"ios MES M EV NERIS Li Eu MP lt ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF E INFORMATION. ADDITIONAL SERIES Ix, oe THE USEFUL PLANTS OF NIGERIA. PART III. Set EL ON: PRINTED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE ces Bx JAS. TRUSCOTT anv SON, Troy Cannon Srreet, E.C. ie urchased, either directly or bud) ie y Bookseller, from : Welw! anp SONS, Touren 29, Bara o Bonam P FETTER Lanz, E.C., AG : and ARD | more : H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE (S — benp e. HH; * ; PONSONBY, Lon», -s GRAFTOR iE ERRATA. Page 530, line 3 from top, for cap. read Cap. Page 530, line 11 from bottom, for 1898 read 1894. 343 GAMOPETALAE. RUBIACEAE. SARCOCEPHALUS, Afzel. Sarcocephalus esculentus, Afze/.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 38. var. eu-esculentus, /7avil. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxiii. 1897-98, p. 26. Ill.—Hort. Trans. v. (1824) t. 18; Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxxii. ad -PL i 86, : secondary bark), t. 2 (fl. leaf and adult bark); ern Fl. Guin. Franç. t. 57; Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 66, 1910, t. 18. Vernac. names.—Tafasiya TESES ae E Ewe Egbesi or Agbesi (Oyo, S. Nigeria, Im . No. 3, 1909, Herb. Kew); Opepe (Oshun Reserve, Col. er Ann. Ne. 695, 1911, p. 12); Egbesi (Lagos, MacGregor, Phillips, Dawodu); Agbassy, Doi, Dundaka, Wuacruli (Sierra Leone, "Scott Elliot) [Doy (Bassa), Amelliki (Sierra veio. Heckel & Schlagdenhauffen, Win- terbottom|; Doundaké (Sousou, Heckel, Pobéguin, Christy); Jadali (Toucouleur, Heckel); Tétéré cone Pobéguin); Viku (Congo, Chere lier); Kisia or Kishia Ekusawa (Gold usi Christy); A dons (W. rica, Pharsi: Journ. vue . 279).—African or Negro Peach, African Fig, African Quinine, Quinquina africain, Kina du Rio-Nunez, Yellow Fever Root Ado River, Lagos (Millen, No. 132, Herb. Kew); Laces (MacGregor, No. 28, 1901, Dawodu, No. 23, 1901, Herb. Kew); Nupe (Barter, No. 1244, 1858, Herb. Kew) ; Shaki Road, Lagos (Denton, No. 14, 1900, Herb. Kew); Oyo, S. Nigeria (Imp. Inst. No. 3, 1909, Herb. Kew); Sierra Leone, Gold Coast and West Africa in general. var. Russegeri, Havil. Journ, Linn. Soc. xxxiii. 1897-98, p. 26. [S. Russegeri, Kotschy; Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 39.] Ill nage Reliq. Kotschyanae, t. 33 (S. Russegeri). ac. names.—Nou (Sudan, Broun); Mutama (Lunyoro, Ver Dane Daw Acholi, Uganda (Dawe, No. 836, 1905, Herb. Kew), Niam-Niam, Bahr-el-Ghaz aL Sudan (Broun, Herb. Kew), Djur-land (Schweinfurth, No. 3746, Herb. Kew) and Madi e and Grant), oe confined to the fe interior of West and Central Africa Fruit ble tat of an apple, size 2 in. in diameter (Grant, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 1875, p. 81, S. ee fragrant and , Herb. Kew, S. Pe. flavour like a strawberry, t bos h Tue odour is l x MISSOURI BOTANICAL 344 ‘peach ” or ** fig”: eaten in excess it acts as an emetic (Journ. Soc. Arts. xxxv. 1887, p: 995, S. esculentus). 22 esi (Dudgeon, Agric. and For. Prod. B. W. Afr. p.138). The bark mI un 4 3 ca bu e pru © " pm z [um [e] B A hj D E ® a x e 4 e Pm a e c ome oO cm Im ot + (D st inm) o Un nm c un un Ms B Og n y infectoria], (Christy, New Drugs, No. 11, 1889, p. 81). The leaves are also used for medicinal purposes in French Guinea (L'Agric. prat. pays chauds, xi. part 2, 1911, p. 139) . Frang. fase. v. p. 230); cut into boards and used for tables, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 1893, Sarcocephalus esculentus, p. 35); makes good fuel (Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 66, 1910, p. 90); variously described as yellowish, no difference in heartwood and sapwood (Chevalier, Col. Rep. Mise. No. 66, 1910, p- 20, S. esculentus); a shrub common in the bush, Kontagora (Dalziel, Herb. Kew, S. Russegeri); a middle-sized tree, Sudan (Broun, Herb. Kew, S. Russegeri). 345 Fruit ripening in October, Nupe (Barter, l.c.) in F i ger at Madi (Grant, Trans. Lin n. Soc . xxix, p. 81, S. Russegeri). Kef.—'' Doundake Barks," in New Commercial Plants n Drugs. Christy, No. ea PP: ee “ Dou inda ike and i à Ju E ane m and Durs ‘No. 9, 188 86, p. 7-9. s kanchie," in Pharm. Journ. is x. 1900, ‘Some West res Drugs," by J. Slinger Ward, p. 280. Wara Korth. Mitragyna africana, Korth. Fl. Trop. ee III. p. 40. Ill.—Usteri, Delectus Opusc. Bot 3 (Uncaria inermis); Hook. Fl. Nigrit. t. 37 (Éiissonputé. Aum), Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 787 (Nauclea platanocarpa). Vernac. names.—Gagayah or Gigeya (N. Nigeria, Imp. Inst. No. 36726, Herb. Kew); Kratchi (Gold Coast, Anderso on); Kawin? (Gold Coast, Rothschild) : Diou, Khoti (French Guinea, kh Attah (Vogel, No. 40 Herb. Kew), DE (Barter, No. 1189, Herb. Kew), Yola (Shaw, No. 62, Herb. Kew), Bornu (Elliott, No. 120, Herb. une EOS (Elliott, No. 5, Lc.) and widely distributed in West A The wood is used = carving, and Mussulman writing boards. are made of it, Nupe (Barter, Herb. Kew), for eg rad etc. (Gold Coast, Mus ew). À specimen in the Kew Museum has specific gravity 0:594 = 37 lb. per cubic foot. The leaves are used medicinally in agate Guinea (Pobéguin, me Med. du Guin. Franc. L’ Agric. prat. pays chauds, xi. 42). The NEE is aed medicinally i in Cererea] cs Yola ‘Shay; Herb. Kew); yields a yellow dye (Pobéguin rb. K a tree, 40 ft., Yola (Shaw, Herb. Kew), a shrub or small tree, 15 feet high, oe common isolated and in river woods on allu- pma of the Niger, Farana, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Herb. Kew), and as a tree characteristic of the swamps in the dry o open country, Gold Coast (Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 66, 1910, p- 72). Mitragyna macrophylla, Hiern, Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 41. Ill.—Haviland, in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 1897-98, t. 4, ff. 1-10 (Anal. of fl. fr. seed, etc.); dris "Lem Veg. Util. L'Afriq. Trop. om Fasc. vi. p. 352, f 4T. Vern Yaya or Sawa (Gold Coast, T ne, Bed work aril (Gold Coast, Armitage); ¥2 346 Bahia, Sofo (French Ivory Coast, Chevalier, Courtet); Séfono, Ogouwa (French Ivory Coast, Courtet); Mun o (Golungo Alto, Welwitsch) ; Kobodigansu (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot); Fofo, Popo (French Guinea, Pobéguin), Bois de Bahia, Tilleul eiim (Chevalier). Eppah (Barter) Nun 2: Hann), and found also in Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Angola, The wood is used by Apes for making canoes (Mann, Herb. Kew), for housebuilding and furniture in Angola (Hiern. Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. ii. p. 435) and for de work and cabinet Fop ‘West African Mahogany" (Thompson, Col. Misc No. Ré 1910, p. 21) and exploited for timber on the Gold Cotes (Le. p. 36). The leaves are used for wrapping Kola nuts (Cola acuminata), Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Herb. Kew, No. 4752; Col. R : No. 3, 1893, p. 55; Pobéguin, PI. Med. du Guin. Franç. in L'Agric. prat. pay s chauds, xi 3. 1911, p. 43); used medicinally as also the bark in T French Guinea (l.c.). The roots are boiled and eaten for colie in Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, l.c The tree is found in swamps, Gold Coast Gm poa, rep: 255 from 100—114 ft., with a trunk up to i ft. without branching, and from 32-40 in. in diameter, common on the banks of ri vers and . 495, forests of t Eppah (Barter, Harb: Kev), 40 f t. i high. in swampy round, Nun River (Mann, Herb. Kew), and 30-40 ft. high in moist forest near Lake Victoria Nyanza, altitude 4000 H. (Dawe, Herb. Kew). Uxcarra, Schreb. Uncaria Gambier, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 86. A scandent shrub; or a bush under cultivation 8-10 ft. high. Leaves glabrous, rate orovate lanceolate, acuminate, 3—4 in. long, 1i-2 in. broad, petioles 3 in., midrib and broadly spaced nervures, prominent on the under-side ; green, thick and fleshy when fresh, chocolate on the upper surface, reddish brown below, thin and crumbling readily when : ee loosely globular on axillary peduncles. Flowers small, white. Ill. —Rumpf, Amb. v. t. 34, ff. 2, » Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. ioa t. 22 (Nauclea Gambir) ; Hayne, Darst. Beschr. Gewächse, x. t. 3 iv auclea Gambir); Nees von Esenbeck, Plant, Medic. Diisseld. 347 Suppl. (Nauclea Gambir); Korthals, Verhandl. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. Bezitt (1839-42) t. 34, ff. 1-2; Berg. Charact. t. 44, No. 340 (Nauclea Gambir); Baillon, Hist. Pl. vii. pp. 350—351 (Ourouparia Gambir); Bentl. and Trimen, Med. Pl. t. 139; Kohler, Med. Pflan.; Teysmannia, Batavia, xviii. 1907, p. 106. Gambir or Gambier, Terra Japonica, Pale catechu. Native of the Malay Peninsula, and largely cultivated there. The plant was recommended by Kew for cultivation in Lagos, and the Niger Territory as well as in other colonies in 1889 (Kew Bull. 1889, p. 247), but nowhere does it appear to have been com- mercially successful óther than in or near the original countries of production. An important tanning and dyeing substance is obtained from the leaves. The extract is also used medicinally, and in India for eating with “ pán ” (Dict. Econ. Prod. India), and countries of origin for chewing with betel-pepper and lime. o cuttings—the latter for preference. Planted out when about -12 in. high, at distances of about 9-12 ft. (538, or 302 plants from two to four harvests of leaves d year for upwards of 20 or 30 years. Careful weeding and good cultivation —manuring, occasional topping to 6 ft. or so, etc., is essential to keep the plantation up to standard. It is sometimes grown in the Malay States as a catch-crop with Pepper (Piper nigrum), and might be similarly tried in rubber plantations. and made up into the usual commercial forms—in blocks or cut and pressed into cubes. The fracture is somewhat earthy and in general appearance it resembles clay The stirring during the boiling process is done in the Straits Settlements with three pronged forks, made in one piece, of the 348 . The yield is about 5 oz. per tree per annum (Kew Bulletin, 1889, p. 252), which gives a total yeld of about 168 lb. per acre. ighty the island of Rhio alone, about 4000 tons a year (Dict. Comm Ger countries (300 cwt., value £481) (Trade of the United Kingdom, i. 1911, p. 106). In 1906, 80 cwt., value £27, 1907, 20 ewt., value £23, and in 1908, 6400 cwt., value £7520 were imported from other British Possessions from whence no imports in 1909 or 1910 (1.c. p. 106). Kef.—'' Gambier,” in Tropical Agriculture, Simmonds, pp. 387-388 (Spon, London, 1877).—'' Gambier,” in Pharma- cographia, Flückiger and Hanbury, pp. 335-338 (Maemillan & Co., London, 1879).— —': Uncaria Gambier,” in Medicinal Plants, Bentley and Trimen, ii. No. 139, 41 pages (Churchill & Son, London, 1880).—‘‘ Gambier, Pale Catechu, or Terra Japo in Spon’s Encyclopaedia, Div. v. pp. 1984-1985 (London, 1882). LL SN > ie i iil. ages. : Straits Benoni and Fed. Malay States, Feb. 1892, pp, 20—41, Description, History, Uses, Forms of Gambier, Cultivation and Manufacture.‘ La Culture du Gambi , Dr. Meyners D’Estrey,in Revue des Sci. Nat. Appl. i. 1892, pp. 51-53.——‘‘ The Production of Gambia [Gambier] in Singapore," in Journ. Soc. il 98-59.— —'' Uncaria Gambier,” in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, vi. part 4, 1898, pp. 210-211.—— 'Gambier in British North Borneo," in Kew Bull. 1893, pp. 139—141.— —'* Uncaria Gambier,” in Agric. Ledger, No. 1 ,p.4 ** Culture et Préparation du Gambier,” in Journ. D’Agric. Tropicale, ii. 1902, pp. 333-334. La Plantation de Gambir de M. von. Machel, l.c. iii. 1903, pp. 80-81; Abstract ** Cultivation of the Gambier Plant in Sumatra," in Bull. Imp. 349 Inst. 1. 1903, pp. 97-98. '* Gambier in the West Indies," in West pes Bull. iv. No. 1, pp. 80-85. ** De Bereiding van Gambir in Den Riow w-Archipel." Dr. W. de Jong, in Teysmannia, xviii. 1907, pp. 16-18; pp. 106-111; pp. 242-245, illustrated. Cixcnoxa, Linn. Cinchona Calisaya, Wedd. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. iii. x. (1848), p. 6. A tall tree, 30-60 ft. high, sometimes shrub-like, 6-12 ft. (King). Leaves obtuse, oblong ue e or obovate, glabrous, glossy on the upper surface, in. long, petioles about } in. rong; small indistinct pits in the axils of the midrib and lateral ves. Inflorescence paniculate; flowers small, white or pale flesh-coloured, fringed, fragrant. Capsule ovoid oblong, ious i of an inch long Ill.—We dell, „Hist Nat. Quinquinas, t. 3, 3 bis (var. Josephiana), t. 28, ff. 1-4 (bark); Pereira, Mat. m ii. f. 325; Paxton, FI. ATE ntt 107; Lemaire, Le Jard. Fl. iv. 1854, t. 367; Siebold, Fl. Jard. i. 1858, t. 14; Berg. and Schmidt, Darst. and 5b, ff. A— E. n Plantations, tt. 7, 8 (Calisaya javanica), t. var. microcarpa); Bot. Mag. t. 6434, t. 6052 (var. Josephiana) : eee Hist. Pl. vii. pp. 338—339; Bentl. and. Trimen, Med. . 141; Kóhler, Med. Pflan. i; Moens, Kinacultuur in Azie, t. > (kabit) t. 14 (fl. br.), t. 25 (parts of fl. and fr.). Yellow Bark, oo. Bark. Native of Bolivi a, wild and V riens Cultivated in India, Java, Ceylon, and Si. Thomé (West Africa). ieu Ledgeriana, Howard, Quin. E. perd diei d [C. Ledgeriana, Moens, ex Trimen in Jou Fiss) p. 323. | A small tree, 25 ft. high and upwards. Leaves lanceolate or ‘elliptic oblong, cet about as long as those of the larger in coppice wth. Inflorescence S agone culate; flowers yellowish, white fringed fragrant. Capsule ovoid lanceolate, about 4 or nearly + Til Fo oward, oum E. ues Plantations, 4 bho Ledgeriana, “‘ Macho,’ > form A), t. 5 (‘* Hembra,”’ ba B), t (form C); Gard. Chron. Oct. llth, 1019, 2, p: 407, f. TES Kow Report, 1880, p. 13; Journal Bot. 1881, tt. 229, 223; Flückiger, Chinarind. tt. 2, 9; Flückiger, Cinchona Barks [Pow wer, Transl.], tt. 2, 3; Moens, Kinacultuur in Azie, t. 1 (habit), tt. 12, 13 (fl. br.), t. 23 (parts of fl. and fr.). Ledger Bark, Yellow Bark, Calisaya Bark. Native of Bolivia P ripe in India, Java, and Ceylon; and under experiment i in East Afric Cinchona officinalis, Linn. Syst. ed. x. (1759), p. 929. A slender tree 20-30 ft., 8-10 in. diam. at the base (King). Leaves lanceolate ovate lanceolate, acute or shortly acuminate, 350 glabrous, 3-6 in. long, on long petioles (1-1j in.), pitted in the axils of the aos and lateral nerves. nflorescence cymose, terminal and axillary. Capsules ovoid oblong, nearly 2 in. long. Iil.—Plenck, Ic. t. 131; Skrivter Nat. Selsk (1790) t. 2; Biles ous 3: Encycl. t. 164, i. 1; Lambert, Cinchona, t. 1; Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Equinoct. i. t. 10 (C. condaminea); Hayne, Darst. Beschr. me Mee t. 37 S RP Le Pharm. Med. Bot. Beschr. t. 208 (C : ` condamänea) ; Waldel, Hist. Nat. weet? tt. 4, 4 bis (C. condaminea); Berg. & Schmidt, Darst. rm. t. 14e (C. i m. < Jba : A ee Mu Mag. t. iine ws Illust. Nueva uin. Pavon, LC Eouwguca t ca er al tí 19 46, Trimen, Med. Pl. t 140; oe Chinarind, t. 5; Cinchona Barks [Power Triad) t. 5 Köhler, Med. Pflan. 1.; Moens, Kina- cultuur in Azie, t. 6 (babs), V. 17 (d. br.). Crown Bark, Loxa Bark, Pale Bark, Peruvian Bark, Jesuit’s Bark, Countess? s Powder Native of Peru. Cultivated i in India, Java, Ceylon. Cinchona succirubra, Pavon ex Klotzsch, in Abh. Akad. Berlin (1857), p. 60. A tree 50-80 ft. high (Owen), 15-40 ft. (Howard ex Klotzsch). Trunk straight. Leaves soft pubescent, sometimes tomentose, bright green, and ripening to a red especially on the under surface, Re et chartaceous when dry, larger blade, 4-9 in. long, 3-6 in. broad, than in the other species mentioned, elliptical, acute at the apex and the base. Inflorescence cymose, flowers rose- coloured. Capsule oblong, about an inch or more in length. —Ve t on Portug. t. 2 (C. “rubra ou colorada "' Quin. E. Indian Plantations, Photo. t. 1 (babit, planted in 1862, First Denison ed ae Neddivuttum, 0 ft. 1: e Med. Pflan. ; Moe P ARRETE & 5 (habit), t. 19 ae and fl. br.), t. 29, E 1 Dai of fl. and fr.). Red Bark. Native of Peru. Cultivated in India, Java, Ceylon, J voii St. Thomé (W. Africa), and under experime ent in East Afri Cinchona is grown entirely for the bark, the oe “of which in general are tonic and febrifuge. Sulphat e of Quinine is the principal extract. In India a preparation called ‘‘ cinchona 351 febrifuge " is used, made chiefly from ‘Red bark” reference to source as ‘‘ Peruvian Bark," the total imports of all kinds under this name in 1910 being 22, 469 ewt., value £39,520, of which Java contributed more than one- ae (Tr rade of United Kingdom, i. 1911, p. 102). The exports of cinchona bark Java in 1912 amounted to 17,809,000 ]b., and in 1913, 90, 583,000 Th. and the exports of manufactured quinine, 1912, 163,900 Ib. and in 1913, 159,450 Ib. The quantity of sulphate of quinine manu- factured by the Bandoeng factory in 1913 was 68,000 kilos, the price E from about 8d. to ls. per oz. (Cons. e nn No. 5325, 1914, p. 8). he prineipal commercial distinctions are *' Druggists’ Bark’’—usually best selected quills or bark of good appearance, and “‘ Manufacturers’ Bark ’’—the appear- ance of which is of — À consideration um it is often convenient to ship it in chips to save freight. to the main forms come various descriptions, as '' bright TES druggists’ quil," ‘‘loxa quill" ‘‘crushed ledgeriana stem «c j i succirubra chips" and “Bolivian cultivated calisaya quill,” cs ra red bark," &c., &c. From 5-7 per cent. of quinine exclusive of other alkaloids i is in manufacturers! bark a saleable condition, and the value is based on the unit rate ruling at the time of selling, and the quinine content of samples, Amsterdam being the principal market, where the unit in 1912 was 3-07 to 4-42 cents per half kilo (in "London, $ 7d. to 7d. per 1b.), and the average percentage of quinine in manufacturing bark offered being 6-38 (Chem. and Druggist, Jan. 18, 1913, p. 97); and in 1913 at the Amsterdam Auctions the average price per unit was 4-92 cents . (Cons. Rep. Ann. No. 5325, 1914, p. 8). Java—where the planters and manufacturers have formed an agrees which places the industry in a position of stability with regard to prices, etc.—has so far made the greatest commercial success of the production, though India has been equally suc- cessful in the cultivation, the object there being mainly to meet the demands for local use and z ensure a position of independence from external sources. As ria opens up, it is not unlikely that some suitable localities i be found for the cultivation of Cinchona especially in the mountainous area bos the Bauchi piae reges to the Cameroon Boundary. C. succirubra, and C. Calisaya are cultivated with success in y island of St. Mesi at an altitude of about 3500 ft.; this is the nearest approach to the region indicated on the mainland where the altitude reaches 3000 ft. and upwards (see part 1, p. 8), and the prime factor of deep rich soil being available there seems to be no: reason why Cinchona should not be given a trial. U wards of sixty-five works have been published on the subject, comprisin g books, important papers and official Janus, covering the history, cultivation and commerce, but it may be 352 sufficient to indicate here that ev erything of ordinary interest will be found in a reference to the illustrated works mentioned above; Parliamentary Returns, containing Copies of Correspondence re- lating to the Introduction of the Cinchona plant into India and the Proceedings connected with its cultivation (1) March 1852 to March 1863, pp. 1-272; (2) April 1863 to 1866, pp. 1-379; (3) April 1866 to 1870, pp. 1-285; (4) Aug. 1870 to July 1875, pp. 1-190, and (5) continued in a second part pp. 1-190; The Cinchona Planters’ Manual, Owen pp. 1-203 (Ferguson, CORYNANTHE, Welw. Corynanthe paniculata, Welw.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 43. Ill.—Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. t. 14. Vernac. names.—Anikiba (Benin, Dennett); Mangue (Golungo Alto, Welwitsch); Mangue do Monte or Paco de Golungo Alto (Portuguese, Welwitsch). Benin, Cameroons, Congo, Angola, etc. The-wood is good for building (F1. Trop. Afr. l.c.); used in house building and for many other purposes in Golungo Alto (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. ii. p. 497); white, hard, durable, of fine grain and very dense (Le.). A large tree, Benin City (Dennett, Herb. Kew), 40-60 ft. high, trunk straight, 1-21 ft. in diam. near the base, forming exten- sive forests in nearly all the more elevated parts of Quilombo and Mata de Alto Queta, Angola (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. ii. p. 497); a tree 25-40 ft. or a shrub 12-15 ft. high (Fl. Trop. Afr. Lo.). Cameroons, ‘ Endun " of the French Congo, is the source of the = Yohimbe bark," from which the alkaloid ‘‘ Yohimbine "' 18 Johimberinde," by E. Gilg and K. Schumann, pp. 92-97, S. Nigeria Gazette, July 14, 1909, Su pa Report by Imp. geria.” CnossoPTERYx, Fenzl. Crossopteryx Kotschyana, Fenzl; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 44. Ill.—Kotschy, Pl. Tinneana, tt. 15a and 15b; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, App. xxii. 1909, p- 39, f. 15 (C. africana). 959 Nupe, a EC Lagos, and found also in Sierra Leone, Nile Province, PEN Togoland, Angola, Upper Chari, Cameroons, Nyasaland, ete À medicinal plant, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 1893, p. 56); bark used as a febrifuge, Sierra Leone (Winterbottom, Acct. Sierra Leone, ii. (1803) p. 243; Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c.; Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 367. Wood, brittle (Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c.; Grant Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 1875, n. 82), hard, 498). In Madi Sen used by the natives to fumigate their bark- cloths, and powdered to make a pomade for rubbing their bodies (Grant, Lej. A small tree, Zungeru and Kontagora (Dalziel, Herb. Kew), 8-15 ft. high with spreading or sub-erect branches, in hilly, wooded, rather dry places, mountains of Mongolo, fruit ripe without flowers, and almost leafless in September, Zena do Golungo, Angola; leaves deciduous at the time of fruiting (J uly), at Catomba (Hiern, l.c. pp. 437, 438); a tree 20-30 ft. common 15 ft. lona cream-coloured, very fragrant, N u e (Barter, Herb. Kew), Nile Province, Uganda awe, Herb. a in fruit at Madi in December (Grant, Trans. Linn. Soc. l.c.). Ref.—'* African Bark," in An Account of the Native Africans, Sierra Leone, Winterbottom, il. pp. 243-253 (London, 1803), chiefly medicina OLDENLANDIA, Plumier. Oldenlandia Heynei, Oliv.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 59. Vernac. names.—Igbale Odan, Apikan (Lagos, Dawodu). Niger, Sierra Leone, and found also in India, Natal and Madagascar Used medicinally for children, Lagos (Dawodu, No. 33, Herb. Kew). An aot? or decumbent annual, 1-2 ft. (Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c.), a bushy plant 6-8 in. high, the stems growing flatly on the ground, in plantain groves Uganda and Karagwe (Grant, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 1875, p. 84). Oldenlandia senegalensis, Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 56. Ill.—Endl. Atakta Bot. t. 23 (Kohautia senegalensis). Vernac. name.—Temeng-Temeng (Gambia, Brown Lester). Niger, Gambia, Senegambia, etc. 354 oots made into native Laconia, also used as worm-killer, Gambia (Kee Bull. 1891, 72). Erect annual, 13 ft. high, branched from the base (Fl. Trop. Afr. Lc.); 5 ft. high, seen everywhere, collected in long scam. Gambia (Kew Bull. 1.c.). ** Kakeis "" (Oldenlandia globosa, Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. ** West African Drugs," p. 995). There is a specimen in the Herbarium at Kew, from Angola, but none from Nigeria. MuvssaENDA, Linn Mussaenda arcuata, Zoir.; Fl. Trop. Zn III. p. 68. Ill.—De Wildeman, Etudes Fl. Bangala, p. 114. ernac. names.—Tsikirity, Vahindanigo or Voandaingo (Mada- gascar, H MEN: ; Cicrite (Reunion, Heckel). Niger; Nupe. A decoction of the leaves and stem is a reputed ick and strengthening drink in Madagascar (Heckel, Ann. L'Inst. Col. Marseille, i. 1908, p. 161). Other medicinal uses are Seded for this plant by Heckel (Lo.). Mussaenda elegans, Schum. et Thonn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 69. . Nigeria (Elliott, No. 75, Herb. Kew): S. Nigeria (Holland, No. 45 Herb. Kew), and w idely distributed in Upper and Lower Guinea, occurring in Mombuttu Land. A decorative plant; flowers NER scarlet. Mussaenda erythrophylla, Schum. et Thonn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 69. Ill.—Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. (1869) t. 13 an Tem Bot. Mag. t. 8222; Gard. Chron. Aug. 5th, 1911, p Ver names.—Dilula, Dilula-Riula, Ta or Alleluia (Paso does Welwitsch). Widely distributed in West Africa, from Biers Leone to the Cameroons and Angola; extending to Ugan The bright searlet bracts make this an steading handsome decorative plant. Introduced to Kew by Mann in 1863, but lost sight of for some years until sent to Kew by Ridley from Singa ore Botanic Gardens, flowered and figured for Bot. Mag. (l. x^ 1908. Collected. ‘for Sander & Sons, on the banks of the Eada Loango, French Congo, in 1 188 resembles that of Euphorbia pulcherrima in. brilliancy and floral effect, and it sometimes almost completely covers low trees with its 355 glowing garlands, Pungo Andongo (Hiern, Cat. Welw a FL li. pp. 453, 454); found in the Cameroons at an altitude 7 “S000. 4500 ft. (Bot. Mag. l.c.). Mussaenda Isertiana, DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 67. Vernac. name.—Igi ira (Lagos, Dawodu). Abeokuta (Irving); Lagos Island (Barter); Whydah, Slave Coast (Isert). A climbing or bushy shrub, 6—15 ft. Inflorescence ee M eon white bracts, flowers yellow; a handsome decorative plan Mussaenda tenuiflora, Benth.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 69. Old Calabar one Holland: Nos. 73, 83 & 126, Herb. Kew); Golungo Alto À decorative pluit; A very elegant shrub, scandent, with long sarmentose branches, calyx green, the enlarged lobe ‘foliaceous, white, soon turning a whitish-sulphur colour, Golungo Alto (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. ii. p. 453). Among other Mussaendas that possess some interest as decorative plants may be mentioned M. Afzelii, Don. Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 66, collected at Aboh by Vogel, ane M. luteola, Delile, Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 71, figured in Bot. Mag. t. 5573, from plants grown at Kew n 1866, the seeds being collected by Capt. Grant in the rocky ravines of Gani and Madi, 1863. Dicryanpra, Welw. Dictyandra arborescens, Welw.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 86. Vernac. name.—Mungolo oamxi (Golungo Alto, Welwitsch). Old Calabar, and in Angola, the Cameroons, etc. Timber used for hut-building, in Golungo ae (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. ii. p. 457). A piece of the wood [Cameroons, Zenker] in the Kew Museum has specific grav ity 0-131 — 46 Ib. per cubic ft A tree 15-35 ft. high in the primitive forests, or a stout shrub 8-12 ft., trunk sometimes 2-21 ft. in diameter, Golungo Alto (1.c.). Ranna, Houst. Randia genipaefiora, DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 95. Lagos. Also in Sierra Leone and Fernando Po. Referred to as ‘* Wild Coffee," Fernando Po (Barter, Herb. Kew), and of Sierra Leone (Barter, Mus. Kew); found as a shrub: -or tree up to 20 ft., fruit globose, 4 in. in diameter (Fl. Trop. Ar. Le.) Randia macrantha, DC.; Fl. Trop Afr. III. p. 97. Ill.—Salisbury, Parad. Lond. t. 93 (R. nee Bot. Mag. t. 3409 (R. Seima): Bot. TE (1846) 3 (Gardenia Devoniana); Paxt Mag. xiii 269 d (Gardenia Devoniana) ; Fl. des Serres, t. Toi (Gardenia one. 356 Vernac. name.—Kan-Kan (Yoruba, Millson, Moloney). Eppah; Lagos; Yoruba; the Cameroons and Uganda. A decorative plant. ; A shrub, 9 ft. high, deciduous, Eppah (Barter, Herb. Kew); 30 ft. high, in the Cameroons, altitude 2000-3000 ft. (Mann, Herb. Kew); 10 ft. in Toro, Uganda, altitude 4000 ft. (Dawe, b. Kew) . ; . Randia maculata, DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 96. Vernac. names.—Buje (Yoruba, Millson, Moloney); Buji (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot); Buje dudu, Asogbodum (Lagos, Foster); Gongoresi (Lagos, Dawodu). Lagos; Yoruba, Abeokuta, Oshogbo; Nupe. Also in Fernando Po and in Uganda at Entebbe. A dye is obtained from the fruit used by all interior tribes for tattooing the face blue, Yoruba (Millson, Kew, Bull. 1891, p. 208); for tattooing, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 1893, p. 51). The plant is very decorative. A shrub 10-15 ft. (Fl. Trop. Afr. Le.), 4-5 ft. Lagos (Foster, Herb. Kew); found at 3900 ft. though not common at Entebbe (Dawe, Herb. Kew). Randia malleifera, Benth.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IIT. p. 98. Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 4307 (Gardenia malleifera); Fl. des Serres, t. 249 (Gardenia malleifera). Vernac. names.—Buje-nla — (Oloke-Meji, Foster); Blippo (Mombuttu, Schweinfurth), ; Lagos; Insofan (Cross River); Agbemia (Niger), and widely distributed in West Africa from Sierra Leone to the Bagroo river, extending to the Sudan and Niam-Niam, and the Congo Region (Mombuttu). The inky sap is used by the Niam-Niam and Mombuttu tribes to dye their skin (Schweinfurth, Heart of Africa, i. p. 199; FI. Trop. Afr. l.c.; Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 367), and the juice of the fruits is used for a similar purpose and also as ink by the natives in the region of the eee thas A handsome decorative plant. A puberulous shrub 8-15 ft. high or a small tree, Niam-Niam (Schweinfurth, l.c.); [flowers, brownish-white very fragrant, Agbemia, Niger (Barter); 3 ft. Oloke-Meji (Foster); flowers white, dirty yellow outside, except 957 white tips, Insofan (Holland); a large shrub, especially in dark localities near streams, Khor Telu, Sudan (Broun); a large shrub, Bahr-el-Ghazal (Brown); a shrubby tree 20 ft. in swamps, Akim, son); climber, Sierra Leone (Turner), common up to 3000 ft. Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot) Herb. Kew]. Randia nilotica, Stapf in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxvii. (1906) p. 519. LR. dumetorum, Hiern, Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 94, non Lam.] Ill.—Schweinf. F1. Aethiop. t. 3 f. 1 (22. dumetorum); Fiori, Piante Legnose Dell'Eritrea, p. 359, f. 170 (R. dumetorum); Agric. Col. 1911, Suppl. p. 136 (R. dumetorum). Vernac. name.—Barbaji (Katagum, Dalziel). Katagum (Dalziel, No. 298, 1908, Herb. Kew), Nile Region, extending to Brit. E. Africa. Fruit said to act as a fish poison (Fl. Trop. Afr. Lc.) and an antidote to arrow poison, Katagum (Dalziel, Lex [A shrub 10-15 ft., Nile Province, Uganda (Dawe, No. 882, 1905); a spiny shrub, Sudan (Muriel) Herb. Kew]. z Randia octomera, Benth. ; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 98. Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 5410 (Gardenia octomera). Calabar, collected by Rev. W. C. Thomson (1863) and Rev. H. Goldie (1888). A decorative plant. The cultivation of this and all the Randias mentioned above is comparatively easy, from seed or cuttings, grown in moderately light soil rich in leaf mould or humus, and a fair proportion of sand. GARDENIA, Ellis. Gardenia ternifolia, Thunb. in Schum. et Thonn. Beskr. Guin. Pl. p. 147. Tree or shrub 6-15 ft. high, spreading, glabrous branches. Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, sessile, subacute or rarely rotun- date, cuneate at the base 11-31 in. long. 3-11 in. broad; sub- each side 7-11 oblique. Flowers white or yellow, tubular. Fruit in section, oblong-elliptic 2-22 in. long, 21 lin. diam. Seed sub- globose, yellow, about 2 lin. diameter (see Stapf & Hutchinson, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxviii. (1909) p. 425 for fuller description). Vernac. names.—Gauden Kura (Katagum, Dalziel); Orumon or Oruwon (Oloke-Meji, Dodd). Oloke-Meji (Dodd, No. 401, 1908, Herb. Kew); Nupe (Barter, No. 1205, Baikie (1862) Herb. Kew); Zungeru (Elliott, No. 30, 1904, Herb. Kew); Kuka, Bornu (Vogel, No. 92, Herb. Kew); Lake Chad and Bornu (Talbot, No. 271, 1911, Herb. Kew); Katagum (Dalziel, No. 162, 1908, and No. 161, fruit). : Fruit edible, but coarse (Dalziel, 1.c.). . 358 Gardenia Vogelii, Hook. f.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 103. Ill.—Hook. F1. Nigrit. tt. 38, 39; Hook. Ic Pl. tt. 782, 783. Aboh in S. Nigeria; also in Sierra Leone. Used in Djurland as a paint for the body (Moloney, For. W. Afr. . 968). A shrub, 8 ft. high, with white fragrant flowers, Aboh (Barter, Herb. Kew). Herb. Kew). (2) G. Jovis-tonantis, Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p.101; " Ndai, ^ Undai" * Dai,’ None of these appear to have been observed in Nigeria, though they may oceur there; being widely distributed in Tropical Africa. Oxyantuus, DC. Oxyanthus speciosus, DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 108. Vernac. name.—Mule-mule (St. Thomé, Welwitsch). Bonny River; Brass; Old Calabar. Also in Senegambia, Sierra Leone and St. Thomé. The bark is dried and used for scent, by the natives of Sierra Leone (Lane-Poole, No. 115, 1912, Herb. Kew). An ornamental shrub or tree, 12-20 ft. high. Oxyanthus tubiflorus, DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 107. Zil—Andr. Rep. iii. t. 183 (Gardenia tubiflora); Bot. Mag. t. 1992 (O. speciosus); Lindley Collect. Bot. t. 13 (O. speciosus); Fl. des Serres, t. 737; Lemaire, Le Jard. Fl. iii. 1852-3, t. 245; Bot. Mag. t. 4636. Lagos; Onitsha; Ibadan; Ilorin, and the Gold Coast, Bagroo River, St. Vincent, etc. The fruit is beaten in a mortar and used for food (Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 368; Fl. Trop. Afr. Le.) An ornamental plant introduced to England in 1789 from Sierra Leone (Andr. Rep. t. 183) and grown at Kew as O. speciosus, Aiton; a shrub, flowers white fragrant, Ibadan and Ilorin; 359 Onitsha (Barter, Herb. Kew), E. Akim, Gold Coast (Johnson, Herb. Kew). Propagated by cuttings and easily cultivated. Moretia, A. Rich. Morelia senegalensis, A. Rich.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 113. [Lamprothamnus Fosteri, Hutchinson, Kew Bull. 1907, p. 49]. Iil.—Kotschy, Pl. Tinneana, t. 14. Lagos (Foster, No. 4, 1906, Herb. Kew); Old Calabar (Mann, No. 2274, Her b. Kew w); Nupe Secon No. 1180, Herb. Kew); Zungeru (Elliott, No. 25, 1904, Herb. Kew Used to stupefy fish, Nupe ees Old Calabar (Mann). A shrub, with fragrant white flowers, common on river banks 8, Nupe (Barter), flowers white tinged with pink, Zungeru (Elliott); a tree at Speki river, Lagos (Rowland, Herb. Kew). Cremaspora, Benth. Cremaspora africana, Benth.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 126. Vernac. name.—Buje (Lagos; Dawodu). Niger. Found also in Sierra Leone, Mombuttu, Bongo, Djur- land and Zanzibar Fruits yield a iix colour like Indigo, W. Africa (Couper, Johnstone Co. Mus. Loa A pretty ornamental plant blossoming abundantly, Niger (Barter, Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c.); owerlng and fruiting in Chirinde Forest, Gazaland, altitude 3700-4000 ft. Sept. to Dec. (Journ. Linn. Soc. xl. 1911, p. 87). Prectrrontia, Linn. Plectronia Afzeliana, comb. nov. [Canthium Afzelianum, Hiern, Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 142.] Ogbomosho, S. Nigeria, and in Sierra Leone. The bruised "ei is used by the natives as a cure for swollen legs (Fl. Trop. Afr. 1.c.; Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 368). much branched glossy shrub of moderate size (Fl. Trop. Afr. In 10-15 ft. high, common in the bush, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Herb. Kew w). The fruit of C. lanciflorum, Hiern, is said to be one of the best in the country, collected by Kirk near Victoria Falls (Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 146; but this species does not occur in Nigeria. Plectronia glabriflora, comb. nov. [Canthium glabriflorum, Hiern, Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 140]. Vernac. names.—N yankumati (Gold Coast, Johnson) ; Edie den Calabar, Thomson); Culmatamba ? (Nigeria, mp. Inst. No. 1905, Herb. Kew); Aragbahi (Benin, Herb. Kew); J Ape: Pe (Gold Coast, Chipp); Pao Formigo (West Africa, Chris Old Calabar; Benin. Found Pado in the Gold DE and extending to the Cameroons and S. W. Africa. 360 Wood brownish- ie, of fine grain, somewhat like beech in hardness Ja wor characters ; said to polish well but of no ornamental o Szyk value though useful locally ; weight 34-6 Ib. per cubic foot (Stone (1900) Mus. Kew). This de E Sew Johnson) now (1913) shots a specific gravity . per cubic foot. und as a tree 40-50 ft. high; altitude 1000 ft., St. Thomé (Maus: Herb. Kew); of graceful palm-like habit, Old Calabar (Thomson, Herb. Kew); a small tree easily rec cognised when in flower by its st rong disagreeable smell, Gold Coast (Chipp, Trees, Shrubs and Climbers, Gold Coast, p. 23). VANGUERIA, Commers. Vangueria Dalzielii, Hutchinson in Kew Bulletin, 1913, p. 179. An erect shrub with terete branches covered xt x due silvery bark; die one end s —— leafy, gr glabro ns ewhat oes between e R subulate-lanceolate from a broad ase, obtuse, about 6 lin. long, long-pilose within the base. Flowers fasciculate at the nodes of t e leafless parts of the branches; pedicels 25 lin. long, glabrous. eos tacle cam seb glabrous. Calyx lobes 5, linear-lanceolate, subobtuse, 1 lin. glabrous outside, minutely puberulous .within. Corolla bibe straight, 6 lin. long, 3 lin. in diameter across the middle, glabrous outside or nearly so, with a dense ring of reflexed hairs below the middle — lobes 6, lanceolate, shortly apiculate, 6 lin. long, glabrou Anther rs included. Ovary 9-celled. Style shortly Vernac. name Bi ta-ka-tsira (Katagum, Dalziel). Katagum, Northern Nigeria (Dalziel, No. 379, Herb. Kew). A remedy for arrow poison (I.c.). Vangueria edulis, Vahl.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 148. Ill.—Agric. Col. 1911, Suppl. p. 139; Fiori, Piante Legnose Dell Eritrea, p. 362, f. 173. Vernac. names. We ro (Chindao, Gazaland, Swynnerton); Voa-Vanga Minor, He ee de Muero (S. Africa, Baines) ; Mobero (B. E. Afri a, Ellio Idda, Aboh. in S. Nigeria; "distribui eastwards to the Bari Country, Uganda, B. E. Afr Madagascar. Fruit edible—subglobose, gem l in. in dia eeded. Eaten by the natives of Madagascar and Mauris 4 (M oloney For. W. Afr. p. 368; Don. Hist. Dich. Pl. iii. p. 549). 361 Cultivated 5» India for its edible fruit (Dict. Econ. Prod. India). A shrub, 8 ft. high, flowers green, Idda (Barter, Herb. Kew); small tree, ‘Bari Country (Dawe, Herb. Kew) ; habit of coffee plant (Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c.) ; in flower December on the Lower Buzi, Chiba- bava, Gaind (Swynnerton, Journ. Linn. Soc. xl. 1911, p. 91). e native name '' Munjiro " is applied to several erit of Vangueria, viz. (1) V. esculenta, S. Moore, Journ. Linn. the ‘‘ Chirinda Medlar,” or the common *' Munjiro of the Soit 5 —in lera September-October, fruit edible, bright gamboge in colour, falling from the trees in March a nd April, in Chirinda Forest, 3700-4000 ft. (Journ. Tak Soc. 1.c.). Fo) y. apiculata, Schum . in Engl. Pflan. Ost. Afr. C. p. 384, the ** Small White eed common in long grass on the outskirts of Crimis CRATERISPERMUM, Benth. Craterispermum laurinum, Benth. ; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 160. Ill.—Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1235. Vernac. names.—Allam or Alum (Sierra Leone, Schuchardt, Hummel). Widely distributed in West Africa—Senegambia, Sierra Leon Gold Coast, Li Bagroo River, extending to Gazaland aud Beira in East A Bark beaten up E grass gives a yellow dye, River Bagroo Mann, Herb. Kew) used for dyeing clothes, Sierra Leone (Scott - Elliot, Herb. Kew; Hummel, Mus. Kew; Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 161; Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 369); leaves used for similar purpose, Sierra Leone (Schuchardt, Mus. Kew A shrub (Mann, l.c.), 5 ft. mee: Gold Coast (T.W. Brown, Herb. Kew); found in open woods at Beira, flowering October, fruiting December, altitude 4000 ft. near "Chirinda (Journ. Linn. Soc. xl. 1911, p. 94); very common in Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 1893, p. 31). Correa, Linn. Coffea arabica, Linn; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 180. Ill.—Weinmann, Phytanthoza Icon. ii. t. 279, f.b.; Linné, Amoenitates Acad. vi. p. 160; Ellis, Monogr. Coffee tt. 1-2 (at end of work) ; Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. i. t. 25; Lam. Encycl. t. 160; Plenck, Ic. t. 130; Tuss. Ant. E t. 18; Bot. Mag. t. 1303; Ha ayne, Darst. Beschr. Gewüchse, ix. t. 32; Ness von e Plant. Medic. Düsseld. t. 257; Desc. Ant. viii. t. 564; . B6. Nat. t. 99; Drapiez, Herb. Amat. de Fleur. iii. i ‘206: bol, “Sert, Z2 362 Bot. ii. ; Woodville, Med. Bot. i. IE t. 10; Steph. and Ch. Med. Bot. t. 182; Wight, io. PL Ind. Or. 1. t. 53; Burne ett, PI. Util. 1. t. Ta; Schnizlein, Ic. t. 127b; Spach, Suites (ee Nat. des Vegetaux), t. 63; Bedd. FI. Sylv. (Anal. Gen.), t. 17 1; Gard. Handels. Náhrpf. E ij Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. part 5. SEES Kóhler, Med. Pfian. i.; Preuss. Expedit. Cent. und Side. p- 352 (habit, Nicaragua); Wettstein, Handb. Syst. Bot. p. 455, f. 435; Wettstein, Veg. Südbras. t. 40 (in plantation); Karst. and Schenck, Veg. bild. i. t. 15 (habit); De Ni Been an, uites E. Laurent, tt. 67—70; Teysmannia, Batav l (var. monosperma), 224 (angustifolia), 225 (rotundifoliaT bas a naris); Freeman and Chandler, World's Comm. Prod. pp. 180, 193. Vernac. names.—Murianbambe or Muria Nbambe (Golungó Alto, Welwitsch).—Arabian Coffee; Maragogipe Coffee; Mocha Coffee ; Blue Mountain Coffee it has been Vue y the stronger growing species liberica and robusta. Grown to some extent, on the Gold Coast, Brit. 2000 acres under cultivation covered by 20 estates under European control (Ann. Report, Uganda, Dept. Agric. 1912, p. 33). Arabian coffee was being grown to a small extent in Lagos in 1894 and at the Botanic Station (a few feet only above sea level) . and produced coffee valued at LE per cwt. in London. The Ilaro Estates and Plantations Co., Ltd., who commenced operations in 1892, had about 1000 E a Soto in 1895, producing good but in 1898 the annual report on the Botanic Gardens states that they were not fence eed probably owing to the low altitude. A variety, ‘‘ Golden Drop,” and also ‘‘ Nalknad ” Coffee, as grown in Bangalore, sent from the Royal Botanie Gardens, Kew, were planted out at Old Calabar in 1900. This species has been recommended for cultivation in every West African Colony, on the hills of the interior(Kew Bull. 1890, p.197). Itis resur suitable for altitudes that suit Cinchona, and as the ntry opens out, suitable localities, especially in Northern Niven, will probably be found for this plant. 363 The wood though small is hard and durable. In Golungo Alto 1t is used for fur p M tables, bedsteads, etc., and is suitable for turnery work (Hiern, C. arabica, var. leucocarpa, Hiern, with white berries is de- Per. from Sierra Leone (see Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 181). For a haie of cultivation, etc., see general information at end of the gen Ref.—The one Planter of Saint Domingo, Laborie, pp. 1-145 noon 1798) : n abstract from this work, ‘Notes on Coffee om Laborie’s Coffee Planter,” pp. 1-8, on Situation, Cultivation, Pid and Curing, has been published in Bull. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, ii. Dec. 1895, pp. 273-280.— Coffee and Chicory: Their Ee: Chemical Composition, Preparation for are, and Con- mption, Simmonds, pp. 1-102, illustrated (E. and F. N. Spon, Lone 1864). The Coffee Planter of ge Sabonadière, 1-216, including Appendices of Description of the Coffee Tree by Laborie m 123—127; Extracts from Laborie's Remarks on on Coffee PE by Dr. R. S. Mair, jx 313-324 (E. and F. N. Spon, London, 1871) x ee, ea arabica, " in Med. PL Bentley and Tri , No. 144, 9 pages ACE and A. Churchill, London, 1880) ne “Maragogipe Coffee,” in New Comm. Pl. and Drugs, Christy, No. 7, 1884, : Coffee: Its Cultivation and Profit, Lester Arnold, pp. 1-270 (W. B. Whi RE n, 1886).— Kohler, 1. 7 R States, No. 98, Oct. 1888, pp. 1-143, including B. W. Indies— etc., Centra America, Mexico and S. ea . arabica," in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, ves ii. * 1889, 460— 491. Memoria Sobre el Cultivo del Cafeto, Nicolas Saenz, pp. 1-65 (Bogota, Colombia, 1892).— —'' Coffee Enterprise in the East Indies," in Kew Bull. 1893, pp. 123-124.— —*' Coffee Culti- vation in the New World," in Kew Bull. 1893, pp. 321-325. ‘Coffee Husking in London," in Kew Bull. 1893, pp. 128-133. Culture du Caféier, heces avec la collaboration pour la “ Mar ragogipe Coffee," in Kew. 1894; pp- 163-164.——Contribucion al Estudio del Cafe en Era 364 Dr. G. Delgado, Palacios, pp. 1-93 (Caracas, 1895). “ Caféier: Coffea arabica," in Les Pl. Industrielles, Heuzé, iv. pp. 172-192 dre Agric. de la Maison Rustique, Paris, 1895). — Production of Coffee in Mexico, Crittenden, Unite ted States Cons. Rep. Washington, No. 192, Sept. 1896, pp. 103—121.— —The Coffee Planter's Manual for both the Arabian and Liberian species, Ferguson, Pp. 1-312 (Colombo, 1898; London office 92, Grace- church Street). Coffee and India, Rubber Culture in Mexico, preceded br Go okai Statistical Notes on Mexico, Matias Romero, PP- 1-417, ‘‘ Coffee Culture on the Southern Coast of Chi E Su 281-369 4e P. Putnam's Sons, New York and London, 1898).——-Le Café, Lecomte, 1-342, with a biblio- graphy ie 338 335, illastrated (Georges Carré et C. Naud, Paris, 1899). Kaffee—Dü üngungsversuche in Guatemala, ‘Gustav ee [Sonderabdruck aus dem ‘‘ Tropenpflanzer" (Organ des Kolonial- ee chen Komitees). v. No. 12, 1901] pp- 1-20. “ Coffee,” in The World's Comm. Products, Freeman and Chandler, pp. 174-198, including Arabian and Liberian, illus- trated (Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Ltd., London, 1907)——The e Bolan [Sonderabdruck aus ‘‘ Beihefte zum Préponpianskh; No. 4, 1908] pp. 1-36; with 12 figures in the text and 1 coloured plate: Duto: ‘Manuring of "Meri A Review of the Sup- plement to the Tropenpflanzer," No. 1908, pp. 185-220, by Cowie, pp. 1-14 REDE HOS i. Wilhelm Greve, Berlin, 1908). ——— ea arabica," in Comm. Prod. India, Watt, PP. 363-302. “Culture et Commerce des Cafés en Abyssinie," Roux Aen Consul de France), in L' Agric. prat. pays chauds, x. part 2, 1910, pp. 149-155.— —'* The Production of Mocha Coffee, ts Agric. New rw eri x. 1911, p. 244 TIA Costa Rican Coffee Estate," | i The West India (oni. "dc xxix, 1914, pp. 486—488. See also References at end of the genus. Cofea liberica, Bull; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 181. {ll—Gard. Chron. July 22nd, 1876, p. 105, f. b (berry) c a eaf from seedling) e (leaf of an imported plant); U.S. Dept. Agric. Rep. 1878, p. 194, t. 1 (young plant); n El Café de Liberia, t. 1 (from Trans. Linn. Soc.); Christy, N w Comm. Pl. and Drugs, No. 1, 1878, P 1; Crüwell, Liberian Coffee, tt. 1, 2; Trans. Linn. 04, : Soc. i (1880) t. 24; Rev. Hort. 1890, pp 105; Mise. andb. Syst Bot p- , f. 434; Koorders, Bot. m Koffievruchten, p. 12; Karst. and Schenck, Veg. bild. i. t. 16 (fl. and fr.); De Wildeman, Mission E. ir t. 104; Freeman and Chandler, World's Comm. Prod. 6 (plant in flower), p. 178 (in fl. and fr.), p. 185 (plant 34 years old in Java). Liberian Coffee. 965 Native of West Africa—Liberia and S.W. Africa—Golungo Alto, Cazengo (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. PI. ii. p. 489). Widely distributed by cultivation in Trop. Africa, India, Ceylon, Mada- is Coffee is usually considered inferior to Arabian, Robusta C 0, e ican Association (see p ; at Buguma, New Calabar District, by the Oil Rivers Company (see p. 39); and at al i Ref—* The New Liberian Coffee," in Gard. Chron. J uly 22nd, 1876, p. 104. Liberian Coffee in Ceylon: The History of the Introduction and Progress of the Cultivation up to April 1878, with information on the Soil, Climate and Mode of Culture best suited for the tree; Estimates of cost of opening a Plantation: References to Its Culture in Africa, India, The West Indies, ete., the Ceylon Observer, pp. i—xxxvi. and pp. 1-177, A. M. and J. Ferguson (Colombo, 1878).— — The New Liberian Giant Coffee, Coffea liberica," in New Comm. Pl. and Drugs, Christy, No. 1, 1878, pp. 1-7. El Café de Liberia en Venezuela, Ernst, pp. 1-8 (Caracas, 1878). W . in Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 1893, pp. 15-17._—“‘ Liberian Coffee, in Bull. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, i. 1894, pp. 1-14, with figures and d 366 Mns: = pulpers. ** Liberian Coffee,’’ 1.c. ii. 1895, p. 145. ——'' Liber Dex i n Bu ll. x Inform ee Roy. Bo t. Renee ** Liberian Coffee," in Kew Bull. 1895, pp. 296-299, Letter Messrs. Major and Field to uerit, Kew, relating to cleaning, husking, sizing, ue ., in London. Coffee Planting in Lagos," l.c. 1896, 11-19, abus some information on Arabian.“ Coffee Eb aas at the Gold Coast," l.c. 1897, pp. 325-328, value and general charges of sale, etc., with some information on Arabian. we Cultivation of Liberian Coffee: A Pamphlet on the Open- ing u anagement of a Liberian Coffee Estate in the Malay Peninsula, Hiittenbach, pp- 1-59, with plans: reprinted from the Selangor Journal (Selangor Gov. Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1897). ‘De Achteruitgang van de Liberia Koffie P J ava: Welke Houding Moeten Wij Tegenover Haar Aannemen," Cramer, in Teysmannia, xviii. 1907, pp. 762-780. See "im The Coffee Planter's Manual, Ferguson, under C. arabica, and references at end of genus. robusta, Linden, Cat. PI. — Col. L'Hort. Col. Bruxelles p. 64; Kew Bull. 1901, App. i . 88 A small tree 10-20 ft. high. Branches B terete, glabrous. Leaves large, oblong-elliptic, obtusely cordate - acuminate, rounded at the base, up to in. long an in. broad, chartaceous, dull on both surfaces, glabrous; midrib flat above, prominent below, lateral nerves 9-12 on each side, looped and much branched within = margin, slightiy arcuate, diverging m the midrib at an angle of 459, distinct above, prominent below, veins lax; petiole À in. long, ginbrous: stipules inter- petiolar, broadly triangular, long-mucronate, 3-4 lin. ong, about 4 lin. broad. Flowers in dense axillary clusters, about 12 in. in diameter, often with a few small leaves intermixed. miuto, entire. Corolla ides we tube about 5 lin. long. half the size of liberica, outer skin thin, 2-seeded, cherry-like when ripe. Coffea Laurentii, Wildem. in Compt. Rend. Congr. Intern. Bot. (1900) p. Ill.—Gard. Chron. E 16th, 1903, p. 306 (C. eg og oe Pl. Hort. Col. Bruxelles, p. 65; India abbey Journ. Jun nths U Serdang Planta ation); Cramer, Bull. Soc. Belge d'Etudes Col. xxiii. 1911, p. 109 (habit). Robusta Coffe, Rio Nunez Coffee, Congo Coffee. Native of the Congo. Widely distributed by cultivation in : Tropical Africa—in Uganda 65 acres were reported under cultiva- 367 tion in 1912 (Ann. Rep. Dept. of Agric. re 1912, p. 33); iu Java, Sumatra, Trinidad. Java whence seeds were sent from Brussels in 1900, and where it now occupies some thousa A of acres largely interplanted with Para Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). It has been sent out from Kew most of the Colonial Agricultural Departments including Nigeria. A plant in ved "i tanic Gardens, at Entebbe, Uganda, received there in 1901 as a seedling, was 5 feet high, May 1903 . 30 i - adapted to gene at low elevations, from sea-level up to 2000 feet or more For os of cultivation see end of genus. ef.—''Robusta Coffee," in Journ. Bd. of Agric. British Guiana, iii. No. 3, 1910, pp. 166-167.— —'* The Congo Coffee Plant," in Agric. News, Barbados, ix. 1910, p. 133. Coffee Robusta, Gallagher, Dept. of Agric. Fed. Malay States, Bull. No. 1, 1910, pp. 1-7.——* Unc Nouvelle Culture Intercalaire our les Arbres a Caoutchouc De Para: Le Café _Robusta,”’ t op Ps vedi pp. 791-792, and in the Agric News, Barbados, 1911, Coffea robusta in Para Rubber Nr 0 pp. 132- Coffee," in Bull. Imp. Inst. x. 1912, pp. 454—465.— —'* Etude sur le Coffea robusta," De Wildeman, in Bull. de L'Assoc. des Planteurs de Caoutchouc, iv. No. 12, Dec. 1912, pp. 274-276, v. o. 2, Feb. 1913, pp. 28-31. Coffea stenophylla, G. Don; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 182. Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 7475; Kew Bull. 1896, 190; Hart. Ann. Rep. 1897, Roy. Bot. Gardens, Trinidad, p. D De Wildeman, Mission E. e tt. 62, 64; hey vsmannia, Ba lavia, xviii. 1907, p- 292, f. 15, ff. 16-17 (Hybrida C. stenophylla x C. liberica). baa Coffee of Sierra Leone; Bush Coffee (Sierra Leone). Native of West Africa,.first known from Sierra Leone, where it is cultivated in preference to Liberian (Kew. Bull. 1896, p. 189). Introduced to the West Indies, Ceylon, India, and sent to Botanic Stations in all the Colonies from Kew, the distribution beginning about 1895, the plants from seeds specially collected by the 968 Government of Sierra me in 1894. A supply of seeds from Sierra Leone was received at Old Calabar in January 1897, the plants raised were Ue i n 1898 to be growing vigorously (Ann. Rep. Bot. Gardens, Old Calabar, MSS.). The Mus is a small one; described of superior quality equal to * Mocha." Although the species is called Highland Coffee it thrives with the Liberian, but would also succeed at altitudes approaching those more suitable for Arabian. Wood used for walking-sticks, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 1893, p. 35). Ref.—'' Highland Coffee e em Leone (Coffea stenophylla), in Kew Bull. 1896, pp. 189—1 ffee as a beverage is dm pom it was one of the earliest introduced to this country, the first London coffee-house being established in St. Michael's Alley, about 1652. It had been used in Constantinople for more than a century before. vated, an requirements approximately similar. C. arabica will re om below about 1500 ft. with a range up to about 5000 f liberica, C. robusta, and C débil d. ` vigour of the plant. The De al requirements otherwise are rich, deep, loamy soil, open subsoil It thorough drainage, good and regular rainfall—50—100 inches—and a sheltered position. It may also be necessary to plant ume belts of suitable trees. For propagation the richest and finest fruits should = selected, and the seeds must be sown in prepared nursery beds as soon as possible after the removal of the pulp. They are ETT placed the flat side downwards, about 3 or 4 inches apart and 1-11 inches below the surface of the soil. Germination takes place in a month or six weeks and the seedlings should be ready for planting out n permanent positions in from 10-12 months; if sown about Sépteuibér towards the end of the rainy season they would be rea nsplanting the Seen ih July in time to get estab- temporary shade of a few palm leaves is beneficial round oath plant after transplanting. Permanent shade trees may or may not be necessary, but for C. arabica at the lower elevations it will probably be required in all cases. Bananas, Plantains or ‘Pigeon Pea" (Cajanus indicus), are suitable for shade purposes when the plants are young, wi later large growing trees will be needed. In Colombia the ‘Guamo Rabo di Mico” (Inga ranging is generally used (Cons. Rep ee No. 3114, 1904, p. 9) known as ‘‘ Poix doux” in the West Indies, and also “ Jack tree” (Artobar pit integrifolia) 369 (Agric. News, Barbados, 1904, p. 89); the ‘‘Rose Apple"' (Eugenia Jambos), Erythrina spp., or any of the trees mob Lee under Cacao (see p. 98) are recommended. The same trees may also be planted as shelter belts. Liberian Coffee and Highland Coffee require little or no shade. Robusta Coffee in Java is grown under shade (Cramer). In Brazil (Arabian) and Jamaica (Blue Mountain) the plants are grown without shade. The distances apart of the shade trees must be regulated according to situation, size of tree and in proportion to the space e coffee trees all the species mentioned requiring 8 x 8, 10 x 10, or 12 x 12 ft. If left to themselves the coffees would grow from 15-30 ft. high, but in practice they are usually kept topped to about 5 or 8 feet for convenience in gathering the fruit. n pruning the object is to encourage as much young wood as possible and an open centre. Suckers (so called, since true suckers arise from the root) growing from the main stem have a tendency to fill up the centre, and must be regularly removed by pulling or tearing off, not cutting, when young; all cross branches should be cut out and the primary, secondary and tertiary branches encouraged to grow horizontally, and as far as possible clear of each other. The trees begin to bear fruit after about 3 or 4 years, and the berries ripen in about 10 months from the time of flowering. No definite period can be stated for harvesting as the berries are ripening nearly the year round, but the most ee collec- tions will be in the dry season. "They should be gathered as soon as ripe wipe nd those of Arabian MSN are liable to drop; the berries of Liberian and Robusta do not ze so — and pro- bably picking monthly would be found suffici order to remove the a eu material with which they are covered. n the mucilage icd off readily (after about 24 hours) the [enc are washed and o dry on trellises or mats n the e erate suns eh ith some convenience for protection from rain. When thoroughly dry they are put into bags, usually containing abo 2 lb. and the coffee is ready for shipment. is “f parchment” coffee the plantation, the ''parchment"' covering serves to protect the bean npe transit, and the whole p of ee t 2s. is not profitable. The gu ade 3 c in the course of treatment is graded b means of ri dnce Shey as to dimensions into *' arge Mediu ium," * Smalls,” ‘‘ Bold Padi ** Small Pea-berry,” Triage” 310 (broken) and ‘Elephant ” or overgrown; and an example shown. at the time of a visit made by the writer to the above mentioned establishment in 1897 turned out for 58 bags as follows: 14, 28, 7, 9 and 2 cwt. ; 2 qrs., 1 ewt. 2 qrs., and 15 lb. respectively. The commercial forms are usually distinguished aecording to the country of origin, as ‘‘ Brazil,” ‘‘ Costa Rica," “ Mocha," ** East. India," ‘‘ Mysore," “ Java," ** Liberia," etc nutmegs taking the place of coffee, that is 390 coffee plants. to the acre in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th years pe (Gallagher); in the West Indies for C. liberica, 1-8 lb. of clean coffee per tree (Nicholls), and C. stenophylla appears to yield equally freely. It has been calculated that on an average 10 pikuls [about 1350 1b.] of Liberian berry give one pikul [about 135 Ib.], and 4 pikuls [about 540 Ib.] of Robusta berry give the same amount of market coffee, (Gallagher, Dept. of Agric. Fed. Malay St. Bull. No. 7, 1910, p. 1). The total imports of coffee into the United Kingdom during 1910, were 936,778 cwt. value £2,903,014— 797,087 cwt. value £1,866,589 coming from Foreign Countries, chiefly Brazil (358,900 cwt. value £661,555) followed in order of importance for that year by Costa Rica, Guatemala, Colombia, Nicaragua, Mexico, San Salvador, Portuguese Possessions in India, French Somaliland, Turkey (Asia), Java, Venezuela, Ecuador, Honduras (not British), Peru, Liberia, Chile, Panama, etc.—139,691 cwt. value £436,425 from British Possessions, chiefly British India — (118,484 cwt. value £369,999), B.W. Indies, Aden and Depen- dencies, Nyasaland Protectorate, British Guiana, E. Africa Pro- tectorate, and other British Possessions not defined (Trade of the United Kingdom, i. 1911, p. 208). The price per ewt. at the present time (March, 1913) is 72s. 6d. to 85s. for Costa Rica and 72s. to 83s. 6d. for East India; 71s. 6d. to 83s. for Jamaica (Dec. 1912, : : f e 0 exports from the Western Province (198 ewt. value. £295), the 311 value £47 (included in t . Prov ures) destined for the United Kingdom (Govt. Gaz. S. N igeria, May 17th, 1911, a Appendices Biii.), doubtless included in the d bove, an apparently the greater proportion, as the total from these sources only amounted to 344 ewt. value £715. amounted to 9,500,000 hags (Cons. Rep. Ann. No. 4700, 1911 together with the production, should be given. Further informa. tion may be obtained from the numerous works on the industry d Ref.—** On the African Species of the genus Coffea," Hiern, in Trans, Linn. Soc. 2nd series, i. 1 , pp. 169-176. Fro and Consumption, Thurber, pp. 1-416 (American Grocer Pub- pid rr Kot z Delden Läerne, with plates, maps and diagrams, pp. 1-637 (W. H. Allen and Co., London: Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1885). Coffee: Its Cultivation and Profit, Arnold, pp. 1-270 (Whit- the Federal Gov nt, and ratified in the Taubaté Treaty in February, 1906, by the Presidents of Sao Paulo, Minas Geraes and Rio de Janeiro It urged by planters and bankers of the country (to whom most of rohibiti bove a certain amount—10,000,000 bags in 1910-11 (Cons. Rep. Ann. No v *coffee throughout the world. 812 tingham and Co., London, 1886).——*‘ Artificial Coffee Beans,’ in Kew Bull. 1891, pp- 201—204.— —* Coffee Cultivation i in Batish Honduras,” in Kew Bull. 1892, pp. 253-259. ; arabica, Coffe ea liberica," in Trop. Agric. Nicholls, pp. 91—109 (Maemillan and Co., P OLS 1892). ; PP- offee Cultivation i in Angola,” in Pow Bull. 1894, pp: 161-163. Le Caféier et Le Café: Se Historique, Scientifique et pepe de cette Rubiacéae: Suivie d'un Bibliographique, Edélestan Jardin, pp 1—413, pure Hes Leroux, Paris, 1895). Coffee Cultivation in uento Stronge, Dip. and Cons. a No. 393, 1896, pp. 46-59. af Col. Pl. - Alimeniairos, E umelle , PP- Ed C .arabica, C. liberica, C. stenophylla Sra et Fils, Paris, 1901). Shade in Coffee Culture, Cook, U.S. Dept. TOT. Div. of Botany, Bull. No. 20, 1901, pp. 1-79, aoe —Xvi. Is pp 365-313, C. arabica and C. Hie * Nouveaux Caféiers de la Cote occidentale D'Afrique," De Wildera Le. iv. 1904, pp. 113-116.——‘‘ Les Caféiers,"" Dubard, l.c. v. part 5 1905, pp- 92-100. Cafeier,’ Pierrot, l.c. v. dst 1, 1905, pp. 180—193; pp. 282-301; pp. 411-425; pp. 467-479; v. part 2, 1905, pp. 34-49 and pp 101-108, illustrated.—‘‘ Note sur le Café Venezuelian,’ Weiner bey. part 1, 1905, p. 68-75. “Coffea excelsa: A New Coffee from Central Africa, Chevalier, in Comptes Rendus, exl. 1905, p : aféiers sauvages de la Guinée française,” Chevalier, l.c. pp. ^ MT9 145, C. stenophylla, C. affinis, : aclaudii. —" Culture Pratique du Caféier : Preparation du Café," Fauchere, in L'Agric. prat. pays ae vi. ped E 1906, e, Cramer, ın Teysmannia, xviii. 1907, pp. 144-165; pp. 219-238; pp- 278-299, illustrated. Kaffee, Kaffee Konserven und Kaffee "pe (Chemiachtechnische Bibliothek, Band 297), Erwin ' in Ds. and Cos R ep. An nn. No. 3891, 1907, arabica and C. bation) A Van Leenhoff, in Cycl. American zw Bailey ii. pp. 239-246, illustrated (Maemillan and Co., Ltd. 918 London and New York, 1907). Coffee from Grower to Con- sumer, Keable, pp. 1- 168 HE figs. 22 and 1 map (London 1909). “Ca fé, + Charabot, in L' Agric. prat. pays chauds, viii. fort. i 1908, “Les Produc ctions Végétales des Colonies p. 448-4 ‘‘ Cafeier d'Liberia," pp. 450—458. '* Café," De Wildeman, in Ann. L'Inst. Col. Marseille, vii. 1909, pp. 317-323. te ate dans L’ Etat de St. Paul (Brés il), A. Lalière, pp. 1-417 mire Challamel, Paris, 1909). d ipee from the East Africa Pro- tectorate and Rhodesia," in Bull Inst. viii. 1910, i 365- 369.— —'* Present prd of the Cie Market” and ‘‘ The Valorization Scheme," in Dip. and Du. Rep. Ann. zu 4100. . 14-18. i i 19i1, pp 7 «The Production of Coffee in Brazil" in Journ. Roy. Soc. n izi 1913, pp. 51 ‘ Coffee," in Planting in Ugan Coffee—Para Rubber—Cocoa, Brown and Hunter, pp. 1-176 PTS (Longmans, Green and Co., London, 1913).——‘‘ Co ultivation in Uganda," Small, in Bull. Imp. — Inst. xii. 1914, pp. 242-250.— The Cultivation and Preparation of Coffee,” l.c. xiii. 1915, pp. 260-296. Mortnpa, Vaill. Morinda confusa, //utchinson in Kew Bull. ined. [M. longiflora, Hiern in Oliv. FI. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 192, partly]. A scandent shrub, fruits deep orange ote when ripe (Barter) ; a climber, flowers white, fragrant (Johnson). ‘the Fl allied to M. longi Pio -— confused with that pecu asl ernac. nam — Ogidogbo, Ojuclogho Ogicloba (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot, Mold Cole); Ojuologbo (Nigeria, Im mp. Inst. No. 6, 1905, Herb. Kew); EE kaar (Arabic, Cole Lagos (Millen, No. 168, Herb. ie Eppah eed PT 3212, Herb. Kew), Nigeria (Imp. Inst. No. 6, 1905, Herb. Kew). Occurs from Sierra Leone to Angola and in e Niam-niam count of North East Tropical Africa Herb. Kew; Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 18 AE = and by I an the West African tribes (Cole, js ourn. Ta Arts, lii. 1905 ** Ojuo ens ai vine "") and said to be one medicine both by seas and Natives, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot; Burroughs and Wellcome, Mus. Kew w). Ref-—Chemical Examination of the Root and Leaves of Morinda longiflora, Barrowcliff and Tutin, No. 77, Wellcome Research Laboratories, London 374 Morinda geminata, DC. Prodr. iv. (1830), p. 447; [M. citrifolia, Hiern in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 191, partly, non Linn.; Psychotria chrysorhiza, Schum. & Thonn. Pl. + p. 111? Morinda meres Desf. Cat. Hort. Par. ed. 3, p. 404; M. chrysorhiza, DC. Prodr. iv. p. 450?; M. anne, G. Don, Syst. Veg. iii. (1834) p. 545]. A tree with conspicuously quadrangular € and very Í stout peduncles; flowers white; distinct from e Indian M. citrifolia, L., with which it has been confused. Vernac. names.—N’Salagui (Sierra Leone, Lane le); Bungbo or Mene (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot) ; Ojuologbo rre Leone, Imp. Inst. No. 8, 1906, Herb. Kew). — Brimstone Tree of Sierra Leone (Barter). Sierra Leone—the only region in West Africa where this species is known to occur, but it is included here because of the pre- viously mistaken association with M. citrifolia, of the Flora of "Tropical Africa. A native medicinal plant of Sierra Leone (Imp. Inst. l.c.), the leaf forms a very good purge (Scott Elliot, No. 5278, Herb. Kew), and the roots are cut up and mixed with indigo plant to bring out the colour, Sierra Leone (Lane-Poole, No. 152, Herb. Kew The wood is A as flooring, said to resist insects, Sierra Teona (Barter, Herb. or house work and ordinary purposes, Sierra Leone (Scott ; Klliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 1893, p. 35, *' Brimstone,” M. citrifolia). rinda longiflora, G. Don, Gen. Syst. iii. p. 545; = in Oliv, Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 192, partly]. A climbing free-flowering shrub up to 10 ft. high; readily dis- ‘tinguished from the other African species by the terminal paired peduncles supporting the flowers; corollas slender and curved in ‘bud. Flowers fragrant. Calyx green. Corolla white (Johnson) or copper-coloured (Barter). Vernac. names.—Leverek beni and Benti (Sierra Leone, Lane Poole). Occurs from Sierra Leone to the Cameroons and in the island of Fernando Po; has been collected in the Eket district, Southern Provinces, by Mr. and Mrs. P. A. Talbot (No. 3255). Morinda lucida, Benth. in Hook. Niger Flora, p. 406. [M. citrifolia, Hiern in Oliv. FI. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 191, partly, non on. M. citrifolia, var. lucida, Hiern in Cat. Afr. Pi. W elw ii. p A large straight-boled tree, Uwet (MacLeod), 30-40 ft. high, Cross mo (Holland), 15-20 ft. high, KA 1-3 ft. in diameter, -flowers abundant, white, fragrant, o Alto (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. PL ii. p. 492), daid. ien the ud Ege species “he the terete branchlets and the small flowering and fruiting heads supported on extremely slender peduncles; it is 315 also distinguished by these characters from the Asiatic and Malayan M. os tien L., with which it was confused in the Flora of pes Afri Ver: or T (Yoruba, Millson, Malonea | Bo (Oloke Meji. Foster Guigo (Princes Island, Welwitse ch); Neg, ar, ( dc e stat d al Par e Gold Codét to Mira and in North East Tropical Africa; con- reis to the Southern parts of Nigeria—Yoruba, Lagos (Millen . 106, Herb. Kew; Millson, Herb. Kew); Abeokuta (Irving, No. 70, Barter, No. 3388, Herb. Kew), Onitsha (Barter, Nos. 1234, 1753, Herb. Kew); U wet (MacLeod, Herb. Kew); Inkum, Ekom Cross River (Holland, No. 240, Herb. Kew). Used by the natives in dysentery and fever, Onitsha and Fernando Po (Barter, l.c.), tonic leaf, Yoruba (Millson, l.c. ); 5 yellow dye is obtained from the tree Uwet (MacLeod, E The timber is used for building huts in Golungo Alto dion Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. ii. p. 492), for canoes, planks, posts, etc., resisting ravages of termites, Yoruba illson, Kew Bull. 1891, grained. Psycnorria, Linn. Psychotria Ipecac - n Stokes, Bot. Mat Ah ont nr eiii . Rich., Hist. Nat. ds. 1890). a. shrub, about 18 in. high. Roots more or less creeping okati, annulated, in commercial specimens, about i in. in diameter. Stem erect, woody, sometimes branchin ves apone; oval or elliptic, somewhat acuminate. Inflorescence a capitulum ; flowers white, an poe set in a 4-leaved involuer . 6; Nees von Esenbeck, Plant Medic. Düsseld. t. 258; Giumpel, Abbild. Beschr. t. 43; "Woodville, s. Bot. iii. (1832), t. 274; Steph. and Ch. Med. Bot. t. 62; Bot. Mag. t. 4063; Burnett, PL Util. iv. t. 1064; Pereira, Mat, Med. ii. (1853) p. 1591, I 321; Berg. and Schmidt, Darst. Beschr. Pharm. ii. t. 15e; Trans. Roy. : . Soc. LX. . 4; Rev. Hort. 1873, p- 219; Bentl. and Trimen, Med. Pl. t. 145; Kóhler, Med. Pflan. i.; Zippel, Ausl. Handels Nahrpfl. t. 26 AA \ 376 (Cephaelis Ipecacuanha)]; Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. pt. 5, t. 523 Jacquemet, Ipecacuanha, tt. 2, 4; Moeller, Pharmakog. Atlas (Berlin, 1892) t. 103 (Radix Ipecacuanha); Planchon and Collin, Drog. Simpl. ii. p. 166 (Cephaelis Ipecacuanha) ; Chemist and Druggist, Oct. 19, 1912, p. 49 (Root ** Johore ”’). Ipecacuanha. Poaya (Brazil). It may be mentioned that ** Poaya’’ as a general name for plants with emetic properties is also applied to several spurious Ipecacuanhas including Psychotria emetica (striated or ‘‘ black " Ipecacuanha), Richard- sonia pilosa (undulated or white Ipecacuanha) and Jonidium Ipeeacuanha (Violarieae), all of which have come into commerce at various times as substitutes or as adulterants. Native of Brazil. Cultivated in Straits Settlements, The root, under the name of ‘‘ Ipecacuanha " is an important article of commerce, for medicinal purposes. The value at the present time is for ‘‘ Matto Grosso," nominally 8s. 9d.; ** cultivated Minas, ”” 8s. 3d. to 8s. 4d. per Ib. (Chemist and Druggist, Jan. 18th, 1913, p. 95), ‘‘ Johore "' 6s. 9d. (l.c. Feb. 8th, 1913, p. 241) to 8s. per lb. and ‘“‘ Cartagena ” 7s. 6d. to 8s. 2d. (l.c. Feb. 15, 1913, p. 279). Collection from well-established plants may go on nearly the year round. Drying in the sun or under cover in rainy weather is all the preparation required, and it may occupy only a few days before packing for export. The total imports into this country amount to upwards of 100,000 1b. The cultivation of this plant appears to be somewhat uncertain. It has succeeded in comparatively few places, notwithstanding numerous efforts to establish it in various countries. In India, under cultivation, the root has been found to contain emetin equal in amount to that of the commercial article (Hooper, Pharm. Journ. [4] xxxvi. 1913, p. 554), but Johore and Selangor are so far'the only countries where success on a commercial scale has been attained. It can be propagated readily enough, any broken piece of the annulated roots making a new plant, and even the leaves will strike roo t also grows freely from cuttings and layers. The soil in Johore in which it succeeds has been described as ‘‘ chocolate hes JU (Kew . in Serra do Espinhaco, or mountains extending from Bahia through Minas Geraes to the Northern part of Sao Paulo, chiefly in the 377 s yn Virgens ” (or virgin tropical forests) and the ‘‘ Catingas "' (or woods composed of smaller deciduous trees) in moist, shady itoatga (Markham, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. x. 1870, p . 391. Ipecacuanha is recorded as being s pie at Lagos, 1892 (Rowland and Millen, List of Cultiv. Pl. Lagos), and at Abutshi— though not very successfully (Woo oiu Rep. Bot. Plantn. Abutshi, 20th May, 1890; Kew Bull. 1891, p. 94). ‘“ The prospects of Ipecacuanha cultivation, which is no less important than that of Cinchona, is far less encouraging. This arises not so much from want of success in establishing and increasing the plant as from the apparently extremely slow growth of the underground rootstock from which the drug is obtained and the small yield of even a fully grown plant. Nevertheless the cultivation musi be persevered with, the causes that retard Ref ee Naturelle et eee des espéces d’ ssi du Commerce, Achille Richar ps. 2 ata (Béchet, Paris, " Gephacli Tosca à D A Tens Ipecacuanha,"' in Mat. Med. eram. ii. pp. 1591-1601 Losses London, 1853). ——-': Notes the Propagation of the cacuan Plant (Cepháelis Ipecacnana), " M’Nab, in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, x. 1870, pp. 318-324.——'' Memora ndum on Ipecacuanha, diners L6. pp. 391-392. “ Remarks on the mE Plant ( SES hàelis I UL as cultivated in the Royal Bot ns. Roy. Soc. T xxvi. —188.——'' Pharmaceutical Results of the Quietus Beni cedi Acclimatization of Jalap and Ipeca- euanha," in Pharm. Journ. [3] iv. 1873, pp. 221-222; Acclima- tization of Ipecacuanha, pp. 241—242; pp. 261-263, from the Report of the Superintendent.——*' Radix Tpecacuanha,”’ in Pharmacographia, Flückiger and Hanbury, pp. : ** Cephaelis Ipecacuanha," in Med. Pl. Bentley and Trimen, po, 145, T en "Ce vidt Ipecacuanha," in Med. Pflan. ages.——‘‘ ean d Ipecacuanha),"" de des Ipecuanhas de leurs 18 a me "Moeller, pp. 311-314 (Wien. 1889).—— <“ Cephüelis Ipecacuanha," in Dict. Econ. ue India, Watt, ii. 1889, p. 247-251 . 2, 1892, Imp. Serios, PP ——‘‘ The {yecactanh of pp 14 Sr AA 2 378 Moeller, in Pharm. Poste, No. 16, Wien, 1894. ** Ipéca- cuanhas,”’ in Les Drogues Sim mples dine 'Végétal, Planchon, and Collin, ii. pp. 165-180 (Octave Doin, Paris, 1896). ——** Note on Ipecacuanha Cultivation,” Holmes, in Pharm. Journ. [4] xxviii. 1905, 6 pp. 937-9 GRUMILEA, Gaertn. Grumilea psychotrioides, DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 216. Vernac. name.—Fure (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot). Aboh— Niger River, Onitsha. Furnishes a red sed by the natives of Sierra Leone for cloth (Scott Elliot, Col. "Hem Misc. No. 3, 1893, p. 31). Found as an under-shrub in the woods, Sierra eia (l.e.). MiTRACARPUM, Zucc. Sabine scabrum, Zucc.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 243. Ver ames.—Gogomasu (Katagum, Dalziel); Irawo Ile or vois Tus Dawodu). Lagos; Nupe; cna Bornu. Known also from the Gold Coast and the Ga mbia Gambia, (Brown Lester, Kew Bull. 1891, "n ue , $ antidote sn arrow-poisons, Katagum (Dalziel, erb nnual plant 1-2 ft. hi e. A common pios aed, Konto (Dalziel, 1.c.), in wet Diane near the river, Nupe Barter, Herb. Kew); and common in hedges at Kuka, Bornu (Vogel, Herb. Kew). COMPOSITAE. SPARGANOPHORUS, Vaill. Sparganophorus Vaillantii, p. ; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 262. Ill.—Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. ii. t. 165, f. 4; Jacq. "NAP : Pl. Rar. ii. t. 1831 (5. CA a Pal de Beauv. Fl. Ow. Ben. i. t. Ps (Struchium africanum). rnac. names.—Ewuro Odo (Yoruba, Millson); Ewaruda (Bierma Leone, Scott Elliot). Abeokuta in S. Nigeria, and also in Gold Coast, Cameroon, Togo, Congo, Fernando Po, and Niam-niam land, etc. Used as a herb in soup, Yoruba (Millson, Y Bull. 1891, p. 214), Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Mise. No. 3, 1893, 319 Im eer cs: Herb. Kew rect or decumbent herbaceous plant, found in swamp places, Ferlando Po and near river Ofun, Abeokuta (Barter, Herb. Kew); 1-2 ft. fomen eee Po Mange Herb. Kew); and near river, Efulen, stem succulent, rooting at joints (Bates, Herb. Kew); common in the marshes, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, LS. if 43), medicinally for headache by the natives, E. Akim, Gold w). VERNONIA, Schreb. Vernonia E Delile; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 284. Vernac. names.—Ewuro Eti mia Irving); Grabra (Abyssinia, Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c.); Libo (St. Tho au Welwitsch).— Bitter leaf of Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot). Abeokuta ; Oloke-Meji; Niger amas and widely Dd in West Trop. Africa, extending to the Congo and A Used as a chewstick (Abeokuta, Irving, Herb. Kew as a toothstick, Katagum (Dalziel, Herb. Kew), as a bitter Sierra Leone (Kirk, Fl. Trop. Afr. Le.), and described as possessing a medicinal bitter root, St. Thomas (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. ii. p. 530). e leaves are soaked in water and used for soup, also used in Vr sauce, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 1893, p. 42). Found growing as a shrub 6-10 ft. high or small tree (Fl. Trop. Afr. Loj; 6-8 ft., re a (Dalziel, Herb. Kew), a Vernonia cinerea, Less.; Fl. in Ade, III. p. 275. Ill.—Rheede, Hort. Mal. x. t. 64; Wight, Illust. t. 134, f. 1. Vernac. names.—Oru Ewe jedijedi (Lagos, sn Elegbe Oju TOloke-Mojt,- Dodd), —The Ash-coloured Flea-ba rece ee Meji, and widely distributed in Tropical Africa and in Used Soia i in Lagos, where it is included in ‘‘ àjo i (see Xylopia aethiopica, p. 50) ; used medicinally in India, and the seeds are stated to be used in Patna as an alexipharmie and anthelmintic (Dict. Econ. Prod. India; Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 371). Dymock, Warden and Hooper (Pharmacogr. Indi ica, ii. p. 243) state that the plant has no very sensible properties and “the medicinal virtues ascribed to it by the Hindoos appear imaginary. The leaves are eaten as a pot-herb in Chutia Nagpur (Dict. Econ. Prod. India). An erect herb 2-5 ft. high with reddish flowers; found in S laces in palm groves by the river Bengo near anda iern, Ca We lw. h ii li. p. y - m: channels at "m Hadramaut, 3000 ft. (Kew Bull. 1894, p. 333). 380 Vernonia Kotschyana, Schultz; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 289. Vernac. name.—Domashi (Katagum, Dalziel). Katagum; found also in Nile land at Senaar, Kordofan, in Abyssinia a Bongoland. A bitter medicine, Katagum (Dalziel, No. 173, 1907, Herb. Kew). Vernonia nigritiana, O. § H.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 288. Ill ——Heckel, Archiv. de Physiol 1888, t. 1; Christy, e Comm. Pl. and Drugs, No. 11, 1889, p. 5. ‘Vernac. names.—Batjitjor or Batiator (Senegambia, Heckel and Schlagdenhauffen) ; Batjitor ciae Leone, Scott Elliot) ; Jubu amba (Gambia, Brown Lester). Abeokuta ; Oloke-Meji; Niger and W. Africa generally. Used medicinally, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 1893, P- 50). Root described as a substitute for a sogre e Ipecacuanha); pounded and boiled, en as a purgative, Gambia (Brown Lester, Kew Bull. 1891, p- 272); an infusion used as a iom etic, etc., in small doses, or as an emetic in large doses, French Guinea (Pobéguin, L' Agric. prat. pays chauds, xi. part 2, 1911, p. 236); sold in Senegambia, supposed to have febrifuge, emetic, anti-haemorrhagic and anti- dysenteric properties (Pharm. Journ. [3] xix. 1889, p. 578). “ Vernonin,’ ”? the glucoside, obtained from it is said to resemble digitalin in its action upon the heart (l.c. Found as an erect woody plant 1—21 ft. (Fl. Trop. Afr. L.e.). KRef.—''Sur la racine du Batjitjor (Vernonia ,nigritiana) de l’Afrique tropicale, nouveau pum du coeur," Heckel and Schlagdenhauffen, in Archives de Physiologie, No. 6, Aug. 15th, 888, Tu 1-36; act in New Comm. Pl. and Drugs, hristy, No. 11, 1889, pp: 5-8. Vernonia Perrottetii, Schl.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 272. Ill.—Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix (1875) t. 56, f. A. Vernac. name.—Kwiajupong (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot), Niger to Northern Nigeria and other parts of Upper Guinea, and the Nile Land. In Unyoro and Madi the natives mix the ashes of this plant and those of. Hygrophila spinosa, T. And., with water and extract salt Mus Hán aL Vnus apaoimen from Madi, Hes e s. Linn. Soc P An annual plant, 1-2 ft. Mab. . Vernonia senegalensis, Less., Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 283. Ill.—Sim, For. Fl. and For. Res. Port. E. Afr. t. 73 f. A; De Wildeman, Études Fl. Bangala, p. 116. 381 Vernac. names—Tsumbi-lumi (M'Chopes, Zuvalla, Sim); Fantsa (Mozambique, Stewart); Malulo (W. Trop. Africa Monteiro); Molülu (Pungo Andongo, Welwitsch).—Bitters Tree of the Gambia (Brown Lester, Kew Bull. 1891, p- 272); Quinine des Noirs of French Guinea (Pobéguin, L’ Agric. prat. pays chauds, xi. 2, 1911, p. 236). iger, and widely distributed in West oe, Sierra Leone, etc. ; S.W. Africa; East Africa, e ete. z ound as a tree BI ft. Mti north and south banks of the mbia (Kew Bull. l.c.); a shrub 6-8 ft. high, on stony hills at NA 2000 ft. altitude (Cazengo), or a shrub-like little tree in hot stony thickets (Pungo Andongo), flowering and fruiting May and June, Angola, and further described by Welwitsch as remarkabl ornamental and well worth se hg (Hiern, 1.c. pp. 529, 530). ErrPruawToPus, Linn. Elephantopus scaber, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 299. Ill.—Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. t. 106 (F. v bera gtr Rheede, Hort. Mal. x. t. 7; Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl nu. t 166: Lam. Encycl. t. 718; Wight. le. Pl. Ind. D$. in. € 1086. Vernac. names.—Tambakombako (Madagascar, PTR Herbe de la jouissance (Heckel).—Prickly leaved elephant’s foot. Niger (Barter, No. 1972); wr vig iate No. 206, 1905); Okuni, Cross River (Holland, No. 169, 1900); widely distributed in W. Africa, and a common weed throughout the Tropics. Plant possesses equos and febrifuge properties, Madagascar (Heckel, Ann. L’I Col. Marseille, i. 1903, p. 151); various medicinal uses attributed to the decoctions of the root and leaves in India (Dict. Econ. Prod. India; reed For. W. Afr. p. 372). 0 ft. Karague (Gr fent Tul Linn. Soc. xxix y^ ws a perennial herb growing in a caespitose manner, with the habit of the genus, FOE (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 540). AGERATUM, Linn. Ageratum conyzoides, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 300. Ill.—Gaertner, Fruct. Bu: PL. e 169: Schk. Handb. t. 238; Lam. Encycl. t. 672; Hooker, Exotic, Flora, 1, t. I5; Bot. Mag. t. 2524 (A. meaicanum) ; Wight. Illust. t. 134, fx 382 A native of Modo, South America, and the West edie Islands: common in Nigeria—everywhere from the sea to Borgu er No. 1030, Herb. Kew), Oloke-Meji ie No. 407, 1908, b. Kew), Old Calabar (Holland, No. 20, 1897, Herb. Ke w)— Mid spread in Tropical Africa, and all hot deus FU. A decoction of the plant, used for ‘‘ craw-craw "' externally and for fever internally, Yoruba (Millson, Kew Bull. 1891, p. 215). Marseille, i ), in Madagascar (bid 1903 pp 89-90), and in Sierra Leone os Elliot, Col. Rep. Mise. 0. 3, j is ; No. 9, 1906, Kew), found to contain a minute quantity of a crystalline alksloid to which the physio- Eos activity of the drug may be due (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 601 1909, p. 43). An annual plant increased by seeds or cuttings, easily grown in light rich soil, described so long ago as 1823 in reference to home gardens as “ well deserving of a place in every stove; it flowers during a yamine period of the summer and even the severities of winter witness the expansion of its pretty blue blossoms "' (Hooker, Exotic Flora, t. 15). There are se vue dwarf varieties — ‘“‘ Cupid," ‘‘Imperial Dwarf," ‘Que etc., used for bedding purposes in European gardens, Mikaxra, Willd. : Mikania scandens, Willd.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 301. 1ll.—Jacq. Ic. Pl. Rar. i. t. 169 (Eupatorium scandens) ; Desc. Ant. vii. t. 484 (£ Satori 'scandens); Goodale, Wild F1. America, t. 34. Vernac. names.—lyawa (Yoruba, da US Nore (French Guinea, Farmar); Wedwedwi (Zambesi, Peters, Meller); Batako (Fiji, PH Guaco (Mexico, Ramirez).—Climbing Hemp-weed (Goodale). oe Gate uu River (Niger), Old Calabar, in S. Niger Sokoto, in N. ON and throughout Tropical A frion; Introduced lon. Mal Found as a je a on river boss. Nu Barter, No. 186, Herb. Kew), a climbing herbaceous eed 60 ft., Nun River 389 Giana, No. 496, ri Herb. Kew), 10-15 ft. high, Cameroon t 4000—700 t. (Mann, No. 1924, 1860, l.c.), a shrub, us at the base, dins to a great height, frequently covering whole tracts of the forest—the flowers of a faint brimstone colour making the dells of the forest with the broad tops of such trees as Albizzia, etc., appear as if coated with powdered sulphur, Golungo Alto (Hiern, 1.c.), climbs up stumps and often forms a thick carpet on the land, Fiji (Knowles, Kew Bull. 1907, p. 306). Ref.—Scee under Passiflora foetida, p. 326. GRANGEA, Adans. Grangea maderaspatana, Poir.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 304. Ill.—Rheede, Hort. Mal. x. t. 49; Lam. Encycl, t. 699; Wight, le: PL Ind. Or. ui 1 1007 Vernac. names.—Phunat loe Sudan, Broun); Montomaso, Angea (Madagascar, Heckel); Mare ella Gr Moloney) ; Macella (sometimes so-called, Loanda, Welwitsch). Nupe, Katagum, and widely €— in Tropical Africa; Tropical and Sub- Mops Asia, eee Found as a prostrate es Katagum (Dalziel, No. 174, 1908, Herb. Kew), in wet places, Nupe (Barter, No. 1200, Herb. Kew), very abundant about pools left after the rains, Loanda (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 545). Buiumea, DC.' Blumea lacera, DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 322. Ill.—Deless. Ic. iv. t. 23 (B. Musra). Ve —Numürdi (Konkan, Bombay, Watt); Kakxindü? (Bombay, Dymock); Quitoco FAR ET (Golungo Alto, Welwitsch); Burro Kooksima (India, Mus. Kew). Nupe and Moe 3 in EEAS PAREN Asia and npo : : p. 555). 150 Ib. of the fresh herb in flower, submitted to distilla- lion in the usual way with water yielded about 2 ounces of a light-yellow essential oil (Dict. Econ. Prod. India). . 384 Herbaceous plant 2-4 ft. high in marshy meadows and damp places, root conical, apparently annual, stem with crowded leaves at the base, Angola (Hiern, 1.c.). Blumea aurita, DC. has been mentioned as having similar properties to B. lacera, but according to Watt (Dict. Econ. Prod. India) it does not appear to have any known economic property. Kef.—'' The Essential Oils of Blumea lacera and Sphaeranthus indicus,” Dymock, in Pharm. Journ. [3] xiv. 1884, p. 985.—— ** Blumea lacera," in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, i. 1889, p. 459. SPHAERANTHUS, Linn. Sphaeranthus hirtus, Willd.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 334. [S. indicus, Linn]. Iil.—Rheede, Hort. Mal. x. t. 43; Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. ii. t. 164 (S. indicus); Lam. Encycl. t. 718, f. 1 (S. hirtus), 1. 2 (S. indicus); Wight. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. iii. t. 1094 (S. hirtus). Vernac. names.—Lookidge (Gambia, eor Koksim (Calcutta, Mus. Kew); Mundi, Gorakmundi, Munditika, Mur- muria, Kottak-Karandai (India, Dymock). Kontagora, Zungeru and West Africa in general extending to Mozambique, also in India, Malay Islands and Australia. Various medicinal uses attributed to the flowers, bark, root An erect or ascending, branching plant 2-3 ft. high; or an annual prostrate herb with ascending branchlets, fragrant (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 558) with a rose-like perfume ( ock). Found in Kontagora in fields and damp spots in bush (Dalziel, No. 189, Herb. Kew). Puzrcarra, Gaert. Pulicaria crispa, Benth. § Hook.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 366. Vernac. name.—Bilbila (Katagum, Dalziel). Niger, Katagum, Kontagora, Borgu. Occurring also in Sene- gambia, Nile Land, Arabia, Egypt, India, etc. The dried plant bruised and applied as a vulnerary to bruises, etc., of bullocks, India (Dict. Econ. Prod. India). Herbaceous plant 1-21 ft. high, found in fields and on waysides, Kontagora (Dalziel, No. 201, 1905, Herb. Kew). Ecureta, Linn. Eclipta alba, Hassk.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 373. Ill.—Bettfreund, Fl. Argent. ii. t. 68 (var. longifolia); iii. t. 113 (var. elliptica). 385 Vernac. names—Abikolo (Lagos, MacGregor); Arojoku uns. Millson). Nun River (Niger), N Ed bene ions distributed in Troppal Africa and other warm cou tattooing the natives rub the juicy green leaves over skin after panchoo ng, to es the Fer indelible s bluish- ndia). bats Dai 34 ft. high, on sandbanks Nun River (Mann, No. 470, 1860, Herb. Kew), Shai Plains, Gold Coast (Johnson, No. 570, 1900, Herb. Kew), in wet places, Nupe (Barter, No. 865, Herb. Kew), in UN and marshy places, Angola (Monteiro, biennial or even persist for three ye. Loanda (Hiern, ‘Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 575), a common weed. Ref.— —'* Eoliptá ne " in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, iii. 1890, pp. 201-202. ASPiLiA, Thouars. Aspilia latifolia, O. § H.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 379. Vernac. name.—Yun-yun (Yoruba, Millson).—Haemorrhage plant. Lagos, Old Calabar, Yoruba, Lokoja, Niger River, and also collected (by Wo gi Acora, and (by Sebweinfurth) i in Djurland and Niam-Niam Lan The pounded je Jed flowers applied to a wound are said to stop the bleeding in a few minutes and to heal the wound rapidly; used in Liberia for e purpose (Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 374; Holmes, Pharm. Journ. [3] viii. 1878, p. 563; Christy, New Comm. Pl. and noe No 2, 1878, and 'No. 3, 1880). A more or less hispid herb, 134 ft. high, Old Calabar River (Mann, No. 2325, 1863, Herb. Kew J- Hezrraxraus, Linn. Helianthus annuus, Linn. ; Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 904. An annual plant, usually single “fi der stems 6 ft. or so high. Flower heads, disc-like, 10-20 in. oss, yellow; stalk a foot or so from the top up to Sin. in diam., pihy (half an inch or so) in the centre. Seeds 2 in. long + in. 'broa up to $ in. by $ 1n., rhomboidal, narrowing to a broad point, set in small leafy n black, white, black and white striped or brown and white stri Ill.—Reneaulme, Spec. Hist. Pl. Paris, t. 83; Lam. Enc " t. 706; Velloso, Fl. Alogr. Brazil, p. 207; Bilberg, Ekonom. Bot. 1.9; Abh. Senck. i. t. 6; Rchb. Fl. Germ. xvi. t. 940, f. 1; cot Man. Grasses, N. Zealand, i. t. 28; Wiley, U US. Dept. Agric. Di 386 Chemistry, Bull. No. 60, 1901, t. 1; Bull. Agric. du Congo Belge, iii. 1912, p. 717, f£. 496 (Cultivé à à Kinsengwa ). Sunflower. Native probably of N. America, common in Mexico, extending to Peru, etc., and under cultivation in many tropical and sub- dS countries, seeds are used for feeding poultry, and in Russia they are eaten He nuts by the people; roasted and ground they are some- times used as a substitute for coffee. They yield an oil suitable for culinary and table purposes, also for Misco. d UT TUM candle-making, soap-making, and in the manufacture of m garine; said to be equal to olive or almond oil, etc., for which it is sometimes substituted. The residue after the extraction of the oil is pressed into cakes and used for feeding cattle—for which urpose it is considered advisable to grind it into as fine a meal as possible to admit of easier digestion, this cake being harder than most oil cakes, and almost impossible for cattle to chew in large pieces. The leaves mixed with bran are also considered good fodder for cat:le and horses. The stalks yield a fibre, and they may be used tor paper making, though Dodge (Cat. Fiber Pl. of the World, p. 189) states that there are many American plants better adapted to this purpose. The stems are also burnt to produce carbonate of potash in the Trans-Caucasus (Board of Trade Journ. Dec. 5, 19 Hes p 454; 6736 tons exported in 1912, Cons. Rep. Ann. No. 5078, 1913, P- ton (British Export Journ. Oct. 15, 1897). The flowers are suitable for feeding bees. The et is comparatively easy. There are several well Basan wee amniotik” * Prize Mammoth," ‘‘ Russian,” Large Russian," ‘ Mammoth Russian," *' Tall Russian," ‘White Russian," and “White Beauty’’ (enumerated as American varieties by Tracy, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bureau Pl. Industry, Bull. No. 21, 1903, p. 352). The main requirements are a warm climate, moderate rainfall, light, rich and well drained soil. From 5-10 lb. of seed will sow an acre, broadcast or in rows about 3 ft. apart, thinning out as required so that the plants stand, for full deceat, about 18 in. apart each way. plants come to maturity in about four months, and sim be harvested before being quite pps The seeds may be removed from the heads—the same day as gathered, if See ilh s an ordinary flail or by specially iba rer cylindrical machines. The yield of seed has been ers at 900-1500 lb. per acre, giving 15-20 per cent. of oil (Cape Agric. Journ. xxv. 1908, p. 85; Bull. Imp. Inst. vi. 1908, p. 84; Journ Be. Agric, xv. 1908, p. 370), 18 ewt. of good clean seed per acre, giving 300 lb. of oil or 18 per cent. of the ves ME iir ‘and on average land 987 90 bushels to the acre, yielding 1 gallon of oil per bushel, has been obtained (Journ. Soc. Arts, li. 1903, p. 419; Proc. and Jour Agric. Hort. Soc. India, April-June, 1908, p. 49; British Export Journ., Oct. 15th, 1897). In storing the seed care is required E avoid M MN com- paratively small quantities should eaped, an e heap should be turned regularly to keep the Seid fresh and aos Trans-Caucasus is an important centre for the production of seed oil and cake. 20,099 tons of seed were exported from Novorossisk in 1911 (Cons. Rep. Ann. No. 5078, 1913, p. 27). The output of oileake from Rav rossisk, Trans-Caucasus, was estimated in 1907 at 800,000 tons (Board of Trade Journ. Dec. 5th, 1907, p. 454), and in 1911 at 131,615 tons (Cons. Rep. l.c. p. 29). The United Kingdom was the principal importer of seed from the N. Caucasus in 1911 (Cons. Rep. l.c. p. 27), and Denmark is the principal market for the cake. Ref.—'' Sunflower (Helianthus pen " in Cultural Indus- tries for Queensland, Bernays, pp. 171-173 (Government Printer, ‘Brisbane, 1883).——‘‘ Sunflower (Helianthus annuus,)" in Manual of Grasses I ot Plants Useful to New Zealand, Part 1, Mackay, pp. 63-65 (Govt. Printer, Wicca erm 1887). ** Helianthus Riser in Dict. Eeon. Prod. In Watt. iv. ** Soleil ou Tournesol,’’ in Dor Pl. Indus- trielles, Heuzé, ii. pp. 151-155 (Libraire Agric. de la Maison “The Sunflow Composition and Uses, Wiley, U.S. Dept. Agric. Div. ull. ? 2 bados, 1904 4 unflower as a Preventive of alaria," in Journ. Soc. Arts, li. 1908, pp. 418-419 ‘ Helianthus annuus: Sunflower," Hooper, in Tete Ledger, 1, 1907, pP- 1- 11. — Sunflower Paii t in Cyel. tion, Bolton and Mis DD. 238-240, Wid ricum of the cake and oil (J. and A. Churchill, London Í qn ** Sunflower Seed," in Col. Rep. Misc. No. 88, pp. 467—468, with analysis of seed oil. x Senna Oil 3» (The Oil Resources of the Empire), Perkin, in Journ. Roy. Soc. Arts, lxii. p. 483. Helianthus tuberosus, Linn.; Sp. Pl. (1753), p. 905. herbaceous perennial. Roots, tuberous, more or less purple, t ds h 1 unlike this con bling t tato in general appearance, ike this - tains ho starch: - Be ens 3 10 : ft. high. Leaves ee 388 lower to bini Passes eara in the upper part of the stem. Flowers yellow, terminal. Ill.—Jacq. “Hort, Bot. Vindob. ii. t. 161; Plenck. Ic. t. 638; Schk. Handb. t. 258; Mem. Mus. Paris. xix. (1830), t. 4; Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xvi. t. 940, f. 2; Bot. Mag. t. 7545; Gard. Chron Dec. 4th, 1909, p. 374, f. 163 (tubers s). Vernac. names.—Gwaza (Zaria, Dudgeon); Artichoke, Jerusa- lem Artichoke. Native of N. America. Introduced to Europe, Asia, Africa, etc. Cultivated generally as a vegetable, and do some extent for the production of Alcohol (Kew Bull. 1912, p. 119). The cultivation is approximately the same as for the Potato. The requirements are à warm climate, moderate rainfall and fairly rich soil. The tubers are planted 3 in. deep in rows about 15 ft. apart, and earthed up in drills when a few feet high. The oop is ready for harvesting when the stems begin to dry and ither, after about four months growth. The tubers may be mes in due ground and dug up as required or they may be stored venient receptacle covered with earth or sand, especially i in countries where growth is more or less continuous the year ro The yield oF tuber: per acre may be 3 tons and upwards. In Hungary more than 8 tons per acre agi been obtained with over 3 tons of stems and leaves (7410 lb. of stems and leaves and 3). 18,320 1b. tubers, Journ. Bd. Agric. xx. 1913, p The yield on an experimental scale in Nairobi, B.E. Africa, i 4 Ib. p —13th jur to 8th mye Ya Rep. Ann. No. 519, moz = as To recommend Jerusalem FRESE áre cultivated ui ibo T of Zaria town (Dudgeon, Agric. and For. Prod. W. Afr. ** Helianthi " is a her "d plant ibat has been advised as equal if mi rior the Jerusalem M ee Ib. of ds ang london, and 4940 Ib. "eges per acre for thi. plant failures (50 bn cent. ‘‘ Helianthi," 7 ni cent. * Jerusalem Artichoke") and the difficulty of harv rvesting the tubes cene de having to be ae for ‘‘ Helianthi "" on account of the long under- ground runners, while those of the Jerusalem e being close oil as in the potato can be harvested with a hoe 389 Kef.—'' Helianthus tuberosus,” in Dict. Econ. Prod. India bru iv. 1890, pp. 211-212._—“‘ The erem Artichoke, 5 W. in Gardeners’ Chronicle, Dec. 4th, 1909, p. 374. SPILANTHES, Linn. Spilanthes Acmella, (er ; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. P 384. Ill.—Rumpf, Amb. vi. t. 65; Plenck. Ic. t. 604; Raffeneau- Delile, Cent. Pl. Afr. Voy. ler t. 9, f. T (Acmella caulorrhiza) ; Annalen d' Pharmacie, 1836, . 9. Vernac. names.—Awere pepe TE Foster); Tonjatula (Uganda, Mutter): Akmal (India, Watt); Anamafana, Anamalaho, Kimontodoha (Madses ascar, Hecke el).—The Para Cress of Brazil, Cresson-Para Cresson des Indes (Heckel). Oloke-Meji; Old Calabar, and widely distributed in ; eme Atos and M warmer — -" the nis T Id. odontalgic, tonic, and digestive ee à . Madagascar, in Ann. L'Inst. Col. Marseille, i. 1903 76). wed by the natives as a specific for toothache, Old tot. (Sampson, Herb. Kew); used by Europeans and Natives in India for similar pur- poses (Dict. Econ. Prod. India) Eaten in salads (French 6500-7000 ft. Masuku Plateau, Noscdland (Whyte, Herb. Kew), in the Himalaya up to 5000 ft. cultivated and wild throughout India (Dict. Econ. Prod. India), and wild and in cultivated fields, Madagascar (Heckel, l.c. i. 1903, p. 76). Bivens, Linn. Bidens pilosa, Linn.; Fil. My Afr. III. p. 392. Ill.—Rumpf, Amb. 15; Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. ii. t. a Lam. Encycl. t. 668; ease Agric. Journ. ii. tt. 27, 28. ac. names.—Abere Oloko (Lagos, Dawodu); Akesin-maso Fire Dial). —Black Jack (Chirinde, SE rton). Lagos: Old Nem and widely distributed in the Tropics. Used medicinally, Lagos (Dennett, Herb. Kew), also as a vegetable, Lagos ( aa Herb. Kew). 390 weed. Found oe cltivaied “ground (Chirinde, esl mereri s common in and near corn , the seed vessels attaching them- selves to everything they come in contact with, flowering in December, Karagwe (Grant, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. p. 99). ee Linn. ; Fl. Palaest. in Amoen. Acad. iv pP. 463, ge COMUNE cg ue T1), p. 281. Somewhat shrubby, about 14 ft. high. Leaves minute, Debés obtuse, flat, subtomentose, ash-coloured. Inflorescence a panic late raceme. Flower heads rounded. Ill.—Plukenet, FAM. t. 79, f. 2; Plenck. Ic. t. 610; Delile, Egypt, t. 43; Nees von Esenbeck, Plant Medic. Diisseld. t. 229 ; Wagner, Pharm. Medie: Bot. t. 233. Vernac. name.—Buaiteran (Arabic, Post). Native of Syria, Egypt, Arabia, etc. An aromatic bitter, used in medicine in Arabia and Egypt. diiri from N. The plant has t eem recorded from Nigeria. Gynura, Cass. Gynura cernua, Benth.; Fl. Trop. Afr. ITI. p. 402. - R Hort. Bot. Vindob. iii. t. 98 (Senecio rubens). nac. names.—Efo Ebure (Oloke-Meji, Dodd); Efo Ebure Canin McLeod, Hato): Ebolo (Lagos, Dawodu); Anamdrambo, Maimbola, Fitango osana (Madagascar, Heckel). Lagos, Oloke-Meji, Niger, as various parts of Tropical Africa, extending to Abyssinia, Mada agascar, etc. Used for various medicinal purposes, Madagascar (Heckel, P1. Med. Madagascar, in Ann. L'Inst. Col. Marseille, i. 1903, p.i) as a are Lagos (Hislop, Herb. Ke y erect branched eri Mies 2-9 ft. high. Found at an altitude of 6 7000 ft. ssinia — common in cultivated fields, sega a eckel, Emila, Cass. Emilia sagittata, DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 322. x .— Cass. Dict. xiv. t. 5 (Emilea flammea). rnac. names.—Odundun Odo (Lagos, MacGregor); A b fice cues Tees quidem Lagos (Phillips, No. 44; MacGregor, No. 114, Herb. Ke AP (Barter, No. 180, Herb. Kew); giete daine, No. " Herb. Kew); Onitsha (Barter, No. 1751, Herb. Kev); Lokoja 391 (Parsons, Herb. Kev). Has been found also in Angola, Zanzibar, etc., and occurs in India. Used medicinally for childrén, Lagos (Dawodu, Herb. Kew). An erect glabrous annual 1-4 ft. high. nchifolia is a common tropical weed, used in India as a pa and for various medicinal pe vet in China the leaves are eaten in salads (Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 375). Senecio, Linn. Senecio abyssinicus, Sch.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 410. Vernac. name.—Amunimuye (Oloke-Meji, Dodd). Lagos; Oloke Meji. Also in Mombuttu Land and Abyssinia. Leaves used medicinally, Oloke-Meji (Dodd, No. 433, 1908, Herb. Kew). An erect annual about 1-1 ft. high. eus near banks of Ogun River, Lagos, as a weed i n yam ground (Millen, No. 121, Herb. Kew), e: an altitude of 3900 ft. Entebbe (Brown, No. 15, 1904, Herb. Kew). Senecio baberka, Hutchinson in Kew Bulletin, 1913, p. 180. A herb up to 1} in. high; stems simple or sparingly branched, erect, glabrous. Leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblanceolate, apex obtuse, narrowed to the base, 2-13 in. long, 11-4 lin. broad, eiii thinly chartaceous, glabrous, pale green, 3-5 nerved from the. base, nerves sub-parallel with the margin, promi- nent on a sides. Heads yellow, “solitary, long, peduncu- late, radiate, oblong in outline, about 2 i g and in diameter; peduncles 13-6 in. long, not ieee glabrous. Involucral bracts in one series, free, linear or linear-oblong, obtusely acuminate, + in. long, coriaceous, with membranous margins, glabrous except the puberulous tips of the margins. Receptacle slightly concave, smooth. Ray-flowers, fertile, few. Disk- flowers numerous. Pappus white, barbellate. Achenes linear- oblong, 21 lin. long, ribbed, the ribs shortly whitish pubescent. Vernac. name.—Baberka (Katagum, lagen Nigeria, Katagum District (Dalziel, No. 390, 1907, Herb. Kew). A bitter medicine. CENTAUREA, Linn. Centaurea Merc M. [C. Calcitrapa, Oliv. & Hiern, Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 437, non Linn. . Vernac. name. oper (Katagum, Dalziel). x Eun No. 176, 1907, Herb. Kew); Kouka, Bornu (E. Vogel, No. 17 and 51, 1856, Herb. Kew); Bornu Eliott, No. 129, Herb. Kew), and i in Senegambia, Nile La nd, etc. A common camel food, Katagum (Dalziel, Le.; Grant, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. p. 101). BB 392 An erect annual or use 1-2 ft. high. A weed growing in sand, Bornu (Elliott, l.c.). Plentiful E & desert ground near Thebes and Carnac, N ile region (Grant, | CanTHAMUS, Linn. Carthamus lanatus, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 439. Ill.—Gaertner, Fruct. Sun. PLn t Ie i Fusus- ~ dba’ À Schk. Handb. t. 238; Bot. Mag. t. 2142; Sibth. Fl. Graec. ix. t. 841; Rchb. Ic. F1. Germ. xv. t. 746, t. II. Blessed Brei Woolly Carthamus; Yellow Distaff Thistle. Mediterranean Region, Canary Islands, Madeira, Nile Land. Introduced to Abyssinia, 'and widely cultivated. Said to possess sudorific, febrifuge and dca properties. Carthamus tinctorius, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 439. Ill.—Rumpf. Amb. v. t. 79; Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. PI. t. 161; Schk. Handb. t. 233; Lom. Encycl. t. 661, f. 3; Plenck, Ic. t. 600; Bot. Reg. ii (1816), t 170; Nees von Esenbeck, Plant. Medic. Düsseld. t. 221; Rchb. le. Fl. Germ. xv. t. 7 46, f. 1; Berg, Charact. t. 48, No. 372; Duthie, Field Crops, t. 13; Heuzé, Pl. Industrielles, i. p. 345; Cat. Mat. Med. Mexico, v. re p. 34; Bailey, Cycl. Amer. Agric. ii. p. 270, f. 375; Howard and Rahman "€ Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Series 3, Oct. 1910, tt. 12, 13. ac. names.—Gartoom (Egypt, Grant); mese (Sudan, Bin) Essfar (Sudan, Bull. Imp. Inst. ix. 1911, 202); Kas- soumbo (Oceania, Heuzé); Kurdee (India). er Bastard Saffron, Carthamine Dye. Cultivated in the Sudan, Nubi ia, Senaar, Abyssinia, India, China, S. Europe, etc. Mentioned in List of Plants cultivated at eos (Rowland and Millen). = ‘Botanica Register (ii. 1816, t. 170) gives Egypt as the native country. A rose-coloured dye is obtained pee the flowers. In France and Spain the florets are picked off and dried in the shade; in Egypt and India they are washed in cold water, slightly ressed into lumps and dried in the shade, the latter it is said Es about double the value of those prepared by the former method (Journ. Soc. Arts, xix. 1871, p. 817; Pharm. Journ. [3] ii. 1871, p. 405). It is necessary when washing and preparing the trade product to see that nothing alkaline onchies it until the dye is actually required—the dee —— bos by treat- ment with an alkaline solution. A sa ower, described [2 35 as ‘‘ poor," was received at Kew from the Royal Niger Co. in 90. X 398 sacred for wedding garments. Safflower was formerly largely imported for the Lo iene of rouge, for which purpose it may still possess some import The seeds are edible e after roasting and are also good food for poultry. In Télegu fried safflower seed is ground together with tamarind, salt. and fried chillies to make “chutney.” Roasted seed mixed with fried rice wafers, Bengal gram, etc., is sold i in the bazaars E Agric. xxx. 1908, p. fest expressed unhuske valu making. ''Roghan"' is a thick rer ah prepar l water. It is asad in the manufacture - “ Afridi Wax Cloth," and has been suggested for use as a waterproofing material = in the manufacture of linoleum (Journ. Soc. Arts, 1. 19 10). The cake after the expression of the husked javis is a good cattle food, though inferior to ae cake. The young plants (of the spineless ee seq.) may be used as fodder, as a vegetable or pot-herb. The stems burn isiy and are used as fuel, and (in India) for making matches The plant is an annual about 3 ft. in height, and under cultiva- tion there are two marked forms—spiny an spineless with usually yellow and orange flowers respectively, e purs of inter- mediate forms being more or less common. In general the more spiny plants are grown for seed alone, "un the jem spiny are grown for the flower, the seed, and as fodder A light sandy or loamy soil well vultis, a fair amount of moisture—natural € or the crop is a suitable one for irrigation—and a m climate are desira The central jas bud should be ud off as soon as it appears, to induce a bushy growth; but beyond ordinary weeding, keeping the seres stirred and irrigating if necessary, not much skill is require The seed may ee sown roodasst or in drills, about 18 enn apart, and put in about 2 in. ee the — From 10-15 Ib. of seed will be required to an acre. A good vids will be . about 100—120 Ib. of dry domaine: "and 1000—1500 Ib. seed mi acre. About 20-30 per cent. of oil may be obtained from the see cial care is necessary in gathering the flowers farei the Spe plants should. z ona over every two or three days ge the owerlng perio The crop is ripe for seed when the plants BB 2 394. begin to turn pes; they may then be uprooted, left on the ground to dr a day or two, when the seed may be beaten out with a flail or em stick. Rain or moisture is detrimental to the eed and seed once they ae been gathered and prepared for s The plants will begin to flower about 4 Sons after sowing, the flowers may be gathered for a month or six weeks, and the seeds will ripen in the course of Ratha month, the time poiipied with the crop being altogether from six to seven months. A trade existed in the dye [‘‘Cossumba”’ or *Kusumbha"'] as early as 1644 (see The English Factories in India 16421645, pp- 136, 161, 167, 212). The imports of Safflower into the United Kingdom 50 or 60 years ago were calculated in tons (405 tons in 1847; 506 tons in 1848; 407 tons in 1849, etc.), the price according to quality being from £1-£8 per cwt. ., imported from Bombay and Bengal into London and Liverpool in bales of 13 cwt. (Poole, Stat. Br. Comm. p. 267). In 1894, ewt. value £1742, were imported into England from Madras (4 cwt.) and Bengal (397 cwt.) (Trade of the United Kingdom, 1895, p. 58) and in 1899, 20 cwt., value £62, came in from India (l.c. 1900, p. 167), the ‘last year in which returns are shown by the Customs. The exports of the dye from India now go mainly to Hong Kong Watt, Comm. Prod. India, p. 280). For at least 100 years the trade in this substance flourished (see Watt l.c. for some figures), but at the present time the chief value lies in the seed and oil, known in the commerce of this country as ‘‘ Kurdee," for w ich upwards of 600,000 acres are cultivated annually in Bomba (le. p. 281) in association with wheat or gram. Seed from Nyasaland has been fo € to ec 29:6 per cent. of oil, nearly equal to the average quality of Indian Safflower seed sold on the London Market value d robe po £7 10s. per ton (Bull. Imp. Inst. xi. 1918, p. 560). FKef.—'' Carthamus e Field and Garden Crops, Duthie and Fuller, i. pp. 51-54 een Civil Eng. Coll. Press, 882)—— 2 rthamus tinctorius,” India, Watt, ii. 1889, pp. 183195. —* Carthame," in Les PL Industrielles, Heuzé, ii. pp. 342-351 (Libraire Agric. de la Maison Rustique, Paris, 1893).———'' Carthame des T iers,” in Drogues Simples d'Origin Vegetale, Planchon and Collin, pp. 30-32 (Paris, 1896 '* Carthamus tinctorius,’’ in Edible Oils used in India, Dunstan, in Agric. Ledger, No. 12, 1899, pp. 32-33; and in Tech. Rep. and Sci. Papers, Imp. Institute, 1903, pp. 128, 131.——-" Carthamus tinctorius: Safflower,”’ Abbey- Yates, in Agric. eie No. 11, 1904, pp. 149-175. Carthamus tinctorius, Beam Report Welcome Res. Lab. Khartoum, 1908, p. 410, Analysis of Seed. ‘Carthamus tinctorius," in Comm Prod. sis c Watt, pp. 276-283.——-'' Edible Oil from Safflower-Seed (Carthamus tinctorius)," in Trop. Agric. Ceylon, xxx. Jan. 1908, pp. 41-42. 395 ` : Safflower”: “< The Economic Significance of Natural Cross- Fertilization in India,” Howar d, Howard an ahman Khan, Memoirs, Dept. Agric. India, iii. Oct. 1910, pp. 3 24. “Safflower Oil” in Fatty Foods: Their Practical Examination, Bolton and Revis, pp. 245-246, with analyses of the cake and oil J. and A. Churchill, London, 1913).——“‘ Safflower Seed from Nyasaland," in Bull. Imp. Inst. xi. 1913, pp. 560—561. Dicoma, Cass. Dicoma tomentosa, Cass.; Fl. Trop. Afr. ITI. p. 443. Vernac. names.—Do d (Katagum, Dalziel); Navananji-cha- pálu (Belgaum, India, Watt). Katagum; Borgu; Kouka [Kukuwa] Bornu; Niger. Found also in Senegambia, Angola, Abyssinia, Mozambique and India. The plant is very bitter: used as a febrifuge in sin India (Dict. Econ. Prod. India). An annual with a shrubby habit r? ft. high. Growing on rocks, Borgu (Barter, Exe Kew); as a herb of fields, Katagum (Dalziel, Herb. Kew); Zenga do Goling, and Bumbo, Angola (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. PI. iii. p. 613). Lacruca, Linn. Lactuca sativa, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 451. The Lettuce. Cultivated in Zaria a (Parsons, N. Nig. Gaz. April 30, 1910, p. vus in Lagos (Rowland and Millen, List of Pl. Bot Àn annual plant. The seed. which ‘should is of its fed hoá Europe, may be sown in shallow pans or boxes, or in nursery beds, and pricked off when large enough to handle and finally planted out in light rich soil about a foot apart, shading lightly until established at all stages. In very hot districts, S. Nigeria, Foster recommends (S. Nig. Govt. Gaz. Oct. 21st, 1908, Sepak p- li) a light shade of palm leaves. The plants may come to maturity ps cutting) i in from about 60-90 days. The two principal kinds rown are ‘‘ Cabbage” and ‘Cos.’ In Cuba the varieties A Hubbard Macket " and “ Big Boston —cabbage-hea ded, fine both for garden and market, mr and “Grand apids’’—crisp bunching, for garden (Austin and Halstead, York ” are specially recommended (Agric. News, Barbados, 1908, p. 319). In Zaria the Cabbage variety is said to do best and to 396 grow without difficulty with shading when transplanting - (Parsons, l.c.). Cabbage and eae a Sed s ips White ” ar re recom ** Bun nching, im Grip” “Cos” and ** Lobed-leave ** Lactuca sativa, ” in Gardening for taf. — p- 164 1874).——“ Lactucarium," i Pharmacographia, Flückiger and Hanbury, pp. aE a (Macmillan and Co., London, 1879).— —'' Lactuca sativa: Garden Lettuce,” in Med. Pi. Bentley and Trimen, No. 161, 5 pages (Churchill; Ser 1880). Lactuca Sala. var. sativa, in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, iv. 1890, pp. 578-579. American Varieties of Lettuce, Tracey, u.s. Dept. Agric. Bureau of Pl. Industry, Bull. No. 69, 1904, pp- 1-108, Plates, i.-xxvii *Laitue Cultivée, Lactuca sativa," in Les PI. Potageres, Vilmorin-Andrieux, pp. 349-388 ; — in Halstead, in Trop. Agric. xxx. March 1908, pp. 211-213; from Estacion Central Agronémica de Cuba, Bull. No. 8, Sept. 1907, —‘‘Lettuce Cultivation in Agric. News, Ba rbados, vii. 1908, . 319. ** Lettuce,” in Ms etable Growing in Cuba, "Austin and Hals stead, Estación Cen af Agronómica de Cuba (English Edition), Bull. No. 13, dune 1908, pp. 38, 40. PLUMBAGINACEAE. PrvMB2aco, Linn. Plumbago zeylanica, Linn.; Fl. Ee Afr. III. p. 486. Ill. — Rheede, Hort. Mal. 8; Trew. Pl. Rer t. s P eis FI. Ital. in. t. 108 (P. pen Dra apiez, Herb. de rare ii. t. 31 (P. auriculata) ; Bot. Reg. (1846), t. 23; "Wight. Illus 179. Vernac. names.—Inobiri (Lagos, Dawodu); Cadinga puna (Angola, , Welwitsch) Chitra or Chita (Bengal, Moloney). —Ceylon Dalziel, No. 315, 1907, Herb. Kew), and widely spread in Tropical Airis, dia Australia, etc. The root is acrid and stimulating, bruised and mixed with a little bland oil it is used in India as an external application for rheumatism and paralytic affections, ete. (Dict. Econ. Prod. India); medicinal P root used as a caustie, Angola (Hiern, Cat. ab i Pl. iii. p. 635); a tincture of the root bark has been employed as an sit odriddie in the treatment of intermit- tents, "e ante fic (Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 377). Subseandent, easily cultivated, found in the bush, Katagum Pags” ee Kew), by fences, Loanda (Hiern, 1.c.); an under- shrub t., Golungo Alto. Ref.— pha mbago zeylanica,” in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, vi. la, 1892, pp. 295-296. 397 SAPOTACEAE. CHRYSOPHYLLUM, Linn. Chrysophyllum africanum, A.DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 500. ae Monogr. Afr. Pflan. Sapotaceae, t. 15 A ff. a-f. c. names.—Osangbalumo i heres Thompson); Otien (Benin. Thompson); Umtuem (St. T W aT: Hagaso (Ivory Coast, Courtet) ; Bungi (Sierra +. Unwin). Yoruba, Benin and West Tropical Africa in general. Fruit edible (Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908, p. 60; List of For. Trees, S. Nigeria, 1910, p. 6), eaten in Dahomey (Chevalier seq.). Wood used for cabinet-work, carving, moulding, and turnery, Ivory Coast (Courtet, Bois, Cote d'Ivoire e, in L’ Agric. prat. pays chauds. xi. 1, 1910, p. 465); railway carriages (Chevalier, Les Veg. Util. L'Afriq. Trop. Franc. v. 1909, p. 237); for making images and fancy work, S. Nigeria Lees Lis. Le.). Courte and Chevalier "ie c.) give the sent as 0-590; specimen in the Kew Museum has sp. gr. 0-758 = 47-3 Ib. per cubic ft. The bark is used medicinally, S. Nigeria hoin paoa. le: "gs tree yields a gutta-like extract of comparatively little value. tree up to 60 ft. high, often planted for shade, Lower Dahomey (Chevalion Bull. Soc. Nat. d'Accl. de France, 1912, p. 133). Chrysophyllum albidum, Von; Fl. Trop. Afr. IIT. p. 500. [C. Millenianum, Engler, Mosinee. Afr. Pflan. (1904), p. 44]. 7ll.—Engler, Monogr. Afr. Pflan. Sapotaceae, t. 15 C. a-b. Vernac. names.—Osan-gbalumo (Oloke-Meji, Foster); Osan- Agbalumo (Lagos, Hislop, McCleod, Dawodu); Odello (Goldie). Lagos (Millen, No. 47, 1892, Herb. Kew); Oloke-Meji (Foster, No. 107, Herb. Kew); found also in Princes Island (Mann), San Thomé (Don; ; Chevalie The fruit is said to be edible; an extract is obtained from the tree known as birdlime, and the bark is used medicinally, Lagos d l.c.). The juice from the leaves is used by the natives in of eu em when collecting flake rubber, W. Afrie f Goldie, Mus. Kew). A tree 30 to 60 ft. high (Fl. Trop. Afr. L.c.). ctio adm Cainito, Linn. SP: PI. ER: p. 192. or blue Re or m Voss 2 section T the fruit shows the arrangement of the seeds kep a FEN 398 hence the common name. Seeds rhomboidal, black, shining, em- bedded in the pulp, the central star being about an inch across. Ill.—Plumier, Ic. Burm 69; Sloane, Voyage, Jamaica, ii. t. 229; Browne, Jamaica, t. m f. 2; Jacq. Icon. Select. Stirp. Am. t. 37; E F; Plant. Indig. et Exot. Ic. t. 71; Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. iii. t. 201 (fruit and seeds) ; Lam. Encycl. t. 120; Desc. Ant. ii. t. 70; Tussac, Ant. iii. t. 9 (Cainito pomiferum) ; Dict. Sc. Nat. t. 69; Bot. aes t. 3072 (fruit and seeds from Gaertner, Le.); Ill. Hort. 1885, p. 127 (fruit); Engler and Prantl, Pflan. iy. pt. 1, f. 80; Engler, rase Afr. Pflan. Sapotaceae, p. 40 Vernac. names.—Bris Chien (Dominica, Mus. Kew).—Star Apple, Broad- leased Star Apple, Cainito, Caimitier. Native of the W. Indies and S. huis Cultivated in W. Africa. Fruit edible. In season (Jamaica) June to September, difficult to transport (Kew Bull. 1888, p.179). A sample of spirit obtained from Star Apples i is in the Kw Museum. The wood is very hard and durable, suitable for all purposes, especially es situations (Harris, Timb. Jamaica, West Indian, Bull. ix 9, p. 314). specimen in the Kew Museum has a specific ae of 0-82 — 51-25 Ib. per cubic foot. Bark tonic ; T bitter (Heckel, Les Pl. se Toxique, Guy. Franc. Ann . L'Inst. Col. Marseille, iv. 1897, 9) May be propagated by seeds, and has been eben in this country since 1737 (Bot. Mag. L.c.). Ref.—"* Caimitier, Chrysophyllum Cainito," in Fruits des pays chauds, Hubert, pp. 455-464 (H. Dunod et E. Pinat, Paris, 1912). Chrysophyllum Welwitschii, En5ler, Bot. Jahrb. xii. (1890), p.521. A slender scandent shrub, climbing to a height of about 25 ft. Leaves (ridge glossy above, paler below. Flowers, — globose, very small, about 1 lin. in diam. white; corolla gamo petalous, waxy or somewhat fleshy ; seeds bony - —Engler, Monogr. Afr. Pflan. nie f.15, À. c. names.—Ukopie (Ivory Coast, Engler); Jungingi (dole Alto, Angola, Engler, Welw itsch) ; Jimbundo (Seeds : Golungo Alto, Welwitsch); Tingingi (Angola, Ficalho). deer (Unwin, No. 59, 1907, Herb. Kew). Also in Angola. The seeds are worn as ornaments by the natives of Angola (ern, “Cat, Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 641). Found in — dins among the mountains of Eastern Queta, Golungo Alto, where it flowers in Jan. and March, fruiting in September (Hiern, y p. e Chrysophyllum sp. A tree growing 80-100 ft. high (Dawe) and in the Budongo Forest, Uganda (according to Dawe), onë of the most striking trees in consequence of its reddish foliage. AE dark-purple, 399 tomentellous. Leaves linear-oblong, very enr ad irme acuminate, subcuneate at the base, 6-91 in. , li . broad, entire, dull green and gla * rous above, dene. hp A dade tomentose below ; lateral nerves about 20 on each side, spreading, m. under surface of the leaves. Seeds flattened, about 2 in. long. Vernac. name.—Ekpuro or Ekpiro (Benin, Thodipion]: Western Province, S. Nigeria (Thompson, No. 8, 1906, Herb. Kew), Benin (Hitchens, Jan. 1901, Herb. Kew); Budongo Forest, Uganda (Dawe, No. 789, Herb. Kew); Benin, S. Nigeria (Far- ma Herb. Kew, 1913). Leaves yield a [ so-called] Gutta-percha (Hitchens, 1.c.) ; wood, white (Thompson, ] c.) Lucuma, Molina. Lucuma mammosa, Gaertn. f. Fruct. Sem. Pl. iii. p- 129. . chartaceous, 'obovate-oblong, base cuneate, " apex mucronate, glabrous on the upper surface, glabrescent below, about . by 3in. Flowers tubular, white or greenish yellow (Peckolt). Fruit ovoid digs à 3-5 in. long, 2-25 in. through the centre; rind, ike the fruit in form, covered for three-quarters of the surface with a shining-brown bony testa, about 1 lin. thick; hilum broad, covering the remainder of the seed, lighter than the shining part, though about equal in strength and thickness. ` Jil.—Sloane, Hist. Jamaica, ii. t. 218 (Malus persica, ete); Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. iii. tt. 203, 204; Blanco, Fl. Filip. t.297 Achras Lucu ma); Mart. Fl. Bras. vii. t. 23, f. 2 (seeds); Vidal, . For. Filip. t. 62 D; Le Jard. 1889, p. 271. Native of S. America and the W. Indies. Vernac. names.—Sapoti-assi, or Sapoti (Brazil, Peckolt); Uique (Indian, S. America, in Sa ote (Trinidad, Hart) ; Mammee Sapote Jamaica, t).—Marmalade Plum, Bully Tree. The pulp of the fruit is cible houle of the best. It makes excellent marmalade (Lun . 480). kernels are stated to soute kid nic acid (Mus. Kew; Hart, Bull. Misc. Inf. Roy. Bot. Gardens, Soe idad, 1895, p. 70); used in the West Indies for flavourin ng as a substitute for Almonds (Mus. Kew; Kew Bull. 1913, p. 127); mer as a remedy for renal colic, Brazil (Peckolt, Pharm. Journ. [3] xviii. 1888, p. 952). The bark is mildly po eus and.is used as a febri- Ds - Ss c fuge (l.c.). The wood is described as suitable for house construction, furni- ture, etc. (Fawcett, Econ. Prod. Jamaica, p. 50; Harris, Timb. 400 sed West Indian Bull. ix. 1909, Calocarpum mammosum, Pierre 8 riri eben by seeds. The tree is cultivated — Brasil: The tree appears to take m "add years to develop. Lunan dis ort of them, being forty or fifty years, as they say, before they bear." Acunas, Linn. Achras Sapota, a ; Sp. PL Ed. ni. p. 470. A iree 30—40 ft. hi ae sometimes 100 ft. high (Harris, Ms: Indian Bull. ix. 1909. 5 . 309) ; with a trunk up to 3 ft. in diam Leaves cblong-lanceolate, blunt at both ends, 34 in d petioles 8-12 lin. long. owers white. Fruit a berry, brown or brownish-yellow, firm fleshed, about 2-3 in. in diam., apex blunt pointed, broader and flatter at the base. Seed black, about 1 in. long, 1 in. across the centre. Ill.—Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, n. t. 230 CMM ilii eio); Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida and Baha 87 nang pan etc. p E Jamaica, £ 19.1. 3 era freta 41; Tos Ant. E >. Desc. xi iv. t. 259; Dict. Sc. Nat. t. 61; Bot. Mag. tt. 3111, 3112; Drapiez, Herb. Amat. des Fleurs, vi. t. 434; Spach, Suites (Hist. Nat. des Végétaux), t. 187; Schnizlein, Ic. t. 158; Mart. FI. TE vii. tt. 22, 29, f. 1 ABC Aura); E ta nac names. ae e Chico (Mexico, Ramirez); Chictzapotl (Mores. Finck); Rispero (Honduras, Zerrera); Thompson); Nispero Tarno (Venezuela, Mus. Kew).—— Sapo- dilla, Sapodilla Plum, Naseberry, La Sapotille, Bullytree, Gum Chicle tree, Milk Apple. Native of the West Indies and Mexico. Cultivated in many warm countries.. West Africa, West Indies, Lese Guiana, Central America, Straits Settlements, India, Philippine The fruit is edible—described as one of the most delicately flavoured and wholesome fruits grown, Jamaica (Kew. Bull. 1888, p. 179). It is said to stand transport well, especially if picked when full and somewhat green. Fruits have been Poi suc- cessfully from Demerara to the English market (l.c. The wood is very durable and suitable for cu muus but difficult to work on account of its extreme hardness (Harris, Timb. Jamaica, West Indian Bull. ix. 1909, p. 309). Weight 74 lb. per cubic ft. (l.c.). Specimen in Museum, Kew, has sp. gr. 1-012 = 63-25 Ib. per cubie ft. An extract known as “ Chicle Gum ” or ** Sapodilla Gum” is . obtained e the tree—leaves, fruit and pet it is an important 401 article of commerce, used in the manufacture of American chewing America as a cement for small articles. Its use for insulating urposes was discussed so long ago as 1876, and on a specimen submitted by Kew to Messrs. Siemens Bros., it was reported that ‘in mixing with india-rubber it made the latter too brittle and therefore cannot improve the quality of the rubber if intended for the insulation of cable wires’’ (Kew Report, 1876, p. 18). As showing the importance of the trade in the raw product, ‘‘ Chicle Gum Concessions" have been granted in Ni d ee of Trade Journ. Mar 10, 1906, p. 283) and in oats ras (l.c. Dec. 24, 1908, p. ; the former covering a period of five years and the latter ten AT Canada and the United States are the chief importing centres. The exports from British Honduras in 1911 amounted to 3,219,990 lb., and in 1912, 3,909,277 lb., 72 per cent. being the produce of Mexico and Guatemala (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 784, 1914, p. 11). A fully grown tree may yield from 30-35 lb. of gum per nnum (Sperber, Tropenpfl. xv. 1911, , or according to auiótlior go e Mexico] 3-6 Ib. orne, Cons. Rep. Mise. No. , 1896, p. 13); fruits or leaves are said to pro oduce each 1 lb. of gum (le. p. 12). It is collected by tapping the trunk in the same way as for gutta percha or ubber. In Hon duras and Mexico, where the trade is of importance, the V-shaped incision is favoured. It is advisable to tap trees only that are not less than a foot in diameter towards the base. The collection about the same period of the year [Sept.—Oct.] from the leaves, but from the fruit before it eus [about March or April] ( ie t he preparation for export consists merely of solidi- fying the juice by heating in a large pot until it is found lo. set firm on cooling; before the cooling 1s complete it may be worked or kneaded and made into blocks. + Good samples are white and somewhat in colour, and there appears to be some variation in me trees producing chicle gum. In Mexico the *' Zapote Chico” 1 described as most abundant in the forests and a common tree dide cultivation; red and white kinds are distinguished—the “white = “red zapote.”’ fru G) . 222; Dering, seq., Pharm. Journ. seq., Cook and Collins, Econ. PI. Porto Rico (1903) p. 6). Sufficiently complete specimens are not yet available at Kew to decide whetlier the Moe is due to botanical differences or to conditions of soil and clim Propagated by seed, cuttings, suckers, or layers; lr grown n good well-drained soil. Requires a tropical climate and average rainfall It will succeed up to an altitude of from 2000—3000 id and in general the cultivation may be regarded as approxi- ately the same as for coffee, with perhaps a greater distance (20-25 ft.) allowed when transplanting to permanent places. The 402 tree will produce gum about 6 years after transplanting from the nursery. Some trees introduced from the Straits Settlements p. : Dept. S. : for distribution et Oloke-Meji (Kew Bull. 1908, p. 200) and on the Gold Coast (Tudhope, PI. and Seeds, Agric. St. 1910, p. 8). kef “Ea Sapotille," Bois and Maury, in Le Jardin, 1889, p. 215.— —** The apote Tree-Chicle,’’ Dering, in Consular Report, Misc. Series, No. 401, 1896, pp. 10-13. ** On Chicle Gum," Butt, in Pharm. Journ. [4] iv. 1897, pp. 328-329, History, Production, and Manufacture. ** Gum i in Pharm. Journ. [4] xv. 1902, p. 210. in Les . à Caoutchouc, Jumelle, pp. 521-523 (Augustin Challamel, Paris, 1903).— —'* The Zapote Tree and Chicle Gum (Achras Sapota)," Lespinasse, in Trop. gric. xxvii. Sept. 15, 1906, pp. 229-230.—<‘ Das C d pp. 147-148. ** Sapotillier, Sapota Achras," in Fruits des pays chauds, Hubert, pp. 628-631 (H. Dunod et E. Pinat, Paris, 1912). SYNSEPALUM, Baill. Synsepalum dulcificum, Daniell, in Pharm. Journ. [1] xi. 1852, p. 445. [Siderorylon dulcificum, A.DC. FI. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 503]. Zil—Daniell, in Pharm. Journ. [1] xi. (1852), p. 447; Engler, Monogr. Afr. Pflan. Sapotaceae, t. 7. f. c. Vernac. names.—Agbayun (Lagos, Dawodu); Agbahuyu (W. Africa, Dani il) ; Assarbah (Fantee, Mol ; Tam Assurba Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot); Tahme (Accra, Moloney).— iraculous Fruits of West Africa. Lagos (Moloney, 1889, Herb. Kew), Yoruba, Old Calabar River Gold Coast; Sierra Leone; Dahomey, etc. quinine, etc., eaten immediately afterwards. The natives use them to sweeten palm wine (Daniell, l.c. p. 445); the value of the fruits seems to be well known locally, in Coomassie (Bowdich, Daniell), Aburi (Johnson). Fruit single seeded, from which it may be propagated. Grows about 6 ft. high (Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c.) or tree near Aburi (Johnson, . Herb. Kew). In flower June-August (Daniell, Pharm. Journ. Le. p. 447), fruiting in J anuary, Mbiakom, Old Calabar River. Siderozylon longistylum, Baker, Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 562, Kate ”’ of Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot) is a ub allied species, with edible fruits. ‘ ce 408 Ref.—‘‘ On the Synsepalum dulcificum, or Miraculous Beg of aee Africa,” Daniell, in Pharm. Journ. [1] xi. 1852, p.4 **Miraculous Fruits of West Africa, (deroeslen camel " Hillier, in Kew Bull. 1906, p. 171. ParaqQviUM, Blanco. eum Gutta, Burck in Ann. Jard. Buitenzorg, v. (1885) Ju boss. 100-200 ft. high, 4—5 ft. in diam. when fully grown, with buttresses 6-8 ft., extending at the base 4-5 ft. from the irunk ray). Leaves coriaceous, obovate or obovate-oblong, base cuneate, apex shortly acuminate, glabrous green on the upper surface, golden silky pubescent on the under side, 3-5 in. long 13-25 in. broad ; petiole 1-14 in. long. Inflorescence in the axils of the leavos; flowers in fascic cles of about 4-5, corolla white, six petals, rotate-campanulate. Fruit a berry with a p ubescence similar to that on the under side of the leaves, 13 in. n diam. six-ovuled though only 1—2 seeded when mature. Seeds, ge than broad, ends rounded, testa shining, except for the hilum covering nearly one-half the whole surface. Dichopsis Gutta, Benth. in Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. 11. (1876) p. 658. Ill.—Hooker, Kew Journ. Bot. vi. t. 16 (Zsonandra Gutta); Miquel, FI. Ned. Ind. Bat. ii. t. 36A (Zsonandra Gutta); De Vriese, De Handel in Getah-Pertja, p. 32, p. 46 (Zsonandra Gutta, var. oblongifolia) ; Ann. Jard. Bot. Bra + : , t. 4, t. 5 Palaquium oblongifolium) ; Bentley and Trimen, Med. PI. t. 167 Die Gutta); Baillon, Hist. Pl. xi. p. 264, ff. 296, 297; Engler and Prantl, Pflan. de pt. 1, f. 71; Obach, Cantor Lectur es f. 4 (P. Gutta), t. 5 (P. oblongifolium); Kohler, Med. Pflan. iii. (P. Gutta m P. oblongifolium) ; Journ. Soc. Nat. Hort. France, ii. 1902, p. 355, f. 17 (young po in po ts); Sherman, Gutta Percha, Phali pines Dept. of the Interior, Manila, Bull. No. 7, 1903, f. 2, 14 and 26-27, 29; Jumelle, PI. Caoutchouc (1903) p- 477, f. 53 Es Gutta), se 480, f. 54 (P. oblongifolium); Engler, Monogr. Afr. Pflan. Sapotaceae, p. 20, Vernac. names.—Gutta Taban, Taban Mon (Malay, Gamble, King, Wray).—Gutta Percha. Native of Malaya, cultivated in the Straits Settlements, Java, distributed to many British Colonies in the Tropics from Kew, including S. Nigeria. 'The fruit is edible and sweet, though said to have a disagree- able flavour of gutta-percha. Both fruit and seeds are eaten by birds, squirrels, monkeys, etc. The kernels contain an oil used for cooking purposes in Malaya. According to Berkhout Seer Rubber Journ. April 6, 1908, p. 373), ben cem seeds contain 50 per cent. of solid fat, , worth - (1905) about Rs. 400 per ton, Puch later it is stated that ‘about 150 kilos of dried seeds were sent to an English soap boiler, but * the sum realised BEN too small to make it worth while to con- tinue — them The sub stance is rea cee distinguished from ‘‘ Balata ” (Mimusops) or ‘‘ Rubber” (Hevea, etc.) by becoming plastie on exposure dry to a temperature of about 100° F. (the actual tem- perature at which it becomes plastic depends chiefly on the relative proportions of gutta and resin) or by immersion in hot water. It is tough like Balata and Rubber, but has not the elasticity of either and is not so serviceable for manufactures or in situations exposed to light and air, becoming more or less brittle. Under water or in the dark it is said to preserve its original character almost indefinitely. Gutta Percha is one of the noted discoveries which marked the progress of the 19th century. The historical details (see the references below) are as remarkable as those of Para Rubber, sively found in shallow ravines where the soil is of a compact Trees may be t tapped vis about D tss ata re to to Burn-Murdoch (see Agric. Bull. Str. Sett. vii. i. Se t. 1908, p. 389). the rate of growth of forest trees 1n us Malay tates is in some pee 1:69 inches per annum or 42 years to reach a girth of ft. at 6 ft. from the ground, in others the rate of increase has varied Pies 3-20 or 24 in. in 7 years, the girth increment being greater as the crown of the tree reaches the light. According to Sérullas (l.c. p. 5) the = is not fully grown till 28 or = years . of age; when it commences to flower and so continues e two years; and when mature the trunk is about 3 ft. in ue ches at about 5 ft. from the ground, yielding under ordinary cireum- stances about one-third of a pound of sap. A tree sent out from 405 Kew, planted at Old Calabar in August 1900 is reported to have flowered January 1909. The yield from felled trees is naturally much greater than froni standing trees, because the fallen tree càn be tapped to the fullest extent, but this—a purely native method—has led almost to the extinction of the tree, and is not recommended (Kew Bull. 1891, pp. 234—235). General information on tapping is given under Funtumia elastica and Para Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), and the methods are similar for Gutta Percha. The best time for tapping is said to be soon after the rainy season is over (Collins, Journ, Soc. Arts, xxxii. 1884, p. 206). Estimates of the quantity cf solid extract are very variable; from trees about 15-17 years old (plantation experiments by . from f the first or best variety, and 50 or 60 Ib. from trees 100—140 ft. high (Collins, Journ. Soc. Arts, xxxii. 1884, p. 206). Trees 30-35 years old are said to yield 2-3 Ib. of Gutta under the destructive native method of tapping (Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. p. 445) The above refers to extract from the trunk, but it is possible to obtain a substantial amount from the green and dry leaves. In the Museum at Kew there are some fine samples of Gutta Percha from the leaves of trees grown at Tjipetir, Java, and at Singapore. There are two processes—the mechanical and chemical—by whieh it may be recovered from the leaves and young branches, both are fully diseussed in Kew Bull. No pp. 231-239, and No. 125-126, May and June, 1897, p. 200. utta from the leaves in Malaya seems to have been fairly successful, though it was expected in 1896, that the difficulty of dry state from Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo, ete., to factories in Europe— Brussels, Orleans, Paris, and treated by chemical means yielded a useful product, though of inferior quality. It is con- sidered better to treat the leaves while green and by other than chemical processes in order to avoid oxidation and changes in structure (see the India Rubber Journ. Oct. 30th, 1899, Zsonandr Hookeri). In 1913 it is reported (Suppl. to F.M.S. Govt. Gaz. 1914, ''Forests," p. 16) in the Malay States that 32 pikuls ns 406 [4266 lb.] of leaves were collected for which royalty was paid. The price obtained for gutta-percha obtained by tapping was 3s. 63d. per 1b., but the profit was ns very poor compared to that of leaf ‘collection. An experiment in extracting it from Bull. 1891, Gutta Sieh is now valued at about 3s.—4s. per Ib. It is imported chiefly from the Straits Settlements and GO eiie The Customs returns show imports of Gutta Percha with Mice Balata obviously included, and for convenience the figur given as die but it may be safely stated that the e IM from British Guiana, Venezuela, and contiguous countries are entirely those of Balata. The total amount imported in 1912 wt. value £745,050, "n included 17,638 cwt. value £153, 301 (Str. Sett. and De ependencies EE "Labuan), G cwt. value £254,517 (Venezuela), cwt., value £98,614 (B. Guiana), 5478 cwt. value £110, 035 “(Dutch Guiana), and the remainder from Germany, Netherlands, France, U.S America, B.W. Indies, other Brit. Possessions: and Foreign Countries (Trade of the Unit. Kingdom for 1912, Vol. i, 1913, p. 121). Ref—"" Botanical Characters of a New Plant (Zsonandra Gutta): yielding the Gutta Percha Commerce,’’ Hooker, in London Journ. Botany, vi. 1847, pp. 463-465; Reprint i in Pharm. Journ. [1] vii. pp. 179-181; Transl. “ Sur le Gutta Percha et la plante qui le produit," in Ann. Sc. Nat. Series 2, vill. pp. 193- 95. De Handel in Getah Pertja (Gutta Percha), De Vriese, pp. 1-46 (Te Leyden, Bij A. = y inu 1856).——'* Gutta —4 Percha," in Kew Report, 1881, pp Origines botaniques de la Gutta Percha, Beauvisage, pp 66 (Paris, 18 ** Gutta Percha,” in Spons’ Encycl. Industr. Arts, p 1 1654 (E. & F. N. Spon, London, 1882). ** Gutta Percha,’ in India Rubber Journ. Nov. 5, 1884. due: Percha," Its History, meee and Supply, le. March 4th, 1885, pp. 197-199. apport du Docteur W. Burck. . . A la one des Espèces d’Arbres qui produisent la Gutta-percha, pp. 1-57 (Imprimerie Coloniale, Saigon, 1885).——“‘ Origin Bot. de la Gutta Percha, Burck, in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit. 1885 pp. 1- -80.—‘ Dichopsis Gutta," in Med. Pl. Bentley and 7 ** Dichopsis Gutta,” in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, AM lil. 1890, pp. 103-106. Some acts con- ta London, Dec. 1890, an nd J an. 1891, pp. 1-22, from an article by i ique. “ Rediscov ery of Gutta Percha Tree at t Singapore (Dichopsis Gutta), in Kew Bull. 1891, pp. 280- 231. "New Process for Recovering Loss of Gutta Percha,’ Le. Pp. pp. 231— 239. ‘Indian Gutta Percha,” 1.c. 1892, 407 pp. 296—297. “The Chemistry of Gutta Percha, " Sharpe in idis Rubber Journ. Feb. 8th, 1893, pp. 193-19 ** Extrac- tion of Gutta Percha from Leaves " Kew Bull. 1397, p. 200. e mes. Percha,” Oba ch, in Journ. Soc. uc xlvi. 1897, Percha," in Kew Bull. 1808, pp. 139-141: gion of prices, ‘Pal Ga yield from leaves and ae UE. alaquium Gutta, es Pl. à Caoutch. et à Gutta, Jumelle, pp. 131— 143, pee P. oblongifolium (A. Chine Parii. .1898).— —''Palaquium utta,” in Medizinal Pflanzen, Kóhler, 1H. 2 pp, < Palaquium oblongifolium, "L6. 2 pp., ‘Gutta Percha,” 1.c. 4 pp.—— Gu Percha (Gutta Taban), » ete., in All about Rubber and Gutta- Percha, Ferguson, pp. 9-17, and ‘ “Collection and Preparation of Gutta-Pe rcha,” l.c. pp. 70-71 (H. M. and J. Ferguson, Colombo, 1899). “La Gutta-Percha,” in Revio des Cultures Coloniales vii. 1900, pp. 678-688 and pp. 716-724.——“ Die e Kabelfrage und die Guttaperchakultur, " Schumann, in Der Tropenpflanzer, iv. 1900, pp. 333-340.——* Guttaperchakultur in Kamerun," Warburg, l.c. pp. 340-342.— —'* Gutta-Percha in Dutch India," in the India Rubber Journal, Sept. 30th, 1901, pp. 253-254, Transl. from the i-Zei ——' Reisebericht der i cen Marburg Fe SE 1902, - pp- 561-564; "Über : "La Gutta-percha et le ee en Malaisie," in L' Agric prat. pays chauds, ii. 1902-03, 2 603.— “La Gutta-Percha en Nouvelle-Guinée, D’Abban in L’ Agric. prat. pays chauds, ii. 1903-04, pp. 491-492, Dichogsis oblongifolia, ete. b Piaggio Islands, Sherman, Bull. No. 7, 1903, Dept. of the Interior, Bureau Govt. Laboratori ries, Manila, pp. 3, plates 1—41, with map (from Obach’s ** Gutta Pe rcha bution of Palaquium. pp. 11-98. a Culture dcs Arbres à gutta et la sélection chimique," i Tou n. D’Agric. Tropicale, iii. 1903, 11-13, Abstract of preceding ‘The Che Analysis of Gutta Percha as a Guide in Its Cultivation and Valuation," in Bull. E i5 19 ‘ Gutta-Perchas from the Straits Settlements," lc. 11. 1904, pp. 14-21. esetzgebung der Britischen Kolonial gebiete in bezug auf Guttapercha : Gewinning und See t," Fuchs, in Der Tropenpflanzer, viii. 1904, pp. 6 “ Some Facts an Gutta Percha,’’ BufnsMérdaoh; in cc 408 Indian Forester, xxxi. 1905, pp. 309-320, plates XXX.—xXil. =" Zur Gutta-percha Kultur auf Java,’ Büsgen, in Der Tropenpflanzer, ix. 1905, pp. 193-194. —— Uber ine und Guttapercha Kultur in Deutschen Kolonien," Preuss, l.c. p. 297-3807.——“‘ Rentabilitat einer Moro sarees für Privat Kapital, Kolbe (Neuguinea), l.c. pp. 519-525.——'* Gutta Percha Producing Species," Ridley, in fece Bull. Str. Sett. and Fed. Malay States, v. March 1906, x. 61-64. A compilation of Notes on India Rubber and Gutta Percha, Ahern, Bureau of Forestry, Philippines, Bull. No. 3, 1906, pp. 1-4, with map of the Philippines showing distribution of Rubber and Gutta percha. —— —*' Gutta Percha Trees of the Malay Peninsula," Gamble, in Kew Bull. 1907, pp. 109-121.——‘“‘ The Cultivation of Gutta Percha in Java," Berkhout, in The India Rubber Journal, April 6th, 1908, pp. 373-374. ** Gutta-Percha," in Comm. Prod. India, Watt, pp. 625-628. “Die Staatlichen. Gutta- perchapflanzungen ” : in Bericht über eine Reise nach Britisch— und Niederländisch—Indien, Deistel, in Der Tropenpflanzer, xii. 1908, Beihefte, No. 2, April 1908, pp. 77-82.———Kautschuk, Gutta Percha and Balata in Unsere Kolonialwirtschaft in Ihrer Bedentung für Industrie und Arbeiterschaft, l.c. xiii. 1909, Beihefte, No. 2, March 1909, pp. 57-63. Die Analyse des Kautschuks, der Gutta- percha, Balata und Ihrer Züsatze mit Einschluss der Chemie der Genannten Stoffe, Ditmar, pp. 1-288, illust. (A. Hartlebens Verlag, Wien und Leipzig, 1909).——— ** Cultivation of ea Percha,” in India Rubber Journ. Dec. 13, 1909, pp. 693—694. “ Gutta Percha," in The India Rubber World, Jan 1, 1913, pp. 192-194. OMPHALOCARPUM, P. de Beauv, fpei m elatum, Miers in Trans. Den. Soc. Series 2, i. p. 16 [O. procera, Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. p. 171, non Beauv. O0. Radllofer Pierre, ex Engler, au "Ar. Pflan. cites (1904), p. 16]. Ill. as Linn. Soc. Z: i. t. 4; Engler, Monogr. Afr. Pflan. Sapotaceae, p. 16, f. 4 (0. Radlkoferi), tt. 4, 5 (0. Radlkoferi). Vernac. name.—Fidroh (Timineh, Mann). Old Calabar (Thomson): Oware; Bagroo River; Cameroon. . Yields a latex used to adulterate that of good rubber (Col. Rep. Mise. No. 51, 1908, p. 39). The wee is light brown in colour, weight 35 lb. per cubic ft. (sp of a specimen in the Kew Museum collected by Mann aiee 0-558), moderately hard > close grained. Back 7 ; in. thi ck—on a section 51 in. in diamet ; oun xd as a tree 60-80 ft. Tum Cameroon River (Mann, No. ne, Herb. Kew). Omphalocarpum procerum, Beauv. in Fl. Owar. Benin, I. p. 7. A tall tree 60-80 ft. high with spreading branches. Leaves 409 alternate, sessile, lanceolate, entire, glabrous, shining above. Flowers solitary or many in clusters, sessile, arising from the trunk; sepals 10; corolla lobes 6—7, long clawed. Fruit very large, 6-12 in. in diam. indehiscent, orbicular, very strongly depressed, more or less grooved, deeply umbonate, pericarp thick, woody when dry, many seeded. Seeds oblong, compressed, 1 in. long, $ in. broad. (Trans. Linn. Soc. Series 2, 1. 1895, p. 15). ' Ill.—Pal. de Beauv. Fl. Ow. Ben. i. tt. 9, 6; Lam. Encycl. t. 966; Engler, Monogr. Afr. Pflan. Sapotaceae, t. 3, f. B. Vernac. name.—Otimbalilo? (W. Africa, Christy). Oware, S. Nigeria (Palisot de Beauv. Ley There is no specimen of this tree in the Herbarium at Kew, and species. Omphalocarpum fruits first attracted attention about 30 years ago when a few were imported into Liverpool from West Africa, said to produce a bird-lime like substance (Pharm, Journ.). The fruits when freshly cut from the trunk exude a sticky substance which disappears as it gets dry. Kep.—'' Proximate Analysis of the Fruit of Omphalocarpum procera," Naylor, in Pharm. Journ. [3] xii. 1881, pp. 478 480, and pp. 488—489; abstract in New Comm. Pl. and Drugs, ‘Christy, No. 5, 1882, pp. 54-55. Bassra, Koenig. i in. long and 1 in. broad in the centre or widest part. Outer shell thin, easily broken after removal of the kernel which cut through the centre crosswise is oval in section 1 in. by 3 in. Iil.—Roxburgh in Asiatic Researches, viii. t. 1; Brandis, Illustr. For. Fl. India, t. 35 Vernac. names.—Phalwara (Gamble).—Butter Tree of India. Native of India.—Introduced to Botanie Garden, Old Calabar, from Kew in 1896. cc 2 410 60-65 per cent. (Hooper, Agric. Ledger, No. 5, 1911-12, p. 152), 66 per cent. (Bolton and Revis, Fatty bru p. 188), and accord- ing to Watt (Comm. Prod. India, p. 120) it is usually regarded as more ege than that of either B. latifolia, Roxb., B. longi- folia, Linn., or B. malabarica, Bedd., chiefly because it solidifies. almost onde after being expressed from the seeds. The bark is used in Sikkim to poison fish (Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. p. ; Mus. Kew). Reja ae butyracea,’ "' in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, 1889, 405—406. ** Bassia butyracea,’’ in Comm. Pro India. Watt, pP. 116-120, including general information on " the above specie assia Kernels and Fats," in Bull. Im Inst. ix. 1911, i 228-236, and in Col. Rep. Misc. Series, No. 85, 1914, pp. 544-554, with analys es. Buryrosrermum, Kotschy. rmum Parkii, Kotschy; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 504. HE —Park. Travels Int. Afr. p. 352; Kotschy, Pl. Tinneanae,. t. 8B; Kotschy, in Sit ab, Akad. Wiss. Wien, l. (1864), t. 1 (Butyrospermum niloticum); t. 2 (B. Pih Trans. Linn. Soc. E Hush, p £.3 (và oung fruit and €— of seeds and flowers); Jumel ^E Caoutchouc, (1898), 163 (habit); € Inst. Col. Mare IX. t. 4; eh Fion ogr. Afr. P Sapotaceae, p. 23 (var. nilotiowm) : pur, FI. Guin. Frans t. 65 (Karité c en fleurs); Karst. & Schenck, Veg. bild. iv. tt. 10, 28 (habit); Perrot, Les. Ver. Tul i,’ Afriq. Trop. Franc. Fasc. ii. p. 29, var. mangifolium) ; . 93, f. 2 (var. Poisson?) ; Notizbl.. Bot. Gart. Berlin, App. xxii. 1910, p. 113; Thompson, Col. Rep. Mise. No. 66, 1910, t . 19; Engler and: Drude, Veg. Bis i ix. p. Ta, f. 657 (var. dee ). Vernac. names.—Emi-Ori, Emigidi (Yoruba, T nn TE Emi (Lagos, MacGregor, Phillips, Dawodu); Kadai (Hausa, ours. Amma ann, Hen ; Karité or Karé (F.W. Afr. Po Dirie. —Shea Butter, Beurre de Karité, Beurre de Galam, Bambouk butter, Gutta Shea Lagos, Abeokuta, Nupe, Zungeru, Jeba, Borgu, Zaria, Hasarawa in Nigeria, and extending westwards to To oland, Dahomey, Gold Coast, Bambarra, etc., eastwards to the Nile land— Gondokoro, Madi, Djurland and the Niam-Niam count ry. The wood is esse oY hard and heavy; a specimen in the- as a specific gravity of 0-929 = 58 Ib. per cubic ft.—the E: pes the specimen varied from 3-1 in. in thickness, 411 Otherwise the wood should sink in water. Used for making mortars, bowls and the branches for houseposts, Yoruba (Thompson, List of For. Trees, S. Nig. 1910, p. 6). The bark is used medicinally by the natives (1.c.). The fruit is edible, but the main value of the tree lies in the seeds or ‘‘ Shea nuts.” Oil." The residue after the extraction of the butter is used by the natives to smear on their mud huts to keep out the rain (Bull. Imp. Inst. 1913, p. 156). Meal from the nuts of Shea butter (said to come from Nigeria) crushed at Antwerp, was being offered in Liverpool, 1910. 1t has a somewhat acrid taste and it is doubtful whether cattle would eat it unless disguised by other foods i t . in sizing cotton cloth. Locally it is used by the natives for food, In preparing the butter, the outer pulp of the fruit is first removed and the nuts dried in the sun or by the aid of artificial heat. The outer shell is taken off and the kernels after further drying are braised and boiled, the fat being skimmed off the surface somewhat in the same manner as for the extraction of palm oil. The oil as it cools solidifies like lard, pure white or tinted according to the method of preparation. The dried kernels are sometimes imported into Europe and there is comparatively little difference Analyses made at the Imperial Institute show Acid value 18-0, Saponifieation value 179-0 and Iodine value per cent. 58-0 for Shea butter from Lagos; 10-3, 181-7, 54:0, respectively, for fat extracted from nuts as imported by the Niger Company (Govt. ‘Gaz. S. Nigeria, Jan. 22nd, 1908, p. 66). A sample of Shea butter from Lagos in the Museum, Kew, was valued at £24 per ton in 1900 (by Messrs. John Knight and Son, Silvertown Soap Works and Oil Mills, London); a considerable ‘demand was expected if it were continuously put on the market, but so far as could be ascertained at that time there had been none offering since 1896 when only a small parcel was sold. A sample of Shea butter from S. Nigeria was valued in 1907 at £27 5s.— p. 93). Sample lots of well dried nuts have been bought in S. Nigeria, Feb. 9th, 1910, p. ) Kernels from Uganda and the Gold Coast were valued in Liverpool (1912) at £10 10s. per ton (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 778, 1913, p. 33). - The exports of “ Shea Butter ’’ were, in 1909, 691,219 Ib. value £5230 (S. Nigeria); 244,160 ib. value £2188 (N. Nigeria), in 1910, 761,102 Ib., value £6804 (S. Nigeria), 230,513 lb., value 412 £2063 (N. CR) hes of “Shea Nuts,” in 1909—21,790,787 1b., value £78,029 (S. Nig.) ; 20,352,640 Ib., value £90, 858 (N. Nig.); . in 1910—9, 998,870 i value £43, 510 (S. Nig.); 9,400,201 Ib.; value £41, 080 (N. Nig.; ; Govt. Gaz. 5 B, ANM. 17th May, 1911, Suppl. App. B and D). Shea Nuts were selling in Liverpool at £13 per ton, Oct. 1913 (Oil and Colour Trades Journ. Oct. 25, 1913, p. 1483). The total of Shea Products exported from Lagos in 1913 was 206,892 Ib. ‘value £865 (190,180 Ib., value £643 to United Kingdom; 16,712 Ib. value £222 to other countries not specified); in 1914— 3,012,021 Ib., Mei £10,995 (35,777 lb., value £922, to United Kingdom; 2, 966,150 lb., value £9918 to German , and 0,114 Ib., value £155 to other countries) (porn Customs and Trade Journ. Feb. 2, 1914, p. 66). The remarkable increase to Germany in 1914 (nil in 1913) IE enit as showing the increasing importance and the possible developments in the trade. As indicated (p. 413) the Northern part of the Colony 1s the more important for the production. The Western and Central Provinces are the sources of the supply i in S. Nigeria, no returns being given for the Eastern Province. The trade lies chiefly with the United Kingdom, Germany and Holland, and the demand at is. present time is apparently more for the nuts than for the butte ** Gutta Shea"' is a hydrocarbon obtained from Shea butter in the manufacture of soap to the extent of :5—75 per cent. (Henderson and Co., Glasgow, Mus. Kew; Kew Report, 1878, p. 38; Kew Bull. 1906, p. 177). This i is probably analogous to the gutta-like extract that may be obtained from the trunk, known according to Dudgeon (Agric. and For. Prod. W. Ns p. 123) as ‘* Danko Kadainya" in Kano. This extract is of doubtful value commercially and in any event it could not be obtained without Pounds in a a uiid state as a tes nn k with a trunk 5-6 ft. in diameter (Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c. & Kew Bull. 1906, p. 177); abundant in Borgu, N. Nigeria (Lugard, Col. Rep. Ann. No. 476, 1905, p. 75), [where de: is a small leaved form referred to by Barter (No. 121, Herb. Kew) which he states flowers 3 weeks before the ordinary tree] ; in Ilorin, N. Nigeria (Lugard, Col. Rep. Lc. p. 91); throughout the coun try [N . Nigeria] (Elliott, l.c. p. 132). Plen- tiful between Iwo a - Ede, W. Province, in dry fores big of soil (Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908, p. 6), in the zone, S. Nigeria, looking something like an English ih (Thompson, List of For. Trees, 8. Nig . 1910, p. 6), generally ym des de the districts of the hinterland more especia ally in the Western Province (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 554, 1908, p. 40); a b ire 10-15 ft. 415 in width, trunk 10 ft. high, Madi; plentiful at 34° N. lat., leaves smelling heavily of honey and covered in December with the honey bee; flowers creamy yellow, fall off readily and cover the ground (Grant, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. p. 105); the most striking tree—handsome, spreading like an oak—from Fatiko to Nimule on the Nile (Dawe, Rep. Bot. Miss. Uganda, 1906, p. 33); common from the Assua River to the Uma River—the boundary between the Bari and Madi countries (l.c. p. 34); a small tree characteristic of the open forests, Ashanti (Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 66, 1910, p. 90) almost universally distributed in the hinterland, Gold Coast (l.c. p. 73), and common in many parts of the Bahr-el- Ghazal, Sudan (Bull. Imp. Inst. 1911, p. 202). demand for which is likely to increase—owing to the present shortage of fats and oils of many descriptions. The deman ` however, for some considerable time may be readily met in the supplies being made more accessible by the railway extension in Nigeria. Transport seems hitherto to have been the main draw- back but with this provided the large quantities that have evi- dently gone to waste for many years can now be claimed. Proof of this is advanced in various reports by successive administrators— ‘Shea trees are abundant [in Borgu] but with a small quantity sold to the Niger Company, the fruit is allowed to rot on the ground ” (Lugard, Col. Rep. Ann. No. FAL 1905, p. 75); ‘‘ Shea and many tons of nuts have hitherto been allowed to rot on the ground for want of transport’’ (Hesketh Bell, Col. Rep. Ann. No. 674, 1911, p. 11). More instances might be quoted, but the above will be sufficient to show that conservation is desirable and that full advantage will be taken of the improved conditions favouring the trade in the purely forest product. Meantime to ensure a continuance of the Dominica, 1912-13, p. 3). In the Upper Chari region—where th conditions would correspond M Usu ta to those in N. Nigeria — the tree loses its leaves usually in November and December, the 414 flowers deve lop—attracting the bees—in January when at the pine time the leaves form at the ends of the branches, and the fru ripen from the middle of May to the middle of July (Chevalier, Mission Chari Lac Tchad, 1902-04, p. 127). Ref.— * Note on Shea ee z es in Pharm. Journ. [9] ix. 1879, | PP: 815-019. — e de Karité,” in Etudes Raves des Cult. Col. i. 1897, pp. 193-198, pp. I o. 233. ** Beurre de Galam ou de Karité,” in Recherches sur les Graines Grasses Nouvelles ou peu connues des Colonies Francaises, Heckel, in Ann. L’Inst. Col. Marseille, iv. 1897, pp. 171—182.———'* Karité 9 Tree," in Kew Bull. 1899, pp. 93-95.— —" Butyrospermum Park: La oe et le Commerce du Beurre de Karité,” in Revue des Cult. Col. 1899, p. 304.———'*' Notes Relatives au Beurre de Karité: Étude sur le Beurre de Karité,” Vuillet and others in L'Agric. prat. pays chauds, ii. 1902-03, PE ed Daho m bare Française, Haut Senegal et Moyen Niger.—— ** Le Karité et le Chicle,” in Les Pl. a Ca ere oe kadie pp. 518.521. (Paris, 1903). ——Le Karité (Butyrospermum Parkit) : Les Végétaux Utiles de |’ e Trop. Franc. fasc. ii. pp. 1-125 UN A. Challamel, Paris, ote sur le Karité: Graines et Tourteau,”’ Perrot et Dechambre, i in L’Agric. prat. pays chauds, vil. — E 1907, PP. pese Da Schibutterbaum (Buty- y. SR te Kui" Dunes an, in Gov. Gaz. S. igeria, Jan. 22nd, 1908, 65—67, with analyses of Shea Butter from Nigeria and the Gold Coast.——*^ L'Arbre à beurre d'Afrique (Butyrospermum) le Karité des Sénégalais,” ete., in Mission Chari Lac Tchad, 1902-1904, L’ Afrique Central Francaise. Chevalier, pp. 126-128 (Aug. Challamel, Paris, 1908). Karité,” Ammann, in L’ Agric. prat. pays chauds, ix. part 2, 1909, pp- 450-459 : ** Etude sur le Karité, l.c. x. part 1, 1910, pp. 50-62. ——" Buty- rospermum Parkii," in ''* Die Nutzpflanzen Togos," Volkens, in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, ADR xxii. No. 3, 1910, pp. 114-116. “Shea Nuts”: Extracts from Commercial WU aA Reports. —9th Sept. 1905, 10th Jan. 1907, 27th April 1907, 10th April 1908, James, in Gov. Gaz. S. Nigeria, Feb. 9, 1910, pp. 198- > 499. * Le Karité au Dahomey,’’ Noury, in L'Agric. prat. pays 5. pp. 1-150, 12 pl., 1 map (Emile exc Paris, pus" Nuts,” in Agric. and Forest Prod. B. W. Africa, en 415 pp. 124-126 (John Murray, London, BU — —' Shea Nuts and Shea Butter," in Bull. Imp. Inst. 1912, PP: 281-292. ** Northern Nigeria Trade in Sheà Products,’ Mance, in The Lagos Customs and Trade Journ. July 2nd, 1912, pp- 400-403. ** Shea Nuts and Butter,"' in Col. Rep. Misc. Series, No. 88, 1914, pp. 538-543—S. Nigeria, N. Nigeria, Gold Coast, Sudan, and Uganda. Miwvsors, Linn. Mimusops bidentata, A. DC. in DC. Prod. vin. p. 204. A tree 60-120 ft. high, 4-5 ft. in diam. (Jenman), sometimes attaining a greater height—150 ft. trunk 94 ft. to the first branch, 12 = 3 in. in girth at about 15 ft. from the base (Anderson). ves 4-8 in. “long, 2-3 in. wide, ovate-oblong, rounded or epicalate at the apex, leathery, upper surface dark green, = surface rusty or bronze, more especially in young leaves. Flow mall, numerous. Fruit about } in. in diam. ovoid, edible, dt in taste to that of the “ Sapodilla "* (Achras Saget a). 7ll.—Engler, Monogr. Afr. Pflan. Sapotaceae, p. 61, f. 12; De Wildeman, Mission E. Laurent, p. 161 (young plant, M. balata, at Eala); India Rubber World, March Ist, 1911, pp. a 191 {habit- tapping); Harrison, Stockdale & Anderson, Rubber and Balata, B. Guiana, p. 31, ff. 19-22 (tapping), Ex 36, f. 23 (Mimu- s0pS globosa i in forest, showing cuts for tapping). Vernac. names.—Burué (Arrawak and Makusi Indians, Ander- son); Boerowé Ge Indians, Bleekrode); — fuos Guiana, Bleekro [Koberu or Koobi-arri (Warrau), Parata- Eboo (Carib), [SH (Wapisiana and Atorai) Anderson] ; ; Burueh (B. Guiana, McTurk).—Bullet or Bully Tree, Balata. N T of Venezuela and the Guianas. now decre in B. Guiana contains moistu ure I 9; Gutta 49-7; Resin 44-0; Impurities 4-4 (Harrison & Bancroft). Balata i is suit- able for machinery belting rather than insulating ee Balata sheet was quoted at 3s. 1d. and block at 2s. 2 r lb. on the London market (India Rubber World, ree ord] P1913; p.27), and the imports appear to be entered as Gutta Percha (p. 406), especially the figures for the Guianas, Venezuela, etc. It is the chief forest product of British ——Ó from whence (Board of Trade Journ. Sept. 13, 1906, p. 923, from Rep. Inst. nes p pde Br. Guiana, June 30th). Balata to the — 416 Journ. [4] xvii. 1903, p. 383 The fresh milk is described as drinkable, the Negroes of Guiana being accustomed to mix it with their chocolate (Cons. Rep. Misc. No. 406, 1896, p. 2), though they knew the injurious effects of taking spirits after drinking this milk (l.c.). per ton (l.c), similar to those of ''Greenheart?^ (Nectandra Kodioei) on land, but not so suitable for use under water; the bleeding for balata is said to affect the colour and texture of the wood until the tree recuperates (West India Comm. Cire. xxix. 1914, p. 128) alata has been little eultivated owing to the slowness of its growth (Cons Mis ecorded in + Rep: Misc, Lé. p. 7). list of plants at Old Calabar (Don, 1907) sent out from Kew 1900. The tree grows singly or in small roups, preferring ridges or sloping ground and is not particular as to soil (W. Indian Bull. the trees average from 1 gallon (— 5 Ib. of dry balata) to 5 gallons (= 25 Ib. balata) each (Harrison, Stockdale & Anderson, Rubber Ref—“ Notice sur la Gutta-Percha de Surinam," Bleekrode, in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4th Series, vii. 1857, pp. 220—228.— —'* Gutta Percha of Surinam," Bleekrode, in Journ. Soc. Arts, v. 1857, pp. 625-627 .— —** Balata,” in Spon's Encycl. Industr. Arts, Div. V. pp. 1635- Balata and the Balata Industry: Forest Laws, etc. Jenman Government Report, pp. 11—38 (Royal Gazette Office, Demerara > * 417 1885). ** Balata,” in Etude sur les Produits de la Famille des Sapotées, Planchon, pp. 5459 (Montpellier, 1888).——“‘ Balata : Sapota Mulleri,” in Med. Pflan. Koehler, iii. 2 pages Report on the Balata Industry of Dutch kop eet ee and Cons. Rep. Misc. No. 406, 1896, pp. a Obach in Journ. Soc. Arts, xlvi. 1897, pp. 158 164. —— “Te Balata,’ ' in Revue des Cultures Coloniales, vii. 1900, pp. 692—694. lata and Its rit in India Rubber Journ. Oct. arth, 1902, pp. 418-419.— —'' La Balata,” in Les Pl. à Caoutch. dans tous les pays chauds, “Fémolle, iv. pp. 493-517 : Historique, Caractères, Propriétés et Usages du Produit, Exploitation des balatas dans les Guyanes, Commerce Challamel, bee. 1903). ** Bullet Wood, Mimusops globos in Timbers Commerce, ego pp. 148-149 (William Rider and Son, Lid. London, 1904). De Balata-industrie in Suriname, Fock, in 3 parts, pp. x. + 66 + cix. + 67 + 98 (Paramaribo, 1909) ; Part 1, various Govt. Reports, covering the — of the Balata in Surinam ; Part 2, distribu- iion, tapping, coagulation and general account of the Industry ;. Part 3, Doema, falsification and Uses of. Balata [not seen, particulars from xp. ec. 1909, p. 443].——“‘ Balata from P- British Guiana,” in ull. Imp. Inst. vii. 1909, p. 7-8, Mimusops Balata, with abel sis. “ Balata Trade, " in India Rubber Journ. Feb. 18th, 1911, pp. 17-18, and * * India Rubber in Dutch Guiana,” in India Rubber World, March 1st, 1911, pp. 189-191. — —*: Balata and Rubber in B. Guiana,’ ' in India Rubber Journ. April 8th, 1911, pp. 37-38. Rubber and Balata in B. Guiana, Harrison and Stockdale, pp. 1-46, 2 maps (Anderson) and 24 illus- trations (Dept. o Science and Agric. B. Guiana, 1911 )2)—— ** Balata and Rubber Industries," Leaflet No. 3, British Guiana, Jan. 1911, pp. 1-8; prepared by the Secretary for the Permanent Exhibitions Commit tee.——De Balata-Industrie in Suriname, Suppl. Door Fred. Onde chans das pp. 1-14 and pp. i—xxvi. ‘Paramaribo, 1911).——*‘ Balat : Mimusops bidentata DC. (M. Hillier, in Kew Bull. 1911, pp. 198-202. “ Balata Resources of British Guiana,” in Tae Rubber Journ. me 16th, 1912, pp. 26-27; Forestry Rep. Anderson, giving Distribution and Soil. ** Species of Mimusops of the Balata mes Dee E in British Guiana," Anderson, in Journ. Bd. of A v. April, 1912, pp. 251-253. ** The Balata Robber) ei ‘of British Guiana, ” in Journ. Roy. Soc. Arts, lxi. 1913, pp. 318-319. < Rubber and Balata in British Guiana,” in The India Rubber World, Sept. 1st, 1913, p. 649.——“ Bullet Tree (Mimusops oa ir E The Timbers of British Guiana ’’), The West India Comm. Circular, xxix. 1914, p. 128.——'' Balata ani Wil Rubber in Dritiah Guiana," Harrison & Bancroft, in Rubber Recueil Inter. Rubber Congrés Met. poer oec 1914, pp. 53—55 (J. H. De Bussy, Amsterdam). Mimusops Djave, Engler in Eng. & Prantl, Pflanzenf, Nachtr. i- p. 279. | \ 418 A iree with a symmetrical straight trunk, 4-7 ft. in diam. 35-45 ft. high, branching like an oak. Flowe MER branchlets stout, with clusters of leaves and flowers at the tips. Leaves elongate-obovate or ob-lanceolate, rounded and very shortly and obtusely acuminate, narrowing towards the base, about 1 ft. long, in. wide, entire, chartaceous, dark brown above, light brown below, glabrous, midrib prominent below, slightly “impressed above, lateral nerves 30-35 pairs, at an angle of about 70° looped near the ma ee prom = below; petiole det in. . in or less ml crinkled when dry + in. in diam., dark purple, lipsoid, 2 in. long, 11 in. broad, with a rough bony hilum covering nearly one-half the seed, remainder of the testa bony, smooth, rich brown; kernels oily. Ill.—Engler, Monogr. Afr. Pflan. Sapotaceae, tt. 52, 35, f. A.; Chevalier, = Vég. Util. L'Afriq. Trop. Franc. Fas ud ff. 25, 26, 27 (fruits); Tropenpfl. 1910 p. 30 mau p. 33 nine plants): Thompson, Col. Rep. Mise. No. 66, 1910, t. 20; Tropenpf. Beihefte, xii. 1911, 1..6 (Njabibaum) t. 8 (habit) ; Bolton and m Fatty Foods, p: eem f. 15 (seed nac. names.—Aganokwi (Benin, T rt — (F-W. fries, Perrot); Noumgou (Camerooi; Perrot); N Ee) Nish: Degema, New Eater River, S. Nigeria (Sherriff, July 1906, Herb. Kew). Known also from the Gaboon and the Cameroons. The fruit according to Fickendey (Tropenpfl. 1910, No. 1, p. 29 tastes mar slightly acid and is refreshing. When unripe it contains : The Lol yield by ee 60 per cent. and upwards of an oil or fat, somewhat similar to that of ‘Shea Butter” utyrospermum Par kit aad ** Mowrah " or ‘‘ Mhowra,”’ (Bassia iru edible when extracted from the fresh seeds, but the e like that of the Bassia is poisonous and fit only for manuré or it wight be used in the preparation of a dressing for lawns to -destroy worms. It is in this respect not unlike Trichilia emetica, Adjab seeds are said to be used in the well known ask e poisonous vefte is saponin, and Bamin. men- tions that the residue can be rendered harmless by treatment with hot water. Mr. Norman Tate reporting on a sample of seeds (now in the Kew Museum) from the Niger in 1884 stated that the oil or butter possessed all the characteristics of ordinary Shea Butter, but the residue was not suitable for food cake. The constants of Adjab fat are given in Tropenpflanzer, xiv. 1910, -p. 32 in comparison with those of Shea Butter to which the figures 419 and 8° in the latter. A sample of seeds from S. Nigeria (1906) examined at the Imperial Institute showed that the constants of the fat closely resemble those of Shea Butter, and it was calcu- lated that the kernels would probably be of about the same value (Bull. Imp. Inst. 1908, p. 374). The fat has been recommended for the manufacture of soap and. candles. h years chiefly to England. In 1906, the export was 3233 kilog.. value 226 marks; 1907, 14,890 kilog. value 1388 marks, and in S, Mahogany Nuts," etc.; they have also been submitted as ‘ Shea Butter Nuts." The tree yields a thick white milk which very easily solidifies, a deep incision being necessary in old stems or branches to cause n abundant flow of milk (Sherriff, Mus. Kew). The extract believed to be from this species has been found on examination to -be of a resinous character and of no commercial value (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 583, 1908, p. 36). Yields an excellent and valued timber, Cameroons (Fickendey). One of the finest timber trees in W. Africa, sold in Europe as ‘“ African Pear Wood,” at 6d. per foot, often figured (Thompson, List of For. Trees, S. Nig. 1910, p. 6, Mimusops sp. nr. Djave); seen in an area situated on the right bank of the Kwa River above Calabar [some 5 sq. miles in extent, visited with a view to acquir- ing it as a Reserve and for a Rubber Plantation] (Thompson, Ann. Rep. Forestry Dept. 1911, S. Nigeria, p. 3). Farquhar reports (Govt. Gaz. S. N igeria, 1911, No. 22, Suppl.) plants of this species are being raised at the Victoria Gardens, Cameroon—the kernels fetch a fair price but they are available only for a few months in each year. The country where Sherriff collected his specimens is described by him as flat and the soil coarse sand (Mus. Kew). In the Cameroons, the tree is widely distributed in the zone of primeval forest: it thrives on laterite and alluvial soils but appears to avoid those of volcanic origin, and does not occur on the ameroon or the Bakossi mountains, flowering February to March; fruiting July to August (Fickendey). Ref. D'Jave ou Noumgou: Mimusops D'jave," Perrot, Les Vag. Util. de L'Afriq. Trop. Franc. Fasc. ii. pp. 160-171 (A. Challamel, Paris, 1907).——-'* Seeds of Mimusops sp." in Bull. 420 D’ jave, in Notizblatt, Bot. Gart. Berlin, No. 45, Nov. 18th, 1909, 118—120.— — des D PP. 12 ‘Untersuchung des Fettes von Mimusops D'Jave," Kranze, in Der Tropenpflanzer, xiii. 1909, p. 283.— — macologique des graines du Dumoria Heckeli et du Baillonella toxisperma, Fournier" (Clermont-Ferrand, 3). ** Djave Butter,” in Fatty Foods, Bolton and Revis, pp. 190-191, with analysis (J. & A. Churchill, London, 1913). : Mimusops Elengi, Linn.; Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 349. A large evergreen tree up to 50 ft. in height. Leaves glabrous, shining elliptic, acuminate, 3-4 in. long, 1-11 in. broad. Flowers white, fragrant, about an inch across the corolla lobes. Fruit yellow, ovoid, about 1 in. long, 1 seeded. lil.—Rheede, Hort. Mal. i. t. 20; Rumpf, Amb. ii. t. 63; Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. i. t. 42; Lam. Encycl. t. 300; Roxb. PI. Corom. t. 14; Blanco, F1. Filip. t. 105; Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. iv. t. 1586; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 40; Engler and Prantl, Pflan. iv. pt. 1, £. 82 E-—J.; Talbot, For. Fl. Bombay, ii. p. 162, f. 375. names. Tanjong (Perak, Long); Maulsiri (Hindustan, Hooper); Mogadam (Tamil, Hooper); Papagan (Philippines, Mus. Kew); Bukul (Calcutta, Mus. Kew). Native of India, Ceylon, Burma and the Malay Peninsula. Cultivated in various parts of the Tropics Sumach, of little commercial value. : The wood is used for housebuilding, carts and cabinet work (Arcot, India, Mus. Kew), and for rice pounders; weight 54-62 lb, per cubic ft. (Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. p. 450). Propagated by seeds. A nursery was started in the Oloke-Meji Reserve in 1908 (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 630, 1909, p. 14) and in 1910 i N 5 2 3 India); one of the best woods 1n the dry Carnatie evergreen forests (Gamble, seg. p. 450). 421 . Ref.—‘‘ Mimusops Elengi," in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, v. part 1, 1891, pp. 249-251.— —'* Mimusops Elengi," in Manual of Indian Timbers, Gamble, pp. 449—450. Mimusops lacera, Baker, Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 507. Ill.—Engler, Monogr. Afr. Puan. Sapotaceae, t. 20 B. Vernac. names.—Emido (W. Prov. S. Nigeria, Thompson); Aganokwi (Benin, Thompson); Bonding aling (Batanga, Bates); Ntaguaya, Isonguin (Ivory Coast, Courtet, Chevalier); Anain- guéri, Bempé (Ivory Coast, Courtet). N : Ivory Coast, Togoland, extending to Batanga in S. W. Africa. | A very good timber (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 512, 1906, p. 23); suitable for bulkheads, River Nun (Mann, Mus. Kew); similar d'Ivoire, in L'Agric. prat. pay Density given by Chevalier (Les Vég. Util. L'Afriq. Trop. Franc. Fase. v. 1909, p. 243) and Courtet (1.c.) as 1-045 [= 65 Ib. per cubie ft. ]. The tree yields a substance like Gutta Percha (Barter, Herb. Kew; Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 378; Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c. Propagated by seed. Found in the evergreen forests, Central Province, S. Nigeria (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 512, 1906, p. 23), as a 1 He dant, trunk 7 ft. in cireumference, River Nun [Niger] (Mann, us. Kew); 25-30 metres high, with trunk 60-70 cm. in diam. Ivory Coast (Courtet, l.c.), a middle sized tree with low scraggy orestry Ordinance, Order No. 26, 1912, Govt. Gaz. S. Nigeria, Sept. 4th, 1912, p. 2242, and Schedule p. 2244). Mimusops multinervis, Baker, Fl. Trop. Afr. IIT. p. 506. Ill.—Engler, Monogr. Afr. Pflan. Sapotaceae, t. 20, £ A. Vernac. names.—Emido (Lagos, Foster, McLeod, Hislop); Emido (Yoruba, Thompson); Aganokwi (Yoruba, Thompson).— Lagos; Nupe, Central Province, S. Nigeria. Wood hard, reddish in colour, often figured, exported from the Niger as Afriean Mahogany (Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 66, 1910, p. 89); rich coloured, hard, resembling mahogany (Kew Bull. 1908, p. 191; Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908, p. 12); used for making mortars and bowls; the branches used for house posts substance, found to contain 66 per cent. of resin and 29 per cent. of a somewhat friable gutta-like mat»rial, not likely 5 be of any 422 May be opel by seed. 1670 its are fuere to have been a DUE out in the Oloke-Meji Reserve in 1908 (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 630, 1909, p. 14). Dumorta, A. Chev. Dumoria Heckeli, A. Chev. in Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, exlv. (1907) p . 267. A tree, 100—150 ft. à irunk cylindrieal at the base, 9-6 ft. in diam., branching about t. from the groun eaves crowded towards the ends of the acca: oblong-lanceolate or obovate, sometimes shortly and obtusely acuminate, 24-5 in. long, 11-2 in. broad, chartaceous, glabrous, shining on the upper surface, dark rown above, light brown below, lateral nerves numerous, spread- ing, faint; petiole 2—12 in. lorg, slender. Flowers axillary, 2 or 3 together, pedicellate, pedicels 3-1 in. long, slender, glabrous. Sepals 4, ovate, sub-acute, 1} lin. long, about 1 lin. broad, finely paberaious outside. Corolla ‘greenish-white, about i in. in “diam m.,. fragrant. Fruit 1-3-seeded, globose, about. 3-5 in. in diam. ; pulp soft, not edible, yellowish-apricot in Seeds very similar to those of M ied Djav Vernac. names.—[Dum Hi (hen), Mako, Makoré, Makerou (Apollonien), Mbaba or Mbabu ied Butusa — gras Ba Coast, Courtet).—One of the so- tee African Mahoganie All the specimens at Kew Herbarium are from the eeu or Gold Coast (Chevalier, No. 16253, 1911, and Agric. Dept. Aburi, 1911). Chevalier (l.c.) also mentions Liberia. Not rec corded from Nigeria, but as the seeds are indistinguishable from those of Mimusops Djave, under which name several of the Dumoria specimens have been sent to Kew a description has been added. est African frontier, chiefly by way of Axim (Chevalier, Compt. Renda, Acad. Sei. Paris, exlv. 1907, p. 269). Used for cabinet work (Courtet, Bois, Cote d'Ivoire, in L' Agric. prat. pays chauds, x. part 1, 1910, p. 458) ; recommended for automobiles and E carriages (Chevalier, Les Vég. Uti. de riq- Trop. v. 1909, p. 238); density 0-716 (Courtet, F: almost LS js E 423 (Chevalier, CM Rendu, Lc.) _ Specimens, of wood at Kew named '*Baco" (Leopold de Rothschild, 1899) and '' Abeku "' (G. E. Farita 1891) have a specific gravity of 0-717 and 0-643 — to 45 Ib. and 40 2d» per cubic ft. respectively; they are both from the Gold Coas Hébert states c the seeds yield “ Doumori butter," used by the natives of French West Africa as food, and his s analysis is given as fo Ho ws:— Yield of anean seed, 40 per cent. ; pm at —oleic, Ee or ie reco. ur id P ie + 60°C. (Inter. Inst. Agric. Rome, Bull. Bur. Agric. Intell. Aug.-Sept.-Oct. 1911, p. 2075 from La Quinzaine Col. Par ris, xv. Août; 1911, p. 541). The fat is reported as of about the same value for ‘soap-making as middling quality palm-oil; the residue after extraction of the oil owing to its intensely bitter taste, is not suitable for feeding purposes; the dried kernels in good condition were valued (1910) at £13 per ton in England (Col. Rep. seg. p. 544). The yield of one tree is given as up to 4000 fruits giving about 66 lb. of solid fat (Bull. Imp. Inst. 1911, p. 159 from Hébert, Les Matiéres Grasses, 1v. 1911, p. 2158) The method of extraction of the oil from the ** Bacco" Nut o the Gold Coast is said to be the same as for palm-kernels (Elaeis guineensis), i.e., * beating the kernels in a wooden mortar and then frying in a pot ” (Ferguson, Mus. Kew Bako mahogany is probably this species (Kew Bull. 1894, P- 9). ce Ref —“‘ un nouveau genre de Sapotaceae (Dumoria) de l'Afrique occidentale, a graines fournissant une m me grasse comestible,” Chevalier, in Comptes s Rendus un 1. Paris; -exlv. 1907, pp. 267—269. ** Dumoria Heckeli, A. Chev. in Les. Vég. Util. de L'Afrique Trop. Franc. v. ii ut (D de la Cote ’Ivoi ——" Baco V } : l. L’ Assoc. Pl. Cao aie vi. M 1914, '* Matières grasses,’ p. 82.— See also refs. under M imusops D’ jave EBENACEAE. Masa, Forst. Mata Mannii, Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 516. Nupe, Banks of the Guarara River, N. Nigeria, Bagroo River; ces Leone, wes mall tree or arborescent shrub. Flowers white; ripe fruits bruit orange “saint. Nupe (Barter, No. 1220, Herb. 'Ke w). Drosryros, Dalech. DIM, Por od dme Guerke in Engl Bot. Jahrb. xxvi. 1904 : x e ium sized tree; branchlets slender, glabrous. Leaves je or oblong-elliptic, rarely —— obtusely DD 424 acuminate, obtuse er slightly cuneate at the base, 41-7 in. long, 15-21 in. broad, entire, thinly chartaceous, shining avoti duller belo ow, sinies lateral neryes 3—6 on each side, ascending, promi- nent below. oo te flowered. es lobes of the female, large Tl. —Engler, Bot. Jahrb. ce 1909, p p. 212, f. 4. Ver es.—Igedudu (W. Prov. S. Nigeria, Thompson). rodudu. (Benin, Dennett). Benin (Thompson, No. 4, 1906, Herb. Kew; Dennett, No. 27, 1907, Herb. Kew). Wood d pena as a brown ebony (Thompson, List of For Trees, S, Nig. 1910, p. 3). A sample was valued in 1905 as totu at £5 to £10 per ton eae Bull. 1908, p. 194 One of the trees prohibited from im cut on native lands without a licence (Forestry Ordinance, Order No. 26 of 1912, Govt. Gaz. S. Nigeria, Sept. 4th, 1912, 2242, and Schedule, p. 2244) ; dad all over the Central Province, especially near the- Niger (Kew Bull. L.e.). j Diospyros crassiflora, Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 525. names.—Kanran (Yoruba, Thompson); Aborpor or Aborkpor (Benin, Thompson, Foster Old Calabar (Thomson, No. 47, Herb, Kew); Benin (Foster, No. 196, 1908, Herb. Kew Wood described as a black ebony (Thompson, List of For. Trees,. S. Nig. 1910, p. 2). Found as a Se about 40 ft. Benin (Foster, l.c.). Diospyros Dendo, W ew: Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 523. Ill.—Hiern, Monogr. Ebenac. t. 10; Stone, Timb. Comin: +. 10, f. 85 ee Nes of wood). Ver —De S or N'Dendo (Angola, Welwitsch).—. Black Phony. "Billet Wood, Gaboon, Lagos, or Calabar, Ebony. Angola (Welwitsch) : Kamerun (Zenker, No. 2633, 1903, Herb.. Kew). There is no specimen from Nigeria at Kew, but Thompson states (List of For. Trees, S. Nigeria, 1910, p. 2) that it is the. chief ebony of the Eastern Province. It is one of the trees pro- hibited from being cut on Native lands, S. Nigeria, without a licence (Forestry Ordinance, Order No. 26 of 1912, Govt. Gaz. S. me Sept. 4, 1912, p. 2244 pero ti Sd 425 d as an evergreen tree 25-40 ft. high, 1-2 ft. in diam., plentiful in the primitive, dense and most elevated forests, Golungo Alto (Hiern, l.c.); flowers from December to February; fruits in March (Hiern, Monogr, Ebenac 97). See particulars of Ebony in general at end of order. Ref.—'' Black Ebony, Diospyros Dendo," in Timbers of Com- merce, Stone, pp. 153-154. Diospyros mespiliformis, /7ochst.; Fl. Trop. Afr. III. p. 518. Ill.—Warburg, Kumene Expel. p. 329; Engler, Bot. € xlii. 1909, p. 201, f. 4; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, App. x 1909, p 30; Engl. and Drude, Veg. Erde, ix. p. 78, f. 63; (Vires Col. italy, v. 1911, Suppl. p. 70. Bull. Imp. Ind. ioni, p- 209). "iab Guava; Ebony, Zanzibar ony. Lagos (Foster, No. 35, a Herb. Kew); Nupe (Barter, Nos. 1208, 1334, Herb. Kew); Katagum (Dalziel, No. 219, 1908, Herb. ew); Gorgoram (Elliott, No. 162, 1904) and Guarara River, N: Nigeria (Elliott, No. 215, 1905, Herb. Kew Found also between Tette and the Sea Const Kirk), Yem we edible. Heartwood tick ands comes mem Ms warket in billets as Ebony. rne to Welwitsch (Hiern. Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 651) the wood is very hard, heavy, white, well adapted for making screws; Thompson (List of For. Trees, S. Nigeria, 1910, p. 3), used for making combs, walking sticks, rulers and furniture; Idem (Col. Rep. Misc. No. 66, 1910, p. 89), heart- wood uoo and furnishes one of the ebonies of commerce; Kirk to Dalziel (Herb. Kew). the common ebony of "the [Katagum] country. Chevalier (Bull. Soc. Nat. d’Accl. de France, 1912, p- gosi states that the wood turns black only after the death of the oid TOM UC Ebony, believed to be D. mespiliformis, was being shipped in -— to the extent of 600 to 800 tons a year( Saunders, us. Kew). A sample of “‘ Kanran ” Ebony was t at the ul Show, Ibadan, 1910, by the Aue iu pt. Oloke- Meji (Govt. Gaz. S. Nigeria, 6th April, 1910, p. 484). The leaves, fruits, and roots are used for various medicinal p poses in French W. Africa (Pobéguin, Pl. Med. du Guin., DM in L'Agric. prat. pays chauds, xi. part 1,1911, p. 487). — DD 2 426 . 27) and as a conspicuous tree common in the eastern middle Veld of the Zoutpansberg (Burtt Davy, Kew Bull. 1908, p. 152). May be propagated by seed. In the Oloke-Meji Forest Reserve, S. Nigeria, there were 2370 seedlings put out in 1908 (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 630, 1909, p. 14) and the tree is being cultivated in combination with Teak (Tectona grandis) in Togoland (Unwin, Rep. Affor. Togoland, 1912, p. 30). See references at end of order. Diospyros mombuttensis, Guerke in Engl. Jahrb. xxvi. (1904) p. 66, A tree or shrub 10 ft. high (Barter) with glabrous branches. Leaves shortly petiolate, obovate-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, narrowed at the base, up to 63 in. long and 3 in. broad, entire, subcoriaceous, sparingly puberulous on the nerves on both surfaces, otherwise glabrous. Cymes 3-5 flowered, shortl pedunculate. Flowers sessile, greenish-yellow, fragrant (Barter). Calyx tubular, 5 lin. long, silky pubescent outside, bidentate, the teeth sometimes 2-3-denticulate. Corolla 4-lobed, twice the length of the calyx; lobes ovate, acute, with hairy tips. Stamens 16. The tree has on various occasions been confounded with D. senensis, Klotsch, Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. p. 520, a distinct plant, commoner on the East Coast. Vernac. name. — Ogan pupa (Oloke-Meji, Foster, Ibadan, Punch, Yoruba, Thompson), - Lagos (Foster, No. 59, 1906; Rowland, 1893, Herb. Kew); Abeokuta (Irving, No. 141; Barter, No. 3390, Herb. Kew); Eppah and Aboh (Barter, Nos. 3250, 290, Herb. Kew); Apomu, S. Nigeria (Foster, No. 210, Herb. Kew); Ibadan Forest Reserve (Punch, No. 30, 1901, Herb. Kew). -- Wood used for tool handles (Punch, l.c.), and by the natives as scantling and for walking sticks (Thompson, List of For. Trees, S. Nigeria, 1910, p. 3). One of the trees prohibited from being felled on native lands without a licence (Forestry Ordinance, l.c.). Diospyros sp. (no specimen in the Kew Herbarium). ~ Vernac. name.—Isanwi (Benin, Thompson, List of Forest Trees, 'S. Nigeria, 1910, p. 3). Given as one of the Benin ebony trees, rather quick growing. 427 A tree under the name of Isinewey is said to be vay prevalent all over the western side of [Central] Province S. eria, not usually of large size, wood hard and reddish-brown, pue at 2d.-31d. per foot on the English market as a mahogany (Kew Bull. 1908, p. 194). Ebony is one of the chief peice woods of commerce and the name as applied to the various wo that of mahogany. The chief sources are W. Kleita Gabi Cameroon, Rio del Rey, Old Calabar, etc. (Diospyros Dendo and D. mespili- formis); Ceylon, India, Macassar? (D. E a (Diospyros haplostylis, D. Perrieri, etc. =: e also ** Mozambique Ebon ny (Dalbergia melanoæylon) p- 231. All the ebonies of commerce, however, agree in being heavier than water, in the dark colour, pete black, sometimes brown, in the hard close texture and small billet like sections. Rough billets 3-4 ft. in length, 21-8 in. in diam., 45-50 pieces to the ton, are characteristic of Gaboon and Cameroon Ebony; irregular logs 2}-3 ft. in Er for Rio del 45-60 pieces to the ton, for el Rey, etc., etc. Bull. 1908, p. 185). Stained woods of close ga as Box Dara: sempervirens), Pear (Pyrus communis), etc., are not uncommon to meet the demand for ebony, but the oe "article can easily be recognised in being black throughou The uses generally of the wood are for cabinet work—inlaying chiefly, ps d keys, backs of brushes, chessmen, rulers, walking sticks Ref. S ere and Its Varieties,’ Simmonds in The Art Journal, 1872. A. Monograph of Ebenaceae, Hiern, pp. 1 is. i.-xi. (Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1873). = Madagascar Ebony," Kew Bull. 1888, pp. 135-136.———'' Ebony ” (various) in oe of Commerce, Stone, pp. 150-155. —— Ebene, , Dubard, L’ Agric. prat. pays c chauds, xi. part 2, 1911, ‘‘ Etude de ui Bois Types," pp. 116-119. SALVADORACEAE. SALVADORA, Linn. . Salvadora persica, Garcin; Fi. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 23. - Wi ; , E 2 Hust. t. 181 (S. UT E Adansonia, ix. t. 10, ff. 4-8 (fl. fr.). Vernac. names.—Arak Sere Speke and Grant); Arak (Arabie Palestine, Vester and Co.; Arab, Dymoc ck, Warden and Hooper, Sudan, Imp. Inst.); Darakht-i Miswák (Persia, Royle, Dymock, E 428 Lake Chad, N. Nigeria (Elliott, No. 146, Herb. Kew); Bornu, region of Lake Chad (Vogel, Herb. Kew); found also throughout Tropical Africa, ete. Twigs used as a tooth-cleaner by the natives, Port. E. Africa . (Allen, Herb. Kew), Nile Banks (Grant, Herb. Kew; Trans. Linn. m The shoots and leaves are pungent, eaten as salad and given as fodder to camels; the fruits—pungent, bitter and aromatic— are with the leaves and shoots used as a relish, and used medicin- ally (Gamble, Man. of Ind. Timb. p. 477 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. India). The root bark is acrid and vesicant. A vegetable salt called ‘‘ Kegr’’ is obtained from the ash of this plant in Northern Nigeria (Col. Rep. Mise. No. 46, 1908, P- 5; Bull. Imp. Inst. 1912, p. 304). The seeds yield about 45 per cent. of fat, suitable for the manu- facture of candles. A shrub or small tree, easily reproduced from seed, though of slow growth; common on the shores of Lake Chad (Elliott, Herb. Kew); growing in dense clumps from 3-10 ft. high near Shibam, Hadramaut (Lunt. Herb. Kew), sea coast 3000-4000 ft., Nubia (Bent, Herb Kew), etc. ush (Salvadora persica)," in Col. Rep. Misc. No. 46, 1908, pP. 9-6.—A Short Account of Salvadora Fat, Hooper, in Agric. Ledger, No. 1, 1908, pp. 1-5. i Bull. Imp. Inst. x. 1912, pp. 304-306, with analysis, from N Nigeria.—‘‘ Salvad 88, 1914, pp. 571-572, with analysis. APOCYNACEAE, LaAwDorruia, Beauv. Landolphia florida, Benth.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 38 and p. 590. Ill.—Kotschy, PI. Tinneana, t. 13 a; Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xv. 1892, p. 404, f. 1 B, p. 405, f. 2 (L. comorensis var. florida) ; Engl. and Prantl. Pflan. iv. pt. 2, £. 50 B, f. 51 (L. comorensis, var. florida); Engl. Pflan. Ost. Afr. B. j 46, f 19, p i f. 20 B (L. comorensis, var. florida); Jumelle, Pl. Caoutchouc, p- 55, f. 8; Köhler, Med. Påan, iii. (L. comorensis, var. florida) ; Sadebeck, Kulturg. Kolon. p. 271, f. 105 (Z. comorensis, var. florida); Tropenpfl. iii. 1899, p. 9311, f. G; Warburg, Kauts- chukpfl. p. 117, f. G; Schlechter, Westafr. Kautsch. Exp. p. 68; Journ. de Bot. Paris, xv. 1901, p. 84, f. 4; De Wildeman and Gentil, Lianes, Congo, tt. 11, 12; Pobéguin, Fl. Guin. Franç. 429 +. 31; Sim. For. Fl. and For. Res. Port. E. Afr. ti. 18, f... À; Engl. ne Drude, Veg. Erde, B. p. e f. 198. Ver names.—lbo-gidi (W. Prov. S. Nigeria, Thompson); Chiwo gue Elliott); Ebo ege o N. Nigeria, Dudgeon); Abo or Aboh (Nupe, Barter) ; Bihi (Golo, Bahr-el-Ghazal, Broun); Alguluar (Arabic, Blue Nile, Murel): Mukonja (Chindao, Swyn- nerton); Umkonza (Singuin, Swynnerton); Matuti, Dituti or Rituti (Golungo Alto, Welwi un Ponguendole (Lubefu, De nm Mulemu (Ugand Dawe): Mbungu (Zanzibar, Morris, Holmwood); Mbungu (Dar Salem, Kirk); Mantchocongo (Lower Tdi Baudon Nupe, Bassa, Kontagora, Lagos, etc., and widely distributed in Tropical Africa. This was formerly believed to be one of the important sources of African rubber, but Dawe (Uganda), — (Congo), De Wildeman and Gentil (Congo) Hua and Chevalier (Senegal, Sudan and French Guinea), Purves SS dogs rer var. leiantha, Herb. Kew) all agree that it is of no value. Dudgeon (Nos. 21, 64, N. Nigeria, in Herb. Kew) describes it as the ciet of ‘* Ebo paste rubber "' made by boiling the latex with an equal quantity of “balsam of copaiba"' (Daniellia thurifera); though it is not so used in the Gambia (Agric. and For. Prod. W. Afr. p. 9) Monteiro (Angola, in Herb. Kew) states that “< the indiarubber of the South-West Coast is derived from this creeper. “I .rubber"' is very resinous and of little commercial value, it is Veste collected by the natives in Kontagora, both from the root and stem (Dalziel, Bull. Imp. Inst. 1907, p. 262). The fruit is edible, though according to Barter (Her erb. Kew) very sour; eaten in Nupe; aromatic, milky, edible, agreeably acidulous and the sicot appreciated of all the fruits of the genus by the Natives of Golungo Alto (Hiern, Cat. Welw., Afr. Pl. Le. pp- 662, 663). A large woody climber, sometimes 1 ft. or more in diameter (De Wildeman and Gen til), with white scented flowers; in ravines, Kontagora (Dalziel, Herb. Kew), abundant on Seabee: Bahr-el-Ghazal (Broun, Herb. Kew), in nearly all the primeval forests in the interior of Angola, at an altitude of 1500-2500 ft. (Hiern, 1.c.), common usc Uganda (Dawe, Rep. Bot. Miss. For. Dist. Uganda, 1906, p. 50). Ref.—'! Landolphia comorensis, var. florida, in Med. Pflan Köhler. iii. 44 pages.—— ** Landolphia flo vida,” Hua and Cheva- lier, in Journ. * de Bot. Paris, xv. 1901, [** Les pone | (lianes a caoutchouc) du Piani du Soudan et de la Guinée Fran "TE pp. 83-86.——'* Landolphia florida," in Notizblatt Bot. Gart. Berlin. No. 45, 1909, pp. 115-116; and see the works referred to under Illustrations. Lando!'phia owariensis, Beauv. - Fl. Trop. Afr. I. Sect. 1, p. 49. Ill.—Pal. de Paur, Fl. Ow. Ben. i. t. 34; Lam. nego t. 930; Collins, Caoutchouc. 1; Clouth, Gummi and Ba p. 17, f. 8; Bot. Centralb. lxi. 1895, t. 2, ff 1321 (anatomical); 430 Morris, Journ. Soc. Arts, xlvi. 1898, f. 14; Schlechter, West Afr. Kautsch. Exp. p. 128, p. 9 (L. Heudelotii); De Wildeman and Gentil, Lianes, Congo, tt. 1-2 and 21, ff. 5-8 (seedlings) ; e Wildeman, Mission E. Laurent. t. 152 (leaves showing vein- Lari en A -1 PSS E S e > © © PE e imde E o c 5 e E | - E O B pson, Col. Rep. Mise. No. 66, 1910, t. 22; Bull. Agric. Congo Belge, ii. 1911, p. 226, f. 117, p- 300, f. 157 (9 ans), p. 301 f. 158 (9 ans) and p. 306, £. 161. Vernac. _names,—{Ottafrifredi (Ibo); Ubamiogon (Benin Thompson)]; Ibo Tabong (Mamu, Foster, Yoruba, T hompson) Uboikwankwan, Ugbo (Ugara, Benin, Unwin); Arobo (Bassa, iei Coast, Johnson); Krepi (Volta R. Gold Coast, Dudgeon) ; yielding the ‘‘ white rubber," ** Pempene rubber" and ‘“‘ Krepi ball”? of the Gold Coast, and also believed to be the source of the ‘‘ Nigger ball ” of Sierra Leone, ‘‘ Rio Nunez Niggers,” ‘‘ Accra. Niggers,” ‘Conakry Niggers,” ‘‘Addah N iggers,” **Congo Red,” —Thimble Rubber. “‘ Jandunko (Cluster) ’? Rubber, the value of which may vary from about Is. 6d. to 2s. 6d. per Ib. The rubber is collected by making rough cuts in the bark with a machete, a little lime-juice is poured on the exuding latex which soon coagulates and may then be collected and rolled off in a ball. A dozen or more vines may be cut and treated with lime- juice bef inning to collect. In many localities, however mentioned (Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908, p- 37; Gambia Govt. Gaz. 24th Aug. 1907, p. 284) as being sometimes used by the natives for coagulating the latex. The rubber from the dry bark may also be extracted by machinery. The yield from a large vine has been given at from 1-2 of a Ib. annually (Thompson, Col. ) 431 Proclamations No. 7 of 1905 (The Forestry Frocis aene 1901 and 1905) Section 17, dated Old Calabar, 4th August, 1905, for S. Nigeria (Govt. Gaz. S. Nigeria, Aug. 18. 1905), Order No. 26, of 1912, in Govt. Gaz. S. Nigeria, Se ept. 4th, 1912, and a 9, 1913, Section T, coming into "operation 30th Aug. 1913 Nigeria Gaz. Extraordin nary, No. 16, Aug. 21, 1913) were ud to prevent the destruction of rubber vines. The cultivation owing to the slow growth and uncertain yield has not met with any success, though the rubber is one of the best on the market. Some experimental plantations on the Ivory Coast begun in 1906 have not induced the natives there to take up the cul- tivation (Chevalier, Bull. Soc. Nat. d'Accl. France, 1912, p. 134), and the planting of rubber vines in the Congo Free ‘State has been going on since 1900 until (1913) it was estimated that 12,000, were growing in the various plantations, without profit, ‘the cost of planting not having been returne xperiments there have shown that 64 Ib. of rubber from 800 plants on an acre of ground could be expected after 10 years growth (Cons. Rep. Ann. No. 5043, 1913, p. 20). In its wild state the vine climbs to a great height especially in the moist evergreen forests near the coast—a stem in the primitive = a only 2-3 in. in secondary woods, Angola (Hiern, Cat. We l. iii. p. 661); a somewhat en shrub, 10 ft., Onitsha (Barter, Herb. Kew), merging as its gro ing area extends towards the drier regions of the hinterlands ich the Northern "Territories sid identified at Kew " (Report res Dept. Gold Coast, 1908, p. 9), and in the more open dry country of Nigeria, where forest fires are prevalent this vine has a tendency Misc. No. 51, 1908, p. 36). "These views are supported by spei mens which may very properly be referred to the res variety. var. Djenge, Stapf. [L. Heudelotti, var. Djenge, Stapf, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx. (1894) p. 87; Fl. Tro BE Afr. iv. Sect. 1, p. 55; L. owariensis, var. nigerina, Chev. MSS « Vernac. names.—Djenje (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot, Dudgeon) ; Djenje (Mendi, Sierra Leone, Dudgeon, Unwin); Ubakae, ri be n or Obachi (Ogodo, hake Benin, Unwin); Pore? (Sierra Leone, Imp. Inst. No. 3, 1905, Herb. Kew); Attifufu or Ati-fufu (Bases, N. ben Elliott, Dudgeon) -—Root rubber of S. ? Nigeria, the ** Brown Cluster ” or ‘‘ Brown Medium ” of the trade. Southern Nigeria (Colonial Office, Aug.’ 4, 1905, ee Kew; Thompson, = i; hee 1905, Herb. Rew); Ogodo, e dun Provinces, Nun (Unwin, No. 2, 1906, Herb. Kew); 432 Leone (Imp. Inst. No. 3, 1905; Smythe, No. 82, 1907; Scott Elliot, No. 4650, 1892, Herb. Kew), and probably occurs in the drier parts of all the West African itinterln ds. The so-called ‘‘ root-rubber " is not the same as that from the rhizomes of Landolphia Thollont, or of Clitandra Henriquesiana. It is collected from actual roots and probably from stems that have been covered ne earth in the forest by some accidental circum- stance. It is common to see vines covered for several feet near the base or be on the ground at some distance from the tree over which it climbs. It was reported in 1906 that the bulk of the so-called ‘‘ root rubber’’ from the Niger Valley is prepared from this plant (Thompson, Col. ds Mise. No. 51, 1908, p. 37, Landolphia owariensis), and in Northern Nigeria the natives were in the habit of digging up the roots of this and other Landolphias indiscriminately to the destruction of large areas (Elliott, Col. Rep. Ann. No. 476, 1905, p. 130). . In collecting the rubber from the ‘‘ Ubachie " or ‘* Ubakae ' plant as a rule the roots only are cut, and the FES are left to dio. The collected € are dried for a day or two and then beaten with wooden mallets until all the bark comes off, the bark is further beaten to remove the dry woody particles, and the result- to Director Kew, May 1st, 1905). [A small sample of this rubber is preserved in the Museum at Kew. In Sierra Leone the ** Djenge"' Vine is cut down, the roots dug out, and both stem and root are cut into small pieces, soaked in water for several weeks ; the bark is then removed and the wood pounded and washed repeatedly until a reddish mass of rubber remains, which is made up into balls—the “ red nigger " rubber of commerce (Dudgeon, Agric. and For. Prod. W. Afr. p. 25). Unwin also records a similar destructive method of extracting the rubber from this vine (Rep. Forests, Sierra Leone, 19 6). The value of the rubber is about equal to that of the typical species, ias being valued (1906) at 3s. 9d. per lb. in London when fine hard Para was selling at 5s. 51d. per lb. (Col. Rep. Misc. No. 82, 1912, p. 356). Ref.—*‘ Rubber,"' in Sketch of Forestry of W. Africa, Moloney, pp. 78-95, chiefly L. owariensis (Sampson, Low, ete., London, 1887).———'' Landolphia owariensis," Hua and Chev alier, in Journ. de Botanique, sie Fe EU, tes Landolphiées (lianes & caoutchouc) du Sénég du i Boudin et de la Glinée Francaise," pp. 74-76. ** Lando ot hia owariensis," in Lianes Caoutchouti- féres de L' Etat Indépendant du Congo, De Wildeman and Gentil pne 1904), pp. 51—58.———'* Landolphia owariensis," in E 5 Chari-Tchad," pp. 56-66. ** Landolphia owariensis," Thomp- 80n, in Report on the Forest Administration of Southern Nigeria 433 for 1906; Col. Rep. Mise. No. 51, 1908, pp. 36-37; methods of ‘` Landolp De Wild tappin g, etc. —— ando ia owariensis,' e ildeman, in Cult. des Pl. Prod. au Dahomey,” pp. ru "gm from the Sudan," in Bull. Emp. Inst. viii. 1910, pp 9-264; L. owariensis Var. tomentella, with analysis. 2) , Expériences de saignée de lianes à caoutchouc et de battage des Écorces. *" Seret, in Bull. Agric. du Congo Belge, i. 1910, pp. 45- 51. hs andolphia owartensis,’’ Claessens, in Bull. Agric. Congo Belge, ii. 1911, ‘‘ Récolte du Caoutchouc par entaille de L' Écorce, Procédé Indigène,” pp. 300—309.——— * Landolphia owariensis, in Bull. Agric. DM elge, ii. 1911, ‘“ Caoutchouc gerende Lianen," pp. 225-227. “ Krepi Ball Rubber” and ** Pempeneh Rubber," Gold Coast, in Col. Rep. Misc. No. 82, 1912, pp. 362—363, with analyses. at Jenje Rubber,” Le. p 56. “Cultivation of Rubber-growing Vines in Central Africa," De 1 Wildeman, in The Rubber Industry: Official UR Fourth Inter. Rübber Congress, Torrey & Manders (1914) pp. 87-95. Landolphia scandens, Didr.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. x p. 44. 1ll.—Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xv. 1893, p. 408, t. 12 f. A (L. Peter- siana, Var. me ia). Vernac. names.—lbo (Ilaro, Foster); Ibo (Lagos, pacha Ottafrifredi, Seius Otopi, Otonta (Ibo, Cent. Pro Ni genis Thompson); Ubamiogon (Benin, Thompson). Lagos—road to Ilaro (Millen, No. 105, 1893, Herb. Kew); Lagos (Foster, No. 68, 1906 ; Moloney, 1883, Herb. Kew); Asaba (Unwin, No. 14, 1906, Herb. Kew); ; and found also in the Gold Coast and Lower Guinea— Congo, Angola, etc. Yields inferior rubber, Gold Coast (Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 66, 1910, p. 184), a rubber which is very plastic, Lagos (Millen, Le.) a r aggly shrub with milky ine robo Plains, Gold Coast (Johnson, No. 494, 1899, Herb. Kew). Landolphia senegalensis, Kotschy § Peyr.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 36. Ill.—Journ. de Bot. Paris, xv. 1901, p. 84, f. 4 B.; Pobéguin, ET Guin, gest pod ernac. bo Akitipa (Yoruba, Thompson); Sabia cw. Africa, T Made, Mada, Pétigué, Folé grandi, Kaba, aba, Sagona, Sikonkenad, Sidipason, Bintipobon, Bengdé, Dabri, Tent. Mi, Lingui (French W. Africa, various parts, Hua and A er. 434 Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908, p. 39) states that the latex after prolonged boili orms a resinous putty-like substance, which remains plastic for years, and that the price on the home markets. [1906] varies from 8d. to 9d. per lb. The yield of latex is plen- tiful and difficult to coagulate by either acids or alkalis (1.e.) and much the same opinion is expressed by Hua and Chevalier (Les Landolphiées du Sénégal, du Soudan et de la Guinée Franc. (Journ. de Bot. Paris, xv. 1901) p. 29), who mention that some manufacturers suggest a possible use for mixing with rubber in the manufacture of ebonite > According to Chevalier (Bull. Soc. Nat. d'Accl. France, 1912, p- 134) the vines are preserved in the villages of the French Middle- Soudan for the sake of their edible fruits. A powerful climber reported to be very common in the Western. Province, S. Nigeria (Thompson, 1.c.) oO AKef.— Landolphia senegalensis, Hua and Chevalier, in Journ. de Bot. Paris. xv. 1901, ** Les Landolphiées du Sénégal, du Soudan, et de la Guinée Francaise," pp. 79-83: Reprint, pp. 25-29 (Augustin Challamel, 17 Rue Jacob, Paris, 1901). Landolpiia Thompsonii, Chev. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, lviii. 1911; Mem. viii. (1912) p. 182. Vernac. name.—lbo Giddi (Yoruba, 7 hompson, Oloke-Meji,. Foster). No. 66, 1910, p. The particulars given under L. senegalensis (Dudgeon and Thompson) apply also to this species, and Du (A. and Fo W. Afr. p. 122) further questions this as until it reaches the consistency of bird-lime, when it can only be handled in water. Inm this state it is sold to the merchants who accumulate it in casks for shipment. 435 This is one of the Ee called *' Ibo," according to Punch (No. 45, Herb. Kew) who also states that the juice will not coagulate into good rubber. CrrrANDRA, Benth. Clitandra cirrhosa, Æadlk.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 67. Oban, S. dm (Talbot, Nos. 1537, 1351, 1912, Herb. Kew ex Herb. Brit. Mus.) found also in the Cameroons and the Gaboon. Fruit edible (Zenker, Herb. Kew; Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c.). According to Foureau this vine uidi good caoutchouc; which the natives, coagulate by rubbing the latex on their chests, after- wards stretching it into threads and ro olling it into smal cylindrical masses about an inch thick and 4 inches long (Bonnet, Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vii. Palle p. 283) A climbing shrub. Clitandra elastica, A. Chev. in Bull. Soc. Bot. de France, lii. (1906), p. 19. A aber up to 60 ft. in height. Bark verrucose owing to the presence of numerous lenticels. Young branches flattened, glabrous. Leaves oblong elliptic or sometimes broadly elliptic, glabrous on both sides, dark green above paler below, about 4-6 in. long by about 11-3 in. wide. Petiole sub-cylindrical, 4-5 lin. ong. Fruit spherical, size of a mandarin orange, containing 3 to 5 seeds of the dimensions 6 by 4 by 23 lin. Vernac. names.—Ubabikpan ‘Bens, Thompson, Eee) Maroni (Bassa, Elliott, eh Marodi PTEE Um in). Sapobo, W. Prov. S. Nigeria (Thompson, No. 15, 1906, Herb. Kos Old Calabar (Chevalier, No. 13626, 1905, Herb. Kew, 1907); Bassa, N. Nigeria (Elliott, No. 98, 1904, Herb. Kew). Yields good black rubber (Thompson, l.c.); samples in biscuit form of ‘‘ Ubabikpan’’ rubber varying from brown to black externally, white : within when Bon cut, of bec good quality ; iger Col. No. 630, 1909, p. 38; Bull. a iet. vii. sues p. 299; Col. Rep. Misc. No. 82, 1912, p. 364) and a sample of “ Marodi,” a l im.) r rough biscuit (6 in. diam.) of brown rubber, was at 2 thic reli (1908) at 2s. 6d. per Ib. in England, with fine hard Para at 3s. 1d. per lb. (Bull. Imp. Inst. and Col. Rep. Misc. l.c. and Govt. Gaz. S. iod 15th July, 1908, Suppl). A large proportion of the rubber exported from Calabar p x xg from this plant (l.c.), and according to 436 Chevalier eu. Soc. Bot. France, liii. 1906, p. 19; De Wilde- man, Pl. Util. Congo, ii. 1908, Art. viii. = 218) it is with pre Pei owariensis the » prin cipal source of vine rubber on the Ivory Coast. ‘‘ Red ball,’’ one of the so-called ** Root rubbers ” of the Southern Provinces, Dm is attributed to this species. (Unwin, Mus. Kew, Rep. MSS. Benin, 1907). A valuable ben vine, abundant in parts of conte Nigeria (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 512, 1906, p. 25); shoots u the base after the stem has been cut below the surface of Kas ground (Unwin, l.c.). Ra —'' Clitandra elastica, in Col. Rep. Misc. ak 51, 1908, Forestry Administration, S. Nigeria (1900), Pi 37-38. a Basile of the Examination of HT pan Rubber (Clitandra elastica) from Southern Nigeri ria," i Govt. Z a; «p .—iv. Examination : of t e Rubber of DE Marodi Vine from Southern Nigeria,” Dunsta an, in Govt. Gaz. S. Nigeria, 15th July, 1908, Suppl. ** Ubabikpan Rubber (Clitandra elastica), H in Bull. Imp. Inst. vii. 1909, pp. 258-259, with analysis; and in Col. Rep. Misc. No, 2, 191 PA E 364 — — Rubber of the C Marodi” Vine (1908)," in Bull. Imp. Inst. vii. 1909, pp. 259- 260, with analysis, and in Col. Rep. Misc l.c. p. 364. Clitandra visciflua, K. Schum. ; F1. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 66, Ill.—Hallier, Kautschuklianen, in Jahrb. Hamburg Wiss. Anst. xvii. ID Beih. 3, t. 4, ff. 1-5 (partly). Vernac. names.—Ubake (Be nin, Unwin), Olute? (Colonial Office, 1884, C. M. Thompson, Herb. Kew w). Benin City (Unwin, No. 51, 1906, Herb. Kew); found also in the Cameroons Yields an uer extract used for mixing with the latex of other rubbers Carpopinus, R. Br. Carpodinus Barteri, rae Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 77. Vernac. nam (Ilaro, Lagos, Punch); [Asset (Asaba); Akhe “Benin, DHonkwari, Ottaekwari, Ottarniaha, Chai (Ibe) Thompson, Unwin]. (Barter, Rowland, Moloney, Millen, Punch); Asaba me ; Old Calabar (Mann, Chevalier); New Caleta Derema (Holland); Agege (Foster). . Moloney describes this as a ** isa yielding creeper common in the bush " (No. xi. 1883, Her LET ira Punch (No. 43, mentions an thin of the rubber and it is probable that at best it is only ** p ase A ere dulcis, Sabine; Fl. = ORs An LM int 1, pp. 76, 491 Iill.—Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 2568; Journ. de Bot. Paris, xv. 1901, 117, A, A! (fruits); Hua m Chevalier, Les Landolphiées, Sénégal, Sou dan, Guin. Franc. p. 33, f. 5, A , A’ (fruits); De md and Gentil, Lianes Congo, f. 8, A (fruit s). mes.—Codoudou P Scares i Chevalier); Ouennyi diee hatalior, Bouéry); Ovengi (French Guinea, Farmar); Kushument poe Leone, Scott Elliot); Pishamin (Sierra Leone;. Scott Elliot, odii us: Scere Leone, French Guinea, Bambarra. Fruit edible, Sierra Leone (Kirk, Scott Elliot, Herb, Kew) ; the coagulated latex used as bird-lime y the natives, Sierra Leone ( op Elliot, Herb. Kew), of no value as Sube Ref.— “ Carpodinus dulcis," in “ = Landolphiées (Lianes à pees hohe. du Sénégal, du Soudan et de la Guinée Francaise," a et Chevalier, pp. 32-34 (Augustin Challamel, Paris, E e [jet from Journ. de Botanique, Paris, xv. 1901, pp. 116-118 Carpodinus fulva, Pierre; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 87. Ill.—De Wildeman, Mission E. Laurent, t. 161. Gaboon, Mentioned as yielding an inferior quality of Euer in the Central Division, S. Nigeria (Thompson, Col. Rep. Ann. 512, 1906, p. 23), in the Mamu ois (Lbid. Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908, p. 5) and common on the Niger (l.c. p. 38). Carpodinus hirsuta, Hua; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 77. ill.—Journ. de Bot. Paris, xv. 1901, p. ae 25 B ey De Wildeman and Gentil, Lianes, Congo, p. 101, f. 8 B (fruit). Vernac. —[Ibo Elekiti (Yoruba); Gen) (Boum. E (Ibo) (T hompson)] ; Ibo (Lagos, Moloney , Higginso fa a Papu (Lagos, Moloney) ; Ari beds (Bassa, Elliott, Ded Rn Xe (Asaba, Unwin). Lagos, eee Cross River, in S. Provinces Nigeria; m Gurara River, in N. Provinces, Nigeria; also on the Gold Coa Yields a rübbér of inferior quality known as “‘ Flake Rubbe er," ** Paste Rubber r, ** Alibida Rubber," and one of the so-called ** root-rubbers " (see Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908, 5, 38). The latex is largely employed to adulterate that of Zuntumia elastica (Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 66, 1910, p. 44); coagu- lated by boiling into a sticky product of the soient of bird- lime, and only saleable in Europe at a low price (Dudgeon, Agric. d For. Prod. W. Afr. p. 98), value locally, Asaba, 6d. per Ib. (Unwin, Mus. Kew, MSS. Report , 1907). These views are borne out by an analysis of '' Flake Rubber ” from Northern Nigeria which shows this to contain only 9-4 per cent. of i ap iE with the high proportion of 88:8 per cent. of resin (Co No. 82, 1912, p. 365). A common vine in the dry ee 3 on the Niger river "banks Po AER l.c.), in the Onitsha hinterland district, where it has been practically exterminated bys the practice of wens ‘the root rubber (Thompson, Col. Rep 498 ` No. 51, 1908, p. 38) and likewise in the Asaba district (Unwin, s. Kew, L.c.). Ref.—‘‘ Carpodinus hirsuta," Hua and Chevalier, in Journ. de Botanique, Paris, xv. 1901, “ Les Landolphiées (lianes à caout- chouc) du Sénégal, du Soudan et de la Guinée Francaise," p. 118— 120.—— —'' Flake Rubber from Carpodinus hirsuta, Hua (1906), Northern Nigeria," in Col. Rep. Misc. No. 82, 1912 [Selected Rep. etc., Imp. Inst. iv. Rubber and Gutta Percha], p. 365, with analysis. Carissa, Linn. Carissa edulis, Vahl; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 89. Ill.—Delile, Centurie Pl. Afrique, Voyage Méroé, Caillaud, | t. 2, f. 1; Jaubert et Spach, Illust. Pl. Orient. t. 495, t. 496 (C. Richardiana); t. 499 (C. Candolleana); t. 498 (C. cornifolia): Engl. and Drude, Veg. Erde, ix. p. 117, f. 99. ernac names.—Mtanda Mbo (Nyika, E. Trop. Africa, Wake- field) ; [Jingongono (Loanda); Munhiangolo (Huilla) Welwitsch] Kamboro (French Guinea, Pobéguin). Oloke-Meji (Dodd, No. 476, 1909, Herb. Kew); Katagum 3 Fruit edible, black, flavour agreeable, much like sweet cherries, makes an excellent soup for the sick (Hooker, Niger Fl. p. 446; Moloney, For. of W. Afr. p. 384), black and very sweet (Wakefield, Herb. Kew), red when ripe (Dalziel, Herb. ew), black or black-purple, pleasantly acidulous (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 664), very dar ue-black, similar to damson-plum, agreeable flavour (Nelson, Herb. Kew, var. major, Stapf, Transvaal). The leaves are used, boiled, and pounded, in applications for toothache, French Guinea (Pobéguin, l.c.). » 1905, p. 16). The spines are an inch long, straight ; corolla entirel red before the flower opens, the clusters of buds being very brilliant (Grant, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. : 439 Propagated from seeds ; transplanted when large enough to handle €onveniently to permanent places. A foot apart in alternate rows is recommended by Medley Wood (l.c. p. 17) for C. grandiflora, the plants of which, trimmed often, interweave their tough thorny branches and make an impenetrable barrier against stock. ' PICRALIMA, Pierre. Picralima Klaineana, Prerre; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 96. we —Hook. Ic. Pl. tt. 2745-2746. gege, S. et (Foster, No. 220, Herb. Kew), Old PUE eut bb, Fl. Tro op. Afr. 1.c.) ; also on the Gold Coast, Ambas Bay Extensively used i the natives, Gold pay in place of quinine perisse, Son & Co. Herb. and . Kew A tree 30-80 ft. high. Wood light set in ndun takes a good polish; weight per cubic foot 44 Ib. of a specimen in the Museum, Kew, from Ambas Bay Mann. No. 18). PLEIOCARPA, Benth. Pleiocarpa mutica, Benth.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 98. Ill.—Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1181; Engl. and Prantl, Pflan. iv. part. 2, 1. 52 C-D; Bot. Mag. t. 8343; Gard. Chron. AE 22, 1911, p. 242. Cross ios (Johnston, Herb. Kew, 1888); Old Calabar River (Mann, No. 2277, Herb. Kew); Adiabo, Old Cala bar (Holland, No. 106, 1898, Herb. Kew); also in the Cameroons. An ornamental plant introduced to European horticulture from Old Calabar, remarkable for the profusion of Ld small white flowers ue in clusters in the axils of the leav ` Grows freely in stove in this ANT iud ae as a shrub 5. ) ft. high, ‘Old Calabar River (Mann, l.c.). THEVETIA, Linn. Thevetia neriifolia, Juss. ex Steud. Nom. ed. 2, ii. p. 680. shrub or small tree. Stem sometimes reachin ng 6 diameter. Leaves alternate, narrow, 4—6 in. long, sessi et fleshy skin is removed disclosing a hard light brown nut 13 by à by 2; this divided into two along a deep groove at the base looks in section like two right angled triangles, with the hypotenuse somewhat rounded ; two seeded. Zu. inp eck: Burm. i. t. 18 (Cerbera foliis, etc.) ; Jacq. Icon. Select Stirp, Am. t. 34 (C. Thevetia); Ruiz Lopez, and Pavon, 1. Peruv. ii. t. 153, f.b. (C. Thevetia); e Sc. Nat. t. 56; Bot. Mag. t. 2309 (C. is n Ant. iv. t. 1 (C. thevetia) ; Mart. FL Bras. vi. part 1, 10, T 2 (f. e fruit); Cooke, Oil Seeds s Oils, India, p. 36, f. 19 (fruit) ; Journ. Bombay N.H. Soc E Verna mes.—Cabalonga (Porto Rico, Cook and Co lins); Ahouai (Antilles, Tussac); Ahouai (Guyane, Heckel); Marathi EE * 440 (India, Kirtikar); Pila-Kanér (Hindustani, Dymock, Watt); Kaneer (United Prov. India, Ann. Rep. Bd. Sci. Advice, India, 1911-12, p. 13).— Yellow Oleander, Exile tree, Linear leaved Cerbera, Milk Bush. Native of Tropical America and the West Indies. oe in a Malaya, West Africa—Old Calabar, Lagos, bark is used medicinally—a ane a (Planchon and Collin, Les Drogues Simpl. i. p. 732) as a febri- : fuge, India (Dict. Econ. Prod. Indi a). Seeds yield an oil called ‘‘Exile oil,’’ in India (Cooke, Oil Seeds and Oils, India p. 36); perfectly liquid at ordinary temperatures, specific gravity 09148 at t 259C. (Ann. Rep. Bd. Sci. Advice, India 1911-12, p. 13). The seeds have -x known to poison cattle and all parts of the plant are a the active principle resem- bling digitalis in its action; they are in addition to their morpho- logical — distinguished by giving a blue colour with hydrochlorie ac The seeds, called = Jacky seeds ” or ** lucky beans "' in the West Indies are used as charn A handsome cance shrub easily grown from seed, stands cutting well and makes a good hedge. Ref.—'' Thevetia neriifolia,” in en min Indica, Dymock, Warden and Hooper, ii. pp. 406-4 tlie and Co. Lid. London, Fons —"T hevetia serio in Dict. Econ. Prod. India part. 1893, pp. 47-48. T hevetia neriifolia, un Ts. T nos, Wild), " Kirtikar in Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. viii. 1894, “The Poisonous Plants of Bombay,” pp. 453-461. Porvapoa, Stapf. Polyadoa umbellata, Stapf; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 103, ar podimis umbellata, K. Schum. in Engl. Jahrb. xxiii. p. 291.] a —Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 2762. nac. names Cn Uus Thompson); Osu (Benin, U veio. — Yellow wood. Lagos (Foster, No. 5, 1906, Herb. Kew) ; Ibadan Forest (Punch, No. 138, 1900, Herb. Kew); S. — (Unwin, May 1906, Herb, Kew) ; found also in the Cameroon A small tree with very hard voi (Punch, l.c.); one of the trees prohibited from being felled on Native lands without a licence (see Forestry bier ue Order No. 26, of 1912, Govt. Gaz. S. a er epe , 1912, p. 2242, and Schedule, p. 2244); grows 24—10 ft. hig Polyadoa Mum is also a tree with hard wood used by the natives Sierra Leone for making combs (Scott Elliot, No. 5690, Herb. Kew). Ravworria, Linn. Rauwolfia vomitoria, 4/zel.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 115. Vernac. names.—lra (Ebute Metta, Millen); Akata (Benin, 441 Yd ic cen Unwin); Asofeyeye (Lagos, Dawodu); es (Nigeria, specimen in Herb. Kew, No. 11, Imp. Inst. 1905); Kicks (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot); Ounoudo (Gaboon, "Klaine]; Gonguon-Kiur, Embi-Siembi (Ivory Coast, Cheva Ebute Metta, Lagos; Benin (Uus; No. 32, 1906, Herb. Kew); Abeokuta, Ibadan, Old Calabar, Cross River, etc., and widely dis- tributed in Upper and Lower Guinea from Senegambia to the Cameroons, the Gaboon and Lower Congo, extending to Uganda, and Mozambique. Roots and leaves used medicinally for children, and in gon Lagos (Dawodu, No. 6, 1899, Herb. Kew). A '' Craw craw "' medicine Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, No. 5501, 1892, Herb. Kew). Wood white when freshly cut, changi ng to rose colour on exposure, grain fine, density (Chevalier, Bois Cote P d'Ivoire, in Les Vép. Ut til. L'Afriq. Trop. Frane. fase. v. 1909, p- ra ound as a small tree, sometimes a shrub, flowers white, River Nun (Barter, Herb Kew), fruit scarlet, Nupe (Barter, x greenish flowers, Komaiko grounds, Lagos (Dawodu, No. 6, 189 Herb. Kew). ALLAMANDA, Linn. Allamanda neriifolia, Mook. Bot. Mag. t. 4594. n evergreen shrub of scandent habit. Leaves t acuminate, games deep green above, paler below n- florescence a panicle, terminal, also occurring freely on "young bat dlyx 5-lobed ovate-lanceolate, spreading. Corolla, infundibuliform, deep yellow, streaked with orange; stamens and pistils included in the cup or tu Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 4594; Lone. Le Jard. F1. ii. 1852, t. 177; Fl. des e: ix. 1853-54, t t. 905; Rev. Hort. 1859, T 372, f. 84; p. 373, Í. 8 5: L'Horticnlieur ‘Francais; ii, 1861, t Native z "Tropical America. Cultivated in vede Gardens, Old Calabar, Lagos, ete a by seeds or cuttings ; grows and flowers freely in rich loa A handsome ornamental plant suitable for trellis work. Allamanda artica, Linn. var. Hendersonii, L. H. Bailey, Stand. Cyel. "Hort. ii. (1914) p. 247. An evergreen shrub of somewhat similar habit to the foregoing, but oet more Sea nad eaves, large, lanceolate, inside; the limb divide d dem 5 rotundate, spreading, segmen nts. Ill.—Moore and Ayres, Mag pes iii. 1851, p. 233; m ort 1864, t. 452 (var. Henderson Dombrain, Floral Mag (var. Hendersonii); Weiner, Ill. Garten-Zeitung, 1894, + 1 ver EE 2 442 Hendersonii); Gard. Chron. Jan. 11th, 1913, p. 24, Suppl.; Rev. Hort. Belge, 1913, p. 371 (var. H endersonii); Bailey, lc. A 155. Native of Bas. A handsome decorative plant widely grown in Botanic Gardens in the Tropics, the var. Hendersonii, with its lags and richer flowers being usually preferred to the species proper The variety Schottii, L. H. Bailey, l.c. (Pohl, PI. Bras. i. t: 58; Bot. Mag. t. 4351) is an equally handsome plant, commonly gro in gardens and the type plant (see Bot. Mag. (1195) t. 338) 1s now almost superseded by, these varieties. Treatment under eultiva- tion as for A. nertifolia. jocis Reichb. Lochnera rosea, Heichb.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 118. . [I]. —Miller, Figures, Beautiful and Uncommon pl. Desc. Gard. dise ii. t. 186 (Vinea pu etc.); ds al Sem. = - t. 117 (Vinea ens Cah ier, Pl..et. Arb 8 (V. rosea); B Mag. t. 248 (V. rosea); Redouté, oe E t. 100 (V. -Torde Drapiez, Herb. Amat. de Fleurs. ii . 100 (V. rosea) ; Mag. i E23; Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. pt. 1, t 2 (V. rosea); Engl. and Prantl, Pan i iv. pt. 2, f. 57 A— D Vernac. names.—Pervenche (Madagascar, Drapiez, Chevalier, Redouté).—Madagascar periwinkle. Oloke-Meji. Widely spread in Tropical Africa. Naturalised in the Tropics. Leaves used for feeding horses, Oloke-Meji (Dodd, No. 430, 1908, Herb. Kew). A handsome decorative plant cultivated in pute, first grown in England in 1757, originally from Madagasca Easily raised from seed or cuttings. PLUMERIA, Linn. Plumeria rubra, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 120. Ill.—Merian, Metamorph. Surinaamsche, t. 8 (Jasminum indicum): Sloane, Hist. Jamaica, ii. t. 185 (Nerium arboreum, etc. e Catesby, Nat Hist. one ees and Bahama Is. ii. t. 297; Geel, Sert. R ii.; Drapiez, re nn de Fleurs, vii. t. 523; Rchb. us nrLil)b.L Hort. Univ. Paris, v. 1844, p. 261. Vernac: names.—Jasmin Mangueira annee W iR); 2 ur (Antilles, Descourtilez, Tussac) — Frangipanni, Jasmine Tree, Red Jasmine of Jamaica. Probably nea of Central America, very common in Mexico Guiana, the West Indies; cultivated i in an parts of the tropics and probably throughout "Tropical Afr The flowers, bark, root and the ‘ics are used for various medicinal purposes in French Guiana (Heckel, Les Pl. — et Toxiq. Guy. Franc. in Ann. L’Inst. Col. Mars. iv. 1897, p. 114). 443 The extract more especially that from the young branches has been found to contain a fair proportion of caoutchoue, an vu dir showing 25:5 per cent., with 21-9 per cent. resinous matter and 15-7 = cent, water (Jo ourn. Soc. Arts, lxi. 1912, P 149). ‘4 me. = d e " © e PM Ht FJ inar o TI £e c o = e 8 m B e -y [v] n e B Rs [=] "c 4 e n] Qu DR og eel 6 a un mel = en e |^ M «4 £ B [7 Ref.—' New Rubber Yielding P Plate i in | Mexico,’ 'in n Bull. Imp. Inst. viii. 1912, *' Plumerias," pp. 46-47.— —''A New India Rubber Producing Plant," in Journ. Roy. Soc. Arts, 1xi. 1912, pp. 148-149. ALSTONIA, R. Br. Alstonia congensis, Engl.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 121. Iil.—Revue Cult. Col. vii. 1900, p. 492, 493 (Alstonia scholaris c Geog. Bot. Sénégal et Soudan, p. 207, 224 ( scholari names. —Ebr p erri, She riff); Uhu 1 (Benin, Throughout the RE Provinces, Nigeria. Found from Senegambia to the Lower Congo, E. Africa, etc Ren Mi used for making native stools, Ashanti (Thompson, Col. . Mise. No. 66, 1910, p. 20), bowls, spoons and fur eu 3 Rivers (Thompson, List of For. Trees, S. Nigeria, 1910, in cabinet work for interior finishing, ete., of furniture, Ivor Coast Achten Bois Cote d'Ivoire, in Les Vég. Util. L Afriq. Trop. Frang. fasc. v. 1909, p. 121); used for boats and war drums, Bahr-el-Ghazal, Sudan n, No. 920, Herb. Kew). Itis light, white and soft. Chevalier (l.c.) bei a rod of 0:391, and a specimen of the woody root (with bark) from S. Nigéria has specific gravity 0-304 = 19 lb. per cubic foo The latex is used to adulterate that of ME reni. S. Nigeria (Dudgeon, Agric. and For. Prod. W. Afr. p. 99) for adulterating that of Funtumia elastica and other latices, Gold Coast (Thompson, Ee ; Armitage, Report, Rubber Trees and Vines, Encl. in Letter Col. Office to Director, Kew, Nov. 30th, 1898); for adulterating good rubber, but will not coagulate properly by itself, Ibadan (Punch, No. 145, 1900, se seed and as bird-lime by the natives, Benin (Unwin, Mus. K The bark is used, and also tg dem for medicinal purposes by the natives, S. Nigeria (Thompson, List. For s, Lc), Gold Coast (Armitage, Poor Rubber Trees and Vine = Found as a lofty tree common in the moist nem ‘Gebthacs pros Nigeria (Col. Rep. Mise. No. 51, 1908, p. 39) 60 ft. gat high. Idda and Aboh, 40 ft. high, Brass (Barter, Herb. Kew); 50-60 ft. high, Mabira Forest, Uganda, at an-altitude of 4000 ft. (Dawe, Herb. Kew); a large tree, Benin (Dennett, Herb. Kew), Bahr-el-Ghazal, Sudan (Broun, Herb. Kew), Ibadan Forest Reserve, the leaves shedding to some extent during flowering CALLICHILIA, Stapf. Callichilia Barteri, Stapf; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 133. Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 5859 (Tabernaemontana Barteri). Vernac. name bo omode or Ommode (Yoruba, Moloney, Millson); Agbo ommodo (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot); Oko-aja (Ibo, Lagos, Foster). : Lagos, Ibadan, Brass, Eppah, Onitsha, Old Calabar, Etoi River—Obeyon, and generally in the Southern Provinces. All the citations in the flora (1.c.) are with the exception of one— Gold Coast (Burton) from Nigerian specimens. The references to Sierra Leone above and below are not supported by specimens. Used medicinally, Ikirun (Yoruba) (Millson, Kew Bull. 1891, p. 212) Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 1893, p. 49). aye." Living plants were first sent from Old Calabar to Edinburgh Botanic Gardens, and a specimen sent thence to Kew ) Coxornanxxaia, D. Don. Conoph ia durissima, Stapf; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. D p. 143. [Tabernaemontana dürissima, Stapf, Kew Bull. 1894, p. 24.] Gaboon (Soyaux); Cameroons (Zenker); Bangin-chari-Lac- Tchad. "Thomson No. 73, 1863, Old Calabar (in Herb. Kew) with Holland, No. 4, 1897, Itu, Cross River are referred to this species provisionally. Wood very hard (Soyaux, Herb. Kew). A tree 30-70 ft. high (Fl. Trop. Afr. Le. Conopharyagia pachysiphon, Stapf; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 145. [Tabernaemontana pachysiphon, Stapf, Kew Bull. 1894, p. 22.] Vernac. names.—Dodo (Lagos, Oloke-Meji, Dodd); Ibu or Ubu (Benin, Dennett); *Kpokpoka (Lagos, Gurney). : 445 Lagos, Ibadan, Oloke-Meji, Benin, Onitsha. Latex used to adulterate that of good rubber eu No. 146, 1901, Herb. Kew ; Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908, p. 39). Fibre used for making cloth, of which there is a *sample i in the Kew Museum called * Dodo Cloth, " Lagos (Gurney, Mus. Kew). Found as a small tree about 10 ft. high, Oloke-Meji (Dodd, Herb. Kew), fine foliage, flowers white and very fragrant, Onitsha (Barter, Herb. Kew). The Conopharyngias in common with other Apocynaceous plants ar hate a milky juice, coagulating to an inferior substance more or less sticky, sometimes used as bird-lime, and to adulterate good class rubbers, though one species C. stenosiphon, Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c. p. 147, is stated to yield sparingly a very good rubber. C. Holstu, Stapf, le. p. 146, of East Africa and Uganda, is said to possess very hard wood. C. crassa, Stapf, FI Trop. Afr. Lc. p. 144, has been mentioned as a rubber plant (see Morris Journ. Soc. Arts, xlvi. 1898, p. 778) and cultivated unsuc- cessfully as such in Cey rlon (see Warburg, Pl. Caoutch. (1902) p. 208); it yields a sticky latex, and the wood is described as yellowish-white, of fine grain, and density 0-302-0-636 (Chevalier, Bois Cote d'Ivoire, in Les Vág. Util. L'Afriq. Trop. Franc. Fasc. v. p. 121). VoacanGa, Thouars. Voacanga africana, Stapf; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 157. —De Wildeman, Etudes Fl. Bangala, p. 125, f. 48. c. names.—[Igbo (Benin), Giwini (Yoruba), Dodo (Lagos, Foster]; Dodo—the so-called Male of—(Ibadan, Punch). Lagos, Adiabo (Old Calabar); Ibadan, Abeokuta, Benin, in S. Provinces, Nigeria; Abinsi, Nupe, Lokoja, in N. Provinces, Nigeria. Extends from Sierra Leone to the Cameroons: Its latex, which will not itself coagulate, is used for adul- terating that of good rubber, Ibadan (Punch, Herb. Kew). Found » a shrub, 5-10 ft., n wer (Foster, Barter, Millen, Herb LEE a low bush, of Mt. Patti, Lokoja (E Elliott, Herb. w), flowers iiu. puo (Barter), in fruit [Jan. 6th, DIT sea front Axim (Chipp, Herb. Kew). HOLARRHENA, R.Br. Holarrhena africana, A.DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 164. Vernac. name.—Jawki or Yawki (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot). Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot); French Guinea, Togo (Schlechter). Fluff [or so-called feathers] of the seed used for stuffing x ee Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, No. 4469, Herb. Kew; Col. Rep. No. 3, 1893, p. 29). A shrub or small tree. There are no specimens from Nigeria, but the species is mentioned here as ha up e iae ME the followi .v.) occurring in Lagos pp. reed steer (Col. Rep. PUE No. 51, 1908, p. 39) 446 mentions that the latex is used in iud Western Province, B. Nigeria, to adulterate that of good rubber —Ref.—See under H. Wulfsbergii. Holarrhena Wulfsbergii, Stapf; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. T; . 164. Hl-—Waulfsberg, Holarrh. Afr. Inaug. Dis: ys 5 - £g afr cana, ff. 1-7); L'Agric. prat. pays chat 6 (ha with Funtumia dana p. 18 (leaf, fl. mes Pens = 19 (follicles) Vernac. names.—Ireno (Ibadan, dene Ire-Ibeji or Ako-Ire (Yoruba, ast ase Aka Ire (Oloke-Meïi, Foste r); Ire Basabasa . Lagos, MacGregor, Dawodu); Isai (Lagos, Moloney); Ire? (Bassa, Elliott); Kromi or Gbomi (Gold Coa = „Wulfs ber Pe Male of the Ire (Denton) or ** Male Rubber Tre Lagos (Moloney, 1883; Foster, No. 46, 1906, Herb. Kew): Abeokata (Barter, No. 3334, 1859, Herb. Kew) Mt. Patti, koje (Dalziel, No. 208, 1908, Comm. Imp. < t. 1909) ; Ibadan (Punch, 1901, Herb. Kew). The Gold Coast, e à The bak stooped i in palm wine is said to = ea D cure for dysentery (Kew Bull. 1896, p. 48, H. africana, and see Wulfsberg, l.c.). The medicinal properties are regarded as being similar to those of H. febrifug a, Klotzsch, Fl. Trop. Afr. iv. Sect. 1, p. 162, the ‘‘ Quina ” of the Portuguese in Tou. * Ku mbanz zo' of the Zambesi (see Kew Bull. l.c. and Livingstone Missionary Travels, p. 648), the bark of which is used in fever, suggested as a substitute for quinine. 4. antidysenterica has similar uses in India (Dict. Econ. Prod. India). The latex will not coagulate (Freeh. Herb. Kew), is used to adulterate that of good rubbers, S. Nigeria (Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908, p. 39; ida ie and For. Prod. W. Afr. p. 99). The wood is used by the natives for making images, combs and handles of matchets, S. Nigeria (Thompson, List of For. Trees, S. Nig. 1910, p. 8). A shrub, Mt. Patti, Lokoja (Dalziel, forma tomentosa, Herb. Reb a shrub or small tree, Ábeokuta (Barter, Herb. Kew); Gold Coast (Brown, Herb. Kew); a tree 50 ft. Kwabu, Gold Coast (Johnson, Herb. Kew); flowers white and fragrant (Barter). Ref.—Holarrhena ajrvenpa, DC. eine Tropische Apocynacées, pend E Thsseriatio = Wu lfs sberg, pp. 1-31 (Druck der W. Fr. Kaestner, Got- tingen, ——* “Two nes ae (Holarrhena afri- ep ABS. and H. febrifuga, Klotz.)," in Kew Bull. 1896, E s Ireh, Holarrhena UC. Stapf, " uc. ae prat. pays chauds, vii. 2, 1907, pp. 16-19. STROPHANTHUS, DC. Strophanthus Barteri, F ie Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1; p. 177. Ill.—Nouv. Arch. Mus ord ser. v. (1893), t. 11 A ; Engl. Monogr. Afr. Pflan. ba ie Ta) I0, f. G (seed). 441 Abeokuta (Barter, No. 3346, Herb, Kew); Lagos (Rowland, ee: ee E m Gold Coas o be a rubber coagulant (Chipp, List of Tree es, Gold po (1913), » .98); used by the natives of the Ivory Coast for coagulating ber (Chevalier, Journ. d'Agric. Tropicale, ix. 1909, p. 226). The method employed is one part ‘of the juice to 30 Re of latex, the mixture is stirred quickly for from 5 to 10 minutes, and the clots of rubber which form are afterwards washed in water to remove the deposit on the surface produced by the juice (l.c.; Agric. News, Barbados, 1909, p. 393). eet gratus, Franch.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 170. Bot. Mag. t. 4466 (Roupellia grata) ; des Serres, vi. D t. 589 (À. grata); Paxton, FI. Gard. (1850) p. 71, 6 (R. ge ata) ; IO. Le Jard. Fl. 1. dis) 1. 16 (5. Monde e Pils 2. Strphanthns, t. 9 A ok p- 18, f. 1, aile. Strophanthus- Toge rie Vernac. names.—Isa (Lagos, Papen), Ishu Ogbugbu (Oloke- Meji, Foster); Isha Gidi (Lagos, Fra: er).—Cream Fruit. Oloke-Meji (Foster, No. 139, Herb, Kew); Lagos (Millen, No. 174, and Rowland, Herb. Kew); Brass (Burrows, Herb. Kew ^ Monogr. NUTS à . 18), Sierra Leone, Cameroons, etc. Used for poisoning arrows, Oloke-Meji (Foster, Herb. Kew), Ebute Metta (Millen, Herb. Kew). A climber ; under cultivation (Hope ees J Iu common near Brass, S. Prov. Nigeria (Burrows, Herb. Kew), plentiful i in the interior, cultivated near the coast, Lagos ( Millen, Herb. Kew) ; found in Sierra Leone at an altitude of 2000 ft. (Smythe, Herb. Ke A handsome flowering plant, may be propagated by seeds which are distinguished from the Strophanthus seeds of commerce by being glabrous, The seeds of this species are recommended for use in medicine in preference to those of any other chiefly because they yield “crystalline strophanthin," whereas the established official Strophanthus (see the two following species), b yield this glucoside in an amorphous condition (see Gilg. . p. 46; Pharm. Journ. seq. and Merck's Ann. Report, seq. Ref.—': Strophanthus Glabre du Gabon,” in Produits fournis àla Mat. Méd. Apocynées, Planchon, pp. 64-72 (Montpellier, 1894).— —'* Strophanthus Glabre du Gabon," in Recherches sur Jes Strophanthus, Payrau, pp. 111-118 (Soc. d'Edit. Scienti- ren Paris, 1900).—Die Strophanthus-Frage: Bot. Pharm. (Bericht Deutsch. Pharm. Gesells.), Gilg, Thoms and Schedel. pp. 1-48 (Berlin, 1904). 448 Strophanthus hispidus, A P. DC.; FI. Trop. -Afr. IV. Sect. 1, 174 Ill.—Ann. Mus. Paris. i. (1802) t. 27, f. 2; De c—Ó Strophanthus, tt. 4, 5; Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. Xt E Kóhler, E Pflan. ii.; Planchon, Produits Apocynées, p. 36, 7.4, 4a; fF: 2 (seed); Engl. and Prantl. Pflan. iv. pt. 2, f. 60; Payrau, Dione stus tt. 1, x 4, T (ainatorhicek Due seed, fruit) ; Tropenpfl. 1902, p. 559, 2; Engl. Monogr. Afr. Pflan. Strophanthus, t. 2; Engl. ad Drude, Veg. Erde, ix. f. 551. Vernac. names.—Isha Gere or Isha Giri (Lagos, Foster, F raser) ; Isa (Lagos, MacGregor); Aguah or Arguah (Abeokuta, Akassa, N =p: gre Inée or ony es ERN. Journ. Soc. Arts ziel). -Lagos (Fo i MacGre rae Row land, Tabaki, Akassa (Barter, Herb. uud Y) Old Calabar (Thomson, Mann) in Southern Provinces, Nige Kabba (Parsons) Nupe (Barter) Bassa (Elliott), Fokoj An Te Elliott), on (Dalziel), Zungeru (Lugard), in Northern Provinces, Nigeria. Extends CHEER Senegambia to the Cameroons. Seeds are an important drug, worth about 2s. to 2s. 6d. per Ib. wholesale, sara shipped in the pods, but more often taken out, free m the awns and packed in bales The mem are poisonous, the active pr GEM being ‘‘ Strophan- thin "*; used in Nigeria and generally in Tropical Africa for arrow poison—the ''Arrow poison of Nupe with some Euphorbia Se “1909. p. 395); may be Moped by seed, but the commercial supply i obtained so to collect, though according to Dalziel (Bull. Imp. t. 1907, as a shrub with long lax branches it is capable of being grown in the neighbourhood of towns and villa e Kew). Seeds take several months to ripen. Billington reports (Chem. and Druggist, J an. 28, 1893, p. 157) collecting a pod in month then not quite ripe, after noting its development for ten 8 duits ecu > la Matière Médicale, par la Famille py ocynées, ou >u ATES Central du Midi, Hameline “Strophanthus hispidus,” in 449 Recherches sur les Strophanthus, oe pp. 47-70 (Paris, seeds “ Gutachten über den arzn ec n Wert von Strop hispidus m Kombe,” Lew in nana vi. 7909, PP- 560-561. See also idein at end of the genus. Strophanthus Kombe, Oliv.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 173. Iil.—See the works of Blondel, Planchon, Payrau, Engler, l d Drude, mentioned under S. hispidus, "and the references to illustrated MEL given below Vernac. names.—Kom t eS Purves); Inée, Onaye, Onage, Gombé (Centr. Ate Chri Found chiefly in Nyasaland a northwards on the East Coast from Portuguese East Africa, etc., whence the commercial sup- Strophanthus seeds of commerce though the seeds of S. hispidus are equally important as a drug, and with those of other species (S. € Emini, Thollonii, etc.) may be imported under the m mbe. From Nyasaland the exports have been 10,178 B value £2544, in er 32,878 lb. value £8219, in 1905; 31,477 lb., value £3935, in 1906; and 29,394 Ib. value £3674, in 1907 (Chem. and Driggs 13th Feb. 1909, p. 214). The export price from Nyasaland was 1s. per lb. in 1914, when the market. See under S. hispidus for general pie also the following references together with those at en he genus. Ref—‘‘ The Kombé Arrow Poison “(Strophanth a of Africa,’ i E , in New Comm. PI. and Drugs, Christy, No. 9, 1886, ) . 53-61. its Totoductien into Medical Dacis. Pda No. 15, 1900, thus Kombe Seed of f Commerce,’ " Holmes, in Pharm. Journ. [4] xii. 1901, pp. 486-489. “A New Admixture of Commercial Strophanthus Seed," Perrédés, in Pharm. Journ. [4] xii. 1901, p. 518-521, ge No. 17, The Wellcome en Research Tabore ries. rophanthus Rules," No. 198, of 1913 (made under the Forests Ordinance of 1911, Section 14), pees for general information in The Ny -asaland Govt. Gazette, Pus 30th, p. 177. | Gi rm Preussii, Eng. & Pax.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, P it - ons. Arch. Mus. Paris, 3rd ser. v. (1893), t. 12 (S. bracteatus); Payrau, Strophanthus, tt. 3, 5, 8 (S. bracteatus); Engl. Monogr. Afr. Pflan. he areas E 4, f. A; Bot. Mag. +. vam Vernac. names.—Omartwa-nini (Twi, Gold Coast, Tudhope); Diecha (Gold Lo, Tudhope). 450 Old Galeber, ngos, Otta Egbah Country in Ni igeria; Fernando Po; Gold Coa The juice is d on the Gold Coast for coagulating the latex of — zem (Imp. Inst. No. 1110, Nov. 3rd, 1909, Herb. Kew); the “‘diecha "' juice has been found to contain tee and it is MER that the coagulating action like that of an infusion of Bauhinia leaves (see p. 263) may be due to this con- stituent (Col. Rep. Misc. No. 82, 1912, p. 325). A strong climber, and though not the showiest plant of the genus it is very decorative and grows freely in rich loamy soil. Ref. Funtumia Rubber prepared by means of the juice of the Diecha Vine, Strophanthus Preussi," in Col. Rep. Misc. No. 82, 1912, pp. 324-325. Strophanthus sarmentosus, DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 180. Ill.—Ann. Mus. Paris, i. (1802 ) t. 27, f.-1; De Candolle, Strophanthus, t. 1; Gray, Western Africa, t. C (S. pendulus); Nouv. Arch. Mus. Pans. 3rd enei A (1893) t. 16 (S. eran: Payrau, Strophanthus, p. i t. [1, f. 4 (trans. sect. of leaf), t f. 6 (seed, nat. ue t. 5, 4 (trans. sect. of seed) s. T tt. 3, f. 1, t, 6, f. £; Engl. unc Afr. Pfla ER Strophanthus, t. 10, ITA (seeds); "Pobéguin, Fl. Guin, Franc. t. 32. Vernac. names.—Lagba Ommode Cor, A Millson) ; Isa-wewe (Ebute Metta, Millen, Dawodu); Sagere (Lagos, Millen); Isha (Oloke-Meji, Foster); Kwankwanni Que Dalziel); Isha Kekere (W. Africa, Fraser). Lagos, Oloke-Meji, Abeokuta, Ebute Metta, Old Calabar, in S. Provinces, Zungeru, Kontagora, Nupe, ete., N. Dora, Nigeria; known also from Senegambia t to the Lower Con Used for EINE, _ Lagos, Oloke-Meji ow No. 161, ae Herb. Kew); mixed with *' Isa ” to form arrow-poison, said t to be a HE pem Mises. Ebute Metta (Millen, No. 25, 1893, Herb. Kew); more frequently gren in Zungeru and spidus (Dalziel, Bull. Kontagora as an arrow-poison than S Imp. Inst. 1907, p. 264). A strong climbing shrub. Found on rocks or on the tallest trees of the ravine, Kontagora (Dalziel, Le.); climbing to the oe of huge trees in the forest; flowers yellowish-orange striped with purple, flower buds purplish outside, Aburi Hills, Gold Coast (Johnson, Herb. Kew); a i shrub i in the hedgerows, Kissy, Sierra Leone (Barter, Herb. Kew Ref.—Strophanthus sarmentosus, in Recherches sur les Stroph- anthus, Payrau, pp. 85-87, including 5. Paroissei, pp. 88-91. The following general references are to the genus : — Strophanthus, in New Comm. Pl. and Drugs, Christy, No. 10 1887, pp. 7-29, illustrated. Recherches sur les Strophanthus, Payrau, pp- 1-176, pl. i-ix. with 2 maps showing the distri- bution of the species of Strophanthus in Africa and mne and 451 including a bibliography giving nearly 200 references to litera- ture on the subject (Soc. d'Editions Scientifiques, Paris, 1900). “ Strophanthus, Gilg, i in Monograph Afrik. Pflanzenfam. und Gattungen, Engler, pp. 1-48, tt. 1-10, 4 figs. in the text (Leipzig, 1903). -Strophanthin : Strophanthina crystallisata, in Merck’s Annual Report, xviii. 1904, pp. 177— IT8.— —' The Arrow Poisons of Northern Nigeria," La Chard, in Journal of the African Society, xvii. Oct. 1905, pp. 22-27. ** Welsche Strophanthusart verdient als Offizinell in das neue Arzneibuch aufgenommen zu werden" [Sonder-Abdruck aus den Berichten der Deutschen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft (Berlin, 1908)] Gilg, pp. 284-297. — — Semen Strophanthi," in Lehrbuch der Pharmakognosie, Karsten & Oltmanns, pp. 291-293, ff. 443- 446 (Jena, 1909). BEAUMONTIA, Wall. . Beaumontia grandiflora, Wall. Tent. Fl. Napal. (1824) p. 15. An evergreen climber; stem woody, shoots pubescent. Leaves 7-12 in. long, 3-7 in. broad, glabrous above, sometimes tomentose below, ovate oblong, shortly acuminate. In orescence a terminal cyme; corolla 3-5 in. long, tubular- -campanulate, white or lemon-white. Fruit a double follicle 5-10 in. long; seeds 2 in. tong. t. 911; Wallich, Tent. Fl. Napalensis, Tat. t. T: Geel, ae Bot.; Bot. Mag. t. 3213; Rchb. Exot. 172; Paxton, Mag. xiii. p. 103; Gard. Chron. May 8th, 1886, = 593. f. 129; Ill. Hort. 1887, t. 8; Sem. Hort. 1898, p. 15, f. 199; Journ. Hort. Series 3, xxviii. p- 243; Gard. Chron. Jan. 15th, 1910, p. 4 Large flowered Beaumontia ; Nepal Trumpet coe r. Native of the Eastern Himalaya, Nepal, etc. Cultivated in the Botanie Gardens, Old Calabar A fibre is obtained from iu young twigs in India (Dict. Econ. Prod. India). Produces seed a fine show of flowers if allowed to climb to the top of high trees, Trinidad (Bull. Misc. Inf. Roy. Bot. Gardens, Trinidad, 1906, p. 114). A handsome decorative climber suitable for trellis work. Funtoumia, Stapf. Funtumia africana, Stapf; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 190. Ill.—Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1276 (Kickzia africana); Kew Bull. 1895, p. 246 (K. africana, fl. branch); Tropenpfl. 1897, pp. 99-103 (K. ricana, figures of flowers only); Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Li. 1807, i. T iC . bra P: i , E © (K. afric Jumelle, Pl. Caoutchouc et à sce (1898) p. -69, f. 10 (c «africana, fl. only); Morris, Journ. Soc. Arts, xlvi. 1898, p. 776 (K. africana, ‘A. branch, foi Kos Bull. Le): Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, i. 1899, t. E (K. africana, fl. only); Schlechter, 452 Westafr. ET otk Exp. p. 238 HE. See): Hook. is Lt. s 2696-2697 (K. africana, var. Klainei and var. iners); Hollan DUI C Cult. W. Africa, t. 1; arbi PE cien “19035 01 (K. africana, fl. only); Jumelle, Pl. Caoutchouc pays chauds fion p. 382 (F rere) p. 989 (fr. and dE Tropenptl. 1904, Kickria africa na); De Wildeman, Mis n E. Laurent, ii. aS distribuiod in Wai eee ficis Sierra dem to the Cameroons and the Gabun sometimes with Funtumia elastica. The latex coagulates into a paste-like substance of no commer- cial value in itself, but used to ner the latex of good rubber in S. Nigeria (Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908, p. 39; Dudgeon, Agric. and For. Prod. W. Mfr. p. 99), and = the Gold Coast (Chipp, List of Trees, Gold Coast (1913) p. 27). The wood is sometimes used for stools, Gold Coast (Chipp, l.c.), of no value for export but useful locally, Gold Coast (Armitage, Bull. Imp. Inst. 1910, p. 238); wood Se and soft, used by the natives of the Ivory Coast to make calabashes and plates (Cheva- lier, Les Vég. Util. l'Afriq. Trop. Franc. v. p. 122); een 385 Ib. per cubic ft. according to Bull. iu». Inst. (Lc. density 0-488 (Chevalier, l.c.), and a perum: n the Museum at Kew has a specifie gravity of 0-401 = 25 Ib. per cubic ft. A tree 15-80 ft. high, trunk up to 10 ft. in circumference (Mann. Mus. Kew); a tree at Itu, Old Calabar River, stood 70- 80 ft. high with a eireumference near the base of 3 ft. 2 in . (Hol- land, No. 5, 1897, Herb. Kew). Similar in habit to F. elastica, and distinguished by the absence of pits in the axils of the mid- rib and lateral nerves on the underside of the leaf, the larger yellowish ere the long and narrow follicle and cream- coloured flos The seeds bos been found as an a of official Strophan- thus seed, S. Kombe and S. hisp hough very similar in general appearance the seeds ‘of plene. may be readily separated by the spindle shape, absence of hairs and the folded cotyledons, against the flattened, hairy surface and straight cotyledons in Strophanthus, and further UII to Siedler Zeitschr. des. Oesterr. Apoth. Ver. xxxv. p. 398; Year Book harm. 1897. p. 158) transverse sections ot the seeds assume a brown and subsequently a cherry red colour in Funtumia and a 455 green colour in Strophanthus on treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid. These particulars may also apply to seeds of F. elastica. Funtumia elastica, iex Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 191. Zil.—Kew Bull. 1895, p. 244 (Kickxia africana, fruit only); Revue Cult. Col. i. 1897, = 47, f. 2(K. a pee n Tropenpfl. 1897, pp. 99-103 (figures of fruit only); zbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 1. 1897, No. 7 (K. africana, frui ing Mie Journ oc, Arts, xlvi. 18 K. africana, fruit from Kew ; W. ih t. x Winburg: Pl. Caoutchouc (190 902), P 204 = 239 (K. elastica: he, in cd ep. Mise No. 28, 1905, p- 9 (tree attacked by caterpillars, Glyphs ocellata); Berichte, Land Forstw. Deutsch Ost. Afr. ii. 1905, t. 10 (Kickæia elastica); Tropenpfl. 1905, p. 509 (leaf showing pis); De ee Mission fi p. elxi. Ru tree 5 years old at Tale); u. t. 170 0 (leaf showing pits), t 1 (£r. br. with leaves), t. 172 (follicles and leat), tt. 173, 174 {fcllivles): t. 183 (leaves attacked by ee Dawe, p Bot. Miss. Uganda, 1906, t. 5; L'Agric. prat. pays chauds vii. 2, 1907, pp. 5-16; Yves Henry, Caoutchouc, Afr. Occid. E p 203 (branch and fruit); Ann. Mus. Col. am 1909, p. 400, f. 5 (plantation); eps Col. Rep. Misc. No. 66, 1910, t. 21; Bull. Agric. Con ue . 1910, t. 82, t. 83 ( (Beplanting Coquilhatville Bormen, p years); Engl. and Drude, . Erde, ix. p. 637, £ 548; Christy, African Rubber Industry, Fine (habit, trees G} years 0 and numerous illustra- tions throughout the work, showing habit, seedlings, pods, seeds, and tapping. Vernac. names.—Ofruntum, Funtum (Gold Coast, Johnson, Dudgeon, Chipp); Etfunmundone, Puni (Gold Sa Chipp); Ire, € i I eri Poyadua, etc. (F.W. Africa, Chevalier); Eté (Bulu, Cameroons, tes).— West African Tree Rubber, Lagos Silk Rubber, Female Faites Found throughout West Tropical Africa from Sierra Leone to the Cameroons, “extending to the Congo region, and B.E. Africa. The most important source of rubber indigenous to West Africa, including ‘‘ Lump ” rubber from Lagos, Old Calabar, Benin, Cape Coast Castle, Liberia, etc., * Lagos Biscuit” and í : * Lagos Strip" ra in Liverpool from ‘ Lagos Lump,” “‘ Manoh 454 - os L : : y ; Is. 21d. to 1s. 3d. and in pute 1915, ls. 34d. per Ib., * Gold being approximately the same (Rayner and Co.’s W. £ AR Prod. Rep., Nigerian RET id Trade ou. Feb. 2nd, 1915—12,571 Ib. value £444 for month of January). The local price of “ Silk Rubber ” in Lagos (1895) was 10d. to 1s. 2d. per Ib. (Kew Bull. 1895, p. 246). The Mamu Government Reserves and e adan Native State Reserves (tapped in 1912) sold SAT (Jan. 1914) was 3s. 10d. pe lb. eee Ib. at £658 7s. 10d. see Col. Rep. Ann. No. 782, 191 p. 13) and from plantation EE trees in dud (tapped 1910); sold in London (March, 1911) from 5s. 6d. 6s. 6d. per Ib. (Thompson and Foster, Rep. Benin City Coramercial Pl. 1912, p. 7, about 1000 Ib. sold). It is not possible to give the exact amount of the rubber obtained from this tree, exported from the Colony, but the total amount of rubber exported from Lagos amounted to 25,181 lb. value £950 = . per Ib.] in 1914 (Nig. Customs and Trade Journ. Jan. 2, 1915, p. 13) and more than seven times this amount—175,454 lb. value "E9811 [ =13-4d. per ]b.] in 1913 (l.c.) in which year the total imports from the Seria and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria into the United King amounted to 875,800 Ib. value £86,035 [=23-5d. per XE (Trade of Unit. Kingdom, i. 1914, p. 185). The rubber would consist principally of that from the to dur consideration, Landolphia owariensis and Clitandra there is no doubt that the extracts from F. african na, other Landolphias, Clitandras, Carpodinus, etc., see | throughout this order are too often included in the general retu The floss from the seed has been found on ee i consist of 14-7 per cent. moisture, 3-7 per cent. ash, and 56-4 per cent. cellulose; reported on as of poor quality and not worth more than ld. per Ib. on the London market (Johnson, ah. Bot. Gdns. 455 ability for manufacturing (Bull. Imp. Inst. ix. 1911, p. 412). In comparison with ‘‘ Kapok” (Eriodendron orientale) and ** Akun” corer procera) c pp. 87 and 463 respectively it is of little alue. e seeds have been found to yield about 26 per cent. of oil suitable for technical purposes, but a bitterness in the residue— not yet understood, makes it uncertain for edible purposes (India Rubber World, xlvi. 1912, p. 475). The wood is used for purposes similar to those of F. africana. The tree has been cultivated on a large scale in most of the West African Colonies, in Togoland, the Cameroons (about 350,000 trees in 1905—see Tropenpfl. July 1905, p. 385), the vege (about 3,500,000 trees in 1911—see Cons. Rep. Ann. No. 5043, 1913, 20), Uganda, etc., and distributed to Trinidad, Straits Settle- ments Re | other tropical countries out of Africa by seeds or plants from the Royal Gardens, Kew. In Nigeria special reserves have been made in various parts including Benin, where the oldest plantations are to be found having been started about 1902; some hundreds of plants in association with Liberian Coffee (see plan p- 29) and to form avenues were planted out during August and September of 1900 at Old Calabar; at Mamu, Oloke-Meji, Ilaro, Oban, Lokoja, Oshun River (see pp. 39-46 of this work). It is reported that by 1908 in the Denies Province alone there were 2251 plantations containing 1,125,972 trees (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 630, 1909, p. 15). This would include the Benin District, t lative Council (1909) stated that the large village plantations of Funtumia elastica made at = instance of the Forest Officers were coming into bearing and some of them would be tapped in 1910 (S. Nig. Gov. Gaz. 6th Oct. 1909, p. 1380), trees in the Ibadan and Mamu Reserves were being tapped in 1912 (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 782, 1914 (for 1912), p. 13). a the present time it is not uncommon for the Forestry Department ite "ne 3000 Ib. and upwards of rubber from these cultivated 1 The discovery of the tree and the adie ef the industry in iege is fully discussed in Kew Bulletin, 1895, pp. 241-247. ropagation is readily effected by means of seeds. Cuttings are not usually recommended, though they have been found to grow, rooting in about a month or six weeks. e tree in S. igeria flowers about June and ud seeds are ready for collecting about January Febru A Here ee meine about 60 seeds, ware detachable from the t 800 seeds go the the ounce. They should $e sown as pcs as possible after collection in shallow well- drained boxes or in nursery beds in light rich soil from an inch to two inches apart, and when about 3 or 4 inches high trans- planted into prepared beds and given a foot or so between each plant or put singly into bamboo pots. It is important to kap the plants growing without a check and they will be strong enoug about 6 months after sowing for putting out in permanent places, FF 456 where from 10 to 15 or 20 feet between each plant will be cue the minimum distance when thinning out is intende th maximum when it is found advisable to grow iterate crops such as ground = (Arachis hypogaea), etc., at least until the trees can be ta . In any case sufficient room should be given vation is mixed, e tree is particularly noted for the attacks of a ogee Se (Glyphodes ocellata) which at times strip off every leaf. Karly and careful pruning of the lower branches would tend to secure straight ted Tapping was originaly peiora by the natives by means of a central groove } an inch or so wide with side grooves about the same width 15 ^in: or so apart running around the tree at an angle of about 45°, the a being v done an ordina 8 a.m. and not more than once in every 13 lunar months. Special permits are issued by the Provincial Forestry Officer under whose authority and direction the operations are carried out. In the system advised a channel is cut from the base to the authorised herring-bone whole tree in four years instead of two. In either case sufficient time must elapse to admit of one set of cuts healing before another 451 Relating to Rubber,” Rule No. 7 of 1905, in Govt. Gaz. S. Nigeria, yielding twice the amount collected by the ordinary herring-bone and four times that by means of vertical incisions. 10, p. 9) the “‘ para," the *' secure,"' the “‘ sculfer,’’ the ‘‘ Christy " [on the incision method] and *'Messrs. Walker and Sons" knife, were For coagulation various methods have been tried and found more or less effective, including chemicals—carbonate of potash and acetic acid, formalin, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid convenient size. Lump milk and the difficulty in propag this elean and dry lies in the large masses being treate : > advi able to deal with sufficient only to make the desired size of biscuit. The rubber is finally well washed and dried under cover—the hot sun and excessive light is believed to be the cause of “ tackiness.’ In the Mamu Reserve 10 biscuits have been found to weigh one FF 2 458 pound; the weight is kept fairly constant by diluting the latex before boi iling and regulating the amount of diluted latex for each biscuit (Thompson, Rep. on Visit to Mani Reserve, 1911, p. Coagulation of the latex by evaporation and absorption was t one time common. cavity was cut in the trunk of a tree and milk was thrown in daily until it was full; the milk is then covered with palm leaves and kept air-tight, if possible, and in 14 days or a month it becomes solid; in the rainy season it might take two months to solidify. This was known as the “silk rubber”? (see Kew Bull. 1895, pp. 248, 245). Under the heating pronos which is upay adopted because of the greater convenience, it is recommended to let the fresh latex Benin City Communal Pl. 1910, p. 5). In Uganda the milk stands for a couple of days in large earthenware pots before boiling (Kew Bull. 1907, p. 188). Formalin or absolute alcohol have been found effective in coagulating cold Funtumia latex, but Purub (a German patent preparation of fluorine) and acetic acid have no effect (see Kew Bull. 1911, p. 126; Ann. Rep. For. and Agric. Depart. Lagos, 1910 (for 1909), p. d - There are some very good samples in the Kew Museum made s "boiling" the latex (Gold Coast, 1911), ‘ biscuits?” or = sheets ds coagulated naturally in a wooden receptacle (Aburi, 1911), * 'erepe," and *'lump " coagulated with the juice of the “ Diecha"' Vine (Strophanthus Preussii) (Evans, Gold Coast, 1909) ; rubber coagulated by an infusion of the leaves of Bauhinia reticulata (Evans, Gold Coast, 1908), with Formol (Gold Coast, 1911) and by double-pot process, afterwards passed through a small hand machine (Evans, Aburi, 1910). Mixing the rubber with sand, stones, or rubbish of any descrip- tion, latices of terior quality, all of which were formerly too common, has been met in Nigeria by the ‘‘ Adulteration of Pro- duce Ordinance.” The tree 1s usually tapped in the rainy season about May to October. The yield may vary considerably in each = according to age, etc., and for each locality, As from 1-4 oz. from trees i b tr known (Kew Bull. 1895, p. 242 2 but as history has proved the trees did not last long at ‘ins rate. Some very fair tests have been made (1910) in the Benin City Communal Plantations (see Thompson and Foster, Rep. l.c.) in which the results show an rubber. A slightly higher yield of 1:59 oz. per tree in the same pue was obtained in 1911—20,210 trees yielding 1885 lbs. 11 oz. of dry rubber (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 735, 1912, p. 13). The average o field of latex at each tapping is given as about one quart m each tree, which may amount to one pound of rubber per "a 459 annum in Uganda (Kew Bull. 1907, p. 188), a tree yields from one small to two double gin flasks of juice, Gold Coast (Armitage, i i ce to Director, Kew, Nov. 30, 1898) and 2468 c.c. of latex, přoducing ith an of the channel alternately, subsequent cuts being 2 in, from previous cuts (l.c.). h 5 c.c. of latex, equal to about 321 grammes of dry rubber, was obtained from 9 trees having an average girth of 195 in., tapped on the *vertical-parallel'' system. A yield of 4 oz., 2 oz. and 1 oz. has been obtained respectively from one tree 7 years old, 25 ft. in height, 19 in. girth at 3 ft. from the ground, one 9 years old, 26:8 ft. in height, 21 in. girth at 3 ft. from the ground, and another same age and size, all tapped in the month of December, Gold Coast (Johnson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 38, 1905, p. 8). Two and a half oz. of rubber in one day have been obtained from trees 5l years old tapped on the double-herring-bone plan of fifteen cuts each side, in the Cameroons (Tropenpfl. July, 1905, 386), where it has been found that one man could collect from apart (10 ft. by 10 ft. — 435 trees per acre) the yield under these conditions being calculated at about 407 Ib. of dry rubber per hectare ( — about 164 lb. per acre) per year, at a cost for collecting of about 7d. per Ib., the value, at the time, of the Lecomte, in Revue des Cult. Col. i. June 1897, pp. 12-19; July 1897, pp. 41-47. ** Kickzia africana, Bth. im Deutschen West pp. 217-221. pflanzer, i. 1897, pp. 99-103. à Caoutchouc et à Gutta, Jumelle, in Annales L'Inst. Col. Mar- seille, v. 1898, fasc. 1, pp. 68-7 — — € Über Westafrikanische Kickxia-Arten,’’ Preuss in Notizblatt Bot. Gart. Berlin, No. 19, July 1899, pp. 353-360. U * Die Überführung der K?ckzia von 460 Lagos nach Kamerun," in Der Tropenpflanzer, iii. 1899, pp. 355— 361. Rubber Cultivation in West Africa, Holla nd, pp. 1-7, h lv illustrating the ‘‘ native," “ herrin ng-bone ” add =ar- tical-parallel ” _ Systems of tapping (printed by the Crown Agents for t 01).- —*' The E ivati Castilloa and Funtumia Rubbers in Trinidad," Bull. Imp. Inst. 1. 1903, pp. 160—167. “ Funtumia," in Les Pl. à Caoutch. et à Gutta Exploitation, Culture et commerce dans tours les pays chauds, Jumelle, pp. 381-392 (Augustin Challamel, Paris, 1903). “Die ickeia elastica, Preuss. und irhe Kultur,’ ’ Zitzow, in Der Tropenpflanzer, viii. 1904, pp. 228-250, with plates.—— ‘“ Vorschläge betreffs : Ausbeutung der Wilden Kickxia- stinde in Kamerun," Frhr v. du ke, viii. 1904, pp. 597-611, with ots tions of tapping knives and tapped trunks. Der Westafricanische Kautschukbaum Fun- | tumia (Kickzia) elastica in Uganda, Moelle er, le., ix. 1905, pp. 509-511.—— -'' Rules Relating to Rubber,” in Govt. Gazette, S. Nigeria f Forestry Proclamations, 1901 and 1905 : R. No. 7 of 1905), Aug. 18th, 1905, pp. 473-480—‘‘ On Kickxia and Funtumia, ?? Stapf in Kew Bull. 1905, pp. 45-59. " Funtumia elastica," in Col. Rep. Misc. No. 28, 1905, ** Reports on MER D in the Gold Coast and WS Leone," Johnson and ; in Mission Emile Laurent, De Wildeman, i. pp. 552-561 Oela, 1905-0 Rui. Rubber: : Funtumia elastica," in Bull. E Inst. lv. Der. Tropen npfla bier, X. Pp. ———' Eine neue Anzapfungsmethode für Kickzia elastica," Strunk, l.c. x. 1906, pp. 141-149.—__** Die Funtumia (Kickzia) elastica in Uganda, " Moeller, Le. x. 1906, pp. 701-706.——“* Le rendement des Kickzia au Cameroon, " E. D. W. in Bull. Soc. Belge d'Études Colon. No. 6, June 1906, pp. 381-386. “New Rubber Industry in Lagos" eure africana), “On Kickria and Funtumia,” in Add. Series vii. 1906, pp. 44-75. Caoutchoue du Congo: La Funtumia elastica," Luc, in L'Agric. ES pays chauds, vii. 2, 1907, pp. 4-15, illustr. ** African ree UM (Funtumia Slevin © in Kew Bull. 1907, PP: “Benin Lump" Rubber (Funtumia elastica) from Southern Rene Dunstan, in S. Nigeria Govt. Gaz. 1st April 1908, Suppl. 3-5.——— 1 lise. No. 51, 8, ‘‘Funtumia elastica ' pp. 13-18 and pp. 31-39, Plantations in Mamu, Oloke- Meji Ilaro Forest Reserves, etc., with cost of E rates of grow th, etc. be andw. +. Sept. 1909, pp. 129-140; 12th Oct t. 1909, pp. 145-168, including thors references to works of 50 authors. ——''Funtumia elastica Rubber,” in Bull. Imp. Inst. vii. 1909, . PP. 255-257. ** Benin Lump R ubber," l.c. 257-258. ““Funtumia elastica," in PP. Les Vas. Util de l'Afriq. Trop. Chevalier, v. 1909, pp. 124-143. —-Hints on the Cultivation and Preparation of Gold Coast + 461 Journal, xxxvii. April 5th, 1909, pp. 400-401; April 19, 1909, pp. 445-446.——‘‘Funtumia elastica,” in Col. Rep. Misc. No. 58, 1909, p. 115, with analysis of seed floss. B 22 elastica ou Ireh," in Bull. Agric. du Congo Belge, i. 1910, pp. 250-252.——‘‘ Cultivation of Funtumia elastica," in Kew Bull. 1910, pp. 206-208. ‘Note sur un Nouveau régime D’ Exploitation du Funtumia,”’ Farrane, in Journ. D'Agric. Trop. 1910, pp. 204-207.——'* Nouvelles Observations sur le Préparation . 18 at viii. 1910, Funtumia elastica, pp. 16-18.——‘‘ Funtumia Rubber from West Africa," Le. pp. 261-263 with analysis. ‘La Dichotomie, cause principale de la bifurcation prematurée de la tige du Funtumia elastica," Kinds, in Bull. Agric. du Congo Belge, i. 1910, pp. 36-37; ii. 1911, pp. 156-158. € Funtumia elastica," in Culture et Exploitation des Essences Caoutchoutiféres au Congo Belge, in Bull. Agric. du Congo Belge, ii. 1911, pp. 492-511, illustrated. The Rubber Industry of Lagos Province, Olubi, pp. 1-19 (London, 1911).——-'* Lagos Silk Rubber Tree (Funtumia elastica)? in Kew Bull. 1911, pp. 125-126.— —— Native Council Rules Relating to the Tapping of Rubber, in S. Nigeria Govt. Gaz. Extraordinary, March 14, 1911, pp. 388-514; repetitions for 32 Districts.— The African Rubber Industry and Funtumia elastica, Christy, pp. 1-252, illustrated (John Bale, Sons and Daniellsson, Ltd. London, 1911).—— * Inspection of Rubber Exported from Lagos," Thompson, (Correspondence with Colonial Secretary, Lagos) in The Lagos Customs and Trade Journal, May 2nd, 1912, pp. 273-274. Report on the Rubber Tapping in Benin City Communal Planta- tions 1910, Thompson and Foster, No. 5, 1912, pp. 1-10. ‘Culture du Funtumia elastica ou lreh," d'apres le système Christy, E. L. in Bull Agrie. du Congo Belge, i. 1912, pp. 208-213, with figs. 185, 186, 187, illustrating tapping.—— té Funtumia," in Bull. Agric. du Congo Belge, iii. 1912 (Les Plantations de Caoutchouc de l'Etat au Congo Belge) pp. 414—420, illustrated. * Funtumia Rubber, Funtumia elastica," in Col. Rep. Misc. No. 82, 1912, pp. 318-335.——* Increasing the yield of Funtumia elastica or Lagos Silk Rubber," Leplae, in The Rubber Industry: Official Report of the Fourth Inter. Rubber Congress, London, 1914, Torrey and Manders, pp. 317-318.—— “ Les Rendements de l Hevea brasiliensis et du Funtumia au Congo Belge," E. L. in Bull. Agric. Congo Belge, v. 1914, pp. 88-94. “ Note sur des essais de saignées de Funtumia elastica effectués à Musa et a Kutu (district des Bangala) Congo Belge," Gisseleire, l.c. pp. 95-104, illustrated. 462 ALAFIA, Thouars. aaa ies e Schum.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 197. nac. names.—U baniogon (ends, Thompson); Ottafrefredi . (Ibo, Piensa) Lagos, Abeokuta, Asaba, in S. Province and eM Patti, N. Province, Nigeria; found also on the Gold Coas The latex is used for adulterating that of better ids of rubber (Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908 D. A large climber, with handsome fragrant flowers. Alafia sp. Vernac. name.—Homa funtum (Gold Coast, Farmar). Ogodo, Asaba, S. Province Nigeria (Unwin, Herb. Kew, 1906) : Gold Coast (Farmar, No. 552, 1906, Herb. Ke w). Used on the Gold Coast for coagulating rubber (Farmar, l.c.). ASCLEPIADEAE. OurnHarocoNvus, Baillon. Omphalogonus nigritanus, JV. E. Br. in Kew Bull. lad p. 319. A climbing shrub. glabrous. Leaves opposite petiolate, glabrous, elliptic ovate or elliptic oblong, obtuse at the apex, cordate or subcordate at the base; 21—4 in. long, 2-91 1 broad. Inflorescence an axillary cyme, lon towered Sapals 2 lin. long, somewhat rounded, very obtuse. Corolla rotate, 1-9 in. in diam., 5-lobed to the middle, glabrous and deep red Poisson) outside, puberulous and violet-brown inside, yellowish at the base of the lobes (Le Testu). O. calophyllus, Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. ers lii. (1905) p. 268; non Baillon, Fl. Trop. Afr. iv. Sect. 1, p. 256 Ill.—Bull. Soc Bot. France, lii. (1905), t. 3 (O. calophyllus). Vernac. names.—Mbwidun bwe or Mbwidi bi (S. Nigeria, Thomas). S. Nigeria—Nofia (Thomas, No. 1011, 1911, Herb. Kew). A specimen without flowers collected in Kontagora (Dalziel, No. 50, ng Herb. Kew) may also belong her tex used to adulterate that of Bes rubber in S. Nigeria Voie Col. Rep. Mise. No. 51, 1908, p. 39, O. calophyllus). Hua (l.c. p. 275) refers to this as eo caoutchouc in small quantity, Dahomey. A fibre obtained from the stem used for cultivated in the native compounds of many villages (Cheater, Soc. Nat. d’Accl. France, 1912, p. 195, O. calophyllus Ref. Uode reci sae calophyllus, Baillon et Peri nigrescens, Afz., in Bulletin de la Soc. Bot. de Monet i 268-215 463 Carormoris, R. Br. Calotropis procera, Azt.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 294. Ill.—Jacq. Obs. t. 69 (À sclepias ppm pears» fe Fi. Rariorum, t. 18 (Asclepias A obese a); Andre Rep. 1 271 (Asclepias gigantea); Bot. . (1836) t. 1792; Wight, R EE nd. . 1218; Bot. Mag. T 6859; end. and Trimen, Med. PE t. 176; ‘Engl. and Prantl, Pflan. iv. pt. 2, f. 67 E to G; Engl. and Dr ude, Veg. Erde, ix. p. 22, f. 16; Volkena, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, x. 1910, App. xxii. No. 3, p. 69, f. 32. Ver —Bombo (Lagos, Dawodu); Tumfafia, bamanthélé (Yola, Dalziel): Aon or Oshoor (Arabian, Braddyll, Moloney); Usher (Kordof - Sudan, Muriel, Pyman); Oshr (Palestine, Vester & Co.); A rka (India, Pyman, Watt); Akanda (Bengal, Dymock, Warden § Hooper); Chuta (Lunyoro, Uganda, Dawe); Houta eens Brown Lester); Bombardeira (Cape M nm Islands, Welwitsch); Fafetone (Senegal, Chevalier, re) —Gigantic. prid Wort, Auricula tree, Arbre à Soie = Benca (Pobéguin). atagum (Dahsigl No. 304, 1908, Herb. Kew); Yola; through- out Tropical Africa, and extending to India, ete. The stems yield a strong fibre, durable under water, used for making fishing nets, halters, lines and ropes. A sample from the Sudan under the name of ‘‘ Ushar ” fibre has been valued (1912) at £24 per ton with Mexican Sisal Hemp at the same price (Bull. Imp. vee 1913 p. 206; Bd. of Trade Journ. Sept. 12th, 1912, Rep. Ann. "No. 118, 1913, p. 25). The floss on the seeds is d for stuffing mattresses; the acrid milky juice is used mixed with salt to remove hair from hides, the root for tooth cleaners and the wood for making charcoal for gunpowder (Bot. M The leaves are used in the Poe of ** Merissa ”’ —a native beer; the juice is RE tds often used as an infanti- E Sudan (Pyman, Trans. Soc. Tro ne vili. p. 190). Various medicinal uses are ge to parts of the pass leaves, Gambia (Brown Lester, Kew Bull. 1891, p. 273) root, and powdered charcoal, French Guinea (Pobéguin, Pl. Med. du Guin. Franç. in L’Agric. prat. pays aha | er part 1, 1911, p. 291). The bak of the root, given in very s ] doses, is considered a good cure for leprosy in the E. Indies pes Mus. Kew). The uses generally are much the same as those of Calotropis gigantea (see Kew Bull. 1900, pp. 8-12). It is stated pe d’ Agric. Trop, 1911, p. 190) that some 8000 bales of ** Akund ” or ** Fafton"' fibre are imported € into Europe. A shrub, 3-12 ft. Pen or small tre The stems in some instances measure 3 ft. ih irth, ne, "Sudan (Muriel, Indian abont 20 Ib. per cubic foot. 464 Easily cultivated ras seed; the fruit in Cape Verde ripens about January (Hiern, are Calotropis,” in ec Econ. Prod. India, Watt, ii. 1889, pp. —-49.—— —'' Calotropis | procera," in arm macographia Bi Dymock, Warden and Hooper, ii. pp. 428-437 (Kegan Paul, Trench and Trübner, London, 1891).——-Madar (Calotropis gigantea), i in Kew Bull. 1900, pp. 8-12, with plate [this reference 8 given bec 'ause the practical uses of the two species are the fune -——'' Calotropis,” in Manual of Indian urere Gamble p. 491. ** Calotropis gigantea and C. procera," i India, Watt, pp. 205-208.———'' Les Calotropis,” Berteau, in L’ Agric. prat. pays chauds, xii. 2, 1912, pp. 63-7 **'The Me of Calotropis procera," in Bull Imp. Inst. xi. 1913, - 204-206, with SERA pd) = + y. UE XYSMALOBIUM, R. Br. erus e Heudelotianum, — Decne.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. cuan name. ae (Senegambia, Moloney). Borgu, Nupe, Kontagora. The turnip-like root is eaten by the natives in Senegambia (Moloney, For. W. Africa, p. 385 5). herbaceous plant; found in dry places after burning, Kontagora (Dalziel, Herb. Kew w). Ascuepias, Linn. Asclepias curassavica, Linn.; Fl. Trop. ied IV. Sect. 1, p. 328. Ill.—Sloane, Hist. Sociis: x © f. 45 (Apocynum erectum) ; Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. t. 30! 7f pp radice, etc.) ; acquin, Misc. Austriaca, LESI ; ot. (1815) t. 81; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 349; Desc. Ant. ii. i. 116; Quesnstan’ Agric. Bem. in. 1898, t. dE en Pois. Pl. p. 105, f. 184. la (Cent. America, Dathan St. Cyr); Chilpat (indian: Bailey), Chilpati (Mexico, Manning), Codio (French Guiana, Heckel); Algodoneillo, Platanillo (Porto Rico, Cook and Collins) -—Wild Negro or Bastard Ipecacuanha, Red ao Milky Cotton Bush, Bloodflower, Curassavian Swallow- Old Calabar. A mu of Tropical America and widely dis- tributed in the tro the purpose (Ball . Bot. Dept. Trinidad, ii. 1895, p . 10). Berm mended in the treatment of phthisis, Hayti (Dathan St. Cyr, in Pharm. Journ. [iv.] xviii. p. 714). Ro ough brooms of the plant 465 are used in Mexico to sweep floors and walls of huts to drive off insects and vermin (Kew Bull. 1897, p. 338). Àn ornamental plant t easily pies from seed: height about 2 ft.; has been duüTatod i in English iiu. since 1692. Ref. —'* Asclepias curassavica as an Insectifuge," in Kew Bull. 1897, p. 338.—-—'' Red-Head or Milky tion Bush (Asclepias con '"" Bailey, in Queensland Agric. Journ. ii. 1898, p. 437, ** The Wild Ipecacuanha," in The Chemist and . Druggist, "1910, p. 798, and in The Agric. News, Barbados, Feb. 5th, 1910, p. 38. Asclepias lineolata, Schlechter; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, . 922. EM Zungeru, llorin, and widely distributed in Tropical Afric The roots are used as a stomachie, Shire (Kirk, Herb. Kew). A herbaceous ack with fleshy fusiform roots; 4 ft. high, Nupe (Barter, Herb. Kew); common in the bush, Zungeru (Dalziel, Herb. Kew), Unyoro, 3900 ft. (Brown, Herb. Kew). The genus Asclepias i is a large one and perhaps the most impor- tant species in Tropical Africa—not known from Nigeria— are (1) semilunata, N.,E. Br. Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c. p. 327, the ** Kafumba”’ or *' Bugumbo ' ' of Uganda which yields a valuable Misc. No. 58, 1909, pp. 74-76; No. 9 ull. Im Inst. iii. 1905, pp. 316—318; vi. 5. 08) pp. 85-86), (2) a Schlechter, F1 Trop. Afr. Le 328), of British East Afr Gymnema, R. Br. Gymnema sylvestre, À. Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 413. Il. Wildenow, Phytogr. t. 5, = a so sylvestris); Ann. Se. Nat. Paris, Series 2, ix. Lh A (G. rufescens and G. subvolubile); Wight, Ic. PI. tad: o6 il. t. 349; Engl. and Prantl. Pflan. iv. pt. 2, f. 85 F-G. Vernac. name.—Kavali (India, Watt). Lagos, Katagum, and widely distributed in West Africa from Senegal to the Cameroons, throughout tropical Africa, extending frica, Madagascar and India The leaves when chewed neutralise the taste of sweetness (Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 1849, p. 353; Nature, xxxv. 1887, p. 566; Dict. Econ. Prod. India; Dymock, seq.). The root applied as a powder to the part bitten and given as a decoction internally, 13 a reputed Hindu remedy for snake bite, and various medicinal uses are attributed to the plant in India (Watt, Dymock, etc., sed: A climbing | plant, common in the bush, Katagum pose Herb. Kew), Lagos (MacGregor, Dawodu, l.c.) a creeper by for road, Lagos aba. Ee. 466 Ref— An Examination of the Leaves of Gyn hone. sylvestre,”’ Hooper, in Nature, xxxv. T, pp. 565-667.——‘‘ Gymnema sylvestre, " in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, us iv. 1890, pp. 189- 190.——'* Gymnema sylvestre,” in Pharmacog. Indica, Dymock, Warden and Hooper, ii. fare, pp- 450-455, with analysis of the sun-dried and powdered leaves PERGULARITA, Linn. et eere africana, NV. E. Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, d Africa from Sierra bens to Old Calabar, extending to peces District and Natal. Extract like Dragon's blood with which the Dragon's blood of commerce is adulterated (Moloney, For. W. Africa, p. 306). X slender climbing plant. LePTADENIA, R. Br. Leptadenia lancifolia, Decne.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 430. Ill.—Engl. and Prantl, Pflanz. iv. pt. 2,f. 79, E-F (L. hastata). Vernac. names.—Isanaje igbo (Lagos, «M:llson) ; Yadia (Kata- gum, Dalziel). Senegambia to Lagos through Nigeria to Bornu and in the Nile region. Kordofan, Fashoda, “Madi, Gondokoro, ete a edible, Katagum Mou ns Kew). Found as a twiner on rocks, Oyo, ba (Barter, Herb. Kew), on bushes, Bure, near Lake Chad [Eiliott, Her, Kew). Ref.—'' Marakh Twigs, Leptadenia sp." in Col. Rep. Misc. No. 2 1909, pp. 128-129, would propspur apply here as a fibre plan CaRaALLUMA, R. Br. Caralluma Dalzielii, V. E. Br. in Kew Bull. 1912, p. 280. - A succulent herb, 6-18 in. high, stems leafless, branching from the base, erect, tetragonous. owers in pendulous fascicles, the axillary fascic bes 28 a: pedicels 1-1} lin. long, recurved, glabrous. Sepals . long, subulate, acute glabrous; corolla nearly 4 in. in diam. Y lobed, tube about 1 lin. long. Vernac. name.—Karan Masallachi (Katagum, Dalziel). Katagum (Dalziel, No. 317, Herb. Kew); Sokoto. Found on rocky hills at Sokoto, sn planted near houses, (Kew Buli. Le.). Chevalier (Bull. oc. Nat. d'Accl. F n a oe mentions an allied d opel ant the cn by the natives, and that he has seen this on cs mdi in the corner of a field of millet, in the region of Djougou, Upper ghe to keep off evil spirits. 467 LOGANIACEAE. STRYCHNOS, Linn. Strychnos Nux-vomica, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), p. 189. A medium-sized deciduous tree. Leaves broadly elliptic "t in. ong with epe about ! in. long. Inflorescence a lax terminal rs greenish- -white. Fruit a berry, hard teris com- paratively thin shell, 11-2 in. in diam., smooth, shining, colour an orange when resh. Seeds several, flat, circular, about 3-1 in. across, } in. thick, slightly concave on one side, slightly convex on the other, grey, greyish-white or yellowish-white. Ill.—Plenck. Ic. t. 117; Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. ii. t. 179 (seeds); Lam. Encycl. t. 119; p Pl. Corom. t. 4; Hayne, Darst. Beschr. VOD ep 17; Nees von Esenbeck, E. Medie. Düsseld. t. 209; Woodville, Med. Bot. ii. (1832), t. 79; d Abbild. ne, t. 136; Stephenson & Churchill, Med. Bot. t. 52; Wight. Ic. = In d. Or. ii. t. 434 (S. colubrina) ; uet PL Bah ch 59a; Spach, Suites (Hist. Nat. des Vágétaux), tL ET: "Sehnisleih, Ic. t. 131, ff. 21-23 (seed); Griffith, Ic. Pl. Asiatic, ii. t. 411; Bureau, Loganiaceae, p. 4l, ff. 3-8; Bedd. F1. Sylv. ii. © 243; Bentl. and Trimen, t. 178; Kohler, Med. Pflan.; Zippel, Ausl. Handels. Nährpf. i 25; Journ. Bombay, N. H. Soc. viii. (1893), t. 1; Talbot, For. Fl. Bombay, ii. p. 266. Vernac. names. d Khabaung or Khaboung (Bombay Kirtikar; Burma, Watt, range: ae la (Bengal, Bentley 5 Trimen).—Nux-Vo mica, Poss Strychnine Tree, Crow's Eyes, Snakewood, Dog-buttons, Qu banuos False Angostura Bark. Native of Cochin China and the Coast of Coromandel. Found in Ceylon, Burma, Java, etc. The seeds are the source of the poisonous alkaloids Strychnine and Brucine—a tonic medicine in small doses; the extract or tincture being used medicinally. The wood is used in Burma for carts, agricultural implements and cabinet work; weight 49-65 lb. per cubic foot (Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. p. 498). Used in India for the eure of snake- bites and in cases of intermittent fever. A decoction of the leaves is used externally in rheumatism The bark possesses somewhat initi properties to the seeds, though not so pom (Treas. of Bot.), and both are used ed eisai i in India (Watt. Comm. Prod. dw p. 1052). The pulp of the fruit is not poisonous and is eaten by birds. A deciduous tree, propagated by seeds, grows freely in Botanic a Old Calabar. The seeds for the market only require to -be washed out from jm ripe fruits and dried in the sun; they fetch in London from about 7s.—10s. per cwt., though ^ AME 1915, t were quoted at the high price of 16s. per ew 468 Ref.—‘*‘ Nux Vomica,” in Pharmacographia Indica, F lückiger and Hanbury, pp. 1.——*' Strychnos Nuz- Vom nica, Med. PI. er and Trimen, No. 178, 6 pages.——""* Str ned Nuz-V omica,”’ harmacogra phia Indica, Dymock, Warden, and Hooper, il. 2s 458-500 (Kegan Paul, Trench, ete., London, 1891).——“ Strychnos Nuz-Vomica," in Med. Pflanzen. Kóhler, 3; pages.——''Strychnos Nwur-Vomica," in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt. Mos 1893, part 3, B. pp. 379-382. ** Strychnos Nuz-Vomica, ‘“ The Poisonous Plants of Bombay,” Kirtikar, in "rues Hoar Nat. Hist. Soc. viii. 1893, pp. 331- Se * No /omique," i in Les Drogues Simples d origine végétale, n a 656-659. '* Strychnos Nua-Vomica,” in anual of Indian Timbers, Gamble, pp. 497-498. * Nux Vo omica," in The National Standard es iE Ana Hare, Caspari and Rusby, pp. 1000-1005.— —'* Strychnos Nuz-Vomica," in Comm. Prod. India, Watt, pp. 1051-1052. Strychnos spinosa, Lam.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, p. 536. Ill.—Sim, rer. 'Fl. Ca pe Colony, t. 111; Journ. New York Bot. Gdn. 1912, = 127. Vernac. names.—Mumoovinge (Nupe, Barter); Esos dm (Foulah, Barter) Um-Hlala (Kafir, Sim); Missalo, Ramba Muramba (Port. E. Afr. Sim); Voavotaka res PUT. Moloney) ; Motil hulu (Zambesi, Kirk); Litongo (E. Africa, Christy) ; oca (Loanda, W ere Mutamba (Chindao, Gazaland, ied. —Kaffir orang Lagos, Nupe, and widely distributed in Tropical Africa, extending to S. Africa, Madagascar and Seychelles Fruit orange-like, 2-3 in. in diam., shell hard with numerous seeds; acid pulp wholesome and agreeable to eat Peau Kirk, Herb. Kew; Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 7 ough according to Sim (For. Fl. Cape Colony, p. 274) the ihm only eat it when food is scarce. The seeds are not bitter and samples from the Seychelles have been found to contain no strychnine or any other alkaloid (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 601, 1909, p. 44; Bull. Imp. Inst. 1915, J. Wood soft, 35-40 lb. per cubic foot, suitable for Dose a other temporary work, woke Port. E. Africa (Sim. For. Fl. Cap s p. 274; For. Fl. and For. Res. m E. oe p. 115). ound as a small tree, 10 ft., where arin in Nupe owes Herb. Kew); a small tree 5-8 ft. bek wk trunk 4 in. in diam. chiefly in thin groves of Adansonia and bushy hilly ~- places; in flower from middle of April to middle of May, Loanda (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 702). Var. pubescens, Baker, Fl. Trop. Afr. l.c. p. 537. Vernac. names.— Munvuvoye (Nupe, Barter); Kokiya (Katagum, Dalziel). Katagum (Dalziel, Nos. 373, 721, Herb. Kew); Abinsi, River Benne d No. 924, Herb. Kew), Nupe (Barter, No. 1705, 469 Fruit edible (Dalziel, 1.c.) A shrub or small tree. AN A, Afzel. Anthocleista nobilis, G. Don; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 1, pp. 538, 625. Ill. Bock. Ic. t. 793-794 (A. Vogelii) ; Niger Flora, tt. 48-44 (A. Vogel). Vernac. name.—Apa oro (Lagos, Dawodu). Senegal to the Cameroons, Lower Guinea, etc. The hollow stems are used as quivers for small poisoned arrows, Niger (Barter, Mus. Kew; Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 387). An erect tree 50—60 ft. E SPIGELIA, Lin Spigelia Anthelmia, Linn.; Sp. Pl. (1158), p . 149. An annual plant, about a foot high. gue ovate, -— opposite in pairs widely separated. Inflorescence a term triplicate or unilateral spike; flowers purplish. Capsule seal, muricate. Zil.—Linne, ——— Acad. v. t. 2; Lam. Encycl. t. e Plenck, Ic. t. 88; Browne, Jamaica, t. 37, £. 3; Desc. Ant. i. t. 61: Tussac, Ant. iv. t 8; Pot. Mag. t. 2359; Nees von Esenbeck, Plant. Medic. Düsseld. t. 205. Vernac. names = (Oloke-Meji, Dodd); Ewe Aran (Lagos, pu re ciel ie Fe —Worm Grass, ndia ink, Poudre vers ou Brainvilliers (Descourtilez). Lene (Dodd, No. 432, Herb. Kew); Lagos (Dawodu, No. 31, Her eodd native of S. America, and found in Florida and the West Indie Roots and leaves A leaves used rap Oloke- Meji (Dodd, 1.c.), herb boiled for worms, Lagos (Dawodu, l.e.). When eaten by cattle, sheep and goats the plant causes ce in from 2-3 hours (Scrutton and Co. Mus. Kew). BORAGINACEAE. Corpra, Linn. Cordia abyssinica, R. Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2 Ill.—Transv. Agric. Journ. v. t. 170; Agric. Col. 1911, Suppl: p. 93. Vernac. names.—Alleluba (Katagum, Dalziel); Inderab or Hera invaiya (Arabie, Muriel); Banjam (Hameg, Muriel); abukwi (Zomba, Purves); M'tadola (Transvaal, Burtt-Davy); Mukebu (Baganda, Dawe); Mutumba (Banyoro, Dave). Katagum, and found also in East Africa. ae edible, made into sweetmeats, Katagum (Dalziel, Herb. ew). 410 . 233), ossa (Burtt- avy, Transv. Agric. Journ. v. 1907, p. 423); weight of a specimen from Uganda 69 Ib. per cubic foot (Bull. Imp. Inst. l.c.). Found as a medium sized tree 30-40 ft., Zomba (Purves, Herb. Kew), usually grown in open ravines or on outskirts of forest, about 5000 ft., Uganda dare, Herb. Kew). It forms with Erythrina tomentosa the chief vegetation between 4000-6000 ft. in the ascent of Mt. Ruwenzori (Dawe, Rep. Bot. Miss. Uganda, 1906, p. 16). Cordia Irvingii, Baker; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 12. Vernac. names cing owewe (Lagos, MacGregor, Dawodu); Kymibua or Kyinibua (Gold Coast, Johnson). Wood very durable, used for making shingles, Gold Coast (Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 66, 1910, p. 84). A specimen from the Gold Coast is described as about as hard and cutting up with the same ease as Beech, excellent lustre though plain, Eon well, but not recommended for es weight about 30 Ib. cubic foot (Stone, Rep. Mus. . A specimen ^. the Museu t Kew has sp. gr. 0-5 = 81- 25 1b. per cubic foo A fine spreading tree planted for its shade, in a towns (Barter, Herb. Kew); 60 ft. high, Gold Coast (Johnson, Herb. Kew); Chipp, List of Trees, Gold Coast (1913, p. “i may be propagated by its fruits which closely resemble acor Pss int Baker; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 11. Vern mes.—Omon (Lagos, Millen); Omo or Ommo (Lagos, McNair, Dedi Olubi Lagos (Millen, No. 12, 1893, Herb. Kew); Ibadan Forest Reserve (Punch No. 102, 1901, Herb. Ke w). Leaves used in Yoruba as wrappers for agidi (McNair, Rep. Bot. St. Lagos, March, 1890, p. 333). Wood close grained suitable for joiners’ or cabinet-makers’ work (Punch, l.c.) said to resist the white ant (McNair, l.c., Millen, l.c.). A large tree of spreading habit, of the inland forests, Lagos. . Cordia Myxa Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 14. > Ill. Rumpf. Amb. iii. t. 97; Plenck, Ic. t. 116; Lam. Encycl. Delile, Egypte, t . 19, ft. 1, 2; Hayne, Darst. Beschr. Gewächse, ix. t. 33; Wight, Illust. t. 169; Vidal, Fl. For. Filip. t. 70 D; Ann. Inst. Col. wur 1902, t. 3. Vernac. nn (For rmosa, eel Tingué or Toungué (F.W. Af Cher evalier); Lasora, Laswara, Lesuri or Lasséri, etc. (ludi. "Gamble, Brandis); Thanat, Foig Thanat 471 (Burma, Gamble, Brandis) ; Loloopatla ropes. Thwaites); Dibg (Arabie, Jericho, Vester & Co o.).—Sebes East Africa—Portuguese; B. Cent. "o ei rin ay Egypt, Trop. Asia, Madagascar, French Sudan—Upper Ni Extract from fruits believed to be used in the ianefactaie of non-puncturable motor tyres (Mus. Kew). Fruit A rein with ''Soy" (Glycine Soja, see p. 211) and ‘‘ Garlic ” by the natives, "Formosa (Kew Bull. 1896, p. 70); the viscid pulp 1s used as birdlime, the kernel is eaten and may be used for marking linen (Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. p. 501; Dict. Econ. Prod. India). The leaves are used in asthma and in cases of severe colds and coughs to ease the tightness of the chest (Handbook, Ceylon Court, Col. and Ind. Exhib. London, 1886, p. 51); as plates and i in Pegu to cover Burmese cheroots. ms bark i is used for making cordage made into ropes and the Bi is used for caulking boats in India (Gamble, l.c. ) and as a mild tonic, E. Indies (Archer, Mus. Kew). The wood is comparatively soft, though fairly strong; used in India for boat building, gun-stocl ks, implements, canoes and for fuel; weight 28-42 lb. per cubic foot (Gamble, 1.c.). A deciduous tree, may be propagated by seed and grows eR Cultivated in Lagos and according to Chevalier (Bull. Soc. Nat. d'Eecl. France, 1912, p. 155) it is ae in many villages of French Guinea and the Nigerian Sud “Cordia Myra, The E Fruit” n Dict. Econ. 3-5 35 Ref.— Prod. India, Watt, 11. 1889, pp. 563-565. T Cordia Myra," in Manual of Indian Timbers, Gamble, pp. 500—501. ; Cordia platythyrsa, Baker; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 12. Lagos, Abeokuta, Pre. Sierra Leone in Upper Guinea and in the Gaboon, Lower Guine Wood used to make re or native drums (Chevalier, Bull. Soc. Nat. d’Accl. France, 1912, p. 135). A tree 30-80 ft. high, tnt planted in the villages of the Ivory Coast and other parts of Upper Guinea as a “‘ palaver tree ”” (Chevalier, 1.c.). Cordia Rothii, Roem. & Schultes ; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 18. Ill.—Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. iv. t. 1379; Peters, Mozamb. t. 43 ' (C. quercifolia): Brandis, Ind. Trees, p. 480. Vernac. names.—Liar (Sind, Brandis), Gondi or Gundi (India, Brandis, Gamble Yo, North Bornu, and widely distributed in Tropical Africa, extending to Arabia and India Fruit pulp edible; pickled in ‘India. The bark possesses astringent oa agisce and a — ir the fibre is made 1nto ro ri Cd cubic foot; used dur fuel, itis di and agricultural GG 412 Econ. Prod. Ind A shrub or tree up to 16 ft. high; found as-a low bush in Bornu (Elliott, No. 149, 1904, Herb. Kew); propagated by seed, suitable for cultivation in comparatively dry regions. implements in India (Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. p. 501; Diet. la). HezrorropivM, Linn. “Heliotropium indicum, Z2nn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 32. Ill—Pal. de Beauv. Fl. Oware, Benin, ii. t. 96 (H. aniso- phyllum); Bot. Mag. t. 1837 ; Desc. Ant. vii. t. 483; Wight, Illust. t. 171 (Téaridium indicum). Vernac. names.— Igun (Oloke-Meji, Dodd); Agogo Igun (Lagos, MacGregor, Dawodu); Cay- oi-boi (Cochin China, Dymock); Booroondi p. 273) and for erysipelas, West Africa (Journ. Soe. Arts, xxxv. 995). oxiq. Guy. Franc. in p. 116). The plant has a foetid odour like stramonium, taste a little bitter; used as a local application for boils, sores and stings, Bombay (Dymock, Mus. Kew), and various medicinal uses are attributed to the plant in India (Diet. Econ. Prod. India; Pharmacog. Indica, Dymock, ii. p. 525). í An annual plant, 11-3 ft.: a common weed, with handsome light blue flowers; luxuriating in hot dry and also damp places, _ plentiful everywhere by streets, houses, etc. flowering nearly the ` whole year, Golungo Alto (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 719). Heliotropium undulatum, Vahl; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2; piel. Ill.—Destontaines, Fl. Atlant. i. t. 41 (H. crispum); Lehmann, Ic. Rar. Pl. Asper. t. 40. . Given as a remedy for snake-bite (Diet. Ec. Prod. India; Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 388) for which purpose it is administered both internally and applied externally to the wound sometimes _A perennial plant. In sandy places, St. Vincent Island, Cape Verde (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p- 718.) TricHODESMA, R. Br. Trichodesma africanum, Æ. Br. ; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 48. Verne. name.—Paburpani, or Pabarpani (Punjab and Sind, Watt, Dymock). 418 Kontagora, Bornu, and generally in Africa and India. The leaves are used in India as a diuretic (Dict. Econ. Prod. India; Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 389). An annual plant, common in waste places and eultivated ground. ARNEBIA, Forsk. Arnebia emer DC.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 56. Ill.—Lehman ae Rar. Pl. Asper. t. 39 (Lithospermum Repulacmen) DA ight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. iv. t. 1393; Jaubert et Spach, Illust. Pl. Dene 363. Vernac. name.—Ji NT (Katagum, Dalziel). Katagum, Bornu, in Nigeria; Kordofan and other parts of d and extending to North India ot deep ee in colour giving the native name '' man’s blood,” (Daluel Herb. Kew). The scaly bark of the root stock of Arnebia tibetana is te as a dye in Ladak, Kashmir, and another species is used as a substitute for Alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) in India (Dict. Econ. Prod. India; Dymock, Warden and Hooper, Pharmacog. Indica, ii. p. 524). Àn annual plant, common on sandy soil, growing very. bushy, Kordofan (Muriel, Wash Kew). CONVOLVULACEA E. Evorvvurvs, Linn. Evolvulus alsinoides, Zinn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 67. Ill.—Rheede Hort. Mal. xi. t. 64; Burmann, Thes. Zeylan.t.9; | dil Illus. t. 168 bis, f. 10. ernac. names.—Vishnukránta, Vistnukrandi, Shan-kaveli, | sioe (India, Dymock, Watt); Vahimpasika (Madagascar, Heckel). Lagos, aat Nupe, Bornu; and widely distributed in the Tropics The plaut which is fragrant, is burnt to perfume houses; it is sold in the native markets near the confluence of the Niger and the Benue (Barter, Mus. Kew); the leaves, or and roots are used medicinally in ‘India (Dict. Econ. Prod. India : Dymock, Miele; and Hooper, Pharmacogr. Indica, ii. p. 543); the leaves are into cigarettes and smoked in cases of chronie bronchitis iid thma (l.c.), used as a remedy for diarrhea in Madagascar (Heckel, i L'Inst. Col. Marseille, i. 1903, p. 166). or perennial weed of variable habit, found in very different nest. fields, plains, hills, etc Catonyction, Choisy. Calonyction muricatum, G. Don; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 118. Ill.—Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. iii. t. 323 (Ipomoea muricata). GG 2 X 414 Lagos, Sokoto, Gambia, Sierra ono and widely distributed in pease Africa, Asia and Ameri A perennial climber, common on cix in Sokoto town eu No. 372, 1911, Herb. Kew), cultivated at Khartoum (Schwein furth, Herb. ew). Calonyction speciosum, Choisy; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, Hr. Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 75 52 vui tere Bona-noz); Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Genève, vi. t. L E ; Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. iv. t. 1361; Bot. Centralb. lix. 1894, t. 2. Vernac. names. xia (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot).—Prickly Ipomoea, Moon Flower. Tropical Africa and widely distributed in the Tropics. " Used as a vegetable, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 1893, p. 42), and as a remedy for snake-bite, Indis (Dict. Econ. Prod. In dia; Dymock, Pharmacogr. Indica, ii. p. 541, Zpomoea bona-nox). A decorative climber 10 ft. and upwards, commonly cultivated, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Herb. Kew). Introduced into gardens of England in 1773. Qvuamocuit, Tournef. Quamoclit coccinea, Moench; F1. rae Air. EV. ge 2, 128. ative of Tropical America. Known in West Africa from Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Nigeria, ed i - ardfebls rece ec A handsome decorative climber, often cultivated. Quamoclit vulgaris, Choisy; Fl. ME Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 128. Pep aes Hort. Mal. xi 60; Rumpf. Amb. v. t. 155; Lam. Encycl. t. 104 (Ipomoea Quali): EE Mag. t. 244 = pomoea Soca ied Barton, Fl. N. Amer. iii. t. 96. . names.—Kamalata (Sanskrit, liyat Sita-che-Kes (Maratha, Dymock).—Winged leaved Ipomoea ; Cupid’s Flower. Native of America. Introduced to West Africa and widely distributed in the warmer parts of the Old World. The pounded leaves are said to have cooling properties and are applied to piles and PR eate India (Dymock, Pharmacog. India, ii. p. 540). À handsome E annual. Cultivated in the garden, Oloke- Meji (Dodd, Herb. Kew). IroMora, Linn. Ipomoea aquatica, Yorsk.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 170. T Susa Hort. Mal. xi. t. 52. mes.—Furin gaddu (Katagum, Dalziel); Kangkon Ms Ridley). n: pee Widely distributed in Tropical Africa, Asia and N. Australia. 415 Eaten as a vegetable in India Forges res W. Afr. p. 390), the young shoots, leaves and roots are eaten. The v riety with white roots is cultivated in Madras, being peer by small pieces of the creeper about 6 in. long (Dict. Econ. Prod. India); also cultivated by the Chinese and in Malaya (Agrie. Bull. Str. Settl. and Fed. Malay States 1898, p. 186). An idem plant trailing on muddy river banks or in the water. Seen constantly along the banks of Nigerian rivers (Parsons, Herb. Kew), on the shores of Lake Chad (Elliott, Herb. Kew), and prostrate in muddy places, Katagum (Dalziel, Herb. Kew). Propagated by ne grows quickly and might be cultivated like water-cres Ref.—‘‘ Tosca: aquatica," in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, iv. 1890, pp. 476-478. Ipomoea Batatas, Lam.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 175. Iil.—Rbeede, m Mal. vii. t. 50; Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida and Ba a Is. ii. 0 (Convolvulus une tuberoso esculenta); andar AGE £3 Desc. Ant. . 045, t. 546 (var. ‘‘ Patate des dunes, "4 Patate de Sins” ^u Duthie, Field crops, tt. 87, 88; Sinclair, Indig. Fl. Hawaiian Is. t. 15; Zippel, Ausl. Handels, Nährpf. t. 59 (Batatas edulis); Jumelle, Les Cult. ol. Pl. Aliment. p. 63, f. 18; Bailey, Cycl. American Hortic. ` p: or f. 2446 (leaves of the varieties T. ARE Red," ‘‘ Orleans " t Vineless,"" ‘ Bunch Yam,’ ' “ Pumpkin Yam," ‘ Yellow Yam"); Bull. Econ. Indo-China, 1905, pp. 1184, 1185. Vernac. names. See cer (Hausa, ee on, Parsons); Odunkun-pupa (Lagos, Oloke-Meji, Dodd ); Odunkun fos = Fr [Patato and), Bates (J oloff) Dudgeon] : Odun n (Lagos, Dennett); [Atombo oe Santoon (Fanti), Koo Koon ‘Doo Koo (Sierra mee asn azee : of Shakespeare’ 8 Gn Throughout the ipa of the Old and New Worlds, and in many sub-tropical countries. The leaves cooked with fungi are eaten like spinach, Golungo Alto (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. PI. ili, p. 73), and the stems and leaves (or vines) are good fodder green or avied for cattle, sheep and pigs The chief value of the plant lies in the roots or tubers for food, used in the same way as the common potato. or feeding to animals, owing to the high percentage of starch, they require o be mixed with some food of greater nitrogenous value, as peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), cowpe cowpeas (Vigna Catjang), cotton-seed meal * W ress | (Lepidium mer sativum), Verna cular name * Laussu is cultivated i in the neighbourh of Kano, and according to a note on ra 8 en collected by iv Dahil (No. 333, Herb. Kew), ii is sold in the markets 416 t chiefly used by British Distillers (Mus. Kew). The distillation of n being eee special attention in the Azores. In 1884, 1826 pipes of alcohol, value £40,588, were exported to Lisbon, where it was used for the fortification of wines. The fresh potatoes in the same year were (Bull. Imp. Inst. viii. 1910, p. 8). It has been found in Natal that 3 tons of starch can be made from 12 tons of sweet potatoes, the residue being suitable for cattle food (Board of Trade Journ. * potato, in 1913 when 150 tons were exported to the United 07) - ’ (Dioscorea sativa), though by careful handling and storing in a wa ry atmosphere they may keep long enough to into vermicelli and a jelly is also made from the starch (Hosie, Rep. Prov. of Ssu-chuan, China, No. 5, 1904, pp. 12, 18; Wilson, A Naturalist in W. China, ii. p 58). small trade between the West Indies (Barbados) and this country has arisen in the course of the last few years. In 1908-09 72 barrels, and in 1909-10, 48 barrels of t potat hipped Uv Xx ATT to London (Rep. Dept. Agric. Barbados, 1909—10, p. 15); value here retail about 4s.—5s. for 28 lb. or about 18s. 6d. a barrel. They fetch about the same price (2d. to 3d.) per Ib. retail in Paris, shipped from Algiers, where a remunerative price to the farmers is put at about įd. per lb. or 50 francs a ton (Cons. Rep. Ann. No. 5206, 1914, p. 11). The local value in the Province of Bassa, Northern Nigeria, is 1d. per 10 Ib. (Byng-Hall, N. Nig. Gaz. 30th June, 1913, p. 241), and approximately the same (-16d. per 1b.) in Kontagora (Clarke, N. Nig. Gaz. l.c. p. 243, “ Dankali’’). The cost of production in Nigeria does not appear to have been recorded, but in all countries this would vary greatly. In the United States the approximate cost (exclusive of rent and fertilisers) of growing and harvesting an acre of sweet potatoes is estimated at 20 dollars p (Duggar, U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 26, 1897, p. 29). from about 5000 to 20,000 Ib. per acre. The yield in the Bassa Province, N. Nigeria, is given at 1650 lb. per acre (Byng-Hall, l.c.) and in Kontagora as 61 masuka of 38 lb. each=2318 Ib. ) Specially large yields per acre have been obtained in Louisiana from the varieties ** Providence ’’—1072 bushels, ** Shanghai "— 758, ‘ Red Nansemond ’’—717, * Peabody *’—696, ‘ Norton "— 654, * Hayman "—651, “ Southern Queen "— 640, ** Georgia " — T does "—531, ** Negro Choker ’’—534, and “‘ Spanish Yam. 77000 bushels (Duggar, U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers' Bull. No. 26, 1897, p- 20). Yoruba-land it is grown in rotation with maize, yams, beans, etc. 243). n B.E. Africa the natives of resulis, the plants being grown from cuttings and covering the ground in about two months’ time (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 519, There are upwards of 50 varieties of the plant under cultiva- iion, distinguished by the deeply lobed, slightly lobed, or + 418 rounded entire leaf, its venation, the colour of the petioles, etc. The variety selected for any partieular locality would depen sually those with white potatoes, as '' Gentleman's Table, ‘White Sealy,” '' Brazilian," ‘‘ Sou thern Queen,’’ etc., are the best for table use; heavy croppers, as ‘ Southern Queen,” “ Red Bermuda,” etc., for stock es and for the extraction of xe serrat “‘Jim Gage" is a tae all-round variety mit cultivated by the peasants; it gives a yield of over 11,000 lb. per acre (Rep. Bot. St. Montserrat, 1909-10, p. 12), and is a strong grower with yellowish-white potatoes. Other varieties commonly cultivated in the island are ‘‘ ex ard 18" (red potato), yield over 7000 lb. per acre; ** Geranium " (red potato), yield over 8000 lb.; ^ Jackass "' (y omis: potato), yield over v i lb.; “‘ Bett Weeks ’’ (dark-red potato), yield over 10, , and *' Blue mer (white potato), yield over 1000 Ib. per acre (l.c: 1910-11, p. 10). = Algeria the varieties ‘ ‘ Reine du Sud” and '' Dorée des ores ’’ are considered the best varieties to grow for export, and i: ‘Dlanché de Malte," giving a large crop of inferior T is recommended for Sinn icis ep. ie o. 5256, 1914, E HD. I extensively grown for: mar Ves urposes, ados Sra and for ome use in the South Atlantic and Gulf Coast States; '' Black pure or igger Choker” (potato dark purple outside, white flesh) though of poor quality a grown mostly for ie feeding. ther varieties grown are '' Stem Jersey,' potatoes ye ellow, a good commercial variety ; lion J eed i“ potatoes yellow, adapted for ho se ; ed Jersey," potatoe red, suitable for home use; ‘‘ Pumpkin Yam, potatoes dull yellow, suitable for home use and stock feeding ; E er- oes rose red, for stock feeding; ‘‘ Florida,” potatoes F salmon vel adapted for home use, on,” (Beattie, U.S. Dept . Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 324, 1908, pp. 35-37) and see ub others mentioned under yield. Ref.—'' Ipomoea Batatas,” in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, iv. 1890, pp. 478-482. Sweet Potatoes, Starnes, Georgia Exp. St. Bull. No. 25, 1894. “ The Sweet Potato as a Starch Pro- ducer," Shiver, South Catolina, Exp. St. Clemson Agric. Coll. Bull. No. 28, 1897, pp. 1-15. — Sweet Potatoes: gr re and ui Duggar, US. Dept. Agric. Farmers' Bull. 26, 1897, *Ipomoea — : us Les Cultures ‘Colouialee: PL Alimentaires Jumelle, pp. T (J. B. Ballière et Fils, 1901). — Sweet P Noah, U.S. Dept. Agric. Pine Bull. No. 129, 19 . 1-40. Sweet Potatoes from 419 Cycl. American Horticulture, Bailey, pp. 1754- 1757 (Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London and New York, 1902).—— xperiments with Swoët Potatoes at Barbadoes,” ' Hall and Bovell, in West 4, in Bull. Dept. Agric. Jamaica, ii. Dec. 1904, pp. 275- 279, with descriptions of the plants and analyses of the potatoes of 16 varieties. “ Patate douce, omoea Batatas,” im Les Pl. Potagères, Vilmorin-Andrieus, pp. 484-485 (Paris, 1904): Eng- lish Translation, Robinson, pp. 601-604 (John Murray, London, 1905).——‘‘ Swee Prai, '* in Potatoes and other Root Crops as Food, i ey US: Dept. Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 295, wh pp. 23-28. ** Sweet Potato, Zpomoea Batatas,” Waite, n Cycl. American Agric. Bailey, ii. pp. 613-623, illustrated, fü. 838-847 (Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London and New York, 1907). Sweet Potatoes, Beattie, U. S. Dept. Agric. Farmers' Bull. No. 324, 1908, pp. 1-39, illustrated. ** Ipomoea ** Patates douces," De Wildeman, in Ann. L'Inst. Col. Mar- seille, vii. 1909, ** Pl. Cult. Afr. Trop." pp. 312—314.—— The Storage and Marketing of Sweet m ao Beattie, U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 520, 1912, 1-16, illustrated.— S The Classification of Sweet Patstocs,” Sabai in West Indian ii ‘ ; ** Patates-douces," E. D. W. in Bull. de L’ Assoc. des eh wi Caoutchoue, V. April, 1915, pp. 80-85.——'* Patates-douces," in Notes Prod. Veg. Trop. De Wildeman, pp. 87-102 (Anvers, 1914). ipomoea digitata, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. he p. 189. Ill.—Pal. de Beauv. Fl. er et Benin, ii. t. 101 (Z. ennea- loba), t. 105 (Z. e eron Jacq. Hort. ere i. t. 200 (I. mauritania); Bot. Reg. (1815) t. 62 (I. paniculata); un) t. 75 (1. insignis); Ga t g et ene): Andr. Rep. Vernac. nes.—Atewo Edun (Lagos, Dawodu); Bilaikand (India, Dak, Watt), Bhumichekri Gadde (India, Watt). Widely distributed in pium Africa and in the ken la, (Parsons, No. 120, 1908, Herb. Kew), and at " Abinsi (Dalziel, No. 682, 1913, Herb. Kew). 2 —‘* Ipomoea di tata,” in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, ort iv. miis. i 4 ** Ipomoea digitata,” in Pharma graphia uie. Dymock, Warden and Hooper, ii. pp. 531.536. 480 Ipomoea hederacea, /acq.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 159. lI. — Bot. Map! 188 EH Nil); Jacq. Ic. t. 36; Bot. Reg. (1815), t. 85; Rev. Hort. 1868, p. 34 (var. foliis marmora- tis); Collett, Fl. Simla, ‘337. Vernac. mes.—Yako (Yokoto, Dalziel); Asagao (Japan, W uu la. dana VERA Drury, Moloney).—Blu ue American Ipomoea, Morning Glory, Azure Convolvulus. Common in West Africa and generally throughout the Tropics. The seeds are used in India as a cathartic, recommended as a substitute for jalap (Zpomoea purge) (Watt, Cg seq.), and for a similar purpose in Japan (Woolley, Mus. BS € plant iur do and ornamental, tis pale blue the morning changing to pink, on on fences in native labos, Sokoto (Dalziel, "No. 376, 1914, Herb. Kew ef.-—-'' Ipomoea hederacea,” in Dict. Econ. Prod. diu, Watt, 1890, pp. 485-487. ** Ipomoea hederacea,” in Pharma- EH Indica, Dymock, Warden en Hooper, ii. pp. 530-532. Ipomoea involucrata, Beauv.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 150. Ill.—Pal. de Beauv. Fl. Oware et Benin, ii. t. 89. Vernac. names.—Ododo oko (Yoruba, Millson); Alukerese (Lagos, Dawodu). Widely distributed in Tropical Africa. An ornamental mat "uo is eset rose-red flowers, limb of the corolla up to 2 in. in dia Ipomoea palmata, Forsk.; Fl. us Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 178. 1ll.—Bot. Mag. t. 699 (Convolvulus cairicus); Pal de Beauv. Fl. Oware et Benin, ii. t. 1 moea vesiculosa Egyptian Bindweed (St. Helena, Mellis). Throughout Africa and the Tropics generally A twining, ornamental perennial; bright red-purple flowers. SOLANACEAE. Lycorersicum, Hill. Tropici esculentum, Mill.; Gard. Dict. Ed. viii. n. 2. An annual plant, of trailing EE 2-3 ft. high. Leaves more or less pinnate, the leaflets slightly divided, attenuate at the apex, pilose, glaucescent. Flowers green, insignificant, Fruit a berry, red or yellow when ripe, many seeded. Vernac. names. Tomatu Hess, Parsons); Ameh Osehbeh (Accra, + Makana ora (Siam, Kerr); Camatis (Philippines, AMEN .—The tomate Cultivated for its fruit in many pes of Nigeria and through Africa—where it is sometimes found semi-wild in the neigh- bourhood of abandoned camps—and in most warm countries. Tomato growing is an pet industry in Italy, Sicily, Enter 481 States, Mexico, West Indies, Egypt, Canary Islands, ete. It is estimated that in Italy, in the Province of Parma c chiefly there are 4,000 tons of fruits preserved annually (L’ Agric. Commerciale, Ist Sept. 1911, p. 464; Inter. Inst. Par Howe, Bull. Bur. Agric. Intell. Aug. Sept. Oct. 1911, p. 2296), and Italian Tomato Paste is largely imported into the United States—15,458 tons out of 25,338 tons in 1913 from Naples district (Cons. Rep. Ann. No. 10, 000, 000 cases are turned out from the canning factor SEA Dept. Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 435, 1911, p. 8). Shipenia of ripe tomatoes from the Gulf Coast region of Mexico and Cuba are made in large quantities to the United States markets, and in the United Kingdom the imports, chiefly from' Canary Islands, hannel Islands, Spain, alia rance, Portugal and Italy, amounted in 1913 to 1,582 ue ewts. value £1,348,682 (Trade of ihe United Kingdom, Vol. . 1914, p. 208). An oil obtained from me Mods suitable for soap-making has recently appeared on the market from Italy. Under St there are many varieties. Tracey (U.S. Dept. rie. Bureau of Pl. Industry, Bull. No. 21, 1903, pp. 353-371) pir aditu 468 varieties. Upwards of 100 kinds have been specially tested at Wisley , (Journ. Roy. Hort. xxix pp. 675—678) and of those already on the markets it is difficult to recommend one more than another. ‘Sunrise "—fruits medium - and even in size, dark red, round, smooth, averaging 11 fruits in vy e c.); *'Matchless," *'Livingstones Beauty." ‘‘ Acme, : 1 on ainerop," ‘ Trophy " and ** Challenger," were grown mer ini: ott at or Calabar, and so the it of suitable varieties to grow might be readily extended. According to Paros (The N. Nig. "uk: April 30th, 1910, p. 101) the tomato is thoroughly at home in Zaria. Seeds may be sown in pots boxes or nursery beds, pricked off when large enough to handle and planted out in permanent places when about 6 inches high, or when about 4—6 weeks he main requirements are a warm climate, moderate PAT good, well-drained soil, and careful training and thinning out of neces- sary growth; all parts of the plant require full light and air. In field work the rows should be from 31-4 ft. wide and the plants in them from 23-3 ft. apart. The yield may vary according to the variety and cultural conditions from 5-12 tons per acre. e plants begin to bear in from 10-18 weeks, continuing for several weeks if the fruits are taken off immediately they begin to show colour, at which stage they will ripen in a few days if carefull id out in store, exposed to light and air, or packed for transit. By sowing at lar intervals of say from 4-6 weeks a supply could be maintained nearly the whole year roun 482 Kef.—Tomato Growing in New Hampshire: Notes on Tomato Breeding, Rane and Hunt, New Hampshire. Coll ege, Agric. Exp. Station, Bull. No. 42, 1897, pp. 15-26, with particulars of 56 varieties.— — Tomatoes i in Canary Islands,” in Dip. and Cons. Rep. No. 2830, 1902, p. 10.———“‘ The Tomato,” Kyle and Green, memes 1. Bota Exp. St. Bull. No. 65, 1903, pp. 1-31. ta ageres, Vilmor in-Andrieux, pp. 663-680: ‘illustrated p ; , Journ. Roy. Soc. Arts, lix. 1911, p. 1123. —— —'* Tomato Preserving in France” Loo Dx IOI, p. 1044 ——* Canning cag nnd ex Home and in Club Work, Benson, U.S. Dept. Agric. Farm Bull. No. 521, 1913, pp. 1-36.—- roa Seed Oil in Italy” Journ. Roy. Soc. Arts, lxii. 1914, p. 404. SOLANUM, Linn. Solanum duplosinuatum, Klotzsch; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 243. Ill.—Wiener, E ens Zeitung, 1896, p. 405, f. 59 B Farini); Wood, Nafal Pl. 49. ernac. names a fewobamomi (Lagos, sor Wak Bobo- awodi te MacLeod, Hislop, Foster); Bore (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot) ; Toongueeza or Toong'goojah (Unyoro, Uganda Grant); Beet-y-diau (Yoloff, Heckel); Fous (Natal, Wood). Widely distributed in Tropical Africa extending to S. Africa. Used as an antidote = M ison in Africa (Holmes, Pharm. Journ. [4] x 1907, . 199). Berries used with some success as a dy for ringworm (Wood, Natal Pl. i. p. 40). The variety Me C. H. Wright, is stated = Barter (No. 1344, Herb. K Kew) to be cultivated for its fruit—yellow when ripe, smooth surface, size of a tomato—in Nup OK shrub about 3 ft. high ; all the p spiny (Barter, l.c.) some ost unarmed, sometimes bristling with white yellowish Piok (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p- À 750): found in native compound, Lokoja ede Herb. eds very abundafit all over interior of Angola (Monteiro, Herb. Kew). 483 Solanum ae Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 238. Zll.—Ruiz Lopez and Pavon, Fl. Peruv. Tabulae ined. ii. t. 175, f. b. (S. incanum): Delile, , Egypte, t. 23, f. 1 (S. coagulans); Blanco: Fl. P ue coagula Ver mes z Kura or Gauta Kara (Hausa, PAoa Yola, Dalziel); Sorobib (S. W. Africa, Chem. and Druggist, Feb. 4th. 1911, p. 64); Khadak (Arabic € Vester & Co.); Gibbein (Arabie; Muriel); Hyaena's tomato poem transl. of Hausa name above ps aa Jebba in N. Nigeria, Nile Land region to be ; 9. Africa, krébis India A poison, Katagum (Dalziel, l.c.); poisonous, suspected of causing lamziekte in S. Africa (Burtt- t Ann rost. ep. Ag & Bot. Dept. Agric. Union of S. Afr. 224); 1 pu used by the natives as a remedy for aokoa, S.W. Africa (Bull. Bur. Agric. Intellig. Rome, Jan. 1911, p. 1097 Chem. and i 64 p. 64). Found as a bush 5 ft. high, Blue Nile (Muriel, Herb. Kew). Solanum Melongena, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 242. Ill.—Rheede, Hort. Mal. ii. t. 37; x. t. 74 (var.); Rumpf, Amb. v. E 85; ee Ic. t. 123; Dunal, Hist. Solonac. t. 3; Desc. Ant. iii. 187; anco, Fi, Filip. i. t. 260; Wight, Tllust. t. 166; Duthie, Field Crops, t : Vernac. names.—lgba (Lagos, Dawodu); Yundahl (Katan, Hadramaut, Leurs [Sehheh (Accra), Nturabab (Fanti), d Chevalier); in (Philippines, Barve 1. Gs dey Egg, = i s Apple. "ntum "Eropieal Africa and most warm countries. Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. lc., known from West Abos, d s. W. ‘Atri ca aid Mozambique District. Vernac. names.—Yalo (Katagum, nes N’Gilla (Golungo Alto, Welwitsch). Fruit used asa vegetable. The root used sedia d in French Guiana (Heckel, Les. Pl. Med. et Toxiq. Guy. Franc. in Ann. Inst. Col. Marseille, iv. 1897, p. 88). A shrubby spiny plant 3-4 ft. high. Cultivated in Katagum (Dalziel, Herb. Kew), on a small scale near houses in N. Nigeria (Dudgeon, Agric. and For. Prod. W. Afr. p.155; Ann. Rep. Agric. July 31st, 1909, p. 159—“ Yala,” a minor food crop), at Katan, sub-tropics. Under cultivation there are many varieties. Trac +. (U.S. Dept. Agric. Bureau of Pl. Industry, Bull. No. 21, 1908, pp- 183-187) 114 varieties in the United States. 484 “Violette ronde”? and ‘‘blanche ronde" varieties are dis- tinguished in Dahomey (L'Agric. prat. pays chauds. ii. 1902-03, p. 29); "New York Purple” and “Black Beauty” are recom- mended in Cuba (Austen and Halstead, Est. Cent. Agron, Cuba, Bull. No. 13, 1908, p. 39). Five varieties are mentioned as cultivated in Szechuan, China, ‘* Chin pa tzu "-—long purple; ‘“‘Tung Kuan"-—roun purple; "Tzu hua"—long purple green striped; ‘“‘Nui nai’ —long purple and ** Pai’’—long light green, supplying the market from June to October (Hosie, Report No. 5, 1904; p. 15). Seeds may be sown in boxes or seed-beds at intervals during the i , and they may be planted out when about 18 in. high in rows 21-3 ft. apart. A rich, weli, drained soil and moderate rainfall is essential. The plants begin to bear in about 3 or 4 months and may be kept in season throughout the year. Comm. Prod. India, Watt, pp. 1 '* Aubergine gena," in Pl. Potagéres, Vilmorin-Andrieux, - pp. 22-30, illustrated; English Translation, Robinson, pp. 289-294. Solanum nodiflorum, Jacg.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 218. Ill.—Jacq. Ic. Pl. Rar. ii. t. 326; Bettfreund, FI. Argent. iii. t. 153. Vernac. names.—Disue (Golungo Alto, Welwitsch); Herva Moira (Portuguese, Welwitsch); Anamamy (Madagascar, Heckel). In West Africa from Senegal to the Cameroons, and extending through Tropical Afriea to Mozambique. - The berries resemble small grapes-—black or teen ed à in colour. "The deep purple juice is used by the natives of Golungo the purple berries had, after upwards of 40 years, preserved its original colour (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii 746) nt 1s used as a vegetable mixed with rice or as spinach, and the leaves pounded and mixed with those of palma- christi and native saffron (Curcuma longa) are used to makea wash for the cure of ‘‘ Tomboka " or anthrax and bubos, Madagascar Heckel, Ann. L'Inst. Col. Marseille, i. 1903, 2nd fasc. p. 76, olanum nigrum, var. nodiflorum). A herbaceous plant, flowering and fruiting freely, sometimes shrubby, 1-4 ft. high, in the Cameroon Mts. 7000-10,000 ft. (Mann, Herb. Kew); found about Nupe but not common (Barter, Herb. Kew), in places neglected after cultivation and about 485 negro villages in Golungo Alto, in flower and fruit in January, June, July and middle of August (Hiern, l.c. p. 146). Solanum tuberosum, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 185. An annual plant well known in gardens and fiélds at home. The ‘Potato. Trade in the Valley of the Niger, 2n A Tow Comm. aris, Nov. 27, 1910), the Gold Coast—seed from the Canary Pad (Crowther, Rep. Mise. No. 1, 1891, p. 51), in Southern Angola— p. 1887), in the untry, anda Railway (altitude about 7000 ft.), where (1902) the few Boropean, planters there 1 potatoes as a staple crop, the yield out manur 2-9 rupees per load of 60 Ib. (Lyne, Cons. Rep. Misc. No. 577, 1902, p. 4), in Makindu, E. Afriea Protectorate ur? 8 tons per acre of AE qu uality have been obtained (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 519, 1907, 85), in Jamaica, Bermudas, India, Ceylon, Upper Burma, sad the Assam Hills the potato is under successful cultivation (see refs.). Other instances might be given but the above are enough to show that considerable interest is being taken in this V in hot countries and where ground at a suitable altitude (2000-5000 ft. or so) ob: We attained the een tion need not be met with much difficu The requirements under clean a are a rich sed loam, thoroughly drained, a warm climate and moderate rainf Reproduction is invariably ie by tubers or sets." In European M large potatoes are often cut into halves or quarters, but erally small selected whole tubers are used and in the tropies t is advisable to use the latter. *'Greening" of potatoes, that is ex osing them to light in layers to induce strong *sprits"' before pl anting, is recommended. Set 4 in. deep at distances of 1 ft. in shallow drills 2-3 ft. apart, they come to maturity in from 3-5 months, and a good crop is from 5-10 tons. Earthing up as occasion requires will be necessary during growth to keep the young potatoes covere ed potatoes are usually better imported a nd a large export trade of several thousand tons year is carried on from France (chiefly Bordeaux) to S. ie and British Colonies, espe- . cially in S. Africa. They are packed in specially prepar red lat) boxes containing two separate layers of 15 kilog. Hi arly 50 Ib.) in all about 100 Ib. of potatoes, the gross weight of the boxes being about 115 lb.; the first cost may vary from $ , 486 £3-£4 10s. and upwards per ton, according to season, the favourite varieties being ‘* Early Rose," “Jaune Ronde,” “Cha De, “Beauvais Ronde," ‘‘U -to- ate," DE PAC de Bauvais "' and ‘‘ Richter’s Imperator ” _ (Journ. Roy. Soc. Arts, lxii. 1914, p.662). ‘ Early Rose”? and ‘ -to-Date "" seem to be two varieties most in demand for East Africa and S. Africa; ‘‘ Sut Ringleader” was tried at Old Calabar (1901), and ^ Chiswick Favourite," *‘Imperator’’ and ‘‘ Adirondack " have yielded satis- factory crops at Hakgala, Ceylon (Trimen, Roy. Bot. Gardens, Ceylon, Report, 1890, p. 13). There are upwards of 500 good Starch and Alcohol are given in the following works. A curious industry was started several years ago in Berlin for the manu- facture of Jead pencils, a rou made from potatoes taking the place of the cedar wo en on thly Cons. and Trade Rep., Washington, Aug. 1907, p. 26). Ref.—‘‘ The (Spiers and dd Culture," Ghosha, in Journ. Agric. Hort. Soc. India, ii. 1871, pp. 296-309. ** Solanum tuberosum,’’ in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, vi. part I 1895, pp. 265-272. Potatoes, Sutton, pp. 1-4, illust. (Simpkin, Marshall & Co. London): Reprint from Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc. xix. 1896, pp. 387—430.— Potato Culture, Daggar, n S. Dept. Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 35, 1896, pp. 1-23. otatoes: Varie- ties: Fertilizers : Scab, Rane and San, New Hampuhife Coll. pp. 1-75, illust. (Spottiswoode & Co. London): Reprint. from ji n. Roy. Agric . Soe. CENE ix. 1898, pp. 581-653. ‘ The Irish Potato,’ eae and Nees, Texas Agric. Exp. St. Bull. No. 54, 1899, Hort. Section, pp. 109- 198, illustrated. The Manufacture of Starch from Potatoes and Cassava , Wiley, U.S, Dept. Agric. Div. Chem. Bull. No. 58, 1900, pp. 1-48, including “The Use of Potatoes for the Manufacture of Alcohol, = , PP- 26-27.——“ The Preparation and Use of Dried Potatoes," in Bull. Imp. Inst. i. 1903 pp. 77-80.——*' Pomme de Tah re: Solanum tuberosum,” in P Potagères, ep in-Andrieux, pp. 573-620 (Paris, 1904) with descriptions o f 153 varieties: English Translation, Robinson, pp. 550-601, illustrati: Potatoes and Potato Culture, Ràne and Hall, U. s. Dept. Agric. Exp. St. New Hampshire, Bull. No.111, 1904, pp. 109-130, illustr. — The Book of the Potato, Sanders, pp. 1-222, with a list of 269 varieties (Collingridge, London, 1905). phe Potato, Fraser, pp. 1-185 (The Orange Judd Co. New York: Kegan Paul and Co. London, 1905) Ps Potato pré Culture, Macoun, Dept. of Agric. Ottawa, Canada, pem , 1905, pp. 1-48. “ Drying Potatoes in Germany,” i. Bd. of Agric. xiii. 1906, p. 358; l.c. xiv. 1907, p. 568. —— 481 *“ Potato, Solanum tuberosum,’’ Fraser, in Cycl. Amer. Agric. Bailey, ii. pp. 519—528. — — Potatoes EIS Other Root i as Food, Langworthy, U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers’ Bull. 295, 1907, pp. 1-45; Potato, pp. 1-28.——* Potato Sich. "dn "The World's Comm. Produ cts, Freeman and Chandler, pp. 65-68 (Pitman and Sons, Ltd., London, 1907 — — Solanum. tuberosum, in Comm. Pa India, Wait, pp. 1028-1031.——‘‘ Potatoes at Wisle ey, 1908," in Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc. xxxiv. 1908-09, pp. 525-531, "with descriptions of 96 varieties.———'' Potatoes in Upper Burma,” Thompstone, in Agric. Journ. India, v. 1910, pp. 85-89, pls. ii.-iv. illustrating varieties. e Potato as a "Truck Crop, Corbett, U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 407, 1910, pp. 1-24. Potato Culls as a Source of Industrial Alcohol, Wente and Tolman, U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 410, 1910, pp. 1-40.—— te Experiments in Potato Growing,” Henshaw, in Journ. Bd. our. xvii. 1910, pp. 892-904.—— oe Seed Potatoes and How to Produce Them, Stuart, U.S. De Agric. Farmers Bull No. 533, 1913, pp. 1-16. export of Seed Potatoes from France,” in Journ. Roy. Soc. Aris, lxii. 1914, pp. 662-663.——Potato Cultivation in the Assam Hills, bn hor Land Records and Agric. Assam. Bull. No. 3, 1914, pp. 1-6. Paysaris, Linn. Physalis angulata, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 248. Ill.—RRheede, Hort. Mal. x. t. 70; Dillenius, Hort. Eltham tt. 11, 12 (Alkekenji indicum . . . ); Blanco, Fl. Fili ip. t. 50; Wi ght, Illust. t. 166 bis Vernac. names. pon shi in maza (Kat agum, Dalziel); Cubum . Pap (Gambia, Brown Lester); Sacabuche Anguloso (Porto Rico, d and Collins). e, Katagum, Kuka (Bornu), Lokoja in N. Nigeria, and ; Poen gem from Sierra Leone, Togoland and Angola. Used as an external counter-irritant, r^ the natives on the . Gambia (Brown Lester, Kew Bull. 1891, p. 273). ed shrub 9 in. to 2 feet or more high; common in éulitented und, Nupe (Barter, Herb. Kew), and waste places, Katagum (Dalziel, Herb. Kew). Physalis minima, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 247. Ill.—Rheede, Hort. Mal. x. t. 71; Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. t. 9 bee barbadense nanum, ete.); Transv. Agric. Journ. iv. Q6 . Vernac. names.—Karamanta (Katagum, Dalziel); Kindi (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot); Caboboad (Angola, Welwi tsch). West Africa—Senegal to the Cameroons, extending to Angola, Uganda, Nyasaland, Portuguese East Africa, etc. Fruit edible (Parsons, Herb. Kew); the fruit of the cultivated form is eaten and that of the var. indica is used medicinally as HH 488 , a tonic, — and purgative in India (Dict. Econ. Prod. India A small TAE annual 1-2 ft. high; growing cu Rd stones and under cultivation at Baro (Parsons, Herb. Kew); “in plantations x cotton and sugar, Golungo Alto (Hiern, Cat. "Welw ATE PI mn. ). Physalis peruviana, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. ve Ill.—Medic. Act. Acad. Theod. Palat. iv. Phys 4 E tomentosa) ; Bot. Mag. t. a (P. edulis) ; Pentel Madeira l. Fr. and Ferns, t. 11 (P. ed ulis); Miers, Illustr. S. Amer. PI. ii. t. 39; Trelease, 8th Report, Missouri Bot. Gdn. 1897, t. 44. Cape ‘Gooseberry: Widely distributed in ‘Tropical Africa and the Tropics generally. ueste ie in S. Africa; native.of Peru Hx Lou eoo much in favour With gla ‘Madeira (Gone Rep. TAR ry A so new hat shrubby x 2-3 ft. high, stems herbaceous, Rakik perennial, commonly cultivated as an annual for its fruit and for ornamental purposes. There appears to be no record of this species in Nigeria but it is the best of the Physalis, and is easily grown from seed, thriving in any moderately rich soil and planted out in rows about 4 ft. apart, and 2 ft. in the rows they come to maturity in from 5-7 months. It is found cultivated and wild in S. Africa (l.c.), on the Congo-Stanley Pool at an altitude of 900-1000 ft. (Hens, Herb. Kew), E Kikuyu, Uganda from 4000-6000 ft. (Whyte, Herb. Kew). e CYPHOMANDRA, Mart. Cyphomandra betacea, Sendt. in Flora, xxviii (1845) p. 172. or small tree inaly ft. high. Leaves up to 1 ft. in ub- cyme; flowers "Seed pale flesh colour. Fruit ovoid sa m about 2 = through, green or purplish chattes to e. Ill.—Cav. Ic. t. 524 xe spore Andrews, Bot. Rep. t. 511; Rev. Hort. 1880, p. 150; 1881, 470: Gard. Chron., March. 19th, 1887, p. 383; Kew Bull. [ha 8, Er us na Le Tomato, Plum Tomato, Tomato de la Paz, Vegetable ury. Native of Peru. Cultivated in East Africa, West Indies, 8. Europe, etc. Fruit edible, may be eaten raw or pi vis like ordinary tomato, or makes a good preserve and jelly. à conserve stewed with sugar it much resembles apple or rer (Morris, Herb. Kew). 489 Succeeds at an elevation of 3000 ft. and upwards; mean annual temperature of 639F.; in fruit all the year round and easily cultivated from seed; the trees begin to bear fruit in a year or ess and may continue bearing for 10 years or more. The fruits, which take from 5-6 months to ripen from the time of flowering, should be quite ripe before gathering (Kew Bull. 1888, p. 179). Kef.—'* Tree. Tomato (Cyphomandra betacea)," in Kew Bull. No. 8, Aug. 1887, pp. 2-6. Wirnants, Pauq. Withania somnifera, Dunal; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 249. Ill.—Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. ii. t. 853 (Physalis somnifera, var. flezuosa). ernac. names.—Sim el Far (Arabic, Bromfield); Asgandh or Today, (Indore, India, Watt, Dymock, Biscoe). —Rats-bane (Bromfield). Katagum, Kuka, near Lake Chad, Bornu, and widely dis- tributed in Trop ical Africa, extending t to S. Africa, India, Arabia, Persia, ds Islands and the Mediterranean region The berries as with those of W. coagulans are used for coagu- lating milk into curd or cheese (Kew Bull 1903 p. 27); in chest complaints and for ringworm, S. Africa (Pharm. J ourn. [4] xxv. 1907, p. 133); the leaves and roots are rid for various medicinal ‘purposes in India (Watt, Dymock, seq.). An erect shrubby plant 2-4 ft. high; bytes found in.com- paratively dry regions; in bushy sandy submaritime places at the river Cavaco, Benguella, and in sandy erue banks of the river Bero, Mossamedes (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 752); flower and fruit in July (l.c.); in bone gardens, Pedda: da (Dawe, - at Bot. Miss. Ugan Ref.—‘* Withania raider doc ed Indiea, Dymock, Warden and Hooper, ii. pe 566—569.——'* Wit = somnifera,” in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, vi. part IV. 1 311 T “Vegetable Rennets, " in Kew Bull. 1903; pp. 27-28. ** Withania somnifera,’ ' Biscoe, in Indian Forester, xxxvii. 1911, pp. 380—381. Capsicum, Linn. — Capsicum annuum, Linn. ; de Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 251. Til. es Hort. Mal. ix. t. 35; Kn noor, Thesaurus, Herb Hort. 11. t. c. 6; Mi ao act, Sem. Pl. ii. t. 132; Plenck, Ic. > a Schk. Handb, t. 47; AN Darst. Beschr. Gewüchse, t. 24; Dese. Ant 422; Nees von agrees Plant. Medic. Düsseld. i. 190; Guipel, Abbild. Beschr. t. 16; Wo odville, Med. Bot. ii (1832), t. 80; F ingerhuth, bec Capsici, t. 2 (vars. rugulosum, acuminatum; subangulosum, ovoideum, abbreviatum, olivaeforme) ; Burnett, Pl. Util. 1. t. 14 b; Good, Fam. ves t. 32; Berg. and Schmi je AUR and Beschr. Pharm. iii. 20a (C. longum); Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xx. t. 1634, f. 2; "Boni. and -> Frimen, Med. PI. t. i. Köhler, Med. Pflan. i; Greshoff, Nutt. HH 2 490 Ind. dn $ 47 ; Irish, 9th Report, Missouri Bot. Gdn. pA ix ics Ver names.—Ata jije (Lagos, Dawodu); ae (H ausa, Parsons); Bembe (Sierra Leone, Seon Elliot); Busbas (Hadramaut, Lunt); Pimiento (Porto Rico, Cook and Collins). - Annual Capsicum or Pepper, Red Pepper, aies Pepper. Widely distributed in the Tropics of the Old and New Worlds. Capsicum baccatum, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 252. Ill.—Rumpf, Amb. v. t. 88, f. 2; rey Ic. t. 108; Gilii and Xuarez, Rome, t. 23; Desc. Ant. vi. t. 423 ; Sloane, BH». Jamaica, i. € 146,1. 2: ; Pingerhuth, Monogr. Capsici, t. 4. f. a; Journ. Roy. T Soc. x v. p. 368. nac es.—Comorim (Ambriz, Welwitsch); Aji picante fore Mio; "Cook and Collins. — Bird Pepper, Berry Capsicum. Native of the East and West Indies; in Tropical Africa speci- mens are recorded only from Uganda and Angola. Uses much as under C. annuum; forms the e ingredient in the preparation * 'mandram ”’ t E West : Cultivated in Ambriz, S. W. à Hid: pee Welw. Afr. Pl. ini. p. 751) in Botanie Giddens: “Entebbe (Dawe, Rep. Bot. Miss. Uganda, 1906, p- 53). een grown in the gardens of this country since 1713, ee cultivated, for particulars and references, see end of genu Capsicum frutescens, Linn. ; oe Trop. Tap IV. Sect. 2, p. 251. ru —Rheede, Hort. Mal. . 56; mpf, Amb. v. t. 88, 1, 3, 4; Lam. Encycl. t. T Gi RE Xuarez, Rome, t. 22; Fingerhath, Monogr. racine t. 4, f. c; Duthie, Field Crops, t. 74; Bentl. & Trimen, Med. Pl. t. 188 (C. fastigiatum); Z ourn. Roy. ~ wies XXXV. P 368. ds filo (Madagascar, par dg Boro ni papalagi (Fi Seemann).—Shrubby Capsicum, €: ue Bird Pepper Guinea Pepper, *' Chillies’’ of Com Common throughout all tropical Wins. ses similar to those of C. annuum, the dried ripe fruits come into this country from Zanzibar, N yasaland, Japan. "This species is the one principally used for making ds Bas ie zi tdi also several special preparations such as ‘‘ Cayenne pepper ’’ made : grinding the ripe dried fruits to RC Bee Se pecia un ides o 491 a bes Indian stomachie prepared by washing a few pods of bird r and mixiüg them with sliced cucumbers and shallots with the tie of lime juice and Madeira wine ue seq.). ‘Curry Powder (with Turmeric) and v arious [de of Pepper Sauce,” including ''Tabasco " (Mexic kg Papri ika” is a Hungarian condiment made by grinding tlie fruits after removal of the seeds. Capsicums find a use in mineral water manufacture and the seeds are used for feeding irds. An extens nsive trade is done in the fruits under the names ** Capsicums " and Chillies, the former name being broadly used for the larger thia and the latter name for the smaller fruits, sometimes also called ‘Bird Pepper.’ The value may fluctuate between 35s.—50s. per cwt., anything below 35s. vesti perhaps hardly pay collecting. Zanzibar m have been known to fetch 140s. per ewt. (Kew Bull. 1892, p. 88), Sierra Leone Chillies in Liverpool (April 1915) nals s.—89s. per cwt The princi ial sources of supply are Zanzibar, Uganda, Nyasaland, B.E. Africa, Sierra Leone, Natal, India, Japan, and he West Indies, the total trade approximating to 100 tons a year. India alone with a total trade of about 5000 tons in 1907, contri- buted to the United icy idend E: 35 tons (Watt Comm. "pid. India, p. 268). Sierra Leon ihe same year exported 33 tons, and in 1909-10 Nyasaland ex iral ow 53 tons (Ann. Rep. Rone and For. Dept., nd exporte 1910, i í The inlet t is easy and much the same as given under Solanum melongena. In the cube éd 6 aey are treated as annuals, but in ‘the Tropics some form y be biennial or ight yea A be from 4000-8000 Ib . per acre ra ee or ‘1000 72000 lb. dry. The only preparation required, is picking when just kin to change colour, and drying in the sun. Clean, bright fruits are essential for shipment. In drying, the fruits lose MT in weight. Watt Ee . Prod. ae p. oed states that dry res the ungent varieties ma y be men Arr “Nepi Tabasco,” ete. ., and of the mild, ** Bell," ‘‘ Sweet Mountain,’ ‘Ruby Kin a dMucinoth Golden Queen,” ‘ Chinese Giant.» “id ** Paprika," ete Peppers are grown throughout Nigeria chiefly as a mixed crop near houses or on farms, and according to Dudgeon (Agric. Eee Prod. 2 A p. 135) in Kano and Zaria they are mim elds. They form one of the indispensable crops day = loc iiem use rough the Tropics. —'' Capsicum fastigi nd Capsicum annuum,’ Re nM PI. Beatley and Trimen, os. 188, 189, 8 pp. (Churchill, Tidi. 492 1880).——‘‘ Sweet Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum annuum var. )" in New Comm. Pl. and. Drugs, Christy, No. 4, 1881, pp. 15-17.—— : in LEN coa PR. 32 " Fructus Capsici," in Pharmacographia, Flückiger and Hanbury, pp. 452-455.— —'* Capsicum,” in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, edie li. en pP- nd 140, C. annuum, frutescens, gros- sum, minimu t i 300.— ‘A Note on Chili Cultivation,” Drieberg, in Trop, Agric. xxiv. 1905, pp. : 177-119.—— Chi lies or Capsicums,”’ Buttenshaw, in West Indian Bull. vii. No. 3, 1906, pp. 213- 221. ‘‘ Capsicum," in Comm. Prod. India, Watt, pp. 264- 269 (John Murray, London, 1908).—-— ** Chillies, "om Dui Imp. Inst. vii. : . 45-46.——-'* p Pods from Rhodesia and the Gold Coast," l.c. x. 1912, 571-572. ‘‘ Capsieums,"" in Spices, Ridley, pp- 360-389. (Macmillan and Co. Ltd. London, 1912).— —'* Sweet or Non-Pungent Cayenne Pepper,” ,, Holmes, in Pharm. Journ. [4] xxxvi. 1913, pp. 626- 627. -''Capsicums," in The Perfumery and Essential Oil Record, v. May 1914, pp. 145—146. Datura, Tigh Datura Pers Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p- 256. IU—Rumpf, Amb. v. t. 87; Blanco, Fl. Filip. t. 35; Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. br iv. t. 1396; jus ust. t. 166 a Í. 1; FI. des Vernac. names.—Jila-Andundo (Golungo Alto, Welwitsch); Mutumbella (Mossamedes, ees Estramonio (Porto Rico, Cook and Collins).— Black Dat Cosmopolitan in = Tropics ; ds var. alba is recorded from the West Coast of Afri Leaves boiled in ane to give ` a stupefying quality, Shire i . Ke Gad s a narcotic to drug palm-wine, in Golungo Alto, Tii 1n case of a robbery the negroes use a mixture of Sen pounded leaves and palm-wine—which pro- uces, when a condition bordering on madness—to discover the thief (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 753). In neral the properties are much the same as those of . Stramonium. The var. alba is said to be most highly approved for Mu : puo ses in India (Watt, Comm. Prod. India, mies ed with plants grown in India, the total alkaloid x been found to vary from 0-1 in the roots to 0-2 in the 498 fruits, and Tee was found to be the presomigae alkaloid (Ann. Rep. Bd. Sci. Advice, India, 1911-12, An erect annual plant 3-5 ft. high, with ete handsom flowers, white inside, violet outside in the type, all white in the r. alba, less foetid than the leaves. Cultivated at the Botanie eife Ebute Mett ta, in flower and fruit in June (McNair, Report Bot. St. Ebute Metta, June 30, 1889); found in cultivated „plots sands, et with when the no less abundant Tribulus Hien Cat is lern Ref. ss Sensi et n Datars Albae," in Dee us Agi Flückiger and Hanbury, pp. 462-4 453. —- ura fastuosa,” in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, iii. 1890, ind 39-39. Datura Metel, et FI. Trop. Afr. IV. Ta 2, p. 256. Ill.—Bot. Mag. 1440; Blanco, Fl. Filip. t. 34; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. vii. (1838) + 380 (D. gu un): Wight, Te. PI. prs Or. 111. t. 852 ots ba). A poison, moe (Dali, Herb. Kew). The seeds = monium. The seeds contain abou t 15 per cent. of il (Hooper, Agric. Ledger, No. 5, 1911-12, ** Oils and Fats of indas ' p. 156). erbaceous plant, stem erect, 3-4 ft. high, found growing near aliga, Katagum (Dalziel, Le.) ; apparently wild, in waste ground by the river Niger, Farana (Scott Elliot, Herb. Kew); cul- tivated throughout Mexico (Dolley, Enel. in Letter H.M. Consul, Mexico, April 1910, to Director Kew). Cultivation same as for D. Stramonium. Ref.—'' Datura Metel,’ ” in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, i 1890, pp. 39-40.-——'' Datura Metel," in Pharmac icto Indica, Dymock, Wurden and Hooper, ii. pp. 585-592. Datura Stramonium, Linz. ; 1 Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 251. Ill.—Oeder, Fl. Danica. iii. t. 436; Plenck, Ic. t. 96; E and Smith, En ng. Bot. xviii. t. 1288; Schk. Ha ndb. t. 43; Palmstruck, Svensk. Bot. Stockholm, Hayn Darst. Beschr. Gewüchse, i it T: Carbis, FI. tond. Pate Ed. Ji LL "d pee. Encycl. t. 113; Bigelow, Amer. Med. Bot. t. 1; Desc. Ant. ii 175; Nees von Esenbeck, Plant. Medic. and t. 193; Gaa Abbild. Beschr. t. 45; Woodville, Med. Bot. ii. (1832) t. 74; Steph. 494 and Ch. Med. Bot. : i. 6; Baxter, Brit. Bot. ii. t. 121; Zenker, Fl. Thuringen, ii. t. 217; Burnett, Pl. Util. ii. t. 43 a; Good, Fam. Flor. t. 56; i and Schmidt, Darst. Beschr. Pharm. iii. t. 20 d; Sym , Eng. Bot. vi. Ed. 3, t. 835; dT Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1624, ig di "Bentl. and bum Med. Pl. . 192; DW Med. Pflan ; Rev. Hort. 1910, p. 132; Henkel, U.S. Dept. Agric ear Bull. No. 188, 1904, ff. s "87: Bureau of Pl. Noirs Bull. No. 219, 1911, p. 30, 1.22. es.—Chamisco, Cham ico Morado, Estramonio weed, David's Trish, Wildfire m E: amestown Ly Apple of Peru, Fire-weed, etc., c. Kuka on Lake Chad ; widely distributed in Tropical Africa and generally throughout the Tropics, and during long hot seasons in many temperate countries—Germany, Austria-Hungary, etc. In England it is grown at Long Melford, Suffolk. p seeds contain 16 per cent and upwards of oil of feeble drying alue bero ni Agric. Ledger, No. 5, 1911-12, ‘‘ Oils and Fats of jadis o 156). onous principle is ** Daturi Andrews finds the percentage of Our à Ikaloid in the fines bx in the leaves 0-41 and , and in the fruits 0'46—in this respect bearing favourable M dun EU KI em and Egyptian plants—t e alkaloid Smoking the leaves en ben kiad ERER for asthma, and 'Stramonium"' cigarettes or cigars have been sold for this purpose for many years. Syme (Eng. Bot. vi. 1866, p. 105 mentions this use, and Fuchs (De Hist. pus "o ( (1542) p. 691) mentions the name ‘‘ Rauch Apfel-Krau moke Apple- w indicative of a similar use. It is att a cigarettes recently sold in this country under the name ‘‘ Fumastra,’’ are Li > onal from the leaves of this and the above-mentioned species of The Thorn A: AN is cultivated in England, but it grows wild in Germany and Hungary whence supplies of the drug have come. An annual of rank growth 1-2 ft. high in cool countries, 6-7 is high—very dark green leaves, white scented flowers, growin = water, Somaliland (Phillips, Herb. Kew), common through t U ganda (Dawe, Rept. Bot. Miss Uganda, 1906, p. 53 » cultivated throughout Mexico (Dolley, 1.c Propagated by seeds, about 10—15 Ib. being required to sow an acre. May se sown in drills or planted out in rows about 2-3 ft. apart; the crop will be r eady for cutting in from 3-4 months. leaves akon be collected at the time of flowering, the whole i 495 plant ge pee DN. and "y leaves stripped off and dried care- fully in or seed the capsules may be collected when "— value of the seeds Ge . States varies rom 3-7 cents b. ( iid D Ham Stramonii," and *'Semen Stramonii " in Pharmacographia, Flückiger Lir Hanbury, pp. ** Datura Stramonium,”’ in Med. PI. Bentley and Trimen, No. 192, 5 pp.——' Datura Stramonium : Thorn pple," in New Comm. PL ar Drugs, Christy. No. 10, 1887, p. 48. r Stramonium," in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, bred iii. t . 40-43. 2 pp. pp- do ** Jim Weed ( Datura Stramonium) ” I Weeds Used in eta ” Henkel, U.S. De ept. . Agric. Barnes’ i 1-89. “ Datura,’ ' in Comm. Prod. India, Watt, pp. 487—489.— —'* Solanaceous Drugs from India," in Bull Imp. Inst. ix. 1911, pp. 110-116—-D. Stramonium, i t ' The Active Constituents of the our erede Plants, D: d . fastuosa, and D. Metel, Andrews, in Journ. Chem. Soc. No. dlxxxix. (London, 1911) om : 1871- 1871, RAO; in Bull. elk Te Intell. . Rome, Feb. 1912, pp. 399-400. ** Stinkbl B : Datura Stramonium, Scientific Bulletin, Ser. OM June 20 -i 108-11 Honey from Datura Stramonium," Deane, in Chemist and Druggist, July 26, 1913, p. 187.——' A Note on the Alleged Poisonous Properties of Honey from Datura Stramonium,’’ Deane, in Pharm. Journ. [4] xxxvii. 1918, pp. 134-135. Nicorrawa, Linn. otiana geo R. Grah. in Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. (April- Tien 1828) p A glaucous a branches erect, 11-20 ft. high. Leaves ovate uminate, gla 1-8 ed e rous, 3-5 in. long, in. a. Tuloresceneea term a terminal panicle; flowers tubular, yellow, ^ omar 496 Vernac. names.—[Caralanta (Bolivia), Palan-palan or Balan- balan (Argentina) Bathmartiger Tabak (German) Comes|— Trumpet Tree (Jerusalem, Vester i Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 2837; Sim, For. Fl. Cape Col. t. 115, f. 1. Native of T Argentine, Bolivia and Paraguay. Naturalised in South Afri Grown as an coer plant at Onitsha (Dodd, List of Pl. Onitsha Plantations and Gardens, July, 1907). Sim (l.c. p. 219) states that the plant prefers soil or rock in-which lime is present and that it has the reputation of being poisonous to stock. It is a pest in N.S. Wales, Victoria and S. Africa. Nicotiana rustica, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 260. Il. Pc Or Field Graph Y 17; Comes, Monogr. Nicotiana, t. 1, f. 2; Kohler, Med. Pflan Vernac. name.—Guibili cue Battcock).—Turkish or East Indian Tobacco. Mexico, California, arte um Cultivated in India, Egypt, West Africa, and s have been collected in Kordofan, Simona, Sudan S ond. “No. re 6, 1907, Herb. Kew), um and Nile r Iwan. (Grant, E Kew), Madi Country (Dawe: i^m 871, 1905, Herb. Kew) and B.E. Africa. The Tobacco o Khartum LI the Nile (Grant), cultivated in Nile region growing 1-2 (Dawe l.c.), and according to Pieler (Bull. Soc. Nat. d’ As. France, 1912, p. 138) it is the species principally cultivated in the Sudanese region and it forms an important trade in French Guinea, the valley of the Middle Niger (French Sudan) and Northern Nigeria. The var. brasilia Schrank, ‘‘ fumo-crespo"" of the Brazilians, native of Brazil, is used in the manufacture of snuff, and var. humilis, Schrank, i$ extensively cultivated for the same purpose Ref.—‘‘ Nicotiana rustica: Turkish or East Indian sec ang in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, aig v. ome 1, 1891, 2. red a oward, Ve Vibe eds A ia. Tide iii. No. $ March 1910, p pp- 1-58, plates i.— Nicotiana Tabacum, ey | £L a ue ae Sect. 2, p. 259. —Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. . Encycl. t. 113; Buchoz, Herb. Col. Amérique, t. 96; Po 1 t. 99; Velloso, F1. Alogr. Brazil, p. 215; Bilberg, Ekonom. Bot. t. 12; Schk. Handb. ` t. 44; de. Amer. Med. Bot. t. 40; Nees von Esenbeck Plant. Medie "ug epu 194; Wagner, Pharm. Med. Bot. t. 101; Desc. Ant. 415; “Ha ayne, Darst. Beschr. Gewäche, xii. t. 41; Cual: Abbild. Beschr. t. 105; Steph. and Ch. Med. Bot. t. 31; Blanco, Fi. Filip. t. 36 (var. macroph lla); Burnett, Pl. Util. 1. t. la; Good, Fam. Flor. t. 84; Wight, Illust. t. 166 bis, f: 2; Nees von Esenbeck, Gen. Plant. Fl. Germ. v. t. 52; Berg and Schmidt, ; 497 Darst. and Beschr. Pharm. ii. t. 12d; Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. | a Vernac. names. ae fom Bog: utn): Bobi (Manga, N. Nigeria, Dudgeon); Ewa Taba (Lagos, Dawodu); Tambae (Hadramaut, Disi); ; Phodia (River Shire, Meller r). Nupe (Barter, No. 1345, Herb. Kew); Manga, N. Nigeria (Dudgeon, No. 60, 1907, Herb. Kew and more or less throughout Nigeria. Native of Tropical America and widely cultivated. The flowers are used in Northern Nigeria by the natives to stain the teeth red (Dudgeon Le.). It is grown as an irrigated crop together with '' Gorrko "' chiefly for the flowers s (* fure "); at Uje the total yield of tobacco and flower per plant is valued at 10 ratals (2d.), at Zoroto, 12 ratals, and in some places the flower is of no local value. At Alo a characteristic tobacco plot measuring 112 square yards contained 209 tobacco plants and 131 ‘‘ Gorrko " plants (Thomson, N. Nig. Gaz. 15th July, 1912, Suppl. p. 22), but larger plots as at Merguba, containing : 2000 and upwards of tobacco plants with about 200 ‘‘ Gorrko’’ plants are sometimes grown. The seed contains a greenish-yellow oil, yielding by pressure 9-10 per cent. and by extraction 30-32 per cent., with strong drying powers (Hooper, Agric. Ledger, No. 5, 1911-12, p. 157). Nicotine is an alkaloid extracted from the refuse of tobacco ited i goat ef en midribs of the leaves; those of the TVIT and '' Kentucky " varieties being regarded as the best ce thé. purpose. It is an important horticultural insecticide, and the principal constituent of some sheep-dips. It is produced in the manufactories of this country under the supervision of the Inland Revenue sericis the officials also oe to the and the best results were obtained by leavi ina 6 Te per e with 20,000 plants to the hectare and fertilising with 300 kilog. of sodium nitrate per hectare, but this plot yielded only 156 kilog. of Nicotine (Bull. Bur. Agric. Intellig. Rome, Jan. 1911, p. 107). In every case it was found that the Benet s Nicotine was con- Snuff and ‘‘ Tobacco Geis Insecticide” is igs manufactured from the refuse of tobacco manufactori 498 The uses of tobacco for smoking, owing and as snuff need scarcely be mentioned since it is perhaps the most widely spread luxury in the world. The total trade in the course of a pe ar amounts to more dus 2.000, 000. 000 1b., and the revenue value this country alone amounts to more than £15,000,000 over £17,000,000 in 1913) annually. The principal source of supply to this country of unmanu- factured tobacco is the United States from whence in 1913 the United Kingdom Seid, 142,042,656 m value £5,657,546. The total imports for the year from all sources amounted to 162,965,925 Ib. ibid E 709,082 ; the ATAN: contributing over a million the difference were:—The Netherlands (6,450,867 ae nw. £287,493), Turkey (6,247,102 1b. value 29,756), Germany es 385 si bus sit 620), u pr am (1,901,851 lb. value £55,733) Portugu ese East Africa (1,570,477 lb. value £39,193) (Trade of the United Kingdom, i. 1914, p. 244). Several well marked varieties are distinguished by Comes V pte e gene du Genre. Nicotiana (1899); Delle Razze dei Tabac Filogenesi, Qualita ed Uso (1905)] from which have arisen numerous races, cultivated forms, or hybrids, each of these being here referred to under the predominating parent plant. var. brasiliensis, Comes, Monogr. Nicot. p. 14, tt. 1, 6; Delle Razze, p. 19, f. 3, p. 79. Broad-leaf Tobaeco. Native of Brazil, Venezuela, Bolivia. Cultivated—United States, including Brazilian, Florida, Maryland, Ohio, Missouri, Marylander Big Frederick, Marygold, Sterling, Tennessee Red, Ruffled Leaf, Landreth, Granville County Yellow, and Frans (or Cinnamon Scented) ; Canada, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Porto Rico, Chili, France, Germany, Italy, Turkey—Adrianopoli, Saloniki, "Herzegovina ; Africa—Algeria, Cape, Uganda, Nubia. var. fruticosa, Comes, Monogr. Nicot. p. 9, tt. 1, 3; Delle Razze, p- 15, f. 1, p. 27. diua anm or Shrubby Tobacco. Native of Mexico and. Brazil; includin certain tobaecos from Venezuela—Carabobo; Japan, ina—Hainan; Nepal; Java, Singapore, Africa— pre Sudan (Sennaar), and Turkey—Latakia, Samsun, var. havanensis, oy Monogr. Nicot. p. 16, tt. 1, 7; Delle Bue, p- 22. n 5, p Havana To EAE CM dive of Mexico. Cultivated-— United States including the '' ans a types of Connecticut, Penn- sylvania, Ohio, Maryland, Missouri, Florida and Havana, Wilson's Hybrid, Beian] Grand, the S panish types of Zimmer, Little Dutch, Comstock, etc., and vow n of Mexico, Honduras, Manila, Java—Besoeki, Kadoe Kedirie, etc. i: Sumatra— Deli, en Cochin China—Saigon ; Persia, Aya-Soluk and Greece. lancifolia, TM one Nicot. p. 11, tt. 1, 4; Delle Moi. p. 18, £. 2, p. 5 499 Sword-leaf Tobacco. Native of Ecuador and Colombia. Cultivated—United States, including Kent tucky, Red Burley, White Burley, Climax; Syria—Latakia; Greece, Italy, France, Ger sisi India, and S. Domingo "Tobaéco. var. phylla Comes, Monogr. Nicot. p. 18, tt. 1, 8; Delle Razze, p. A Mr f. 6, p. 199. Large-leaved TEN Native of Mexico. Introduced to Porto Rico, Brazil, Peru, India, Persia, Egypt, Abyssinia, Zambesi and a — of x tobaccos of Cuba—Yara ; Venezuela— Varinas; Mac (Turkish)—Yaka, Xanthi Yakà, Jenidjé- Yakà, Makalla, nr (Kawala), Salonika, etc., and Greece— Argos, Sar var. virginica vent, Monogr. Nicot. p. 12, tt. 1, 5; Delle Razze, p. 2I, £. : p. 121 Virgin s Jubet Believed to be a native of the Orinoco Region. elle. United States, including ips uo Bright, Orinoco (Big, Sweet or Little, Yellow, White Stem), Goock, Prior (Best, Blue Medley, Yeliow), Yellow Mammoth, Kentucky Yellow, Golden Leaf, Gold Finder, Hester, One Suc ker, Conqueror, etc. The commercial grades are pipe and cigarette tobaccos (see var. virginica and macrophylla, chiefly), Virginia, Kentucky, Maryland, etc. Eastern—Turkish, Bulgar ian, Greece, ete., and cigar tobaccos (see var. havanensis, compris ing most or all of those recommended), including ** wrappers,” ‘‘ binders,” and *' fillers,” rom Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Havana, Mexico, Manila, Brazil, and Esmeralda (Venezuela), and “ Cavendish” or “ Negro Head.” Pipe Tobaccos are sometimes distinguished as ‘‘brights”’; “ Latakia " is cured by smoking with the pe wood of * Oak a moe Robur); it is in favour for smoking mixtures. avendish "' is a general ox es all ade & Cake or ‘* Plug ” the Kew RU a very fine samp e may be seen made Mere in 1860. In the Customs Returns it is given as '' Cavendish”’ or Negro Head " of which in 1913 the rude from the United States were 1,144,605 lb. ier £53, The comparatively small amount of 8340 Ib. value £847 Shich made up the (bn of this kind from all sources, erigi Norw any, Netherlands, France, Brazil, S. Africa, B. Indi tessa and above, and yes for Jamaica, B. N. Borneo, "Hong K Kong, Australia, Canada, and other Colonies. The first t trial shipments 500 from Nyasaland in 1907 was groin: lek from Kentucky and partly from und Virginia seed (Re GO: Mül and Co., London, lst Jan. 1908). ‘Turkish, 2 * Virginia," * Kontucky, 5 and ‘ ‘ Marylan nd” Tobaccos are under experiment at Onitsha, S. Provinces (Col. Rep. Misc. No. 51, 1908, pp. 79, 80), where Virginia Tobacco had previously been grown with success "is 10, p. 25). Manila and Sumatra varieties are being. iried at Lokoja, N. Provinces (Col. Rep. Ann. l.c. p. 8; N. Nig. Gaz. 30th April, 1910, p , 98). A sample it tobacco grown at Owerri, 5. Provinces was sent to Kew by the late Mr. J. W. Sherriff of the Forestry Dept. in 1906; it was reported on by Messrs. W. O. Müller and Co. who stated that i if properly fermented, assorted and hri it would have a value either for cigar purposes or as a blend with American Smoking Tobaccos of about 5d, m: per lb. in bond. They suggested it was raised from ‘‘ Cuba uba-Canary Seed; it was similar to that of ere (Tenerii and to the tobacco raised in recent years on a small scale in the Cameroons (Bibundi) and these Canary and West African ibato had so far not attracted much attention in the European markets (Mus. eise Samples have also been reported on from Kano—a coarse type unsuited to the European market (N. Nig. Gaz. 30th did, 1910, p. 147), Baro (Col. Rep. nn. No. 674, 1911, Suppl. ) and Ibadan (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 630, 1909, p. 40; s Nig. Govt. Gaz. March 3rd, 1909, Suppl. p. 6) at the Imperial Institute. The leaves from Baro were of good shape and texture but rather thin for pipe tobacco, and the latter (two samples) though not showing saleable qualities for Europeans indicated that bei of good quality could probably be grown at Ibadan and that it would be worth while to cultivate it under expert supervision; both 2 amples on analysis showed a similar omposition to the pipe obse s of commerce containing (1) 0 Moisture 6:39 per cent., Nicotine 1-46, Ash 18-65, Total Nitrogen 3-34 per cent., and (2) Moisture 10- 46, Nicotine 3- 48, Ash 13-95, Total Nitrogen 414. The high percentage of total nitrogen indicated under fermentation. In the United States the various types of leaf possessing well- defined characters suitable for the particular ecran of the trade are a in EPER areas, and the merits of a new variety from any new area cultivated, and more peni us from a new voli would have to be e thoroughly proved before being accepte Y. the manufacturers seeds requires débat i care in sowin Abou t 1 oz. ad be used to sow à bes 10 ft. square, and to a. mit of an even distribution the seed may be mix with sand or wood ashes in the proportion of about half and half or one of seed to two or more of the medium. 501 mended (U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 416. 1910, p. 10) to p i or “ Hairy Vicia villosa) a plant found to be resistant to cold, heat The leaves are ready for harvesting in from 80-90 days after transplanting, indicated by a tendency to yellowing, and snapping readily like coca leaves (see p. 118) when folded, though it is only by experience that the right time to a nicety can be judged. They are conveyed without delay to sheds specially constructed for dry- ing or curing, strung carefully on slats, air and moisture being regulated to prevent drying too quickly, the time occupied may be 5-4 cs. In some instances special heating flues are fitted in the drying barns, which facilitaies drying on a large scale in any weather, the temperature (80° F.—1209 F.) and humidity of these barns being regulated to a degree. Fire-curing is also sometimes practised in certain parts of Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia, producing a dark and distinct flavoured leaf with the smoke of the open fires. They are afterwards fermented by placing them in carefully placed heaps several feet at least high, the temperature being gradually allowed to reach 1009 F. or thereabouts, frequent examinations and repiling being made meanwhile to prevent moulding or overheating, the whole occupying perhaps írom 502 4-6 weeks. Sorting and grading and baling complete the prepara- tion. It may happen that the planter would finish with the roduce after curing, the fermenting, sorting and grading and bios. 1f for export, being done by the leaf buyers. In Yola planted July-September, the leaves ripen in the dry season; they are first dried in the sun, then pounded and mixed with water and made into cakes (Shaw, N. Nig. Gaz. Feb. 28th, 1910, p. 32). every 100 lb., and approximately the same (1d. more in each case pped"' or ‘f stemmed " tobacco. Connecticut, Jamaica, etc., the Cuban and Sumatra kinds being specially adapted to it. The above details are only general, as the cultivation like that of indigo and cotton requires expert supervision from beginning to end. The literature is extensive and the following references are confined to books and special bulletins. ... Kef.—Report from the Select Committee on the Growth and Cultivation of Tobacco [within the United Kingdom] pp. 1-138 | (ordered by the House Commons to be printed 21 June 1830). obacco: Its History, Cultivation, Manufacture and Adultera- tions, Steinmetz, pp. 1-174 (Richard Bentley, London, 1857). Tobacco and Its Adulterations, Prescott (Inland Revenue Dept.) pp. 1-180, illustrated (London, 1858). Report on the Cultiva- ‘tion and Preparation of Tobacco in India, Watson, pp. 1-59, plates i—iii. (India Office, London, 1871).—Report on the Pro- duction of Tobacco in India, O'Connor, pp. 1-92, with Appendices Curing (Maryland), Cost and Profits (Caleutta, 1873 Monographia Sui Tabacchi Della Sicilia, Alfonso, pp. 1-456 ici 15). 'obaeco: Its Histo and Associations, ure a Cu pp- 1-52 (Govt. Printer, Sydney, 1877). ltiva i y oiT Bell (Laboratory, | House), pp. 1-36 (1887).— Tobacco Culture, Espin, Bull. Misc. 505 Dip. and Cons. Rep. Misc. No. 138, 1889, pp. 1-6.— — Reports from the Consuls of the United States: Tobacco Culture in Foreign Countries, No. 1071, Aug. 1889, pp. 641-690; S. Africa, + Cuba, Sagua la Grande, Santiago de Cuba, India, Madras, Straits B About Tobacco, Ferguson, pp. 1-312 (A. M. and J. Ferguson, Colombo : Gracechurch St. London, 1889).— — Persian Tobacco or Tombak (Nicotiana Tabacum), Kew Bull. 1891, ‘on. 71-84.—— “* Nicotiana Tabacum," in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, Vol. v. part 2, 1891, pp. 353-428. °C0 : i Cultivation and Curing, Estes, U.S. Dept. Agrie. Farmers’ Bull. -8. No. 1892, e E Eod T'obácch. Nicotiana Tabacum," in A Text Book of Tropical Agric. Nicholls, pp. 211-220 (Macmillan and Co. London, and New York, 1892). —— “ Natural Sugar in Tobaeco," Kew Bull. 1896, pp. 49-55. ‘On the Plant Yielding -Latakia 'lobacco," Thiselton- wage Journ. Linn. moc. xv. 1897, pp. 246-247; Journ. Boi. xviii. 204. Methods of Curing Tobacco, W uitiis: U.S ept. Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 60, 1898, pp. 1-15. The Culture of: ces Butterweck, ibid. No. 82, edt PP- 1—22.— Tobacco Soils, Whitney, ibid. No. 83, 1898, pp. 1-2 Monographie du Genre Nicotiana Comprenant le Aiestak botanique des Tabaes Industriels, Comes, pp. 0, plates i.-xiv. (Naples, 1899). Curing and Fe rmentation of Cigar Leaf Tobacco, Loew, U.S Dept. Tone Report No. 59, 1899, pp. 1-34, with a short biblio- graphy of recent foreign literature. Temperature D m A in gor | > a | B. + APTE va of Cigar Leaf Tobacco in Florida, Floyd, U 5. Dept. Agric Report No. 62, 1899, pp. 1-31.——The prp id fct Affecting the Tobacco Plant, Howard, U.S. De ept..Agric. Farmers’ Bull, No. 120, 1900, pp. 1-39, illustrated. Tobacco Culture, Espin, Bull. Misc. Inf. Roy. Bot. Gardens, Trinidad (Extra p- Le Tabac, Laurent, in Ann. L’Inst. Col. Marseille, vii. 1900, (fase. 1) pp. 1-337, illustrated Auger Challamel, Paris, 1900). AR ABD Table for Tobacco in Europe, Asia, América, Africa, Oceania, from arly Times, Comes (Napoli, 1900). Catalase, A New Enzym of ou Uccurrence ; with special reference to the Tobacco Plant, Dept. Agric. Report No. 68, 1901, pp. 1-47. Palace Cultivation in Southern Siam, in Kaw Bull. 1902, pp. 12-14. rvations on the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco, Woods, U.S. Dept e Bur. PI. Industry, Bull. No. 18 1902, pp. 1-24, pls. i.-vi. “Tobacco Cultivation and Curing,” Harris, in Bull. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, ix. April 504 1902, pp. 49-52; May 1902, pp. 65-67; Oct. 1902, pp. 148- 156, with sketches of Tobacco Curing House Plan of Distri- buting Tobaeco Seed and Cultural Directions for the Different. Types of Tobacco Distributed, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Pl. Industry, Bull. 25, 1903, pp. 70-82. ** Cultiv ration of : . Sept. 1904, pp. 206-208.——"" The Culture and Curing of Tobacco," in Transvaal Agric. Journ. ii. April 1904, pp. 402—415, with plates i he [21 Tobacco of aica," ‘in . Dept. gric. Jamaica, ii. Sept. 1904, o n Tobacco (under shade)," pp. 196-197, ‘‘ Cultiva- tion of Tobacco under Clot h,” pp. 206-208; Dec. 1904, pp. 265- 274, with Estimates of the Cost of Tobacco o grown under Shade; iii. June 1905, pp. 130-132; July, 1905, “Jamaica Shade-Grown Tobacco from Sumatra Seed,' pp. 146-151; August, 1905, pp. 161—163; Dec. 1905, pp. 275-911; iv. March, 1906, pp. 58-62. — Delle Razze dei Tabacchi Filogene si, Qualita ed Uso, Comes, 1-68, with descriptions of numerous varieties SA Caltural Directions Shamel and Cobey,.U.S. Dept. Apric. Bur. Pl. Industry, Bull. No. 91, 1906, pp. 1-38; pls. i.-ix. Le Varietà Tipiche della Wicotiana Tabacum, Emilio Anastasia, pp. 1-120, illustrated, with list of places and names of varieties cultivated in. each country (Scafati, 1906). Syllabus of Illustrated Lecture on Tobacco Growing, Harper, . St. Clamson College, S.C. Offi ffice of Exp. Stat tions, iria Inst. Lecture 9, 1907, pp. 1-14, "T obac : in Jamaica.” Faw a West Indian Bull. viii. No. 2, 1907, pp. 209—228 298 (Dulau re Co. London).——'''Tobaeco " in The World's Comm. Prod. Freeman and Chandler, pp. 198-230, illustr. (Pitman and Sons, Ltd. London, 1907). — —"Tobacéo Breeding, Shamel and Cobey, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Pl. Industry, Bull. No. 96, 1907, pp. 1-71, pls. i-z. A New Method for the Deter- mination of Nicotine in Tobacco, Garner, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Pl. Industry, Bull. No. 102, 1907, part vii. pp. 1-13.———The Re- lation of the Composition of the Leaf to the Burning Qualities of Tobacco, Garner, ibid. Bull. No. 105, 1907, pp. 1-35.—— ** Tobacco, Nicotiana Tabacum,”’ Shamel, in Cycl. Amer. Ay. Bailey, ii. pp. 639—653, illustrated (The Macmillan Co. New Macmillan and Co. Ltd. London, 1907).———'' Tobacco La Northern Nigeria," in Bull. Imp. Inst: v. 1907, pp. 130—132, with analysis. The Production of Cigar r Wrapper Tobacco under Shade in the Connecticut Valley, Stewart, U.S - Dept. s. ini Bur. PT. po Bull. No. 138, 1908, pp. DSL, pls. i.-v. he- 505 Relation of Nicotine to the Quality of Tobacco, Garner, U.S. De ept. Agric. Bur. PI. Industry, Bull. No. 141, part 1, 1908, pp. 1-16. it . Dept i cadet e, UA pp: Degrees ‘ Nicotiana esate di ' in Com 1909, pp. 1-28. (Govt. Tobacco Expert) i in T ransvaal Agric. Journ. vii. July 1909, pp. 707—714, pls. 106—109.—— Principles and Practical Methods of Curing Tobacc co, Garner, lc. Bull. No. 143, 1909, pp. 1-54, including management of Flue-curing, illustrated.—— ** Tobaccos from Nyasaland," in Bull. Imp. Inst vii. 1909, pp. 266-269. —— “Cultivation and Drying of Tobacco," in N. Nig. Gaz. May 31st, 1909, pp. 93-94 Studies in Indian Fr The Types of owa irs, ; India, iii. No. 2, March 1910, pp. 59-116, pk tes i Pire Er aceon ape Te Leaf obacco iu Penn TONER Frear and D pp. 1-24, illust. ‘“ The Cultivation and Pr ee of | Bright’ Tobaccos,’’ in Bull. Imp. Inst. viii. 1910, pp. 172-180. ——-''Tobaeco in Nyasaland," l.c. ix. 1911, pp. 384-385. “The arara of Cigar Tobacco, with special reference to Java," Le. x. 1912, pp. 248-263; pp. 465-470.— — * Tobacco Indoéuy of Ceylon," l.c. pp. 187—205.———Tobacco Leaf: Its Culture and Care, Marketing and Manufacture, Killibrew and Myrick, pp. vrl b s (Orange Judd Co o., New York, 1912). * Tobac from Portuguese East Africa, in Bull. Imp. Inst. xi. 1913, pp. 11-31. “Tobacco from Papua,” i.c. pp. 31-33. —-— pm aic on the rite and Prepara- PP. from the East Africa Protectorate. P le. acs 587-600. ES Inheritance of Characters in Nicotiana Tabacum, Howard and Howard, Memoirs (Bot. Series) Dept. Agric. india; vi. No. 3, 1913, pp. 25-114, pls. i—xxv. obacco Culture, Garner, U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers’ Bull. No. 571, 1914, pp. 1— 15. SCHWENKIA, Linn. Schwenkia americana, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. İV. Sect. 2, p. 260. Ill.—Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. PI. iii. t. 214; Bonpland, Humboldt and Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 11. t. 180. Vernac. names.—Dandana (Sokoto, Dalziel); Ale Odan (Lagos, Dawodu Widely distributed in West and S. W. Africa from Senegambia to the Congo, and found also in Brazil. The pounded plant is used as a fish poison (Dawodu, Herb. Kew). A herbaceous plant, about 2 ft. high; in waste places, Sokoto inel, Herb. Kew); on dry plains, Accra (Brown, Herb. ew). H2 506 Schwenkia . hirta, Klotzsch; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 261. Vernac. name.—Casuanze (Loanda, Welwitsch). Katagum, and known also from Sierra Leone, Salaga-Nile Land, Angola and Loanda, occurring in Brazil and Guiana. The whole plant given in decoction is recommended for chest pen Loanda (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iii. p. 754). An annual herb up to 2 ft. high: common in dry places, Kitgum p Herb. Kew); very plentiful in pastures and in manioc plantations, in flower and fruit January and May, Loanda, in September Sierra Leone (Hiern, l.c SCROPHULARIACEAE. : LinperntaA, Allioni. Lindernia diffusa. Wettst.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 538. Widely distributed in Tropical Africa and Tropical America. A very bitter Scrophularia used as an antidote for snake-bite, Colombia (Blake White, Herb. Kew), and as an emetic in 8. America (Pharm. Journ. [3] ii. 1872, p. "849; Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 396, Vandellia diffusa). A tern annual, about 6 in. high, in dry sandy ground, moist and wet places and grassy bush. HpzANTHELIUM, H. B. & K. Hydranthelium egense, Pocpp. 4 Endl.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 351. Ill.—Poeppig & Endlicher, Nov. Gen. PI. Chil. CE ni. t. 287. Onitsha, also in the Congo, and in Tropical America. A small ereeping plant in the muddy margins of MAP, pica (Barter Herb. Kew d as a diuretic and RARE vy the Hindus and the juice of de leaves mixed with petroleum used for rheumatism, India p For. W. Afr. p. 396). Ref.—'' Herpestis Monniera," in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt. iv. 1890, pp. 225—226. SCOPARIA, Linn. Scoparia dulcis, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 354. . Ill.—Gaertner, Fruct. Qe Pl. i. ; 53; Lam. Encycl. t. 85; Pal. de Beauv. Fl. Oware et Benin, ii. . 115; Desc. Ant. ii. t. 106; Blanco, Fl. Filip. t. 19; Arkiv. For. Botanik, Upsala and Stock- holm, vi. t. 1, ff. 2, 3, "ADEL "ernac. names.— Misinmis isin-gogoro or Misimisi-gogoro (Lagos, Foster, Dawodu); Achilabri (Bonny, Fagan); Ndiyang (Eifik, Ho £u Broom (Gambia, Brown Lester); Balai- doux, Pede Balai (French SK Hec. ckel); Herva dos Vassiros "(Am Welwitsch); Pipybras (Liberia, Holmes); Mahe (Sevchellee, eee ; Orosax (Porto Rico, Cook & Collins). —Licorice Weed. - DT Widely distributed in Tropical Africa and in the Tropics generally. The root chewed and used with tobacco juice for paralysing snakes, Old Calabar. The plant is used as forage for ge rses and oxen in the Congo (De Wildeman, Pl. Util. Congo (1905) p. 549): for gravel and kidney complaints, Liberia—a wineglassfu of the decoction is taken cold three times a day, tea and coffee being for- bidden during its use (Holmes, Pharm. Journ. [3] viii. 1878, p. 964); Moloney For. W. Afr. p. 397); included in “Agbo” (see p. 50), Lagos ead, Herb. des : Bea as children’s medicine Mus. Kew); French Date (Pobégu uin, in l'Agric. Pd pays NINOS, Er, 1911 ; P da used for ne aae. and asa Ann. pret Col. Marseille, 1 lv. 1897, p. 90); a dupe ni for pau Jamaica (Cook & Collins, Econ. Pl. Porto Rico, p. 236). A Slender shrub, 1-3 ft. high, a common weed everywhere. Bucuyera, Linn. Buchnera leptostachya, Benth. ; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect, 2, p. 394. Ill.—Peters, Mozamb. t. 34 (B. mossambicensis). Vernac. name.—Tambobo (Madagascar, Heckel). Nupe, and in Senegambia, French Guinea, B.E. Africa and Mozambique. Used by the Malgaches to blacken their teeth (Heckel, Ann. l’Inst. Col. Marseille, i. 1903, 2nd fasc. p. 152). Buchnera longifolia, Klotzsch, Fl. dier: A fr. iv. Sect. 2, p. 398, " Dam-Pan ” of the Gambia, is used as a blue-black dye (Kew Bull. 1891, p. 273). A herb 1-21 ft. high in swamps, Nupe (Barter Herb. Kew). x 2 BIGNONIACEAE. CRESCENTIA, Linn. Fonte Cujete, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 626. e 20-25 feet high, branching lopsaler at the head; brane soe a foot in diameter. Leaves narrow elliptic, undivided, arranged in fives. Flowers variegated green, purple, red and yellow, borne on the trunk. Fruit globular, m like, about a foot in diameter, shell hard; seeds black, heart-shaped about 3 lin. across, embedded i in an acid. d E 33, f. : : ; t. 3430; Schnizlein, Ic. t. 152*, f. 4; Nuttall, N. Amer. BE H. t. 103; teu U.S. Nat. Herb. viii. t. 32; Bull. Herb. Bois. i 6) t. ies ernac. names.— a (Mexico); Higuera (Guam, Porto Rico) Safford] ; Tiro d Mus. Kew). Calabash tree. 908 Native of the West Indies and S. America ; wild or cultivated. Pis fruit or Calabash is used in the West Indies, &c., for various mestic purposes—cups, spoons, bowls, boxes for tobacco, water botiles: kettles, &c., many of the articles being ornamented with carving. e pulp 1s used medicinally, as a diuretic, French Guiana (Heckel, Les. Pl. Med. et Toxiq. Guy. Franc. in Ann. Inst. Col. Marseille, iv. 1897, p. 100); with other ingredients makes an excellent cough remedy (Lunan, Hort. Jamaicensis, 4 ‘ p. 140) and various medicinal uses are attributed to it generally. In the West Indies a syrup is made from the pulp of the fruit, used in dysentery and as a a: in West in the ieu Ref," remita Cure te T rennes PS Indiea, Dymock, Warden & Hooper, iii. pp. 24-26. STEREOSPERMUM, Cham. Stereospermum Kunthianum, Cham.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2 lil. IER Adansonia, ii. t. 4 (S. dentatum) ; Bureau, Monogr. Bignoniaceae, t. 29 (S. den ntatum), Malpighia, viii. (1894) t. 9 Ne dentatum) ; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, 1909, App. xxii. p. 38, 14 ; Agric. Col. 1911, Suppl. p. 119. Vernac. names.—Ayada (Oloke-Meji, + Samr (Arabic, unen Arghesana, Brghesans — Fio ni). NEWBOULDIA, Seem. Newbouldia laevis, Seem. ; F1. Ine: Air. IV. Sect. 2, p. 521. Ill.—Pal. de. Beauv. FI. Oware & Benin, i. t. 29 (Spathodea laevis); Bot. Mag. t. 3681 (Spathodea pe lag a Hortic. Univ. Mag. t. 4537 (Spathodea la pun. Ead , Le Jard. Fl. i. WIES t. 5 Spathodea laevis); Bureau, M oido DE t. 15; : 509 Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, 1909, App. xxii. p. 36, f. 13; Engl. & Drude, Veg. Erde, ix. p. 715, f. 616 Vernac. names Ex a, (Uw et, M. ahead): Akoko (Lagos, Mac- Leod, Hislop); Akoko (Ebute Metta, M illen); [Akoko (Yoruba), Ikhimi (Benin) T decere Sasanenasa or Sasanemasa (Ashanti, Chipp); Aviangti (Gold Coast, Easmon); Kindee or Brochea (Sierra Leone, nin Oldfield); Qruime (Island of St. Thomas; elwitsch); Mofanie (French Guinea, Farmar). Widely spread un Sierra Leone to the Congo. Used for fever in Sierra Leone (Oldfield, Mus. Kew; Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 397, Newbouldia sp.) in the treatment of dysentery, Gold Coast (Col. Rep. Misc. No. 1, 1891, p. 58). Leaves, in decoc tion used for pee cure of p eyes by the natives of Uwet, S. Nigeria (McLe Herb. w). Bark used me DAT as a stomachic, Aburi, "Gold Coast Pd ohnson, Herb. tree of vigorous habit, sometimes shrub-like 10-40 ft. high. Cultivated to mark boundaries, S. Nigeria (Thompson, List of For. Trees, S. Ni ig. 1910, p. 7). Grows freely and may be propagated by l, Herb. Kew); Atire employed to inks fences, Ivory Coast (Chevalier Bull. Soc. Nat. d'Accl. France, 1912, p. 138); found in open mon- soon forest, Ashanti (Chipp, Herb. Ker): in fruit September, French Guinea (Farmar, Herb. Kew), a small tree flowering and fruiting in Februar y at ‘Old Calabar. Ref.—“ Newbouldia laevis in the treatment of ny Tee: Easmon, in Col. Rep. Misc. No. 1, 1891, pp. 54-5 ; MARKHAMIA, Seem. Markhamia tomentosa, A. Schum.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, 528. i Vernac. names.—lwe (Lagos, MacGregor, Dawodu); Akoko ih ies dde Senegambia to the Camero Said n be used snoaitinally, igs (MacGregor, Herb. Kew). A tree 30 ft. high. Var. gracilis, Sprague, has been recorded from Nupe (Barter, No. 1310, Herb. Kew). The wood Markhamia gorig Sac mpra en pee Baker) Fl. Trop. Afr. iv. Sect. ‘ Lusambya " of pes is said by Mahon (Herb. Kev} to + one of the finest of local timbers SPATHODEA, Beauv . Spathodea campanulata, Beauv.; Fl. Trop. Air, IV. Sect. 2, p. 529. 1ll.—Pal. de Beauv. Fl. Oware & Benin, tt. 27, 28; Geel, Sert. e Op 5. 11853 dii. , Ds 263, E. 2A; Engl. & Drude, "Veg «E ix. P 636, f. 546 (d. y Gard. Chron. (habit). 510 Vernac. names.—Oruru [Oruru (Yoruba), Okwokwi (Benin) Thom pson |; Odoumanki (Gold Coas i Jsisiri n) oast, Farmar); Osisirin (Accra, Johnso i); i, Ivory Coast, Chevalier); Tchioge (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot, Moloney).. Wood white and very soft, Angola (Monteiro, Herb. Kew); S. Nigeria (Thompson, List of For. Trees, S. Nig. 1910, p. 7); Congo (De Wildeman, Pl. Util. Congo, ii. 1904, p. 367), Ivory Coast (Courtet, L'Agric. prat. avs chauds, x. 1. p. 463; Chevalier, Bois Cote d'Ivoire, p. 145); density 0-363. Suitable for- carpentry work (Courtet, l.c.); and suggested for making paper pulp (Chevalier, Lc.). A specimen of the wood in the Kew Museum, grown in — weighs 40 Ib. per cubic ft. (Gamble, 511 Afr. Pl. iv. p. 791); a very handsome tree in à village near Kabba, V. Nigeria, for decorative purposes, flower- Kew): * Kew); a tree 60 ft. in the delta of the N iger (Barter, Herb. Kew). Suitable for avenues or as a shade-tree, raised from seed, which is winged, light, and freely Hef.—Les Bourgeons Floraux du Spathodea campanulata, Béauv., Treub, in Ann. du Jardin du Buitenzorg, viii. 1890. KicELIA, DC. Kigelia aethiopica, Decne.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 538. 111.—Deless. Ic. v. tt. 93a 93b; Schnizlein, Ic. t. 152; Agric. Col. f v. 1911, Suppl. p. 121, f. 164; Thonner, B. ütenpfl. Afr. t. Vernac. names.—Om Shutur (Arabic, M uriel); Mederba, Meder-deur, Selsele, Ingula, Salasile (Eritrea, Fiori). Kordofan, Uganda, B.E. Africa, ete. A tree 20-60 ft. high. uu ; : Var. bornuensis, Sprague, Fl. Trop. Afr. ke, Li 511 Bornu LE ogel | No. 85, Herb. Kew); Katagum (Dalziel, No. 105, 1907, The crown ined ‘be from 80-90 ft. through. Fruits 18 in. long Tin. thick, pendant on stalk nearly 7 ft. LM Bornu (Vogel, l.c.) ;. planted in towns, Katagum (Dalziel, Kigelia africana, Benth.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 536. Ill.—Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xxxvii. 1907, p. 269, ff. B-C.; Engl.. & Drude, Veg. Erde, ix. ds 2, p. 994, f. 513 (habit). ernac. mames. efits haina, Nonon giwa (Hausa) ; Jirlahi - (Futulde), Belongu Daun). Dalzi e Etua (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot) ; Brus (Fanta, Moloney). ; , S. Nigeria—Adaba, Cross River; N. Nige piod Bornu, Upper Benue and Lake Chad region. A iree 20-50 ft. high. Splendid for shade, conspicuous on the Upper Benue, nad; in Pia Eastern Provinces, and said to replace the Kuka (Adansonia digitata).in parts of Bornu and Lake Chad (Kew Bull. 1910, p. 139). Kigelia pinnata, DC. Fl. Trop. Afr. iv. Sect. 2, p. 537, a tree similar in appearance to K. africana, is said to occur in West Africa, but there are no specimens at Kew to ouis this view.. The followi ing references probably belong here Used by the natives of the Gold Coast in rheumatism and dysentery (Easmon, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 1, 1891, p. 55; Moloney, For. W. Afr. p . 998, K. Uit a remedy for dysentery i in West Africa Comas Journ. 4] xxii. 1906, p. 105, “ Aviangti," K. pinnata) ; ve bark and fruit n by the natives, medicinally, S. Nigeria (Thompson, List. of For. Trees, S. Nig. 1910, p. 7. * aoro (Yoruba), Ijokham (Benin), Æ. Mesum PEDALIACEAE. SESAMUM, Linn. Sesamum indicum: Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 55 Ill.—Rheede, Hort. Mal. ix. tt. 54, 55 (S. orientale); ‘Pine here t. 109, f. 4 (Sesamum alterum, etc.); Rumpf. Amb. v. PL 16, f. 1; Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. . 110 (s orientale); Lam. Fnesel t. 528 (S. orientale); M ie. t. 508 (5. orientale); Bot. Mag. t. 1688; Desc. Ant. 268 (S. orientale); Velloso, Fl. Flum. vi. t. 90 (S. AE DeCandolle, Pl. Rares Jardin Geneve, t. 5; anco, - Pulp. +. 273 (var. er rini Endlicher, Ic. t. 70 [4105]; Fl. des Serres, i1. E 6 (Antha- denia sesamoides); Schnizlein, Ie. t. 159, f. D (fruit); Wight, Illust. t. 163; Belgique d cie ix. (1859) t. 27 (Sésame d'Orient) ; tl. & Pier: Med. PI. t. 198: Duthie, Field rae es Las. Greshoff, Nutt. Ind. Pl. t. 6; Engl. Pflan. ‘Ost. Afr. B p. 487. L2 : Engl. & Prantl, Pflan. iv. pt. 3, B, f. 100 A-L; Kohler, Med. Pflan. iii. Dossa Bot. vinis Berlin x. 1910, App. xxii. p. 119. Verna Beni (Lagos, Moloney) ; Ridi, Karkashi, Nome. Warnes. (Yola, “Dalz ziel) ; Radi (Hausa, Dudgeon): Til PPS 512 Dymock); Til(Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot) ; Beniseed (Sierra Leone, Garrett); [Kinu Thorny (SierraLeone), N guilla, N’ gilla, Anguilla, Uanguilla, Ricola, Ocoto (Angola), Gergelim (Portuguese) Wel- witsch|; Béné, Louboungay, Diguilliny, Foré (F.W. Africa, Pobéguin) ; Sim-Sim, Eirawi (Sudan, Bull. Imp. Inst. xi. 1913, p. 56); Sim-Sim (Zanzibar, Kew Bull. 1892, p. 90); Chitowe (Port. E. Afr. Johnson; Katunga, Scott); Mafuta (Mozambique, Negreiros); Voahazo (Madagascar, À eckel); Kunjit (Afghan- istan, Aitchison); Ajonjoli (Porto Rico, Cook & Collins); Ajonjoli (Cuba. Baker); Hsiang Yu (Ssuchuan, China, Hosie ; Gingili (India, Watt); Goma (Japan, Nagai); Chi-ma (China, Smith). —Palaver Sauce Plant (Sierra Leone). Believed to be a native of Tropical Africa; widely spread in the Tropies and Sub-Tropics. he chief use of this plant is the produetion of oil from the seed, used everywhere for food, also for soap-making and as a sub- stitute for olive oil. In India, used occasionally for lighting, for anointing the body, in medicine, perfumery, and in making sweet- meats; the seeds are also made into sweetmeats, and, toasted and ground, they are made into cakes, etc; a lotion, made from the leaves and a decoction of the root, is used as a hair wash; and the stalks are used as fuel and as manure (Dict. Econ. Prod. India). The cake made from the residue after the extraction of the oil is an important cattle food. The exports of seed from Northern N igeria were, in 1912, 1,058,319 lb., value £2972; 1913, 2,118,195 lb., value £9245, the approximate local purchasing price being £7 per ton (Col. Rep. Ann. No.. 821, 1914, p.93). Marseilles is perhaps the most impor- tant centre of the trade in Europe, to which port the quantity of seed consigned from India alene is approximately 700,000 tons annually. The price of Beni seed from West Africa, in the Liverpool Market, July, 1914, was £17 per ten, and in July, 1915, £15— £15 10s. per ton. y seeded " and “white seeded "; the white may vary from pure white to pink or red; the oil from the black seed is more suitable food. $ e seed may be sown broadcast or in rows 1-1} ft. apart, and Ref— Sesame Seed (Sesamum indicum),’’ in Trop. Agricul- ture, Simmonds, pp. 412-415 (E. & F. N. Spon, London, 1877).—— 513 fo a indicum," in Med. Pl. Bentley & Trimen, No. 198 ep “ Sesamum indicum,” i in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, vi. 1893, pp. 502—542. “ Sesamum eee d in Pharmacogr. Indiea, Dymock, Warden & Hooper, iii. pp. 26-33 (Trübner & Co. Ltd. London, 1893).——“‘ Gingelly or Sesame Oil," Handbook No. 21, 1893, Imp. Inst. Series, pp. 1-44. * Sesamum indicum, in Nuttige Indische Planten, Greshoff, pp-2 . 21 24. * Sesamum indi- cum,” in Med. Pflanzen, Köhler, iii. 55 pages. LeSesame : Béné e), Dumas, i Agric. rat. pays s chauds, vi. part L 1906, ** L’ Agric. dans la Vallée du Nigan” pp. 349-350. ‘Sesamum indicum,” in Commercial Products of India, Watt. p- 981 ~987.——‘‘ Le Sésame de l’ Extreme- Orient: Sesamum indicum,’ Eberhatdé in L’Agric. prat. pays chauds, xi. part 1, 1911, pp. 353-369 ; pp. 455-469; xi. part 2, 1911, pp. 19 -36, illustrated.— —" Cultivation and Utilisati tion of Sesamum Seed, in Bull. Imp. Inst. ix. 1911, pp.259-272. ‘Semen Sesami und Oleum Sesami ” in Handbuch der Pharmakognosie, Tschirch, Lief. 27, Aug. 30, 1911, pp. 573-576 and Lief. 28, Nov. 24, 1911, . 577-579. “La Récolte du Sésame en Mozambique” [Vice- Consul de France à Lourenço Mariga in L’Agric. prat. pays chauds, xii. part 1, 1912, p. 499.——*' Sesamum Seed: “ Anglo- Egyptian Sudan ” in Bull. Timp. inst: £L bé pp. 56-57.—— ‘ Sesamé Oil," in Fatty Foods: their Practical Examination, Bolton & Revis, pp. 223-225 (J.& A. Churchill, ss 1913).—— “ Sesamum Seed,” in Col. Rep. Misc. No.88, 1914, pp. 466-467.—— Sudan, Abyssinia. Rhodesia, N. Nigeria. Sesamum radiatum, Schumach. ; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 557. Vernac. name.—Eku gogoro figs: Phillips, MacGregor). Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Cameroons, East Africa, etc. An oil is obtained from the seeds, but the plant does not appear to be cultivated for the purpose. Punch (No. 78 Herb. Kew) ona specimen from Lagos calls it the “ besos variety of sesamum, ` and states that ‘‘the white variety [referring no doubt to S. indicum] is cultivated and seeds exported.” An erect herbaceous plant 2-4 ft. high, fetid odour, ornamental, flowers purple. Found on waysides and in meadows, Zungeru (Dalziel, Herb. Kew), in cultivated ground, Nupe (Barter, Herb. Kew), common about the town of Asaba (Barter l.c.), and a common weed in many parts. CERATOTHECA, Endl. Ceratotheca sesamoides, Hndl.; Fl. Trop. Afr. IV. Sect. 2, p. 563. ce vii. tt. 1, 2; Endlicher, Atakta, Bot. t. 5. nac. names.—Lodi (Ac holi, Sage Dawe); Chinyolombosi ds Nyasa, Johnson, Riddel sdel l). Zungeru, Lokoja, Kontagora, etc., Nigeria; known also from Senegambia, Nile Land and Mozambique. ede eaten as Sesamum, Uganda Dawe, Herb. Kew); leaves ked and eaten, Likoma Isles, Lake Nyasa (Archd. Johnson; Pordi, Herb. Kew) An annual up to 2 ft. high of erect slender habit. Found in 514 grassy land and waste places Zungeru, Kontagora, Lokoja (Dalziel, No. 148, Herb. Kew), cultivated as Sim-Sim, Acholi country, Uganda (Dawe, Herb. Kew), in sandy soil, flowering in” Oci r, Kondowe and Karonga (Whyte, “Herb. Kew). . For cultivation see under S. indicum. The seeds are small (about 1 lin. across), brown or black. ACANTHACEAE. THUNBERGIA, Linn. Thunbergia erecta, 7. Anders.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 12. Zll.—Bot. Mag. t. 5013 (M eyenia erecta). Lagos, Old Calabar, also in Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast. A decorative shrub 6-8 ft. high in Africa. It has been grown in gardens for more than 50 years. Benin, Nigeria; Cameroons and Fernando Po. sis A decorative shrub, 8-15 ft. cr more in height, mentioned (Bot. Mag. Lc.) as being more beautiful than 7. erecta. ere : ) i T. fragrans, Roxb. F1. Trop. Afr. v. p. 20, Bot. Mag. t. 1881, Roxb. Pl. Corom. i. t. 67, from Sierra Leone (pro- bably introduced from E. Indies), introduced to the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1796; 7. chrysops, Hook. Fl. Trop. Afr. v. p. 21, Bot. Mag. t. 4119, from Sierra Leone, cultivated at Kew; T. alata, Boj. Fl. Trop. Afr. v. p. 16, from Sierra Leone, and throughout Tropical Africa. All are easily grown from seed or cuttings, as. bushes or trained on arches or trellises, thriving in rich loam. Hycroruiia, R.Br. hila spinosa, T. Anders.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p- 91. ll.— Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 449 (Asteracantha longifolia) ; Mem. Acad. Turin, xxxvi. t. 7 (Barleria hexacantha). Vernac. names.—Sare giuwa (Katagum, Dalziel, who translates. the native name as “Prick the Knee 7); Mafowo Kaunsonii (Lagos, MacGregor). per Oubangui region by the natives, who obtain the salt by burning the plant and one the ash (Chevalier, Bull. Soc. Nat.. 515 An erect plant 5—10 ft. high, in swampy places, Nupe (Barter, Herb. Kew), in damp bush, Katagum (Dalziel, Herb. Kew), culti- vated in villages, Unyoro (Grant, Herb. Kew: Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. p. 126), not plentiful in Kabba (Parsons, da Kew); culti- vated in the Upper Oubangui region (Cheva 4. Ref.—'' H ygrophila spinosa, in Dict. es Pos Tudiá; Watt, lv. 1890, p. 316.— —" Hygrophila spinosa,” in Pharmacogr. Indica, Dymock, Warden & Hooper, iii. 1893, pp. 36-40. BRILLANTAISIA, Beauv. Brillantaisia Lamium, Benth.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 38. Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 4717, f. 3 (fruit, B. cwarionis; Engl. & Prantl, Pflan. iv. 1895, pt. 3 B, p. 296, f. 119 (B. Palisotii). Lagos, Abeokuta, Old Calabar, inc Denon, Oban, and ré widely distributed in West Afri A herbaceous perennial, 3-4 ft., prismeital, flowers deep blue. ACANTHUS, Linn. Acanthus montanus, 7. Anders.; Fl: Trop. Afr. V. p. 107. 1ll.—Bot. Mag. t. 5516. Vernac. names.—Agamobo (Benin, Dennett); Ahon Ekun or Akawn Ekkun (Yoruba, Moloney, Millson); Lagos, Phillips, MacGregor); Akawn Ekkun (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot t). Widely distributed in W. Africa, extending to Nyasaland, etc. Used medicinally in Yoruba (Millson, Kew Bull. 1891, p. 209), Siert Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 1893, p. 49). A herbaceous plant about 3 ft. high, very ornamental. Found in damp ground, Ilaro, Lagos (Millen, Herb. Kew), in the shade Ts forests, elevation 6000-7000 ft. Masuku Plateau (Whyte, Herb. Kew); o on Mt. Patti, Lokoja (Dalziel, Herb. Kew); readily raised from seed. CROSSANDRA, Salisb. Crossandra flava, Hook.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 113. Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 4710. Lagos, Mu also from Sierra Leone and the Gold Coa Herb, 6-8 in. high, ornamental, flowers yellow; oak. from seed. Crossandra guineensis, Vees; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 117. Iil.—Bot. Mag. t. 6346. Oban, S. Nigeria, and recorded from the Cameroons, Gold Coast and Fernando "Po. erb, 2-8 in. high, very ornamental in the white calyx, w or lilac estia: sometimes brownish-red bracts, and white ud leaves. Justicia, Linn. Justicia extensa, 7. Anders.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 206. Lagos, Cross River, and Tropical Africa, etc, - 516 Used in S. Nigeria as a fish poison (Letter, Imp. Inst. to Kew. 1st March, 1904: Herb. Kew, note on leaf specimen). A herbaceous plant 7 ft. high. PERISTROPHE, Nees. Peristrophe bicalyculata, Vees; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 242. Ill.—Lam. Encycl. t. 12, f. 2 (Justicia ligulata); Cav. Ic.1. t. 71 ue Nee): Retz. Acta Holm. (1775) t. 9 aies bicaly- er ernac. name.—Ghati-Pit-Papra (Bombay, Dymock). Niger Territory, Borgu, Bornu, ete., in Nigeria, and widely dis- tributed in Tropical Africa, Tropical and Sub- Tropical India. The plant macerated in an infusion of rice is said to be a useful remedy for poisonous snake-bites, Malabar (Watt: Dict. Econ. Prod. India; Moloney, For. W. Afr. 400). The whole herb is gathered when in flower and dried for use as a what des for Fumaria parviflora, the true Pitpapra "" (Dymock, us. Kew). An erect annuakand a common weed. VERBENACEAE. Lantana, Linn. Lantana Camara, Linn.; Fl. Trop. a V. p. 275. Zil.—Dillenius, Hort. Eltham, t. 56, f. 64 (Camara ves folio, vend Lam. Encycl. t. 540; Buchoz, Herb. Col. Am es t. [C t. ‘38 (L. gites Des hike iv. m 304 ; "v. t E 310 0 (E. aculeata); Belgique gio a (1868) 0 (var. iovtensi) Vidal, F1. For. Filip. t. 74 D (fl. & fr.); ded Fl. Argent. ii. t. 14. Vernac. ide due or Ewon-agogo (Lagos, Mac- Gregor, Dawodu); Ewon Adele (Lagos, F oster); M recens ‘doen Guiana, Heckel); Camara, Cabará-caá (Argentine, Bett- reund); Cammara (Brazil, Merck); Ghaneri (Bombay, Kenga); Cariaquillo (Porto Rico, Cook ollins); Durie (Java, Evans, § Co.).-—Prickly Lantana, Wild Sage, Camara piquant. wie distributed in West Africa. Native of Tropical America, naturalised in many warm countries The leaves are used as ET pope He joiners i in Java (Descr. Cat.. ar ai Museum, eck ws n of Cammara i s give as a remedy der catarrhal purpose in eee n arts of West Africa, mixed with leaves of Ocimum vi bdi (A Giran Lakes pd tae Herb. Kew); and various medicinal uses are attribute d to the plant in French Guiana pm Les Pl. Med. et Toxiq. eu Franc. in Ann. Inst. Col. T ROSE 517 Marseille, iv. 1897, p. 127). The seeds are-used in Java as an eye medicine (Mus. Kew may be distilled from the flowers and leaves (see Semi- Ann i Be zur Wm Co. Nov. 1908, p. 140; Oct. 1909, p. 73 and Oct. 1913, p. 66), the constituents of which have not yet been identified (om Chemist & "qu May 16, 1914, p. 46). n ornamental shrub, 4-10 ft. high, suitable for planting in amongst which may be mentioned * alba,” " ose we 8 à À “ compacta," "fulva," “grandiflora,” “ pulcherrima," “ Que Victoria," ‘‘ triomphe,"' * variegata," In many countries ‘where the plant has been introduced it is regarded as a pest, despite its medicinal and ornamental value. Experiments are being made in New Caledbnii a with a fly (Agromy- zidae) introduced from Hawaii to compass its ans À (Journ. um Trop. seq.). Ref.—'' La Lantana et sa Destruction," Marques in L'Agric. prat. pays chauds, vii. part 2, 1907, pp. 70—76.—" La Destruction du Lantana "' in Journ. d'Agric. Tropicale, xii. 1912, 54—“ La Lantana Camara, Linn. sa a Vegetatio on a Alger," Rivière, in Bull. de la Société Nationale D'Acclimatation de France, lix. 1912, pp- 598-601. Lantana salvifolia, Jacq.; Fl. Trop. AV. pe 2s Ill.—Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. iii. t. 285; Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. . 1464 (L. indica). Vernac. name.—Eluku (Lagos, MacGregor, Phillips). Widely distributed in Tropical Africa, etc. Fruit edible. A shrub 1-6 ft. high, in rocky ground Lokoja (Parsons, No. 11. 1908, Herb. Kew); ornamental, corolla rose-coloured. Lantana trifolia, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 277 Ill.—Sloane, Hist. Jamaiea, + 195 f 3 (Periclymenune rectum, etc.); Bot. Mag. t. 1449. Wild Sage. Lagos (Rowland, 1890, Herb. Kew). .Native of Tropical America; naturalised in Tropical Asia. Fruit edible; more pulpy than in any other species (Bot. Mag. l.c.); the leaves are used in baths for dropsical people to cleanse- the skin and in all hot fomentations (Sloane, Hist. Jamaica, il. + 82 À ci up to 6 ft. high; found on the beach at Boea near Limon, Costa Rica (Tonduz, Herb. Kew); grows everywhere in the savannahs in all the Cartbhoun Islands (Sloane, 1.c.). Lirepra, Linn ue adoensis, //ochst.; Fl. Trop. Ate V. p. 280. ac. names. Fetfettis (Sierra Leone, Reser Elliot); Borm- "d (abia, Molone y).—Gambia Tea. 518 Lagos, Oloke-Meji, and in bb Africa generally. d medicinally by the natives, Mie d Coast (Johnson, Herb. Kew), in Angola hess: Hob Kew), and as a fever drink, "Gambia (Mus. Kew; Moloney, For. W. Afr. An undershrub, 4-5 ft. ; Oloke- Meji (Foster, Herb. Kew), Ogun River, Lagos (Millen, Herb. ew). Flowers white, plant very ^R. 5 rop. Afr. v. p. 219, a creeping visui al Le distributed in Tropical Africa—Senegal, Mozambique, etc., is recommended for making lawns in Egypt and similar hot, dry climates (Cook .& Collins, Econ. Pl. Porto Rico, p. 175). STACHYTARPHETA, Vahl. Stachytarpheta indica, Vall; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 284. Iil.—Sloane, Hist. Jamaica, i. $307. f.1 Mane folio, ete.) ; Jacq. Obs. t. 85 (Verbena jamaicensis); Bot. Mag. t. 1860 (S. jamaicensis); Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 820 (S. jamaicensis); Vidal, Fl. For. Filip. t. 74 B. Vernac. names.—1lru-ala-ngba Cages, Dennett); Iru amurin (Lagos, Dawodu); Payun payun, Akitipa (Dagos, MacGregor, Dawodu); Crête de Inde, Crête-dinde (French i Cachinde ca menha (Loanda, i elwitsch); Herbe queue de Rat (Seychelles, 7homas set) .—Bastard Vervain of Jama Widely distributed in Tropical Africa, Asia and pero. The plant is regarded as a valuable remedy for dysentery in Ann. Inst. Col. Ma rseille, ios 1897, p. 109), Loanda (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iv. p. 831), Lagos (MaeGregor, Herb. Kew) and - Jamaica (Sloane, l.c. i. . 171; Archer, Mus. Kew A shrubby’ plant, 3-6 ft. high, variously described as an annual, biennial or triennial from seed or cuttings; a common weed in waste places. Duranta, Linn. Duranta Plumier Jacq.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 287. Ill.—Plumier, Ic. Burm. t. 79 (Duranta vedere Jacq. Ic. Pl. . Rar. iii. t. 502; Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. i. t. 57; Bet. Reg. (1817) t. 244; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. ur Drapiez, Herb. Amat. de Fleurs, viii. t. 568; Dict. Sc. Nat. t. 41; Lam. Encycl. t. 545; Baillon, A dansonia, ii. t. 5, ff. 1-10; Boca Verbenaceae, t. 5, ff. 1-10; Gard. Chron. TE 14th, 1888, a). Vernac. names.—Jacu (€ 'antagallo, Peckolt): Azote-caballo, Lila, Lluvia (Porto Rico, Cook & Collins). Lagos, Old Calabar, cg dou pma in Tropical Africa; native of Tropical Amer A shrub, 5-10 ft he sometimes spiny, with irl , handsome -terminal racemes of bright lilac flowers; planted b eans in — and Lower French Guinea to make hedges up by the 519 natives about their huts (Chevalier, Bull. Soc. Nat. D’Accl. France, 1912, p. 240). May be propagated by layers or cuttings. Trctona, Linn. f. Tectona grandis Linn. f. Suppl. Pl. (1781) p. 151. A large deciduous tree, with quadrangular branchlets. Leaves large, blade 1-2 ft. long, correspondingly’ broad, cuneate, narrowed into the petiole—1-12 in., rough on the upper surface, densely grey or brown tomentose on the under surface. Flowers white, in erect panicles 1-3 ft. long. Fruit hard, bony, 3-1 in. diam., enclosed in a spongy covering about 1 in. thick, the whole covered with the persistent calyx, a loose papery brown envelope, resembling that of Physalis. Seeds 1-3, small. Ill.—Rheede, Hort. Mal. iv. t. 27; Rumpf, Amb. iii. t. 18; Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. i. t. 57; Lam. Encycl. t. 136 (T'heka); Roxb. Pl. Corom. t. 6; Blanco, F1. Filip.t. 114; Bocquillon, Verbe- naceae, t. 10, ff. 11-20; Brandis, Illustr. For. Fl. India, t. 44; Talbot, For. Fl. Bombay, ii. p. 347, f. 4 Report, Affor. Togo (1912), f. 1 (habit, tree 10 years old at Lome), ff. 20-24, 31, 32. Vernac. names.—Tekku, Tek, Teka, or Teku (India, Gamble) ; Ticla, Dalondan, Yate, Calayate or Yati (Philippines, Ahern) Kuyon (Burma, Brandis); Mai Sak (Siam, Mus. Kew).—Teak, Indian, Siam and Burma Teak. Native of India, Burma and Siam. Cultivated in Assam, Bengal, Java, Sumatra, Southern Nigeria, Togoland, etc. The leaves yield a red dye and they are used as plates for packing and for thatching. arpus sp.); g Teak ” (Dryobalanops aromatica), but although good these woods have not the same sterling qualities as true Teak. “ Tampinis ” KK 520 (Sloetia sideroxylon), and “ Balan” (Parinarium oblongifolium), timbers of the Dutch East Indies and the Malay Peninsula, are recommended as substitutes by DeCoque (Trop. Agric. xxxix. 1912, P- , à fine timber-tree of the Malay Isles and Polynesia, ‘‘ Melila,”’ xi British New Guinea, is some- before sowing. ey may be sown at stake, raised in nursery beds, bamboo pots or baskets, and as the plants develop a long tap root they requi are in transplanting to permanent be regenerated, where the seedlings can be transplanted a month or two after sowing (Mascarenhas, Indian Forester, xli. 1915, p. 147), and the same practice is common in Java (l.c. 1392, p. 289). In the nursery the seedlings will require to be spaced at least a foot apart, and in the plantation 10 ft. by 10 ft., thinning out as required. On alluvial soil the growth in length is estimated at the rate of about 6 ft. a year and later at the rate of about only 1 ft. a year; trees with a girth of from 25-34 in. are from 77-87 ft. high, and, under favourable conditions throughout, they may be expected to attain a height of 150 ft. in soil of this description (l.c. Ist ed. (1881) p. 287). It is stated that plantations made on gneiss and laterite show a much slower rate of growth (l.c. p. 286). elling is recommended to commence when the average girth at breast height is 6 ft. 6 in., and the period of exploitation 1s given ears ; on first-class soils [alluvium] and 140 years on second- elass soils [laterite] with a total yield per acre of 3000 and 2000 cubic ft. respectively. Under conditions of “ high forest with a clean felling of the final crop and artificial regeneration," the final crop on first-class soil giving not less than 40 trees, and on second- class soil not less than 50 trees, per acre (Lushington, Rep. and Working Scheme Nilambur Teak Plantation, 1898, p. 41; Watt. Comm. Prod. India, p. 1070; Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. P. 528). The above figures are recorded from Nilambur where the climate is approximately that of the Niger Delta. The value of the wood in London (Feb. 1915) c.i.f. per load or ton (50 cubic ft.) was quoted—for Timber £14-£30 (Java, £8- £22); Flitches (Hewn Java, £12-£20); Planks, £15-£30 521 (Java, £12-£19) (C. Leary & Co., Indian Forester, xli. May, 1915, p. xlii). The price for selected Indian Teak, Ist quality on the Calcutta Market May, 1915, was Rs. 160-Rs. 170 per ton (Le. p. xlv.). The returns in * Loads ’’ [50 cubic ft.] for the five years 1909-13 imported into the United Kingdom were 1909— 33,857, value £906,601; 1912— 50,950, value £857,794 ;and in 1913—47,772, value £879,254, chiefly from Java, Siam, and British India (Trade 205). Forest Reserves (see p. 40)in the Southern Provinces of Nigeria. An experimental plantation at Oloke-Meji, covering 43 acres in 1910 (Col. Rep. Ann. No. 695, 1911, p. 11; Thompson, Ann. Rep. Forestry Dept. S. Nig. 1911, p. 9) had proved so successful as to 3j years old, and 47-5 ft. high, girth 37 in. to 51 ft. high, girth 42°75 in. in trees 81 years old, and the average girth of trees 21 years old in the Mamu Reserve was 8-8 in. ompson, l.c. p. 6). Seeds obtained from India, Burma and Togoland were being grown. The tree in Togoland is grown more or less in association with i (Khaya senegalensis, etc., see pp- 152-155, Afzelia africana (p.272), ** Sasswood ” (Erythrophloeum guine x 212. FE planted (Indien Forester, xvii. 1891, p- 448) tobacco, tapioca (Cassava), maize, ground- nuts, ete, (Indian Forester, xviii. 1892, p- 285) growing in the early stages, the cost of clearing and planting the teak trees béing ratory to felling and logging; this facili ater, but it has been found in Burma tha 3 ' no difference in the strength of the timber Seasoned standing, and when felled and seasoned in the log, nor is trees and leave them standing for about KK 2 522 there any endo in this respect between plantation-grown teak and that from Natural Forests (Pearson, Indian Forest Bull. No. 14, 1913, seq.). These are strong recommendations in favour of pures and it would seem that the cultivation of this tree in suitable parts of Nigeria may be continued with every prospect of success. - Ref.—Report on the Teak Forests of the Tenasserim Provinces, Falconer, pp. 1-286, with other Papers on the Teak Forests of ' , Bo td., (Iter. Forestry - sense Edinburgh; 1884 eem “Teak Cultiva- tion in Java, an, in the Indian Forester, xviii. 1892, pp. 285-292: Transl. pr a errms — Djaticultwur, by Dr. Slym, Dep. Cons. of Forests, Moulmein.——“ Tectona grandis," in Diet. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, vi. pai 4, 1893, € 1-14. = “Tectona grandis," in Pharmacographia Indica, Dymock, Warden ooper, iii. pp. 61-67 P P Va Consul Black, in Dip. & Cons. Rep. Misc. No. 357, 1895, p. 1-9, with map of the Teak Districts of Siam * Tectona grandis,” in Manual of Indian Timbers, Gamble, pp. 526-534. di NT Sr à T grandis, Linn. fil.” in Timbers of Comnièrce, Stone, pp. 170-171 (Wm. Rider & Son, Ltd. London, 1904), ——"L' Explotation des Forétsde Teck et Autres Bois à J ava, Paul que in L' Agric. prat. pays chauds, vi. 1, 1906, pp. 499 430. a Teak," in Bull. Imp. Inst. iv. 1906, pp. 174-175. ** Le Com merce du Teck au Siam,” in Bull. Econ. Gouvernement Général de P Indo-Chine, No. 56, Sept. 1906, pp. 910-915. eakholz," Hosseus, in Der Tropenpfl. Ju. 1907, Beihefte, No. 5, pp. 343-399. * Tectona grandis," in Comm. Prod. India, Watt, pp. 1068-1072. at Note on Best Season -= = let No. 16, 1910, pp. 1-29. Teak," in Pu & Cons. Bip. Annual, No. 4417, 1910, e Trade of Bangkok," pp. 12-14. e on Teak Plantations in Burma, Leete, No 23, ORL; 1-21 with rees, Unwin, pp. 1-53, illustrated; Issued by the Crown Agents for ihe Colonies (Waterlow & Sons, Ltd. London, 1912).——4A Further Note on the Relative Strength of Natural and Plantation- 523 grown eo in Burma, Pearson, Indian Forest wide Bull. No. 14, 1913, pp. 1-21.——“ Teak from Nigeria," in . Imp. Inst, xii. 1914, pp. 360-367. The Indian Forester (edited at Dehra Dun; U.P. ) numerous articles. CLERODENDRON, Linn. Clerodendron Bucholzii, Girke; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 301. Old Calabar, Cross River, ond known also from tke Gold Coast, anda. climbing shrub, 2-3 ft., in swampy ground, flowers double hi Afikpo, Old Calabar (Hitchens, us Kew); p fra- grant, free Howering, Aburi Hills (Johnson, Herb. Kew) with strong wood, about 4 in. in diameter, Mabira Forest, Uganda, flowering November, fruiting in July (Ussher, Herb. Ke w). Clerodendron capitatum, Schumach. § Thonn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. . 905. Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 4355. Vernac. names.—Fuemomi (S. Nigeria, Foster); Iye (Lagos, MacGregor, Dawodu). Lagos, Oban, Abeokuta, Onitsha, Katagum, and widely distri- buted in Tropical Africa An ornamental shrub with dense heads of white flowers, Clerodendron Formicarum, G'ürke; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 297. Ill.—Thonner, Blütenpfl. Afr. t. 134. Vernac. name.—Bunghama (Angola, d. Old Calabar, and in Tropical Africa y- An ornamental shrub, bearing many Apres terminal panicles, corolla white. Clerodendron fragrans, Vent. Jard. Malmaison, t. 70. biennial shrub, 3 ft. high. Inflorescence, a compact terminal corymb ; flowers white or tinged with pink, single or double; leaves sub-cordate serrate, pubescent, 4—5 in. across, glandular at the base Li. —Jacq. Hort, Schoenbr. iii. t. 338 (Volkmannia japonica) ; Ventenat, Jardin Malmaison, t. 70 A Ar ste fragran ns); Bot. Mag. t. 1834 (double fl.) ; Drapiez, b. Amat. de Fleurs, 11. t. 98 E ron Bot “Hes . (1838) t. ‘al (single &.); Blanco, FI. For. Eom (va E Menon ) Te c. names.—F lor. de Muerto, Jasmin Hediondo (Porto Rico, Cook § Collins). Native of China; naturalised in India and wee America. An ornamental plant cultivated in the Botanic Garden, Old Calabar. Easily raised from cuttings or m , by means of which it qu rapidly. Usually met with under cultivation in the double form Clerodendron “rte R.Br.; F1. Trop. Afr. V. p. 310. Ill.—Bot. Mag. t. 5838 (Cy aloes v Argi Lagos, and widespread in Tropical Afri A shrub 3—5 ft. high, ornamental; the ree lobes of the corolla white, the lower pale blue. ^ 524 Clerodendron polycephalum, Baker; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 300. Vernac. names.—Aporo (Lagos, Punch); Yawa (Oyo, Millson, - Moloney). Ex ` Lagos, Yoruba, and the Gold Coast. An infusion of the leaves applied to snake-bite Lagos (Punch, Herb. Kew). An erect shrub, 4 ft. high, flowers white, Ashanti (Chipp, Herb. Kew), a semi-creeping shrub, Lagos (Millen, Herb. Kew). Clerodendron scandens, Beauv.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 904. Ill.—Pal. de Beauv. Fl. Oware & Benin, ii. t. 62; Geel, Sert. Bot. v.; Bot. Mag. t. 4354. Vernac. name.—Fire Foré (French Guinea, Farmar). Lagos, Opobo, Cross River—Abokam, Ekom, and from Sene- gambia to the Cameroons. A climbing shrub, ornamental, flowers with green calyx and white corolla. Clerodendron sinuatum, Zook.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 295. Ill.—HBot. Mag. t. 4255. Lagos, Abeokuta, and also in Sierra Leone. An erect shrub, of low habit, flowering freely from the extremity of every branch, the dense heads of blossom being pure white and . very fragrant. Clerodendron splendens, G. Don: F1. Trop. Afr. V. p. 300. Ill.—Bot. Reg. (1842) t. 7; Paxton, Mag. ix. t. 103; Hartinger, Paradisus Vindob. i. t. 55; Hortic. Univ. v. (1844) p. 325; Le Jardin, 1895, p. 30; Rev. Hort. 1902, p. 504; De Wildeman, Etudes Fl. Bangala, frontispiece. l'ernac. names.—Adabi (Yoruba, Millson); Batabata (Congo, Burton); Olourn (Lagos, Millen). Widely distributed in West Africa. A climbing shrub, 4-6 ft. high, very ornamental, bearing dense terminal panicles of bright red flowers. Clerodendron Thomsonae, Balf. f.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 303. Iit.—Bot. Mag. t. 5313; Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. vii. 1863, t. 7 & t. 16 (fr. & seed); Ill. Hort. 1863, p. 358; Belgique Hortic. xiii. (1863) t. 10; Fl. des Serres, xv. (1862-65) t. 1534; Rev. Hort. 1867, p. 312; Rev. Hort. 1902, p. 504 (C. Balfouri); Journ. Hort. Ser. 9, xli. p. 135. Vernac. names.—Egwa, Oviakuku (Benin, Foster). Old Calabar River, Cross River and Niger Delta, found north to Kabba and Lokoja. A Das shrub, very ornamental, bearing many flowered cymes much laxer than in C. splendens, calyx white, corolla light crimson. 525 An ornamental, more or less climbing shrub; calyx corolline, corolla persistent, changing from green to white; berries black, shining; flowering August to September, Golungo Alto (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iv. p. 843). The Clerodendrons may all be readily grown from seed or cuttings and thrive in rich, light loam, well watered with free drainage. Vitex, Linn. Vitex Agnus-Castus, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), p. 638. A deciduous shrub, 6-14 ft. high. Leaves usually 5-foliolate. Inflorescence a slender, terminal or axillary panicle; flowers small, white tinged with blue cr lilac. ll.—Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. i. t. 56; Lam. Encycl. t. 541, f. 1; Plenck. Ic. t. 510; Schk. Fadi s 177; Duhamel, Traite des Arbres, vi. t. 35; Sibthorp, Fl. Gr. t. 609; Woodville, Med. Bot. ii. cag t. 137; Nees von Esenbeck, Gen. Plant. Fl. Germ. vi. t. 51; c. Fl. Germ. xviii. t. 1293; Moggridge, Fl. Mentone, t. 14; Gard, Chas ir 27th, 1912, p. 52 (habit, trained on a west wall, in flower at ; Vernac. names.—Athlak (Arabic, Dymock); Panjangusht (Persia, Dymock) ; s (Àr rabie, Jod Vester & Co.).— Cha ste Tree, Monk’s Pepper Lagos (Dawodu, No. 9, 1899, Herb. Kew). Native of Sicily and the Mediterranean region Leaves scented, used to spice dishes, Lagos (Dawodu, 1.c.). The berries are imported into India, considered astringent, resol- vent and deobstruant (Dymock, Warden & Hooper, Ph Indica, iii. p. 76). Seeds pungent, acrid and aromatic, possess- plant of value also for ornamental purposes. Propagated from : seed or cuttings, growing freely in light, well-drained soil. Vitex Cienkowskii, Kotschy § Peyr.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 328. ' Ill.—Kotschy, PI. meme t. 12; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, Tth Nov. 1909, App. xxii. No. 2, p. 35, f. 12; Engl. & Drude, Veg: Erde, ix. part 1, 1910, p. 295, £ 261. Vernac. names.—Dinya or Dumya (Sokoto, Dalziel) ; Galbiji Fufulde, Dalziel) Edi (Nupe, Barter); Ori-nla (Olo oke-Meji, odd); Inguli Baub (Sierra te Hes Elliot); Umbindoio Singuni, Gazaland, womozi (Lungoro, Uganda, awe); Upudu (Shire Highlands, Alaton: B ové (Kafir, John- son); Muxillo- c llo (Golungo Alto, W tinh) —bBlack Plum of Sierra Leo Las 526 making ink, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 1893, p. 31). mon, Nupe (Barter, Herb. Kew), over Northern Nigeria Dalziel, Herb. Kew), and over the iron plateaux 500-3 t ierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Herb. Kew), in Savannah, Ashanti Vitex diversifolia, Baker; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 324. Nupe, Kontagora, Yoruba. : Fruit edible, size of a cherry, black when ripe, like the “ Edi ” or Black Plum "' of Sierra Leone (Barter, Herb. Kew). A tree, 15 ft. high, flowers small, violet, Yoruba, common on dry, hilly ground, Nupe (Barter, Herb. Kew), Kontagora (Dalziel, Herb. Kew). er A large tree; branches quadrangular. Leaves with 5—7 leaflets, e , Vernac. name.—Ori eta (Oloke-Meji, Foster). Oloke-Meji (Foster, No. 34, 1906, Herb. Kew). Wood soft (1.c.), used for house-posts and the branches as scant- lings eos List of For. Trees, S. Nig. 1910, p. 7, “ Ori-eta ” tree, V. megaphylla). Vitex grandifolia, Giirke; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 324. Vernac. names.—Ore (Ebute Metta, Millen); Ori (Yoruba, Thompson); Oriri (Benin, Thompson, Unwin). Lagos, Benin, and Niger Delta, and generally in W. Africa. Fruit edible; Ekpe (Barter, Mus. Kew), size of a small plum from which a spirit is made, Ebute Metta (Millen, Herb. Kew); fruit made into a kind of honey, Asaba (Thompson, List of For. Trees, S. Nig. 1910, p. 7, V. cuneata). The wood is used for making large drums, S. Nigeria (lc. V. cuneata). A small tree; with the habit of an Aralia, sea shore near the River Nun (Barter, Herb. Kew), 25 ft. high. Ebute Metta (Millen l.c.), a shrub 10 ft., flowers cream-coloured, Akwapim, 1000 ft. (Murphy, Johnson, Herb. Kew). 521 AVICENNIA, Linn. Avicennia africana, P. Beauv.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 331. Ill.—Pal. de Beauv. ve Oware & Benin, i. t. 47. Vernac. names.—Ogb (Lagos, MacGregor); Ede (Benin, Thompson); Garigari or Mou (Gaboon, Moloney); Grigri or MESH (Sierra Leone, Scott Elliot, Moloney).— White Man- p Widely distributed on the littoral in West Africa. Wood used in boat-building and for piles (Thompson, List of For. Trees, S. Nig. 1910, p. 7); for house ok: Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 1893, p. 35); g good for shipbuilding (Cat. Prod. Col. Frane. Ex. Univ. 1867, p. 46; Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 402). A specimen in the Museum, Kew (Mann, er Nun, 1861) has a specific gravity of 0-598 = 37 Ib. per cubic foo EE barki is used EIE by the natives for the itch (l.c.). mple of t ark from Degema, New Calabar River, was found to contain on ‘5 per cent. of tannin and not rich ough to export to Europe in competition with East African Mangrove bark (see p. 304), though suitable for local use. It produced a somewhat eek leather, of pale brown colour and firm texture. A shrub or tree 6-40 ft. high; one of the tallest trees in the r r Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iv. p. 847); in Senegal the fruit has -been observed in January (Dollinger, Herb. Kew). The distribution and conditions of growth are approximately those of the “ Red mangrove” (Rhizophora racemosa, see p. and the method of reproduction is the same, the seeds OESE on the trees and sending down their long primary radicles into the mu LABIATAE. Ocimum, Linn. Ocimum basilicum, Linn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 336. Ill.—Lam. Encycl. t. 514; Plenck, Ic. t. 491 ; Nees von Esenbeck, Plant. Medic. Düsseld. t t. 184; Hayne, Darst. Beschr. Gewächse, xi. t. 3; Guimpel, Abbild. Beschr. t. 137; Nees von Esenbeck, Gen. Plant. Fl. Germ. vi. t. 1; Blanco, Fl. Filip. t. 407; Bull. Econ. pee € p. 1148. Vernac. names.—Efirin wewe (Lagos, wodu); Patmagi (Gambia, Brod Lester); Camange (Island à Ciis, Merrill); Albahaca ias Rico, Cook & Collins). —Sweet or Common Basil, Kirman t (Persia, Dymock). Lagos, did widely disiributed in Tropical Africa and Asia. An infusion of the leaves used in fevers, Gambia (Brown Lester, Kew Bull. 1891, p. 274), by the natives as a cooling drink, Gambia (Ozanne, Herb. Kew); the leaves are also used in soups (Brown 528 Lester, l.c.) Various medicinal uses are attributed to the plant in India (Watt, Dymock, seq.). An annual, 1-3 ft. high, commonly cultivated, reproduced freely from seed, easily grown and often met with as a weed. : Re}.—* Ocimum basilicum,” in Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Watt, v. part 2, 1891, pp. 440-442.——*‘ Ocimum basilicum,” in Phar- macogr. Indica, Dymock, Warden & Hooper, iii. pp. 83-85. Ocimum canum, Sims; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 337. [Ocimum ameri- canum. Mill.]. Ill.—Jacq. Hort. Bot. Vindob. iii. t. 86 (O. americanum); Desc. Ant. iv. t. 301 (O. americanum); Bot. Mag. t. 2452; Blanco, Fl. Filip. t. 257, £. 2. Vernac. names.—Efinrin Maragbosanyan (Oloke-Meji, Dodd); Efirin Oshu (Lagos, Moloney) ; Efirin nla (Lagos, Dawodu); Iyino n annual, 1-3 ft. high, commonly cultivated, often found wild about native towns and compounds, easily raised from seed. Ref.— Essence D'Ocymum canum." Charabot, in L’ Agric. prat. pays chauds, ii. 1902-03, “ Etudes sur les Produits odorants des Col. Franc.," pp. 395-396. Ocimum suave, Willd.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 338. [O. gratissimum, var. suave, Hook. Fl. Brit. India, iv. p. 609.] rnac. name.—Romba (Madagascar, Heckel). Kontagora (Dalziel, No. 138, 1905, Herb. Kew), and widely distributed in Tropical Africa and Asia. Used medicinally in India (Dict. Econ. Prod. India) and in Madagascar (Heckel, Ann. Inst. Col. Marseille, i. fasc. 2, 1903, pp. 141-142, ** Romba,"' O. gratissimum). A much branched herbaceous erennial, found in a wood near native village, Kontagora (Dalziel, Herb. Kew), as a tall herb with clove-scented leaves, Chipete, Rhodesia, 3800 £ft. (Swynnerton, Herb. Kew). Ocimum viride, Willd.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 337. Ill.—Pal. de Beauv. Fl. Oware, Benin, t. 94 (O. heptodon) ; Bot. Reg. (1823) t. 753 (O. febrifugum) ; Nature, Jan. Ist. 1903, p. (leaves drawn from a dried specimen, raceme from Bot. Reg. (l.c.). 529 ; tt, No. 8, 1906, Herb. Kew), Abinsi, Muri Province Dalziel, No. 773, 1912, Herb. Kew) ; and in West Africa generally. Used as a febrifuge, Gambia (Dudgeon, Gambia Govt. Gaz. 6th 12 i erb. Kew). Various medicinal uses are attributed to the TS ourn. Soc. Arts, liii. 1905, p. 1068, Holmes, Pharm. p- 963), and it is used as salad, Old Calabar. The oil is orange-yellow, with an aromatic thyme-like odour and pungent taste. Leaves from Northern Nigeria yielded 1-21 per cent. (Bull. Imp. Inst. 1908, p. 209; 1914, p. 131), and from Sierra Leone (sample of 116 Ib. yielding on distillation 64 oz. of oil) 0-35 per cent. (Sierra Leone, Roy. Gaz. Jan. 11, 1908, p. 15; Bull. Imp. Inst. Lc.). The large proportion (32 per cent.) of thymol gives the oil some antiseptic value (l.c.), and it may prove a valuable source of this drug. open bush, Batanga oe te Ref.—* Fever Plant (Ocymum viride),’’ Holmes, in Pharm. Journ. [3] viii. 1878, p. 563. “ A Pot of Basil," Shipley, in Nature, Jan. 1, 1903, pp. 205-206.— —' Mosquito Plants," in “Ocimum viride," from West Africa," in Bull. Imp. Inst. vi. 1908, p. 209. “Report on the Oil of Ocimum viride from Sierra Leone," Dunstan, in Sierra Leone Roy. Gaz. Jan. 11th, 1908, pp. 15-16. AEOLANTHUS, Mart. Aeolanthus pubescens, Benth.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 394. Vernac. name.—Iko (Eifik, Old Calabar, Holland). Lagos, Abeokuta, Old Calabar, Jeba, Mount Patti, Lokoja. Used as a salad, Old Calabar. : A slender erect annual, 1-3 ft. high. 530 Prectrrantuus, L'Hérit. Plectranthus floribundus, V.Æ£.Br. in Kew Bull. 1894, p. 12; FI. cap, V. I, Rootstock tuberous. Stems erect, 2-4 ft. hi igh. Leaves 2-3 in. long, 1-1 in. broad, oblong, obtuse, coarsely Pe uim on both sides, "pase roun led or sub-cordate. orescence a leafless panicle 12-18 in. long, with numerous simple or branched pubes- cent racemes 1-21 in. fone ; corolla bright golden-yellow; pedicels 11-2 lin. lon Ill.— Hook. È Pi. t. 2489. var. longipes, N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 403, resembles the type, but the flowers have longer pedicels—2-5 lin. long. Tubers small and growing close to the base of the stem À fresh tuber— on a plant grown at Kew (from Zaria, Lamb, No. 22, 1913) to + in. in diam.; colour brown or somewhat like a new potato, whitish near the growing point. Vernac. names.—Risga (Hausa, Lamb, Dudgeon) ; Risga (Yola, Dalziel); Bugumji (Fufulde, Dalziel); Buica (Manganja ills, ie er). ria (Dudgeon, No. 2, 1909, Lamb, No. zo 1913, EE Kew Yola (Dalziel, Kew Bull. 1910, p- 140); K ano (Dud n, Yn known also by specimens from Angola, Matabeleland, RUNS and et parts of East Africa. rue sp.); Zaria (Lamb, 1. Dudgeon, l.c., ES " April 30, 1910, p. 103, Risa: zb Kano (Dudgeon lc.) , in East Africa—pleasant taste a o avour ameron, Herb. Chirinda n 3800 ft. (Swynnerton, Herb. Kew). The bondive ”’ “ Kaffir Potato," the tuber of Plectranthus escu- lentus, al R Br. (Kew Bull. l.c.) is a favourite food of the natives in one foot or more grum, Agric. and For. Prod. W. Afr. p. 154). 1. Ref.—“ Plectranthus flori bundar” in Res Bull. 1898, p. 12-13. SOLENOSTEMON, Schumach. & Thonn. ie ap came ocymoides, Schum. § Thonn.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. Ill.—Pal de Beauv. FL Oware, Benin, t. 95, f. 1 (O. mono- suem ^ nac. names.—Tkbawo Opolo (Lagos, MacGregor, Dawod edat biri (Abinsi, N. Nera Dale; el). £ pe vr ede ced 1889; Dawodu, No. 27, 1899, No. 10, 1901, Hab i Kew), Nup e (Barter, No. 1981, Herb. Kew); Mt. Patti, N. Nigeria (Dalziel, No. 102); A binsi, N. Nigeria (Dalziel, 531 Nos. 712, 198, 199, Herb. Kew), Zungeru (Dalziel, No. 140, 1905, Herb. Kew w); Old ‘Calabar (Holland, No. 74, 1897, Herb. Kew); and generally in West Africa. Used medicinally for children, as a vegetable and as a dk Lagos (Dawodu, l.c.), leaves included in “ Agbo ” (see p. 50). 1, 3-4 ft. high; found by the wayside and in cultivated fields, Zungeru (Dalziel, Le. ), in open places i in the bush, Sierra eue (Scott Elliot, Herb. Kew), in Cassava fields and open bush, in flower (blue) March, Batanga is Herb. Kew), and in shady ravines, Nupe (Barter, 1.c.). Coreus, Lour. Coleus rotundifolius, A. Chev. § Perrot in A. Chev. Vég. Util. de l’Afrique Trop. Franç. i. (1905), p. 119. [Coleus dysentericus, Baker, Kew Bull. 1894, p. 10; Fl. Trop. Afr. v. (1900) an 437 ; C. salagensis, Gürke, l.c. p. 426; Plectranthus Coppini, Cornu, l.c. p. 420; Germanca rotundifolia, Poit. Encycl. Method. 11. “(1811) : 163; Plectranthus ternatus, Sims, Bot. Mag. (1824) t. 2460, Plectranthus tuberosus, Blume, Bijdr. (1825— 26), p. 838; Plec- tranthus rotundifolrus, Spreng. Syst. 11. (1825) p. 690; Coleus rugosus, Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. i. (1831) p. 15; Coleus tuberosus, Benth. Lab. (1832), p. 59; Coleus parviflorus, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. (1852) p. 72]. Iil.—Rumpf, Herb. Amb. v. t. 132, f. 1 (Glans terrestris cos- tensis); Bot. Mag. t. 2460 (Plectranthus ternatus); Gard. Chron. (tubercles, Coleus Coppini); Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xlvii. 1901, p. 108 (tubers, Plectranthus Coppini); Revue Cult. Col. x. 1902, p. 130, ff. 1, 2 (Coleus Cappon, Rev. Hort. Bouches-du- Rhône, Marseille, 1902, p. 49, f. 1 (Coleus Coppini); Chevalier, Les Vég. Util. L’ Afriq. Trop. Frang. i. fasc. 1, 1905, t. 1 (C. rotun- ernac. names.—Tumuku — nai, Metabela fafalde, Dalziel); Tumbuku (Hsu, Gold Coast, Tu dhope, Saunders); Krodyn (Yoruba, Barter); Ousounifing (Sudan, M epe Bois, : Lel\ : : Metus Sims); Oumimé or Houmime (Mauritius, E atambala detection Transvaal, Mingard, Pailliena Bois); ahoh: Sudan, Chevali er), [Gouroundou (Ban a), Fa-Birama (Sogóti Middle Niger), Ndougoni (Ngaos), Dazo rabi, Kouikeri, Mangouli, Mételé or Matélé (Central Africa) Chevalier)] ; Innala (Ceylon, De Silva, mer ied Mim Ke miam or Gotte Kelin (Portuguese in Malaya, Rumphius).—Hausa Potato, Fra-Fra pos. Coast) Potato; Balai Poe and) Potato, Madagascar à ab (Barter, No. 846, Herb. Kew) ; Lokoja (Dalziel, No. 103, 1909, Herb. Kew); Gold Coast (Johnson, No. 794, 1900: Tu idhope, = 532 Dec. 1912, Herb. Kew). Found under cultivation in many parts of Tropical Africa and in Java, Ceylon, Mauritius, Madagascar. The tubers are used medicinally in dysentery, Yoruba (Barter, l.c.) as an external remedy for burns and scalds, Madagascar Heckel, Ann. Inst. Col. Marseille, fase. 2, 1903, p. I5 lectranthus ternatus). They are re as foo d, like potatoes in all countries where the plant is cultivated. The planted about 3-5 ft. apart in rich open soil, gov about h 1 ft. high and come to maturity in from 5-10 months. The plant may also be propagated by cuttings which root freely. In Northern Nigeria ‘‘Tumuku”’ is cultivated in damp places e the tops of broad ridges, propagated by means of sprout- ing eyes or sections cut off the tubers (Dudgeon, N. Nig. Gaz. July 31st, 1909, p. 157: Agric. & For. Prod. W. Africa, p- 194); grown in Yola (Shaw, N. Nig. Gaz. Feb. 28, 1910, p. 32), and in Bassa, where in the Boju district the value of the tabe 18 given for “1 jar dried 3d.; 14 fresh 3d." (Kay, N. Ni ig, Gaz. Suppl. June 30th, 1913, p. xxv. ). ‘In Ceylon ke tubers of “ Innala’’ are regarded as superior in flavour to those of the English potato and fetch a higher price in the local its: they come to maturity there in six months, and in the best lands the returns are given at from 4—5 ewt. (De Silva, Trop. Agric. xxiii. 1904, p. 117). Under experiment on the Gold Coast the yield per acre has been found to vary from 7244 lb.—1 acre tubers, 5 ne by 4 ft. in mt planted 9th March raised the following Jan at Coomassie YN Rep. and raised 16th December E at Coomassie (Le, 1914 0 I from cuttings; var. nigr r are from ‘tubers, 552 kilog. per are from cuttings; E rh a ibaa half the above quantities were obtained from tubers of the same varieties grown during the dry season; and at a farm emi in the same region, by good tillage and emis p the r eturns hav e been f rom 8000 to 12000 Other figure udi be quoted, but the above will be sufficient to show that considerable variation may be expected in the yield. Under cultivation Chevalier notes three well marked varie- ies, distinguished according to the colour of the tubers as var. adagascar, Mauritius-—and the ied and Upper Tue ions aes mid to the Niger. The Bambara names as indicated a “bo bove 533 distinguish between the black and the white. Tho variety culti- ated in Java (var. ee e Piers) is Faro as being probably the same as the Sudan var. nigr s growing at Kew from Zaria Sag P. Lamb, 1913) probabl 7 ‘belong E eed hev e var. al ba, Ref.—* Le Hanbal (Coleus tuberosus, Benth.) ; PEE et Propagation au Gabon. n-Congo,’’ Paillieux et Bois, in Revue des pp. 684-686." Coleus tuberosus ”’ in Gard. Chron. Aug. 12th, “ Coleus dysentericus, Coleus tuberosus, Pleo. transits ternatus, in ‘‘ Tuberous Labiatae,” in Kew Bull. 1894, 10-14. * No a : Rendus, cxxx. 1900, pp. 1268- 71.——Sur L'Ousounifing du Soudan (Coleus Coppini), Heckel, in Ann. Inst. Col. Marseille, viii. 1901, 2nd fasc. pp. 1—15, illustrated. i . Vé . Trop. 6. 1. fasc. 1, ue po pP. rte Pp: TRA pp. 130-132, ated.——' i Hyreris, Jacq. Hyptis pectinata, Poit.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 448. ^ —Ann. Mus. Paris, vii. (1806), t. 30. rnac. names—Kunbar dawaki Lite Se Dalziel) ; see Tee MacGregor, Doo); Quinbumbo, Quinbungu, mbo or Quimbumba (Angola, Welwitsch) Bamniitéabsd- volihy (Madagascar, Parker, Heckel). Lagos, Idda, Katagum and Abinsi, widely spread in Tropical Africa. Native of Tropical America. Used as a medicine for vens 1, 4.6 ft. high, found on old farms, =, N. Nigeria (Dalziel, To on hedges in villages, Madi (Gra Herb. Kew dis open grass and low bush, Sierra Leone (Scott Elliot Herb. Kew), in sandy soil, N.W. Rhodesia (Rogers, Herb. Kew). 594 Hyptis spicigera, Lam.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 448. Ill.—Desc. Ant. viii. t. 581. Vernac. names.—Benefing (French W. Africa, Vuillet); Tené (French Guinea, Milliad, De Wildeman). Nupe, Kontagora and Tropical Africa, and in Tropical America. Seeds occasionally imported into this country (Mus. Kew; Moloney, For. W. Afr. p. 403); used for food in the same way as Sem-Sem (Sesamum indicum), Uganda (Dawe, Herb. Kew); oleaginous (Chevalier, Les Veg. Util. L'Afriq. Trop. France, i. p. 82; Scott Elliot, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 3, 9, p. 24; Vuillet, L'Agric. prat. pays chauds, xii. 1 (1912), p. 163); preserved for food, Madi (Grant, Herb. Kew), used medicinally in the Antilles (Descourtilez, l.c. p. 300). An annual, 5 ft. high, common in wet places, Nupe (Barter, Herb. Kew), Kontagora, (Dalziel, Herb. Kew), cultivated in gardens, Acholi country, Uganda (Dawe, Rep. Bot. Miss. Uganda, 1906, p. 54) by the Bandas of F.W. Africa around their huts, sown at the commencement of the rainy season and grows quickly (Chevalier, lc.) and in French West Africa (Vuillet, 1.c.); may be cultivated much the same as Sesamum indicum (q.v.). 1911, pp. 1-4 (Imprimerie du Gouvernement, Bama 0) and in closely arranged except near the base of the spike; corolla small, pink-purple (Merrill); but the plant appears to flower rarely or not at all under cultivation. Pogostemon Patchouli, Pelletier, Mem. Soc. Se. Orleans, v. (1845), p. 277; var. suavis, Hook. £. Fl. Br. India, iv. (1885), p. 634. Ill.—Mem. Soc. Sc. Orleans, v. (1844), t. 7; (P. Patchouli) Pharm. Journ. [1] viii. 1849, E 914 (P. Patchouli); Hooker, i. 1849, t. 11 (P. Patchouli); Piesse, Art of T ry, p. 175; ; . 1896, p. (P. Patchouli); Perfum. & Essential Oil Record, Nov. 1913, p- 370, £. 1 (P. Patchouly). ; 535 —Tilam Wangi (Straits Settlements, Holmes); US (Philippines, Blanco).—Patchouli or Patchouly of Euro- pean commer Native of the AMPIA Islands. Cultivated at Lagos and Abutshi (River Niger), etc he leaves are largely imported into Europe for the extraction of the perfume “ Patchouli.” They come especially into Grasse, the price being about 72 francs per 100 kilos edad & Essen- tial Oil Record, May, 1914, p. 149). Dried leaves were placed among Indian shawls to keep away insects, and it is also said to give the semana smell to Chinese or Indian Ink (Hooker, London Jo Bot. i. 1849, p. 329). Commercial Patchouli is sometimes PEE PARE with the leaves of Urena lobata (p. 68) the “ Perpulut " of the Malays (Kew Bull. 1889, p. 137). The oil in the London Market is quoted at 17s. per Ib. (Perfumery & Essential Oil Record, June 1915, p. 222) ; 20s. per Ib. (1.c. Nov. 1915 p. 355). West African Patchouli leaves, from plants grown by the Niger Company at Abutshi, appeared on the nieta ut 1809 (Chemist ruggist, Jan. 28th, 1893, p. 157). In May, 1890, Woodruff (see p. 35) reported that there were nearly 200 plants of Patchouli growing at Abutshi (Kew Bull. 1891, p. 94). In Penang cuttings put in in January and planted out the last week in February 3 ft. apart, yielded when cut July 21st at the rate of 8980 Ib. of leaves per acre in a green state, and after being dried for 10 days in a cool, airy shed the weight per acre was at the rate of 2120 Ib.; a second cutting about 6 months later yielded (Eo Bull à the same, giving more than a ton of leaf per annum w Bull. 1888, p. 133). The cultivation is comparatively easy on lines similar to above and full particulars are diit in Kew Bull. 1888, pp. 135-139, and in the following references : Ref.—*‘ Pucha-Pat or Patchouli (Pogostemon mae ae" a Hooker’s London Journ. Botany, i. 1849, pp. 328-33 “ Patchouly (Pogostemon Patchouli, Lindl., Plectranthus crassi- jolius, Burnett), ” in The Art of Perfumery, Piesse, pp. 174-177 (Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1879).——Patchouli (Pogos- temon Patchouli, var. suavis), " in Kew Bull. 1888, pp. 71-74; pp. 133-1534 ; 1889, pp. 135-159.-——'' Notes on the Cultivation and Veiis s vei iouis and Its Adulteration," Wray, i n Journ. Agric. H oc. Tndia, viii. 1889, pp. 283-291.— —" Po SUN Patch in a Dit Econ. Pród. i ia, Watt, vi. part 1B, 1892, ada “Note on Dilem and Patchouli,” Holmes, in | DE n. 1896, pp. 222-224.— —" The Patchouli Misi. No. 299, ' August 1905. pp. 255-256. ——“ Notes on Patchouli,” in Museum Report, the us Soc. of Great Britain, Holmes, 1907-10, pp. 7-9.——* Patchouli (Pogostemon Patchouli, var. suavis, Hook. t. = P. Cablin, Benth.)," in Kew Bull. 1908, pp. 78-82.— —" Notes on Patchouli, os Holmes, in Pharm. Journ. [4] xxvi. 1908, p. 349.——“ The Patchouli Plant of Commerce ree,” Holmes, i in The Perfumery and Essential Oil Record, Nov. 1913, pp. 369-371. 536 T Lgvcas, R: Br. Leucas martinicensis, R. Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 479. Ill.—Transv. Agric. Journ. v. (1907), t. 226. - Wild Tea Bush (Gambia, Brown Lester). Katagum, Kontagora, and widely distributed in the Tropics. The whole plant is made into an infusion and used as a wash in fevers, Gambia (Kew Bull. 1891, p. 274). l, 2-3 ft. high, found in waste places Katagum and wet places by streams, Kontagora (Dalziel, Herb. Kew). Leonotis, Pers. Leonotis nepetaefolia, X. Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 491. /il.— Bot. Reg. iv. (1818) t. 281; Bot. Mag. t. 3700; Wight, Illust. t. 176, f. 11 (L. nepetifolia) ; Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. ini. t. 867 ; Cook & Collins, Econ. Pl. Porto Rico (Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. viii. 1903) t. 44. Vernac. names.—lku Ekun (Lagos, Foster); Kilanjananahary (Madagascar, Heckel); Maluvo, 'angilla, Maluvo-iamgilla, Maluvo-iamconco (Loanda, Welwitsch); Molonillo (Porto Rico, Cook & Collins); Matisil (Bombay, Moloney, Dymock, Watt); Cordao do Frade (Brazil, Moloney); Rascamoño (Porto Rico, Amades, Dymock).—Catmint-leaved Leonotis. Cosmopolitan in the tropics. A decoction of the plant is used in diseases of the abdomen, Loanda (Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. iv. p. 879). An annual, 2-5 ft. high, somewhat coarse in the leaf, but very ornamental when in flower; dense whorls, 2-2} in. across, yellow, with large bracts. Easily grown, and commonly found as a weed in waste places. — TrNNEA, Kotschy & Peyr. Tinnea aethiopica, Kotschy § Peyr.; Fl. Trop. Afr. V. p. 497. Ill.—Kotschy, PI. Tinneanea, tir Bot. Mag. t. 5637, t. 6744 var. dentata); Journ. Hort. Ser. 3, xxvi. p. 95. Ka Dalziel, No. 108, 1907, Herb. Kew) and gener lly in a erm Dali, No. and generally i A shrub, 3-6 ft. high, ornamental, with a perfume of violets.