ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 189 3. Mo. Bot. Garden, 1894 LONDON: PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY EYKE AND SPOTTISWOODE, EYRE akd SPOTTISWOODE, JOHN MENZIB8 A Price Thra \ CONTENT! P., ! A„ i0 ,e. 8*^ Pa,e. January CCLXXXIX. ocxc. '', CCXOill. | CCXCIV. February and OCXCY. April and May CCXCV1II. 1 CCXCIX. ! CCCL i CCCII. CCCIII. June CCCIV. cccv. CCCVI. (TCVII. :; ] ^Bt CCCXIII. July CCCXV. " '. (ViWii. : cccxvui. ',', ( «'C'XXl'. i cccxxvr. August CCCXXVII. ,, CCCXXVIII. ;; ^ VVv\Vx v i cccxxxi. : cccxxxi i. CCCXXXIII. Food Grains of India (continued), (Kan- i'al.n Weevil in British Honduras, with Greenheart {Neclandra Rodiai) - Coth-f Knt.T]»rise in thr Fast Indies - K:i,h Ili>tnr_N „f Buin-nzorg Botanic Gar" Plant hn! i^tries in the Caucasus - ill 141 175 I CCCXXXV. j Flora o l [ CCCXXXYI. Botanic U'< XLVI] ('XVXLIX CCCL. P.otanical Station \Vc>t AtVican Ho calyce 3-plo. lougiore. Habitat. — In s\l\is montis .Mai owe in ditione Griqualand Orien- talis, alt. circa l.oOO p<-d. Martio legit //". Tyson, ;)iiu. 1886. -ffer&. Austro- Africa, turn, No. 1300; JF. 2>so», 2766. 7^ris radicalii.us ad caulis apiccm pruduotis, rami.- disiantibus erectopalentibus, ramnlis paucis amplexicaulibus antice productis ma-k rotuudalk. plaid superioris minoribus ina'quilateralifer ovatis aristatis, spicis brevibus densissimis, bracteis valde difformibus majoribus linearibus dense ciliatis mi noribus Habitat* - 300 ft., Dr. King's collector, 1866. Folia majora £ lin. longa. Spica 2-3 lin. longa', interdum furcat;e. Resembles S. Kraussiana in general liabit. It belongs to the group Bhmlcatmt of which only four species were known previously. It was the only new species of Selaginella contained in the large set of Vascular ( 'rvptoe-amia of the Malay peninsular which has been gathered lately by Dr. King's collectors. 40. Bambusa Wrayi, Stapf. i (Irainiiiea-j ; alto scandens, eulmo secumlarik utrinque ,- semi vert icillatis vel elongatis, spicnlis laxius dissitis vel saepius fasciculatim congestis, fertilibus paucis, 2-3 pleruinque gemmiparis ianceoi a r coriaccis opacis marginibus ,-ikuk. norifera rachillam tenuem elongatam This species, like II. tiritiitlua.ut, lUunio. is closely sillied to Xmtus, so far as the composition" of the spicula is concerned. The fertile spici'!:! begins with an empty hiearinnte glume which is pressed against the relative primary axis. Then follow 1-'-' empty and 2-3 mostly bud-bearing flumes which increase in hzc and arc, except the lower- most, but indistinctly unicarinate ; above these is the single fertile glume and a rudimentary bud b >rne by a long pedicel, a prolonged intcrncdc of the axis of the spicula. Sometime- the buds ^gemime) tine Banib usee hy B. Wrayi and />'. Griffit/i/i. From a geographical point of view it is very interesting to note that the centre of Xastus lies quite at the periphery of the common area of the other Bambutee, in Madagascar and in the island of Bourbon, and that it just reaches Western Sumatra ( An-k .la. Junghuhu, according to Munro). Here in the most western part of the Malavan flora it is joined by its nearest ally, B. Wrayi, whiKt 11. '/. ■//////, ,7 was found in the extreme north of Burma and in Manipur by Mr. C. B. Clarke. Mr. L. Wray. jtm., states that this Bamboo was only found in the two localities mentioned above. According to him it dies off after having fruited. The Lemangs call it Bnloh Bertumpitan, and they " use the large canes for the outer case of their arrow blowpipes ; the " small ones for the inner tube. They strengthen them over a fire when " green and hang them up in the smoke of their cooking places to dry." In numerous Merile spicubn the 4th or 5th glume was deformed by insect action. The basal poriiou was much enlarged and adnate to the likewise enlarged next internode of tjie rachilla. This portion, a kind of oblong gall, contained the larva of the insect in the cavity. In foll.m ing interesting ed at Kew from B. at described above ;iculars respecting it Wray, dated Perak (Bambusa Wrayi) ; are contained in a 1c , June 14th, 1892 :— Mr. L. w , junr., to Koyal Gardens, Kew. 1);:\r SlK, Perak Government Museum, Larut, Pera Straits .Settlements, June 14th, 1802. I beckntly went up a mountain called Gunong Inas, in the north of this State, and procure! live plants of the bamboo of which the Semangs make their blowpipes, known by the Malay name of Buloh If these plants grow I will send them to you before the cold weather sets in. I have sent them up the hills here, where they will be at nearly the same elevation as their natural habitat. 1 was also fortunate enough to find a clump of these bamboos in flower, and I send you the specimens. As I expect this is a new species, and that you will describe it. I have sent you all the specimens, as it is better to have the whole material available to describe from. I would ask you, after having kept what you require for your herbarium, to kindly send the duplicates to Dr. King, of Calcutta. The plant grows at from 4,500 feet to nearly 6,000 feet elevation, generally on the ridges of the hills. The canes are about 1 inch in diameter near the ground, and taper away to T \r inch. These long thin ends drop down till (they touch the ground. The canes are from 40 to 60 feet long. They are furnished with whorls of leaves at all the upper joints, and, as can be imagined, the bamboo is about the most elegant of its kind. from what 1 saw I arrived at the conclusion that form any idea at what age this happens, but I saw a cane which had been partly cut through by a knife, and it was still in vigorous growth ; and as this hill has not been visited since 1886 this particular cane must be at least six rears old, and as there would be many successions of canes before a plant reaches maturity the age of these bamboos must be very considerable. When they fruit, the barren canes die and arc replaced hv mrics on which Mowers .'i]>| >»■:» r- at all the upper joints. I saw two dead clumps which had fruited. The joints are often over 7 feet in length. The longest joint of :i cane is generally the third or Fourth from the ground. The Seman-s small oiicslor the inner tmV They straighten them over a lire when green, and hang them up in ihe smoke oi their cooking places to dry. They appear to grow in two places only in Perak. That is on the specimens now sent were obtained, The parcel goes by this mail, and I hope will reach you in safety. (Signed) ' L. Wkay. CCXCIII.— CLOVE INDUSTRY OF ZANZIBAR. An account of the agricultural resources of the island of Zanzibar was given in the Kcw Btdletin for April 1892, p. 87, and reference was made to a report on the same subject prepared by Sir Gerald Portal and issued by the Foreign Office (Annual Series, 1892, No. 982). Another report has now been issued by the Foreign Office on the "Spice and other cultivation of Zanzibar and Pemba Islands," prepared for Sir Gerald Porter by Mr. FitzGerald, a specialist on tropical agriculture in the employment of the Imperial British Kast Africa Company.* From this l.-uter rcnoit the following extract is taken respecting the clove industry of Zanzibar and Pemba. vation of Zanzibar, and "grown, wherever Ihp r-\ and the brandies of the two row- often completely -hading the ground. Clove trees generally have forked -tern-, and often a- many a- three and Diseases and Enemies. So far as I have been able to ascertain, and I haw? made careful inquiries on this subject, the clove tree is not subject to any fungoid disease, and the per-centage of dead, dying, and unhealthy trees noticed by me was very small, and the cause generally was either a The clove tree, however, suffers from the attacks of two enemies: — one, a caterpillar, wdiieh attacks the foliage in the dry weather and often denudes the tree of its leaves, but the tree recovers ar once as soon as the rains set in. The other is the white ant, which occasionally attacl- - Time of Bearing. Clove trees begin to yield, in good situation-, o years from planting ;. n inferior Foil, 6 years to (>.\ year- from planting. seer of Indo, informed me that he bs.).* Also the head overseer of the ed me with the following averages :— 1,000 trees, 50 fra.silas. The unexpanded buds on the trees are at first a pinkish Yellow, becoming a deeper red as they mature. The stalks and bud- are leathered at the same time, and thrown on to grass mat- spread on tin- ground; the picking of the higher branches is done by means of triangular bamboo ladders. Other slaves pick off the buds from the stalks, and they are then spread out to dry in the sun. being taken in every night. The cloves are dried on mats in direct sunlight. The drying "is continued for the space of 6 days or one week. Green cloves dry down to iibout hah their weight ; thus 1 frasila, ow held by (Joverninent every lortnight to allow open eompeti specially to admit Kmropean merchant's. Zanzibar cloves are differing much in this respect from (he IVmba produce. Zan: Tvllt as poss irble, as others .vise the loss from "shortage" ° A good dry of Pen iba clove; i is smalle rand blacker- m" Zanzib r cloves are lar the red appei ■e ol 1 the , lried bu.l ■stakeable, and t well-known as • ■'/. iauz ibar re, i-heads." Cloves are gen< :,-all y expc tl *r*\ louble ma Ua*8 te:ii- like ('ora'/jUnt, leaves like Pandanus, no. or violet flowers. Melon Pear.— Up. lor the name of '. tropics tin- Melon Pear may prove useful. It probably requires similar conditions to such sub-tropical plants as the Tree Tomato {Cyphomandra betacea), the Chocho (Sechium edule), and the Cherimoyer {Anona Cherimolia) described in the K>,r Bull, tin iV. r August 1887. Attar of Roses. — It is well known that the great centre of the pro- eduction of Attar, or Otto, of roses O&rupies the northern portion of the old Turkish province of Eastern Ronmelia. The cultivation of roses for this purpose is, however, limited to the southern slopes of the Great Balkans, as the flowers are nowhere produced successfully on the north. The distillation of the petals is carried on in a very primitive manner whh a copper still of m. The first runnings are returned to the still and the second are received into glass flasks, where they are kept for a day or two at a cool temperature to allow the oil to rise to the surface. From the latter it is skimmed by a small tin pipette or funnel, with a long slender handle attached to the top and a very small aperture at the lower pointed end. This funnel is not more than f-ineh diameter at the widest part, so that it is easily inserted into the flask, and plunged below between the oily layer and the water. It is then at once brought up. and tion of the oily stratum Vv it li a small quantity of water. The water escapes through the small hole at the bottom, while the oil or otto is emptied into the collecting flasks. For exportation the commercial attar is transferred to flat circular zinc receptacles known as " coppers," which are carefully sewn up in white felt and sealed with the exporter's stamp, the brand being also stencilled on the felt outside. Two of these "coppers," one covered with the felt, and the other without, are contained in the Museums of Economic Botany at Kew, and to these Messrs. Piesse and Lubin have now courteously added a specimen of the pipette or funnel for the purpose of making tin rolled inn more complete. As regards the identification of the plants cultivated for Attar of Roses, it may be useful to mention that in 1S74 the late Mr. Daniel Hanbury, F.R.S., presented to the Kew Herbarium specimens of " Roses culti- " vated on the slopes of th<- Balkan for the production of Attar of " Roses," received from Mr. Vice-Consul Dupuis of Adrianople. These contained specimens of two species, a red rose (7?. damascene!. Miller). and a white rose (7?. alba, L. ). Neither of these is known in a wild state, and there can be little doubt that both are hybrids between E. galtica and B. canina. The subject is more fully discussed in Pharmacographia (1879), p. 262. Gift of rare and valuable Books.— Mr. Thomas Hanbury, F.L.S., of La Mortela. Italy, has presented to Kew a selection of about 30 volumes, in memory of his brother, the late Daniel Hanbury, F.R.S. {part of whose library they formed ;,n accomplished lmtanist, who suc- cessfully devoted himself to the investigation of the sources of vegetable drugs. He pul 1 -la I, - ".n mi tion with l'i r'liiel iger, of Strass- burg, u Pharmacographia," which will long remain the standard and classical authority on the history of drugs. The portion of his library now acquired h\ Kew i- of e-peeial interest as having been used by him in the preparation of his book. Most of the books treat of economic or medical botany, and several of them are of very early date. A fifteenth ■century translation of an Arabian author (Serapion) on medicinal plants As Mover states (Geschiehto der l.otanik, Tii. •;•■• i- M-. -eparate title-page, the title being at tl head of the first column, the whole work being beautifully printed double columns, on paper of admirable quality. It runs : — gatus 1 liH.licii- simplieib' Trasla- to Symois Ianiiesis interpte Abraa iudeo tortuosiesi published in 1512. The edition in [the Hanbmy gift was printed in 1515. The :itle-page and pail of the preface ar.- wanting in this copy, and here and there aleaf is imperfect, otherwise it is in excellent condition. Appended ed. l. n.4457) says:— In t B uuctor de se ips. .ha hit : - lch ;k." Devitaau'toris, :1 £H£3 ;J'" :t / : . -/ .'■^"!X and h The .■tiling the | .ed ii .,tly v of t ■nt -p. are especiallv ic< anus (Die Anwendi jng Uolzschnitte: zur dli'rhe ti Daratel- lung ion Pflanzen, p. 6), the figures of plants are all taken from the jondon by ,'Iohn I >;:ie. dwelling ever A Idersgate, beneath res. "Cum privikgio ad imprimendum solum." The nth an address by John Daye " to the Christian Reader," This book is l rad Gesn< ' '" do Roniediis Secretis," Lu£ woodcuts mostly recognisat Thus, the figure lepre^enti of J in the Key Flan. It was the oldest specimen of 1 xisting in tliis country, and for many years, before t " the lion of the garden*." It had had an eventful eare curiosity/ The following account of it was given in t ii, 1891, pp. 299-300 :— puny phaeton, ami at all events looked into every house, delighted point out this superb tree to such strangers as might be with him." Ionjr period of stagnation, th iberica) is likely to become in e West Coast of Africa, the plai it will grow in the lowlands i as are found so advantageous for the ordinary culler < < o(f\ a anihira). Particulars respecting tie- cultivation of Liberian coffee have Keen yiwn in the Kcu- Bulletin (1888, p. 261 ; 1890, pp. 107 and 'lib) ; and latteriy in the number for November last, pp. 272-282, it was shown from results obtaine.1 in tin- .straits Settlements that a gross return, over a wide area, at The rate of 42/. to 52/. per acre could be realised. In the West India Islands and other colonies in tropical America, where the coffee leaf disease has not yet appeared, the prospects of planting enterprise in Siberian coffee are promising. Even where the leaf disense i- present, as in Java, Liberian coffee is found with present prices to be a very remunerative industry. In a report by the United States Consul on the trade of Java for 1891 it is stated that "The " cultivation of Liberian coffee has this year again attracted consider- " able attention, and if the planting of this description continues at the il present rate, the production in a few \ears will be a verv important Owing to tlu- high prices which consignments of Liberia have gradually abamh Beefwood Trees in West Africa.— In a note in the Kt ir Ihilh tin tor 1892, p. 73, attention was drawn to the -.eat value of the Bkei w*...i> Tkee (Casta, rina rt/iiiscfifa/i,/. Foist ) tor planting on sandy shores in tropical countries. At the request of the Government of Lagos. con- West Africa. In a report on the sanitary Dr. Rowland states: — "Another tree which nt is the Beefwood (Casituriua id growth and seems ght be c ' " race course, but owing to negligence nearh all " on the Embankment are loaded with fruit s " multiplied to any extent." In a despatch f <;riilith. K.C.M.G.. Governor of the Gold Coasi 1892, it is stated :— " It will be seen that at th " at the Botanical Station about 5,000 young " Tree on hand. It is proposed to put them ir " they may be ready for distribution and planting at the ** of the rainy season. The Curator states that he will th '■;..;.:•-, " be taken to have them distributed to suitable localities." The results from the Gambia and Sierra Leone are so far disappointing. This is owing to the fact that, in the absence of a Botanical Station, there is evidently no one possessing the requisite knowledge to undertake the work of raising seedlings and of caring for them until they are ready to be planted out. British Fungus Flora.— Mr. G. Masgee has published the first volume of a new synopsis of all th ted in Great Britain. This volume contains the first part, of tli«- Iia^idioinv . :l n ; the Government, acting upon the recoim ■ it, issued a : . e. ' This ordinance, which was designed to enforce under penalties the destruction of attacked tree-, and was of a very stringent character, was not persevered in and did not become law. A defect in the Commissioners' report was the absence of any evidence of steps having been taken to identify or describe the insect concerned, or to submit it for the purpose of being examined by a com- petent entomologist. In order to remove all possibility of doubt as to its identity, the Government, of ]>riti.-l Honduras sent j\er a series of specimens. These consisted of the cocoons and of the pupa- preserved In the received from Mr ,f perb'Cl iiiM-cts they could i autumn of 1892, specin at the lloval Gardens, Kew. . C. T. Hunter, of Belize, s exactly d« is largely Government interested in the "'"n;:;\ 355, It WHS pecimens belonged to two then decided to publish an specie mid b. s of weevils, of w hich the ► This and similar figures in the text refer to the bibliography at the e form for the use of planters engaged in cocoa-nut palm growing, who, according to the Commissioners, appear to be generally " unacquainted with the various stages in the existence of the Weevil ; " and to serve as a guide towards obtaining a more thorough knowledge of the insect's habits and of the class of measures most efficient in keeping it in check. The present paper has been written and is published as the result of that decision. As the insect under consideration, as well as the species im- mediately allied to it, is confined to tropical or sub-tropical regions, and no observations whatever can be made in this country upon its habits or life-history, the present account is of the nature of a com- pilation, and the accuracy of much of its information depends upon and is limited by that of the records supplied by investigators in tropical countries. That informal ion lient in some respects, and the responsibility of adding to and correcting it rests with those engaged in cocoa-nut growing, who have opportunities for testing fli. sMti mentis made. However, the comparison of accounts written by individual observers both of this insect and of allied species is most valuable in order to bring out the importance of certain facts and to check erroneous con- clusions arrived at by persons who have no previous experience of such questions to guide them. In order to keep the text free from technicalities, which are confusing to a non-scientific reader, these have been reduced to a minimum, and terminology and systematic description'-- have been relegated to a final section, while a certain amount of information which is already familiar to the cocoa-nut planter is given to complete the account for of de-eriptive facts. The order adopted is as follows : firstly, a summary of the materials upon which the following ■ a dly, • description of the life-history and habits of the Palm Weevil in all its stages ; thirdly, a discussion of the economic features of its attacks ; and lastly, practical Highest ions. At the end is a list of those works and reports in which the life- history of the Palm Weevil is mentioned at greater or less length, and of some others to which reference is made. It has not been thought necessary to give a list of all the older works on insects in which this insect is referred to. Such accounts are frequently copied from some other source and are of no value. A fuller list will be found, if desired, in Schonherr's Q\ ultonidum. The Palm Weevil of Central and South America ( liln/iichophnri's jHilmnnim, Linn.) is one of the tropical insects, with which zoologists have been longest familiar, lor Mdile. Merian, in her remarkable because ii seed- on th.it tree. In the trunk of the palm tree swarm certain worms feeding on the pith. A.t first no larger than cheese- maggots, they grow like the one here represented. Certain folk grill them, and consider them a most savoury morsel. From this worm beetle, such a- I h.- li.dians and the Dutch both call tlio Mother of the palm worm" .(p. 48). The insect having become known at this early date, was figured in many of the early works on entomology down to the present century, and received from Linnaeus the scientific name of Curculio pfdntotwm- >ologists, and the by Fabricins Ca/awlra palmar urn ; both names are common and used to denote the same insect, but the former is now definitely established and accepted. Other generic names proposed for it have never come into The early entomologists worked out the position of the insect in n, but added nothing to Mdlle. ."Uerian'- account, upon which they were content to draw. The fact of the grub or gru-t/rn worm being eaten by the natives and even by Europeans proved of more interest than its n ri is] ibits. tin i« l'irrlo mpoi nice, and certain ingenious statements were made, with an apparent disrespect for ■how that it was the Cossus of Pliny and the Soman epicures. Many authors (1, 3, 6, 9, 11), among whom are Kirov and Spence, and Schomburgk, speak of the grub being served as a delieacy. and it is obtainable by epicures of the present day at some of the West Indian hotels particularly in Martinique. This interesting fact need not be further dwelt upon, for it is improbable that there will be a suffi- cient demand for this dainty to counterbalance the insect's capacity for deslruetivcncss: but it' it should become popular as an article of food in Honduras, a cert- - will be forthcoming to the work of searching i^v and destn ing, the grubs. In 1828, the Rev. Lansdown Guilding, in a valuable but rarely consulted paper (3), described briefiy the injuries winch this weevil inflicts upon sugar-ennc. as did Sir IJobert Se.homhurgk in his book on Barbados (11) published in 1847. From that date, and owing to the increased importance of tropical agriculture in modern times, scattered references to it as an injurious inject are to be found in different works, but the only detail of its habits appears to be that presented to the Government of British Honduras in 1880, in the Report of Messrs. Phillips Bellamy and Dr. Gabb (26). In 1880, Miss Ormerod gave particulars of its attacks on sugar-cane in British Guiana (19). There are some valuable notes on it in Insect Lift; U. S. Department of Agriculture, contributed by Mr. J. B. Hickey and the editors (32) ; and information is given in the same journal (25), and b\ Mr. S. V. Summer* the Ca a 1 /. / »- I'Hjkt (13). on a eloselv-allicd species, the Palmetto Weevil. lih i/u, ho- phorus rruenfatus, Fabr. ( = Zim,, . • of Florida and the Southern States of North America. particulars given in conversation with the writer by Belize. These have been most valuable in several Besides the American Palm Weevil, there is : Rhynchophorus or Calandra palmararu are referring ffifieus, and not to the American weevil. Attention to this point is necessary, particularly in peril idiciils devoted to tropical agriculture, in which the n stantly made. It is desirable to examine into the habits of both order to solve the problems which they present, but in the comparison and in reconciling any discrepancies which they may present. At the same time the writer cannot point to any well-marked difference in their habits. The information on the Asiatic Palm Weevil consists of letters to Tln> Tropical Agriculturist (21). for the most part reproduced in All about the Coeo-Xut Palm (22). and of short accounts in other agricultural works (21, &c.) ; also of reports made to the Government of the Strait^ Settlement, who proposed an ordinance similar to that of the Government of liritish Honduras. The best of these is a valuable one by Mr. H. N. Ridley, F.L.S., Director of Gardens and Forests, Singapore (30). There are also various letters in newspapers of that colony (27). III. — Habits and Life History i The Palm Weevil is one of the largest, important and extensive group of beetles, the Weevils, of which characteristic feature is the prolongation of the head forward: ich the most form a snout or rostrum, sometimes of great length, into the sides of which the horns or antenna are inserted. The snout, which is always distinguishable in the its extreme tip the mouth, verv -mall but neverth The mouth is used fo feeding, and by the fe miles in drilling holes, which operation is rendered possible by its position it the end of the snout, or in hi eh t'm- eggs are then laid. There ha< been a good ling about the snout of the Indian Palm Weevil, a This is not the case. The Is, which are, as a rule, long-lived insects in the adult Mate, can and doe feed, and the observe , mindful of the elephant, has d. at the base of the snout, which lie i,a- taken to e merely a horn wit! penetrating power limited the beetle can drive it in. The insect can pierce •far harder tissues by gt awing than it could wor do by mere pushing. hwiv'!^ ! T7*, {I i,; rd convex body of o\ il or cylindrical shape, rigid ."rie'~ tin- 'es of transformations after generally much wrinkled, and bent into a more or less conspicuous curve; so that the under side is concave. Legs are entirely absent, or are at most, represented by six small tubercles on the three rings succeeding the head, so that the grub can only move in its burrow by the writhing of its body, and in some kinds by the assistance of horny projections with If attention is paid to the above features, it is easy to distinguish a weevil grid) from that of any other insect, but the points of diil'erence between the larva- of diil'erent weevils are small, and but little known, identity is doubtful. When the grub has become mature by continuous feeding, broker), however, by intervals when it changes its skin and emerges from its old garment clad in a new and larger one, it transforms l>y a further change of skin into a j»rpse burrowing powers are inmost of the true weevils limited, can break without difficulty through the structures which shield it from the air. The pupa, sometimes enclosed in a cocoon or covering constructed by the grab, resembles the perfect insect, but is soft and pak with the wings and limbs neatly folded down on its under side. The limbs arc separately enclosed in a thin skin which is not continuous over the surface, as in the pupa of a moth. As a pupa the insect lies dormant for a shorter or longer time, taking no food and beiuu absolutely harmless. At last the perfect beetle. ■:■ -\ in the pupal covet ing, throws it oil' ami issues forth. It is at first soft and pale, and remains in shelter till its outer integuments have hardened, when it sets forth on its If an American Palm \Vce\il is carefully examined from above, it is vlltim) and are of the same hornv eonsis- \ h v . V ', der. and its base is studded titer, so that th e surface is wrinkled, and and there are minute differences in the structure of the hind segment, but these are not to be depended on. The statement that all the larger and more bulky Bf) Is wrong; both sexes are very variable At the base of the snout are inserted the antenna or horns, constructed of eight join!- ng, and set at an angle to the rest ; the following six joints are small and bead-like, and the last is large and flattened, and looks as if it had been cut off abruptly, having a soft and .-pon-jy i.-rnii: al surface. The thorn,) . i i he anterior part of the true thorax, which can be seen on the under side to extend as Ear M the hind legs, is apparently ?nade up of one piece without join except for the insertion of the fore legs, another fra* the weevils. The legs an pair being attached to the body very far back ; each consists of a thigh, a shank, and a four- jointed foot. The shank is not set with spines except at the apex, where there is one directed inwardly. The structure of the weevil is not adapted for burrowing into hard vegetable tissues, and it does not do so, though it may creep into crevios, or dig its way into loose, rotten material and soft structures found. In boring beetles the body is na I . so as to fit the burrow, and the snout, if present, is short and strong, while the shanks, as a rule, are strengthened with teeth or spines set along their outer edge, sometimes for exea;= the friction of burrow- ing, and to throw out of tin - burrow the debris that is bitten away. The Palm Weevil, with its unarmed shanks and its very small mouth, would have gn < h >l »% < m ft :!. to accommodate it in the trunk of a tree, an 1 w im -p ei i s are ft mid inside a tree, they have got there either through a wound, by entering the hole of another insect, or the soft parts of the split bud, or have been bred in the tree and not yet quitted it. In the latter case the immature hurtles will be found near the surface with a thin layer of rind between them and the outer air, through which they can easily break. One observer speaks of find e and three large grubs wrapped in the fibre about three inches from the bark " (26). The beetle certainly was not the parent of the grubs, and it must be distinctly borne in mind that, except perhaps when the tiv< has external wounds, the beetle does not bore but lays its eggs from the outside. •They also freq >on hatching, get the food it requires. Whether a tree is selected for egg-laying in preference to others is obviously deter] at thai time. As a rule, the act of egg-laying passes unnoticed, and the health of the tree only becomes a subject for inquiry some time later, when the work of the grubs is apparent; and the inquiry is therefore complicated by the necessity for distinguishing between an unhealthy condition occurring as a result of the infestation, and one which may hav originally brought it about. The female is stated to lay her eggs singly, in accordance with the habit of other weevils, by perforating the rin 1 ol the tree and depositing an egg in the hole made. The appearance of the eggs and the number laid by each female have not yet been recorded. It is desirable to know the exact spot selected for oviposition in order that it may be artificially protected. At present the evidence does not place it beyond doubt. It is generally admitted ihat eggs are not laid in the leaf-stalks nor upon the leaf-spike, when their hard -ilieious surface is unbroken; and the laying of eggs on the stem is limited below by its maturity, and the consequent presence under the rind of hard wood, for the grub is not a hard- wood feeder, but devours the pithy interior of the stem, and, as before stated, the beetle will not lay its eggs where the young larva cannot get its proper food. The vulnerable point lies, therefore, about the upper part of the stem, below the attachments of the leaves, and above the woody portion. In young trees, where the wood has hardly begun to form, and the stem is only from one to three feet long, any point above ground is open to attack, and even, according to Mr. Bellamy, below it (28). But fuller evidence is required in support of this statement, which may rest on the erroneous interpretation of observed facts. In the Commissioners' report, Dr. Gabb states that out of the trees he examined "a large number . . . especially those which " were inclined to one side, or on other protected parts, [sic] had the " eggs of the weevil deposited in them near the ground on the under Mr. Bellamy says " it lays its eggs in the inequalities of the bark " at or near the surface of the ground" (28). These are all the particulars about its egg-lacing, a.nd no detailed evidence is given in support of them ; this ought to be done to prevent sub.-equcnt doubt, lor, unless the act of oviposition is observed, it is difficult to exclude the possibility of a mistake. Even though any point between the head of the tree and the ground conditions, there is in trees trimmed by the planter a weak spot readily available for egg-laying, and one where the majority of eggs are almost certainly hud. palm-leaf widens out into a tri- stem, so as to overlap its fellow and encircle about one-half the circumference of the trunk: and the space between adjoining leaves is filled up by the coarse matted fibres of the leaf-sheaths. In this way the tender part of the stem is thoroughly protected above the line of attachment of the lowest pair of leaves. As the leaves grow old they droop and hang down ; and to improve the appearance of the plantation and rough it " j the n successive leaves is unduly exposed before the rind is mature. In cocoa-nut palms grown at Kew, this ring is pale, and its rind is tender and easily penetrated at least a year and a half after the protecting leaf-sheaths have been removed. It would harden more quickly in a tropical climate, but, nevertheless, this surface of immature stem is a spot that should be most carefully protected. In the Commissioners' report, the practice of trimming the leaves is condemned, but a reason is not given., and cannot be inferred from the statements there made about egg-laying. But in India this fact has been more generally recognised. Mr. Ridley writes about the weevil, " it finds its way to the base of the leaf- " stalk of the palm, and pushes the egg as deeply into the body of the " tree as it can. Some persons affirm that the beetle lays its eggs in " the base of the tree, and that the grubs t lien burrow upwards. I " have seen no case of this I have certainly seen burrows ** made by some insect in the old stems of the coco palm, but I do not " believe that they were the work of this animal, but probably of some " Longicorn beetle " (30). All observers agree in condemning the practice of stripping off the old fronds, which by their leaf-sheaths so thoroughly protect the tenderest part of the stem. The simplest plan of dealing with them is to bend them down without breaking them, or even to tie them up. It is doubtful whether it is sufficient to cut off the fronds at some distance from the stem. If the stalks are not dry the exudation of sap from the cut ends probably attracts the beetles. ready to take advantage of any wounds the bark * * of the tree in which to lay her eggs. Such wounds may be made by other insects, for example in India by the Ithinoceros or Elephant beetle (Oryctcs rhinnnro.s. Linn.), in the burrows of which into the head of the palm the weevils take shelter; they may also be caused I the leaves and fibrous sheaths, and thus afford another reason for giving up this practice. The cracking of the rind is to a large extent due to the same act which prematurely exposes it. From the egg the grub, at first minute, hatches and begins to bore into the pith of the tree. An observer should be able to recognise the grub, and distinguish it, even when small, from other laroe to be found in the palm, those of longicorn beetles and of other weevils especially. decay, there is nothing to show that they did not belong to some other : insect. The larva, or gru-ijru tcorm is, when fully grown, about two to three inches long, and of a yellowish-white or brownish-yellow colour. Its body is slightly bent and" is very stout in proportion to its length, so that the skin when stripped off is nearly circular. The head is large and horny, and the mouth is at its lower and anterior part; the jaws, which work, as in all insects, sideways, are short, stout and rather blunt. Its colour is a deep pitchy brown and continued round to the upper side, where there is between most of them an additional transverse fold. The body is stoutest at the seventh or eighth segment and tapers sharply from the ninth to the tail. 35 The skin of the body is somewhat velvety in texture, hut that covering the back of the first segment is horny, brown and polished, forming a shield-like protection, mid the hack and sides of the three following segments present a series of small irregular horny patches : these are the points where the skin, being much rubbed in burrowing, loses its velvety pile mid becomes thickened, so as to form callosities, the shape of which depends on the- surface wrinkling. The hind segment of the body is also horny and terminates in a flat plate strengthened at the edge with four bristle-bearing tubercles; above it there is a triangular depression with thick raised edges. Insects breathe by holes or spiracles placed at the sides of most of the segments, one pair to each. The grub of the Palm Weevil has but two well-developed pairs, a most remarkable feature; the lirst pair are to be seen as distinct vertical slits at the lower ends of the horny shield which covers the back of the first segment, the last pair on the inner margin of the thick raised edges above the tail-plate are also conspicuous. (See VI.) Legs are only represented, if at all, by six small tubercles on the underside of the three first segments. The shape of the hind segment, the position of the two pairs of well developed spiracles and the large size of the full-grown larva, will probably distinguish the grub of the Palm Weevil from that of any -.except a very lew mo-t nearly allied to it and of similar Kidley contests. They feed on the soft pith that tills the inside of the stein up to the growing point, ami can he found in a in part of it. The tree is killed by their feeding at the base of the cabbage and injuring the growing point, whereas damage done to the pith in the lower part of the stem does not mvessanlv prove fatal. There is some confusion as to their feeding in the head of the tree or not, due partly to the larva' of other insects being mistaken for them, partly to a loose use of the term " cabbage," the limits of which are not taken to be the same by different observers. It is die pith immediately below the true cabbage thai appears lo form 1 li. ir fuw.urite source of food. The grub in boring make- a tunnel corresponding larger as the latter increases ir of the trunk which can serve as a conspicuous sign ot its presence. \V ben i nirn- to the outside of the tree, according to Dr. Gabb, by enlarging the channel along which it has come, a process thick ness of foo Iscap paper, wtween l t and the on ter'air 1 shel 1 the beetle ovareocoon^of'the^fi I 1 ;;: 1 ;;;;;;;;;; ndim'' is. of the fibro- vascular bundles ruin ling to ti. from three or more inches long and 1 of a dense mass of interlacing 'fibre, god' C ircnlarly a nd Suggesting a bird': * nest. No gum gs, the wings projecting beyond the wins? cases. The upper side of the abdomen is exposed and its spiracles are now conspicuous. Under the investing skin of the pupa the beetle slowly develops its organs, and at hist splits it and emerges Soft and pale, it does not leave the tree at once, but waits until its integuments have hardened and have acquired their full colour. Then it breaks through the rind which shelters it and comes out as an adult weevil. A certain number are unable to escape from different causes and perish in the tree. The holes made by the exit of beetles are conspicuous, and may afford the careless observer the first clear sign of the mischief that is going on. They occur anywhere in the soft part of the palm .stem, and most frequently just below the head. Cocoons are not to be found in the cabbage, but only close to the outside in the neighbourhood of the fibre from which they are made. The length of life of the perfect weevil and the time passed in the early stages have not been ascertained, nor have the periods at which egg-laying i> performed. These points are less important in tropical than in temperate countries, where the life-periods of an insect are closely related to seasonal change. But in the tropics the dry and wet seasons, at least, influence the stages of insect-life, and an effort should be made to obtain accurate knowledge of matters which are of so great importance. Prevention of egg-laying for example is likely to be more successful if carried out in reference to the seasons of oviposition, should any such exist. The Palmetto Weevil of the Gulf States of North America (a feeder on Sabal Palmetto) is said by Summers (13) to emerge as a perfect insect in September and October, to live through the winter and lay eggs m the early summer, the grubs being found in the latter part of .June and duly. Adult weevils are usually long-lived, and it is possible that the Palm Weevil lives nearly a year as a perfect insect. Mr. Hunter believes that there is more than one brood a year, which is probable, and specimens in all stages are said to have been taken from the same tree (26). This would show that seasonal development is not well marked, but the observer may have been mistaken as to the identity of some of the younger specimens found. IV.— Economic Features of : , have alone been described, economic questions involved, the appearance of the injured trees and the extent of the damage inflicted, the circumstances which favour the Weevil's destruetiveness and those that tend to limit it. The American Palm Weevil feeds on several kinds of palm, probably oh almost any kind, particularly of the soft-stemmed palm- ; among the species it is known to attack are the Cocoa-nut palm ( Coros intcij'vra), the Cohoon palm (Attalai Co/nun ). t'he Cabbage palm ( < ' )rtti(l<>,ca oh ra- ced), the Big Thatch palm [Sahul mnbranilift m) and the .Macaw Tree It also attacks sugar-cane. Its range extends from South California over Central and South America a- far as Brazil, and it is found in the West Indian Islands. The Indian species occurs throughout the Oriental region of naturalists (India, Borneo, Java, &c), and is also a general feeder on palms, particularly on the Cocoa-nut palm and the Toddy- tree (Phamix sylvestris) (35)". The range of the cocoa-nut palm is therefore wider than that of cither insect, and bein so extensive — while iis original home, which De Candolle finally considered as being in the Old World, is -o doubtful -that if i- now impossible to speculate on the length of time that the tree and either species of weevil have been in association. [Jul whether it has always served as food for the American I 'aim Weevil or not, it is now perfectly clear that the insect is not dependent on that tree alone, and that i/s cc(ir/>a//on could not be effected in Honduras b// ca/f/ia/ (bun,- and dcslroi/iiuj ever;/ .single cocoa-, nit palm in tin colon)/. Honduras possesses as large if not a larger variety and number of palms than perhaps any other region where the cocoa-nut is cultivated, and the greater proportion of the country is in a wild state and cannot be dealt with by any economic measures ; there, at all events, it would appeal that the natural food of the insect consists of wild palms, from which its attention has been diverted to the cocoa-nut plantations. Of these wild species the chief is the common Cohoon or Corozo palm, which does not grow in the same situations as the cocoa-nut tree, but in the rich alluvial soil of the Corozal, or cohoon ridges. These ridges are really depressions between the series of quartz elevations running more or less at right angles to the seaboard. The cocoa-nut, a lover of sandy soil near the coast, is grown in planta- tions as a rule not nearer than five or six miles to the cohoon ridges, but for banana growing, a id for growing cocoa-nuts for which the soil is unsuitable, the cohoon and other palms have been extensively felled and allowed to lie upon the ground ; this has resulted the felled trunks. As long as they are feeding on wild plants they are not likely to multiply fast, because a balance will have established itself ending 1 diinini-h the number ot the beetles on the one hand, and the rate of pro- 1 destructiveness of the latter on th e other hand — otherwise beetles or palms must gradually die out; and ol India have noticed that the number of wild pain is is not sensibly affected by the presence of the weevils. But if this balance i- a uses such as the euttimr of cohoon palms, which favour the weevils, a ise in their numbers will result. There IS g : tha? the e the Commissioners' report. Mr. Haber in his evi, Mr. Hunter has informed the writer that little - vas known of the beetle until about 1SSS, a period which coincided \> nth wholesale felling of cohoon palms in order to bring the ridges under cultivation. As there is a particular age when the coc< >a-nut becomes liable to attack, namely, at the time of it; first bearin; further connexion between the elearingof the rii !ge and the damage done f lsss, " sonic five trees altogether having succumbed to the attacks of th<; bug " ( -26). This tends to negative the idea of a coincidence, for the majority oi in- iiv,'- mu.-t have reached maturity without being immedi- ately attacked. If the development of weevils has been tbu . nco ;: aged, il will be difficult to check it by the destruction of the felled cohoon palms. Wild palms are so abundant that ilic removal of them, living and dead, is impiactieable, and the interest of the banana planter on the cohoon ridge do not necessarily coincide with those of the cocoa-nut plantei, so that he cannot be expected to go to the expense of destroying felled palms which do him no barm. The cohoon palm is a soft pithy tree that will not readily burn, even if that be the proper method of prevent- ing beetles breeding in it. The destruction of felled palms will be It is doubtful whether cocoa-nut plantations should be established at all in the immediate proximity of the cohoon ridges, and it is important that the amount of injury sustained by cocals at different distances from them shall be carefullv compared, as ibis question must arise in the estab- lishment <»f further plantations. Mr. D. Morris, F.L.S., of Kew, made, when Director of the Botanic on this point which it is desirable to quote in full (20) ; — " It has been remarked as somewhat strange that while the cocoa-nut palm u rows freely everywhere along the coast of Jamaica, it is almost entirely absent from Alligator Fond to Black Fiver, and, indeed, taken as an accidental circumstance, but careful inquiry on the spot has convinced me that although the soil and climate diller very slightly from those in other portions of the island where the cocoa-nut thrives luxuriantly, jill efforts to 'aboard of the parish of St. Klizabefh, and especially in the Pedro district, have signally failed. The plants appear to thrive for a few years and to grow reuiarkjibly jn , if 1; ot the chid' cause of theabse nee of the cocoa-nut palm was fundance of this beetle. Furthering iew. The Big Thatch appears ist, and. indeed, to thrive u . i ianth in spite of the beetle, but the ,-nut fails. The terminal bud of the h itter offers an easily accessible tempting bonne hum-he to the larva, ; and it succumbs to its attacks. ic other hand the Big Thatch thrives and covers the country. must be made between the Big jh and the cocoa-nut palm. The wor k ol exterminating the former eou-ring several thousand acres, is a n alternative which is neither ;ed desirable, if the ravages As before i palm ,h es not prove t Ve tO th till it begins in.-d and it remain; - Li'Ue it is about 12 j 1 2 or 1 1 feet of stei 111. lfi up to that age !t is rarely attacked afterwards. The greatest , period of egg-laying at the beginning of the season. It has been stated of the Indian weevil (33), ''insects of the above class multiply rapidly in times of protracted " drought, and it is during such periods of abnormal weather that they " commit the greatest amount of mischief." An infested tree shows at first little or no signs of injury, uidess the points at which eggs are laid are discoverable by a skilful observer. The Commissioners' report says that "by careful observation small " holes may be discovered with a ' > them, but by " that time the larvae have attained considerable -i/e and have eaten " their way far into the heart of the tree " (26). Mr. Ridley says of the Indian weevil :—" It works entirely inside the tree, and makes little or '« no external marks. By listening at the side of the tree the grub can " be heard gnawing the wood. But usually the withering and fall of " the central shoot is the first sign that r.nylhiug is wrong. In some " cases a tree exudes a shiny liquid, having an unpleasant -our smell, " which is a sign of serious damage "(30). To listen for the grub feeding may be more practical than it sounds ; the ear should be placed against the tree, or against the end of a piece of seasoned deal, used like a stethoscope, with its other end on the trunk. Another account of the same insect, evidently from the pen of a careful observer, states that " if " the beads of the trees are frequently inspected by skilful beetle " searchers many trees may be saved by cutting out fhe grubs, their " presence being known by the searcher eitht r linding a cocoon in allv, by noticing slight wo so) oftl « skin (if 1 might call it so) of the leaf spike, which a " made by the grub iu eatiug the soft pithy mass through which it " pushes its way" (27). The origin of the small holes exuding gum, to which the Commis- sioners refer, is not clear, unless they are due to the grub having accidentally broken through the rind at that point. That the larva* do occasionally penetrate the rind slightly is shown from the last account quoted, and from the good effects which sometimes a t least have been found to follow the application of salt or lime to the head of the trees, which pre-uaiabK act- by i- ;n 1 1 i n _r tin grubs through wounds in the silicious surface. There is just a possibility of the small holes being made by other insects attracted to a sickly tree ; and this point and the character of the external signs of injury, are worthy the attention of a naturalist who has had previous experience of the" work of internal-feeding insects. Mr. Mickey mentions that after a rainy spell of a few days he has noticed a golden-coloured glue or sap running out of some of the trees, but he tailed to mid any borers in them enormous quantity " inside of the tree was completely rotten and stank, presenting the " appearance of fresh dung or manure "(26). There is nothing to show to what species these maggots heloDged. The beetles will lay their e^-^s in 'elled frees, and the grubs continue to feed in them, at least so long as there is undeeomposed pith for them to consume, and in this way a dead tree will continue to breed beetles for some time. But weevils are not as a rule Attracted to vegetable matter that is far advanced in decay, and particulars are required of the length of time that a felled trunk will continue to attract the parent^, and to serve as a place of growth for the larva of this par- ticular insect. Mr. Hickey says, u I cut down a small cohoon tree, very much '• resembling the cocoa-nut palm, cutting it through the tender portion, " the bud. In two or three days it began to sour, and for a few " evenings, between sunset and dark, I noticed several of these beetles " remaining there all day. In about 10 days they were all gone. A " month later I cut the stump off about 3 feet lower down and found it " full of holes, and some 10 or 12 worms the size of a man's thumb, " 1£ inches long, with a short hard head, resembling very much the " common grub worm "(32). It follows from this readiness of the insect to breed in stumps and fallen trees that the practice of cutting down injured palms at the height of 3 feet from the ground, and neglecting tin stumps, is ay. Jamaica, in ISO l. Attention has been called to it in Honduras in a recent communication by Mr. Sony to the Colonial Office, of which the writer has only seen an abstract." According to Mr. Hunter, 50 to 80 per cent, of the trees attacked by the weevil show signs of the disease at the top first. This may be merely a misinterpretation of the early signs of injury due to ment is of importance and should be confirmed or refuted. In his evidence, Mr. Baber says he "has a small spot on the sea-side in " Serango 1 5 ight (very swampy). He there noticed that the trees died oft' "not affected'" W). Mr! ScirnhVld states" that hN 'plantation was apparently healthy on the 21th December. No tree or plant showed any signs of sickness. The hands went away for the Christmas holi- some had actually fallen over, others had their fronds broken mid trailing on the ground, while the rest from their yellow and drooping appear- ance showed plainly that theyal-o were diseased. Commentinv; on this, 42 species of insect?. He says of it ti i in full bear- " ing commence to fail in a few weeks ; all the leaves fall down, and " the centre falls off. No beetle or worm is to be found ; the disease '' seems more like what id known as plantain disease "( 1 1). In a pamphlet published at Georgetown and not generally accessible, he gives the following account:— '• My first dissection of a tree diseased from blight u led me to suppose that the cause of the disease was the attack of the " weevil in question [presumably the Palm Weevil, though not tnen- M tioned by name]. The part of the stem immediately under the " cabbage portion was completely riddled by this insect, and hundreds " of grubs, in all stages of development, were found On " dissecting the top of the tree, all the fruit germs were found quite " rotten (putrid ferm .■ntati..n\ and gave a most offensive smell, and at '■ the point where the last frond or central spike divides from the " lower fronds, the state of putrefaction was fearful. Fortunately, 1 " decided upon trying another tree. This time the stem was perfectly " sound, and without a speck; but on dissecting upwards, and care- " fully removing each frond and its integuments, the outer part was " found to be more or less tainted, and the fruit stalk from which the " fruit had fallen was quite offensive. As the top of the tree was " the integuments of each frond being removed, the cabbage in the centre " was quite sound, so that I could eat the centre to within six inches " of the diseased point, which, when reached, was quite as putrid as " my first specimen. The crimped form of the bottom of this central " spire left uo doubt on my mind that the seat of the disease was at " that spot, and that there had been abundance of vitality in the lower " part of the tree to send forth the central shoot until the parts im- " mediately in contact with the putrid matter were poisoned by it. A " without finding a trace of an insect, even with the aid of a powerful " magnifier, and afterwards under the microscope. One small beetle " was found on one subject which is before you, and was named by my " friend, Dr. Whitlock. as Papains tridens Seeing that " only one specimen of this diminutive beetle was found in my many '• investiirations. I can scarcely believe that the disease can bo attribut- " able to it "(15). What insect is meant is not clear. The generic name is obviously a misprint for Passtthis, but Pasadus ( pri ocae mis) tridens, Wied. is a native of Malacca, &c. The Passali lay their eggs in decayed wood, and are harmless. Specimens of the diseased trees, preserved .and sent to Kew, were carefully examined by Dr. M. C. Cooke for injurious fungi. His search resulted in the description of several new species, but he could not find one that appeared to be the true cause of the disease. Since 187(> the study of disease-producing infectious and sj , F.L.S., Directoi his report in the Bulletin of the Botanical Depart- Iso advisable to give in full, is as follows :— ere cut down, and the roots, stem, leaves, and cabbage w:ts no evidence whatever of attacks by a beetle ; there were some small larva-, some wood lice, earwigs. it species, ami other insect.-; r., occurs in Hon- duras and is an enormous insect, some 4. 1 , inches long in the male and 'J inches hroad. It is stout and square, black in colour, hut densely covered with a fine brown pile. The head in the male is prolonged into a long horn with a forked tip, which is turned up and is not, as in the weevil, a snout with its mouth at the end ; there is a shorter horn behind and two on the shoulders. The legs are very stout, and the shanks spined. The Elephant beetle, according to Mr. Kussell, burrows into the earth at the roots of young trees. It makes small holes " like crab holes," and works its way down until the blanched part of the palm is reached, all white-winged fly. Alvuradts rorois, est the leave-s. For the latter syrinx uld he the proper means to adopt. the Bearded We general plan ..I structure, but it differs in (he f«»| lowing points : It has a straight snout, with the mouth in front of it and nor. below, the jaws being hooked outwards a . inserted in the middle of the snout. The eyes almost meet above, heing only separated by a very narrow ridge. The wing cast's extend to the tip of the hody. The peculiar and characteristic shape of this insect (PI. II. 1) will distinguish it without further description. In the male the snout is longer and stouter than in the female, ami its anterior half, as well as the breast, is covered with a dense yellow down. The gruh of an allied species, Rhina nigra, Drury. has heen figured by Coqueivl, who found it abundant in the decayed interior of a screw- pine ( l>u„.s Htilis) in Madagascar (10). The writer knows of no other description of the habits or economy of any species of Rhina. Possibly some of the smaller grubs so frequently found in the stem or the rotting cabbage of decayed palms are those of the Bearded Weevil. Nothing much is known of causes which check the weevil's increase. " > favoured by an unusually dry season, and is presumably which attack it have yet to be identified. Ants seem to prey 01 reference to this fact will be found in the next chapter. Attention is drawn to the following points, as being likely t further attentive observations made to determine them : — 1. The spots usually selected for egg-laying in wounded and i trees, care being taken not to mistake the work of any other ii will be worth while to make observations at that time. 2. The length of time passed in each of the different stage may be associated ase; the effects of The females alone are of im- to prevent attack upon trees hitherto i save injured plants. The former are the opinion of many expei-ienced men do not exist, 1. Methods of Growth and Cultivation. Care should be taken in the choice of sites for new p special attention paid to the avoidance of undue proximity to a cohoon ridge. Drain:! ,. for the trees have been observed to suffer in swampy ground. I'hey should not be planted too close; every occasion of felling a tree in order to thin out a plantation affords a source of atti . and imposts a consequent necessity for destroying the felled trees and stumps that they may not serve as breeding-places. Moreover the spread of any infectious disease is materially assisted l>y close planting. How far it is expedient or possible to grow the trees in small plantations separated from each other by large plantations are particularly t'a\ ourable to the spread and mull ipli- cation of any insect that has established itself in them. The trees should be left as far Be tral state, and unnecessary trimming either of fronds or of the fibre avoided. It may be necessary to tie up the older fronds, and if they must be removed the stalk should be cut through sufficiently far from the stem to leave the nore than one-third of the original plant- peri.diod, before the estate ,vas ten years old, and they iverc going at the r,4te of three trees veokly. The work of trimming was -topped for the reasons offered ib'.ive; the loss of nets continued for some time afterwards, but at he end of six months it had entirely ceased. On another property tantly lost: from the day that the btetlers were discontinued two rces periled within the monili. and not another was lost in the sub- equent seven years " (22). And AV. 15. L. writes in the Tropical ricHltarist to "the same effect :—" The red-beetle \_IUnjnclu phonis All wounds, whether made by i of the stem, leaf shea of tar mi xed with fine sand. Holes should be probed with a " beetle spear" or hooked wire to extract insect which may haw canned them, and then plugged with a tuft of I ' -1 in tar. The parts -el< < t< 1 toi i __ ' ning on the stem may be plastered with lime-wash, to whi -h. when cold, there may he ad-. Km 1, as an experiment, a small quantity ical poison). Tarring the .stem will probably keep off the beetles, but should he tried with great caution till its effects on the tree have been ascertained. Mr. C. T. Hunter states that he has kept away the beetles by pouring tar on the leaf -spike and the leaf sheaths; he claims for this last for some three years. Application of tar to the leaf --heaths would probably do no harm, but may not be necessary if they themselves .-; ly l>eing left intact. It might, how- ever, lessen any jx.-sibiliiy of beetles creeping in to oviposit '«etwoen loosely fitting sheaths. Such ;• remedy ought only to b ' tried on a small number of trees, so that the loss may not he felt if it prows injurious. Most disastrous results have before now followed the application on a large scale of an untested to plants. ('eatings of moist (day have been found useful in similar position which has met with success in Grerm thus prepared : Five pounds of coarse tobac half full of boiling water and allowed to vessel is then tilled with ox-blood and one sixteen offresh cow-dung are added (quantity mixed and allowed to ferment for two or thr then applied to the parts requiring protectic suited for the lower parts of the stem. It is not supposed that the above mixta: ployed in Honduras, but it is given as a Coarse soaps and rank oils (whale oil) havt 3. Destruction of Injured Trees. This treatment is the one most generally recommended, taken to treat it when felled so as to make it unsuitabh place. In fact it will be probably less harmful if left b felled and neglected. To the reckless felling and, subsequent neglect of inju be attributed much of the recent increase in the insects' it may be buried u be cut off so high * Perhaps the be-t w;iy, when practicable, el' dealing with felled palms is to sink them underwater. Burial in sand has been recommended, and will possibly suffice, but it will not prevent the development of grubs already in the tree, and liie subsequent emergence of the weevils, it', as is asserted, they are able to burrow. Burning is objectionable, because the parts which the grubs inhabit are too soft to burn. Dr. Grabb found healthy larva' in a tree that had been subjected to burning; and according to Summers, the grubs of the Palmetto Weevil are more partial to the older and more injured plants, particularly to those which have been burnt. A good method of deali is the following: split them open lengthways so as to expose I he soft parts, and extract all grubs or beetles found ; visit the trees daily and collect the weevils attracted to them, as the surface dries split them again, so as to expose a fresh moist surface, and continue the capture of beetles and the splitting, till the tree is too dry to prove attractive. When the tree has been thus thoroughly hacked up and dried by degrees it will probably be found to burn easily. As it will take some time tor the eggs laid by the weevils which visit them to reach maturity, no fear need be felt about their breeding fresh swarms, provided thai they are not allowed to lie too long. Other insects will lay their eggs in the exposed tissues, but their grubs maybe neglected, if a look-out is kept against the development n - that are not at present regarded as important. Si, -i . weeks f ( r the weevil to mature, and the period is probably much longer, no eggs laid after the tree is felled will produce beetles if destruction is completed within that time. Of course half-grown grubs overlooked in the tree may mature sooner. Cohoon and othei pa !m> felled in the neighbourhood of cocals ought to be similarly treated, and not allowed to lie and infect the neighbourhood. 4. Capture of the Weevils. This plan has also been generally recommended, and is in some ways preferable to the last. It is attended with no destruction of trees, and is applicable to plantations which have not yet become seriously infested, whereas the felling of palms can only be resorted to when they are already injured. There are three ways of taking the perfect insects : on the wing or when crawling about ; when lurking in the crevices of the leaf-sheaths and fibre ; when attracted to baits. The best way — that by which the greatest number can be caught with the least labour — is the last. It has been mentioned in the preceding section that the stumps and soft tissues -the -pi it cabbage — of felled palms which the weevils can be dropped. As the weevil, like many other kinds, seeks shelter bv day, the stumps and other baits should be visited at different times particularly at daybreak, to find out when the insect- frequent them most; and" the stumps will probably last longer and keep fresher if protected from the sun with a light covering of leaves and fibre, which can be removed to When 110 felling of palms is going on, other suitable baits are mangoes or other l'rnit crushed and allowed to fermeut. It has been suggested (32) to rut wild palm- in the neighbourhood in order to catch the beetles visiting the stumps. This is open to the objection that these palms must be carefully destroyed, or by becoming binding places they will be more dangerous than if left standing. Now the practice of attracting the weevils to fermenting mangoes cannot, however carelessly carried out, increase their numbers. The search for weevils hiding in the crannies of the palms is more suitable lor Indian plantations, where the tree- are regular!-, examined to catch Rhinoceros beetles and the Palm Weevils are taken incidentally. It is simply a question of convenience and the amount of labour involved. Observations may be made to see if there is any hour when the weevils can best be taken on the trees. The Females are the important sex, and any means of capture which only takes males will One advantage of the method of capture, at baits is that it can be carried out by children and unskilled labourers. Attraction by fires, into which the weevils plunge at night, has been tried in Asia, but the Palmetto Weevil, according to Summers, does not come to light. 5. Encouragement of Insectivorous Animals. Till the habits of the weevils' natural enemies have been more studied, not much can be done in this way, and it is unlikely that there is at present any large destruction of insectivorous birds that requires checking. Mr. Hunter in the Report (26) ascribed the immunity of his planta- tions to his keeping a herd of 190 pigs. The practice o4 letting swine forage is well known and employed in Continental Ion-try. They are greedy devoi Mr. Cr ground or 1 <■' the eggs of the beetles. " Did not understand the various stages of insect lift " female ants ; accidentally smoked some ants out of i " old ; the next year it was attacked by beetles and died The following notes on ants may therefore prove us< of ants consists not only of males and females, but of nt gathering sticks, grain, insects, &e. Their size is small large head, the segments of the thorax are very narro with the first one or two abdominal segments, resemble or five beads joining the head and hind body, which are size; wings are absent. The neuters, of which there kinds, the large-headed ''soldiers " and the small-headed reproduce, so that an attempt to colonise them alone : males and females are much bigger, with a well-develop, and a large abdomen which forms the chief mass of the hi appear above ground at the " swarming " time and then The males soon die. and the temale>. the larger of the st 50 ground, lose or tear oil" their wings, and are placed in nests by the worker.--, who lend them and their eggs and young. They are no more seen above ground. hu1 can he Ibund l>y examining the contents of an ant-hill. In temperate countries, at least, they die at the approach of winter, after which the nest only contains workers, and the eggs and grubs of the various forms. Ants have been frequently colonised with success in order to utilise them against other insects. The nest and its contents should be placed in a barrel anil transferred to some suitable spot, The disagreeable task can be made more easy by smearing the boots of the labourers, the shafts of the tools used, and the margin of the barrel with grease, oil, or fiv.-h tar. Many tropical species of ants are most injurious, for example, the Parasol ants which cut off and carry away leaves of many trees ; therefore due care must be taken to see figures of the male and worker of the l.'arasol ants are given on Plate II. 4a, 4ft, which show sufficiently the differences between these 6. The Cure of Injured Trees. This, though little tried in Honduras, has met v n-eat skill, both ir i observing the early stages of o try it ou a i operation itself. It is preferable ill it by the injection into •r Pa ris green suspendec , but there is a in t I wounds shoul Id be properly irc-aiinably are carried down to holes made by the grubs at the base of he spike. It is questionable whether these applications are not more of i prevention than a remedy. An Indian native ne-thod of de-iroying them •• i> to hang little bags of ■ salt over the affected parts of the tree. Water is then poured over ' the salt, so thai the brine soaks into the borings and drives out the ' beetle. It is believed that the latter will never return to a tree where • it has bee/i subjected to the above treatment" (35). The above quotation from a recent report is intended to refer to he Palm- Weevil. It appears, however, to the writer that the plan is lsed for the Rhinoceros beetle. Othei applications said to have met with success in some persons' >est, and should be used a- Paris given or London purple, stirred up in rater in the proportion of aboul 1 oz. of Paris green and 2 of flour iia ile into a paste, to 10 or 12 gallon-- of water and sprayed into the head >e used. Lime deserves a further trial, and nitrate of soda might be .ised. None of the above methods should be tried on a large scale till Iiey are proved to be harmless to the plant Firing the head of the - greatly weakened, and a further attack is thereby invited. Perhaps The treatment of - fever." or whatever tho disease maybe, has been already given in the report of Mr. Fawcett (32). For such purposes a solution of sulphate of copper is hardly safe, as it will concentrate by evaporation in the bases of the leaf-she ove injurious ; this is true to some extent of any po*-\ imented with, and observations on their ett'eei should be carried out tor a long time and not merely for a wee! -m. Sulphate of copper can be much more safely employed in the form of bouillie bordelaise made as follows : — 1 lb. copper sulphate (bluestone). 1 lb. freshly burned quicklime. to the proper quantity with water. It should be used fresh, and must he kept stirred, as tile copper hydrate formed soon settles. It can be b a syringe or spraying pump, and is not to be regarded as an insecticide. The above list of remedies is intended to include all that have been tried and are likely to be of success under different conditions. The protection of the trees against egg-laying by noi trimming them, and the capture of the weevils are, together with the careful destruction of killed trees, the most promising. Concerted action has been generally recommended to planters in respect to the destruction of trees, and in order to secure this ordinances have been proposed but not passed into law, both in British Honduras and the Straits Settlements. The reasons for and against such ordi- nances are in large measure independent of the soundness of the economic principles on which they are based. It may be desirable to destroy all infested trees, and yet it may be impolitic to enforce the execution of Whether the impulse towards efficient treatment of the evil afforded by the interests of the individual is fitly supplanted by the coercion of the State is a question in ethics beyond the scope of the present paper; but it may be asked whether the destruction of injured trees 18 not likely to be as actively carried out by the co-operation of planters, who are clearly made to understand that it is t,» their interest and profit For unless the duty of inspection : nied, the des- truction will probably be more perfu net or v than if "the planter is left to Previous attempts to enforce penal enactments of a similar character suitably enforced of all palms in the districts where cocoa-nut growing is practised will annihilate the weevils without the assistance of other methods, and an ordinance which does not provide for the destruction of the cohoon palms is incomplete. These are cut down by planters, not necessarily interested in cocoa-nut growing, who cannot fitly be included in the clauses of an enactment passed in the interests of another class of the community. It' it is necessary to ensure the dotiuelion of felled cohoon palms some other means must be sought. VIII.— Systematic Notes. In order to complete this account of the Palm Weevil, it is desirahle to give the . thai species, together with a list " incidentally . ORDER. COLEOPTERA. FAMILY. LUCANIDiE. Passalus (Eriocnemis) tkidens, Perch. Wiedemann. Zool. Mag. II. p. 109. Percheron. Mon. des Passales, p. 24, pi. 2, fig. 3. (Vtelnau. Hist. Nat. II. p. 179. See also (15, 16). FAMILY. DYNASTIDiE. Oryctes rhinoceros, Linn. Limneus. Syst. Nat. 1. 2, p. 544. Burmeister. Ha, Dohrn. Stett. Eut. Zi-it. XL I. p. 297. Seei.lso (21,22,23,27,29,30). by the larvas of Orya Fabncius. Si/sf. hid. I. p. 7. Chevrolat. GW>\ 3/«r/. Zoo/. Girard. La Nature, isS6 ( 1 )• FAMILY. CALANDRIDjE. or rice. The beetles feed a!mo-t with. mi exception in various portions of monocotyledouous plants, and. besides the two specie- mentioned above, others are known to attack sugar cane and maize (Sjiheiiup/iorns), cycads (Phacecnri/iinx), bananas (Sphcunphorits), kv. A list of the food plants of North American species is given in Insect Life, I. included in accordance with the Hcrbst. Xafnrsi/s(. K»f. VI. 1795, p. 3. = Cahrmlra (par-), Fahncius. i V/A ,,,/w ( pars), Clairville. ».i-s),TI»..nl.,T g . rVW^.Kirhy. lUuj.n-hiiphnrus. Schonherr. r/<'«. r///r. III. 2, ]). 816. All of which the habits are known feed upon palms. R. palmaeum, Linn. Currnlio pahnarum. Linnteus, Mu s. Lvd. I '/,•„ p. 12. 1. Olivier Ent. V. 83, p. 77. 4. PI. 2, fig. 16, a, b. Rhynchophorus pahnarum. Herbst, Co/., VI., p. 5. 1. PI. 60, Schonherr. Gen. Cure, IV, ii, p. 820. Calandra pahnarum, Fabi icius. SyH. El., II., p. 430, 3. Guilding. Trans. S<>v. Arts, XLVI, p. 144. Other references are given by Schonherr {loc. cit.). See also (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 19, 20, 26, 28, 31, 32). Deep black, above dull with velvety pubescence ; below, shining. Head finely punctured with intovocular sulcus ; eye- approximate. Thorax ■flattened, narrowed towards apex, base slightly produced posteriorly, punctured, more strongly at sides and apex, with traces of a median Thor: ix and elytra son lewl lat variable in ^ vidt Mali .—Rust upper S::R r Sli :i Jitly v. '/'■, ,1, le.— Rostrum sk ml.'-: rmly cm ■ve«i pe.tcrior ,sal pur ■ illld le than i itrrinr femora . very shoi rt. Pygidi Dm nan ( » Vl ed and more po h, exel usive of : rest, urn, 14 ^-20 lines; length of rostr "fluhii to*.— C antral and Itfa Am, ■rica, W est, Indian Mauds. The !h-iti>h AIiiM-um lection contain wo Ixlii/hchoplx, helled -.Java ," the otl ier "Dr. 1 Pearson, Da Reeling .- which 7). Of these figures the best are those of Guilding and 55 Blanchard (7). The larva of ihe allied species //. cnmttatiu, Fain-. (— Zi»u»tnna»nii, Fahr.) has l.eni .Inscribed and figured by Candeze ( 12) : as well as by Summers (13), and Dr. Horn (18). There is a rough figure of the larva of B. ferrugineus, published by Ridley (30). Description of Larva. Stour, fusiform, largest at third or fourth abdominal segment, and diminishing rapidly from sixth posteriorly; with slight ventral extremity. Head corneous, oval, mouth at lower part ; face inclined "obliquely forwards, sidis uniformly rounded, vertex somewhat (latter: median sagittal (epicranial) -utuiv distinct throughout, bordered behind by a raised margin on either side, thence continued forwards as a tine impressed line dividing at tipper third of face to form the lateral branches of the Y suture, which branches (frontal sutures ; run to the in- ferior lateral angles of the face ; on either side of the median suture a longitudinal suture running lack from upper third oi each frontal suture to become lost on occiput, bearing a setigerous pore at its anterior extremity and another midway between frontal suture and neck. Surface of head above frontal sutures divided by fine furrows into small hexagonal areas, their surface depressed and dull with a slightly raised shining border; five to six bristle pits along either frontal suture Face transversely rugose, with four longitudinal impressions, of which the middle are the deepest, and several bristle pits, one at anterior Body with intersegment;) i sulci deep on ventral surface, less marked on dorsum, where between them secondary folds extend to sides of body, ton-ether with less marked tertiary fold-, so that the dorsal sur- sion along vortical surface in which a -cries of raised pads are marked off by short tran-verse furrows; last five abdominal segments with a anterior part wide, covered above and at sides by a corneous plate, pos- of second am! : h. a ring a mnnher of small irregular fabercles. with four setigerous tubercles, between which the margin is crenate ; above, a deep triangular depression with corneous surface, margined by prominent raised lips, and occupying the dorsum of the pre-anal as well Stigmata nine pairs : the first well-developed, at lower angles of pro- ami nod wore too decomposed to allow of the connexion with the first seven abdominal stigmata being carefully examined, bin the communicating tracheae are certainly very small. The writer lias found thai the presence of the posterior stigmata did not o.-capc ( Juilding's attention. The objects Legs are entirely absent, for the most ventral series of thoracic tuber- cles represents them only in position and is probabh not homologous; legs appear in one of Blanchard's plates (17), but the originals are really bristles. Description of Pupa. The general features of this arc to be seen in the drawing (PI. I. 3a, 3b). Rostrum extending to the base of the second pair ot legs, with two transverse tubercular elevations above base of antennae, and two small tubercles below ; posterior part of prothorax asperate at sides; posterior legs covered by elytra and win»s. the former widely separated and ending in a blunt process, the latter almost meeting in the middle line. Length, 18-20 lines. The immature insect is brownish black with the following parts brown or testaceous ; the apex of the rostrum, the head and antenna' ; the anterior border, and some patches at the sides of the thorax; the on disc; the apical half of the "iibi;e and the tarsi. Guilding (3), Schomburgk (11), and Mi-s < )rm> -rod (I'd). According to Schomburgk they seldom attack full-grown canes, but only those newly stuck into the ground. Mi.-- Ormerod received specimens Jlhijucliophorus Zin Rhynchophoru* cm See also (13, 1>. 2 FAMILY. SIPAL1DAE. 51hina barbirostris. Fabr. Schonherr. Gen. Cure. IV. 2. ORDER. HEMIPTERA— HOMOPTERA. FAMILY ALEURODLD7E. Aleurodes cocois. Curt. J. Curtis (Ruricola). (lard. Citron., 1846, p. 284. FraueniV'M. Verb, zool. bot. (Jcs. in Wien. xvii. pp. 793, 801. Bignoret. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (4) torn. viii. pp. 398, 399. See also (11), pp.649, 650. Though the name of this insect has been often referred to in con- nexion with cocoa-nut diseases, no accurate observations have been made on it since the time of Curtis and Schomburgk. It is clear (hat it is not a true Ah urodt-s, and ace; i c. Arts, LXVI. H. Burmeister. Zur Nuturgiwhichti- der Gattung J. (). WestwoOD. Introduction to the Modern Classi- cs. Pp. 347-8. ^y. Kirbv and W. Spexce. An Introduction to rdeiio/ Chronicle. Ma\ • ,;,s Zimn .eoond edition, p. 5-17. (Translated by P. Martin Dincax as •• (18.) 1878. Dr. G.H.Horn. Note on larv f Rhynchopl (19.) 1880. Miss E. A. Okmkrod. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lor, (20.) 1881. D. Morris, M.A., F.L.S. Ai al Report of (21.) 1885. W. B. L. in The Tropical Agriculturist. \ T ol. IV., (22.) 1885. A. M. and J. Ferguson. All about the Coo •aim. Colombo. (23.) 1887. Dr. M. F. Simon. Report on 13r.-tl.-s injuriou (24.) 1888.' John Shortt. M. I).. F.L.S.. &«•. A Monograph <> 'ocoiinut Palm, or ( 'ucos Xucifi ni. illustrated. Madras. (25J 1888. An Enemv to the Date Palm in Florida (flhifuchoph ruentatus). Insect Life'; vol. I., p. 14. Washington, D.C. (26..- 1889. J. H. Phillips, P. E. Gabb, M.R.C.S., and .1. ] Preservation Hill. Penally Straits Settlements, Dec. 23. (30.) 1889. H.N.Kioi.KV. Director of (iardetis and Forests Strait; Settlements. Report on the Destruction of Coco-nut Palms by Beetles "(:;i l !') Ul, iss9. W. Har.-kr. Timehri, N.S. ii. pp. 66, 84. George- (32.) 1891. John B. Hickey. Notes on the Palm Weevil i Parth reproduced from //out, and Far in. Louisville. Kv.) ; also note by Editors. Insect Life, IV., p. 136. Washington, D.C. (33.) 1891. W. Fawc kit, F.L.S., Dire-tor of Public < lardens anci Plantations. Report on the Cocoa-nut Disease at Mont. go P.av linlletin of the Botanical Department. Jamaica, Sept. (34.) 1892 Correspondence on the Cocoa-nut Pina, e /iitlletiu of the 15 .tanical Department. Jamaica. May. Banga'lore, Mysore, for 1891-2, p. 12. Note. — In this bibliography are included all important warks whid describe or tigure the early stages of lihynchophiiri, as well as thost giving the details of their lifeJiistories. W. F. H. Blahdford. London, February 1893. PLATE I. tlCAjr Palm Wekvil, Uluimhophurns pahnannn, Linn, -The Perfect Insect: Fio. 2.— The Larv c. Dorsal view of posterior extremity, * ] d. Anterior view of head, with part of i PLATE II. Fig. 1— The Bearded Weevil, Rhina barbirostris, Linn.: b. The female. Fig, 2.— Rhina nigra, Drury (after Coquerel) : a. The larva. b. The pupa. Ftg. 3.— The Elephant Beetle, Megasoma elepkas, Fahr. a. The female. b. The soldier (worker-major). Rhync iiop nor us p almarum ,L ( I Rhma barcirostris, Fabr. .Khma nigra , Drvury ( after CoqixereL) .Megasoma elephas.jFo&r. 'CEcodoma rri^^\ca,xia.,Srrufh.( after Pouckar-aL) CCXCVL— NEW ORCHIDS : DECADE 5. 41. Physosiphon Lindleyi, Rolfe ; caulibus foliis brevioribu: a ■ pinlilnYs, foliis anguste oblongis obtusi -I'm | >i- foliis longioribus, bracteis spathaceis apiee triaogulis aeutis, perianfhii tubo triquetro obloDgo lobis rohYxis ligulato-oblongis apicn- latis tubo aequalibus, petal is ol.ovato-obloiigis ol.fusK lahello triloho lobis latoralibus erectis subcarnosis rotnndatis lob., intermedio suhorhieu- Hab. Mexico, near Chiapas, Linden, n. 1234 ! Caules 2 poll, longi v. ultra. Folia 2i-3£ poll, longa. Seapi 4 poll. longi. Bracteee 2 liu. longa?. Sepala 7 lin. longa. Petala \ lin. longa. Labcllum J lin. longum. This is the largest-flowered JUiiisosiphon known, the flowers measur- Mr. F. W. Moore, Glasnevin I'.otani. those of the present species. The lobes of the sepals of /'. Li ndlti/i an deep , •; a n .:. :vr hi ick-red in colour, the tube and the rest of' the flower light green. It may be placed next to P. Loddigesii, Lindl. Good specimens of P. carina turn, Lindl., and 42. Bulbophylhim racemosum, Rolfe ; pseud, compreaau i laxifloro, bracteis ovato-ohln pe.Ii.vlli> elongatis, sepalo postico ellipt ieo-oblong. petalis ovato-ohlongis ohtusis, la (lot l poll, longi. us. Bractecr, 3-4 Petala 4 lin. long from most other known species ( dorsal sepal and the petals spottt minutely spotted on the upper half, and striped on the lower one with the same colour. The lip is purple, covered with numerous black dots, paler near the tip. The face of the column, also its foot, is spotted with purple on a pale ground. It flowered in the collection of Sir Trevor Lawrence. Bait., of Iiurt'onl, Dorking, last August, when it was sent to Kew for determination. 43. Cirrhopetalum brienianum, Rolfe ; pseudobulbis ovoideis mo- nophyllis, foliis elliptico-oblongis obtusis eoriaeeis, seapo suberecto elongate gracili. florii.ns umbelialis, bracteis olatis acutis, sepalo postico elliptico-oblongo concavo setifero ciliato, lateralibus con- natis elongato-linearibus, petalis suborbicularibus ciliatis, labello recurvo obhmgoduneeolato subobtuso. columna 1 >i t-vi-s'una ib-iitihus minutis. Hab. Borneo. Pseudobulbi \ poll, longi. Folia 2\ poll, longa, , ! poll. lata. Sat pus poll, altus. Bractece \\-2 lin. longa?. Sepal tun posticuw 1{ liti. longum; lateralia 10-11 lin. longa. Petala £ lin. longa. Labellum This species was introduced from Borneo by Messrs. Linden, of L'Horticulture Internationale, Brussels, with whom it flowered in March 1891, when it was sent to Kew for determination. A plant from the same source flowered with Mr. James O'Brien, of Harrow-on-the-llill, in the following October. It belongs to the group having the dorsal sepal and petals ciliate or appendaged, and is allied to C. malmy n nutu, Rehb. f., in " Gard. Chron.," 1879, i., p. 234, next which it may be placed. The lateral sepals are light straw-colour, except a small portion near the base, which, as well as the greater part of the dorsal sepal, petals and lip, isVery dark dull maroon. 44. Ccelogyne borneeiisis, Rolfe ; pseudobulbis aggregatis basi ovoideis api.-c atteuuatis gracilibus diphyllis, folds obovatis apieulatis subsessilibus trinerviis, scapis erectis, racemis nexuosis multifloris, fioribus heterochronicis, braeteis oblongo-lanceolatis subobtusis con- volutis irnbricatis deciduis, pedicellis gracilibus, sepalis oblongo- lanceolatis acutis concavis, petalis linearibus acutis, labello late elliptico ttilubo lobis lateralibus rotundatis obtusis intermedio ovato subobtuso undulato, disco bicarinato, columna arcuata basi gracili Hab. Borneo. littcctni 5 poll, longi. Bracterr 1 poll, longie. Pedicclli 7 lin. longi. Sepala 7 lin. longa, 2 lin. lata. Petala 7 lin. longa, £ lin. lata. Labellum 6 lin. longum, 4 lin. latum. Columna 5 lin. longa. This species belongs to Lindley's small section Flexnosa, and may be placed next to the Javan C. longifolia, 1,'mdl., which has longer and narrower lea without a slender attenuated neck. It is a native of Borneo, winner it was introduced by Messrs. Linden. of L'Horticulture Internationale, Brussels, in whose collection it flowered last August. The flowers are whitish or light buff (this point remains doubtful owing to the flowers being somewhat withered), with red-brown reticulations on the side lobe- of the lip, and some markings of similar colour on the front lobe. Hie pseudobulbs and leaves are described from a reduced sketch seat by Messrs. Linden. Rolfe i caule elongato folioso, foliis tis, pedunculo terminali elongato com- multifloro, braeteis liuemi-laneeol.-.tis nu r i- subaeutis v. apieulatis, petalis august is ol.IaiKvolato-linearibus acutis, labello columnar adnato cordato obtuso integro subconduplicato apice recurvo, columna clavata. Hab. New Granada, at Popayan. Caules circa 8 poll, longi. Folia 2\-Q\ poll, longa, 3-5 lin. lata. Prdnnoili : \-l ped. longi. Rucemi 3-S poll, longi. Bract,,, \-\\ lin. longa3. Pe^ce/ft 2 lin. longi. Sepala 3-t lin. longa, 1£-U lin. lata. I'vtuln 2-2i I'm. longa, .'. lin. lata. Labellum 2^-3 lin. longmn, 2-2-| lin. latum. Columna 1 lin. longa. A very distinct Epidcudnim of the section Spat/iium, allied to E. (jramViflnnnn, Lindl., but has leaves and Mowers not half the size of that species, and the latter far more numerous and produced on a long flattened peduncle. The sepals and petals, as well as the peduncles and rachis, are of a light ochreous brown, or sometimes dull purple-brown, and the lip light glaucous green. It was introduced from Popayan by Messrs. F. Sander & Co., of St. Albans, with whom it flowered in November 1889. It was also received from Mr. F. W. Moore, Ghisnevin Botanic Garden. Dublin, in September 1892. 46. Epidendrum tricolor, Rolfe ; caule erecto subcompresso f.lioso. foliis lineari-oblongis subobtusis, racemi- pendulis multilloris, !loribu- is oblongo-la'ICeoUti- rilobo lobis hiteralihus Hab. Venezuela. Caulis 5 poll, longus v. ultra. Folia 3-4 poll, long*, (i lin. lata. liacemi 4-5 poll, longi. Bractetr \ lin. longa*. Bedice/fi 2i lin. longi. Sepala 3 [ lin. longa. Petala 3 lin. longa. Lab, Hum l! 1 , lin. Ionium. Columna \\ lin. longa. A graceful little "species, imported from Venezuela (together with Caftleija Mos.sia; Hook.) by Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., of Clapton, with whom it (lowered la>t November. It is closely allied to E. piirum, Lindl., but is readily distinguished, among other characters, l.v its orange coloured lip. The sepals and thread-like petals are light yellow, and the column green. The (lower- are small and numerous, and -mell remarkably like cucumber. 47. Stanhopea Lowii, Rolfe ; pseudobulbis ovoidei-, racemis pcmlulis bithtris, sepalo postico oblongo subobtuso concave), lateraliluis ovatis subobtusis, petalis elliptico-oblongis subaeutis. labello vahle carnoso, hypochilio subgloboso ore obcordato-orbiculari Levi prop* apicem utrinque obtuse dentato mesochilio crasso integro truncato apice iitrin.pie earinato-alato epichilio triangulo subobtuso convexo, columna areuata supra medium late alata apice ovato-triangula subobtusa. Hah. New Granada. Pseitdobulbi 21 poll, longi. Sepalum postivum 2£ poll, loinnim U poll, latum; la/cndia 2h poll, longa, If poll. lata. Petala •» ' poll' longa, 1| poll. lata. Lab, Ihnn 2 poll, longum; hypochilium 1 poll" longum; mesochilium \ poll, longum; epichilium V> li !: 4 lin. latum. Columna 2\ poll, longa. This handsome Stanhopea is allied to X. tb/irnra, Lindl, and S. nir/n nharhmna, Roezl.. differing from the former hypochil and differently-coloured flowers, and from the ! only from description) in having the mesnchil solid, n,.- i t be doubted. JS, Lpwii was introduced from New The sepals and petals are of a creamy buff shade, the latter with numerous minute lno wn spots on the disc. The lip is ivory-white, the upper half of the hypochil with bands of dull maroon, formed of numerous suffused spots with some scattered dots between them. The column is pale gn The flowers exhale a powerful, almost Nai 48. Aerides platychilu: scapis descendentibus i o\atis snliobtusis, sepalo postico elliptico-oblongo majoribu- triangulo-ovatis oblusis ad pedem colunma' adnatis, potalis ollipfico-obiomrb olifiois laliello piano trilobo iobis lateialihus oblon^is obtusis internieilio latissime ovato-oblou«:n apice biwiter bilobo. 'loci nervis paullo incrassatis, calcare valide reflexo conico obtuso, colunma Hab. Not recorded. Folia 6 poll. longa. \\ poll. lata. Scapi i longae. Pedicelli 1 poll, longi. Sepal urn pos 2\ lin. latum; lateralia 5 lin. longa, basi 4V I in. longa, 21 lin. lata. Labellum 9 lin. longum, 8 1 This distinct and pretty Aerides flowered with Mr. F. W. Moore, (ilasnevin Botanie Harden" Dublin, in April 1 .892. when it was sent to Kew fur determination. Nothing is known of its native country. It is allied to A. ItonlleliauuM, li>hb. I'., bavin- similar colours and a very sharply reflexed spur, but the lip is flat, not plicate, and the side lobes arc; free for less than half their length, not divided nearly to the base and spreading. The sepals and petals are light buff, with a faint purple stain near the tips. The lip is flat or slightly convex, pale yellow i-h with the middle and apex bright purple, and a few similar spots on the sides. The spur is buff-pink, it is an interesting addition to the genus. 49. Saccplabitun mooreanum, Rolfc ; foliis lineari-oblongi- api.-e brevissime bilobis, scapis descendentibus, racemis densifloris brevibus, ' .- . " te ellipticis ) trilobo lobis lateralibus semiorbicularibus erectis intermedio triangulo-ovato obtuso concavo, calcare clavato elongato, colunma brevi fronte in appendicem decurvum bicuspidatum producta. Hab. New Guinea. Folia 4-6 poll, longa, \\ poll. lata. Scapi 5-8 poll, longi. Racemi 1-2 poll, longi. Bracteee 1-2 lin. longae. Pedicelli 2-3 lin. longi. Sepala et petala 2 lin. longa. Label li limbus lj-H lin. longus ; calcar 2-3 lin. longum. A small-flower. -d Samdabit/m. introduced from New Guinea (together With Dnidrobbim Phala nnpsis) by Me-is. F Sander \ Co., of St. Albans, and now represented in several collections. 1 1 flowered with Mr. F. W. Moore, (ilusnev in Botanic Garden. Dublin, in October hist, November, and shortly afterwards with ( .1. Luea-, K-u,.. YVarnham Court, Horsham, from all of whom ^pecim. i - wciv roc i\.-d tor determina- tion. It is allied to S. Mimns. Kcho. f., and two or three other Polynesian species, which have a pr . . lage in front of the column, looking down, as it were, into the spur, as in the genua Uneifera. The flowers of >'. woorcaiiUin niv densely arranged in a short i-vliinli I' (lie ^oginouts tipju-il with green, and the side lobe- <.f (he lip and the column white. 50. Angraecum bistortum, liolfe ; caule scandente radieante. foliis ■ i'« \ iter et in;iMii;i!iier hilobis lobis rotundatis, raeomis lblii> l>r<\ im ilui< pain-illoris hraeteis tnbulosn- vaginatis apiee ohliquis -uliohtu-i-. (U.ril .us secundis sepalis nrlexis petalis panllo angusti<>ril>u<. lal-cllo- ovato-lanceolato suhaeuto, ealeare olongnto historfo apiee l.raetea tul.ulo<-i ineludenle. eolumna l.revissima, pollinarii 2fl:iTi< ! uln lane. < ■ 1 : « t . .- 1 an ]-« «llini^ ovoideis stipitihus geminis. Hab. W. Trop. Africa, Lagos, Moloney ! Folia 3-5 poll, longa, f-lj- poll. lata. Racemi 2\ poll, longi. Bractcfr 2 lin. longa-. Pniicel'li 4 lin. longi. Sepal a et petala 4 lin. longa. Letbelli calcar 9-10 lin. longum. This species is allied to Am/neeimi oramhnn. Lindl., and A. chii'iHuanirm. ITooh . f., I.ut has considerably smaller flowers, with the additional peculiarity that the s]>ur is curved into a loop, and its tip remain^ tightly clasped hy the sheathing bract; in which respect it appears to differ from every other species in the group. This character. which seems quite constant, gives the spur the appearance of a looper caterpillar. It evidently arises from the unequal growth of the pedicel and gpur. "When the flowers are quite young these two organs are equal in length, and the tip of the spur is . nrolled ly the sheathing bract. Then the spur elongates rapidly, but failing to free" itself forms a double bend, in allusion to which the name is given. It was collected J of the co" Alfred I late Curator of the Lagos January 1892. CCXCVIL— MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. Mr. Daniel Dewar, Foreman of the Herbaceous Department in the Royal Gardens, has been appointed Curator of the Botanic Garden at Glasgow. Mr. Walter Irving, a member of the gardening staff of the Royal Gardens, has been appointed Foreman fori probation) of the Herbaceous Department in succession to Mr. Dewar. Gardens, has been appointed t Ihe Government of His High: the Bombay Presidency. Mr. Frederick Enos Willky, in the employ of the R >val Gardens, as been appointed Acting Curator of the Botanical Station at Aburi, nder the Government of the Gold Coast, during the absence on leave \Mr. W. Crowther. Melhania erythroxylon, Ait.— This is the redwood of St. Helena, an endemic tree 20 feet high, hearing large tubular flowers, white when first expanding, changing in a day or two to pink, and finally to red. It is now almost extinct in the island. In 1883 Mr. Morris, the Assistant Director of Kew, when on a visit to St. Helena brought home seeds of this plant, which were widely distributed. Plants were success- fully grown at. Jamaica and put out at the Hill Garden attached to the Government Cinchona Plantations. It is doubtful, however, whether any of them have since survived, as the tree is, evidently, difficult to grow under cultivation to a mature utate. One of the last of the plants raised from the same seed at Kew was killed during the winter of 1891. It would be interesting to learn whether the tree has been successfully grown elsewhere outside St, Helena. In order to make further trial of it application for a good supply of seed was made a short time ago to Mr. W. Grey Wilson, C.M.G., Governor of St. Helena. This was obligingly sent in November last, and a portion was at once distributed to the following W'tanica I gardens, viz. :— Berlin, Kdinburgh, Glasnevin, Paris, Antigua (Leeward Islands), Hakgala (Ceylon), Jamaica, Natal, Port Elizabeth, Svdiu y, Trinidad, and to T. Ilsmi.urv. Ksq., at Meutone. The seeds sown at Kew germinated in a few days, and there are now i healthy young plants. Californian Plants. — Kew is indebted to Professor E. L. Greene, of the University of California, for a parcel of about 300 dried plants, from western North An- riea. mostly from California, and largely consisting of types of novelties described by him from time to time. The specimens are excellent, and form a valuable addition to the Herbarium. Garbelling of Spices. — Probably few persons of the present generation understand what was meant by " garbelling of spices." though the us,, of the term may still linger in the rrade. The sense in which it is used in this connexion is to pick, cleanse, and sort into different qualities. In the »jft of hooks to Kew Iron, Mr. TJios. Ilan- bury, F.L.S., referred to in the last number of the Bulletin, p. 22, is a pamphlet of 87 pages entitled : A profitable and necessarie Discourse for the meeting with the bad Garbelling of Spice*. u>«\ in these duies. And against the Combination of the vvorkemeu of that office contrarie vnto common good. Composed by diuers Grocers of London, wherein are bandied such principall matters differently -applied or ditleivnth spelled; thus, mases (mace). e;allin- gall (Ci/penis hnKjusY). -etual 1 (zedoary'). Moro>\va\ and Stavesacre Visitors during the Year 1892. — In the Ken- Ih/llitm. p. 51, a review was given of the number of visitors to the ] Gardens during the last 50 years. It was shown that there had a gradual increase of visitor/ from J),174 in the year 1841 to 1,37. in 1891. The detailed numbers for last year (1892) are as follows m™,„ Month. Jamiarv 21,583 Brought for* rd 682,008 February - July - May June 248.9<;5 dSE- ' 30,367 18,828 w*m T.,t„, - WM. The total number of i 181)2 was i.:;.vi.i 248.9(35 ; the idance (on Jamiarv ITih) wa, 9S0. The -reai.-t week .lav artei.d- (on June 6th, Whit Mondav). was 82.571: the smallest week attendance (October 28th) was 146, disease of coffee amfl). ■ type in c he Rev. M J. Berk was t lis* t the (license had possibly been introduced into Mysore from South America. Of late years little has been heard of the disease in cither hemispheres. It was at no period so virulent in its character as the well-known coffee-leaf disease of Ceylon {/fe/tii/cia rasfatrir), and with ordinary care on the part of cultivation it was not anticipated it would become a formidable enemy to coffee cultivation. Interest in this disease has now been revived, as it has been found by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on coffee in Jamaica, where, however, it was suspected to have existed for some time. Reference is evidently made to it in the follow- ing words, which appeared in the Kew Report, 1876, p. 20: — " A some- " what similar t,sfm„, th< .lf„,e„ tlt . No. 28 :-•• On Nov. Stb. I found a nu " surface. . . . Specimens of this fungus wero sent to Mr. 15. T. <• Calloway, of the United State- Department of Agriculture, who writes "J hat it is I ruin I mla . tin- only rn-t fungus ktmu n to attack the grape." obtained at Boekfort (near King-to,,) in l.H'.K). The disease had, how- ever, been noticed in Jamaica in 1879, and specimens of leaves were forwarded to Kew and submitted to the late Bev. M. J. Berkeley {Report Jamaica Hot. Department, 1880, p. 24). Mr. George Massee has now identified the same fungus as Credo vitis, Thiim., and he has furnished the following not.- -Mn- the hi-tory of its occurrence : — " Uredo W//.-J. Tliiinicn. Die Pilze des Weiustockes, p. 182, tab. 5, fig. 10 (187S), was described from specimens parasitic on living leaves of lift's linifera from Aiken, S. Carolina, collected by H. W. Ravenel. Specimens of this fungus were sent to the Eev. M. J. Berkeley in 1879 from Jamaica by Mr. D. Morris, at that time Director of the Botanic Gardens in Jamaica. The fungus now sent by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell to Kew from Jamaica, and determined by Mr. B. J. Galloway, of the United States Department of Agriculture, to be Credo Halts, Lag., proves to be identical with I'rtdo r/'fis, Thiim.. as proved bv comparison with a portion of Thiimen'stype specimen, now in the Kew Herbarium. The type of Lagerheim's species, Credo Viala-, was collected near Kingston, Jamaica, and is undoubtedly synonymous with C. rifts. Thiim., the some- wlui! imperfect description of the latter having led to tin 1 founding of a second species. The aeudial form of the fungus is mixed with the uredo- form in Mr. Morris's specimens." A treatment for this disease in vines might be devised as already recommended in the ease of the coffee disease. Jn the younger stages of the disease it would be found useful to du*1 the growing leaves, as well as the surface of the -oil. at frequent interval- with, sulphur, or a mixture of sulphur and lime. When the orange- yellow spores are already developed any remedial treatment then is practically useless. The "leaves should, however, be carefully collected and burnt, in order to lessen the danger of the fungus spreading to other Tropical Agriculture. — An introductory Text Book of Tropieal Agriculture lias been published by Messrs. Macmillan & Co. from :he pen of Dr. H. A. Alford Nicho'ls. M.I).. F.L.S., of Dominica. It is a crown octavo volume of 312 pages, the published price being 6s. per copy. This is practically the English edition of a work tha uhtaine.fthe premium of 100/. offered bv the Government of Jamaica Iruns first of all published at the Government Printing Office »t Jamaica, and adopted as a text book for the use of the colleges aie (Jovernment of other colonies, and it is cvi«i> t.;. a- stated by the ;.uth'i'i " that it has supplied a distinct want." The first part deals with the elementary principles of tropical agriculture connected with n conshera- irrigation, tillage operations, pruning, budding, and grafting. I» the second part the application of these principles to the various cultivaions undertaken in tropical countries is considered, and useful hints given respecting coffee, cocoa, tea, sugar-cane, fruits, spices, drugs, and tood Ferns of South Africa.— Mr. T. B. Sim, Curator of the Botanic Garden of King William'- Town, has just published a haidhook of the Fems and Fern AUi, so!' South Africa. Ir < .mains descriptions of all the in number, which are known to occur soutb of the tropic of Capricorn, and plates of nearly all of them. Of these 170 specie, only 12 arc peculiar to tin 1 Cape, 75 of the 157 true ferns being found in the south-west district, 78 in the fouth-east, 89 in Kaffraria, 61 in the Transvaal, and 130 in Xatal. The synonymy of'lhe species is carefully worked out, and theii li I the seven geographical districts e-tablislied by Mr. Bolus. The fern-flora of South Africa does not show the same richness and remarkable individuality which characterises the Phanerogamic botany of the Colony, and continental Africa as a whole is much poorer in ferns and in endemic species than Asia and America Madaga>car, Mauritius, and Bourbon have a very rich fern-flora. Mr. Sim is far behind the time instating the number of ferns Vnown in Madagascar at 144. The number of species at present known is 366. The per-centage he states for the number of ferns peculiar to Africa (67 per cent.) is far too high. The proper number for the Seychelles is H>. not 30. The hook, with its plates, makes all about the Cape ferns so clear, that r.o doubt it will give a great impulse to the collecting and study of ferns by the inhabitants of the colony. RO^AL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. Nos. 76-77.] APRIL and MAY. [1893. CCXCVIII.— AMERICAN GINSENG. {Aralia quinquefolia, A. Gray.) With Plate. In a recent number of the Kew Bulletin t IS«)l\ p. 107) a note was published on Ginseng, :i tonic and stimulant medicine highly valued by the Chinese. It was pointed out that there were two principal sorts of Ginseng known — the North American Ginseng {Aralia qaim/iajolia, A. Gray), collected in the Eastern United States and Canada and ex- ported to China, and the Corean Ginseng {Aralia quinquefolia var. (Unseat/, Keg. el Mack ). a principal article of export from Corea into China. The produce of the American plant is used only as a substitute for the Chinese article. It is ranked as about fourth in quality; that from Japan being the least esteemed. Seeds of the V orean Ginseng were recently received at Kew from Mr. Walter C. Hillier, Her Majesty's Consul General in Corea. It is, how- ever, too early, yet, to give the results. In the meantime, the following information may prove of interest in regard to the American piaut, which is proposed to be protected from extinction in Canada by legisla- tive enactment, while in the United State- experiments are being carried on to increase the supply by cultivation. The industry, such as it is in the New World, has, hitherto, been entirely dependent on the plants found wild in the forests. The American Ginseng belongs to the natural order Araliaceee, an Fatsia, the tropical Sciadopht/lhun and Uedera (the common ivy)'. than a font or 1 o inches high, the leave- are long-talked, palmatiscct, witli usually live leaflets (hence the specific name), arranged in a whorl of ies expand into small round bright ivd berries about the aize of s each with two seeds. The root (the part used) is tuberous, '"in' inches h>:ig and usually branching into two or three tap- visions. It is \. transverse ridges, and gives number of fibrous rootlets. The upper portion- l the i.in->ng plant in Canada, the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario has passed a Statute (54 Victoria, 1891) enacting that— "Except for the purpose of clearing or bringing land into cultivation, no person shall, between the first day of January and the first day of September in any year, cut, root up, gather, or destroy the plant known by the name of ginseng, whenever such plant may be found growing in a wild or uncultivated state." The penalty for contravening the provisions of tin- Art is " not less " than five dollars or more than twenty dollars together with the costs " of prosecution, and one-half of such penalty shall be paid to the •• prosecutor." The search for Ginseng roots appeals to be as keenly followed ■vr that if the steps " From Minnesota to Carolina the gathering [of Ginseng n been carried on until, in the places Avhere this beautiful plant a so abundant that one could hardly step without treading 01 single roots can now be found. It is only a question of tin Ginseng at the present rate of destruction will be utterly < from our forests. Last year more of the root was exported to China from this country by 80,000 pounds than was ever sent before in any single year, and notwithstanding the growing scarcity there are 10 persons hunting for the roots now where there was one ten years ago." Until quite recently there appears to have been a general opinion in America that Ginseng could not he successfully grown as a garden crop. The attempt, it is said, ! --by planting the roofs and sowing the seed, but they never grew." Mr. G. Stanton. Summit Station, New York, who may be regarded as the pioneer of the move- ment to cultivate Ginseng, states : — " My first .-owing of seed did not pro- •' duce a plant ; 2(H) root- which I put into the ground in 1886 made •' little growth the first year, and the outlook was - unfavourable that " I almost abandoned the attempt. In J887 I put in some roots and " sowed some ^eeds. and the next \vav my plants made a better showing. *' I then commenced to study the habits and charact ristics of the plant, " and with the exp< Hence gained mv success lias been complete. I " had thousands of fine plants growing in my ground in 1891 ... in « my opinion the growing of the plant can bo "made profitable, even if " the root does not bring more than two dollar?! per pound." The price r< dise ! r C'a ida n I89<> !'< G iseng, was from three dollars to three dollars 50 cents per pound for dry roots. In August last the Marquess of Lorn- for wauled to Kew an interest- ing letter received by him from the United States respecting the cultivation of Ginseng. The plant was not at the time in the Kew collections, but application was made for seed, which was received from Mr. Stanton, together with the following letter in regard to the treat- ment and the general cultivation of the plant: — l your request of the 20th August, I send you by Giuseng seed, which I hope will reach you in good 74 condition, and that you may be successful in getting plants from them. You will please keep them in moist earth till they are planted, which should be done as soon as convenient ; they must not be allowed to get dry. It takes Ginseng seed 18 months to germinate ; planted this autumn, they should send up small 3-leaf plants in the spring of 1894. To obtain best results they should be sown in a bed in the forest, where they could be protected from stock or being trampled upon. A bed three feet wide and four feet long will be ample for one ounce of seed. Ginseng is found mostly in hard-wood forests, upon dry ground, where beech, maple, and basswood predominate. In garden culture any light, loose, rich soil will meet the requirements, only it must be put in condition that will not bake. The plants must be kept shaded. Meet the natural requirements of the forest as nearly as possible. My methods are to form outlines of beds with boards six inches wide, held in position by stakes ; beds three feet wide, any length desired. I sow in drills two to three inches apart, seed one inch apart in drill, put them in about one inch deep, then cover the bed with muck or leaf loam, or some kind of mulching, so as to keep the ground moist. I place brush upon the beds to protect them till the plants come up. When the roots are two or three years old they may be taken up and transplanted, four to six inches apart each way. I have not made much advancement as yet in cultivating from seed, as I have not been in the business long, but I have some fine plants second and first season from seed. In garden culture there is some loss of young plants from snails and insects ; worms are also liable to injure the roots. I have placed in one corner of the package 25 last year's seeds, which should give you plants next spring; they were put into the ground one year ago. Those that 1 have examined look all right. Please examine the germ of one of these with magnifying glass, also one of the fresh seeds. Enclosed you will liud four last year's seeds, dry, please examine them also. In package with seed are two fresh berries, one ripe and one green ; also a stem from which the berries have been taken ; also a stem with three small leaves. I shall be pleased to hear from you at any time. Should you care to give this matter any further trial I can furnish you with roots next season, providing an order was sent early in August. A very interesting article on Ginseng, !>\ NU-hoI; V ke, appeared in the Srk-iitific American, January 10, 1891 ; also by the writer in Garden and Forest, May 11, 1892. The Bulletin LXV., Ontario Agricultural College Kxperimental Station, Toronto, is also of interest. G. Stanton. qninquefolia). American Ginseng {Aralia quingue/olia). CCXCIX.-Y-DZI OF TONQUIN. (Coixgif/antea, Roxb.) In July 1881, there appeared in the Bulletin de la Societe (TAcclimo- tution of Fiance a note on the economic value of the Y-dzi, a plant native of Ann ina, and Tonquin. It was described as a grass closely allied to the common Job's teajrs (Coix Lachryma), but believed to be a new species. The name Coix Ma-yiCen was sug- gested for it. The siem was said to attain a height of between 6 and 7 feet. The fruits were smaller than those of the ordinary Job's tears, softer in texture, and not marked with the grey marbling found on the latter. The grains were believed to possess peculiar medicinal pro- perties and to yield a valuable food, either parched, made into a refreshing beverage, or a nutritious soup. In a further note which appeared in the same Bulletin for December 1881, a chemical analysis of the grains of Y-dzi was given. There was nothing remarkable indicated in this. and. - ith analyses of of ordinary Coix : given to the merits of Y-dzi in Fl being made at K< \\ respecting lb. advi>abilit\ of introducing the plant to some of the British Colonies. The impression which the French account produced Mr. E. J. Ackroyd to Royal Gardens, Kew. 29, Oriental Place, Brighton, Dear Sir, 1st March 1889. I beg to enclose an extract from a Hong Kong paper, The Catholic Ii<(/is!( r, respecting a shrub called the Y-dzi which is said to grow in Annan and Tonquin. The article ascribes various valuable properties to this shrub, and I should be much obliged if you would kindly let me know whether it is Seeing that it could be substituted for the Eucalyptus, I was thinking (if that is really the case) of getting some seeds Mauritius, Where they would prove invaluable if they really destroy I hope to return to Hong Kong in October, and, should your report . r think, through the Rev. Pere Limonier, Head of' the French Mission, I could obtain some of the seeds. I am spending only a few days here, my permanent address is St. George's Club, Hanover SiMiaie. London. (Sigi iems Regis Ho P.S.— If you think it would be worth while, I would bring the matter to the notice of the Government in Hong Kong, and if I obtained M.me of the seeds I would ask that the plant be cultivated in tin Government Botanic Gardens there. \ believe I have, through Pere Limonier and other persons connected with Tonquin whom I know, facilities of pun la. in Rome, some s eeds ..1 th.- \-« :zi. This"<: . )\v six :..-. i a half hiirh, and cot l.-titnted lor ovei Eucalyptus. The ■ Cochin China and Y-dzi is indige ''.'"; ;!';;iT L!:-it ; is found all he Annanite 'I 'he' grains of the \ f-dzi, stripped of their hi isk, are eatable like mon grains, and po ssess a peeuliai aste. The Y-dzi is nt. The inhabitant? of Tonquin it "the grass of lif of Tonquin extremely unhealthy • Ninh ami Huang (),. 1 dr, the \ rater of the • as that of p. Travellers use t : ;e, i'-d Z i iuYhe Chii 1a. The grains of the Y-dzi, eatjn id an efficacious enn ) of disease of t e bad effect " The grains o flh C Y-d/.i/ i missionary ■■ 'ileiit proport They atibrd a • « beverag ties the blood, the stomach, and is iuretic. To obtain it they take on th. tie almonds, id boil them in wat er. Wcll-to-d( : make very " fl equent use of the Y -dzi during the sm: imer. Here the" plant easily Mr. E. J. ACKKOYD to RoYAT. GARDENS. K E W. Kensington Talaec Hotei, Dear Sir, 7th September 1892. In November or December, 188>, 1 wrote to you about a tree or shrub in Tonquin called the Y-dzi, said to possess valuable properties for drying up ; .and other purposes. . I ,. .!. :,. • : ! ; .• • .:. ... ■ • .. ■ Mission in Hon- Kon-. He sends seeds and an extract from a letter written by one of the Missionaries in Tonquii,. whi< li says .— The Bpecimens of seeds of the Y-dzi forwarded by Mr. Justice Ackrojd were duly received at Kew. Tt was evident that they were derived from a species of Coir, and thev very closed v resembled those of Coiv gigantea, Roxb., Fl. J ml. iii., p. 370. This plant is fully discussed' in the Kew Bulletin, 1888, pp. 266-268. It is needless to say it is not a shrub, and it possesses no merits for counteracting the malarial influence- of marshy hv-alities beyond that possessed by any coarse, quick -growing - - _ • .rbir>g a large quantity of water. The sperms of Coix arc well-known tropical grasses, found in dam]) and marshy places. The host known is Coir Locliri/tna, and this is widely distributed iu both hemispheres. In many countries it is regarded as a troublesome weed, and a source of annoyance, especially in rice fields. The drop-like fruits known as Job's Tears are used for necklaces and in various ways as articles of ornamentation. The usual colour is white, but they are sometimes found slightly tinned with pink, and sometimes grey or almost black. An account of Ci.ir Lachr>/ma vax.stenocarpa with h>ng cylindrical involucres, used by the Karens (a semi-aboriginal tribe inhabiting certain districts of Lower Burma) for ornamenting their dresses, is given in the Kew Bulletin, 1888, p. 144 ■(with plate). The peculiar medicinal and nutritive properties attributed to the Y-dzi •plant in Tonquin and Cochin China have not been associated before with any species of Coix. The results of chemical analysis of the grains after the removal of the involucre, show only a slight Increase in the amount of oil or fat pivsein in the groat majority of cereals. A comparison of the analysis of Y-dzi -rains given in the Bulb-tin o-oriptive Catalogue of the Indian Department," Vienna Exhibition, 1873. p. 59]. CCC— MANILA ALOE FIBRE. {Agave vivipara, L.) e given to a fibre exported from Manila in moderate quantities, but quite di from the Manila hemp of commerce. This latter is, as is well known, obtained from a wild banana of the Philippines Musa tcxtilis {Kew Bulletin, 1S87. April, p. 1). The origin of the Aloe fibre was ap- parently unknown. It was, however, regularly met. with in commerce, ■dthough the price realised for it was always much below that paid for various sorts of Manila hemp. Royal Gardens, Kew, to Foreign Office. Royal Gardens, Kew, Sir, October 8, 1890. I am desired by Mr. Thiselton-Dyer to inform you that a sample of " Manila Aloe Fibre" has recently been presented to the Museums Botany at Kew, and a portion of this sample is enclosed herewith . This Aloe fibre coim »S ivgi: ilarlj into and is quoted as woi •th about 14/. to \6l . per ton. 2. Th. ■ plant ynd, ' ■ dees i London market. evidently nlii .nv Manila liomp. Probably it is a species of Agave, closely allied > that -. ielding the Sisal hemp of commerce. 3. [•]' order to determine the plant exactly, Mr. Thiselton-Dyer would v glad if the -■ • approve ol" a reference ii the subject to Her Majesty's Consul at Manila, with a request that ono r two moderately largo leaves ol' the plant he forwarded in a dry box -> thi- e>taoli-liiiient. In the ease of Agave leaves, it maybe mentioned hat they travel very well it' packed in a perfectly dry state without soil r nnv other mat- rial. If the box is pierced with holes to afford ontilaiii.n all the belter. It would add to the interest of the specimens " the C.'ousui eotdd add a few words in regard to the methods employed I have, &c. Sir Villiers Lister, K C.M.G., (Signed) D. Morris. Foreign Office to Royal Gardens, Kew. Sir, Foreign Office, July 7, 1891. WiTn reference to your letter of the 8th of October last, I am directed by the Marquis of Salisbury to request you to inform Mr. Thiselton-Dyer that Her Majesty's Consul at Manila reports that he has forwarded to Kew CI aniens, under the charge of Captain Wilson, of the s.s. " Barden Tower," a small box containing a lew leaves of the Manila Alee plant (Maguay). The Assistant Director, I am, &C. Royal Gardens, Kew. (Signed) James Ferguson. Mr. Consul Gollan to Rotal Gardens, Kew. British Consulate, Manila, Sik, May 20, 1891. I beg to inform you that under directions from the Foreign OfhYe I, this day, forward to you a small box containing four leave- rf the Manila Aloe (Maguay), which 1 trust may arrive in good condition and answer the purpose you have in view. I enclose a few notes from Mr. Osmond, a gentleman who is a considerable expert in such matter-, as to the preparat ion of the fibre. I send, in the same box, a small specimen of rope of great strength and durability made from another fibre called "Cabo Xegro."* (Signed) ' Alex. Goixan, Her Majesty's Consul. (Enclosure.) Preparation of Maguay Fibre. The leaf is first soaked in water until it becomes quite soft and pulpy, which takes place in about a fortuight. It is then drawn between the thumb and finger* which easily presses ell tin' |>ui|>, having a clean fibre. pressed together, nothing but the fibres passing through. But this method is a very wasteful one, as many fibres are broken. Amongst the many iws to whieli maguay is applied may be mentioned that of violin strings, for which it is much appreciated by the natives. Manila, May 1891. (Signed) J. H. Osmond. The specimens kindly obtained tor Kew through the good offices of Mr. Alexander Gollan, Her Majesty's Consul at Manila, were received in good order. They consisted of fresh leaves of an Agave in different stages of growth, and therms as little difficulty in recognising them as bslonging to Agave vivipara,L. (A. Cantala, fioxb.), the plant which (according to Kite Hull, tin. IS 90, p. 50) yields also Bombay Aloe fibre. The distribution of this plant so tar eastward as the Philippine Islands does not appear to have been specially noticed before. It is originally an American p 1 — * given t people 10 n Europe it is often South America is distinguishei of Mexico Agave vivipara is 1 The method of preparing the fibre at Manila, described by Mr. process of maceration is no! at ad well adapted tor extracting the fibres from leaves of monocotyledonous plants. The fibres are discoloured by long immersion in water, and during the process of fermentation, ex- tending over a fortnight, the strength of the ultimate fibres is greatly weakened. It may. therefore, be readily understood the value of Manila Aloe fibre is comparatively small, and it can onh be profitable to produce it when the price of white-rope fibres is exceptionaUv liiirli. In the last Monthly Circular (dated the lCth March 1*9:5), issued by Messrs. Ide and Chrhtie, of Mark Lane, Manila Aloe Fibre is dismissed with a few ^ords. — '■ nothing doing, 17.?." ! per cut.'. In the same circular Bombay Aloe Fibre is described as "dull at 8v. to 135." [per cwt.]. CCCL— BOTANICAL ENTERPRISE IN 1796. -•.nice of the efforts made nearly 100 years to draw attention, in the pages of the Kcu- tree to the island of Dominica and of the reception in this country of probably the first sample of cured cloves that was grown in any British colony in the JSew "World. The publication of this document, at the suggestion of Sir Joseph Banks, with the view of serving as an expe- ditious mode of commuii u economic products and plants to distant pail- < »t 1 1n- hinpire almost exactly anticipated the object for which the Kite [iulhfin. was started six years ago. What may very suitably be looked upon as the llullctin of 179(> is entitled " A Narrative of the successful ma;; the Clove Tree " in the Island of Dominica, in the Windward Carrihhoe I -lands. " By "William Urban IJuee, Esquire. London: Printed in the year " 1797." It appeal- thai M. lUice, a Frenchman settled for many years at Dominica, had successfully introduced clove plant- from Cayenne to the former island in 17M». Afterwards, in 1791, he bought more trees, 14 in number, from a gardener from Cayenne, whom he met at Martinique. Afterwards these were increased by 1,500 trees raised from seed obtained direct from (.'incline in 179o. The clove trees planted in 1789 "appeared with clove buds on or about the " 20th January 1795; some of the cloves were fit to be gathered in " May and June following ; and such of the cloves as were left on the " trees for the purpose of obtaining the mother of cloves for seeds " acquired a proper degree of maturity in July and August ; so that, '• allowing those two trees to be about one year old when they came to " me from the seeds, L think the clove tree becomes productive in the The close relationship of the clove and the indigenous pimento tree (both belonging to the natural order Myrtuccce) was readily noticed by our author, who deduced the inference that where one flourished the other would also be likely to grow. Several experiment- were undertaken to test the best kind of soils suited for clow cultivation. In one instance the author states, "since «' the planting of the last 11 trees it is with satisfaction I can assert " that the four trees planted in clay have grown with at least as " pasture ground, formerly in coffee, of a compact, strong, gravelly " soil, with some part- of a clayey nature," W ■ other] observations, I hope, wi ; ground which is fittest for the clove tree, and to prove clearly that it does not require a rich soil or a loose one; but, on the contrary, will ' thrive best in a strong, conq act soil, whether of a gravelly or clayey nature." It will he remembered that in the account of the clove ndu-try at Zanzibar given in Kvir Built tin for January hist. p. 17, it lavev. In Dominica our anther anticipated that the onh drawback o Hove cultivation (e-pecialh in the district of J.a Soye, where the soil uarter. he say-, '-bad imfortunatch and \er\ imprudently cut down all the wood- along the seaside, a thick hedge of whieh'thev ought to have left standing, to prevent the wind from shaking and the sea air from parching their plants. To remedy tit:'- hedge- of juiids dnu.r which I bine left on the trees to obtain mother of chores, for " the multiple : and besides this I have about half a " pound of cloves, which having fallen on the ground before their " degree of maturity, have been dried and are very good for domestic " use ; these last are strong but small, so that these two [young] trees u have produced more than seven pounds of cloves." The author then proceeds to describe with great minuteness the manner of u planting ami rearing the clove tree from the mother clove." In transplanting for the nursery beds a very ingenious transplanting machine was used, consist - ing of a tube i, hinges at the side t.nd furnished with two handles at the top. The manner of using this machine was as follows : u Take the planting machine, shut the hinge, lay it over the " plant, taking < • the latf r is in the centre ; push the machine down " as far as: it can gc— the deeper the better; then with a flat trowel dig " into the earth till you have reached the bottom of the planting '•' machine, and holding it (with the seedling in it), with the left hand " and raising it witli the trowel in the riy him |>. lit, aiv mixed; No. 3, his best sort, are separate. Yoar Lordship may, if you think fit, order a comparison to l>e made, by some dealers in spice, between these ami the cloves we usually receive from the Dutch. I shall only add that when I applied for information on the same subject to an eminent wholesale dealer in that article, the only answer I obtained was that he thought me grievously deceived in supposing the cloves to be the produce of the West Indies, he being absolutely certain they came from the East. Tn case your Lordship should think lit to order any explanatory matter to be added to Mr. Buee's dissertation, I enclose a list of the u-ef'ul plants cultivated in the royal gardens at the Isle of France in i7i)(), and at that time ready for distribution among the colonist-. The publication of Mich a document will not only show the attention paid by the French nation, while under their ancient covcrnmeiit, to the trans- portation of useful plants from one part of the globe to another, but set an example to our Royal (hardens at Saint Vincent's, instituted for similar purposes, though p<>s-il.ly not supplied with equal funds,* and will also encourage the West India planters to apply for and receive such plants, of which there are many, as are now there ready for delivery. I have, &c. Earl of Liverpool. (Signed) Joseph Banks. Mr. Thomas Rutton to Mr. William Fawkexek. Sir, Charing Cross, 14th November 1*796. I take the liberty of request ing you to represent to the Right Honourable the Lords ..I the Committee ot Council appointed for the Consideration of all Matters relating to Trade and Foreign Plantations— ject of the cloves [from Dominica], who, upon examining the samples, produced by the Lords to Messrs. Bourdillon. Aruaitd, Nanson, and Wm. Fawkener, Esq. (Signed) Thomas Button". n> the clove tree, M. lStu'r \v;i- instrumental in 3 Dominica "the bread fruit, the cinnamon the Mack pepper, and of which," he savs, -1 am indebted lo Mr. Anderson, of 1 lV Maj-tCs Botanic Garden at St. Vincent." ( )f the cinnamon tree lie writes in le last paragraph of h's report as follows: ■■ Ihning succeeded in pro- pagating the cinnamon tree from slips, and from them having now a ^i-f^- many trees in my possession, this will he the subject ot my future remarks. I will only observe at present that hedge- mi^ht be made of that tree to shelter other productions, and by thai means The subsequent history of M. Bu Text-Book of Agriculture, lately published in this country, p. 184, the following account is given :— "The clove, like the nutmeg tree, is a native of the Moluccas <»r Spice Islands The French succeeded in carrying living plants to Cayenne, and from thence it was brought in the year 1789 to Dominica by a M. Buee, who successfully cultivated the clove and other spices only to be ruined in the end by the ope- ration of the" duties imposed on West Indian spices in Kngland, through the jealousy of influential persons who were interested in the trade of the East. Although 100 years have elapsed since the unfortunate M. Buee introduced the spices into Dominica, one of the clove trees planted by him is still alive and flourishing, and the cinnamon bushes have become almost wild, as the seeds are dis- seminated by birds." At the present time the clove tree is found in nearly everyone of the West Indian Islands, and especially at Jamaica, Trinidad, (Jrenada. St. Vincent, and Dominica. It is nowhere yet established m regular plantations, and the export of West Indian cloves is comparatively trifling. The largest number of trees is probably found in Grenada, and in that " Spice Island," nutmegs, mace and cloves are exported to the value of about 10,000/. to 12,000/. Very shortly this value will be considerably increased, as there is extensive planting of spice trees going on, and one proprietor alone has planted about 250 to 300 acres with nutmeg trees, all of which are in excellent condition, and promising heavy crops (Kew Bulletin, 1891, p. 147). In Jamaica clove trees would probably flourish on the rich clay lands of the Red Hills, in the parish of St. Andrew, and recently, we notice, the Director of the Botanical Department in that island has issued hints on the treatment of plants which were offered in quan- tities at the local Botanical Gardens. CCCIL— CHINESE WHITE WAX. Chemically this is Cetyl Cerotate. It is defined in Watts's Dictionary of Chcoiisfri/ as "a peculiar waxy substance obtained from " China, where it is produced on certain trees by the puncture of a " species of Coccus." Dr. Bretschneider in "Notes on some botanical " questions connected with the Export Trade of China," (1880), remarks, "whilst the insect which produces this wax (Coccus Vela} " and its habits have been well studied, the trees on which it is fed are " still imperfectly known." In 1883 Mr. Field delivered a course of lectures on « Illuminating agents." He stated then that the consumption of insect way by the Chinese is very large. Little of it apparently finds its way into British trade, " its chief use being to break the grain of spermaceti, the two " crystallisations neutralising each other." A subsequent corre- spondence with Mr. Field revealed the paucity and uncertainty of our knowledge of the product. Kew accordingly suggested to the Foreign Office that it might be made the subject of inquiry by Her Majesty's Consuls in China. The five very able reports which are now printed were the result. Their contents have reached the public eye in various forms. If they have not appeared earlier in the pages of the Bulletin, it is owing to the i-xtivmc pressure on its space. They are now published, if somewhat tardily, in recognition of the pains bestowed upon them by the able officials who prepared tin-in. and also because in this form they will reach the eye of many persons who perhaps would not obtain otherwi*« the information they contain. The reports taken together supplement one another, and, as a whole, irive an exhaustive account of one of the most curious industries in the world. The tree on which the insect deposits its egg.s is undoubtedly Litjiistnun h'ciiluhi. Ait., ot' this the specimens collected by Scott and Hosie leave no doubt. According to Dr. Henry, in the Province of liupfeh, ;il Ichang, Nan to, and the mountains to the northward, it is the commonest evergreen tree, from 20 to 30 feet high. According to Hance (Journ. Linn. Soc, xiii., p. 82) Ligustrinn ja/xniictn/i, Thunh.. Dr. Bretschneider states, "on native authority, is used for rearing the wax insect oil." This is an eastern species ; if used at all it is probably The tree on which the wax is produced i- an Ah which has usually been referred to Frajintis eltincn.sis, Koxb. To this Mr. Ilemslev, in the Index Flora Sinensis, refers the specimens collected by Cooper, Hosie, and Scott. Roxburgh's species is not, however, wholly free from ambiguity, and M. Franchet, who was consulted on the subject. preferred to refer Hosie's specimens to Fru.vin"--. rln/m'itphylla, Hance. He remarks, however, that the Chinese embrace under one name, lY-la-shn. all the species of Frit.r'nius capable of supporting the species of ,\ Ax is dillieult and uncertain, and he reduces Hance's species The most extraordinary feature in the industry is the process, so graphically described in the reports of transporting the eggs of the Cmrns from the district where they are prodmvd to that in which the wax is obtained. The nttiomih of rhis still seems obscure. Mr. Baber states: — " No reproduction of the insect occur- in the Chia-tine- plain, " because the twi-s of the trees a iv lopped off and ladled." But it is not obvious why all should be boiled, and why nurseries should not be maintained. A statement of Mr. Cooper's may perhaps supply the clue to the explanation : — ~ The ins* cts owing to their loss ,.f fecundity, have " to be renewed Tin Chekiaug; every third year, the e<_g pouches being " imported f ; < nee of Fuh Kien." The industi- will be l preserved of it. In a Foreign Office Report [1892, No. 1,097] i '• mineral oil having no doubt s-ipplanted to some " lights. The crop was reported fair, but the price i " is very much less than that which it formerly ex " some years ago priced at 200 tads. Under the " bulk of the crop is retained for local use." as to the' details, 'in the Keu Museum, u, spec ,-ns of "ibota wax obtained from Lit/nstrum Ibota, Sieb., which also occurs in China. This is no doubt an ir.sect wax. the produce of a Coccus living on the plant. (No. 10.) Her Majesty'* Consulate, Ningpo, My Lord, June 20th, 1884. On receipt of Mr. Currie's despatch, dated Foreign Office, February 1st, I at once applied myself towards ascertaining what in for- mation regarding the wax insect had been already acquired and recorded by Europeans. I enclose a list of authorities, noting those to which I have obtained access. Having studied these, 1 paid a visit to the Fathers Rathouis and Hende, of the Jesuit Mis-ion of Siccawei, near Shanghai, and subsequently instituted inquiries as to the localities in this consular district that produced the wax, and under what condi- tions. Unable, however, to obtain any positive information from the natives whose services I had engaged, I requested and obtained the permission of Her Majesty's Minister to explore the country myself, and more particularly those parts in which I knew that native wax was offered for sale. I have now the honour to report to your Lordship the result of my expedition. In the Feng-hua district, whose town is 40 miles from this, I first noticed the ash tree (Frajlnas cl,iiic„sis) growing on the banks of canals at the places where water was being raised for irrigating the paddy fields. The tree is a handsome one, with a straight stem, a shapely head, and abundant foliage. It is planted as a shade for the labourers and cattle. Its height of trunk hinders its coining into general u.3e for this purpose. In the neighbourhood of Ningpo, the Persian lilac, camphor, and tallow trees are preferred. This ash does not thrive on sodden ground. Regarding this ash, the intendant of this circuit, a Yiin-nan the shoots of the ash attain a height of eight feet in a year, and it is from them that abundant wax is formed. lr is ea-ilv propagated by means of cuttings. I have now in the garden of this consulate shoots of near lhr,„ /., ,' „ . on,\ Of this or three groves or plantations. On my journey, despite the constant inquiries I made, I was unable to find anyone who kn -w anything of the culture of the wax insect till my arrival at the temple near the summit of the F'ien-t'ai mountain, the head-quarters of Ruddhism in the province. There the steward of the monastery told no that the priests yearly gathered the wild wax from the privets that gnu in the woods about the hills, but he was not *7 taken as CO dollars lor 1(H) catties, say, some U/. per ml. The custom when dealing in it. I purchased a small quantity, .">.'; oz., and tor this uas charged' 190 cash, or about, 7f'/. Tlie wax is brought to Kiu-hua from the three districts of Yung- kang, Tung-yang, and Wu-i. It is the product of insects kept on the large-leaved privet. The tree is grown from cuttings, and the planta- tions are carefully kept clear of undergrowth of any kind in order to prevent the insects straying. The slopes and infertile ground at the foot of hills are preferred for this purpose. The insects, owing to their loss of fecundity, have to be renewed every third year, the egg pouches being imported from the neighbouring infallibly dying out. These pouches will only bear carriage during the fifteen days of inclination, which appears to be also the only time in which the insects arc capable of being transferred. Insects that escape and are found wild take not only to the Imih hut I wo or three other shrubs, i.s the (uirrfoiia Jlorirfa and Lujiistnun (jhihrt'ui. The wax produced on these is not nearly as abundant as that 88 The demand for insect wax i- principally i'or the exterior coating of the candles in common use. Though beeswax is abundant and cheap at Kiu-hua, insect wax is found to be more economical for this purpose. The introduction of kerosene, while it has reduced the consumption of rapeseed oil in these pan.-, has not effected the sale of candles, these being employed for celebrations, such as feasts, religious obser- vances, and the like, and for lanterns, which are carried by every one out after dark. Another very general purpose for which it is employed is in sizing certain kinds of paper in common use for notes and visiting cards, with the object of giving them a lustrous appearance. At T'ai-chou-fu an industry is carried on for the manufacture of light articles of Chinese furniture. These are made from the wood of the weeping cypres- (('tt],n>ss). is evidently under conditions best fitted for its healthy development. local consumption and ill, -npnlv ol' Yn-.num. At the end of April the cribed as a substance resembling Hour, and contained in a size and shaj 1 a pea. Three hundred of the littie bags Tuc/. Tiny are eagerly bought up in Chiu-tuig /'/', and i put upon the wax-tree. This tree is said to produce no seed ting Fit, and to be easily multiplied by cuttings. It is not grow freely, but is kept short as a stump six or seven feet shoots grow very rapidly. In the following year they serve f required. After a lew days the insects commen for attacking convoys and caravans. The compara- - of Chivn-cltan;/, through which the An-niny river e of the egg culture, but there are besides many out- . cannot be produced in the districts where the insect is propagated, and conversely that repro- duction does not take place in regions which are favourable to the deposit of wax, has led hi 1 the plentiful excretion results from a diseased state of the in.-ect, broughl about by its trans- iucompalibilily ofwav-makh g with breeding is accounted for in a much ■el. Dpped off and 1 •oiled: It nvi i. ' lint in Chi n'-jl) -7/,'/ 2, m ■(•!; <'t"'of rliu-zL ,.,',,,! rhin ,,-vh 7 Us, awes as in the egg dis trict of a are very wilii; ftboul their new industry, I easily acquired a plentiful stock of fact and fiction. My second visit was in May 1878. when the eggs had just been placed on the trees. The eggs are contained in a spherical gall of a dark brown colour, a quarter of an inch to three-eighths in diameter, which is thin, hard, and brittle in u Haloes, and, on comparing i empty withered husks ; and ii exceeding surprise and excitement, a jet black sprang actively from the hu-k. lifted its elytra, unpacked i r solemnly down the breeze before I could secure it. Very possibly, therefore, the natives are right in supposing the t to 1).' an interloper ; and yet 1 was for a long time persuaded tha waxy grub is the mother of the brood, and e\en now 1 am reluctant k abandon the belief. Hut according to all analogy the Coccus-mothej ought to die some time before the young are hatched, and dry up into ; mummy attached to the inside of the gall, which is a kind of carapace ?d, but the quantity they consume is iinper- main to all appearance uninjured. In about le thin upper twigs, where, according to the excrete wax, and the females to form the ix or apart from it. The deposit of wax hundred days from the date when the galls and the twigs are then almost entirely coated I an inch or less in thickness. The whole niddle of May to the end of August. While osit is a kind of dense greasy fluff, and looks i bag through which it is The wax must l><> gal ofF.^If tli.'' told, would be lost. The gall first appeal - .veils until V tin bark by the lip of : and being folded up of the Fung-tzu {El tree. But nearly veyed to Chia-tlng Most of the carriers are natives of the C market to which they repair for the purehas of Te-ch'ang, on the right bank of the An Those who are unable to procure eggs, the and not seldom insufficient, travel to IIu >f these insects, resembling sniiili moths of :i very olour with a fluffy tail curling cmt the back."* So t cannot be questioned, and the account of the fluff)/ the bark is supported by what Dr. Wells Williams lar insect. "The Pvh-la-sh„, or white wax tree. •ts Baron and of a deeper green, with perfectly smooth edges. I have observed it growing among orange trees near Fu-liu. The leaf stems spring in pairs, and not alternately, from the central twig. I w:is too late to see the (lowers, but a description of them is supplied by Captain Gill. " These trees,* 1 he writes, '"are in appearance like an orange, with a " small leaf. They have a very small white flower, that grows in large ** sprays now (20th July), covered with masses of blossom, and a strong " smell, which was not very sweet, filled the air."* The wax tree of Chia-ting is kept polled so as to supply young shoots, and in this state it resembles i dg reduced to a wry ugly stump some eight or nine feet high. All over the Chia-tiny plain it is planted on the divisions of the rieefieids, in such quantities that at 80 or 100 yards distance from the traveller the trees close in upon one another, as it were, and shut out the view. The wax tree is deciduous. It has pointed ovate leaves of a light green colour, smaller than those of i i rnately from the twigs. Passages from native works referring to the trees have been extracted and translated by Professor Stanislaus Julien, and are reproduced in the "Univers Pittoresque," in the volumes which treat of China. The Professor sums up his deductions in the statement that "the Chinese " rear wax insects from three kinds (of trees), of which two are well " known in Europe. 'They are the Xil- . lac in-ecL of China, the destructive coffee bug, and many of the pests of our own greenhouses. It has the following characteristics. The female lias a thick, globular, wingless liudy, composed of 14 rings; small inconspicuous eyes ; short antenna 1 with nine joints ; a short heak, and the abdomen furnished at its extremity with two rdmrt threads. In the malt the antenna 1 are Ion;: ite of the numerous ova. It incloses also the "beetle'' or "buffalo" so graphically described by Mr. Baber, which would seem to be a parasite developed in tin l.ody oi' the female wax insect, ready to emerge, a fullv formed insect, in the" summer, serving mav be, as Mr. I Tosie ingeniously . .'U!; in vviiieh, eh. xxvii. I. '.)", ', Hie wax insects (hi cfi'ung) are described as o\ (lie size of lice, feeding ii] on the h>ia rhuliii otherwise called hi t'inv or wax twig tree, the small brandies of which are collected and heated to extract the wax, which is noted to be somewhat yellower than the Ssu-ch'uan wax. This tre2 is doubtless also a species of ash (Fra.rinrs), it being mentioned in another According to the Kuang tour, f 'inn/ <■;,:/,, the statistical description of the Canton province, pai-la (" white w.fx "). i- abundantly produced in the prefecture oi' ( 'himiL'-chuu, in the tropical island of Hainan, on a tree called ch'iiig c/i'ou slut, described as an eveigceen resunhliug the tung ch'ing. The insect is thus shown to range from Hainan in the south to Manchuria in the north, and from S-su-cFit in in the west to Kiang-su in the east, so that Mr. Baber is doubtless right in his conjecture that the wax may be produced in every province in China. The Chih wu ming sink foil k'ao, the large illustrated book on Chinese Botany published in 1848, which is, I believe, in the Library attached to the Kew Herbarium, ligures lour in-ae: wax-producing trees, giving a short description of each, which I will translate. I. The Nu chen (Ch. xxiii. f. 23). The Nu chen (Virgin tree) was included in the Pen ching (the most always commonly called Tung ch'ing (evergreen tree). " i chen has dark purple fruir, tree"), the branches, leaves (low* -. : i he In ight not exceeding four or five feet. The Chui-huang pen ts'ao (a treatise ou plants fit for supporting life in times of scarcity) gives Tung-ch'imi leaf-buds and leaves as eatable, pointing to this tree. II. The Tung ch'ing (Ch. xxxv. f. 51). The Tung-ch'ing (evergreen tree) is described in the Sung T'ose ching (an illustrated materia medica in l!l books, published by Imperial order in the 11th century) under Nil chen. The Pen ts'ao hang mu (the celebrated in: Una medica by Li Shih-ehen) first distinguished it by its leaves being a little rounder and its fruit of red colour. It is commonly used to graft the Olea frag mm upon. Wax can also be produced upon it. III. The La shu (Ch. xxxvi. f. 49). The La shu (wax tree) is planted in the province of Kuei-ehou at Kuei ting ILicn in gropes, lor the profitable cultivation of wax. They lop off the branches in place ef which :i m:i^ of twigs sprout out winch are again cut off, to grow thicker than ever. The trees line the 101 two sides of the way like the rows of willows ox The leaves a r somewhat round, in the autumn it produces small pods, like those of the Ch'un (Ailantus glandulosa) but thinner and smaller, which hang down in the midst of the leaves. The Kuei hsin tsa chih (written by Chou Mi in the 14th century, v. Wylie I.e. p. 158), describing the method of cultivation of wax by tying pots to trees, the leaves of which are like the leaves of the Chu yii {Boymia [Evodia] rutascarpa ?), perhaps refers to this tree. IV. Hsiao la shu (Ch. xxxvii. f. 18). hills of the province of Hu-nan. It is five or six feet high. The branches, leaves, ami flowers ail resemble those of the Nil chen but are smaller, and it produces small dark coloured fruit in great profusion. In Hu-nan two kinds of trees* are used for the production of wax, the yu la (lit. "lish wa\ "') and the shui la ("water wax "). The Yu la tree is small eu la tree is tall with large thick leaves. The latter is the Nil chen, the former the plant here figured. Some call it the water tung ch'ing, the leaves being delicate and soft not very unlike those of the Tung ch'ing, also used for the cultivation of wax, but these are arl based on the differences between eul? ; The water tung ch'ing referred to in •' >uii'_'- Miscellanies"' a- havir : -.lender leaves and being profits h ! cn i$ this tree'. Li Shih oh'en sav.s there is a water wax tree with leaves like those of the elm on which insects can also be raised for the production of wax, which must be a different species. In the desci MJg pien) of the same book, as an appendix to the account of the Nii chen tree, there is a special article compiled from older authers — On the Production of Wax (Ch. xix. f. 60, 63). Wang chi, in the Pen ts'ao hui pi i in 20 books " of the reign of Chia-ching (1522-67)), says:—" White insect wax is " different from the white sort of beeswax and is made by small insects. " These insects feed upon the sap of the tunch'ing tree, and after a long " time change into white fat, which adheres to the twigs of the tree, ft " is said by some to be only the excrement of the insects sticking to the " tree, but this is wrong. In autumn this is scraped off and collected, " melted witl 'lien poured into cold water, when it « solidifies into a hard ma?s which when broken exhibits markings like " gypsum but is more transparent It is mixed with fat to make candles, " which are much superior to those of beeswax." Sung, in his Miscellanies, says :—-" The seeds of the Tung ch'ing can be " plunn^ 1 or used f.u u.-ivouiiri!; wine when the tree is full grown, the " 022s of the insect are hatched upon if in the- fifth month and the wax M collected in thesevi nth month. It must not be entirely taken, but somo " left till the following year, so that In rig eggs • i\ I igain ttiki in " the fourth month for the new crop. Having been dried in the sun, " and a cotton cloth tied over the mouth of an -arthern steamer, the " wax is placed thereupon. A vessel is placed inside t\ir steamer, and " when the water in the pan boils the wax flows down into the vessel. -tance used for the manufacture of a silk bag which is placed in hot attracted, and the wax can be at once made into « candle?. W lien trees have been employed three years to feed the wax " insect they must rest for three years." He says again : — "In the province of Ssu-chu'an, when the seeds are " sown they are first steeped for ten days in water in which rice has " tion of the wax all the undergrowth near the trees must be carefully " removed. Before the insects can be again raised tlie tree must rest one " year. When the was is collected the wood must be all cut off and no il old branches left." In the Nung ch'eng ch'uan shu (the celebrated Thesaurus of Agri- culture compiled by Hsu kuang-ch'i, A.D. 156&4633, a native of Shanghai, the learned patron of the early .Jesuit missionaries in China often mentioned in Du Haidc's Description as Paul Sin, Colon, Premier Miuistre d'Etat, his portrait being also given there: which Thesaurus was published by imperial command after ins death, m K>10, insixtv honks, illustrated" by mam woodcuts. Wylie. I.e. p. 76) we Unci :— "There are two kind- of wax collected from the Nnrhen tree, the one growing spontaneously, the other after the application of eggs, when it grows spontaneously it is not known whence the insects come, but all at once the tree is covered with a growth of white 'flowers.' the wax produced upon the branches like hoar frost or snow is known by the natives as 'flowers,' which is gathered and boiled into wax; next" year the insect eggs are again hatched ; and so or. afterwards in continuous annual generation. If the method of raising the insects be unknown the tree is soon killed, whereas if the eggs are collected and applied, the process may be continued indefinitely. When the eggs are applied the* are brought from another tree and put upon this tree. The process may be repeated either each year or in alternate years, either on the same tree or upon cuttings. Should the tree be very" \ igorous the insects may allowed to rest a year to reirain it- strem-rth. I . inv; manured till v. Tins i During tl be cut ofl if I he weal liei 1 be hot many oi the insecls wuiitl escape, ami they must When about to put on, the four corners of the little bundles must be cut off, so as to leave holes as large as small beans. They are then tied with grass upon the branches of the tree, in greater or le-s numbers, according to the size of the branches. They must he tied on branches about the size of the finger, not upon the smaller twigs nor upon the large branches. For some day- after they have been tied on the birds will come pecking at the bundles to get at the eggs, and they must be care- fully driven away. As the weather becomes wanner th •■ insects begin to emerge from the bundles. At first they run up and down the tree, and if there be weeds at the foot of the tree many will be lost in the undergrowth instead of climbing, therefore the ground must be kept per- fectly clear. Next they travel to the under surface of the leaves and fix themselves there. Some days later they remove to the branches and twigs, burying their beaks in the bark and sucking nourishment from the juices of the tree. Thus do they made the "flowers." When it that all have come out, the bundles are taken down and see if any eggs are left, and if there are they are made into i and put on another tree. inning of October the " flowers " must be examined, for if no wax will be obtained, nor will it be if they are not ripe; .vill be impossible to strip them off. When the time comes be snipped as it stands, or the branches may be cut off first- * water must tirst be sprinkled on so thai they may be easily it be rainy or at early dawn while the d.-w still remains still er the wax "flowers" have been collected they are thrown water. The melted wax rises to the surface, and when cool when cold, it is drawn up as a solid rake of wax. been -lee; !'[ )nl g them in haves is the praeiie atWu-chou (now Chin-hua Fu, in the province of Ohe-kiang). In Wu hsing (now Hu-chou Fu, in the same province) the natives wait til the nrddle of May before they cut off the eggs, which they wrap up ii bund I ■ s and hang upon the branches of the old trees to produce a ne\ crop of wax. At Tsui-li (now Chia-hsing Fu) and in my own distric to bring them from other trees. It is evident that in the succeediii] generations natural growth is the essential thing, and in my nativ country thev sav that with their own eggs, without regard todays o the month, i: ) their full growth am in the beginning of M.i\. natives of my country who go to Wu-hsii must cut off the eggs ten days later, so a; end of May. Those who come from the e must, on the other hand, cut oil' the eggs before May. To the north of my country, where it is -till colder, the injects must be put on even later. When the insect eggs are not produced in the country They must be bought in ether places, distant sometimes 1,000 It, Thus in the province of Che-Kiang, at Chin-hua Fu, where this industry is most. nourishing, they buy the eggs in the prefecture of Shao-hsing, T'ai-ehou, and Ilu-chou In the province of Ssii-ch'uan it flourishes most in ITsi-chung Ilsicu and in Chia-ting Fu, and they buy the eggs in T'ung-chuan Fu. The distance in all these cases amounts to several hundred li. The eggs of the wax insect are mature before May, and they may be suspended on the new trees some time before they are hatched. They must be conveyed with all possible speed, otherwise the insects will escape before they can be put upon the trees, to the great loss of the purchasers. Hence the common saying, " Swift horses for buying the wax insects." If they are wrapped in leaves in the way described above, and put into earthen jars, the insects, even if they are hatched, remain in the bundle-, and a delay of two or three days before they are put on the trees is of no consequence. From Chin-hua they go every year to Hu-chou, and from Chia-ting to Tnng-ch'nan, to buy eggs, the eggs not being produced in their own country. When asked why, they reply, "Because Chin-hua and C'hia- ting produce the 'flowers' only, not eggs." Hut at Chin-hua native eggs I only, not eggs. : value is one-hal are produced, and the eggs brought there are 10 times dearer their original cost at Tung-clru have often thought over it, and it st lems that a you ng tree will produce ■ flowers," an old tree " flowers," a tall one many eggs. I will pi 'i luo- ;.; \\.<-\\ ally " flowers," 'ggs principally eggs. I. and cultivati- d in the south many igned) S. W. Eusuell, B.Se., M.D., &c London University Scholar in Biology, jspondiug Member of the Zoological Society. In compliance with instructions received from Earl Granville, conveyed to me in a despatch from Mr. Philip W. Currie, dated February Lst. fsSl, ! instituted inquiries relating to the production of insect or white wax in this district, and in the province of Anhui generally. For some time my inquiries led only to directly negative results, and to show the difficulty I experienced in obtaining information on the subject, I may mention that \ was at the outset assured, not only by the dealers in white Avav in Wuhu, but by the Fastai, the chief local authority here (who was good enough to refer to official publications in 0, that no white wax was produced in Anhui, nor in any other province of the empire besides Ssii-chuan. The dealers also scouted the idea that white wax was produced elsewhere, and it seemed that 1 should only be able to report that in this province no production While, however, making those inquiries, I obtained the loan of Father RathouiV inonognigh on the insect, and after its persual, as a last resort wrote to Father Seckinger, the head of the Jesuit .Mission at Nganking. and it is from him and. through him that T am indebted for such meagr' ■■'> ns 1 am able to supply: and 1 wish at once to acknowledge the obligation I am under to him for his kind interest, in the matter. The specimens of the wax insect i xamined and described by Father [Jatiiouis, were supplied to him by Father Seckinger from the grounds of the Jesuit Mission at Nganking. Father Seckinger observed the white deposit on tiie branches of a dn e - tree, which tion. 'idle insect was umloubtei II v- produced spontaneously in this • wax' was cultivated m'arvr than the iwhouin ih- extreme i iorth-we>1 corner of Anhui, about 300 or 350 miles from Xganking. I h e neighbourhood of the district city Wuhu. The wax pr lducod is eor siimed h.eally.'and the [.reduction is comparatively tritiing. Thespecin tens forwarded direct to Few ( iardens Pochou is the Anhui centre of a Thedi-tri.-t throughout which it i < produced is very large, and extends Pochou and the neighbouring i ." useful result in less than t\ isiderable, and even on the intities produced would be exti The wax produced near iWnou I i 1 1 < I - it- \va\ to market to the north- ward, and ft < ■ - > reaches Shanghai by the Grand Canal and other waterways. N"one of it comes 10 Xganking or Wuhu which t'.-u-t no doubt accounts for the profound ignorance existing in Wuhu on the subject. The quantity of the wax produced near Pochou is said to be quite equal to that of S>u-chuau ; there appear- at any rate to be no such ivnce as to make it noticeable either one way or the other. I cannot learn when the industry was first intredueid into Pochou, or that at any time insects were transferred from Ssii-chuan to Anhui. I am much inclined to think that it is indigenous, and its spontaneous appearance in the garden of the Jesuit Mission ai NTganking tends to S-u-ehuaii, or rather, as in the case of the wax. no difference is com- monly known to exist. With such minute insects even specific differ- ences would be invisible to unscientific eyes, and to the Chinese, so long as there was no startlin repeated several times until all the wax has been obtained. The wax itself is also subjected to repeated boiling for the purpose of removing all impurities. It is then finally poured into earthenware bowls and allowed to cool. Ssu-ch'uan wax as seen in the market here is made up into large discs about 5 inches thick and some 20 inches in diameter, weighing between 50 and 60 pounds. The average price of this wax in Wuhu is about 3s. a pound, and I cannot learn that of late years there has been any serious fluctuations in the production or the cost. The small quantities of obtain has evidently been eooled in much smaller quantities than that from Ssu-ch'uan. 'it is possible that after the wax has passed from the hands of the retail producer in'O diosr of the wholesale dealer it is run into larger moulds for the market. I cannot learn that any substance is added to the wax in the course of m ■ - to be pure; that it is not adulterated is scarcely possible, unless indeed it has been substance with it without the wax is applied are three in number. It is used idles made of vegetable* tallow with rush wicks. 1 for imperial use are said to be made entirely of is to coal pill* and boluses, simply to preserve the drugs ; the wax is no t swallowed. Thirdly i t is largely used whei „,,,,. it is desired to put a gloss on articles of almo Tl.< operation is always pe rformed in the same w.i] ,-. The' ■«,.(!. be it fine paper, cottc vhitc soles of Chinese shoes , is first rubbed with a i and is then polished w ■ith a smooth stone rube informed, in reply to my inquiries, that this gloss on silk fabrics. I cannot of course vouch for t he accuracy of this I must in conclusion a and bulbous plants was recently received at Kew from Mr. John Moir, of Mandala, near Blantyre, in East Tropical Africa. They were packed in a small liox and were enlni-t.ed to Mis- Florence E. Turner, who took care of them during the voyage. Although they had been in the box from November to February, and had been at sea about a month, yet almost every one of the plants was alive on arrival. The fact that almost all kind- of living plants may be sent long distances in wooden boxes with ordinary care, and that seeds may be despatched in an ordinary canvas bag by post, without appreciable suffering, should lead to the introduction of many new and interesting plants from remote parts of Africa, from New Guinea, and other [dace- in course of being opened by European enterprise. Australian Alpine Plants. — In a communication to The Garden la-t year (Vol. xlii. p. 153), Mr. A. E. Wallace drew attention to the alpine and sub-alpine plants of Australia, and suggested that many ot them would prove hardy in this country. It is remarkable that among the hosts of plants introduced into England from Australia in a- Mr. \Y: iliac- said , - probabh « plants t on thishii of Mr. WjiI Mueller i, ' •ne, to whr - r had i " Baw B: iw (in Vi ctoria). tirsr along with it Copn^ni t of Pcrnititr <• '/r/„ rat. t'onii the only Australian representatives of the large order Ericaceee. Coprosnta pumilu. Hook, f., is described as a prostrate densely-matted glabrous shrub, creeping and rooting sometimes to a great extent, with small ovate -liiiiini leaves and solitary terminal flowers £-inch long. It grows on snowy mossy plains on the Baw Baw and other of the Australian Alps, at an elevation of 4,000 to 6,000 feet. It is also a native of Tasmania ami New Zealand. There are four other species of Coprosmo in Australia, none of which is known to be in cultivation here. It is to be hoped that other- beside Sir F. von Mueller will take up Mr. Wallace's suggestion, as (]„. behaviour of the alpine plants of l.—Miss i:. Sar-ant. working in the Jodrell Laboratory, has made a thorough in\ e-ti nation of the structure and development of the ascidia of Disvhulia mjffcxhina (see AY/r lir.Ih-tin, 1892, p. 284), with the following results :— The structure of the pitcher of /;. rnjfl, .wr~i vorit r.ii Mructure was observed. The root-hairs adhere firmly to the particles of the humus contained in the pitchers. The roots, both those in the pitchers and those external to them, show several anatomical peculiarities described. These are published in the full account of the investigation in the Annals of Botany (1893, p. 2 13). The observations made all go to support the view that these ascidia serve as reservoirs both for water and for vegetable detritus, from which the roots derive nourishment. They also serve to condense, and thus to economise, the aqueous vapour given off in transpiration. Both as regards the morphology and physiology of these organs, the results of tins investigation are confirmatory oi'tlm-e arrived at !.y Dr. Treub. like one picked up in Swansea Bay, and supposed to hav veyed thither by the Gulf stream. In all probability this is the correct explanation of its presence there, but of course a large handsome seed such as this is often brought away from the tropics by travellers. Two hundred years ago Sloane recorded {Philosophical Transaction* of the Royal Society of London, 1696, xix. p. 298) the fact that this seed and three other West Indian seeds were commonly cast ashore in the Orkneys. And Linnaeus (Ameenitates Academics, viii. p. 3), mentions this among other seeds thrown up on the Norwegian coast. Some few years ago, too. several plants of Entada scandens were raised at Kew from seeds cast up in the Azores. There is little doubt that in all these instances the seeds had drifted from tropical America obliquely across the Atlantic. But the most interesting point is that after floating for weeks, and may be months, in sea-water they retnm their germinating ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 78.] JUNE. [1893. CCCIV.— TAGASASTE. (Cytisus proliferus, L. xnv. palmensis, Chr.) '■ ■ ; p. 18; 1880, p. 16; 1881, p. 13; 1882° p. 22 and huh'- k'! ,"' Ih.ilc'ti.i 1891, p. 239. This plant was brought into notice by the late Dr. Victor Perez of Orotava, Teneriffe, and it was entirely ilinm-li the personal exertions of this estimable g« nil.-mnn that so much informati m has l>een obtained respecting it and that seed of so useful a plant h&s been placed at the disposal of persons in various parts of the world for experimental purposes. Dr. IVivz sent many supplies direct to Kew with results that have already been recorded. During a visit to Teneriffe in the early part of this year I had many opportunities of seeing the Canary hut probably to a much le-s extent than in Teneriffe. It is not infrequently seen as a cultivated plant in English ureenhouses where its silky leaves and abundant white flowers render it a very attractive object. In Teneriffe it forms a large bush or tree with a stout woody stein sometimes attaining a height of 8 to 10 feet. The branches are of a ilender di ; overed with teraate leaves on short clothed on the underside by copious silky adpro-sed hair-. These hairs are ^enerallv white but in some case- they are fulvous or e\en of a rich brown colour. The flowers ( 'also silky in bud), are snow-white when fully expanded and attached in loo-ely-paehed umbel- on the -ides of the branches. The pedicels are of a rosy colour. After flowering the bud in the centre of each umbel usually grows out into a branch— an appearance of proliferation which has suggested the -pontic name. The pods are oblong pointed an 1 densely pilose m the \ouie_: -tale. I Ins is the typical plant known as •' Hsrabon " oidinarih met vv ith in the mountainous parts in Teneriffe. There are several fb- : the sizeof the leaves and the colours of the flowers. None of them, however, possess U 77265. 1375.— 7/93. Wt. 134. E. & S. A any special merit as fodder plants. The Escabon itself is seldom contains cytisine — an active poisonous common laburnum and other members < the other hand evidently contains little by animals and especially those that ha' vo become accustomed to 'it when chapel of Our Lad v 7k las .\7eves "at , in elevation of about 1,000 feet above the level of the sea. It acquire. I considerable reputation locally ^igasaste and wrote about it was Dr. Victor Perez. He introduced it i. published a pamphlet on its merits as a fodder plant nearly .30 years ferns. Although in botanical theless deserved to be regarded as a at of Dr. Victor Perez. As :agasaste has been described bv Dr. H. Christ in Spu-Hapum Cunaric,,. st published in Engler's "Botan- ischeJahrhuches/IX. 120, as C^isns prolifertu var. palmensis. This Teneriffe plant— Esrabon. Cytisus proliferus, Linn. f. vat. palm rust's differs from the type by its more robust growth and a laxer habit :. It often attains a height of 12 to 15 feet in good soils and all part: leafy character is one of the marked features of the plant. The leaf lets are ovate oblong, somewhat ises of tagasaste for fodder purposes. Like all Canary plants it 5 its very long tap roots deep into the ground, and it is thus enabled ■ir prolonged periods of drought without injury. In many instances s cultivated near every cottage in the neighbourhood of Orotava, t is planted along the principal roads, to afford food for the animals drawback to its general use when freshly cut. It makes, however, an excellent hay, and as a dry fodder or after being treated in silos its Dr. Perez through Her Maj< 5 said that in this state tngnsas is and ruminants. Another I" fore-t t;iu;;i-;i~t e should soils there the tagasaste. Further information mav l.e obtained from the following publications: " De la Vegetation mix iles Canaries." par le Dr. Victor Perez et le Dr. p. Sagot, p. 12 (Kxtract du " Journal de I'Aii'rieulture des pays Chauds," LS(i.-,-G(>) ; - Kl 'J'.Mcasaste v mi fermentaciun." pur el Dr. Victor Pore/, Teneriffe, 18S8 ; Report of the Botanic Garden, Adelaide, 18S8, p. 5 ; " Le Tagasaste," tburrage important par Dr. Victor Perez et Dr. P. Sagot public >ou» la direction de Georges V. Perez, Paris, 1892; "Cultures Tropicales," par Dr. P. Sagot et E. Iiaoul, Paris, 1S93, D. M. CCCV.— GREEN HEART. in sonic experiments, undertal been obliginglj communicated rther attention to the properties of this valuable timber Foreign Office to Royal Gardens, Kkw. Sir, Foreign Office, February 16, 1893. I am diiected by the Secretary of State lor Foreign Affairs to transmit to you, to be laid before Mr. Thiselton-Dyer, a despatch as marked in the margin relative to experiments made with regard to i offered by woods to the borer worm. unt Director, (Signed) E. Grey. British Directors, Suez Canal Company, to Foreign Office. y Lord, Paris, 15th February 1893. We have the honour to transmit to your Lordship herewith a py of a letter which has been received from the Suez Canal Coni- ny's chief engineer in Kgypt as to some experiments which have en made at Fort Said with regard to the resistance offered to the The result as shown on the sketch cncln-d U that while the pine i ;he oak are almost entirely destroyed the Greenheart has suffered njury whatever. We have, &c. (for the British directors) The Most Honourable (Signed) H. Aum in Lee The Earl of Rosebery, K.G., &c. l>;ir (In ltois de greenheart, \ Tf * — f — * Cheiif 3 (Signe) L ?! 1 1 r - 1 ( ^^ J ] KOYAL GaUDENs, KlW" to F(J I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of ; February 1G ; enclo-ing correspnndenei', herewith returned, o tin- relative iv>i-!;!in ■<■ oJlercd by different kinds of wood t 1 an early number ot' the Kite IhdUtiii. The fact- are or' the more importance as the limber is the produce of ne of our Colonies — British Guiana. (Signed) ' W. T. Thiselton-Dyer. Sir Edward Grey, Bart., M.P., Foreign Office, S.W. The ioiluN iv-pecting the characterh uses of Greenheart timber may be usefully appended: — "The Greenheart is an exceedingly valuable tree, yielding I perfectly straight growth, of from 24 to .30 feet in length, and kind- a re considered the ■ b.-.-t'in (| uality. It is eh .eryharda.aM.e <"Jh t rie' layers' are 'm m'i'lered lervdundlle^ar to be p roof against the of the worm w lUi'pftses under -\ its Tali je if it could 1 stances is though t to be doubtful. "Of the durability of the Greenheart timber, eriden. ;e in the large 6 stock of this wood kept i i the royal dockyards, where it stood tne test ot many years exposure to the weather, wit bout being in any but the least degree affected by it. At Woolwich, the only place. I belie\e, where any attempt was made to protect it for preserva- tion, the experiment to some extent failed, the ends of tie open rather more in the covered stacks than in those which were left exposed, while, in other respects, there was absolutely no difference not, after all, more than the ordinary amount of waste in the conversion of this kind of timber. Further, it ;> remarkable for its freedom from knots, and ;d-o for its general soundness, the only defect, beyond the splitting of tie "Owing to thrilTtli aiiyof-iUtin-iM, engine-bearers, beaius, shelf-pieces, ^e., and for planking. It is i used for piles, and many other purposes, l>ui its application to •olonv. and it and Mora ( vood^'ai LW.1V Theave i piece 1-' t weight of 1,33* lbs. Th, average wen toot. ;uul ;i piece 12 inches broad and 1 ported ;it their ends. The specific gra Wall aba (Kperu,. - f, deal a) a nd Bullet Tree a Mullen) , but Tanks of g Xu°t n t inland from their wo or three miles and deer cases in i|iiantit\ ii .s the ,1 in the dire ctionofthe psof trees that grow or i the savanna rest for ' [Jreeidieiirl heart growing on cne half day, p ,r:dh throughout the Ci :>lony in the bridges, he boats, &c, &c, an i for dnpbn r. dock-; . Ao." &c. For all the* ardly . it dec; lys rapidly tliouut,ide, and 1 vTtVJ ' m \ 11 eon- i>l i] in-abl. j wood, 1 locally known as • Tenr nroof nf Sipiri. "All the Greenheart cut in the Colony hitherto has been cut from the forests below or within a very short distance of the larger falls on the rivers, and owing to this limited space, the manner of conducting wood-cutting operations, and the cost of lahour. combined, this tract of country is now being cut over in some places for the third time, and such trees as escaped observation ..r w. re thought too small to he cut previously, arc now carefully sought for and cut down. The young trees to water, and the seeds are collected and shipped to make Bibirine; possible to got rid of the Greenheart growing below the Falls." (.!/>. McTurk, before the Iloual Agricultural Society British Guiana, hith July 1881.) Xectaudra Ilodiui, Schoinb., the (ireenheart tree. It is said there are three varieties of this, the Vellow. Black, and Mainop; they grow to tall trees in clay soil, and when near the river;- and creeks, attain CCCVL— COFFEE ENTERPRISE IN THE EAST INDIES. In a recent number of the British Sort!, Bonn,, Herald there appeared :. short but interesting article on tin- history of the n.ftVe industry in ha — ince taken ,,!,,•, in that Mand in respect of .'<;a ,-ultivat ion. The i round figure xde in the coffee grants contained t Betvyeen 1833 " the judges, the clergy, and one-half the civil servant.- penetrated the " pany's officers crowded to Ceylon to invest their sa\ uiu lie bark seemed t!ie planter' the seventies that the expo id million pounds in 1880 t by enabling quinine to be so *. in 1880, but causing loss ■ bark as lire wood when the it. The old coffee lands a been planted with tea in su( J.000.000 lbs., and of a qui >ffee, but the difficulty in Ceylon is to find lam linenrtyinto a of the Mikj :1 suitable for coffee its cultivation pro- d the success that is *ctent, and the coffee planter nowadays has littl as a held for coffee e to fear from that CCCVIL— PARASOL ANT. The Parasol or leaf-cutting ant of Tropical America (CEcodoma cephalotes) is so destructive to cultivated plants that it has long been regarded as a serious pest. In the island of Trinidad an ( h'dinancc lias been passed known as ^ The Parasol Ants Ordinance 1890," for the purpose of eradicating the nests of these ants. A- the ordinance is in some respects a new departure in regard to the destruction of an indi- noticed. The ordinance is permissive in its action, and provides that any person whose gardens or plantations suffer or are likely to suffer from the depredations «,f parasol ants may present a complaint to the warden of his district, who, after due inquiry, is empowered to give authority to the complainant to enter upon lands in his neighbourhood and destroy the ants' nests complained of. If ihe nests cannot be destroyed without injury to trees and growing crops, the complainant may be called upon to deposit a certain sum beforehand to compensate the owner and occupier of the land for any damage done. The ordinance, it will appear, provides for the destruction of the nests, not by the person on whose land they are found, but by the person who suffers and. When the ground is by the application of coal tar or gas water ; if in walls or res, or any other poisonous gases driven in by bellows or centrifugal t';m. A very effective and useful machine termed the 'asphyxiator,' used for the latter purpose, can be seen at any time ;u the Royal Botanic Gardens. The method known as 'puddling' is effective, as it destroys the food of the nest as well as the insects themselves, and consequently there is no inducement for a new colony to take up the same abode, but gas water or gas tar is just as effective, recent investigations have confirmed Belt in the supposition tha ants cut up the leaves of plants and bring the pieces into their ne servo as a pabulum on which to grow a fungus. In fact these p are used to lot m ushroom bed " and the ants us< foiiiilial stage of the fungus for purposes of food for themselves their larvae. The Hon. J. K. Tanner, Director of Public \V Trinidad, has given interesting particulars of the habits of the Pa ant in the Journal of iln 1'r'niidad field Xattmilists Club. > August 1892. Mr. fanner had two nests on a tabic in his house, one nest with a queen, the ants readih supplied themselves with p of leaves from p] . feeding ground. Each foi dropped his portion of leaf in the nest and it was taken up by a i worker and carried to a clear space to be cleaned. It was then t in hand by the large workers, who after licking it with their ton« the edge of the already form, d fu _,.- bed mund. The statements made by B'lt respecting the, cutting up of leaves by ants for the formation of n pabulum on which a fungus was grown that served as food has been corroborated. The. method of leaf cutting, the various species of plants used, and the formation of the - ; m i- _ . n in detail, but the most intere-ting and hitherto unknown portion is that relating to the fungus cultivate 1 by the ants in their •• niushro >m gardens." A series of cultures has proved this to be the mycelium and conidial stage of a tine agaric, which according to the Friesian system would belong to the sub-trenus I'/mlmta of Arju ricit*. but which has been called by Moller /tn-i/rs yon/i/fop/ionr. The agaric grows in den>c tufts, and if/era, Mayr. ; A. hy 'erostigma, Mavr., and Although M oil. i did not directly study the fungus cultivated by the Trinidad species {(Kct>Ht r, phulnh v) there i- now little doubt that it is identical with that described by him as liozitts gonyylophora, and hence a very interesting problem in botanical investigation has apparently been solved. -WORMWOOD AS A FODDER PLANT IN INDIA. 127 with close white cotton. It is found in sandy and muddy wastes, generally near the sea, and occupies larue tracts of .nun try bordering the Caspian and Black Seas. It extend round t h « • Mediterranean to Western Europe, and, as already stated, it is found in the Western Himalayas. It is also abundant in Western Tibet in salt plains at elevations of about 9,000 to 14,000 feet. Mr. Outbie finds that ponies feed upon this plant in the Himalayas " with relish," and he adds that "other species of Artemisia ore " mentioned as affording good fodder for sheep on the Punjab '• Himalaya." In localities where hardly any other vegetation e\i ts, the use of the wormwood as a fodder-plant might prove of value. A bundle of dry loal\ branches <.f Ir/rmisia maritima was received at Kew from Mr. Duthie, and Professor A. H. Church, F.R.S., was good enough to undertake an analysis, in order to determine its nutritive properties. The results of Professor Church's investigations are con- tained in a memorandum reproduced below. It, appears that the as ordinary mixed grasses. It is, however, thrice as rich in albuminoids as the straw of European cereals, and to any animals not deterred from eating the plant by its somewhat sickly odour, it might prove under special circumstances, >ueh as those w Inch obtain in barren tracts and passes in the Western Hi able value. Punjab Himalaya. It would be satisfactory to have some sort of doiii'md loi I". Id r o : m k ml along portions of the Gilgit route is at present very urgent, owing to the large number of baggage animals employed in carrying stores of all sorts to Gilgit. I hope we shall soon have a chemical analyst for India, but in the meantime, if you could help to obtain for me the- information required regarding thc"abovc-inentioned plant. I shall be very much obliged. (Signed) ' J.'f. Duthie, Report by Professok A. II. Church, F.R.S. Artemisia maritima, L— Collected near Aster, North Kashmir, foil lid that ll;!'( '".fourths WclV soluble illsO ill "WI'V strong llh'oliol, I find were consequently b>r the mo.f part r«--IiM.i. I ami amniaiie compounds. Tin 1 albuminoids w.t.' determined b\ the phenol met !;■ ', (Signed) & A. H. Church. CCCIX.— COFFEE HUSKING IN LONDON. nation respecting "husking" coffee in London is nllo\vin_r correspondence addressed to Kew. The s to proprietors of coffee estates in the West Indies, i md it is d;-sii ■able to place such facts as bear ur within their reach in a readily accessible form. Mr. Mar k B. F. Ma TOR to Royal Gai :okns, K>rw. B ed Lion and Three 1 Cranes Wharf, 1'.. per Thames St: reet, London, E. December 12, 1892. When spe ■aking to Mi .-. lindane, of Messr >. SI, an,!. ITalda Co., some little tii asking in Londo said he thought you would ] probably like to see letter we drew up year on the subject, and he kindh - could mention hi nowing the great ii matters tending to promote the spread of accur ate knowledge ai [Enclosun '•] Coffee Husking in London. lied Lion a nd Three Crai tea Wharf, Upper r . rhames Street, March 1S02 London, E.G., Havi ng been th( . and being frequently asked f< :>r a few particulars as to the nt of the r it the following are interests 1 in the question. uld mention that the operation is chiefly applicable to coffee treated by what is called in some eounlries the <•• West India Prepar, ition," i.e., to "washed" coffees , which are known by the trade here as As these descriptions are most sought after by nd far higher prict lalities known as " unwashed," it is obvious that plantei endear* it their crops in the on, the difference in prio e in a normal market being fu lly 20*. to 25* . per cwt. in its To obtain the best results, it is necosaiy thai cadi operation, com- mencing with the gathering of the crop, should be performed with great care and discrimination. Only cherries of uniform ripeness should be plucked, as otic ad most of the subsequent operations will be made difficult to perform, and the cleaned coffee will lack that uniformity of appearance and colour which is so highly prized by the buyers. The cherry coffee should be passed through the pulper (the machine for removing" the pulp from the berries) as soon as possible after it is gathered, as the pulp is more easily removed before it has had sufficient time to dry and shrivel ; care must be taken to see that the cherry pulp is thoroughlv peeled from the berries, and as several of the latter will escape the action of the pulpers. sieves of a size which will allow only the free parchment collec to pass through must be used, so machine. After pulping, the parchment codec has to undergo a process of fermentation, and subsequently of washing in suitable tanks, when the adhering saccharine matter is got rid of; during this hitter opera- tion, it is of great importance that the parchment should be constantly stirred about, as by this means the light, black, and imperfect beans rise to the surface of the water, as well as sticks, leaves, and such like im- purities, which should be skimmed off and heated separately. _ At no subsequent stage can this important object be attained in anything like so cheap and effective a manner, as the inferior beans can only be after- wards separated by hand-picking, a tedious and costly operation. After washing, the parchment coffee has to he thoroughly dried, an operation requiring perhaps more knowledge of the article than any Other, as on the wav it is carried out depends to a vcr\ great extent the subsequent market' value of the crop. If not sufficiently dried, the ,"■;■£ will thus bo under.stoo 1 th-vt it i- ■ >•■ i: ,', ri ] .[ \ K , prop -Hy Iri ■ 1. <-,p ■ ■; iMy ns ..\-n-.i pli u-g.-j are im-iirro I for ■Irving I, T0# On thr- other haul, care must be taken not to over-dry the coffee, .-is the market value ; il is the; 'fore apparent that the greatest care ami experience is required to ascertain when the parchment is in nvdlv prime condition. After drying, coffee inl-n led for husking in London lias only to bo (shipped without further loss of time. higher by several shillings a hundredweight than the same cotfee when cleaned abroad. Planters are also enabled to market their crop, probably several weeks earlier, than if they have to wair t j husk it themselves. where the cop is a heavy one, at a time when it is extremely important all hands sir j, and when this is com- plete, on the ;h us increasing ■ ;' ... the coffee done as cheaply as it could be effected on the estate. The outlay on m ;ses would be saved, and capital that would be locked up is set free ; further, the dangers of a breakdown are avoided, a very serious matter on estates, where every important piece- of machinery has to be obtained some thousand-, of miles away. Receiving as we do many thousand bags of parchment coffee ; necessarily obtained considerable experience in the are enabled to work each parcel in the way best the requirements of the trade in all its different The total cost of receiving from import ship, I ■:• and all the usual operations is 2s. Gd. per cwt. ; which we believe is at. least as cheap as it can ordinarily bo performed by planters, if not cheaper. The charge for drying is extra, and depends en- condition of the parcel, but from what wo have already stated, it is a ■ests, planters should never incur here. The loss in weight f aries largely according to the nature of the parchment, an 1 rang.- from about 1 •"> p i • •• it. up to, in a few exceptional cases, about 22 per cent. The average loss is from about 18 per cent, to 20 per cent. The whole of the various operations are carried out in o ir bond, d i\ ehou- -. under the iiimn diate supervision of the officers of the Ci M> important guarantee to importers that the correct weight, is returned to them ; no customs duty u charged by the Crown authorities on the husk. We have occasionally received parcels of coffe to husk, but we cannot recommend this mode of dupnient, though ir. is in a !■ w indi\ idn lei- - pi i if. : adopt it. In the first place, it adds unduly to the charge for freight, b fine colour as it does if • already detailed, and, of course, (he loss in weight after removal of the • to work, and necessitates a charge' of at least Ms-. 9d. per cwt. The foregoing i imarks Apply solely to coffee of the Arabian 132 sort. As regards Libcrian coffee, we have no hesitation in advising, that unless absolutely compelled, shipments should never be made in cherry, as this species, even under favourable circumstances, is most difficult to work. That the business has developed so largely since we commenced operations in 1884, appears to us conclusive proof that many planters are fully alive to the benefits to be derived by the adoption of this method for marketing their crops, and we therefore trust these remarks may be of special interest to those who are at present unaware; of Hie facilities to he now obtained in London, and who have not suitable machinery on their estates for cleaning the coffee themselves. (Signed) Major & Field. Editor of the "Jamaica Post." al Society, the show t May Pen. As a' result of their visit, the committee recommended that a special prize of two guineas be awarded to Mr, J. L. Hibbert for his exhibit of coffee for export in parchment, and the committee stated, that " they " wished by their award to point out to small settlers, how desirable it is " to export coffee in this manner, as it does away with the expense of '• milling, and saves both time and trouble. In Central America, the " owners of large plantations have given up the use of expensive milling " maehiri.M-y, because they find that it pays them better to export coffee in " parchment, and it is hoped that merchants ami buyers of coffee in this u island will give their attention to the question of the purchase of it in This prize was accordingly awarded by the board. As, however, their attention was drawn to a statement made by the Clarendon agricultural authorities, that there appeared to be some difference of opinion as to t «, of coffee in parchment, the board decided to invite the opinion of experts, anil I am desired by them to ask you to be good enough to give publicity to the following r I by Messrs. Park, MacFadyen and Co., which will, they think, prove of interest to all engaged in coffee planting. I am, &c. Secretary. [Enclosure.] Report from Messrs. Park, MacFadyen & Co. Coffee Husking in London. At the outset we would mention that the opera ' to coffee treated by what is called in some countries the " West Indian Preparation," ?'.e.,"to "washed" coffees, which are known by the trade here as "colory," and as these descriptions are most sought after by buyers, and command far higher prices than the qualities known as " unwashed," it is obvious that the planters in their own interests should endeavour to market their crops in the former condition. It sending over parchment eulVcc. great care sliotild lie taken ro have it thoroughly dried before shipment, as to a very great extent, this uilects the market value. If not sufficiently dried, the parchment becomes more or less musty in transit, and colour deteriorates, thus seriously affecting its selling value, and from the fact that the outer layer of coffee in the bags dries on the voyage to a greater extent than the hulk CCCX.— CANARY ROSEWOODS. hitter are about throe or four inolu-s long, ai tenu:it<> >, a description of a new variety of this plant — Convolvulus floridus, var. densifiorus. The variety is distinguished by a more compact habit, shorter and broader leaves crowded near the ends of the branches, by a shorter panicle, and by much more numerous but smaller flowers. The variety was found near Ponta dc Teno, Teneriffe, by Hillebrand. For cultivation in green- houses in this country the variety with a compacter habit and more abundant dowers niav prove a verv desirable plant. The other specie- "included in this note is the plant more correctly known as rose-root, Lignum rhodium or rose-wood {Convolvulus sroporivs). This, as its name denotes is a convolvulus with the habit of the common broom. It is an erect shrub seven to eight feet high, with a few long narrow branches and somewhat short linear leaves. The flower- are produced in nianv flowered axillary cymes. The corolla is slightly plaited with a five-partite limb; it" is" tinged with red outside and white within. This is known locally as Lena Noel or Lena Loci. It is onlv rarely met with ; Teneriffe specimens in the Kew Herbarium are from Guia on the South-western slopes of the island and from Barranco Santo. It is said to be more common at Palma, but owing to the excessive digging of the roots many rears ago, al _ .1 •'_ purposes it is restricted to \er\ few localities. There are id figures of this plant. One of the best is that given in the u.-ister,'* 1S41, t. 43, with :i description by Dr. Lindley. I'lii- \v,-i> from a plant urown ni uing sent by Mr I'.arkcr Webb. flu-re is a single specimen of the root of Convolvulus scoparius in in K. w MiiM'iim. It is about eight inches long, two and a 1 vide and one inch thick. The 1 eartwood occupies •diour tliree-fourths if the entire diameter of the specimen, and is of a distinct o ■■::-■,:: ,■';■■.,..■ . ..-■.■, .:. rery fine medullary ravs, the spaces between :■ Is. The sap wood is very mad •olour, rmd i- comparatively soft and easily cut. It was sent to the Museum hv P. Barker Webb about l«o(). and >rill retains its rose-like miell A sample lalielled Oil of Rho Sunn is also in the Kcw Museum, where it has been at leas; 3o years and probably longer. Sir William - - In Lindlev's Flora Mcdira (1838), p. 400, there is the following note on this plant :- )d perfumed, smelling strongly of roses, yell owish fawn colour p-ith red, burning rendily when lighted. 'Ta ste bitter, balsamic. P roses." utrius in Edward's al Rrrpster (1841), t. 43, Dr. Lindlev states ill events this is the plant that yields" Liipun ■strondv of roses, yielding by distillation a bitter oil, and em- >v perfumers for adulterating or altering oil o f roses. The roots, ecompany the stems, as they are imported, a re said to be much e. imagined that this product must come f rom Rhodes, trans- It is, Oil of Rhodium i- the name given to the'oil obtained from this plant. The wood when powdered has been recommended to promo : • -'.'■-.-■ ; Mr. Barker Webb, in a note i />>,,/. h'ra , ! < \ \ K App. p. 70) remarks :— "The roots of both the oi . lu$ floridui ' scoparius) are fragn mt, and"" yield simple distillation, X in a less degree, or sometime^, ,- any. The ori from Macedonia was ■ - - s", /:'..".' ■ .. a figured as such by Parkinson in his thcatn nn Botanicum, after Lobel. 'It on the mountains of r Pangle and Ingleb. ferred ' to Vw ■nlrufus scoparius', an •! The latest information on the - u 1 > j . ■■ distilled, ■ sweet-smelling oil is procured resembling in some slight degree the fragrance of the rose, and hence its name. At one time, that is, prior to the cultivation of the rose-leaf geranium, the distillate* from rose-wood and from the root of the Genista eanarimns (Canary rose- wood) were principally drawn for the adulteration of real otto of roses; but as the geranium oil answers so much better, the oil of rhodium has fallen into disuse, hence its comparative scarcity in the market at the present day, though our grandfathers knew it well. One cwt. of wood yields about three ounces of oil. "Ground rose- woo. I is valuable as a l.asis in the manufacture of sachet powders for perfuming the wardrobe." CCCXI.— CACAO-GROWING IN GRENADA. (Theobroma Cacao, L.) Cacao-growing is the staple industry of the interesting island of Grenada, and its prosperity during many years, when the other islands in the "West Indies were in a depressed condition, was mainly due to the successful cultivation of Cacao trees. The maintenance of this industry is therefore a matter of great local concern. The present Governor-in-Chief of the Windward Islands, Sir Walter Hely- Hutchinson, K.C.M.G., has fully realised this fact, and he has been most strenuous in his etf'orls to assist cultivation, and to encourage every thing ca 1 < productiveness of the cacao estates. The Botanical Station established at Grenada has also been brought into a vigorous state of efficiency, and it is now one of the most useful of any. This institution issues regularly a Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, and in a recent number there are discussed several interesting points connected with the cultivation of Cacao trees gathered from the experience of a proprietor who has heen more than ordinarih targe crops from a small area. After referring to the little attention hitherto paid in the island generally to draining, manuring, and pruning on Cacao estates, Mr. G. W. Smith, the intelligent curator of the Grenada Botanical Station, " It is pleasant to notice one of the few instances in our island of a Cacao estate where, as the result of a careful system of draining and manuring, the proprietor gets from only twelve acres of Cacao ; refer to many others roc- ■- that quantity, od by the [lev. G. • as dear as possible, 1 shall endeavour to adhere as i to Mr. Branch's replies to my questions concerning the estate. een owner of the property for over 20 years. Good Hope es — eight acres of this are in canes and pasture. I esti- ance occupy another two acres, cannot be much over 12 acres. 137 I purchased the place for about 100/. ; at that time it had a few neg- lected Cacao trees here and there. Many (><■. >,.l.- ridiculed my attempt to grow Cacao there, as the land was considered by most persons as almost valueless for that purpose. However, be that as it may. I could easily borrow 2,000/. to-day on its security if 1 wished to do so. My soil is rather poor for Cacao when compared with manv other places'; as you will see. in manv place- there is a bed ol " tuft'" not tar from surface, and you know, when the tap root of a Cacao tree touches into contact with this layer of " tuff" ? ' " < My Cacao tree- have no nerd lo drive their tap root- very deep, as tree is naturally a deep rooter, hut it' it can meet witli its nourishment near to the surface it will most undoubtedly develop it- feeding spongi- oles wherever that nourishment is. and that is what happens in the ease " ' Please explain how you do this?' " ' Willingly. My Cacao oreliards are, as you observe, on the slope of a hill. Skirting the sides, therefore, among the trees, I have road- cut by simply digging down the slope to a level. These roads arc suffi- ciently wide to admit the passage of a light donkey cart, and as they wind along the hillside in a corkscrew fashion you will understand how they snve a two-fold capacity. First, they act as roads proper, and, secondly, they act as drain-, since a small canal alwa\s skirts the upper edge for the whole of their length. Thus 1 haw my ( 'acao held drained at regular intervals, and. in addition, my donkey ear! can carry manure to any part of my estate ' " • How do you apply your manure ? ' " 'Very simply; I just have the cart tilled, and the driver upsets it at regular distances over the lower edge ofthe-e roads. I then go round as I can find time and bury this in. L likewise collect all leaves and bush from time to time, and bury these af-o. Von will now see the effects of my system. Look down on the -round : what you are walking- ready for them, and have no need to go deep in search of food. " ' My system has converted the tree.- into surface feeders, and pro- vided 1 keep them supplied with food I can fairly be -aid to have them well under control. Now, without manure the ease is different ; the tree has to push its tap-root deeper and deeper • ■\cvy year in search of food ; hen compared with my heal mce of young rods all" eag< The good effect of this is e vith those of neighbour in- i What do you average as a About 87 bags per annum. urn.- ones, and they seem good for re system.' a good yield per tree in pods per to answer this, ami, imleed, I hav. to keep several The old Mi.rl-ji dnch I colle Mine.' * ■ Do you 130 " * At first I was anxious to get my laud planted up, so rated what- ever seed I could get. Now I select and replace a bad variety with a good one whenever opportunity offers.' " • Do you grow other products with your young Cacao ? ' " ' Always; such crops as yams, i:iinii.i-I <-.i-^.-i\ :t. and canes come well wiih young Cacao, and, in my opinion, rather do it good ihnn otherwise, besides yielding catch crops of considerable value.' " ' What process do you adopt in picking and curing. Do yea separate llie diil'erent varieties I.elWe -wealing?' " < With a small cultivation like mine it would he difRcnlt to get a sullieient quantity of Criollo or any other variety at any one time to set up separate sweating boxes. 1 se'e the advantages of it, and regret that CCCXII.— GAMBIER IN BRITISH NORTH BORNEO. A full account of the G-ambier plant and the preparation of com mercial Gambier. u-ed for tanning purposes, was given in the Kvi liiillfti,,. ISSi), pp. -17 .">!. Sine that time an attempt has heen mad (Signed) William M. W. T. Thiselton-Dver, Esq., C.M.G., lioval ( iardens, Kew. 1st Test (wet). No. 1 Borneo Sample. No. 1 Rhi< Tanni n - - - 19 : 86: per cent. 20-OU pe Moist ure - - 1870 13-92 2nd Test (dried). Tanni in 27*86 per cent. 23-23 pe which proves conclusively that on t of strengtl ill that could he desired. ...■.''■'"■'.."''ii action to your sample is ih; t of colour • is onlv suitable for shipm mar, •' bloi • >f which i s from 19/. to 19/. 10s. per ton. If, mbes equal to the samples herewith the value w higher, as the following will show — „ 3 „ „ dark, value - - - 30 31 Bale Gambier is always pressed packed in double mats or gunnies, and should weigh from 2 to 2\ or even 3 cwt. each. Cubes should be well dried before shipment in order to prevent being "caked" or " blocky " 00 arrival, and are packed in bags weighing 1£ cwt. to If cwt. per bag. The present rate of freight from Singapore to London is 22*. Get. per •JO cwt. for block, 20*. per 10 cwt. for cubes. There would be no difficulty in selling any quantity of the above all Mr. H. Walker to Royal Gardens, Kew. Mr Dear Sir, Sandakan, 21st April 1893. I enclose report and analysis of Gambier raised in the Govern- ment Experimental Garden in Sandakan, which I am sure will be of I took charge of the garden on the 3rd ( >ctober, 1891, after my return to North Borneo, when 200 Gambier plants and 100 pepper cuttings bad just been planted : by the 2"ith October I bad 990 Gambier plants out/and by the 8th December I increased the number to 3.2.">3 and ."is 7 pepper plants. On the 4th October 1892, 1 decided to cut the first planting-, and we commenced boiling some time before the 2nd November and continued December, and obtained five piculs of Gambi j in my Consequently I had to ship it as Block Gi by the smoke in my rath, r limited The first sample wa- taken without my knowledge by an energetic friend, who gave me a copy of the analysis. The second report is on mv smnple parcel. The garden has now been taken over by a China- man, who is increasing it! lie will cut over the whole clearing in May. 141 pieuls. The pla; present onfy Chinese have t grown, and ready to cut again. Up to ihe present only Chi Grainbier, but I can confidently assert that European light >r price. Wh-it the trade wants is ;i n assurance of qua and a sufficient quantity of a similar quality. I think ii would be well to sell it per unit of Tannin, as Cinchona bark is sold. With a guarantee as to moisture, &c, and if copper pans and properly con- -tnu-ted drying-houses be used, the colour would (need) never vary. The pepper plants are doing well. I am glad to tell you our Coffin lihiricti is doing very well. About o.'ii > acre- were planted by Europeans last year, and 1 believe this year. The reports all round are very favoura us are now blossoming. Our climate, with it- well-divided ■ h well suited to Siberian Coffee, and 1 never saw anything like it in Ceylon for vigour of growth or size of stem. Cocoa is doing well here, and has a remarkable -tern, but it is only have been made bv Europeans, so that we do not figure on the markets. That we shall do" so 1 have no doubt; indeed, J expect this will be a great coffee country. The latest reports from the tobacco estates me all (Signed) ' ^ Henry Walkeh. [Enclosure.] Singapore, lb">th March, IS!).']. Messrs. Mutlenhaeh !',rothers ,v Co/s report on 17 small bags pressed into 4 bale. Pdoek (Jambier, marketl Ii. N. 15. DC. L. [ London weigh ing 1'iculs |-7S, cwts. ."), qr>. i>, lbs. 2, shipped per S.S. " IVlanion " on 25th March :— " The quality, we are pleased to say, is pronounced by local buyers " to be good, and not inferior in any way to Singapore ( iambier. and " we have been offered for this ;. the market " price was only $660." "However, the higher price is explained by the unusual dryne.-s of " the goods, which of courseenhances its value." say' improve the next production iu t ned from the Riv eases an advantage i Tin Fed Tufjfr.— The feed table .niposfd of Hat iron laths fastened acr an arrangement of levers to allow for yielding in ease of very es, and the machine was not eloped or stopped during any : the trial. This is an important consideration. The quality >. machine is still in Yucatan. Field of Fibre Mr. Weicher claims i imi leaves in a day of 10 hours. Allowi t. of fibre (in a prepared dry condition), ! pounds per day as the lowest return recent trial the.-e returns are not lost fibre mad: ne" has fulfills, of fibre, it is true, but the total yield has been small and disappoint; In lad, taking into account the great efforts made to introduce ; popnlari.-c these machines, their extended use on a commercial scale CCCXIV.— MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. Retirement of Dr. Cooke.— On the removal of the ] services to tl bardlj need a record. Thcvjire >u;ii' - " Handbook ot the I>i i t i>h Funin "' Principal Assistant (Cryptogams).- become an acknowledged authority in published many works and papers conn these may be mentioned :— A Monogri] i the Journal of the Linnean Society; a Monograph lycetes in the " Annals of Botany " ; a monograph of the id " British Fungus-Flora" (two volumes have appean Acidanthera aequinoctialis, Baker. —Throng Mr. Sc< a-.. l,v Mrs. Thwelton Uyer for the Kew readies a height of I [Vet, and the stem bears a 1 veined en0. and omtai ttering, and are probably by a different artist. J. vara coct randiflora, Lobelia surinamvusis and Fuchsia coccbica (t lants represented. So far as our researches go these two m 1 that was published, if indeed the second was really pul ritzel records only one, and he gives the dimensions as I'd le hereas the copy at Kew is 24* by 19 inches. Bound wit >ing in a cardboard cover, is a fine coloured plate of . ultiflorus, " from Sierra Leone, recovered to Europe V. P. Nodder, B. .tsinic Painter to Her Maje^t; r,and publisliod bvhini. = f. 179.V' Nodder was th publis volumes, entitle ■d '• Flora IJ " which appeared i 1792 and 1795. It conti .ins 111 pla id the descriptive tterpr tten by Thomas Martyn, the ti Professor of Botany bridge. l Asia Minor.— \ T till pa en, Botanic from Mr. Philip MarM;il tie < ; • r.-d the'Js,!, March 1«9.'J:— You will regret to learn that these gardens ,vere partially destroyed by two floods which followed each other at an interval of a fortnight on the .1th and 19th ult. A huge new residence recently built for me was utterly destroyed, and all my books, &c, completely swept away. The gardens over a large portion of their area were covered by a deposit of mud and sand, in some cases two feet deep, and many thousands of shrubs were destroyed ; many trees have sustained, I fear, permanent injury. All seeds and specimens as well as all my office h.'lp to me in the ivc-oi Id send me any seeds of plants n< i specially anxious to secure Chine: tives from any parts of the world. New Liliacese from Tropical Africa. — In Enirler's Jaltrhiichcr, vol. XV., pp. 167-179. is a paiM-r l.v Dr. Kn-ler and Mr. .1. (i. Baker on the new Liliaceie discovered l»y recent German collectors in Tropical Africa. an Aloe, (our . \llnna .'one />v the much longer lcaf\ sterile stems. The new Aloe (A. veneHOsa, Engler) was found hv Dr. i\>gge on trie Kassai, .»...■ of the feeders of the Consro in the very centre of the continent, and is used as an arrow poison. time. There is no doubt our work is prospering to prosper. At the present time I am very bus of money has been made to lay out the Recreation it suitable for cricket. This I am carrying out ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 79.] JULY. [1893. CCCXV.— SUGAR-CANE DISEASE. The following correspondence relates to a disease which has, wi the last few years, made its appearance amongst the sugar-canes in West Indies, and has caused some apprehension. Considerable < troversy has arisen as to whether it is an independent disease, or consequent on previous injury by insect borers. The question has I further complicated by the fact that the fungus at different period; its life-history exhibits three different and distinct forms, leading tc supposition, erroneous as it turns out, that the sugar-cane may be affected by more than one parasitic fungus. Royal Gardens, Kew, to Colonial Office. Royal Gardens, Kern, Sir, April 5, 1893. I have the honour to inform you that for some time past numerous communications have been addressed to this establishment, respecting a disease which has made its appearance in the West Indies 2. The injuries which the canes suffer from the attacks of insects, popularly known as " borers,'* have long been known, and have been now pretty completely studied. A tolerably exhaustive account, em- hndving everything that is at present aseertainod. \,\ Mr. Blandford, will be found in the number of the Ken- Hull, tin for July and August of last year. 3. The disease which is now complained of is of a more insidious kind, and is due to the attacks of a minute fungus. Considerable dis- etission has arisen as to whether the mischief is produced by one fungus or by several, and further as to whether the attacks ol the lungus precede, follow, or are concomitants of the injury inflicted by the 4. Such material f«>r investigation as lias been hitherto sent to Kew from the several h..taniea! establishments in the West, Indies has been inadequate, and has only yielded ambiguous results. 1, however. received a letter early this year, from Mr. John R. Bovell, Superintendent of the Botanical Station at Dodd's Reformatory, Barbados, from which I enclose an extract, advising me of the dispatch of a very complete series of diseased canes. ltrusted these to Mr. (ieorge Massee, a well-known experl . who made a careful study of them in the Joilrell Laborat 1 enclose a copy of the preliminary report with which Ir- Mr. Massee proposes to publish a detailed t he above were described as beii -■■:■ i.ordeau\ mixture immediately on being cut, and repeated at intervals. It has been observed that the fungus causing the sugar-cane disease develops readily on the young leaves of the bamboo, the same may prove to be true of other members of the Graminece, hence a careful search should be made for su-.i, - the spores would be carried for a considerable distance by the wind. Finally, all diseased canes should be burnt, aud not allowed to remain to ret, during which condition they are simply producing fresh material for the inoculation of other plants. Previous to the receiptof the material reported on above, several con- signments of diseased sugar-cane had been received at Kew from Mr. Hart from Trinidad, caused by the .-i. eaulibus virgatis dense puheseentibus, f'oliis brevissime petio- latis. stipulis persistentibus eenacvis ovatis vel laneeolatis hand calearatis». fulidli- ^ 10 jugi> diiindiati.i-ulil«inlii> radiato-digitatis lon-c pc-tiolatis juvenilibus et ramulorum lateralium sterilium ah aduitis \ aide dissimdis multo minoribus (unde nomen specificum " leptophyllum ") foliolia Bsepius 5-7 fere linearibus obsolete paucidenticulatis, petiolo petioluli.-oue gracillimis, ibliis plnnta- adulta sen florid ra- amplissinus, foliolis 7-11 subcoriaceis longe petiolulati- oblongis obtusis 1-a-i rotundatis vel interduni sul une;itis int"gris in-ignitei - - - i .'1 i ' i 1 u-. staminibus 5, fila- fin loptophi/llinn" , p. 318; J. Makov, Prix Cour. 1862, p. I, p. 227. mown, though it has been in cultivation upw: hodie in horto Kewensi culta? 6-pedalis. watched it thr< Kew previous j 44. Carpesium atkinsonianum, Hemsl. [ mi Us gracilis fere undique parce pubescens potiolntis membranaceis prinnim scuberulb Caul 46. Pedicularis flaccida, 158 47. Euphorbia Sipolisii, N. E. Brown [EupkorbUoew] ; caulibus earno.-is ramo-i.- acute tetragonis articulatis aphyllis glabris, evmis sessilibus lateralibus terminalibusque naueitloris. 'involucro basi 1-3 bract -at o camnuuulato glabro :> (] 'oho lobis -uli.mauratis timbiiatis, glantlulis transverse oblon, Hn. diam. 48. Syringodea Flanagani, />^ tiliiormibus gl.-il.ri-. perianthii tulio itco cylifidiieo spatba duplo li igii n.\ m -im mi.- , ildn ubro-purpureis rouilio Hill, near Kongba, alt. 2,400 feet, Flanagan, 720. Connus 3 lin. diam. Folia 1-2 poll, longa. Spatha 6-9 lin. longa. Kniphofia zombensis, /ia/vr [Lilians] -onsi in atttiiuata. Racemus i lin. Ionsti?. Ferianthbun 2 Kniphofia longistyla, £fa£er [L CCCXVIIL— PARA RUBBER IN CEYLON. As stated in the Kew Report for 1876, p. 8, Mr. H. A. Wickham, ;•: resident on the Amazon, was commissi. :; ni i v the India Office to collect seeds of Hevea brasiliensis. He arrived in England on June 14th with 70,000 seeds obtained on the Rio Tapajos, and on August 12th following, about 2,000 plants raised at Kew from these seeds w<>n- despatched to Ce\ Ion in ;;.s Waidian ease-. Xinety per cent, of the plants reached their destination in p ■■v-'- ■■■: condition. A further con- signment of 100 plants was sent in 1,^77. making the total number of plants transmitted to Ceylon 2,119 (Kew Report, 1877, p. 15).: The following correspondence gives tin tir-t result of the experiment which affords anything like commercial data for deciding whether the cultivation oi' lliis staple would be a payiug enterprise in the Old World :— Dr. Tbimen to Royai . Gardens, Key [Received Febru ary 6th, 1893.] rabber (2 lb.) from Hevea bi Garden, Ceylon, in 1892. -asiliensis grown in Heneratgoda ee from which this was obtai a circumference of 6 ft. 5 in. ^L^ZboJ ears old, and the the ground. now been tapped three tin ie B , and has giv en the following „ 1890 „ „ 1892 „ 2 lb. 10 4 oz. 2 lb. 13 oz. i total of 7 lb. 2$ oz. of dry r ubber in five year "ee is in no respect the worse for this treati years permitting the scars on the trunk to b< ^ec^pL^f; (Signed) H: EXRY TlHMEX. 3RS. Hecht, Levis, & Kahn to Royal Gai ?dexs, Kew, 21, Mi Incing Lane London, E.C. Dear Sir, 7ch February, 1893. We have received your yesterday's letter, very good inde effected in the ] in large quantities. We return the sample to you, according to your desire. We remain, &c. (Signed) Hecht, Levis, & Kaiin John R. Jackson, Esq., Royal Gardens, Kew. CCCXIX.— GOLD COAST BOTANICAL STATION. The interesting Botanical Station established under the auspices of Sir W. Brandford Griffith, K.C.M.G., at Aburi on the Gold Coast has already been noticed (Keic Bulletin, 1891, p. 169; 1892, pp. 14 and 297). In the present note, embracing communication- received at Kew from the Secretary of State for the Colonies, only the indirect results of the Station are discussed. These have, however, so important a bearing upon the health and well-being of Europeans on the "West Coast of Africa that they deserve to be more widely known. Sin, Downing Street, 9th Juno, 1893. I am directed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies 1 from the Gold Coast Colony regarding the excellent, condition an beneficial effects of the Sana tar in m at Aburi. About the middle of March, Dr. F.asmon, the Acting ( cal Officer, whose health had lieeome somewhat impaired by ( , requested my permission to come to this Station to recruit. since' li<)o! with r^towhk •h'lii- Kasmon TxptSesh rapturous terms 2. Ten days after my return to this Station to reside for s new Botanical Station, having ne Iron, M« my steamer stopped, a dozen intelligent K: this wav I had seven acres of undergrowth of smaller ones and scrub, in three Weeks land originally cleared around t idy one am - ando Po. ] • years and a half after planting many g and in due season yield an abundance of produce. Part < t' tin- land is devoted to grow Jul;- fruit a and the cleared unused portions are being gradualh planted up with coffee and cocoa, seedlings remaining in execs- of the (piantities grown for sale and unapplied for, aliliounh lar^e quantities have been sold to the public. The Station is partly surrounded by 300 young cocoanut trees which are -rowing vigorously, and by about an equal number of the loyal Palm, (Oriodtu-t/ rajia) a magni.'icent tree, seeds of which were imported from tin- West Indies. CCCXX.— HORTICULTURE IN BELGIUM. ! First Commissioner of Her Majesty's Works banks of foliage. Hight masses of dwarfer specimens in splendid »t liquid manure, enable the growers to pro- great size, whicb can be moved about with rears ago collections of palms were grown icipal Belgian nurserymen ; now house after or of a very few of those best adapted for met with, and the rarer kinds of less value ; of view have almost entirely disappeared. Liri.sfoita are the genera now most frequently t in the exhibition a number oi tin, speeimen- Pn/thru (imported from the Riviera), Thrinar, " Seaforthia, &c. were to be seen. all, huge specimen Azaleas were so thickly mi considerable trouble taken in '' keeping my ordinary condition.-- in Mich a season as the present would have been quite out'oi flower before the exhibition opened. We beard of one exhibitor placing blocks of ice in his Azalea house in order to keep down the temperature. Careful shading — in some cases moving p .. &c, — VV as also resorted to. Some of the Aroids exhibited were exceptionally line; a grander lot of Authu- rium scherzeriudinn than that exhibited by M. G. Warocque was probably never before -ecu ; the specimens were vcrv huge, healthy, and '— - inflorescences. The ornamental foliage nted ; these plants are more widely grown as The palms were o-p -ial health in sms pecially in the application (J duce beautiful specimen- of comparative e for sale by soi ne of the prin ngle species from a " f urn Kent in, Phan represented in of Washnujto ,1 and /,>,/ Saba I, I! ha pi v. Pritehardi In the centi tion. There back " plants which under jve decorative plants in Belgii Britain. Ferns, with the exception of tree- and variety are to be seen at any of the large London shows. Cycads were good and attracted much attention, but they were decidedly inf. n- v. tbi nstanee, to tho-e in cultivation in the Palm House at Kew. File were exhibited in ureal variety by M. Louis Van Houtte. The Norfolk Maid Pine, Araucaria excelsa, and a number of garden varieties of it were exhibited in the most perfect condition ; in and around Ghent whole series of houses in manv establishments are devoted 1 of this conifer. It is one of the most popular plants servatory decoration. In the Central Hall ol the Rotunda were exhibited two verv wonder- ful groups of orchids curtaining many rare choice and valuable varieties ot well-known species, and not a few well-«rown plane- of rare species beautifully flowered. The two exhibitors ^^ MM, 3. Hye and , Lhxk.ii. and other us. Brunblsia, in line llower pranced beautiful effects as plants of Vanda tricolor, &c , grown elsewhere and brought CCCXXI.— ECONOMIC PLANTS OF SIEERA LEONE. Mr. A. Mi,.»v. At pivsci hand, there are < 168 rict was freed from the never-ceasing (editions. Thus the country about 1 as the Benna country, along the ed forests, and contains much ruhber whi were safe, pass down the Scarcies Ii bility an enormous supply in the and in the magnificent woody back country of Sherboro. I s made absolutely safe the supply from the offsf yields from 1 to 3 gallons of pa no eaie. and arc not. apparent! v. attacked i>\ anv iirmh'iis insects. The preparation of the oil is of a very rough and makohift character : the fruits are thrown into a tank and left till decomposition begins ; they cent, of the oil is lost in preparation. planted out from off-shoots at from three to f'oui" feet distance; at llio Ix-ii'iTiii in-- of tin ruins, and they ripen in 14 to 20 months. Development seed takes 10 to 12 „ and used locally for many purposes. The quantity a\ ailahle but probably being nearly 300 miles from the coast it is i have them l.rought to market. They grow on mounta usually kill out every other plant, and they set in to preft plant is gix CCCXXIL— NEW ORCHIDS: DECADE Rclfe; elliptico-~oblongis o ssime hi dentatis hasi r ;ubulosis latis acuta puben labello recurvo su bpan duraio- ablongo apiee olitust) bicarinato, columns Hab.— Not recot Caules 6 poll. 1 longa, 2J-2$ poll. Iiacemi 3-5 poll, lo Sepala 2.\-3 lin. 1 on-a . Pelt ila l-l 1 lin - longa. longum. Spatkact*, a West Indian P. I (niri tai.uita t -Li"' 11 -. but its Howe Folia k< the recent British Embassy aa. He stayed hi get a position. There is not c ■ nly thai but M r. Abel, tin' naturalist to the Embass the Ambassador I himself, gave me the best test a to Hooper's abil ting and props . Lastl y Hooper has had rvice of Europe, viz., in the Royal Gardens at lie 1 1 a - had ( , of the v suppose hin^to beq. right man for the work I inte This proposition of Reinwar - B0€ i::™ .pointed by the Colonial Gove rnment as a " hortulauus ' of 1 December 1830 J. Ho. i He v.-","'. The Embassy mentioned < Court of Pekin during the James Hooper's attachment naturalist to the expedition. E\-ti:a< t fr, Dm the I 'reface to " Nans itive ■f China, " by Clarke Abe !. F.L .S., Loudon, My appo intment to the Embassy was at first sin ' ph W,uk< V Company, I milted to take nr ■thenthYo . received an itfit of all the a P] is for scu-nti: give iii i\ under my d in law, Mr. IWe.-u : as allowed to"a1 ■ in. With often trod i if 1 had no ^ ,-■■■■;■■ ■: the foot of the nS 'Xt .folhii, harvest coul >een received as proofs of wl ' were, of their el .;!,•;,!, •v or ai.oiti\ is nf (4a, Mr. Hooper, the . to coll unknown sj of th After lea nn- the wreck of the « Alcest. ?," I had the deek and emptied of ' their content?, b; yonc of the seam. CCCXXIV.— PRUNE CULTIVATION IN CALIFORNIA. Monsi M." Core ii i prix moyen, je n ai produced. M. ( la this kind should fall in value in the improbable. As M. Gajac has drawn attention to M. Gajac gave Mr. Colchester-Wemyss the great mission, which was all the more generous on his F Wemyss did not conceal (he fact that his object s since made, 1 have come to the conclusion thai iect was very carelessly prepared, and that many e therein arc much exaggerated. As you are I have written to the Secretary of the State Board of Horticul- r an explanation of some of the statements, but he has failed to 1 then took steps to obtain information from a prune -rower of \w ,■„,,,.„„„„„„. ,, T ,,,, „,,;,„ , 1UC3 , iC^k Poood.. 1888 - 57,631,820 .•SJV.KMIO 34,281,322 its;?!? to ' 2,000^000 t been published i : French Las already the finest French primes arc still nnapp shortly be very grea CCCXXV.— PLANT INDUSTRIES OF LAGOS. he important colony of Lagos on the Wesi Coast of AtVica possesses l valuable resources that it i- difficult to over-estimate them. Nume- < articles have already appeared in the Ken- Hull, I'm respecting the and climate are well >uited to support a considerable industry. Very valuable information respecting the cultivation by natives already exist- ing in Yorubadand was prepared b\ Mr. Alvan .Millsoti, and published in the Kew Bulletin, 1890, p. 238. Recently a very important mission was mid. rlakeii b\ the Governor, Sir Gilbert Carter, K.C.M.G., into the interior of the colony, and the results an; likely to prove of great interest. The indigenous plants noticed in the interior were collected by Dr. Rowland, the medical officer to the mission, and these are now being worked out at Kew. In the meantime, the following correspondence has been communi- cated to Kew by the Secretary of State for the Colonies respecting visits paid to the eastern and western di-triets of the colony by the Deputy-Governor, Captain Denton, C.M.G., who was accompanied by .Mr. Henry Milieu, the Curator of the Botanical Station. Mr. Milieu's observations are calculated to prove of general service in drawing atten- tion to the present condition- of industrial enterprise in Lagos. Colonial Office to Royal Gardens, Kew. Colonial Office, Downing Street, Sir, 25th March 1803. I am directed by the Marquess of Ripon to transmit to you tl enclosed copy of a despatch from the Officer Administering the Coven ment of Lagos, forwarding a report by the Curator of the Botan Station on the resources of the western district of the Colony, and I ai to state that his lordship would be glad to be favoured with anyobservs tions which you may have to make upon it. I am, &c. The Director, (Signed) John Bramston. Royal Gardens, Kew. panied by the Curator of tin: liotanie Station on my recent visit to the western district, and I now beg to transmit a roport'ln that officer giving his views on the resources of that part of the Colony and Protectorate from a botanical aspect. 181 Mr. Millen lirst deals with the cocoanut plantation ;.l Badagry, and >«. far as I am able to judge, his remark* are p. rt'ecrly eoi ivct. For a con- siderable time it was the practice to have the plantation cleans] at regular intervals by paid labour, but this appears to have been disci m- ! in tied of late. No doubt it entailed a heavy expenditure, and it is a question whether an outlay of this nature is a legitimate charge on the public funds. That cocoanuts will do well in the western district is proved l>y the jdantntinii at Topo, which is in excellent order, and has progressed wonderfully since my last visit there IS mouths ago. nbered that the mission lands are ■. looked after by two priests, selected for the work on account of their agricultural ex- perience, , who have some 40 odd men an< Iboys to ass ist them. Were the trees at Badagry to receive like adva e no doubt that lid thrive equally well, but I can nut think that ; it is desirable for the'tbm jrnment to burden itself with urn leitakings of s plantation ne ar Ajileie which Mill lias but little to show for the amount , of labour wh expended on it. As yet no tr< permanent positions, and I should say tin •••round have been cleared. It mui it be recognised that coffee plan id looking to the quality of the i as to good results being obtaine ting near Lag ^rr^oo agbo to Ilaro, and I some very fine specimens of ■ Landolphia owurUmtis. (livaf liili \\\\ ha- hecn experienced in fcaining the services ol' trained ruM.er c.ll. ctm-s. but I hope that in ve an experienced ' m tlie neighbourhood of colony as the supply is practically iMdn* (Signed)" The Most Hon. The Marquis of Ripou, K &c. &c. &c. U 77405. 182 (Enclosure.) Botanical Station, Ebute Metta, Sir, 9th February is<).;. I have the honour to forward for the information of the Deputy Governor the following report on my visit to the Western District. The first plantation visited was the Government plantation at Baclagry, situated close to the sea. Here a large area is devoted to the growing of cocoanuts : these trees are in two stages of growth, the larger ones arc in a healthy condition, the younger ones are not esta- blished yet. Attention is required to dear away the long growing grass which surrounds them. A small quantity of the Sansevieria guineensis is also grown, the leaves are small, bui I believe this is due to the dry season. A strong and useful fibre is obtained from the leaves of this plant. A short distance from the town of Ajilite a coffee plantation is in course of being laid out by European enterprise. The work of clearing the ground is being done, and preparations made for planting out during the next rains. A nursery for raising young plants has also been established, and about 18,000 seedlings are now ready to be planted out, while a large quantity are in a less advanced state. Mr. Campbell calculates to plant out. 40 acres in the next rains. The soil is a loamy marl, and is said to be workable at all seasons. The plantation at the Catholic Mission, Topo, consists of a large portion of land on the sea side of the lagoon opposite the village of Topo. A large area has been planted with cocoa-nut trees, which are repre- sented in all stages of growth. About 23,000 have been planted out, while 15,000 are in the nursery ready for planting. The trees are in a healthy and flourishing condition. Among other things cultivated may be mentioned cassava, banana, and pine-apple. An European vegetable garden is also connected with this plantation. It is situated in low moist ground, a stream surrounding it, and the soil is rich in vegetable matter. Under these conditions vegetables grow luxuriantly. Attached to the Mission is an agricultural school. Here part of the day is devoted by the scholars to work connected with the plantation. The estate is kept clean and in a flourishing condition, and is highly creditable to those superintending the work. The next plantation I visited was that belonging to Captain J. P. L. Davies, near Itele. This was the first one established in the Colony. Captain Davies introduced cacao or chocolate plants from Fernando Po some years ago, and has now about 10,000 trees planted out, many bearing fruit. The land here is well suited for cacao, as can be seen by the flourishing condition of the plants. The plantation is surrounded by low swampy ground, from which there is a gradual rise to a low plateau. The principal plants grown are : cacao, kola, annatto, cocoanuts, and a few coffee plants. Several tons of commercial cacao are shipped annually from this plantation, the last, consignment realising 02v. per lants thrive well as they become established. The growth on the can be cut away when necessary. The plantation consists of 300 , and Captain Davies, who takes a great interest in it, would with time for making a good collection of specimens for the Herbarium, an. I many of the plants were in seed. I collected about 50 specimens, motif of these being collected in damp and marshy ground. * A number of living plants were also collected, which will be planted in the gardens. Rubbek. Landolphia oieariensis, L. florirfa, and an unnamed species. These plants are found almost everywhere in more or less abundance, especially between Shagbo and Uaro. The rubber is not collected, though then ; s no d. mbf . it' properl) sought tor, sufficient plants would be found to bring in a good supply. Timber trees. One of the largest trees met with in the forests is the Ii-oko tree (Chorophora excelsa). This wood is much used for building on account ol its durability. Aihuisonin diyitatu is frequently seen. Ficus guineensis and other species are found in large quantities of the forest trees. Palms. The oil palm. Elvis tjninansix, is found in large quantities ions. The soil there is rich and prolific, and tin' land hi of several hundred feel above the sea. Added to this, •erse nearly every part of the Western District, which lity for transport. Colonial Office to Royal Gardens, Kew. SlB, Downing Street, 22nd April 1893. With reference to the letter from this Office, of the 25th ultimo, I am directed by the Marquess of Eipon to transmit t District of that Colony. His Lordship will be glad to be favoured with any observations t lay occur to you in connexion with this report. Koyal Gardens, Kew. Deputy Governor, Lagos, to Colonial Office. My Lord, Government House, Lagos, 25 March 1893. I have the honour to forward the accompanying report by tin- Curator of the Botanical Station on a recent visit made by him to tin- Eastern District. Mr. Millen took every advantage of the opportunity offered him of acquiring a knowledge of the botanical resources of this part of the ( olonv and Protectorate, and I submit that his remarks on the subject generally will be of value to those interested in the question. Jir, Botanical Station, Lagos, March 9, 1893. I have the honour to submit for His Excellency the Deputy iovernor's information the following report on my visit to the Eastern This District is similar to the Western District, in having a good raterway. Many of the towns we visited lay on the banks of the igoon, and so one had not so good an opportunity for exploring the n-ests in search of plants. Nevertheless, a small collect! The natives seldom use the same land two years in succession, supposed Barwood and Strophanthus, and of Sesannnn indicia) growing wild. I collected several of these plant-. A strong fibre. probably from the Baobab tree (Adunsouhi dUjitatn) was being used for rope-making. At Leckie large groves of the Bamboo palm (Rapliia rhnfcni) abound, also Flats f /niiin>/is/s or African oil palm. An unlimiled supply of African bass fibre could be obtained in this district. The -oil is very sandy, and being close to the sea, the land is very suitable for the cultivation of the cocoanut palm. The Government has a plantation consisting of about 8,000 plants ; these are planted in rows along the seashore, and appear to be in a healthy condition, many of them have already begun to bear fruit. not attended with success. On leaving Leckie an ! proceeding towards Artijere, the Bamboo palm is replaced by trees, one of which is the Frankincense tree of Sierra Leone ( Dunirlla thnrifi ni ,. Many of the trees are covered with opiphual plants of the orchid family. Yam-, cassava, and -ugar-cane are the principal products. From Artijere, Itebu is reached by a fine river, the vegetation on each bank being chiefly the Bamboo palm. Past Itebu, Ayesan is reached, which i- a large town m>iuo height above the river. The -oil along the hank- of the river here should be rich in \ electable hiimn-. ..1)tained l'rom the dec:iyed palm- and tree-, and would therefore be suitable Cor the cultivation of many useful plants. A -mall plot of coll'ee is being grown in the neighbourhood, and by the account given it was thriving satisfactorily. 1 succeeded in collecting several interesting plants in tin- neighbourhood. I have, &c. (Signed) H. MlLLBN, Curator. of your letters of the 2oth March and the '2'l>.-.<\ Apia! last, forwarding copies of despat die- from the I Vput\ -Cov-i nor of Lago-. with Report- by the Curator of the Botanical Station on recent visits paid to the Kastern and Western Districts of the Colony. 2. The collections of plants made by Mr. Millen in these dist ricts were received at Kew in June last, and they have now been examined and determined. The plants were in an excellent state of preservation and fully labelled. Many species have proved to be new, and the results are very creditable to Mr. Millen, who should be encouraged to continue to collect plant- and to furnish useful note- respecting their properties and uses. A complete list ot the plants included in Mr. Milieu's eollcctions is enclosed herewith. 'flu's may be forwarded for the information of the (Jnvornmen! of Lagos, and also be communicated to Mr. Millen. 3. The valuable information contained in the despatches of Captain Moloney, and there is little doubt that they are capable un judicious guidance of his successor, of being greatly developed (Signed) Bramston, Esq., D.C.L., (\R, Colonial Ollico, S.W. CCCXXVI.— MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. e collection of Stapelias formed by the late Mr. Thomas Westcombe, of Worcester, has recently hr-.-n presented to K.-w by his sister, Miss Wo i i ;_i with numerous notes, descriptions, and a collection of beautifully exeeulcd coloured drawings, prepared by Miss Westcombe from the plants (of Stapclia and allied genera), .,f tV-s Hippeastrum procerum. — This is the blue Amaryllis of horticul- turists, and the Amaryllis Kayneri of lloUnnvil Magazine, t. o883. in the Succulent house (No. 5) at Kew. The species is quite distinct from the rest of the genus, the bulb having a neck 18 inches long and ginous edge. The flowers are borne in an umbel, and they are as large as the Belladonna lily. The colour is bluish-lilac with numerous snots jse at Kew. from which :i li^mv hu< ln-.-n pivpaiv.l t'c.r publication in • lii'hi, ileal MmjuziiK. It may not hi- im-ih -rally known that small :ces of the leaf of any *pcnV< of Snnsn-irrin will -t ri k . • n ot and form F.R.S., F.L.S. This modi late Thomas Woollier. R.A ilanlnnv. F.L.S. It is a I Hanbu Flora of Mount Kini Balu- Mr. F. W. Burbidge. Altogei 188 elevations, and the last family i increasing numbers oi' Ericaceae, Vneciniace;e, Orchids, and ferns at higher levels. Noteworthy among the novelties are 11 very distinct new species of the ericaceous genus Diplycosia, and two new species of the Australian hideous genus Patersonia. Many other new facts have been brought to light by the combine! collections, and Dr. Stapfs paper promises to be of more than ordinary interest. Jodrell Laboratory.— The following work has been done at the labora- torv sincethe appointment ..I" tl.e Honorary Keeper. Dr. D.H. Soot t,F.L.S.. who entered on his duties in September, 1892 ( AT. A'.. 1892, p. 245) :— Prof. J. R. Green, F.L.S.. of the Pharmaceutical Society, has been oecupiod, since the autumn, with an investigation o!' vegetable i'm'nients. especially those occurring in pollen, and in insectivorous plants. His inquiry i's still in progress. Mis- Pit In 1 Sargnnl has carried out in co- operation with the Hon. Keeper, an investigation of the pitchers of Disrhulu, raflhshnm i s, t K //.. 1*92. p. 2> 1, also A'. /,'.,1S93, p. 113, and Junfils of Itotu.nj, vol. vii,. dune, Is');]). Mr. G. Masse e has worked out, in the laboratory, the life-history of 'I'rU l,,^/,/,,, i i-i Xucchari, nov. sp. an ascomycetous fungus parasitic on the sugar-cane. Dr. A. de Wevre. of Brussels, worked for a few weeks on the comparative histology of various species i atioo of the true Piper Cubeba. Professor R. J. Harvey Gibson, F.L.S., of the Uni- versity College-, Liverpool, spent sotin . carrying on hi- investigation of the . ->. > ''..- ,.>„, II,, . an inquiry for which the Kew collect ions afford" special facilities. Dr. W. C. Williamson. l'.P.S.. atid the Hon. Keeper, liave been engaged at the laboratory in * the histology and morphology of tos-il plant- of (lie coal measures, connnencing with the Calamites and their allies. For the purposes of this inquiry a portion of Dr. Williamson's collection has been temporarily brought to the laboratory. This work is in active progress. Mr. George Brebner is now employed at the laboratory in making drawing- to illustrate this investigation. The Hon. Keeper has further been engagt Gunnera, Equisetum, and other genera. The late Keeper of the Herbarium and Library. — It will be re membered thai tl ie herbarium and library, retired from that office on the 31st May 1890, after more than 30 years sendee. The Board of her Majesty's Office of Works placed on record its high appreciation of the valuable services rendered to the Koya! Cardens by Professor Oliver and bore testimony to " the distinguished abilin. which he had brought to hear upon the ** work of his department . . . his labours contributed largely to gain •• for the establishment at Kew that high position in the scientific world " which it deservedly enjoys." In lss-| the Council of the Royal Society had already awarde<[" to Professor ( >!i\er the Royal .Medal. It is a pleasure to record thai at the Annual Meeting on May •_' b 189M, the Linnean Society awarded to this distinguished Botanist its Cold Medal. In handinir the medal to Professor Oliver, the President. Professor St. wart, made the loliowing speech, for which we are indebted to The Journal of Botany (1893), p. 19$ :— "On handing you the gold medal of the Linnean Society, it is m\ phasing dutv to recall to the memnrv of the fellows present, though >ours in botany; those more particularly which have induced to confer this medal upon you. First I would call attention r wide character of your botanical work. In 18.50 you dis- Coimeinani. \itins (Icvi/is, a mentis new to tL ; "the stem of ( illustrating the flora of tropical Africa, i attention to the Loranthacea?, the Utricu the Olacineaj, your artistic talent- unablin the high excellence of this work. Tin worker.- have continued, ahnosl without e / existing floras ot Japan and the progress of geological discoveries ha advanced in vour contribution lo tin Plants and Excess of Moisture in the Botanical Gardens at Brisbane owing to being submerged in flood water for nearly 10 days, others not submerged were afleeted "from prolonged exposure to a moisture-laden atmosphere." The „■ boiled c godded." A plant of Seehiwn edule affected." The old and young ieaves and even the stem were alike injured. M r. Soutter .kI.I-s : — " In proof of the moist humidity of the " atmosphere between the dates before mentioned, a mulberry tree near " the back entrance to the gardens put forth from the upper branches " clusters of adventitious roots to a length of several inches. An old •' plant of Corns /i/iimosi/ sent oul ;ill round the base ;i perfect cordon of ■' rootlets ;d)Diit three eighths of an inch in diameter and from four to '' eight inches long. A bamboo "-hoot from the oOtli January to the " <3th February grew a height of eight feet live and three-quarters of " an inch, or at the rate of nearly 17 inches a day. This growth was u . exceeded by the growth of an aerial root of Vitis pterophora, which in " 48 hours grew a rootlet of 39£ inches in length, but considering that " this was only one-eighth of an inch in diameter, it does not represent " such a mass "of growth as the bamboo with its diameter of about three " inches. Many other plants have made great growth during the " period before mentioned. Crotons have grown several inches, as also r \h|^M>' d'evrcgnvc he lioval Lady Evelyn Lindsav, the Karl of Carli countess Hampden and Hon. Miss Bra Hon. Frances Wolseley, the Bishop Frederick* (Wndish', Lord a, Lord and Ladv Walter Gordo ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 80.] AUGUST. [1893. CCCXXVIL— ST. VINCENT ARROWROOT. Al out three years ago, at the request of the Government of the mhI-. I nun v.ha ! ust ■ iii in w:\s u ul« 1 lake :\t Kcw into ilic rircninstiinces of the arrowroot industry at Si. Vincent. : :■ '. ., ; :■■ '. - ' ■ • . ' .',r ■'■'. ' 'nstry. In ISsj) thc'Vie i to the The Administrator, St. Vincent, to Royal Gar] MRS, KEW. Gov ernment House, St. Vincent. Dear Mr. Morris, February 16 , 1890. By to -day's mail I ai n sending addressed to you a bo: k containing : — (1.) Sampb ■s lit' manufaei A. (2.) Samples of the plant. (3.) Samph (1.) Deseripti of cultivation. (o.) Description of the mc >de of manufae These have been selec ted from the the i-iiuid, i "Owia"and' ■' Wallilabo." Sir Walt. >r i'lely- Hutch inson asked me to forward the above to you could be dune to place the St. Vincent arrowroot of tiic better qualities ytliing hkc the same footing as the Bermuda iption of the mode of itatc you will find insi cultivation and manufacture at do the tin box containing the sarr aclose in this the bill of lading 1 ). Morris Royal Esq., M.A., F.L.S. . Gardens, Kew. I remain, &c. (Signed) Irwin C. Malino Arrow-root Cultivation. The follow ing particular- P , ion of arrowroot ■ or burying them. Then hole- arc made with the hoe, about cp and 8 inches apart, and a piece of root, two or three in each hole. As soon as the roots commence to grow and appear above the surface the land must be carefully weeded 11 hoc. This to be repeated in about five or six weeks ; If grow rapidlv it should be done sooner. In good soil three re sufficient. When the leaves get yellow and the stalk falls, happen in from 10 to 11 months after being planted, the ;tiou of the land intended for planting, loose or sandy soils appa- ly suiting it best, though th.-re arc districts in which the soil is most :'iihtedly clayey I I mill in irs cultivation. ew land would be cleared by having the trees cut down, the under- i, bush, &c, if heavy and plentiful, heaped and burnt, the heavy > must have been felled 20 odd years ago. he land is next ploughed, or more correctly speaking, (i hoed up," ther implements being used but hoes ; the product of the cutting burning (any charco a i made having been removed for sale first) is ed in, and the "bits " or top joints of the tubor are lightly buried in, in rows about 6 inches apart. Roots (as the tubers an ii which have been about a week dug are found to be best for planting. The time of planting depends very much on the exigencies of the estates; laadt ted to M come in " or be ripe for reaping at such time as tl i cultivation would allow of being manufactured without damage to either. Here, of e, ing re.piired. After supplying, three weedings are generally sufficient, it being very essential to proper cultivation to keep it free from weeds. The arrowroot ripens in 10 to 12 months from time of pla -how- that it is ripe b\ '• lulling," t hat i-, the leaves dry and the stalks bend at the root till the whole lies on the ground. Some fields mature sooner than others, eight months' of growth being in some few places suffic ing, at the same time, a good yield ; other-, again, take full 12 months. The arrowroot plant doe- not. require over-much rain, this tending to produce leave- and not root which is what is wanted, and with our seasons the growth appears to continue until the rains stop, the ripening following closely on the cessation of the rains, an early heavy rainfall during, or towards the close of, the dry season materially reducing the yield of arrowroot, on account of the roots " springing " and throwing -hoots, the roots then containing more water than starch. The only manure ever used at Owia i- farmyard manure laid on The process of reaping is : In fields where there i- growth of leaves the stalks are cul abourers are put in with hoes, who dig out, the roots in breadths, each labourei roots dug at one side t kg off the top ■ succeeding This sy: successful manu- I of St. Vincent arrowroot :— Wallilabo Estatk. intod from the .Tnvnmt of the S,„iiti/ of ('//< mical Imlustrii. ork markets, arrowroot is gradually being given up. PUmtinq.— In St. Vincent the plant grows 2 to 3 feet high. It as a weak fibrous stalk with six to eight arrow-shape! 1,-avrs. res of the lily. Whe much closer, pair of |>< v the action of the air they crack up and fall through on to the next shelf. In time, the whole falls through the lowest shelf, and is in a fine granular state, ready for packing. It contains from 14 to 17 per cent, of water. In cold, wet weather, the starch dries very slowly, taking sometimes as long as two weeks. During this time, if the starch has been imperfectly purified, or placed too close on the wires, the lump get- -our, and becomes yellowish. Indeed, the whole process must be as rapid as possible. In the settling cisterns especially, if the starch is left in contact with the impure water too long, its whiteness is affected, fermentation having taken place. The crop lasts from < )ctol>er to May. The name "arrowroot" is, I think, derived from the Indian word, Ara-ruta, or " mealy root," but some say that this root has been confounded with the Alpiiiia (iulmiga, which was ealled the arrowroot on account of its bruised roots being used as an antidote to the poieon of the Jatropha Manihot, which was used for poisoning their arrows. I may say that tapioca starch is obtained from this poisonous root. The poison, however, is contained in the juice only, and is destroyed by heat. Yield.— Regarding the yield of arrowroot, an acre will produce 13,000 to 15,000 lb. of roots, according to the season ; in wet seasons the roots are heavy and moist, and give less starch. A fair average yield is 22 cwt. air-dried starch, with 14 per cent, water, per acre, or i-needed improved pulpit Chemical Composition .—The dried in transit, so that they sho analysis, however, will give an i< Dictionary, and which I append Starch 27-07 26 00 Fibre Fat 0-07 Albumin - 1-56 1-58 Sugar, gum, &c. - - Water 62-96 65-50 10000 100-00 The ash consisted of phosphate of lime and alkaline sulphates, and chlorides. I have made an attempt lo introduce the residual coarse fibre as a raw material for paper manufacture, but consumers say that it is too weak, and kicking in tenacity. For paper making the starch still remaining could be recovered by steeping in boiling water, and used for sizing the finished paper. Owing to the fall in the value of sugar, the production of arrowroot in the West Indies has been extended rather beyond the demand. The wholesale price has consequently fallen to an almost nnremtUtt ■rat is- point. This low price, however, will permit it to be used for whatever purposes the commoner kinds of starch are now employed. In some respects it is superior to common starch, and one of my chief objects in writing this paper is to draw the attention of large user's of starch to this comparatively new source of very fine starch. Arrowroot swells much more readily and with less heat than maize, rice, or wheat starch, and forms a stiffer jelly. It is, therefore, highly adaptable for sizing and laundry purposes. I think this property is attributable to the larger size of the granules of arrowroot starch, which are among the largest of the starch granules, whereas the granules of wheat, maize, and rice starch are very small, and will contain a greater prop Eom ami less granulose, the latter being the substance which swells when dissolved in hot water. Another use for which arrowroot starch is very suitable on account of its great purity and freedom from chemicals, is for the pre- paration of powder for the skin. Many of the powders sold are com- posed of v. t rushed and dried on a plate before the fire is both simple and safe. It is as an article of food, however, that it has hitherto been mostly used, but the exorbitant retail price put on it (from Hd. to 2s. per lb.) has kept it out of general use. Of course, being staivh. ii cannot have the flesh-forming power of flour and other nitrogenous meals, but it is the purest, most digestible and palatable of the starches, and is devoid of the unpleasant taste or flavour observed in potato starch raid in the very little of wh;)t is sold as i)eniiuda really cuiiics I'nmi there. Natal produces 2,000 to 3,000 cases, and St. Vincent about 22,000 barrels, 20,000 of which come to England, and most of the remainder is sent to America. The production of other countries is, I believe, very small. » lessrs. Fki; ;. ii is stated that " the ground is first we'll manured and ploughed deep." The advantage derived from such treatment is • at St. Vincent and Bermuda ; •eriority of Bermud: 'and expensive it was discontinued. The method of pulping ' generally adopted is to i'vcd the clean unskinned roots against a fin • grater, very similar to a potato grater." 9- In other respects, the process of manufacture pursued a fincent appears to be carried on without that scrupulous can Vincent, although wholesome and pure, it may still be capable of giving a dark colour to the arrowroot. 10. It is evident, however, that the present position of St. Vincent arrowroot is only to a small extent due to the character of the water. Atone time, when po^ibly the same water was used, the quality was much better. It i- probable that a gradual exhaustion of the soil and a MfaSK-S. F< . 8 'a-l few ye: " been a con a quality Mid appean " Vincent arrowroots), so much so that they now have rea 11. Messrs. Fergusson and Forster are supported in thei Kew. It would be fruitless to dwell any longer on litis .a! St. Vitieen; arrow r< assistance, and it will afford h had m imerous difficulties to c( arncstXl carefal attJ Edward Wingfield, Esq., C Colonial Office, S.W. (Signed) D. Mo fcoyi il Gardens, Kew. (Si« ;ned) he Win.lv Colonial (..FN :,,';;: » Royai I (Signed) ' H. ' l'o>v at tin* time they are fit to ho dug. Tin" labourers refer to tli " burnt roots," hut. J .! it think tli:it :my of the effects of he Professor Marshall Ward, F.B.S., to Royal Gardens Kf.w. Botanical Laboratory, Forest School, My dear Tihselton-Dykr, Cooper's Hill, Mmvl, 20, 1SJM. subterranean tuno-us-nn ■•elium. which ,-nfM-s "the st'um an.l ilestr^ much of the tissue. The black |.;,!ehes in tiic latter— seen on cuttin Dear Captain Mm in.. We lately receri r.ntanir:,! Station hi St. i- 11.. and was thought equal to the irniMtion th.it a nuieh larger quantity This island has always sent as the rd also that uv may expeet' a .g 1 owcS* iiTstVin- re to send to this CCCXXVIII.— PULPING LIBERIAN COFFEE. world, especially in Java, the Straits Settlements, and the West Coast of Africa. Information respecting this coffee has been given rather fully in the Keic Bulletin (1888, p. 261, and 1890, pp. 107 and 245). In the K,w li»ll, tin for 1892, pp. 277-282, there is given a detailed account, with the actual yield, of several estates in the Malay States, showing that Liberian coffee can be successfully established at elevations much below those suited for Arabian coffee, and further, that crops of 9 to 12 cwts. per acre can be obtained from trees after the third or fourth year. In some countries difficulty has been experienced in pre- paring Lihcrian eoll'tv lor the market. I liquiry has often been addressed to Kew on the subject, and it is desirable to place on record such facts as have been obtained after careful inquiry amongst persons possessing the necessary experience. It is well known that when the Liberian coffee is ripe the pulp in- vesting the beans is never soft, as in Arabian coffee. It is generally of a tough fibrous character, and offers considerable resistance during the process of pulping. This circumstance has discouraged many people just starting, and, after vainly trying to overcome the difficult \ , they have given up the cultivation .,; Liberian coffee as impracticable. It would appear, however, that if rightly managed there is no special hindrance to be overcome. The first point to be attended to is to pick the cherries when perfectly ripe, and when brought in they should he- passed through a, sample machine, called a '-si/or,' in order to obtain two or three lots of cherries of similar si/.e. Cherries of unequal size cannot be successfully treated. That is well understood by everyone who has had experience with Liberian. or indeed any coffee. When the cherries have been sized thev are then to be passed through the " pulper." There are prepared I'oi treating Liberiao There are other and larger machines, combining both a sizer and pulper in one. A machine of this latter kind, made by John Gordon & Co., of London, is described as follows :— " The machine is provided with a rotary screen and an elevator ; it is also fitted with a patent adjustable breast, having removable working parts made of steel. "The hopper is divide. 1 into two unequal parts, and the coffee berries are delivered, into the larger di\ ision with a constant stream of water, tin- water being absolutely necessary to lloat the coffee over into the machine and to carry oil' the palp and skins. The colfee berries which, owing to difference in sj/e, t n »-. fi, : un pulped are smaller division of the be breast, \vh thus brought into the ma requires care is the breas intelligently regulated, n< good results, always pi A smaller machine, capable of being worked by hand, is also made by been briefly alluded to. They say that " in order to obtain g " it is imperative that the coffee be ripe, freshly picked, a ** the machine with a constant stream of water." Further information on the treatment of Liberian coffee i in the following correspondence : — Messrs. John Gordon & Co. to Royal Gardens, Kew. Dashwood House. 9, New Lroad Street, K.t' Dear Sir, 6th May 1898. We thank you for your favour of yesterday, and shall be ve pleased to forward copies of our catalogue to" the addresses \ have kindly favoured us with. We have supplied pulpers for Lilu-ri coffee to Java, West Coast of Africa, and m...-tl\ to the Malay Pen insu One firm there, Messrs. 11 ill and Rathbone, have had six or sev pulpers ; they have also our peelers and separators. You may kn< Messrs. Joitn Gordon & Co. to Royal Gardens, Kew. 9, New Broad Street, London, E.C., i Sib, 10th May 1893. We are obliged by your favour of yesterday, and we now bo- nyou that our ' peelers" and separators will treat Liberia., equally is ordinary Arabian coffee, and (hal as far as these machines a rned there is no difference in construction. It is only in tl Yours truly. ,Kew. The annual report upon the fibre inves United States under the auspices of the l)e Mr. Charles U. Dodge in 18i)2 has just been In this report the further cxpWa't ions in of plants of Sisal Hemp in Florida are troll, the h,iv"s h^ln ','n'' '.'f'tle'' VauThm". Van Buren machine). .5-5 percent.; vield in the Bahamas (machine not stated), 3-7 percent. It is impossible from the Florida experiments to obtain the actual yield of dry fibre per day of ten hours, or the cost per ton in cleaning the fibre. We gather that M no attempt was made to estimate the cost " of cleaning— the main object being to secure thoroughly well cleaned M fibre without regard to the time occupied in passing the leaves " through the machine." The Machine Question. — Nothing of a practical character appears to have been accomplished as yet in the United States in securing a thoroughly satisfactory machine for cleaning Sisal leaves. One new machine called the J.C.Todd machine is noticed, ami an illustration given. This is supplied with an aut Blent, and i- i somewhat complicated character. No facts are given > its cost, weight, the power required, or capacity. A report on an PlNE-APPLE FlBRB. The pine apple is cultivated in Florida for the sake of its fruit, which is exported to the northern markets. The number of fruits shipped during iHfi'j .•uinnniied to nearly two millions " The principal planta- u tions on the Keys are found at Elliotts and Key Largo, though " plantations are found to the southward of these for many miles. On " Lake Worth and Jupiter region." Leave- of pine-apple were treated by " the Van Buren machine, which, while it turned out a superb " product, would he wholly inadequate for the work from a commercial " stand point, as only two or three leaves could be fed in at a time." The leaves experimented upon were obtained from plants of the Red Spanish pine-apple. They were cut the day after the fruit was gathered. Many were injured by chafing and brewing. The actual yield from 1,022 pounds of leaves was 25 pounds of fibre thoroughly dry. This would be at the rate of about 55 pounds to the ton of leaves, or 25 per cent, nearly; other experiments gave a yield of a little over 40 pounds and 42 pounds respectively of dry fibre to the ton of leaves. " Estimating 10 '' pine-apple leaves to the pound there would be over 22,000 leaves to " the ton, which, as we have seen, would produce from 50 to 60i>ounds " of dry fibre." Bowstring Hemp. The principal and possibly the only species of Bowstring Hemp culti- vated in Florida is Sansevieria quineeim*. The plant figured by Mr. Dodge opposite page 373 of his report is what is regarded a* the broad - leaved variety of this species. It evidently flourishes with great vigour in Florida, for in the experiments at Bis'cayne Bay it was possible to select over a hundred pounds of leaves that averaged 6£feet. and yield- ing fibre 6 feet in length. In general the leaves varied from 1\ feet to to 7 feet. " Careful estimates based on the quantity of Sansevieria fibre " produced in one experiment would give the yield at about 40 pounds " of dry fibre to the ton of leaves. It has been explained that the Van " Buren machine made too large a per-centage of waste. ... but " with only reasonable wastage the yield of fibre per ton should come 200 " nearer to 50 pounds." This latter yield would In.- at the rate of 2-2c per cent. The opinion is expressed that although this is much below the yield of Sisal Hemp, " the quick growth of the plant, the ease with " which it can be harvested and handled, and the hi-her price of tin. " fibre, will probably more than make up for the difference in yield of " the cleaned fibre." Full pai-iieular* respcrtmi: Uowstring Hemp, and tlullcti,,, Mtn 1SS7, pp. 1-11." •' CCCXXX.— DECADES KEWENSES. Novarum in IIerbario Horti Regit Conservatarum. DECAS VI. ^ petiolo crasso, eymis nxillarihu> peduneulatis dichotomis ramulis 4-angulatis divaricatis, floribus 2-ovulatis, fructu globoso a Habitat. — South Patting, Ifupeh, China, A. Henry, 5335a and 6143. Frute.r 1-3 pedalis (tide Ile,,ry\ Folia 3-0 poll, lougn, petiolo ■ poll, longo. Cy Fructu* immaturus 6 lineas d Allied to E. echinattts, Wall., < in the dried state, larger thicker leaves on relatively long petio almost obsolete calyx lobes and very short filaments. 52. Euonymus cornutus, Hemsl. [Celastrinea;] ; undiquc petalis exceptis glaberrimus, ramulis teretibus gracihuscuhs lateralibus insigniter divaricatis, foliis breviter petiolatis vix coriaceis linearManceolatis longis longe acuteque acuminata ba-i .'linearis minute ealloso-serrulatis venis primariis distantibus inter se et cum tertiariis anastomosantibus, cymis 2-3 ■ | te gracilKmis fere capillaribus, floribus rubescentibus medioeribus wepius tetranieris, calycis lobis fere orbicularibus margine minute erosis, petalis obovatis intus ol>scure puberulis, antheris magnis subsessilibus, ovario 4-5-loculari, stylo brevissimo, fructu dorso sursum longe 4-5-cornuto caeterum lsevi, cornubus cum placentis alternantibus. Habitat.— Fang and Chienshih,$Hupeh, China, A, Henry, 5442a, 5954a, 6815a. Frute.r parvus (fide Henry). Folia 1-0$ poll, longa, srepius 3-5 poll. longa, maxima 9 lineas lata, petiolo H-3 lineas longo. Fedum-uli U-2 poll, longi, pedicellis 6-9 lineas longis. Floret 5-6 liueas diametro. Fructu* apertus circiter \\ poll, diametro. placentas. V 53. Euonymus myrianthus, Hems/. [Colastrinoa:* ! : undiipie glaborri- coriaceis lanceolalis ohlanecolatis vol intordmn obovatis aeuminatis ct subacutis vol obtusis vol rotimdatis ba-i cmioatis plus minusve crenato- dentieulatis. venis primariis ulriuque oireitor 10. petiolo distinct*- canaliculate, cyiuis nunicrosis conferti.- brovitcr prdunculatis multihVris 4-alato. Habitat. — South Pat u 112; find Chienshih. Uupei,. China, A. Henri/, 5335, 5945. Fnttex vol arbor usque ad 20 pod. altus (fide Henry). Folia 2-5 poll, longa, sed sa.-pius :i— 1 poll, longa, petiolo 2-3 lineas longo. Cynur circhcr 2 poll. longa- ot lata:. Flares 7-8 lineas diametro. Fnirtns but the fruit is totally different. lC 54. EllOliymuS VdlOSUS, llemxl. ; Cclastiinea- j, undique glaherrimu.-, coriaceis 1 \tiX\B rel obUnceolattf subacute vel utiunpi.- oUusi, icmoto uiiimleque .-ailu-o denticulat is md South Wushan. Specimen, and Vmtli Palmer, envy, 5778, 7019, 7284. 5 (fide He,mj). Folia l.|-5 poll, longa sed saq.ius la. Petala vix sosquiliuoam diaim remarkable for the close and curio ', ritinthiun, 3—1 Nearly allied to 0. hispidnm, Hornem. (Antheria c. t. 416.) 56. Asparagus (Asparagopsis) Buchanani, Bake) 57. Polypodmin (Phymatodes) dulitense, Baker [Filices] ; rhizomate -i-acili Into repeafc. p:il<-is lancenhitis inrnibraimceis ascendentibus pallida hnumois, sti]-iii!ms nuiuis ■ ha^ti.- n : Ms >i nunineis, (YoTidibiis ■ ■ ■ .■;;' sbvilnfe pallida branneis dimidio iaferiori crenatis l>a>i rot u mini i~; vol deltoideis, venis primariis anvto-patenfilais paralleli- remotis, vcnulis in areolas hexagonas venulis liberis iaelu^is aaaMoaiosantibus, sori> Habitat.— Mount Dalit, Sarawak, Borneo. Collected by Mr. Chas. ■ 1893 as No. 301. Stipites 3-o poll, longi. Lamina 2-3 poll, loaga, supra basin 0-21 lin. lata. 58. Polypodium (Goniopteris) finnulum, Baker Kiliees ; rhizomate lignoso cylindrico nudo lit.- repeia >. i'rondibu- pnrallolis, aivuli, iana- <-o,tam el mai-inon disp. sitis sraperficialibua inter venas prima Habitat. — Mount Dalit, Sarawak, Wax Hose. Sent to Kew in July 1803 by Singapore as No. 295. Stipites sc-ouipedales. Lamina pedalb poll. long£e, 0-12 lin. late. Vente priraari Allied to /*. vroph>/lh,m, Wall, and th ph/ebiam, Hook. There are traces of a n Lamina 1-2.1 , )0 H. longa, medio 1^ liu. " " "itbevvno.su,,,. Baker, from which it differs by ii forked veins. Named, at tin- request of Bishop Hose, after Habit of P. suIh v, ,/n.su,,,, Maker, from which it d titers l.y it- produced F. II. O. Maxwell, H.M. Resident at Sarawak, who accompanied him on the expedition when it was found. 60. Vittaria (Euvittaria) crassifolia, Baiter [Filices] ; rhizomate bre- viter repente lignoso, fromlibu* coutigni> se*>ilibus linearibus pL-rcrassis fiagilihus glabris nitidulis siceitate pallide brunneis ad basin sensim attenuate, venulis immcrsis occnltis, soris in frondis marginem unmersis ad lamina? partem superiorcm solum productis. Habitat.— Mount Dulit, Sarawak, Borneo, alt. 5,200 feet. Collected by Mr. Chas. Hose. Received from Dr. Hose, Bishop of Sarawak and Singapore, July 1S93, as No. 306. Combines the thick texture and entirely hidden veins, except the midrib, of / '. sulcata and fa lent a. with the strictly marginal sori of V.elongata. Though bo thick the fronds break across very easily. The sori are «1. * |»1_\ immersed in the upper part of the frond, and its altered margins enclose them, that of the upper surface projecting a CCCXXXL- HENEQUEN HEMP IN YUCATAN. •> prove generally useful r the purpose of placin* India and the Coloniei for the present ; 376" lbs. Spa- >ccml„-r. the export of Yucatan hemp will be nearly - Spanish each probably a third part more land under culti- ptoduet of which will come forward in the year,, so that it can be considered (although e some ;!."0 ^piare miles of land under hemp '•uhiv.il ion. ni . h; tin opinion of many, the full area that >;ich • ■ 1 1 1 1 i \ at ion will require ; the port of export being Progreso. A hemp plantation lasts for some 15 years, a> a -> n.i.tl c.ilcul.-ttion ..n the basis of production, for each mecate, of 100 lbs. From time of planting out of suckers until they produce five years, as a rule, are required. On good land the crop commences in four years or earlier, whilst 1.11 rockv ground from six years or more. These calculations are l.aseil oa file planting out of suckers under the same conditions in both kinds ol'grouud. with plants of from 1 S inehes to 20 inches long. Hemp planted on fertile land produces less weight of lihre. although it is longer ami liner, because on rocky soil the roots run along the surface, instead of penetrating into the ground. As generally recognised there are seven classes of this agave, of which only two are cultivated, which are easily distinguished and bear their native names, first, " Sacqui," or white hemp, from the fact that the leaves in sunlight appear silvery, the leaves being light green, ami second, " Yaxqui," or dark green leaves. The first named is the kind aliuo-i entire!) cultivated here, then- being a very small proportion of the second, and this principally in the eastern part of the State. The remaining classes known are not used, having very small leaves and little fibre. Although new plants are being continually placed with the old ones, it is considered that no miles will be cultivated. ng out. The only chance of a larger xtremely ilifliciili, owing to the great heat of the climate. It is not considered that, the utmost, production at. one time in this State will exceed 400,000 bales to 450,000 bales, of Irom 350 lbs to 37"> lbs., As there 1892 - - - 340,0001 310,000 340,000 ~| 360,000 ( 1894 - 380,000 f 1895 400,000 J The above calculations are based on the new plantations that will begin to produce year by year. It must be borne in mind that the plant here has long, strong leaves with thorns on both edges, and a sharp point at the end of the leaf. The plants can be produce.! from seels, but this system is never used here, being extremely lengthy, suckers being always used. of labour, buildings, machinery, &c. ? The great increase of expenses in production during the hemp fever of 1888-89, when this fibre iv ached the fabulous price of 14 c.J to 15 c. per lb. (it being calculated that the cost of production, packed and delivered, in the port of Progreso is about 3* c. to i c per lb.), have been but partially reduced since, so that at the present time it can be * The utmost. f The value of the Mexican dollai but the average 214 calculated that the fthre costs, put in 'bales mid delivered in the port of Progreso, about 4 c. per lb., Mexican money. This is a general calculation, as much depends on the greater or less distance of farms from our port, and the more or less favourable means of transit, and also from the advantages possessed on farms In reason of the number of its, the Conner serving to make charcoal. round so cleaned is maize, this being the omtrined coating about i doL 12£ c. per metre. On most farms the ground is cleared of weeds twice a year, nnd on tliers three times, according to the class of ground, moans of the irmer, &c. The ijuiei- •„ |y in the rainy season, Miere is no lixed rule as to the right time for cutting the leaves, and roper time, ami the Indian servants only seem to know, when the Ht are not us< spent a smiJ] ■• ' - n tile old one gives for production. There are several opinions as to the host means of 1 l,y Death ami Kihv,„..j Data relating to the Machin Henequen Fibre, taking mecates of Hemp under C l 01dStyle - | ^ The clean fibre of the machine of Stephens or Thebaud obtains in the Dinted States from £ c. to 1 c. more per pound than the fibre obtained up to present time from the other machines. The mixed or badly cleaned fibre is worth from 25 per cent, to 50 per cent, less in value according to class ; this class from the Stephens' machine is worth less than like class from the Prieto. Red hemp comes from the well cleaned grade, being stained or dirty, and is sold in this market from 1| c. to 2 C " badly cleaned, is of very ] rope making or other native Other machines for fibre cleaning are spoken of, some recently patented, such ms Uaden, AH.ce Smith, and II. A. Keene, all of American make. Up to the present the firsc two named have ben tii.-d here, but have not given satisfactory results. It is said that the improvements made in them have been of little account, hence it is not considered that in present form they can compete with the machines mentioned in the present notes. Leaf cutter, one man, 200 leaves per day, is paid 25 c. per day. For carting leaves from plantation to cleaning machinery, done either by tramway or on mule back, it being rare to find farms who do same by carts, as experience has shown that by mules it is more economical, and still more so I j v on farms of great size. Four men paid each 50 c. per day of 10 hours can move 120,000 feftves by tramway. One mule can draw one waggon with 3,000 leaves, and make five trip-, according to distance, in 10 hours. The mule require* in corn and green food 20 c daily. For 10,000 leaves by mules are required 1 driv daily ; .", mules, costing each 20 c. daily. Each mule carries 200 leaves each trip, so t leaves 10 trips are made. r, whose pay is 37£ c. at for a task of 10,000 217 The men who attend the drying el fibre after extraction, ami collect it dry and carry it to press lor packing, an- paid as follows:— If the service is don,, by tramway, one nan is re.jiiir.-a foreuch 20.000 leaves, and his daily wage is 50 c, and the work is done on small cars drawn by hand. If the service is performed by hand small boys and men unable to do harder work are employed, calculating one for each 10,000 leaves, the; being paid 25 c. da ilv ; this system being much longer in question of time. The .nan who .dears away refuse gains 37 1 c. daily. The engine driver gains from 20 dol. to 10 dol. per month. On large farms a stoker is also employed at 50 c. daily. 1 kilom. of portal >le railway, of 50 coiitims. wide and 5 kilos, to the metre, costs, laid down, about 1,400 dol. One platform ear for earrying 3,000 leaves costs about 150 dol. The pressing of hemp fibre into bales is done on the farms by means of lever or screw presses, by hand or by hydraulic pressure. Tin latter are now becoming general. The bales vary from 350 lbs. to 400 lbs., some farms going to 450 lbs. but as a medium weight on the entire production a weight of 300 lbs. is used. The cubic measurement of ordinary bales is about 22 feet ; with hydraulic presses, on same basis of 350 lbs. or 400 lbs., about 20 feet per bale. On most farms the pressing is done apart from other work, and paid for, from 10 c. to 15 c. per hale, according to class of press used. One i daily, so that his wage is from The screw presses are American manufacture, and cost from 250 dol. to 500 dol. each. The hydraulic preseea are English manu- facture, and cost from 3,000 dol. to 6,000 dol, according to size and The bands put on hales are made on the farms by farm hands, who are paid from 25 c. to 50 c. daily. Each bale re.piir.-s from 100 feet to 120 feet of rope, weighing from 3* lbs. to 5 lbs., for each bale. Acconling to si/e and weight of each" bale from 4 bands to 6 bauds are put on each. The cost of bands is about 5 c. each. The bales are sold, including the weight of bands, these being usually made of the inferior grades of fibre. The marks of bales cost the farmer about 1 c. each, being made from gunny bags. The cost of administration of farms is calculated from 50 dol. to 100 dol. monthly, according to size. The head servant gains from bring up the amount to the first named sum. The owner of a farm only treats with the head servant, who renders him all accounts, and this servant attends to all the work, receiving his Orders from the owner. Fuel for engine is wood, obtained from the farm itself. The way of obtaining same is varied, bur the general custom I- hy piecework, of about 75 lbs. to 125 lbs., when wood is dry or wet. Tnis amount is paid for from 37$ c. to 50 c Coal is not used on farms, due to the very heavy expenses it incurs from landing in Progreso to a farm, such expenses being some 10 dol. per ton over cost of same in port. A part of general expenses of a farm are the cleaners or weeders of plantations and these are paid at the rate of 25 c. per mecate. Tina cleaning has to be done at least once a year. Kxpfiisos on hf'inp [mm farm f<> port <«f re have been almost altogether consumed in the United States, being lipped as a rule overland. There is apparently a surplus for export, hich in the near future must be largely increased ; but the quistisn whether these fruits or any of them can he profitably disposed of in the English markets, cannot, on account of the great distance and the est. of transportation, bo said to be definitely fettled. Canned fruits are shipped to England from San Francisen in laree < j u.-i n t n n*s. l>u i this portion of the State scar. that ttmde, and we have only one considerable canning establishment, viz., the Southern | ■■■■, v of this eitv. the manager of which, Mr. Welsh, believes that for the present at least he can sell his product to best advantage in the home markets of the United States. Or an yes. — Oranges are our leading fruit. This season's crop, now (March 1893) in process of being amount to 6,000 car-loads, each of 300 70 lb. boxes (about 60,000 tons) ; and the domestic sale is so far rather slow, on account of the competition of Florida, Mexican, and Sicilian fruit, and of excessive cold weather lessening the consumption in the Eastern States. Within a few years it is believed the crop will amount to 20,000 car-loads, about 200,000 tons, and there is no present visible domestic market for such a quantity. I recently conversed here with Mr. Lawrence Con 40 years' ex [-■ the firm of L. Connolly and Company of Liver; : oranges in England, concerning the possibility of marketing there a portion of this crop. adapted f <>r sustaining a long travel ;md delay in reaching market, far superior in this respect to Florida oranges, which are tender in com- parison. He only knew one orange equal to the navel that reached the Knglkh market," that is the Jaffa orange, the crop of which is ex- hausted by February 1, and, therefore, nor in competition with the navel, and so far as' he was aware there wn- no additional source of supply of such fruit nearer than California. Heretofore the crop lias ideas of growers as to the \aluo of this fruit lire rather exalted. Some navels are now proenrabio as k>w as h.v. per box, hut the be.st are h< hi at from 8s. to lO.v. per box at primary points and Mr. Connolly eould not be sure that i high r pi < than Its per box could lie realised in Liverpool, at least until the fruit had been introduced and become while the cost of transport, which must lie usuaiiv in link in : ml b; fa-f t . ight tra n to N< w York, would, of course, be very heavy. A trial car. shipped by the Karl Fruit Com- pany of this city to Mr. Connolly's firm in Liverpool, sold on M ma 1 7. 1893, for 14*. per box. The expense of shipment is estimated at l(k. per box, leaving only 4s. per box for the grower, Besides this house, which is very extensive and - other good firms with which Kn<,di - he Herman bruit I ipa California Ft u Com; y, t i n and >ke!K of Riverside, and Cook and Langley are very extensively engaged in the domestic trade, but i ■ tigs with England. They think that country too fat away and to poMOH more convenient sources of supply than California. Besides ihe navels it is hoped that some sale may also be found in England for our seedlings and Valencia lates, between June and September. Lemo*$.—~Tbi8 trade is in process of development here, but as yet even San Francisco imports largely from Sicily. Deciduous fruits. — Apricots and peaches are produced to a con- siderable extent, and Southern California appears specially favourable i.y ,iinl-l>ye t<> make way lor other crops. This refers to proxima u- all of last year's, reaching 42,000,000 lbs. will find sive supply, and fetch good prices. Walnuts. — Soulherii ( 'alifornia is already a large producer ■ walnuts; about 100 car-loads have been shipped east during the pa o! this city, ami sells easily, on the average, at about '.\\ tin presi it and the futnn of the country is wine growing. The production does not only snilice for home con- furnishes'a r export. The efforts of Russia for rlie advancement of tin- hrandi .if rural indu>fry are prai.-a worthy. confined to the production of tahle gftipes, aud thus it remained on a instance of the Russian 13,000,000 vedros (42, I he average :> to 30 cents only in years of crop failure. "which carry on a wholesale trade in liquorice, and two of which have erected extract factories in this country. Annually there are produced ahout 108,339,000 pounds of raw liquorice, which, after drying, yields 36.113.000 pounds of marketable merchandise. For raw liquorice the factories pay on the average 11 cents per 100 pounds* Production of Spirits from Mulberries. The production of spirits from cs, and other fruits depends upon the yearly result of the vintage, as the producers seek to repair the eventual loss in wine and wine-spirits by substituting tiic above-named fruits. The production during the last five years averaged about 65,0'. K) vedros (211,18o,0C0 gallons) of mulberry spirits free from water. The other fruits are used for this purpose only in inconsiderable quan t it ics. CCCXXXIV.— MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. Borneo. — The Right Rev. the Bishop of Singapore and Sarawak (Dr. Hose) has forwarded to Kew a parcel containing 46 dried specimens of ferns, collected by him at Mount Dulet, Sarawak. Six species have proved to be new ; descriptions of these by Mr. J. G. Raker, F.R.S., will appear in the Decades Kewenses, given at intervals in the pages of the Kew Bulletin. for the Herbarium through Dr. K. Keck, India.— From Mr. J. F. Duthie, F.L.S., Director of the Botr Department, Northern India, comes a collection of upwards of specimens of dried plants collected by him in Kashmir. tor of the Botanical Museum, specimens of Mexican plants, of* the new species of glasses 12!) specimens ,nd Iceland.— To Herr H. Kiarskou Kew is indebted for of dried plants from Greenland and Iceland, gathered by Leitneria floridana, Chapm.— Dr. W. Trelease, Director of the Missouri Botanic Gardens, St. Louis I'.S A.. Ins forwarded to Kew a specimen of this species, found by him in Missouri. This interesting plant, previously recorded from the salt marshes of Florida only, was placed by its author in the order Myricacea 1 , but raised to tee rank of a monotypic order by Bentham and Hooker in the (ion ra Pla.ttarnm Vol. III., p. .396, A good figure of it is given in Hooker's Icone* Plantantm, t. 1041. It forms a shrub from L' to feet high, somewhat resembling a willow, from which it differs in having a solitary ovule alii \ed laterally. From Mi/rira it the absence "s in the leaves, while the elongated (not globose) Wood of Araucaria. — The trunk of the historic Aram-aria imhrirata, referred to in the K< ir lluUttut tor -January last, p. 24. as having died during the previous autumn, has been cut up and a specimen deposited ii nn. The trunk measures abo 1 1 1 ,i h :h ai 1 1 i'i it i inch - in diameter at the base. A sample of the wood of a tree of ihia species grown at Tortworth Court, Gloucestershire, and a walking stick madeo! the same wood, both presented by Karl ol' Ducie, K.iLS.. in I-,o;>. ar, shown in Museum 1S T 0. 1. The wood is light, soft, and open-grained, and apparently of but little value economically, though in its native country 'huti'ih, Ait.'. i /. liiJv-illi, Hook.!.' The fir.-i'is a native o!' "^ '•'• 1 -- and L r h, very large size and light-coloured even-grained wood- suitabh for fn i tut o. flooring, and oth r< rpentry work : som. samples of the Moreton Bay Pine are prettily r ' Photographs of Tropical Scenery. — The collection of p the island of Grenada taken by K. V. Sherring, K, q ., F.l in Museum No. .'5 in Juste lNf)2, and noticed in the Kri July and August 1S92, p. 1ST, as a loan collection, has re( quired for the Museum, and will now form part of the perm excellence of the photographs themselves and for the w scenes they represent. A very good idea of the general 6 the island can be obtained from them as well as of the it Two of the most striking of t perhaps, those of Lake Antoine looking across tin Grand Etang with virgin forest. Amongst those dividual plants are the Cacao {Theobroma Cacao), a fine group Nutmeg trees • •> ;, and a tree on the Cha covered with a luxuriant growth of Asplenium aurirnlatum, a Arrostirlmni aureum. Oak of Mature, or Abraham's Oak. — A block of the celebrated oak tree, known as Abraham's Oak, from near Hebron has recently been presented to the Kew Museum by Mrs. E. A. Finn. The history of this interesting specimen is as follows : — Mr. Finn, husband of the lady just referred to, occupied the portion of Lrit i-h ( 'ou-ul at Jerusali'iu and Palestine from 1845 to 1863. The branch, of which the specimen now at Kew is part, was broken off in a snow storm, the piece was purchased by Mr. Finn, who had it cut up and bronchi to Jerusalem in seven camel loads. The greater part of the branch was made up into small articles and sold for the benefit of poor Jews in Palestine. Dr. (now Sir Joseph) Hooker, in a paper, "On Three ( )aks of l>ale-tine,"read before the Linnean Society of London on 20th dune IS61 ( Transactions Linn. Soc, Vol. XXIII., p. 381), refers to this tree as the prickly evergreen oak thus : — " Quercus pseudococcifera is by far the most abundant " tree throughout Syria, covering tie ine especially " with a dense brushwood of trees 8-12 feet high, branching from the " base, thickly covered with small evergreen rigid leave-, and bearing " acorns copiously. On Mount Carmel it forms nine-tenths of the " shrubby vegetation, and it is almost e.piaih abundant on the west " fianks of the Antilebanon and many slopes and valleys of Lebanon. " Even in localities where it is not now seen, its roots arc found in the '•' soil and dwj; up for find, as in the valley- to the south of Bethlehem. •' oak tartly attains its full size. We saw but few very good trees; one " I saw other good ones at Anturah on the Lebanon. Leaves and " acorns of both these were carefully compared with tlmso of the stunted «' form that grew around them and elsewhere, and presented no difference " whatever. The ' Abraham's ( )ak * is popularly supposed to indicate " the spot where grew the oak or hmtidc (tor ir is disputed which) " under which the patriarch pitehed his tent, and is reverenced accord- " ingly by Jews, Mahommedana, and Christians. In general habit it " much resembles the Q. Ilex as grown in this country, but does not " branch so much from the base, the bark is similar in colour and " lissuring, the branches in direction, and the folia-re in colour . . . . "In the winter of 1856-57 in the streets of Jerusalem (eh v. '• 2,200 ft.), the -now (,.11 deep and lay lor many days. The aeeumulatinn '• gave way under the weight and fell to the ground. Mr. Schunbri, " the highly intelligent drag-. man o! .Jerusalem, informed me that he '• was employed by Mr. Finn. Lriti-h ( 'on-uk to bring the bough to that I (No. 72, 1893), the i specting the fruit trade :— The trin.li' of the < 'olony Ii;is advanced rapidly during the year. The green-fruit trade, however, has not increased to any great extent, and the profits made from the production and export of this staple have undoubtedly fallen off. Tina is owing, loenlly. to :h>' presence of a disease among bananas which prevents their bearing. (Kew Bulletin, 1890, p. 272; 1892, p. 48.) The Government have for some time been endeavouring to arrange for the tem- porary servi.es of a pathologist to examine the causes of this disease, and, if possible, to provide a remedy. The trade has also been affected by the competition of the Colony of Queensland in the markets of New Smith Wales and Vietoria. The export of green fruit to New Zealand lias, however, doubled within the last four years, as has also tlnil to Victoria. There will always be a sale for Fijian green fruit, as the quality of the bananas produced in Fiji is admittedly superior to that of those coming from Que 88 -old under the name of mas. A few of the " Gros Michel" bananas suckers have been imported from Trinidad, with the view of seeing whether they resist the disease better than the locally grown " China" bananas. Selected Papers from the Kew Bulletin.— The six published volumes of the Kew Bulletin (1887-92) contain articles which more or less cover the whole field of commercial enterprise as applied to tho vegetable kingdom. These articles are necessarily printed in a disconnected form, in in id UK with the prii pie la i.iwn h\ the Government that in- formation of public int ivst should be published as speedily as possible. It will, therefore, be convenient to bring together ec •a-:mial!\ the whole of the published papers relating to one particular subject. " The trouble of following these through a series of annual volumes would otherwise in great measure defeat the object in view. A volume now in course of preparation, to be followed from time to time by similar collections, deals with the subject of Vegetable Imbues. This is of first-rate importance to manufacturers at home, and also to r Colonies. Amongst other subjects, there will appear for the first time ft complete account to date of the ve>. Vueatan and the Bahamas. Sisal in Turks Islands.— The cultivation of the Pi: i - continues to make progress, and the report of the Assistant Commissioner at Cockburn Harbour on the subject is encouraging. A large extent of fresh ground has been planted out during the year, and several new LOU with the industry. Both com- panies it is expected, will be in a position to make small shipments of fibre during l.sjKJ. A plantation of Sea Island cotton has also been started on one of the adjacent Cays. (Colonial Office Report, No. 71, letter dated the 24th July last, addressed to Kew i for Foreign A , | ;l report by ieuna, on two diseases of vines known respectively and the Brunnissure. Mr. Massee has ! following brief particulars respecting these diseases :— Professor Emerich Rathay has given a resume (Die Weinluube, 1893) of what is known concerning two forms of vine disease, called respectively " ; Hrunissure '* and " ( 'alifornia vine disease." The former, first observed in the vineyards of Central France in 1882, has spread rapidly, and is now reported from such distant points as Bessarabia and the United States. The disease is caused by a myxo- mycete — Pla.wwdiopliora vitit, Vial, and Sauv. — closely allied to Plasmodiophora brassicac, Wor., the cause of the disease in turnips and cabbages known as " lingers and toes " or " anbury." In the vine the disease is mostly confined to the leaves, and does not, as in the Californian disease, extend to the stem and root ; neither is there any distortion of tissue* such »3 reault* from the attacks of Plasmodiophora in other plants. The par- .,.:<• cells of the leaf, and from thence extends to the cells of the spongy parenchyma, occurring only very rarely in the epidermal ceils. The first external evidence of the parasite is the presence of small, irregular brown patches on the leaf, these soon increase in size, run into each other, and cover more or less the entire surface except the vines. The wilted appearance of the young shoots, and arrest of development and ripening of the fruit, is the indirect result of the alteration of the leaves by the Pkumodiophora. This disease has certainly gained a foothold in England, an example having quite recently been sent to Kew from Sussex for determination. No remedy has yet been discovered, and it has teen observed on vines that have been sprayed with sulphate of copper solution for fungi ' : :. as an internal parasite protecting it from the i :'; in. The most exhaustive account of this disease i> jean (Joirrn. Jiotaniqxe, vol. vi., p. 355, 1 pi. ; Leche'valier, Paris). The California vine disease, lirst observed in Los Angeles county in 18S2, is devastating numerous Cftl od baa funned the subject of two elaborate reports, issued by the United States Department of Agri- culture, lb\)'2. This disease is also caused by a myxomycete, Plasmo- dinphoru ((liij'ontiru, Viala and Sauv.. and the < il'eet is as disastrous as that produced by the dreaded Phylloxera ; the parasite attacking with equal energy old and young plants, and in all situations, wild vines, as V. californica, not being exempt. The parasite develops within the living cells of the host-plant, the tips of the shoots being first attacked, the disease passing along the branches into the main stem, and finally into the root, thus killing the plant within a short time. The leaves, when first attacked, show patches of a yellowish tinge, soon passing into red, and finally to blackish red, hence the term '• black measles," applied by Californian planters at this stage. This disease is unknown m Europe. Anthracnose in Vines.— The vine disease known by the name of Anthraeno>e, caused by a minute fungus called Sphactloma ampili- niint, De Pary, is well known on the Continent and in North America. Asa serious' disease, its presence has only been noted in England during the past year, and it is probably widely diffused, specimens have been received at Kew for determination from such diitai as Dorking and Edinburgh. Anthracnose is an insid which in its milder forms would not be likely to arouse apprehension on the part of the cultivator, yet successive attacks for four or five years often kill the plant. The young shoots, leaves, flowers, and fruit are attacked. The disease on the young shoots appears at first under the form of minute brown spots, those soon increase in size and become sunk or depressed at the rent re. the epidermis becomes broken up into minute white downy particles, and as the disease extends the shouts become almost - are short, and the development of the leaves arrested, not expanding, of a harsh, brittle texture, and hairy below. Thepres be one known as " black-rot," although the two have by some authorities been considered to be identical. The following method of treatment has before the buds open, the plants should be thoroughly sponged with a 50 per cent, solution of sulphate of iron in water ; the atmosphere at this time should be kept damp. When the young shoots are about six inches long they should be dusted with ; lowers of sulphur, and if the disease makes headway, the dusting should be repeated, the sulphur being mixed with an equal quantity of powdered lime. Very badly diseased plants should be removed and burnt, as such are not amenable to the above or any other mode of treatment. A detailed account of this disease, also prc\ontive methods and treatment, is given by Viala. \_Lcs maladies tie la Vignc. Masson : Paris.] Extract of Chestnut Bark.— In a Foreign Office Report [No. 1270, Annual Series. 1*93] the following particulars are given respecting this new tanning material prepared in the neighbourhood of St. Malo, France: — "Ti - chiefly sent to Belgium, " though a Glasgow house has taken some of late. ' It is used in the " process of tanning leather, being made of the bark of chestnut trees. " The export has reached lot) tons to 200 tons per month, and it is " expected that the new manufactory of this essence now about to be " opened at Dinan will double the export hence. The only manufactory '• in this district at present is a i Montreuil-siii-llle in tie- . This information supplements that conveyed in a F. O. Report [No. 578, Annual Series, iSSi) | on the t ratio of Corsica, where it is ■stated that " Chestnut extracts (from Ajaeeio) for tanning purposes have been in " demand ; ,: > have been shippt d."' it is said that these Chestnut extracts are used for tanning purposes to modify the colour produced by Hemlock extract (obtained from the hemlock spruce ( Tsnya c RosO-growing and pressing in Saxony. — The experimental rose phut- i, h 1 'lit s ,l f s that ti c\ ire, the B. Igi in Con id xtended. The plants have thriven well through the long an i severe r has been shown that it was a false idea to suppose that these (lowers .vpnre < >riontal heat to prosper and acquire a delicate perfume; the jtpej tmenJ i at ire, and even operation tins summer. Provision is made 1 piote the Consul—" with 50,000 kilogs. of leav about 40 kilogs. of oil, water, and noraade i; roses, valued at 10,000 to 50,000 marks. To start with, the factory " will have three boilers providing 300 square metres of heated surface, " and the roses will, immediately they are plucked, be transferred to the " macerating jars, where, thanks to this procedure, they will deposit their " perfume in all its freshness and delicacy. Only the quantity of leaves <• i-e.| uired at the moment will be collected, a few minutes sufficing to " transfer the leave- from the plant to ihe machines." Commerce of the 26th July adds :— This expedition is favourablv contracted with the pro- cedure followed in Turkey and in France, where frequently the roses plucked in the morning are only distilled in the evening. As to the oil of roses produced in Saxony during last year, it is claimed that not only did it not fall short on comparison with the Turki.-h product, hut that it was better than its rival in delicacy and strength, and the lasting character of its perfume. n- oir civ in neously at London and Bangkok by telegraph, it is a perfi Tin pi ii e. luri g tin y< u; • ml nued t 1 dl. r n.c; ng i »m 22 ti< ils per picul (30/. 10s. per ton) for white pepper, and 1G ticals to 10 ticals (22/. 3*. to 13v. 7*. per ton) for black. As recently as 1888 the price reached the high figure of 88/. per ton. It would appear that the big profits in those years were made by the middlemen— (.'hinamen who buy the standing cr<' -. of disease and worm. All the pepper sold in the Bangkok market comes from Chantaboon, a district on the east coast of the Gulf of Siam about 180 miles from Bangkok. The two firms above referred to do business through the shipping agent — a (icrmau, who run- a small steamer once a week to Chantaboon. The pepper crop is gathered in .March, ■■ ml is in the liangkok market about a month later. When the berries are plucked, they are put through a winnowing machine with three compartments. The heaviest berries drop into the first, and after being macerated in water, by which the outer black covering is removed, become white pepper. The lighter and inferior berries of the second compartment form black pepper, and these in the third are waste, from which the best grains are extracted and added to the second kind. Of the export, two-thirds were white and one-third black pepper. All the white is shipped to London, and the black to China. The local consumption is small. The freight charged from Chantaboon to Bangkok is about 13.?. 9d. per ton, and there is an inland duty of 1 tical per picul. equivalent to 1/. 7s. Qd. per ton. The prospects for 1893 are good. The quantity seems excellent, and there are no complaint- of scarcity, tl ough grow< rs assert if the price falls any lower it will be impossible to continue cultivation (Foreign Office Consular Report, No. 12G7, 1893). KOYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 81.] SEPTEMBER. [1893. St. Vincent is one of the -roup of islands known in the West I as the Colony of the Windward Islands. The other members ol group are St. Lucia, 21 miles to the north, and Grenada, 68 miles 1 Barbados, under a separate Government, is 100 mile I by Columbus on the 22nd January 1498. it is situated in 13" 10' north latitude and 60° 57' west longitude. It is 18 miles in length and 11 in breadth, and contains, according to the ( oIoi>ia( Offir, List, nearly 85,000 acres of land, about half the area \. with only 13,000 acres under permanent cultivation. The population in 1S<>1 was 1 1 ,().") 1. The majority of \]\ ■ adjoining islets, known as the < irenadines. air dependencies of St. Vincent. The following account of these is taken from the excellent " Historical Geography of the Colonies," by Mr. C. P. Lucas, of the Colonial Office. " These dependencies contained at the last census a population of 2,691, the largest of them being Bequia, the next largest Union Wan. I andCannouan. Bequia is 1,-s than nine miles to the south of St. Vincent. It is of irregular shape, long and narrow, running from north-east to south-west, and it has an area of about six square miles, its principal bay is Admiralty Bay on the western side. It is badly watered, and perhaps hardly deserves the old account given of it in the history of the Carihhy Islands, that 'it would be fruitful enough if it were cultivated; "for hut little sugar or other products are now grown here, and the main attraction of the island is its game. Pere Lab it states that in his time Bequia contained dangerous snakes, and was for that reason called Little Martinique, th,,u-h. a- he s ;iV s. ii mLdit .-qually well for the same reason have been christened Little Sr. Lucia." (pp. 220, 1). According to Bryan Kd wards (///>/. H'tst f»,ti<:<, L. p. 105 ) the area of the several islands in the Grenadines is as follows : — Bequia, 3,700 acres; Union, 2,150 acres ; Cannouan, 1,777 acres ; and Mustique, about 1,200 acres. 232 The following particulars of the physical condition of St. Vincent are taken from a Sketch of the Colony prepared by Mr. T. B. C. Musgrave for the Jamaica Exhibition, 1891 : — " The geological formation of St. Vincent is volcanic, all the rocks of the island indicating that origin. So recently as in 1812 the ' Soufriere,' a mountain at the north end of the island, 4,048 feet high, broke out in eruption and overwhelmed much of the .-urrounding period more remote. At the bottom of the older crater, some 1,600 from 2,000 to 4,000 feet, and densely wooded, traverse coast, especially towards the north end of the i-iaml. country, affords much more level land." "The Carib country is a broad and fertile tract sloping ward- from the sea. for a di-tunce of some four mile-, i the hill- of the centra! mountain ran ire which then ri-es ■ ; re. 1' derive- its name from ha' of a century ago, been allotted to the aborigines of t "The valleys are fertile and well watered, v through them, which tarn the different water n the dry season, comparatively small, swell in heavy rains. The windward slopes of the Soul country, and which from its peculiarity deserve "Before the eruption of the Soufriere in 1; down with singular for The slopes of the abundant undergro 1 ! streams, species of i Of tree ferns there a and three species of grasses and dry-loving ferns. The characteristic fern of such localities. In the lowlands, in valleys, and on easy slopes, the original vegeta- tion has been for the most part cleared for the cultivation of sugar- cane, arrowroot, and other plants. On rocky cliffs are found numerous liushcs and tre,s of Munted growth, some of' them overhanging th_ sea. With these are an A^are and Bromeliacece. •lis? ricrs in the ti /opics The Mangrove tree' ; are 01 iiy sparii nviv dis- ::;:. : S£Iu MaCchineel tree 'iir.p^ma, u Mi, ;i : t im'uhu-lv pere i by N.E. trade w nine months of ear. Du and October, th ;t. Hurr re. St. Vim . siauusoi the West Indies. Tile slope o 1 !l l<90the A* ;or of the Koyal St. Vin- f durincr a ten lie W. -t Indie-. made at Hie instance of , he Seeretary of State' His report - Botanic Garden (founded 17 !, certainly in the West Indies, and perhaps in any tropical pari of the world. An account e is given in the Kt/r Ihtlltli,. for 1^-92. pp. 92-100. It lingered on with a precarious existence till the end of the first quarter of the present The scient of the flora of St. Vincent was limited to the IJritHi West India Idand- enumerated in Grisebaeh's " Plora of the " (18(54). He relied upon a collection made by the Rev. Landsdown € Udlding preserved in the Kew Herbarium. by Alexander Anderson, th e second Superintendent of the old Botanic Garden, of whom some pa 1892 (pp. 94-5). also by George Caley, one of Anderson's successors (K. B: I. c. p. 97). These data supplied at ti rst a very imperfect idea of the total flora. lesirable to take advantage of any opportunity for completing t. determined to send a zoological collector to St. Vincent. Mr. H. H. Smith, a native of the United States, and an expert of known skill and experience, was engaged. lie was accompanied by his wife, and Mr. :u after a vint to Kew to undertake the task. ( hi arriving at St. Vine. . as assistant in botai Mr. G. W. Smith (now Curator of the Botanical Garden, Grenada), a native of the Windward Islands. The very copious collections made by the party during the years 1889 and 1890, at Mr. Godman's C03t, were presented by him to the Royal Gardens. There is every reason to suppose that as far as it is practicable under such circumstances they exhaust the actual flora so far as flowering plants and ferns are concerned. But there will be doubtless, as even in our own country, always some additional harvest of species to be obtained by residents in the island who can give their time to a closer investigation of its area. Mr. H. Powell, the Curator of the revived Botanic Garden, has done good service by sending additional collections since 1890. The flora of the Grenadines previously to the present investigation was practically unknown. The following enumeration is a catalogue prepared by the Kew staff of all specimens in the Kew Herbarium professing to be derived from St. Vincent, whether indigenous or naturalised. Each island is indicated throughout the list by its initial letter. U. Union. V. St. Vincent. As the duplicate specimens have with Mr. Godman's sanction been .listrii'iited to various herbaria, the numbers attached to the several specimens of each species are cited throughout for convenience of future reference. The largest proj>ortion of the plants enumerated were collected by the Smiths. For these no collector's name is given. In the case of other collectors it is added. Synoi the names employed in Grisebach's not now adopted. The statistics of the flora and such points of scientific interest as it presents are discussed in a concluding summary. As regards the arboreal vegetation of St. Vincent aud the most pro- minent and valuable ti ml » tnoel recenl particulars are given in a Report upon the Forests of St. Vincent by E. D. M. Hooper, of the Indian Forest Department, published by the Colonial Office in 1886. A report upon the fruits of the Colony will be found in the Kew Bulletin for 1888 (pp. 187-8). The position of the once flourishing but now somewhat decaying Arrow-root industrv i- diseased in the Km- fhilh-tin for 1893 (pp. 191-204). Enumeration of the Flowering Plants and Feens of St. Vincent and adjacent Islets. DlLLENIACEiE. Curatella americana, L. — V. 1788. Widely spread in tropical South DC.—Y. 1234. St. Lucia, Martinique. Trigynaea antillana, Rolfe ; ramis ferrugineo- breviter petiolatis oblongis acuminatis eoriaceis glabi impressis subtus prominentibus, floribus axiliaribus, bracteis ovato- oblongis concavis ferrugineo-pubescentibus, sepalis late triangulo-ovatis cum pedicel!^ ferrugineo -trigosis, petalis ovato -oblongis concavis crassiuscnlis suba-qualibus, ovarii* uniovulatis. Forest ridges and valleys. V. 1359, 1539. " Arbor, 20 pad. alta." Folia 3£-7 poll, longa, l£-2£ poll. lata. Pedicdli 2-3 lin. longi. Sepala 1 lin. longa. Petala 3 lin. longa. This tropical American grim- lias not previously been recorded from the West Indies. The Gvm-ra Pl„,rb.—\ r . Folygala paniculata, L. — V. 570, 1190. Widely dispersed and common in tropica America, from S; ■:::!■ M-\ioo to Uruguay. Securidaca Lamarckii, Griseb. — Y. 719; B. 276. Martinique, Cuba and Jamaica. mid.—V. 162. 1365 Portulaca oleracea, X.— V. 1939 ; M. 25. Tropical and sub-tropical egions generally. Portulaca pilosa, L. — V. 1196; B. 217. Throughout tropical and ub-tropical America. Talinum patens, U'illd. — V. 2<>2. 1'A . : B. without number. Widely -tropical America. Hypericin: ! . Vismia ferruginea, H. B.K.—Y., Gnilding. Trinidad, Guiana and Clusia alba, L. (Griseb.)— V. 339. 349. St. Lucia, M >omii.ic:i, Guadeloupe and Cuba. Clusia, sp. — V. 1318; B. 121. And a second undetermined species Rheedia lateriflora, L.—Y. 482. Martinique, Dominica, Guadeloupe, -Y. 73; B. 39. Widely dispersed in T. 727. Widely dispersed in tropical spread in tropic* Norantea Jussisei, ' 7Y. $ PL, syn. ". 1281. Dominica and Guadeloupe. Freziera hirsuta, Sm. — Y., Guilding. Jamaica and Cuba. Freziera undulata, Sir. — V. 57 o.^ St, Lucia, Martinique, spicatnm, A. Gr. — Y. Cape Verde Islands. It is uncertain whether it is really indigenous i the ( >M \\ orld, though Robert Brown collected it in Queen. l.m.l ^,1 in the present century, and it is now very common in Baft] i Malvastrnm tricuspidatum, A. Gr.—V. 818; B. 164; U. 29, also Powell 92. Common in tropical and su'.-tmpical America, anil nutura- lised in India, the Canary Islands, &c. Sida carpinifolia, L.~ V. 113, 113a, 991 ; B. 162, 163 ; M. 75; U. 33, 34. "Widely dispersed in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Sida ciliaris, Z — B. 171. Florida and Mexico to Brazil. I. Common in tropical America, Sida glomerata, Cav.—Y. 1058 ; C. 13. Widely dispersed in tropical Sida rhombifolia, L — V. 786. Common and widely dispersed in » tropical and sub-tropical regions. Sida spinosa, L — V. 1059, 1649. Generally dispersed in the tropics. Sida urens, Z. — V. 1341. Common in tropical America, also in Africa and Madagascar. rostrata, Planch., syn. Abutilon periplocifolium, G. Don. Widely dispersed in tropical America, also common in tropical Africa and Ja Abutilon crispum, ( south-eastern North Ai hirtum, Griseb. — Sweet.— B. 157, 166; M. 71; U. Powell 88. Jamaica and St. Thomas. Malachra capitata, L.—V. 579 ; M 73. Widely dispersed in the tropics. Malachra radiata, Z — V., Guilding. Widely dispersed in tropical America, and also found in West Africa. Urena lobata, L.—V., Guilding. Common and widely dispersed through the tropics. Urena sinuata, L.—V. 99. Widely dispersed in tropical regions. Pavonia micropkylla, Casar. — V., Guilding. Brazil. Pavonia typhalaea, Cav.—V. 606, 1359. Widely spread in tropical Z., syn. Abelmoschus moschatus, Medic. — V. btive of tropical Asia and perhaps also of •e\cr, as well as in many other countries, it is Hibiscus radiatus, Cav.—Y. 1650. Introduced from tropical Asia. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Z. — V. 1342. Naturalised. It is uncertain here this i. realh native, as it lias _ hen cultivated in warm Hibiscus Sabdariffa, L.—Y. 1601. Introduced. Extensively culti- vated in the tropics. Uncertain where indigenous. Hibiscus tiliaceus, L., syn. Paritium tiliaceura, A. Juss.—Y. 283 T 488, 493 ; B. 161. A common tree on the sea coast in nearly all tropical countries, including many remote islands. Hibiscus vitifolius, L.—Y. 1648. Naturalised from the Old World, where ii is common in tropica! A -da and Africa, and it is also found in Thespesia populnea, Corr.—Y. 547 ; B. 160. Widely dispersed through the tropics of the Old World, now common in the West Indies, chiefly near the coast. Gossypium barbadense, L. — V. 1653. Introduced. Eriodendron anfractuosum, DC. — V. 159. Inhabits tropical America, Africa ami Asia, -^musim: the -pecies. to be the same throughout, con- cerning which there is much difference of opinion. Ochroma Lagopus, Sic. — V. 253. Widely dispersed in tropical Sterculia caribaea, R. Br. et Benn.—Y. 4 i Trinidad. 59. 61. 5. St. Lucia, Myrodia turbinata, Sw. — to Guiana and Brazil. V. 496. Mexico, t brough the West Indies Melochia nodifiora, Sir.— Mexico, and Central America ■V. 1055; to Columl M. 70. ■ ia and \ eJud t Indies, South Melocbia tomentosa, L.—Y. 1061; B. 167; 30. Commcn and widely diffused in tropical Ar C. 19; M. 85, 86; U. Waltheria americana, L- -V. 600; ical region B. 15 8. W idely dispersed perSr^.^Anmti^"- -V. 197, 517; B. 36, 2 17. Widely dis- Buettneria scabra, L. — V America, extending to Trinidi -d and St? . Comn eastern tropical grossularifolia, Rich.—Y. 1057, 1943. Cuba. Triumfetta Lappula, L. — V., Guilding. A common tropical American Triumfetta rhomboidea, Jarq.—Y. 473. Widely dispersed through the tropics. Triumfetta semitriloba, /.— V. 105, 599, 811, 1343, 1945; B. 154, 155. Common in nearly all tropical countries. Corchorus acutangulus, L.—Y. 1340; B. 168; M. 8. Widely dif- fuscd in the tropics. Corchorus hirtus, L.—Y. 709; B. 165, 170. Eastern tropical America, also Antigua and Tobago. Corchorus siliquosus, T.. lispersed in tropical Ameri Brazil. Apeiba Tibourbou. Aubl.—V., Guilding. Widely dispersed in tropical Prockia cruris, L.—Y. 1847. Widely diffused in tropical America, and northward into Mexico. Sloanea sinemariensis, - ivbl. {non Griseb.*).—V. 535. Martinique, I>ominica and Gui;ina. Erythroxylon obovatnm, Mnrf. — V., Guilding. .Martinique, Jamaica, Cuba, Bahamas and Bonacea Island on the coast of Honduras. Erythroxylon obtusum, DC—V. 852, 1525 ; B. 50, 85 ; M. 120. St. Lucia, Martinique, Port., Kim, S ;! >i J >on- i n _■«.. Cuba, Grenada, Tobago and Trinidad. A. Nicholls picked up drift fruits of this on Mustique Island in 1891. MaLPHJHI ACK.H. Byrsonima Domingo and coriacea, DC.—V. 491, 609 i 1253, 1824. : Dominica, Sac Byrsonima W,.st Indi-s. spicata, Rid '/— V 449, 634 . Easi America and Malpighia coccigera, L. _v ; 1 725 St Lucia, Marti ni< pie/Domii ilea 1 Cuba. Malpighia punicifolia, L.—V., Guilding ; B. 77. West Indies and 'opical America. Malpighia urens, L. — V. 344 ; B. 144. Guadeloupe, Cuba and Bich.— V. 77. 524, 1316, 1777; B. 145; H. 119. Widely diffused in tropical America. Bnnchosia, sp.— V. 1775. Spachea perforata, Juts. — V, Guilding. Not known from else- Heteropterys platyptera, DC.—V. 1549. Widely dispersed in inidad by Purdie, Criiger,~and Prestoe. Stigmaphyllon fulgens, Juss — Stigmaphyllon puberum, Jus ruiai ;. and Brazil. Stigmaphyllon, sp. — V. 418. ierys inaequalis, ) Grisebach, Uosta Eica and Brazil. Hiraea simsiana, Juss. syn. Mascajjnia simsiana, Griseb. — V. 429. amaica, Tobago and, on the authority of Grisebach, Guiana. Tribulus maximus, L—Y. 1580; B. 240, 271; M. 29. Con .and widelv dispersed in m^ America; also fom West Africa. l officinale, £.— V. 309. West Indies and Venezuela. -V. 2 Hi. 971. 975. Almost cosmopolitan in 8 regions. Oxalis corymbosa, DC, syn. 0. Martiana, Zucc.—Y. 885. Brazil. Probably introduced in St. Vincent. Oxalis fratescens, L. — V. 793. Vest Indies and Eastern tropical Oxalis sepinm, St. Hil. — V. 153. Widely dispersed in tropical Averrhoa Bilimbi. L. — V.. Gtailding. Introduced? Cultivated and wild '<:i the tropics of both hemispheres, hut it is uncertain where it is indigenous, though probably in America. Impatiens Balsamina, /.. — V. 177. 2< )5. Introduced and colonised. Zaxthoxylum microcarpum, Griseb.— V. 614. Previously known only from Dominica and Trinidad. Zanthoxylnm spinosnm, Sw., syn. Tobinia spinosa, Desv.— V. 1742, 1743. Dominica, Jamaica and Cuba. Triphasia trifoliata, D C— V. 420 ; M. 143. Introduced. Common in both eastern and westei .- .-juite uncertain where it is really indigenous, though probably in the Old World. Murraya exotica, L. — B. 80. Introduced. Commonly cultivated in the tropics, and wild in tropica! Asia. Australia and Polynesia. Citrus Aurantium, L. — V. SI 5; and var. spinosissima, Mey.. syn €. Lima. Macf.—V. 79. Introduced from Asia. Citrus medica, L.. var. Limonum, /ii^o.—V. 888. Introduced from Quassia amara, /...///. — V. Gu-ldii.'.' Martinique, Trinidad Simaba orinocensis, H. B.K.—V., Ghiflding. Guiana and et Aubl. — V. 1514. St. Lucia, Martinique, Domh: Picraena excelsa, Lindl. — V. 498, 647. Antigua and Jamaica. Suriana maritima, L.—B. 5, 104; M. 153; U. 17. Common he coast almost throughout the tropics, including many ren Gomphia nitida, Siv. — V., Guilding. St. Lucia, Antigua, St. Thomas, Cuba, .Jamaica. Uuatan Island, in the Bay of Honduras, and Trinidad. Venezuela. Bursera gummifera, L.—Y. 169, 415, 1551; B. 143, 147, 330; M. 142, 159. West Indies and Tropical America. Dacryodes hexandra, Griseb. — V. 752. Porto Rico, Montserrat, Dominica, Martinique and St. Lucia, and G-risebach records it from Nevis. (At first mistaken for a Trattinickia.) Amyris maritima, Jacq. — B. 149, 150. Porto Rico, Cuba, Trinidad and Venezuela. Amyris sylvatica, Jacq. — V. 1844. South Florida, West Indies and New Granada. Meliace.*. Melia Azedarach, Z., syn. M. sempervirens, Sw. — V. 76. Introduced . Juss. — V. 172. Martinique, Dominica and Guarea Swartzii, DC.—V. 398, 532. Dominica, Guadeloupe, Jamaica and Trinidad. Trichilia, sp.—V. 661. Carapa guianensis, Aubl. — V. without number. Dominica, Trinidad, Ni.ar.'-n.i. (iniana, Brazil and West tropical Africa. Swietenia Mahogani, X.— V. 1627. South Florida, West Indies and Centr.il America. OLACINEvE. ^firh.r.— Y. 948. West Indie- and East tropical Maytenus, tetragonus, Griseb., syn. M. gonocladus, Griseb. (ncn Mart.). V. 1285, 1564,1565. Grenada, Trinidad and, according to Grisebach, Guiana. Maytenus, sp.—V. 662, and a second species, B. 62. Possibly both nndescribed, but the whole genus is in need of revision. Myginda latifolia, Sw. — V. without number. Common in the West Rhamnace^e. Condalia ferrea, Griseb.— Y. 1845. South Florida, Bahamas, St. Thomas, Porto Rico, Dominica and Jamaica. Colubrina reclinata, Brongn.—V. 1731. South Florida and West -V. 1302 ; B. 38. West Indies and East Vitis sicyoides, Baker, svn. Cissus sicyoides. I SSI. Also a monstrous variety.— V. 384, 1928; B. 313; M. 45. Widely spread in the West In. lies and tropical America. Vitis trifoliata, Baker, syn. Cissus trifoliata, L.—V. 1882. Widely diffused in the West Indies and tropical America. SAPlNDACEiE. Urvillea seriana, Griseb.— V. 1297, 1619 ; M. 93. West Indies and Cardiospermum Halicacabum, L. — V., Guilding. Throughout the Cardiospermum microcarpum, //. B.K.—V. 521, 1296; B. 313. Widely diffused in tropical regions. Paullmia Vespertilio, Sw. — V., Anderson. Dominica, and Grisebach "", Lucia and St. Kitts. p Sw.— V. 674. West Indies and East tropical dus injequalis, DC.—V., Guilding. Widely dispersed in tropical Hypelate paniculata, Camb.—V. 1545. South Florida, Mexico and Dodonaea viscosa, L — M. 129. Turpinia occidentalis, Don. — 1 America. Meliosma Herbertii, Iiolfe ; arbor (fide Smith) nnuulis Soriferis pubescentibus demum glabris, foliis p.-tiolatis lam/i-olato- v. obovato- oblongisbreviter acuininatisbasi attenuatis lsevibus, paniculis teiminalibu.- Bceatibns decwiflaris, bracteis ovato-oblongis, floribus sirailibus sed eciliatis, ovario glabro, fructu pjriformi. V. 830, 1837. " A small forest tree, 30 to 60 feet high, occarang " from 500 to 2,000 feet elevation. Not common. Flowers in April Folia 4-6 poll, longa, 1£-2A poll, lata ; petiolus 6-8 lin. longus. Paniculcp 4-6 poll, longa-. F'/ons vix liueam lougi. Fnutus 8 lin. Comocladia ilicifolia, Sw.—V. 1528; B. 71; M. 126. St. Lucia. Antigua, St. Kitts, St. Thomas and Porto Rico. Mangifera indica, L — V. 1268. Naturalised. A native of tropical Asia, and cultivate i in must tropical countries. Anacardium occidentale, L.—V. 683. West Indies and tropical America ; naturalised in India and other parts of the Old World. Spondias lutea, L.—V. 58 ; B. 124 ; M. 160. West Indies and tropical America. Spondias purpurea, L. — V. 1527. West Indies and tropical America. MORINGE/E. Moringa pterygosperma, Gtertn. — V. 1001 ; B. 332. Introduced * ' ' 5 Western Himalaya. Lamb. — V., Guilding. Trinidad and Guiana. Crotalaria anagyroides, //. BK. — V. 1034. Widely dispersed iu Crotalaria fulva, Roxb. — V., Guilding. Introduced from the East Indies. Crotalaria incana, L — V. 1002; B. 256; M. 101. Widely diffused in tropical America, also found in tropical Asia, Africa and Australia. Crotalaria pumila, Ort.—V., Guilding. Mexico, West Indies and tropical America. Crotalaria retusa, L.—V. 176; B., M. and U. Cosmopolitan in the coast regions of warm countries. 245 Crotalaria stipularis, Desv.—X. 157,. 1053. West Indies and East tropical America. Crotalaria verrucosa, L.— V. 248 ; dispersed in the warm countries of bo colonised in America. Indigofera Anil, L.— V. 39, 1189; B. 264; M. 100. Common ii. the warmer parts of America, and widely naturalised in the Old World. Indigofera hirsuta, L. — V., Guilding. Introduced from the Old World, where it is common in tropical A .da and Africa; it a!s< Indigofera tinctoria, L.—V. 1007, 1048. Introduced from the Old World, where ii I.- eXo-iir-lvt ly cultivated and widely spread in a wild Tephrosia cinerea, JPers.— V. 556. Widely dispersed in tropical America. Cracca caribaea, Beuth.—V: 1041 ; B. 265. West Indies and Central : of the Malay archipelago and North Australia. entinus, BC.—V. 1176, 1905; B. 262; C. I. 91, 94; U. 10. Dominica. JEschynomene JEschynomene sensitiva. America, and found also Qtroduced. the We.-: hypogaea, L. — V. 1054. Introduced ; widely cultivated in Probably a native of South America, where all the other e genus are indigenous. jcendens, DC.—Y. 97. Widely dispersed in tropical occurring in West tropical Africa. l incanum, DC.—Y. 1 18, 998 ; B. 250. Very c •ica and the West Indies, and also found in W polycarpitm. DC — V . r.u.iidin<;. Introduced from the Old World, v. •'• parts of A- .a and Polynesia, and has also been found in East Australia. l scorpiurus, Desv. — V. 101. Widely diffused in tropical America, and ■ y islands. Desmodium spirale, DC— V. 1036; IT. 6. Widely spread in the warmer parts of America, also found in tropical Asia, Africa, and tortuosum, DC—V. 765 ; B. 277 ; M. 99. Widely warmer parts of America, i triflorum, DC. — V. 148. Almost cosmopolitan in tropical countries. Lourea vespertilionis, Desv. — V., Guilding. Introduced from the East Indies. Alysicarpus vaginalis, DC. — V. 92, 92« ; B. 249. Introduced from the East Indies. Abrus precatorius, L— V. 763. Widely dispersed in the warmer countries of the globe. Centrosema Plumieri, Renth.—Y., Anderson. Common from Mexico and the West Indies to South Brazil. Widely spread in tropical , Benth.—Y. 513, 1175 ; B. 252; C. 28; M. 90. Maryland, North America, through Mexico and the West Indies into South America, also found in tropical Africa. Clitoria Ternatea, L.—Y. 823 ; B. 253 ; U. 4. Widely dispersed through the tropics. Clitoria glycinoides, DC.—Y. 402. West Indies and tropical South Teramnus labialis, Spreng.—Y. 1042; B. 259. Widely dispersed in the warmer countries of the globe. Erythrina Corallodendron, L.—Y. 64. Widely dispersed in tropical Erythrina glauca, Willd.—Y. 1630. West Indies and tropical America. —V., Guilding. Introduced from the East Mucuna altissima, DC.—Y. 538. West Indies and tropical South Jtucuna pruriens, DC.—Y. 935. Common throughout the tropics. Calopogonium caeraleum, Hemd. syn. Stenolobium caeruleum, Benth. — V. 1637. Widely dispersed in tropical America from Mexico and Cuba to Peru and South Brazil. Calopogonium imicuiioides, Desv.— Y. 884. Central America, ~ Dioclea reflexa, Hook. J.— Y. 1030, 1030a, 1635. Widely dispersed Canavalia ensiformis, DC, syn. C. gladiata var. ensiformis DC— Y. 1178, 1179, 1638. Widely distributed in warm regions of the Canavalia obtusifolia, DC.—Y. 548, 597 ; B. 254. Widely dis- persed in tropical regions, including remote islands, where it often springs up from seeds cast ashore. Phaseolus adenanthus, Mey.—Y. 123, 1180. Tropical America, Australia and India. Phaseolus M. 102. Common Phaseolus vulgaris, L.—Y. 168. Universally cultiv Vigna luteola, livnth.—Y. 27o. 595, 769; B. 16. Wideh dispersed i the warmer parts of America, and cosmopolitan in the tropics. Vigna sinensis, Endl.—Y. 1035,1181. Widely cultivated in the Tropics mid suh-tropics. iiiclr.diuij- China. l>ut native country uncertain. Vigna vexillata, Benth.—Y. 145. Widely dispersed in the warmer Pachyrhizus angulatus, Rich.—Y. 59S, 598a, 1916; B. 255. Widely dispersed in the tropics, and generally cultivated. Dolichos Lablah, L.—Y. 586; B. 251. Widely dispersed in the Cajanus indicus, Spreng.—Y. 499. Common in nearly all tropical Rhynchosia minima, DC.—Y. 518, 1294; B. 260; M. 92; V*. 5. Widely dispersed in the tropics. Rhynchosia phaseoloides, DC.—Y. 1174. Widely dispersed in Rhynchosia reticulata, DC.—Y., Guilding. Widely spread in Flemingia strobilifera, R. Br.—Y. 430. Introduced from the East Ecastaphyllum Brownii, Pers. — V. 46; B. 281. West Indite ropica! America, and West tropical Africa. EcastaphyUum Monetaria, Pers.—Y. 395, 1366. West Indies and I-'ast tropical America. Machaerium robinifolium, Voy. — V. 903. West Indies and East Topical America. Drepanocarpus lunatus, Mey. — V., America and Wot tropical Africa. L Indies, tropic -V. 1631. West Indies and tropical America. Pterocarpus Rohrii, Va/il.—V., Guilding. Trinidad and East tropical , Be nth., syn. P. platystachyum, Griseb. Lonchocarpus latifolius, II. B.K.—Y. 1(529, 1907, 1908. Common Lonchocarpus violaceus, H. B.K. — Y. 588, 742, 1906; B. 268; Piscidia Erythrina, L.—Y; 1632. South Florida and West Indies, Andira inermis, //. B.K.—Y. 74. West Indies, tropical America. Ormosia dasycarpa, Jacks. — V. 460, 1909. Guadeloupe. Dominica. aud St. Lucia, and Grisebach records it from Montserrat. Dussia martinicensis, Kr. et Urb. ex. Tatib. in Engl. H Prantl Nat. Pflanzenf., III., pt 3, p. 193.— V. 1633. A monotypic genus previously only known from Martinique. Diplotropis brachypetala, Tul.—Y. 1910. Trinidad and Guiana, Swartzia grandiflora, Willd.—V. 483 ; B. 119. West Indies and tropical America. Csesalpinia BonxLucella, Fleming, syn. Guilaudina Bonducella, L. — V. 706 ; M. 97. Wideh dispersed tlm>;ii;h the tropics. Csesalpinia Crista, L. — V., Guilding. Bahamas and Cuba. Csesalpinia pulcherrima, Sir. — V. 767, 1038 Widely dispersed in the tropics. Commonly cultivated. Csesalpinia sepiaria, Roxb. — V. 1046. Introduced from the East pechianum, £.— V. 814, 1911 ; B. 272 ; M. 105. i bacillaris, L.— V. 1051. Widely dispersed in tropical Widely dispersed in tropical Cassia emarginata, L.—V., Guilding. West Indies and northern in many places. Cassia glandulosa, L.—V. 62, 762, 1044, 1187 ; B. 275. Widely dis- persed in tropical America. Cassia glauca, Lam.—V., Gnilding. Introduced from the Old World. A native of tropical Asia and Australia. Cassia hirsuta, L. — V. 1052. Widely dispersed in tropical America, from Mexico southward. Cassia multijuga, Rich. — V., Guilding. Widely spread in tropical America, from Mexico to South Brazil. Cassia nictitans, L. — V. 7*2. North America, from Indiana and Cassia occidentalis, L. — V. inea, L.—V. Dialitun guineense, Willd.—V., G-uilding. A Wo f African tree, probably only cultivated in St. Vincent, Bauhinia Kappleri, Sag&t^—Y. 571. St. Thomas and Guiana. Bauhinia megalandra, GHseb.—V. 273. Trinidad, and Grisebach records ii from Cuba. Sr. Fvitts. and Antigua. Bauhinia ungula, Jaccj. — C. 11. Jamaica, and Grisebach records it from St. Thomas. Venezuela, and Xov/ Granada. ng. Tobago. Grisebach Brownea speciosa, Beic/ib. — V., Guildinir. Gri-ebaeh also records it rom Trinidad. Tamarindus indica, L.—V. 795; P>. 273 ; M. 107. Introduced from he Old World, whore j: \< : J.~o largely cidiiv;iti.d. It is supposed to be Hymenaea Courbaril, L.—V. 895; B. 269, 270; M. 113, 114. Videly dispersed in Iropieal America from Mexico southward. Copaifera, sp.—V. 1628. Pentaclethn Entada polystachya, DC— V. Guilding. \Ye>t Hidies and imeriea, from Mexico to Columbia. I iuiana. and North Brazil, Entada scandens, Benth. — V. 608. Generally dispersed ropics, especially near the sea. Piptadenia peregrina, Benth. — V., Anderson. Trinidad and Linerica, from Venezuela and Guiana to South Brazil. Adenanthera pavonina, L. — V. 893 ; B. 333. Introduce! Neptunia plena, BenM.— V., Gnilding ; V. 2. West Indi Dasmanthus depressus, H. ll.K.—X. 1< Desmanthus virgatas, Willd. — V. 555 -V. 502. Martinique. Triiii. St. Thomas, i 3chranckia leptocarpa, DC. V. L0O6. Tropical Am< Columbia Totmiana and Brazil. Found also in tropical Afric: where is is probably introduced. Leucaena glauca, Benth.—Y. 181, 853; B. 271 ; M. 100. in iiit- warm r regions , «t probably of origin. Acacia arabica, Willd.—Y. 564. 900; C. 20; M. 108 ; V — V. 1903 West Indies u Guiana and Brazil. Acacia Suma, Kurz, syn. A. Catechu. Grisvb. i >•/.<■ inild.)—Y. 942, Acacia tamarindifoli a, ll'HUl V, Cnildii :.M.llo Martini.iuc St. Lucia, Venezuela and Columbia. lysiloma, three undetermined species. — V. 82 J, V. 1186, and Calliandra Guildingii, Benth.—Y., G-uilding. Trinidad, but there inti-odu. i. ,. onlifig to Lane, in Grisebaeh's flora of tin Ihiti. W'e.i Indian islands. Calliandra purpurea, Benth.—Y. 1000; B. 285. West Indies and Calliandra tergemina, i thr tropic Pithecolobium latifoliura, lltoth., svn. (alliandia latifolia, Griseb.- V. 1037. West indies and tropical South America, in the norther B. 274; M. 109; XL >ia and Venezuela. Pithecolobium tortum, Mart., syn. Acacia Vraeentia, Griseb.—Y., Pithecolobium, .<./>.- Inga ingoides, JVil/d.—Y. 34. West Indies and tropical . Inga laurina, WUld.—Y. 677, 1017, 1912. West I Chrysobalanus Icaco, L— V. 198. West Indies and South Chrysobalanus pellocarpus. .Uct/.—X., (iuilding. West I Hirtella paniculata, Sw.—Y., Ghii Guiana. Hirtella racemosa, Lam. — -V., Guilding. Trinidad and tropical America, from Panama eastward to Q-niana. Hirtella triandra, Sic — V. 748. West Indies and tropical America. from Panama eastward and southward in Brazil. PnuiUS OCCidentalis, *SV.— V., Guildhi";. Jamaica. Cuba. Guatemala Prunus sphaerocarpa, Sic. syn. P. pleuradenia, d-risch. — V.. C.uilding. West Indies and East tropical America. RubllS rosaefolius, Sm. — V. 804. A native of North India and China, Weinmannia pinnata, L. — V. 31. Bryophyllum calycinum, M. 1. Naturalised in tropic; and probably native only in Terminalia Catappa, L. — V. 69, 17 L287, L727, Terminalia latifolia, Sw. — B. 127. Jamaica and Trinidad. Conocarpus erectus, Jacq.—Y., Guilding; B. 66, 67 ; U. 18. Widely dispersed on the coasts of tropical America and the ' lalapagos Islands; also in West tropical Africa, and Grisebach records it from the Marianne- Islands. Laguncularia racemosa, Gcertn.— V., Guilding ; B. 64, 84 ; C. 3 ; M. 132. West, Indies, and along the Atlantic coast of tropical America ;■: also in West tropical Africa. Combretuin eriopetalum, G. Don. — V., Guilding. Trinidad. Quisqualis indica, L. — V. 1892. Introduced from the Old World. Malaya. ' ° tl0 I llcal countnCb ^ enera * dnd beu " c t0 M * 1 ^ °' Myktace.*:. Psidium Guyava, Raddi.—Y. 827 ; B. 68. West Indies and tropical America ; now widely naturalised in warm countries. Psidium guildingianum, Griseb.—Y., Guilding. Not known from elsewhere. Myrcia coriacea,£>C.— V. 338, 851, 1802 ; B. 81. From Cuba and Porto Rico to Trinidad. Myrcia divaricata, DC.—V. 1734. West Indies and tropical America. Myrcia ferruginea, DC, syn. M. crassinervia, DC. and M. duchas- samghma. /.',.-/. V. 259, i\\l], 1758, 1750, 1760, 1761. These thre* are clearly forms of one and the same species. West Indies, Guiana Myrcia splendens, DC.—V. 400. West Indies and tropical America. Myrcia, three undetermined species.— V. 1751, 1752, and 1733, the genus of the latter somewhat doubtful. Pimenta acris, Wight et Arn.—Y. 1289, 1289«; B. 15. West l'" 1 "; " J.'" >" ,! ^»™n 'lso mucli cultivated nd naturalised i. Eugenia coffeifolia, DC.—V., Forsyth (Griseb.). Domin Eugenia Jambolana, Lam., svn. Sysygimn Jambolanum 2 1562. Introduced from the Ka>t Indict (, wild from tropical India to Xorih Australia. Eugenia Jambos, L.. svn. Jambosa vulgaris DC.—V 7i ;censis, L., syn. Jambosa malaocenns, ntroduced from tin- Old World. A native of Malaya, of w Eugenia marchiana, Griseb. — V., Anderson (Griseb.). Ja Eugenia obtnsata, fVilld.—Y. 1524. Jamaica and Domini Jacq,—Y. 487, 1559, 1736. Don Martini., .u. A ^nia uniflora, L. — V., Guild; Eugenia, 17.'.-). 17;, 7. fill in one or Barringto Gustavia two or three undetermined sp> 1738; B. 133, 145. The gei two instances owing to imperfect i nia speciosa, Forst.—Y. 596. Intr. antillana, Miers.-- Y., Guilding. Couroupita antillana, Miers. — V. 1516. Trit MeLASTOMA.K.K. Nepsera aquatica, Naud. — V., Anderson. Pterolepis glomerata, Miq., svn. Arthrost< —V. 360. West Indies and tropical America Tibouchina cistoides, Coffn., syn. Chastogas 135. Not known from elsewhere. tropical America. Aciotis discolor, D. Don., syn. Spennera pellucida, (/risen. . pro parte (non DC). — V., Anderson. Martinique and Trinidad. Graffenriedia latifolia, Tria/tn, svn. Cyenopoduun latifoiium, Xand. —Y. 787. West Indies. Venezuela and Columbia. Tetrazygia discolor, DC.—X. 47, 121. West Indies and French Charianthus coccineus, D. Don. — V. 14(5. West Indies and French Guiana. Charianthus glaberrimus, DC. — V.. Eggew (Cogniaux) Dominica Conostegia calyptrata, D. Don. — V. 994. Monteerrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica and .Martinique. Conostegia subhirsuta, DC.—V. 4s9. Widely dispersed in tropical Miconia ciliata, DC, svn. M. raremosa var. ciliata, Gris<7.-V, Gudding. a Lagerstroemia Flos-Regin*, A **.-.y. 925. Introduced from tropical Punica Granatum, L.-V. 1531. Introduced from the Old World. OnaGKARIK.K. Jussiaea linifolia, Fahl., syn. J. acuminata ,SV — V 51 Almost universally diffused within the tropica _ Jussiaea suffruticosa, £.— V. 296, 318, 439 ■ B. 17s. Very widely 'eSPSSOBI 1Vill(l ~ Y - 8 ^* 69 ' 1849 - West Indies and t4r a lAme?u?a fl0ra ' ^^—^ 910 > 1269 ' 1561 - West Indies and East TrfnSf 8, 3errUlata ' ^ ~ V - ( Q risebach). Jamaica and Cuba to Passiflora fcetida, L— V. 706; B. 310. Wid.lv dispersed in the tropics of both hemispheres, though probably introduced in the eastern. Passiflora laurifolia, L.— V. 236 ; B. 132 ; M. 42. West Indies and East tropical America, Passiflora peltata, Cat: — V., Guilding. San Domingo. Passiflora quadrangularis, L. — V. 183. Introduced. Said to be in- digenous in Nicaragua. Widely cultivated. Passiflora rotundifolia, L. — V. 654, 732, 1876. Martinique and Brazil. Passiflora rubra, L. — V. 607. West Indies and tropical America. Passiflora serrate, L.—V. 1312. West Indies and tropical America. Passiflora suberosa, L.—Y. 615, 1314,1315, 1616,1868, 1869; B. 315,316 : M. U. Very widely diffused in the warmer parts of America. Carica Papaya, L. — V. 505 ; B. 97. Tropical America, now culti- vated in most tropical countries. CCCCRBITACE^. Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser.—V. 625. Introduced from the Old World, now widely cultivated in the tropics. Luffa cylindrica, Rcem,, svn. L. acutangula, Ito.rb.—V. 407, 1310. Introduced from the Old World. Momordica Uiarantia, L. V 65. Widely di-pt i-*».— V. 731. West In dies and Venezuela. Caprifoliace>e. .—V. 1267. Possibly introduced from North America, but it also inhabits Mexico. Rubiace^e. Manettia coccinea, Griseb. (non Willd.).—Y. 730. West Indies, Guiana, Venezuela and Peru. Hfflia parasitica, Jacq., syn. H. longiflora, Sic.—Y. 725. West Indies and tropical America. Exostemma caribaeum, Rcem. et Schidt.—Y 1284 1530- B 111- M. 147. West Indies and tropical America. Exostemma floribundum, Rcem. et Schult.—Y. 122. San Domingo, Dominica, Martinique and St. Lucia. Chimarrhis cymosa, Jacq.—Y. 889, 1245, 1792. Jamaica, Cuba, Antigua, Dominica, Martinique and St. Lucia. Griseb.— Y. 726. Dominica, Martinique JSSS?^! 6 ?* M c! U *n' ^ r '~~ V ' Anderson. Jamaica, and Grisebach also 529. Widely dispersed in the Isertia coccinea, Vahl.—Y., Guilding. East tropical America. Gonzalea spicata, DC.—Y. 592 ; B. 113. West Indie, and tropical Rico, Mont-.rrat, Hamelia patens, Jan/. — V. 1247, 1541. West Indies and tropical Hoffmannia tubiflora. Griseb.—Y. 419. Not known from eiscvlmre Basanacantha spiiiosa, Schumann, syn. Randia arnmta, DC—Y. 1526, 1851. West Indies and tropical America. Posoqueria latifolia, Puem. cf Schult.—Y., Guilding. East tropical Genipa ropical America. Genipa Cam to, H. B.K America. Probably Central Amei \< , Is.Vl: I! ' scabra, Lam.—Y. 631, 1'47. 1829, 1n30 ; B. 6 44. West Indies and tropical America. Antirrhcea acutata, Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PL. II 911. Guadeloupe. Chomelia fasciculata, Sio.—Y. 856, 1242 ; B. 78. Gr< Brazil. Malanea macrophylla, Bartl.—V. 633, 909, 1825, 1826. and Guiana. Erithalis angustifolia, DC.—Y., Gu i and West Indies. Chiococca parvifolia, WuUsckl.—V. 1806, 1828 ; B. 48. West Indies nd tropical America. Chione glabra, DC — V. o.'i.j. Porto Rico, Dominica ;. nd Gris.'biich r • < -ords it from Montserrat and Guadeloupe. Ixora ferrca, Benth. — V. 442, 542, 1827. West Indies and tropical Morinda citrifolia, L.—Y. 701. Introduced from tropical Asia. Coussarea sp — V. 1230, 1237, 17-16. Faramea odoratissima, DC. — V. 497, 1235. WV-t Indies and tropical Psychotria crassa, Benth.— Y. 1243. West Indies and tropical 1246, Guadeloupe, Psychotria glabrata, Sir.—Y., 576, 1537. Jamaica, Cuba and Porto Rico, and Grisebach records it from Antigua. Psychotria horizontalis, >'»■ — \\, Guilding; 15. 110. NVst Indict and tropical America. ., Guilding. South Florida and Schult.—V. 1767. Dominica, Psychotria parasitica, Sw.—V. 17. Jamaica, Cuba, Porto Rico, Dominic;;. ' i records il from Mont^orrat and Psychotria pyramidalis, Grueb. — B. 118. Cuba and San Domingo. Psychotria uliginosa, Sir., syn. P. uliginosa var. a, Griseb* — V. 427. Jamaica, Cuba, Porto Rico, Dominica, Martinique, Sr. Lnda, Trinidad, and Grisebach records it from Central America and Guiana. Psychotria nndata, Jacq.—Y. 1238, 1239; B. 26, 28. Central America and West Indies. Palicourea crocea, DC. — Y. 334. West Indies and tropical Guadeloupe. Geophila reniformis, Don. — V. 444-. Widely dispersed in the Cephaelis muscosa, Sir. — V. 640. West Indies and East tropical America. Diodia rigida, Cham, et Schlecht.—Y. (Grisebacb). West Indies and tropical America. Spermacoce tenuior, Lam.—Y. 1210, 1211 ; B. 9, 10, 189; U. 20. West Indies, Central America and Brazil. Borreria laevis, Griseb.— V. 84. 370, 655, 788, 9S9, 1209; B. 190 ; M. 15. West Indies and tropical America. Borreria ocimoides, DC, syn. B. parviflora, Mey. — V. 501, 990. Widely dispersed in the tropics. Mitracarpum hirtlim, DC, syn. M. villosum, Cham, et Schlccht.— V.. (.uii.iinjr. West Indies and tropical America; also Marianne and Society Islands. Vernonia arborescens, .Sw.—V. 210; B. 297. West Indies and Central America. Vernonia tricholepis, DC— B. 288. West Indies and tropical wnsebach'3 var. flisa quite distinct species, and may be d. Psychotria discolor. liulf,; ssn. I>. nli-irin.;, var. discolor, An., evGrii Elephantopus spicatus, Anhl., svn. Disiivpiu^ ^icaius Ciss.— W 126, 552, 1202, 1203 ; B. 287. Widely dispersed in tropical America. Rolandra argentea, Rottb.—V. 1212. West Indies and tropical America. Adenostemma Swartzii, Cass.—V. 954. West Indies and tropical America. Ageratum conyzoides, L— V. 227, 513. Widely dispersed in the Eupatorium celtidifolium, Lam.—V. 806. West Indies and tropical Eupatorium iresinoides, H. B.K. — V. 107, 870. West Indies Eupatorium odoratum, L. — V. 94 ; M. 83. West Indies Eupatorium ossaeanum, DC— rom St. Vincent, V. 331, ±10. Cuba. Mikania imrayana, Griaeb. — V. Mikania orinocensis, //. B. K. — ' 1890. Dominica. 7. 264. West Indies Zinnia elegans, ./>'< ex- tending the die o to Brazil. Grammadenia parasitica, Griscb.—Y. 1254. Dominica and Guade- Conomorpha peruviana, A. DC. — V. 1286, 1748. Dominica and Ardisia caribsea, Mu/.— X. (Grisebach). West Indies. Ardisia laurifolia, Juss.—V. 541, 1570. West Indies. Jacquinia armillaris, L.—Y. 506; C. 6; M. 146. Eastern Florida, \Tirara-ua and West l.-uli,- t„ V.-nr/.i-h. and Brazil. West Indies, Panama, Guiana, Cbrysopbyllum glabrum, Jacr/.—V. 912, 1283, 1756, 1803. West Sideroxylon, an undetermined species. — V. without number. Achras Sapota, L., syn. Sapota Achras, Mill.— Y. 1576; B. 108. America. Commonly cultivated for its fruit in America and elsewhere. Mimusops dissecta, R. Br.—Y., Guilding. Bahamas and Trinidad, also in the Pacific Islands. Mimusops Kauki, L.—Y., Guilding. Naturalised in St. Vincent, tccording to Grisebach. Malayan Peninsula and Archipelago, also tropical Australia. 152. KewGrena. Symplocos martinicensis, Jacq. — V. 354. West Indies. Styrax, RpecieB undetermined.— V. 1656. Oleace^:. Forestiera rhamnifolia, Griseb. — V. without number. Cuba. Linociera compacta, R. Br.—V. 626, 1568 ; B. 30, 31. West I Venezuela and Brazil. Linociera, species undetermined. — V. 1841. , cathartica, L.— V. 996. West Indies (naturalised and cultivated according to Grisebach) and Central America to Peru and Brazil. Rauwolfia Lamarckii, A. DC.—Y. 557; B. 27; M. 141. West Indies and Ecuador. Thevetia neriifolia, Ju.s.s.—V. 810. Common in many parts of tropical America and the West Indies, 1ml often cultivated. Aspidosperma sessiliflornm, Muell. Arg. — V., Guilding. Trinidad. Vinca rosea, L.—X. 175 ; B. 195. Florida and West Indies, to Brazil, also tropical Africa an 1 Asia to Cbina. Plnmeria alba, L— V. 550, 678 ; B. 99 ; M. 163. West Indies, i citrifolia, L.—V. 38 ; B. 29. West Indies. i undulata, Vahl. — V., Guilding ; perhaps cultivated (Grisebach) ; Trinidad and Guiana. Malouetia retroflexa, Muell. Arg.—V., Guilding. Confined to St. Vincent, so far as at present known. Prestonia venosa, Rolfe, syn. Haemadictyon venosum, Lindl. — V. (Grisebach). West Indies and New Grenada. Echites circinalis, Sw. — V., Guilding. Haiti. Rhabdadenia biflora, Muell. .in/., svn. Echites biflora, Jacq. — B. 70, 328. West Indies, Venezuela and' Guiana to Brazil. Urechites Neriandra, Rolfe, syn. Echites Neriandra, Griseb. — V., Andrews. West Indies. ASCLEPIADE,£. Macroscepis, n. sp. ? — V. 1862. (kypetalum, species undetermined. — V. 1617. Calotropis procera, R. Br. — IT. 25. Introduced into tropical America from the Old World. Asclepias curassavica, L. — V. 770 ; M. 4. Common in nearly all Roulinia? Two undetermined species doubtfully referred to this jenus— V. 803, 1618 ; M. 39. Gonolobus martinicensis, Dene.— V. 382. Dominica and Martinique. Gonolobus maritimus, /.'./>V., syn. lUitia uiurieata, (,'rhrb. — V. Dominica, Guadeloupe and Venezuela. 1300; B. 324, 325 Spigelia Anthelmia, L. — V. 179 ; B. 221 ; M. 6. Common and viilely dispersed in tropical America. Indies and Guiana to South littorale, BL, syn. Sl«v<.-tia occidental^. (irisib—X. .ill) ; B. 1S8. West Indies, also India, Malava and tropical Africa. Coutoubea spicata, Aubl.—V. 684. Trinidad and Central America to Columbia, Guiana and Brazil. Lisianthus frigidus, Su:— V. 18. Dominica and Guadeloupe. Lisianthus uliginosus, Grisrh. -V., Guilding. Guiana and Brazil. £,, — V., Guilding. Widely dispers in. ct Schnlt.—V.^O; B. 87 ; M. ropical America. Kuutli. — G. 18; U. 36. Mexico and West ndies lo < .iii ,:-,-i and Venezuela. Cordia Gerascanthus, Jacq.—V. 1244. 1249. Central America and iVest Indies to Brazil. Cordia sulcata, DC.—Y. 771. West Indies. Cordia tremula, Griseb.—V. 452, 1522; B. 123. Barbadoes. Cordia ulmifolia, Juts,— V. 781, 1813. West Indies and Panama Bourreria exsucca, Jacq.—S ., Guilding. New Granada and Vene- Bourreria succulenta, Jaeq^-Y. 551, 569, 846; B. Ill; M. 130. Tournefortia bicolor, Sw.—Y. 110, 337,434, 1771. Mexico. West Tournefortia caribaea, Grhcb.—X. 1540. Dominica and Trinidad. Toumefortia cymosa, L. — V. 876, 1261, lo42. Jamaica and Cuba. Tournefortia gnaphalodes, R. Toumefortia volubilis, L— V. Heliotropium curassavicum, L. — M. 21 ; U. 34. A common plant from Oregon to Patagonia, chieily in maritime and saline regions, also in Australia, South Africa, and the Pacific Islands. Heliotropium fruticosum, L.—Y. 977; B. 186. Mexico and the West Indies to the northern part of South America. Heliotropium indicum, L,— V. 7, 1213; B. 230, 231; M. 19. A very widely dispersed plant in tropical ami sub-tropical countries ; but it is supposed to have been introduced into America from the Old World. Heliotropium parviflorum, L. — V. 591, 1582. Widely dispersed in Argyreia speciosa, C/ioisi/. syn. A. In uM.af.i, (hoist/. — V. 1611.. ntroduced from India, and naturalised in Jamaica and Antigua. Argyreia tiliaefolia, Wight. — V. 1610. Introduced from tropical tropical American I. fasti, /lata may be the wild original. Ipomcea biloba, Forsk., syn. I. pes-capra;, Sweet.— V. 490; B. 319. Generally dispersed on the sea-shores of the tropics. Ipomoea bona-nox, L.—Y. 1292, 1613 ; B. 318. Widely diffused in Ipomcea cathartica, Poir. — V. 1169. Florida (perhaps introduced), and West Indies to Brazil. ' Ipomcea cissoides, Griseb, — V. 1158. Mexico and West Indies to Brazil. Afi^cT 088, ° ( Ipomcea digitata, L.— V., Guildiug. Generally dispersed in the !y on the sea-shore. Ipomcea fastigiata, Sweet.— Y. 116, 612, 1164, 11(55, 1166, 1293. West Indies and East tropical America. Ipomcea filiformis, Jqcq. — V., Guilding. West Indies. Ipomcea grandifiora, Lam. — V. 1609; B. without number. Culti- vated in tropical America. Introduced from the Old World. Ipomoea hederacea, J acq. — V. 1168, 1290. Common in the warmer parts of America, and now widely disper.-ed in other countries. Ipomoea macrorhiza, Michx. (non Rcem. et SchultX syn. I. Jalaps, Ipomoea pentaphylla, ./. ropics. Ipomcea pterodes, Cho Ipomcea Quamoclit, L.—V. 1171. Generally dispersed in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Ipomcea repanda, Jacq. — V. 1301, 1612. West Indies. Ipomcea Shmata, Ort., syn. I. disjecta, Pnrsh. {)ion iVilld). — V. 250 ; B. 317. Widely dispersed in the warmer parts cf America. Ipomcea tuha, Don. — V., Guilding. West Indies and Guiana. Ipomcea umbellata, Mey.— S. 1160; B. 308, 320. Mexico, West Indies and tropical America. Ipomcea, four or five undetermined species. — V. 1160c, 1161, 1164, 1308, 1920 j B. 322,323. > Guiana and Brazil. Jacquemontia violacea, Choisi/ syn. Convolvulus penta: V. 619, 619^, 1919; B. 4; M. 47. Florida and Mexico Peru and Brazil. Indf.—Y., Guil. Convolvulus nodiflorus, Desc. — V. 1162, 1163. Mexic Indies to Venezuela and Ecuador. Evolvulus mucronatus, Sir. — V., Guilding. 0.30; I and Mexico southward to Peru and Brazil. Porana panieulata, lioxb. — V. 1654. Introduced fi Cuscuta americana, L.-V. 390. Mexico and the Lycopersicum esculentum, Mill. he West [adies; but it is diffic I racemosum, L.—V. 343. West Indies. l retrofractum, Vahl.—B. 180; M. 77. Jamaica. -V., Guilding. West Indies, Panama, Physalis angulata, L.—V. 368, 1328, 1329 j B. 239. A very widely diffused species in tropical countries. Physalis minima, L.— V. 1947, 1949 ; B. 238. A widely diffused species in the tropics. Brachistus macrophyllus, Micrs, syn. Wither: n-i: Kititth. — V. 12.">2 Mexico and Jamaica to Venezuela and Columbia. Capsicum frutescens, L.—V. 792. Nearly all tropical countries; though probably of American origin. Acnistus arhorescens, SchlechL—V. 242. Mexico and West Indies southward to Peru and Brazil. Solandra grandiflora, Sw.—V. 1298. Mexico and West Indies to O.liiti'bia and Brazil. , L.— B. 236. Introduced from the Old World. aveolens, Hurnb. et Bonpl.—Y. 983. Introduced from •opical South America. Lam.—V. 567. Trinidad. Vent.)— V. 421, 1262, 1773, 1774. West Indies. L.—V binora, L— V. 303, 1218; B. 209, 210, 211 ; M. 7 ; U. 21. u ■■ ■ • i> -' 1 ii the warmer part* <•! America from Florida and Mexico to Brazil and Peru, almoin West tropical Africa. ^ Alectra brasiliensis, Benth,—V. 371. Trinidad, Guiana, and South Jacq.—Y. 130, 4G7, 1952. Wes Pentarhaphia longifiora, LinJL- Tussacia pulchella, Jleichb. — V nd Columbia. , Mart.— V. 27, 519, 629, 1585. West Indies. Alloplectus cristatus, Mart. — V. 147. West Indies and Guiana. Columnea scandens, L., syn. C. speciosa, Presl. — V. 16. West Inc nd East tropical America. Besleria lutea, L.— V. 25. West Indies and Venezuela to N Grenada and tropical Brazil. Besleria, sp.—Y. 610, 1275, 1276, 1519. Bignonia unguis, L.—V. 822, 1875; B. 321; M. 40. M.-vi.-o an. West Indies. Amphilophium paniculatum, Kunth. — V. 899, 939, 1043, I860 West Indies and tropical America. Tanaecium crucigerum, Seem. — V., Guildiug. Dominica. Tabebuia serratifolia, Kolfe, syn. Tecoma serratifolia, G. Don.—X. 1652. Trinidad. Tecoma stans, Juss.—Y. 667 ; B. 59 ; M. 133. Southern United ! Indies to Columbia and Peru. Tecoma spectabilis, Planch.— V., Guilding. Trinidad and Venezuela. Jacaranda obtusifolia, Humb. et Bonpl.—V. 1639. Probably naturalised. Xative of New Grenada, Guiana and Brazil. Crescentia cucurbitina, L. — V. wit Martynia diandra, Gk an Buenos Ayres. Coccoloba excelsa, Benth.?—V. 1259, 1529. Guiana. Coccoloba uvifera, Jacq.—V. 509 ; B. 128 ; M. 155. West Indie Central America and tropical South America. Coccoloba, sp.—Y. 1790; B. 40, 136. tica, iJfiy.—V., Guilding. West requalis, Miq.—Y. 193, 1326. Piper Betle, Miq. — V. 1641. Introduced from tropical Asia. Piper confusum, C. DC.—V. 916. Cuba and San Domingo. Piper dilatatum, Rick., syn. Artanthe Bredemeyeri, Miq.~Y. 30, 125 ; B. 245, 246. West Indies, Central America and tropical South America. Piper hirsutum, Sic, syn. Artanthe scabra var. hir-mta, Griseb.—Y. 33,48,828, 1325, 1921. West Indies and Central Americ:i to Pen: and Brazil. Piper nigrum, L.—Y. 1324. Cultivated in most tropical countries. Xative of tropical Asia. Piper peltatum, L., syn. Pothomorphe peltata, Miq.—Y. 190. West Indies, Central America and the northern part of South America. Piper Sieberi, C. DC, :yn. Enckoa Sieberi, Miq.—Y. 219, 1922. West Indies, Venezuela and Argentina. Piper tuberculatum, Jacq., syn. Artanthet uberculata, Miq.— V., Guilding. West Indies and tropical America. Piper, sp.—V. 1923. Peperomia alpina, A. Dietr. ?— V. 1643. Jamaica and Cuba. Peperomia exilis, Grweft.— V. 1647, West Indies. Peperomia hernandiajfolia, A. Dietr.— X. 920. West Indies. Peperomia magnolisefolia, A. Divtr., syn. P. amplexicaulis var. mag- <;r:,rh.—X. 23, HJ42. West Indies, Central America and the northern part of South America. Peperomia nemorosa, FaU. — V. 1645, 1646. West Indie.' and Guiana. Peperomia nummulariaefolia, //. U.K. — \ r . 257. West Indies ami South Mexico to Peru and Brazil. obtusifolia, A. Dietr.— Y., Guilding. West Indies ami America. ovalifolia, Hook., syn. P. trit'olisi. .J. Wrfr.—V. 871, 87la, uo. West Indies. Peperomia pellucida, If. B.K.—V. 594. West Indies and Central > Peru and Brazil, also in tropical Africa. Rtipertiana, C.DC.? — V. 1321, 1644; B. 244. -V. Not known from « Aniba bracteata. fcfi i ... syn, Ay ft.— V. 687, 1839. From Porto Rico and Montserrai to St. Vincent. Endlicheria sericea, Ncrs.^xn. A< dend < n - r;.. um. (iriseb. — V. 240, 323, 353, 1840. West Indies and East tropical America. Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Bl. — V. 1572. Native of the East Indies, now cultivated or naturalised in many parts of the tropics. West Indies and tropical cernua, Nces.-Y. 512. Griseb.—Y. 1272. West Indies. Griseb.— Y. 636, 681, 733, 1543. West Thym Daphnopsis caribaea, Qriseb.— V. 927, 1284. West Indies. LORANTHACE.=E. Venezuela. Phoradendron Berterianum, Griseb. — V. 297. West Indies an Venezuela. flavens, Griseb.— V. 374. Mexico and West Indie Phoradendron latifolium, Griseb.— V. 245, 245a, 248, 1305. Central America, West Indies and Brazil. Phoradendron rubrum, Griseb.— V. 1623. North Mexico and West Indies to Brazil and Peru. Euphorbia buxifolia, Lnm.—V. 553, 1941 ; B 105. 199: M. '22, 23 , U. 27. Florida, British Honduras, West Indies and Venezuela. Euphorbia genicnlata, Ort., syn. E. heterophylla var. prunifolia, Griseb. — V. 744. Texas and West Indies to Brazil and Peru. Euphorbia hypericifolia, L.—V. 106; B. 198; M. 12. Widely tfbpened in the warmer parts of America. Euphorbia linearis, Retz., syn. E. articuliita, /Unm.—Y. 208, 1940. West Indies. Euphorbia nudiflora, Jacq.—V., Guilding. Mexico and West Indies. Euphorbia pilulifera, L.— V. 154; B. 197; M. 12a. Widely dispersed in the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Euphorbia prostata, Ait.—B. 202; M. 32. Widely dispersed in the warmer parts of America; also in tropical Africa, Bourbon and Euphorbia thymifolia, Bum, V. 335, 673, 1937. Throughoi Phyllanthus Conami, Sw. — V., Guilding. West Indies and tropical Phyllanthus distichus, Mm II. An/.^yn. Cict-a di^ticha, L.—Y. 1556. [alMMUOed from the East Indies anil naturalised in some of the West Indian Islands. holding. Jamaica, Bahamas and .. — V. 656. Throughout the tropics. Phyllanthus reticulata, Poir.—V. 522, 87: Drypetes glauca, VahL Hieronyma Brazil. of both hemispheres. Jatropha gossypifolia, L.—V. 67; B. 101, 103 ; M. 11. and tropical America. Jatropha multifida, L. — V., Guilding. St. Kitts, Voi ! ' liana, also naturalised in Jamaica. Croton helicoideilS, Mm II. .I;v/., syn. ('. nivt-us. (irisrh. (non Jacq.). — B. 93. Venezuela. Croton lobatus, L.—V. 703. Mexico and West Indies to lira/i! and Ecuador. Croton niveus, Jaeq.—V. 1258; B. 92; M. 137. Central America, W est lidi.-s and the northern parts of South America. Croton populifolius, Sw.—V. 28, 551, 783, 784,. 1250; B. 88,89, 90 : M. 139. West Indies, Panama, Venezuela and Colombia. Croton pseudochina, Sc/i/rrhf.— X.. (iuiMin-. Trinidad ■hhI trojiicai Argithamnia lancifolia, MuelL . > la, Griseb. — V. 1255. 1581, 19.^7 : B. 207. U',vt Indies and Colombia. Bernardia corensis, Mnell. Arg., syn. Polyboea corensis, Kl. — V . 560 ; B. 196. West Indies. Bernardia carpinifolia, Grueb.—Y. 1257. Jamaica, San Doming" . 41 : U. 32. iens, L.—Y. 1156. Central America, West Indies, Venezuela and Guiana. Omphalea diandra, L.—Y. 1655. West Indies, and East tropical America. Hippomane Mancinella, L.—V. 934; B. 142; M. 125. Florida, Central America, West Indies and the western coast of tropical South America. West Indies, Venezuela Sapii and m Sebastiana corniculata, Muell. Arg., syn. Microstachys « Juss. — V. 605. Trinidad and tropical South America. Hura crepitans, L.—Y. 804; B. 114. West Indies a syn. Sponia micrantha, Dene. — V. 70, 443. I Contrayerva, X.— V. 476. West Indies and South Mexico lumber. Jamaica, Dominica and Columbia. Ficus populnea, mild.—Y. 447, 924; B. 54, 55; M. 122. West Ficus, two or three undetermined species. — V. 747, 913, 1408 1560. 1732. l Alicastrum, Sic— V. 1 755. Central America and Jamaica. Z — V. 1412. Native of the Pacific Islands, now j parts of the tropics. Artocarpus integrifolia, L.—Y. 812. A native of India, now wideh cultivated in the tropics. Cecropia palmata, Willd. ?— V. 1407. West Indies, Guiami and Cecropia peltata, L.—Y. 211 ; B. 100. West Indies and Venezuela. Fleurya aestuans, Gaud. — V. 41,41a; B. 174. Widely dispersed in tropical America, tropic.!: nelslands. TJrera baccifera, Gaud.—Y. 1194. West Indies and Panama to -V. 713, 1601. Widely dis Pilea ciliaris, ll'u.'d.— V 26, i.-.t>. 21$. \\ Filea diffusa, Wedd.—Y. 1603. Jamaica. Pilea microphylla, LUbm.-JJ. 311. 87B, Pilea ovalis, Griseb.—Y . 805. Trinidad. Pilea pubescens, Liebm. — V. 56. Widely dispersed through tropical t-merica. i Jacq. — V. 57. West Indies. Myrica, sp.—V. 1270. Pleurothallis floribunda, Lindl.— Y. 680. Martinique. Pleurothallis ruscifolia, R.Br.—V. 414. Widely diffused in the West Indies, from Cuba and Jamaica to Trinidad ; also Guiana. Lindh'v unites with this the Peruvian P. siiccosn, Lindl., syn. P. /nultinmlis Popp. & Eudl., which seems distinct. Stelis scabrida, Lindl.— V. 90, 1661. Dominica. The St. Vincent piece referred by Grisebach to S. opJiioglossoides, Sw., apparently ■ Octomeria graminifolia, R.Br.—V. 454. Dominica and Grenada, Microstylis "umbellulata, Lindl. — V. 1 144. W r est Indies and tropical Elleanthus lepidus, Rchb.j. — V. 1414. Grenada and East tropical Isochilus linearis, R. Br.—V. 471. West Indies and tropical Epidendrtun ciliare, L. — V. 117 ; B. SO.'?. West Indies and tropir-ai Epidendrum elongatum, Jacq. — V. 298. West Indies and tropical Epidendrum fuscatum, Sw.—V. 32, 623, 1149. West Indies and ropical America. Epidendrum globosum, Sw.— V. 313. West Indies and Guiana. Epidendrum pallidiflorum, Hot Epidendrum ramosum, Jacq.— Epidendrum umbellatum, Sv Epidendrum vincentinum, Li, Epidendrum, tp. — V. 11. 13, li Brassavola cucullata, li.Br. — V. 638, B. without number ; M. 69 ; U. 13. West Indies and tropical America. Polystachya luteola, Hooh.—Y. 289, 450, 900. West Indies and tropical America. Cyrtopodium Andersonii, R.Br. — V. (Grisebach), Trinidad and Cyrtopera Woodfordii, Lindl. — V. 401. West Indies and tropical Xylobium pallidiflorum, Rolfe, syn. Maxillaria pallidiflora, Hook.— V. 1122. Dominica and Grenada. Dichaea graminoides, Lindl., syn. D.gramiaea, Griseb. — V., Guilding. West Indies and tropical America. Dichaea muricata, Lindl. — V. 1011. West Indies and tropical Rodriguezia secttnda, H. B.K. — V., Guilding. Trinidad and Oncidium altissimum, Sw. — V. 244. Porto Rico, Dominica and dartinique. Oncidium luridum, Lindl. — V. 085. West Indies, Mexico and Ionopsis, sp.~Y. 1666. Indeterminable. Vanilla phseantha, Bchb. f.—V. 1336. Cuba and San Domingo. I'll.- St. Vincent specimen cited bv Grisebach under V. phmifnlitt, .Jamaica, Cuba, Dominica, West Indies and tropical Ponthieva petiolata, Lindl.— V. 949, 1952. Jamaica, Cuba, Domi- nica. Martinique, St. Lucia and Grenada. Spiranthes orchioides, Hemsl. syn. Stenorrhynchus orchioides, Rich. — V. 806. West Indies and tropical America. Pelexia spiranthoidea, Lindl.— V. McRae. Jamaica, Cuba, and San Domingo. Physurus hirtellus, Lindl.— Y. 1372. 1664. Jamaica, Cuba, Domi- Physurus plantagineus, Lindl.— Y. 1668. .Jamaica. Cuba, Dominica, Pogonia macrophylla, Lindl. — V. 1924, 1951. .Jamaica. Cuba and Chloraea Ulantha, Rolf v. svn, Hantha «ran— V. 1710. W est Indie Chamsedorea, sp.—V. 1712. The leaves of T. 171 Geonoma Brongniartii, Mart.—V. 1433. Mai Caryota urens, L.-V. 1711. Introduced. Trop Bactris major, Jacj.-V. 1709. Xew (Grenada. polyacanthus, Mart.—V. 1713. 1. sp.—V. without number. 2S-2 ,, Linden.— -V. 239. West Indie Cocos, sp. ?—Y. 1969. Leav< , believed to be a species of Prestoea, growing on the slopes of the St. Vincent Soufriere, was brought to Kew by Mr. Morris in May 1S66. No specimens of this appear to have been received from Messrs. Smith. it is vny desirable to obtain adequate herbarium m-c .'rial i >. ■] Mo d-'tet mine tins interesting plant. Pistia stratiotes, L. — V. 224. Tropics of the whole world. Caladium bicolor, Venl.—V. 1690. West Indies, Guiana and Brazil. Caladium haematostigma, Kunth.—Y. 799, 1957. Brazil. Caladium marginatum, C. Koch?—Y. 1691. Caladium purdieanum, Schott. — V. 1415. Brazil and Peru. Xanthosoma hastifolium, Schott— V. 1421. Brazil.— V. 1961 is Xanthosoma helleborifolium, Schott. —V. 1419. West Indies, Central and tropical South America. Xanthosoma, two or three undetermined species.— V. 1420, 1692, 1693, 1694, 1695, 1696, 1697, 1958, 1959, 1960. Philodendron hederaceum, Schott?— V. 1688. West Indies and Philodendron, spp.—V. 263, 1687. Montrichardia, sp. — V. 1689. Dieffenbachia Seguine, Schott.— V. 1411. West Indies, Venezuela, off. Monstera pertusa, Griseb. — V. 37. W< -: Ladies and tropical South America. Anthurium Guildingii, Schott. syn. Anthurium concinnum, Schott.-~ Y. 868, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1698, 1698a. Guadeloupe and Martinique. Anthurium Huegelii, Schott.— V. 1954. Guadeloupe, Dominica and Jamaica. Ctperace,e. -V. 212. World, Kyllinga pumila, Michx. V. 408. L. — C. 22. World, in warm regions ; in America Vom Virginia to South Brazil, common. Cyperus diffllSUS, Vahl., syn. C. elegans. Swarf:. C. laxus, Griseb.— V. 1090, 1675, 1970. World, in tropical regions, common. Cyperus distans, L.f.—V. 1677. World, in tropical and subtropical regions; in America from Cuba to Rio Janeiro, common. Cyperus rotundus, L.—B. 338 ; M. 53. World, in warm regions ; a Cyperus sphacelatus, Bottb.—V. 520, 842. America and Africa, in ■:;••; n !i" formei i'r in . '. ii!'* : ,; t > vmiU lira il, \, i -, plentiful in the West Indies. Mariscus ferax, C. B. Clarke. svn. Cvperu:; ilia,. Rich., C. odo- ratus, (iriscb.Otcn /..',. and C. flexuoMis, /7/A/.— V. 351. 722. World, in warm regii :i- : rica from New Orleans to Argent in.". Mariscus flavus, Vahl.,syn. Cyperus llavamariscus, (Jriseb. partim. — V. 1084. America, Texas to Argentina, common. Mariscus rufus, H. B.K., syn. Cyperus ligularis, £.~V. 316; B. 337; M. 51, America. Virginia to South Brazil, plentiful in West Indies, Africa, and Mascarene Islands. Mariscus Jacquinii, H. B.K.—V. 243. Central America and Venezuela. Received from no other West Indian Island except St. Vincent. Eleocharis interstincta, B. Br. syn. Scirpus plantaj lion L.). — V. 11. Tropical and sub-tropical America, gi Fimbristylis complanata, Link, syn. Scirpus amenfac J. Guilding. VVorM, in warm regions, general. Fimbristylis ferruginea, Vahl. syn. Scirpus ferrng 1; M. 52. World, in warm regions, especially near ffassk, syn. AMI cans, Cham, et Schlccht.—X . Dichromena ciliata, Vahl., syn. Rynchospora (rriseb. — V.539; 15.346. Tropical America, iro plentiful in West Indies. Ryuchospora polyphylla, Kvnth.—X. 133 common, Venezuela and New Grena syu. K. cubonsis, Gnseb—V. 843 r jay. Rynchospora micrantha, Vahl. — V. 779, 1085. West ladies, common; Central Amerii West Africa. Rynchospora longiflora, PresL, svn. \l. ilorida (h-iseb. partim. — V. 1089, 1676. West Indies, Martinique, Dominica and Guadeloupe. Cladiom restioides, Benth., svn. M.n ii.. it re-;i,,;d.^, Vahl. — V 134. West Indies, common. Scleria latifolia, Sw.—V. 694, 708, 741, 758. West Indies, frequent. Scleria arundinacea, Ktmth,. >\n. S. latifolia, var. 3 et 7 , Griseh — V. 741a, 1971- West Indies and tropical South America. Scleria prateusis, Nees.—V. 88, 707 ; B. 34.3, 353. Common in the warmer part- <>t' America, from Mexico ami the West Indies te. Paraijua v Scleria lithosperma, Sw.—V. 1087 ; B. 340. World, in tropical and -ub-trepioal regions, common. Scleria reflexa, H. B.K., syn. S. flagellum, Berg.—V. 262. West Scleria mitis, Berg.—V. 1674. Tropical America, common; from Panama to South Brazil. In the West Indies, received only from St. Vincent and Guadeloupe. Paspalum caespitosum, Flugge.—Y. 1977 ; B. 376. Jamaica and Cuba to Guiana. Paspahim compressum, Xees.—V. 192, 1106, 1109; B. 17, 378. West Indies and Central America southward to Ecuador and Paraguay. Paspalum conjugatum, Berg.—V. 1100 ; B. 377. Central America, West Indies, and tropical South America; also tropical Asia and Paspalum densum, Poir.—V., Guilding. Cuba and Mexico to Paspalum distichum, L.—V. 300, 1672, 1980; B. 22,359, 360. Very widely dispersed in warm countries, including Chili. Paspalum fimbriatum, H. B.K.—Y. 831, 1374; U. 50. West Indies, New Grenada and Brazil. Paspalum plicatulum, Michx.—V. 970, 1111. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Columbia to Brazil. Paspalum saccharides, Nees., syn. Trichol.ena saccharides, Griseb. — V. 601. V the West Indies to Brazil. Paspalum sieheriauum, Steud V. 800, 308. West Indies. Paspalum virgatum, L.—V. 80 ; B. 357. West Indies, Central America, Guiana, New Grenada, Brazil and Paraguay. Eriochloa polystachya, //. U.K., syn. E. punctata, Hamilt.—V. '- . B. 2M. 2.1. Southern I'nite i •■ ■ Of the Old Wo widely dispersed Isachne arxmdinacea, Crls,!,.— V. 361. Gf>0. Jamaica. And Venezuela. Panicum Drevifolium, A.— V. 185. West Indies. Central America and Columbia, to Peru and Brazil. Panicum colonum, L.—X. 582, 1098; B. 21, 367; M. 67. West Panicum .costatum, Roxb., syn. P. flavescens, Sir.— V. 314, 641, 1097, 1102, 1352, 1669. West Indies, tropical Africa and Asia. Panicum divaricatum, L.— V. 375, 971, 1105, 1976. South Florida, West Indies, Central and South America. Panicum fasciculatum, .SV., syn. 1\ fuwum, ,.S. fasciculatum, Sw.—Y. 565. [100. |i;7,i : |J. l'2. 3H6. :Ji;«». W.m I ndi.-. Mexieo. and tropical South America. Panicum frondescens, Mey.—Y. 187. Trinidad, Guiana, Brazil. Panicum horizontal, Mei/., svn. Digimriu setigera, R„th.—\ . 322. 693, 931. HOW : 15. 375: Si. 59: C. 40. West Indies. All tropical countries, and the Cape of Good Hope, according to Grisebach. A Panicum leucophaeum, Kimth. -vu. Trich«.la-na insularis, <;,■/'.«/>. — V. 392, 1094, 1354; B. 23, 356 ; U. 43, 44. Texas, West Indies. Mexico, and Central and South America. Panicum linkianum, Knnth, syn. Digitaria marginata, Link.— V. 231, 1107. West Indies. Common in tro] Mexico and Central America. According to Gri- in the tropics of the Old World. Usually regarded as a form of the very widely diffused P. sanguinale, L. Panicum maximum, Jacq.—Y. 288; M. 68. West Indies and Mexico to Brazil ; originally introduced into America from Iropical Africa, according to Humboldt. (Guinea Grass.) Panicum palmifolium, Poir., syn. P. pHeatum, Lam.—Y. 226. Jamaica, 1 ' - of the Old World. Panicum pilosum, Sir., syn. P. distiehmn, Lam.—V. 163, 1104, 1975. West h Panicum prostratum, Lam.-B. 19; C. 23; M. 63 Tropics of ': i es. V. 370 and 135«i are a bo doubtfully referred to this Panicum sanguinale, L.—Y. 247. West Indies. Almost every- where in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Panicum, sp.—Y. 1099. Ichnanthus candicans, Doell, var. glabratus, Doell—Y. 127. Brazil. Ichnanthus pallens, /W/. ,yn. I'., i. ..» H ■ -• *' \ l''-':j West Indies. Central America to \ enezuela and Peru and Brazil, Setaria caudata, Ra-m. Setaria glauca, Beauv. — V. 265. West Indies ; in nearly all temperate and tropical countries. Cenchrus echinatus, L.—Y. 108; B. 345; M. 58. A very widely disper-ed -ruci,-, ranging from Canada to Brazil, also in tropical As Cuba, Mexico, Columbia tosum, Rich.—Y. 78, 1093 ; B. 348. West Indies and a! m. u- «if both hemispheres. Ischaemum latifolium, Kunth, syn. Ischsemopogon latifolius, (iriseb.— Y. 361, 650. West Indies, Mexico and Central America to Peru and Brazil. Andropogon bicornis, Z. syn. Anatherum bieorue, Beauv.— V. 409. Tropical America. Andropogon brevifolius, Sw.—Y. 847. Tropical, more rarely sub- tropical regions of both hemispheres. Andropogon condensatus, //. B.K.—Y. 845. Martinique, Trinidad, and Mexico, to Paraguay and Argentina. Andropogon saccharides, Sw.—Y. 1973: Ii. 18,24; M. 65. Ex- tending i ■ t , Southern United Slate- to < '] i! and Argentina. Andropogon squarrosus, I.. JiL. syn. Yeti\en';i anindinaeea, (irisrb. — V. 362. -\< -l It, da i ,d \\\ i/i!." d.-< i- spectB this plant to have been introduced from India. Andropogon, tpp. undetermined.— V. 1351, 972. or Id, and Sporobolus indicus, R. Br.—Y. 585, 603. Common and generally ;njM.;;l and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. Sporobolus virginicus, KvtUh. — V. :>\>; II. 3<>5 ; M. 55 ; U. 45. Common and very widely diffused in tropical ami subtropical regions ( { ec Ily iritime districts. ' Cynodon Dactylon, Pers.—V. 290 ; B. 362 ; M. 56. Bahamas, \ntigua. Tu tropical and temperate countries all over the Chloris radiate, Sir.— V. 232. 581 ; B. 358. Cuba and Panama to Peru and Brazil. Bontelona sp.— V. 1355. Eleusine aegyptiaca, Wrtf.svn. Dactvloctenium segyptiacum, mild.— V. ;)n> U\:\Y\). :;.-,.-, : M. 57: l_\ 12. Almost all warm countries throughout the world, though often only a colonist. Eleusine indica, Gartn.—V. 100, 276; B. 354; M. 60; IT. 48. Almost all warm countries throughout the world, but in many places only introduced. Leptochloa longa, Griseb.—X. 213. Trinidad. Leptochloa mncronata, Kunth.—B. 373, 374 ; U. 47. Virginia and IliinoK southward through the West Indies. Mexico, and Central America to Venezuela. Leptochloa virgata, Beauv.—X. 577, 1357. Mexico and West Indies southward to Brazil. Gynerium saccharides, H. B.K., syn. Arundo saccharides. l\>i —V. 1092. Mexico and West Indies southward to Columbia, (iuiana, and Brazil. Eragrostis ciliaris, Lmk.-\. si 1 : 15.3(53. 364; V. 16. South Carolina to Panama, tropical South America, the Galapagos, and 10 tropical Asia and Africa. Eragrostis pilosa, Beauv.—X. 525, 834. Temperate and tropical countries of the globe. Eragrostis p0330ides, Beauv., syn. E. minor, Host.—Y. 411. A very widely dispersed and variable grass. Eragrostis. There are two undetermined species of this genus, , Guiana and Brazil. Gleichenia pnbescens, H. ll.K.—X. 149, 907, 1361. Throngho tropical America. Gleichenia pectinata, Presl.-X. 864. Throughout tropical Amerk Cyathea Sena, Willd.—Y., Guilding. Throughout tropical i Cyathea Tussacii, Dem V. 962, 1018. West Iodic Cyathea tenera, Griseb. — V ., Caley. Endemic. Hemitelia grandifolia, Spring.— V., Guilding. Throtlf Hemitelia horrida, R.Br.—Y. 801, 849, 854. West Indies and ,'enezuela. Alsophila aspera, R.Br.—Y. 696, 863, 1012, 1013. West : Alsophila ferox, Presl.—Y. 196,987. Throughout tropical j Alsophila infesta, Kxmze.—Y. 292, 1717. Throughout Hymenophyllum vincentinnm, Baker, in Ann. Bot. vol. v., p. 164, t. VT A ,^ W s I ,ecies - V - 60t > 1067 ; an(1 var. latifolium, Baker, 1. c. . 365, 611, 1062, 1063. Cos- Hymenophyllum hirsutum, Sw.—V. 364, 1070, 2071. Tropical and South temperate America and Mascarene Islands. Hymenophyllum latifrons, V.D.B.—Y. 1072. W T est Indies. Hymenophyllum hirtellum, ,SV.— V., Guilding. Throughout tropical America. ° fo r Hymenophyllum lineare, SW.— V. 1069. Tropical America, Mas- carene Islands and Natal. -V. 254, 480, 965, 1074, 1075, 1076, Hymenophyllum valvatnm, H. $ G Y. 1065, 1067. Throughout tropical America. Hymenophyllum fucoides, S,c.—Y., 851. Throughout tropical America. Hymenophyllum Catherine, Uook.—Y. 1068. Very rare in the highest mountains at about 3,000 feci ■ ltut!,, r, ,1 previously or.lv in ,,,:rl ' ! '' ; '"P" i'y l/Hmumi.T, :n»I in Jamaica, ..u St. Catherine's pcuk, at an elevation of 5,000 feet. Trichomanes spicatum, Hechr.—Y. 27S. West indies to Ecuador. Trichomanes membranaceum, Z. — V. 367. Throughout tropical Trichomanes reptans, .Sw.—V., Guilding. Throughout tropical punctatnm, Poir.—Y. 412. Throughout tropical pnsillum, Sto.—V. Trichomanes hrachypus, Kunze. — V., Guilding. Throughout tropical , H. $ G.—Y. 573. Throughout tropical . # G.— V. 952. Throughout tropical America. Trichomanes sinuosum, Rich.—Y. 665, 1078. Throughout tropical Trichomanes Bancroftii, H. # G.—Y. 580. Throughout tropical H. $ G.—Y. 327. Throughout tropical ls, Sic — V. 533. Throughout tropical America. Trichomanes alatum, Sic — V. 141. Throughout tropical America. Trichomanes pyxidiferum, L.—Y. 61, 322, 507,628, 1081, 1724. Cosmopolitan. Trichomanes rigidnm, Sic—Y. 485. Cosmopolitan. crispum, Sir.—Y. 91, 892. Throughout tropical POLYPODIACE.E. Dicksonia cicutaria, Sic — V. 1723. Throughout tropical America. Davallia aculeata, Sic— Y. 1722. West Indies. Lindsaya gnianensis, Dryand.—Y. 1027 ', 1093. Throughout tropical tetraphyllum Willd.- tropical America, also West Africa. Adiantum Capillus- Veneris, L.— Y. 1895. Cosmopolitan. Adiantum concinnum, FI.fi. et K.—V. 969. Throughout tropical Adiantum villosum, L. — V. 540, 958. Throughout tropical America. Adiantum tenerum, Str. — Y., Guilding. Throughout tropical Cheilanthes radiata, ft. Fir.— V. 1 7l : Cheilanthes microphylla, Sic— X. 1896. Throughout tropical ighout tropica! America. Pteris aculeata, Sic— V. 186. Throughout tropical America, Pteris podophylla, Sic — V., Guilding. Throughout tropical America, Pteris longihrachiata, Ag.—X. 589. West Indies. Ceratopteris thalictroides, Brongn. — V., Guilding. Cosmopolitan. Lomaria attenuata, Willd. — V. 282. Cosmopolitan. Lomaria Plumieri, Desv. — V. 1025. Throughout tropical America. Lomaria procera, Spring. — V. 838, 1023. Cosmopolitan. Blechnum longifolium, //. BK. — V., Guilding. Throughout tropical Blechmun occidentale, L.— V. 302, 966. Throughout tropical Asplenium serratum, L.—X. 666. Throughout tropical America. Aspleniuin alatum, H. B.K. — V., Guilding. Throughout tropical America. Asplenium lunulatum, Sic — V., Guiiding. Cosmopolitan. Asplenium obtusifolium, L. — V. 710. Throughout tropical America. Asplenium auriculatum. Sic — V. 188. Throughout tropic.nl Asplenium Serra, L. $ F.—X. 207. Throughout tropical America. also tropical Africa. Asplenium latum, Sic— X. 358, 961, 1119, 1121. Throughout tropical America. Asplenium pumilum, Sic — V. 19(H). Cosmopolitan. Asplenium cuneatum, Lam. — X. 453. 1 1 is. Cosmopolitan. Asplenium furcatum, Thunb. — V., Guilding. Cosmopolitan. Asplenium rhizophyllum, Khhzc— V. 682, 1018, 1898. Throughout tropical America. Asplenium cicutarium, Sic—X. 875, 1897. Throughout tropical America, also tropical Africa. Asplenium arboreum, Willd.— X. 134(5. West Indies and Venezuela. Asplenium Shepherdi, Kunze.—X. 712, 890, 1122, 1123, 1719. Asplenium crenulatuni, Bahr.—X. 373. Throughout tropical 1019. Since gathered by Mr. ft. V SI; Asplenium marginatum, L. — V. 326. Aspidium Aspidium plantagineum, Griscb.—Y. 171. Throughout tropical America. Aspidium trifoliatum, Sw.—Y. 140, S65, 867. Throughout tropical America ; and var. Plumieri, Pred.—Y. 829. Nephrodium conterminum, Dcsv.—Y. 964, 1130, 1360. Throughout tropical America. Nephrodium Sprengelii, Hook. — V. 151. Throughout tropical America. Nephrodium limbatum, Desv. — V., Guilding. West Indies. Nephrodium patens, Desv.—Y. 789. Cosmopolitan. Nephrodium trichophorum, Baker.— V. 705. West Indies. Nephrodium Jenmani, Baker. — V. 855. Known before only in Nephrodium hrachyodon, Hook. — V. 221, 451, 946. Tropical Nephrodium effusum, Baker. — V. 862. Throughout tropical Nephrodium villosum, Fresh— V. 292, 1021. Throughout tropical Nephrodium amplum, Baker. — V. 138,861. Throughout tropic;* Nephrodium furcatum, Hook. — V". 860. Throughout tropical Nephrodium molle, l)eJ'ri>int- ment, theexiL , i,t prevented him from earning out h- intention, and 1 was obliged to abandon the idea of going alone to Lhon;d<,as Mr. White eon-ider-l it inadvisahle on in\ part to attempt it whilo important neg ■ ■ frontier were pending wit)= she Tibetans. lie kindly forwarded to me parwanas written in Tibetan and addressed general h 10 the headnmn of \illagvs, ordering them to render me whatever assistance I required, but at the same time lie wisely advised me not to depend on procuring earners or supplies from the inhabitants. His passports were of the utmost value to me on the rare these indolent people would have been loth to afford me had I not 1m en -<]• '"1 *'\ such indisputahl. mthoiity. \ s I }, „l no hopes of , ' it fatal ns, regulating times avoidu '..' ,X\r\T would ''have IMieaMeiird m\ men and caused their desertion, a most undesirable The slothful and improvident habits of the inhabitants prevent them from, growing more grain than is actually neee-arv for their hare enterprise, which improbably due i., : out . -i" and Being thrown on my own resource-, and bavin"- permission from ih,s ''•-.-tni-tion divi.les my narr;itive into three parts, -i - ! '" ; " :i of T:i " oxce-liuglv moiM moun'ain- ibrmnu; the that of the tempa Jte and !) range is an elevated mountain mass, springing fror aee of Kim'hiu junga. and extending -out Invar I > to tlm piains of J )wing to the facilities of tra\ oiling .-ilV-.r-l.-.l l.y the Nepal fro i aii.I Sandakphu ; from tin fruits, reminding one of small strawberries, and it emulation, and Primus ri/fa, &c. ; underneath thei various rhododendrons and two species of bamboo. ( Annul'maria spathijlora, which flowered two years a by the dead culms still bearing the withered spathe-1 inflorescence. Its average height is 10 to 12 feet. ' Mr. Gamble named A. qmmn'n-anu from specimens of but having sin baa discovered ■o large enough to contain our tents, and water md of the first day we found such a place at stanc for shepherds. Its elevation by B. P. 4 feet. The camping ground was covered with brmidahle Cnicus eriophoi l{.ri,ntabarinum,ll. Falconeri, R. barbatum, and P. Ilndgsoui, Acer cm-datum, lhtuta i/tili.s, Piiris ovnlifola, Juniperus Pseiuio-Sabina. Abies trehbiana, Pnnins rufa, A rundinaria spat It (floret, Ac. These trees grow so densely that very few herbaceous plants rxi.-t beneath them. Sa.rifraga liguletta, a few species ot Pol g gun a at, ferns of two species, and potentials being most in evidence. A variety of heauti I ul mosses grow on the rocks. On open knolls the soil is carpeted with Gnnltluria lunitmi'laria and the heather-like < 'assinp, fastigietta. The following day's march was from Ewanangi to Megu. Two gentians beconn common about 1L',000 i'evt. ( hie, G< ,»tiana stglopfwra, with large, terminal, greenish, lily-like flowers ; the other' Sieertia HooJitri, conspicuous by its brown leaves and inflorescence, growing together in whorls on a stem often 6 feet high. A white and pink primula is common, Rhododendron Anthopogon is abundant. Its fragrant lc m - an largely collected and burned as incense in Iiu 1 Ihist tempi, s. Small trees are represented by the species of rhododendron • variety of Jumpcriis n exrva, which forms excessively close thickets. V'" ''"//" u<\ Pgi *rha,)inn;de*r;r»\\ open situations. Clematis 8, climbs over bushes, and at once "rests attention. A su< . and descents (where . '" ll)( '! — '>- < <( In a eomj uaiiveh level path running "'' r !,;l> r ay the large ai.d^ grassy liat of Megu. whose elevation by B. P. thermometer was l ;'~^~ *'.'' . u " i . !: ':- ht -'''''■'I -iirfaee was' interspersed with many ' s, a refreshing sight the rocks above the camping ground. I always yond the snows. The ; mate, was represented by numerous - amongst the rhododendrons. A great extent id the camping ground is swampy, and covered with latum. The stepping stones across the wettest I li( ~ «' tinned , : - <« i lat< 1 _i , „,. „ , eh ai i -truck. Various sperie S „f Seduiii of the section Rliediu/a and the recommon in the clefts of stones, _:i :-s present a mo>l forbidding appearance. Since we lefl 1'halut : ■ ■■ - ■ ■ ■ ; _■:..,;.. Primula pusilla, P. glabra and Delphinium alpinam, character to the place by their plentiful presence. In the clefts of a rock Ave found a small simply pinnate Poly podium and a species of Pellcea. The tract into which we emerged wore a different aspect to that we had just Left. Above us towered enormous walls and pinnacles of bare rock, intersected by equally stony valleys, all tending towards the broad and terraced slope over which we marched without difficulty. Rhododendron Anthopoyon and R. setosum were the only woody plants. On the sides of the rocks along the terraces Sa.rifraya imbrmtta and X.jdvtpn'iiioiiddiKi ;_!!•>•' .led with white and yellow flower?. The soil is covered with a thick turf of grass and sedges, amongst which arc innumerable plants of Primula Stunrtii and a species of Anemone. Beyond this first terrace the route led over alternate flats and ravines, and passed four lakes. At first the rocks near the path are scattered singly over the ground ; further on the whole surface of the hill is covered by a confused mass of glacier dei te 1 \ oulders, where the path is marked at intervals by upright white stones. Very little vegetation, except moss, maintains an existence in this wilderness. Sir J'< >pph Hooker, in his admirable " "ikkim, thus explains the cause 1 descend to 15,000 feet in the tortuous gorges which i i the snows of Kinchin- junga, but no plants grow on the debris they carry down, nor is there any sward of grass or herbage at their base, the atmosphere immedi- ately around being chilled by enorne now, and the Attaining a ridge marked by a rudely built monument, bearing a small ting, we descended a steep gorge down which a stream urged its turbulent course. Its bed was cumbered with gneiss blocks with many of a fine grai jher levels. This stream effects a junction with two others to form the Rangbi river at a flat rassy valley, which rapidly attains a, high the desolate locality we had traversed is the . the weird effect of such scenery Uy their cadaverous stave like stems, for only by closer inspection can the actual beauty of the plant be realised. Tie • existed on inaecosible <■:•.-..- The elevation of Gambothan by P>. P. thermometer was 12. ',00 feet. Leaving Gambothan, a steep ascent was made to the summit of the ri.lg, — l ;;.;;()() feet in elevation. For half the distance there is a scattered forest of Abies ircl>bi ,-, and /,'. sitosum These, when' bruised or 'trodden upon, exhale a strong perfume from the superficial glands with which they are covered, aggravating the headaches to which all are subject at high elevations. Gentiana sfyhiphora is exceedingly common. l'.eyoud the ridge is the broad open summit of Bokto, covered with grass, on which two large flocks of sheep were feeding. From this a descent has to be made into the valley of the -<■ growths of rhododendrons, Abies Is right Hank to a depressior 1 below it, SU111II lit at about elevation. There is a good rus Psendo- . the shrubby vegetation main ;ts of a 1 ossed v plainswith level t. , it would have been almost impossible to keen the proper istances. Leaving the second plain, a - loot of an enormous black : ;ht us to the x further side we ea ning we took the Ki.nglalama nd continued up the .. :se ridges, and surmounted ;>, rendered exceedingly swam] oi' shallow ; seemed of very large extent , but we through the fog. There was led a grassy east. The descent on the ot her side led ste< >ply through There are signs of a more varied vegetation later in present there is verv little scope for botanizing. iculata and P. rctiruhila, res. mbling P. siMlmeasis, Ken ruing to Tegyap La, we followed the course of the Ratong for about a mile, crossed it hv a hi i.'.; d- up a very steep hill covered with rhododendrons: fryptiHjnimnu: crispu was The entrance to the undulating top of Jongri is marked bv a shallow lake, -aid to be dry in the winter. We camped on a terrace immediately below two stone hui>. Man)- plants were nd change afterward- to purple. 1 was informed by the ISepal. The mountain top of Jongri, which is adn irably staying a few days a! Jonrgi, 1 marched down to Toksun. For mile the p:ith runs eastward along dongri. and then descends for 7,000 feet, enabling one to pass in review the gradation of on from alpine regions to tin- suh-tropical zone. A few gigantic elled along the slopes on its left bank by one of the most difficult gorous p.-ilhs in Sikkim. to Yoksun. This place is unique from uliar formation amidst such precipitous surroundings. The >od which once enhanced the beauty of the flat \- now reduced to gathering of pollarded and charred trunks, but the beautiful ke is still surrounded by forest trees. Here, and everywhere in at the same elevation, there are large areas covered with mhia Gardner i. ed for two days to allow my men to r< ;:-uperate in such acoug-. nial I'oh/padii/m roxtntt urn, so rare in (he Darj-elini: district, is the As Mr. Gamble once told me that Mr. Loving.- had Sound it growing on the same rhi/ome with Dri///i/. ;//■<, -inn carnosum, I searched can-fully for a continuation of the fact, but I ['ailed to find any fcter species. Bambiisa Falconer ami its superabundant wealth in individual species of rhododendrons. I only collected about 200 species of plants in flower and fruit. There was, however, evidence to prove that the floral harvest would have been more remunerative later in the season. Dr. Hooker, in his appendix on the Physical Ceograpln of Sikkim, states "their banks " (or rivers) between 8,000 and 14,000 feet are generally covered with " rhododendrons, sometimes to the total exclusion of other wooded " vegetation, especially near the snowy mountain, a cool temperature " and great humidity being the most favourable conditions for the " luxuriant growth of this genus." Such conditions prevailing throughout the Singalelah range ' account for the overwhelming f also be accepted as probable reasons for the comparative absence of 1 baceous pi is i ordinal and •_ are unable to maintain a struggle for existence in such an adverse climate and against such formidable competitors. Second Tour. The Lachung Valley. — I arrived at Tumloong on the 7th July, and was detained there until the 21th waiting for supplies whieh were delayed by the break of communications caused by the Immediately on their receipt I commenced my second excursion, and marched through the hot tropical valley of the Teesta, arriving at Choongtam at the junction of the Lacben and Lachung rivers on' the 28th. Xear Choongtam a remarkable transition from tropical to place, mth no palpable increase of elevation. f-'itici's iuv.li', rrJ>iz>isJ-:npat< fitim ccnmabini/iH, Anunc.u vitifvliit, and a few other plants, sewed to accentuate the change. Leptoeoihm {/radii-:, a fragile climber with blue flowers, rambled oyer hushes everywhere. I collected many specimens of VYw,.-., ///.. r/ij/;n-Ii«,, Pirri, '%?:, . If. maples, eve. Other pla ColnUri,} Lfyost n-iafnrou a , n>, ■,!■!!, , a >i, urn.* fachi/aMi,\ 11 ■ fruit s. Roscveit a 305 Smrococca pntnifvrmis, are in great quantity. The handsome fern nuns large ana- in the manner of bracken at lower elevations. Two species of Lcacostegia, L. Hookeri and L. membranulosa, with sweetly hay scented foliage, and a large stipitate form of Pleopeltis simplex, grow in a wood at about 8,000 feet. Goniophlebium ebenipes was in dense clusters on the tops of many of the numerous rocks. This locality is eminei Its variety of coniferous ' '..(:■.-■■': J Singalelah and Chola Ranges, s- its supremacy branched shrub. Large quanti vely from Abies uebbiima are annually ( x ported i important industry of the inhabitants er with no other appliances than the and Tsuga brunoniana are found between 8,000 and first is a tall conical tree with thick trunk and dark ranches, the latter h is spren ling branches, dro .ping Griffith's joi of W feet. ' '. cylindrical < and turnips which wen- the only vegetable's I could obtain worth eating; their scanty yield of potato - consisted of wretchedly small The Tankra Mountain was within easy distance of Laehung, and as to see, I determined to visit it at once. We evoked the Laehung liver, threaded our way through the narrow dirty lanes of the village, ':■'■■ '. .-■■'... ,: ..■:-.-■;■■ : < ? '<. :" ' , : ■ ■ n-t held -->,_■•; * .e e. in posed of the Liliinn r,>sctn»,lxvi.'\v profu>e!\ on i auks, a- o< iated with Hoscoea alpina and Drnscrti peltatu. At !),."( H) feet we passed through a fine grove of small trees of rhod •-. Lindcra twcsiaiui, Bfhilu '"///,, and th. i ;t„sc. In a liltl,. i Vni. Pohjpod'nnn trivhomauohles. Goniophhbium, subama.nnn .lop,-.!. m, another epiphytic fern, accompanies arboreal vegetation 'to the Passing the grove we entered the inagiiitieent forest of pines extends without a break to 12,o()() feet. We marched to its upper where we camped after clearing a sufficiently large plot of ground stream, winding through an expanse of rhododendrons. Two - of Cremanfhodittm, Pohp/oinuii rm-rini folium, Oxyrut diijpua. /',.//, nlaris of \arious species, /'oft ntilla frutiro.ta, beautiful yellow' ami The following day we held on our course upwards. The region of trees was - ion let! in tin rear, and ;. 1 u growth of Rhododendron com- panuuilum succeeded, showing the dark glaucous tints of its unfolding damp mar-ins of watercourses, and bumble bees were busy amongst its fetid flower heads. These are in clusters of a dark hrown colour, enclosed in inflated white papery bracts forming an ovate head, and S, eM ' Ullicic. itly t< ly la,, led Suits.,/, \'// , l » t sigl it to be only a ball of v, .cffirA er he lids W ng are completely enveloped, but on ' : " ?ns on the top, disclosing the inflore- e plant, in similar situations, is ( '; rpts buried in the ground is flattened on a .' uos - car rot-l'i .•3 a broad bead of •, ■spres-d eloseiy to the -oil. Iihv»„, visil.l. : x: XX all the cliffs around, and ascends to led below the ascent to Kanko La, the river through a low line of cliffs, f the Tankr* Choo valley. ;. : £ r.'.V ra I'.'i 'ho frequented path, and followed h is at an elevation of 10,000 feet. 1 by sn !;•;' Ope, ridge > the pass, is exceedingly rocky, and • p* ; is a c didinj - from the crags on either side. Tifeta ii -■; B a narrow gi •assed valley descends steeply. Fog ed view. Between the Kankola and r beli :W V ai there was a multitude of bright and yellow Chrp^phuiom, yellow lb-own 'yell Off fort us ot ( 'orpdahs, a \\-\v species of ' itiiu] s s, Primal mXiflon^P.mmcoidr, ■■ ■"■ the most notable. The plants! iound !■■' • ^ continuous winds \v> was rendered more obvious by t d snow, that from the - ;,-.• i meteorological conditions prevailed during Dr. Hooker's visit. The Tankra La is south of the summit of Tankra mountain, to the east is a long rocky ridge clefi • by tli,- minor large shallow basin with undulating surface, throu-h a headwaters of the Tankra river. Those on the nortl many points under .-now fields, that on the south-east i pass mid is immediately lost in the great central morain e. reappearing at its lower end as a large and swiftly flowing torrent . It i, joined near the Kanko La by the united streams from Tankra; after effecting narrow defile <>l ih. \ ~. vl l.:i-i.'i.~- precipitately duwin van Is for some village of that name. From the Kanko spur to the lim it of pines at 13,0: )>) feet .the valley is broad and shallow: here :i -uJdenly narrows and remains so to its termination. During the week I spent on this excursion, the weather was uniformly boisterous and wei,whiii those of my party who remained below at Lachung inserted that they had The fragrant spikenard, Xanloxtticfti/s Jdttuitaimi, i- plentiful on Tankra, and the serophularineuiis plant. Picmrhizd Kxrrooa, in- tensely bitter when ciiewed, is abundant about 14,000 \\-vt, and i- held in much repute as a febrifuge and tonic. The only woody plan! above 15,000 feet is tb paucifiora. I returned to Lachung, where I halted for a s rats, but 1 was prevented from j by my desire to i.-speet the superstitious notions < f WaS 1 ■ ■ ith every app. 308 is, in summer, exposed to the full force of the damp southerly winds, laden with mist, which blow with increasing violence as the day advances, to die away only at night. These continuous currents rapidly diflinte- grate the surface, washing down the superincumbent earth, and wearing away rocks which become precipices or crags of fantastic shapes. Vege- tation, therefore, cannot find permanent foothold under such circum- stances, and its abundance is confined to the sheltered flanks, where a copious rainfall is absorbed by the deep and fertile soil. ^ The increase of 3,000 feet in elevation I i tween Lachung village and Yeumtong causes the appearance of many new plants along the route. Composites become more numerous and gregarious. Inula Hooheri beautifies dry knolls with its densely leafy stems and large heads of yellow flowers. Erigeron multiradiatus, species of Scnecio, Ana/il/alis, and Aster are e \ V. iirpnlcnsis in fruit. I collected a large supply of seed from the former, but nearly ever? capsule of the latter had been destroyed by -.. ^niall white caterpillar. Both species never grow in the open, but prefer the shelter afforded by rocks or small bushes on the skirts of thickets. The commonest plant was Cnicas criophoroides, with strongly spinon' loaves, which penetrate the thickest cloth, and cause a smarting sensation in the skin. Other plants were Salvia ghttincsa. Lgchnis nutans, Ciaabalxs baccifcr, and Asarvm himalaicvm. Aroids of the genus Aristema are common. Tn early summer their tuberous roots are prepared and used for food, according" to the method described by Dr. Hooker. I was presented with a few glutinous cakes, made in the most approved style, but the taste was so peculiarly disagreeable that I could not persuade myself to eat more than one mouthful. Yeumtong is a large cattle sports and i reacts and imports, is kept open by the people of Lachung, who carry loads of planks, bamboo, rice, (he-stuffs, such n- the leaves of Si/,ii]>locns and the roots of Rubia cord [folia, which are transported 'by yak- to Tibet. In exchange tlie Tibetans bring down loads of salt, bailey, blank. K and other commodities for the inhabitants of Lower Sikkiiu. [ could not ascertain how may yak loads of merchandise are carried annually over the Donkia Pass, but e\. ;y day during my -la.) in tin- part I saw herds of at least 10 or l'J yaks, ami often many more, eiilier -m,: oi reluming. Looking northwards from Yeumtong, the slope of the valley to an elevation of 13,000 feet is easy, and is black with pine forests. " Above, the land is red and sterile. On the west a tributary stream llow> from behind ( haugoklning along the base o! a long declivih ol sand. The vieu higher uj) is cut oft by jutting spurs below Momay Samdong. The following morning we m i _. elevation 15,300 feet. The first and the last two miles of the path are easy, but the intervening portion is steep. A forest of silver iir, maples, birch, l\i/rns, rhododendrons, and others extends to 13,000 feet ; for a few hundred feet further some scattered black Juniper freer- occur; an equal distance is occupied by rhododendron-; and willows, and pacing the spurs which terminated the view 1'rom Yeumtong, the valley is broad, with enormous rocks on its surface. . are rooky. I have nothing to add to the excellent description id this spot by Dr. Hooker, but a place with more inhospitable surroundings can scarcely be imagined. A few yaks were grazing, the sole survivors of large herds almost annihilated by an epidemic of rinderpest which raged during the previous year. This great calamity had impoverished the inhabitants of the valley, as for toe greater p:irt of the year they depend lor sustenance on the curds and cheese made from the milk yielded by their Hocks. As the morning of the 10th August was bright and sunny, holding I lie hills rising aroutKleU are masses ot rock ami rmmie. lorming a nio: forbidding landscape in the aggregate. The shallow waters support a abundance of reddish Scdnm and lihonn nobile. Myriads of bin gentians unfolded in the briet glimpse of sunshine we enjoyed, an Allardia qlabra grew in low dense tuffs, bearing large sessile iknvei with yellow disks and purple rays. The musk-scented Oelp/iinim 17,500 feet, accompanied by Acomtum NapeUu. redact din th two or th short pedicelled flower. Other plants were Ra anthus of two species, the edelweiss (Leontopodii The view across tin i ■ > t. e Kanihajong > n> was r. and w< wre able to a pb c account erf this iroi My orders forbade my crossing ihe Donkia, so I returned to Momay in the evening through a blinding storm of snow and rain. 310 As I was anxious to penetrate to the Lachen valley through the Sebo La, I waited at Momay for a week in order to obtain good weather for the attempt, but the cold south wind drove a thick mist and drizzling One day I went eastwards to the great faciei of lvindiiiijhow. Passing the hot spring noted l>y Dr. Hooker, ami climbimz to the crest of the terminal moraine, we walked along the top of a lateral one leading far iuto the snowy billowy mass of the glacier. I was surprised to "hud many plants flourishing in such a bleak place F.riof.'hi/tou Inimtbiirirni was common. It is a white woolly Labiate with blight blue tlowers peeping from under the leaves ; I have never observed it but on dry sandy slopes. The other plants were a minute Saxifrar/a wit h extensive runners, a small gentian, Pedicularis of three species, Festxco, and Oin.r. li/n >(/,,(/■ ndron ///rolr was dead and u urn red, having probably been killed by the >cverity of the previon- winter, but, strange to say, Poft,,tilla fi-t/fimsi/, iii its largest and most developed form, and nut the creeping variety we should expect to find here, was covered with flowers and foliage, and was as much at home amongst ice and snow as it is at the more temperate elevation of 10.000 feet. From Momav Samdo.ng 1 returned to Yeumtong, and halted there a few dav*. J amended to the glacier on the opposite side, which Dr. Hooker failed to reach through the gorge. Nowadays there is a cattle track leading to the high pastures, so that progress is easy. Rosa scr/cea i- the commonest shrub the fir>l ridge ; r^luflh, are i llookeri, Illieinn m ung the valley forks, the east ons, and is said to be impracti entrance to this valley, and on ii On inquiry, I discovered th tora La, the first pass from the vhich extends from Donkia to ( t difficulty and dang to Ghora La runs up the valley Donkia at its head, and also for the sacred in?cr![U i.>ns which were inspection. Leaving Lachung on tin- morning of tlio 3rd Sept-mber, I took the following route. The Lachung valley path is taken for three miles to the village of Yakelia. Here (he track to Ghora La breaks oil abruptly to the north-wo-t, a dinction which is pursued more or less the whole way. A short walk through a foreM, "containing b.-uutiful Conifers, Picvu Morinthi, T„nja LrnnunhtHU, Lurix Griffi/Zui, brought us to tranquil. Small willow tree- fringe it- hanks, with /.'/• >>, /,/.■// ,'.v and lUx ascent is made along the base < fa -tony precipice wiih Jl'oo hi,: lunosa growing in its clefts, and a little further on 1 found its allied species H'tnuhiu i Inmidtti, the onlv occa-i«>n I reeolleet ot' their asocial ion, as the former affects a more alpine elevation as a rule. The remainder of the ilnvs march is steep, throu-h a lar-e forest, of silver tir, until we arrive 'at the first convenient .•ampin- u ro,md, a cattle station named Sebu. artificially formed bv a clearance in the forest. Mere . Mnsli ( ra pteropodu, Ilvrachiim, and Cilvojms Tctrahit monopolised spots untrodden l>y cattle. The northern side of the valley is enclosed by a continuous precipitous the floor of th ftboui 1,0 of Sethang we emerged on a swampy Hat. through 312 cumbured with Rhodendron Anthopogon. A tributary from tho west pours over the hollow of a precipice in a magnificent waterfall. Above the plain is a steep rocky barrier thrown transversely across the valley. On reaching its summit we arrived at the camping ground. The coolies took up their quarters in the deserted huts, and my tent was pitched near an accumulation of enormous boulders. A small muddy pond lies at the upper end of the flat. Here the two branches of the river Sebu unite, one rising in Donkia, the other in the nameless snowy mass south of Ghora La. The former is seen flowing in a deep and narrow gorge ; the latter rushes down a steep rocky transverse slope similar to that which we ascended below Sethang. Both run parallel to each other, and are probably the terminal all in fruit, abound on the flat. On the following morning I walked to Ghora La, elevation 17,000 feet. The path descended into the stream from the Donkia, the ascent beyond winds amongst gigantic boulders on the western side of the slope. At the top is another small plain, and the remaining portion of the valley becomes broader and ascends by a long easy gradient to 16,500 feet. From this onwards to near the head of the valley is bounded with uneven ridges and unbroken slopes, which are possibly the lateral moraines of the ancient glacier terminating below Sethang. Both seemed to be elevated 500 feet above the river. A broad terrace runs along the base of the eastern one for some distance. Higher up eides. The eye, following large There is an accumulation of rocks and sand at the eastern termin f the glacier, and its waters feed a lake white with suspends his mountain is an object of worship and veneration, and v lerings of prayer, printed cloths, fluttered on the banks of the etween Forked Donkia and the pass is a shivered line of crags di the pass itself is an extremely narow gap, with sheer i cupied by a gl - ng - hieh*. i widens outeastwa snowy mountain. The actual asct small pool at the end of the glacier. There is no permanent path amongst the shifting mass of rocks, so we had to make our way as best we could up the lateral poised boulders, Halfway up we took advantage of a small snowiield. The last hundred vards was over the glassy surface of the ice, in which we cut steps as we advanced. The available standing room on the pass would scarcely suffice for 10 men, and the descent on the Tibetan side is startling in its steepness. Its surface was covered with a shoot of sioms. This pass is not prac- ticable for the passage of yaks, and is seldom used by foot travellers. On the north a high naked hill projected eastwards, appearing as a huge pile of stony debris; on the south a large glacier descended, liolow lay the broad open grassed valley of the Ridu Chu ; beyond were a few g elevated plateaux of large extent, and further back still were mountains of the same dull red colour running east and west, and over them hung heavy masses of clouds which 313 obscured more distant views. The lower part of a sn< said to be Chumulhari, was seen in the far east. The district we overlooked is called Karaboo. Medicin: of great repute occur in it. Phari is to the s..nlh-«-;i>t of ! it is hidden behind intervening ranges. The vegetation above 1.3,000 foci in the Selm valley i to the pass, but Iroui thence upwards not even a liclien was visiiile. This Saiissiirta and Aiilvniutrui iinisroirics are supposed by the Tibetans to be the most esteemed of their god- as incense. The plan!- used in temples are lihiuixh ,idro,i A ■i(!t<>i>o t /o,i and A', sctosnm and juniper. 1 could not obtain definite information as to the derivation of the name " Ghora." I was first told that the Bacred pictures carved near it suggested its name, and I concluded that the name was a co-iti acted form oi (b.rucknath ; afterwards it was explained that the meaning was " winding," in allusion to the winding route io the pass. Yaks are grazed from 14,000 up to 17,000 feet in this vallev during the summer, aud at Sebu there was a large herd of cattle. From Sethang I returned to Lachung in two inarches, arriving on the 8th September. The time until the 11th was devoted to arranging and packing our collections and luggage. We returned to Tumloong by the feesta valley path, and arrived there on the 20th September. Third Tour. The Chola Hange.— I left Tumloong on the 22nd Sep- Kungpo, elevation 11,000 lee., n'haltmg stage of' the Sikkim liajas during their journeys to and from the Cnumbi valley, their favourite summer resort. The path descends i Is to the beds of two arms of the Ihott river, which join a little further down. They are crossed by cane suspension bridges. The succeeding ascent is >teep through many fields of dry ground rice and millet. An edible variety of Job's tears (Coix Lachryma) is grown near watercourses. The whole valley is thickly populated, and the inhabitants practice a careful system : Rungpo, but the rest of the vegitation is of the usual' typo at this elevation. Onwards to Cie.lu Pa-* the inarches are made eastwards up a con- tinuously steep ridge. The second to Laghep ( 1 0,100 feet), ft small etittle station with a camping mound on a project- ing knoll covered thickly with Iris nepalensis. This locality is celebrated for its variety of rhododendrons, every species existing in Sikkim, excepting li ninth, being found within, a distance of two days' short marches, it was too early in the season to obtain seeds, as they do not ripen until November. The plants of Decttunea uutffnit which Dr. Hooker observed at 7,000 feet still grow abundantly there. The next day's march was a short one to Pheyeuggong, 12,400 feet, a large flat topped peak, where Abits teebbiana is first seen. Beyond Pheunggong we des.-ended to the IJutto river, where we found quantities of Catficnrtiu ril/ovi in fruit. This plant is extremelv local iu'its 314 •distribution, boii,- loimd onh in tin- small valley and in one small area near the summit of Liugtu. The ascent continues along the broad valley of Eiu ; ,k upwards. Abies webbiana, how- ever, attains an elevation of 12,600 feet at Chamanako, where we The first part of the ascent to Cliola Pas- is very steep, an easy path ' 'ge, beyond which is a small and pretty lake. A .ight us to another small lake, and a pond lies civ lu-neatli the pass. The summit of the pass is rounded, and m rocks. On the Tibetan side a narrow gorge like valley descends sharply. Snow had fallen the previous night, ' "\000 feet.' We left Chamanako on the 2*1 h. and ney along the Chola range. The path follows the 14,000 feet follows, thro there is a large hollow lakes, the larger ovoid i ing the ridge beyond. i scrub of rhododendr •mis. At 14,000 feet sred with rhododendi . containing two legended to the liiv defile walled with ro< i we descend, and We walked along I!:-- for a mile, and I named Buthan, a lat ge i . barrier-like cliff. d specimens of Chrysanthemum Atkhisoni, oreurinir mSikkim, sc [he bladder headed wins, and the small rhubarb Rheum a- ' ' ' \ '' ': ; ■_ i. pine woods on its .lark tinted surface. Surmounting the ascent from • : ■ - ■ but few plam, grew On the 30th S , „,!„., j wa r kr ,j , the pas< "and returned tbrou.rl, Sir Joseph Hooker to Royal Gardens, Kew. The Camp, Sunninsdale, My dear Dyer, October 2< I am very glad to see Mr. Gammie's « Botanical Tonr ii reproduced in the Knr liulletin, a mark of appreciation luted, rli.tr Sikkim, for its area, presents one of the richest, i richest, botanical regions on the globe. And further, that tl more than about 40 miles from east to west, and lot) iron south, and situated beyond the northern tropic. I believe that, that is known of its vegetation shall have been brought togotlt prove to be a better microcosm of the flora of the globe than area of equal or even of much larger dimensions. Thus, in its alpine region, the floras of the European, Chinese, and American mountains are .-ill richly represented, also are found the principal types ,,t the r-toppe and desert vi of Tibet and Centrul Asia. In its temperate region En -ope Himalaya, or probabh than they do further east in the sai knowledge of this province of the Indian Empire. Ever affect ionat civ, The Director, (Signed) Jos. D. Hoo: Royal Gardens, Kew. CCCXXXVIL— POLING IN AGAVE PLANTS. T n,> plan* m is a glaucous- leaved sort, teetfi (Agave tigida, var. rA,/^/,,), known locally as Sacqui. The Bahamas plant, the Yaxci, is still also found In Yucatan, hut apparently it is not specialh selected for general cultivation. Of Agave plants, a familiar example, ; grown in green-houses in this country, ami sometimes put out for decorative purposes during the summer months on lawns and terraces i- thai commonly called the American aloe {Agave a»ieriea,f this Colony, and the valuable information you have alrea ly nlfordod in connexion* with the plant, have prompted' me to submit the following questions, which deal with points •>!' prime importance to those engaged in its cultivation. In fact I do not know to whom else to apply, for our plant is undoubtedly different from that commonly grown in Yucatan, and no one in the Bahamas seems able to speak with certainty upon the Our plant, or " Bahamas Hemp '"as it is now termed, is an Agave with dark green leaves, which are spineless except for a thorn at the tip. From all account, it is identical with the " Yaxci" of Mexico. 1. The life of the " Sacqui," which is that generally grown in Yucatan, is said to be from eight to 16 years after cutting ha* been begun. Can you tell me whether our variety enjoy- a- long a life or not? 2. Do Agaves put out during their life a certain fixed number of leaves, the normal quantity varying but little between plants of the same species, or is there no regular limitation in this respect? 3. If the output of leaves on a plant is variable, would cutting them as they mature be likely to increase it. and. judging from analogy or otherwise, ought the cutting to be made seseral times u war or at any •■ life, of the plant by retarding its poling? [t may seem strange to ask for mi. h information when we have the plant here growing under our cye>. but it is only now reaching the cutting stage on most of the plantations and where it has been longer established there unfortunately does not -cent to have been much ohsor- You can easily perceive the necessity we are under of obtaining a The Dir (Signed) J. Gordon. Royal (ia rdens, Kew. Royal <; Kew, to Mr. Ai Royal Gardens, s, M.P, Dear Mr August 18, 1803. AY n your b it Kew he left/with ;pe< ■tii.gth, ints of the Y«xci ta the ■ 'Bahamas Pita" lie also a-: : ,vd whethe r anything could 1 >e done by processes of cultiva- ing or the appes rance of 'the Howe which, i: i- ,11 kno« na, marks the dura rfion of the life of tl te plant. 2. There is apparently very little reliable information obtainable 2gard to the age at which thoe plants (lower. In fact in the vvholt lie literature of the subject the references are very few ami the hmgn brief summary of what has been recently published, and it may ossible to draw some general <■ inclusions from the facts therein stal '.]. The observations in regard to the Sacqui of Yucatan do not, i rue, bear directly upon the subject. But as the Yaxci or Bahai iffer in any marked degree from that plant. The length of time t lapses previous to flowering in Agave plants may in some degree ffeetod by soil and climate, but as a general process of growth i ilh plants cultivated normally over a large area the experience 'ucatan may not be far from what will ultimately obtain in 4, The latest information from Yucatan is furnished bv Mr. Piet le Vice-Consul at Merida. lie states that "a Hemp plantation Yucatan lasts ioi -on, 15 y< .rs Inis is not conclusive > . _. laces are so tilled up from time to time by new plants that the wh udertakiug receives no serious check up to about the fifteenth year. 5. It appears to be recognised in Yucatan as the result of experie without apparently auy reference to the determining causes) t oling is encouraged among.-t these plants if the leaves are left un ":. "i ,! sarv for supplying into nurseries and ;allv and thrown 7. Mr. Stoddart, it is noticed, i •'•cords that the Y"u very particular when cutting the leaves to cut them as the Bahamas eventh year after planting TIh- iii«tanc«>s r.vonlc.1 are given in the .■.•ompMuvii,- ui.-ii.Mi-aM.l.iin. Th.-y a.v, h.mvwr, nor .-oucliisivo. Tin- Tin- exact period wii.-n i laliii.^ IV.'.nriln-.'-iv.-i in; I called century plants. _5 years. When once the monocarp ered and produced seeds or bulbils (pole plants) they die. The following notes refer to the Sacqui (Agave rigid,, var. elongata) and to the Yaxci or Bahamas Pita (Ac/an- rujida tna) : — (a.) Mr. Stoddart says, " the plant (the Sacqui of Yucatan) lasts ". . . for at least 25 years in a cutting state, depending on the soil " and treatment." To renew a plantation after the original" pl:ints have become exhausted, '• il is usual to plant at proper distances, by the sides " of the old plants or between them, young shoots which three years " afterward s », : h < > oh I on. >s ) wil I bo fit f or cutting." A new field will thus " be kept up without any loss of time or suspension of work." (Sisal Hemp, it- adaptation to Jamaica, p. 4.) (b.) Mr. Stoddart describes the poling as follows: "This happens when the plant has arrived at cutting age and the plants are not cut" ..." When the pole begins to come out and gains a length of about " three or four feet, it is customary to cut it off close without injuring " the leaves. These leaves will then mature and be fit to be taken off " before the plant dies." (I.e. p. 7.) (c.) Poling appears to be accelerated (1) by the leaves not being cut when they have arrived at maturity, (2) by the plants being exhausted by numerous suckers allowed to remain around their base, (3) i.v eare- less cutting of the leaves. Stoddart, on this latter point, says : " If the " ?t " '!» • b.i- ) of the leaf be left of any length on the trunk it ■-''-• " short oner (I.e. p. 7.) ^ (d.) Mr. Pierce says : " A hemp plantation in Yucatan lasts for some " 1.5 years ... on good land the crop commences in four years " or earlier, whilst on rocky ground from six years or more." (F O. Report. is, p. 2.) ( Jibn it' Mors'' (Mauritius, 1SS2) state- (p. 21) "that " the plants generally pole at the age of seven or eight years ; they can. " therefore, be cut four or five times before poling and before it is " necessary to replace them." On the same subject Mr. John Home, F.L.S.. late Director of Gardens and Forests in Mauritius, writes under date of 4th September 1893, as follows: "The life ofFwcraa gigantea " in Mauritius is from seven to 10 years . . . as many of the plants " flower three to four years earlier than others, the leaves oi the -eedling- " (or pole-plants) from these are fit for cutting when the late flowering - plants are dying out, so cutting once begun on a plantation may be said " done in time so that as the old ones die out cutting from the young ones " should begin. Over-c moil in Mauritius. This " is generally held to be injurious to the plant-, weakening their growth " and causing them to flowerand die prematurely. People in Mauritius " say that by cutting only the mature leaves the growth of the plants is " not weakened, and thus large fine leaves are obtained, yielding long fibre " of the finest quality. But I have never heard the idea expressed that " such a manner of cutting prolonged the life of the plant beyond what " Imight call the natural limits. It is said in Mauritiu- that over-cutting " weakens the plants and can-.- then) to flower and die prematurely, so " it maybe Miring only the mature leaves pro- " longs the life of the plants to its natural limits. It conies to this, that "• lengthen it in Yucatan— a case of arriving at the same place from " opposite directions."] Heme in the Old World tropics coffee cultivation is carried on under of tropical America, either in the West India Islands, America or tropical South America. The falling off in the production of coffee in the Old World •'. a stimulating ieffecl txpon coffee cultivation in the ]STew World. ['rices have ruled high and The important coffee indii^rries in Guatemala, (..'o-tu Iiiea, and Ihazil have "ready contributed to kee]> up the -uppli •- in the world's markets, and as might naturally lie expected they have in consequence become last few years have nearly doubled, and they are now of the annual value Attention was called to coffee production in Guatemala in the Kew llulhtin tor November la-i ( 1 sol', p. 2d). It vwh then sought to call into existence a similar indusrrv in the rich 1 ,U . ih. fining Colony i xin a few miles over its frontiers. Jamaica i- ; ■. < ' ■• : -■ ■ : ; .' , • 'i .. ; nearly the best in the world. Of late ye idbooh of Jamaica) fcive than formerly, but there Guatemala was noticed in the Kcir Bulletin cultivation of coffee offered to Biiitahl.- men ii British Honduras. 2. In a Report just issued by the Foreign Series, 1893), there are further interesting important Colony of Jamaica. labour in (!ua!emala by importing free Coo! for a possible solut Immunity bu-^u. y from India and t 5. This is all the time thousands of act- coffee cultivation as ai \\) millu.u poune ery pos.Mi.u- why thoroughly adaptc render them the richest Assistant Director. (Extracts.) On some plantations, to meet these increasing difficulties, South Sea Islanders have been imported, but owing to difference of climate, food, language, and perhaps more especially because their employers have no experience in dealing with these people, the venture has not proved successful. On the other hand, a comparatively small number of coolies have been brought from Jamaica by an American firm of coffee planters, and are found to do extremely well. This is the first time foreign labour has been managed with success, and may indicate the direction in which to look for a possible solution of the problem .... The growth of the coffee industry during the last 5 years has been as follows, viz. :— Table H. i of 41. to the quintal Note. — These values are calculated of 100 lbs. on board. The .inparently small increase in value f '-",29,2 17/.) as compared with the iiH-iva-.' in production (22, loVU.'tt lbs.) in the crop of 1892 is due principally to the depreciation in the value of the dollar. The exportation of coffee has been as follows, viz. : — Table I. Country. Quantity. Value. lbs. £ ]';™^, ;iti . 23,075,027 ; Anuria 3> 303'953 'iS - Italy - 43,030 1,721 The tota number of c )ffee tre* s now standing l s estimated to be 64,186,924, there being th increase of 25, 13 *,994 In reply to yours of 31st ultimo, we ^ive you for what thoy are worth the following remarks on coffee. After a period of comparatively ] w prices, the value of this product (plantation sort-) have remained fairly steady. We look upon the position oft! -'•.,•' kii.d o eolVee. which is rliat which a European Ceylon an. i East India having fallen oil' (in the former case they have almost entirely ceased), and their place being onlv \ erv imperfectly filled hy the 'finer coffees from Costa V . ,, (in tei ila, A..-., opr-ci II) Vera Paz and New Grenada. Among the British Colonies the West India Islands, or some of them, Trinidad, Dominica, and Jamaica, offer perhaps ihc 1) -I iield for the cultivation of thi- product, the very serious 'Iil\ the difficulty in obtaining an adequate supply of labour. Fortunately the requirements in this respect are not so grea't with colfc^ as with some other prod nets, as after the ground has once year, their yearly crop of fruit, var\ iug in (piautity and quality according to the season and to the care bestowed on them. The number of hands required i-, of course, much larger during crop time than during the rest of the year, but a good deal of the picking, &c. is done in many parts by women and children. The machinery required for preparing the bean for market is not expensive, especially when there is sufficient water power available to work it, and no drying power beyond that of the sun is required for drying the produce The climate in the higher parts of Jamaica i- very the centre of the island there are large districts in which land very well suited to the cultivation of c lice may be obtained, though there is. we believe, tin- d : <:i bantago. that Ikovij crop- are not obtained in the very highest altitudes more than about once in three years. The difficulty, as we have said before, may be the securing a sufficient amount of reliable labour, but this is a difficulty common, we think, to almost every part of the globe, and, at the present time, t .» all industries. If this can be surmounted, as we doubt not it can be to a sufficient extent, with care and energy, we should consider that a young Englishman, with some knowledge of outdoor work, and with an inclination towards a planter's life, would have the prospect of a good future before him in to buy. clear, and plant his land', and to keep his estate going for the four or live years before payable crop- rr.n be harvested, without having to borrow for the purpose at a heavy rate of interest. The statistical position you have doubtless already before you. Notwithstao ^ dining the past few years as compared with the previous production from that place, there has been little or no accumulation ot stock at the c» u.-uming centres of the world, while dealers in the finest descriptions find frequently considerable difficulty in satisfying their requirements. We are, &c. D. Morris, Esq., C.M.G., (Signed) Lewis and Peat. Royal Gardens, Kew. CCCXXXIX.— RESOURCES OF BRITISH HONDURAS. A very exhaustive Report on the present condition of the Colony of P>riti>h I [on.lura.. prepared hv the Governor, J lis Exeelleney Sir Alfred Moloney. K.C.M.G.. has recently been issued by the Colonial Office «',>h>,;,i! Offin- ft, ports: Am. .ml, Xo. 73, 1998). From this Peport the following' general survey of the resources of the Colony will prove Majesty's Possessions. somewhat similarly ta- praetieally killed the once flo. esirable to epend. Tli rcXvWtto'Uub'umb ra tlor, penmen; t, 1 r™';. !led u that^r T n s ( b 4 • whether we look to climate, soil, or a market. It has with some justice been advanced that British Honduras can be made the tropical garden that 28° North is pted as the frost Sue, which may be said to mark the limit northwards within which the growth of economic product! in demand can be profitably undertaken. Fertility of Soil. As to fertility of soil, what mere convincing proof can be advanced than the facts that in the sugar areas to the north and south of the Colony cane has been known to " ratoon " from 20 to 30 years, and that in the rich anil naturally fertilised valle\ liciis. bananas have maintained themselves without degeneration for 10 to 12 years, if not longer. The products of cultural industries, still really in their infancy, are promising mark* The plantain is a st ■ >[ Negroland in West Africa. The descendants of its interesting people ' to the north of the Gulf of Mexico represent a consuming power of probably 9,000,000. Tons of this fruit from Cuba and elsewhere meet with a from 50,000 plantain- in 1ST!) to I.oSO,2<>0 in 1891. the Colony which 1 Our Guatemalan neighbours seem to turn no small attention to the cultivation of the Arabian coffee. YYhil-t i r will doubtless prove snittil »le to the high areas of the Colony, the introduction of the hardy and rich Liberian coffee — so well suited to low-lymi: areas, with it- comparatively heavier crop, averaging from 6 lbs. to 8 lhs. per tree, 400 of which can be accommodated on each acre — should receive the consideration it deserves. Judging from the experts from the Malay Peninsula, and the imports to the United States, there is a promising field of demand offered in the direction of the latter for the growth of Liberian coffee and of such commodities as jute and other fibres, indigo, ginger, and spices generally. Cohune Oil. The Cohune oil industry remain- yet dormant, if I except the use for domestic and cooking purposes to which it is put among the families of mahogany and logwood cutters. Two-fifths of the Colony, viz., 1,933,762 acres, are, it is estimated, uuder this graceful native "Prince of Wales " palm. If we allow 25 trees to the acre, a very low average, and 1,000 nuts as the annual yield per tree, and accept that 100 nuts yield a quart of oil, this dormant industry, if awakened to full activity, would yield 276,537 tons of oil at a price per ton appreciably above that which obtains for cocoanui oil, to which it is superior. Pine Products. Then, again, apart from its resinous property, which was turned, I understand, to profitable account some years back, the native pine is estimated to cover a third of the Colony, or, 1,613,136 acres, and to average 100 trees per acre on our great southern pine-ridge. Its wood is said to almost equal that of the yellow pine of the United States, which, in the beginning of 1888, was reported to have been nearly worked out and might, in part, have to be replaced by the local pine. The growth on the older pine-ridges of the Colony may, when opened up, prove of sufficient age and diameter to make it worth while to have attention turned to adding this timber to our exports, as can doubtless be done with many other valuable woods as yet unknown. Cocoa-Nuts and Henequen. The coral patches and marine islets we know as " Cays," that fringe to the eastward the waters of this Colony, offer a condition of site exceptionally favourable for the growth of henequen and the cocoanut tree, described as the most tender of palms as regards frost, the friend of tropical agriculturists. The area of such Cays is given approximately as 112,527 acres, which might be turned to much more profitable uses and yield than obtain at present. With even a quarter of such acreage suitable for the culture of such products as eocoanuts and henequen, ir could be covered with plantation-; of the former numbering 2, S 13,200 trees with an annual yield of at least 100 nuts (a low aver gating 2*1,320,000, worth, at the current rate per thousand, 1,406,600/., I might explain that such an aggregate of nuts on the basis of 1 lb. from 7 nuts or 14 per cent, fibre, should yield 18,000 tons of fibre that would realise in the London markets from 30/. to 10/. per ton, according as it is suited for brushes, mats, or stuffing. The annual export from the Colony of cocoanuts during the past five years has averaged in number 1,651,933, and in value $32,505. That delicious fr I amble wood, yield: d so widely used , again, trees yielding the pimento oi' c CCCXL.— THE PRIETO FIBRE EXTRACTING MACHINE. Machine, now ou trial in t'hi> country, wa* iriveii in tli.- Kcr lh-11, fn, iVieto machine. Ol'tliH Captain .Invinu Stuart -rave the iollowin<: '• Xogrc, Barcelona, Spain. It requires L("> -horse power engine and " the services of two 1110:1 arid a liov. Capaeitv. 7.000 poinds " of dry fibre per day of 10 bonis. * Cost, 4,.30i» dollars." As ■whore Ihey are working pciic etl\ \, itb lavuiiiabK results for the turn who purchased them. We have no photographs or drawings to se i account of the work it does compared : awer required, and price of the machine here for cash. Eloping thai \h useful to you f iantalions in the Uahamas, I remain, &c. (for Romano Nokikga y Pb ' Pkieto Hermanos." People cmjdoi/ed in 1<> hours' work. La Vencedora. 12 Raspadoras. for the feeder. 20 scrapers (men). „ carrying leaves. 7 carriers of leaves. ., receiving the fibre. ., carrying it to drying room. 4 people to carry to drying room. ,, collecting the waste. 7 „ to collect waste. total people employed. 38 total people employed. The difference in favour of the Li therefore Production of Fibre. La Vencedora. 12 Rasjmdoras. 100,000 leaves scraped in the 100,000 leaves scraped in machine give from 230 to 235 raspadon arrobas (5,833 to 5,900 lbs.). arrobas (4,185 to 4,311 lbs.). Difference in favour of the La Ve required to wash the leaves. Total weight (Signed) Roman Romano, CCCXLI.— ARROWROOT. i the Knr Unit, In. !', r August of the present year (pp. 191-204). Arrowroot from Granada has lately eome into the market, and some Inquiries were addressed to Kew as long ago as 1878 on the subject Its production from Ma rant a ar/n/dim/n// seems to have presented ■me ditlieulties, and those of Tons lis mois (also originally a West nm«P R < >duce Mai JKETS EeVIEW," 10th June 1893. Dear Sib, The Brishiine < ,»,ri contains a paragraph copied from your journal (no date given) derogatory to Queensland a; row- root. The quotation concludes, " It is much inferior in point of' strength and glutinous properties as compared with St. Vincent Being the inan fact rer- I M tippers oi this parcel under notice, we 1 to submit our pro- 'i'lchon to a public ic-t in competition with the other makes named. is a slight difference we admit, ours being made from a . viz., ( 'aniut cdiifls; but when prepared- as directed Certainly the slighi difference in texture quarters against Queensland production. We remain, &c. Pimpama, April 21. F. Lahey & Sons. e originally only prepared from the i >f MucnUa r ;'"" i " / - iUi,i ' ol colour or strength jsiblynot very :'■ : ' : ' ; ..,.:.■■ . ..... - ...;.,,,, ; , . i :> pl.-nts If called »( ;„un> " arrowroot, there connexion of its own.— Editor, P. M. P.] Messrs. Low, Sons, & Bedford to Royai Gardens, Kew. 'irunta anouhiHicea, a shipment of which w c expect ountry very shortly. Yours faithfully, W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, Esq., Low, Sons, & Bedford. Royal Gardens, Kew. GRENADA. GVrator, Botanical Station, Grena Botanical Station, Grenada, Dear Sir, June 15, 1893. I SEND by this mail two samples oi arrowroot prepared by Mr M uors of' \\. v*. .!« : K-i u ■ in this Island. It is quite a new industry here, an heat comes up to the standard of good quality, and ha.- asked me to forward them to you, and solicit your kind Messr? h W. and D. Harve: ST tO Roval Gardens , Kew. Dot -ate Dock, Upper Thai mes Street, Dear Sir, hue. T AM he ;3i samples (ire. tada arrowroot. I hav -fully examined tl ieso with the following res Dried by heat— Too floury, co tour good, jelly opaqn e, but fairly l)rid°hy air. — Well granulated and of good colour, jelly rather opaque, but not quite so firm a: s the heat dried. 1 e about 3d., and for the second sample about 31* for St. Vincent arrowroot of y. Arrowroot produc Ltly turns out less satisfi than that from St. Vincent, and CCCXLIL— NEW ORCHIDS: DECADE 7. 01. Pleurothallis maculata, /'<>//<■ .- caule primai-io subvepente, secun- lario brevi, foliis elliptieis obtusis v. minutissime bideiitieulatis valdc lineari-oblongo s elliptico-ov.it is carnosis puberulis apice bidentatis, peta'.is obovato-oblongis obtusis glabris, labello pandurato oblongo obtuso carnoso glabro, colurana clavata alia Hab. Brazil. Folia l-ll poll, longa, 6-9 lin. lata. Racemi f-1 poll, longi. Braeteee 1-1| lin. longa?. Sepalum posticum 4-5 lin. longimi, lateralia paullo breviora. Fetala l± lin. longa. Labellum, 1£ lin. longum. A small species presented to Kew by Messrs, Shuttleworth, ( 'aider, & Co., of Clapham, which flowered in September 1891, and again in the following July. It belongs to Lindleys section /irac/ti/stac/ii/rr. and is allied to P. recurva, Lindl. The leaves are irr< nul uiy bluteiit d and spotted with purple, in allusion to which the name is given. The dorsal sepal is light brownish purple above, much paler below, and the lateral ones crimson-purple. The petals are semipellucid white, and the lip 62. Pleurothallis unistriata, Rolfe ; herba dense caaspitosa minuta, folds spafhulatis, lamina elliptico-oblonga obtusa apice minutissime . .-enpis. o-raeilibus, raeeuus pauci-multifloris, bracteis spathaceis basi iiii'nndibulil'ormi-tubub.MS apice ohlhpiis suhobtusis, Bepak) postlOO ovato-oblongo subacuto carinato concavo lateralibus aii^iistii.iilni- et planioribus b'. ! '<, n.'taii- spatlndat!- obtusis, labello lineari-oblongo obtiHo-tiiner\ o. columna clavata. Hab. not recorded. Folia 9-12 lin. longa, 2-21 lin. lata. Scapi 2-2.V poll, longi. Fetal a. '\ lin. longa. Labellum • lin. longum. A very small species, belonging to th - ;■- •■ • • ; middle. The flowers arc semipellucid white; the petals each with a purple mid-nerve, and some similar colour on the lip. As the flowers become old, the colour diffuses itself through the petals and lip. 63. Heurothallis pergracilis, Rolfe; herba dense ciespitosn, foliis spathulatis lamina edipiica obrusi \alde earno^i. -capi< graeilibu-. raeumis pau.-illon-, braetei> spaibacei- bad int'n ndibulitbrmi-t nbulo-i> apiie< 6ubobliquis ovatis aetitis, labello ung medio bilamellato lamellis dentieulatis c Hab. Not recorded. I'olia H-2| poll, kraga, 3-4 lin. lata. Scapi 4-5 poll, longa. Bractece 1 lin. longa*. St paid :\\ lin. longa. Petala 1 lin. longa. t.itht • linn 1 lin. longum. A singular little species, which flowered at Kew during 1890, and again in October of the pre ent }ear. It is very distinct from every other, though perhaps nearest >>'. ochthodes, Pfitzer. The flowers are light greenish yellow except the upper half of the dorsal sepal, whieli is suffused with light purple-brown. It is characterised by the very short tails of the lateral sepals, scarcely half a line in length, in allusion to which the name is given. 65. Masdevallia pusilla, Rolfe ; foliis linearj-lam-olatis minute tri- dentieulatis l>asi aitenuat i<. scapis a^eendentilius l!e\uu-is lia.-i vag'tnis tuKulusis in\-olventibu.-. l)raett.-i> basi tubulosis apieo triangulo-ublongis aeutis, ovario exalato, sepalorum lubo eampanulato pulieseeiite lohjs ovatis com. ! - Iiueari-ohlnng'.s apiee carnosis carinato-angulatis papulosis cmmlati>, labelli h\ poehilio utrinquc Folia 4-6 poll, longa. ."-6 lin. lata. Snip! ,3-4£ poll, longi. Bractecs ',] lin. Iomra\ Scpalonnn tubus 2 lin. longus cunt!,, I lin. longa-, vix divarieuta-. Vctnlu \\ lin. longa. LabeUnm \\ -lin. longum. This belongs to the section SacrohibiuUr. and is the smallest- flowered species of the group. It is readih distinguished from every other by this character, the less open tube of the sepals, and the nearly parallel or scarcely divarieate tails. It is perhaps nearest M. trr,p!o(h f tt's,V.. Morr. The sepals are pale yellowish green, den^-iy ~p..'iied with dark purple-brown, and somewhat suffused with a lighter yellowish white with a pair of larj: the lip has many light t purplish lilies near the base. The sac of the lip is unusually small. It flowered atCla-nevin in August 1891, and on subsequent occasions, when it was sent for determination by Mr. F. \V. Moore, the Keeper of the Royal Botanic Gardens. 66. Poljstachya Bnchanani, Rolf i lanceolato- nmlt iiloris. raehihus puberulis, braeteis triangulari-subulatis reeurvis, sepalo postieo ovato obtmo v. at ', igukri-ovatifl obtusis v. apiculatis, pi -is obtusis v. apieulatis, labello trilobo lobis lateralibus o\ ato-oblongis obtusis intermedio orbieulari-ovato apiee rellexo, eallo lineari-oblongo caruoso, disco farinaceo-pubescente, columna brevissima. ■r, E. tropical Africa. a, : ;-l ' poll. lata. Sea pus 1. longi. BractecB 1-1$ lin. (J.'irdm. (il;i- nc-eeediug years, it was sent from the 1'i.por Zambezi district by Mr. John Buchanan to Mr. James O'Brien, IHu Tow-cn-thc-lliU, who has now sent it to Kew {'or determination Aniens African ?pocics it may he oompaivd with P 1 >>/ nnUt, 1M h f ivhich has < riamoi i i pals, lomrei hi i< ts. nearly allied. 57. Cyrtopera papillosa, Rolfe ; fol latere lin. lata. Scapi -1i ! >ed. alii Racem t-^Uu i!" '.'''"''. Bractee5-8 lin. longi. Svpola . , longa. Lain 1 1, nn A vc'i ;. \~M : ICt Cyrtopcn *, comparable onh ■ with a foii osa, Lindl. {Huh. [. p. 203), i I.C D Kalltari:.. which |,a: keel. 1 c£ed hy Sa IhZlnt I s 1864, 1'izi imported by Mi '. James O'Br -ih.-II Itfioi vered in die ' of Sir i tvvot of Burfc >rd, Dorking, in Aug and, more rece: porter. The flowers are ye How, with the ex( •cpli.m ot i In- side h.b-s tI " "" 1 ' " J " I' pil !. fm, it o! the keels. The foot of the column is well developed, but the spur excessively short. ■': -. herba nana, foljisovatisv.ov.ito- chninieis. hraeieis ova'o-. -tie obovato- .-'''■ ■■ ).■■:■ ■: : : ,.:■, , .; :, ■ ; . ■: Hab. Mexico; R«c*. 4 /''" // " U1 i poll, lon.tr.-i, 7-8 lit., lata. 7if«m«/ foliis biwiores. liractrte A curious litt • ~| ..,.; ., S ( nt to K-w in 1891, by Mr. Ifu^o Finek, of year. It iff allied to T. candidmn, Lindl., from Guatemala, whicl apparently the only other species in which the spur is reduced t very short sac. T. candidum, however, has much longer leaves, i various ditt'ercnecs of floral structure. In the present species ll' el'i-po I:' trilol.o loins Intern Imi isi lutioL- i.li II ab. Peru. Pseiidohulbi 3^-1 poll, longi. flrnctece 6-7 lin. longa\ Sepal it i r»n Microchila, allied to 0. , Rchb. f., both of which have htly clasped together at their Sobralia pumila, II 'W ; eli'at'is. 'pedicL'llis gracilil.ii CCCXLIII.—JARRAH TIMBER. Eucalyptus marginata, Sm. The following correspondence is supplementary to the particulars published in the AW- Bulletin for September 1890 (pp. 188-190), on the use of Jarrah timber for the purpose of paving the can-iageways Roya Vestry Hall, Pancras Road, N.W., Dkar Sir, 25th May 1893. With further reference to the subject of borings in Jarrah and Karri timber, I am sending you to-day two blocks of Karri and one of Jarrah, and also a piece oi fn i , i, uh ch 1 . mi .« r-.,s ., i.-w d.-iv- mo when in the country, which shows oval holes similar to those i ' and perforating the wood promiscuously with regard to grain ; in this timber I found grubs actually at work. Having in mind th- fact that the particles of wood, in many rases iillinjr the holes in the Australian wood without ; , W(>UK l ] 1;m > taken plan- J llul ( ,,,,-ossed to oval i-.nn U the |.r of the growth of the tree as you su L ^. -t. F Mm nulueed tofona ihernneluHon that the borings have bet n'made m„, t the action of i lines approximately c of holes in thai position; but in !i " l'Io<-ks sent yon will find ho], whidi van somewhat from that course, and in the piece of fir you will notice how the whole <»f the surface immediately under the hark has been removed l.v tlie action of the -nibs which also peuet.>at< ihe tli ,!„ ; again adopt a course which the. found the) - -.-.. In the Jarrah blocks I send, you will notice the holes are enthvh ,!!tl '" ! "' !ir - '"■''>? '■""'" "' ill-- nature of worm-eaten wood commonh found in our local timbers, particularly beech and oak, and which horinir is undoubtedly done after the timber has been cut and often made up into furniture. I had a copy sent me of a weekly paper, " Timber," dated May 20th. 1803, in which V. . Merhucn, KWineer- in-Chief to the Natal 11 . , Xf , ( . r J!neHts 1 i.i'l' «itl Mad ua-( n ti nli .,hci p I ith s.i pi. - . 1 Vu-li ! ! ,un, (lurhe aux turquoise-), and in some bool ^J'f'^ I" I' " ■; ' ( ' I, I lv Mr. .1. (J. Hake, whe: — " As an edging (and a capita! one too; for shady walks, and also " sort of turfy covering to the bare ground under the dense shade of t •■ J'lm f/i/ia jannmiii v..-- siiceo-fully employed. A pretty The " Index Kewensis." HaydonJacks, .ry 1SS2. may in interleaved species. I wnesoj plants ihat are new books acquired for the library. Some years ago Sir William Hooker's interleaved " Steudel " was so full of manuscript that it was necessary to take some fresh step. Accordingly two copies of Steudel were procured and mounted on large folio paper, one column on each page, leaving two blank columns foi : -. The whole forms four huge folio volumes, and was prepared and continued chiefly ar the expense of the late Mr. G. Bentham. In this way Mr. Daydon Jackson had something approaching a complete list of names of plants to .-tart with, and lie has during the last li year; laboured continuously at the superstructure, the first part ot which was \ u the hands of botanists early in September. For the history of tin publication of the " Index Kewensis " we cannot do better that quote Sir Joseph Hooker- re to the work : — " Shortly before his death. Mr, Darwin informed me of his intention to devote a considerable sun: in aid or furtherance of some work of utility to biological science; and to provide for its completion, should this not be accomplished during his lifetime. He further informed me Sir Joseph Hooker lum-elt' has im - : :m genus of Tiliacese, with digitate leave-. .. which will be figured and described by Professor Oliver in 'Hook* r's fcm/rs Plant- arum; a new species of tin i . < is Kui.l , . n.^vims S>;wi 'cininn; a new species of tlie IJor:i»iiia(vnu> Cape -vims l.nbfi..)t>iin>.i. only Liatln rerl once lu lore in TropiVnl Africa; a new Marmi ; a new Lapc//- type in the British Mu.-ciim to belong to the' curinu.s Liliaceous genus b/sjiorapsis, described by the late Dr. IJance, in the "Journal of JJotany," 1SS3. p. 278. This genus resemhles in lirJ.it Dhpnntm and J'n/i/f/nnafum.hnX < ers from both of these in pos-essim- a corona, Shantung Cabbage (/?> "HoldenClough ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN MISCELLANEOUS ^FORMATION. No. 84.] DECEMBER. [1893. CCCXLV.— ROOT DISEASE OF SUGAR-CANE. the Marquis of Ripon 2. I shall be glad . if you r Lordship wil sent by Mr. Bovell. The Most lion. &c. & &C, ' [Enclosure.] Superintendent . Botan ical Station, tc Hon. Col. Secreta. I have the h ononr to respectfully > Kew attacked in St. John to say that his Excel Colonies requesting h to have them reportec 2. In the early pari l 7, S!) 1 I forwarded root disease, and Mr. .\I:,>M- •nee o! fruit on the s] ATnwT hnrwili* M.1I. bat Ibr fuiifius belon. Royal Gardens, Kew, to Co ■<>;,.•■. '.-it ion of the canes •n,, .,!,,•„, ncy w ,,-.kl 7 >r m> -lis ■:i.- i( l 348 and, being produced quickly and readily disseminated, easily infect _ plants. A second kind ol conidia are formed on the oldest portions of -.> that this had passed from the stock into the root. On the other hand, everything points to the conclusion that the portions of cane used for propagation already contain the mycelium of the fungus, :ihll " ;i - K > K pi-'-nce m;.\ nor he indh-.ited e\t»rnalh. and that th" mycelium present in the buried portion of the cane, favoured by dark- ness and moisture, develops at an abnormal rate, thus assuming the <'»-"-a<'ter of a dis,. :l so. ^hieh in It, intensity is t«i ugn to the fungus when developing under normal conditions. Two additional species 1 " i '' ) '- - ( -nves of the ( ies the nm , a sp< cies of , ho U > out /. tin < tin i IM in Java, called lio, ■ESTIVE MBASV Mild be burnt SIR, Downing Street, Deeemhe [ am directed by the Secretary of State for tin transmit to you a copy oY a Despatch from the Ollieer . the Government „f Barbados, eonveyin.o' the thanks of his Iam,&c. The Officer Adm.xistf.uint; the Government of ] Government Hon. My Lord Marquess, Xovembe I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of yo Despatch, Xo. IIS. of the 7th instant, forward in- a cop ami report from Mr. \\\ T. Thi>elton-Dver on the sul he following extract from a local paper is published. The 7 of sin eye-witness on the spot conclusively proves that the Extract tV r 12, 1893, leeessity of being caivl'nl in tli ■ select ion of sf colonists infrodi Io* M ;irri"o^ i'n ll'i'e colony absolutely that sue!, men will over male ^in- essful colonist?. Their wandering habits never allow them to remain long _ in a place, ; ind work of any ,'do^velh c!m"mM ■•er 'illak^any 1'oal progress or be a^ircessfLi'l'cohmM. 1 attend to bis house, whi< part of his time, and, on the other hand, he cannot en liivatc with am < the produce of wl deli woidd barely live, far less enable him tc If successful colonists are to be established on th e lands, they will have to he selected from a very d iff erent class than 1 heretofore, and as ami and suitability of soil, hut undoubtedly there will tally good when opened up. .European fruits could in any places be planted and luvavii with success, and 1 hope the day is not far off when I may lie able to introduce Coffee, cocoa, coca and t ice will. I believe, form the principal pro- Tea would, 1 b. Hew, >-i ,u '. im riantly on the slope, worthy of a trial, although on account of the scarcity •lected they can. with a little trouble and care, be so kept do- ie damage done is trifling. Timber.- With an outlet towards the Atlantic, the timber coffee seeds <..,- . oil mi.UUM plant,, ami wit I extra ^e>h to be sown -hortly will ( nable i e to supply all demand eatest benefit, and could be set apart and »;rown to supply seeds lows up the valley of the Perene, and make: During the rainy season .1 little trouble w pinion that this will disappear as it is openc Besides the Indians' houses, I have erec rill suffice for the housing of the present pop The plaza, or square, is now marked uildiuii,, and in due time the -found will he Rnads and Bridges.— In s away produce. They dislike hard work of any kind, and ha\ ing their ro. no reliance can !>< *pl < d o;i [In ir -ervices ; also I may add that the navigation of the river to Dentville is so journey down. >roduce sells readi P.S.— I omitted to say, under tl.o crop of rice and two^ crop.- of i.miz. CCCXLVIL— HORTICULTURE IN CORNWALL. K.-W >...,!, af'lr rin/ilvrhnh,, rh»mlmii1„1i*. lli,- four feet in diameter. EsfciUomas ar< aotabl E.macruntha i- an admirable he-hic pi; of the beautiful Lamb,.,,. Tim,,,. math. places in Mr. Uadilei^ uanl,n, .,, Indeed, these and thousands of bushe bearing big bunches of rich blue tic Menabilly. An avenue planted with Yi l.>antb«M..-.*uill I,.- v.tv ehV< tiv t in 1.". 01 ■ ■.. ■• v. -■■ - Mr. \i,A,\. ., the Uovaj (, ;lll K,,s. 'This'. iu compliment to Sir Joseph CCCXLVIJL— BOTANIC STATION, DOMINICA. described in the • Keic tin I hi!,,. Ii mav ha ' ,:; fS:5: £5 V-, ve the ','e " iir, !f'''tir- M, m - fiM -ela- We' haw had keep the station number of plant* ;';; « M-. Tk^!, iary to m nd it is most diliieult to iddle o!' September just vvh„le of 1S;)2. If the 10 year I shall he able to sal,:; continue :■■ ...1 -l.T ino- th, rcnuu n.l.'-mf fl CCCXLIX— ST. VINCENT ARROWROOT. CCCL.— COFFEE-LEAF DISEASE IN CENTRAL AFRICA (PREVENTIVE MEASURES). Foreign Office, September 1 6, 1803. 1 am directed by tlio Earl of Eoseberv to transmit In •ivwith 'an tot of a Despatch from Her Majesty's Commissioner in Central :h the Director of Ken- Gardens may have to offer upon th.-s.' EXTRACT. 9 honour to submit to your Lordship 'dllowiiiir rcgiilati.'n- : Royal Gardens, Kf.w, to Foreign Office. Royal Gardens, Kew, September 16, 1892 , Despa Colonial Otli.-.-,:»etinir under the a.lvic- of this rstaUi-h- m«nt. to WW Indies. which affect the ears to me that it is desirable question a. regards Jai„;rea ■:-'■ • - ■ : ' ■ . . ■ ■■ !•)' a kind of accident tliat nUmt . ■ ■ i to develop itself on a scale which speedily made it a scourge. " ■'>. I can hardly doubt that it was from Ceylon that it was almost ( l s > . and M.v.sriiiu- l.sM i. I; , iint ; t U -. H :. vvlio was 7 , -" i l * ;'< ; : ' *. •»! - "t«> -t.mj. n . nf- ii i 1 , . !,,„„(. i Wraor: 'Probability is pretty b. Un July 1, 1884, Office that the disease had made nfection had l.een br.-u-lii ai.Vmr iu been ascertained "7. It is, however, clear that. has been progressively infected, c or later, the spores will probably be earr the meantime it appears to me to be 1 ed coffee-growing country to intercept i of time. Should Midi a ciihimi7\ occur its eun-oqucnc, rated if coffee cultivation avciv m.l carried on over Im- probable that Madagascar is infected. Sir Philip Currie, G.C.B., (Signed I ' W. T. Foreign Office, Downing Street, S.W. CCCLL— WEST AFRICAN BOTANIC STATIONS. Colonial Office to Eoyal Gardens, Kew. Sir, Downing Street, September 25, 1893. After the recent meeting of the four West African Governors at the Colonial Office, which you and Mr. Morris were kind enough to attend, and at which the steps to be taken for extending the Botanic Station System and developing technical education in those Colonies ■ ■ ■ ■,,■ ,., : ,,..- arrived at on that occasion. I am now directed by the Marquis of Ripon to enclose for record in your Department, a copy of this memorandum, and 1 am to state that his Lordship approves oi" the suggestions contained therein. I am, &c. (Signed) John Bramston. The Development of the Botanic St„tit„, System and of Technical Education in the four West African f atonies. At a conference of the four West African Governors, the Director, :>nd Arrant Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew. which was held at th- Colonial Office on the 12th of September 1893, it was decided that it te that : — (1.) The Curator of a Botanic Station should be made a permanent official. (2.) HfcsaJ rear, risiDgbyan 16/. 13.?. id. to 250/. a year. (3.) He should receive travelling allowance accordi <);m. \d- 1 to the benefit of the Colonia pa—a-.--, pensions, &c. of A »TSu Training in Agric, Itare, it was agreed th at the following be adopted as far as (a.) Training Lads at Botani —This mi ghtbe regarded in the direction of 1 caching boy acted to the wor nder a definite made with the Gov re career. The seive a small sum at their ma toullfbe^hc reased year by yea ,r as they i The training >roughly practical a nd ,nifed'to mstanecs of the olony. Of these lads the best further training idies or at Kew. V ned lads might Is in training shoul ^dbytlu/ capacity of the valuable agencie , pledge, they wo let jis depots for plants sent 1 loiu tin- Chief Iiotanie Station; and tl night devote attention t<> the special kinds of products suited to 1 As regards Instri'ctio,! in fluniiicrafts it was agreed that no gene scheme could he devised, hut that each (lovenior would submit a sche conduce to the development of the We.t African Colonies. Sir Alfiv. Thomas B. Dawodu and Ferdinand <<. Leiuh. were sent in Octohci 1890 to the Botanical Department, Jamaica. for training, and in Apri r ;.... ■' , . . ■ .. '. . ^ ■ • t'olom. with a sound and professional kmmded-e of the u ,„,ral pi iu.-ijde- of culthation and of all that relates to plant propagation. lioad, which wa^ cleared in I 4 plants of China momtnu uyhnuru 6 plants of Cargo l>hylh,s (iromativu 6 p^tetf^ Z!a*r ,W,,-t 6 plants of Myris 4 Chrymphylhun ,,-thei SweotSnp; nd a large number of other plants. « All plants previ ously ph nted out : uring the last six lave borne fruit. months. They h; nl uuexpanded " Coffee.— Both the Liberiau and the Arabian varieties are bearing their lir-t ci'op of berries. The trees aiv in a mol healthy ami robust state, and give promise of a good crop. " Cacao is also :loing very well. J have already gathered mure than 100 pods, which have been utilised for seed, most of which have . The trees are again bearing heavy crops." CCCLIL— MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. ibt James Davik-, a :... Mr. William Luht, a membei ■: of the Royal Gardens, has been appointed, uitl the appi ,vul d iht First Comniis- sioner of Her Maje-tv'* Work- an.. : ai eel'.eetor for Kcw to Mr. Theodore Bent 1 - r. ut Valley in South Arabia. The Jlorsi i< only conjeeinralK known, and no botanical eoUeetiour appear even to huve been ina2 Mrs. Saunders forwanled tresh seeds of it to Kew, and from the-e a large liaich \vu in tnt' cultivation ot ■ issumed con- ■ tdeiable proportions in the districts of Salto, I*ay>andu, and in the , ieinity of Monte Video. The country generally is well adapted for he growth of the grape, but the wine manufactured aa yet is not of a h ! g ! ! ^cn(V'l!Tki er s a d d - pri f c [pally of the red description. i-vciv'.M'uit is Vm.i- mad,' i to improve the quality and ex justly-divadJd SCOUI'ge Of flu- vine. The spread of this pest a a serious calamity for this eo industry is assuming importar lopment Hitherto the phylloxera ha- I been unknown in Uruguay, ar doubtless been introduced by | where the plague existed. ' '1 liese are now strictly prohibit' ■ imported irorn Lurone in -ith.-r shape,, with the hope ng, if possible, tin tu ihei nn,; i plication of the blight British Fungus- Flora.— Volumes II. and III. of this work (« ifra, p. 26) have been published bv Mr. (i. Mas«v. Principal Assist'ai Cryptogams) in the Herbarium l.f the Roval Hardens, and inelu.l i«- remainder ot the Ba<;[' Huifen/oii: Botanic Gardens, 173. Has! Indies. Coffee enterprise in. 123. Economic plants of Sierra Leone, 167. ■'ctle, 44. Entada scandens, 114. Erythroxyla Coca, 359. FaiMij.yruir. Ferns of South Africa, 6 Lion, „|' Mount Kim Bal.i, St. Vincent and a islets, 231. Food grains of India, 1. 111. Grape rust, 68. < iivenlicart, 117. (Jivenland dried plants, 225. Grenada Arrowroot, IVM). — , Cacao-growing in. I'M',. , photographs of, '12.',. re,80. .Mi,lM\;m dried plants, 145,369. Manila iiloo fibre, 78. Margaret Meen's " Exotic Plants from the Royal Gardens, K~ew\" Massee, Mr. G., 144. Mauritius hemp, 321. Medicines, Gambia native, 371. Megasoma elephas, 44. Melhania erythroxylon, 60. Mexican dried plants, 224. Miscellaneous note-. 20, 65, 111, 144, 186, 224, 340, 366. Mount Kini Balu, flora of, 187. Mulberries, production of spirits from, 224. Palms, Lagos, 183. Pal«. Santo, 368. Para rubber in (Vvlon, 159. i Parasol ant, 50, 124. ; Pellicularia Koleroga, 67. Pepino, 21. Pepper cultivation, 370. Persian dried plants, 145. Permian colonisation, 350. Photographs of tropical scenery, i 225. Phylloxera in Uruguay, 372. Pimento in British Ilonduras,329. Pine apple fibre. 368. , Bahamas, 320. rurks Island, 227. t industries of Lagos, — from the Shin Highlands, 112. Plasmodinphoi-M. 22^. Poling in Agave plants, 315. Prieto fibre"' extracting machine, 329. Principal Assistant (Cryptogams), Prune cultivation in California. 175. Pulping Liberian coffee, 204. Oak of Mamre, 226. Ocimum basilicum, 31 (Ecodoma cephalotes, Palm weevil, American, 27. , Asiatic, 29. in British Honduras, 27. des, 340. Rhynchophorus cruentatus, 29. us, 29. Rood snot, 848. Hoot disease of sugar-cane, 345. Rosa spp., 22. _; ami pressing in Saxony, 229. Roses, attar of, 22. Rosewoods, Canary, 133. Royal Scottish Arborieultural Society, 340. Rubber in Sierra Leone, 167. — , Lagos, 183. — , Para, in Ceylon, 159. Tagasaste, 115. Technical education in West Africa, 364. Tex! nook -•!' tropica 69. Theo-metl, 80. Tibet, dried plants, 369. Timber trees, Lagos, 183. Ton.|iiin Y-dzi, 76. Tri.-h.ophajria, 149. Tropical Africa, dried plants 1 Mi. new Liliacese from, 148. — agriculture, text book of, 69. Turks Island,. Sisal in, 227. j-growrng and Sclerocarya sp., Scott, Mr. W,, ; Scott, >eleeted papers from the Kew Bulletin, 227. Senecio sagittifolius, 111. Shantunu' cabbage, 344. Shin' Highlands plants, 112,341. Siam, pepper in, 230. 16?. ' ° ne ' eCOn ° miC P aDtS ° ' Kbet frontier, botanical exploration of, 297. Sisal hemp in Turks Island, 227. in United States, 206. , life of plants, 319. Smyrna dried plants, 369. Solatium gnatemalense, 21. Credo Vial Cn^uaV,\ Vine disease. 227. 228, 372. Visitors to Royal Gardens, 67 Viticulture in Uruguay, 371. Stapelias, 186. Strawberries in India, 371. Strophantus Kombe, 183. Sugar-cane disease, 149, 31 Synopsis of the Musea\ 18' ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. APPENDIX I.-1893. 1892. Th of K.'\v. HERBACEOUS PLANTS. Adenophora liliifolia, Bess., Hungary, etc. (A . suaveolens, Fiseh.) Adlumia cirrhosa, Raf., Unit. Adonis aestivalis, L., Eur. JEthionema Buxbaumii, DC. Thrace, grsecnm, B.S., Greece, saxatile, R.Br., S. Eur. AiiT«>|>vnun dasyanthu Siber. junceum, Beau v., E (T. junceuiu, L.) pungens, R., S. Eur. L.,1., , Godr. Agrostis alba. L., Eur. — var. stolonifera, (L.) interrupta, L., S. Eur. rubra, L., Norwav, Sweden. vulgaris, With., Eur. Ainsworthia cordata, Boias., Asi ium angulosum, L., Siberia, atropurpureum, W. et K., Hungary. carina twin, L., Eur. flavura, L., Eur. gigantoum, RegeL, Siber. globosum, Redoute., S. E. urceolatum, Rgl., Turkest. vernale, Tin., Eur. Victorialis, L., Eur., Siber., etc. Alopecurus agrestis, L., Eur. geniculate, L., Eur. nigricans, Hornem., Eur. pratensis, L., Eur. — var. fol. variegatis. Alstrcemeria hremantha, R. et P., Althaea fieifolia, Cav., Dalm., etc. rosea, Cav., Eur. sulphurea, Boiss. et H., Alyssum argeuteum, Vital., Eur. ealycinum, L., Eur. Amamntu.- ctaidatus, L., Spain, chlorostachys, Willd., India, hypochondriacus, L., Amer., "etc. — var. caudatus, (L.) — var. speciosus, (Don.) retroflexus, L., Amer., etc. Amblyolepis (see Helenium). Ainsinck'ui intermedia, F. and M., N. Amer. Anacyelus radiatus, Loisl., Eur. Anagallis arvensis, L., Eur., etc. — var. coerulea, (Schreb.) Androsaee nana, Horn, Eur. A.nemone baldensis, L., Eur. coronaria, L., S. Eur., etc. decapetala, L., N. Amer. pratensis, Mill., Eur. — var. montana, Hoppe. Angelica dahurica, Beuth. <'t Hook., Japan. Anoda Wrightii, Gray, Mexico. Antenuaria dioica, Gasrtn., Eur., Etna. U. .!ii-ir'i'i, B. etR., Spain. K ifaihflii. Spr.. Hungrm, Hookeri, Colenso, N Ml. go, L., S. Eur., N. Afr. Arenaria hirta, Worm-k.. Eur. fasciculate, Gouan, Eur. (AI sine .Jacquinii. Koch. ) graniinifolia, Schrad., S.Eur — var. multiflora. t{vpM);ihil(iiiles, Schreb., Orient, laricifolia, L., Eur. Argemone hispida, Hook., Calif, mexicana, L., Mexico. Ai'intiia inaritima, Willu., Eur. tirrhiuuiii Asarina, L.. Italv. Orontium, L., Eur. rupestre, Boiss. et Reut., Eur. Artemisia annua. L., S. E. Eur. rupestris, L., Eur. Siber. Arum italicum, Mill., Eur. Asparagus officinalis, 1... Eur. hortensis, L., N. Asia. — var. rubra, Hort. sibirica, L., Siberia ( Obio Boykinia major, Gray, N. Brachycomo iberidit'olia, Brachy podium distacln uin S., Medit. campestris, L., Eur.. .Vtropa I;, Uadonna, L., Eur. Aubr'h'tia deltoide.-i, DC, S. Harbarra intermedia, Bor., Eur. praecox, Br., Eur. vulgaris, R. Br., Eur. - var. variegata. Beckmannia eruca?formis, Ho Eur., etc. Beta trigyna, W. et K., E. Eur. vulgaris, L., Eur., Air., etc. Bidens hnmitis, H. B. K., Chili. mollis, L.. Em •, Mr patulus. Mert. . Km propeiid« ; ns, J< srerilis. L., Eu Taona. St.-ud., Chil ens, L., Eur. I'iana, Hook, N. Am ispus, L . Enr. alliopsis (see Coreopsis) Calocltortus splorulens, Dougl, Caltha palustris, L, Eur., etc. Cauiclina saliva, Crantz, Iuir., i Campanula illiaruafolia, Wil latitblin, L, Eur., etc. - v:u-. macrantha, (Fiscb.) — var. versicolor,(Sib. ct Sm.) latiloba. DC, Olympus. CeLia oriental!*, L, Orient, et< Centaurea Cya.ms. L., Kur. persiritblia, L, Eur., etc. primuWfolia, [{rot, Portugal. moX^ttZ^tu, rapuTieul<>isnm,Stev., Cauc Collinsia bartsia-folia, Benth., Calif bicolor, Benth., Calif. grandiflora, Dough, N. Amer. parviflora, Dough, N. Amer. Collomia eoccinca, Lehm., Chili, gilinides Benth., Calif. grandiflora, Dough, Calif macrophyllum, \Y. et K., Bur. (Pyrethrum macrophyllum, Conringia pe Convolvulus tricolor. L., Medit. Crueianella a-^yptiaea. L.. Egvpt. — var. alba. j Cryptostemma ealendulaeeum. undulatus, Cav., Medit. R.Br., Cape. Coreopsis atkinsoniana, Dougl., Cuminum Cyminum, L. Egypt. coronate, Hook., E. Texas. Cuphea lanceolata, Ait.. Mexico. Douglasii. I!, ot 11.. Calif. (Leptosync Douglasii, DC.) Drummonui. T. >V G.. Texas. grandirlora, Xutt., X. Amer. ffort.) ' ' J " nai,tln1 ' m (LeptosViieTiiVntima!Grav.) Cynoglossum officinale, L. 5 Eur. — var. villosa. .Miehx. i Cynosurus cristatus, L, Eur. elegana, Deaf, S. Eur. — var. bicolor. & Cysticapnos africanus, Grertn.. Coriandrum sativum, L., Eur., etc. Capo. Corispermum hyssopifolium, L., Dactylis glomerate, L., Eur., etc. S. Eur. Cortusa Matthioli, L., Eur. Dahlia coccinea, Cav.. Mexico. Corydalis u'huca. Pur.-h., United vaXbiHs." i)esf. Mexieo!'" States. Datura fa^tuosa T S Vmer borridgeaonm, Hort. Levis'. L. fil.,' Africa. Cotula coronopifolia, L., Eur. Crepifl biennis L . Eur. TatulaVl", Eur* etc' Imaticus. Vis.. Dal var. albiflorus, Gay. Desehaotpsia caxtpitoaa, Beauv., Dracocephalum Moldavioa, L., Eur. (Aira ea?spitosa, L.) Siber., etc. — var. vivipara. nutans, L., Siberia. fiexuosa, Trin., Eur. (Aira parriflorum, Nutt., X. Amer. Bexnoaa, L.i peregrinuni, L, Siberia. I)iiintliu< arcnai-ius, 1.., Eur. j i) ryas octopetala, L., Eur., Amer. Echinops globifer. Janka. Tran^ bvllus, I... Eur. >abnl..t.»nun, IleufH. sph*roc( ; El.boltzia cri ■phal.o. L., Eur. iild., S. Eur. '•us. Sim-.. Caucas. sioiSi "'iV. s:i» [US, (iray. StSIh, Amer. ...sir-. -I ., S. Eur. acq., Eur. — var. alba, Hort. Diiuorpli.'theca aimua. Less.. Capo. (Calendula pluvialis, L.) Dins.oiva pvrmiaica. Bui), et Borcl., ] Diplot« Eremurus Kaufmanni, Kgl., Turk- Ervum Lens, L., Enr., Wahlenbergii, Simonk, Transs. Esckscholtzia californica, Cham., Calif. — caespitosa, P.ivwer. (E. tenuifolia, Btb.) Eucbaridium concinnum, F. et Calif. Eupatorium ageratoides, L., Amer. (E. Fraseri, Hoi Euphorb \sia Mil , DC, Ku liana delphi s, Gren. — Y.Mr Mogg , (Boiss. e M-ira ris, L.. Bill nitlii'i! ca. Wi v.*tr. Orient. aria <1( jsinon. liud.. ,;; (ifmedia — !-» ! t C i Galatella (*ee Aster). Galax aphylla, L., X. Galega officinalis, L., ( J;ii.c}>-i- |»\ iv.iaica. llartl., Pyivu. Galinsoga br:u-h : . -i.-^'nai a. R,g.-i . Preslii, (Ju'ss.i Eur. nrri^orTVav \mer Pedia Cornucopias, G., Eur. Galium boreale, L., Enr. Ferula communis, L., Eur. recurvum, Rf>\., < J recce saccharatum, All., Eur. Festuca ampin. Hark., Eur. tricorrie, With.. Kur. delicaiula, Lag., Eur. uliginosum, L., Eur. duriuseuln, L., Eur., Amer. verum, L.. Eur. — var. pratensis', (Huds. Gaura parviflora. Dough, N. Gentiana acaulis, L., Kur. gi«rantea, Vill., Eur. asciepiadea, L., S. Eur. Halleri, All., S. Eur. Mvunfs,'" L.' Eur. \v Mvurus, Gmel.) ovina, L., Eur. dpi. Pneunumanthe, L., Em septemfida. Pail., Cauca unciciana, Hack. igida, Kiinth, Eur. (Scle- rochloa rigida, Panzer.) ciuroidcs. Roth, Eur. (Vulpia bromoides, Link, F. Kern., Pyren. Geranium — cont. dissectmn, L., Eur. gymnocaulon, DC, Caucas. — var. miniatum, Hort. macrophs limn. Willi!., Siber. molle, Vis., Servia. montanum, L., Alps, Eur. pyrenaioum, Ram., Pyrenees. riyale, L., Eur. urbanum, L., Eur.j 'etc. ' Gilia achilleaefolia, Btb., Calif, androsaeea, Steud., Calif. ( Leptosiphon androsaceus, eapitara. Dougl., Calif. ineouspieua, Doutrl.. ( 'alif. laciniata, R. ci L\. ( l.ili, Peru. ■ Schrad. Cape. Hedypnois (see Rhagadiolus). Hedysarum boreale, Nutt.,N.Am microcalyx, Baker, Himal. neglectum, Ledeb., Attai. obscurum, L., Eur. Helenium setigerum, B. et E California. Mill., Eur. , Gaertn., Eur. innuus, L., N. Amen Wiild., Gunnerascabra,R.e Gypsophila paniculal i Heliophila amplexicaulis, L. fil., Cape. araboides, Suns, Cape. (H. pilosa, Lam.) crithmifolia, Willd., Cape. Helipterum Manglesii, Btb., (Rhodanthe Manglesii, Ldl.) Milleri, Hort., Australia, roseum, Bentb., Australia. (Acroclininm roseum, Hk.) Helleboru< colcliicus, Kegel., Hort. x. foetidus, L., Eur. orientalis, Lam., Greece. i echioides, G., Eur. I Helonias bullata, L., N. Amer. — var. latifolia. Hetnerocallis flava, L.. S. Kur. fulva, L.. S. Kur.. etc. — var. Kwanso. Kegel. Hibiscus Trionum, L., Cosmopol (H. africanum, Hort.) Hieracium aurantiacum, L., Eur. longifolium, Sflik-ieh., Eur. pallidum, Biv., Eur. pratense, Tausch., Eur. saxatiie. ,Tac< } ., S.Eur. stoloniflorum.W.ct lv., S.Eur. villosum, L., Eur. virgatum, Pursh., N. Amer. Holcus lanatus, Li, Eur. Hordeum murinum, L., Eur. pratense, Huds., Eur. secalinum, Schreb., Eur. Horminum pyrenaicum, L., Pyren. Hoteia (see Astilbe). Ilyaeintlms amethystmus, L., Spain. romanus, L., S. Eur., etc. (Belle valia romana,Reichb.) Hydrophyllurn virginicum, L., N. compressus, Jacq., Eur effusus. L.. Eur. lamprocarpus. Khrh., ¥. platycaulis, H.B.K., S. . Knautia (see Scabiosa). . Sdu L B., Syrii . albus, Hort. xlis, Bbrst., Cauc. procumbens, L., S. Eui i porfoliatum. L.. Eur. •i. Vill., Eur. i la. Lnl.'l!!.' .' L.. Eur. Hypochasris Afr. Iberis aman parvifiora, DC, Si Roylei, Walp., Himal. tricornis, Wall., Himal. Inula ensifolia, L., Eur. grandiflora,Willd.,Caucas.,el Helenium, L, Eur. aureus. Berth. «t Hook (Orobus aureus, Ste (0. Jordani, Tenore nliformis, Lam., S. Ei birsutus,L.. Eur. , Taur ) — var. ensifolius. Bad luteus. B. et Hk. f.. E (Orobus luteus, L.) macrorrhizus, Wimm., niger, Wimm., Eur. (0. niger, L.) Ochrus, L., Eur. pannonicus, Grcke.,var Eur. s, L.. N. Afr. s, L, Eur. Mukl, N. Amer. estris, L., Medit. spartea, Hoffm., S. I triphylla, Wilid.. S. tristis, Mill., S. Km: vulgaris, Mill., Eur. Liinkilopliia speetabilis lba. Linum alpimiin. L.. E ; i ; irlossa, Crav, Calif, ekgans, T. et (I..' Calif. glandulosa, IJk. et Am., Calif, etc. Leontodon (Hemilepis) Ehren- bergii. Leontodon (K.-dbiussiu Mullen, (Sz.),Eur. Leonurus tataricus, L., Asia. . Draba, L, Eur. Menziesii, DC, X. Amer. L.. Ku Lolium perenne, L.,Eur. (Athana igt^t^^icnKum, scoticum, L., Eur. (Halo; Seguieri, Koch, S. Eur. Lininanthes Douglasii, R. , W. et K, E« >inus angustifolius, L, S. Eur. — var. macrocarpus, Hort. Coseutiui. Cuss, Greece, etc. Cruikshanksii, Hook.. Peru, elegans, H. B. k\. Mexico. pulcludtus Sweet, Mexico, pubt'^ccn-.. Benth, N. Amer. recurvaius Mover., Chili. tricolor, Hort. varius, L., Eur. I I campestris, DC, Eur. nivea, Desv., Eur. Lychnis alba, Mill., Eur. chalcedonica, L., E. Eur., etc. Flos-jovis, Desv., S. Eur. Githago, Lam., Eur. (Agros- temma Githago, L.) hybrida splendens, Hort. x. leasee, Xym., Eur. I.\ Mii.iichiii acrnjulenia. Max.. Ja- orbicularis, Wilid., £ sativa, L., Eur. tuberculata, W., Eu; ! =-jf . Malofw trilida. Cav., X. — var. alba. Malva crisp*, L. Malvastrum limense (L.), Chili. itus alba, Desr., Eur. fficinalis, Desr., Eur. arviflora, Lam., Eur. (M. indica, All.) Willd.) inodora, L., Eur. — var. discoidea (DC). Matthiola bicornis, DC, Eur. rga,-i. 11, eichii, Boiss., Gr Algeq sznvitsianum, Kegel. Sil Myosotis arvensis, Hoffm., Eur. (Enothera — cont. c;t-spitosa, K. F. Sch., Eur. odorata, Jaeq., Patagonia. collina, Hoffin., Eur. pumila, L., N. Amer. sylvatica, HoiTra., Eur. Myosurus minimus, L., Eur., etc. tenella, Cav., Chili, Amer. (G. tenella, Wats.) lorata, Scop., Eur. triloba, Nutt., N. Amer. Xardurus tenellus, Echb., Spain. Omphalodes linifolia, Moench, Nardtis stricta, L., Eur. Eur. • Ononis arvensis, Mur., Ear. pubescens, Benth., Cape. Natrix, L., S. Eur. rotundifolia, L., Eur. Nemophila aurita, Lindl., Calif. spinosa, L., Eur., etc. insignis. Douirl., Calif. _ var. alba, Hort. repens, L., Eur. (procurrens, Wallr.) — var. grandiflora, Hort. Onopordon Acanthium, L., Eur. Menziesii, Hook, et Am., tauricum, Willd., Eur. Calif. Orchis foliosa, Sol., Madeira. parviflora, DougL, N. Amer. incarnata, L., Eur. Xcogaya mucronata, Kegel., Siber. latifolia, L., Eur. raaculata, L., Eur. 1 nuda, L., Eur.'" — var. Puperba. Xieandra physalonles, Gaertn., J Ormenis {see Anthemis). Peru. < tnrrh,.- duml tiii liuu . L., Egypt, Nicotians Langsdorffii, Weinm., Brazil. paniculata, L., S. Amer. orthophyllum. Ten., Italy. T;ibaeum, L., S. Amer. umbellatum, L., Eur., etc. trigonophylla. Dun.. .Mexico. Niirella danmscena, L.. S. Eur. Orobanche minor, Sin., Eur. — var. Nyeterinia eapensis, Benth., S. Oxyria elatior, R. Br., Nepal. Oxytropis campestris, DC, Eur. '^llnu'^L. >' Eur.' ochroleuca, Bunge, Siber. Pachy podium erysimoides. Web., = Eur. X. Amer. karsthia, Hacq., Carniol. peocedanifolia, Poll.. Eur. 1 ' (oli '- 1 " ' l! • !l1 '' lv - ()nent - CEnothera amnena, L-hm., Calif. Si piSlo^' denaiflora, LindL, CW. | Paaicum Cros-galli, L, S. Eur. dentata, Cav., ^s. Amer. Papaver apulum, Ten., Eur. frutieosa, L., N. Amer. Argemone, L., Eur. — var. Youngii, Hort. glauea, Michx., N. Amer. dubium, L., Eur. orientale, L., Orient. — var. bracteatum, (Lindl.) pavoninum, 0. A. Mey. pilosum, Sibtli., Greece. Phaseolus multifloi — var. f Danebrog. 1. pi. Parietaria lu officinal sitanica, L., s, L., Eur. Parnassia pa ustris, L., I Pastinaca (H e Peucedan Pentsteraon barbattts, . Hook., Calif Physaii> Alkekengii, L., Eu: L'laber, I'ursh, N. Amer. Hurtwcirii. Ecnth.. Mo\i(\>. ovatus, I)ougl.,Is'.Amer. pubescens, Sol., N. Amer. Phytolacca Picridium Petroselinum sativum, Hoffm., Eur. Petunia nyctaginiflora, Juss., La Plata. Peucedanum OMruthinm. K., Eur. sativum, Renth., Eur. (Pas- Pha<-a oroboides, DC, Eur. divaricata, Gray., Calif. Parryi, Torr., Calif, tanacetifolia, Bth., Calif, viscida, Torr, Calif. ngitanum, Dsf, Eur. :ioides, L, Eur. Pi-um sativum, L, Eur. Plantago arenaria, L., Ei Coroner Cynops, L, Eur. laiicrolata. L., Eur. chiDensis, L., Chin compres«a, L., Eur glanca, Sm.. Kur. nemoralis, L., Eur. pahntrig, L., Kur. pratensis, L., Eur. sndeticn, ELaenke, J violacea, Hell.. En recta, L. Eur.. Cmcm . llimalavsis. ual. dim., Saclial Rhagadiolua stellatus, Ga?rtn., Emodi, Wall., Himal. macropterum, Mart, officinale, Bail]., Thibet, palmatum, L., Ind., etc. — var. tanghuticum. Rhaponticum, L., Siber. rngosam, Dosf., Tnd. Or. Tranzenbaehii. iloil . Berlin. webbianum, Boyle., India. Rbodanthe (see Helipterum). Uic'i.'inlsnnia seabra, D., Anier., Rudbeckia amplexicaule, Vahl., N. bicolor, Nutt., N. Amer. Rumex alpinus, L., Eur. Brownii, Campd., Austral. nepalensis, Spr., Himal. obtusifolius, L., Eur. — var. sylvestris, (Wallr.) Patientia, L., S. Eur. pulehcr, L., Eur. purpiuvus, Poir., Eur. salicifolius, Weinm., N. Amer. v,.,icai'ius, L., N. Afr. Sagina glabra, Willd., S. Eur. Linnau, Prcsl., Eur. Salpiglossis grandiflora, Hort. Salvia a^thiopis, L., S. Eur. argentea, L., Medit. clandestina, L., Eur. [fMl-::: a, L., mm, L., Eur. bracteis violaceis. :)ta, Schousb., Marocco. D., S.Eur. pratensis, L., Eur. — var. Baumgarteni, Grab., Transs. Saxifraga altissima, Kerner, Eur. aphylla, Stemb., Eur. — var. leptophylla. Aizoon, L., Eur., Alps. — var. pectinata, Scbott. — var. pygmsea. — ™- »***»> (Lap.) — var. rosularis, Scbleich. caespitosa, L., Eur., etc. — var. hirta, (Don.) — var. sedoides, (L.) Cotyledon, L., Eur., Alps. — var. pyramidalis, (Lap.) erustata. Vest., Alps. Hostii, Tauscb, Alps. — var. macnabiana, Hort. kolenatiana, Regel, Siberia. lactea, Turcz., Temp. Asia. lingulata. Bell., Mark. Alps. — var. cochlears, (Kehb.) ,(!}... longifolia, Lap., muscoides, Wulf., Eur. — var. pygnuea, (Haw.) Prostii, Sternb., Eur. rocheliana, Sternb., Bosnia. — var. coriophylla, (Griseb.) rotundifolia, L., Eur. teuella", Wulf.,' Alps, trif'urcata, Sclirad., N. Spain, valdensis, DC, Savoy, Alps. Scabiosa arvensis, L., Eur. caucasica, Bbrst., Cauc. — var. amoena, ( Jacq.) Columbaria, L., Eur. graminifolia, L., Eur. gramontia, L., Eur. micrantha, Dsf., Maced. palsestina, L., Syria, etc. portas, Huter., Eur. stellata, L., Eur. vestina, Facch., Eur. Iant», Eeut., Orient. brachycarpi, Gusa., Sicily. niacroryncha, C. A. Mey.,Eur. Pecten -Veneris, L., Eur. Schizanthns pinnatus, R. et P., Chili. Schizopetalum Walkeri, Sims, Chili. . chinensis, Benth., China. lingulata, Poir., Eur. nonscripta, lloffm., Eur. Scirpus setaceus, L., Eur. Schismus marginatus, Beauv., S. Scleranthus perennis, L., Eur. ria aquatica, L., Eur. Ehrhartii, Stev., Caucas. nodosa, L., Eur. Scutellaria alti^sima. L., Caucas. Seeale Cereale, L., Asia Minor. middendorfianum, Max., Si- Rhodioia, DC, Siber. (Rhodiola sibirica, Sweet.) stellatura, L., Eur. Selinum Candollei, DC, Nepal. Sempervivura boutign-; Pyrenees, mettenianum, Lehra., Switz. montanum, L., Alps. Senecio artemisisefolius, Pers., S. tronata, L., Siberia. — var. macrophylla. Gmelinii, Ledeb., Caucas. quinquefolia, Bbrst., Caucas. Seseli gummiferum, Sm., Greece. Setaria glauca, Beauv., Eur. italica, Beauv., Eur. (S. germanica, Beauv.) macrochaeta, Link, Eur., viridis,' Beauv. Sherardia arvensis, L., Eur. Sibbaldia (see Potentilla). Sicyos Baderoa, Hk. et Arn., Chili. Sidalcea Candida, Gray., N". Amer. Silene alpestris, Jacq., Alps. Armeria, L., Eur. — var. compacts, (Hornem.) chloraefolia, Sm., var. swerli- folia, Armenia. Chouleti, Coss., Eur. ciliata, Pourr., Crete, clandestiua, Jacq., Cape, colorata, Poir., Mediter. conoidea, L., Levant, etc. cretica, L., Eur. Cucubalus, Wibel., Eur. diurniflora, Kunze, Cape. echinata, Otth., Italy. fimbriata, Sims., Crete, etc. Fortunei, Vis., China, fusca, Link, Portugal, gallica, L., Eur. glauca, Pourr., Eur. gracilis, DC italica, Pers., Eur. juvenalis, Del., Egypt, linicola, Grinel., Germany, longicilia, Otth., Portugal, nutans, L., Eui'. obtusifolia, Willd., Italy, paradoxa, L., S. Eur. pendula, L., Sicily, etc. Persoonii, Tod. non Schott. pseudo-atocion, Desf., N. Afr. rubella, L., Eur., N. Afr. Sartori, Boiss., Greece. Saxifraga, L., Eur. sedoides, Jacq., Crete, tatarica, Per.., Tatar. tenuifolia, Otth., Dahur. vesiculifera, Gay, S. Eur. Silene — cont. Stipa peunata. L., Eur. Siber. vespertina, Ret/., S. En: Zawadskii, Herbich., Ai Lria. Swrrtia perennis. L., Eur. Cauc. >ilphium ?eaberrimum. Ell. , N. Tagetes lucida, Cav., Mexico. tritoliatum, L., N. Amei Dur., patula, L., Mexico. Eur. pusilla, H.B., Quito. marianum, Gaertn., Eur. Tamus communis, L., Eur. Sisymbrium assoamini, L« - <■. mytiophyllu.n. II. 15. . Eur. K.. Eur. Quito. officinale. Scop., S. Eur. gymnanthum, DC, Eur. : Telephium Imperati, I,, Eur. SlISn'm^L^Eur: Telliina graiulirlora. R.Br., N. Te.ragonia ' oxpansa, Murr., Smyrnium Oiusutrum, L., Eu Austral. Solanum Dulcamara, L., Eur Air., Tetragon olobus purpurea, Moench, S. Eur. Teucrium hyroanicum, L., Cauc. Scorodbnia. L.. Eur. Solidago canadensis, L.. N. A met. — var. variegatum. Thalictrum angustifolium, Jacq., Sonehus asper, Hoffm., Eur. oleraceus, L., Eur. — var. (T. nigricans, DC), palustris, L., Eur. Eur. Speculariafalcata.A.DC.M, diter. -Sii E,,r ' ,e,c ' ^iit-t^uih f, '\''nr < :, 'S j t flavuml L.. Kur!""' perfoliate. DC, N. Amei — var. sphajrocarpuin, Lej. glaucum, Desf., S. Eur. Spergula arvensis, L., Eur. Sphenogyne {xre Ursiuia). 3-S«) astilboides, Hort. palmata, Thuul... Japan. Ulmaria, T,. Eur. -var'."kmm,Regel. Stachys alpiua, L.. Eur. Siber. granditiora, Btli., Caucas ( Betoni- L e ) montana, Nutt,, N. Amer. (fabacea, DC) spinulosa, Sib. et Sm., Gi Thlaspi alliaceum, L., Eur. sylvatica, L., Eur. alpestre, L., Eur. " I. .a nimn. l'.. Kur. praecox, Wulf., Austria. — var. Smithii, Hort. _ Thriucia hirta. DC, Eur. Suworowii. Kegel., Turk* tomentella, Botss., Eur., T' Thymus eomosus. I Luff., Transs. (S. sareptana. Keek.) Tofieldin calyculata, Whlnb., Eur. Tovan'a rneemosa, Neck., N. Amer. stellate, Neck., X. Amer. Tournefoitiaheliotropioides,Hook., iVaclivinrnr euTiilea, Graham, Austral. piiosa, Sm., Austral. Tcadfscantia erecta, Jacq., Mexico. virginica, L., N. Amer. Tragopogon (Geropogon glabrum, L.), S. Eur. uiajtis. Jacq., Eur. orientale, L., Eur., etc. Trifolium agrarium, L., Eur. diffusum, Ehrh., Eur. gemellum, Pourr., Eur. Lagrangei, Boiss., Orient, leucanthum,Bbrst,,Tauria,etc. minus, Sm., Eur. multi&triatum, Koch, Eur. pannonicum, L., Eur., etc. Perreymondi, Gren., France. ovalis, Boiss., Spain. polycerata, L., Eur. (T. orthoceras, Kar. & Kir., Altai.) Trillium grandiflorum, Salisb., N. Trinin liot'manui, Bhrst,, Eur., etc. Tripteris cheiranthifolia, Schultz., chinense, Trin., N. China, desertorum, Pisch., Russia. durum, Desf., S. Eur., N. Afr. >vatum, G. et G., Eui ipelte, L. rdlosum, Beauv., 8. I Tritonia crocosmaeflora, Garden Hybrid. Pottsii, Benth., Cape. Trollius asiaticus, L., Siber. T. canariense, Hort.) majus, L., Peru, minus, L., Peru, tuberosum, R. et P., Peru, nca illyrica, Boiss., Eur. Eor o e ia P Urospermum Dalechampii, Desf., Eur. picroides, Desf., S. Eur. Ursinia pulchra, N. E. Brown, Cape. (Sphenogyne spe- ciosa, Know, et West.) — var. sulphurea, Hort., Kew. L'rtica dioica, L., Eur. . L., Eur. officinalis, L., Eur. — var. sambueii'olia, (Mikan Phu, L., S. Eur. Valerianella Auricula, DC, Eur. eriocarpa, Desv., Eur. olitoria, Moench, Eur. Venidium fugax, Harv., Cape. Veratrum album, L., Eur. nigrum, L., Eur. viride, Ait., N. Amer. Verbascum Blattaria, L., Eur. phumiceum, L., Eur. Siber. pyramidatum, Bbrst., Caucai speciosum, Sehrad., Eur. i, Med., N. Amer. bonariensis, L., S. Amer. onica agrestis, L., Eur. incana, L., S. Eur., etc. longifolia, L., C. et S. Eur. Lyallii, Hk. f., N. saxatilis, L., Eur. serpyllifolia, L., El urn, L., Eur. . latifolia, (L.) ca, L., N. Amer. . japonica, (Steud ' Vicia— emit. unijuga, A. Braun.. Siberia (Orobus lathyroides, L.) villosa, Roth., S. Eur. Vincetoxicum ftwatum, ilch. i.. until. L„ Eur. Vicia amph icarp:!. I).»rth„ Franco. atropurpurea, Desf., Eur. calcarata, Desf., Algiers, cassubica, L., S. Eur. Cracca, L., Eur. disperma, DC, France. Ervilia, Willd., S. Eur. Faba, L., cultivated. — var. equina, (Pers.) fulgens, Hort. macrocarpa, Bert., Eur. narbonensis, L., S. Eur. pyrenaiea, Pourr., Pyren. etc. (X. orientale, L.) strumarium, L., Eur. Xanthocephalum gymnospermoi des, B. et Hk. f., Arizona. ititlora, L., Mexico. Ziziphora capitata, L., Taur., etc. Zollikoferia elqninensis, Phil., Zygadenus elegans, Pursh., N. TREES AND SHRUB: . 1 Acer — cent. platanoides, L., Eur. cJrcinatum, Pnrsh., jS.W. Lobelii, Ten., S. Eur. macrophyllum, Pursh., N.W. neapolitanuin, Ten., Eur. obtusatum, Kit., Eur. pennsylvanieum, L., United States. Pseudo - Platanus, L., Eur. Hort. av °- mar S matum ' — var. fol. variegatum, Hort. — var. lutescens, Hort. < cordit'olia, Ten., Italy, dutinosa, Gaertn. — var. rubronervia. Mure. — var. sorbif'olia, Hort. ncana, Will, X. Heinisphei , Dene, Orient, rubra, Bong, X.W. Am. -MTtil.'ita. Willd., N. Am. — var. iatifolia, Hort. Aralia edulis, S. et Z, vera, Hort. beria aristata, DC, Himal. l.uxitblia, Lamk, Chili, concinna. H«.uk. f, Himalaya. Darwinii. I look, f. Chili. Lveium, I! >\ ic. llimaliiva sinensis. De'sf, China. la, Iiort. Tlmnbcrgii, DC, Japan, virescens, Hook, f, Hima- vulgaris, L, Eur, etc. — var. dulcis, Hort. — var. emarginata, Hort. — var. iberica, (Stev.) — var. purpurea, Hort. — var. sanguinolenta, Hort. — var. spathulatjt, ( Sclira.L) — Tar. violacea, Hort. wallichiana, DC, Himal. Caranana arborescens, Lamb, frutescens, DC, Siberia. — var. pendula, Hort. pjgmsea, DC, Siberia. — var. au ran tinea. Redowskii, DC, Siberia. : ; ruins, L., Eur, etc. Catalpa speciosa, Ward, X. Amer. Celastms scandens, L, X. Amer. Celtis occidentalis, L., N. Amer. Cephalostachyum capitatum. Munro, Sikkim. Cerasus lusitanica, Lobel, Por- tugal. Chamsecyparis (Cupressus). Lawsoniana, Pari, Calif, obtusa, S. et Z, Japan. (Ketinospora obtusa.) ■ ! Cladrastis amuren&is, Eeuth. et Hook, Amur. Clematis erccta, L, Europe, etc. borescena, L, Eur. -var. omenta, (Ait.) — var. haleppica, (Lamk.) j Cornus alba, L, X. Amer. pubescens, - r, x. I... Eur. Betula alba, L, X. populi ■ lia. Ait. U. S. A imltiieia japoii «, H msl, J « Jiota orien ftlil End. Orient. =i " " *Carludovica micropetala, Ho. 'Bulbophyllum obrienianum, Calanthe Calanthe vestita rar. Foarni< Calla Pent land l.Hr Catasetum Liechtensteinii, *Cattleya Alexandra;, Cattleya Amesiae, Hm-t. Sami.r. Cattleya aurea, Linden, var. statte- Cattleya Baroness Schr Pentlandi. Calochortn "Calochortus Kennedyi, Cattleya *Caralluma campanulata, N. I-:. Ur. Cattleya burberryana Cattleya labiata, I Cattleya leucogloi Cerastium decalvans, <'■ lsl '-; ( x - M .'-- •'•, :;I J: ; ''■"■' . ,/ - l! j!'^.' *Cheiranthera parviflora, lVnth. (//. mo .(r r . If. & Son-..> Var. albiflora. i Cattleya Prince ps, u..,t. s : Cattleya schilleriana, R< Coelogyne cuprea, *Cattleya Victoria-regina. *Colchicum Bo - - *Crinum jeinense, Crinum yuccarfolium. Da, C ^92%^H lan ^^ X 'l!tmHi n( ; f ;'- u *CrOCUS Billiotii, Maw. (6 *CornUS K0USa, Buerg. {G. ('. 18!>L\, v. (Kew.) Coryanthes macrocorys, Koit'< . < /. *Curcuma bakeriana, Hem with purple, and having a very elon- A new - 1 gate, thimble shaped hood at the base Hk. f.. with larger <>rai (L'Horticulture Internationale.) j (*'• Zander & Co.) Cosmo^spectabilis, Can. (R. h. I8&2, *(jusparia undulata, ^Cyclamen alpinum, (Berlin Cat. *Crinum abyssinicum, * ie*. '(.'. Cyclanthus godseffiaims, Hoi ' Cymbidium Humblo ow vhite (?) segments. Madagascar, j (C. Ingram.) Adrastus. Cypripedium albertianum. Cypripedium Arete. (<•'■ <■ Cypripedium Baconis. ( G. Cypripedium Bijou. (G< C. Cypripedium bosscherianuui. C. debosscherianum. Cypripedium Bryani. (<■■ <■ i^'- , ;- > UB Brysa. (G. "Jalceolus * i Cypripedium Cleopatra, i <■ . <:. 1 a <» : Cypripedium cowleyanum. (G. f Cypripedium Daisyae. (G. C. 189: fijr.' 7!)'.)' S. ' \ -ar.l,, f. Lmrii and ('. u-miulhum supcrhm, Cypripedium debosscherianum. U Cypripedium decorum. ( .n. "■ > Cypripedium Edithae. ((•■ <'■ i*9 Cypripedium Edith Winn. (G. Cypripedium Ensign. (.G. G. isi Cypripedium Eurylochus. (G. Cypripedium Evenor. O'. r is Cypripedium chamberlainianum, Co ' '■ s,:c ' "' l!l '' "/ Cypripedium Exul, O'Br. vi ,'■' , \ '-liT ,-, "f ' i . ■ , ; san- schootianum, Koitv. < /„. v. Hill ChrySOCOme£. '• ' narr.uvci I t with ..i..v up, 1892, v. xi., p. 781.') S. A garden , (L'Horticulture Internationale.) :H Cypripedium festum. < ("»■>'■ i*'.»2 Cypripedium Gigas. (<*■ <'■ 1S-', Cypripedium Ianthe. (<•■ <'■ i* 1 Cypripedium johnsonianuui. <• Cypripedium La Fri Cypripedium iawrebelluni <■ Cypripedium Leda. (.(■■ ' i >'•'-• i ;: . Cyprrqedium Perseus. (- I s '- 1 -. Cypripedium Stonei, Hook, v candidum. f ■ ' Cypripedium Swinburnei. '-' Cypripedium The Gem. ( a. < . i 892, Cypripedium Tityus. (./. »/" //. 1 *'.'-■. Cypripedium von moliaiium. < <■'■ < • Cypripedium Warner u- Cypripedium youugianum, var. i (;, ('. 181I2, v. xii., p. Galpini, Baker. (A'e»- Cyrtomium falcatum, >«. wu-. pen- duluiu, \ • itch, i i litvh < at. ism'. Cyrtosperma ferox, i>itHi. & Kr. (///. -pkaensis, Dieck. {('at. Dendrobium Adra Dendrobium barbatulo - chlorops, Dendrobium wardiano-j aponicun: Dendrobium burfordiense. Dendrobium chrysocephalum Dendrobium dulce. Dendrobium Euryclea. Dendrobium Nestor. Li .■■ ': .':■:.:■: *Dianthus Freynii, Dichorisandra angustifolia, I Didymocarpus h Dendrobium Phalsenopsis, rothschildiana. !%r ;/: : Dendrobium Rolfeae. Dieffenbachia Meleagri Dieffenbachia Olbia, *Emmenaiitke penduliflora, S, W% Diosma Wendlandi, Carr. ill Xvlll o^nmuvvuu* wi.it'.-'"i! ' V.'nll'u Epidendrum godseffianum, Dipladenia atropurpurea, A. D( This i> ivpica D. atro] Disa Cooperi, ponin^ |.l:int Disa incarnata, 1 ']• Epidendrum Ortgiesi, BgL (Gjl. ':::,! .hi watsomanuni, Sander. Eria laucheana, Ktanzliu. (G. < '. Dracaena sanderian .ncrula.',, iheathi^ I Er - Echidnopsis danimanniania, nothofulvum, ! Bredtmeier, Palanza.) . Eulophiella Elizabeths, ,;:■::' *Habenaria I0114 ££* , *Halesiatetraptera, 1- ^-r.Mechani. Wen' *a£d f Fraxinus raibocaipa, i:.ui. Heliconia spectabilis *Gentiana oregan; H. Penzigii. 'Huernia Penzigii "Gladiolus B fylm-.ph: ii Labisia smaragdina, Lind. Iris Madonna, Spr. (B. T. O. 1892, with "iMge lilac-Woe ''" (Dammann & Co.) Iris maricoides, nur. purpurea, Spr. (B. T. O. 1892, p. 129.) -H. H. A pivtn 'pink t!. lioinr... ( I/Hortical- Laelia anceps. LdL Laelia elegans, Bcab. t. var. excellens. ((/' <- IS!).', v. xii., p. .566.) G- A varirtv colouiv.1 like that known as Tumeri, but with thr fol- iiinhfl. Upper Burmah. *Lilmm sulphureum, !'•• Lissochilus Graefei, ki..n/i; Lonicera syringantha, M* Lycopodium mooreanum, Maranta sanderiana, Ho Masdevallia McVitia?. Masdevallia shuttrya: •Microstylis Scottn, Miltonia Clowesii gigantea, O'R Mimosa Spegazinii, I'in.tta. <»»- _(/*• A/. Phalaenopsis Artemis. c; R lS j Rhipsalis comorensis, Weber. (*.//. Pteris tremula variegata. ( of shoit *Ptychoraphis augusta, Rhipsalis dissimilis pSallS dlSSimillS, Sehum. var Rhipsalis gibberula, Weber. («. //. *Quercus macedoniea, Quercus schochiana. (Cat. Nat. Arb. Zdack. 1892,| Rhipsalis gonocarpa, w. I. er. i' ;i l.aml^o. a orange- yel' Rhipsalis s Rhipsalis tetragona, Wil Richardia aurat Richardia elli Richardia Pentlandi, H. lMiL'. |.. li'ii.) G. or S. A large- grnv.ing . pi .,.ies, with • gj^e Republic. ( Jardin des Planl Rhipsalis virgata, Weber. (/?. Rodriguezia Lindeni, Rhipsalis warmingiana, s.-hum. (< //'. *Rhododendron Luscombei. Rubus Miltspanghi, Rubus xanthocarpus, Bur & Franeh. j Sobolewskya clavata, BoN>. (Chn-d. . i ■ .- . A upj; /".' s l n "sw" Vh ! ™ M\r AwuVu/' (Max A'. /'.--•. . N • ( ,..,. (St. Peters- Leichtlin.) Sobralia beyeriana, Hort. (GW. v. SarchochiluS bomeensis, Holfe. (///. xlii., p. S24.) (hvhidese. G. A dwarf // . J:., i ,'K ,1 |. 1 , On I d, . plant. 16 I u;itli l.r.nd L, ind tl "'';, : ." l! ''; 7; Sobralia lucasiana, Hort. (G. C. *Schizocodon soldanelloides, ads Solanum Sempervivum Thomeyeri. *Senecio Galpini, Hook. f. (#. M. i :'■: Solarium dublosummat Sophrocattleya Veitchii. Spatboglottk Stanhopea m Stauropsis warocqueana, Stenandrium beeckmanis un.l'.s.L ■': Synandrospadix vermitoxicus, Tradescantia Reginae, !";'^//^!';'\viiid" iai ' s Tchihatchewia isatidea, B *Thalictruni rhyncocarpum. Tradescaiit: TrichopiHa brevis, *Tbunbergia grandinora, Eoxb. :s Clibrani, M. Tillandsia massangeana, superb:'. H»rt. (Hard. v. xii,. p " "AfiuepU s Uropetalum becazzeanum, Damm. - , Lib.ce*. B. Tillandsia Moensii, *TJtricularia Humboldtii, Scb *Utricularia longifolu Tradescantia decora, Bull. (Bull t Vanda arbuthnotiana, [ Vriesea tessellata, var. sanderiana, Hort. Sander. ( (r. C. 1S92, v. xi.. ,, 731.) S. A variety with the 1. more distinctU z.iiu.1 and marbled than the Vanda teres, Lindi. var. alba, Hort. | WarscemcMUa LiMrai, Hort. See if, r is'.tj v. xi p ij(i4.) s. a i Zygopetalum Lrnaeni. SoSSchfld.) PUrC * ' ( ° 11 *Yucca Hanburyi, Baker. (Kev> Bull. Vanda Vltellina. Kriinzlin. (G. C. new 'species, allied to Y. an-justifoliu. "Vernonia podocoma, Schult*. ( H.M. t. ":*.■>.■>.) t oinpositae. (;. a tali-grow- Zelkova japonica, Dipp. var. Ver- ing plant ^vith large leathery foliage schaffelti, l>! n >. ( «• < '. 1802, v. Veronica monticola *Viola declinata, Vitis argyrophylla, Zygopetalum leucochilum, Zygopetalum Lindeni, Rolfe. ( ItOYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. APPENDIX III.— 1893. LIST of the STAFFS of the ROYAL GARDENS, Kew, and of Botanical Departments and Establishments at Home, and in India and the Colonies, in Correspondence with Kew. * Trained at Kew. Royal Gardens, Kew :— Director - - - - W. T. I Dyer, C.M.G., I.E., F.R.S., Ph.D., M.A., F.L.S. Assistant-Director - - Daniel Morris, C.M.G., Mi F.L.S. Assistant (Office) - - *John Aikmau. .. - - •Wfflkm Nicholls Winn. Keeper of Herbarium : ::]\A> -r.l -MI > ,V L>. Principal Assistant (Phanerogam-i r!ey,F.R.S., George Massee. Nicholas Edward Brown, A.L.S. •Robert Allen Eolfe, A.L.S. Charles Henry Wright. Otto Stapf, Ph.D. John Frederick Jeffrey. U 79847. Curator of Museums - - John Reader Jackson, A.L^ Assistant (Museum) - - John Masters Hillier. Preparer ... George Badderly. Curator of the Gardeus - - George Nicholson, A. L.!" Assistant Curator - - William Watson. Foremen : — Arboretum - - *William J. Bean. Herbaceous Depart i Greenhouse and Department. Temperate House (Sub-tropical *Thomas Jones. Department). Cambridge.— I* "ivtr.sitv Botanic Garden:— Professor - Charles C. Babington, F.R.S., F.L.S. Deputy Professor Francis Darwin, M.B., F.R.S., F.L.S. Curator - • *Richard Irwin Lynch, A.L.S. Dublin. — Royal Botanic Garden-, (ilasnevin : — .L.S. Edinburgh.— Boy a 1 Botanic Gardens :— Regius Keeper - Isaac Bayley Balfour, M.D., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.L.S. Curator - - Robert Lindsay. GlaSgOW. — Botanic Gardens : — Cniversity Professor V.O. Bower, D.Sc, F.R.S.. F.L.S. Curator - - *Daniel Dewar. COLONIES. Antigua. (^Leeward Islands.) Barbados. — Dodd's Reformatory, Botanical Station :■— Superintendent - John R. Bovell, F.C. British Guiana. — Botanical Gardens : — Georgetown - Superintendent and "] Government Bo- > *GeorgeS. Jenman, Head Gardener - f John F. Waby. Second „ - *Robert Ward. Promenade Garden : — Head Gardener - William Jackson. Berbice - - Keeper - - Richard Hunt. British Honduras.— Botanical Station. Curator - fJ' 1111 '^ MeXair. Canada.— Ottawa - - Dominion Botanist - Prof. John Macoun, M.A, F.R.S.C, F.L.S. Assistant „ - Jas. M. Macoun. Director of Govern- "1 Pfof Wm Saunde FaTms XPenme J FRSC > FX ' S - Botanist and Ento- James Fletcher, F.L.S. mologist. Montreal - Director, Botanic Prof. Penhallow, B.Sc. Garden. Cape Colony. Government. Botanist - Prof. MacOwan, F.L.S. Gardens and Public Parks : — Cape Town - Curator - - H. J. Chalwin. Grahamstown - Curator - - Edwin Tidmarsh. Port Elizabeth i 'St. George's Park) : — Superintendent - John T. Butters. King Williamstown Curator ■ - *T. R. Sim. Graaf Reinet - J.C.Smith. Uitenhage „ - - H. Fairey. Ceylon.— Depa rtment of Royal Botanical Gardens : — Director - - f Henry Triinen. M.B., F.ICS., F.L.S. Peradeniya - Head Gardener - *Peter D. G. Clark. Clerk and Foreman .1. A. Ferdinandus Draughtsman - W. de Alwis. Hakgala - Superintendent - * William Nock. Clerk and Foreman M. G. Perera. Henaratgoda - Conductor - - A. de Zoysa, Muhan- Anuradhapura „ - - S. de Silva, Arachchi. Badulla - „ - - D. Guneratne. Dominica. (See Leeward Islands.) - *Daniel Yeoward. Gold Coast.— Botanical Station :— Curator - - *William Crowther. Acting Curator - •Frederick K Willoy. Grenada. — Botanical Garden — Curator - - Hong Koilg.— Botanical and AlWestiition Departments- Superintendent - f Charles Ford, F.L.S. Assistant Superin- *W. J. Tutcher. ten dent. Jamaica.— Department of Public Gardens and Plantations:— Hope Gardens - Superintendent - •William Cradvvick. Castleton Garden „ - Eugene Campbell. Cinchona (Hill „ - •William Harris. Garden). Kingston Parade „ - Joseph Harris. Garden. King's House » - * William J. Thompson. Garden. Bath - - W. Groves. LagOS. — Botanical Station : — Curator - - *Henry Millen. Acting Curator - *Walter Haydon. Leeward Islands.— Agricultural Department : — Superintendent - fCharles A. Barber, M Antigna - - Curator - - * Arthur G. Till son. Montserrat „ - - Joseph Wade. St. Kitts-Nevis „ - - Malta.— Botanical Garden :— Director - - Dr. Francesco Debono. I Forests and Botanical Gardens :— it Director of J. Vankeirsbilek. Assistant Director of P. Randabel. Forests. Curepipe - - Overseer - - William A. Kennedy. Montserrat. {See Leeward Islands.) Natal.— Botanical Gardens :— Durban - - Curator - - John Medley Wo< A.L.S. Pietermaritzburg Curator - - O. Mitchell, New South Wales.— botanical Garden Sydney - - Director New Zealand:— Wellington. — Colonial Botanic Garden : — Director Head Gardener Superintendent Dunedin Napier Invercargill - Head Gardener Auckland Christchurch - Head Gardener Queensland. — Botanical Gardens :— Brisbane - - Curator Acclimatisation Society's Gardens : — Secretary and Manager Assistant „ Rockhampton - Superintendent St. KittS-Nevis. (See Leeward Islands. Charles Moore, F.L.S. Sir James Hector, K.C.M.G., F.R.S. G. Gibb. J. McBean. W. Barton. Thomas Wangle. ♦Ambrose Tayl Wm. Soulier. A. Humphrey. J. S. Edgar. f John Gray. *Henry Powi South Australia.— Botanical Garden Adelaide - - Director Port Darwin - Curator Straits Settlements— Gardens and Singapore - Director s and l-'i-rot Department - fH. N. Ridle F.L.S. Superin- *Walter Fox. Malacca - Perak (Kuala Kangsar).— Government Plantations Superintendent - Oliver Tasmania.— Botanical Gardens :— Hobart Town - Superintendent - F. Ab Trinidad.— Royal Botanical Gardens :— Superintendent - fJohn ♦Robert Derry. Marks. Botanical Garden INDIA. Botanical Survey.— Director, George King, Ml)., LL.D.,< F.K.S., F.L.S. lamans and Nicobare; Nortl t of the"] George King, Bombay, including Sim! 1 the State of Mysore :— Bengal— Dep Calcutta (Seebpore) h; the Punjab; the Central Provin ?ajputana; North West Frontier Expeditions : Director of the BoO tanieal Department If J. F. Duthie, I Northern India, f F.L.S. Suharanpur, N.W.P.J .•nt of Koval Botanie Gardens:— f Herbarium Dr. David Prain, F.L.S., F.R.S.E. Garden - *Robert L. Pioudh.ek. Mungpoo Deputy _. .king, Cinchona } LL.D., CLE.. ttS - -J F.L.S. „ - *.J. A. Ganunie. « - - *R. Pantiing. - * Joseph Parkes. Darjeeling ; Lloyd Botanic Garden : Darbhangall ; Maharajah's Garden:- Bombay. Poona - -Municipal Garden :— Superintendent Central Provinces- Nagpur - - Sc Madras. — Botanica Ootacumund Madras.— Agri-Horticultural Society :— Hon. Secretary - Col. 11. W. H. < Superintendent - *J. M. Gleeson. Native States- Mysore (Bangalore) Superintendent Curator Superintendent „ New Works Gwalior Morvi Travancore(Trivand um) I *J. Cameron, F.L.S. *J. Home Stephen. *G. H. Krumbiegel. •J. M. Henry. fC. Maries, F.L.S. •Joseph Beck. *Frederick James gleby. *T. H. Storey. North-West Provinces.- Agra (Taj Garden) Superint Allahabad Cawnpur - » Lucknow - >i Saharanpur and „ Branch Garden. Mussoorie. Punjab : Lahore - - Snperinl Simla - - n *G. T. Lane. •J. Phillips. G. II. T. Mayer. •Matthew Ridley.