine-apple fibre (Ananas sativus, Baker) of Kiungchow, Hainan, and Form ова, The application of pest bod A eaim terms as jute and hemp to fibres so different in chara origin must lead to much confusion and tend to retard the аон of trade. Опе of the most interest- locally as Ko-pou, has also passed under the name > hemp, although the quantity produ і is apparently very small. An account of this Ko pos is given in the Enumeration of Chinese Plants Journ, Linn. vol. xxii. To return to the subject of jute. Seeds and specimens of Chinese jute from South Manchuria received at Kew in 1879 through Mr. to Abutilon Avicenne, Gertn. Fibre yielded by the same plant was forwarded to б, іп 1885 by Mr. W. М. Cooper, Her Majesty’s Consul at Ningpo. ^ complete set of йаа! specimens, with fruits These specimens, with the full report furnished by Mr. Hosie, afford nt А conclusive information respecting the origin of the so-called jute of Northern China. This may now be more correctly called Abutilon . Another set of specimens, illustrative of the pine-apple fibre (also called hemp) has been received from Mr. E. H. Parker, Her and origin of Chinese jutes an and hemps, is given in the following cor- respondence. It is desirable to place this information on recor a basis for the further inquiry which is in е of being undertaken at Chinese ports under the direction of Sir Robert Hart, G.C.M.G., Inspector-General of =: hpi es Imperial Maritime Customs The very interesting memorandum prepared by Dr. of value for the purpose of aiding in such an inquiry, “and this Бай is greatly indebted to Sir Robert Hart for the copy of it communica in the form of a pamphlet—China, Imperial Maritime Customs, II. :— Special Series: No. 16, 1891. Inspectorate General of Customs, Peking, December 27, 1890. An inquiry respecting * Chinese jute” having been made by the Director of the Royal Gardens at Kew, Dr. Augustine Henry, one of and graven. certain points for elucidation. The original inquiry and the subsequent memorandum are hereto appended, and the ports — 249 oncerned are redditi to кері the matter іп view and, while supplying the Inspector-General with such reports as may be drawn up, forwa to the Non-Resident Secretary for the Kew Gardens such specimens as сап be procured. By order, (Signed) Е. В. Chief quedam Royat Garpens, Kew, to the Nox-RESIDENT SECRETARY. Sr, Royal Gardens, Kew, October 9, 1890. «of “ China sea a small portion n of d is азо адн ith, m China, but UN are unable to trace its.ori gin. 2. This establishment takes a special interest in the industrial ы of plant products, and we have received very valuable aid from о time from officers connected with the Department of the 1 with some Qe respecting the methods сенз; in preparing it for market. The botanical specimens should, if possible, consist of leaves, flowers, and fruit, placed between sheets of paper and strengthened by С In this manner they would travel very well by parcel ог book pos m, &c. (Signed). D. Mor Amis. Director. J. D. Campbell, Esquire, Secretary, меа Imperial Maritime ‘Customs, 8, Storey’s Gate, St. James’s Park, 8 Memoranpum on the Jore and Hemp of СитмА, by Dr. AUGUSTINE. H F.L.S. ENRY, Ihave read over the letter addressed to the London Office by Mr. s, of Kew, and I think the specimen referred to “ China jute” is orri not jute at all, € — hemp. Iamalso of opinion that the article comes from Tien As the Direitor of the Royal Gardens at Kew seems anxious to obtain ‘information concerning the plants producing famea — in take the present opportunity of preparing a statement of the extent of our ara knowledge of the subject. ate on the one hand, this might assist the Director at Kew in showing him the direi | in which information is to be sought on the other, it may be -of some service to the Inspector-General at any time that he may са to have the subject gone into by d officers in China. The subject -pfuoonsidersbie; i importance, I should say, both on th = fono und U ве. _ 1000.——1/92. Wt. s. A 2 M 250 A.—The Plants producing Textile Fabrics in China. In Chinese the character Ma is generic of plants loge 2 textile fabrics ; and the following kinds are distinguished both by colloquial and book usage [Ма also includes certain plants the seeds of which are used for their oil, and also certain herbs the foliage of which simulates hemp in appearance; but with these we have at present nothing to do] :— 1. Ta Ma, of books ; ders Ма, colloquially in North China, because there the castor-oil plan nt is spoken of as Га E (“large Ма”), from its stature; Huo Ma colloquially in South Chin ese names indicate common or Russian “heats the product of Cannabis sativ So far as my experience in Hupeh goes, this plant is chiefly cultivated there for the oil from its seeds, and for coarse Aa u eg in d * - Ching Ma. Bus is pep ha the product of the plant n to botanists as Abutilon Avicenne, Gertn. It is commonly pr in Hupeh and Szechwan, and is the greater давой = э all, of the “ hem mp” passed through the Ichang Customs. According to Bretschneider, it is also cultivated in Chihli; AE I have ie, doubt I h support of this I find in a Customs publication that all d hemp exported from Tientsin i is called by the Chinese Ch‘ing Ma, and by the foreign merchants “ jute.” But es is some confusion DOO this and the next article, as will be show 3. * Huang Ma."—This is * нет jute,” the jéodues of Corchorus Kx y> was, L. The plant is figured in Chinese books, and, according to the Vienna Exhibition Catalogue, its fibre is exported from Sha angha ai. Башен mentions it for Canton, and Dr. Faber says it is cultivated in Szechwan under the name Pai Ma. This name is given in the Chinese Herbal, the Pén-ts‘ao as a synonym of Ch‘ing Ma; and it would seem, then, that Abutilon hemp and jute are liable to be асса by the inese. Perhaps some of the Ichang and some of the Tientsin export ay be ‘ Indian jute Chiu Ma. тыз i is Boehmeria nivea, Hook. et Arn., Rhea fibre or Chine grass, out of which most of the so-called Grasscloth (in Chinese Hupeh and various other provinces. The Kiukiang Trade Reports for 1868, p. 29, and 1869, pp. 115, 118, give the information that the “ hemp” exported from Kiukiang is proce? i in the districts of Shui-ch'ang in Kiangsi, Hsing-kuo and Wusiieh in Hupeh, and, besides what is ex- ported, a large quantity is locally woven into grasscloth The 1869 Report, p. 118, enters into the question of grasscloth and its man facture me the *hemp," and gives tables showing the extensive exportation, &с. .. From this it would seem that the “hemp” exported from Kiukiang is really Rhea fibre; and I arn ve a large portion of the Hankow „рог of “ hemp” is the cd ibre e Paris Exhibition Catalogue, No. 1673, Hankow, gives Sst Ma. ms Ыя is also Rhea 5. Hu Ma.—This is tgp usitatissimum, L.) which i culti- vated in i Bhensi, i in Mongolia, and in the mountainous of Hupeh 251 and Szechwan. In the last two provinces, from personal ica = — seem to be entirely cultivated for the seeds, which are a rticle in n. Chinese rug shops, and are used locally for their "gen utilised for cooking and lighting purposes. r as I know, the Chinese do not make any linen. 6. Tui; Ma, a local product of Hupeh, and of no соё! importance.—It Аг of the fibres obtained from the bark of young trees of Sterculia platanifolia, L. f., by steeping them in water. This hemp ” is used for making cordage, апа a specimen of it, procured by me, is in the Museum at “Kew called hemp, which is in rea ity t the fibre of the pine-apple € oth. The export called “hemp” from Hainan and Formosa is evidently, then, the fibre best distinguished as “ Pine-apple Hemp." 8. Fan Pu, i.e., * Savage Cloth."—This is, according to the Takow eport for 1876, p. 98, а kind of grasscloth worn by the inha- bitants of Fo is manufactured by the aborigines, and is finer and more expensive than the oe cloth. It is sold in the shops of Taiwan-fu ; the better kind sells for as much as 8 dollars for a piece, sufficient for making a single ga А It is very desirable that эрадан should be obtained regarding the plant from which this dear article is produced. Particulars regarding its mode of preparation, &c., are also wanted. си I different Names of these Textiles in common Use, ir Export from the various Treaty P We id v» vts information embodied in various Customs uos ion The “ bia exported from Tientsin is called “ jute " by the зы merchants Miet and Ching Ma by the Chinese; and is allowed to pass at the rate of 2 mace per picul, other — ys * hemp " payi 3$ mace. No ports but Tientsin and Shanghai see export “ju 2. “China Grass,” “ Rhea,” or “ Raw eimi ie, the raw fibre roughly stripped from the stem in “ribbons.” Ап export from nkow ; pays an ad valorem rate of 5 per cent. 3. * Hemp Skin," Ma-p'i. An export from Amoy ; pays 5 per cent. ad valorem. I cannot say what kind of hemp this is, nor what is the plant um which it is derived, and information on this point is very desira 1 н А Hemp." Тһе tariff for “hemp,” ie, 34 mace, is 252 . Export from the different .Ports.—I roughly: summarise, with running notes, from the Customs Returns for 1889 | Tientsin.—Export for that year of 13,619 picul of “jute.” I consider this to be really Abutilon hemp; Chihli is the province of production Ichang.— ES ,506 piculs of * hemp ” CARTES * in 1889. This is mainly Abutilon hemp, though some “Indian jute” may be included. Pro-. duced in Szechwan. Always called Ching Ma on the Ichang Customs documents. Наи —105,278 piculs of “hemp” exported in 1889. Мо dis- Russian hemp (if any), jute, or Rhea fibre. А certain portion is unquestionably ДА" ege from rtis and Hupeh, and the larger part is * Rhea ? from Hupeh Kiukiang. —25,704 piculs e exported in 1889; all маа “hemp.” This is probably ‘all Rhea fibre from Hupeh and Kiangs Wuhu.—290 piculs of “hemp” exported in 1889. Produced in. pecie and perhaps Rhea fibre Chinkiang.—1,059 piculs “ hemp." It is doubtful what this really is. Shanghai — 890 pieuls “hemp,” and 21 piculs “jute,” of ,local pro- duction. What are they ? ‚ Ningpo.—264 piculs * hemp skin. E. Foochow.—52 piculs ** hemp. Takow.—1,374 pieuls “hemp” (this is * pine-apple hemp”), and! 541 piculs * hemp s skin oy.—6,215 piculs “hem че Kowloon.—913 piculs “hemp” Ee 1 ,643 piculs * hemp skin. "T Lappa.—2,355 piculs ** hemp," and 1 ‚7 20 piculs “ hemp skin. Kiungchow. —983 piculs ** hemp." "This is “ pine-apple hemp,” and is produced in the island of Hainan, From the southern ngos it will be noticed, ceat is a larger export of * hemp skin," a very ill-sounding name. -— s, probably, an un hemp, and may be the product of the common or Russian hemp plant ;. um the point ought to be elucidated, ner & better English name substituted. C.— Points requiring elucidation. 1. What is the export from each port of the different articles prid classified as being Russian Hemp, Abutilon Hemp, true Jute, Rhea fibre Pine-apple Hemp, &c. ? t is * hemp mye 3. From what plant is ж: * Savage Cloth” of Formosa made, and what is the process of manufactur 4. Grasscloth ought to be distinguished according as it is made from: Ris fibre, Pine-apple hemp, &c. 5. Are there any other Plants than those mentioned which yield textile fabries in China of any commercial importan 6. Specimens of the **jute plant, ” especially in fruit, are required, as the species Corchorus capsularis, L., is not settled beyond the — of a doubt. 7. Particulars regarding the place of =. the manner of f cultivation, and preparation, are wan Cos (Signed РЯ ) ` AUGUSTINE Heyer, Bee October > „ i 253 Forricn OFFICE to ROYAL yma Kew. Sir Foreign Office, March 25, 1891. WirH reference to your letter of the 26th of November last, I am directed by the Marquis of Salisbury to transmit to you a copy of а. despatch from the Acting Br -— Consul at. Wénchow, including a терају, on Rhea cultivation in Chin of a further despatch ton Mr. Hosie transmitting a report on another textile plant, is also enclo osie states that a case of specimens писане of g^ — will = forwarded direct to Kew Gard m, &е. iet) v T. H. SANDERSON. W. T. Thiselton — ate C.M.G Kew Gar [ Enclosure. ] Actina Consut Hoste to Ње MARQUIS or SALISBURY. My Lorp, Wénchow, January 26, 1891. IN connexion with my preceding despatch of this date, I have- the honour to enclose a brief ` Report on another textile plant cultivated in this Ье hood: It is to all appearances a species of Abutilon [since determined as Cochis capsularis, L.]; but its laneeolate and glabrous leaves, its rugose awnless capsules, and its general appearance and size distinguish it “from any Abutilon that I am acquainted with, in the Flora of China or of India I was reserving these brief notes € I had collected more detailed information; but as I am under orders roceed to Chefoo, and as it will therefore be impossible for me to айас further ере with. the plant during the present year, I venture to forward the Report, brief as it is, in the hope that it may be of some interest to ihe PHP of Kew Garde ena, Ü * ж * I have, &c. (Signed) ALEXANDER LHOSIE, The Marquis of Salisbury, K.G. Acting Consul, Report on the eno Medos at apo of a FIBRE dos and on. e Extraction and Uses of its FIBRE Cultivation. The seeds of this fibre р" called Lu Ма in the neighbourhood of Wénchow, are sown in The greund having been made into to beds in the usual Chinese pare PA shallow M mim ; : d toa foot apart are made in the surface by hand or hoe. Into each opening a. pin hof мей i covered with a little vegetable ashes. pear they are ured once with liquid fiye or six feet, and quickly еар their iind give e to clusters of seed | capsules, usually three in num 254: stems. The latter continue growing and flowering until the end of August, blossoms showing on the tips ines the seed eapsules beneath are fully developed. By this time the stems have attained a height of 9 to 12 feet, with a circumference n the base of from 2 to 3 inches, and with branches sperme some 3 feet from the ground. e stems, which are green and supple throughout, are harvested before ihe seed capsules have changed colour, that is, before green has given place to brown. Harvesting. They are троско up by the roots, the adhering soil being removed by beati st the nearest stone, and where I saw the stems harvest ed, the roots ings deeem washed in a pond close to the field. Decortication. Two required to remove the peel. One takes hold of the eee by | its Баа. the other seizes the stem below the first branch between two rounded pieces of wood about a foot long and from three to four inches in circumference, tapering somewhat towards the end so as to provide a firmer grip for the hands. ‘The first workman pulls the stem through the two pieces of wood which crush it, separate the peel from the central woody matter, and remove the root. The plant is then that has not meantime fallen to the ground is brushed away b hand, market, Uses. Such is the treatment which the plant receives when the fibrous к is to be made into cordage; but, when it is to be manufacture ; The efits gnus luxuriantly on the Et ; but I have also seen it шеме at ап altitude of over 1,300 fee * (Signed) PR Hos H. B. M. Consulate, Maton Acting Consul. January 26, 1891 Royat GARDENS, Kew, to FOREIGN Orrice. Sm, Royal Gardens, Kew, May 5, 1891. I am desired by Mr. Thiselton Dyer to ackno wledge the receipt of your letter of the 25th March enclosing copies “of despatches, in: original, received from the Acting British Consul at Wenchow, on: certain ane lants. 2. The specimens illustrative of Mr. Hosie's reports have since — i received at Kew, and poe re all of "er des, character. The- | specimens referred by Mr. Hosie “ to a of Abutilon" at “called in the Ar да of Wenchow š Ma,” have’ proved 40 255 belong to Corchorus capsularis, L., the plant yielding Indian jute. It would therefore be better to call this fibre simply * China jute." There isa fibre yielded by a species of Abutilon, but this appears to come from Northern China. » * =. z I have, &c. Sir Villiers Lister, K.C.M.G., (Signed) D. Morais, i W Foreign Office, S.W. Acting Consul Hose to Foreign OFFICE. My Lor, Chefoo, September 5, 1891. Wiru reference to the enclosure in your Lordship's despatch to me of June 5th last, wherein the Assistant Director of the yal Gardens, Kew, mentions a plant grown in North China which yields a fibre known in the London market as China jute, I have the honour to forward herewith a brief report on the cultivation of the plant in question, and on the method of extracting the fibre. I am sending direct to Kew, by parcel post, dried flowering and fruiting specimens of the plant, a packet of seed, and a sample of the fibre. The only other plant cultivated in this neighbourhood for its fibre is Cannabis sativa or Russian hemp. I have, &c. (Signed) А. Hosts, The Marquis of Salisbury, K.G., Acting Consul, oreign Office. [ Enclosure. ] Report on the CULTIVATION of a FiBRE-YIELDING PLANT at CHEFOO. This plant, known in the north of China as Ching Ma, or more briefly Ch’ing, yields the fibre, also called Ching, which appears as “jute ” in the export returns of the Imperial Maritime Customs. It is an annual. The seeds are sown towards the middle of April in land that has previously been well worked and manured, several seeds being sown numbers of yellow five-petalled flowers on stalks, which spring > axils of Өз akaaka Thes quickly fall, and are sueceeded by seed capsules of comparatively large size, grooved, and semi-spherical in shape. _ Each capsule is made up of a number (11-15) of cells, with awns at upper ends curving down, and into the centre of the Each ote е openi of the outer and upper walls of the cells. Towards the end of August the plants have attained maturity. They are then cut down by knife near the root, an н eun made up into bundles tied loosely at the tip end, and placed upright in 256 standing water, so that only the lower halves:are submerged. . The root halyes being more matured than the upper require more retting, and for this reason they undergo two days' preliminary sleeping. After the lapse of two days the bundles are laid on their sides in the water, and covered with sufficient earth to sink and bring them in contact with the bottom of the ром; In four ог, at the most, five days the fibrous -peel is loose enough to be easily removed by hand from the woody interior. ‘The fibre ribbons, which rap now all but lost their green ot are afterwards washed in clean cold water and sprea out in t d when dry they are of à good white colour, such of the external greenness as remains after the retting and washing disappearing in the process of drying. ese remarks appiy to the plant as cultivated ee dl but Ia informed that i in other parts of this province and in the Mongolian bills the stems attain a much greater height and yield a Yee fibre. “The comes from Mongolia, is sometimes found to be as much as fifteen feet in length, whereas the oe itself does not attain that height in the light sandy soil near C The table annexed to this Report* gives the climatic conditions pager which the. plant is cultivated here. (Signed) Атжх. Hosts, H. B. M. Consulate, Chefoo, Acting Consul. — 5, 1891. RoYAL GARDENS, Kew, to FOREIGN OFFICE: Royal Gardens, Kew Sir, No vember 23, 1891. AM desired by Mr. Thiselton Dyer to acknowledge the receipt of ay ана of чө 2156 ultimo, forwneding a copy of a ‘despatch and report by M e, Acting Consul at Chefoo, on the subject of a fibrous roc = ртт yielding Chinese e jute. 2. The specimens mentioned by Mr. коней and sent direct to this establishment have now been received, ‘These specimens were admir- ably prepared, and taken with the report they definitely settle the the question raised in my letter of the 5th May last in regard to the origin of Chinese jute from Northern China. The plant yielding it is Abutilon eem пе, Gertn., a widely diffused species in Eastern Asia. Mr. Thiselton Dyer would express the hope that Mr. Hosie may be thanked for the very intelligent manner in which he has prosecuted his inquiries in this matter, and for the valuable assistance he has afforded to ‘this establishment. I have, &c. .. ir. T. H. Sanderson, K.C.M.G., (Signed) Р. Morris, _ Foreign Office, S.W ROYAL GARDENS; Kew, to FOREIGN OFFICE. qu gdi $m шз 17, 1891. > vos 1 AM directed by Мг. Thiselton Я to inf he has read with interest the Report on the Trade of Каун б the year 1890, by Astin 8 Сара} оед, Apnesi Series, 0 00 o P8 тт оме аа. BEL ER ВОМУ DES d ° фей racibaud gui qu 257 and the numerous references contained in it to the plants and. plant- products noted by him in the journey inland up the Poh Chung river. . 2. Mr. Parker states on page 9 that “another peculiarity of this * region is the ubiquitousness of the dw arf Pandanus, probably the * js used in the. manufacture of * grass-cloth,’ and is usually kno “ foreign trade here as *hemp.' " In the marginal note this is described as “cloth from the wild pine-apple.” . As the various plants yielding what is locally known as * hemp” in different parts of China are now in course of being investigated at ew, Mr. Thiselton Dyer would be glad to receive dried specimens ofthe fibre as it usually appears in trade at Kiungehow. The latter would be placed for reference in the’ Museum of Economic Botany attached to this establishment. I have, &c. Sir, Villiers Lister, К. C.M.G., (Signed) D. Morris. Foreign Office, S.W. Forricn Оргетск to Roya GARDENS, KEW. бів, . Foreign Office, November 4, 1891. Wirn reference to the letter from. this Department on. the 23rd of чо з I am directed Ьу the е of Salisbury to transmita ers is made from the fibre of the pine-apple, and not of the Pandanus. The parcel of specimens alluded to in Mr. . Parker's Membre has not yet AUC but will be forwarded кен it is receiv | (Signed) x T. H. SANDERSON. “W. T. Thiselton Dyer, Esq., Kew Gardens. [Enclosure-] Report вх Mr. CONSUL PARKER, Kiunecnow. The i inquiry instituted by the Kew authorities has led to the discovery that the finer kinds of “hemp” which are er sae hence are the fibre of the рро. and not of the Pandan M in his Customs Report 1877, does, indeed, mention this “ pinsati bre" other two Commissioners refer to it as “ hemp.” Mr. Commissioner Neumann, in his Report for 1889, says: it to be the same plant Pandanus of Y which colony I have recently visited. I now find, however, that the Fij аңы ч only make ma out of the P. odoratissimus ; and the T dows ot n9 w, 7 Hoihow is useless except for quss and fuel. ` it is said that, some- where inland, mats are made of 1 it here, and that its root is used in the pea as a febrifuge. Pare No. 4 contains a few leaves of this разы) tha, i tin box c fruit, which seems to mature from April to September at least, if not ai ыы the year.: 258 Parcel No. 2 contains leaves of the plant from which the so-called “hemp” is manufactured. These come from Mun-shio or Wén-ch’ang, a district a few days’ journey to the east, which district appears to be the only one upon this island where pine-apple “hemp” and the cloth from it are manufactured. Parcel No. 1 contains the leaves of a pine-apple plant, grown for the fruit only, obtained at a village five пог w s. west di t cá natives of Mun-shio in my service assert that ‘this s the same as the pine-apple of Mun-shio, the fruit of which, though The is en у consideration there Parcel No. 3 contains imperfect leaves of the pine- -apple plant of the Lei-chow peninsula, opposite Hoihow, from which the natives there are said to manufacture a “ grass-cloth," which is supposed to be brought over here in junks for export hence. Parcel No. 5 contains a > of the plant (no whereabouts given) - which the Customs here were convinced the local “ grass-cloth ” as made: they supposed it Wei the Pa йай; until I proved to them that it was not. The Pandanus has a prickly seam down the centre of the leaf. The leaf of the pine-apple is first scraped with a bamboo knife ; it is then torn apart, and washed in cold water in which rice has been a rice-gruel, drawn through bamboo tubes, and cleaned of its knots, joinings, and protuberances. Parcels Nos. 54, 6, а 8, 9, эт 10 represent the pure pine-apple fibre in its various stages. Nos , 8, 9 appear to be mere qualities of No. 5a, each of which is ыра, of becoming No. 10 if sufficient labour is given to it. Parcel No. 11 contains specimens, with prices, of pure pine-apple E до, " presumably corresponding in quality to Nos. 6, 7, 8, Parcel No. 12 contains a mixed web of ordinary cotton and pine- apple fibre interwoven. Parcel No. 13 contains specimens of hemp and hemped cloth from Mun-shio by way of contrast. (Signed) E. Н. PARKER, Kiungchow, December 22, 1891. C was Roxar GARDENS, Kew, to FOREIGN OFFICE. 5 Royal Gardens, Kew, November 26, 1891. I лм desired by Mr. Thiselton е ч! cette = the receipt of your letter of the 4th instant fo y Mr. Parker, Her Maiesty's Consul at Теме; on the subject of pine-apple fibre prepared at the above-mentioned place. The parcel of specimens alluded to in Mr. Parker’s memorandum having arrived at Kew, it has been carefully examined in accordance with the ok gr furnished in this and the previous correspondence. ds be no doubt that the leaves sent by Mr. Parker are those of the pineapple plant (Ananas sativus, Baker), and the fibre corre- sponds with that usually yielded by members of the pine-apple family. 259 The Pandanus represented by leaves and one fruit, i is, as Mr. Parker irem vies anus odoratissimus, se: native of tropical Asia. . imens forwarded by Mr. Parker were carefully put up and labelled, and, taken with his memorandum, they may be considered to have vie std settled the Lese at issue. Мг. Thiselton Dyer would venture to expre the hope that the Secretary of State will communicate the thanks of this аен to Mr. Parker for {= very intelligent manner in which he has assisted in this inquiry. I have, «е. (Signed) D. Morris, CCXIX.—-IPOH POISON OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. (Antiaris toxicaria, Lesch.) In the Kew Bulletin for February of the present year, pies account was given of the investigations which at different periods d ring the past 10 years have been carried on through Kew on the pak fo poison of the Malay Archipelago. The results are summed up in the following paragraph :— “ The facts as they stand present a rather curious puzzle. There can be no doubt m. in Java the Upas tree furnishes a very effective arrow poison be inferred that its use originated in Java and some $ the odd Malay islands. Finding the same tree on the main- e covered “that it is innocuous. According to Griffith they remedy the defect with arsenic. If this is really done it must be when the arrows are prepared; for two authentic specimens of Ipoh poison from the > Malay Peninsula were Lr aa tely inert, and contained none of the poisonous principle Antia To these kan ouem appeared justified by the facts M were received at the time, the Government of Perak is unable to assent, c the Curator of the Perak Govern ment Museum has sent to Kew = extremely interesting report, an mirable series of specimens, which will enable the whole subject to be: re-investigated. r. Wray's report is now printed with his aecompanying eat in advance of the results of the examination of the presumed poiso fluids, which has been again kindly undertaken by Dr. Sidney Rings; F.R.S., Professor of Clinical Medicine, University College, London. Mr. LEONARD d Junior, Curator of the Perak Government Museum, to RoYAr GARDENS, Kew, peg “АЛЕ, — Perak, —— Settlements. Dear Sin (Received 8 Octobe I was much interested in your paper in he Kew Bulletin on Ipoh, and believing, from what I have seen and heard, that, from causes which it is hard to understand, the specimens and information on which you based your conclusions were unreliable, I obtained the permission of the British Resident of Perak to investigate the subject, and I now 260 enclose a paper containing the results of my inquiries for insertion, if you think it of sufficient importance, in the Kew Bulletin. 1 have also sent a box containing a number of specimens illustrating this paper, together with a few others which you may like to have for your museum, and I now enclose a list of the contents of this box. If you would "warma eamm the botanical specimens I ens and add a few remarks on them ould make ihe paper much more valuable. I have very likely emet алей specimens of the three plants from which ¿poh aker is obtained, and you may be able to find them in the Kew Herbarium, as Dr. King sends duplicates of my plants If you could.also get someone to try a few experiments with the poisons I send, both as to their effects on animals and the nature of their poisonous principles, the whole question would be finally settled. uu the poisons are all mixed with spirits there is no fear of their by the aborigines. They will simply require evaporation on a water th to be in a fit state, with the addition of a known quantity of water e injection. Ifa ves Ц result is required about one grain of the dried poisons should be used. I will write ips about the live plants I am sending you, and am ours truly (Signed) Г. Уват, Junior. У. Т. Thiselton Dyer, Esq., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew. —Т am much obliged to you for the determinations of the Musci and Hepaticæ which I received by last mai IPOH AND OTHER ARROW-POISONS USED BY THE ABORIGINES OF PERAK, IN THE MALAY PENINSULA. There are two tribes of рема in Perak who use arrow-poison, viz., the Semangs and the Sakais. The former people, who live in the north of Perak, use both реа and bows and arrows; while $ latter, who live in the southern part. of the State, use blowpipes only. I recently visited Ulu Selama, where some of the Semangs live, and was taken by them to a place called Kuala Jah, at, I should estimate, 500 feet elevation, where I was shown, growing in the virgin forest, witbin 100 yards of one another, two large Ipoh trees. The rger was about 5 feet in diameter at 5 feet from the erem ce had a trunk full 100 feet in height to the first. branch. It had times, the bark being deeply scored up to a height of 25 (feet from the ground; the smaller tree was also scored all over. ‘The bark externally is ies = internally oran ge-brow = and is very cert — fibrous. k of the tree with clay, into bam cut slanting тзн À right and left, like what is known as herring-bone stitching, the lower ends of the scores pointing inwards, At the bottom d each iiid of scores is puta leaf, fastened to the bark with clay, to lead the sap which trickles down into a bamboo. We only succeeded in getting about 3 ozs. of sap the first day; but two days , by erecting a scaffoldin around the tree and extending the scores up anus about ime ` “Three ounces of sap, pod vp y 261 >. The sap having been collected from the trees, a spatula-shaped piece ood was taken and heated over a clear wood fire, and a small quantity of the sap poured on it and-spread out with another but smaller wooden spatula, and held over the fire till nearly dry, and the process repeated till all the sap was evaporated. There remained on the spatula a dark brown gummy substance, on which the points of the arrows were rubbed three times, being dried over the fire between each applica- tion of the poison. kase simple pepan completed ће preparation the poison; but as there are sometimes other things mixed with. the Ipoh, I shall return e this part of the subject again. The sap, which 1 found to be bitter and biting in taste and decidedly acid to test t paper, on exposure to the air quiekly darkens to a brown colour, and it yields when dried on a water-bath 29 per cent. a solid Ipoh. This substance, if put thinly оп га slip of glass and examined: by a microscope, is seen to contain numerous crystals of antiarin. A portion of the sap was mixed while fresh with its bulk of spirits of wine, to prevent its decomposition, and corked up, samples of which are forwarded to the Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, with this spatula, marked No. as well as leaves of a young Ipoh tree, marked N ese latter are decidedly pubescent, while those from the large tree are glabrous. There were neither fruit nor flowers on the trees, but I sent to Kew fruiting specimens of the Ipoh in 1883, which were pronounced by the present Director of the Gardens to be identical with the J dem specimens of Antiaris toxicaria in the Kew Herbarium. also much scored, showing that its sap had been collected by the igi im f this ree were also communicated G x at the Botanieal Gardens, Caleutta, who identified it as no. It may be mentioned in reference to the two kinds of Upas dis- tinguished by Blume as — toxicaria id aset and mas, that the latter word, which is Malay, means “ gold ” not ‘ male” as inferred in variet bark is blackish coloured, and it is м the Аки of iwi inner bark they distinguish the poisonous from the vir erigi tree the sap collected in Ulu Selama, I hav o separated the poisonous principle antiarin, a small tu з of which containing 4°6 grains, being the amount obtained from one fluid ounce of the sap, accompanies ‘the other specimens (No. 21). The process 1 employed to isolate the alkaloid was that quoted from Watt’s Dictionary of nne d in the paper on Ipoh in the Kew Bulletin, and is briefly as follo | Evaporate to dryness on a pote bath the mixed sap and spirits of wine, add water, heat, filter, wash filter with hot water, evaporate filtrate and washings to a pens and allow the antiarin to crystallize ; purify by re-erystallizatio Nu. The antiarin aiiis as aa mapa shaped crystals, "AY. of m | um resinous siens on long exposure to the air. One fluid ounce of 17:5 wu of antiar-resin, a small sample of which is шые ; 262 By Watt’s method of рые just detailed it is only possible to isolate a portion of the antiarin contained in the fresh sap, owing to the о olour] a water bath till the antiarin crystallizes out. Then freeing the crystalline mass from pri sulphate of lime which may be present by dissolving it in One Я ed, 10-85 grains of — or 2-482 per c The dried Ipoh poison, of which the sap contains 29 per cent., therefor ore has 8-561 per cent. of antiarin in it, агли by the above | proce With the imperfect laboratory а ROR at my disposal these results eannot be considered as more than estimates of the total amount of poison present; and unfortunately I have no analysis of Upas with € to compare them. e result of weighing coated darts and washing off the poison and чбс the amount of Ipoh on them may be taken to be rather less жете grain, апа by nee estimate above given this weight of the dried ould only contain · i of a grain of the alkaloid ; which, how- ever ci suflici ent to produce a fatal result when introduced into the circulation of an animal weighing as much as n the afternoon of t ay on which the чы was сакой I tried the following ticle with it on two fowls Experiment 1. June 9, 1891.—Three minims of the fresh sap was injected hypo- dermically with a syringe, without drawing blood, into the leg of a fowl. - In three minutes the leg was affected and tho bird was rather lame, but for half-an-hour remained otherwise quite well, eating freely and walking about. It then became rather dull and sluggish, and voided at very frequent intervals Twelve hours after the injection it was apparently not much the worse for the operation, but a large ~~ patch had formed where the injection had been made, covered with loose skin and surrounded. by nae inflammation, and radiating Б it were several enlarged blood ST wanty hours after it was very lethargic. Forty-two hours after the inflammation was oe but the = was still very dull, though I have no doubt of its ultimate recovery, b as I had to leave the place, could not continue prede on it. Experiment 2. June 9, 1891.—А poisoned dart point, which had been prepared ore me from the same sap, was stuck into the leg of a fowl and slight lameness and діагћоа came ios but no other symptoms. A second arrow was stuc re other leg after half an hour had | y ordiri but — уч fet tol owed ! tehes surrounded the wounds, and there was чаба чийе ke daa adjacent parts and considerable 263 inflation of the sides and upper part of the body by air close under the skin. nty hours after it a lethargie, but not so ill as would be «ийй by the local sym Forty-two hours after, stil lethargic, but the inflammation sub- siding and the skin round the wounds assuming a greenish hue. Further observation could not be nae but I think its recover y was certain. In regard to these two experiments, the Semangs said that neither fowls nor argus pheasants are affected by the poison, and that as many as ten darts may be stuck into one of these aded without causing its death. It therefore became necessary to try an ex ресто. оп а susceptible animal, ia a full grown cat was used for that purpose Experiment 3. June 10th, 1891. Dart aoe to those used in experiment 2, stuck into the 2.13 рм. баа апі DUE began. 2.20 pm. Convulsed. 2.22 PM. De 8 the poison used in this experiment was that collected and prepared шу presence the day before, the virulence of the Malayan Antiaris pres ini is proved beyond the shadow of a doubt. The poison seems to be as rapid as the Javan Upas, 19 minutes only having elapsed between inoculation and death, while the animal was quite disabled in 10 minutes time. These experiments also prove the comparative immunity from the effects of the Ipoh poison enjoyed by fowls, which is a matter of con- siderable scientific interest. The previous experiments which have been made on samples of Ipch sent from the Malayan Peninsula, as detailed in the February number of the Kew Bulletin, can only be explained in two ways ; either the sap menters in England. There is no doubt that the material collected in 1881 by Sir seme Low, the then Resident of Perak, was quite authentie, as its poiso properties were tried on some dogs here before it was transmitted to Tap $. but the information and material supplied to a D. Hervey was evi- dently not reliable, for the ар of Antiaris is poisonous per se аз every aborigi al knows, and there is no such vie s as “ нн of [рой aker,” in -detail. This extract, had it been sent, would have been very unlikely to ecompose, as the Sakais diee it for years and say it does not lose its virulence What Griffith says about the poisonous properties of the Ipoh being derived from admixture of arsenie, was information probably derived from the Malays, for the aborigines are quite ignorant of that c and as Professor Ringer points out, the action of arsenic is very differen U 69350. B 264 from that of Ipoh, besides which animals killed with arsenic would be quite unfit for foo may here observe that it is the aborigines alone who use poisoned weapons inthe Peninsula. The Malays put arsenic on their krises and spears, but it is employed solely with "mx ew of bringing out the damaskeening of the blades and not as a I have had one opportunity of noticing the effects of Ipoh poison ona * the men’s feet. It wasat once pulled out and a Semang squeezed the * wound to get out as much blood as possible, then tied a tight ligature * round his leg and put lime juice on to the wound. The man com- * plained of great pain in the foot, cramps in the stomach and vomited, '* but these symptoms soon passed off. The point only went into the ©“ foot about one-third of an inch, and the dart was instantly pulled out. “ The Semangs ras that had it gone deep into a fleshy part of the body * jt would have c death." The blowpipe deco are only about one-twentieth of an inch in dia- meter, are sharpened to a fine taper point, aud are poisoned for a length of nearly one inch and a half,the poison being put on very sparingly near the point, so as not to interfere with their penetrative power. A slight notch is often cut in де dart just below the poisoned tip, so that it may break off into the wou As previously stated, ел the blowpipe darts, the Semangs use bows with poisoned arrows. ‘These arrows have detachable fore-shafts, with either barbed iron or hard wooden heads. These heads are about 2 inches long by š inch broad, and are thickly coated, except near the point, with poison. I have not seen the effects of one of these arrows on an animal, but the бей, и whom І lived on one occasion. for about three months, say that they are able to kill pig, sambur deer, _ wild oxen, and even rhinoceros with them, and as I have seen bones of these animals at their camps, ма appears to be no reason to doubt the truth of the statement. It was asserted that a deer would drop in from 30 to 40 yards after being st k by an arrow. The rapidity of the action of the poison pides on the vascularity of the portion of the body pierced by the a lmay here Mir joi as san subject has been referred to in the pre- vious paper, that the bark of the Antiaris is used by both the Semangs and Sakais as bark cloth. It is prepared as follows :—A young tree is felled and eut into pes of suitable length. With a knife the outer portion of the bark is shaved off and the inner bark is beaten with bat- shaped pieces of wood until it will slip off from the stem. The bark is angles to each other, to prse a grain on the finished cloth. As stated above, the angs sometimes mix other poisons with the Ipoh. The plants from esa these are derived are known to the Malays as ¿ikir and gadong. In both cases it is the expressed juice of the tubers that is ALLEE The líkir is an Aroid belonging to the genus Amorphophallus, and the gadong is a thorny res ^ oem _ belonging to the order Dioscoreacee. Botanical specimens of both th tt i cations have not yet been received. A. flowering: spielen 265 gadong I send with this paper. It is probable that the specimens of likir have been transmitted to Kew by Dr. King, in which case they. will be found numbered 3327. ; ~ The tubers are rasped up fine with a knife, and the soft mass put into piece of cloth, which is then forcibly pulled through two pieces o stick tied firmly together 2 short distance apart, so that the j juice, which is very acrid, is expressed without coming in contact with the hands. The juice of the Zikir and gadong tubers so obtained is mixed with the Ipoh sap, and the mixture dried on a wooden spatula over a fire, and the arrows poisoned in the way that has already been descr The tubers of both these plants, which contain go. in large quantities, are cut up into thin slices and suspended in a basket in running water and allowed to steep until tlie poison contained in them has been dissolved out. ‘They are then cooked and eaten by the. aborigines, a nd also Hope by the Malays. A bottle of gadong juice and another of likir juice mixed with spirits of wine are included in the collection accompanying this paper. . The juice of the tubers of the gadong is decidedly acid when fresh. It smells somewhat like raw potatoes, e is bitter e astringent, producing a stinging sensation on the tongue, and a very unpleasant dry feeling in the mouth, which persists oe a азза рім 11. time. ‘The aa juice yields a yellowish-brown precipitate to a soiution of iodine iodide of potassium. The precipitate re-dissolved in sul- phatase А and evaporated yields long branching needle-like crystals. The juice mixed with spirits, filtered and evaporated to dı yness and re-dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid filtered and evaporated again, also yields long branching crystals, which M an astringent taste like the md үзә are possibly the poisonous princ shly od juice of the likir tubers is asy acid " = paper. Te smells somewhat like beetroot, and is , an alkaloid, as it affords no precipitate when a solution of iodine in iodide comp 5 aborigines, I visited the district of Batang Padang, to ascertain the Sakais prepare their poison, As previously mentioned they о i ae » ы on their blowpipe darts, as bows and arrows are not employed by pio wawaq two bi pun both of which were deeply scored like those — Selama. The g of the bark was not, however, so regular as with the чей pi 1 saw no $e of the her rring-bone method. The was to cut detached V-shaped ineisions, and the method of 5 * : анай tie sap differs also “a ‘that pou described. ieces of are taken, and to each is fixed a piece of med which is ingeniously cut so that when its chisel-shaped upper end арр lied to the bark of the tree below a score the sap flows, first down its upper surface till it meets a cut channel which conducts it ws to > under surface, and so into the bamboo receptacle. | B2 266 The sap being collected, two wooden T we prepared and a piece of large bamboo split in half so as to form a small trough and the means of the smaller < and dried by being held with the uncoated side over the fire; it is then reversed and sap spread on its upper or hen 'The darts are coste inthe manner before mentioned, and when the t: is very hard and dry and will not soften by being етл a few drops of water are put on to Ше spatula and mixed by m of a smaller spatula, with the ans un it acquires the right карду. to apply to the points of the darts. The Sakai and ейн methods of collecting and preparing the poison are really the same, only differing in details. The Sakais, however, d o not mix likir juice with the ipoh and the way they mix mboo, a pestle. The fluid is ‘en poured off and fresh water added and the process repeated. The fluid is aee boiled and filtered through leaves in which some fine scrapings o o are put. It is then Pene in an open vessel over a fire to the consistency of a thick syrup and mixed with the ipoh in the proportion of three parts of ipoh to one of gadong. The Sakais living in the plains employ the Antiaris poison as a rule, as the plants from which it is " are low country forms; but the MÀ of the "em use а wes prepared from three hill plants known ipoh aker, or root Ipoh, in contradistinction to Ње antiaris ог ipoh hayu eim од): a iion are called ipoh aker, prval and rame ier i is a large climbing opens: with a stem often as much as 8 inches in diameter. It has dark green, glabrous, opposite, cw with three Een longitudinal veins. The fruit is said to be large and round and to contain seeds about half inch in diameter and the flower is stated to be едан, It grows on the hills and I have seen it at over 4,000 feet elevation. The specimens now procured. were col- lected on Gunong Batu Puteh in Batang Padang. The portion of this plant from which the poison is extracted is the bark of the roots and ZR part of the see vts is often employed without admixture and is | prepared as follo The bark, which is tid nt sienna coloured, is scraped with knives from the roots ; the serapings are put into a pan with water and boiled, the water is poured off a nd filtered. Fresh water is added to the bark, which is again boiled for some minutes, and the water poured offa second time. The exhausted shavings of bark are then thrown away, . and the filtered infusion, which is agen burnt sienna coloured, is ue reduced i boiling in an open pan to a syrup. It is then poured while 5 mboo, where it solidifies. It is applied to the darts in the a recent ree explained and is said to be more powerful кө ш |... Of these Prual is also a climber, growing on the hills. The largest . stem I have seen was lj inch in diame It has opposite bright 3 "o entire eios but its flowers and froit. I have neither seen nor 267 been able to get any description of. The young shoots contain a very fine strong, white, silky fibre. My specimens were also collected on unong Batu Puteh. The bark of the roots, which is та pale yellow in colour, is the part of the plant which is employed in makin the poison. This arrow poison is said not to be so strong as Antiaris, but to be quite capable of killing when used by itself. — part is called Jampong and is de: a climbing species of Stryc Ано It has opposite, ы veined leaves like ipoh aker only they are oii dirably smaller, and is stated to have similar fruit, but it grows lower down on the hills, my specimens being collected on the Chero hills. Like the two preceding plants, the bark ‘of the roots, which is white, is the part from which the poison is extrac racted. It is said to be not so is treated. It was stated by the Sakais that erede and ipoh aker are rarely if ever mixed with one another. The r poison is said to retain its virulence, i in the form of an extract, ke E pecimens of the roots of these three plants and the extracts prepared from them, are forwarded with the other specimens, so that their toxic effects may be tried in England. L. Wray, JUNR., МЛІ.Е.Е., Е. Curator, Perak Government Museum Thaipeng, August 30, 1891. and State Geologist. The following specimens were ime by Mr. Wray of the plants used in the preparation of arrow poi n Perak. They have been deter- mined ру Dr. Stapf, Assistant for. India in the Herbarium of the Hoyal Garden 1. Ipoh leaves. Bottom branch of a large tree. Cheroh, Batang ang. Antiaris toxicaria, Lesch. 2. Lampong leaves. Climber from Gunong Batu Puteh, Batang Padang. Strychnos Maingayi, Clarke (?), 3. Ipoh Aker leaves. Climber from Gunong Batu Puteh, Batang ng. | Strychnos sp., closely allied to 5. Maingayi, and probubly only a different state of it. 4. Prual leaves. Climber from Gunong Batu Puteh, Batang Padang. Rubiacea, possibly a Lasianthus or Urophyllum. 5. Ipoh leaves. Young tree. Ulu Selama. Antiaris toxicaria, Lesch. 6. ре leaves. Upper branch of а large tree. gue тод. 268 adong. Flowers pale green, leaves light green, climber with f large tubers. Dioscorea hirsuta, Bl. (D. dæmona, Вохб. var. reticulata, Hook. f. MSS. in Herb. Ke Leschonault mentions (An n. d. Mus. d'hist. nat. xvi. 469) the use of the root of Dioscorea triphylla (D. hirsuta, ВІ.) as one of the бирһен vea "is Ipo, prepared by one of the Orang-daias from with дрон “ote, 729, Bangaramassing, Borneo), as follows :—Dry hills, woods, &с., common. [alay Gadung ; flowers green; the roots are eaten, but жад an elaborate preparation being very poisonous in a fresh state Dr. Stapf notes that in 1880 the Conde de Ficalho (Flora dos Lusiados) рат MM two of the plants mentioned in Camoens's poem to Antiaris and Strychnos Tiéuté. This would involve a very early ssi of the їо plants. CCXX.— BOTANY OF GAMBIA DELIMITATION COMMISSION. arrangement, signed at Paris, August 10th, 1889, concerning the delimitation of the English and French Possessions on the West Coast of Africa, the frontier ‘line between Senegambia and the Colony : of the Gambia was established. he Commission for marking out the — left England at the end of 1890, and was absent about six months. The Colonial Office was unable to Es any arrangement for attaching a botanist to the expedition, but suggested that Kew might find a medica i ye dien Dairy With the aid of E = = = > Ф = Š Ф 5 n un Brown Lester's brief notes, is annexed. Ta en together uq afford a useful picture of the ей апа productions of the country traversed, . Clematis Thunbergii, Steud. — Creeping plant. Bakindie Kotu, north bank. At Bakindie Kotu the ground rises to about 50 feet above sea- level. Kous (African millet) and rice are cultivated in patches around d seen of Duos < senegalensis) are S ест Am tree — at Jinnak. verything dry and parched except at one or idera swamps. A sma шн of pol Peet are cultivated. Many ‘locust im ” аге to be d "allé, on goap Creek, north bank. Soil dry and sandy, flat os ша не swampy near the creek. Seen иы Country at t Ballé is 269 still flat. Lots of palm trees of various kinds. Targa mangrove swamps. Mangrove trees very high. Argemone mexicana, L.—Plant 2 to 4 feèt high. Grows near moist ground, e.g., village well. An infusion of the leaves is used in coughs. Gungin een sa south bank, two miles off the coast. Soil dry and sandy ; ; at places All the acti about here is flat. There is а great deal of heavy bush, consisting of long grass and small оре with quantities of small thickly-set palm trees, Between Brikhana and Gungur there is a large forest of bamboo, extending to 10 EU or so. Alo ng the coast are large tall palms with fan-like leaves, There are many palms (? Raphia vinifera), Mh E We palm-wine. Near the villges are groves of orange trees a semi-wild state. They bear a very heavy crop of The natives cultivate ground-nuts, kous, calabashes, and cotton to be made into “ pagns.” A small quantity of rubber is 615 got. Baobabs (Adansonia digitata) plentiful. Merua? tree, 50 feet high ог so. Balanghar on the great bend of the Gambia River, north bank. Soil dry sandy, a and ro ску (voleanic). Country here ane ye rocky, and hills of volcanic origin. Beside the river are man wamps. At жайкы and around there are many swamps, and rice fields of great extent. all volcanic hills and miles of long grass. Various kinds of palms. Odaii very dry and parched No rain while on the north bank, except two hours thunderstorm, which was ыы local. Country consists of very dense bush with cleared: atches near the villages. Very little water to be had except at places асноду: аа at the village wells. Polygala arenaria, Willd.—Bakindic Kotu. Plant 1 to Ц feet high. Urena lobata, L.— Jinnak, north bank. Soil, dry and Ж. Country flat with swamps. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high Маб Bubo-Bubo, Bark is used for “sd Seen everywhere. ; At Jinnak are many Baobab trees, silver cotton, Strophanthus creeper, cowhage (Mucuna), — (yielding palm wine), palms with fan-like leaves, “long grass 10 to 14 feet high, and miles of ро көй. Also tinge ‘Tice-fields. Hibiscus cannabinus, L.—Jinnak, native name dd ld Saur. An шор ot of the el is used by к. natives for cou Зееп, еуегу- — where. Bark used for making ropes.— Bakindie Кеш, Plant d бз, о feet high. ; Hibiscus physaloides, С. $ P.—Plant 2 to 4 feet high. Collected in eregi apeparap Mar isles e uth ban dark — ud d oist. Country sull flat with dense bush, little cultivation. YN patches of bamboo. Orange trees here and there. No wa water, — except at village well. as Hibiscus, near H. Grantii—Plant 4 to 6 feet high. Leaves, four De times as lar specimen. Collected in a wood beside a grassy s Ma Kuda. - Soil dark and moist. Weather, warm and dry. Cape. uc flat, with large swamps. Gossypium barbadense, L.—Torro, across Sware Kunda Creek, north bank. Soil dry and sandy. At Torro there are many swamps 270 (mangrove), near the creek. Country same as before. Cotton plant 1 to 3 feet high, seen in all the fields all over the Gambia —Jinnak. Shrub 4 to 5 feet high. Seen bringing boils to a head. Seen everywhere; also at Ma Kuda, south bank. Plant 2 to 4 feet high. Collected in a wood beside a phar swamp. Soil dark and moist. Triumfetta rhomboidea, Jacq. Acridocarpus sp.—Jarrol, Vintang Creek, south bank. Soil dry and sandy. Country flat. Plant springs from dry ground, ia half а Large ma dozen stems only ge swamps near the cree mangrove trees оп the creek. Large bush fires.-—Also at Sanding, Vintang Creek, чочо bank. Soil dry and sandy. Country very flat and dry, except near creek. Many жатуы and patches of bamboos. Kous and бойоп cultivated, bas remt eea Icacina senegalensis, A. Juss. AE north bank. Soil dry and sandy. Country — "Plant ] to 3 feet high. Each branch springs out of the ground, and plant consists of two dozen or so of these shoots, Fruit collected on — bank.—Also at Sanding, Vintang Creek, south Plant 1 to 2} feet high. rite 12 stems spring out of the soil together. Seen everywhere, but only in fru Spondias microcarpa, Hich.—Ma Kuda, sith bank. Soil dry and swampy in places. Country flat with large swamps. Tree 60 feet high. ge and spreading branches Moringa pterygosperma, dde. —Never-die-tree. Tree 20 feet high. Always flowering. Government House Garden, Bathurst, Gambia. Soil dry and sandy. Cnestis ferruginea, DC. —Gungur m Tree 7 feet high. Trunk diameter 1 foot. The only specimen seen pec striata, D C,—Jarrol, Visas Creek. Plant 2 to 3 feet 5 Crotalaria п.зр 10 feet long. Dramé Joku. Creeper, 10 feet lon Crotalaria n. sp. near lanceolata.—Jinnak. Plant 2 to 3 feet high. Crotalaria cylindrocarpa, DC.—Jinnak. Plant 2 to 3 feet high. —Karnghour, north bank. Soil ant and sandy. Country flat. Plant, 2 to 4 feet high. Seen everywher Country around Karnghour is fall of long tall grass and many a= trees. No water seen except at village wells. All the country parched. p. near anthyllopsis, Welw.—Ballé. Creeping plant ong. Indigofera pem Vahl.—Balanghar. — 2 to 3 feet long. - Indigofera п. sp. г I. PerottetiiL—Dramé, north bank. Soil dry and sandy. Indi bent eultivated in little patches лаар the villages. Country very flat and dry. Bush of grass very йе Indigofera hirsuta, L.—Dramé. Plant, creeping, 2 to 6 feet long. Jschynomene near uniflora, F. Mey.—Jinnak. Plant 3 feet high. . Erythrina senegalensis, DC.—Bakindic Кош. ‘Tree 6 to 8 feet | om Branches few, Pods burst and fruit difficult to collect, 271 Vigna vexillatta, Benth.—Collected in a marsh, Kona village, south bank. Soil very tA and sandy. Country very flat. Plant, long trailing tendrils, 3 to 5 feet long. he country hoe is n flat and dry. Large tracts are cleared around the villages for kous. Rubber in large quantities can be had. Water very scarce. Could = no work here for over a fortnight owing to the unfriendly state of the natives. Mezoneuron benthamianum, Baill.—Faraba Sotu, south bank. Soil and sandy. Country flat. Tree 25 to 40 feet hi = Branches and stem covered with thorns. Country still very a and parched. Bush fires frequent. Nothing but dense bush about. Very little water to be had. Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Sw.—Government House Garden, Bathurst. Tree 4 to 6 feet high. Cassia Tora, L.—Balanghar. Plant 1 to 3 feet long. Cassia nigricans, Vahl—Karnghour. Plant 2 to 4 feet high. Seen every where. Cassia mimosoides, L.—Gungur. Plant 2 to 5 feet high. Detarium senegalense, Gmel.—Jinnak. Tree 30 to 40 feet high Wide branches. ees name tallow tree. Fruit called ** Dita." Бей everywhere in Gambia. Entada africana, G. e¢ P.—Fruit only. Parinarium macrophylla Эа ME Tree 10 to 15 feet high, with wide spreading branches. Native name Tamba- Kunda. Fruit is eaten, seeds are bunt and ashes used as soap, and bark is powdered and smeared over deap seated pains, Seen every- where Drosera indica, L.—Collected in a marsh, Kona village. Entire plant with insects adherent. Branches cove ered with a dewy, clear, sticky exudation, Very common here. Guiera senegalensis, Lam.—Balanghar. Small tree 3 to 8 feet high. Seen ón a ori and south banks of the Gambia.—Stillite, south bank. Country here is very dry and parched. Bush fires numerous. Little cultivation. No water except at village well. Combretum mucronatum, Thonn.—Balanghar. Tree 12 to 15 feet high. Branches void out like a large shrub, Also at Gungur. Small tree 10 feet high. Combretum раа, Vent. (C. comosum, Don.).— N'Jaré. _ Fruit and specimens collecte iem ‘the south bank. Stillite, Cree reeping _ plant 25 to 40 feet long.—Also at Faraba Sotu. Plant, creeper, 40 feet. —Collected at Bakindic Кош on the north bank. After the plant attains 5 feet or so it starts to creep up the adjacent trees. пт" аса Kotu. Creeping plant ap 3 Combretum r high trees in swampy soil. Leaves near flowers are white with a pin or wd ei tinge. The ett small lave are uel for killing round n children, Osbeckia near 0. senegambieenis, С. e? P.--Collected in a wood = beside a grassy — Ma Kuda. Soil was dark and moist. Plant _3 feet high. 272 Nesza radicans, С. et P.—Bakindic Кош. Plant 2 to 4 feet high. a linifolia, VaAl.—Jinnak. Plant 1 to 3 feet high.—Also at iren eren Shrub 2 to 4 feet hi igh. Майа scabrella, 474.—Dramé. Creeper. zc Creeping plant 4 to 8 feet long; on the ground and bushe Oldenlandia grandiflora, жыз a ae 6 inches to 4 feet high. Seen everywhere.—Torro. Plan to 3 feet high. —Dramé Joku. Plant 2 to 5 feet high. Seen efe I wie denlandia senegalensis, Hiern.—Jinnak, Jinnak Creek. Plant. Native name Temeng-Temeng. Collected in the long grass. Seen everywhere.—Also at Torro, Plant 5 зш high. Roots made into native broom. Also used as a worm-killer Spermacoce globosa, 5. e¢ Thonn.—Jinnak. Shrub 2 to 8 feet high. Very common.-—Gungur village. Weed, seen in all fields, 1 to 2 feet high. Dried leaves are used for healing ulcers. Very common Mitracarpum scabrum, Zucc.—Karnghour. Plant 6 in. to 1j feet high. A weed in all the fields. Leaves are dried and placed over old ulcers, which are said to heal rapidly. Vernonia senegalensis, Less.—Balanghar. Tree 10 to 15 feet high. Common name, Bitters tree. Leaves are chewed for their ple kuq properties. Seen along north and south banks of the Gambia Vernonia pauciflora, Less.—Bakindic Kotu. Plant 2 to 5 feet high. Seen everywlere.—At Balanghar, a plant 2 to 3 feet high. Seen т iiu in the fields. Kona village, south bank of the Gambia, a shrub very bushy, Бий 7 feet high. rnonia cinerea, Less.—Bakindic Kotu. Plant 1 to 3 feet high. _ Seen also at Karnghour, Ballé, and Torro, Vernonia Perottetii, Sch. Bip.—Karnghour. Plant 2 to 6 feet high. Collected i in the fields. Very common. —Seen also at Torro. Plant 3 fee Vern nigritiana, О. e? H—Torro. Plant 6 inches to 18 inches. high. Native name Jubu Toutes Roots are pounded and boiled, and taken as a purgative . Ageratum conyzoi ros L.—Colleeted in a wood beside a grassy swamp, Ma Kuda. Plant 2 to 4 feet high. Vicoa auriculata, Cass.—Bakindic Кош. Plant 1 to 3 feet high. Seen егуз, Blumea lacera, OC.—Balanghar. Plant 2 to 4 feet high. Seen only here. = Sphæranthus hirtus, Wil/d.—Jinnak. Plant. Native qus du. ти Сит-ти. Grows in the rice fields during the dry sea A -~ Common weed, seen also at Gungur village. Gynura ua, Benth.—Collected in a marsh, Kona village. Plant i ate 4 fo t high, w with long shoots. ba L.—Balanghar. Plant, sort of creeper, 2 to 4 5 ‘Branches have жч moist feelin ng. 273 Strophanthus sarmentosus, DC.— N'Jaré. Creeper 40 feet long, Very few trees at Sapi flowering. Kona village. Baissea multiflora, А. DC.—Gungur village. Creeper, rubber, 30 to 60 feet long. na diameter 3 inches. Bark used as a ro pe. Calotropis procera, R. Br.—Ballé. семя: ate 3 to 12 feet high. Seen all over the Gambia. All parts of the tree have a milky juice. It is Maes difficult to preserve against insects as айык. It is said to be a good thing for sprains, headaches, and other pains. The leaves are кеа warm to the affected par Usteria guineensis, Willd. Enicostema ei Blume.—Bakindie Кой, Plant 1 to 2 feet high. Soil swampy. Schultesia senegalensis, Baker.—Entire plant, collected in a marsh, Kona village. Heliotropium indicum, L.—Gungur village. Shrub 2 = к. чай high. Native name Cock’s Comb. An infusion is used in Gonorr Ipomea Вора-пох, Г. — Government House Garden, Bathurst. St. Helena moon flower. Creeper 20 to 30 feet long. noster Mb P. de B.—Collected in a wood beside a grassy swa Ma Kuda. Soil dark and moist. 7 to 10 feet long. Light Seer flower. Ipomea pinnata, Hochst. — Balanghar. Creeping plant 6 feet long. Ipomea A Baker, n. sp.—Gungur village. A convolvulus 30 feet long or s | Hewittia tee ЈУ. & А—Ма Kuda. 4 to 8 feet long. Flower delicate cream colo Solanum near TRO. L.—Gungur village. Shrub 3 to 4 feet high. Physalis angulata, L.—Jinnak. Shrub 2j to 6 feet high. Native |. name Cubum Pup. Used as an external counter-irritant. Sco dulcis, L.—Gungur village. Plant 4 feet high. Common name iym J arrol, Vintang Creek. Plant 2 to 3 feet high. . Alectra senegalensis, Benth.—Jinnak. Small p lant. Seen in dry rice fields apo pes Yellow flower. In 4 ood beside a grassy swamp.—Ma Kuda. Plant 1 foot high. Buchnera, n. sp.—Faraba Sotu. Plant 3 to 6 feet high. Grove amongst the high bush grass. Seen everywhere Buchnera leptostachya, Bent. Buchnera dura, Benth.—Karnghour. Plant l to 21 feet high.— Dramé Joku. Plant 2 to 3 feet high. Native name Dam- Pan. Used as a blue-black dye. ` Newbouldia levis, Seem.—Stillite. Tree 4 to 8 feet high. Flowers grow on upright stem. Stem has no leaves on it for2 or 3 feet.—Jarrol, U Vintang Creek. Tree 4 to 10 feet. 274 Kigelia africana, Benth-—Ka fundi, 30 miles south of Gungur, om the coast, south bank. Soil d dry sand. Country flat. Tree 30 t feet high. Large, long fruit collected. e country here is very dense bush except at clearings around the villages. At places on the coast are very extensive rice fields, Many palm-wine palms (ZapAia) are here, also large patches of bamboos. Orange groves numerous. Covntry parched. Bush fires starting Nelsonia campestris, R. Br.—Dramé. Creeping plant. Hygrophila se senegalensis, 4nders.—Jinnak. Plant 2 to 3 feet high, collected in the dry rice fields, Hygrophila spinosa, dnders.—Jinnak. Plant 2 to 4 feet high. In moist ground. Phaylopsis parviflora, Willd—Jinnak. Shrub 3 feet high. Com- mon name Pap-leaf. The leaves are used as а hot fomentation over Z spleen in agu hen the shrub is placed in water the burst with a slight crackling sound. Seen everywhere Schwabea ciliaris, /Vees.—Ballé. Plant 3 feet high. Lantana Camara, L.—Government House Garden, Bathurst. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high. Lippia adoensis, /7ochst.-—Stillite. Plant 2 to 3 feet high. Ocimum basilicum, Z.—Dramé. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high. Native name Patmagi. An infusion made of the leaves is used in fevers eek are also used іп soups.—Also at Dramé Тока. Shrub 2 to 4 feet 15 ucas martinicensis ,R. B —Karnghour. Plant 1 to 2 жез си Common name Wild (инь. ы whole plant is made i infusion and used as a wash in f ` Celosia laxa, Schum. et Thonn.—Collected in wood n marsh EM егы soil, Ma Kuda. Plant with long tiis чение sic ush osia trigyna, L.—Bakindie Kotu. Plant 2 to 3 feet high. Seen erede Loranthus 1 90 Benth. — Gambian mistletoe. Balanghar. Plant 2 feet high. Grows as paese on Merua—Also at Bathurst Garden. Grows in clumps on guava trees стен multifida, Z.—Bathurst Garden. Tree 10 to 12 feet gh. Ricinus communis, L.-—Balanghar. Castor-oil tree, Seen every- where near villages, Gloriosa superba, L.—Collected in а wood beside a grassy swamp, Ma Kuda. Soil dark and moist. Wee single ereeping along ground 8 feet long. Only specimen seen Commelyna nudiflora, L. var. Werneana, Hassk. юш. А. _ Creeping plant on ground and Amb Near water. Common name High- -grass. Seen everywhere 275 Pistia Stratiotes, Z.—N’Jaré. Aquatic plant growing on чән surface of water in large clumps. Native name Eye-piiy. Used the natives as an anodyne e м h. Leaves are soaked in cold wales If the plant comes in contact with the body it produces a sharp sting- ing sensation very like a s sawi sting, and the pain continues for some minutes. At N’Jaré there is a stream of fresh water about 50 yards wide in which this aquatic plant was ae Nothing else was seen here ; stream full of long dried up grass. Much the same trees seen here as before. In the fields small сиба plants cultivated. Lycopodium cernuum, ZL.—-Jarrol, Vintang Creek. In moist soil. Azolla pinnata, А. Br. Hexagonia polygramma, Mont. Polystictus funalis, Fries. CCXXI.—MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. The Seeretary of State for India in анн has selected, upon the nomination of Kew, Mr. John Horne Stephen, to be head gardener at the Lal Bagh Gardens, Bengalore, under the Danit of Mysore. Dr. Stapf’s valuable Persian herbarium has been acquired for the Royal Gardens by purchase. It contains about 1,100 species, and will ely augment the collections from that region, which was but poor represented at ты if we except Dr. Aitchison’ s collection from the extreme east of Pers From the Botenical Division of the United Step Agricultural Department, Washington, there has been received a Mexican plants, collected by Dr. Edward Palmer, and described and published by various American botanists. The Mexican flora seems indeed almost inothaoitible; Va fresh collection пошце in new iid. : т. F. M. Bailey, oh L.S., the active Colonial botanist of the Colony of of Queensland; and one of "the recent explorers of the Bellenden-Ker sent зма to Kew of about fifty of his proposed new From Dr. Engler, the Director of the Berlin Botanic , Kew received a parcel of mpi m chiefly from the collections made by German travellers in tropical Afri x 276 In connexion with the botanical collections made by Mr. Antwerp E. Pratt, in Western China and Eastern Thibet, at elevations of 9,000 to 13,500 feet, the Principal Assistant in the Herbarium, Mr. Hemsley, -R.S., has visited Paris, in order to study the novelties collected by Prince Henry of Orleans, and published by Professor Bureau and Mr. Franchet. A considerable number of Mr. Pratt’s plants proved to. be the same, yet the number of different species was even larger. These Two collections of dried Bornean plants have been received from Dr.. Haviland, Curator of the Museum at Sarawak, each of about 400 species. The first has been partly worked out by Dr. Stapf the Assistant for India, and has proved rich in novelties, especially in Melastomacee, of which there are two or three new genera, and at least a scor ew species. Among the latter are two species of the singular polyandrous genus Plethiandra, Hook. f., previously only known from a very imperfect specimen collected by Motley. There is also a new genus of the Araliacee, with a calyptrate calyx, and half a dozen Begonias. Dr. Glaziou has presented a further instalment of his enormous Brazilian herbarium, containing about 700 species, "P. woody spines 7 or 8 inches long; and there are many undescribed plants in this collection. The Keeper of the Herbarium, Mr. Baker, has lately proceeded to the Riviera to examine the fine collections of Yucca, Aloe, Agave, г : . Mr. Baker has long made a special study of this class of plants, and his visit has proved ve instructive. А detailed report of the results will appear in a future number of the Bulletin. An interesting series of apparatus and implements connected with the Gambier industry ( Uncaria Gambier, Roxb.) of the Straits Settlements Mr. H Gardens and Forest Department, Singapore. It includes a model of a gaa factory, with the following implements used in the cultivation A knife for cutting the Gambier plant in the field. A chopper for hopping up leaves and twigs before putting them into the boiler. rk made of the wood of the “Tampenis” (Sloetia sideroxylon) for stirring the Gambier leaves in the boiling pan. А basket for = шей 277 bringing the fresh cut leaves to the factory. A rubbish. basket for. ing away the exhausted leaves, which are thus carried to the pepper. plantations or Gambier fields for manure. A tub for holding liquid. Gambier; in this tub the Gambier is set. Stick of * Mahang” wood (Macaranga hypoleuca) used in setting the liquid. A coarse strainer used for taking the spen t leaves out of the boiler... A cocoanut- shell strainer fixed to a kind of sieve by the handle so that it hangs down in the boiling Gambier. When the larger débris has been taken out by the coarse strainer, the smaller bits drop into the cocoanut shell. and are then removed. The collection of vanilla pods in the Museum of Economic Dotany (No. ii.), has recently been revised and augmented by a series illustrating the principal kinds now known in English Piu including the following sorts :—Madagascar, Bourbon, Réunion, Mauritius, Seychelles, Bahia, Mexico, Java, „and “ vanillous ” (the less valuable sorts of vanilla). A large supply of the “butter nut” of British Guiana (Caryocar nuciferum) was received а Мг. G. S. Jenman, F.L.S., Superintendent of the Botanieal Gardens, Georgetown, Demerara. The tree yielding these nuts is a very үке timber tree as well аза fruit-yielding tree, . and its successful introduction to the tropical parts of the Old World, as been a matter of solicitude on the part of Kew for some years. An attempt made in 1888 apparently failed. The present supply of nuts as been distributed to the botanical establishments at Calcutta, Madras, : Оре, такса Ceylon, Mauritius, Singapore, Natal, while some were sown at Kew ; A very fine, and probably a unique, = of Yucca filifera was pre- sented to the Royal Gardens by Mons. de Falbe, Villa Valetta, Cannes, and placed in the Temperate House. “This specimen is 25 feet high, and about 3 feet in diameter at the base, It is a ша ificent oem in owing to injury during transit, it is hoped that it will оба, гесоуег. The ured in the Botanical Magazine, tab. 7197, men received at Kew in 1888. n it arrived it was apparently dead, and the trunk was placed in the E of ede Botany (No. iii). After remaining there for two years in eonaition it put out rudimentary leaves, and it imately flowered. The plant was then removed to the Tem ешрега where its inflorescence was fully developed in September 1890. d 188€ of Ramie as а possible industrial plant for India the Beaters of State for India in Council sanctioned an arrangement whereby the Assistant —— b 278 Director of Kew was enabled to attend the trials and prepare reports embodying the results for the information of the India се. A summary of these reports was afterwards published in the Kew Bulletin for November and December 1888, and November and December 1889. At the trials in September last the Director of Kew was able to be present as representative for India, and the results, which have just been worked out, will, by permission of the Secretary of State for India in Council, be shortly published in the Kew Bulletin. The trials took place this year at Gennevilliers, a suburb of Paris, in a field where Ramie (the white-leaved sort) had been grown specially for the purpose. After the trial of the decorticators had been com- pleted the ribbons were afterwards passed on to be treated by the ocesses во as to test ex actly the amount of filasse (or estimate being formed of the advance which has been made towards solving the difficulties hitherto connected with the Ramie question. [All Rights Reserved. | ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 60. | DECEMBER. [ 1891. CCXXII— HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF KEW TO 1841. On the Ist of April 1841 Sir William Hooker, who eed n: been Regius Professor of Botany in the University of Gla com menced his duties as Director of icu. he year 1891 therefore ‘marks the jubilee of the establishment as a national institution. It appeared to me that the occasion might appropriately be marked by giving some a Mon in the pages of the Kew Bulletin of the origin and development of the Royal Gardens as a place of botanical study. Th possession of the Crown. I have therefore had to fall back on local tradition, on local histories, the statements in which are often confusing and inaecurate, and on such scattered notices as could be gathered from contemporary literature. The present account only goes as ~ as AK The history of the last er century will be given in another I am quite aware that what I have ав 15 5 open to the criticism that it sight have been stated with greater brevity. But I have LONDON: PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE, B ND SPOTTISWOODE, PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. And to be кА either directly or through any Bookseller, fro EYRE - SPOTTISWOODE, East HARDING STREET, HN. Senen, T. C., and ‚ А DON STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.; JOHN MENZIES & Co., 12, HANOVER паме Erano, and 90, WEST NILE STREET, GLASGO HODGES, ОСТА, & Co., 104, GRAFTON и. DUBLIN. 1891. Price Twopence. 280 thought it best to sift the available material, and to print verbatim the statements which seem to be fairly accurate. For official purposes the need has often been felt of such a historical account as I have attempted to compile. And it is from this point of view extremely о to give the exact authority on which any ае ема п order to save space in the citation of id es I mui a ате of the books from which the information has been The Rarities of Richmond: being Exact нн н of the Royal |. Hermitage and Merlin's Cave. Second ed. 1736. A Morning’s Walk from London to Kew. By Sir Richard Phillips. 1817. Riehmond and its Vicinity. By John Evans, LL.D. Second ed. 1825. Kew and its Gardens. By Frederick Scheer, Esq. 1840. The History of Kew. By Edward Simpson. [Privately printed, 1849.] : Wanderi ngs through the Conservatories at Kew. [By Philip Henry Gosse, 1856. | Records of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [By John Smith. Privately printed, 1880. ] Kew: t and Present. By Q.C. and Edward Waiford, M.A. [ Privately Seated, 1884. Pages 389-424 are reprinted from alford’s * Greater London.” | The у of the Kew Observatory. Ву Robert Henry Scott, M.A., F.R.S., Secretary to the Мооре Council. Proc. R.S. Lond., vol, xxxix. (1885), pp. 37-46. A Sketch of the Life and Reminiscences of John Rogers. 1889. W. T. THISELTON-DYER. Earty History. Although not one = T oldest institutions, the early — of Tar commences with a n Flückiger and nbu aco- graphia (2nd. ed.. 1879, s; 767) * the foundation of the Kew Gardens ^ is attributed to William Turner, who died in 1568. This idea seems to have had its origin in a passage in Pulteney’s “ Historieal and Biographical Sketches of the Progress of Botany in England” G 5y vol. i., p. 63), where the author, in his account of Turner, remarks : “ The existence of anything like a ` botanic garden at Kew in the sixteenth century is certainly a curious coincidence, and the national establishment which now exists could not have had a worthier founder than “the Father of English Botany.” But unless contiguity to the neighbouring pom of Sion (where, aecording to Pulteney (1., ak site of his garden at Kew is л ara The mention of so remarkable a man in connexion with Kew will justify, кате a few words as to his history. He was born at M orthumberland, and was educated at the expense of Lord | ить, at rri ae a university which has produced a succession ME distinguished — botanists. At the University he was — 281 College in in 1530. In 1548 he ubl " The Names of Herbes.” At this time he was physician to the Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector. and the preface is dated from Sion House, then the residence of the latter, to whom the book is dodioibed. It contains many localities of native ngage chiefly about Sion. Turner seems, however, to have lived also at Kew, for Mr. Daydon Jackson, in his reprint of 'Turner's first publicadon, * Libellus de re Herbaria Novus” (1588), prints a letter —€— with * farewell from Kew," whieh appears to have been written in 15 'Turner's Herbal fe first part, 1551 ; second part, 1562; reprint with third part, 1568) was the real starting point of scientific botany in ngland. It sates a е to. Kew, which is no doubt the authority for Pulteney’s statemen “ Cicer is md in Italy and Germany. I "o seen them in the gardine of the barbican in London, and I haue it in my garden at Kew. Cicer may be named in English ciche or sp pease, after the rosso aie" The complete edition of the Herbal is dedicated to Queen Elizabeth. He recalls that he had conversed with her in Latin at Sion (before she had ascended the throne), and assures her that he rion spake * with any noble or A: woman that spake so wel and so much A e, ed fyne a pure Lat In 1550 Turner was байа Dean of Wells, though not ordained Pasa till 1562. He was also a member of the House of Commons. He d 1568. RICHMOND GARDENS. Kew, as it exis ds to-day, was formed by the fusion of two distinct properties or domains, both Royal, but with entirely different histories. They eie emer roughly to the west and east halves of the present gard The tern half was known as Richmond Gardens. The eastern half cancion in great part to the grounds of Kew House, and to this the name of Kew Gardens was originally confined. The two properties were separated by Love Lane, the ancient bridle road — arem and Brentford ferry. Evans (pp. 18-24) says eg the Old Palace at Richmond was originally “the Мек House at Sheen.” It was made а royal palace by Edward I. Henry УП. rebuilt it after a fire, and gave it the name March 24, 1603. Charles IL, by order of Parliament, w be educated at Richmond. In 1 it was sold for 10,000/. “In this Ob ce, according to Bishop Burnet, the son of James the * Second, commonly kuown by the name of the Pretender, was " аала " Nothing now remains of it but the old Gateway оп the "The Old Park je contradistinction to the New Park, now known as Richmond Park) lay to the north of the palace. Evans says (pp. 28, plut ts 1 was once occupied by Cardinal Wolsey in his disgrace. ‘The Thot Stow, ‘hav Tm nse to repair to Richmond, was there ea U 70118. 1000.— 2/92. Wt. 37. E.&S. А $ `< 282 In the Kew Museums there is a map by Jean Rocque, dated 1734, and entitled “Plan of the House Gardens, Park, and Hermitage of “ their Majesties at eee and of their R.H. ‘the Prince of Wales “ and the Princess Royal at фе An inscription on the map аш the following account of how the house and land came into the possession of Queen Caroline, wife of George II. * His Maj : late Gracious K: W : III. for y* гаси eerie: of qe D: O[rmonde] € Sarien ye Enemy) =a aq this Plac weh he founded i i : @; va не » said :in to his Q: M she survives as Dowager Q: ng 2 at whose Expence it is made compleat being augmented with Bu aildings Sia sundry large parcles of Ground purchas'd to enlarge уе Gardens Park &c. all дийн (and at no small renee. adorn’d in so а а manner аз renders it second to none in у° Kingdo * It is beautify'd with regular Rows of Trees, Walks, Groves, «Мерт» моя &с. At a distance you view the Park, Fields, River, City, and at а remoter Prospect у° Country all ded w renders s one of y* most delectable Pise) in y* Land. Near this Place stands Kew Pallace The seat of his Royal Highness # Prince of Wales, A wien а "Place „тегу bonn ll in its Situation, Mti &c. all laid out at his delightfull Prospect of y* River and the opposite Country.” A somewhat different story is ire by. RoHS * Richmond Lodge, which in its turn became the of Richmond, was apparently pere the RIA e of de Tas Park, the E^ oS Park" (p. 39). * Richmond Lodge or House (ом occupied by Cardinal Wolsey) .... had been granted in 1707 by Queen Anne to the D , and рану rebuilt ААД him in the year 1708-9, on the site of an old building which had likewise bor of a lodge fora long period of years. On the impeachment of the Deke in et 15, he hastily left the country к rut at Paris. Ormonde House was apparently unfinis эш at the time. The Earlof Arran, his brother, vin [meer the property, then leased for the term of seme: m years, sold the lease to the Prince of Wales, с George II., of whom before and after his тубы й үө the throne, it was a favo ee place of ert ses even more particularly so of his Queen (Caroline) s (р. 4 Queen Caroline is believed to have жа large sums on Richmond Sim p. 45) quotes Walpole :—** One of the Queen's * delights, was с оета of her Sone, and the King believed ith her own money ; пог d he ev ok * own revenue.” Simpson continues :— He little An ini the aid * Sir Robert Walpole (then Minister) furnished to her from the * Treasury: ks she died she was in debt to the "King, to the “ amount of 2 Queen Caroline died in 1737 and George П. іп 1760. Up to this date Richmond Gardens remained unchanged. The following clear and “ The present mart хиа is delightfully situated, is a plain м heu ef the duke of psa ond, w ived a grant of a of Rich- mond, fro) n Wi liam III. as a reward for his military а менд the attainder of that oa in us beginning of ie reign of King George I., it ен olved to the crown, and it was by hi -4 late majesty раны to queen Caroline, in case became queen но ы d. “The King took great delight here, and made several improvements in the i es tile her Majesty ama amused herself at her royal dairy house, Mor rlin’s cave, the Кид», ы, ‚ improvemen she made the park and ee orsi di dise UU. 283 “The gardens are extremely fine, and are formed with an agreeable wi —— and pleasing irregularity, that cannot fail to charm all who are in love with na and afford a much higher and more asting satisfaction than can possibly arise бош the шон extensive "йш" of a “ Оп entering these rural wal ‘ks ‚ you are conducted to the -— a neat but low brick building, to which there is an са t by a flight о re = =, the front is a handsome angular pediment. The s on his side are covered with stueco, and the house is furnished acy ett toa gene dairy, the ось Mot the milk being of the most beautiful china, “ Proceeding po i a _ ee trees you come to the temple, iue is situated оп amount. It is a cir crowned with a ball, and suppor жой Же ign columns, with a ts uis in "rei middle, кый: to which there is an assed very steép 8 slopes “ Returning Љу the pesi pap Apter y the gravel walk = leads from the palace to the river, you ood, which you ter by a walk terminated by the queen’s pavilion, a neat “кл structure, wherein is seen а pe chimney- тесе, tak га gn іп the addition to Palladis, and a model of а palace ed ed to be built in this place. In another part of this wood is the duke's mer- ач which is s а lofty arched потона and the roof rising to a point is terminat меп aS “ Fro a yk come to the summer-house on the көн, а тю small buildin i VER v мт large and lofty windows, to give a better view of the country, and particularly of that noble seat called Sion House » this edifice i two he * Passing through a labyrinth, you ond, "Merlin s eave, a Got building thatched; within which are the pa ede fares i in wax, Merli өй ап жы aa bern nter; the excellent and learned queen Elizabeth, and a en of the Amaz ere is also a eia ag co poet ofa well chosen кх. зүп of {be works of modern — neatly — vellum * On leaving t difice ich. has antique and venerable appearance, you come toa pes oval of above pem hundred d feet i in diameter, called the ip oval, ve rm uilding, and turning from he ou h iew of itage, a gro е А ch seems as if it tood many hundred years, tho i built er of late majesty. uh T arched e and the mid е. t i hich projects forward, is adorn ind of r s angular pedim the stones o whole edifice appear ya if fidely laid together and the ib, look of the whole is improved by the thiekness of the solemn grove behind, A the little turret on the top with a bell, to whieh you may ascend by a winding w The inside of this building is in the тж. of an enas E with м, inwhich are the busts of the following truly great men, who by their writings were an honour t . The first on the left hand is Mr. Woolaston, a Logs or of the Religion of Nature Displayed ; next to him is the reverend and learned Dr. Samuel Clarke, and in a kind of alcove is the e truly honourable "Mr. Robert Be oyle “From this seat of Bi шош ы you pass thro’ fields soe, m grass ; through corn fields d ground interspersed with b which RUNE excellent dle чя hares and pheasants, of which aye an are great abunda d hen id e beautiful variety, in Малы nature appears in all her forms of cultivation and barren ness, you e to an ns formed by young _ and a gi wilderness, through i iih you pass to the forest walk, that extend эрш half а mile, and then passing through a inal а аан you leave “ At rep Eu uen of the garden is another house that belonged to her majesty, and near ouse of his late M rM Highness Frederick prince of Wales, which is on үш ени Opposite this last house is the princess Amelia’s, built а а евіч иа. the ће outside of which is painted. * Forest walk” as shown on Rocque’s plan was an avenue of tres which ran from near the present Palace to Richmond Green, a distance of considerably more than a mile. The wilderness was called the “ Wilderness near серии E It appears from Walpole, quoted by Johnson (History of pupa кк, р. 262), that the "Вары Gardens were laid out by E the next fashionable designer of Gardens dona make every division tally to its opposite, ‘and d 284 he still adhered much = strait walks with high clipt iy эе a were ed арт great lines ; the rest he diversified by wilderness, and wit groves of oak, though still within тайге hedges hg hi n saway hehe iater] "footing, he ventured farther, and in the Roya al Garden at Richmond, dared to introduce cultivated fields, and even morsels of a forest к nce, Bridgeman introduced the sunk fence *as a boundary instead of walls and other opaque partitions." * Here,” says Scott (р. 41), “ іп the garden ve to their lodge, took place the interview x tween Queen Caroline and Jeannie Deans, after z: rj ey on foot from Edinburgh to plead for the life of s Stil Effie, which has been so graphically and so touchingly described by Sir Walter Scott in his ‘Heart of Midlothian.’ e is some reason to think that George III. contemplated at first making the Richmond Gardens a royal residence. In the Kew Museums there is a manuscript plan entitled “ set ae with the pro- posed alterations, December 10, 1764. e scheme, which was probably the work of Brown (1715-82), 8 the whole of the Deer Park. It eliminates all the work of em n Caroline, and redisposes the ground in the мочен а ndscape fashio George III. certainly resided at Riehmond or Ormond n as it was apparently indifferent tly called, in the early part of his o о gives some particulars of the local history ‘of this date. He was a gardener ‘in the Royal Gardens at Richmond, then under the * Superintendence of Mr. John Haverfield, who was recommended to His * Majesty King George IIT. by Lord Bute ” (p. 21). Before this E had been— sa Richm Lodge, sete see the beautiful display of т given by His Ма ty King G eorge IIT. to Christian VII. King of Denmark, in honour of the nuptials UT of his sister, ths M еа v» tilda ^id the Danish King stly exhibited upon a large pond, pear the Lodge, which was fall of old: Ard iit other fishes" (р, 19). A few other facts may be tet to illustrate a part of the history of Kew, of which so little is known “During my stay in the Royal Gardens, I had frequent opportunities of seeing the King, who at e time resided in a domestic manner at Ormond Lodge. е т 5 walk t whee: we were at work, and occasionally ask us questions.” p. 26). “Very near ы таз а тез flower garden in which the Queen took particular i el I remember assisting Ramus, the Queen's Page, €— some tulip sg (a кораб Her Majesty was particularly fond of) under her immediate direction all tra is garden have long been swept md. After the death but of the Queen' s Ar uem [n 78], his Majesty retired to Kew ” (p. 2 All trace of Queen Caroline's occupation was s eventa obliterated. Scott (p. 42) quotes from Crisp’s * Richmond ” “A few are — -— ссе of George ye the public, rt especially of ee. Kew. n bea š Fe н to learn that it was His Maj ys intention to hole the uildin iid ii ets VÉ t e for cattle, which intention was ашу 6i fried out Cien: Js ° гаи Crisp, however, quoted by Scott (р. 44), says :—- “ It was in the year 1770 that the ч, or hamlet of West Sheen, with the and e ancient реет таль the entrance to, or rather part of, the priory, an eighteen . houses with large р of ground pirum were M down, and the entire site converted into par k or poik ure land, as we now see _Не continues : — `í «о е чн кы aU i gr oY numerous and singular buildings wth which Quee ol Gaaga П . had at n телу outlay enriched the place, the remains of the ancient monastery of a arge and embattled Gothic e метрах d and the e numerous houses still аа < to the hamlet—we have now not a vestige left.” _Brown got the credit of the AA Evans (p. 30) quotes from Mason's “ Heroic Epistle to Sir William Chambers "(1773) :— * Come brine prolifie Art, and with thee bri ing The charms that ne from thy exhaustless spring ; ichmond come, for see untutor'd Brown Destroys — wonder that were hy . Lo! from h n ground the peasant cmm Has rudely cry and level'd Merlin’s Cav Knock'd down the waxen wizard, Aue his d and; A Of Stephen Пейж nd good QUEEN CAROLINE ! ” The augmentation of the property stated by Rocque must have con- sisted of land to the north. Richmond сшде рт extended to the At the extreme northern apex of the property the uM as stated by и had а house which in Roeque's plan is called the * Queen's House at Kew." It was almost next door to the present Kew Palace, being only separated бош its out-buildings by the end of Love Lane. There is a tradition that it belonged to Sir Richard Levett, who also purchased the present palace in 169 97. he dogs on the piers at the present entrance to the palace were stated by the late John Smith to have been placed there by Decimus Burton in 1847, and to have come tá the gateway to Levett's house. Pini is iii the * гривен Royals Hous MERLIN’s CAVE. Among the buildings с by George III. were two which not- withstanding their trivial character have enjoyed a reputation which a good deal exeeeds their intrinsic interest. ‘These were the Hermitage and Merlin’s Cave. The latter was а sort of thatched summer-house of wood and plaster with queer conical bee-hive roofs. It is digest the * Keeper’s House" of Rocque’s map, ani was near river. The name has been transferred on the Ordnance map to a ery with a small stone house and a sort of underground cellar which existed till t of recently near the 'l'emperate House in a remote part of the grounds. From a letter of John Smith it appears that this was constructed by the sons of George Ш. with the help of a l bricklayer Having become о grown and obsolete, the materials were used in 1882 for the con- prim of the к Garden in the Вашае site of Ormond House is not certainly known, but it was appar- sity.: in wet se ee part of the Old Deer Park near the Queen’s Cottage G Evans ач 127) says (1824) :— a djoining the Old Park are now connected with Kew ic E de Pk 4 e г Met А Palace of George the Second, a оч spot with his Queen Caroline of rra celebrity. But this encient structure having been demolished, another was begun, even to the turning of the arches, but M never completed. The Gat en with erlin’s Cave and other decorations ished, an о ry, devoted to science, raises its dome and dignifies 286 OBSERVATORY. The observatory was built for с ПІ. in 1769 by Sir William Chambers for the purpose of obse the transit of Venus which occurred in that year. The old РНЕ in Kew House had fallen into disuse. The Rev. Stephen Demaimbray succeeded his father Dr. Demaimbray in 1782 as superintendent of the observatory. He retired on a pension in 1840, when the observatory was abandoned by the Royal family. Latterly fey was assisted by his nephew Pro pi = who took charge of the observatory during the Oxford vacatio Evans (p. xi) describes in 1824 the changes which had taken place in the Deer Park, as pointed out to him by Rigau * Strolling one day into Richmond Gardens to ascertain where the old er posi Palace of Sue the don d and of Queen и with its far- ar adja Merlin’s Cave e author had the good fortune to meet there 8. P. tigand Esq., of the koai ‘Ob перад seb ge ти sor of Ся metry, Ox for d dis- inguished for his mathematical attainm MT теу nd out to him, though a stranger, the spot vh these боа to be found. Two hawthorn bushes, now blown down by the wind, till lately indicated where this yen of kings e т быр its broad foundations, and reared its turrets to the sky. As atter of fact it was a very plain house, deetitute of turrets.] Even its ruins н disappeared. It is swept into oblivion . . Richmond Gardens existed, and were in the zenith ‘of their popularity before Kew Gardens (ure into distinction. But it has been stripped of its horticultural Beauties bine гт fri Mime the with a pla Green, have also vanished ; t down it is said with a number of fine elms; the latter were used in pee the common sewers of the metropolis of Scotland ! Indeed this truly celebrated spot is reduced to an humble, but spacious plot o meadow ground, stretching from near the Pagoda, at the southern extremity of the Kew Gardens, to the village of Richmond.” The “ Terrace” spoken of by ese ag сап still be traced, though it is now only a turfed avenue by th i eni sas: (p. 130) on the authority of < “а LOL friend, of Brent- terrace near the river was squat, гну on Sunday evening, with a ia rse of nobility and gentry! Stars and ribbons and garters glistened on the eye in chinterrtipted succession, No music ‘exhilarated the company, but the trans- sear stream of old father Thames glided by with an equable and enviable placidity.” The actual topographical veo of the Richmond Gardens, as they now form part of the Pleasure "шал: is extremely difficult to trace. A path starting from the side of Kew House and running across the Palace lawn takes a further course nd the Pleasure Grounds, and ends at Tus head of the Hollow Walk. It is known traditionally as the Princess’s Walk. Another walk starting from the same point at the ford Walk. The local tradition is ярап these three walks, the veu: Stafford, and Hollow Walk, were made in the reign of e IIT. by the Staffordshire. Militia ‘eho quartered at Kew, and at isa expense of the Dowager Princess of Wales. The Hollow Walk, which is one of the prettiest ere in the grounds, is shown on a * Plan of the Royal Manor of Richm made by Thomas Richardson for Peter Burrell, ME His is Majesty's S 8 Messina Soon in 1771. A this Museums by Her Majesty the The Hollow Walk (and the others) must therefore have been 287 made between 1760 and 1771. They were probably designed by Brown. Love LANE. In 1765 an Act of Parliament was passed giving George III. power to shut up Love Lane, which za Kew and 2 Gardens :— thelate Horse Ferry at Kew, to West Sheene Lane near Е Вода Green, to be shut up and discontinued.’ The King undertook to keep the ера a Kew Bridge to Richmond in repair as an equivalent. This Act se to have been ineffective, for in 1785 a further Act was passed duo votié the parish of Richmond to elect a vestry. Each vestryman was to take an oath pledging him to perform his duties under the Act, the title of which is recited in the oath, concluding with :—** and also to enable His Majesty to shut up а Lane within the said Parish, called Love Lane." This would at an Tate keep ө кюл s wish befor re the mind of every successive vestry- man. According to Scheer, however (p. 17), it was not finally ооа till 1802. OLD DEER Park. In Rocque's map of 1734 this corresponds to pref ehe the western half of the area of the present Park. “It as a kind of hospital-paddock for aged deer." The eastern half was ту cg oceupied у Kitchen Gardens of Ormond House, and the west was divided up into square fields in arable cultivation. This was also the condition of e of the Richmond Gardens property, now included in the Royal Gard th she early part of the present century George III. enlarged the Deer Park by adding to the east (¿e., north of Kew Ga rdens proper) Evans (1825) gives a map in which he marks the Deer Park as * Richmond Old Park.” In 1851, 13 acres were taken from the Deer Park, and added to the Queen’s oe Grounds; for this a rent of 451. 10s. is paid to the Woods and Fore The Deer Park as it exists is pal заң te creation of George III. The Pleasure Grounds at Kew were placed under Sir W. Soke by the Woods and Forests, J чу 9, 1845. Apparently the Old Deer Park was included in his charge. In his report for 1845 he states :— * This ground having been let for grazing purposes to a tenant from little send pa d requires to be done to it, save for the general ЕЕ o ‘the вап extensive piece of pasture land, comprising 374 acres, with ma noble trees xd belts * Some parts of the belts have been much injured and denuded by gales and cow casualties ; these blanks have been filled up to the yos of 1,000, with нел horse-chestnut trees planted this winter, and guarded by a strong rail fence bon In 1846 the wall between the Pleasure Grounds and the Deer Park was removed pail Howse. Kew House (or the White se) was a substantial private house of no great architectural Meo eben which stood in the private groun of the present palace, and to the south of it. In the middle of the 288 seventeenth century it belonged to Richard Bennett, Esquire, son of Sir Thomas Bennett, Lord Mayor of London, 1608. — км. ing point in the botanical history of Kew Stephen Switzer, writing in 1718 (Ichnographia Rustica, vol. 1., p. 58) singles him out as one of the chief horticulturists of the time of Charies IT. ~“ The Right Honourable the Earl of Essex and the Lord Capel amongst i Nobles es John Evelyn, Esq., and Sir William Temple amongst the Gentlem бине. ts ongst the Poets, and Rose amongst the Gard’ners, made up a great bait of the Virtuosos of that Reign. т He continues (p. 61) :— “The Plantations of the ed —! the Lord vri € bg to be seen at ‚Кез, over against Brentford. t advance by him herein was the bringing n Quintinye . The Earliness with hick this lord appeared in Gard’ning, merits а тегу ‘great place in this History, and a better Pen than mine to draw it.” John Evelyn in his “Diary” under date of August 30, 1678, writes :— * Hence I ура үз КШ улес friend Sir Henry Capel (at Kew), brother to the Earle of Ess old timber house, but his garden has the choicest fruit N d Süd in Ri. as he is the most industrious and understanding The house inhabited by the Prince of Wales must аня been а different structure from that which Evelyn saw. From mporary prints it was a plain building in the — style tatay: stuecoed Again, under date of March 24, 1688, Evelyn writes :— * From iq we went to Kew to visit Sir Henry Capel’s, ner orangery а . myrtetum are most beautiful, and perfectly well kept. He was ontriving ve eh palisados of: mds; to shade his oranges during the summer, and painting those reeds J. Gibson wrote— “ A short Account of several Gardens near London, with remarks on some par- ticulars wherein they excel, or are deficient, upon a view of them in December 1691.” This was read to the Society of Antiquaries, July 3, 1794, and is published in vol. xii. of the Archeologi He gives the following account of the garden at Kew House :— “ Sir Henry Capell’s pue at Kew has as curious greens, and is as well kept as any about Lon e; His t € trees (for which he paid forty pounds to ersprit) a to be the it in England, not -— т ме еар but of greens. He has four ы, striped = lies, — four feet abov s, kept round and unds . regular, which cost him five poun tree this а са. six laurustinuses e-wise, which are as high as the frame, and this to S ie rw ind au ope a sometimes from the scorching sun. His terrace “= walk, bare in the middle, and ш, on either side, with a hedge of rue on one side next a low w all, and a row of dwarf trees on the other, shows very fine, and so do a of which two parallel walls about fourteen feet high, were now raised and alind finished. MM the rund were not a little irregular, it would excel in other points, as well as in Loudon (Arboretum, vol. 45) in referring to this account explains that by * greens," Mie SERA are to be understood. Lady Capel а her husband, and resided at Kew for many years. She died in 1721, and Kew House then passed to Samuel E d Ca Molyneux was a scie an, and constructed a telescope, with whieh, in 1725, Dr. Bradley d rien the aberration of bres and the nutation of the earth's axis ew House having been taken down in 1803, William IV. erected a sun-dial (1832) to Pss d the site of the observatory, which seems to have been in the east wing of the house. Simpson (р. 23) says:— * About the year 1730, Frederick Prince is Wales obtained a long lease of rahe House from the — family, 6 after he commenced a fresh arrangem of the pleasure grounds ere laid ош, pet additional plantations made, uem m — of the а. Rent, who was also engaged in the decoration of the ou The Prince of Wales died in 1751. His widow, the Princess Augusta of Saxe Gotha, Dowager Princess of Wales, continued to live at Kew. She died in’ 1772, but in the preceding 20 years she gave to Kew Gardens the definitely scientific character which they have ever since retaine In 1759 William Aiton, who had been a pupil of wird mp ew who Dowager Pri called, a Physic Garden. John Haverfield was the chief gardener. JOHN HAVERFIELD. Haverfield, it appears from Rogers (p. 21), was recommended by Lord Bute. On the death of George I. in 1760, Haverfield seems to have been put in char ton of Ke Haverfield died October 29, 1784, age 90, and Aiton then succeeded to the entire management of both the Royal Gardens at Kew and Richmond (Rogers, p. 25). GREAT STOVE. In the next few years very extensive works were carried out, and no pains seem to have been spared to get help from the most con people. In the Correspondence of Linneus (vol. ii., pp. 41, 42) there is E letter (1758) from the nn ice physiologist, the Reverend Dr. ales, F.R.S., describin к үн an for warming a large plant house which the Princess pro mme * The Frincess will build a hot pince 120 feet long, next spring, at Kew, with a view to have exotics of the hottest climates, in м my pi Pets to convey incessantly pure warm air, will probably M блл наь. And as t will be өйне. parties Ju the greenhouse I h proposed to have the ines tact me of 290 the rooms covered wees vitem in — to keep ow —- out, which will make a perpetual spring and s with a ant succession of pure warm air. W a scene is here opened for | dini some: in асаа мена [^ It is probable that the building referred to was the large hothouse, 110 feet long, which, according to the privately printed “ Records of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew," by the late John Smith, A.L.S. (p. ix)— “ was erected [in 1761] by Sir Wm. Chambers, then Royal architect, being at that time the largest hothouse in this country, and in after years known as the Great Stove It stood not far from the Temple of the Sun, and was taken down in 1861; the old Wistaria sinensis, which is coiled on a circular frame was trained on its brickwork. Gosse gives a view of it (Wanderings, p. 205). Chambers gives the following account (p. 3) of this stove in the description which he published in 1763 (at the expense of the Princess е of the buildings and gardens at Kew :— The Physic or Exotic Garden was not begun before the year 1760; so that it cannot possibly be yet in its perfection ; but from the great botanical learning. of him whois the sido manager [no doubt Lord Bute], a = the assiduity with which all curious productions are collected from every part of the — — Pere any re expense, it may Fin grip" that in a few years, this the amplest and best collection of curious plants in Europe. For the ibn cr of those plants I have built several stoves ; € amongst others a ed large one, of which uem are Aes plans, elevations, and sections in the seventh plate. ts extent from eas sea hundred and аный foot; the dier is occupied by a a te foot ong. * E. * “The back-stove in the € is heated = pass — two of these serve to warm the flues under the pavement, and t warm those in the back wall, of тр there аге zie revoluti oes "The flues is val of them 9 inches wide and two foot high. Those in the эче vam are divided from the house by a brick-on-edge wall, and se d p m each o y foot-tiles. Between some of them are placed air pipes for the introduction of "fro h air, which dac t means is warmed in its passage, and ce ms very xe to the plants * * * On the outside of e back-stove, in front, there is a border covered with glass for bulbous roots, which by the assistance of the flues under the pavement of the _ Stove flourish very Mire in the year. The method described of, growing Cape bulbs in at — is un- doubtedly the best. Smith (Records, pp. 312, 313) say * The garden eene of bulbs were grown in glazed frames, ealled the bulb borders, attached e fronts of the Botany Bay, omen and Palm Houses, the length of the we ae 234 feet, width 5 pag They ived heat fr ey gol eim that heated the house, through openings left in de be briokw ork, an winters eee were protected by тутун ge these eee the Зара. of "Niven' s Монк and Bow collections well maintained for man u consequence of the alisrations and асам, in a garden which followed the appointment of Sir W. Hooker as Director, these houses and were removed.” _ The system has since been reverted to. e EARL ог Burr. . developing the otiosi side at Kow? Fèk ee ri howd oF Veh _ bedchamber to the Prince с i me groo _ the stole. to his s`son, afterwards George III. Dad II. died in 1760, 291 and in 1761 Lord Bute was made Secretary of State, and for a short time (1762-3) Prime Minister. He took throughout his life a keen interest in рди and died in 1792 а victim to his favourite pursuit. “Seeing a new plant on the cliff [near Christchurch, in Hampshire], ** he сае, наев it, em received a severe fall, which brought on “ an illness of which he die Lord Bute's interest in m has scarcely received the appreciation it deserved. It was undoubtedly real, and was, in fact, apart from his brief political career, the principal "Ewa ak his ja In the “ Memoir and Correspondence” of Sir J. E h (vol. i., p. 402), a letter from Dr. Pulteney, dated Blandford, October ss MS is printed, describing Lord Bute's botanical library iu Hamps “I had lately, in my attendance upon one of the family, an PTT à spending a few hours in the botanical library of the late Earl о It indeed, very rich in books and dried specimens, as well as in vo pides же gaiii of plants; and 5 appears that the Earl чаво his tuste to the last, as I MEM all the latest expensive works. There are Mea æ pit) а more than а ем botanical, and quartos pe pon 05 in proportion; very many of the , and some very scarce ones; a заана almost 300 feet long, fall it ЕЎ pir growing and flourishing in the soil (notin pots), like an Indian grove. To this add a garden of - sane walled round, and full of hardy plants, and all dis within 150 yards of the s In a rare tract, — to Horne Tooke (who in 1760 was ap- pointed vicar of Brentford), and entitled * The Petition of а ан man” (1765), there is а view which is described as e and accurate m of some part of ‘Kew Green." On this two ei are marked as in the occupation of Lord Bute. One, “ The House in Church Hou It is very m that while alibi at Kew he kept there his been and ‘dried plants. pei the garden of this house and Kew Gardens tbere was a door of communication which was the subject at the time of ill-natured dedica ion, but сне ср бан по more than that Lord Bute’s books were available for the purposes of the rden gem a matter of fact this turns out to be more than probable. In We Kew Museums there is a copy of a slightly different version of the sam print, from the Politieal ү, and appended to the ая letterpress is the following statement :— * [n a series of letters some time ago, in the publie prints, signed Anti Sejanus, a charge was brought against the favourite, of building palaces, у. ors ke. which i i in the fi words : ' side of the garden, used by him in part fora library, and in part occupied by an under servant of the pi family. See a letter signed J. [ . ], in the * Public Advertiser, of Monday, August 26, 1765." The second initial is lost, but it may be Pater ds that the writer was John Haverfield, who was a protegé of Lord Bute Lord Bute has a place in botanieal literature as the der of one of the rarest of books. It was entitled * Botanical Tables, containing the * different Familys of British Plants, hes ptawus by a few obvious * parts of fructification rang'd in а synoptica od.” It was in nine volumes, qua without place or date. ryander says :—“ Operis “ „ hujus, s splendidi magis quam utilis, duodecim tantum exemplaria “ impressa sunt. ". А deal of information about it will be found in the “ Gardeners’ Chronicle ” for December 20, 1879 (pp. 796-7). Of 292 the twelve copies Lord Bute retained two, and one of these was sold in 1798 for 1201. The "8 etna contains an imperfect copy of proofs before letters of the p The artist Анев гез was ; Johannes Sebastian Mueller, who was born at Niirnburg in 1715. He emigrated to this country and anglicized his name to Johu Miller. In 1780 he began the publication of a fine series of coloured р» of rare and interesting flowering plants. One of these was Phormium tenax (New Zealand flax) probably from a dried speci- men. "iim linis were from specimens flowered at Kew :—Stuartia virginica, Strelitzia Regine (in 1779) and eral cartis indica. ‘The project came to an end with his death in London in William Curtis, the founder in 1787 of the Bota cal Magazine (which since 1841 has been prepared at Kew), “co нений in 1771 “ the * Flora Londinensis,’ a magnificently illustrated folio work, which * almost ruined its author, and was never completed.” In 1777 he dedicated the first volume :— “To the Right Honourable John Stuart Earl of Bute, &с. “The Mæcenas of a ag Age: This first volume of the Flora Londinen- sis, ышы His Auspices, and encouraged by His Liberality, Is, with the cre — менед by His most obliged, Humble Servant, W. Curt DUKE or ARGYLE. In Peter Collinson’s manuscripts printed in the Transactions of the Linnean Society (vol. x., p. 275), there is a ке» to Lord Bute’s share in the works which were carried on at this “In the Duke of Argyll’s wood stands the largest New England Weymouth his, and his largest cedars of Lebanon now standing, were all raised by him from seed in the year 1725 at his seat at Whitton, near Hounslow. “ This spring, 1763, all the Duke of Argyll’s trees and shrubs were removed to the Princess of Wales’s garden at Kew, which now exeels all others, under the direction of Lord Bute.” e trees were no doubt planted in a old 75 which in part still exists near the Main Gate on Kew Green. Many have perished and have been removed from age. But those ‘that remain in- clude some of the finest specimens of rare trees in the Gardens; in particular, the great Turkey oak near the Temple of the Sun is said to have been planted at this time. Sm WILLIAM CHAMBERS. n 1763 Sir William Chambers, = bog tect of Somerset а al successive possessor modified what had been done before, that it is not easy to say whose influence is now most predominant. But judging from contemporary prints the aspect of the Gardens in the middle of the eighteenth century must have been much more formal than it » at ' recalls more the style dhii obtained at Versailles other continental gardens of the time. Gradually it seems to have given 293 way to a less artificial treatment, and to that kind of landscape RERA which is distinctively known as English. This is best suited to'the climatic conditions of the country, and Art only interferes to make the most pleasing use of the materials which Nature provides “The gardens of Kew are not very "rs nor is their situation hy any means advantageous ; as it is low and commands no prospects. Originally the purs was one continued dead flat, the soil was in send barren, aud d either wood or M ater. Ам, so many disadvantages i it was not easy to pro saat tolerable n gardening; but princely munificence, guided by a dent equally skilled in culating the earth and in the polite arts, overcame all difficulties. What w now an Eden. The toes eut with which art hath been employed to моны be defects of nature, and to cover its deformities, hath very justly gain universal admiration, o reflects sien mon lustre on the refined taste of the noble contriver; as the vast s which have been expen vip us el this arduous under- taking to perfection, as infinite Liber 3 to the genero d benevolence of the c— ema who with so liberal a hand уна А the superfluity of - asures in works w ich s serve at once to adorn the country, and to nourish i бои inhabitants Since Chambers wrote most of the defects which he pointed out have been remedied, but the barrenness of the sandy and gravelly soil will : always remain one of the great obstacles in the successful maintenance of the garden Sir William Сїйгєн erected throughout the grounds a number of fanciful buildings. Many of these were built of fragile ae and (p. 6 e th apparently in great haste. Thus (p. 6) he speaks of a brid rown over a narrow channel of water. “ Тһе design is, in ом. ‘measure, * taken from one of Palladio’s wooden bridges . here is ~ erige remarkable in the whole except that it was erected in one * night." The less durable of the buildings, such as the Alhambra, the Mosque, the Gothie Cathedral, &c., have long disappeared. But anyone who is curious about them can see what they were like in the plates of Chambers's book where they are copiously illustrated. Evans ride p. 126) speaks of them in 1824 :— засаа raised by Sir William Cig ss bees sixty years ago (though оба ri, d viary, the m t od the mosque, &c., have hri = Tn are kept in such берде that ivy possess the freshness of modern ere The Alhambra stood a little N.E. of the POTE Of the Mosque "Chambers says (p. 6) :— * Near the Nen мо» оп а rising ground, backed with peng stands the Mosque was designed and built by me in the year 1761 The site was certainly what is called on the Ordnance Map “ Moss Hill,” a name which probably i isa ag are of Mosque. The buildings that remain may be briefly enumerated, with their respective dates :—The Grinders (1761). Accordi ing to Se эте т (р. 35): “The initials of the Princess of Wales . “ affixed in front of the building by William 1V., in айй” fe: “ membrance of Her, who laid the os of all the surrounding * scenes.” The building is now known as Museum IIL. (Timbers, &c.) ; it contains one large room 142 feet by 30 feet, and iy feet high. The orange trees were removed to Kensington Palace in 1841. The Temple of the Sun. Of this Chambers says (p. 3): “ Its — is of * the circular Peripteros kind, but without an Attic ; and there is a ч particularity in the entablature of which the hint is taken from one “ of the temples of Balbeck.” The Temple of Arethusa (1758) near the Water Tower. The Temple of Bellona (1760), stood between the orangery, and the Temple of Æolus. It is evidently identical with the 294. Temple of Minden, and it must have been removed to the present site of the latter near the Unicorn Gate. Here Evans saw it in 1824 (p. 125). The true Temple of Minden was the Temple of Victory. This stood in the Pleasure grounds ou the hill on y, which the Flagstaff was afier- wards erected. Chambers says (p. 5 “It was Ls in commemoration of the signal victory obtained on the first of August 1759, near Minden, by the Allied Army, under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, over tia French army, commanded by the Marshal de Contades The Temple of Æolus was apparently built by Chambers ar he gives no date. Sir W. Hooker, in his report for 1845, says :— “The d saring, bs of ege. . has been removed and replaced, der the directi Mr. Burt a very c chaste wi pel of a similar kind, in а from the ВЫ design of Sh William Chamber: ced Ruined Arch (1759), near the aperui House, *a pas sage for carriages and cattle over one of the principal walks of the garden." The pes өү rs base 49 feet diameter, height 163 feet. Simpson says (p. 41) :— * All the - eed v the roofs of the stories were, at the time AJ "purge the Pagoda, adorned wi niens eighty in n vocet covered with oF thin resem which oduced a most dazzling reflection, but t which have long since lese removed.” SMEATON’S ENGINE. The engine to supply the gardens with water was designed by the celebrated e pm Smeaton, and ereeted under his direction in 1761. * [t answers," says Chambers (p. 4) * perfectly well, — by — * of two Бонна, ранив of 3,600 hogsheads of w п 12 hou It stood near the present Cumberland Gate, and was in use at least "till 1850. There was no material alteration in the grounds as laid out by the Princess Augusta till the present century, and John Smith, who wa employed at Kew 1820, before it became a enm ш гы s he was appointed the first Curator, gives (“ Records,’ die the following account of the portion dedicated io scientific раан “The space allotted consisted originally of nine acres, enelosed by walls (the ornamental е now erage gr called the Temple of the Sun, being then nearly the centre of the garden), w as laid out and seientifically planted in m divisions, one containing a pobres te отырын plants, arranged according to the Linnean system, then in its infancy, but with which Aiton had become well sequined while serving under Miller. This division was called the Physic Garden “The second division was called the Arboretum, containing all the then known ct earl Д hardy ie and shrubs, scientifically arranged. Within the area were eral g Sir Jonn HILL. Sir John Hill, a prolific writer on gardening and botany, took much interest in Kew, and in 1758 (second ed., 1759) published an octavo remet of 458 pages, entitled Hortus Kewensis; being а Catalogue of / 295 n his book on the construction of timber (1770) Sir John Hill (р. 33) speaks of Kew as “ that garden where every tree that has been seen in Europe is at hand." In 1772 the Princess Augusta died. George III. iie A eir the freehold of Kew House and grounds from the Dowager Countess of ssex. He maintained the botanical character of the stab ese with even greater energy than his mother. Lord Bute disappeared in filled in the lifetime of the Princess Augusta was now taken by Sir Joseph Banks, who was virtually through the greater T of his life Director of the Gardens. Meantime Ai d me Superin- tendent. Thornton published (17 99) a à - graceful a of Hill with a view of Kew House, He styles him “First Superintendent of the Royal Gardens at Kew.” But there seems to be по evidence of his ever having occupied such a position. Francis Masson. 1772 the practice was commenced of sending out on ене, In de Ba nksian Correspondence at the British ie ee ther a mcr a randum (without date) addressed to the Kin Sir озер his capacity as President of the Royal Society," fe om which the following рии are ne pape * In th r John cn o Дн ia A were of the PM Society, made etus о Еф "Majesty that Mr. Mas of the under gardeners at w, might be appointed to re eside for mie ua а te Cape of Good Hope, in his expenses, h ram чне they did not e 200/. a year, and a recompence on his return of 1007. а year, Mr. Masson sail'd nye that place, and was absent from England ме 3 years (art 4-6]. * * * ж “In she course of this voyage Mr. Masson collected and sent home a protos of plants unknown till that time to the Botanical ЧИА! in Europe, а full account of which will appear in Mr. gna: ’s Catalogue of the S aeu in 5 Royal абаа е at Kew, which is nearly ready for public: ; by means of these, Kew n has in great measure attained to that prise à superiority which it now holds over every similar establishment in Europe; some of which at Trianon, aris, U ‚ &c. till lately vyed with each other for pre-eminence, without admitting even a competition жы any English garden Francis Masson was born at Aberdeen in 1741. He was the first - one of the most able and dieti of the numerous gardeners sent ut from Kew to collect living plants for the garden. From the Cape e sent home a very large number of living plants, amounting, according to a letter from him to Linnzus, to 400 species, sale new ee Sir James Smith, writing in Rees’s Cyclop: “well recollects the pleasure which the novel sight of an African geranium in Yorkshire. and Norfolk gave him about forty years ago. N n ibe and every greenhouse "ph with the innumerable bulbous атн n irc ec heaths of the Cape. For all these we are pipe indebted to Mr. ; besides a multitude of edem more difficult of preservation or propagation, percer tothe more curious collec "in of the most interesting of these was the plant formerly known as Encephalartos Caffer (E. longifolius). This was introduced by asson in 1 1. 61n,1819 i * being his last visitto the garden." (Smith, Вене р. 132.) Тһе plant still exists in the Palm-house. U 70115. x 296 Masson died in North America. Mr. James Lee writes from аа March 11, 1806, to Sir James Smith (Memoir, vol. ii., p. 117 “We are sorry to have to communicate to you the death of our dear friend Masson, who died at Montreal in January last. We lament his fate most sincerely. He was "hardly dealt by, in being exposed to the bitter cold of err e in the decline f life, after twenty-five years' service in a hot wir eee hie? > ne done m r botany a lasting ® = S 5. S = © E а > g; "i [c] S e £ Е зв” e. Ë $ егуез bs memorial given of his extreme modesty, good temper, туйме апа tet alsin.” Lee returns to the same Ышы. July 9, 1812 (Smith, Memoir, ii., p. 183) :— “I mentioned to you -— — he had been ill paid, паи what he had done for the science of b He explored the Cape of Good Hope twice, Madeira, the Can i i j West Indies, and Canada. Masson w mper, persevering i pursuits even to a great enthusiasm, vt gat кшй у, — is is specitnetis € dra of fish, animals, inseets, plants, and views of the countries he armes hrough, evince; and though he pas sat a койш life in distant о countries fro society, his love of natural history never forsook him. Char s like him iu for the present, dwindling in the world, but I trust they will ier . He made his second voyage to the Cape, whence he again sent numerous plants to Kew M 1786 to s between the time of his L'HERITIER. L'heritier de Brutelle, a French botanist, came to England in 1786- 7, and studied the Kew collections, which a pear to have been freely placed at his disposal. He published in 1788, in Paris, a large folio % Sertum Anglicum, seu plant rariores, nie in hortis juxta Londinum * imprimis in horto regio Kewensi excoluntur In the preface he says :— “ Indefesso — — d plantas delineandas euravi in suo genere pretiosissimas, п admiratione, qui et affluenti plantarum €opiá et indastrid ç Ee женен — RA non immeritá." e describes many of Masson's introductions. .Amongst these may be mentioned, Cineraria cruenta, the parent of our garden Cinerarias ; the singular үза арке Foot (Tamus Elephantipes) ; and the well- no dinis punctata. He also first figures an describes D orani har inconspicuus. He mentions its reputed use in China for scenting tea, but evidently does not believe it, ард remarks i “oqa no inodorus est." L'heritier was assassinated Paris in WILLIAM Совветт. William Cobbett was at Sere time (about 1773) employed as a gardener at Kew. He tells u ous түне НЫ ing of box-edges апа w weeding beds of flowers in the garden of the Bishop of А-ни. the Castle of Farnham, my P dati town. I had siap bum fast beautiful gardens; and a 297 sm. next morning, without saying a word to anyone, off I set wie no clothes, except 5 above my back, and with thirteen half-pence in my рос I fo I о E o Richmond, and I accordingly went on from place to anog Pn e em my w. d thit * * * * * * “ The singularity of my ine os simplicity of my manner, my confidence so lively air, and doubtless his o mpassion besides, pps е ам ages who w a Sco otsman, to give me vi diaais, © me lodging, and s And roe ed this period that I was at Kew that the present King К William IV.) laughed : me i ge жетек of my dress, while I was sweeping the grass-plot round the foot of the Pagod Davip NELSON. In the latter part of the century, the Kew collectors follow one another in pretty rapid succession. Another gardener, David Nelson, was assistant botanist on Cook’s third voyage (1776-1779). Subse- quently he went with Captain Bligh in the * Bounty " on the voyage to the South Seas for the саф зч of introducing the bread-fruit tree into the West Indies. He was among those i n by the mutinous erew and died from the long кетте after reaching Timor in 1789. elson had as an assistant William Bios; described as a “ direi They were both *skilful and careful men ointed at Sir ap “ Joseph Bank's recommendation." But while Nelson stuck to Bligh, -— ur oo with the mutineers. His history is otherwise unkno Bligh ç states that the expedition was undertaken from “the King having been graciously pleased to comp ly with a request from the merchants and planters interested in His Majesty’s West Indian possessions, that the bread-fruit tree might be introduced into those islands.’ On arriving at Timor (Voyage, p. 239) :— * I requested in one of my first visits to the eet that Nelson might have permission to walk about the country in se p of plants, which was readily granted, with an offer of whatever assistance I should think Жел, and the Governor i ; for Nels dora who since we left New Holland, had been of a weak condition, about this time was taken ill, in consequence of a cold nd by impradently lea off warm clothing." І?һегійег == the famous genus Eucalyptus on E. obliqua а species which he figured in the **Sertum Anglicun,” and which had been found + Nelson i in Van Dieman's Land. It was first introduced, however, into ЧӨ тез ә by Capt. Qe in 1774, who commanded the * Adventure " in е: second voy Š Virus Pantaleon Hove, M.D., a Po на, was Я by Sir Joseph ` Kew to collet planted in аы 1787-9 2 FLOWERING OF ORCHIDs, John Smith (Records, p. 228) quotes Sir James Smith :— * We have scarcely seen any one species of this gonne reaa]; — ina dry state, Баб. Oe year 1787, when Æ. cochleatum red at Kew was it ti October 1788, that Е’. fragrans of Swartz exhibits its жү айю" апа slam bloom At present, several species are to be seen flowering in B 2 298 Cook's VOYAGES. Smith (Records, p. 9) says :— * It was generally understood that the first New Holland plants introduced to this country were due to the е ч Captain Cook, between the years 1768 and 1780, but, according to Aiton’s ‘ Hort Kewensis,’ 1813, and an ‘ Addenda,’ 1814, I find . tr res, Casuarina 0 and C. stricta, the first i 1, the second 1775, both of which were accredited to Sir Joseph Banks (then Mr. "Banka, who with Dr. Solander, was attached to Cook’s The object of og st voyage was to observe the Transit of Venus in 1769 in the South Erasmus eum эм баці had Cook’s voyage in mind in writing rather turgid lines which are to be found in the fourth canto of t * Botanic Garden " published in 1791. z sits enthron'd in vegetable pride, mperial Kew by Thames' Glittering side, en ent sails from realms unfurrow'd bring, 7 For her the anemic progeny of Spring, » Dalignted ба rie d tropic pat ч кы. And flowers Antarctic bending o’er his The New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax) was introduced in 1789. Pun, has pereo. underrated the horticultural results of Cook's ical examin ation of the Hortus Kewensis would Londinensis а: ху.) Са E: за. dins commanded the ** Adventure is credited with the first Eucalyptus (E. obliqua), Sideroxylon sericeum and Leptospermum lanigerum. Tue ELDER Arrow. In 1789, Aiton published his * Hortus Kewensis" ; or a catalogue of the plants eultivated in the Royal Botanie рти at He describes himself as “Gardener to His Majesty,” to whom he dedicates “ this attempt to make public the present state of the Royal * Botanic Garden at Kew.” Не continues :— Small as the book appears, the карет of it has cost him а large portion of the leisure allowed by the iger he uties of his station during more than sixteen years; in all that time it has been thought worthy the assistance of men more Gai dun himself." According S. Scheer (p. 19) these were the Earl of T Sir oseph Banks те and Dryander, who was Banks librarian. John Smith (p. ч, вау “Tn this work 5,500 species are described and classified according to the Linnean та те ith the native country of each species, date of introduction, and by whom intr The few facts of William Aiton’s biography ently » recorded ; they are taken from a letter preserved in the Kew Libra * Не was born at Hamilton, in Lanarkshire, in 1731. He vm to England in 1754, and was ves etna at Chelsea. In 1759 he was engaged o superintend v at Kew. In 176 See ae Ses. өс nted ie ‘Sir Joseph In 1783 he had brat of the pleasure and kitchen gardens at Kew. In 1789 he published his Hortus Kewensis. He died on “emas 2nd, 1799, i in his 63rd year." 299 The Marchioness of Rockingham writes to Sir > ames me (Memoir, vol. ii., р. 58), from Hillingdon House, March 3, 1793 :— * I little thought five years ago that I could pu felt so much concern for the death of Mr. Aiton; but I had not seen him and only реке d upon him as the Kew gardener; but the eue quarter of an aee : that he was with me occasioned an eiae m convers I was qui pres with "the plainness of his mi 2 ` =. et | 0 s, withou contrary, ^ чаа ал Bina nd communicative in his profession; in short, he took my faney so much that I cannot "r ne infinite regret that so great and good a man in his line ОША now be no He must have been held in no small esteem. He is buried at Kew, and amongst those who bore his too in siento Simpson says (р. 72). to his * professional abilities and private worth," was Sir Joseph Banks, the Rev. Dr. Go gib d Geers Bishop of Carlisle), Dr. Dryander, их Zoffany the art. is funeral sermon was poi a at Brentford by the Rev. W. Smith, сета 17 following. The sermon was printed, and Aiton is described as “ His Majesty’s Principal Gardener at Kew.” The р pees e (p. 23) at apd rate shows that his reputation was not unkrown in foreign countries % Not only was our friend нел known and esteemed in his own country, but his ‘alls and fame have extended to distant а iei. and to every quarter of үрө, lobe. I myself a found them passport us places abroad, and glo through his reco: mmendation alone have Ke e abs to men of genius and тты even in foreign courts. ARCHIBALD MENZIES. | “Captain Vancouver,” says Smith (Records, р. 9), © in his voyage of survey * (between 1791 and 1795), was — i eun hibald vx nzies as [botanist nd Geo 'geon. e shi hi n th * eoast of Australia, Menzies made a rich т. ту k вук ет specimens and ** seeds, and was the first to transmit cones of Banksia and other Proteaceae to do * from that part of New Holland." Menzies introduced the now well-known Araucaria imbricata. Smith (Records, p. 287) tells the story :— * At a dimer given by the V gta te i Chili to the — and officers of the ship : d botanist) part of the dessert consisted of nu hich Menzies (who was a goo not before seen. In T of eating "AD iss h k some with on board, and having obtain earth, planted them, when they sp he succeeded in а if plants to England, wh safely received at Kew. . ing William IV. presented one to Lady ranville her lection yt ba t was then a ft. win tub; it is now n (1830) а a fine ton 60 feet high: this is, genti much inferior to another plant at opmore, said to be the cem uce | of a cutting stolen by e Ж from the rs ago." Dro plant at Kew nearly fifty yea СМ to Loudon (Arboretum, vol. iv., рр. 2435-6) — “ Menz brought home living mre Meg he presented to Joseph E "who planted one of them in his own gard at Spring Grove, se sent the othe From this Siam io Erat oria called at first in - gland Sir J i at Kew was kept in the gree 1806 or 1808, when 1 s planted out where i w stands, by Mr. MeNab, the present (1838) superintendent о the Edinbu tanic Garden. a it was anted out, not being considered quite я 23 was protected during winter with a temporary frame, covered wi with mats; and ha becom неет to i this mode of treatment, it has been кт arot unsafe to oin. A it off." ‘The unfortunate tree seems always to have had a bad time. Neill, writing in 1817 (Horticultural Tour, p. 77), says :— “The most magnifi t specimen of Chili pine (Araucaria imbricata) at Kew Gardens was атаму injured by its presence гав a single gala at Carlton House, ` 300 owing to the servants having very imprudently attached Tage to the branches of the tree Scheer writing in 1840 (pp. 41, 42) refers to the original specimen of Araucaria imbricata * Still the lion of the пова» is William, who, in his we ws visits to Kew, never omitted going over the rien € em ey < when walking became inconvenient, drove through diem in ony phae d at all ints looked into den house, delighted to point out this Lien iie e ath strangers as might be with hin It is anything but “а superb tree” now, and only lingers on as a historie curiosity. Menzies was € з discoverer (1796) of Sequoia sempervirens, the redwood of Califo The following "particulars are taken from his epitaph. He was a navy surgeon, and served in the fleet commanded by Admiral Rody, April 12, 1782. He twice circumnavigoted the opi mi sie Captain Colnett and afterwards with Captain Vanco afterwards practised his profession in baas and died at Nc otting Ий, February 15, 1842, aged 88 Iti is tethatkable That Vancouver himself is — at Petersham, a parish чл iiem Kew was long ecclesiastically un Rodney’s squadron had another point of contact vam ayer и Ант | weed (4 Histor} of the West Indies,” vol. i., p. 477), sa “ This plant [the puis with iin others, as well as different kinds of seeds, shi was found on board a Frenc ip (bound from ‘the Isle de France for Hispaniola) d by Capt. Marshall, vi His Majesty ship ‘Flora,’ one of Lord Rodney’s uadron, ш s 782, = Beatty a prize to this island [Jamaica]. By Capt. Marshall, Lord Rod approbation, the whole collection was deposited in т. КОР | Gaiden x йы, where they have been cultivated with great assiduity and success CHISTOPHER SMITH. Christopher Smith took the place of David Nelson and went with Bligh on his second and successful voyage, 1791. In 1793, Captain Bligh brought tous in the “ Providence” a large collection of living d m former in the “ Hortus Kewensis.” Smith was afterwards appointed botanist to the East India Company, and he prepared a large collection of living plants at Calcutta for Kew In 1797 he visited the Moluccas, where he made a large collection of к э herbarium specimens. In 1805-6 he was at Penang, wher JAMES WILES. _ Indies. Three hundred young Bread-fruit trees were landed at Jamaica in February 1793, and placed in Ping Botanic Garden at Liguanea (9 miles from M ad s. under his From the * Handbook of Jama ca, 18 890-1 " (рр. 158-9), i тт us! poter, Liguanea Garden (Gordon! Town) had been formed b | * Mr. В an Edwards, in the * Histo: ped h st remark tex | ao P Aa d (sow туо British West Indies,’ " is bly of Jamaica, co-operating with the benevolent intentions 301 Majesty (to introduce valuable exotics and rem yas. of the most distant regions to the West Indies) p — sed in 1792-3 the ty EC t Botanical ral ga ү Мт. East, and placed it on the public establishment т the care of skilful gardeners, its of whom, Mr. Ja ames Wiles, had perce sale the globe ed Captain igh. In the Kew library there is a volume of prie App tte which contains some interesting letters relsting to the saction. R. A. Salisbury writes, 17th March 17 93, acknowledging a fine collection of East Indian see e concludes “I have bee letter from Wiles written in great health and spirits, and most heartily congratulate you on the ее object he went for being so nearly and no doubt by this time accomplished Wiles writes to Banks :— "T — Jamai “ 16th October 1793. “The Committee appointed for the bread fruit and ‘other plants, informed m they intended sending you an account of the progress and increase of the trees, bat I believe they have neglected it. have, Sir, the pleasure of md not only all the plants immediately under my own care, but likewise all those distributed over the whole parish of St. Thomas in the East thrivin ving with astonishing vigo E but Iam sorry to hear several are dead in some = the parishes to “I hope the House = "on di, will CET a piece of ground for a new nursery, as te prosa one labours under many great disadvantages." Six years later he writes :— “ Botanic Serres a Jamaica, де, ^ et "pei d for sutton de "= Publie Botanie Garde recommended to the House of Assembly a vote of thanks to p г your ur kind intention о of supplying уйй with cae spice Team of the East, nett rief the utme “The bread fruit tree is so easily propagated by suckers that it is now becom very common over co whole island, indeed all the south sea ere have ынанч т remarks ly well * [ hare the regelt to observe the taste for plants — increase in this island ; several ronija are now forming gardens on a liberal sca Two years later he writes from the same address :— 16th May 1801. “I know not whether the Committee superintending our Bons ardens have written to you for a botanist to take charge of them or not, I rather think none of the members will give уены, ud trouble; however, Sir, should they make the ` application and you comply wit shall esteem it my d my best Mies and assistance at all times, ару aie I cannot you may recommend my help repeating here what I mentioned in my last letter—that my successor will, I fear, meet with much cbagrin and disappointment. e bread fruit tree is now perfectly naturalized i n J amaica, indeed all the south sea plants have been propagated abundantly. ; “ We wish ve s for racc of the ae m true Mangosteen. I have received clove pla e from S I paid the utmost prts to their cultur: Wiles appears to have still remained in charge of t ag inn in 1805, but his further history is unknown. In 1810 the Liguanea Garden was sold by the House of Assembly. Peter Соор. Peter Good, a Kew те was sent to Calcutta іп 1796 to bring home “the collection prepared by Christopher Smith. On his return 302 he remained at Kew as foreman till 1801, when he was appointed assistant to Robert Brown, the botanist attached to Flinders’s voyage ен shortly after Good caught fever, and died at Sydney in June 1808. His collection of seeds, however, was forwarded to Kew Francis BAUER. А striking picture of the activity and energy which were employed in augmenting the Kew collections in the eighteenth century, is afforded by the younger Aiton’s preface to Francis Bauer's ** Delineations of Exotic Plants cultivated in the Royal Gardens at Kew ” published in auer was an Austrian, who, coming to England in 1788, was, by the iiberality of Sir Tep уте and with the King’s sanction, attached as draughtsman to the Botanic Garden Banks not merely id his salary during TE own life, but provided for its continuance after his death. “А variety of circumstances have concurred, since the publication of the Hortus Kewensis, by whic the number of curious има ная сма the Royal Gardens teri о erial increase; Mr. М n, w travell sa botanist, at His Majesty’s expense, for twenty-five š ever so fortunate in furnishing abundance of fresh seeds and living plants as during his last mission to the Cape of Good Ho The settl = of a col n ast of New South Wales has opened to a fresh sour f botanical wealth, in a climate nearl congenial n i of thi bd share h een transmitted to Kew, by Arthur Philip, Esq., the Governor. W Bligh, п ander of Н. ‘ Providence,’ who was sent to the South Seas for the purpose of carrying the bread- fruit from thence to the British Colonies in the West Indies, and had orders to replace such of the useful plants as might die during the passage or be deposited 8 cu the expedition could procure, has also been enabled to place in Kew Gardens some hundreds of species, natives of the East or of the West Indies, which had never before n п нед іп тоор * No ev however, bave so materially regez to the increase of the Royal бос аи as that desided. Ag aie which our most gracious Queen has of late condescended to bestow upon the s menm of betas >, ч the rapid progress Her u o e a i prius. of thei’ eloved Queen ; individuals have vied with each other in present- ing t w Gardens "ag plants as e" thovght likely. to make an acceptable pls p honiewat pansiges i in aki care a the vegetable produce of the climates ey had visit ited, anxious to furnish on their return any degree cf increase to Her Majesty’s amusements. The Directors of the East India and of the Sierra Leone Companies [Afzelius was зоа to the latter Company in 1794] have pz to Kew Heke plants as their ants abroad were able to procure for them; and the Government of Jamaica has pen a paoti present to Her Majesty, of plants ним “ Amidst the uniform protection which the Royal owner of these gardens has constantly afforded to every species of science, Botany had not a right to expect Aah À ie h increase of plants ; new houses have been b upon a most ample scale, and of a mstruction ; the garden itself has lately тестер a considerable addition of space ; р the whole has laid out, under His esty’s immediate direction, in a manner so commodious, that it is ek only vei of metet the whole of the present Collection irem but rof en ving е additions as may probably be made to it for several years to co ы 808 Bauer’s history is concisely given in the epitaph on his monument in Kew Church. I ory of Francis Bauer, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., Botanical Painter to His BM ors III. and resident e dien ata for fifty years to the Royal Botanic de he devo d i ; unrivalled, and science will be ever indebted for Үй elaborate illustrations of animal and vegetable rl of which i тч iei specimens are preserved in the British Mus iversity of Got m was born at Felsperg in Austria, on the 4th of October 1758 and рад his friend the Baron Joseph Jacquin to England in 1788. He settled at Kew in 1790, where he lived admired, loved, and respected. He di ied on the 11th of December 1840, aged 82 years. The works of unm. red are his best monument. Friendship inscribes this record on his hono mb. МІЁРСЕ. The following extract from Scheer (р. 51), though — with botany, is sufficiently interesting to deserve quotation “Tt is somewhat remarkable that Niépce, the original беге of what is edam e wa. De. resided about the year 1827 in Kew, and induced Mr. Baue mi mit ps overies = ‘the oyal So vue i ; which, however, took but little noite ы epee returned to France, but Jeft a brother at Kew, who di sho ortly after wards, and w s Бен їп our char hyard. Som the Paid ure o specimens of Niépce’s ae are now in the possession of Mr. Bauer, and there others to be met with at Richmond.” GEORGE CALEY. Smith (Records, p. 10) says :— * The next special collector was George Caley, э” in 1801 was appointed by Siu Жей dies — ical collector in New rth ока for Kew. He rem ed. about ten years in the Colony, botanising gere he country а about Sydney and the Blue ME and a considerable slashes ry plants have been introduced by him Among these was the Livistona australis, which was long one of the most striking ornaments of the Palm Нона. It was taken down іп 1876. Born in Yorkshire, he is said to have begun life as a stable boy, and afterwards to have been a horse doctor near Birmingham. He became interested in the study of plants from collecting them for his horse medicines. His enthusiasm attracted the attention of Sir Joseph Banks plants from him reached Kew. In 1811 he was at Rio on his way ack. He was Superintendent of the Botanical Garden, St. Vincent, from 1816-22. Brown describes him as * Botanieus peritus et accuratus,” He died at Bayswater, 23rd May 1829 and is buried in the old burying ground of St. George’s The Rev. Lansdown Guilding in his “ Account of the Botanical ` Garden," pp. 22, 28, says :— * In 1821, the Government, . . rmined on giving up the garden hers for many years ears had been maintain TS uot met to the mother country, aee ено great surprise. nutmeg and las pe appo spices had arrived at maturi urity ; the cloves were producing annually a million of seed, and the garden, which had hitherto been comparatively of ue 9, was about to realise the hopes that bgs entertained by its Royal patro 3C4 WILLIAM Ker. Ín 1803 William Ker, a gardener, was sent to collect in China. He also visited Java and the Philippines. He sent home various living plants and first pum Cunninghamia sinensis, Lilium tigrinum, and L. japonicum. rria japonica was named afte каш. Aa 1812 he became Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Саш In из following year he visited Adam's Peak, on which he discovered many new plants. He died in Ceylon in 1814 and was succeeded as diparhitendenit by Alexander Moon atter was a native of Scotland. He was at Kew in 1815. Н sailed for Ceylon in 1816, and on the voyage out had the сора of landing at Gibraltar and the Barbary Coast from whence he plants. He arrived in Ceylon in 1817 and the following year sei plants to Kew. He died in 1825. Тнк YOUNGER AITON. JJ William Aiton had been succeeded at Kew by his son William Townsend Aiton. John Smith (pp. vi and vii) may be again quoted :— « ee by Dr. Dryander, librarian to Sir Joseph Banks, and afterwards Py Mr. Brown, he in 1813 publi =й а et ond edition of his father's works in five VOBIS в and in 1814 a catalogue о me as it is called of the species мк еа in the five volumes, for the use of suet gardeners ; it contains . 314 additional species, aah A: tal number being 1 ein “Through the patronage of Sir seph pee and the labours of public and private ka йен the collection урым, to increase, which led Mr. Aiton to pre- са а MÀ edition of the By менеч and for their future жакны he had about 2,000 drawings made. In 0 the manuscript of the new epitome was ready for кин, йн consequent on X alteration in the management of the Royal ron A made by William IV., it was postponed, and on Mr. Aiton’s resigning in 1841 it was not again heard of, an nd at his death in 1849 it is believed to have shared the fate sé var Ж burned with all his immense correspondence and the sate records of t Garden [n a letter published in “The Garden" (Jan. 24, 1880, p. 75) it is stated by Mr. Smith that “the drawings and plant record books were, however, spared. To further quote from this letter :— Mr. Aiton, in 1822, began to a patting ee ial the new and unfigured ы 8 then in the garden. His first artist was as Du — (a yoüng ена from uu on Botanic Garden, Edinburgh), whet had a talent for drawing plants; and M Ogee him qua lified to draw the plants селу dé accurate for them to be [теск ed, i e he was entirely Dept in е ve е S rat tinued to do until the iar of 1 1826, when he mmn nately became insa * He was succeeded by George Bond, then a youn icm er м X ec was employed in drawing for nine dew when i - и, һе rne gardener to the Earl of Powis, at Walcot, where he no "The napos er of subjects Grawn by ib А. plant t books, papers, and drawin le removed м own rect and on his death in төрү “the whole of а — eorrespondence was burnt by his b * Som ter John Aiton's death, Mr. dwell Smith, Mr. Aiton’ e was Visio to return ‘them (the drawings and plant record books з) directed to the care of Sir W. Hoo reseue of the reco Botany,” for 1884 къ 127), he states “after John Aiton's — on | _ ее inquiring after the “ they were restored to the gardens by а — 305 * Mr. Smith, a natural son of John Aiton's, who became his heir." The books range from 1793 to 1847, that for 1825-36 being wanting. In the dedication to ws rg the younger Aiton describes his edition of the Hortus Kewensis “ A work Dira necessary to the public, not only by the pega of plants co тле "m home by em Majesty's collectors abroad, but also by the extensive rious к s poured into it of late by your Majesty's subjects, anxious to aid, M their individual exertions, that munificent patronage which has rendered botany a fav dite pursuit among all the ней of your Majesty’s people.’ The following paragraph also — Ager as showing how very varied were the King’s intelligent tastes ong the trusts confided by your Majesty’s gracious goodness to the super- 40666 and direction of your devoted servant, the Botanic Garden is not the only me t i i grass one that receives the heartfelt gratitude of an enlightened nation; the lawns of the 1 Pleasure Grounds exhibit a still more interesting spectacle: it is there, here your Majesty has, by a degree of foresight, of judgment, and of patience, which are seldom united in one character, triumphe er the prej нен and, = чор ancient and — yer opinions, established, by your Majesty's own efforts, what for ages past has been deemed i mpos t the growth of the арене wools of a Spain| in the sby “sas of Britain,’ Sir JOSEPH Banks. The Epitome is dedicated to Sir J 7 Banks “ with a deep sense * of his — friendship, and in gratitude for his innumerable * donatioas of the most rare exoties to vM Royal Collection of Kew." Scheer (p. 90) + gives some illustration * We should like to see a pictorial тамаа of the scene of Sir Joseph Banks’s introducing the first Hydrangea hortensis to Kew about the beginni 1789 for the inspection of the curious to flower in the Custom House, and its green petals were a puzzle to the botanists of the next h exhibited it at his house in Soho Square, from whence it was removed, and lived in Kew, the pare f its numerous progeny now spread all over Europe, within these f. ea ear al the Peoni fut n introduced from China, i it is in 12 ° gardens to this day alive and well, a venerable monument of — es. The on fuchsia also wee жал eines Gent known, and we are told thet Lee sold poem plants at five guin Smith (Records, p. 268) refers to these plants :— * We have yet to notice тін — plants, pour Рота Moutan, Hydrangea hortensis, and Fuchsia cocc e original plants of these occupied a bed of — е in а sma removed. The plants remaining were then protected in winter by a covering of dry fern and mats. In 1843, the site being required for another purpose, they had to beremoved after having occupied that spot for 50 years. The Fuchsia was probably not F. coccinea a Brazilian species, but F. magellanica from Chili. оре (р. 42) speaks of the hydrangeas as still existing in 1849 “Tn some of the flower rent near [the СЕБ of the Sun] are descendants of the original Hydrangea horten s, pre resented t gardens i in 1789 by Sir Joseph Banks, and heh began to ieri in the Custom Howse Scheer says (p. 60) :— * [t was, we believe, the practice of Sir Joseph Banks to retain rare plants Kew for one year after they had = red, and then they were liberally анъана ] eties and eminent me Perhaps from constitutional diffidence Sir Joseph Banks published элге em ng. No scientific man of his eminence phi ya ever 306 did so littie personally or was the inspiring cause of so much being : one by others. In every field of ү cultivated in his day he was indefatigable in his interest, The number of interesting plants which he was at the pains to introduce to cultiv ation through Kew was no doubt very great. In Aiton’s Hortus Kewensis his name is of the most frequent occurrence Two notable plants may be singled out. In 1784 he introduced the well-known and splendid “Sacred Bean," Nelumbium speciosum. This has always been cultivated since at Kew, and it is not impossible that the plants now grown in the gardens descend from that introduced ` Another — plant which almost certainly preserves an un- broken descent at Kew is Strelitzia Begina, which Banks named in honour of Koss Charlotte, who was a hter of the Duke of Larry dum but which, dean Meu modesty, he wed Aiton to publish. Another species, Streditzia Augusta, may have been named in compliment to the Princess Augusta, mother of George HI. illiam Curtis in the third volume of the Botanical Magazine, t. 119, figures "Strelitzia Regine “Tt is well known to many мр and others, who have experienced Sir J oseph Banks’ well known liberality, that previous to the си of the Hortus Kewensis he made a new genus of this plant, which had b efore been considered as a species of Heliconia, 20 named it Strelitzia in honour of our most gracious Queen Charlotte, Блоа engravings of which, executed under his direction, he presented to his particular friends ; impressions of t e same plate have been given > the aforesaid work, in which we are informed that this slau was introduced to the E oyal те at Kew, by Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., in the year 1773, where it lately owere He adds :— “Tt has not, that we know of,as yet Beige its seeds i in this country; till it does, ood seeds of it shall be imported, it ust remain a very scarce and dear plant, as or g. it is found to increase very slowly by its Hots Plants are said to be sold at the Cape for three guineas each.” Francis Bauer published in 1818, a work which is one of the most beautiful A kag Aer of his pencil. ‘Tt is entitled +— “ Strelitzia depicta, or coloured figures of the known species of the genus ти from the drawings in the Banksian library.” This is sometimes erroneously cited under the name of Ker. Н. B. Ker was, however, only the lithographe nks’s public эрле їп the introduction of plants was not without appreciation at the In the Banksian correspondence at Kew is noite follo И letter, Bio Shan to be the dedication of the ** Universal в “To JosEpu Banxs, Esq., Fellow of ће Royal Society, &c., &c. * Sin, “ Тпе publie is highly indebted to you for the indefatigable pains you have taken to improve the science of botany, by introducing into England the vegetable beauties of such rem ue climates. vere your name when they see the valuable productious ^ ы. жи па pect sed here and in E colonies, which must prove of great advantage to the UM of disse btn dom T Tournefort Seger er - e Eas + Sloane, J vineis Ray, Europe; Plumier, Ameriea; Adanson, Afric Sir, have surpassed all these, by traversing from . pole to ves in search of py w salutary plants and introducing them into these тш ata nd expen ; * I am, with — respect, ; “ Your most devoted humble PAREN ! кора Ron, Road, Chelsea, CHARD WESTON. * March 1, 1775.” 307 The following correspondence, which is preserved in the Kew Library, is interesting as illustrating the ein and functions which Sir Joseph Banks fulfilled in regard to Kew “ W. T. Arrow, Esq, to The В Hon’ble Sir Josern Banks, Bart, K.B., &c., &c. * Sir, “Os all subjects the most interesting to the Royal Collection at Kew you have been pleased to eae e to be directed by your greater experienee, I therefore trouble you with - er. g I mayr чй ecollection that previously to the illness wi on чек 1 it w = Majesty’s oes to » divest that Botanical Collectors were to pared and sent abroad for the express object of procuring fresh and ае oice ° supplies of seeds, йлы and plants, become necessary to be Балеа їз ее - Royal Collection of Kew, made superior to other gardens in England ire ns of the frequent importations of the rarer Exotics; in all cases of this kind the subject has been referred by His Majesty's command for y our decision to fix name those countries rar proper for botanists to explore. “The improved state of science in England, the poling desire of novelty in botanical pursuits, the ipae deterioration and the loss of dem plants, that no rdinary meaus of care could obviate, and withal ithe repose of botanists awaiting ther m $ 1 i this subject. І therefore entreat your mediation and support of the necessary and good cause of sending Botanical Collectors to foreign parts in search of supplies. Kan e occasions you have named Southern Africa, America, and the promising lands of New Holland, as ample fields € a aig harvest. ‚ You eins dec visited ne countries, and consequen l tracts me for re — ЗЕ of sound principles and invaluable zeal for the service, ia. the best requisite of EM y desire to offer themselves as collectors ho will p uty о this subject Ms His Ro yal Highness the Prince Regent for His i. al Highuess’s niost gracious co: . Roy: al TN: Kew, „ &с. «Мау 29 Е (Sigaed) W. T. Arron. “To the ight oes - J р ла Banks, “T have the net to rg * The Rt Hon’ble Sir Josern Baxxs, Bart., K.B., &c., &c., to W. T. Arron, Esq. “My DEAR Sim, Soho Square, June 7th, 1814. * AMONG the innumerable эч acini I have for a эр time ae derived from the gracious — ir beloved and afflieted Monarch, the co: rmitted t ng those most grateful to my feelings, and I beg you to be assured that as long as I — чы permitted to continue it I shall cherish se improve it to the best of my un Ating the other indulgencies allowed to me on that head, I was pe ermitted,as - you, Sir, know, to draw instructions for those persons whom you from time to time recommended as properly qualified to travel as collectors for the Royal Botanic Gardens. thin detention of waiting for convoy, His Majesty's Gardens at Kew st the whole of Europe for the extent of its collections as mi as for the beauty and * 'The arrival of the definite treaty with France, and m хавч й тг before any collection can be ready to be sent home, ships will sail as the used to do without being subjected to any uncertain delays, маса = anxious to ite the estab- i of foreign collectors resumed, and the more so as the Emperor of Germany, o _ who has formerly freighted ships at an immense expense, and ies well-educated 308 botanists to collect for pe Garden at Schenbrun (the oaly E E Kew that I have any fear about), will no doubt resume the business of i wi vin ou zone, and in that part of the world no places are so prodi uetiv ve as the Cape of Good Hope a i 1 Hi 8 ave required by the beim c vegetable. I should wish also to have a collector sent to Bueonos Ayres, at present, and till Spain has repossessed herself of her refractory Coloni es, this id be thought of. hould you be allow val to send to the Cape of Good Hope and to New South Wal es, I have - doubt of being able to give such instructions to the governors of these countries as will enable His Majesty's collectors to visit at a very reasonable expense countrie es 1 узсе ттар. beiden and they will add to the royal collection riches beyond the sanguine expectations of those who have had less experience in the produce of shoes eni than has m to my lot « My dear Sir * With real esteem and re * 'To W. T. Aiton, Esq., ** Your most faithful and must * Royal Gardens, Kew. obedient serv * (Signed) omnia: Banks.” “ Treasury to the Rt Hon’ble Sir JosEPu Banxs, Bart., K.B., &c., &c. “ Sir, Treasury Chambers — 18, 1814. * Havine laid before the Lords Commissioners of His Majesty's Treas the communication which you were so good as to make to me, by the desire of the Earl of гучнае а upon the subject of the appointment of fit and erso proceed to the ope and elsewhere, for the purpose of collecting and curious pla r His Majesty's Botanie Garden at Kew, ved rare their Lordships commands to express to you their entire concurrence in the sugges- tions contained in that communication, and their approbation of the persons recom- mend у you for this service, and that their Lordshi ips will nominate them thereto accordingly, and that their Lordships feel much grati y, and will most readily adopt your offer of auditing the пате р home by the collectors, and of certi- . fying them to the Treasury, when sent e for their Lordships’ approbation. And ips Aiton, the ares of His — Botanic Garden at Kew, such s accountable only 9 xoa Lordships’ Board. And жаң with a view to provide for such outfit of the persons appointed on n this service as be tr their Lord- hips Mr. Spur upon his унш edd the sa * And my Lords hav rer ¢ co to oop me to request that you will have the ess тч give iier immediately from yourself or through Mr. Aiton, as you most expedient, such instructions to the collectors for their governance ar, sat result as may reasonably be expected from their employment in it, which or die their Lordships have directed them most implicitly and punctually to observe and obey. * Conformably ur your suggestions with regard to the passage of these persons to the first objects of their destination, my Lords have requested the Lords of the pre Pee ^ ЕЕ : м шо ~ to attend the oxen, and also to furnish the Collectors with the usual order upon the _ boors for boorspans of Oxen, and if they крест oo Ват limits of the Colony, 309 with an order to the Landrost to give them the protection of a few boors, which is termed a Commando. “ I have the honour to be, * Your very t and obedient Ser * (Signed) Ско. HARRISON. * The Right Hon ** Sir ат жый, Bart., ies ‚В. &° ALLAN CUNNINGHAM. Allan and Richard Cunningham were the sons of Allan ere os n a native of Renfrewshire. ‘They were born at Wimbledon, the first 79 1791, the second in 1 Allan was placed in a conveyancer's iw s engagement by Aiton to assist in the preparation of the second edition of the Hortus Kewensis diverted him to botan the w y uw * Biographical Sketch” of him his friend Robert Heward writes (p. 2) :— "RN dig зача the аса of this work (1814), the political aspect of Europe f reverting о more to the state of peace, the subject of sending out botanical colle evi e late lamented Sir Joseph Banks and t perin- tendent of the Uu Botanie Gardens at Kew (Mr re and the Government aving acceded to the application of those gentlem gements were - "There they spent two years. Bowie had i deem the garden in 1810. After leaving Brazil he was sent to the Cape of Good Hope, where he arrived in 1817. He enriched the garden with bulbous and succu- lent plants. ‚Не pe recalled in 1823 in consequence of the grant for Australia, and visited. beg parts of the east and west coast and . Tasmania. pes also visited New Zealand and Norfolk Island, and in all places arge пети Banks wrote to him April 14, 1820, not feng before ‘his death (Bi iographieal зарн р. зв): == “Ihave eo safe and in good condition the numerous things you have sent rom ч. о Non 5 to say to you than t entirely че of the whole of your conduct, ав does also our worthy friend, Midi at Kew 310 Cunningham says of this letter (B. S., p. 36) :— “This I shall guard as I would the gne — of the religion in which I h been educated: it is the word of a dyin n, whose liberality had fallen alike on the just and unjust, whose Adi i ин none we us ^ нен more experience ; and if, from a sight of it, I can from time to time call up t ourteous spirit of its illustrious writer to regulate my own frame of mind in ie * jostlings of the world,’ literally, I shall be a happy man.” Allan Cunningham introduced a proome of new plants. ` Amongst me was Araucaria Cunninghamii, which is now a conspicuous feature in the Temperate House, and Laportea Өг, an arborescent stinging bitte (1826). Smith says rather drily (Records, p. 68) :—“ Its power- “ ful stinging ee eae however, led it to meet with general ill-will “ from the men, and as ied suddenly it is есте to have been * wilfully killed. It his not since been introduced.” The fine Archontophema Cunninghamii (Seaforthia Чон) in the Palm House was in ar by him in 1826. He found the anomalous cycad, Bowenia spectabilis in Queensland, indicis its real affinity was not ascertained till many years after. Allan Cunningham returned to England in 1831. But he again left in 1836 to fill the post of id^ aw tendent. of the Sydney ne en, vacant through the death of his brother Richard, who w killed by natives while on Major Mitchell’s expedition to discover the souree of the Darling river in 1835. Allan Cunningham himself only lived to 1839. Не was a remarkable and an industrious man. His numerous manuscripts, as well as his private herbarium, are preserved at Kew. Prince REGENT. The King’s malady had become permanent in 1810. From this time for the next 30 years Kew, undoubtedly, though with some spasmodic a at recovery, went steadily down hill. To quote Scheer (pp. 22, 23) — “During the non-intercourse with the аа хе arts of peace were in а somewhat dormant state in En gland ; save science (chemistry) sprung rapidly into notice, and became, in the Ga ni. of a a master ind — H iu "Pi ent. which had so much interested his Royal parents з ОСА, mperial Royal guesis put in many applications for specimens of this then unique collection of plants, and the Prince delighted in полый thei ir wishes ; and an active inter- cou ith the managers of for while resumed.” To this revival the part taken by Kew in the ill-fated expedition to the Congo may perhaps be attributed. Daviv LOCKHART. rt was a native of Cumberland, and а gardener at Kew. He sailed in February 1816 as assistant to Christian Smith, the botanist, in staff, and * went farther than any of the expedition to K a number of plants, such as Gardenia longiflora and о е e of ме. pene was published in 1818.. Christian Smith a Dane. ira with Von Buch whom he . had met at the house of LI Banks, He wasoffered by the latter 311 the post of botanist to the expedition. “Never were the results of an expedition more melancholy and disastrous.” Out of the 54 persons which it ROME no less than 21 died, including Capiain Tuckey and Professor S following are extracts from the instructions to Professor Smith given “him by the Admiralt ty :— “In order to enable him to execute his laborious duties, a gardener from His Majesty's Botanical caves at Kew has been re. to assist the Professor in drying and preserving as well as in co llecting specim ** He is also directed to B res the seeds of all new weet whi ch may offer them- selves for the use of t oyal Garden ë Kew; and the supply of these has been limited to two packa ": of each kind, sewed up, with a view to keep the stock be delivered, so sewed up, t e Direct Royal Botanical Gardens, а soon as possible after the return of ак хабат eo pies (p. xxxviiii)." Mr. Brown worked up Christian Smith's collections. He says e) ES e Herbarium . + + was on its arrival in England, placed at the disposal of Sir верь Banks. ” In conclusion Mr. Brown says А 485) :— It remains aed that I should notice isa exemplary aeo s б Botanic oni x Day d Lockhart, the popes vor, I believe, of the party by whom . river a dm falls was examined, i "that ласо journey ^ which proved re to the expeditio" 818 Lockhart was appointed Superintendent of the Botanic utens, Trinidad Smith ( Records, pp. 229, 230), says:— “Between the years 1823 and 1825, a considerable number of species [of orchids] were received from "Trinidad, ‘forw arded by Mr. Daniel Lockhart, the Superintendent of the Garden, amongst hick, were the first к of Stanhopea g on portions of branches as eut from the trees, w ing a nied by instructions from Mr. Lo pes as to how they should be trenit led d ry success- ful cultivation of epiphytal orchids.” The interesting edes я crassipes was introduced to Kew by Lockhart from Trini He died in Trinidad, 1845 Kew, 1817-20. Patrick Neill, author of a “Journal of Horticultural Tour,” gives (р. 507) a brief notice of the state of Kew in 1817 :— * We then pe ue the Botanie Garden, мена E fesom Mr. Be Кы жа an the foreman, an old a tance. The ‘seine are not but scattered over thé: eoa In one of them Mr. Regie dee i оаа to a plant of the Cactus cochinillifer, which had been brought to Britain with the - oni apn tise ~~ , upon it. There was still a жоон — of ће insect upon ant. In another of the Mu he showed us a new species of passiflora, having see fruit ( Passiffora edulis). eg plant had fruit upon it at this time: of an oval shape, purple-coloured, about the size of a small hen egg. It has ieu been i sevi up with the dessert at es Royal table.’ Sir Richard Phillips (Morning Walk from London to M p. 379), deseribes in 1817 a curious sight which existed at the time * As I quitted the lane I beheld, on xb € the long boundary wall of Kew Gardens, on which a disabled sailor has drawn in chalk the effigies of the whole British navy, and over each represe of the vessel, and the number of has in this wa eted about 800 vessels, ea or ae foot ipte ina ык with intervening distances about a mile and a half. 312 the labour of one man the whole is an extraordinary performance, e I was told the decrepid draughtsman derives a competency from passing traveller. In 1825 Evans (р. 32) says they were * nearly obliterated.” HIMALAYAN RHODODENDRONS. The frst Himalayan Rhododendron was introduced in 1818. Smith (Records, р. 298) says :— *In 1818 Dr. Wallieh forwarded to this dh d seeds of Rhododendron arboreum, native of Nepal, which were reared in the Botanic aere Kew and Edinburgh. The seeds came up abundantly, Жы by over-heat th deco breed aan x and on my leaving Edinburgh in 1820 Mr, Pus x sent to plants b о were then about 3 inches high; they were grown in the p eenhouse ; n 1803 they iik taken to the Temperate. House, iM the etes is now (1889) a es tree 23 igh." ` In 1820 Todi. 11. died. During the time he was on the throne the botanical exploration and horticultural activity, of which Kew was the centre, was not merely unpar s wees but from the nature of Wawa never can be paralleled again. Evans (pp. 123, 124) in 1824 s it up numerically, though he does not say on what authority :— The present royal чыты La pet attached to the study of botany, his late Majesty bestowed much a ttention e Garden at Kew, and had the satisfaction of es the example which he ia сане with such ardour by his subjects, that “not than six thousand seven hundre s nd forty-six rare exotic plants were собна nto these Kingdoms during his reign, and exotic beauties are now seen blended with our verdure in every corner of у. island." = Kew Parace (OLD). After the reign of George IIT. Kew ceased, practically, to be a royal residence. The so-called palace, a mere gentleman’s mansion of the 17th century, remains, though uninhabited. Its history is not free from obseurity. But the following account embodies what эы лнн to be a trustworthy. e following is on the authority of ce (p. 15). A mansion called | Suffolk ass by some Suffolk P “jis mentioned in a court v of the ig ө que) wt ed чер of Quee Elizabeth ; bnt i" dat. ака t had been pulled d yed. This, in “all кани was vm pee of isis ide of onera Brandon, De kom at Suffolk. This nobleman's third wife was the Princess Mary, who was sister to Henry VIII., and had "wem oie а ака to Louis ХП. of oe whose widow she was up tc - ime of her marriage with t Suffol says . that the ho me Po erected in the time of Hen VIL, bat many years before he wrote, and * according to report, by a steward of the household.’ ws e spam die through the pepe noes at Kew,” p. 4), se — { would seem that several pepe akg of great extent and some magnificen i near the present entrance to the Royal Gardens. One called Suffolk Place was occupied by a Sir John е час held the office of Lord Keeper of the Great Seal.” —— says (p. 16) that Sir John Puckering entertained Queen zabeth in м» house at Kew in 1594. He could not therefore have inkubited Arig oe < ee was pulled down in 1566. he a t Kew t have consisted of a number of substantial houses, of which the Old Palace 3 is the last survivor, which were clustered about the Horse Ferry. Two roads met here, both of which were porta dant on it. The other road ran in inet of the present Palace tl Sd ow 6 ae to Mortlake: 313 The д building has beneath it а Gothic crypt with a vaulted roof. In one of the rooms architectural fragments, Tudor in style, ave без wor nicked ah It seems exceedingly probable that these were Simpson (p. 30) gives the following history of the present Palace :— * The House now called Kew Palace (but originally the Dutch House), is an old structure of red brick, which is stated by Brayley and others to have been erected Samuel Fortrey, E whose representative, William Fortrey, Esq., it was alienated in 1697 to ae Richard Levett. Queen Caroline, in the reign of George II., when making her improvements, took a long lease of this House, which had not expired in 1781, in which year the freehold was purchased of me descendants of о + „= for her late Majesty Queen са by whom it had previously ring." In Burrell’s rm of the manor T ук pome май at the back of the Palace is marked with the na tt, so that it is probably: correct that it passed into ere some tira the family of that name. But the idea that it was ever leased by Queen Caroline seems possibly to have arisen from a confusion with the neighbourin — about | it. It is an interesting specimen of Jacobean architecture. Th in to the hands of Sir Hugh Partie "Nothing more is Know about it, though it is possible that it and not Suffolk Place supplied vat pore quc foundation of the present building. plan (1724) the Palace is called the Prices Royal's . 996) says that the marriages of the Duke of Clar ence and of Фе Duke of Kent to the Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg were celebrated here by the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London on Saturday, J Ap 11, 1818, “when a temporary altar was “ fitted up in the Queen" s drawing room, which looks into Kew Gardens, ** on the first floor. On November 17 the same year Queen Charlotte died here. Pera tt g to Sim . 81) she was taken ill e Buckingham House. * Ву the advice mw physicians the Queen was to have been removed “ to Windsor, but not being sufficiently recovered she stopped at Kew * Palace.” Walford NE ш =й, says the room was at the top of the staircase on the О 70113. ` D 314 HERBARIUM AND LiBRARY. One of Sir Joseph Banks's schemes was to a a Pgh and library at Kew. Scheer (p. 50), speaking of Bauer, says :— * To some of his performances we have had occasion ptm ed to allude ; those which he accomplished during the life-time of Sir Joseph Banks were, by the will of the latter, € in the British Museum ; and ‘Gad the plan of Sir J otetih, h eagerly entered into by George IV., for establishing a Botanical useum » vom , has ed ам, but for which originally the house now in the sema of the King of Hanover was purchased; we trust that whatever now mains in Kew of Mr. Bauer's Arami s will be in due time carefully added to the Жаман already laid upin that National Storehouse of Arts and Sciences.’ According to Scheer (p. 11),— “Sir Peter Lely pnrchased a house at Kew, to which, during the latter part of his life, he frequently retired ; it stood so Sanka iy ig the ground now belonging to the mansion of His Majesty the Ki ing of Hano Q. C. (p. 3) says the latter was built on the site of Sir Peter Lely’s house. But this is impro ee le. This is now the Herbari x tope of the Royal Gardens. The latter ati the ient та he former an addition to the north. Sir Peter Lely’s house Spb aby: stood to the west and no trace of it remains. The herbarium house was originally known as Hunter House, having been the property of Robert Hunter (Smith, Records, vii), who is traditionally reported to have been a friend of the elder Aiton’s, and having succeeded in business, to have settled at Kew. It was built anterior to 1771, as it appears in a copy of SA: dn plan of that date lent by Her Majesty the Queen to the Kew Museum. It is believed to have been purchased for the King in 1818 at the instigation of Sir Joseph Banks for the purpose to which it is now dedicated. A room on the ground floor was fitted (1820) with боскае [Kew Report, 1875, p. 2], which nm till 1877, A were apparently not used at t the ks e King both died in 1820, and the library and herbarium of y^ Рани were ‘Sedat to the British Museum, of the Botanical Department of which they became the founda tion. Ban pears to have been allowed to retain the botanical specimens brought home by the Kew collectors. The bulk of that part of their labours is therefore to be found in the British Museum = kegi George IV. sold Hunter House to the nation. About 1830 m IV., notwithstanding, granted ' эт use to the Duchess of Сиш- berland for her life. On the Duke’s accession to the throne of ver it became generally known as the “ King of Hanover’s house.” The King of Hanover resided in it occasionally, but after his death in eee it was unoccupied. In 1852 its use for Herbarium purposes GEORGE IV. George IV. took at first much interest in Kew, and adopted the plan of adapting Hunter House to its present purpose. In 1823 he acquired by Act of Parliament the west end of the green and erected a tall iron railing, which brought Hunter "mr within the garden area. The effect was to close and throw into the garden the old road cn Kew Green p^ Brentford Pay. “The preamble recites “Parte of the Waste of the said Manor [Kew Green], divides a Mese i Grounds belonging to His Majesty on the North side thereof [Hunter House], from 815 € Aer uy od on) belonging to His Majesty on the South and West he peer and Addition of so much of the said d Waste a divides the said Grounds ds, and of the Road from the said Common to Zl elled Brentford Ferry, would be a pics listers to the said Property 18 ajes Across ds end of the Green so enclosed, the King erected a tall iron railing from the corner of the official tresidences on the north side of the Green (of which the most eastern had formerly been occupied by Meyer the miniature painter) to the corner of the present official residence of the Director. Evans (pp. 130, 131) in 1824, describes the Gates erected by George IV. “In the centre of Kew Green, his present Majesty has just erected large hand- ome iron gates, crowned with the lion and unicorn couchant, not altogether dissimilar to the grand entrance at Hampton Court. Iron pallisades also extend on oth si i a, The whole has an imposing effect, and may be pronouneed a distinguis shed vement.” The so-called Bird-cage Walk, эе its dwarf iron railings, was арыу outside George IV. s new fence. The lime trees were planted by John Smith about 1990. _ The Act provided that in eompensation to the parish, a new footway from Kew b reen to Brentford Ferry, along the river side, as we roads round Kew Green should be made, and that all the roads in the parish od in perpetuity, be maintained by the Crown. The Philosophical Magazine for 1824 contains (vol. vi. pp. 365-6) in a paper * On the cultivation: of Botany in England," by Professor Schultes of Landshut,an account of Kew about this time which is far from flattering :— “Lagas I met almost dail made some botanical excur- sions together: among other places, to the слага gardens at Kew. We did not Mr. Townsend Aiton, as he had been called away to Windsor; but in this well Göttingen Botanic Garden, =iperintondea by Schrader: sometimes the same species is marked with two different The garden at Kew consists of a fine park, and of a ro a php cal vie: n ү ‘about twenty acres. What we usually term a park in а comparison w Esterhazy at Eisenstadt, or even with the botanical division of the Imperial > ager at Schönbrunn. A supplement to the Hortus Kewensis, under the inspection of r Ro Brown, will soon be pu ublished: many species which were formerly von here are said to be lost." About 1823 when Professor Schultes visited Kew the aspect of the constituted the whole of the Botanic Garden and Arboretum puni have been very singular and totally different from what it is at prese It ted in fact of a series of inclosures surrounded with ЫР ‘alla -the greater portion of which have been since removed. р 4 316 ARBORETUM. The Arboretum, which was the most northern шш was about five acres in extent. John Smith (Records, p. 260) sa though the area was small, it was a remarkable spot ge entering, эм всепе pi PN id the idea of its being the intere of a large forest crowded with und: s the resort of hundreds of birds.’ ES ine was "jo eue bya6 fe 30% walk.” (Smith, р. 258.) In 1823 * the general collection was about fifty or sixty years old ; * the average size of the trees being 40 to 50 feet high." Many о them, as has already been stated, came from the garden at Whitton of Archibald 3rd Duke of Argyll. ear the Temple of the Sun, which was about the centre of the whole t tender species were planted against the walls. The fine Salisburia adiantifolia was so trained ; it is now а tall tree. “ When * against the wall one of its side branches early на абда male flowers.” The old existing specimen of Buxus balearica was also on a wa William ТУ. in 1830 “removed the west and north boundary walls of the Aboretum. By so doing, the winds had freedom to play their part, and from time to time many fine trees were blown down.” (Smith, Records, p. 260. The latter wall had been the boundary wall dividing the Royal Gardens from the public road to Brentford Ferry Deopar. Smiths says (Records, p. 287) :— “Cedrus Deodara is recorded in pe books to have been introduced in 1822; ns ce ims ses such hap at ah been the case, but on — of the long voyages s and of packing n appear to have vegetated; the first that did so, were mei hn by the How: Leslie Melville, in the year ase 1, who on visiting the —— gave me a few -— which v had loose in his pocket, one of which те after several years nursing was planted in the old Arboretum wher етй; In 1864 it had attained a height of 32 feet, girth 4 feet 5 inches, t 2 feet from the ground, and spread of branches 28 feet.’ ee became unhealthy and was taken down a few years ago. Near its former position is one, now nearly as large e raised from seed, комы | in England, by Sir T. D. Acland, Bart. HERBACEOUS GROUND. The Herbaceous ground was south of the Arboretum. In it grew the Ostrya vulgaris, Sophora japonica and Araucaria imbricata which still remain. It was itself bounded to the south by a wall removed by Sir William Hooker in 1847 ; а small portion still remains at the back of the Outside the Botanic Garden жөө: the Pleasure M which were | therefore much larger in area than they are at pres “In 1843 about 45 acres of the pleasure ground, k Ea o the Botanic Garten. were papali the latter, separated by a wire fence, the peat part being summer ae) hay, the lower part being s filled up lake of George III. (a bog i in а, there being very few trees, except those on the mount, and the e willows round a piece of water called the pond, ded the удио Road, and a row of old elm trees called the seven sisters.” (Smith, Records, p. 269). The Kew Guide says these were “named in allusion to the daughters of е ade HET The Pleasure Grounds of Kew Gardens proper extended from the Palace to the Pagoda almost without a break of any sort or description. 317 Evans (p. 125) e M (in 1825) as “ reaching for a full mile, * from the Pagoda down to th e Palace at Kew, and strewed with new * mown hay of a Bur а and fragrancy.” Groree IIs LAKE. The present pord is only a fragment of a large piece of water which occupied the site of the Palm House and exterded to the west of it. Smith says (p. 172) that this was “the lowest ground in the parish of ew, consisting. originally of lagoons, which George III. converted “ into a lake. It was filled up in 1814." The lake is shown on Burrell’s plan in 1771; it contained an island to which access was obtained by Sir W. Chambers’s bridge. There seems reason to think that the “lagoons” spoken of above were part of a chain of ponds which ran through the parish to the N.E., and were themselves the remains of a ecran ereek or backwater of the Thames. During the reign of George IV. no collector seems to have been employed. But Kew gardeners, who obtained employment abroad, were not unmindful of the establishment. A few of these deserve a brief record, ‘The particulars are from brief memoranda left by John Smith, which have also been made use of in giving an account of the regular collectors. Sr. HELENA. Thomas Frazer, a native of Scotland, was at Kew in 1820. tree of St. Helena, &c. He was afterwards foreman in the Royal Garden at Frogmore. Swan RIVER. William Morrison, a native of Scotland, was at Mm in 1824.. He went to Barbados to superintend a sugar planta He visited Trinidad, and returning to England in 1828 комн а aos йш of seeds, plants, and dried specimens. He was again employed at Kew, and was sent to owed ui ы home a large purchase of огап jé trees forwarded collections to this country for sale ( US focii рр. 10, 11). wd of the Swan River Proteacee w introduced to Kew through M Kew Patace (NEW). Kew House had been taken down by George III. in 1803, and about this time he commenced the erection of a new y the river side contiguous to what is now called Queen Elizabeth's lawn TION describes joven vol. v., pp. 378, 379) the Castle in w Gardens " as he calls position opposite to the icky and dusky town of Brentford, one of еар E detestable places in the vicinity of London, only separated by the of 318 the Thames, is very unkingly as well as incommodious. Though still unfinished, unfurnished, and u Pup ge as e kay probably ever remain, it presents to the eye an assemblage of tower and tur ts, forming a structure such as those in which Ariosto or Spencer дори рне ie pue detained by giants or enchanters. Sir Richard Phillips describes (1817) the interior (Morning Walk from London to Kew, pp. 380, 381). “Tn the western corner [of Kew Green] stood the building called Kew Palace, in which George III. ce many of the early years of his reign, and near which he began a new structure a few years before his confirmed malady, which I call the Bastile Palace, from its resemblance to that building, so obnoxious to freedom an to construct within it more than a series of large closets, boudoirs, and rooms oratories. works De have been че oar since the unhappy seclusion of the royal обет ап is improbable, — = this d that they will be renewed. The detent’ is ina ens the Thames, an the principal — within its view is the dirty town of eso on the opposite side of the ri Q. C. (p. 10) describes its destruction. “ The gothic реке ovs King George ПТ. began at the commencement of the century, was, after e years empty, useless, incompleted, decaying, sold by IV.to a Mic fer; materials. The demolition took place in 1828 or 1829. On Saturday morning, December 8th, some injudicious removal of material was made by the workmen, and one of the eastern towers came саги to the grou че ight men were killed. . " noa s after part of a skelet as fou mbedded in the earth. The Кас having heard of mé: анаа, med the rest of the ids to be blown up." Simpson (pp. 28, 29) ion to imply that the Gothic Palace was commenced рг jd н — Sagn or the ‘Old TT as it was afterwards called, was taken down in work, but the b uilding was r finished intern „м nor was it ever inhabited by the King, and сч € death it was sold piecemeal by order of George IV., the last of its materials having been removed in 1827. The designs for the buildings were James Wyatt, the үэе architect.’ r W. —Ó in ы н Report for 1847, explains how the site was eite treate “ The private grounds of the Palace had been much neglected, especially that portion (about seven acres) on which His Majesty George the 3rd had built the shell of a larger palace. r the mp rye of this structure the groun va terrace entrance of the Pleasure а А new gate, from plain in style, but well adapted in ccordance with the old. palace, d been erect at the approach to the palace from the river." Simpson (pp. 9) 77) describes two remarkable trees which stand near the Palac “ Visitors at "6 are always anxious to вее two venerable trees near the Ferry, on the banks of the river, I mean the Elm and the Linden. The former is, or rather was, a most beautiful specimen of расчету vegetation; it was р by Queen Mary I. [on the Ordnance Map it is ealled Elizabeth’s Elm], an чо qn. blown down in 1844, the top having since been al into a kitchen table for Osborne House ; the trunk is still carefully көс by being -— ui I measures 29 feet in : Linden ot singular bes is of great t. Under this tree, it is said, most of the of George HL used to st and puse ir their youthful studies. а 319 Only a fragment of the trunk of the = remains, but the ene dimensions are still preserved by the young stems which have spru up from the circumference, lts еей ү е (1893) is 10 feet. In the early part of his reign George IV. abandoned Kew for Windsor, and its scientific interests were neglected. He seems still to have retained some affection for Kew. Croker writes to Lord Hertford Jan. 19, 1831 :—“ I am told His Majesty has lately expressed so some “ regret that hei is too old to begin building at Kew, which is what * he would most like.” (Croker Papers, ii. p. 101.) The King died in the following year. Sir Everarp HOME. n the same year Sir Everard Home also died. He seems after th death of Banks to have iu some measure assumed the task successfully performed by Lord Bute and the former of affording external scientific encouragement to Kew. Scheer says (p. 36) that Sir Everard Home * for some length of time used to meet here, almost every Saturday, * at Mr. Bauer’s, many of the eminent men of the day, for purposes * connected with botany nnd other branches of Natural Philosophy, * and a friendly social intercourse." And (p. 23) he mentions the death of Sir Everard Home as one of the circumstances which “ appear * to have begot an indifference about these gar dens, which it is difficult * to account for on any reasonable grounds.” In 1820 Sir Everard Home published in the Philosophical Transactions some anatomical observations as they “ appeared in the microscope of F. Bauer, Esq." WirLriAM IV. William ТУ. seems to have taken a warm interest in Kew and effected several improvements. But the elder Aiton had become Director- General of the Royal Gardens at Kew and elsewhere, and among -— duties of so onerous a post the care of Kew must have taken a som what subsidiary place. Kew certainly did not gain ground in scientific importance during the King’s reign, and it got almost wholly out of touch with the scientific botanists of the da The King built in Eu Ug aap Grounds the small temple which his name, but seems at the time to have had the page нн title of * The Panthe te 4 Temple of Mili р, erected by Sir Jeffery Wyatville to commemorate ‘the battles fought * by British soldiers from 1760 to 1815.” А local tradition is that аз the workman was cutting the King’s initials on the anm t the great bell of St. Paul's began to toll to announce the King's death. ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATORY. Smith (Records, р. 96) says :— “During the latter y a ard геа ое Нер ДЕ. icd „а new m House was contemplated, and a plot of ground set apart for its erection ; but nothing was done until the accession of William IV., who took much interest in improving the Gardens, and in 1834, a plan for a spacious Palm House was by the celebrated architect, Sir Jeffrey Wyatville, and in October 1834, a ж was selected and the length of the house marked out in the presence of the King. The plan was, however, abandoned on William ТУ. oving ^ Kew (in 1836) from Buckingham Palace (where it was sprites, a chapel), the great architectural conservatory which stands near а 320 Main gate. This was erected on the ground which had been taken from Kew Green. Up to 1848 it was used as a Palm-house. In that year— “Its contents кт. of Palms and other tropical plants, were removed to the [new] Palm-hous n it was ee ely occupied А сое wes эч growing kinds of Australian piine, ku as Myrtaceae, Leguminose, and Р -' . . some of Se Banksias кайы large bushes and flowering peas: » [Smith, Records, These in turn were removed in 1863 to the Temperate House. It is now used for Aroidee and other plants requiring an extreme tropical treatment, William IV., as already wwe removed се ‘wall of the old mpi to the west and north, which ran from the *Ice House" to the end of the Orangery. This was ii е first step in the policy of iie up the grounds, which has been pursued ever since. According to a memorandum of a conversation with John Smith, William IV. in 1830 removed the high FERRA си ted by George IV. across the west end of the Green, and the gates and lodges at either end of it. He used the gates and part of the жин to inclose the front of Hunter House. (This inclosure was i back in 1880.) The other part was erected across the space between the present house of the Keeper of the Herbarium and the wall of Hunter aes grounds. It was bent into the present sweep when the Main gate was ereeted in 1845. OLD ENTRANCE. At this time there does not appear to have been any entrance where шә Main gate now stands. Evans says (р. 122) in 1824 :—“ The entrance is on the upper се of Kew ee whist another is in “ ава Road.” The former was on the south of the Green, where the engine-house now sta: inte t was narrow eir inconspicous ; but it was not superseded till 1845, when the Main gate was erected by Decimus Burton. The * Lion and Unicorn асе " which Evans describes as adorning George IV.’s gates, now perform the same function on two gates in the Richmond Road. The lion was at first on the present Unicorn Gate. The present Lion Gate was called the Pagoda Gate. * Pagoda.” This was done, but the position of the two figures was interchanged. Жж Oncurs. In 1888 George Aldridge ita a ш of ed. orchids from Trinidad. He was son of John Aldridge, m ars foreman of the Бол Kitchen Garden аё Кы ы, ета aperittésidén of the al Kitchen and Forcing Garden at Kew. George "alc went to "worker in 1831, and returned on deed of bad health Smith says (Records, p. 285) that in 1826 about 60 зревігд of orchids wwe cultivated at Kew. ‘New ones were, however, successively * ad and in 1836 a small ве was seit and appropriated to * the ды eni of tropical speci 321 VOYAGE OF THE *SULPHUR." In 1835, George Barclay, a gardener, who entered Kew in 1833, was appointed botanical collector to H.M.S. “ Sulphur” (Captain Belcher), which was about to proceed to western S. America for surveying pur- poses. Various parts of the American coast were €— northward to Sitka. The Sandwich, Fiji, and other islands of the Pacifie were also visited, and Barclay reached England with his rende in 1841. The botany of the voyage was worked out by Mr. Bentham. NATHANIEL WILSON. Nathaniel Wilson, anative of Scotland, was at Kew in 1834 and 1838 He went to Jamaica to cultivate coffee in 1847. He was appointed Curator of we Botanic Gardens at Bath. He sent many plants to Kew d r е Kew by Sir William Hooker. Не paid much attention to fibre plants, and his collections formed one cot the first contributions to the Economic Museunis at Kew. He retired in 1867, and died about 1873 ADMISSION OF THE PUBLI^. Although till after the death of William IV. Kew was essentially a . private establishment, it was by no means inaccessible to the public. In 1 Vicinity, р. 122) says: * The Gardens are open to the publie on Sunday idsummer till Michaelmas.” In 1838 Dr. Lindley reported to the Treasury :— “ Visitors are unreservedly admitted to the Garden daily, — on Sundays, an Mr. Aiton deserves credit for v exercised his sete er as r-General, in order os secure this privilege to the public. It is, however, а en asy to disco what advantage, except that of e a ани walk, has been derived from the paving in uh past state of the Garden Scheer (p. 47) in 1840, says :— * The Pleasure Grounds, which are quite distinct from the Botanic Gardens, are open to the Public o n Thursdays and Sundays from Midsummer till Michaelmas.” Kew had dag | in proportion as ae (virer interest of royalty in its maintenance diminished, assum uasi-public character. Its management became the subject of сеси which certainly did not err on the side of being out-spoken. Dean HERBERT. The Hon. and Reverend William Herbert (afterwards Dean of Man- chester), a well-known and creditable writer on bulbous plants, delivers himself of the following bitter complaint in his Amaryllidacew (1837, pp. 247-8) :— * The illiberal system established at Kew Gardens by Sir J oseph — — the rare plants collected there were hoarded with the most niggard j an which aneh thefts mere e ep Г, у were not actually winked at, by cultivators, led to nduct, a. until the ge ae was stopped у а prose- cation, © os dart wire 7 соно became exposed to like depredations ; 322 falsehoods үк were told to cover the theft occasioned а great deal of mbes o erning t ый habitation of plants introduced at that period. It was the arrow-minde of doctri e of Sir J. Banks that he could only Foy the King collection superior others by monopolizing its contents; and by doing so he rendered it hateful id eontemptible: whereas if he had pen sie and freely received , and made its contents easily accessi ible to those who were interested i ih asked whether I could speak to a Son son better acquainted with the plants, I was told that I could obtain no further information. The multitude of rare plants that ; have flourished and perished there — I believe ies be very great. I owe no Ed to that tenint aue f e permission to walk drm sa i i ough the hous Im o Mr. ‘Salisbury the justice ТР say that he repeatedly maw. oath with ‘Si ir Joseph 1 Bank in vain on the ct. Theethical standpoint ona, animates this ti a somewhat odd for a Dean. And the strictures themselves are not on а much higher level. In the first ЕС Kew wasa private establishment, of the Sovereign it is true, but over which it is not obvious that the public generally had any definite righi: The attack on Sir че Banks is probably that the scientific esteem which Kew acquired was entirely due to Banks who, without any official position, and simply as a personal friend of the King’s, spent a scarcely calculable amount of time, pains, and money in making the Kew Botanical collections the first in the world at the time. Royal interest can, no doubt, effect a good deal, but it cannot be doubted that, without the scientific advice and encouragement which Banks rendered to the King, it would have been impossible for Kew to have attained the scientific eminence which it reached under the two Aiton’s. he anonymous writer (1838), probably Lindley, in the article * Garden" in the Penny Cyclopedia (vol. xi, p. 74), is scarcely less severe. “The chief English garden, containing a large collection of plants, i Fd of Kew, which is certainly the ric richest in the world in New Hollan d Plants, a which was e e introduced in considerable quantity. It contains a bad and ill-named or rather unnawed collection of hardy plants, and a good many small hot-houses and green- houses filled with rare plants; there is, moreover, an excellent kitchen-garden and forcing department. M n consequence of this — having had a mono — government support for above 30 years, it has bee: e channel wot in whic! enormous quantity of new plants have been m ee o Europe from all parts ot the world. For many years however it was unworthy of the nation, from the illiberal manner in which it was conducted, a system of атры ч е possession having been management has been introduced, and the collection is as essible as that f other nations." There can be no doubt, however, that these complaints and criticisms, whether justified by the circumstances of the ges or not, nen a ade effect on the es baie Ay Kew. They stimul ated a interest in its m a scientific менон дей ятуын brought about its рма iM its present scale. Dr. Linpiey’s REPORT. William IV. died in 1837, and in Med 1838 the Treasury pointed a committee ^ to inquire into rs sara wen. &c. of the Royal = Gardens.” ‘It consisted of С dm conjunction with two prac 323 tical gardeners, one of whom was the future Sir Joseph Paxton. The committee reported in February followin e report is too long to quote. But a few Abe ud i cue are useful as giving an idea of the state of the establishmeni at the ti “ This spa arden is situated on the south side o pm aia fert by the walls of the Royal "siasa 3 and Kitehen Gries a and эте ly by what is called the четим Ground of Kew Palace. It is reported in e official returns to occupy s, of which part Аа Arboretum, and the г ы filled by stoves and gaucho, borders of Herbaceous Plants, св left for the arrangement of greenhou se plants i in the open air in summer, offic ces, yar icti af The Arboretum contains many very fine specimens of hardy Exotic trees and res but the collection is not very extensive, and the plants are too much crowded.” ыз “The pst re! Fasc pte arm appeared to be inconsiderable. "es x m number were with thei s written on regt sticks, o wer unnamed; no pu M ой, nge eme ment was observable with the 0, of Grasses, of which there is an extensive collection name ed.” sa (p. 41) speaks of this collection (1840) :— * Which we believe is as complete as dente and which was dear to George III., because е his patriotic fondness for agricultu The report continues :— * The stoves > gomso. have been nm with two exceptions, in the neigh- parcis of each other in irregular man г, and зү! етке from time to time, occasion arose for Шой Че additions. Boe of them Ya ршн in general they are in pretty good repair. They may be described as foll . A palm stove, 60 feet long, co scm бд ing, among other thin , some fine old n trees gree in the ground. ү One of these was the large Sabai blackburniana, which is so striking an object in the present Palm House. John Smith (p. 122) found it at Es w in the spring of 1820. t there was no record of its introduction. He suppos oses it to have been brought by Admiral Bligh from the West Indies in 1793 * 9, A stove, 50 feet long, filled et a miscellaneous collection of stove plants. т a À stove, 60 feet long, with two small tanks for water plants, occupied by a pc ea quen aep of stove plant š. n greenhouse, 40 feet long, with a miscellaneous collection of smal New Holland and Cape grad [Built 1803.] . A dry stove, 40 feet long, in two compartments, filled with succulent >. pi 6. А greenhouse, 60 feet long, chiefly filled with fine specimens of Cape of Good Se and New Holland plants, among which are some noble Banksias. 92.] T к А double propaga . A green house, 80 ra m containing small Cape of Good Hope and New Holland ied . A ‘Botany Bay’ house, 110 feet long, crowded th magnificen t specimens of New icd and other arene especially the Бене. "Built 1788.] * 10. An old stove, reported to be the ки! house erected in the Gardens, 110 feet long, in three divisions, one ыйы À oble specimens of succulent and other plants; the second, a stately Zamia pungens (no doubt, Masson’s Encephalartos], өчү; '&c.; and the third, a miscellaneous set of greenhouse plants, together with w forced flowers for nosegays.” [Built 1761.) OUR , 2 and 3, have been united to form the present No. 2 (Tropical 8 Forns); 4 and 5 have been united to form the present No. 3 emperate Ferns) ; 6 with additions by Decimus Burton is the mes №. 4 Dust i The propagating pits have reconstructed for orchid cultivation. All the other houses have given place to larger, more d and more modern buildings. , and 9 were built on ground purchased by George III. kon d the Rev. W. Methold (to whom the Director's offieial residence formerly чаи and added to the Botanic Garden. To return to the report :— . * The first éd to remark upon the лесу in the houses just described is, that they are excessively crowded, and som of them are out of condition from this 324 circumstance. In fem, however, the plants, especially those from New Holland, are in ace I clean and well attended to; the general appearance of the colle s was, moreover, very creditable. Jo dd "Sm mith, he was foreman at the time, and who was subsequently the first Curator of Kew, as а public establishment, seems to have felt, d of Cape and New Holland plants must have been incomparable, and such as have never been surpassed since. He says (Records, p. x.) :— “Tt will be seen by the date of the above шы, that the а of the nth of of Garden took place in the mo February 1838, just after o the severest winters on record, and heaps of melting snow “till tye on the pik , and all ever green shrubs p ting’ а sorr * e herbaceous ета if it resenti wful aspe had been examined in summer, and time taken, it would have been about 2,500 species of perennial e. arranged according to the jg fins. system." ш уи CORRESPONDENCE. Àn important paragra the Report relates to the interchange of plants with other mis р sia he (Dr. Lindley) says “ that no commu- * nication with Colonial gardens is apparent from the Garden Book of * Delivery.” Smith shows that this statement was based on a mis- apprehension. He proceeds: * With regard to Colonial gardens in the east, Mauritius for instance, had received all the useful fruits and vegetables from the French West Indies and other countries ecame à Britis E Colón; i in 1818 a us of useful cen was жен е rom Kew фе press К 1806, Кашин ‘boxes of plants were sent by the ship Thames ndia. the a large оао of succulents was also pee to bu. "Í a sa bove is mcm to ай that Kew has not been backward in орын v Colonies and Botanic Gardens of Europe with rare per and that so bad as Eos ima by Dr. Lindley in his report Dr. Lindley reported in 1838, but his report was not presented to yieee эе Мау 12, 1840. : ook place in the interval Smith gives an account (Records, pp. xii., xiii. rw — “In the autumn of 1839 the Lord Stewart, га Lord Surrey, who in virtue of Ве the his office had whole control an t of the Royal paid frequent visits to the Garden, picem рый the [е затар of the Kitchen ^ y ined the ч ; апа it nown that it was his intention to convert became kno о them in es and pine-stoves, and that the plants had been offered to the Horticultural LE марту garden at Chiswick, and also to the Roy Bone оен fee their garden at Regent’s Park; but the offer in both ca was dec vinery scheme was, however, inte rried out, р on the теч of Жш 1840 the kitchen gardener informed me that he had recei Lord Surrey to ta of the Botany Bay House, and convert it st as yer into a v t the Cape House was to follow, an as to the e him t destroy t oming known to the cable ре t articles in several public journals condemning the scheme as being a disgrace „the tion. This had the desire effect, and Lord Surrey’s scheme was abandon г oy FREDERICK SCHEER. Е зн the occasion of the publication kaso) a of the бан | акка di account of Kew ONER by Frederick Scheer under є 325 title of “ Kew and its Gardens.” Scheer was ап independent botanist who had particularly devoted himself to the study of Cactacee. He deseribed the plants of that family collected by Seemann for the * Botany of the Voyage of the Herald," published by that botanist (1852—57). Sir William Hooker (185 8) ыр eee mexicana (Bot. Мае. t. 4743) named by Seemann in his hono “To whom our gardens are С for the introduction of several other ornamental plants, s to whose successful study of Cactaceæ science owes many interesting addition Scheer ——á himself as a rest by which, no doubt, he intends that he resided at Kew. Не certainly knew the affairs at the time and — Wem His pages have been borrowed from freely in this account, and as far as his statements admit of being tested they prove extremely accurate. is introduction he says :— “ The a еле a been lately roused from чет even tenor of its way by ominous rumo ing destruction to ws Royal Botanie Gardens at Kew There is no do abt nore in te t had been given to m Horticultural Society, add perhaps to yon of the existence of a desire to dispose a the de s, colleeted in the nearly a century,in these Gard t has b aid that the expense sicco incurred was too heavy to be: uem mip caer "y the British nation. * The Council of the Hortieultural Society, with a spirit o m att tee » вены and to wm declined becoming a party to a proe eir pursuits, and. we trust that no corporate body could be ride: in sd v United ies 3. capable of deviating from the dignified course of which these gentlemen have set the example.’ Discussion тм House or Lomps. A brief discussion which took place in the House of Lords, March 3, 1840, “ tranquillized the public mind on the matter.” HovsE or Lorps, March 3, 1840. Kew Borantc Garpens.—The Earl of Aberdeen 4 . .alluded to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. He had heard many n epor respect to the intention of the Government to abandon and destroy that fine ыыы Не should have given little ог no credit to those reports, if he had not been informed that an offer had been made to icu them ee — in the Gardens on certain conditions. Z^ ned was very well to tro could favour a better object than the protection, eucouragement, and cultivation of that delightful science with which those Y were connected. He now ; noble Viscount, who was at the head of the Department of Woods and Forests, — а such або as that to which he had — at present existed Visi Duncannon said, сы. the Botanic Gardens о f Kew were not under the eontrol of his But he could assure the noble Earl that there was not only not d — we cree nowto break up these Gardens, but there never had been any suc ndeed, it would have sees next to impossible ; =ч а great чен of Prien an eould not be removed without ensuring their destructio Scheer (р. 56) explains the mode in which the Gardens were main- 326 “АП repairs are done by the Woods and Forests. The wages and coal, which ess than at nds i d by th men extent towards ттт establishment. Sir Joseph Banks in his time, also large sums towards the advancement of the Gardens, and besides tidy private individuals have added considerably to the collection.” A few days after the discussion in the House of Lords the Botanic Garden was transferred to the charge of the Commissioners of Woods and Forests by the following minute :— “Tae Royat BOTANICAL GARDENS. “ А proposal having been made to the Lord Steward by the Chief Commissioner of Woods and Works to transfer to that department the charge of the Botanical and all other exiens now under the Е = the Board of Sn esa C кн at Kew, aintaining t d to нан that sum to 1,0007. a — du the retired allowance ae ° seg paid i this department to Mr. Aito n, Superintendent of the Botani ns shall cease, he eme entitled to that ов in full for length п, be gi T Works may may s authorize in writing to take charge of the same from the Ist Ар (Signed) ERROLL, Board of Green Cloth, Lord Steward. St. James’s Palace, 11 March 1840.” Aytmer Bourse LAMBERT. А. B. Lambert, Esq., of Boyton, Wilts, was a private gentes Ë property, who took a keen interest in botany, and was well known e scientific world. For some years he seemed to have ktieeoded to the réle of Sir Joseph Banks, in the affairs of Kew. He came to reside at Kew in the анана of 1839. is correspondence is preserved e "gud, and the following extracts are taken from his мен to John Sm Aug. 27, 1836. ©“ Т am rejoiced to hear c your new houses go on so rapidly." This no doubt refers to the Architectural Conservatory. pen АЁ, 1837. *I particularly and impressively desired d to collect all the nd and plants for the Royal Gardens, Kew, which he has most faithfully promised to This refers to an * Admiralty Purveyor,” = was tt to the Bay of Islands. Feb. 13, 1840. “I eed just been with Sir Charles Lemon, snd am sorry to say that Kew Gardens о be broken up, an id the plants to | d geri to the Horticul- tural, that is [if] they will accept of them, if not they are to be offered to belonging to Regent’s Park.” Feb. 20. ** I have the pleasure of informing you that all proceedings respecting Kew are put an end to Feb. ae "ME Novi as here on Monday for three hours. He was quite out- We must get tiga collectors, that would be the main point.’ r. Banai feeling was no doubt induced by the proposal to break up the collec- Feb. 28. р tell you that Kew is quite safe. уе anit tes _ be otherways. The offering of them to the Horticultural seems to haze been for the ‘ast of beter information on the stot by the gentleman vo mad made the offer.” 327 Mar “ You will not be a little сасе and І think not ng I oae when I tell н Jour letter that you wrote me giving particulars of t in of Kew Gardens. the interest taken by the F Prinosi of Saxe Gotha, im said letter went to the throne, and MEI read by Her Majesty and Prince Albert; they were much interested in it. ere is no doubt that was the reason Lord Ilchester came to Kew, as he is one ot Her Majesty's household seems probable that after all the continued existence of Kew was мы due to the interest of the Sovereign than the influence of popular agitation. Sm WILLIAM Hooker. Towards the end of the year, Mr. Aiton intimated his intention of resigning ы беу ш єз wi immer pese having been nearly 50 years in the s o have re esigned the charge of the Pleasure бааа, ‘il (1845) 109 Yeats tate Sir William arem. F.R.S., then Regius Professor of Botany in the University of Glas was appointed Director of the Botanic Garden, which then ну only 15 acres, an insignificant area Rar ази" with the present establish- ment. “ His duties commenced on the 1st of April 1841, from which % date commenced a new era in the history of the Royal Garden, Kew.” [АИ Rights Reserved. ] ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. APPENDIX I.—1891. LIST OF SEEDS OF HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS AND OF TREES AND SHRUBS. The following is a list of such — Herbaceous Annual and and Shrubs as hav Perennial Plants as well as of such Tree as have matu seeds under enlivation in the Royal Garden ns, Kew, during the year 1890. These seeds are available for exchange with Coloni Indian, and Foreign Botanic Gardens, as well as with regular correspondents of Kew. The seeds are for the most part only available in moderate quantity, and are not sold to the general public. LON : PRINTED d HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, Y EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, PRIXTERS ы THE QUEEN’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from EYRE is үе куәсе East M Pecan 4 FLEET ие X E.C., and ABINGDON STREET menie W.; , 12, H T EDINBURGH, d JOHN жын & 05 Nuit ст бы an HODGES, 5 PIGGIS, & Co., 104, GRAFTO: w Sikap Жай; 1891. Price Twopence. HERBACEOUS PLANTS. Acena argentea, Ruiz et Favon, ili. microphylla, Hk. fil., N: Zea- d. n myriophylla, === Chili. = Ruiz et Pavon, v oou repens, : pinnatifida, R. & P., Chili. . sanguisorba, Vahl, New Zeal. Acanthus longifolius, Host, S. Eur. Achillea alpina, L., Alps. Millefolium do Eur. Aconitum hene teme , Kamtsch. ito ph Bon; Wall, India. Lycoctonum, L., Eur., ete. — var. ochrant hum ‚ — таг. orientale, Ho rt. "dos ellus, L., Kur, Temp. ibis Pall; Siberia. Aeroglochin "rete Sehrad., W. Himal. Actinolepis coronaria, Gray, Calif, (Hymenox сатане, ook. Бага naria, FRE Shortia «йа Hort.) sexes Squarrosn, Nutt. Am (А, боі ов, DC. helianthoides, Nutt. Adenophora liliifolia, Bess, (A. suaveolens, Fisch.) Adesmia muricata, DC. Chili, | Patag. | vrac e ам Raf, Unit. Adonis zstivalis, L., Eur. Ægopogon т==г; Beauv., Mexi ZEthionema gracile, с се grecum, B.S., Gre heterocarpum, Gay, Syria. saxatile, R.Br., S. E Ageratum conyzoides, L., N. Amer. Agrimonia Eupatoria, L, -Eur., е odorata, Mill., Eur. pilosa, Led „6. Eur. Agropyrum junceum, Beauv., Eur., etc. (T. junceum, L.) Agrostis alba, L., Eur — var. stolonifera (L.) — var. foliis variegutis. Ajuga reptans, L., Eur. Alchemilla alpina, L. Eur argentea, Don., Eur. ( A, eon- Ba ab.) juncta, vulgaris, L., Eur. Alisma Plantago, L., Eur. Allium snum L., Siberia. acutangulum, ` (Schrad) Me tpenpervon, W. et к. ungary. Само L., Siberia. ent., N. America y ny Regel., Siber. globosum, Redouté., S. E. Eur. — var. albidum. hymenorrhizum, Ledeb., а uifolium, Regl. neapolitanum, Cyril., == — Allium-—co m eam L., st odorum, L., Si polyphyllum, es ‘et Kir. - Siberia. Басара, L., Eur. — var. sibiricum — var, Deseglesei, = ) subhirsutum, BH; 8; triquetram, L., Eur. ursinum, L., Eur. — alis, Bis Eur., Siber., Alonsoa а В. et P., Peru. caulialat. eru. gr апове Ног ., Peru. Warscewiczii, Rel. Peru. Alopecurus agrestis, L., Eur, Caucas geniculatus, L., Eur. nigricans, Hornem., Eur. D L., var. fol. varjegátis. ria aurantiaca, Don, Chili. hemantha, R. et Pa Chili. pulchra, Sims., Chili, Althea Kregujevacensis, Pancic., 8. E. multiflora, Reichb., Eur. officinalis, L., Eur. ger: ini Orient. <= var. Heldreichii, ( Boiss.) sulphurea, Boiss. et H. Persia. _— argenteum, Vitm., Eur. =a ur. libyca Br.), Spain. minimum, Willd d., es pyrenaicum, Lap., Pyrenees. rostratum, Stev., S. E. Eur. saxatile, „ Russia. Amaranthus chlorostachys, Willd., — ^ India. U 65580. 875—1/91. Wt. 19275, Amaranthus—cont. T 5 L., Amer., e — var. caudatus, (L.) — var. specio qe (Don.) margaritae, Hor paniculatus, L. "Tadia, etc. retroflexus, L., ‘Am er., ete. Amblyolepis Зи Heloáiithy Amethystea coerulea, L., Siber. Ammi glaucifolium, L., S. Eur. Ammobium alatum, R.Br., Australia. Anacyclus radiatus, Loisl., Eur. qe v peur L., Eut., etc. var ea, (Schrank. ) — var. mc (Schreb.) = var. Monellii, (L.) — var, Phillipsii, Hort. Androsace nana, Horn, Eur. Anemone baldensis, Г. Eur. sylvestris, L., Eur. virginiana, Se N. Amer. Angelica pea Benth, et Hook., gingidium, Medi. $ New Zeal. Anoda Wrightii, Gray. Mexico. Antennaria dioica, Gertn., Eur. | ete. — var. tom aquta: E Br, Eur _ Anthemis #tnensis, Schouw., Mt. Etna. arvensis, ы Eur de Bourgei, Spai Kitaibellii, я э не б bilis, ur. var. discoidalis, ребиз, Willd, S, Eur. tinctoria, L., Eur — var. pallida. 5-2 Anthericum Liliago, L., S. Eur., N. Afr. — var. algeriense, (Boiss.) — var. Dorseti, Hort. ramosum, r Anthoxanthum бый, Biv., Sar- odoratum, L., Eur. Puelii, Lecoq. et Lamotte, Eur. е Cerefolium, Hoffm., куе Hoffm., Eur. vulgaris, Pers., Eur. Anthyllis tetraphylla, L., S. Eur. Antirrhinum Asarina, L., Italy. Orontium, L., Eur. rupestre, Boiss. et Reut., Spain. Apium graveolens, L., Eur., etc. Aquilegia atrata, Koch., Alps, Eur. Bertolonii, Schott., Ital. Es ere Gray, N. Amer. var. абден, н, N. Amer, x chrysantha flav s, S. Wats., Californ. инан, Fisch., uet — var. parviflo 1, ome ap Hort., var. aurea. ibiri Si Arabis foci Stev., Caucas. alpi ing Fe, Eur., N. Afr. — E Soyeri, B. et R., Pyrenees. Stelleri, DC. China, ete, ca, Turczaninowii, Led, Sibe Archangelica littoralis, Agardh., arpath. officinalis, Hoffm., Eur. Mem а Schk., г. Kotschyi, Hort, Arenaria [m L., Balearic ulata, Gouan,) fus (Al- sine ne АСЕ nii, Koch, graminifolia, Schrad., S. Eur. — var. parviflora. gypsophiloides, Schreb., Orient, laricifolia, L., Eur. pinifolia, Bbrst., Caucas. Argemone hispida, Hook., Calif. mexicana, L., Mexico. Armeria filicaulis, Boiss., Spain. maritima, — var. alba. — var. Гаџсһеапа. plantaginea, Willd., Eur. — var. alba, — var, leucantha, Boiss. purpurea, Koch., Eur varum Willd., "Eur — var. rubra. Welwitschii, Boiss., Spain. Arnica amplexicaulis, Nutt., N. Am Chamissionis, Less., N. Amer. montana, L., Eur. 1 ti venaceum, Beauv., Eur. bulbosum, Presl., S. Eur. Artemisia annua, L., S. E. Eur discolor, Dougl., N. Amer la Pal, 3 Russia, Siberia. — bie glabra, Besser, Si Менен ний, Besser, rii b., Indi parviflora, Roxb., India. rupestris, L., Eur. Siber. vulgaris, L., Arum italicum, Mn, Eur maculatum orientale, Bbrst., Caci ete. Asparagus officinalis, L., Eur. Asperula azurea, Jaub, et Spach., Z: hexaphylla, All., Italy, et longifolia, Si bth., Thru, etc. tinctoria, L., Eur. Asphodelus albus, Willd., Eur. ramosus, L., S. Eur. Aster corymbosus, Ait., N. Amer, ævi mer. (A. vim pyrenaeus, Desf, Radula, Ait., N. salicifolius, Ait., N. Amer. — var. Shortii, Hoo y N. Amer. trinervis, Desf, Eur Asterolinum stellatum, Link, Eur. Astilbe rivularis, Don., E. Ind. Astragalus aduncus, Willd., Caucas. i am , Spr., Egypt. "ait Spain, Italy, ete. chau ina. chlorostachys, Ldl., Himai. B © - Dam; Siberia. glycyphyllus, i. Eur. catus, L., Siber., Taur. Astrantia Biebersteinii, F, et M., aucas. helleborifolia, Salisb. Caucas. (A. maxima, Pall.) major, L., Eur., ete. — var, carinthiaca, (Hoppe.) Athamanta cretensis, L., Eur. Atriplex bac L., N. Asia. — var. ru ort, sibirica, L., Siberia (Obione sibirica, Fisch .) (А. ta Г, Eur oblongifolia, W. et K.) Atropa Belladonna, L., Eur. Aubrietia croatica, Schott., Croatia. deltoidea, ) р. — var. antibilonica, Hort. — var. Bougainvillea, Hort. — var. greca, (Griseb.) — var. purpurea. — таг, Richardi, Hort. — var. taurica. erubescens, Griseb., gens gracilis, Sprun., (A. brom moides, 2 sativa, L., S. Eur Baeria chrysostoma, F. et M., alif. gracilis, Gray, W. Calif. Bahia lanata, DC., N. Am — ophyllum арен, Dougl.) Baptisia australis, R. Br., N. Amer, Barbarea vulgaris, R. Br., Eur. — var. variegata. Beckmannia erucsformis, Host, Beta trigyna, W. et K., E. Eur. vulgaris, L., Eur., "А. ete. Bidens humilis, H. B. K., Chili. leucantha, Willd., N, Amer., etc. Biserrula Pelecinus, L., S. Eur.,ete. Biscutella ciliata, DC., S. Eur. didyma, L., S. Eur. erigerifolia, DC., Spain. Blitum (see Chenopodium). Blumenbachia insignis, Schrad., Monte Video. Bocconia cordata, W., China. Boissiera pm А. Бр, S. Eur. Boltonia Jatisquama, Gray, N, Am "ique diversifolia, F. et M., Australia, cami {aga distachyum, R. et 3, Medit, Brassica alba, Boiss., Eur. balearica, Rich., Ins. Balear. — var. cernua, (Thun b.) — var. serotina. — var. Shantung Cabbage. Cheiranthus, Vill., S. Eur. elata, N. Afr Eruca, БМ ҮШ, В. Eur, u xb., Thibet. Tournefortii, "Gouan, Spain, ete. Braya alpina, Sternb., Alps. Briza maxima, L., Eur. minor, L., Et rufibarbis, Hort. Brodiæa peduncularis, Wats., Calif, ue adcensis, Нера. nsis Bieberstein, R. et S. . шү Н Thurb., N. Amer. g . erectus, Huds., Eur., ete. H = v = о = * ‘Schrader Ha Amer : еми ur, Bromus—cont, Taena, Steud., Chili. tectorum, L., Enur, Asia. Browallia viscosa, H.B.K., Peru. Bryonia dioica, L., Eur. Bunias orientalis, L., Orient. —-— salicifolium, DC., unless Schreb., Eur. Bupleurum longifolium, L., Temp., rotundifolium, L., Eur. Butomus umbellatus, L., Eur. Calais (see Microseris). — E жы e "i Eur. lappo a, Trin., valle rin ur ^ D Calamintha авиа Bth., Eur grandiflora, Lam., $. Eur. Calandrinia glauca, Schrad., Бие . Am m Е ч $i Calceolaria chelidonoides, H.B.K., Chili. Calendula MD "WS k "- officinalis, L., S. E Calepina ieri me = Eur. Calliopsis (see Coreopsis). Callistephus chinensis, Nees., China. Caltha palustris, L., Eur., etc. — var. minor, Syme. radicans, Forster, Eur., etc. Camassia esculenta, 14. М. mer. Fraseri, Torr., N. Amer. Camelina sativa, Crantz, Eur., etc. ae SPAN Willd., bononien ss. L., Eur., etc ane КА, Carpath. — var. — var. e ( Schott.) collina, De Чом, т, какы 1, » ar, ee же оме, Hungaria. Campanula—con lactiflora, ee Caucas. 1 ент L., alba. var. maxim sapuncáloidis, e Eur Reuteriana, B. et B, Orient. rhomboidea, L., Eur, sibirica, L., Eur., Asia. Trachelium, L., Eur. vesula, All., Pedem Cannabis sativa, L. Cardamine greca, L., Greece. (Pteroneuron grecum C. impatiens, L., Eur Ludoviciana, 'H ook., N. Amer. Carduus stenolepis, (K. et K.), Siber. Carex alua Boott, N. Amer. alata, Torr., N. Amer. crinita, Lam., N. Amer. depauperata, Good., Eur. distans, L., Eur. Whibrg., : Сапе, (С. hordeistichos, ү lagopodioides, ien N.Amer. cad leporina, теин Mhlbre. yd. quer. ornithopoda, W ovalis, Good., 1 pendula, Fads, 1 Eur. (С. xima, Sco punctata, Was Bur. — var. kattegatensis (Fr.) scirpoidea, Michx., N. Amer. от 1 Horn.) sylvatica, Huds., vulgaris, Fries, N. AME, ete. vulpina, L., Eur. Carpoceras sibiricum, Boiss., Siber. Carrichtera Vella, DC., Eur.” Carthamus lanatus, L., S. Eur. Carum Carui, L., Eur rigidulum, Koch, Italy. - Castilleia indivisa, Eng., Amer. Catananche lutea, L., Italy, ete. var. alba. Catheartia villosa, Hk. £., Himal. Celsia eretiea, L., Crete, N. Afr. — var. grandiflor Centaurea calocephala, Willd., S. E ‚ L., Eur ани ее (Less. ), Pyrenees. dealbata, Willd., Pret helenifolia (G. et G. ), 8 var. alba. — var. Olivieriana, (DC.) — var. purpurea, sonchifolia, L., Medit. Cephalaria procera, Fisch, et Mey., rient. tatarica, Schrad., Siberia. Cerastium arvense, L., Eur. — var. gra m. chlorefolium, Е et М. ient. frigidum, Bbrst., Caucas. Ceratocephalus (see Ranunculus). жетиу ta unioloides, DC., S. Bromus unioloides, H.B.K) Cerinthe major, L., S. Eur. Chenostoma foetida, Benth., Саре, Chzrophyllum aromaticum, Jacq., S. Eur. Chamæpeuce (see Cnicus). Charieis heterophylla, Cass, Cape. | — var. rubra. Cheiranthus Cheiri, L., Eur. Chelidonium == L., Eur. — var. fl. — таг, ER Chelone Lyoni, Pursh, N. Amer. nopodium album, L., Eur Bonus-Henricus, L., ial opulifolium, Schrad., Quinoa, L mer., ins urbicum, I., r E ME enth. et Hook., ur, (Blitum virgatum, Chlora йыйын, L., Eur. Chloris barbata, Sw., Ind., etc. elegans, H.B.K., Mexico, Chorispora tenella, DC., Cauc., ete, TA achilleæfolium, Bbrst., Сапе. (Pyrethrum achilleæfolium Bbrst.) Balsamita, L., Orient — var. tomentosum. carinatum, Schousb., М. cinerariæfolium, Vis., — var. fl. pl. corymbosum, L., Eur. (Pyre- thrum Clusii, Fisc isch.) latifolium, ЛҮ” Eur. (L. 2.) maximum, DC., Pyrenees. macrophyllum, W. et K., Eur. (Pyrethrum maerophyllum, multicaule, Desf., N, Afi Parthenifolium, "Pers., din: ( itg parthenifolium, Willd.) roseum, Adams, Caucas. (P. roseum, — segetum, L., ЙЕ (Regel), Siber. ( rum. |... uhginosum, Pers., Hungary. viscosum, Desf., Spain. Chrysogonum virginianum, Le N. Amer, Cichorium Intybus, L., Eur. Cimieifuga racemosa, Nutt, N. Amer, Cinna mexicana, Beauv., Mexico. Circaea lutetiana, L., Eur., ete, Cirsium (see Cnicus). Cistus platysepalus, Sweet. Clarkia elegans, Lindl., Calif. pulch эт Pursh, N. Amer. alba. Claytonia perfoliata, Don,, N. Am er. sibirica, L., (C. лый ‚Бш т, ныр ctm L., S. Eur. Ham., Himalayas. mem =s 5 Ait, er. orientalis, L., Temp. Asia. — var, graveolens, Lindl. Clintonia (see Downingia). Cnicus altissimus, Willd., N. Amer. i S. Eur. Kots otschyi, Schultz. lanceolatus, Willd., Eur. strictus, таа Лар, etc. атт Lae omy DC.) syriacus, Ша, Med Cochlearia danica, L., Eur. glastifolia, L., S. Eur. offi cinalis, L., Eur. — var. alpina, Wats, Colchicum ^ byzantinum, Ker, = Transyl. : ; speciosum, Stev., Caucas. - Collinsia bicolor, Benth., Calif, — var. multicolor. grandiflora, Dougl., N. Amer. parviflora, Dougl., N. Amer. Collomia coccinea, Lehm., Chili. gilioides, Benth., Calif. grandiflora, ропа, Calif. linearis, Nutt., Conioselinum Fischeri, Wimm. et G Siber. Conringia perfoliata, Link, Eur. Convallaria majalis, L., Eur., Amer, — ED — var. rosea. Convolvulus tricolor, L., Medit. undulatus, Cav., Medit eee gene Hook. Е. Douglasii B. et Hy Calif. Leptosyne Douglasii, DC.) Calif. — var. b richosperma, Michx., Amer, verticillata, L., N. Amer Coriandrum sativum, L., Eur., ete. Corispermum hyssopifolium, L., S. Eur. Cortusa Matthioli, L., Eur. ‚— var. grandiflora. р vi cer Pers., S. Eur. glauca, Pursh., Unit. States. enm "DC, 5. Eur. nobilis, Pers., Siber. роса» Hk. f. et Th, hina Cosmidium зын eique Hort. esperma filifolium x orbi tinctoria.) Cotula coronopifolia, L., Eur fili Е.М. Australia. matricarioides, ng., Crepis aculeata, es Eur. bi lei Lose de hyoseridifolia, "Tausch, Eur. pulchra, L., Eur. rubra, L. м tectorum, L. fil, Eur., Siberia. Crinum capense, Herb., Cape. riparium, Herb. Crocus üerius, Herb., Armenia. aureus, Sm., ur. ‚ Spain. Balansae, Gay., As. Minor. o o Heuffel, Transyl- biflorus, ed Tuscany, ete. сака» Herb., Ionian Is уша, Herb., = Minor. Clusii, Gay, Portugal corsicus, Maw, orsica. dalmaticus, Vis., Dalmatia, etruscus, Parl., Tuscany. Imperati, Ten., Italy. Korolkowii, Regel. et Maw., Turkestan. levigatus, Bory. et Chamb., reece. medius, Balbis, Riviera. pulchellus, Herb., Turkey. reticulatus, Bbrst., Caucas, ete. Salzmanni, Gay., Morocco. — L., Cu ar. Cartwrightianus, ee var. Elwesii, Maw. Sieberi, Gay, Greece, etc. speciosus, Bbrst., Caucas., etc. suaveolens, Bert., C. Italy. phir serica Herb., Dal- м. AIL, С. Eur, — var. albiflorus, Gay. zonatus, Gay, Cilicia. egyptiaca, L., Egypt. graeca, Boiss. 4 S. Eur. Cryptostemma — calendulaceum, R.Br., Cape. Cueubalus baccifer, L., Eur. Cuphea lanceolata, Ait., Mexico. (C.silenoides,var. Zimapani, Hort.) Cyananthus lobatus, Wall., Himal. Cynodon Dactylon, L., Cosmop. erem габа, m pu ranthum, Desf., Chi с> Hac x Eur. pictum, Ай, 8. Eur. Oynosurus cristatus, L., — var. neas corallina, Garden hybrid. Macowani, Baker, Cape. Koeleria cristata, Pers, Eur. Keelpinia (see Rhagadiolus). aria, Jacq., Plu S ар: хе» pa T 8. dis, d pe ae Scariola, Ly Е undulata, Ledeb, Siberia. virosa, Ü Lallemantia fas Fisch. et Mey., Royleana, Bth., Turkest., ete. Laportea canadensis, Gaud, N. Amer. Lasthenia glaberrima, DC., Amer. Lathyrus мерае э S. Eur, Aphaca, L — var. atropurpureus, variegatus, B. et H., Pyrenees. (O. variegatus, Lap.) varius, В. et Н., S. Eur. varius, Sims.) venosus, MuhL, N. Amer, — var, Lavatera кешет. Schl., an Zeai. thuringiaca, L., A timestris = =- alba. Layia Сано, кы” „Сай, Ез ot Arm, С ife меб ш, Gray, Calif. ee au riy oues, Fisch. et Mey.) Leonurus sche L., Eur sibiricus, L., Siber. China. Lepidium i incisum, Roth, m Menziesii, DC., М, Am Leptosiphon (see Gilia). Leptosyne (see Coreopsis). Leucoium estivum, L., Eur., etc. Libanotis montana, D oe Eur. sibirica, Koch., Eur., etc Ligularia (see Senecio), Ligustieum seoticum, L. Eur (Haloscias ne iet Seguieri, S Limnanthes Douglasii, E. Br., Amer. — var. grandiflora, Linaria anticaria, Boiss., Spain. bipartita, Willd., — var. versicolor, Hort., Kew. Broussonetii, Poir., Orient, vulgaris, Mill; Eur. Lindelofia spectabilis, Himal. . Linum africanum, L., 2: inum, L., Eur. ri Leoni, ultz. angustifolium, L., Eur. Lehm., Linum—cont cor ymbiferum, Desf., Atlas. „ Eu usitatissimum, L., Eur. Lithospermum latifolium, Michx., N. Amer, New Gren. (L. Wallisii, Hort) Lobelia decumbens, Rich., inus, е. inflata, L., N. Amer. Lolium ттан а а 1» balkan, (Braun. ) Silentan E Eur. Loasa prostrata, Gill., p voleanica, Andr., Lonas inodora — Sicily. (Athanasia annua, L. Lopezia — Andr., Mexico. (L. minuta, Ho rt.) Lophanthas anisatus, Bth, N. Amer. Lophospermum scandens, Don., Mexico. Lotus eerie = Eur. major, Scop., ornithopodioides; 1. Eur. tenuis, W. et K., „ ete. € ттт? L., Eur. pe Eur. iom гэны — is es . macr srboreus, Sims, N. kue Обе Guss., Greece, etc. elegans, Н. В. K., Mexico. Hilariensis, Benth., Brazil. nsis, Do polyphyllus, Ldl., N. Amer. — V. . dens pubescens, Benth., N. Amer. recurvatus, Moyen, Chi tricolor г, L Eur. 17 Luzula angustifolia, Poir., Carolina. ris, DC., š nivea, Desv., Alps, ete. spicata, DC., Eur. Lychnis alba, Mill., Eur. ‚ vespertina, Sibth.) alpina chalcedonica, Li. E. Eur., etc. — var. alba. Coronaria, Desv., S. Eu Coronaria x Flos joris Hort. corsica, Loisel., a Githago, L.) Haageana, ae Japan. — var. d — va læta, F^ ra Eur., etc. oculata, Ldl., Levant. — var, elegans. ee L., Eur. ar. alba = esculentum, Mill., 5. Amer. Lycopus exaltatus, L. fil., Eur., etc. cum ciliata, L., N. Amer. a, Willd., Davuria, Eph eren: ; 15 ' Fran e, ete. рн in Eur. vulgaris, L., Eur. Lythrum Salicaria, L., Eur. — var. — var. tomentosum, (Mill) virgatum, L., Eur. Madia sativa, Molina., Oregon, Calif, Malcolmia africana, R.Br., S. Eur., . r. Chia, DC., Greece. S. Eur littorea, R.Br., maritima, R.Br., S. Eur., etc. mnie, Max., Mongol. Malope trifida, с М. Afr. - — var, alba Malva 5 L., = (Poll ) ео, Cav o S. E crispa, L. Durizi, Spach., Eur. U 65580. Malva—-cont. moschata, L., Eur oxyloba, Boiss. ., Oriens, sylvestris, L., Éur., ete. — var. alba. verticillata, : (M. odiis; Hort) Malvastrum limense (L.), Chili. Mandragora vernalis, Bert., Orient. Marrubium pem di 1» Eur. motum, Eur. — var. убн L Matricaria callosa, Sch., Eur caucasica, Benth (Pyrethrum Willd.) inodora, L., Eur. Meconopsis cambrica, Vig., Eur. Wallichiana, Hook, Himal. 4 as. caucasicum, — dt W., Eur. a, Mor. Е, Urban, М. ciliaris, Willd., Eur (M. intexta, Willd. \ denticulata, Willd., =з Echinus, Hornemanniana, Ры Eur. m muricata, All, orbicularis, vint, - f Eur. rigidula, ur. (M. Gerardi, Kit.) sativa, L., Eur. A echale, Willd., S. i tribuloides, Lam., S. France — var. truncatula, Gaert. Boiss., Megacaryon aymenum, Oriens. Melica cag L., S. Eur., Cauc., — var. Manoli (G. et G.) — tid =” ( Boiss.) wire Retz., Ter. Melilotus ae Desr., Eur. officinalis, Desr., Eur. parvifl a Lam., Eur. (М. indica, All.) Melissa officinalis, L., Eur., etc. Mentha rotundifolia, L., Eur. sylvestris, L., Eur. — var. candicans, Reichb., Eur. var, umbrosa, Opiz. hidis; L., Eur. — var, crispa, Hook. Mentzelia Lindley, T. et G. Calif. Mesembryanthemum pinnatifidum, . fil., Cape. tricolor, Wil, Cape. — var. album Microseris Lindley Gray, N. Amer Mimulus аа Dougl, М. тег. cupreus, Veitch., Chili. Lewisii, Pursh, _ = luteus ога N. Ав moschatus, ее N. Amer. Modiolamultifida, Moench, N. Amer. (M. caroliniana, Hort.) Molinia cwrulea, Moench, Eur. i iegata Molopospermum cicutarium, DC., .e Eur Momordica Elaterium, L., S. Eur. Moricandia arvensis, DC., Eur, ete, Morina longifolia, Wall., Nepal. ман diffusa, Schreb., N. к rea à A Sitcha. illdenovii, Trin., N. Amer. Mulgedium (see Laco) Museari argaei, Hor armeniacum, Beker, Medit. atlanticum, Boiss., Spain, Al gena Heldreichii, Boiss., Greece. 1 _ paradoxa, К. Koch. Muscari—coné. racemosum, Mill, Eur vitsianum, Regel, Siber. Mna arvensis, mcm Eur. palustris, With., Eur. sylvatica, Hoifm., Eu ur. — var. compacta-aurea, Hort. Myosurus minimus, L., Eur., etc., Myrrhis odorata, Scop., Eur. Nardurus tenellus, Rehb., Spain. Nardus stricta, L., Eur. Nasturtium —€— R.Br., S. Eur semasa аа, Lehm., Саре. pubescens, Mae. Cape. Pier M r, Cape. Nemophila aurita, ЕНЕ Calif. азу Dougl., Calif. alba, Hort. var. gran ndiflora, Hort. тїй, Bth., Calif. parviflora, Dougl., N. Amer. Nepeta — Ü MM € i, Dbrst., Nopstellea; Lis, 5. Bere nuda, L., 5. Eur Nicandra physaloides, Gaertn., Peru. acuminata, Graham, Nicotiana or va on. — var. : — var. (Texana Hort.) — var Иче ыза yellow — var. “ кү Nicotiana—cont. Tabacum, var. * Tuckahoe.” — var. AN irgi nian,’ — var. “ Yellow Pryor.” CM CAT ANOS, L., S. Eur. кай, Шш S. Eur. Nothoscordum fragrans, Kunth., Amer. cage зер e n ulosa, L., S. E gymnorrkiza, Жады, с. et S., кага ‚ Hacq., Caruiol. peucedanifolia, Poll, Eur. CEnothera атпа, Lehm., Calif. (Godetia amena, Lilja.) — var. rubicunda, Hort раа, Lindl., Calif. frutico mer. var. "Yo ungii. . Hort. Ete Michx., N. Am odorata, etn $ Pangoi: pumila, L., Ае: purpurea, Curt ty Ne. Amer. (Godetia parpuree, Wats.) rosea, Ait., N. Sarrazinii, (Hunde Schmidt tenella, Cav., Chili, Amer. (С. tenella, Wats.) Ononis arvensis, Mur., Eur. atrix, L., S. Eur — L., Die ete. r. alba et repens, L., Eur rodent Wallr.) Onopordon Acanthium, L., Eur. о megalosperma = — Megaearyon. Orchis foliosa, Sol., Madeira. pees L., Eur. ulata, D Eur. — mme superba. Origanum vulgare, L., Eur. — var. album. Ormenis (see Anthemis). _ Ornithogalum areuatum, Steven., Jauc. fimbriatum, Willd., Orient. orthophyllum, Ten., S. Eur. Orobanche minor, Sm., Eur. Orobus (see Lathyrus). Oxyria digyna, Hill., Eur. Oxytropis ochroleuca, Bunge, Siber. Peonia albiflora, Pall., China. — var. candida, Anders. — var. odorata, Hort. — var. rubra, Hort —var. uniflora, Siberia. arietina, Anders., Orient. rs ` Anders. puteum] Mill, tenuifolia, L., ег. Pallenis spinosa, Сазз., Eur. Palava flexuosa, Mast., Peru. Pancratium illyricum, L., 8. Eur. Panicum Crus-galli, E, € maximum, id — var. bulbosum Papaver Argemone, L., Eur. caucasicum, Bbrst., Caucas. нар L., Еш var. Lecoqii (Lamotte), m levi vigatum, Bbrst., Tauria. nudicaule, L., Alps. — VAI. u imr L, Orie — var. br solena, лаа) — var. majus pavoninum, U Mey., an. pilosum, Sibth., Greece. rupifragum, Boiss., Spain. — var, atlanticum, Ball, G. tlas somniferum, L., China, ete, —— var — var. “ Danebrog.” г. Я. pl. B2 Papaver-—cont. niferum, var. setigerum, 1 (DC. umbrosum, Hort. Parietaria lusitanica, L., Eur. officinalis, L., Eur. Parnassia nubicola, Hook. fil, : Himalaya. Pastinaca (see Peucedanum). Pentstemon barbatus, Nutt, N. Amer — var. To orreyi, Gray. confertus, "e: N. ssi er. — var. Digitalis, Gray. (P. ovatus, Dougl pubescens, Soland., N. Amer. Perezia multiflora, Less., Peru, te Petroselinum sativum, Hoffm., Eur. r. cordatum. Petunia пусната, Juss., La Plata киш sativum, Benth., Eur. (Pasti sativa, L Phaca oroboides, DC., [om Phacelia divaricata, Gray., Calif. tanacetifolia, Bth., Calif. $50 Whitlavia, Gray, Calif. (Whitlavia grandiflora, Hort. — var. alba, Hort. Phalaris ae p L., Eur, etc. arundi- <= variegatis. sis, L., S. Eur serasi B est, tes Bit, sete, paradoxa, L., S. E tuberosa, L., ee Phaseolus compressus, DC. — var. cervinus. oe eoim се — ат а ов | . mesomelus. = lathyroides, L., Jamaica. Phascolus—cont. ultiflorus, Lam. donensis. — var. carneo-flavescens. Ricciardianus, Ten. tuberosus, Lour., Cochinchina. vulgaris, L., ndia — var. alba. Willmotianus, Mart. Wightianus, Grah., India. Phleum asperum, Jacq., Eur. Behmeri, Wib., epe L., Eur var. parnassicum, Boiss. Phlomis agraria, Ledeb., Siberia. Rus tuberosa, L., Caucas umbrosa, Turcz., Siberia. Phlox nce, L., N. Amer. — var. acuminata. — var. decussata. Physalis Alkekengii, L., Eur. ёз. музы virginiana, Bth, N. — var. кайду Hort. Phyteuma mg Somme, Dbrst., auc. ; Halleri, All., S. Eur limonifolium, Sibth. et Sm., nigram, Schmidt, Germ, orbicu bL. Я spicatum, L., 'Eur. Phytolacca acinosa, Roxb., India. Pimpinella magna, L., Eur. Pisum Jombardi, Schrank. sativum, L. Plantago ioco 3 Eur. oronopus, ur. — var. Cupani, Guss Cumingiana, Fisch. et Mey., Chili : fuscescens, de S. Eur. lanceolata, L huge Oreades, Dene е Done., New Grenada. 21 Platycodon grandiflorum, A.DC, r. — var. Mariesii, Hort. Platystemon ealifornieus, Benth., Calif. Pleurospermum &ustriacum,Hoffm., S. Eur pulehrum, Aitch. et Hemsl., Afghan Poa gium L. Fir r. badensis, (Haenke). Podolepis gracilis, Grah., Australia. — var. alba. Podophyllum Emodi, Wall., Himal. Polemonium cæruleum, L., Eur., — var. album, Hort — v bipinnatum, Hort. r. grandiflorum, Hort. frein, Greene, Amer. himalayanum, Baker., Himal. humile, Willd., N. Amer. (Richardsonii, Graham.) pauciflorum, Wats., Mexico. reptans, L., N. Amer. T biflorum, Ell, М. (P pu ubescens, Pursh. giganteum, Dietr., N. Amer. (Р; ада, ‘Desf, ) japonicum, Morr. et Dene., арап. multiflorum, All., N. T. Zone. — var. fl. punetatum m, Royle, Himalayas. verticillatum, AIL, Eur. Polygonum amplexicaule, Don, — var, oxyphyllum, тк) p^ L., (Р. erect r. м Thunb., Japan. gioco ont. molle, Don, Himal. di Ps Led., Eur., Siber. — var. songaricum, (Schrenk.) viviparum, ur Weyrichii, F. Schm. „ Баева]. Tsl. Polypogon littoralis, Sm., Eur. Portulaca oleracea, L., China, ete. — var. grandiflora, vars. rostellata, Brign., Brazil. Potentilla alchemilloides, Lap., Sube pini argyrophylla, Wall, Himal. — var. ` "Thomasii, E Eur. digitata x flabellata Fenzelii, Lehm., Cappadocia. glandulosa, Lal, Calif. — Fenzl., Kur- dis Kurdies; Boiss., Orient = о "n e — Ф B un SEP © о p ` (P. formosa, Don.) nevadensis, Boiss. „ Spain. сЕ vieron -— recta, L., Eur., — var. H всели, Са) — var. laciniata. . macrantha, (Leab.) г. Nuttalli. — г. obscura (Willd.) . palma : pentaphylla, (Rich.) rupestris, L., Eur. Sibbaldia, Haller fil, Himal. (Sibbaldia procumbens, L.) Visianii, тенеп а ran iic Pathe ; Siberia. Poterium kits, Bunge, Siberia. iere Benth. et Hook, —_— officina- isi earneum, Hort. башагы; L., Eur 22 Primula ee L., Eur. elati E verticillata, Forsk., Arabis: Prunella grandiflora, Г. in Сапе. var. laciniata, Hort. Pteroneuron == Cardamine. A Duae (see um). не oe DC., Florida, Texas Ramondia pyrenaica, Rich., Pyrenees. Ranunculus abortivus, L., N. Amer. d L., Eur cherophyllus, = я ete. Chius, DC., Cymbalaria, Parsh, x. Amer, faleatus. L., Eur Lingua, L., Eur maritimus, ru. Chili. uricatus, parviflorus, L., Eur. Reuterianus, Boiss › S. Eur. trachyearpus, F. et м, Orient. Raphanus sativus, L., Eur. Rapistrum Linnzanum, AlL, Eur. Tone óm Fres., Abyss. Rhagadiolus creticus, All. (Hedypnois cretica, Willa: Md stellatus, Gertn., S. Rheum Emodi, Wall., Himal. leucorrhizum, Pall. , Siber. Chrysanthe- - | Rheum—cont. Rhaponticum, L., Siber Webbianum, Royle., India. Rhodanthe (see Helipterum). Rudbeckia californica, et Calif. fulgida, Ait., N. i laciniata, Ea ç на» Nutt., "N. "Amer. — pinnata, Vent., N. Amer speciosa, Wend., N. Amer. Rumex DM 4 acq., Abyss. alpinus, Brownianus, Dart Austral. maximus reb., š адаа Weinm., N. Amer. — in ur. var. viridis (Sith, vesicarius, L., N. Afr Ruta graveolens, L., Eur. — var. variegata. Sagina glabra, Willd., S. Eur. — var. pilifera. Linnsi, Presl., Eur, Salvia argentea, L., Medi eoecinea, L., Mexico, Regeliana, "Near, Siberia. Selarea, L., S. Eur. tilizefolia, Vahl, pcm rbenaca, ia ur. verticali, L., Eur | Sanguisorba (see Poterium). Sanieula marylandica, т, N. Amer. 2 Saponaria orientalis, L., Orient. Satureja hortensis, L., Taur., Caucas нл L., S. Eur. — var. — var. Pintian, Schott. аг. рува. — бе. recta, (Lap. ) — var. rotata. — var. rosularis, Schleich. czespitosa, ur., etc — var. decipiens, (Ehrh, .) exarata, Vill., Eur., Alps. — var. nervosa, Lap.) Hostii, Tausch, Alps. — var. agre gem Hort. r. tri lena, R el, Siberia. lactea; Turez., Temp. Asia "lasiophylla, Schott., рь lingulata, Bell., Marit. Alps. e Rehb.) longo olia, Lap., Pyrenees. muscoides, Wulf, Eur. pennsylvanica, L., = Amer. , Sternb., — var. coriophylla, "es. рзы A Eur. var. hirs Se abiosa, atropurpurea, L., Eur. Cau Gramuntia, L., ur. AR lost, — paleesti ‚ Syri quB us M inus, pr. Portae, Huter., Eur. Succisa, L., Eur. Scandix Balansæ, Reut., Orient. brachycarpa, Guss., Sicily. Schizanthus pinnatus, R. et P., ili var. albus, Hort. Schizopetalum Walkeri, Sims, Chili. Scilla campanulata, Ait., Spain, etc. . (S. hispanica, Mill.) — alba, Hort. — var. rubra. italica, L., Italy, ete. verna, Huds., W. Eur. Scirpus atrovirens, Muhl, N. mer, Caricis, ines Eur. (Blysmus hei s, Panz.) eus, L. "dur. ac aticus, L., Eur. Schismus marginatus, Beauv., S. Eur. 5 сы Scleranthus annuus, Lr Eur. pe i Eur. . Serophularia ^ Ehrhartii, Stev., nodosa, L., За — var. 58 rane lt Ti; dti. Scutellaria alpina, L., Eur. s r, ve or. altissima, L., Caucas ina, L., Tauria. Secale montanum, (3uss., Sicily. Sedum Aizoon, L., Siberia. crassipes, Wall., Sikkim, feet. 24 Sedum, t yaneum, Rud., Siber. Ewersii, тета Sib heterodontum , Hk. f. "Himal. hybridum, L., Siberia kamtschaticum, Finch, Max aximowiczii, Regel, Japan. populifolium, L., Siberia. rhodanthum, A. Gr. Rocky ts. Rhodiola, DC., Siber (Rhodiola sibirica, Sweet.) Sempervivum alpinum, G. et Si, arv monni Lecoq et рад bicolor, Hort., Eur. parvulum, J. et F., Eur. Pomelii, Lamotte, Alps. Schnittspahnii, Lag., Eur. speci te, Eur tectorum м Verlotii, ` Lamotte, France, (S. Delassim, Hort ) Senecio artemisiwfolius, Pers., S. Eur. Clusii, Schultz., Eur. con DC., N. Afr. Fuchsii, Gmel., S. Eur. J КОТАН, Rchb., Eur. aempferi, apan macrophyllus, Bbrst., Caucas. т Rgl., Asia - a ino ваггасепісив, L., Eur., etc. squalidus, L., Eur, ete. thyrsoideus, DC. 4 Siberia. (Ligularia thyrsoidea, DC.) viscosus, L., Eur. Serratula coronata, L., Siberia. = var. macrophylla. моа fendi. Caucas. | | Serratula—con | оге Bbrst., Caucas. са L., Eur. var. indivisa, Poir. Seseli gracile, W. K., Transylvania. gummiferum Sm., Greece. tortuosum, L., Setaria glauca, Beauv., Eur. talica, Beauv., (S. germ macrocheta, Link, Eur, sia, etc. viridis, Beauv. Sherardia arvensis, L., Eur. Sibbaldia (see Potentilla). Sieyos Baderoa, Hk. et Arn., Chili. Sidalcea malvzeflora, Gr., Amer. (S. oregana, = Vae bae seit enh Spain? — pom. L; и (Hornem.) o echinata, Otth., Ttaly. Fortunei, Vis., ‘Ch ina. fusca, Link, ce = абе Zea., Eur. italica, Pers., Eur. е9 в, L., Eur ББНЫН Willd., "жыЛ 25 Silene—cont. Sartori, Boiss., Gre Schafta, Gmel, Siber, ‘ete. tatarica, Pers., Tatar. tenuifolia, Otth., Dahur. inervia, S. et S., S. Eur. vesieulifera, Gay, S. Eur. vespertina, Retz., S. Eur Zawadskii, Herbich., Austria. — aurantiacum, Hor tegrifolium, Michx. N. Amer, perfoliatum, 1 Ja = Am sal ni L.) var. ошент, е ) seaberriaram, Ell., N. Amer. Silybum eburneum, Coss. et Dur., ur. Marianum, Geertner, Eur. Sisymbrium Alliaria, Scop., Eur. austriacum, Jacq., ur. өрүн; Desf., S. Eur. „М. А шо lee Н.Б, A, ШЫ, Scop., S. Eur. polyecratium, Lá Eur. strictissimum, Ss Eur. Sisyrinchium anceps, Cav, N. reticulatum, Hort. i striatum, Sm., Chili. Smilacina stellata, Desf., N. m racemosa, Desf., N. Am (Tovaria racemosa, Neck. ) Smyrnium Olusatrum, L., Eur. — Dulcamara, L., Eur. guineense, Lam., lrop. Afr., laciniatum, Ait. Austral. sisymbriifolium, L., S. Amer. — var. bl villosum, Solidago POLES Ait., = Amer. ceesia canadensis, L., ete. Zolikoferia ^ Elquinensis, Phil., Chili Zygadenus legiti d Amer. (Z on fil., ‘chlo Richards, Anticlea - yii Kunth. glaberrimus, Michx., N. 2 Nuttallii, Gray, N. Am TREES AND 29 SHRUBS. Abies “2 cage Lk., Greece, г, Spach, Himalaya. "ed campestre y lai . Eur — Pursh. eR. W. apok, == -— obtusatum, Kit., pennsylvanicum, e E Amer. platanoides, L., Eur gian - Platanus, Lum Eur., — var. flavo-marginatum, Ho — var. fol. variegatum, Hort — var. lutescens, Hort. — var. purpurea, Hort. Alnus cordifolia, Ten., Italy. firm et Z., Japan. rubra, ‚ Am. serrulata, Willd., N. Am. Amorpha fruticosa, L., N. Amer. Aralia cachemirica, Dene., Hima- laya. edulis, S. et Z., Japan. Aucuba japoniea, Thunb. vera, Hort. Betula alba, L., N. Hemisph. — var. у === Hort. lenta, L., N. A lutea, Michx. Ж N. M papyracea, Ait., N.A чы Бтр S. et 25 J Mii. Berberis aristata, DC., Himal. buxifolia, Lamk., Chili. canadensis, Mill., N. Amer. Darwinii, Hook. f., Chili, Berberis —cont. sinensis, Desf., = stenophylla, Hor Thunbergii, DC., Ja apan. virescens, Hoo k. £; oe vulgaris, L., Eur., — var Wallichiana, DC., Himal. Buddleia japonica, Hemsl., Japan, Biota orientalis, End., Orient, Buxus RE L., Eur. Asia. r. latifolia, Hort — var. prostrata, Hort. Caragana arborescens, Lamb., Siberia. frutescens, DC., Siberia. Carpinus Betulus, L., Eur., ete. Cassinia falvida, Hook. f., N. Zeal. ы Cor n Cen chrysophyllus, rt.) Cedrus HEU Loud., Himal. Celtis occidentalis, L., N. Amer. Cerasus lusitanica, Lobel, Por- tugal. Cercis Sate rei L., Mediterr. Region Chamaecyparis (Cupressus). eme aie Parl., Calif. . albo-spica, "Hort. ent — var. inim Hort, — уа argentea, — var. gracilis ч Hort. — var. intertexta, Hort 30 Chamaecyparis—cont. soniana, var. ochroleuea, ort. obtusa, S. et Z., Japan. Еа obtusa.) Cistus laurifolius, L., Spain. Cladrastis amurensis, Benth. et ook., Amur. Clematis Fremontii, S. Wats., N. Ame Pitcher Torr. et Gray, N ундай, L., Eur. — var. rubra, Hort. Colutea arborescens, L., Eur. — var. cruenta, (Ait.) — var. haleppica, d ) Cornus alba, L., N. Am pubescens, Nutt., N. m. sanguinea, b; _ sericea, L., М. Жын. се acuminata, Lindl., imal. bacillaris, Wall., Himal. — var. floribunda, Hort. buxifolia, Wall., Himal. a, Wall., Himal. horizontalis, Den ne microphylla, ем Himal. nummularia, F. et M., Asia, etc. rotundifolia, Wall, Himal. Simonsii, Baker., Himal. чагу 4а Lindl., Eur Crataegus Carrierei, Үй. (С. Lavallei, em ) ea, L., N, Am . Amer. — var. prunifolia, (Pers.) uglasii, Lindl., N. Amer. wningii, Hort. мра, Flugge. cophleos, Mvench., N. = nigra, W. et K., Е, Eur. orientalis, Pall., Orient. = хаг. eriocarpa, Crataegus—cont. ntha, var. ort. — var. fusca, Hort. —- var. Gumperi bicolor, Hort flexuosa, — var. monogyna, (Jacq.) — var. obtusata, Hort. Ho punctata, Jacq., N. Amer. sanguinea, Pall, var. songo- rica. "eom 2 Pers., Orient. tomentosa, L. Vina vat L., S. W. Eur. carnatus, Hort. аныи, Jacq., S. Eur biflorus, I., y= Eur. hirsutus, L., S. E leucanthus, 'W. et га Е. Eur. uralensis, Dabeecia polifolia, D. Doo W. Eur. — var. versicolor Deutzia € ` et 7. Japan. ' -— ii, Hort. sesban; hiss Зарев uade d INN Pursh, N. еее "Ho rt ongipes, A. Gr ray. „ Japan. umbellata, Thunb., Japan. ——À ir ism L., Eur. var, coccin s, Hort. latifolia mae os suspensa, Vahl., Japan, Кы s Ornus, — var, rt ТЗ p Gaultheria ae Pursh, N. Am Gales atnensis, DC., Sicily. radi iata, Scop. 5. Eur. sagittalis, L., = я 31 Hamamelis virginica, L., % Amer. Hedera тра L., Eur., г. arborea fol. aur., аа Hipophe rhamnoides, L., Eur., Hypericum Androsaemum, L., оне, Ait., N. Amer. Ilex Адай, lie Ps — var. ciliata — var. pier pfi, Hort. Kalmia glauca, Ait., N. Amer. latifolia ,L,N.Àm mer. Laburnum Adami (Laburnum x Cytisus pur- pureus. vulgare, Griseb., Eur. reum, Hort. == palustre, L., aa „ ete. atifolium, Ait., . Amer. een vulgare, “a Eur. ete. Lonicera discolor. Lindl., Himal. coii d Gray., Japan. tatarica, — var. kamtschatin Hort. Xylosteum, L., Mahonia Aquifolium, "i — var. Murrayana, Hort. fascicularis, DC., X. Amer, japonica, DC., Japa Menispermum canadense, ia N. Amer. Morus nigra, L., Eur. Neillia amurensis кр» Maxim.), Am opulifolia, — и Hook, N. Amer — var. lutea, Hort. — var. nana, Hort. Olearia Haastii,, Hook. fil, N. Zeal. Pernettya mucronata, байа, Chili, ete. сми fruticosa, L., Eur т. flori bunda, Hort. Ptelea trifoliata, L., N. Amer, — var. aurea, Hort. — var. glauca, Hort. Pyrus americana, DC., N. Amer. Aria, Ehrh. — var. greca, Boiss. arbutifolia, L., N. Amer. ndl. Aucuparia, Cheeta Eur. — var. pendala, Hort. latifolia, Syme. Maulei, Masters, Japan: var. superba, Hort. spectabilis, Desf., China, etc. Rhamnus alnifolius, L., N. Amer. infectorius, latifolius, L'Herit, Azores. Wicklius, Rhodotypus decet S. et Zy Japan. Rhus мече L., Eur radicans, L., М. Amer. орны hiss '"N. Amer Ribes alpinum, L., E var. sanguineum, Pursh., N.W. — var. atrorubens, Hort. . atrosanguineum, Hort, — var. * рай Benth. Rosa Alberti, 3 Asia. , alpina, L., Eur. — var. inermis. Bakeri, Desegl., йш. belgradensis, Hort YU i Ch. et Sch Calif. , Eur., — enam egenus, Baker. carolina, L., N. cinnamomea, E, Eur, etc. ica, ү hibernica, Sm., Britain. — var. vera field, Ehrh., N. Amer. microcarpa, Hort. йери Roxb., China. mollis, Sm., Eur. Poljani S. et Zw rubiginosa, L., deeper ас. e sericea, dL, H — L., e Var. tomentosa, Sin; Ear. „ ete. — — dimo rpha. Wilsoni, Bor., Britain, еа us ааа Blox., Eur. rdifolius, W. et N., Eur Bb gus, "Willd., Hort. leucostachys, Sm., Eur. Lindleyanus, Lees, Eur. mucronatus, Blox., Eur occidentalis, L. et м. Amer: rhamnifolius, W. et N. Eur. rudis, W is, N., strigosus, Michx. Amer. thyrsoideus, Wimm., wass villicaulis, Koehl., Sambucus canadensis, я t , — var. rotundifolia, Hort. In = ete. ray, N. чаш a t. r. swindonensis, Hort. — var. virescens, Santolina viridis, L., W. Eur. Skimmia Fortunei, Mast. (S. ja- ponica, Hort.) Spartium junceum, L., S. Eur. Spiraea canescens, Don., mae carpinifolia, Pall., Lindleyana, Wall. Himal. paniculata, salicifolia, Ë N. Amer. splendens, Hort. Staphylea pinnata, L., Eur. Symphoricarpus racemosus,Michx., N. Amer. i Syringa Emodi, Wall., Himal. Taxus baccata, L., Eur., etc. — var. Dovastonii, Hort. — var. fructu-luteo, Hort. — var. Washingtoni, Hort. Thuja Dicksoni, Hort. gigantea, Nutt., N.W. Amer. occidentalis, L., N. Amer. plicata, Don., N. Amer. Standishii, Сат. Japan. Ulex europaeus, L; Ber Wel Schismus, S.W. Eur. Vaceinium maderense, Azores. ` Planch, Link., Viburnum =Z e Eur., etc. r. ed — var. roseum, Hort. [All Rights Reserved.) ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN. OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. APPENDIX II.—1891. NEW GARDEN PLANTS. The number of garden plants annually described in botanical and horticultural publications, both English and foreign, is now so consider- able that it has been thought advisable to publish a complete list of them in the Kew Rulletin each * year си April numbers for 1888 and 1889 and Appendix II. 1890). The following list comprises all the new introductions recorded during 1890. ese lists are indispensable to the maintenance of a correct nomenclature, especi the smaller botanical estatuas in correspondence e with Kew, which are, as a rule, only scantily provided with Менса periodicals. Such a list will also afford information respecting new plants under cultivation at this DEN many of whieh will be distributed from it in the course of exchange with other botanic gardens. LONDON: PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, fro EYRE AND MPO WOOD E, East HARDING Mer FLEET dog E.C., and 32, AB N STREET, d STER, S.W.; or JOHN MENZIES x De. 12, HAN cote EDINBURGH, and d 90, WEST NILE ИВ, GLASGOW ; or HODGES, M PIGGIS, & Co, 104, GRAFTON тый, DUBLIN. 1891. Price Twopence. 34 The present list Mme not only plants brought into "mir a al the first time during 1890, but the most noteworthy of those which hav included in the list have been in gardens for s 1 years, but either were not described or their names had not edes те збен until recently. In addition to species and botanical varieties, all hybrids, whether introduced or of garden origin, but described for the first time in 1890, are included. Mere garden varieties of such plants as Coleus, Codiæum, or Narcissus are omitted for obvious reasons. In every case the plant is cited under its published name, although some of the names are vu A correct. Where, however, a correction has appeared desirable this is . The name of the person in whose collection the plant was first noticed or described is given wher An asterisk is ` чети to all d those plants of which examples are in Meet at jobba from which = = is compiled, with the abbre- ee used to indicate the f 8:— В. M— Botanical ж . O.—Bullettino "della R. Società Toscana di Orticultura. Вий Cat. — Bull, к of New, Beautiful, and Rare Plants. Dammann Cat.—Dammann Co., En-gros Preis-Liste. Gard.— The Garden. G. fae — Chronicle. С. and F.—Garden and Forest, G/l.—Garte Н. G.—Ham Tus PS: Garte- und Blumen- zeitung. Jil. Н. “imata Horticole. Jard.—Le Jardin. J. of H.—Journal of Horticulture. £.—Lindenia. ‘0. —L’Orchidophile. #&.—Reichenbachia. R. H—Revue Horticole. R. H. B.—Revue de PHorticulture Belge. Späth Cat.—Spith, Haupt-Preis-Verzeichniss. eitch Cat—Veitch & Sons, Catalogue of Plants. W. G.—Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung. Williams Cat.— Williams, New and Seer Plant Catalogue. W. О. A— Warner & Williams, Orchid пш. ico abbreviations used in the descriptions of the plants are: quls ifs — Diameter. /7.—Flower. /r.—Fruit. #¢.—Foot or + — Greenhouse. H.—Hardy. H. H.—Half-hardy. Jn.—Inc ae EC CA —I ence. с Per.—Perennial. Pet.—Petals. — S.—Stove. Sep.—Sepals. Shr.— Shrub. Abies nordmanniana, var. pendula, Adiantum lambertianum. (W. ©. В.Н » р. 440, f. 132.) 1890, p. 345.) ЕШсеѕ. В. ` A variety Con nifer eræ. Сав е variety wit with `дгоор- of A. cuneatum, having the very small ing branches. (Courtois, Clamart,| ultimate segments v crumpled and Seine.) curled. (Pynaert va Этти conitum Fischeri, Reichb. (В.М. | Adiantum manicatum, Ног. (Gard. t. 7130.) Ranunculacee. А. beautiful 1890, xxxvii, p. 94.) 8, A seedling pecies, nearly allied to the with bold broad fronds and much . Fortunei, differing chiefly divided pinnules.” (Birkenhead.) 2 its longer not semicircular hood, an ire’ ore robust habit. Syn. А. californi- | Aeranthus brachycentrom, Regel- iis, Hort. М.Е. Asia d a, Japan, — сы роне Some 1890;v.11,p.3 03.) Amer. (Max Leichtlin ; Kew.) Orchid S. A dwarf species yes | oblong-ligulate 1. 6-8 in. long, unequally Acropera Loddigesii, Ldl. var. atro-| bilobed at the apex. Sea CES. Vae e "ал 1890, р. 507.) | twice as long as the L, bearing 1-2,1 ariety with dark | yellow Я. Sep. with long slender points. le sep., id en y low pet. and Lip cordate-ovate, epar with a _ Tip, dot M with black. (i Petersburg | short, clavate, incur Comoro Isles ? Distributed by pem & Co. , 35 as А. grandidieranus. (St. Peters- x Botanic Garden.) ЧЕР Rolfe. (С.С. in vii, р. 9 5, p. 39, pl. 210; ОЛ. 1890, р. Же; Orehidem. S. Allied to A. Roebeleni, Rchb, E but Aeri white. Philippine islands. OE Hort. Өй Internationale.) * Aeri ides Jansoni, Rolfe. 6. С. 1890, p. 66; О. 1890, (Low & Co.) Agave maximowicziana, Regel. - (Acta Hori Papen 1890, v. 11, p. 303.) v idac culent. Allied о А. densiflora with a dense rosette of == дам семе l, 8% in. broad, ely and irregularly “toothed, the erminal “pi ne sometimes forked. ton 6-7 fi with a cylindric spike of sessile mcr in pairs. (St. burg Botanic died Agrostemma alkeri, Dickson. CGA. bigs 529. bi NC opas acon, H. iR RUE een A. coronaria AT Chester.) а Gaulainii, André. (W. G. 380.) Атоев. S, A robust ; dark green above with a silvery hue alo ong the nerves, light violet & A. flos- Peng beneath with blackish Alocasia, reversa, N. E. Br. (G. C. 1890, viii, p. 38.) S. An attractive foliage plant, less than a foot high, ovate-sagittate broadly bordered with dark Philippine Islands. (Sander & Co.) Androsace bri ritanica, Bae kh. (W.G. 1890, р. 34.) Primu H. alpine, ing to 2 in. in неш, with white (Backhouse & Son, York.) *Andr pc. «W.G. 1890, р. 34.) Н. alpine, of moderately . robust habit, with lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, pubescent l. growing to j in. long, and p fl. = Botanic Androsace wulfeniana, Leyb. > (W, 1890, p. 35.) H. alpine, a form of as al but with the 1. less pubescent, ey hail urple fl. (Vien эл ч arden.) *Anemone caffra, Eckl. and Zey. _ (С. C. 1890, vii, p. 389.) Ranuneu- U 66387. 1000.—4/91. Wt. 37. ‚в. уе ее lobed, 8 in. per dark wers white, 3 in. across, on scapes 15 їп. e ‘igh, S. Africa (Kew.) Anemopegma man Griseb. ` See Pithecoctenium i ARS Us poek C. 1890, viii., p. 466 ; H. R90, p. 555.) i smaller plant in every respect. St. Thomas’ Island. (Coimbra Botanic Gard i ee js 258, iii., 1890, p- 156.) A with leaves 2 ур Jong, anà numerou long spikes of wers. West Africa. (Wallace, RO wa r.) BY ys primulinum, Rolfe. (G. 1890, vii., p. 388.) S. Interme- A. ine ме A. hyaloides and т. agase Madagasear. (Low & * "Аз итий Baron Hruby, N. E (С. С. 1890, viii. p. 652; H. G. D р. 557.) ‘Aroidex. S. A hybrid en- . ferrier dA dide (Baron Hruby, Bohemia.) Anthurium excelsior, Hort. ped G. ese 307, with plate.) 8. A hybrid be A. Veitohii ii and 4. ornatum. thurium tate: E. Br. (G. C. 1890, viii. p. a H. à. 1890, р. 557.) i A hybrid between A. Veitchi i and A. crystallinum, raised by „ Pull, Chelsea. Anthurium scherzerianum, var. bis- . Rod. (Il. Н. v. 27,67 ) orm placed opposite ore у ther. ariety. (L’Horticulture Intern tionale ) Anthurium scherzerianum, album, Rodig. КС ҮН. maximum. у, 32, р. 29, Bh 400.) 5. eedling variety with large ge spathes (L’Horticulture Internationale.) он а atrata, Koch. de ы " 0, p. 161.) Ranuneulacer. rudy: А. vulgaris with daik и а + Aquilegia oxysepala, Traut. (TV. С. 1390, - SU S per r. Much like A. vulgaris, but with ager L, and the sep. ery narrow, and v acute. Also known as A. иын Siberia A 2 36 AM 1890, vii., a anomalum, Hemsley. (G. p. 321.) Aroideæ. 8. ape small, coloured greenish- Perak. Aristolochia longicaudata, Maste (G.-C. vt viii., n 493, Aristolochi robust climber with the habit «оа лате of А. "we e flow е е Asarum caudigerum, Hance. (С. С. 1890, vii., р. 422; B. M.t. 7126.) Aris- tolochiacem. G. dwarf A arum-like cordate hairy green leaves, and short-stalk d brown fi three wed flowers, the segments narro into tails an inch long. Southern China. (Kew.) ophilum, Hemsl. 1890, vii. “Apr 09) : orkicu (G. C. G. Leaves cordate- т, with white veins wers resting on the чна brown wi th white spots. South China. (Kew.) As retrofractus arboreus Hort “Jard. 1890, p. 955, eb fig.). Liliace An ornamental as та- gus ve RAE in sg y of us, &c. but with straighter stems, rand with the 1. (eladodia) 3—1 in. Asparagus Sprengeri, Rgl. (Gf. 1890, p. 490, monn Horti Petrop. v. 11, p. 3 ge^ catus, but with the flat linear cladodia (false leaves) р together, nearly straight or only slightly falcate, 3-14 in. long, pungent-mucronate. Natal. (Dammann & po >} Atriplex. та var. monu- men (В. Т. О. 1890 р. = 2, fig. $; L2 "1890; p. 105, ч. 24.) ing form of tall rapt growing to 9 or 10 ft. Syn. А. nummularia, var. monument чанак "Cat. 1890-91, № 97,7 58. (Dammann & Co.) | *Atriplex nummularia, Lindl. (Dam А а. заны а oy Pass H. ИА branc b growing to 9 or 10 ft. in rice end silvery- white l.and fl. Australia. (Dammann & Со.) ЕЕ А ей Paxt. (С.С. 1890, viii., р. 408, ; H. ai 1890, p. 554) Am чө я idee pretty eae stove plant, with slender stems, arrow $ es, and $ etd Reve, coloured bright вх du qe by 2 a ten mar се Je ost. оњ pedir Kew last ville Barleria е р var. elata. (G 0, vii, p. >. 1890, р. сот- y paet = 6 =s high his p on of showy appea Flowers 24 in across, dark fie. "Bingapore: (J. Veitch & Sons.) B д! ата. Boo р. А Baumanni, ен d o" Wh fig.; С. H. G. 1890, š 555.) fe gr 1. that are bronzy or polos beneath, and erect, leafless, - purplish peduncles 12-18 inches high, - bearing a e large carmine-rose fl. 3-4 inches in diameter, and agivedtly scented. (Lemo Begonia -Credneri, Haage & Sc ra 1890, p. 562, +. 90; H. С. 1890, р. 482, Ses ж - $8. hybrid een B. S жант уи XHaege & Schmidt. ) К Jaurezi, Laing. ae 1890, 364. б. тв. А den variety with eui docto fl. (Laing & Begonia scharffian metallica fe С. 1890, viii., As 416) G. A hy- i raised Ci s. Haage & Schmidt. Erfurt. Se B. Cre ,dneri J М. Derin Sieboldii, Miq. (G. = a v. xp s hr 38.) Berbéridee me 9 the lea i palercoloured fo Г owers. Derren an virescens, Hook. fil. 6.) The correct name for , Мн in gardens as В. Belstamana *Betula L. var. Grayi, Hort. Zoschen- prs =, -Catalog des Na- ` tional- Arboretum Zéschen, 1890, p. 19.) . Cupulifere. H. shr. with roundish shiring green T no ddr ig and is probably not the В. Grasi, which has densely рии. ` (Zóschen Arboretum. 37 *Bignonia rugosa, Schl. (B.M.,t.7124.) miacee. S. A climbe r covered with soft hairs; leaves bifoliate; flowers in urn- with a "creamy white limb. - Caraccas. (Kew.) Billbergia perri iana, Wittm. (Gf. 1890, p. 145, t. 1318. ) Bromeliace. 2 ^y rden hybrid be ween В. nutan liboniana. (Botanic Garden Gata s; Billbergia quintusiana, Makoy. ( mu + 49.) S. So ites the way of а sii, bu larger l., which are of a clearer green, ж coloured brown beneath and with т bars and spots wer spe | is thicker and erect, not drooping. M xm l. with a greenish ged with rosy, and greenish sie ripped vidi vfu Brazil. "aset Makoy.) Billbergia. vittata, e € var. Ro- hani, 90, p. 306, f. 60.) eis undistnguisable from the type. (Berlin Botanic ) Bougainvillea speciosa, var. varie- gata, Williams. DM Cat. 1890, p- 24; W. G. 1890, p. Nyc- rm wit righ varie- taginez. eem foliage. "add variety. (Wil- fuss & Son.) ye and with Do De midri wee ers bluish. Western North Americ: are.) distichophylla, Torr. (G. -, vol. IIL, z i, #37; W. G. H Garden, Fore dn Mass.) Bulbophy: —Ó Rolfe. (G. C. Soo, sio pm 672. Orchidee. nly f е yi yusa Sd to the sepals. Lansberge, Brummen Guildre.) my е» (W.O.A., v. 9, pl. 402; Williams Cat. 1890, р. 25; Gf. А р. 395.) Orchidee. B А garden hybrid between C. nivalis and C. Veitchii. Fl. рше white. (Lady, Hutt, Ryde, I. of Wight.) Catal fo e rubens, Ridley. (С. C. 1890, ii., р. 576.) S. A small species allied to C. vestita. “It flowers readily and ** well, flo бизү езт x — and шин a long time.” scapes 2 ft. long, and а they each bear a i n юш flowers. Malay Вазн" Calanthe Veitchii alba, mue jen C. 1890, vii., p. 132.) A pure flowered v ns sed by Sir C. Strick. land, Malto be tree ir Howellii, Wats. G.and К, 848.) Lilinces. Hi. R showy ды with me white fl. 1 in. broad, and wi Е a dark brown beard on the lower half of the inner segments. Summer. Oregon. (Kew.) ` чегин longibarbatus, Wats. (G s. v. 324. A and Washington. *Calochortus eep orange hairs at the of each gment ; 1. linear. г ра од (Kew.) Calpurnia lasiogyne, E. M. PE Ss С. 1890, vii, p. 389 ө siia G. s small т. а the habit, » Teares, rnum, known (K ew.) * d flow f Laburn mal as Natal Laburnum. H 1t Иойпза, k. f. Луни = 539.) rase bee s Ca lant Mag., t. 711 th > flowers. Native ata doubtful. 2) Cassia Barrenfieldii, Colla. (Daw- mann Cat. 1890-91, pp. 76 frs de A synonym of C. (Damma » Cassia Reinward 8: mann Cat. 1890-91, p. Sow H. H. or G A synonym of C. bicapsularis, t (Dammann & Co.) LS ac vars. aurea, fi as e. + 909.3 У Bignoniacee. Н. Garden DA cassingidas, Шин, (W.G. 1890. form having 1. interibediats буе tho spe- ciosa and C. Bungei. (Zóschen Arbo- retum.) cordifolia, Hort., not of Nutt "1890, р: 316.) This is hospi m e as C. bignonioides, (W. G. 1890, *Catalp umila, H Pa d (Zóschen ort. р: 817.) No description. Arboretum.) orn bergii, Hort. (W. 318.) No description. нна» by Späth.) Catalpa wallichiana, Hort (W.G. 1890, p. 318.) e is hough to be a Chinese form of C, Kaempferi, and is known Ge (Dis- of rather low growth. Also E vie oe nana,Hort. (Di hc: ) Catasetum r ааа, Rolfe. (L. V. 6, p. 41, pl. 259.) S. An inter- esting age with a long raceme of rather large ed with brown; and the eoncave lip is three toothed in front, and of a yellow colour spotted with purple-brown, Santa Catharina, Brazil. (T? Horticulture Internationale.) Cattleya b: allantiniana, H ort. Sander. R. vol. 2, t. 91.) Orchidem. S. A hybrid ew b Sander & Co. from C. Triane a d C. Warscewiczii, eee Empress Frederic, Hort. a 43.) S. Said to be a pn pis ‚ Mossie and С. ы Schroeder. ) als and petals, О. Chamberlain, m 3 —— (hear ds var, O'Brien С. M viii., р: р 50е, fig. 116; É. G. 1890, p. 556.) S. Distinct from е type in having — зы eorr serre : ' \ i р эсирик м fme Inter- Cattleya intermedia, Grah. on 8 xw Bel (Gf. “1890, ¿ жа ariety with pure te fl. iy ж vm de front lobe of the Shi lip, which is carm purp Rio Ja- niero. (St. Pet Кел Bot. ) Cattle a intrica wi f. var. ma- аба, Ro Rolfe. m). Cd 890, vii., E. 763 ) vs posed be a natural hybrid between C. inter- media and C. guttata. The variety has flowers coloured delicate rosy blush with popisa spots. Brazil. (М. Соо Kingston Hill.) *Cattleya labiata, ee РЕ р. 735; T .161). B. Another addition to the numerous forms of. this Cattleya. Habitat a published. Syn C. ocqueana, Lind, (L'Horticul- ture кти nale.) rss Lindeni, t e I Z ‚ Р. А Probably a ` variety r^s C. gigas. The sepals an are des coloured, with white e veins, and the lip magenta- hem bright yellow, w with undulated argin. (L'Horticulture Internation- Cattleya maxima, var. malouana, Linden. (Z.v. 5, p. 41, pl. 211.) 8. A handsome form with short bulbs and ark coloured fl. (L'Horticulture Internationale к) Lindl., var. marche Cattleya obri 1890, xx. p. ^5. . 4.) tinted variety of `C. intermedia. e» Rex, O’Brien. (G. C ‚р. 684 ; H. G. 1890, p. ser) үз handsome flowered gage the labiata group, and пе of C. aurea, being mo st like ©. ёа, var. Cattleya superba, var. alba, Rolfe. (COC. 1890 vit,” р. 620; am G. 1890, p.556.) S. Described as having pure, white flowers. Brazil. (E. 5. y Para.) £ Cattleya Triang, var. fulgens, Hort. (e. 6. 1890, vii., р. 386.) S. TAS finely formed variety with rich crim son “labellum.” (G. Fitth, Bradford.) | 39 Ca Triane, var. Madame -Cahuzac, pii р. 79, pl. ie S. A beau with the fl. of a pale a tint, except the front of the 1 is magenta-purple, and. the disk жезде À with a white bor der (L/Horticulture Internationale.) Cattleya Trianz, var. m Hort. (С. C. 1890, vii. 7. E С Remarkable in having a large labcllum, eoloured rich eri edged with (Laing & Son ns.) CIUS p FARR; var. pallida, Lin- den ‚ р. 81, pl. 231.) 5. А етүп Siena form, the whole fi. being of a pale rosy- -white, with the disk of the lip yellow. (L’ Horticulture Internationale.) white. Cattleya Triane, var. purpura ata, iae CL. v. 5, p. 77, pl. 229.) S. A form, with Eos mauve coloured sep. and pet, and a rich magen Salts throat. lip with a CL Horticulture fet acs ban ty y Cattleya Trians, var. striata, c na (hi V: 5 P pl. 232.) S. › with the sep. ities “© е stripe; the is mine rose, with a yellow disk. (E. aert. Сафі ara was ueana, Lind. 1 lab C. la (W. fl. 1890, p. 448). ын var. WArOC cqueana. Cedrus atlantica, fas stigia Carr. (К.Н И 1890, p. 32, £.9; Sem У. 161% 197), е, tree. See of pyramidal habit with ascending о-ы, Garden variety. (Lalande, Nantes.) Celmisia Lindsayi, Hook. f. (B. M., t. 7134; H. G. 1890, p. 505.) Compo- site. Hardy, but ЕЈ гезне, дз *Cineraria aurita, Hort. on. xxxvili. | Pp. 252, plate 770.) Com anary (Glasnevin Botanic Garden.) Cirrhopetalum mastersi (L., v. 6, p. 33, Orc A. beautiful E with ovoid- ra ulbs, each beari k rege Te Rolfe. hid half of the lateral s brown, and the lip brownish-purple. Dutch Indies. (L’Horticulture Internationale.) *Cissus mexicana, Damm. (Dammann Cat. dose 91, р. 25.) Ampelidee. H. H. A vin with tuberous rootstock, pro- us with med pier *Clema Mond Us. А 326, ; H. G. (Damm шеп, H "ee C. ge 66; T. G. 1890, and F. iii. 515, fig. 65. | high with bipinnate silvery foliage a axi owers; these are cup-shaped, 24 inches across, fleshy, and coloured rosy-white to purple. Sout frica. (Kew.) *Colchicum procurrens, Baker. (G. C. 1890, v. 7, p. 192; oe “ene p. ts Liliacee. Н. On e Blastod cem and "am d = = Boissieri. right Fl. d ieri ed in Oetober. inear, s duced in February Rhizome resembling that of a Meren- dera. Syn. Merendera sobolifera, Hort. Smyrna, p зорй, Baker. (С. С. Н. А handsome een PAP. рое. of Sibth. & Sm. ( Cordyline indivisa, var. Hort. СИ. м. v. 37, р. 99, E 114.) G. An ornamen tal variety, having ац 1. Aaa with P. lowish. E dé Ж 1890, Ф a к 910; esr 1890, p. 647.) Orchi v Ax I pl 244;. es of this singular gen Ра with very large fl. Sep., pale green ы ыш тей; рех white with larger red spots. The p has the front part of the fel large hood-like organ pro- longed down to the pu p the bucket- shaped part, it is 67 an orange colour, spotted in pots. “zuela. (L’Horticulture Б у *Cosmos bipinnatus, w^ var. albi- (B. О. Es m. H. ENE variety with white fl. байыш & Со.) Cotoneaster (W. С. 1890, Deciduous shr. ef vi "am — elliptic 1. 4-5 i broad, entire, dicii EN gree neath. Fl. in ина Fr. globose, A Sikkim. (Agrieu School, Grignon.) sikkimen: Hort р. 248.) ink H. (G. C. ymes, erimson. Zululand Crategus iensis, Mouillefert. CHG. 1800p, 248) Rosacen, H. Shr. with lanceolate 1., and yellowish- green or lemon- yellow fr., tinted with reddish. (Agricult ural School Grignon.) Crinum kunthianum - (W. G. 1890, p. acm ка 15 “Amaryl as long as the 1., bearing 4- 4-7 large white ами fi., marked with a red stripe down segment. (Dammann & Co.) Cucumis Sacleuxii. ` ©. — p. 298.) — S. An mental спепт! h roundish pori form seca rough а — уне on both sid ag fruit is o in. e ofa a ves «оч "lighter or pickling. green stripes, use Zanzi bar. (Paillieux pin Bois; Jardin des *Cucurbita mexicana, Damm. (Dam mann Cat. 1890-91, p. 42. у Cucurbi- ar thie seeds aem gs e large sd black. Мей. = : (Dammann & Со.) 40 var. marmorata, at. це mu р. 3.) апеѓу, havi iri the L serio vith white and yellow. (Spith.) bidium ce сак eri, Hort. ae Ce ond Be T I os Cydonia vulgaris » pith. (Sp ШЗ © Sa т деге. S. Таноо? 3 Saadi & and described by th “A large flowered scarlet valley, ш тк Mada- gasca: Cymbi WES mop Hort. (G. C. 1890, viii, p. 718; J. of H. xxi, 3rd ser., 535, S. A large. flowered vari ir tom of C. i sro Bite Rehl.f.) In- ed amongst C. lovianine: and мые by Н. Tracy, Twickenham. rus natalensis, Hort. (G. and F. Cyperacee. S. recently flowered at Kew, as determi мА г. = С: A rke as ** certain! C. natalensis, but a yn Е riscus, allied = if not к Еа of, Mari “ M. sparganifolius рее Alcides, Hort. Sand. (G. 1890 = н dem "à e ix., p. 40.) d bet Orchideæ. ween C. insigne -— С. “asss {rama raised by F. Sander & Co. C. Alfredi. N. Br. (G. C. 20 viii., р. 294; Н. g” 1890, p A hybri laevigatum. . О. Drewitt, Riding, Mill-on-Tyne.) Cypripidium Alice, N EBr (Gea 1890, viii., p. 294; H. o. 1890, p. 503.) S. A hybrid between C. Stonei an d C. spicerianum. (D. О. Drewitt, Riding, Mill-on-' fen ) m Antigone, Rolfe. (G. vw viii, Р 16; Н. G. 1890, р. 55 7) 5. А hybrid ie rage ©. lawrencianum and С. raised " J. Veitch & Sons. PME ME oldianum, W. A. (С. С. 1490; viii, p. 632.) S. A istnd between С. Veitchii and C. concolor. соне rand Manda, Hills, New te yo i, L. Castle. (J. 80, fig. ы с.© hybrid ЖЕ апа С. M LRQ e С Hollington, Enfield.) Cypripedi um barbatoveitchianum, (Lv Y. ve. pl.228.) 8. A d betwee E MISI and С. e isa (А. 41 um castleanum, Rolfe. (G. viii, p. 702, and ix. p. 39.) 8. A inc between C. hirsutissimum and iperbiens ; raised by Saader & Co. Constance, N. E. Jd. of хы Н. ©. 1890, p. S. A Sis from C. Stonei and 503.) C. Curtisii. . Drewitt, Riding, Mill-on-Tyne i Cypripedium C rax Rolfe. (G. C. 1890, Vil, p..7 n : A hybrid from C. те" Da. С. purpuratum. (R. H. Measures.) Cypripedium deboisianum, Ch. de B. (С. С. 1890, viii., p. 747.) S. ird "between С. — um and C. Boxalli, m; raised by Vervaet et t Cie, Mont St. Ama em Cypripedium Doris, Rolfe. (G. еб. viii, p. р. 716; Н. G. 1890, S.A rid between C: аад апа С. Stonei ; raised by N. C. Cookso Cypri um Elinor, N. E. Br. (G. = RENS viiL, p 38.) S. A hybrid C. регин эё and С Vaitohi. (D. O. Drewitt.) Cypripedium anianum, Rolfe. (G: C. 1890, 390, vil p. 746; H. G. [i73 p. 558. ) A hybrid | between C. barba- tum and С, spicerianum; raised Dy F. Sander & Co. Cypri ipedium Fraseri, Hort. (JZ. р. = pl. 253.) S. ^ garden hybrid n C. hirsutissimum and C. barba- ‘in? Oie Hye.) ripedium Geor orge west Wittm. 1]. 1890, p. 311. 2 n by- à between C. . Veitchii. Silesia э Cypripedium rminyanum. (J. of ¿gxin „За. Es P- 30, fig. 12.) S. A hybrid fro d C. villosum. I. Veitch & Sons.) ыр» sess “(Kittell, аон це Cypri wees um Godefroyæ, var. Laingi. (O. ; 199.) SA А. variety а small fl., aes upper sep. very в ‚ the lower sep. cae and a “a orbicu ilar, a nd the pet. раг вот. elliptic or oblong, colours similar to the type (Laing & Sons Cypripedium H. Ballantine. Rolfe. и. a ere tg 166; С. .С. 1890, viii., p. 408; Н. ©. 1890, р. 554.) 8. А hybrid between C. purpuratum C. р: sear it by J. Veitch & Cypripedium ae: Rolfe. (G. C. 1890, vii., 05.) S. A hybrid from C. spiceriumim and C. vitiis (R. H. es.) Measur DUM Hookers, Rchb. f., var. onteanum, M (G. C. 1890, form. & Co.; Sander & Co.) ripedium insigne, var. x E San CE C. ° ae 702, an el р. ale coloured ina pr j Pih the sepals slighty Jonger than in the type. (Sander & Co.) Cypripedium insigne, var. Macfarla- nei, Rolfe. (С. С. 18 90, vi viii., p. 655.) S. Ара чац А bright yellow, dorsal sepal w te margin, and "without the bro pm of the type. (R.H. Melun. Streatham.) Cypripedium lathamianum, Rehb. f., var. inversum, Rolfe. (R., 2nd ser., Sr p. 21, t. 10.) A synonym of С. era. VP ar. biflorum. Сур Вт. "Ge. С. 1890, чайнар тЫ] var. Chantini . insigne d C. pea ои ‘by D. О. Drewitt, Riding, Mill-on-Tyn ipedium leeanum, var. gigan- teum, Rolfe. (G. C. 71890, gigs p- 718.) S. A very wd flowered obtained by Heath & Son of Chelten- ham from C. spicerianum crossed with C. insigne. Cypripedium Maynardii, Hort. Sand. (G. C. 1890, UE 702.) "s. A hybrid мене . purpuratum and C. spiceri нала by Е. Sander & Со. Cypri ne ,.1,p.4t.1.) y co А of - s garden hybrid. (Sir Tre- vor Lawrence.) Cypripedium northumbrian, N. E. Br PG. C. d wsp 160.) ү; Riding, Mill-on- yne.) сурсон Numa, Rolfe. (С. С. 1890, vii., р. 608.) 5. A hybrid, raised by J. Veitch and my from C. lauren- cianum and C. Stone ipedium “wa <= i. : 1890, vii., р. 260; O. 1890, 8. Raised by F. Sander & Co. m C. Hookere and С, superbiens 42 Cypripedium polle ttia crum Hort. Sand... (6. С. 0, viii, p. 7 А hybrid па с calo Luces and C. venustum superbum; raised by F. Banda: & Co. ripedium prestans, Rohis fain f., var. CL. v. 6 S. А handso me form with richly coloured fl., the ips = m um *Cypripedium sc chomburgkianum 90, vii, p. 336.) 8. A small species with qne leaves and elegant very near C. caricinum, (Sander & Co.) - „© flow It British айй: ripedium siamense, Rolfe. (G hcc aes р. 161; Gf. 1890, p. B S. A new species with tessellated leaves green and purple flowers. “It stands nearest to С. javanicum, Reinw.” iam. Garden, Bois Colombes, | ripedium Vi "е Rolfe. (С. С ie р. 792 jj ç A hybrid, raised by aptain Vipan Wansford, from s philippreckse and C. It very similar to C. Ay ан ripedium anum, Rolfe. сур G. С. 1890, iac? S. A hy- dà between C erbiens and С. Roebeleni. “(Sander 4 & Co.) Dendrobinm Aspasia, Hort. I (G. C. 1890, vii, p. 336.) Orchid &. A hy trid between D. aureum ёй D. Pris alendis (J. Veitch & Sons.) u Dendrobium oviolaceum, Ro (G. C. 1890, IM 512; СЯ. cg 450; 0. 1890, 0.) S. Allied to JD. macrophyllum, differing т e onitsflowers. New Guinea. (J. Veitch & Sons.) Dendrobium Cassiope, Rolfe. 1890, viii., p. 620; 14 1890 S. А hybrid between D. nobile; raised * Ne 2. Соо eanum, Linden y cordate- bo сотты mach. "анон. Dendrobium Juno, Hort. (С. C. vii., p. 88; J.of H. xxi., 3rd ser, 4 K^ fig. 13 e А wardianum and D. linawianum, (Sir Trevor Lawrenee,) (G. C. 1890, between D. (Sir Dendrobium Luna, Hort ,p.88. S. A hybrid bg ac and D. Ainsworthit. Trevor Lawrence.) me ok ae Macfarlanei, Rehb. f. eere Cat. S. t across, pure white, marked wat purple on the sides and base of the lip. (J. Veitch & Sons.) voce mirbelianum, v. 5 49, pl. 215.) 5 tinct „обе plant. with stout 18-20 in. lon (Horticulture АА Dendrobium halenopsis, Rchb. f. . statterian айа, MUR TT ма Send l, p. 1 8. 5, t. pear to differ i in any way from the type. Timor Laut. (T. Statter, Stand Hall Manchester.) Dendrobium Venus, Rolfe. (С. C. 1890, vii., p. ae JAH ybrid, raised by n, Wylam-on-Tyne; from D. F bene ind D. nobile. um xanthocentrum, Hort. Yi, р. 88.) S. A hybrid e species. Фк Trevor Lawrence.) *Diplad tropurpurea, D.C. Са and Е. iii., w A пасе. Introduced by Veitch 50 years ago, ves, flowers as of D. boliviensis, but у maroon, ©; 43 Echinocactus durangensis, Bun CH. С. 1890, p. 231.) Сасіасеғ. succulent, with a eylindrieal stem 3-10 in. high, ing a 1 continuous ribs, armed with yellowish spines tipped with brown 3-11 in. n (Bun Берите — Engel., var. ustus, Bauer. (G. H. 1890, p. 513, t. 1331; H. 1890, p. 551.) succulent, a robu iety growing to a foot in height, with reddish spines and kd als fl., m the lower part of the ents exico. (Bauer, Copits, on the Elb, Saxony.) - Epidendrum pugioniforme, men (Acta | Horti DEP. 1890, I, р. 305.) Orchidem. 8. Allied | to E ў E. leucochilum, &c. L. narrow Janceohie-otlong r5 MES about t a = sessile, nal ra and pet. linear- бао, " “first a aa to itellinum, flore piono, ol 90, уңы р. 123. Remarkable i in having “ perfectly regu- lar flowers ed of 12 segments." (G. C. Raphael, Englefield Green.) =r phronitis Жеңе, Rolfe. (G. C. 99, v. 7, p. 799; J. of H. xxi, 3rd ser., p. 513, fig. 68; ‚СИ 1890, p. 592; W. С. 18 45.) Orchi iem. S. = int, eresting hybrid raised by J. Veiteh Sons, from Epidendrum radi and vd grandiflora. aculata, Hook. f. (B. ne n jon д: жокко S. A traili fleshy stemmed plant, with ovate жеи а leavesandaxilla ry, large-bracted clusters tubular yellow and brown flowers, kable i ving one of the corolla lobes folded inwards and formi id-like valve to the tube British Guiana. (Kew.) bg buchari Ва. (GA. DE ts 1815, f 1) Liliacee н. 1. Balb Ib. A showy species, with trique- р. eaae L, retrorsely serrulate a on the in and a fl-stem about 3 ft. a long rather lax raceme of site Y about marked with line. Buchara. cw. E. Gumbleton.) andreana, Naudin. (R. H. Nie 346, f. 105-106.) Myrtaceæ. G. ree, in the way 8 EAR idet cg with lanceo th a depressed rim. Australia. (Vilmorin ; André.) *Eu е ; C. 1890, 1›р.416; Gfl. 1890, р. 312; B 44 G. 1890., p. 238; Cat. 1890, p. 7.) A llidem. ^ e. flowered species, with Colombia. (San E Eucharis ux TENE tl E.B. (G mee vii. x: S. A hybrid {сз iue and Е. Sander raised À ty W. Stevens, Stone, Stafford- shir t, Euonymus n Tobis varie- , й: yx 5) 5 arden variety. (Moser, Versailles.) Me ae mt probum, N. E. Br. (G. ` 1890, vii, p. 321.) Composite. Á useful winter-floweri wering greenhouse — on sam = erect habit, hairy vate oM \ Рене (Kew; Sir G. Macleay.) "Faradaya sp lendida, F, СЕ AE e 90, viii, p. 300.) flowe Australia. (Kew.) -ursi, Hort. Festuca crinum 1890, p. 208.) Graminem. Н. mental ро 2-3 in. high. . No further (W. G. deseriptio *Franseria artemisioi Wil Dammann Cat. 1890-91, 8 and 81, f. 48.) Composi H. rbaceous р 5-6 ft. high, with herbaceous nal .. 1 ter- minal spikes, the pes heads feng ad at the basal part of the EC Andes (Dammann & (6j ` *Friti canaliculata, Baker. (С. С. 1890, v. 7, p. 288; СЛ. 1890, p. 395 ; . G. 1890, p. 152 | sdb jp Mae - Leichtlin. + 44 *Galanthus MÀ Hort. Dammann 1890, is G. ni var. p ndior Ten. Syn. G- arean PN Bert Gentiana barbata, Frol. (G. C. ag у. 8, 503.) Gentian nace. M _ species 10-12 in. рас $ 1. and erect blue Gives. Pm anthe. а to кан, Caucasus. {Cotret on.) *Gladiolus decoratus, Baker. (G 1890, viii., р. 211; W. | ег. G. A distinct species, with leaves 2 ft. long, pary 3 ft. high flowers 3 in by 2i scarlet, vith te yellow amc ioco on the segmen bong im ові, Hort. (W. G 36.) pretty species, pes А 7 vind fh tipped with purple. S. Africa. (T. Smith, Newry.) *Gladiolus us Kirkii, Baker. EA. e 51090, G. A free ering viii, p. 524.) species allied to G. E a ученые ribbed, 13 ft. high, spike 5 ft. high, many-flowered ; flowers 1% in. long, rose-coloured. Grahamstown. (Sir John Kirk.) *Gladiolus primulinus, Baker. (G. C. olus 1890, viii., p. 122.) G. a d кзн leaved в species resembling G. cinus, but the flower is a uniform nh primrose yellow, Mir any spots or streaks. E. Africa. (Kew.) Gladiolus "e Frocbel. (СИ. 1890, р. 256.) Н.Н. А garden hybrid be ersii superbus and (Froebel & Co.) „„ multiflorum, x. De: 98.) Фе od ers “greenish, with rovs ‘blotches, saat borne a stout long raceme. Habitat rot "Published. ) twee Saund. G. дањан. Hzmanthus Lindeni, N.jE. Вг. (С. С. 1890, viii. det 436, v 85; Til. H. v. vid p. 89, pl. 112; H. G. 1890, p. 555.) lidace». S. A species ensis, but at with very ter, c Thies eio Congo. ост ууа нај Internationale.) STTS SS A Rgl. vede p. 191, f. 46; B. cM E паш, P. 82.) Selaginew. XH. Y nnial de ente oom ery qu LR plant, spikes of VIN А-ий a Weeds red spot. South Afriea. (Dammann & Co.) Wwe oe nutans, AP (B. M., 1.) аггасе 5. re- iatis plant, with a pitehor-like leaves ndan e petals and a cluster of yellow stamens, suggesting Азак British Guiana. (J. Veitch & Sons.) Helianthus Dammanni, and ph , Spreng. (Dammann Cat. чна. 57.) Composite. = еп Gard phyllus ait H. an (Dammann & Co.) *Hemiorchis burmanica, Kurz. (B. M.,t. 7120.) Scitamin S. A quick growing herbaceous plant hh thin rhizomes, oblong gree an short i: ts ira e pure il yellow m ers, each $ in Himalayas d Burma. Hippeastrum brac achyandrum, Ba . 1890, viii., p. 154. Gj. ов UB) Amarylidee. S. “It has р. much the largest flower of all the eme species of the Habranthus section, an the colour is vind э > beg ces а d as a pale pink, an blackish red at me em Fr the seg- ments.” §. Brazil. (A. C. Bartholo- mew, Reading.) Hydr a ramulus-co Hort. { W. Gers, рр. bs ме "YEN Saxi- G. th the young shoots m petioles RO ахаа and the pedu qe € slucent red. Flowers large ed with rose. Garden variety. "Cüllvanger& Barry, Rochester, New York.) a ta rubra Кет vii., р. 165.) form of Н. hortensis ; sed by Lemoine of Nancy. Ж cum densiflorum, Pursh. (©. sey Zu ме ae Hyperi- ` A species un d to. B. re ficum but ада eaves - and smaller flowers. United States. Iris bismarckiana, Dammann. 9 e 1095, pp. 355 and 353, f. 72.) Iri- H. A | plant, with — redis about 8 in long, “ =. uish- peduncles about 16 in. м bearing one large fl.; the falls are ash- grey with darker veins, and a b t at the base, the stan e sky blue blaekish veins. mann & Co 45 Аты germani var. semperflorens, W.G. 1890, 1.355, f. 7 and pot culture. Italy. (Dammann & Co.) Tris nri Ж var. T eT RC T wd 2 ments are purple with a darker network of veins. Garden variety. Leichtlin.) Iris Lortetii, Barbey. (W. G. 1890, р. 353.) Н. Allied to J. eer about a ft. high, with linear 1. ong, and large handsome fl.; de falls pale ue dotted with а, the standards ale T TR true p s from Libanon garden adis is s from An and. may not be correctly n = a. hon, Torr. (W. С. 1890, 592 вресіеѕ with 1-10 in. high, wit purple or есй eream-coloured fl Tube very slender, sometimes as much as З in. long. Californi Mad Monsyur, Foster. 88, p. 462, with plate : Ms brid ph veg by Monnieri and J. uria; K M. Foster, and Vota i iin s esha species. Summer. (Michael Foster.) Mir hema rage ( Bot. 7111 9, vol. "EP Siete" 1890, Mag., . 588.) cau- a. Bulb o е у et Haussk lled. FI. bright yellow, crests Central Asia. пре лы» . 1890, p. 394.) by its чести stems, crowded green lanceo- late leaves, and lilac and purple flowers. potamia. February. (Max Meso lin; Kew.) Ixora 1 Williams. (Уат Cat. 1890, p. 26.) Rubiacee. S. йг. of dwarf compact habi t, with pale yellow fl. flushed with salmon. Garden variety. (Williams & Son.) А robus нон iae ° Sa var. Y ana, Linden. s v. rE p- p». Dp. 226. y sma Li S. dsome variety мі і (Jules Hye-Leysen.) Lelia anceps, var. tho omsoniana, en. 1890, viii, p. 716 G. 1890, р. 558.) € Rese mbles large flowers. (W. J. ние St. заре Lelia elegans, var. Williams. (W. О. per - purple; the lip is magenta-purple with a light ied throat. Brazil. (Duke of Marlborough.) elegans, var. š . С. 18 A y,sepals white and rose, petals ob гены ч -rose, lip plowing crimson. (J. Broome, Llandudno.) Lelia juvenilis, a M 1890, p. 240, with plate.) S. hybrid between Z. inii ” Pinel, var. marginata. Garden hybrid. (A. Bleu u.) Leliocattle Hippol (J. of H. w 902 ы ^n "s Orchideze Raised in the nurseries of J. Veitch & Sons, from Cattleya Mossie and Lelia cinnabarina. Leliocattleya Pros С. 1890, cies 4p. 353 p.504.) A hybrid зай by & Sons, from Leli and Cattleya veluti Rolfe. (G. G. 1890 J. Veitch ia — var. dayana Bull. Um Cat. with Pinnules narrow, elliptical or oblong rounded at the apex, margin serrated Japan. (W. Bull.) *Lathraea Clandestina,'L. (Bot. eus t. 7106.) Scrophularineg. H. A re able and very handsome peren ial cies, differing widely from our native Squamaria, in its erect flow longer.u -lip of corolla, and viol B purple. Europe. (Kew.) dn angled April. Lepismium cavernosum, = CO 1890, 151, f. 38.) Сасна succulent, something in the w eii e, but with flat (no d Reser), e teeth berg, а ssimile, Lindb. net 148, f. 36-37) G. cylindric, jointed smooth, — South Brazil. eM Sha olm.) Lespedeza Gas. yg Franch eriocarp €. var. р olyan Franch. ; = ыз, Franch. ; L. yunnanen ranch. ( 1890, pp. 226, 227. 3 Beroni "The above per. are described at the Eus but it is is not stated if they ite i citeivation: China. Lespedeza Delavayi, Franch. (R. H. 1890, p. 225, f. 70. 'н. per. of bushy abit 3-6 igh. . L. trifoliolate, ra elliptic obtuse, green above, silve eath. Fl. in a large ter- MM Fors deep violet passing into purple-black, Yunn: : T Wow Pe — pin. remarka р. ‚ 226.) H. of Hee-chan-men, Gorges (G. Leucophylum —' Benth. d F., ш., p. 488, fig. 63. : d A : x purple flowers, an ae be or more across. Mexico. (P.J.Berckmans, Georgia.) Lilium alpinum, Hort. (Gf. 1890, p. 478.) Liliacee. Н. А syno nym of L. parvum. Lindneria fibrillosa, Du and Lubb. (G. C. 1890, viii, p. ) Liliacee : "D large, woe, with bristles ; ; fleshy; lanceolate, a foot long; echuelii, e: iM ise Botan Lonicera көнөн ngi, Rel. (Acta Horti _ Petrop.1890, v. 11, p. id а "— H. shr. allied to L. nigra, Lonicera БУБУ Бы. Lycaste Pen var. regina, Hort. 890 Magno me Wiesneri, Car. "es СА. Masde Masdevallia | see C. 1890, viii., G. A 'smal warf and much branched. L. lan ме ог elliptie-lanceolate, acute, не neath. Fl. in pairs, axillary, red ri with r ot the ba: А Be Patines Botanic 1890, p. 65, Г. 13 shr. be L, and terminal heads a “yellowish white fl. about S Caprifolium splendidum, Par (Transon Bros., Orleans.) Spain. Lycaste schilleriana, Rchb. E Rgl. (G/f.1890, р. 323, * anni, 1321.) Orchide riety hav- ing the lip marked with rosy-c a t. Columbia. (St. oi a od ) tside. Botanic Garden (G. C. vijo pi 3 є С. deii rose-coloured, the very dark с n. (A. Roberts, „ЛШ, Кеп ву *Lycoris squami era, Maxim. (G. - 32.) Amaryl- ome plant — in cultivation seve! name of ts ha. = Иде». Н. A h 1890, p. 406; W. G. 18 Magnoliacee. Н.? A dwarf bushy tree, glabrous in all parts, VR ovate-oblong, thick, deciduous 1., hg 8 in ong љу їп. broad, inti s green, d pur white fragrant fl. “ya apan. ее, ее Wks’ Seine.) vallia bifl Rgl. (Acta Horti Petrop. 1890, еб 306.) Orchideze. 5. А small-flowered species with ob- lanceolate-oblong 1,, ries filiform. duneles rather short han the š ы BE З, ss da S š et E E a © & — p % ап mid-line on the upper sep. burg Botanie Garden.) peer pra 647. E with donp ae Nadie cit t flowered s the flowers capes, t ite, w1 with e yellow tails. Costa Rica. Condor. & Co.) | asdovallia fulvescens, Rolfe. (G.C. татыр. 325, fig. 65; О. 1890, p. 957; Н. С. 1890, 4.) б. to M. infracta, Lindl., but with more brightly coloured flowers, sepals in. long, t buff and brown, the upper sepal orange me petals apd lip very small, white. New Granada. (Horsman p Co 0.) ‚ *Masdevallia guttulata, Rolfe. (G. C. 1890, viii., p. 267; H. С. 1890, p. 508.) G. Allied to M. tovarensis, but the owers are 0 a purple. Habitat not known. nevin Botanic Garden.) Masdevallia Lowii, Rolfe. (С. С. 1890, vii. ‚Р. чад nd viii., p. 269, бє. 44; ‚ 450.) S. Allied to М, em and with the сеза ral а. Flowers 3 in. p ceolate acuminate, micki she cat with urple; lip small, fles — б. n pur- Colombia (Low & бо iar d Columbia. (St айа, "Botanic pom) med Rolfe. (С. С. S. A small — ith 1 aroon not known. CR ki үйр Camberwell.) Masdevallia — à Sander. 1890, viii, p. and F., dii. 83:6. em iere ^mm & Co.) Masdevallia schroderiana, Ногі. -(J. of Н. 8rd, ser., p. 557, fig. 74.) No deseription. allia Stella, Rolfe. (С , p. 825; О. 1890, p. co 0, p. n М; Estrade an rap i Captain Hineks, Thirsk. Maxillaria longise opala, Rolf (G.C. 1890, v. viii., A S. is, pl. " Allied "М. Or ig? . pentura, LdL, but flowers jacta] and nme purple-brown; lip greenish. Ven ит zuela. (L’ Horticulture Interna- tionale.) Maxillaria Mulleri, i be fe 1490, . 574; Acta Horti 90, 07. gled solitary ев егу 1 in. broad. Scape Petersburg Botanie Garden.) *Melhania melano lon, Ai (G. C. 90, vii., p. 512, fig. 81.) багов 5 shrubby tree, native of St. Helena but now extinct It is in E tion at Kew, where it flowered last y Melica papilionacea, Г. (R. H. er Gramin Н. Н. grass of ornamental anata with tufts of on narrow, slender panicles of pur- pis pon ets. Argentine Republic, Melothria punctata, Cogn. (В. Т.О. Ар.» 1005)! & 13.) oe А ai name for Zehneria Mentzelia levica d showy large yellow fl., а in ord morning and closing ‘at night. rnia. arenes flavescens, Rchb. f., var. ra from. the type by its larger and is yel h fi. ; and var ages, es ш але Lindl: by its rufescent bracts and white lips. Minas Geraes. (St. Petersburg Botanic Gar- den.) Molinia Bertini, Carr. (R. H. 1890, р. 348.) Graminea, Н. grass, A varie- erulea, — Moorea irrorata, Rolfe. (G. C. 1890, Hi, p. 7; СИ. 1890, p. 538.) Orchi- S 8. new us to Houlle- tia, from which it differs in the shape and of the lip. The is 14 ft, lon nd € about a dozen flowers, each . in diameter and coloured reddish aen wn, Habitat not known. (Glasn evin Botanie Garden.) *Morisia h а, Gay. (G. C. 1890, viii., p. 509.) Orncifers. H, A very 48 interesting and beautiful alpine plant. It form sry nse rosettes of shining, ele- gantly cut 1. and sessile, bright yellow flowers. July and A ugust. Corsica and Sardinia. .(Correvon; Kew.) Musa Seem nit. v. M. d EI vit. p. 182, fig. 28.) Scitami 5. A native of Fi. t has an r- in- florescence similar t o М. uranoscopus It is not known to bei in рф an Myosotis cintra, | Sprenger. C. T. 890, p. 134, f к 25 p. joi, 47. f М. Wel. witschii, Biss Myosotis Welwitschii, Boiss. (B. T' 1890, p. 170. Dammana Cat. , 1890- Г. 91, p. 60, v. 59, f 99 .) Boragine iennial of tufted habit, about a in, w high, pe ovate-lanceolate l., an scorpioid w imas of bright blue fl. with a yellowi М. Paopi- 2 Myrica rubra, 5. and Z. (R. Н.1890 p.450.) Myricacee. H. The PD name for the plant known as M.n Narcissus monophyllus х М. odi us, Foster. (G. C. 1890, Vals p. 388.) Amaryllideae. Н. A very re- markable hybrid, raised OK r. M. Foster, and resembling JV. monophyllus. Fl. white. March. € (Michael Foster.) Nar S syriacus, Bois. (W. С. 1890, р. 56027 f. 80.) Н. А hap dsome species, with large white fragrant fi. in close umbels. (Dammann & Co.) Nepenthes Burkei, m excellens, asters. (J. of H. , 9rd ser., p. 161, fig. 21.) Nepent диме em, S. Pitchers larger and more richly coloured than in the type. (J. Veitch & Sons.) Nepenthes Burkei, var. prolifi | eem (G. C. 1890, vii? p. 1843 S. Leaves narrow and pitchers smaller than in the type. (J. Veitch & Sons.) Nepenthes obrioniana, Lind. & Rod СШ. H. v. 37, p. р!. 116.) S. A distinet loo mA ng Tu ani with eer narrow rs, the bas = part green and slightly ventrieose, the upper half суйп apt dem reddish, the пайа 1 with a Borneo. Nepenthes steno ry M^ (G. C. 1 yiii ow C 0, p. мее ) 5. Allied ` to N. om жб паг- row ; pitchers 6 “to юта in. —— by TE in. with n longitu- green, eti h reddish anraq => тї Í lid small. Nase. (J. Veitch 3 эй Bons.) *N Vetch үй; cordstá var. б Cat. 1690, I 12, е 5. Апе mi with arch- he fronds 15—24 in. long, furnished from ` t i laced oblong . 'Thelowest — are cordate and barren. ry Veitch & Sons.) ` Nerine pt у eet v T70.: 1890, p. 73.) Darie G. giad beantiful pes — similar olia, with a of 16- "is brilliant Nerine а, var. crispa, Dammann. (W. С. 1890, р. 362, Жы, 9.: А hybrid between N. undulata and N. oe sa. Garden hybrid. (йш & Со.) Nidularium princeps Kitt. LET 1890, A зв, ‚рег. ег da ple, the upper narrower, h b ght rosy tips, мрн beneath Garden variety obtained by bud varia- tion of the type. (Kittel, Eckersdorf, Silesia.) Odontoglossum Alexandre, var. Qut- ramii, jar apse O. A. v. 9, pl. 403.) Orchid 5. A handsomely spotted form, oak a flush of ёс өст along the middle of the sep. Col umbia (Williams & Son. Odontoglossum crispum, Lindl., var. — der (Е. 9nd ser. A handsom sep. and pet. flushed with purp dene & Co.) urple tint and freely spotted with cin- dine -brown. Columbia. (Williams & Son.) Odontoglossum cristatum, Lindl., var Lehmanni, Hgl. KC: 1890, p. 5o t. 1315, f. 2.) ri with ob- 49 point at the apex, the crest formed of - зү keels with three or four tubercles euch side at-their eg e colour is yellow, marked w Popa- yan. (St. зене ап ч Garden. ) Peet rave C ong w L. Castle. 0.) me һу c. нт “aud б r- b gardener 16 Вагоп à E. de “Ro hechild, Gre msc ag rn eror rus anre LL. v. 5, p. 99, pl. 240.) S. ey Uitenhage Š - ° Ceylon.—Department of => eg Botanical Der H i | Direc - Dr. Peradeniya - Head Gardener Clerk and Foreman Draughtsman .U 68709. 1000.—11/91. Wt. 37. f. vet F.L.S. - Н. J. Chal - Edwin эрни; - John Т. Butters. - *T. R. Sim. - J.C. Smith. - Н. Fairey. Непгу F.R.S., Р.Г. - *Peter D. G. Clark. J. A. Ferdinandus. W. de Alwis. Trimen, 5 A3 Dr. F. O. Bower, F.R.S., Sydney H. Vines, 58 Ceylon—continued. Hakgala - Superintendent - *William Nock. Clerk and Foreman- M. G. Perera. Henaratgoda - Conductor - - A. de Zoysa, Muhan- 1 diram, Anuràdhapura - » - - 5. de Silva, Arachchi, Badulla - - а - - D. Guneratne. Dominica. (See Leeward Islands.) Fiji.— Botanical Station :— Curator . - - *Daniel Yeoward. Gold Coast.—Botanical Station :— Curator - - * William Crowther. Grenada.-— Botanical т ы Cur - - tGeorge W. Smith. Hong Kong.— Botanical and emp mte Departme Superintenden - TCha tles Ford, FLS. та 007 ZW; J. Tut tenden J amaica. — 9 n f Publi Gardens and Plantations :— - - tWilliam Faweett, B.Sc., L.S. Hope Gardens - Superintendent - *William Harris. Castleton Garden $ - Eugene Campbell. Cinchona с (Hill) T - *William Cradwick, Garden. Kingston Parade » - Joseph Harris. Garden. King's House » - *William J. Thompson. Garden, Bath - - Overseer - - W. Groves, Lagos.— Botanical Station :— Curator — - - *Henry Millen. Leeward mp rs носа cal Department :— uperintendent - tCharles A. Barber, B.A., (Cantab.) Botanical Stations :— А tigua - Curator - - *Arthur C. Tillson. Dominica - » - - *Henry F. Green. Montserrat - » E - Joseph Wade. St. Kitts—Nevis » - - *Charles Plumb. Malta. —Botanical a — irector - - Dr. Francesco Debono. ie т of Forests and Botanical Gardens :— Pamplemousses - Director - - *J. ter Horne, F.L.S. Assistant - - *William Scott. Curepipe- _ - .Overser - - William A. Kennedy. ` 59 Montserrat. (See Leeward Islands.) Natal.— Botanical Gardens :— Durban - - Curator - - John. Medley Wood, А.б. Pietermaritzburg » " - G. Mitchell. New BOUM Wales.—-Botanical Gardens :— Sydney - Director - - Charles Moore, F.L.S. New Zealand :— Wellington.— Colonial weg Garden :— Dir - - Sir James Heetor, 8. K.C.M.G., F.R Head Gardener - С. Gibb. Dunedin- — - Superintendent - J. McBean. Napier - - и - W. Barton. Invercargill - Head Gardener - "Thomas Wangle. Auckland - Ranger - - William Goldie. Christchurch - Head Gardener - *Ambrose Taylor. Queensland. — Botanical Department :— Jolonial Botanist - Е. M. Bailey, F.L.S. Botanical ard va. Canitor - - *Philip hasten Overseer - - J. Tobi Acclimatisation E Gardens :— Secre ven and Manager Wm. Soutter. j Assista Do. A. Humphrey. Rockhampton - sepals - J. S. Edgar. St. Kitts—Nevis. (See Leeward Islands.) St. Lucia.— Botanical Station :— Curator - - TJohn Gray. St. Vincent.— Botanical Station :— Curator - - *Henry Powell. пеной kaisa qmi осме Gardens :— - Maurice Holtze, F.L.S. “an ues - мит. - - Nicholas Holtze. dne ihe cae UA Зери and Forest Department - TH. М. Ridley, M.A, F.LS. Head Gardener - *Walter Fox. Penang - - Assistant Superin- fCharles Curtis. tendent. Malacca - - » *Robert Derry. Tasmania.—Botanical Gardens :— Hobart Town - Superintendent - Е. Abbott. 60 е Trinidad.—Royal poder Gardens :— Sup endent - TJohn H. Hart, F.L.S. анлы 5 - *Walter E. Broadway. Tobago.— Botanical Station :— Curator - - Manuel Ribiero. Victoria :— Melbourne - Government Botanist Sir F. von Mueller, F.R 8., F.L.S., K.C.M.G. Botanical Gardens :— Director - - У. В. Guilfoyle, F.L.S. / INDIA. Botanical Survey, Director, Dr. George King, C.LE., LL.D., F.B.S., F.L.S. Bengal, Assam, Burma ; the Andamans and Nicobars; North-East Frontier Expeditions :— Paper enm of the Dr. Lr son King,C.I.E., Royal Botanical Gar- L.D., F.R.S., F. L.S. dens, Calcutta. Bombay, including Sind Principal of the Col- Dr. Т. Cooke. lege of Science Poona, Bombay. Madras; the State of Hyderabad and the State of Mysore :— qiie een Вова | M. A. Lawson, M.A. an tor of Cin- F.L.S. chona "Plantations estern Provinces and Oudh; the Punjab; the Central Provinces; ` Central India ; тераа, North-West Frontier Expeditions :— Director of the Botani- J. F. Duthie, B.A., Department, F.L.S. Northern India, Saharanpur, N.W.P. Bengal.—Department of Royal Botanic Gardens :— Calcutta - - Superintendent = P De. Xx King, C.LE., (Seebpore) LLED; FRS, F LS. Curator of Herbarium Dr. David Prain, F.L.S., 5 Garden - *Robert ЗА Proudlock. Assistant do. - *G. T. Lane Mungpoo - Superintendent, Dr. бийке King, C.I.E., енна Brea LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S chona Plan 8. me gena Manage - *J. A. Gammie. Ist Ass - *R. Pantling. 2па 4 - *Joseph Parkes. JN j - - G. Gammie. а. = - *Amos Hartless. Darjeeling - Curator, Lloyd Bo- *William A. Kennedy. tanic Garden. Darbhangah - Superintendent,Maha- Herbert Thorn. rajah’s Garden. 61 Bombay :— Poona - - Principal, College of Dr. Т. Cooke. Science in charge а Botanical Sur- ey). ойе on Botany - *G. Marshall Woodrow. Ghorpuri. —Botanical Garden :— к аг ta - А. К. Lester. Bombay.—Municipal Garden Su iria - TG. H. Carstensen. Madras.—Botanical Department :— d Ootacamun - T Botanist TM. A. амн M.A., nd Director of Go- ЕТ. Jurator of Gurdon * Andrew Jamieson. Parks. Madras.—Agri-Horticultural Society :— ecretary - - Edgar uere aqa Superintendent - *J. M. Gleeso Native States:— Mysore (Bangalore) Pici cn wen ae Tele F.L.S. ad G ardener *J. Horne Stephen. Baroda - - Sua aan - -J М. Непгу. Gwalior - - T - TC. Maries, F.L.S. Morvi . - » - *Joseph Beck. Udaipur - - j - *T. H. Storey. North-West Provinces :— Agra (Taj Garden) Superintendent - *А. B. Westland. Allahabad - » - J. Phillips Cawnpur - . - ji - G. H. T. Mayer. Lucknow - - i - *Matthew Ridley. Saharanpur and » - William Gollan. Branch Garden, Mussoorie. Punjab:— Lahore - - Superintendent - J. Phillips. Simla - - » - A. Parsons. d) e j мой La diss чыш. as - [All Rights Reserved. | ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. APPENDIX IV.—1891. INDEX, KEW BULLETIN, 1887-91. The first number of the Kew Bulletin was ee in January 1887. At first it was proposed to issue it only occasionally whenever matter at once found necessary to publish it monthly, and in deference to the suggestion of = чана ан further space has since been obtained by relegating to appendices information of a расе ыр kind. So far sixty numbers have been issued with six appen The results of investigations made by members of the staff at Kew and f kindred institutions at home and abroad on vegetable products and the A producing them, have been "pen summarised and pre- sen as concise and clear a manner as possible, In many cases the Aeticles have been illustrated by plates from original drawings or LONDON: PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY’S RE > OFF1CE, BY EYRE AND SPOTTISW PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST Е Кашы. ЕВТҮ. ю be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from EYRE ме мі C el East HARDING STREET, — pou E.C., and N STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ; JOHN MENZIBS $ боз 12, HANOVER —— Episvxen, and ILE STREET, GLASGO HODGES, ата. & CO., 104, GRAFTON ры DUBLIN. 1891. Price Twopence. ys Abyssinian 64 by those г: at the аиту of the Director by the Bentham Trustees from the Jcones Plant the Bulletin has evidently proved of eat g ecome an expeditious mode in planting or agricultural business in India an | five yearly caning already published, has been of refere An index to the prepared for convenience ind of information furnished by It has to their contents. This is intended to be bound at the end of the hun for 1891 А. Abrus Ко, са TU an mney з Acacia Angico, 1888 ; 128. Aden barilla, 1891; 96. Africa, South, Cape boxwood, 1887, February ; 1. — — fruits, 1888; 15. — — Phylloxera, 1889 ; 230. — — — regulations, 1889 ; 255. — = Ave po 1888; 165, 1890; 186. i — West, arinatts, L890; 141. —— "vem iria in, 1891; 97. = — bass fibre, 1891; 1. — — cotton, 1890 ; 135. : 49. 1891; — — cultural industries, 1889; 61. 42. 1890; 195, 261 — — fruits, 1888; 991. — — indigo plants, 1888; 74. — — rubbers, 1888 ; 253. 1889; ; 89: African oil palm, 1889; 259. 1891; 190. Agave aig Hoe 1887, De- ber; 5. 1890; 220. — rigida var. sisalana, 1887, March ; 3. 1889; 57, 254. 1890; 158.. 1891 ; 175. — vivipara, 1890; Agricultural анна at the Gambia, 1889; 142. 1890; 261 — — in E Bahamas, 1891; a Alexand meal bog, 1890; 65. . 1891; Aloe fibre, Bombay, 1890; 50. Aloes, Natal, 1890; 16 Alpinia Galanga, 1 891 ; 5. America, Central, rubber, 1887, December; 13. Ananas sativus, 1887, April ; 8. Angico, 1888; 128. тте үшү of Mr. Morris's 129. 1. Septem- 9 ly Anona Cherimolia, 1887, August ; Зы tiaris монм 1891 ; 25, 259. Argel leaves, 1891 ; Aristolochia” odoratissimaj: 1887, 9 mber; 10. ‘Axintotelis Moos ui, 1890 rracacia esculenta, 1887, ye 10. Artificial coffee-beans, 1891 ; 201. Asia Minor, Phylloxera, 1889; 66 Aspidiotus aurantii, 1890 ; eds — — in Cyprus, 1891; | Assam рур for — West Africa, 1891; Attalea аса 1889; 237." vens ж tee of pie : t, 7, December ; 11. — South, каш 1888; 6. Е Western, fruits, 1888; 10. B. | Bahamas fibre industry, 1889 ; 57, 2 1890; 158. 18915 175. = fruits, 1888; 180. & industries, 1891 ; "em 65 „Ваша piassava, 1889; 237. ан Tulda, 1887, December ; ausa and plantain fibre, 1887, pril; — disease in Fiji, 1890 ; 272. Barbados fruits, 1888 ; 184. — mites on sugar-cane, 1890; 85. — report of Mr. Morris’s visit, 1891; 152, 158. — sugar-cane seedlings, 1888 ; 294. 1889; 242. 1891; Barilla, 1890; 56. Aden, 1891 ; 96. Bark, Loxa, commercial value. of, . (1890 ; Barley, huskless, 1888; 271. Barrel staves, insect injury, 1890; aie fibre of West Africa, 1891 ; Miis forest рвет, 1890; 224. Bean, yam, 188 — short-podded yam, "1889 ; 121. Beetles destructive to rice-crops in ee 1889; 13. Ben, oil of, 1887, January ; 4 Bengal, manufacture of Purree or an yellow, 1 ; 4б. — rice Кайы мра 1888; 284. Bermuda fruits, 1888 ; 216. — onion-disease, 1887, October ; Berries, Maqui, for colouring wine, 890 ; 34 : Bertholletia excelsa, 1887, Decem- г; 11. - Beverages :— Cacao, 1890; 170. : Coffee, 1888 ; 129, 261. 1890; 45. — beans (artificial), 1891; 201. — Mussænda, 1889 ; 28 1. Economie ре. of y GN 2 1890; 200. Tea, 1888; 86. — com pressed or tablet, 1890; 1 = Puish, 1889 ; 118, 139. ine e; production in France Nurs tn: 1888 ; 157. Bixa мы 1887, July;. 1. "September; 1. 1890; 141. U 70033. _ 0. U ets, eau у 0; 175. 1891; | — zr siaion, Gold Const, 1891; 1000.—1/92. Wt.37. Е. & 5. Boehmeria nivea, 1888; 145, 278, 297. 1889 ; 268, 284. 1890; 174. — — var. tenacissima, 1888 ; 145, 273, 297. 1889; 268, — — as foód for silkworms, 1890; Bolo-bolo fibre, 1889 ; is Bombay aloe fibre, 1 122. App: iii. — enterprise in the Ni iger - tectorate, 1891; — -— in the West indes, 1801; 108. — exploration of Cuba, 1890 ; 37. — literature of the eee Empire, guide to, 1889 ; 169. — at Lagos, 1888 ; 149. 1889; 69. 1890; ; 162, 1891; 46. — stations in the est Indies, 18 any ;;1....July £ 9. Botany of the Gambia Delimitation Commission, 1891 Bouillie (Ps AT 889; 230 90 " Bowstring hemp, 1887, May ; 1. Boxwood, Cape, 1887, February; 1888 - 270. 1 Brassica arcade kr 137. razilia n gum bic, 1888 ; ae Indies Mp ү» 1887, December ; Bread, chiga, 18605 British Empire, guide to tanical literature of, 1689; 153. — Guiana fruits, 1888; 192. Bromeliad, а starch-yielding, 1889 Broom-root or Mexican whisk, Buckwheat, Kangra, 1891; 244. Bug, mealy, at Alexandria, 1890 ; 94. 1891 Bulbs pe flowers of lilies used as food, 1889; Burma, beetles destructive to rice- crops, 1889; — Upper, элу ы 1888; 217. ä 2 66 ni cocoa-nut, 1890 uxus Macowani, 1887, изин ; cK C. Cabbage, Shantung, ud: е 73. Caledonia, New, dammar, 1891; Calligonum а aoe 217. Camellia Sasanqua, 1588; 264. — theifera, 1888 ; Campsiandra comosa, 1889; 71. —— fruits, 1887, Novem- : Canaigre, 1890; 63. in the sugar-cane, 1891; 35. Cape boxwood "^e February; 1 — fruits 8, — Prose 1999; ==. = ns, 1889; Z prety penn 1888 ; 155. 1890; йа ‘sativa flour, 1890; 173. gemi elastica, 1887, Decem- ; 18. raum Islands, 1888; 160. Central America, rubber, 1887, Dec ecem — pes vegeinbie productions, 1889 ; Veer Tpecacuanhs, 18 1888 ; 123. a, 1888; 269 Cer eals Tabie Tulda, 1887, Decem- ber ; Coix gigantea, 1888 ; 266. Dendrocalamus strictus, 1889; 283. Huskless barley, 1888 ; 271. Kangra buckwheat, 1891 ; 244. Panicum flavidum ‚ 1887, De- cember; 8. Teff, 1887, January ; 2. Ceylon cacao, тое 170. — fruits, 1888; Cherimoyer, 1887, August ; 15. Chestnut flour, 1890; 178. 1. vegetable produc- tions, 1889; 225. China Lien 1888; 145, 273, 297. 1889; 268 Chinese fibres, 1891; 247. st; 6. MU era basalis in Burma, hrofoghoee tinctoria, 1889; 279. Cinchona in India, 1888; 139. 1 — — Jamaica, 1889 ; 244. 1890; epe - t Zanzibar, 1890; 216. Соса, 1889 ; мырк ссн UB of, 1889; 221. Cocoa-nut butter, 1890 ; 230. — rom Lagos, 1889 ; 129. Cochin-China vine, 1888 ; 134. Cocos nucifera, 1887, September ; ul E ; 129. 1890; А Coffee-beans, artificial, 1891; 201. — Liberian, 1890 ; 107, 245. — — 26 the Straits Settlements, 1888 ; 261. 1890; 107. — Mussenda, 1889; 281. — Trinidad, 1888; 129. Cogwood, Jamaica, 1889; 127. Coir, cocoa-nut, from Lagos, 1889; Coix gigantea, 1888; 266. — Lachryma, var. stenocarpa, 1888; 14 Cola-nut, 1890; ; 253. Collecting fungi, 1889; 257. mbian indi a-rubbér; 1890 ; 149. Colonial and Indian Exhibition E 175. 1891; App. iii — cultivation e ics: plants, „ж era November; 1. 1888 ; 1, 177, 197, 221. Colouring matters :— eee T oe 31. Sep- ber ; 890; 141. сал ton Colon ial and Indian momen 1886, 1887, Septe wu re 1888; 74, 268 oe оне pis 1890; 200. — Сабу matters—con t. Maqui berries, 1890 ; 34. Persian Zalil, 1889 ; 111. Purree or Indian yellow, 1890 ; Colouring wine with Maqui berries, Commercial value of Loxa bark, 1890 ; 54. Compressed or tablet tea, 1890; Contrayerva, 1887, spe E 10. Cool cultivation of tropi and 8; 281. Cotton i in West Africa, 1890; 185. 1891; 49. Crossotosoma E ægyptia- cum, 1890; ; 48. Cuba botanical алан 1890; Cubebs 1887, December ; 1. Cudrádih оба 1888; 291. Cultivation and pu in Yoruba- land, 1 — cool, of tropical pet sub-tropical plants, — of ез е "plants in the Colonies, 1890 ; 269. — — pistachio in Cyprus, 1890 ; 69. — — rice in Bengal, 1888; 284. -c -— vine in the Gironde, 1889; —-— — — Tunis, 1890; Cultural industries at the Gambia, 9; 142. 1890; 261. — — in West Africa, 1890; 195. Culture of vine in Tunis, 1890; 36. Cutch, pale, or Kath, 1891; 31. pies omandra betacea , 1887, Au- ; 2. буй, fruits, 1888; 245. — 0 scale pst. 1891; 221. — pistachio cultivation, 1890; 69. — valonia, 1888 ; 163. — wheat pest, 188 89; 133. Cytisus proliferus, 1891; 239. Dammar from New Caledonia, 1891; 76. Deccan hemp or Kanaff, 1891 ; 04. Delphinium Zalil, 1889; 111. Demerara pink-root, 1888; 265. — rubber э-не aoa strictus, 1889; 283. ph rm staffs, 1889; 122. 1890; 175. 1891; App. iii. Diehopsis Gutta at Singapore, 230. Disease, banana, in Fiji, 1850; — onion, = Bermuda, 1887, Ос Dominica fruits, 1888 ; 197. — report of Mr. Morris’s visit, 1891; 115. Dorstenia brasiliensis, 1887, ece ; 10. — ое 1887, December ; Соса, 1 Cola nut, 1890 ; 253 Contrayerva, 1887, ` December Contributions from Colonial and end m 1886, 1887, epte Cubebs, 1 p bt $21. Demerara pink-root, 1888 ; 265. Ipecacuanha, 1888; 123. — Miei 1888; on Loxa bark, 1 Madagascar vh 1800; 200. Natal aloes, 1890; "Paraguay rove eg 1891; 179. Оона свв from Colonial and Indian Exhibition 1886, 1887, September ; 4. Indigo, 1888; 74, — Yoruba, 1888 ; w `268. Mdai plants, 1890 Persian Zalil, 1889 ; 111. ; 200. E. Earliest notice of Erythroxylon Coca, 1889 ; 221. East Indies, introduction of Brazil- - nut, 1887, December ; 11. — — introduction of West Indian ood pss s, 1887, August 889; Ebony, аы К 1888 ; Economic contributions, Боры al and Indian ИОВ 1886, 1887, September; 4. — plants of тулы 1890; U Edible fungus of New Zealand, _ 1890 үч COMES go 1890; 135. 1; 49. ` 190. 189 Elæis guineensis, 1891 ; — — in Labuan, 1889; жр, иш, guide to botanical litera е, 1889 ; ; 153 Epieampes macroura, 1887, Decem- Eragrostis abyssinica, 1887, Jan- агу; ; Жуй Coca, 1889; 1. — — Var, nova-granatense, 1889 ; — — мен notice of, 1889; Eucalyptus, hardy species of, 1889; 61. — marginata, ce j Exhibition, Colonial an nd. [ndis 1886, enic sm pe Tox Septem ue. | ees y of Cuba, 1890; 37. F. Е tataricum уаг., 1891 ; Fibre Bahamas ge (Agave), 1889; di 254. 1890; 158. 1891; Baia piassava, 1889 ; 237. Banana and plantain fibre, 1887, Sa » © — Vogel 1888; 253. Fibres—cont. Bhabur grass, 1888; 157. Bolo-bolo fibre, 1889 ; 15. , 1889; 222. Chinese fibres, 1891; 247. Cocoa-nut coir, 1889 ; 129. Contributions from Colonial and Indian sky ge 1836, 1887, Septemb Egyptian bert 1890; 135. ; 49. Fibre plants, 1887, March; 1. — production in the Caicos, 1890; : ! anys fo `ñbr e, 1889; or Deccan n4; 1891; 904. Keratto fibre, 1891; 133. Exo cod fibre pastus 1890; Manila hemp, 1887, April; 1. Manritius hemp, 1887, March ; 8. — — machines, 1890; p tee fibre or e 1887, December ; as 220. Okro fibre, 1890; : Pine-apple fibre, leer, Tanri; 8. Ramie or Rheea, 1888 ; б; Sansevieria fibre, 1887, May ; x eg perennial flax, ‘1 АЛЫ, irn ` hemp (Agave), 1887, arch ; 3. ied fibre, 18 88; 84, West African ‘bass fibre, 1891 ; Ficus. elastica for West Africa, 1890 ў Fiji ial disease, 1890; 272. Flavouring materials an Taal — Alpinia “Galanga, 1891; Eeoa plants of ADM 1890; 200. Star anise, 1888; 173. Vanilla, 1888 ; 76. Flax, Siberian perennial, 1890; P Fléshy fungi, 1889 ; 257. — . Flour, chestnut, 1 1890; 21151 69 Flowers and bulbs of lilies used as food, 1889; 116. — of Calligonum, 1889; 217. Fluted scale-insect (Icerya), 1889 ; 191, сах plants: tagasaste, 1891; 239. Food for silkworms (Ramie), 1890 ; 174. — — grains of India,. 1887, Tr atn 7. 1888; 266. 1889 — — plants sa ced to East Indies, 1887, August ; 1. ; 17. Foods and beverages Alpinia Galanga, 1891 ; no 5. erimolia, 1887, August; 15. Arracacha, 1887, August; 10. sue shoots, 1887, Decem- Bambusa, Tulda, 1887; Decem- 356. Brazil -nut, 1887, December ; Bulbs and flowers of lilies, 1889 ; быш 1890; 170. Calligonum а 1889; 217. Cereals, 1887, January ; 2. | December; 7. 1888; 266, 271 1889; 283. 1891; 244. Chestnut flour, 1890; 173. Chiga bread, i Chinese ginger, 1891; 5 Chocho, 1887, August ; 6 Cocoa-nut butter, 1890 ; 230. Coffee, 1888; 129, 261. 1890; — beans (artificial), 1891; 201. — Mussenda, ; 281. Coix gigantea, 1888 ў E Colonial d VIENT, ovem- $ x 171, 191, 291 Contributions from Colonial and Indian er ewe 1886, 1887, September; 4. Dendrocalamus. strictus, 1889; Beonemic plants of Madagascar, . 1890; 200. Foods and beverages—con Edible irm of New Zealand, 1890; ieri 1865 August; 2, 15. vember; 1. 1888; 1, 177, 197, 221. 1889; 21. 1890; 34. Hibiscus [MO pgs 1890; 229. Huskless barle 971. Kangr Cleri? via "bb 244. Maqui berries, 1890 ; zii Mysore fruits, 1889; Meet sees Ки. De- mber Pistachio nut, 1890; 69. ugar, Indian, 1890 ; 71. — production of the world ; 90; Кы, Tea, 1888; — Compressed or tablet, 1890 ; — P'u- érh, 1889 ; 118, 139. Teff, 1887, January ; 2. Tree tomato, e^ August; 2. Vanilla, 1888 ; Wine production in France, 18 174. Fin- bindi 1889; 17, 62. — — s hort-podded, 1889 ; 121. Forest «plague in Bavaria, 1890 ; Forsteronia floribunda, 1888; 292. pái ilis, 1 ; 69. — rubber, 1888 ; 69; France, South, production of prunes, 1890 ; — treatment of е 1888 ; 270. 1889; 890; $ 90. — wine produetion, 1890 ; 174. Fruits, Colonial Canada, 1887, ‘November ; 4. і 15. 85 6. Straits Settlements, 1888; 250. 70 Fruits, Colonial—cont. Tasmania, 1888 ; 11. — Indies, 1888; 177, 197. Fruits of Mysore, 1889; 21. Fungi, fleshy, 1889; 257. Fungus, an me of UN Zealand, ‚ 1890; Furcrea инве 1887, March ; 8. 1890; 98. G. Gertnera vaginata, 1889 ; 281. Gambia, cultural industries, 1889 ; 4 l. — Delimitation Commission, botany of, 1891; 268. — mahogany, 1890 ; 168. Gambier, 1889; 24 7. — in West ` Indies, 1891; 109, Garden orchids, new: decade i., 1891; 1 1889 ; — plants, new, 1888 ; 89. 73. 1890; 1891 ; App. ii pp. i ios, Chinese, 1 1891; 5. Gironde, cultivation of vine, 1889; 227. Gold Coast botanical station, 1891 ; —— Egyptian cotton, 1890 ; 135. ; 49. о 1888; 223. Grain preservation from weevils, 1890; 144. 18 Grains, food-, of India, 1887, De- cember ; 7. 1888; 266. 188 9; 283. Grass, cents 1888; 157. Greece, erroneous report of Phyl- lo ега; 1889; 236. Grenada а fruits, 1888; 188. of . Morris's visit, _ Guide to botanical Киш» of | British Empire, 1889 ; _ Gum-arabic, Brazilian, ies ; 128. Gums and r Br ЫНАН m. ape HS s. 1888; 128. Сенин from Colonial and dian ep cor 1886, 1887, Septemb ; 4. Купон pni of Madagascar, 8 Tahiti copal, 1888; 281. New Caledonian dammar, 1891; 76. Gutta .Percha, new en for recovering ; 1891 — — tree, тобоо? тегу of, at Singapore, 1891 ; 230. H. Halogeton sativus, 1890 ы species of Se rade 1889; Hemp, pms 1887, March; 3. — Bah ; 254. — Manila, 1887, . — Mauritius, 1887, March; 8. — — machines, 1 Herbaceous plants, list of seeds, 1888; 25. 1889; 29. 1890; App. i. 1891 ; App. i. Hibiscus caiinabinus, 1891; ; 204. — esculentus, 1890; Hirneola polytricha, 1890; 217. Historical account of Kew to 184], 1891; 279. Honckenya ficifolia, сше; 15. Huskless barley, 1888 271. Hymenza Courbaril, 1888; 128. 1. Icerya Purchasi, 1889; 191. — (Crossotosoma egyptiacum), 1890; 94. 1891; 48. Illicium verum, 1888 ; 173. Index to Kew rts, 1862-82, А India, Bombay aloe fibre, 1890 ; — botanical ere tae i 1889; 122. 1890; 175.. 1891 App. i — оаа, 1887, December ; 7. 1888; 266. 1889; Б — fruits of Mysore, 1889 ; — manufacture of Purreeor Indian yellow, 1890 ; — — of quinine, 1888; 139. — N.W, flowers ‘of Calligonum, 1889; 217. — rice-cultivation, Bengal, 1888 ; Indian sugar, 1890 ; 71. — yellow, 1890 ; 45. India-rubber, Assam, for West Africa, 1891; — — Castilloa, 1887, December ; — — Colombian, 1890; 149. — — Forsteronia, 1888; 69 ——in U Burma, 1888 ; — == Jamaica, 1888; 292. — — West African, 1888; 253. 1889; 63. 1890; '89. Indigenous plants of Yoruba-land, Indigo plants, West African, 1888 ; — Yo ва 1888; 74, 268. Industries at the Bahamas, i 57 1890; 1891 ; 1 15. — — Mauritius, 1887, February ; — — in West Africa, 1890; 195. Inhambane copal, 1888; 281. Insect, fluted scale, 1889; 191. — cultural, at the Gambia, 1889; 142 890 ; 261 jte to barrel staves, 1890; 18 — ange scale, 1891 ; Introduction of Brazil-nut to East Indi and Australia, East ан А „August ; 89; Ipecacuanha, 1888 ; 138. — Trinidad, 1888; 269. oh poison of the Malay Penin- sula, 1891 ; 25, 259. Er mas angustifolium, 1888 ; Jolande, Cayman, 1888; 160. Istle or Mexican fibre, 1887, De- cember ; 5. 1890; 220. ЧА Jaborandi, Paraguay, 1891; [n Jamaica *incho na, 1889; 244. — Тена 1889 ; 127. — d de i 1887. December; — raft 1888; 178. — india-rubber, 1 1888 ; 292. . Morris's visit, Job's tears, 1888; 144. rr dl in Nyassaland, 1891 ; K. у= or Deccan hemp, 1891; Kang buckwheat, 1891; 244. Kath or pale cutch, 1891; 31. Keratto fibre, 1891; 133. Kew, historical account to 1841, —list of seeds of herbaceous plants, 1888; 25. 1889; 29. 1890; App. i. 1891; 1 $ ет ый е =й мен d 1862-82, index, 1890 ; Khaya nita 1890 ; 168. 72 L. абава, oil palm, 1889; 259. Lagos botanical station, 1888 ; 69. 1890; 162. 1891; 46. Е coir, 1889 ; — fibre — eat 1888: 294 — rubber, 1888; 253. 1890; 89. Leeward Islands, ug of Mr. Morris's visit, 1 s UI Liberian coffee, 1890 ; 107, 45. ` — — at the Straits Settlements, 1888; 261. 1890; 107. Lily flowers and bulbs, 1889; 216: Linum perenne, 1890; 104. Liparis monacha i in Bavaria, 1890; 129. List of вне flowered at Kew, 58: — — seeds of hardy herbaceous plants, 1888; 25. 1889; 29. 1890; App. i. 1891; App. i. — — — — trees shrubs, and 1890; App. i. 1891 ; App. i. — — staffs of Royal Gardens, Kew, &c. 1889; 122. = 175. 1891; App. Lit uke te of British | Empire, 1889 ; Lonchocarpus dd 1888 ; 74, 268. Loxa bark, commercial value of, 1890; Lysiloma Sabicu, Mos Decem- ber; 4. M. Madagascar ebony, 1888; 135. — economic planta, 1890 ; 2 — tea, 1888; 87. Mahogany, Gambias, 1890 ; 158. Malay Peninsula, Jpoh poison, 891; 25, 259. Malta fruits, 1888 ; 234. M 1888; 139. Maqui berries for colouring wine, Mauritius ee S 1888; 20. — hemp, 1887, March; 8. — achines, 1 ; 98. — ibdustries, 1587, o^ bruary ; 4. sa as [Acerya.] at Alexandria, 1890; 94, ; 48. Mexican fibre or Istle, 1887, De- cember; 5. 1890; — whisk or broom-root, 1887, December ; 9. Mildew on vibes; treatment, 1888; 1889 ; 270. 1890 ; 190. Miscellaneous notes, 1891 ; 245, 275. Mites on sugar-cane, 1890 ; 85. Montserrat fruits, 1888 ; 214 — repor r. Morris's 1891; 119. Moringa aptera a and M. pterygo- sperma, 1887, January; 7. Musa sapientum, 1887, April; 5. — textilis, 1887, April ; Musseenda 55 о, 1889; 281. Mysore fruits, 1889; 21. ‘visit, N. | Natal tM 1890; 163. — fruits, 1 898; — tea, — Urera те 1888; 84. Nevis and St. Kitts ‘fruits, 1883; ад — ры ша report ‘of Mr. Morris’ 8 13 189 24. New Calton: таб 1891; — garden orchids: decade i., 1891; 97. — — 1888; 89. 1889; 73. 1890; App. ii. 1891 ; Appi — process for récovering loss of Gutta Percha, 1891; 2 New Zealand, an edible fungus, 890 — — fruits, 1888; 18: Nicotiana Tabacum, 1891 ; [i AR Niger Protectorate botanical enter- L: Es A - 73 Notes, miscellaneous, 1891; 245, Nyassaland, journey in, 1891; 183. О. (Ecophora temperatella in Cyprus, 1889; 133. Oils: ; African oil palm, 1891; 190. — — — in Labuan, 1889; 259. Contributions from Golonial and Indian ges 1886, 1887, September ; мае áil-yielding plants, 90 ; 200. Oil of Ben, 1887, January ; 7. Tea oil and oil- -cake, 1888 ; 264. Okro fibre, 1890 ; 229. Onion ше at Bermuda, 1887, ctob vm "агау іп на = 1890; Orange-seal in ея Tu оша nomenclature, 1891; 193. Orchids flowered at Kew, 1891; — new garden: decade i., 1891 ; 197. E. Pachyrhizus angulatus, 1889; 121. — tuberosus, 1889 ; dy s Palm, African od 1891; п, CM p esie Meets 1887, Decem- dine лаа = У), 18, Paper from Bhabur grass, 1888 ; 157. —streblus, 1888; 'araguay Ttf. Ní; ; 179. Patchouli, 1888; 71, 133. 1889; 135. Pear, prickly, in South Africa, 1888; 165. 1889; 136. Perak, plan Ringe i 220. Perennial flax, 1 104. mery ds атта in Colonies, 1890 ; Я 269. С; schleideniana at Ber- da; 1887, October; 1. Рай, poisoning from Turnsole, 1889; Persian tobaeco or Tombak, 1891; — Zalil, 1889 ; 111. Pest, wheat, in med Чул 1889; 133. Phylloxera, 1891 — erroneous iti n ^if in Greece, 1889; 236. — in Asia Minor, 1889; 66. — — South Africa, 1889 ; 230. — —. Victoria, 1890 ; 96. — regulations at the Cape, 1889; 255 Piassava, Bahia, 1889; 237. Pilocarpus pennatifolius, 1891; 179. Pine-apple fibre, 1887, April ; 8. Pink-root, Demerara, 1888 ; 265. = Cubeba, 1887, December du d tachio cultivation in Cyprus, 69. 1890; Plague, a forest, in Bavaria, 1890; Plantain and banana fibre, 1887, ril; 5. Planting in Perak, 1891; 220. Plant, the weather-, 1890 ; 1. Plants, cool cultivation of tropical and sub-tropical, 1889; 287. — economic, of Madagascar, 1890 ; == herbaceous, list of seeds, 1888 ; ;29. 1890; App. i. TO pp. i — new garden, 1888 ; 89. 1889; 73. ies App. ii. 1891; App. ii — perfumery, 1890; 269. — Behweinfurth's method for pre- serving, 1889 ; 19. — West African indigo, 1888; 74; Pogostemon Patehouli var. е 1888 ; 71,183. 1889; Poi :— зенан ага pink-root, 1388 ; 265. Economic plants of Madagascar, Ipoh poison, 1891 ; EU 259. Tea-oil cake, 18 264 Turnsole, poisoning тош, 1889 ; 279. 74 Preservation of grain from weevils, 1890; 144. Preserving and collecting fleshy fungi, 1889 ; 257. — EO Sehweinfurth's method, 1889 бран іп South Africa, 1888 ; 165. Production of cane- -sugar in the sugar-cane, 1891; 3 — of fibre in the Caicos, 1890; 273. — — prunes in the So: ith of France, 1890; — — seed and seminal oleae in the sugar-cane, 1891 ; — — sugar in the world, 800: — — wind in France, 1890 ; 174. — Central China, 18 AAA produetion of, in South of France, 1890; 263. P'u-órh t tea, 1889; 18, 139. Purree or Indiar yellow, 1890; 45. Puya edulis, 1889 ; Q. Queensland, introduction of Brazil- nut, 1887, December; 11. — “red i on sugar-canes, Quercus Жора, 1888; 163. Quinine manufacture in India, 1888; 139. 1890; 29. R. Ramie or Rheea, 1888; 145, 273, 297. 1889; 268, 284. — == 55 = food for ines: 1890 ; 174. Raphia vinifera, 1891 ; 1. Red-rust on sugar-canes, 1890 ; 86. Rediscove of Gutta Percha tree at Singapore, 1891 ; 230 s for preventing the the Cape, ; 255. Report (erroneous) « = f Phylloxera in eei 1889; Reports, Ы Kew, index to, 1890; рр. 1 Resins ad gum i Brazilian шга: 1888; 128. Contributions from Colo nial and Indian ae en 1886, 1887, September ; 4. Economic pois of Madagascar, 1890; 200. Inhambane copal, 1888; 281. New Caledonian dammar, 1891 ; 6. Rheea or Ramie, 1888; 145, 273, 297. 1889; 268, 284. — — — as food for silkworms; 90; Rice-crops in Burma, beetles de- structive to, 1 1889 — cultivation in ик 1888; 284. — X for West Africa, — Сана, 1887, Mi und 18. 149. — Lagos, 1888; 253. 1890; 89. — West African, 1889; 63. Rumex hymenosepalum, 1890; 63. S. Sabicü wood, 1887, December; 4. Saccharine, 1888; 23. Saccharum ос! cinarum, 1888; Я 9; 242. 1890; 38, 71, 85. 3891] э жт St. Helena fruits, 1888; 252. — Kitts and eke еба 1888; —-- терен OFM Morri visit, 1891 ; 1941 — Lucia fruits, 1888; 185. — — report o г. Morris s visit, 1891 ; St. Vincent Ades 1888 ; 187. — — report of r. Morris’ s visit, 91; 1 0. Sansevieria Abii i 1887, May ; 1. Sapium biglandulosum, 1890; 49. Scale-in fluted, 1889 ; 191. — — orange, in Cyprus, 1891; . 221. TN ï 75 we dan method for pre- ing plants, 1889; 19. Sechium edule, 1887, August ; 6 ig ges longipedunculata, 1889; 222. Seed and seminal variation in the sugar-cane, 1891; 1 Seedlings of sugar-cane at Bar- bados, 1888; 294. 1889; 242. 1891 ; 10. Seeds of herbaceous plants, list of, 1888; 25. 1889; 29. 1890; App. i. 1891; App. i. — — trees and shrubs, list of, ; App. 1, ; | рр. 1. Shantung cabbage, 1888; 137. Short-podded Yam-bean, 1889 ; Shrubs and trees, list of seeds, 1890; App.i. 1891 рр. i. Siberian perennial flax, 1890; 104. horn Silkworms, Ramie ad as food for, 90; Singapore gambier, 1889; 247. — introduc i ciii nut, 1887, ны Gu Б. Percha Ae n hemp, 1887, М — at Bahamas, 1889. "5T, 254. 891; 175. Soil and cultivation in Yoruba- land, 1890; 238. Solenostemma Argel, 1891; 177. South oxwood, 1887, Februa — — fruits, 1888 — — prickly-pear, 1888; 165. South ‘Australi fruits, 1888 ; 6. -— of hardy Eucalyptus, 1889; Spiess and flavouring materials :— Alpinia Galanga, 1891; 5. Economic 4 чы s of Madagascar, 1890 ; — i » 1888; 173. a, 1888; 6. Spigelia жыйа, 1888; 265. Staffs of Royal Gardens, Kew, &c., 1889 ; => 1890; 175. 1891; pp. i Star ani, 1888; 173. d yielding Bromeliad, 1889 ; Station; rs at Lagos, 1888 ; 149. 1889 Н 9. 1890; > 162. 1891; 4 — — 8t the Gold C 1891 ; 169. Stations, botanical, in the West ‘oa dies, 1887,June; 1. July; 9. taves, barrel, insect injury, 1890; 1 18 . Straits Settlements fruits, 1888; —— gambier, 1889; 247. — — ане ет of Brazil-nut, 1887, December; 11. — — Liberian coffee, 1888 ; 261. 18 —— Patchouli, 1888; 71, 188. 889; 135. = гае in Perak, 1891; — — rediscovery of ag Percha шаре me 1e; 112. Streblus paper, 1885; 81. Sub-tropical dare cael plants, 1889 ; 287. Sugar-cane, mites on, 1890; 85. — — produc ак of cane-sugar, — — “red rust,” 18 86. — — seedlings at Barbados 1888; 94. 1889; 242. 1891; 10. Sugar, Indian, 1890; 71. — production of the world, 1890 ; Sueda fruticosa, 1891; 96. T. Tablet tea, 1890; 109. Tagasaste, 1891; 239. Tanning materials: — Canaigre, Contributions from Col lonial and Indian mtem 1886, 1887, September ; 4. 76 ‚ Tanning materials—cont. Gambier, 1889; .247. 109, 110. Kath or pale «и, 1891; 31. Valonia, 1888; Tarsonymus Bancroft destructive to sugar-cane, 1890 ; 8 : Tasmanian freiits 1888 IL — woods, 1889 Tea, 1888; 86. — compressed or fablet, 109. 1891 ; 1890; — oil and oil-cake, 1888 ; 264. Theobroma Cacao, 1 890; 170. Thorn, the silkworm, 1888 ; 291. Timber contributions from Colonial and Indian Exhibition 1886, 1887 eptember ; 4. — Gambia 1890 ; 68. mahogany, 1 =- Inhambane сора], 1888; 231. — Jamaica m 1889; 127. — Jarrah, 1890; — of пота 3 1599; 200 — — Straits Settlements, 1890; 112, Е Tasmania, 1889; 112. Yoruba- land, oa 41. Tobacco, Persian, or Tombak, 1891 ; Tobago fruits, 1888; 190. Tomato, tree, 1887, August ; 2. Tombak, or Persian tobacco, 1891 ; Treatment of mildew on vines, 18 ; 270. 1889; 227. 1890; 190. — — T E » Franco, 1888 ; 270. 227. 1890; 190. Tree oc. den August ; 2. Trees and shrubs, list of seeds, ; ‹1. 1891; App.i. — timber, E d Settlements, 1890; 112. ——— Tasmania, 1889; 112. — Yoruka-land, 1891 ; 41. Trinidad coffee, 1888; 129. — fruits, 1888 ; š — ipecacuanha, 1888; 269. Tropical and sub-tropical plants, . соої cultivation, 1889; 287. Tunis, culture d vine, p 36. — — Turnsole, poisoning from, in Persia, 1889 ; 279 U. Uncaria Gambier, 1889; 247. ‘Upper Burma, india-rubber, 1888; Urers. fibre, 1888 ; 84. Vy Valonia in Cyprus, 1888; 163. ee — pen of Тоха bark, 1890 Vanilla, 1888; 3°76. table productions, Central “China, 1889 ; 225. Victoria fruits, 8; 2. Phylloxera, 1890; 36. Vine, Cochin China, 1888; 134. — cultivation in the слова 1889; 227. — culture іп Tunis, 1890; 36. — treatment in France, 1888; е 1889; 227. 1890; — — of nildew on, 1888; 270. = - 1690; 190. mere. ыз fruits, 1888 ; 215. of Mr. Morris's visit, (1891; 132 W. Weather plant, 1890; eevi pr nut ‘of END from 1 1890 ; IT Ава, annatto, 1890; 141. rubber for, 1891; 97. — — nee pret 1891; 1. — `= — cotton, 1890; 185. 18915 —— Cultural industries, 1889 ; 142. 1890; 195, 261. — — fruits, 1888; 221. — — indigo plants, 1888; 4. — rubbers, 1889 ; a Western Australia, fruits, 1988; 77 West sora food plants intro- ced to East. Indies, 1887, August; 1. 1889; — — fruits, 1888; 177, 197. — — gambier, 1891 ; 109, 110. Indies botanical enterprise, 1; 103. — — — stations, 1887, June; 1. ЖОГ, — — Yam-bean, ; 11962. Mic pest in еа 1889; Whisk, = or broom-root, 1887, December; 9. Windward Ташый. кр of Mr. Morris’s visit, 134. Wine, colouring with Maqui erries, 1890; 34. -- ecc mes in France, 1890 ; oim — ва 1887, February ; . Contributions from Colonial and Indian ien on 1886, 1887, Septembe Gambia mes s. 1890; 168. RO cx copal tree, 1888; бв cogwood, 1889; 127. Jarrah wo gt — economic plants, 1890; 200. Woods—e cont. Sabicü wood, 1887, December ; 4, Els Settlements woods, 1890; uda anian woods, 1889; 112. Yoruba-land woods, 1891 ; 41. World's sugar produetion, 1890 ; 38. P^ Yam-bean, 1889; 17, 62. short podded, 1889; 121. Yellow, Indian, 1890; Yoruba indigo, 1888 ; та, 4, 268. — -land, indigenous plants, 1891; <<. goil ала cultivation, 1890; — — timber, 1891; 41. Z. Zali], Persian, 1889 ; Zanzibar, climate of, 06. 216. Zealand, "New, an edible fungus of, 1890; 217. Zizyphus Chloroxylon, 1889; 127.