COMPANION TO THE BOTANICAL MAGAZINE; BEING A JOURNAL, CONTAINING SUCH INTERESTING BOTANICAL INFORMATION AS DOES NOT COME WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED LIMITS OF THE MAGAZINE; WITH OCCASIONAL FIGURES. By Sm W. J. HOOKER, K.H. LL.D. F.R. A. & LS, And Regius Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow. € y f T j VOR, IL Cl Mo. Bot. aen, LONDON: Printed by Edward Couchman, 10, Throgmorton Street, FOR THE PROPRIETOR, SAMUEL CURTIS; PUBLISHED AT THE ANICAL MAGAZINE WAREHOUSE, GLAZENWOOD, NEAR COGGESHALL, ESSE Also by cades vict - Piper, 23, Paternoster Row; J. & A. Arch dn ml a edinburgh; n Holland, of Mr. Gt. veniae Florist, at Haar AND TO BE HAD OF ALL BOOKSELLERS IN TOWN AND edd COMPANION TO THE BOTANICAL BOTANICAL INFORMATION. Mr. GEORGE GARDNER, whose inten- tion of visiting South America as a Bota- nical Collector has been noticed at p. 226 of this Journal, embarked from Liverpool on the 20th of last month (May) for Rio de Janeiro. The Organ Mountains, so rich in orchideous plants, will probably be the spot where he will commence his researches; but the chief field of investigation will not be fixed till his arrival in Brazil, and will depend much on the information and assistance he will obtain from influential persons, to whom he is favoured with let- ters of introduction. Preference will of course be given to those parts of South America which have been the least ex- plored by the Botanist. Few Naturalists have gone to South America under more favourable auspices, and the number of names of such Botanists as intend taking collections of specimens from him, at the moderate rate of £2 the hundred species, is already considerable, so that we have every reason to believe he will meet in the fullest extent with the encouragement to which his great enthusiasm so justly enti- tles him. The specimens, ticketed in all the collections, will be marked with corre- sponding numbers, which numbers will be referred to when the lists of the spe- cies come to be published : as they will be with all convenient speed. The beautiful ** Musci Britannici," or Pocket Herbarium of specimens of British Mosses, was published a little while previ- MAGAZIN E. ous to the Author's departure for South merica; and it makes a most valuable and important addition to the works on British Cryptogamic Botany. The pages of an 8vo. volume(boundlike a pocket-book)are mark- different kinds, and in each the generic and specific names are given, corresponding with the arrangement of the British Flora: and every Moss that Mr. Gardner has been able to procure is neatly fastened in its proper place; so that the whole may be turned over, and the different species re- ferred to with the same facility as if the page contained so many engravings of the species. The number of species in the work varies in different copies, from two hundred to two hundred and fifty. As the number of copies is necessarily limited, and many were subscribed for, previous to the time of publication, very few are un- disposed of. Those that remain are left for sale at the Glasgow Botanic Garden, and may be obtained by applying to Mr. Stewart Murray, Curator of that Institution. The indefatigable Dr. Schomburgk is prosecuting his geographical and botanical researches in the interior of South Ame- rica. His last letters were dated ** Brooh Curassanack, in 3° 50' N. L., 58° 35’ W. L., (a stream, we believe, which flows into the Rupunnuny,) 3rd of February, 1886. He has dispatched a collection of cryptogamic plants to this country for distribution, and intended leaving the Rupunnuny during the month of March, and descending lei- A9 ‘ surely the Essequibo, so as to increase his collections to the utmost of his power. NOTICE RESPECTING THE UNIO ITINE- RARIA, ADDRESSED TO THE MEM- BERS. * The distribution of the Arabian spe- cimens of plants, collected by M. Schim- per, in the valleys and mountains of Sinai, is now proceeding; but in order not to keep the share-holders too long waiting, we intend to despatch immediately the first century of them, as a precursor of what may be expected to follow in the course of the summer, or towards autumn. There will be three centuries more, consisting chiefly of the productions of Arabia Petrea, with the addition of some interesting Egyptian plants, collected by the late Dr. Wiest, in e deserts round Cairo and as far as the Pyramids, during the months of February, March, and April. M. Gay, at Paris, has undertaken to examine and compare these Egyptian and Arabian specimens with other similar collections, especially with the one made by M. Boué on Mount Sinai, which had been determined by M. Decaisne (vid Annales des Sciences Naturelles result of this scrutiny we SURE in due time, communicate to the subscribers, so that if errors should have crept in, during the present hurry of naming them, we trust to be pardoned. * Wehavealready invited the subscribers to double the amount of their subscription the to-Arabian expedition, and most of them have responded to the call. Ll of them, however, not having yet , we consider it requisite for the cendi of distributing the shares to re- peat this request, and shall then take it for granted that every one who has not raised his subscription to 60 florins (£6) intends to receive only half of the species collected in Arabia Petrea. * With respect to the journey of M. Schimper to Yemen, and probably thence to Abyssinia, we intend to communicate EB o s the particulars shortly, and in the mean h time shall only give the satisfactory state- ment that M. Schimper, who had set off in BOTANICAL INFORMATION. October last for Gedda, from Suez, and had made an excursion from the former place during the months of November and Diodit) to Taifa, on the high mountains of the Hedja, was on the 24th of January in Gedda, and in perfect health. * Highly afflicting, however, is the ac- count of the decease of that zealous Bo- tanist, Dr. Frank, with whose merits the members of our Ünio- Itineraria had been made acquainted through his collections of dried specimens of plants, gathered in the State of Ohio. What he had again collected for us in the year 1835, has been delivered into our hands by his widow, who was attacked with the yellow fever at New Orleans at the same time with her husband, but having happily recovered, is returned to Germany. These specimens had been gathered with great care, and consist partly of interesting and scarce in- dividuals, as, for instance, Jeffersonia di- phylla of Persoon, in flower and in fruit; Loranthus piperoides of Kunth; Panas quinquefolia, Linn.; Menispermum Coc- culus, Linn.; Collinsia verna, Nuttall, Capraria mul- tifida, Michaux; Synandra grandiflora, Nuttall; Houstonia varians, Michaux; Parietaria Pennsylvanica, Muhlenberg; Trillium sessile, Linneus; Ligusticum acteifolium, Linn.; Flérkea palustris, Nuttall; Stylophorum Ohiénse, Sprengel; Queria Canadensis, Linn.; Aira capilla- ris, Lamarck ; Festuca nutans, Muhlen- berg; Triodia cuprea, Jacquin ; Zizania clavulosa, Michaux; Trichophorum line- atum, Pursh; and particularly of a great many scarce individuals of the genus Carex. From these plants, which are chiefly natives of the State of Ohio, but partly also of the more southern States, three different collections will be formed, viz.— “No. I. About a hundred species for such subscribers as have already received a centuria from Ohio, excluding as much as possible, such as they have previously D [em * No, Il. In like manner, for such in- dividuals as have already received a cen- Silene Antirrhina, Linn.; DES n urat LE ids BOTANICAL INFORMATION. turia of Pennsylvanian and Ohio specimens About two hundred species for ooh subscribers as have not hitherto had North American plants from the Unio. «The amount of subscription for the above is 11 florins, or 22s. sterling, per centuria, or a hundred specimens; and the distribu- tion will take place after that of the Egyp- tian and Arabian plants has terminated. “In addition, we have been commissioned by the widow of the late Dr. Frank, to offer his Herbarium to the friends of botanical science. It contains at least from five thousand to six thousand species, consist- ing of fifteen thousand individual speci- mens, of which more than four thousand species are German or Swiss; among them are also the scarcest ones from the French Alps, particularly from the South and from énées. There are also more than three hundred North American species, gathered by himself, and about one thou- sand species derived from other parts of the globe, and which have been cultivated in Europe." i STEUDEL & HOCHSTETTER. Dion#A MUSCIPULA (the Carolina Fly-Trap). This interesting plant, now common in all the gardens of the curious, but long supposed to be confined in its native country to almost a single habitat, is thus mentioned by Mr. M. A. Curtis, in his “Enumeration of the plants growing spontaneously around Wilmington, in North Carolina," ** The Dionea muscipula is found as far North as Newbern, North Carolina, and from the mouth of Cape Fear River nearly to Fayetteville. Elliott says, on the authority of General Pinckney, that it grows along the lower branches of the Santee, in South Carolina, and I think it is not improbable that it inhabits the Sa- vannahs more or less abundantly from the latter place to Newbern. It is found in great plenty for many miles around Wil- mington, in every direction. I venture a short notice of this interesting and curious plant, not being aware that any popular description of it has been published 5 in this country. The leaf, which is the only remarkable part, springs from. the root, spreading upon the ground, or at a little elevation above it. It is composed of a petiole or stem with broad margins, like the leaf of the orange-tree, two to four inches long, which, at the end, suddenly expands into a thick and somewhat rigid leaf, the two sides of which are semicircu- lar, about two-thirds of an inch across, and fringed around their edges with somewhat rigid ciliz, or long hairs, like eye-lashes, The leaf, indeed, may be very aptly compared to two upper eye-lids, joined at their bases, Each portion of the leaf is a little concave on the inner side, where are placed three delicate, hair-like organs, in such an order that an insect can hardly traverse it, with- out interfering with one of them, when the two sides suddenly collapse and inclose the prey, with a force surpassing an insect’s attempts to escape. The fringe or hairs of the opposite sides of the leaf interlace, like the fingers of the two hands, clasped together. The sensitiveness resides only in these hair-like processes on the inside, as the leaf may be touched or pressed in any other part, without sensible effects. The little prisoner is not crushed and sud- denly destroyed, as is sometimes supposed, for I have often liberated captive flies and spiders, which sped away as fast as fear or joy could hasten them. At other times, I have found them enveloped in a fluid of mucilaginous consistence, which seems to act as a solvent, the insects being more or less consumed in it. This circumstance has suggested the possibility of the insects being made subservient to the nourishment of the plant, through an apparatus of ab- sorbent vessels in the leaves. But as I have not examined sufficiently to pronounce . on the universality of this result, it will require further observation and experiment on the spot, to ascertain its nature and im- portance. It is not to be' supposed, how- ever, that such food is necessary to: the existence of the plant, though, like comp it may increase its growth and vigour. But however obscure and uncertain may be the final purpose of such a singular organiza- : 6 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. tion, if it were a problem to construct à plant with reference to entrapping insects, I cannot conceive of a form and organiza- tion better adapted to secure that end, than are found in the Dionee muscipula. I therefore deem it no credulous inference, that its leaves are constructed for that spe- cific object, whether insects subserve the purpose of nourishment to the plant or not. It is no objection to this view, that they are subject to blind accident, and sometimes close upon straws, as well as insects, It would be a curious vegetable, indeed, that had a faculty of distinguishing ies, and recoiled at the touch of one, while it quietly submitted to violence from another. Such capricious sensitiveness is not a property of the vegetable kingdom. The spider's net is spread to ensnare flies, yet it catches whatever falls upon it; and the ant-lion is roused from his hiding-place by the fall of a pebble: so much are in- sects, also, subject to the blindness of ac- ident." t rd greater publicity to these descriptions, and to give a place in our Journal AMSINCKIA intermedia : Species intermedia A. lycopsioidem inter et A. spectabilem ; a priore dignoscitur insertione staminum, ^ posteriore corollis longe minoribus et presertim corolle tubo non (ut in illa) ad faucem plicis intrusis semiclausa.—Hab. cum sequente specie circa coloniam Ru- thenorum Ross in portu Bodega Nova California. A. spectabilis ; corolla fauce glabra pli- cis intrusis semiclausa, limbo longitudine tubi, staminibus ad faucem insertis. Spe- cles pulchritudine florum insignis atque distinctissima. Corolla aurea, limbo 6 lin. in diametro, ad faucem plicis 5, squamulas simulantibus aucta. BazEni1a. F. et M. Calathidium multiflo- rum, heterogamum, radiatum. Periclinii squame (sub) 10, equales, plane, biseria- le. Flosculi disci hermaphroditi 5-den- tati. Flosculi. radii feminei ligulati, fertiles, uniseriati. Achsmnia omnia con- formia, fusiform p tet g * levia, glabra, calva, obtusa, areoli termi- nali parva. Clinanthium conicum, nudum. 1 . 19 ^Pommroesan T td Genus et tribu um, Cas optime distinctum, Lustheniæe proximum, sed in nostro periclinii squamæ liberæ, in illa, pro more Othonne, conferruminate ; Madia (Biotia, Cass.) differt habitu, cli- nantheo plano, nec non squamis periclinii et clinanthii navicularibus; Villanova, eg. et Unzia, L. fil. differunt periclinio pentaphyllo, clinanthio plano, flosculis paucis aliisque notis; genus Coinogyne, Less., etiamsi notis aliquot cum nostro convenit, habitu, periclinii squamis inæ- qualibus, achæniis sulcatis et corollis flos- culorum fæmineorum bilabiatis diversis- simum., B. chrysostoma ; annua gracilis erecta ramosa, pilis simplicibus adspersa, sub- glabra, ramis elongatis apice nudis, foliis oppositis sessilibus linearibus integerrimis, calathidiis terminalibus solitariis magnitu- dine et forma illis Melampodii ovatifolit, periclinii phyllis late ovatis erecto-patulis, flosculis aureis, radii ligulatis indivisis vel Subtridentatis, antherarum tubo aureo, stigmatibus (stylorum ramis) cono supera- tis, acheniis parvis levibus nitidulis gris- eis. Hab. Circa coloniam Ruthenorum Ross, in sinu Bodega Nova California. Diximus in honorem viri eruditissimi, doctissimi K. E. de Baer Academie Im- N BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 7 perialis Scientiarum Petropolitane so- dalis. BETCKEA major; annua viridis, cauli- bus alato-tetragonis, staminibus longitudine corolle. Species bene distincta, habitu et foliorum forma B. samolifolie similis, sed omnibus partibus major, viridis (non glau- ca); caulis et rami quadranguli, angulis ala angusta notatis; bractee longiores et angustiores; flores illis B. samolifolie quadruplo majores, dilute rosei; stamina corolla fere longiora; achenia ut in B. sa- molifolia, nisi paulo majora, glabra vel obsolete pubescentia. Simillima Plectri- tidi congeste, sed fructus forma ab illa facile recognoscenda, —Hab, in Nova Cali- fornia, circa coloniam Ruthenorum Ross. ALLICHROA. F. et M. Calathidium multiflorum, heterogamum, radiatum. Pe- riclinii squame (20 circiter) erecte, bise- riate ; seriei exterioris achenia flosculorum femineorum obtegentes. Floscul i. Flosculi radi uni-vel subbiseriati. Achenia fusiformia, subcompressa, apice truncata: flosculorum hermaphroditorum pubescentia pappo coronata; femineorum glabra, calve. Sete pappi numerose, uni- seriate, serrulato-scabre, persistentes. Cli- nanthium planum, pubescens margine squa- mosum.—Genus insigne e £ribu Helan- thearum Cass., Helenio, Blepharopappo, Picradenie et Lusthenie proximum, se bene distinctum ; accedit etiam characteri- bus nonnullis ad Doronicum, at acheniis fusiformibus, non costatis neque sulcatis, habitu et stylorum structura longe diver- im. C. platyglossa, annua gracilis ramosa, pilis simplicibus albis elongatis et pubo brevi subcanescens, foliis plerumque alter- nis linearibus integerrimis vel paucidenta- tis, flosculis flavis radii 4—5 lin. longis, 3 lin. latis apice bi-trifidis, antheris nigrican- tibus, acheniis disci fere Xeranthemt, pi- lis apice bifidis sericeis pappo achenio vix d reviore coronatis.—Hab. circa Coloniam Ruthenorum Ross, in Nova California. CLAYTONIA gypsophiloides; annua glauca, foliis radicalibus longissimis filifor- mibus caulinis geminis (sepissime) uno disci latere connatis, racemis simplicibus ebrac- teatis, petalis sublinearibus emarginatis calyce triplo longioribus. — Multicaulis, 6—10 poll. alta ; folia radicalia semipedalia vel longiora; flores pulchelli, illis Gypso- phile acutifolia vel G. perfoliate similes, rosei; capsula subtrisperma, semina atra, nitida, punctis impressis minutis notata,— Hab. in Nova California, circa Coloniam Ruthenorum Ross. CoLLINSIA sparsiflora ; diffusa, foliis omnibus oppositis, floribus solitariis, cello calyce sublongiore, capsula globos —Glabriuscula, ramosissima, caulibusque ramisque filiformibus ; folia omnia, etiam summa, opposita, qua nota a reliquis spe- ciebus hujus generis distincta; flores soli- tarii vel rarius oppositi, magnitudine inter . grandifloram et C. parvifloram inter- medii ; corolla dilute violacea, laciniis late- ralibus labii inferioris saturate purpuras- centibus.—Hab. circa Coloniam Rutheno- rum Ross, in Nova California. ' ECHINOSPERMUM /eiocarpum ; annuum ramosum diffusum pilis erecto-patulis sub- incanum, foliis subbilinearibus obtusis, racemis foliosis, calycibus fructiferis dili sis, carpellis inermibus levissimis.—Her vix semipedalis; flores minuti, albi cum - squamulis parvis flavis ad faucem ; carpella levissime, nitida, cinerascentia, non per- forata, hinc convexa, illinc plana et sulco longitudinali notata, quocum sulco carpella receptaculo filiformi affixa sunt.—Species ob calyces fructiferos clausos et ob car- pella levissima in genere quadammodo anomala, reliquis characteribus autem to- to habitu cum .Echinospermis haud male congruit.—Hab. circa Coloniam Ru thenorum Ross in Nova California. EvcHaripium. F. et M. Calycis tubus supra ovarium elongatus filiformis cum limbo 4- -partito deciduus. Petala 4, un- Stamina 4! loculo uniserialis, sursum imbricata, erec- ta, alato-marginata. Genus insigne Clarkia roximum. E. concinuum ; annuum, habitu Clarkie elegantis, folia ovata vel ovato-oblonga, 8 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. integerrima petiolata sparsa infima opposi- ta; calyx rufescenti-purpureus, laciniis apice sepe coherentibus ; petala 7—8 li longa, saturáta rosea, maculis 2 saturatio- ribus, lineisque 3 albidis picta; anthere basi æ; pollinis granula obtuse angu- lata, discreta, filis vix ullis; semina sub- ovata, ala angusta tenui connivente cincta. —Hab. in Nova California, circa Coloniam Ruthenorum Ross EUPHORBIA Rea ; ; exstipulata annua glaberrima, caule erectiusculo, ver- ticillo triradiato, radiis elongatis dichoto- mis ; foliis serrulatis obtusis, caulinis infe- E La spathulato-obovatis, superioribus to-subcordatis, rameis subcordato- RN; ; calathidii appendicibus rotundatis ; capsule coccis distinctis verrucosis; semi- nibus subovatis reticulato-venosis.—A cce- dit hec species habitu ad Æ. Peplum et E. Helioscopiam, ab utraque vero notis indi- catis diversa. Folia fere Æ., Helioscopie ; calathidia parva appendicibus parvulis, viridi-lutescentibus ; capsula depressa alti- tudine sue latior, coccis rotundatis dorso verrucosis; semina ovato-subglobosa, fus- cescentia, nitidula, venis prominulis tenu- issimis reticulata.—Hab. in portu Bodega Nove Californie. . EvtToca Wrangeliana ; diffusa, pubes- cens ; foliis ovatis acutis integerrimis; co- rollis calyce subduplo longioribus, stamina eequantibus; placentis 8—10 ovulatis.— Species in genere facile pulcherrima et satis, ut nobis videtur, distincta, ad Æ. di- varicatam, Benth., proxime accedit, sed caulis in nostra planta haud dichotomus, corolle calyce fere duplo longior et ovula in quavis placenta pauciora. Herba ca- nescens, ramosissima, diffusa; folia plerum- que integerrima, rarius de uno alterove instructa; calyx vix partes coroll: æquans, sepe corolla subduplo brevior; corolla ampla, agria en cerules centi- violascens, tenerrima, subhyalina, lobis suborbiculatis dece — Hab. Coloniam Ross, in Nova California. Lotus Wrangelianus, a annuus, diffusu a subglaber ; foliis 4- foliolatis, (olio. lis oblongis su bglaucis ; pedunculis axilla- ribus us brevissimis unifloris ebracteatis ; le- B circa guminibus sübpubescentibus.—L. su mento proximus, at pube rariore incum- bente adspersus et legumina pubescentia : a L. (Hosackea) parvifloro dignoscitur pedunculis ebracteatis aliisque notis.— Herba annua, tenuissima, habitu L. sub- pinnati ; flores parvi flavi; legumina se- mipollicaria teretiuscula, seminibus 5—‘ OUS levibus griseis foeta—Hab. n portu Bodega Nova California, prope Coloniam Ruthenoram Ross BS. Folia in omnibus Loti speciebus non ternata sed certe pinnata sunt ; foliola enim infima (ab auctoribus male cum sti- pulis commutata), cum petiolo articulata, pro stipulis haberi non possunt. Ceterum stipule vere, licet plerumque minute et cito marcescentes, in ima petiolorum basi semper adsunt. Micnorus Caljfornicus ; squamis fruc- tiferis compresso - navicularibus levibus antice rectilineis.—Planta annua M. erecto prorsus similis ; calathidia lanugine rariore brevioreque vestita; squame fructifere (i. e. acheenia includentes) forma fere squa- marum periclini Sclerocarpi Africam, naviculares, compresse, dorso gibbe, an- tice rectilinee et apiculo mucroniformi recto terminate (in M. erecto squame, quoad formam, Cassidi Aconiti Napelli sat similes sunt)—Hab. circa Coloniam Ruthenorum in portu Boden. Nova Cali- fornia. Myosotis Californica ; annua, strigo- sa, ramosissima, procumbens ; foliis linea- ribus acutis ciliatis ; racemis elongatis basi foliosis; pedicellis brevissimis; calycibus corolla sublongioribus, fructiferis patenti- bus; carpellis rugosis,—Caules setulis ad- pressis scabri; folia pilis patentibus cilia- ta; calyces setis simplicibus rectis paten- tissimis hispidi ; corollæ calyce subbrevior, alba cum glandulis 10 flavis ad faucem, la- ciniis limbi rotundatis haud emarginatis.— M. Chorisiane, Cham. proxima, sed flo- ribus subsessilibus diversa.—Hab. in Nova California circa Coloniam Ross. LATYSTEMON leiocarpum; ovariis fructibusque glaberrimis.—A simillimo P. Californico, Benth. differt ovariis glaberri- mis, nullo modo hispidis, nec non floribus BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 9 ochroleucis.—Hab. circa Coloniam Ruthe- norum Ross in Nova California. PrarvsTIGMA lineare. Nostra planta, e seminibus enata circa coloniam Ross in Nova California lectis, filamenta habet di- latata, lineari-oblonga, et petala bicolora, exteriora tria aurea cum litura transversali alba, interiora tria alba, ungue flavo, —ce- terum cum descriptione P. linearis a Ben- thamio data haud male congruit. . PrEcrRITIS brachystemon ; staminibus longitudine corolle.—Omnibus partibus P. congeste similis, preter flores quadruplo minores albos et stamina non exserta.— Hab. in portu Bodega Nove Californie. PTEROSTEGIA, F. et M. Flores herma- phroditi (interdum polygami?) involucro diphyllo, fructifero ampliato dorsoque cris- tato obtecti. Calyx 6- (interdum 5) parti- tus, herbaceus, persistens. Corolla nulla. Stamina 1 5). Styli 3, brevissimi. Stigmata capitata. Vien triquetra. Semen albuminosum. Embryo axilis, in- versus; radicula supera. P. drymarioides. Planta annua e Poly- gonacearum familia, habitu Drymarie si- millima, ramosissima, prostrata, pilis minu- tis simplicibus adspersa, subglabra; rami elongati, filiformes subdichotomi; folia omnia opposita! obovato-spathulata, sub- reniformia vel suborbiculata, in petiolum attenuata, integerrima v. apice emarginata ; ochree nulle! flores axillares, subsessiles, minuti ; involucri phylla duo, initio parva, fructifera am ampliata, membranacea, reticula- to-venosa, inequilatera dorsoque cristato- alata, caryopsin arcte includentia; caryop- sis calyce major, acuta, levis, structura ut in Kónigia.—Hab. in portu Bodega Nova Calif: ornia, SPHJEROSTIGMA, Seringe. Calycis tu- bus supra ovarium vix productus ; limbus 4-partitus, deciduus. Petala 4 sessilia (divisa). Stamina 8. Stigma globosum indivisum. Capsula 4-locularis, 4-valvis dehiscens. Semina numerosa, in quovis loculo uniserialia, erecta, aptera, nuda.— Herbae annus, habitu Epilobii, glabre vel pube simplici obtecte, ramose, diffuse ; rami apicibus sepe recurvati; folia sparsa (infima sepe opposita), sessilia vel in pè- tiofüsa attenuata, STERE flores axillares solitarii, sessiles, parvi, flavi; stamina al- terna breviora; antheræ subglobosæ, basi affixæ; pollinia obtuse angulata, filis bre- vibus intermixta; capsulæ sessiles elon- gate, sepe curvate vel torte, semina mi- nuta, oblonga, non angulata. S. strigulosum ; setulis minutis incum- bentibus adspersum subglabrum; foliis sublinearibus utrinque attenuatis dentatis ; petalis ovato-orbiculatis; capsula elongata filiformi recta vel incurva.— Precedenti (S. Chamissonis) simillimum, at diversum indumenti indole, nec non floribus et semi- nibusminoribus.— Petala linea vix longiora; stylus petalis brevior; capsula “pergracilis, semina minuta, vix } lin. longa.— Hab. in Nova California. Quatuor species THYSANOCARPI gene- ris, que nunc sub oculis sunt, sequenti mo- do definiri possunt. T. curvipes (Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. v. 1. p. 69. tab. XVIII. fig. A.) ; petalis calyce brevioribus ; siliculis glaberrimis ala inte- gra (vel foraminibus exiguis pertusa) cinc- tis apice emarginatis styloque vix exserto terminatis. T. pulchellus; petalis calyce longio- ribus ; siliculis glaberrimis ala integra (non pertusa) cinctis apice subtruncatis styloque longe exserto terminatis. — Antecedenti speciei simillima, notis indicatis tamen sa- tis distincta. Petala albida vel violascen- tia, parvula, calyce tamen firme longiora. —Hab. circa coloniam Ruthenorum Ross. T. elegans, F. et M.; petalis calyce lon- gioribus ; siliculis glaberrimis ala foramino- sa cinctis apice truncatis styloque exserto terminalis.—A. T. pulchello, quocum cres- cit et cul ceterum persimilis est, silicula- rum ala foraminibus numerosis latis unise- riatis pertusa facile dignoscitur. Quarta species hujus generis, a celeb. Deppe in California detecta, a nostro T. leg te Se yan Mir uu ill i: pi emar- ginatis styloque vix exserto terminatis. - TRICHOPHYLLUM /anatum (Nutt. — Eriophyllum cespitosum, Dougl. Lindl. in Bot. Reg. tab. 1167.) | Periclinium certe non monophyllum, e phyllis 12 circiter arcte conniventibus lanaque involutis com- 10 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. positum ; ergo genus Phialis (Spr. Gene- ra Plant. p. 631.), ut pote supervacaneum, delendum est. TaiPHysARIA, F. et M. Calyx tubu- losus, 4-fidus. Corolla personata: tubo iformi ; labio superiore indiviso subulato, inferiore tripartito, laciniis saccatis! Sta- mina didynama, omnia fertilia. Anthere lineares, muticz, l-loculares! Stylus sim- plex. Stigma oblongum, bilobum. Cap- sula DIDI, polysperma, | bilocularis, bi- Semina oblonga, aptera : testa scrobiculata nucleo arcte adherente. versicolor. Rhinanthacea annua, habitu Ondsvighucls folia elongata, ima basi dilatata semiamplexicaulia, apice pin- nati-lobata incisa, sparsa, infima sepe op- posita, floralia calyce vix longiora; flores es, solitarii, FRO corolla alba, dein rosea, tubus filiformis calyce duplo longior, labium serius rectum subula- tum, marginibus inflexis, inferius amplum e vesiculis compositum tribus obovatis, lacinula parva erecta apiculatis et in fauce rima longitudinali instructis; capsula ca- lyce inclusa; semina numerosa, parva, ni- gricantia.—Hab. in Nove Californie portu Bodega. Dr. Grisebach, of Berlin, is zealously : studying the Gentianee, with the view to publishing a monograph of that Order. In an inaugural Dissertation now before us, which that gentleman has recently publish- ed at Berlin, entitled ** Observationes que- dam de Gentianearum familie characte- ribus,” he has treated the subject in a masterly manner. Under the first head he has given the essential characters of the family. Under the second, entitled ** Mor- phological Observations," he has treated on the Organs of Nutrution (organa vege- tativa), and the Organs of Reproduction. Under the third head, on the natural affini- ties of the family. Under the fourth, of the genera to be excluded from the family :1 ! These ees e ^ 2. Mitreola, Br. 3. Mitrasacme, 4. Gelseminium, Juss. 5. Obo L. s E "Willd. 7. Rochefortia, Sw. 8. Sa. . imposita. while under the last head he gives a ** Cla- vis Generum Artificialis.” The following s his arrangement with the characters of d genera :— A. ZEstivatio corolle dextrorsum con- torta. Albumen cavum seminis explens. I. Placente cum endocarpio connate, in- deque semina ex ipsa valvularum super- ficie oriunda,—Anthere immutate. 1. Gentiana, L. Filamenta basi equa- lia. Stigmata terminalia ovario vel stylo Fovee epipetale glandulifere 0.—Glandule epipetale tantum in una ge- neris sectione. Ophelia, Don. Filamenta basi di- latata submonadelpha. Stigmata termina- lia ovario imposita. Glandule epipetale, nec squamula tecte, nec fimbriis cincte.— Corolla rotata absque corona. 3. Pleurogyne,Eschh.ap. Cham. ( Loma- togonium a Br.). Stigmata suturis carpel- lorum imposita.—Filamenta basi «qualia. Corolla rotate, corona aucta, eglandulosa. tigma ovario imposi- Fovee epipetale, glan- dulifere, fimbriis cincte. Foliorum radi- calium vagine alterne. Corolla rotata absque corona. Filamenta basi equalia.— Species generis legitime, a me examinate, unt ; Sw. perennis, L., speciosa, Wall., cu- neata, Wall. pluribus mihi nondum obviis. lereeque auctorum species excludende. 5. Anagallidium, M. Stigmata stylo ab ovario distincto imposita. Foveæ epi- petale, glandulifere squamula haud fim- briata tectze.—Folia omnia opposita. Co- rolla rotata, corona tenuissima fimbriata aucta. Filamenta basi æqualia. — Huc Swertia dichotome, L., forte Sw. tetrape- a, IL. Placente 2, 4 suturales, hinc demum libere (nunquam placenta demum unica, centralis, libera). Capsula vel 1-locu- laris vel valvulis introflexis bilocularis vel semi 2—4-locularis.—Corolla abs- que corona. (a.) Glandule epipetalz.— Corolla ro- tata. Anthere immutate. 6. Agathotes, Don. Fovee epipetale, BOTANICAL INFORMATION. glandulifere, squamula fimbriata tectæ. Corolla marcescens. Stig- mata ovario imposita. Capsula sub conica, l-locularis, placentis suturalibus spon- sis 7. Frasera, Walt. Foveæ epipetalæ, glanduliferæ, margine fimbriate. Corolla decidua. Semina subdefinita, magna, ala- ta.—Capsula compressa 1-locularis. Folia verticillata. 8. Halenia, Borkh. Petala calcarata, glandulis fundo calcaris impositis.—Cap- sula 1-locularis. (b.) Glandule hypogyne. — Corolla clavata vel infundibuliformis. Anthere immutat. 9. Crawfurdia, Wall. Glandule hypo- gyne 5. Stigmata oblonga, revoluta, ova- rio imposita. Corolla clavata, plica aucta. Capsula 1l-locularis. Caulis volubilis. 10. Tachia, Aubl. Discus glandulo- sus continuus. Stigmata 2-lamellata, stylo imposita. Corolla infundibuliformis, abs- que plica. Capsula valvulis introflexis in- tus discretis, semi-4-locularis. Caulis in una specie volubilis. Ce.) "S opone glandulosus in fundo corolle (a. a Stigmh indivisum! stylo ab ova- rio distincto impositum. ll. Chironia, L. Corolla rotata, circa capsulam marcescens (lobis hinc deciduis). Capsula valvulis introflexis semibilocula- ris, rario l-locularis. Antherarum rima involuta.—Africane. Huc pertinet Exa- cum viscosum Ait.—A generis indole paul- lum discrepant Chironia frutescens L., an- theris spiralibus et disco glanduloso intra- calycino; Chironia Krebsii M. antheris spiralibus et stigmate clavato (habitus fere Sabbati: Australis Schtdl. Cham 12. .Ezacum, L. Corolla rotata, circa capsulam marcescens. Capsula valvulis introflexis complete bilocularis, placentis demum utrinque liberis. Anthere immu- tate, poro dehiscentes.—Asiatice 18. Voyra, Aubl. Corolla atfendibu- liformis, tubo elongato basi tumido, demum scisso. Capsula valvulis introflexis semi- 11 bilocularis. Antheræ immutatæ, rima de- hiscentes.—Testa utrinque longe apiculata, arillum mentiens.—Parasitice Americanæ, —Sectio Leiphaimos, ad quam pertinent V. uniflora, Lam., tenella, Guild. et Mexi- cana M. (Leiphaimos parasitica Schtdl. Cham.), differt a legitimis, quarum calyx squamulis 3 calyculiformibus cingitur: calyce nudo, capsula demum annulari, sci- licet medio dehiscente, apicibus valvula- rum unitis. 14. Cicendia, Adans. Corolla infun- dibuliformis, demum supra capsulam tor- ta, tubo brevi. Capsula 1-locularis, hinc semibilocularis. ^ Anthere immutate.— Generis sectiones 3, prima capsula 1-locu- lari, inflorescentia terminali, flore tetramero (Cicendia filiformis, Rchb.) ; altera capsula semibiloculari, inflorescentia terminali, flore tetramero (Hippocentaurea, Rchb.); ter- tia capsula 1-loculari glomerulis axillaribus, flore pentamero (Hippion, Sprgl. ; Slevog- tia, Rchb.). (b. b.) Stigma indivisum (subbifidum) ovario! impositum. 15. Centaurella, Mich. Corolla infun- dibuliformis, circa capsulam marcescens, tubo brevi. Capsula l-locularis. Anthere immutate.—Ovarium hinc apice attenua- tum, neque vero stylus distinctus.—Ame- rice Borealis incole (c. c.) Posee 2 bilamellata vel bi- cruria, stylo im («.) Corolla (infaidibuliformis) demum supra capsulam torta. 16. Erythrea, Pers. Anthere demum spirales. Capsula l-locularis vel sepius , bilocularis.—Species Chilensis capsula 1- loculari recedit; Indica stigmata indiviso ; he et forme quedam Europee stigmatibus contiguis, distinguuntur a Gen. 12—14 an- theris spiralibus, a Chironia antherarum rima non involuta, corolla infundibuliformi demum torta, tubo demum papyraceo ruptili. 17. Canscora, Lam. Anthere immu- tate. Corolla bilabiata, labio superiori pro- funde bilobo, lobis basi 3-andris (filamentis hinc abortivis), labio inferiori emarginato monandro (stamine ceteris longiori). Cap- 12 sula l-loecularis, placentis spongiosis.— Stigmata hinc biglobosa.— Corolla nonnun- quam decidua, itaque flore irregulari a se- quente sectione distinguenda. 18. Orthostemon, Br. Anthere immu- tate. Corolla regularis. Capsula 1-locu- is. Stigmata subrotunda. Genus, non- dum a me visum, propter ignotam corolle marcescentie indolem dubium, magis ex affinitate huc relatum. (8. Corolla demum circa capsulam marcescens rarissime decidue. 19. Sabbatia, Adans. Anthere de- mum revolute (vel spirales). Corolla ro- tata, 5—12 mera. Stigmata 2 cruria, cru- ribus demum spiralibus. Capsula 1-locu- laris, valvulis paullum intus productis. 20. Chlora, L. Anthere immutate. Corolla rotata, 8, 6 mera. Stigmata bila- mellata, stylo hinc bifido. Capsulo 1-lo- cularis, placentis spongiosis. 21. Dejanira, Schtdl. Cham. (Callopis- ma Mart). Anthere immutate, poro de- hiscentes! Corolla subrotata. Stigmata bicruria. Capsula valvulis introflexis intus discretis semi 4-locularis. 22. Schultesia, Mart. Anthere immu- tate. Corolla infundibuliformis, 4 mera. Stigmata 2 lamellata. Capsula semibilo- cularis. . . Anthere in- cumbentes, plerumque demum recurve. Corolla infundibuliformis, marcescens, 5 mera. Stigmata bilamellata. Capsula valvulis introflexis semi 4—2-locularis, vel sepiuscomplete bilocularis, placentis utrin- que binis. 24. lribachia, Mart. Anthere erecto, demum recurve. Corolla infundibulifor- mis, decidua, 5 mera. Stigmata bicruria. Capsula valvulis introflexis 2-locularis, placentis utrinque binis. Corolla in utra- que facie penicillato glandulosa: tamen a Gen. 6—8 corolle forma facilis distincta. Ceterum ob Lisianthum cerulescentum, Aubl. intermedium dubito, an genus a Li- sianthis jure separetur. 25. Helia, Mart. Anthere erecto, immutate. Corolla hypocrateriformis, mar- cescens, 5 mera, tubo gibbo. Stigmata 2 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. cruria. Capsula valvulis introflexis bilo- cularis, placenta utrinque unica.—Ex ha- bitu Polemoniaceis quibusdam accedit. 26. Coutoubea, Aubl. Filamenta utrin- que 2 dentata. Calyx bracteis calyculi- formibus suffultus. Anthere immutate. Corolla hypocrateriformis, 4 mera. Stig- mata 2 lamellata. Capsula semi-2-locula- ris, demum semi-4-locularis. Prepusa, Mart. Calycis suture alate. Anthere immutate. Corolla cam- panulata 6 mera. Stigmata 2 lamellata. Capsula 1 locularis, valvulis vix introflexis. III. Placenta unica centralis (demum) libera. 28. Ezadenus, M. Stigmata 2 oblonga, ovario imposita. Corolla rotata, 4 mera, lobis extus glandula instructis. Anthere immutat. Capsula valvulis introflexis placentum prehendentibus bilocularis.— Huc Swertia parviflora H. B. K. et brevi- cornis H. B. K. 29. Sebea,R. Br. Stigmata 2 cruria (vel stigma 1 bilobum) stylo imposita. Anthere demum recurve.—Corolla hypo- crateriformis vel infundibuliformis. Pla- centa centralis a valvulis (demum ?) libera. 90. Schuebleria, Mart. Stigma indi- visum stylo impositum. Anthere immu- tatee—Corolla infundibuliformis. Capsula valvulis introflexis placentam prehendenti- bus bilocularis. B. ZEstivatio corolle induplicativa. Al- bumen cavo seminis minus. Capsula l locularis. Anthere immutate. Corolla apparatu glanduloso, sepius appendicibus quoque instructa. 3l. Menyanthes, L. Placente cum endocarpio connate (semina in nervo val- vule medio 1 serialia). Capsula juxta suturam valvularum ruptilis.—Petala car- nosa, 32. Villarsia, Vent. Placente sutura- les. Capsula 2-valvis, valvis 2-fidis.—Pe- tala carnosa.—Huc quoque Menyanthes crista galli, Menz. Limnanthemum, Gmel. Placente suturales. Capsula evalvis, demum mace- ratione aperta.— Petala fugitiva. SYNOPSIS OF THE HEMIMERIDE.£, / SYNOPSIS OF THE HEMIMERI- DEJE, A TRIBE OF SCROPHU- LARIACEJE. By George Bentham, Esq., F.L.S. THE genus Hemimeris was first esta- blished by Thunberg (Nov. Pl. Gen. Pars. 4.) for five Cape plants, characterized chiefly by a rotate corolla, with the ‘ fos- sula laciniarum nectarifera." It was taken up by Linneus, on Thunberg's authority, but for a long time the plants themselves appear to have been lost sight of, especi- ally by continental Botanists, and the above-mentioned character misunderstood. Willdenow considered as additional species of Hemimeris, two Peruvian plants, here- tofore placed in Celsia (now in Alonsoa, . et P.), and which have no concavities at the base of the corolla, nor any thing to which the words ** fossula nectarifera" could be applied, although he still retained them in the generic character. His example was followed by Persoon, Kunth, and others, some of whom inserted, and others silently omitted the “ fossula laciniarum nectarifera," which they could not find in the Peruvian plants. Link and Otto on the other hand, having at length one of the Cape species under cultivation, were struck by these remarkable concavities, and not perceiving that they were the original foundation of Thunberg's character, esta- blished a new genus under the name of Diascia. This was taken up by Sprengel, who transferred to it all Thunberg's Hemi- merides, and left to the latter genus neither the character nor any of the species origi- nally contemplated by its author. In restoring the name of Hemimeris to these original species, it has appeared to me, however, adviseable to separate the di- dynamous from the diandrous ones, as the difference in the stamina is accompanied by a decided diversity in the form of the corolla; and as the name of Diascia hap- pens to have been given to a didynamous species, and is more particularly applicable to the form of the corolla in that group, I have so applied it, retaining the dian- drous ones alone in Hemimeris, that is to A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEEX. 13 say, the H. montana and sabulosa of Thun- berg, with one new species. In Diascia the concavities of the corolla are often each of them elongated into a spur, which is sometimes remarkably long ; but this is a character so little accompani by any difference in habit, that it is im- possible to make use of it to subdivide the enus. The inflorescence, however, serves to establish two groups so natural that one would be tempted to consider them as genera, could any corresponding difference be traced in the floral organs, which is not the case, as far as I can perceive, but no- thing is more difficult than to ascertain the form of the corolla in this set of plants from dried specimens. I propose referring to Diascia the He- mimeris diffusa, macrophylla, and pro- bably H. unilabiata of Thunberg, although I have not seen any specimens correspond- ing exactly with his description of the lat- ter species. The D. elongata comes near- est to it, but the corolla cannot be said to be ‘‘bicornis,” nor are the sepals obtuse, and in the description of both H. macro- phylla and unilabiata there i is foes En o sion * Capsula calyce p t coronata, which I cannot understand, and if correct, would exclude them altogether from the order of Scrophulariacee. To Diascia I should also, with Sprengel, refer the An- tirrhinum longicorne, Thunb., easily re- cognized by its corolla and long capsule (erroneously described as eder and one-valved), and I have now added thirteen new species. The close affinity between Thunberg’s Hemimeris and the Cape Antirrhina, now forming the genus Nemesia, had already struck that author when he placed them next to each other, and although subse- quent Botanists, having chiefly the Alon- soc in view, have almost all removed He- mimeris to the neighbourhood of Celsia, yet it appears to me more natural to return to the old arrangement, and I have accord- ingly placed Nemesia in the present group. The structure of the sexual organs is the same as in Diascia, but the two concavities of the corolla are confluent into one pouch 14 or spur, sometimes retuse or slightly emar- ginate at the extremity, and the capsule is remarkably compressed and truncate or emarginate at the top. The genus was first proposed by Ven- tenat, (Jard. Malm. t. 41.), for a species which I do not recognize in any of the specimens before me, unless it be a culti- vated variety of N. linearis of the same author. The latter species is probably the Antirrhinum capense,'Thunb. Ventenat's third species, N. chamedrifolia, or Antir- rhinum macrocarpum, Ait., is evidently the same also as Ant. scabrum, Thun Persoon added to the genus the Ant. bt- corne, Linn. and I now refer to it Ant. barbatum, Linn., (Ant. pinnatum, Linn.), and eighteen new species. Ant. fruticans, Thunb., must also be a Nemesia, but not any species that I have seen. Of the re- maining Cape Antirrhina of authors, the A. aphyllum, Linn., is evidently an Utri- cularia ; A. patens, Thunb., “floribus ter- minalibus solitariis," is very doubtful, most probably not a Nemesia. So also the A. dentatum, Poir., with alternate leaves, and coming from a country far removed from the range of Nemesia, as at present known. Two low creeping plants, the one from the eastern districts of the Cape Colony, the other from Madagascar, with the habit of the section Cymbalaria of Linaria, the corolla nearly that of Nemesia or Linaria, but with a capsule different from either, have induced me to propose under the name of Diclis, a new genus intermediate e SYNOPSIS OF THE HEMIMERIDE/E, A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEX. lonia, Humb. et Bonpl. Pl. ZEquin. 2. 92, which agrees with the old character of Hemimeris, although it be, in fact; distin- guished as well by some differences in the form of the corolla, as by the capsule, which is loculicidal with entire valves, in- stead of being septicidal with bifid valves. The genus now contains four already de- scribed species and one new one, besides the A. campestris, which has been consi- dered by Nees von Esenbeck as a separate genus under the name of Thylacantha, on account of its indehiscent fruit. The ma- terials before me are not sufficient to ena- ble me to form myself any opinion on the validity of this division. The whole of the above genera may be considered as forming a small tribe, allied to Antirrhinee on the one hand, and to Verbascee on the other. They are distin- guished from the former by the valvular dehiscence of the capsule, and in many cases by the double spur, pouch, or protu- berance, which is in Antirrhinee always simple, and from Verbascee and all other Scrophulariacee by the presence of the spur, pouch, or protuberance, whether sim- ple or double.t I now proceed to give the characters of the genera and species, beginning with that of the whole tribe. HEMIMERIDE E. Calyx 5-fidus vel 5-sepalus. Corolla tubo brevissimo, limbo explanato subrotato bilabiato vel personato, late 4—5-lobo basi between the two last-named. The capsule, 1. 9 calcarato vel saccato vel bifossulato. however, being two-valved (whence the s¥,Jys simplex, stigmate parvo subcapitato. name), indicates a greater affinity to Neme- Capsula bivalvis, valvulis integris bifidis sia, and places it in the tribe of Hemzme- vel bipartitis. 2. Having thus traced the connecting chain tween Hemimeris and the Antirrhinee, through Diascia, Nemesia, and Dichs, We cota, Capsula indehiscens. may in the same manner connect it with o JAaxuxraan Locals mM Alonsoa and other rotate Verbascee, Copeula loculicide bi through another South American genus, l which has the remarkable concavities of the corolla above referred to, besides a 2 Collinsia and some Digitalee have sometimes a bebé i Senes TM f slight protuberance on the upper side of the tube, but abit in some — eT TE —— y that o very different from those of Hemimeridee, which are the racemose Diascie. This is the Ange- always at the base of the limb. CoNSPECTUS OF THE GENERA. 1. THYLACANTHA. Corolla basi sac- EMIMERIS. Corolla basi bifossu- SYNOPSIS OF THE HEMIMERIDE.E, lata. Stamina 2. Capsula subglobosa sep- ticide bivalvis. 4. DiascrA. Corolla basi bifossulata vel bicalcarata. Stamina 4. Capsula sub- globosa vel oblonga, septicide bivalvis. 5. Nemesia. Corolla basi saccata vel l-calcarata. Capsula compressa septicide bivalvis. 6. DicLis. Corolla basi 1-calcarata. Capsula subglobosa loculicide bivalvis. Nees et Mart. Calyz 5-partitus. “ Corolle labium su- perius brevissime bifidum, inferius trifidum, basi deorsum ampliatum in ventrem seu saccum obliquum patentem mediaque cir- cumscriptione emarginatum, cui labium inferius trifidum incumbit." (Nees et Mart.) Stamina 4, didynama. Anthere bilocu- lares, loculis distinctis divaricatis. Cap- sula globosa, evalvis, subresinosa. . campestris (Nees et Mart. Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. ll. 43.).— Herba erecta, caule tetragono subpiloso. Folia opposita, ovato-oblonga, apice serrata. Flores axillares, solitarii, pedunculati. Has. Brazil, Martius. (v. s.) I. THYLACANTHA. Il. AxcELoNwiA, Humb. et Bonpl. baa Schrad. in Gott. Gel. Anz. 1821. p Aui pues et Mart. Bot. Zeit. 1821. 1. 299. e Calyx ida. vel 5-partitus. Corolla et Stamina Thylacanthe. Capsula glo- bosa, bivalvis, valvulis integris medio sep- tiferis. Semina membrana laxa inclusa. Herbe Austro-Americane, erecte vel pro- cumbentes. Folia opposita vel superiora alterna. Pedunculi uniflori, solitarii, ax- illares vel racemosi l. A. pubescens, procumbens, molliter pubescens, caule tereti, folis petiolatis ovatis acutis remote dentatis cujusque paris subequalibus, floribus axillaribus. Has. Tropical Brazil, Swainson. (v. s.) Leaves about an inch long, scarcely op- posite. Pedicels short and slender. Flow- ers larger than in A. procumbens, smaller than in the other species. ~ 2. A. procumbens (Nees et Mart. Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. 11. 44.) procumbens, A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE X. 15 subglabra, caule angulato, foliis subsessili- bus ovali-oblongis acutis serratis cujusque paris valde inequalibus, floribus axilla- ribus. Physidium procumbens, Schrad. l. c. Schelveria arguta, Nees et Mart. Bot. Zeit. l c. Has. Brazil, Martius. (v. s.) Larger leaves of each pair about half to three quarters of an inch long, the opposite ones not half the size. Peduncles very short. Calyx with a few long stiff hairs. 3. A. salicariefolia (Humb. et Bonpl. Pl. ZEquin. 2. 92. t. 108.) erecta, pubes- cens, folus lanceolatis subserratis floralibus infimis subconformibus plerisque ovato- lanceolatis dentatis pedunculos subeequan- tibus, floribus racemosis. Has. Caraccas, Humboldt and Bonp- land ; Trinidad, Herb. Hooker. (v. s.) A. hirta (Cham. in Linnea 8. 27.) erecta, pilis sparsis hirta, foliis lanceolatis serratis. floralibus plerisque, late. cordatis abrupte acuminatis subintegerrimis pedi- cello brevioribus, floribus racemosis. Has. Brazil Sello, near Bahia, Salz- mann. (v. s.) : 5. A. integerrima E Syst. Cur. Post. 235.) erecta, glaberrima, foliis ob- longo-lanceolatis integerrimis, floribus ra- cemosis. Has. South Brazil, Sello ; Rio Grande, weedie. (v. s.) Thunb. Calyx 5-sepalus, estivatione imbricata. Corolle limbus explanatus subbilabiatus quadrifidus lacinia suprema brevissime emarginata infimaque maximis, lateralibus brevissimis latis; fossule 2 flavescentes glandulose (?) ad basin labii ripam appendices 2, dentiformes, genitalia cin: gentes, ad latera faucis. Stamina 2, an- theris unilocularibus. sa, bivalvis, calycem equans. Semina Herbe Austro- Africana annue, difuse osita vel ramosissime. Fo IIl. HEMIMERIS. pe sda post anthesin flave. rolle Capsula subglobo- —— bos de —— 1l. H. sessilifolia, pubescens, foliis ovato-oblongis sessilibus vel infimis petio- latis obscure dentatis, pedicellis subfasci- culatis, laciniis calycinis tribus ovato-ob- longis duabus cordato-ovatis obtusis. Has. Zwarteland and Paardeberg in Stellenbosch, Ecklon. (v. s. 2. H. montana (Linn.— Thunb. Fl. Cap. 484.), pubescens rarius glabrata, fo- liis petiolatis ovatis dentatis, pedicellatis superioribus fasciculatis, laciniis calycinis oblongis vel anguste ovatis capsula vix brevioribus. Hemimeri ides, Lam. Dict. 3. 105 Diascia montana, Spreng. Syst. 2. 800. ‘Has. Districts of Cape, Stellenbosch, Worcester,and Clanwilliam, Ecklon, Drége, and other collections. (v. s.) A low annual, with something the habit of Holosteum umbellatum, and still more that of the smaller East Indian Vandellie, but very variable in the degree of hairiness as well as in the size of the flowers. 3. H. sabulosa (Linn.— Thunb. Fl. ap. 485.) glabriuscula, foliis petiolatis oblongis inciso-dentatis pinnatifidisve, pe- dicellis superioribus subfasciculatis, laci- niis calycinis lanceolatis oblongisve cap- sula subduplo brevioribus. Has. Districts of the Cape, Caledon, and Clanwilliam, Ecklon, Drége, and other collections. (v. s.) Near H. montana, but certainly distinct. IV. Diascia. Link et Otto. Calyx 5-sepalus, estivatione imbricata. olla basi fossulis, saccis, vel calcaribus 2 aucta, limbo explanato vel concavo sub- bilabiato, labio superiore bifido inferiore trifido lacinia intermedia sepius emargina- ta, omnibus latis rotundatis ; appendices in fauce nulle. Stamina 4, didynama; fila- menta inferiorum basi circumflexa superi- ora cingentia, sæpe dilatata vel appendicu- lata; anthere uniloculares Sepissime co- herentes. Capsula subglobosa, ovoidea vel oblonga, non compressa, apice obtusa. Semina nuda.—Herbe annue vel peren- mes. Folia inferiora vel fere omnia oppo- sila. Pedicelli fasciculati vel racemosi. * BRacHYcamPX. Pedicelli axillares 8YNOP&IS OF THE HEMIMERÍDEJE, A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEX. vel superiores subfasciculati. Folia basi angustata. Capsula ovoidea vel globosa, valvula altera sepissime majore. l. D. heterandra, foliis carnosulis pro- funde pinnatifidis, laciniis inferiorum ovatis superiorum oblongis, sepalis ovato-oblon- gis obtusis, corolla bifossulata, staminibus inferioribus eloneatis difformibus sterilil Has. Cape Flats, Drége. (v. s.) 2. D. diffusa, foliis pinnatifidis subpin- natisectisve, laciniis ovatis latis, sepalis late lanceolatis 'acutis, corolla bifossulata, filamentis inferioribus medio bifurcatis, la- cinia altera antherifera altera. membrana- ceo-dilatata Hemimeris diffusa, Thunb. Fl. Cap. 485. Hemimeris peduncularis, Lam. Dict. 3. 105.—JU. t. 532. f. 3. Has. Near Cape Town and Saldanha Bay, Ecklon ; Witteboom, Drége. (v. s.) Thunberg appears to have confounded two or three species, when he says that the stamina have offen a membrane in the middle, instead of always. Linneus’s Pederota Bone Spei. is probably one of the species of this section, but it is impos- sible to say which. 3. D. elongata, foliis infimis pinnatifidis laciniis ovatis, superioribus pinnatisectis laciniis oblongis linearibusve, sepalis late lanceolatis acutis, corolla bifossulata, fila- mentis inferioribus medio geniculatis inte- gris membranaceo-dilatatis. Diascia Bergiana, Herb. Un. Itin. n. 233. B. parviflora. : Has. Olifant's river and Brackfontein “in Clanwilliam, Ecklon; near the Cape, Sieber (n. 248.); and several other collec- —— tions. 8. Cape Mountains, Ecklon ; Paarl- — | berg, Drége. (v. s.) D. pachyceras (E. Meyer, MSS.), foliis pinnatifidis laciniis ovato-triangulari- bus obtusis, sepalis late subcordato-ovatis acuminatis, corolla basi bisaccata, filamen- tis inferioribus medio incurvis dilatatis. AB. Hol river, Drége. (v. s. Flowers drooping, larger and less open than in the neighbouring species. 9. D. runcinata (E. Meyer, MSS.) folis runcinato-pinnatifidis vel sinuato- dentatis, laciniis ovatis oblongisve integris dentatisque, sepalis late cordato-dilatatis SYNOPSIS OF THE HEMIMERIDE/E, A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE X. subulato - acuminatis, corolla bifossulata, filamentis omnibus subulatis. Han. si) capa in Namaqualand, Drége. Floral Pd few and small Flowers small 6. D. cuneata (E. Mey. MSS.), foliis intimis ragno- pionstifidis, com tis, sepalis inte lanceolatis Madii», co- rolla bifossulata, filamentis omnibus subu- latis. Has. Uitenhage district, on the Zon- dag river, Drége, and on the Zwartkops river, Ecklon. (v. s.) * LEPTOCARPÆ; Pedicelli axillares vel superiores subfasciculatk. Folia basi angustata. Capsula oblonga sublinearis. D. Bergiana (Link et Otto, Ic. PI. Sel. Hort. Berol.), foliis oblongis sinuato- dentatis basi angustatis, sepalis lanceolatis acuminatis, corolla bifossulata. B. Clanwilliam district, near Micren Kasteel, Drége ; L—— river and Brack- fontein, Ecklon. (v. Habit of D. nae but capsule slen- der, four lines long. Sepals narrow, often joined at the base. Corolla small. 8. D. Thunbergiana (Spreng. Syst. 2. 800.), foliis oblongis sinuato-dentatis basi angustatis, sepalis lanceolatis eens, corolla longe bicalcarata. Antirrhinum longicorne, Thunb. Fi. . 483. Nemesia longicorne, Pers. Syn. 2. 159. Has. Clanwilliam district, Wupperthal, Drége ; Olifant's river and Brackfontein, Ecklon ; Mosselbancks river, Piquetberg and. Ribeckkasteel, Thunberg. (v.'s.) Habit, leaves, calyx, and capsule so nearly those of D. Bergiana, that without the corolla it is difficult to distinguish them. This part is, however, about eight or ten lines broad, and at the base instead of the two slight concavities, there are two curved | spurs, nearly an inch in length. 9. D.tanyceras (E. Mey. MSS) foliis pinnatifidis, laciniis ovatis oblongis linea- ribusque, sepalis basi latissimis apice su- bulato-ac acuminatis, corolla em mune rata. VOL. IL aiy 17 Has. Modderfontein, in Namaqualand rége. l have it also from Captain Pater- son's collection. (v. s. Habit and corolla of D. TÀunbergiana, leaves and calyx different. I have not seen the capsule. *** RACEMOSÆ. Racemi elongati mi- nute bracteati. Folia basi sepius cordata. Capsula oblonga rarius ovoidea. D. macrophylla, foliis petiolatis ovatis subsinuato-dentatis tenuibus, race- mis terminalibus elongatis, corollis longe bicalearatis, filamentis glabris (?) Hemimeris macrophylla, Thunb. FI Cap. 484 Has. Between Bockland and Hantom, Thunberg. (v. s.in Herb. Banks. et Linn.) A slender annual, six inches to a foot and a half high, and quite glabrous. Leaves few, the lower ones on long petioles. Pe- dicels six to nine lines long. Corolla larger than in C. alonsooides, with spurs about six lines long. Capsules three to four lines long, oblong-linear, slightly curved. Al. D. parviflora, folis breviter petio- latis cordato-ovatis rotundatisve integerri- mis dentatisque, racemis terminalibus elon- gatis multifloris, corollis breviter bisaccatis, filamentis glabris. Has. Damp shady places on the Ko- nabs river, in the Ceded Territory, Ecklon ; mountainous places on the Hex river, Drége. (v. s.) Racemes longer and much more slender than in D. alonsooides. Pedicels filiform, nearly half an inch long. Flowers droop- ing, about a line and a half broad. 19. D.alonsooides, foliis petiolatis sub- cordato-ovatis subsinuato-dentatis tenui- bus, racemis terminalibus elongatis multi- floris, corollis brevissime bifossulatis, fila- mentis villosis. "i Has. Sneeuwebergen, Drége. (v. s.): An erect glabrous annual, nine inches to a foot high. Pedicels filiform, at length near an inch long. Bracts very small, ct: Corolla half an inch broad, with the segments rounded, and nearly equal in size. Capsule three lines long; oblong, tapering towards the end. 13. JD. racemulosa, ramis tetragonis B 18 SYNOPSIS OF THE HEMIMERIDE.E, subalatis, foliis late cordato-ovatis dentatis, racemulis axillaribus tenuibus, corollis cal- caratis, filamentis glabris. Has. In the Amaponda country, be- tween Umtata and Umzimcoolu. Drege. v. s.) : Differs in habit from all the other spe- cies. Stems branched and leafy in the upper part. Racemes short, slender, and numerous. Pedicels short. Corolla of the size of that of D. alonsooides, but with two short very divergent spurs. Like many of the Diascie, however, it is so difficult to unfold from a dried specimen, that I have been unable to ascertain its precise form. 14.. D. capsularis, basi ramosa, foliis subsessilibus cordato-ovatis vel ovato-lan- NND Du scd it 1 gatis, corollis bicalcaratis, capsulis ovoideo- oblongis calyce bis terve longioribus. Has. In the hills of Uitenhage and Albany district, at Ado, and various other places, Ecklon. Perennial, a foot high, leafy near the base. Branches sharply quadrangular. Leaves rather thick. Pedicels half an inch to an inch. Bracts very small. Sepals oblong or lanceolate, with a few glandular hairs. Spurs of the corolla conical, straight, about three lines long; limb eight to ten lines broad. Capsule about four lines long. 15. D. rigescens (E. Mey. MSS.), caule erecto elato stricto, foliis sessilibus am- plexicaulibusve cordato-ovatis dentatis, racemis elongatis terminalibus multifloris, corollis breviter bicalcaratis, capsulis sub- frutices. Folia opposita. Flores radii globoso-ovatis calycem vix equantibus. . angustifolia. Has. On the Katriviersberg and Win- terberg, Ecklon ; on the Katberg, Drége ; 8. in the Amaponda country, between Um- zimwoobo and Umzimcoolu, Drege. (v. s.) Stem slightly branched, above two feet high. Leaves larger and more sharply toothed than in D. ca Sepals oblong or spathulate, obtuse, with glandu- lar hairs, Spurs of the corolla scarcely twolineslong. Filaments glabrous. Cap- sule coriaceous, scarcely two lines long. 11 M an a A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACES. 16. D. denticulata, decumbens, foliis sessilibus ovato-lanceolatis oblongisve ob- tusis paucidentatis, racemis terminalibus brevibus subcorymbosis, corollis breviter 1 ' bicalcaratis. Has. In the Amaponda country, be- tween Umtata and Umzimcoolu, Drége. (v. $. Leaves thick as in the two last species, but smaller and narrower, obscurely tooth- ed. I have not seen the capsule. x 17. D. integerrima (E. Mey. MSS), | foliis brevissime petiolatis integerrimis, in- - ferioribus ovato-lanceolatis, superioribus. ^ lanceolato-linearibus, racemis elongatis ¥ terminalibus, corollis bicalcaratis, capai 1 oblongis calyce bis terve longioribus. : AB. Los Tafelberg and Witbergen, Drège. (v. s.) : Near D. capsularis, but more slender, - with the leaves much smaller, and very . narrow, and smaller flowers. i V. Nemesia. Vent. E Calyx 5-sepalus. Corolla basi saccata - vel calcarata, limbo personato bilabiato, — labio superiore 4-fido, inferiore integro vel — emarginato, palato convexo. Stamina 4- didynama, inferiora longiora, basi circum- — flexa superiora cingentia; anthere unilo- | culares per paria sepissime coherentes. Capsula compressa, septicido-bivalvis, val- vulis navicularibus subcarinatis apice ob- lique truncatis, latere exteriore acuto vel breviter cornuto, rarius apice rotunda | Semina oblonga, ala membranacea cincta. —Herbe annue, rarius perennes vel s vel rarius azillares. * Corolla basi saccata. 1 1. N. strumosa, herbacea, erecta, folis | radicalibus oblongo-spathulatis integris, | caulinis lanceolatis linearibusve dentatis, — racemis brevibus subcorymbosis, corollis amplis basi late saccatis, laciniis late ro- tundatis. 1 Antirrhinum strumosum, Herb. Bar MSS. Has. Saldanha Bay, in the Cope: trict, Ecklon, Drége, &o. (v.$) —— A foot high, branched at the ! SYNOPSIS OF THE HEMIMERIDE/E, A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARTACE £. Leaves few, glabrous as well as the stem. Floral leaves or bracts small. Pedicels at length one to one and a half inch long, hairy as well as the linear sepals. Corolla about an inch in diameter when fully ex- panded, orange, yellow, or purple, lower lip bearded with long hairs. Capsule ovate, four to six lines long, three to four broad, slightly contracted at the top, valves ob- liquely truncate by a straight or slightly incurved line, and forming a very broad angle with each other. 2. N. saccata (E. Mey. MSS.), herba- cea, humilis, basi ramosissima, foliis linea- ribus integerrimis paucidentatisque, race- mis elongatis, corollis parvis basi late sac- catis, laciniis rotundatis. Has. Sands near Noagas, Drége. (v.'s.) Scarcely six inches high, and entirely glabrous. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Pe- dicels distant, half an inch long. Corolla three to four lines broad, notybearded. Anthers scarcely cohering. Capsule two to two and a half lines long and broad, not narrowed at the end, valves rounded at the extremity, forming a very open angle with each other. 3. N. lucida, herbacea, glaberrima, fo- liis cordato-ovatis grosse dentatis, inferio- ribus breviter petiolatis, racemis elongatis paucifloris, corollis parvis basi late saccatis laciniis rotundatis. Has. Constantia, Ecklon. Occurs in several Cape collections. It is Sieber’s n. 254. (v. s.) Stems a foot or a foot and a half high, four-angled, smooth, and shining. Leaves rather more than an inch lorg. Pedicels distant, an inch long. Capsule six to seven lines long, two broad, not contracted at the top, valves very obliquely truncate, with the outer corner sharp. Corolla of JN. sac- caía. ** Corolla Cult Flores racemost. 4. WN. barbata, herbacea, erecta, foliis caulinis sessilibus ovatis oblongisve denta- tis, racemis paucifloris, corolle labii supe- rioris laciniis brevibus rotundatis, inferiore maximo vix emarginato, calcare brevi co- 19 Antirrhinum barbatum, Linn—TZhund. Fl. Cap. 482. Has. Cape and Stellenbosch districts, also in Clanwilliam, at Olifant’s river, and Brackfontein, Ecklon. (v. s. Nearly a foot high, branched at the base, glabrous, or with a few glandular hairs on the upper part of the stem, the peduncles, and calyx. Corolla variable in size, but readily known by the large broad lower lip retaining a dark colour in the dry state. Lower lip bearded. Capsule ovate, nar- rowed at the top with two short diverging ~ horns. 5. N. cheiranthus (E. Mey. MSS.), erecta, glabra, foliis infimis ovatis petiola- tis, superioribus paucis remotis sessilibus oblongis lanceolatis linearibusve, omnibus paucidentatis integerrimisve, corolle laci- niis supremis lanceolatis acutis labio infe- riore longioribus, palato villoso, calcare brevi conico. Han. Clanwilliam district: between Heerenlogiment and Knakasberg, Drége ; Olifant's river and Brackfontein, Ecklon. (v. 5.) A foot high, not much branched. Calyx and peduncles sometimes bearing a few short hairs. Two upper divisions of the corolla six lines long, lateral ones four lines, spur two lines long, lower lip broad and emarginate. I have not seen the capsule. 6. N. anisocarpa (E. Mey. MSS.), erecta, subglabra, foliis infimis petiolatis ovatis, superioribus paucis remotis sessili- bus oblongis lanceolatis linearibusve inte- gerrimis dentatisque, corolle laciniis su- premis oblongis obtusis labio inferiore longioribus, palato tenuiter pu calcare brevi recto lineari-conico. Has. Micrenkasteel in Clanwilliam, and Zilverfontein in Namaqualand, Drége. (v. 5.) Habit, leaves, and calyx of N. cheiran- thus, from which it chiefly differs by the upper divisions of the corolla much broader and obtuse. In the Zilverfontein speci- mens they appear still shorter than in the Micrenkasteel ones. In the latter the cap- sule is four lines long, two and a half broad, the valves contracted at the top, and une- 52 ; 20 qual in size at the base. In the other spe- cimens the capsule is not yet formed. 7. N. versicolor (E. Mey. MSS.), erec- ta, subglabra, foliis infimis petiolatis ovatis, superioribus paucis remotis sessilibus ob- longis anceolatis linearibusve integerrimis dentatisque, corolle laciniis 4 superioribus oblongis obtusis inter se æqualibus labio inferiori zquilongis, palato bicalloso pu- - bescente, calcare incurvo apice non dila- tato labio inferiori vix equilongo. £. oxyceras. Has. Olifant's river and Brackfontein, in Clanwilliam, Ecklon ; Zilverfontein, in Namaqualand, Drége. | 8. in Clanwilliam, between sc stai and Knakasberg, Drége. Habit of de two last. Spur about four lines long. Capsule three lines long and broad, rounded at the base, not contracted at the top, valves rounded at the top with the outer corner pointed. In the variety B. the spur is sharper, and the flowers of a deep yellow. I have not seen the fruit. 8. N. ligulata (E. Mey. MSS.), erecta, subglabra, foliis infimis petiolatis ovatis superioribus paucis remotis sessilibus ob- longis lanceolatis linearibusve integerrimis dentatisque, corolle laciniis supremis ob- longis lateralibus obovatis labio inferiori subeequilongis, calcare labio inferiore pa- rum longiore apice subfalcato-dilatato. Has. Hol river, Drége. (v. s.) Habit of the three last. Raceme pubes- cent. Flowers rather smaller than those of N. versicolor, deep yellow. Spur three lines long. 9. N. calcarata (E. Mey. MSS.), erec- ta, subglabra, foliis infimis petiolatis ovatis superioribus paucis remotis sessilibus ob- longis lanceolatis linearibusve dentatis, co- rollz laciniis superioribus obovatis (?) inter se et labio inferiori subequilongis, calcare rectiusculo apice attenuato labio inferiori subduplo longiore. AB. Between Hex river and Draai, Drége. (v. s.) Capsule of W. versicolor, from which it chiefly differs by the short upper divisions of the corolla, and the spur near six lines SYNOPSIS OF THE HEMIMERIDE;/E, A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE X. N. parviflora, erecta, subglabra, foliis inferioribus petiolatis ovatis superio- ribus paucis remotis sessilibus oblongis vix | dentatis, corolle parve laciniis superiori- bus oblongis labio inferiori brevioribus, : calcare recto labio superiore subzquilongo, — capsulis apice non dilatatis. AB. Mountains near the Cape, Eck- - lon. (v. s.) Stems slender, nearly simple. Racemes oose, with filiform pedicels. Corolla — scarcely longer than in Linaria simplez, | bright yellow, with an apparently purplish - spur. broad. 11. N. pinnata (E. Mey. MSS.), erecta, Capsule near two lines long and . pusilla glabriuscula, foliis remotis lineari- | bus profunde dentatis pinnatifidisve laciniis | linearibus, corolle parve labio superiore | brevissimo, calcare recto labio superiore - longiore inferiore breviore. Anti pinnatum, Linn.! Suppl. — Habit eal N. parviflora. Flowers of the : same size, but with a ie short upper B" Capsule the same. 12. NN. gracilis, siti prn, foliis | inferioribus petiolatis ovatis, superioribus | paucis remotis sessilibus oblongis vix den- - tatis, corolle parve laciniis superioribus - oblongis labio inferiore subdimidio brevi- - oribus, calcare recto labio superiore longi- ore, capsulis basi contractis apice dilatatis subbicornibus. HAB. in Clanwilliam, Ecklon. (v. s Very much like N. parviflora, but flow- | ers rather larger (about four lines long with © the spur), and capsule of the form of that ' of N. bicornis, although much smaller. 18. N. bicornis (Pers. Syn. 2. 159) erecta, pilis sparsis brevibus pubescens vel - subglabra, foliis infimis petiolatis ovato- oblongis superioribus paucis remotis sessi- | ibus oblongis lanceolatis linearibusve — inferiore bifido subequilongis, palato bi- calloso villoso, calcare^lineari labio inferi- - Olifant's river and Brackfontein, ) à ore breviore, capsula basi contracta ge dilatata breviter bicorni. - OOV a TT TOMUS MPH ee “er ee ee eee TEE P P TRAN S EN S e TS SYNOPSIS OF THE HBMIMERIDB/E, A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE®, 21 Antirrhinum bicorne, Linn. —Thunb. FI. Cap. 482 Has. Very common about the Cape, from whence it is frequently sent, and ex- tends northwards towards Heerenlogiment, in Clanwilliam, Drége. (v. s. Near N. versicolor, but taller, more branched, and more generally pubescent. Leaves always toothed. Readily known when in fruit, by its capsules, which have the shape of two nearly right angled trian- gles joined together by one of the sides of the right angle, the other side being a curved line, ending in a projecting point. The corolla is about the size of that of Linaria striata, and usually streaked in a similar manner, but with a much less pro- minent palate. NV. affinis, erecta, subglabra, foliis infimis petiolatis ovatis oblongisve superi- oribus paucis subsessilibus oblongis lance- olatis linearibusve plerisque dentatis, co- roll laciniis 4 superioribus oblongis obtu- sis inter se et labio inferiori subzquilongis, ato tenuissime pubescente, calcare sub- recto obtuso labio inferiori subequilongo, capsula ovata submutica. B. latifolia. y. grandiflora. Has. Cape and Stellenbosch districts, Ecklon ; B. Uitenhage and Albany districts, Ecklon, Drége, &c.; y. Zwarteland, Eck- lon; Algoa Bay, Forbes. (v. s.) Nearly allied to JW. versicolor and N. bicornis, with the habit of the former, but differing from both by the form of the cap- sule, which is longer than it is broad, con- tracted at the top, with the valves truncate. The variety 8. is usually lower and more branched, with a rather longer capsule. The variety y. has also rather broad leaves. The eleven preceding species differ chiefly from each other in the form of the corolla and of the capsule, but the former character is often difficult to observe in dried specimens, and the capsules are but too frequently wanting. There are, there- fore, many specimens in the Banksian and other Herbaria, as well as in the collections before me, that I am unable to determine with certainty, and it is probable that ? x amongst them there may still be several new species. 15. N. cynanchifolia, ramosissima, dif- fusa, ramis foliosis pubescentibus, foliis petiolatis ovato-lanceolatis obtusis obscure sinuato-dentatis glabris, corollæ labio su- periore trifido lacinia intermedia breviter bifida omnibus obtusissimis labio inferiore vix longioribus, calcare recto labio inferi- ore parum breviore, palato glabriusculo. Has. Rocks of the Sneeuwebergen, Drége. (v. s.) In habit comes near N. affinis B, but the leaves are all petiolate, the lower floral ones often similar to those of the stem, the divisions of the corolla broader, the two upper ones connected together beyond the middle. I have not seen the capsule. 16. N. viscosa (E. Mey. MSS.), ramo- sissima, viscoso-pubescens, foliis brevissi- me petiolatis ovato-lanceolatis acutis inte- gerrimis, corolle laciniis 4 superioribus ovatis obtusissimis labio inferiore vix lon- gioribus, calcare recto labio inferiore bre- viore, palato glabriusculo. AB. At Verleptpraam and on the Ga- riep, Drége. (v. s.) A low branching plant, with much of the habit of N. cynanchifolia. Sepals lanceo- late, very sharp. Corolla smaller than in the last species. Capsule five lines long, three broad, scarcely narrowed at the top, with two very short horns. 17. N. linearis (Vent. Jard. Malm. sub. t. 41.), perennis vel suffruticosa, glabra, ramis adscendentibus, foliis lineari-lanceo- latis integerrimis pauci-dentatisque, corolla labiis subequalibus, superioris laciniis bre- vibus obtusis, calcare recto labiis breviore, palato villoso, capsule valvulis apice rectis. Antirrhinum capense, Thunb. Fl. Cap. rS T liinis ek Spreng. Syst. 9. 796. Has, Karroo and Karroid places in the districts of Georgo, Swellendam, Ui- tenhage, Beaufort, , Ecklon, Dein and most collections. a 8.) ^ The capsule varies in length and bred and is either narrowed or at top, but is never two-horned, and the ES are always rounded at the top. 22 18. N. fetens (Vent. Jard. Malm. t. 41.), *foliis quaternis lineari-lanceolatis acutis subtrinerviis glabris, floribus race- mosis terminalibus bracteatis.” Vent. Has. Cape of Good Hope, Ventenat. 19. N. divergens, perenms?, glabra, ramis adscendentibus, foliis lineari-lanceo- latis integerrimis dentatisve, corolle labiis subaequalibus superioris laciniis brevibus obtusis, calcare recto labiis breviore; palato villoso, capsulis apice bicornutis. Has. Zwartehoogdens in Albany, Eck- lon. (v. s.) Habit and corolla of N; linearis. Cap- sules of N. barbata. *** Corolla calcarata. Flores axilla- res rarius racemosi folis floralibus inferi- oribus caulinis subconformibus. 20. N. fruticans, ** foliis oppositis ovatis integris hirtis, caule fruticoso.” Thunb. Antirrhinum fruticans, Thunb. Fl. Cap. 483. ' Has. Cape of Gocd Hope, Thunberg. 483 I have seen nothing which answers to the description of this plant, but from what unberg says of the capsule, it is cer- tainly a Nemesia. 21. N. acuminata, procumbens, gla- berrima, lucida, foliis sessilibus cordato- ovatis longe acuminatis argute dentatis, floribus in axillis superioribus vel ad apices ramorum, racemulosis, corolle labus sub- eequalibus, palato pubescente, calcare labiis breviore, capsula apice dilatata acute bi- cornuta. Antirrhinum scabridum, Herb. Banks. MSS. á Has. Cape of Good Hope, Masson. (v. s. in Herb. Banks.) Differs from N. diffusa by its larger flowers and leaves, and especially by the capsule, which is nearly that of IN. bicornis. 22. N. diffusa, ramosissima, procum- bens, glaberrima, lucida, foliis parvis bre- viter petiolatis ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis infimis obtuse superioribus acutissime den- tatis, floribus axillaribus vel supremis lax- issime subracemosis, corollis parvis, labiis _ subequalibus, palato pubescente, calcare brevi recto. SYNOPSIS OF THE HEMIMERIDEJE, A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE.£. 1 | ‘towards the top, the valves obliquely trun- Hap. Cape, Stellenbosch, and Swellen- . dam districts, Ecklon, Drége, &c. B. E the Palmiet river, Ecklon. (v. s.) Habit in some measure that of Linar ramosissima. Branches and pedicels fili- form. Corolla nearly that of N. lucida, but with a short linear spur. Capsule ob- — long ovate, narrowed at the base, straight cate, not rounded. In the var. &. the flow- ers and leaves are rather larger. "a 23. N. chamedryfolia (Vent. Jard. Malm. sub t. 41.) herbacea, foliis sub- sessilibus ovatis dentatis basi rotundatis subcordatisve, floralibus subconformibus, pedicellis axillaribus, corollæ labii superi- oris laciniis brevibus rotundatis inferiore integro parum longiore, calcare brevi co- nico. Antirrhinum macrocarpum, Atit. Hort. Kew. siiis scabrum, Thunb. Fl. Cap. Linaria scabra, Spreng. Syst. 2.792. Has. On the Table Mountain, Drège, Ecklon (Herb. Un. Itin. n. 556.); Cayley, &c. (v. s. Whole plant glabrous and drying black. Upper lip of the corolla three lines long, lower one three and a half, not bearded. Sepals oblong, narrowed at both ends, ra- ther shorter than the capsule, which is from three and a half to four lines long m broad, truncate at the to 24, N. melissefolia, A SE glaber- rima foliis petiolatis ovatis vel ovato-laik foliis floralibus infimis caulinis subconfor- mibus, corolle labiis subeequalibus cali lineari corollam zquante. Has. Karroo, Drége; Fort Beaufort, Philipstown, and Zwartehoogdens, Ecklon. (v. 5.) je a foot high. Branches. leafy. Leaves of N. lucida, but all stalked. Pe- dicels long, filiform, often fasciculate. Co- rolla of N. lucida, but with a spur two lines long. Capsule six lines long, four wa the valve obliquely truncate. i . N. pubescens, herbacea, pul l J vel pilosa, foliis petiolatis ovatis dentatis LACIS CERATOPHYLLA. floralibus subconformibus, floribus inferio- ribus axillaribus superioribus subracemo- sis, corolle labiis subequalibus, calcare corolla breviore. Has. Graafreynet and Keurebooms river, Drége. (v. s.) ear N. melissefolia, but besides the above characters the capsule is shorter. VI. Dicris. Calyx 5-sepalus. Corolla personata, basi calcarata, labio superiore bifido, infe- riore trifido. Stamina 4, didynama, infe- riora longiora basi circumflexa. Anthere uniloculares per paria coherentes. Cap- sula subglobosa, emarginata, loculicido- bivalvis, valvulis integris vel vix fissis. Semina pauca ovoidea striata. —Herbe Austro-Africane. Caules repentes. Folia opposita, petiolata, lata, dentata. Pedicelli solitarii, axillares, uniflori, ebracteati 1. D. reptans, uu subrotundis, basi truncatis cordatisv Has. Eastern — of the Cape Colony, on the Vanstaadensriviersberge and Zuureberge in Uitenhage, the Win- terberg in the Neutral Territory, and Kat- berg in Cafferland, Ecklon ; in the Ama- kosa and Amaponda countries, Drege. (v. s. Stems long, creeping, and often throwing out roots from the knots, and as well as the leaves are usually more or less pubescent, ‘sometimes glabrous, and generally drying black. Leaves an inch broad, or rather more, crenate. Sepals oblong-linear, ly equal Corolla including the spur, about seven lines long; lower lip twice as long as the upper one. Capsule covered with glandular hairs, about the length of the calyx, and broader than it is long. 2. D. ovata, diffusa, foliis late ovatis basi'cuneatis. Has. Madagascar. Hooker.) Flowers half the size of those of D. reptans. Capsule nearly glabrous. (v. s. in P LACIS CERATOPHYLLA. Tas. XX GEN. CHAR. Nat. Ord. — PoposTEMo- VEG. Rich. Flores spathacei, partibus appendicifor- mibus numero indefinitis. Stamina inde- finita (2—40), hypogyna, libera v. mona- delpha. Stigmata 2. Capsula striata, bilocularis, bivalvis. Semina numerosa, receptaculo centrali affixa——Herbe humvi- les aquatiles precipue tropice ; scaturi- gines rivulosque amantes, sazis rupibusve, imo et arboribus radicibus suis adnate, | plerumque submerse, Folia multipartita, laciniis sepe angustis. Lacis ceratophylla ; repens, caule fili- formi flexuoso, foliis multipartitis laciniis linearibus, floribus axillaribus solitariis, staminibus 2 filamentis monadelphis. (Tab. XX.) Lacis ceratophylla. Bongard, Gen. Lacis Revis. p. 10. Podostemon cerato- phyllus, Mich. Am. v. 2. p. 164. Nutt. Gen. Am. v. 2. p. 202. Haz. Stony beds of rivers in the southern States of North America; Ohio, near Louisville, Michaux; Delaware, about Easton, T. Collins, Esq. ; Holston, Kenhaway, French Broad, and in the Ca- tawba river, near Morganton, North Caro- lina, Nuttall; Augusta, Georgia, Dr. Leavenworth; Brandywine, and various streams about West Chester, Pennsylva- nia, Dr. Darlington, Mr. Townsend ; Ra- pids of the Kentucky river, Dr. Short. Interested as I have long been in the vegetation of North America, I could not but feel desirous of possessing a plant which few Botanists were acquainted with except through the figure and description of Michaux, namely, his Podostemon cera- tophyllus, the only individual of the Order found in North America; the others being natives of the tropics, and chiefly of Brazil and Guiana, But it was long ere I could obtain a specimen, for its place of growth, attached to stones at the bottoms of rivers, had caused it to be overlooked : nor was it till I applied to my re d- ents, Dr. Short, of Ketik anit and Dr. Dar- | lington, of West Chester, that 1 received any. From those — I have been 24 LACIS CERATOPHYLLA. favoured with copious specimens both dried and preserved in alcohol: from the former BotanistI have an excellent figure, and from the latter a full and accurate description made from recent specimens, from whic the annexed plate and the following history are mainly taken Root consisting of fleshy processes at ` the lower part of the plant, which adhere closely to the stones on which. the plant grows, somewhat after the manner of the roots of Ampelopsis hederacea on Bigno- nia radicans. Stems roundish, - fleshy, and somewhat coriaceous, running over the surface of the pebbles, A closely adhering to them by means of the small fleshy processes just described, which are frequently thrown out from the stem, espe- cially where it ramifies. Branches nume- rous, and where the stem adheres to the pebbles, the branches are nearly at right angles with it, opposite or alternate. The creeping stems frequently extend beyond the stone on which the plant originated, and attach themselves to other small peb- bles around; so that if you pick up the principal pebble, the stems, or their rami- fications, will bring up a number of small pebbles hanging to them. Before flower- ing, and particularly where the water is several inches deep, a number of branches are sent up, from one to three inches long. The /eaves, in regard to texture and gene- ral appearance, would seem to be a prolon- gation of the stem, being almost equally coriaceous, half an inch to nearly an inch in length, the lower half forming a kind of _ petiole, with a sheathing membranous process at the base, which partly embraces the stem, and the base of flowers: the upper half is divided in a somewhat dicho- tomous manner, two or three times, into linear, rather acute, flat or slightly furrowed segments, bearing a resemblance to some branched Cenomyce, or the antlers of a buck : but in drying, these segments shrink and become almost setaceous, from which state of the plant Michaux’s figure seems ta ' to have been taken. The flowers emerge ie from the axils of the leaves (which are more crowded above) and the peduncles of the flower-buds are embraced by the short, fleshy sheathing process on the base of the petioles. Spatha obovate, coriaceo- membranaceous, formed of one piece rup- tured by the protrusion of the flower from — within, or rather of the stamens which - seem to be the first protruded; and this | rupture is often effected by carrying Me | a portion of the apex, according to Dr. | Darlington’s observations. This spatha 1 contains what is usually considered a sin- | gle flower, but which I am rather led to . consider as two, a male and female, at the extremity of a peduncle so short as to be mostly included within the ruptured spa- - tha (f. 4). In a young state, before the | expansion of the ,flowers, the anthers are close pressed against the germen, and lodged just beneath the incurved stigmas. Stamens two, ( occasionally three, Dr. Darlington) ; arising from the base of the germen: the filaments combined more than half way up, or monadelphous. Anthers one on each side, are two subulate appen- dages, shorter than the real filament. Pis- - " til solitary, sessile, oval, dark green, marked. with elevated purple lines. Stigmas two, — sessile, fleshy, lanceolato-subulate. Cap- . sule oval, striated, two-celled, two-valved, { bearing numerous seeds upon a central a receptacle. ] Dr. Darlington further observes, that] 3 this plant flourishes best, and bears most fruit when growing in shallow water, so as to be situated near the surface, and eve exposed when the streams are low. In removing specimens into à tin box, when they have been near flowering, he has found | that the stamens would burst forth in a few - hours: whereas, if left under water, the — flowers would remain stationary, with the stamens included in the spatha for a num- ber of days. Tas. XX. Fig. 1. Pebble to _ "rw of La- . cis s ceralophylla, nat. size, are at tac ue oF P ji the spatha. 6. Capsule burstin i T. section of psi cs inis Cpezht: :—-all bet fg. 1 magnified. Bii n is cci i oe x eee ee Oe IS ent ee rr R ERYTHROXYLON COCA: OR COCA-SHRUB OF PERU. ERYTHROXYLON COCA: OR CO- CA-SHRUB OF PERU. : Tas. XXI. At p. 161 of this Journal, I have given, from the Travels of Dr. Póppig in South America, a highly interesting account of the uses and property, mode of cultivation, and commercial value of the Coca Shrub, and it was matter of regret that it was not in my power to accompany that history with a figure of so celebrated a plant. The fact was, I did not possess it in my Her- barium. But shortly after, on turning over the specimens in Mr. Mathews’s private Herbarium, which happened at the time to be in my possession, I there found a beautiful one from the Quebrada of Chin- chao ; the ticket accompanying it bearing the number 2023. Yet strange to say, this species of Erythrozylon does not appear to have been yet distributed to Mr. Ma- A thews's subscribers ; perhaps because he looked upon it as too common. I have indeed often had occasion to regret, when Botanists make collections in remote and little frequented countries, how often they neglect to procure specimens of the more useful plants, whether in the arts, or in medicine, or in commerce: and can only account for this upon the ground, that such plants being familiar to the inhabit- ants, they are passed by as of little value to the Botanist. We have only to look at the pages of any work on Materia Medica, where doubts or ignorance are expressed in regard to a great number of vegetables yielding some of our most valuable drugs, to be satisfied of the correctness of this remark, In regard to the plant in question, in- deed, it is not unknown to Botanists and travellers, though no doubt imperfectly to many who have written on it. Clusius and Hernandez speak of it. Lamarck first clearly defined it, having described it from specimens brought from Peru, by Joseph de Jussieu. Cavanilles figured and de- scribed it from the same specimens: and we have also a representation of it in the inedited plates of Ruiz and Pavon. The two latter works, however, containing the OK 25 figures, are in the hands of few: so that the one here given and made from Mr. Ma- thews's specimen may not be unacceptable to our friends, and it now only remains to offer a brief description. Erythroxylon Coca ; foliis ovalibus acutis 4 : Pa ghe ptus t er. ter costam) lineis duabus notatis, pedun- culis lateralibus fasciculatis longitudine florum, fructibus ovatis acutis, ramis cre- bre tuberculatis. (Tas, XXL) Erythroxylon Coca. Lam. Dict. v. 2. p- 593. Cav. Diss. p. 402. t. 229. De Cand. Prodr. Ruiz, et Pav. Fl. Per. ined. t. 398. Mathews, Herb. Peruv. n. 2023 Has. Peru. In the environs of Cuchero and on the stony summit of Cerro de San Christobal, Dr. Péppig thinks it may be indigenous. Cultivated extensively in the ndes, and at an elevation of from 2,000 to 9,000 feet above the level of the sea. Descr. A Shrub, according to Mr. Mathews’ notes, from four to eight feet high, erect, much branched; the branches alternate, erecto-patent, clothed with a pale brownish dark, much wrinkled and furrow- ed, the elevated lines between these fur- rows beset with numerous whitish tuber- cles, which when seen under a lens, appear to be formed of two curved lines, set face to face, so that they look like very large stomata of the epidermis. Leaves alter- nate, chiefly confined to the upper parts of the branches, one and a half to two inches long, membranaceous, flat, opaque, acute at both extremities, the apex almost mu- cronate, quite entire, dark green above, pale beneath: costa or midrib slender, sending forth at nearly right angles slender nerves, which anastomose over the surface of the leaf, but are connected with two principal nerves, which form a slightly curved line from the base to the apex, between the costa and margin, but nearest to the former: these are more conspicuous on the under surface than the upper, and are rendered more evident from the cir- 26 differing in colour. Petzole two to four lines long, with a pair of intra-petiolary ovato-lanceolate brown acute stipules, up- on the back of the outer of which, indeed, the petiole is articulated, and from which the leaf readily falls away, leaving the branches scaly with the persistent stipules. Flowers numerous, in fascicles from the branches where the leaves have fallen away, bracteated. Peduncles about as long as the flower, sharply angled. Calyz five- fid, the segments acute. Petals alternate with the caiie segments, oliong, z ed membrane arising from within above the - base. Stamens ten: re eum than the pistil, combined ł cylindrical tube. Germen oval. Styles three, about as long as the germen. Stig- mas thickened. Fruit a one-seeded, oblong drupe, ina dry state obscurely furrowed. Nut of the same shape and furrowed. Fig. 1. 4. Pis- til. 5. Fruit. agnified. shor t ages 2. Petal. 3. Stamens. . Nut from the Drupe:—nm A MONOGRAPH OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RHYN- CHOSPORA. By Asa Gray,! M.D. ( Extracted from the Annals of the Leg of Nat. Hist, of New York, vol. 3 Tue Natural Order CyPERACE# has, in proportion to the number of species it comprises, been less carefully studied than any other family of Phenogamous Plants. "AE. Ec Sad adr P Xd lL, 1 fU R ur» Nees von Esenbeck, Kunth, &c. who have illustrated particular portions of this family, the distinctive characters of the genera are, in many cases, highly unsatisfactory, and the determination of species is frequently ifficult. The whole Order requires an elaborate revision by some competent per- son, who can consult the principal Herba- ria of preceding Botanists, as well as many important works which, from their great 1 Author of the admirable work of ** Specimens of and €. Americán Grasses yperacee," mentioned at vol. I. p. 14 of this Journal. ‘American species of Rhynchospora has A MONOGRAPH OF THE cost or extreme scarcity, are inaccessible 1 tous. But the plants of any single coun- £ try may be most advantageously studied | by a Botanist who is familiar with them in — their native situations, and who has oppor- | | tunities of examining and comparing nu- | merous specimens from various localities. _ A person who in this way confines his - attention, for a time at least, to the critical | examination of a single genus or family of plants, and who carefully records the facts — which he observes, may furnish important | materials to those who, with more ample | j means, are to succeed him in the same | field ; and thus contribute, in some degree, - to the advancement of the cause of Science. The following account of the North | been prepared under circumstances highly favourable for arriving at correct results. | With a liberality which does honour to the — cause in which they are engaged, my bo- | tanical friends have placed their collections | at my disposal, or permitted me to examine - them; and have, in various ways, favoured | | me with important assistance. Since this | paper was prepared for the press, I have — had the opportunity of consulting the - MSS. and original Herbarium of the late — Dr. Baldwin; now in the possession of Dr. 1 Torrey: among the former are ] i deansipdiane of all the species of Rhyn- : chospora which his Herbarium comprises. It appears that he paid much attention E this genus and the Cyperacee in genera and many of his observations are valuable. H I have adopted the specific names propos by Dr. Baldwin, except in cases w they are objectionable. ; 4 By far the greatest number of the spe- comprises thirty-eight species, exclusi of five species of Carpha of R. Brow which are by Sprengel referred to this get nus. To these we may add five speci from Ramer and Schultes’ Mantissa, vol. p which increases the number to forty- three. Of these, thirty are natives of Ami rica, six of New e, four of the East NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RHYNCHOSPORA. Indies, one of the Cape of Good Hope, and two are common both to Europe and North America. In Willdenow’s Species Plantarum, two species of Rhynchospora are described as natives of North America, viz. Scheenus glomeratus and cymosus. Lamarck, in the Ast vol. of his Z/lustrations of the Genera of has im y characterized three species, collected in Carolina and Florida, by Mr. Fraser. Two of these can be sa- tisfactorily determined, and to these the specific names of Lamarck must be restored, to the exclusion of those conferred by later authors. Michaux, in his Flora Borealt- Americana, has enumerated nine species, and they are, for the most part, very accu- rately described. The Descriptio Überior Graminum of Muhlenberg contains detail- ed. descriptions of thirteen species of this genus. Specimens of many of these, however, do not exist in his Herbarium ; and those which have a place there, are in such a state of confusion (there being often three or four species with a single label), that little information is to be obtained by consulting it. The species of Schenus, with h nous bristles and a subarticulated tubercle, were separated to form the genus Rhyn- chospora, by Vahl, in the 2nd vol. of his Enumeratio eii published in the your 1808. His specific. MS ronis are , leaves, and gunt terri iit of minor I fib 1 in, tha more eligible and important ones furnished by the spikelets, bristles, and fruit. Con- sequently, there remain some doubts as to the synonymy of Vahl, which can only be removed by the examination of his original specimens. Pursh appears not to have studied this genus with care. In the Flora Americe (D o£ 22.2 - d PM. | and the specific characters of Vahl are quoted without alteration. + ate late Mr. Elliott, in the fieny df cea species of Rhynchospora. Al- though the synonymy is often inaccurate, 27 yet his detailed accounts are so far correct, that we have little difficulty in determini the plants to which they are intended to apply. In a few cases, moreover, I have had the opportunity of examining authen- tic specimens labelled by Mr. Elliott, and by him communicated to Dr. Torrey. RHYNCHOSPORA. Vahi. Schani species, Linn.—Chetospora, H. B. K.—Nat. Ord. Cyperacee. Trianpria MONOGYNIA. SPICUL# pauciflore; glumis undique imbricatis, inferioribus vacuis. SET# hy- pogyne plerumque sex. Nux indurata, basi styli persistente subarticulata. Culms mostly simple, triangular or sub- terete, leafy. escence corymbose, paniculate or fasciculate, rarely capitate. Corymbs one or several, terminal or lateral, mostly single, but sometimes two or three emerging from the same sheath. Spikelets ovate or lanceolate, few-flowered. Glumes imbricated on every side, one-nerved, cus- pidate : the inferior ones shorter and empty. Perianthium composed of a definite num- ber of hypogynous bristles. Bristles five - to twelve, but for the most part, six, in two series; the three outer ones opposite to, and the three inner ones alternate with the stamens, plumose or denticulate-hispid ; the hispidness directed either upward or Anthers linear, exserted. Style one, bifid, rarely entire, dilated at the base. Nut crustaceous, ovate, obovate, or rotund, len- ticular or subglobose ; often attenuated at the base, crowned and subarticulated with the indurated, persistent base of the style, or (as in R. laza and R. macrostachya) with the whole style indurated and persist- ent. Seed ovate or globose, not adhering to the pericarp. * Nut rugose. l. R.cymosa isis culmo triquetro, corymbis SM terminalibus axillari- busque, spiculis o iculato-obovata subcompressa - transver- sim undulato-rugulosa setis. sursum —— A 28 R. cymosa. Nutt. Gen. v. l. p. Ram. et Schult. Mant. v. IT. p. 47. Tor- rey, Fl. v. 1. p. 56. (ezcl. syn. Ell. et Pursh.).—Schenus cymosus, Willd. Sp. PI. v. 1. p. 265. Muhi. Gram. p. 9. Culm one to two feet high, smooth, acutely triangular. Leaves two to three lines wide, glabrous; the radical ones somewhat crowded, the upper cauZine ones often overtopping the culm. Sheaths stri- ate. Corymbs three to four, somewhat densely flowered ; the terminal ones largest, the lateral ones on short, exserted pedun- cles. Spikelets aggregated in fives (three, Willd.) on the ultimate divisions of the corymbs. Glumes fuscous; the inferior ones suborbicular, emarginate, mucronate ; the interior ones ovate. Bristles six, a little more than one half the length of the nut, slightly hispid upward. Stamens three. Style bifid. Nut a line long, compressed or somewhat tumid. Tubercle (the persistent base of the style) depress- ed-conic, about one quarter the length of the nut. Has. New Jersey to Louisiana. Ma- ryland, Charleston, Georgia, and New Or- leans. . July to August. Oss. The R. cymosa of Eliott is de- scribed as having a terete culm, and a smooth nut. His plant is most probably Schenus fascicularis. Mx. orreyana ; culmo gracili sub- tereti, foliis setaceis, paniculis corymbosis su ifloris, spiculis ovatis plerumque dicellatis, nuce elliptico-obovata com- pressa transversim setis sursum hispidulis lengist, tuberculo compresso- conico basi latitudine nucis. R. micrantha, Gray, Gram. et Cyp. I. no. 96. (excl. syn. ulms cæspitose, one to three feet high, striate, subterete,” and, with the leaves, brous. Radical leaves six to eight inches long, narrow and rigid ; cauline ones much shorter, setaceous. Panicles one to three, corymbose, somewhat loosely flow- ered, on short peduncles. Spikelets ovate, “mostly pedicellate. Glumes fuscous, ovate, mucronate. ristles six, hispid upwards, one-half to two-thirds the length of the LS A MONOGRAPH OF THE 39. nut. a Stamens three. Nut exceeding 4 line in length, oblong-obovate, very evenly — transversely rugose, with minute longitu- dinal strie. Tubercle compressed-conic, very broad at the base, scarcely m as long as the nut. Has. New Jersey. July to Augusti a Oss. In its nut and bristles this species - approaches R. rariflora, but is widely am ferent in habit. | 3. R.rariflora (EIL); culmis Ww sis foliisque setaceis, paniculis simplicibus | paucifloris, spiculis ovatis, nuce obovata compressa transversim rugosa setis sursum - hispidulis longiori, tuberculo tompa conico. | R. rariflora, EU. Bot. S. Con et Geom v. 1. p. 58. (ezcl. syn.) . Schenus rariflorus, Mz. FT. v. 1. p. 36. et Herb.! Pers. Syn. v. 1. p. 60. Muhl. — Gram. p. 10. l Culms capillary, six to twelve inches high. Leaves setaceous, shorter than the culm. Panicles subcorymbose, nearly simple, very loosely and few- (three to eight) flowered. Spikelets ovate, all pedi- celled. Glumes ovate, mucronate, fuscous. Bristles six, very fragile, so that the whole number is seldom seen when the fruit is mature; minutely hispid upward, variable - in length, but always shorter than the nut. — Stamens three. Style bifid. Nut obovate, — deeply rugose, crowned with a compressed | conic tubercle, scarcely half so long as the ~ nut. | Has. S. Carolina and Georgia, oni | siana. Oss. This plant was erroneously re- ferred by Vahl (Enum. II. p. 231.), to his R. micrantha, from the West Indies, @ species nearly allied to ours, but which differs in the length of its bristles and tu- bercle. There is no specimen of Schenus rariflorus in Muhlenberg's Herbarium. 4. R.miliacea ; culmo triquetro folio- so, paniculis axillaribus terminalibusque; ramis divergentibus laxe multifloris, spicu- lis turgido-ovatis omnibus pedicellatis, nuce globuloso-obovata transversim rugu- losa setis sursum hispidulis 4 breviore, me brevissimo depresso-conico. — NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RHYNCHOSPORA. Schonus miliaceus, Lam. Jil. Gen. v. 1. p. 197.—8. sparsus, Mz. FI. v. 1. p. 35. Muhl. Gram.p. 7 .—R.sparsa, Vahl, Enum. v. JT. p. 230. Pursh, Fl. v. I. p. 48. Reem. et Sch. Syst. Veg. v. I. p. 83, Mant. v. IT. p. 45. Elliott, Bot. S. Car. et Georg. v. T. p. 62. tab. 2. Torrey, Fl. v. L p. 56. Spreng. Syst. Veget. v. I. p. 195. Whole plant smooth and somewhat glaucous. Culm two feet high, triangular, fistulose, very leafy below. Lower leaves linear-lanceolate, eight to sixteen inches long, three to four lines wide; the upper ones two to three inches in length, linear. Panicles corymbose, compound, diffuse, five to seven, on subexserted peduncles. Spikelets ovate, turgid, (** vix Don seminis Mili" Ram. et Sch.) borne on slender pedicels, half an inch long, each spikelet perfecting four to six nuts. Glumes fuscous, very caducous, ovate, carinate. Bristles six, about one-third longer than the nut, somewhat caducous, hispid up- ward. Style bifid. Nut about half a line long, tumidly obovate or ovate, crowned with a depressed-conie tubercle, scarcely one-fourth its length. Has. Wet soils, in pine barrens gene- rally; N. Carolina, Georgia, and New Or- leans. : Oss. This species is also a native of Puerto Rico, where it was collected by Bertero. I have adopted the specific name of Lamarck, on account of its priority. .5. R. caduca (Ell.); culmo triquetro, paniculis axillaribus terminalibusque erec- tis, spiculis ovatis, nuce orbiculato-ovata paululum plano-convexa transversim rugu- losa basi subattenuata tuberculum exce- dente setis sursum hispidis subduplo bre- viore. R. caduca, Ell, Bot. S. Car. et Georg. v. I. p. 62. Rem. et Schult. Mant. v. II. p.9l. Spreng. Syst. Veget. p. 196. Culm acutely triangular, one to two feet high. Leaves broadly linear, two to three lines wide, glabrous. Panicles corymbose, with the flowers somewhat crowded, on peduncles twice as long as the sheaths. — ovate, acute, nearly twice as —— as in R. cymosa, pedicellate or 29 . Glumes caducous; exterior ones broadly ovate, carinate, with a short mucro; the interior ones longest, acute. Bristles six, twice the length of the nut, hispid upward. Stamens three. Style long, slightly bifid. Nut a line long, somewhat plano-convex, crowned with a compressed-conic tubercle, nearly one-third its length. ' Has. Wet soil, Charleston, S. Caro- lina, N. Carolina, and at St. John’s, Florida Ons. “ This species is nearly allied to R. sparsa (R. miliacea, nob.), from which it differs in having its spikelets larger, clustered, and its panicle rather appressed than diffused. It is also remarkable for the facility with which it drops its mature glumes, so that in a specimen where the seeds are perfect, many of them will be found naked, adhering to their pedicels." Ell. l. c. It is also closely allied to R. cy- mosa, but 1s readily distinguished from that species by its larger, often pedicellate spikelets, plano-convex fruit, and longer bristles. 6. R. inezpansa (Vahl); culmo sub- triquetro debili, paniculis subsparsifloris ramulis approximato-erectis, spiculis fusi- formibus, nuce oblonga compressa trans- versim rugosa setis sursum hispidis dimi- dio longiori, tuberculo nuce snis an bre- viore. R. inexpansa, Vahl, Enum. v. II. p.233, Ell. Bot. S. Car. et Georg. v. I. p. 61. Schenus inexpansus, Mx. FI. v. I. p. 35, et Herb.! Muhl.! Gram. p. 9. Culm one and a half to two feet high, obscurely triangular, slender, somewhat nodding. eaves narrow-linear, smooth, and short; cauline ones rather remote, as long as the internodes. Panicles two to four, on filiform subpendulous peduncles. Spikelets fusiform, subfasciculate. Glumes fuscous, ovate, acute. Bristles six, twice as long as the nut, hispid upward. Stamens three. Style long, deeply bifid. Mut ob- long, compressed, evenly rugose. Tuber- cle compressed, acute, with the base abow sessile. the width of the summit of the nut. 30 ‘Has. Charleston, S. Carolina, Georgia, and near New Orleans. 7. R. multiflora ; culmo triquetro, basi folioso, paniculis axillaribus terminalibus- que, ramis subapproximatis laxifloris, spi- culis ovatis, nuce obovata compressa valde rugosa setis sursum hispidis duplo bre- viore. Scirpus schenoides, Eli. Bot. S. Car. et Georg. v. I. p. 89. Culm about three feet high, triangular, leafy, especially towards the base. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, glabrous, two lines wide; the lower ones eight to ten inches in length; the upper ones much shorter, and.somewhat distant. Panicles four to five, on subexsert peduncles; the terminal one largest. Branches of the panicle sub- approximate, filiform ; the lower ones nearly two inches in length, with a scabrous, se- taceous bract at the base of each. Spike- lets ovate, small, rather loosely disposed upon the ramuli, on short pedicels, or glo- merate in twos and threes. Glumes fas- cous, broadly ovate, carinate, with a very short mucro. $ six, twice as long as the nut, strongly hispid upward. Style long, cleft almost to the base. Nut a little exceeding half a line in length, obovate, much compressed, deeply transversely ru- gose, crowned with a compressed conic tubercle, nearly one-third its length. AB. New Orleans, St. Mary’s, Flo- rida, Georgia. Oss. This very distinct species some- what resembles R. caduca ; from which, however, it may be readily distinguished by its much more numerous and spikelets, its strongly hispid bristles, and its much compressed and deeply rugose nut. The Herbarium of Dr. Baldwin con- tains specimens of this plant, with R. tz- In his detailed description, in manuscript, he has very strangely con- founded these three species; but the plant here described is doubtless the one which he transmitted under this name to Elliott; for a specimen of Scirpus scheenoides, from the latter gentleman, in the Herbarium of Dr. Torrey, agrees in all respects with our A MONOGRAPH OF THE plant. plant to the genus Scirpus. 8. R. patula; culmo triquetro superne | gracili, corymbis axillaribus terminalibus- - que patulis laxifloris, spiculis ovatis, nuce orbiculata (vel orbiculato-obovata) com- — pressa transversim rugosa setis sursum - hispidis breviore. Culm very short, narrow-linear, flat. pound, mony fiowered, diffusely patulous. horter than the corymbs, smooth or somewhat scabrous on the mar- gins, Spikelets ovate, about as large as in the preceding species. Glumes ovate, mostly mucronate. Bristles six, less strong- ly hispid than in R. multiflora, somewhat exceeding the nut. Stamens le AL P GLa bifid. Nut about half a line in length, - nearly orbicular, compressed, transversely . rugose, with minute longitudinal stris. Tubercle compressed-conic, dilated at the * base, nearly half as long as the nut. Has. Florida. In moist land and near : streams, Savannah, Georgia; also in East Florida. Flowers from June to July. Oss. This species is very nearly allied to the preceding, with which it is con- founded in the Herbarium of Dr. Baldwin. It is sufficiently distinguished, however, - by its nearly orbicular and less deeply ru- | gose nut, its shorter bristles, and patulous | corymbs. 9. R. microcarpa: (Baldw.); culmo ` gracili subtrigono, corymbis sparsifloris exserte pedunculatis plerumque approxi- - matis, setis fragilibus sursum hispidulis nucem minimam ovatam compressam rugo- sam subequantibus, R. microcarpa, Baldwin, Herb. ! i Cespitose. Culm slender, obscurely . triangular. ical leaves narrow-linear, subcoriaceous, four to six inches long, and — about two lines wide. Cauline leaves few, — very narrow, flat, with setaceous tips. Co- rymbs four to five, exsertly peduncled, and - I see no reason for referring this about two feet high, thick and . strong at the base, slender above. Leaves — linear, shorter than the culm; cauline ones — Corymbs — three to five (the terminal one largest), . exsertly pedunculate, compound or decom- — MSS. dà bd — NORTH AMERICAN SPBCIES OF RHYNCHOSPORA. rather loosely flowered; the three upper ones approximate at the summit of the culm, the lower ones subremote. Spikelets turgidly ovate, about a line in length. Glumes dark-fuscous. Bristles six? very fragile, scarcely equalling the nut, minutely hispid upward. Stamens three. Nut less than half a line long, ovate, flattened, transversely rugose, with minute longitu- dinal strie. Tubercle very short, com- pressed. Has. In wet savannahs. Flowers from June to July. St, Mary’s, Florida; Wil- mington, N. Carolina. Oss. The bristles in this species, on account of their extreme fragility, are sel- dom found entire when the fruit is mature. 10. R. plumosa (Ell); culmo trique- tro foliisque setaceis, glomerulis pauciflo- ris ad summitatem culmi subcongestis, unis aiiis nuce qiabulono- cobeente ranctrrar E tuberculo brevissimo: R. plumosa, .E/]./ Bot. S. Car. et Georg. v. I p. 58. Rem. et Sch. Mant. v. II. p. 90. Spreng. Syst. Veget. v. I. p. 195. Schoenus ciliaris, Muhl. Gram. p. 11. Culm eight to twelve inches high, trian- gular, smooth. Leaves setaceous, and somewhat rigid, shorter than the culm. lowers in small fascicles, forming a loose cylindrical spike, sometimes furnished with à subremote, pedunculate, axillary spike. Bracts setaceous; the lower ones an inc. or more in length. Glumes fuscous, broadl ovate; the outer ones mucronate. Bristles six, plumose, as long as the nut. Nut glo- bosely obovate or ovate, about a line in ubercle short, depressed-conic, apiculate. Has. Dry Pine-barrens. Flowers from June to August. Charleston, S. Carolina ; Florida; Georgia; Fayetteville, and Wil- mington, N. Carolina ll. R. punctata (El); paniculis co- rymboso-fasciculatis exserte pedunculatis, nuce obovato-compressa reticulato-rugulo- = alveolis impressis setis sursum hispidu- lis paulo breviore, tuberculo compresso- conico, AR. punotate, El Bot. of S. Car. et i 31 Georg. v. T. p. 60. Ram, et Sch. Mant. v. II. p. 51. Spreng. Syst. Veg. v. I. p. 196. (excl. syn.) Culm slender, triangular, one to two feet high. Radical leaves not seen; cauline ones one to two inches long, linear-lanceo- late, acute. Corymbs three to four, lateral and terminal, fascicled; the lateral ones subsimple, distant, and long-peduncled. Fascicles subtended by short, setaceous, and rigid bracts. Spikelets ovate. Glumes chestnut-coloured, ovate, the lower ones mucronate. ristles.six, a little exceeding the nut, slightly hispid upward, Stamens three. Nut ovate, compressed, reticulately rugose, with impressed alveoli. Zubercle compressed-conic, shorter than the nut. Has. Savannah, Georgia; St. Mary’s, Florida. Flowers from May to June. Ops. In the specimens collected in Florida by the late Dr. Baldwin, the dis- , coverer of this species, the lateral corymbs are distant, and not clustered together at the summit of the culm. Except in this unimportant variation, the plant I have described agrees in every respect with the - detailed description of Elliott, who also obtained his specimens from Dr. Baldwin. 12. R. Elliott ; culmo triquetro, co- rymbis fasciculatis paucifloris, spiculis ovato-oblongis, nuce subgloboso-ovata læ- vissime rugulosa setis sursum hispidis paulo breviore, tuberculo brevi depresso- conico. R. distans, Fil. Bot. of S. Car. et Georg. v. I. p. 59. (excl. syn.) non Vahl. Schenus distans, Muhl. Gram. p. 10. S. fuscus, Muhl. Gram. p. 6. Culm one to two feet high, rather slen- der, exactly triquetrous. Leaves narrow- linear, flat, glabrous. Corymbs three to four, terminal and lateral, exsertly pedun- culate, subsimple and few-flowered. Spike- lets fasciculate, sessile, ovate or oblong- ovate. Glumes light chestnut- coloured, ovate ; the interior ones mucronate. Bris- tles six, hispid upwards, fuscous, a little longer than the nut, but scarcely i ing the tubercle. Stamens three to very long, deeply Weite Nut coii bglobosely ovate, 32 nuate at the dio; and slightly produced at the summit; under a lens appearing mi- nutely —— rugose, but to the naked eye nearly smoo Tubercle very short, depressed-conic. Has. Damp Savannahs, Wilmington, N. Carolina; Havanna, Georgia, and New Smyrna, Florida. Oss. This species, which is well de- scribed by the distinguished Botanist whose name it bears, differs widely from Schanus distans of Mx. It is compared by Elliott with his R. punctata, which indeed it somewhat resembles, but the two species cannot be confounded. The light chest- nut-coloured spikelets in this species are quite remarkable. "There is a specimen of this plant in Muhlenberg's Herbarium, la- belied Schænus fuscus, Ell., and from this specimen the detailed description of S. fus- eus, Muhl. Gram. was probably drawn up, as it agrees quite well with this species, and not at all with S. fuscus, Linn. There = no specimen under the name of S. dis- ns in Muhlenberg's Herbarium; but as he d whether his 8. fuscus may not be S. . distans, Mz., and as he probably drew his description from specimens, sent either by Elliott or Dr. Baldwin, I cannot doubt that the synonym is properly referred, ** Nut not rugose. 13. .R.corniculata ; corymbis decom- positis diffusis, spiculis (magnis) laxe fas- ciculatis, nuce obovata levi stylo persis- tente multo breviore setis subulatis ine- qualibus sursum hispidulis longiore. Scheenus corniculatus, Lam. Jil. Gen. v. I. p. 137.—S. longirostris, Mz. Fl. v. I. p. 87. Muhl.! Gram. p. 7.—S. umbellatus, Walt. Fl. Car. p. 70.? R. laxa, Vahl, Enum. v. 1I. p. 231. Pursh, Fl. v. I. p. 48. Ram. et Sch. Syst. Veg. v. II. p. 84. Torrey! Fl. v. I. p. 57. Spreng. Syst. Veget. v. I. p. 196.—R. lon- girostris, Ell. Bot. S. Car. et Georg. v. I. P Whole plant smooth and somewhat glau- cous. Culm triquetrous, three to six feet high. Leaves a foot or more in length, a quarter to half an inch wide, smooth, sca- brous on the margin. Flowers axillary fi "ELS E V'MONOGEAPH OP TR 14 nd : q } corymbs ; the terminal one largest. Spike- lets subulated by the persistent exserted styles ; when mature, nearly an inch in length, loosely fascicled in fours and fives at the extremity of the elongated, trique- . trous peduncles. Glumes ovate, fuscous. ristles for the most part six, subulate, minutely scabrous upward ; the three outer ones (one of which is frequently wanting) about one-fourth the length of the nut; one of the minor series about half, the | two others one-third the length of the nut, Stamens three. Style undivided. Nut smooth, obovate, compressed, crowned with the scabrous (upward) persistent, in- - durated style, ps twice and a half its length. Has. Delaware. — ' 4 Oss. I have restored the specific name | of Lamarck on account of its priority. — 14. R. macrostachya (Torr. Herb.); corymbis axillaribus simplicibus terminali- - bus compositis, spiculis magnis confertim | fasciculatis, nuce obovata levi setis sursum hispidulis duplo—stylo persistente subqua- — druplo—breviore. E Culm two feet high, smooth, triangular | Leaves glabrous, one to two feet long, and. two to four lines broad; the upper ones — scabrous on the margin. Corymbs about four, densely fasciculated ; the lateral ones : subsimple, on peduncles twice the length - of the sheaths; the terminal one largest, - compound, subsessile, leafy; the fascicles — sessile and pedunculate. Glumes fuscous, scarious, acute ; the outer ones ovate ; the | inner ones ovate-lanceolate. Bristles six, | iform, minutely hispid upward, about : twice as long as the nut; the exterior ones | somewhat shortest. Stamens three. Style Ohio to Louisiana, common. — mature, nearly four es as long as the. obovate, compressed nu E AB. Near anes Massachusetts} New Bedford. : Oss. This species, and the — to which it is baee Mes differ i in habit th port; NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RHYNCHOSPORA. they also have simple and entirely persist- ent styles, and might perhaps be referred to the genus Cephaloschenus' of Nees von Esenbeck. 15. R. dodecandra (Baldwin); pani- culis corymbosis laxiusculis, spiculis ovato- lanceolatis, staminibus duodenis, nuce ob- longa levi tuberculum subhemisphericum longe — setis sursum hispidulis nucem equanti R. TINH, “Baldu. MSS. et Herb: Culm triquetrous, two feet or more high. Radical leaves not seen. Cauline leaves equalling the culm, rigid, and subcoriace- ous, three to four lines wide, smooth, a little scabrous on the margin. Panicles five to six, lateral and terminal, on pedun- cles twice the length of the sheaths, corym- bose, loosely flowered; the lateral ones simple, the terminal one compound, or with two or three clustered together at the summit of the culm. Spikelets ovate- lanceolate, sessile and pedicellate. Glumes chestnut-coloured. Bristles six, equalling the nut, minutely hispid upward. Stamens ten to twelve. Anthers long-linear, orange- red. Style bifid. Nut (immature) oblong, somewhat attenuated downwards, smooth or slightly corrugated longitudinally. Tu- bercle short, hemisphærical, somewhat com- pressed, as wide as the summit of the m Has. “Near the sea-shore. For George Fes; E. Florida, April, sit Dr. Ba Oss. The habit of this remarkable species is very similar to that of R. corni- culata in a young state. Dr. Baldwin re- marks of the present, that its bristles equal the stamens in number. I have seen only six in the specimens I have examined. 16. R. megalocarpa ; hexandra, corym- bis sparsifloris, nuce ovata lenticulari levi nigrescente, tuberculo obtuse conico con- fluente, setis caducis sursum hispidulis r nu- cem subequantibus. s FaN: OSCHENUS. Spicule hermaphrodite. mplex. setosum, setis antrorsum fa. aut hirsutis. Caryopsis styli basi ing 2 discretaque rostrata.” Nees, Cyp. Ii VOL. II. 33 Schenus macrocarpus, Baldw. MSS. et Herb.! Culm glabrous, somewhat triangular, four feet high. - Leaves rigid and coriace- ous, pungently acute, carinate, smooth : radical leaves numerous, one to two feet long, three to five lines wide; cauline ones few and short. Corymbs axillary and ter- minal, exsertly pedunculate, few and loosely owered. Spikelets about one-third of an inch long, ovate, tumid, sessile or on short pedicels. Glumes obtuse, the inner ones mucronate. Bristles six, caducous, mi- nutely scabrous upward, equalling the nut. Stamens six. Nut (including the tubercle) two to three lines long, smooth and shin- ing, becoming black with age, round-ovate, and strongly convex on both sides. Tu- bercle turgidly conic, much shorter than the nut, with which it appears confluent. Has. Fort George, E. Florida. The bristles in this species are so exceedingly caducous that they escaped the notice of Dr. Baldwin, who referred the plant to the genus Schenus. He remarks, however, that it only differs from Rhyn- chospora in wanting the bristles. R pycnocarpa ; corymbis sparsi- floris, spiculis turgido-ovatis, nuce levi ovata tumida vertice crasso tuberculo acu- tiusculo brevissime conico ampliore setis denis caducis sursum hispidulis nucem subequantibus. Culm triangular, two to three feet mest Leaves rigid, broad-linear, carinate, p gently acute; the lower ones losga. three to four lines broad; the upper ones narrower, short. Corymbs terminal and lateral, somewhat distant, few and loosely flowered. Spikelets ovate, turgid, three to four lines in length. Glumes ovate, acute or mucronate. Bristles ten, equalling the nut, or a little shorter, minutely hispid up- ward, somewhat caducous. Stamens three. Style slender, deeply bifid. Nut rufous, smooth, and shining, slightly attenuated and domcpeeoned at the base, tumid above, with the summit somewhat thick and wider than the depressed, conic, very short tubercle, Cc 3A Has. Dry sandy Barrens, Wilmington, N. Carolina; Georgia; West Florida. BS. "This species is very like the pre- ceding in habit and general appearance. 18. R. ciliata (Vahl); foliis obtusis bracteisque ciliatis, spiculis ovatis corym- boso-fasciculatis terminalibus, nuce levi orbiculato-ovata lenticulari setis sursum hispidulis triplo longiori. R. ciliata, Vahl, Enum. v. II. p. 238. Pursh, Fl. v. 1. p. 49. Ram. et Sch. Syst. Veget. v. II. p. 87. Spreng. Syst. Veget. v. I. p.1 Schenus ciliaris, Mz. FT. v. I. p. 36. et Herb. ! Culm, leaves, and sheaths beautifully striate, and somewhat glaucous. Culm one to two feet and a half high, obscurely Leaves broad-linear, obtuse ; two to three lines wide; cauline ones few and short. Flowers in a crowded, termi- nal corymb, sometimes with a much small- er, pedunculate, lateral fascicle. Bracts somewhat exceeding the corymb. Glumes ovate, carinate, mucronate, pubescent on the back above the middle. Bristles six, very short, minutely hispid upward. Sta- mens three. Nut nearly orbicular, lenti- cular, minutely alveolate under a powerful lens. Tubercle about one-third as long as the nut, broad at the base, compressed. Has. St. Mary’s and St. John’s, Flo- rida; New Orleans; Georgia; deemed ton, N. Carolina. ` 19. R. Baldwinu ; foliis acutis glau- cis, spiculis ovatis corymboso-fasciculatis terminalibus, nuce levi (ovata vel subor- biculato-ovata) lenticulari, setis duodenis sursum hispidulis nucem equantibus. R. glauca, Baldw. MSS. et Herb.! | Has. “Georgia, in Pine Barren swamps, between the Satilla and Altamaha Rivers, Dec. 1816.” Dr. Baldwin. Oss. This species is very similar in habit to the preceding; but differs im having acute, not ciliate leaves, a larger nut, and longer bristles. R. ciliata also has six bristles, the ordinary number for this genus: this species has uniformly A MONOGRAPH OF THE twelve. R. glauca, of Vahl, a native of ~ Equinoctial America, has a rugose nut, 7 and is doubtless distinct from our plant. | I have therefore dedicated this species to | the memory of its enterprizing discoverer, who paid much attention to the genus Rhynchospora. 20. R. fascicularis (Nutt.); culmo | subtrigono, spiculis oblongis corymboso- ralibusque, nuce levi ovata lenticulari se- - tis sursum hispidulis duplo longiori, tuber- - culo compresso nuce breviore. | R. fascicularis, Nutt. Gen. v. £ p. 33. à Vahl, Enum. v. II. p. 334.1 Pursh, Fl. v. — L p. 48. 1 R. cymosa, Elliott, Bot. S. Car. e Georgia, v. I. p. 58 ?—Scheenus fascicula- — ris? Mz. Fl. v. I. p. 37. et Herb.! Pers. Syn. v. £. Culm sighiedn inches to two feet hight obscurely triangular. Leaves narrow- linear, shorter than the culm. Corymbs ` about three, densely fascicled and some- what few-flowered; the lower one subdis- tant, exsertly pedunculate; the two upper approximate, subsessile. Pedicels very short. Bracts setaceous. Spikelets ob- long. Glumes ovate, carinate, with a long- mucro; the exterior shorter, obtuse; the — inner ones acute. Bristles six, about half | as long as the nut, minutely hispid upward. 3 Stamens three. Style bifid. Nut lenti- cular, ovate or round-ovate, smooth. Tu- ercle much compressed, with the base as broad as the nut, about half its length. Has. Carolina; Georgia; New Or- s. : Oss. The spikelets, nut, and bristles | of our plant agree in every respect with a ' fragment of Schenus fascicularis from - Mx.’s Herb. The description in his £4 Bor. Amer. applies minutely to our speci- mens, excepting the paragraph '*sefulis semine levi duplo longioribus ;" whereas, in his own plant, and in all the specimens I have examined, the reverse is true, the | tion of Michaux, remarks that the plant NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RHYNCHOSPORA. not fallen under his observation. I suspect that he has mistaken it for R. cymosa. have not the means of determining whe- ther our plant is the R. fascicularis of Vahl; it certainly does not agree, in some respects, with the detailed description of that species in Ram. et Sch. Syst. Veget. bie is » ote d cen name | of b Herbarium. E R. paniculata ; culmo triquetro, paniculis numerosis approximatis interdum geminatis, spiculis oblongo-lanceolatis ad ramulos fasciculatis, nuce levi obovata lenticulari tuberculum subulatum equante, setis retrorsum hispidis nucem plus duplo longioribus. Culm triangular, three to four feet high. Leaves linear, smooth, somewhat scabrous on the margin and keel. Panicles nume- rous, approximate, so as to appear like a single elongated, compound panicle; often two or more from the same sheath. duncles compressed, scabrous, nearly erect, much longer than the sheaths; the lower ones longest. Bracts filiform-setaceous, with scabrous margins, equalling the pani- cles. Flowers in small fascicles, crowded on the ultimate divisions of the panicles. Spikelets ovato-lanceolate. Glumes lan- ceolate, rather obtuse, with a short mucro. Bristles six, conspicuously retrorsely his- pid, more than twice the length of the nut. Stamens three. Style slightly bifid. Nut smooth, obovate, lenticular, broad at the summit, subattenuate at the base. Tuber- cle subulate, compressed, as long as the e Has. New Orleans. . R. oligantha; culmo subaphyllo filiformi, spiculis paucissimis ovato-oblon- gis, setis sursum hispidis infra medium plumosis nucem oblongiuscule obovatum (minutissime exasperatum) paulo superan- tibus, tuberculo brevissimo conico. Culm filiform, six to twelve inches high, nearly leafless. Spikelets one to four, two to four lines long, solitary or in twos and threes on a nes scabrous peduncle, surmo bract, which appears. like. à continuation of the culm; i 35. sometimes there is a single, remote, long- pedunculate, lateral spikelet. Glumes broad-ovate, acute. Florets raised on a naked articulated stipe, about a line in length. Bristles six, as long as the nut and tubercle, hispid upward, plumose be- low the middle. Stamens three. Style bifid. Nut to the naked eye nearly smooth (minutely rough under a powerful lens) obovato-oblong, subterete with a very short acumination supporting a conic tubercle, scarcely one-fourth the length of the nut. AB. Fayetteville, and near Wilming- ton, N. pyar 23. oar) culmo subtereti, foliis arius setaceis, spicis approxi- matis ad summitatem culmi, setis sursum hispidis infra medium plumosis nucem ovatam levem paulo superantibus, tuber- culo compresso-conico nucem subequante. Culm a foot high, subterete, striate, smooth. Leaves setaceous, shorter than the culm, scabrous on the margin. Bracts setaceous, surpassing the culm. T three, roblong, densely flowered, appro mate, nearly sessile. „Spikelets —_ ovate. Glumes ovate, acute. Bristles six, a little exceeding the nut, hispid upward, plumose below the middle. Stamens three. Filaments very broad. Style deeply bifid. Nut ovate, compressed, smooth or with a very minute, deciduous pubescence. Tu- bercle compressed-conic, acute, minutely hispid, nearly as long as the nut. [aB. New Orleans. Ors. This species is nearly allied to R. plumosa, but is well characterized by its bristles which are only plumose below the middle, its smooth nut, and long flat- es tubercle. I regret, however, having no specimens in which the fruit is fully mature. 24. R. alba (Vahl); culmo superne triquetro, spiculis corymboso-fasciculatis, setis denis retrorsum hispidis nuce levi lenticulari basi subattenuata ieu . alba, Vahl, Enum T. p. 236. Pursh, Fl. v. 1. p. 49. Elliott, Bot. S. Car. et Georg. v. 1. p. 57. Reem. et Sch. Syst. Veg. v. IL p.87. Torrey, Fl. v. 1. p. 94. Gray, Gram. et Cyp. v. 1. n. 92.—Sche- $ 30 nus albus, Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 65. Mz. Fi. v. 1. p. 5. Bigel, Fl. Bost. p. 17. Culm slender, twelve to eighteen inches high, glabrous. Leaves setaceous, shorter than the culm. owers in close, corym- bose clusters, terminal and axillary, with short setaceous bracts at the base. Spike- lets lanceolate. Glumes ovate, acute, white, becoming brownish with age. Bris- tles ten, retrorsely hispid, nearly one-half the length of the nut (equalling the nut with the tubercle. Stamens 2 (3, 2, an 1, Muhl.). Style bifid. Nut lenticular, ovate, somewhat attenuate at the base, when young, triquetrous, elevated on a short stipe, upon which the bristles are in- serted. Tubercle compressed, one-half the length of the nut. Has. In sphagnous swamps, common; Canada to Carolina. Flowers from July to September. Oss. The N. American plant agrees in every respect with specimens from the North of Europe. 25. R. capillacea (Torrey); culmo tri- gono gracili, spiculis 3—6 plerumque ter- minalibus, nuce levi oblongo-ovata stipi- tata setis retrorsum hispidis dimidio—tu- berculo duplo-longiori. R. capillacea, Torrey! FT. v. 1. p. 55. Gray, Gram, et Cyp. v. 1. n. 95.—Sche- nus setaceus, Muhl.! Gram. p. 6. Culm six to twelve inches high, very slender, smooth. Leaves setaceous, nearly flat, radical ones short. Spikelets oblong, mostly terminal, with a setaceous bract at the base of each. Glumes chestnut-co- loured, with [em carinate, mucronate. Bristle Ey large, retrorsely hispid, about twice the length of the nut. Stamens three. Style bifid. Nut oblong-ovate, somewhat lenticular, attenuate at the base, triquetrous when young, raised on a short stipe, which bears the bristles. Tubercle compressed, acute, about half as long as the nut. Has. Swamps, Pennsylvania; Penn- Yan, and on limestone rocks, Watertown, New York. 26. R. fusca (Ræm. et Sch.); foliis setaceis canaliculato - carinatis, spiculis A MONOGRAPH OF THE ovato-oblongis, nuce levi obovata subtu-. mida basi paula attenuata setis sursum = hispidulis duplo breviore, tuberculo com- | presso margine serrulato-scabro. E 1 R. fusca, Rem. et Sch. Syst. Veg. v. II. p. 81. Spreng. Syst. Veg. v. I. p. 194. j R. alba, var. fusca, Vahl, Enum. v. II. - p. 236.—Scheenus fuscus, Linn. Sp. PL — p.1664. Wahl. Fl. Suec. v. 1. p. 23. E] Culm six to twelve inches high, sende a triquetrous. Leaves setaceous, channelled ; radical ones elongated; cauline ones very 3 short. Fascicles one to three, few-flower- — ed; the uppermost approximate, on short — included peduncles; the lowest remote, . exsertly pedunculate. Spikelets ovate, | oblong, acute. Glumes mucronate, dark, uscous, and shining. Bristles six, very slender, hispid upward, about twice the — length of the nut; three alternate ones 1 somewhat shortest, or scarcely exceeding — the nut. Stamens three. Nut smooth, | but with its surface often slightly irregular, — obovate, subattenuate at the base, lenticu- lar, somewhat tumid. Tubercle much 7 compressed, broad at the base, serrulate on the margin, attenuate into the style, - which is sometimes almost wholly pers 1 sistent. 3 Has. Pine Barrens of New Jersey; | Boston. Oss. Our plant agrees in every respect with a Swedish specimen of R. fusca, ex- cept that in the foreign plant the nut is somewhat uneven, and a little more tumid than in ours. I am, however, satisfied of | their identity. This species is quite dis- - tinct from R. alba, of which some Euro- | pean Botanists have considered it a var. It is much more nearly related to R. capil- lacea, from which it is well distinguished - by the form of the nut, the upward direc- - tion of the hispidness of the bristles, and | the serrulate tubercle. In this species the - glumes are dark-fuscous; in R. capillacea they are light-fuscous, or chestnut-colour- | ed. .R. fusca has carinate and channelled leaves; in R. capillacea they are nearly | usca is said by Sprengel, Roem. and Sch, to have but three bristles ; there - are six, in all the specimens, both NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RHYNCHOSPORA, pean and American, that I have examined ; a specimen from N. Carolina, collected by Mr. Curtis, appears to differ from this spe- cies only by its smaller spikelets, but is too imperfect to be positively determined. R. gracilenta ; culmis foliisque grecillimis, corymbis minimis subconfertis terminali subsessili lateralibus exserte pe- dunculatis, nuce levi ovata (vel orbiculari- ovata) lenticulari setis sursum hispidulis breviore, tuberculo subulato basi dilatato nucem sub:quante. R. fusca, Gray, Gram. et Cyp. v. I. n. 93. (excl. syn.) Culm slender, sometimes almost capil- lary, one to two feet high, obscurely trian- gular. Leaves linear-setaceous, four to twelve inches long. Fascicles two to four (often with a solitary terminal fascicle or subcapitate corymb) lateral and terminal, small, few-flowered; the uppermost sub- sessile, the lower ones exsertly and often filiformly pedunculate. Spikelets ovate. Glumes ovate, acute, or mucronate, fus- cous. SBristles six, about half as long again as the nut, minutely hispid upward. Stamens three. Nut ovate, or round-ovate, smooth. Tubercle subulate, dilated at the base, compressed. AB. Pine Barrens of New Jersey. August to September. New York; N. Carolina. Oss. This plant is proposed as a new species with some hesitation. It is pos- sibly R. distans of Vahl, but is quite dif- ferent from Schenus distans, Mx. It does not disagree with the specific character of S. axillaris, Lam. Ill. Gen. v. I. p. 137; but the character of that species is so brief and general that it applies equally well to several other species. R. distans (Nutt.); corymbis fas- ciculatis lateralibus subdistantibus, spicu- lis subconfertis ovatis, nuce levi ovata lenticulari tuberculo brevi apiculata setas sursum hispidulas subequante. R. distans, Nutt. Gen. v. I. p. 83, non Vahl! nec Elliott. —Schcnus distans, Mz. Fi. v. I. p. 36.et Herb.! Pers. Syn. v. I. p.00. Culm rather slender, one to two feet 37 high, obtusely trigonous. Leaves narrow- linear, flat; the lower ones four to six inches long; the upper ones shorter. Co- rymbs fascicled; the (two or three) upper ones aggregated at the summit of the culm; the lateral ones (one or two) dis- tant, on short exserted peduncles. Spike- lets ovate. Glumes fuscous, broad-ovate, mucronate. Brisétles six, minutely hispid upward, about as long as the nut. Nut smooth, broad-ovate, lenticular. Tubercle compressed-conic, a little dilated at the base, one-third the length of the nut. Has. Carolina. B. fasciculis laxiusculis, setis. nucem excedentibus.—R. tenuis, Baldw. MSS. e£ erb. Culm somewhat acutely triangular. Co- rymbs rather loosely fasciculate, the lower ones long-pedunculate. Bristles nearly twice the length of the nut. Tubercle not dilated at the base. Has. Savannah, Georgia. Oss. The synonyms of Vahl and Pursh are omitted, as it is impossible to deter- mine the plant to which they belong. They may be referred with about an equal chance of correctness to R, glomerata, R. graci- lenta, and the present species. Var. B, although differing in the above-mentioned particulars, and uniformly having bristles longer than the nut, is not, as I think, specifically distinct. . R. glomerata (Vahl); corymbis fas- tistilato-giócoratis vel subspicatis axilla- ribus terminalibusque interdum geminatis, spiculis ovato-oblongis, nuce levi obovata lenticulari basi attenuata quasi stipitata tuberculum subulatum equante, setis re- trorsum hispidis nuce duplo longioribus. R. glomerata, Vahl, Enum. v. II. p. 234. Pursh, Fl. v. L p. 48. Rem. et Sch. Syst. Veg. v. II. p. 86. Elliott, Bot. S. Car. et Georg. v. I. p. 01. Torrey, Fl. v. I. p. 55,—R. capitellata, Vahl, Enum v. II. p. 235. Rem. et Sch. Syst. Veg. v. IL p.87. Elliott, Bot. S. Car. et Georg. v. I p. 61.—Scheenus glomeratus, Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 65. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. £ p. 236. Muhl.! Gram, p. 8. Walt. FI. p. 38 ESCULENT PLANTS OF 69.—S. capitellatus, Mz. Fl. v. I. p. 36.— S. capitulus, Pers. Syn. v. I. p. 60. Muhl.! Gram. p. 10? Culm one to two feet high, triangular. Leaves narrow-linear, carinate, smooth, scabrous on the margin, shorter than the culm. Flowers in corymbose or capitate fascicles, on included or somewhat exsert- ed peduncles, lateral and terminal, often two or more from the same sheath; the lower ones distant. Spzkelets ovate-ob- long or lanceolate. Glumes brownish, lanceolate, mucronate. Bristles six, re- trorsely hispid, twice as long as the nut. Stamens three. Nut smooth, obovate, lenticular, attenuate at the base. Tubercle subulate, compressed, equalling the nut. Has. Swamps, Canada to Florida. Flowers from July to September. 80. R. cephalantha ; capitulis axilla- ribus terminalibusque subglobosis multi- floris interdum geminatis, spiculis oblongo- lanceolatis, nuce levi orbiculato-obovata lenticulari submarginata basi attenuata tu- berculum subulatum equante, setis sursum ` vel retrorsum hispidis nuce duplo longi- oribus Culm thick, triangular, two to three feet high. Leaves narrow-linear, flat, subcari- nate, lower ones elongated ; the upper ones much shorter. Capituli two to seven, large, subglobose, remote, on included or slightly exserted peduncles, often two or more from the same sheath. Spikelets ob- long-lanceolate. Glumes fuscous, ovato- oblong, acute. Bristles six, about twice as long asthe nut, hispid upward or down- ward. Stamens three. Style bifid. Nut larger than in R. glomerata ; when mature, appearing as if surrounded with a thicken- ed margin, smooth, obovate, very broad at the summit, attenuate at the base as if raised on a short stipe. Tubercle subulate, compressed, as long as the nut. Has, Pine Barrens of New Jersey, and on Long Island, about Babylon ; Wilming- ton, N. Carolina; Georgia; New Orleans. Oss. This interesting species was dis- covered by Professor Torrey, several years since, in the Pine Barrens of New Jersey VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. and on Long Island, and as in these loca- lities it mostly occurs with only two heads, — it received the name of A. biceps. Our | plants from the Southern States have uni- — — formly more than two heads, and often six — or seven. I have therefore substituted for the manuscript name of Dr. Torrey, one E] which is, in a great degree, characteristic of the habit of the species. This is very closely allied to R. glomerata, but is much | larger and stronger in all its parts; its | sufficiently distinguishing it. markable, and, I believe, peculiar charac- - ter in this species, is, the diversity in the 3 direction of the hispidness of the bristles; - even in different individuals from the same — cluster, the bristles being hispid both up- ward and downward. With this single - exception, the direction of the hispidness - of the bristles, is, in each species of the - genus, perfectly constant. 1 ON THE ESCULENT PLANTS OF VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. | Ir is delightful to mark the rapid pro- | gress of Civilization and Science in this - remote region of the globe, so recently oc- cupied only by unfriendly savages. We have lately received from our friend, Ro- | nald Gunn, Esq. the Van Diemen Alma- nack for 1834, and that for 1835, where we have the pleasure to find, among much - useful miscellaneous matter, such as would - have put to shame the almanacks of our own country a very few years back, two | botanical communications, the first, entitled ** Some Remarks on the Roots and other indigenous Esculents of Van Diemen’s - Land," by James Backhouse, Esq. (but : ne anonymously) :—the second, called ` “ Index Plantarum,” or an attempt to- . wards a popular description of some of the — most common and remarkable indigenous 3 plants of Van Diemen's Land. 1 also an anonymous production, but equally E due to the pen of Mr. Backhouse, aided by - Mr. Ronald Gunn. The first Memoir is - COTES t pper ee nT ERRNO eee a OES TEE EREI ENEN EAEE . roots. ESCULENT PLANTS OF short, but of so generally interesting a character, that we are persuaded our read- ers will not be displeased at seeing the account transferred to these pages. ON THE ROOTS AND OTHER INDIGENOUS ESCULENTS OF VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. The most extensively diffused eatable roots of Van Diemen's Land, are those of the Tara Fern, and of various plants of the Orchis Tribe. The former greatly re- sembles Pteris aquilina, the common Fern, Brake, Breckon, or Bracken of England, and like it, throws up its single stems at short distances, covering great ex- tents of light and rich land. The Van Diemen's Land plant is Pteris esculenta, called, among the Aborigines, by the name of Zara; the same appellation as is given by the inhabitants of the South Sea Islands to a variety of esculent seeds and Pteris esculenta is known among the European inhabitants as the Fern, in common with many other plants of the same tribe ; none of which, however, spread over extensive portions of open land in the same manner. It varies in height from a few inches to several feet, according to the richness of the soil, and in some parts of the colony is so tall as to conceal a man on horseback. The root is not bulbous, but creeps horizontally at a few inches below the surface of the earth, and when luxuri- ant, attains the thickness of a man’s thumb. Pigs feed upon this root where it has been turned up by the plough, and in sandy soils they will themselves grub up the earth in search of it. The Aborigines roast it in the ashes, peeling off its black skin with their teeth and eating it as sauce to their roasted Kangaroo, &c., in the same manner as Europeans use bread. The root of the Tara Fern possesses much nutritive mat- ter; yet it is observed that persons who have been reduced to the use of it, in long excursions through the bush, have become very weak, though it has supported life. Whether this arose from an insufficient supply, in consequence of the parties be- ing too much exhausted to dig it up before they resorted to it, or from eating it raw, VAN DIEMEN’S LAND. 39 or some other cause, I am not able to de- termine. It is quite certain that when this substance is grated or reduced to a pulp y beating and mixing with cold water, a large quantity of Arrow Root is precipi- tated, which adheres to the bottom of the vessel, and which may easily be prepared for use by pouring off the water and float- ing matter, adding fresh water, and stirring up the white powder and again allowing it to settle. It may then be cooked by boil- ing, or the powder may be spread on cloths and dried in the sun, or hung up in linen bags, where there is a free circulation of air. Many vegetables yield Arrow Root, which, when well prepared, cannot be dis- tinguished from that produced by the Ma- ranta arundinacea ; but it is essentially necessary, from whatever it is obtained, that it be dried quickly, without great heat, as too much heat renders it gluey. Small bulbs of the Orchis Tribe of plants are very generally diffused over the open and thinly wooded parts of Van Diemen’s Land; they are eaten by the Aborigines, and by Cockatoos, Bandicoots and Kanga- roo Rats, &c. Little holes are often seen where the latter animals have been scratch- ing for them. Gastrodia sesamoides, a plant of this tribe, which springs particularly fram the decaying roots of the Stringy Bark (Eucalyptus robusta) produces bulb-tubers, growing one out of another, of the size and nearly the form of kidney potatoes, the lowermost being attached by a bundle of thick fleshy fibres to the base of the tree whence it derives its nourish- ment. These roots are roasted and eaten by the Aborigines; they resemble beet- root in taste, and are sometimes called in the Colony Native Fotatoes. There are also a few other native plants, producing small tubers, which are eaten by the aboriginal population, but none of them are worthy of being compared with the common Potato or Turnep. The native Blacks of Van Diemen's Land split open about a foot and a half of the top of the trunk of the common Tree Fern of the Colony (Cybotium Billardi- eri) and taking out the heart, which re- 40 ESCULENT PLANTS OF sembles a Swedish Turnep in substance, and is as thick as a man's arm, they roast it in the ashes, and eat it like bread; but it is too bitter and astringent to suit an English palate. It is said that the Abori- gines prefer the heart of Alsophila austra- lis, a larger species of Tree-Fern, found at Macquarrie's Harbour and other places on the western side of Van Diemen’s Land. A species of Tuber! is often found in Van Diemen’s Land, attaining to the size of a child’s head: it is known by the name of Native Bread, and in taste somewhat resembles boiled rice. Like the heart of the Tree-Fern and the root of the Native Potato, cookery produces little change in its character; I have often asked the Abo- rigines how they found the Native Bread, and have universally received the answer, ** a rotten tree.” An esculent fungus grows in clusters around swollen portions of the branches of the Myrtle of this colony, (Betula ant- arctica—this tree, however, is not a Be- tula,) in the western part of the island. in It varies from the size of a marble to that of a walnut; when young, it is of a pale colour, whitish and covered with a skin like that of a young Potato: this skin is easily taken off, and the remaining portion, tastes like cold cow-heel. splits and exhibits a sort of net-work of a yellowish-white colour. The large white fungus, called in the colony Punk, which grows from the Stringy Bark (.Eucalyptus robusta), is said to be eaten, when fresh, by the natives. It is almost unnecessary to mention the common Mushroom, so abundant in many parts of the island, and of so agreeable a flavour. It seems precisely the same as the Mushroom of England (Agaricus escu- lentus). The blanched portion at the base of the inner leaves of some Rushes, and of a flat ' sedgy plant, growing on ‘the sand-hills i the coast, having the mature leaves an inch ! This is a very curious Fungus, and nearly allied to the North American Sclerotium Cocos of Schweinitz. Y have specimens from Mr. Gunn VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. wide, and deep green, are eatable, and of a milky flavour. The flowers of this plan zi to a common observer, resemble those c f Rushes, they grow in clusters on a stem 2 flat and veis as the leaves. | e of the inner leaves of the. 1 inner ones, leaving about an inch and half of the white tender portion joining the trunk: this portion they eat raw or roasted, and it is far from disagreeable i flavour, having a nutty taste, slightly bal- samic. There are some other species Grass-Tree in the colony, the base of the eaves of which may also be used for food: those of the Dwarf Grass-Tree (Xan: thorrhea humilis), so abundant abou York-Town, may be obtained by twisting the inner leaves firmly together, and pull- ing them forcibly upwards; but care is. required not to cut the fingers by slipping the han The Esculent Fruits of Van Diemen' Land are not numerous, nor are any them worthy of comparison with the com monest English kinds. They rank in valu nearly in the following order:— Solanum laciniatum (Bot. Mag. t. 349. the Kangaroo- Apple, resembling the apple ? A portion of the noble stem of this plant, which Jia to the age aie gh and thence, after some delay, as placed in our private coll tion, and after a vm of nearly, if not quite, e: as after e pret that, museum, i Cabinets have been supplied. has also been taken in New Holland by Dr. mee E | f CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A of a Potato; when so ripe as to split, it has a mealy subacid taste. Mesembryanthemum equilaterale ; Pig- faces, called by the Aborigines by the more elegant name of Canagong. The pulp of the almost shapeless but somewhat obco- nical fleshy seed-vessel of this plant is sweetish and saline; it is about an inch and a half long, of a yellowish, reddish, or green colour. Polygonum adpressum (Bot. Mag. 3145). The Macquarie Harbour Vine, either as an insignificant trailing plant, or as a magnificent climber, according to soil and situation, is found on the coast of va- rious parts of Van Diemen's Land, and also as far inland as within four miles of New Norfolk. This plant has a small but sweet fruit, formed of the thickened divi- sions of the calyx of the flower, enclosing a triangular seed of unpleasant flavour. Gaultheria hispida, the Waz-Cluster, abundant in the middle region of Mount Wellington, and in other elevated and moist situations of the Colony. This fruit is formed by the thickened divisions of the calyx, enclosing the small seed - vessel, which, when ripe, is of a snowy white. The flavour is difficult to describe, but not unpleasant ; in tarts it somewhat resembles young gooseberries, with a slight degree of bitterness. Astroloma humifusa (Bot. Mag. t. 1439). The native Cranberry has a fruit of a green, reddish, or whitish hue, about the e of a black currant, consisting of a viscid, apple-flavoured pulp, enclosing a large seed; this fruit grows singly on the trailing stems of a small shrub resembling Juniper, bearing beautiful scarlet blossoms in autumn. Leucopogon Gnidium (probably Leuco- pogon Richeu, Bot. 325.—Ep.) A large bush, with numerous harsh leaves, growing along the sea-shore with some other smaller inland shrubs of the same tribe, produces very small white berries of a sweetish and rather herbaceous taste. These are called, promiscuously, Red or White Currants in the Colony. There are in the mountains some dry red-berried FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 41 shrubs allied to this, the fruit of which may serve to allay hunger, but is too disagree- able to be eaten under other circum- stances, Oxalis microphylla, Yellow-flowered Sorrel. This little plant, which displays its lively yellow blossoms on almost every grassy spot in the Colony, and has acid leaves resembling in form those of Clover, is very pleasant, eaten raw, to allay thirst, t. and when made into tarts is almost equal to the Barberry Casuarina torulosa. The She Oak, The young fruit and young shoots afford an agreeable acid by chewing, which allays thirst. Leptospermum lanigerum, Hoary Tea- Tree —Acacia decurrens, Black Wattle. —Correa alba, Cape Barren Tea.—The foliage of all these has been used for tea in the Colony, as have also the leaves and bark of Cryptocarya glaucescens, the Aus- tralian Sassafras. I do not think it necessary to enter upon any description of the Barilla Shrubs, (Atriplex Halimus, Rhagodia Billardie- ri, and Salicornia Arbuscula,) which, with some others, under the promiscuous name of Botany Bay Greens, were boiled and eaten along with some species of sea-weed by the earliest settlers, when in a state of starvation. The thick young shoots of some of the humbler species of Salicornia, would, no doubt, like that of the S. annua (Glass-wort, or Marsh Sampire of Eng- land) be serviceable for pickling. (ee CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA AND THE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC. By Sir W. J. Hooker, LL.D. and G. A. W. Arnott, Esq., A.M. F.R.S.E. I Extra-TropicaL SOUTH AMERICA. ( Continued from Vol. I. p. 244, of this Work. ) In addition os ends collections of extratro- ne Sout. i an plants, mentioned iin f n volume, as havi bes ri received by us, we have now 42 CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA, the pleasure to announce another, Abik 761* (2*.) Add Perezia (Honan) Rev. P we owe to the kindness of the fessor Henslow. It was formed by Darwin, Esq., o > . Beagle, in vari- ous countries between Maldonado, in the North, and Terra del Fuego, in the South, including the Falkland Islands, and hence, as may be supposed, it has afforded seve- ral new plants, and new localities for some rarities which had been described before In o sið to render our Catalogue as uch m pes Mods been treated of in the first volume ot this Work. HYPOCHZERIDEX. Less— Hook. et Arn. hujusce vol. p. 3 7395. = — apargioides, Less.— Var. glabra.—Add, an Hypocheri "eiui A a and Port Tere, C. em involucri foliolis lance cinto-an qiiia URS —St. gi ian, C. Darwin, Esq. (n. 347.)—A. small annual uut three to four Ae high, with the seapiform stem scarcely twice as long as the radi- cal pl Joxres, and bearing one or two leafy 7 zx Y Macrorhynchus Chilensis, e uM Falkland Islands, C. Darw 35). 740° 0. d) Sonchus oleraceus, L.—Add, p= vigi ngo of Patagonia, C. arw i, Mr. Reyne $. “a 45 J Hedypnois rhagadiloides, illd.—Banda pi ntale, Tweedie.— Probably introduc 798. (95.) Trixis Mohr Gill.— n ed by this 'gentioman to yc ien ssor He isi gera cb to the Geology of the vr: dae A have e com the latter for private distribut 763.* (4.*) Add, Perezia (Sicnophyllun) Lin 5. dee | 768, ** (4. 84) Add, Perezia i (Stenophyl- omp. - 16. W (6.*) eus Perezia lanigera C. g. (n. 767.* (9.) Add, Perezia (Clarionia) Z squarrosa, Less. in Linnea, v. 5. p. 13.— Perdicium squarrosum, Vahl, in Skrivt, Nat. Selsk v. 1. p. 11. t. 6—Home œan- thus ambiguus, E | liata, Spr. (non R. et P.)—Banks o the Uraguay, near Salta, Tweedie, e observes that the flowers have the odour | io ing to the latter author fori Less. in , v. 9. p. | Syn. . 4l C Perditan recur- 4 eee "Vahl in Skrivt. Nat. Se lsk. v. - C. Darwin, Esq. (n. 31L) Port George, Patagon (Herb. n Rew sayi Less d, Araucania, S M Re Reynolds. (n. (Hook. et Arn ; nana, subaca lis, pikia nie subulatis ri plant, scarcely an inch high, with ri subulate leaves, longer than the sten 'The nearest affinity of this is with th section ** Stenophyllum," Less.; but the and gy ieee are quite destit leaves Nu teeth or (5.) Pan (Euperezia) Mage pu ess.—Add, Cape Tres Monte: arwin, Es tucoides, Less. in Linnea, v. 5. p.2 x Ics Beidichun lactu- à icheria runcinata, G Add, Araucania, Mr. Reynolds. od : i d, Leuchæria volcanic noideo albo-tomentoso subsimplici glanduloso, foliis lineari-lanceolatis pin- kerd a attenuatis superioribus pa: Yd segmentis _patenti-re cron bat M amici involucri cam erst foliolis oblongd-tancsolatls acumi ELI as es A wan 776.** (8.9) Add, CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 43 natis eglandulosis, ligula oblonga.—V ol- cano of Antuco, S. Chi ili, at an elevation of six thousand feet above the level of the sea, Mr. Reynolds. (n. 103.)—Allied in general habit e » Gilliesii, but the leaves are different, and it a ts the erie hairs of t —— ae nier dee (Hook. et rn.); a- cili dichotome ramoso n ube stilo; foliis remotis bipinnatifidis segmentis parvis ovatis pu axillis rachibusque præ- cipue dense lanosis, involucri campanu- lati foliolis lineari-oblongis obtusiuscu- lis puberulis, ligula ee —Port De- sire, C. Darw ded "e 391.)—This i rt inches high, si epu the other E of jen se and genus. 779.* (TZ) A e Lewheria TESOETES — Perdic E. coast of Terra del Fuego, C. Darwin, q. (n. 779.* (13.) Add, Leuchæria Caan a sa ok. et Arn.); dense la- sup nudatis, involucri i apantiki foliolis oblongo-lanceolatis obtusis, ligula ob- longa.—East Falkland islands, C. Dar te i leaves, and, especially, the involucre, which is nearl as the florets off from the upper side of the foliage. 784.* (4.) Add, Pana ap (Eipionen- ma) Darwink (Hook. e asi ramosum, foliis Pari ato- latis pungentibus integerrimis EM P sericeis, capitulis EE wan rt De- sire, C. Darwin, Esq. 313). Port Gregory, Pat onia, near ie Straits of Magellan. ge rb. nostr.)—V ery dif- ferent from spinosum, which has the ee foliis baiehi- vectis lineari-acuminatis mucronatis integerrimis glabris basi cili- atis, axillistomentosis, capitulis congestis. —Fort Grego atagonia. erb. nostr )— This i is not dissimilar in habit to 788.* (2.) Add, Acantho et Arn. R] ar- - : s01. (1.) Leria nutans, E the other individuals of the section ( Pip- tostemma); but its pappus, as in the preceding species (P. Darwint) is much more plumose than in the original P. plumosum, although much less so than in Caloptilion, in which last the pappus is also deciduous ; so des the difference in habit, th group might be united with Pops ipw. hophyllum rosula- tum (Hook entirely the old parts of the stem 789.* (1.) Triptilion spznosum, R. tP. oA South Chili ; Mr. peior (n. 05.) oo. * Add, Triptilion capillatum, Hook. rn.—Nassauvia capillata, Don in Phil T ub 1832, p. 390 ; in Guill. rch. v. 9. 465.—Baths of Collina, Chili, Mr. Macrae.—Pappus as in Trip- tilion peg ent but the habit of the rratures eee with uch longer and less : 790. e (1.) Musa x anges ped 5 Qiu Cass. Dict. Nassauvia Gausicbaut, Cas: in Gau- dich. Ann. Soc, Nat. E £39. 3.—Falkland eec Direk Esq. (n. 327, 328.) MUTISIACEEÆ. Cass.— Hook. et. Arn. l c. p. 102 796. ug Chevreulia endet Cass.— Tweed Banda Orientale, DC. sere e Blanca, p of Patagonia, C. Darwi M m ; Picea! SR maxima, Less. in —Rio Grande do Sul, S. Brazil, M. Isabelle. R 7.) Add, Dine foliosa . (Hook. e n. Sp. e folios t Arn Spenge foliis cari- rrimis subtus > in- co foliolis unifermittt folia iba 44 CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. mulantibus on ul, Jsabelle.—The portion of the which we have 1 is rather more than a foot leaflets of the involucre, which alike, and singularly lax, large, and very patent. 82b». (1*.) Add, Mutisia £runcata, Don, in Linn. Trans. v. 16. p. 269.—Province of Maule, Cuming (n. 83.); St. Mary, S. Patagonia, pa Eights ; Antuco, in S. Chili, Mr. — Upon nolds. (n. 105. 38.) a close sedare im of this plant n are inclined to á © Mutisia prn e Cav.—Add, Araucania? Mr Reynolds, (n. 15.)— Our specimens of this are too imperfect to enable us à decide with certainty as to the speci 834 (7.) Mutisia subulata, R. et P.—and Cavanillesti, Valley of Antuco, S. ae Mr. Reynol 845. (6.) Gochnatia (Nardophyllum) re- volut , Don.— We have now seen flower ih this iege and find the anthers to be ate; so that it must be removed Bom the deis genus (as now consti- tut and we would Lee for it the following name and charact NARDOPHYLLUM, Hook et Arn. (Nov. Gen.) — 5 — 6-florum, homogamum mocarpu Rachis ebracteolata.) Floscuk 5—8, tubulosi regulares. Fi- lamenta levia glabra. Anthere, e- caudatæ. Stylus glaberrimus elongatus. Achenium serico- villosum. appus conformis pluriserialis subplumosus. Involucrum involucratum, foliolis sca- riosis acuminatis.— u rigida. Capitula terminalia solitaria. l. Nardo ophyllum revolutum, Hook. et Arn. revoluta, Don.— Hook. et Arn. l.c.—To this genus we have to add a second speci 2. "eo pga as obtusifolium (Hook. n: SP). 2 et s teretibus obtusissimis the n ess abiou akM dorso memoir with n. 977. 849. G) Chuquiraga oppo Gilla 31 2) 853. (5.) Chuquiraga dens Gill.- S 875*. , 889* (21?) Add, Vernonia T Hab.'—C. Darwin, Esq.—Th = sulcatis. — Port Des C. Da arwin, Esq. (n. 325. This i: is small shrubby y | d, Port Desire, C. Darw folin cM Add, Bahia Blanca, p C. Darwin, Esq. (n. Patagoni VERNONIEJ. Less.— Hook. et Arn. l. c. p. 236 (6.5) Add, Vernonia squamulosa — (Hook. et Arn.), n. sp.; fruticosa, foli T oblongis subcoriaceis brevi-petiolatis 1 in- picigear etn subserratis supra scabrissub- tus puberulis, s, capitulis corymbosis, volucri Eden squamis oblongis tusis erectis inferioribus numerosiss descendentibus, achenio pubesce pappo exteriore brevi latiore.— Plent ful in woods of 2 this is not indicated upon the ticket, found in extratropical S. America, it ste pus Seng in linearibus acuminatis flosculos æquani bus.—Plentiful in the plains of St. Je and Mendoza, Tı weedie. a Os T: ee (n. 120 T 0. (38.) Eu Sans lech yliun m e SS.— id nd Valparat Am — £^. . (n. 977. If the species now mentioned (23) be dein those already noticed, it will m: umber 976 ; ao sha we continue 0 CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A Tris. VIL—AsTEROIDE.— Less. SUB-TRIB. I.—AsTERE.— Less. 977. (1.) Chilotrichium amelloides, Cass. a os 9er p Falkland Islands. C. 21. atis acutis dent perd: subgloboso Wo SQUAD. Nous bas sio- subulato Be vdd bi se ‘ig Foot of the Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies Caulis erectus, bi- Ce aga purpuras- cens. Folia 2—3-pollicaria. Capitulum solitarium, magnum. Radii aurei: Jlosculi p lcares. on. (2.) Grindelia ! Meses (Hook. e rn.); suffruticosa, tota puberula, mis usque ad ca Hatem foliosis, this obovato-ellipticis "semiamplexi icaulibus basi auriculatis mucronatis argute den- tato-serratis, involucri foliolis lanceola- n. -subulatis fusco-puberulis, radio invo- ucrum isa uplo superante. — Dry WS E he colony of Victoria, 980. (3j Gens diffusa, Gill.; “ —— glutinosa, foliis s e subulatis revolutis, radio lucru duplo superante." Province of San i and And ; Fort Argentino, Patagonia, Tioeedie ; "Port Desire, ri Esq n. 383. . aribus mucronatis spi inuloso- foliolis exterioribus e basi appressa li- nullo.—Monte haps this may be a variety of G. diffusa, of which it has the habit; but none of our specimens =. Appike at yee A bua pos- ss any ray to the 982. (5.) Grindelia ee ik (Hook. ' All the North American species called Donia, have the anthers without awns at t the base, and belong therefore to . Lessing's Donia ith his — character, and f Grindelia, the Ta be taken from from different localities, * FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 45 Arn.) ; suffruticosa, foliis anguste li- sates sessilibus semiamplexicauli- "iler subulatis, radio involucrum duplo €— rase —Parana, Buenos Ayres, and dwarf plant, with sin- TI narrow w leaves, and very slightly ranched subulatis." Don. 5 ROMA near Las Arbolitas, Men EF Gillie 984. (7.) PAREN yx olio Da. “ suf- fruticosa giutinoos i foliis basi gioni lanceolatis acutis dentatis vel i mis undulatis, oroas he cain el radio subdimidio breviore aipha e basi ovata subbreviter subulat D Andes of Chili and eiu. and banks liies.—This tion to become wavy; by the larger capi- tula; and af lars — leaflets of the involucre, w e shorter points. 985. (8) S lidago eA Willd. (ex Le sing in Linnea, v. 6. p. 125.)—S, Chi lensis, Kunze.—a. s. glabriuscula ; acheniis sparse et breviter pilosis. S. Bonariensis. S repens. Don and "banks of the Rio Uspallata, Dr. Gillies ; Buenos Ayres, — and Twee ili, a. Ayr win, Esq. (n. 986. (Q) Diolopapnet foliosus (Hook. et r thulatis reflexis rigidis dentato-spinosis, floribus solitariis terminalibus, involucri —Coquimbo, 46 he ; o E Cuming, (n. 73.) Mac —- (11) oo oe (Ho s rn.); frutico ato- rotundatis sessilibus coriaceis, mucro- cpi resinoso-punctatis, capitu- lis i foliolis oblongis erectis obtusis sc marginatis interioribus Sakas, achenio lineari-elongato s Ang pappi mi- di ilicifolius, Don, M doza, Dr. Gilles. —In all Dr. Gillies’ a there is no ray to the flowers, m which account it appears Mr. E dide it a new genus: but ea habit i so much that of D. mucron A which has usually a ray, that we are ape ck ng to separate it from Diplopappus 989. (12.) Diplopappus spinulosus (Hook. et Arn.) ; fruticosus humilis subsimplex, foliis obovato-lanceolatis acutis mucro- natis spinoso-dentatis rigidis reticulatis ciliatis, pedunculo solitario terminali e- Las llas, — kenis poine ort De- ire, C. Darwin spinoso-dentatis rigidis reticulatis cilia- unculo terminali solitario. elon- b mo glabriusculis lineari-subulatis pungenti- uniformibus, achenio sericeo.— Cliffs, Valparaiso; Bridges, Cuming, on 404. (14). Diplopappus grindelioides "des: caule herbaceo ramoso glabro, liter spinoso serratis submembranacei is monocephalis, involucri glabri foliolis rosis imbricatis — subulatis —— R ES unifor j sericeo.—D. Mert rinde licidles, Less. a i 502.) Mathews (n. 331.)— ecidedly a herbaceous plant, with vés obtuse spathulate leaves, and capi which are an inch and a half in diame- CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. ter. The original species of Les seems to differ by the pubescent leaves. 992. (15.) Diolebeppus cuneatus (Hook et Arn.); pumilus fruticosus glaber, caule: brevi dense folioso, foliis obovato-cune cati foliolis lineari-oblongis m uic latis uniformibus pee brevioribus, achenio sericeo.—Aplo- ien diversifolius, Don, MSS. —Cum- bre o ordillera of the Andes, Dr. les small and apparently ve distinct plant, with the pedu — z in length with the wy leafy ste C pitula ¢ an inch and a 3. — ) Diplo pappi (Hook. et Arn.); fruticosus glaber gl tinosus, ramosissimo den very much branched, with numero slender peduncles almost destitute bracteas. Capitula nearly an inch 994. Qn) ee macrocephalus caule frutico o subnullo, folis — sericeo.— Less. in Linnea, v. 6. p —Maule province, Cumin Reyno S. Chili, Mr. sence of enar characters 995. on Les decu mben te, ramis numerosis c CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. valde foliosis, foliis lineari- xoc rrt atis rigidis pinnatifidi is subbipinnatifidisque tion, distant and well-marked species, with copious foliage of a pale and almost laucous hue. A ieri Lot Vae eom ciem (Hook. et Arn.) ; frut ns» volucri pubescentis foliolis imbricatis lineari-subulatis onere exteri- oribus uniformibus, voer crum superante, achenio sericeo, pap uimbo, Cumi 92.) 5 d raiso (1) Macrae. —Closely allied to the uming d to infer that it may ciet bly have been gathered in the same 97. Q0) Diplopappus canescens (Hook rn.) ; fruticosus, ubique canescenti- erm dim foliis lanceolatis coriaceis in . gati ctea su noce- phalis, involucri pubescentis foliolis li- eari-acuminatis exterio u Baths of Collins, Macrae his s to be a Cordillera zor distinguishable from the following by i e do sg and stem, ee in di edes gluti- 998; ‘GL. D) Diplopappus Donianus aerem fruticosus leviter pubescens com foliis Janenòlitis coriaceis monocephalis, involucri villoso centis foliolis lineari- ppe timers exterio- Sa — us a tioribus, orca se testaceo. — Val read n. 785.)—8. radio nullo. Val- 47 ttle achenio erie , pappo testaceo. — Cordillera of Chili, Curie uming. (n. Diplopappus integerrimus ; fruticosus glaberr 208. 000. (23) Hook. et Arn. mm PN, volucri į recurvis exterioribus minoribus unifor- ry dis- glutinosus, Popp. ? fruticosus glaberrimus glutino- sus, foliis obovato-lanceolatis subspathu- latis coriaceis obtusis in petiolum atte- uberu catis lineari-subulatis exterioribus minoribus angustioribus, radio involu- crum superante, achenio sericeo, pap testaceo. — Valparaiso, Bridges (n. 225. ; Cordillera of Chili, Cuming. (n. oie Leaves almost exactly spathu- 1002. (25.) Diplopappus wird (Hook. et Arn.); fruticosus glaber glutinosus, foliis densis linearibus rigidis pinnatifidis segmentis rigido-setigeris, pedunculis elongatis multibracteatis bracteis subu- latis ipia ong oman pubescentis fo- liolis spinoso- eris subulatis intimis prennent suis obsoleto, achenio cresce pappo fulvo.—Baths of Col- Macrae ; Ps gene de Chuenboco, Bridges a 221.); Chilian Andes, 78. 1008. AG ) M ge sericeus s (Lon herbaceus glandul ubescens vel se- iceo-villosus subramosts, radice thul caulinis sanie involucri foliolis pauciseria- 48 CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. libus pubescenti-glandulosis linearibus __ ral rows, as in Erigeron, but the acutis intimis membranaceis margine pastos pappus removes it entirely i tis, radio purpureo, achenio ner- m that genus. 1 voso pubescente, pappo fulvo.— Less. in 1007 (30.) Diplopappus villosus (Hook Linnea, v. 6. p. 110.—D. candidus, et Arn.); annuus molliter villosus arc Gill. et Don, MSS.—D. vestitus, Gill. foliosus superne ramosus, foliis lat MSS.— Valparaiso and Talca, linearibus acutis integerrimis radicalib Dr. a Cuming (n. 67.); Las spathulatis, pedunculis terminalibus fo- An nimas., near Valdivia, Bridges (n. liosis monocephalis, involucri hir re 749.); Buenos Ayres and Pampas of foliolis pauciserialibus linearibus acutis. Santa Fée, Dr. ers Island of Los — ligulis angustis (albis), achenio seric Morinheros, Entre and North pappo exteriore anguste paleaceo.—R Patagonia, T weedie. — B. rre Gae do Sul, S. Brazil, M. Isabeli caule foliisque minus a magis mi- imilar in habit to the last, but small nusveglandulosis.—A plopappuslividus. in in all its parts, clothed with softer hai Gill. e£ Don, MSS.—Peral, Chili, Dr. ^ and decidedly an annual plant. Gillies ; Sierras de San Isidro, Quillota, 1008. (31.) Diplopappus stenophyl pile Brid dges. (n. 299. (Hook. et Arn.); perennis? caule her- 004. (27.) Bipiopappus di diffusus (Hook. baceo dense folioso, foliis angustissime et Arn.)—Erigeron diffusus. Pers— pees ciliatis, pedunculis nudius El Morro. Prov. of St. oe Dr. Gillies. lis monocephalis, involucri foliolis lin —This is more branched than the pre- ari- EROR pilosis, ligulis angus ceding, with smaller leaves and a much — acheniis scabris, pappo exteriore pale deeper (dark purple-brown) pappus. In ceo 3—4-plo breviore. — Uragua this and all the preceding species of aie im ER folis minus ciliatis. Ri Di, c or eedie hairy, both the rows of the pappus pi- 1008. cy "Diplopippus poa (Hook. lose, though the outer one be shorter et Arn.) ; caule subherbaceo, foliis erec- than the inner: hence belonging to the tis filiformibus acutis BEAS pe- genus or group of Aplopappus of Cas- dunculis nudiusculis monocephalis, in- sini. volucri foliolis linearibus glabris.—Rio 1005. ue. MOpIGDADpuR pols eee Grande, Tweedie.—Of this we possess (Hook. et Arn.) ; fruticosus glaberri but an imperfect specimen, but that h linearibus mucronatis, pedunculis elon form, quite gla rous. gatis parce foliosis monocephalis, invo- 101 (33.) Diplopappus? corymbo. lucri hemispherici foliolis oblongis m (Hook. et Arn.); perennis, caule he cronatis, achenio glabro, pappi setis in- ceo subsimplici, foliis lineari-lanceola equalibus rigidis subcorneis serrulato- ^ erectis rigidiusculis acutis parce pil ciliatis. i Sete of Maule, Cuming integerrimis subtus trinerviis, pedun n. 848.)—This has a very peculiar ha- terminali corymboso, involucri glabri bit, with fleshy leaves, resembling some — liolis pauciserialibus linearibus acu maritime species of Senecio, large c albo-marginatis, radio nullo. — Ru tula, with a white (?) ray and a ir Grande, Tweedie.—This differs some harsh and rigid pappus. what in habit from all our other spec 29.) Mi Pa parece Gill; of Diplopappus, especially in the corym perennis hispido-pilosus, caule aceo bose Pea ence. The capitula are striato, foliis erectis [uie ub li- small. Pappus and achenia too you nearibusve, pedunculis rariter foliosis to be alaini described. monocephalis, involucri foliolis anguste 1011. (1.) Aster erigeroides (Hook. linearibus acuminatis pilosis adpressis, rn mosissimus glaber valde foli ligulis anguste linearibus, acheniis sca- ^ sus basi fruticosus, foliis lineari-lanc » pappo exteriore paleac 4-p latis membranaceis subtrinerviis ac breviore. — Vill o, El ia- natis sessilibus inciso-serratis, panic mante, and Andes of Mendo corymbosis densis, involucri pubescen Giles; Las Loamas of Bahia Blanca foliolis pauciserialibus imbricatis linearr in North LC Magonin. s. y, and Ban- subulatis exterioribus minoribus, da Orie Tweedie.—This and the ^ subpluriseriali albo.—Juan Fernand two peat pe minas a different habit in rocky prise Douglas, Cuming. — from the others we have described : the 1334.)—8. proliferus; folis 3—4 )71— ray likewise appears to consist of seve- majoribus a wb pal aiu cory CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 49 bis quasi lateralibus. woods, Juan Fernandez ad "uà ray appear to be in more than one 1012. “(2) — subulatus. Li 143. ; p. 182. subulatum, Wees Ast. p. 156 rigeron dracunculoides, Don, MS E. flexuosus. Gill. Co- nyza graminifolia ! Spr. Syst, Veget. v. 3. p. 515. pager and oom i m les 183. 185), C the greater part of N. and S. America, intra- an ra-tropical. 1013. G) Aster Vahl (Hook. et Arn.); herbaceus glaberrimus pauce ramosus, foliis Hasar anoeolits integerrimis ob- tusiusculis basi se subserintis, capitulis solitariis, involucri pauciserialis foliolis glaberrimis imbrica- inearibus acutis, radio purpureo, m cinereo.—Erigeron Vahlii. sA dich. Ann. S. Nat. i plopappus; label, Gull. bet Done MSS. —Ande f Ch i, Dr. Gillies ; Chiloe, Cuming da 55; aldivia, Bridges ape Negro, Straits of Ma- Tan (n. 390.), an: Falkland Islands n. 389), C. Darwin, Esq—It was in this latter country € kin species was first detected by Gaudichau 1014. (4.) Aster ien “(Hook et Arn.); piloso-scaber, caulibus erectis subramo- Sis angulatis, foliis linearibus obtusis in- tegerrimis obtusis basi sublonge attenu- atus, pedu doz 1015. 15. Q. ) ateria RE riesce Less 190. — Conyza spinulosa, Spreng. — Rio Dok T7 ion 7. Mi- vo Stony elevated $ riero. — Mich.—A. 1019. crogyne trifurcata. Less. Comp. p. 190. —kErigeron trifurcatus. Gull. et Don, .—Pampas of Buenos Ayres, Rio n, Esq.—Valparaiso. of noe has the ligula of the ray about one-fourth the length of the tube, while in the others it is scarcely one-sixth. 1017. (2.) "gcc ir con ha~ et Beech. 32. Arn.), Bot. Chilian ide enc Ar 159, 160, and 227.) Valdivia (n. 504.) ; a. Val- ^d 2 La | gE wm 2 O D gu $E D © D * = i pra ei by other distinguishing cha- rac he short form of the ligula of Beech. Vo 2. (3.) Erigeron stenophyllus ( (Hook. et Arn.); suffruticosus, radice crassa fusiformi lignosa multicipite, caulibus ceis coloratis, achenio parce stri goso.— n 74.), g? ert Ticini du Bridges Cuming (n. 406.) — O proaches very closely to the next spe- cies, but the root is of a more woody nature, the stems shorter, more slender, but more wiry and harder, and the pu- bescence more minute, but more copious ite. seen the root: it is a much taller plant, and is probably a distinct species. (4) Erigeron strictus (Hook. et Arn.) ; koua rei pubescens, Mo. Bot. Garden, 1893 50 nearibus rtm interioribus majori- us. membranaceo-marginatis, radio per- brevi, achenio parce vac —Valpa- raiso, Cuming b Juan Fernan- dez, rà Scouler. linea s acuminatis interioribus longl- oribus submembranaceis coloratis, ra- dio (albo) discum duplo superante, epis ide 0.— Valparaiso, ae ng. rrimis radicalibus spathulatis caulinis lineari-lanceolatis, involucri tomentoso- brevissimo. — Diplo us cinereus. Don 9 Gill. por B -ce- phalo, Los Palomares, Andes of Mendo- za, Dr. Gillies.—£. caule m —Ü involucro colorato San o Nolasco, 1022 - d. © wj o Br: 28 28 BOK o lies.—£. folis glabris (petiolis ciliatis exceptis) involucrique colorati foliolis nudiusculis. Cordillera of Chili, Cum- M e pe S NN asit may appear nable to distinguish this plant fr od Euro in proportion e pap- us, by which characters it is s chilly Eje M from the precedin ron tona olius (Hook. et A ique dido piloso- mci caule brevi erecto mo- nocephalo, foliis omnibus spathulatis integerrimis, superioribus sensim mino- ribus, involucri foliolis linearibus acutis —Maule s n. 881.)—Our r specimens of this ap to Ps truly distinct fron the two preced- rum. 1025. Xn P. hirsutus (Hook. e albo) discum vix duplo 1 ovince, Cuming CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. ing, in the densely matted covering of hairs on the stem and foliage. i [Allied to the three last are the follow- - ing eae ig of Erigeron in our barium :— ule ramoso polycephalo. from Pda caule bifloro simpli- - ro Straits of Magellan, — s s) ^ radice 1 foliis remotis basi cordatis senis eni glanduloso- marginibus callo- - pilosis, involucri foliolis oblongo- -linea- à AUN exte nonbas.. ciliatis, radio brevi J—3 ma e plant, one - and a half to two feet high, and the leaves four to five inches long: the flowers yel- — low, those of the disk marked with pur- — ple lines, Popopappus. Hook. et Arn. volucrum imbricatum, foliolis angus- —— exin linearibus acuminatis. heterogzamu r Q $ ilosus pluriserialis.— _ Herbe aibi scade s lia alterna— — Forsan idem genus ac Podocoma, Cass. | (cui certe valde affine, quam propter nomen - affine datur), at illi, secundum Lessingium, | radius uniserialis. tAn hirsuto-pilosus, caule subsimplici inferiori us (magnis) elliptico- Ie P sinuato-dentatis, i beg amplect an- io 4 rante. —Rio Grande, an apitulum —— CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA, 51 alibus sursum decrescentibus et angus- ta, glabra, gracilia. Anthere in tubum tioribus, capitulis corymbosis pedicellis oalite, semi xserte, basi mutice, ap inferioribus capitulo triplo longioribus, ^ pendic ata acutiuscula membrana- involucro pubescente, radio biseriali in- ^ cea coronate. Styli hermaphroditorum volucrum "hos superante. — Buenos rami lineares, obtusi, dense papillosi, ex- yres, eedie appendiculati; femineorum lineari-lin- 1027. (3.) P. domsutandü (Hook. et Arn.); —gulati, obtusi, leves. Achenia cuneata, foliis dense approximatis linearibus ses- angulata, pilosa. Pappi radii paleacei, silibus et involucro albide lanato-tomen- lineares, acuti, ése apice eroso- tosis, eee pee solitariis, radio um ” Don. in litt involuc m duplo superante.—Province 0 (2.) Gaticirosis eet ifolia (Don,) ; Rio Grinde do Sul: M. Tabet: pt "folis lineari-angustissim is canaliculatis, or whether the stem be one-flowered. ^ truncatis brevis esitis 26 hi The flowers are fully two inches across, Caldeleugh. while in the two preceding they are Planta suffruticosa, erecta, glutinosa, scarcely so large as in Conyza Chilensis. — sesqui-v. gue dalis. Caulis dense folio- 1028. (1.) Lepidophyllum cupressiforme sus; corymboso-ramosissimus. ri nu- Cas merosi, elongati, plerumq noce- Comp. p. 191.—Baccharis cupressifor- phali. Folia anguste linearia, mucronu- mis, Pers. — Conyza cupr oe ae lata, canaliculata, patentia, 1—2-polli- Lam.—Port Desire, C. Darwin, Esq. caria. Capitula triplo majora quam in (n. 823.) precedente, globosa, multi- (80—40)- 1029. (l: :) Gutierrezia linedrifoltd. (Lag); flora. Involucri foliola scariosa, apice elongato-subulata, recurvo-patentia. Re- ient 5—10-radiatis, pappi ales line- ce um breviter paleaceo-fimbrilli- ari-elongatis acutis.—a. foliis angustis pa- erum. Radi copiosi, ligulati, S Hook at ris. — Galinso oroa 1 resinosa, aurei? Achenia angulata, sericea. of a Don, in litt—This we have not seen, D. Gillies ; Valparaiso, Cuming, (n. ^ nor does Mr. Don vani whether the 71); Coquimbo, Messrs. Lay and Col- T" consists of one or two rows of . ; v A . ch 4 ok. et Arn. in Bot. Beech. Voy. p. pus polyphyllus, brevissimus, truncatus." Z 3 dite, prov. of San Luis, Dr. Gillies.—y. of the character of this genus, and ap- foliis latioribus subtrinerviis papilloso- pears to differ only by the pappus Peg scabris.—Los Tolditas, El Guindo, and in a single row. Los Chacaes, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. 1031, (1. Dno Commersonii, Gillies ; East Coast of Patagonia, Dr. Cass. Dict. Sc. Nat. e Fights; Port Desire, C. Darwin, Esq. | Compos.p.193. -Calendula pamila, Frost 3l —C. magellanica, Willd—Cape Horn, ghis —f. hirsuta oli "Bieiiti: a meus vel pedalis, pica Feeds ple- —L. hirsuta, Less. ? in Linn. v. 6. p.131. rumque ramosissima. Rami angulati, | —Cape Horn, C. Darwin, Én. (n. 346.) scabri, viminei. Folia sparsa, linearia —We arè doubtful about Lessing’s L. mucronulata, impresso-punctata, sepius /zrsuta, as he says that te whole plant is papilloso-scabra, supra canaliculata, pol- hirsute, see in our £, the peduncle is caria; superiora subulata. Capitula labrous as in æ; this variety being thus laxe corymbosa, paniculata, turbinata, B etunlé die bet ween the two South unguicularia. Pedunculi angulati, sca- American speci bri, bracteis subulatis subadpressis or- 1032. (1.) Madia viscosa, Cav.— nati. Znvolucrum multiplici ordine po- losa, Mol—Province of San Luis, Pr. lyphyllum, a is E eisie ovato- Gillies ; br unie Dr. Gillies, Cu- oblongis, recurvato-mucronatis, cartila- ^ ming, E 409, 410.) Bridges ; Concep- ginis, margine biis: cilii Ra- tion, Mr. Caldeleugh ; Antuco, Mr. Chis haud favosum, ebracteolatum. Co- ^ Reynolds.— M. stellata, Fisch. and Mey. rolle radii 5—10, elliptico-oblonge, ^ Ind. Sem. Petrop. p. 32, appears to be artilaginez, rigide, feminexe ci 8— the same speci If M. sativa, Mol, of 12, in kidibabilortaca: 5-dentate,herma- which Cassini has constituted his uen ite, 5-dentate, dentibus ovatis, re- Biotia, be distinct, we are unacquain' curvatis, glabris. Filamenta complana- ^ with it. 52 1033. (1.) Crinitaria Linosyris, Less.— Mem Ayres, Tweedie ; (perhaps s cul- ted.) 1081. (l. orig Porophyllum, Willd.— Rio Gran Ri aba St. Cathe- rine’s, and woods of Tucuman, Tweedie (n. 11 1035. (2.) Kleinia linifolia (Gill. et Don,); erecta r suffruticosa amosissima uca, uarto, Provinces of Cordova, and Ja- rillal, Mendoza, Dr. Gillies ; Rio Grande, Tweedie. —Perhaps this may prove to be K. cured es Ek but the description dif- fers in articulars 1036. (3j "Klein Ai folia "n 1); suf- fruticosa erecta ra. ma glauca, ramis virgatis, foliis pope angustissimis subfoliformibus, pedunculis subgeminis, involucri foliolis oblongis submucronatis dimidium attingentibus, ache- —Island of Los Morin- G S prengel's plant ma 1037. (4.) K leinia enserta ‘anes et an J; suffruticosa — ssima s and tdi a of Porta- legre, Tweedie.—Readily ry koma fr linearibus vel subfiliform solitariis Pena uit foliolis cronulatis pappum equantibus, srm hirsutulis.—«. foliis elongatis; Monte Video, Tweedie.—B. foliis abbreviatis ; Parana and B ear. cde mucron tis, i foli on the coast of Modelo Tweedie. (To be continued.) ILLLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY. ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BO- TANY; PRINCIPALLY OF THE - SOUTHERN PARTS OF THE ~ By R. Wicnr, M. D. F.L.S. & G. A. W. ARNOTT, — &c. (Continued from p. 228, Vol. I.) Oxystelma esculentum; folis lineari-lan- ceolatis venosis, corolla margine ciliata, - (Tab. folliculis oblongis acuminatis. XXIV. Roem. et Sch. Syst. Veget. - 6. p.89. Spreng. Syst. Veget. p. Wall. Asclep. n. 94. P Periploca esculenta. Linn. fil. Suppl. p. 168. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 1. p. 1250. - Rozb. Cor. v. 1. p. 13. t. 14. Asclepias rosea. Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 2. p. 40. Pluk. t Root Gea smooth, green, voluble. smooth, deep broad. Racemes axillary, long-peduncled, bearing from three to eight large, sub- campanulate, five-cleft flowers ; their seg- ments triangular, acute, externally of a - pale rosy hue, internally purplish, marked - 2: with darker lines. Column of fructification prominent; crown of five inflated leaves, broad, and somewhat compressed at the base, tapering to a sharp incurved point. Pol- len-masses compressed, attached by their attenuated apex, pendulous. Stigma large, — at, covered on the edges by the mem- — branous lips of the anthers. Pericarps | these consist of two coats or layers, loosely attached to each other, and it is between these that the inflation takes place, as the inner coat | is of a firm texture, and closely embraces nthers terminated by a membrane. two, large, inflated follicles : the seeds, which are numerous and comose. is plant always grows near water, Of even with its roots in water; its stems twining round whatever support they can Wight, Cat. n. : 1547. Wight, Contrib. to ze Bot. of 54. S filiform, round, Leaves shortly | petioled, opposite, linear-lanceolate, acute, - rounded and subcordate at the base, entire, | green above, paler and | veined beneath, deciduous? from two to | three inches long, by about half an inch © OBSERVATIONS ON SOME NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN GENERA, find. It is common in the highly irrigated country of Tanjore; and when seen in great luxuriance and in full blow, is truly a beautiful object. It flowers during the rainy and cool seasons. In decoction, it is used as a gargle, for aphthous affections of the mouth and fauces, but never as an esculent in this part of the country. Fig. 1. Flower, from which the corolla has been removed Column; the staminal crown being re- moved. 3. Pistil :— ified. (To be continued.) OBSERVATIONS ON SOME NEW, OR LITTLE KNOWN GENERA AND SPECIES OF SCROPHULA- RIACE/E By George Bentham, Esq., F.L.S. I. PuxczLIUs. E. Meyer. TRIBUS DIGITALEARUM. Calyz 5-sepalus. Corolla tubulosa, tubo declinato apice recurvo-adscendente dilata- to, limbo brevi 5-fido subbilabiato, laciniis planis rotundatis. Stamina 4, didynama, declinata, Anthere biloculares, loculis n muticisadnatis. Stylus simplex, incrassato. Capsula obliqua, a septicidé bivalvis. Semina ex- alata, albuminosa. nsis, E. Meyer, MSS.—Fru- lata, (fere Teedi@) ovata,subcordata,crenata, crassiuscula, levia. Panicula ultrapedalis, laxa, secunda, ramis laxe 3—5-floris. tee ad basin ramorum panicule et pedicel- lorum breves. Pedicelli apice recurvi. Calyces nutantes, glaberrimi. Corolla ses- quipollicaris, speciosa, glaberrima, tubo Supra ovarium contracto. Stamina exserta. Capsula ovata, semipollicaris, valde obliqua, submembranacea, bisulcata, glaberrima, glaucescens. Has. South Africa: on the Witbergen in Cafferland, Drége. (v. s.) This i is a very handsome shrub. The panicl early those of some of the usa Pentstemons. rac- y &c. II. E. Meyer. TRIBUS DIGITALEARUM. CorPiaAs. Calyx 5-sepalus. Corolla tubo brevi amplo, basi saccato-declinato, apice adscen- dente, limbo 5-fido subbilabiato, laciniis rotundatis planis. Stamina 4, didynama, eclinata. Anthere biloculares, loculis divaricatis demum confluentibus. Stylus brevissime emarginatus stigmatibus parvis. Capsula bilocularis, valvulis coriacels, septicidé dehiscentibus apice bifidis. l. C.mollis, E. Mey. MSS.—Fruticulus divaricato-ramosissimus, ramis fragillimis molliter pilosis. Folia petiolata, subrotundo- cordata semipollicaria, acuta, inciso-dentata vel palmatiloba, utrinque pilosa. Pedun- culi axillares uniflori folio longiores ebrac- teati. Calyx villosissimus. Corolla 8—10 lin. longa glaberrima. Genitalia brevissima. Capsula glabra, calycem equans. Has. South Africa: On rocks near Zil- verfontein in Namaqualand, Drége. This plant has some resemblance to some of the yellow-flowered Scrophularie and forms perhaps the connection between that genus and the Digitalee. III. IxiANTHES. TRIBUS DiGITALEARUM. £ d Cal cem connata, 2 inferiora libera. Corolla + ub iato ‘ido acinis planis. Stamina 41 declinata. Anthere biloculares, loculis crassis divaricatis. Stylus brevissime €—Á deste Pioen val- A subbifidis E E retzioides. —Frutex ramis erectis hirsutis. Folia crebra, 4—5-natim verticil- lata, subsessilia, erecta, rigida, lanceolata, acuta, apice serrata, basi angustata, integer- rima, coriacea, glabra, vel juniora villosa. Pedunculi axillares, uniflori, bibracteati, folio breviores. Calyx 4—5-lin. longus, se- palis striatis glabriusculis. Corolla circiter 10 lin. longa valde obliqua, extus viscoso- villosa. Genitalia corollabreviora. Capsula crassa, semipollicaris, ovoidea, acuta, pro- funde bisulcata, matura bipartibilis. 54 OBSERVATIONS ON SOME NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN GENERA, &c. Has. South Africa: near Tulbagh in vis, stigmate sapiate: Bacca biloc Worcester district, Ecklon. (v. s.) indehiscens. A very remarkable plant, —€— very Folia opposita. dup 22 je distinct from any other genus known, al- germinales triflori though I have not been able to sake l. T. lucida (Rud. ) foliis ovato-elliptiei the number of stamina. tibus, caule calycibusque glaberrimis. Paulownia Zuccarini, and Rehmannia Capraria lucida. Fisch. et Mey. belong to the Digitalee. B. parvifolia. 1 Has. Mountains of the Cape, Stellen- 3 IV. Harrera. Linn. bosch d Swellendam districts, Ecklo: Y TRIBUS GRATIOLEARUM. Drége, &c. B. onthe Camiesbergen, Drége. Calyx late campanulatus, lobis 3—5-latis (v. s.) foliaceis. Corolla tubulosa, apice dilatata, V 2. T. pubescens (Burch. Trav.) fo limbo obliquo, lobis 5 brevibus latis planis. ovato-ellipticis basi angustatis et caulen Stamina adscendentia, didynama, antheris dilatato-amplectantibus, caule calyci bilocularibus, loculis parallelis subbilobis que villosis. E explanatis. Stylus subsimplex, stigmate AB. On the Keureboom river, Drége. minimo. Bacca bilocularis.—Frutices Aus- (v. s.) tro-Africani glabri. Folia perennantia, There is in 1 Ecklon’ s collection a sma opposita, ovata, supra levia. Pedicelli specimen without any flower, of what ap- axillares, solitarii vel fasciculati, bibrac- pears to be a third species, slightly pubes teati. Calyces breves, virides, subenervii. cent, petioles not dilated at the base. Corolle e£ genitalia glabra. 1 lucida (Linn. Spec. 872) foliis VL AsasrRABB. E. Meyer, petiolatis ovatis acuminatis serrato-crenatis TRIBUS GnaTIOLEARUM ? basi cuneatis, calycibus trilobis, corolle ^ Calyx campanulatus semi-5-fidus. C incurve limbo valde obliquo. rolla tubo brevi, limbo bilabiato, lab Has. Cape of Good Hope. (v. s.) superiore bifido laciniis planis, inferiot 2. .H.ovata, foliis petiolatis ovatis cre- maximo declinato saccato apice brevissim natis basi rotundatis truncatisve, calycibus trifido. Stamina 4, didynama, adscen quinque- od corolle rectiuscule limbo dentia. Antherarum loculi paralleli v vix obliqu ivergentes. Stylus Loos truncatus yv! Has. Clanwilliam district, Ecklon. (v.s.) brevissime bifidus, stigmatibus minuti 3. H. elliptica (Linn. Spec. 872) foliis Capsula oblonga, coriacea, bilocularis, brevissime petiolatis ovato-ellipticis argute vulis septicide dehiscentibus bifidis. & serratis basi cuneatis, calycibusquadrilobis, mina pauca, testa membranacea reticulat: corolle rectiuscule limbo subeequali. Albumen cartilagineo-carnosum. Frutice Has. Cape of Good Hope. (v. s.) Austro- Africani. Folia opposita brev This species which occurs the most fre- petiolata, oblongo- -elliptica, supra ni quently in Cape collections, answers pre- glabra, subtus incana. Flores in cory cisely to Thunberg’s description, but the bis cymisve axillaribus terminalibusqu calyx has four and not five divisions as foliis plerumque brevioribus dispositi. Ce in the Linnean phrase. lyces et coroile extus tomentose. 1. A. integerrima (E. Mey. MSS.), fo T. FERDIA Rudolph. ibaon, Keds calyce dod lon- TRIBUS GRATIOLEARUM. gioribus, alyz 5-partitus. Corolla tubulosa, HAB. Amaponda country, Drége. (v. : limbo 5-fido subbilabiato, laciniis planis. 2, A. serrulata (E. Mey. MSS.), foh Stamina 4, didynama, inclusa. Anthere argute serrulatis, capsulis calyce vix. loi biloculares loculis parallelis. Stylus bre- gioribus. TT SORTA V SEMESTER ae NOUS eee WERKE mw c NETTE eee Fh V etg EPI M vow a n OBSERVATIONS ON SOME NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN GENERA, &c. 55 Has. Amaponda country, Drége. (v. s.) These two species, which are very much alike, come near to Freylinia and to Budd- ta in habit. Their characters are in some measure intermediate between those of the Gratiolee and Hemimeridee. VII. FREYXLINIA, Colla. TRIBUS GRATIOLEARUM. Calyx 5-sepalus, sepalis submarginatis. Corolla tubulosa, limbo 5-lobo subbila- biato, laciniis rotundatis planis. Stamina didynama, Anthere biloculares, loculis parallelis contiguis. „Stylus simplex, stig- mate incrassato-capitato. Capsula ovata vel oblonga, valvulis coriaceis septicide dehiscentibus apice bifidis.—Frutices Aus- tro-Africant. Folia opposita, vel sparsa, integerrima, coriacea, nitida. Flores in paniculas vel racemos terminales dispositi. Bractee ad basin ramorum panicule vel pedicellorum minute. Very near Capraria in characters, but very different in habit. 1. F. cestroides (Colla), foliis oppositis lanceolatis planis utrinque longe angusta- tis, floribus paniculato-racemosis. Capraria lanceolata. Linn. Suppl. 284. Link et Otto, Ic. Pl. Hort. Berol. 11. t. 4. Buddleia integerrima. Herb. de l Amat. Haz. Stellenbosch and Cape mountains; Ecklon, Drége, &c. (v. s 2. F. densiflora, foliis inferivihes verti- cillatis, superioribus sparsis oblongo-ellip- ticis subplanis glabris, racemo denso sub- paniculato, corollis calyce 3—4-plo lon- gioribus Has. ibesditidai, George, and Uiten- age districts, Ecklon, Drége. (v. s 8. F. longiflora foliis oppositis sparsisve oblongo-ellipticis vix undulatis glabris, racemo elongato simplici, corollis calyce 5-plo longioribus. Has. Zwarteberg, Ecklon. (v. s.) 4. F.undulata, foliis ovatis, racemis bre- vibus subsimplicibus, corollis calyce sub- triplo longioribus, Capraria luli «. carinata, foliis subplanis glabris cari- e. natis. — B. undulata, foliis glabris undulatis. y. pubescens, foliis pubescentibus sepe undulatis. Has. a. Langekloof and Zwartebergen, Drége; 8.and y. Swellendam district, Eck- lon, Drége. (v. s.) VIII. Herrestis. Gerin. TRIBUS GRATIOLEARUM. There are several genera, which, like Herpestis, have the sepals unequal in breadth, and placed as it were in three rows; that is to say, the upper and external one is the broadest, the lower ones inter- mediate in breadth and situation, and the lateral ones are the innermost and the nar- rowest. Amongst these genera, Beyrichia and Gratiola are distinguished from Her- pestis, by having but two fertile stamina, Pterostigma, by the disjoined cells of the anthers, and Mecardonia (from Martius’s account,) and Lindernia have the valves of the capsule quite entire, the margins not inflexed, and a thin plane parallel dissepi- ment, characters which distinguish a small group among the Gratiolee, containing besides these two genera five or six others. Thete remain Matourea, Caconapea, and Ranaria. I had considered the first distinct in the dehiscence of the capsule, and Caconapea in the form of the corolla; but, on examining a number of species which I now possess, I find that these dis- tinctions will not hold out; and Ranaria, which I have not seen, has, according to its author, the habit of Caconapea, with characters scarcely distinguishable from Herpestis; I have, therefore, thought it more conformable to a natural arrange- ment to consider the whole as one genus. On the other hand, the plant, which, in my Scrophularinee Indice, I had pub- lished as Herpestis amara, appears to be the Curanga amara of Jussieu, and to be really generically different from Herpestis. The calyx is described as four-sepaled, by Jussieu and Blume, as well as by Roxburgh. Martius (Nov. Gen. et Sp. 3. 18.) sepa- rated the H. lanigera, Cham. et Schlecht., from the other species, on account of a disk, bordered with long teeth, and encir- cling the ovarium. I find in Sir W. 96 Hookers Herbarium a Brazilian plant, which answers precisely to the description in the Linnea, in which I cannot find this disk; yet Martius’ sobeervations s are so ac- curate,that although CI h tendal make no mention of it, I cannot but suppose some inattention on my part, in examining the single flower I have been able to dissect. However this may be, the plant itself is in every other respect so very similar to other species of Herpestis that it does not seem advisable to consider it as a distinct genus. e presence or absence of the bractes in Herpestis is not constant enough in many cases even in the same species to be used as a sectional distinction, as has been done by several Botanists. I now give an enumeration of the species known with short characters of such as I have seen. EC. l. Matourea. Corolle labium superius integrum vel emarginatum. Ca sule valvule integre vel breviter bifide, marginibus inflexis. 1. .H.ovata (Wall. Benth. Scroph. Ind. 30.), glabra, procumbens, foliis petiolatis ovatis crenatis, floribus subsessilibus soli- tariis oppositis bibracteatis, sepalo externo latissimo cordato, Has. Tavoy, Wallich. (v. s. . grandiflora, glabra, foliis ovatis E chen dentatis, pedicel- tih hra ti Er, -— externo orato. io Grande, Tweedie. (v. s.) Galva half an inch long. 3. H. chamedryoides (Humb. et Kunth. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 2. 369), glabra, decumbens, foliis breviter petiolatis ovatis dentatis, pedicellis solitariis folium æquan- tibus vel parum begin ebracteatis, sepalo externo ov H. chrysantha, pula et Schlecht. Lin- nea, 2. 577. H. cubensis, Pepp. in Spreng. Syst. 2. 802 ? H. colubrina, ZZumb. et Kunth Nov. Gen. el Sp. 2. 368 teste Chamisso. Lindernia dianthera, Sw, FI. Ind. Occ. 2. 1058. . OBSERVATIONS ON SOME NEW. S, prostrate 9 OR LITTLE KNOWN GENERA, &c. Hap. Central America: Texas, Drum- | mond ; Mexico, G. I. Graham, &c.; An- tigua, Nicholson; Trinidad, Lockhart ; Cuba, Peppig? Quito and Guancacamba — in Peru, Humboldt and Bonpland. (v. s.) nea, 2. 576), glabra, prostrata, foliis brevi- - ter petiolatis ovatis dentatis, pedunculis solitariis (alternis) folio pluries longioribus ebracteatis, sepalo externo lato cordato. Has. South Brasil, Sello ; Uruguay and Monte Video, Tweedie. (v. s.) . H. caprarioides (Humb. et Kunth. | Nov. Gen. et Sp. 2. 368). Has. Onthe river Magdalena, Humboldt and Bonpland. 6. H.herniarioides (Cham. Linnæa8.34). Has. Brasil, Sello. 7. H. flagellaris (Cham. et Schl. 1. c. 2. 575.), procumbens, glabra, foliis ovato- oblongis paucidentatis basi in petiolum brevem angustatis, pedicellis solitariis folio subduplo longioribus bracteatis, sepalo ex- terno ovato-oblongo. Has. Banda Oriental, Tweedie. (v. s. 8. H. radicata, glabra, prostrata, foliis oblongis subdentatis basi in petiolum an- gustatis, pedicellis ` folio vix longioribus ebracteatis, sepalo externo lato-ovato. Has. Port Desire in Patagonia, Captain Middleton. (v. s.) Very near H. oblonga but scarcely dries black. Itisa smaller plant and much more . peduncularis, glabra, basi pro- cumbens ramis floriferis erectis, foliis ovatis oblongisve serratis basi in petiolum brevem angustatis, pedunculis folio multoties lon- o Rio Grande | maximo ovato. Has. Texas on the Rio Brazos, Drum- t supremis longioribus ebracteatis, sepalo externo oblongo. Gerardia cuneifolia, Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2. 422. Gratiola acuminata, Ell, Bot. of S. Car. and Georg. non Pursh. 5 OBSERVATIONS ON SOME NEW OR-LITTLE KNOWN GENERA, &c. 57 - Matourea nigrescens, Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1. 173. Has. Southern States of North America from Carolina, E/ltott,to Texas, Drummond. v. $. ll. H. pratensis. Matourea pratensis. Aubl. Pl. Guy. Vandellia pratensis. Vahl. Has. Guiana, Aublet. 12. H. pilosa, erecta, viscosa, mollissime piloso-lanata, foliis sessilibus oblongis sub- integerrimis, pedunculis folio brevioribus solitariis ebracteatis, sepalo externo lato- ovato. Has. North California, Douglas. (v. s.) T P 4 MEI VINE 22 4k JL of the capsule in this very distinct species. 13. H. vandellioides. (Humb. et Kunth. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 2. 367.) Has. Mexico Humboldt and Bonpland. 14. H.callitrichoides. (Humb. et Kunth. e.) I Morgania callitrichoides, Spreng. Syst. 2. 803. . Has. Near San Fernando de Apure, Humboldt and Bonpland. 15. H.serpylloides (Cham. et Schlecht. Linnwa, 2. 574.). Has. Tropical Brasil, Sello. . These two species are described as suf- frutescent, which I have not observed in any other one. 16. H.cespitosa (Cham. Linnea, 8. 32.). Has. Brasil, Sello. 17. H. tomentosa (Schiede et Depp. Linnea, 5. 106.), ** candidé lanata, cauli- bus repentibus ramosis flagelliformibus, foliis spathulato-ellipticis acutiusculis ses- silibus, calycibus bibracteatis, bracteis ca- lycisq. laciniis linearibus acuminatis aut acutis.” Ch. et Schl. Secr. 2. CACoNaPEA. Corolle labium Superius integrum vel breviter emargina- tum, capsula oblonga, acuta, quadrivalvis, sepala post anthesin viz aucta externo lanceolato vel oblongo. > 8. H. gratioloides, glabra, erecta, fo- liis semiamplexicaulibus lineari-lanceolatis integerrimis, fl 4" "Io CAPRIS SP breviter pedicellatis bibracteatis, sepalo . externo lanceolato. Caconapea gratioloides. Cham. Linnea, 28 Has. Bahia. (v. s.) 19. H. Ranaria. Ranaria monnierioides. Cham. Linnea, 8. 31. Has. Brasil, Sello. Sect. 3. Bramtia. Corolle labium su- perius profunde emarginatum vel bifidum. Capsula subglobosa vel ovata, rarius ob- longa, quadrivalvis. Sepala post anthesin aucta externo lato sepe cordato. * Folia omnia uninervia vel penninervia nec multinervia. 20. H. polyantha, glabra, erecta, foliis petiolatis ovato-lanceolatis dentatis basi angustatis, pedunculis fasciculatis petiolo brevioribus versus apicem bibracteatis, se- palo externo lato cordato. Has. Brasil, Rio Janeiro, Burchell ; St. Catherine's, Tweedie. (v. s.) 21. H. calycina, glabra, procumbens, foliis breviter petiolatis ovatis obtusis den- tatis basi cuneatis, pedunculis brevissimis solitariis apice bibracteatis, sepalo externo lato cordato. Has. Senegambia, Leprieur and Per- rottet. (v. s. . H. scabra, subglabra, foliis ovatis oblongisve paucidentatis in petiolum bre- vem angustatis et sepe amplexicauli-dila- tatis penninerviis supra scabris, peduncu- lis in axilla quaque 1—2 calyce longiori- bus apice 1—2-bracteatis nudisve, sepalo externo lato subcordato. 93. H. stellarioides (Cham. Linnee, 8. 32.), glabra, erecta, foliis lanceolato-linea- ribus subserratis amplexicaulibus uniner- viis, pedicellis solitariis folio brevioribus sepalo externo ovato. e. Bahiensis, pedicellis ebracteatis. B. Cayennensis, pedicellis medio brac- teatis, sepalo externo latiore. HAB. «a. Bahia, Salzmann ; B. Cayenne, Leprieur. (v. s.) 24. H. floribunda (Br. Prod. 298), gla- bra, erecta, foliis lanceolato-linearibus in- tegerrimis basi angustatis uninerviis, pedi- cellis in axilla quaque 1—3 versus apicem bibracteatis, sepalo externo lato demum subcordato. 8 58 H. lanceolata, Wight—Benth. Scroph. Ind. 30. H. linearis, Spreng. Syst. 2, 802? Has. Senegambia, Leprieur and Per- rottet ; Madagascar, Bojer; East Indian Peninsula, Wight, &c.; North Coast of Australia, R. Brown, A, Cunningham. (v. s OBSERVATIONS ON SOME NEW 25. H. Hamiltoniana (Benth. Scroph. Ind. 30), glabra, erecta, foliis lanceolatis integerrimis basi angustatis uninerviis, flo- ribus subsessilibus solitariis bibracteatis, sepalo externo lato cordato. Has. Susanaghur in East India, Za- milton. (v. s, 28. .H. Tiamningi, glabra, basi repens, foliis sessilibus lanceolatis serratis basi angustatis uninerviis, pedicellis brevibus solitariis sub flore bibracteatis, sepalo ex- terno ovato. Erinus africanus. Schum. Beskr. Pi. Guin. 273 non Linn. Has. Ningo in Guinea, Thonning. I have not seen the plant, but the de- scription from which the above character is taken leaves no doubt Sera as to the genus or to the specific characte: 27. H. sessiliflora, glabra, ea foliis oblongo-linearibus lanceolatisve apice ser- ratis basi angustatis uninerviis, floribus subsessilibus solitariis bibracteatis, sepalo externo ovato. Has. Cayenne, Leprieur. (v. s.) 28. H. madagascariensis, glabra, basi repens, foliis oblongis vel oblongo-ovatis rrmis vel obscure dentis basi am- plexicaulibus parum angustatis uninerviis vel obscure penninerviis, pedicellis folio dimidio brevioribus apice bibracteatis, se- palo externo lato ovato. Has. Madagascar, Herb. Hooker. (v. s.) ** Folia basi plurinervia nervis sim- plicibus vel rariüs intermedio pinnato. 29. H. Monniera (Humb. et Kunth. Nov. Gen. et Sp. amer. 2. 294.) repens, glabra, foliis obovato-cuneatis, integerri- mis vel obscure paucicrenatis, enerviis vel obscure 1—3-nerviis, pedicellis solitariis apice bibracteatis, sepalo externo ovato. Gratiola Monniera. Linn. Amen. Acad. 306. OR LITTLE KNOWN GENERA, &c. Capraria Monniera. Roxb. in herb. plur. Bramia indica. Lam. Dict. 1. 459. — Monniera cuneifolia. Mich. Flor. E 1 Amer. d Montiera africana. Pers. Syn. 2. 166! — Monniera pedunculosa. Pers. Syn. 2. - 166? a Monniera Brownei. Pers. Syn. 2. 166. pe ape cuneifolia, Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2. 418. d freni procumbens. Spreng. Syst. 2 [os] $ Capi m Ruiz et Pav. Pro Fl. Per. e ae iiad Weinm in Sy PI. Raüsb. 1. 222 Has. Africa, Asia, and America, within | and near the tropics. (v. s.) | H. lanigera (Cham. et Schlecht lode 2. 573.) repens, caule villosissimo, folis ovato-orbiculatis amplexicaulib integerrimis penninerviis et basi submul nerviis glabris vel subtus villosis, pedun- culis soltecn folium subzquantibus apice. bibracteatis, sepalo externo lato cordato. Has. Tropical Brasil, Se//o; Rio, Bur- ics (v. s.) : LE Seinen, caule villosissium LI tegerrimis glabris obscure penninerviis. mulünerviisque, pedicellis solitariis folio longioribus ebracteatis, sepalo externo lato cordato. Has. Bahia, Salzmann. (v. s.) 32. H. rotundifolia (Pursh. Fl. Amer. Sept. 2. 418?) caule glabro vel villosulo, foliis obovato-orbiculatis integerrimis mul- ünerviis glabris, pedicellis in axilla qua- que 1—3 sp — ebracteatis, sepalo externo Monniera sR Mich. Fi. Bor. Amer. 22: Has. Western States of North Ame- rica. (v. s.) 33. .H. micrantha (Pursh. Fl. Amer. Sept. 2. 418?) glabra, foliis ovalibus inte- tibus ebracteatis, sepalo externo cordato. — Has. New Jersey. Herb, Hooker ; Ba- hia, Salzmann, (v. s.) a OBSERVATIONS ON SOME NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN GENERA, &c. 34. H. amplexicaulis (Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2. 418), caule villoso, foliis amplexi- caulibus ovatis obtusis integerrimis multi- nerviis glabris vel nervis subtus villosis, pedicellis solitariis calyce brevioribus sub- bibracteatis, sepalo externo cordato. Monniera amplexicaulis. Mich. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2. 222. Has. A didi States of North Ame- rica. i cud the adie species as being very doubtful, v H. ia Spreng. Syst. 2. 801. H. erecta. Spreng. Syst. 2. 801 H. montevidensis. Spreng. Syst. 2. 802. H. rugosa. Roth. Nov. Pl. Sp. 289 H. floribunda. Roth. Nov. Pl. Sp. 289, non Dr. IX. HYDROTRICHE. Zuccarim. TRIBUS GRATIOLEARUM. To Zuccarini’ llent description must be added: Capsula bivalvis, valvulis inte- gris medio septiferis, which appears to be the only character in which the genus differs from Dopatrium. The calyx is long, and tubular, often not cleft below the middle. The peduncles are reflexed after the flowering is over. X. GLossosTiGMA. Arn. TRIBUS GRATIOLEARUM? vel VERONI- NICEARUM ? Calyz brevis, campanulatus, 3-dentatus. Corolla minima, tubo calycem æquante, limbo 5-fido laciniis omnibus planis sub- equalibus. Stamina fertilia 2. Fila- menta recta, integra. Anthere approxi- mate, biloculares, loculis parallelis. Stig- ma dilatatum. Capsula bivalvis valvulis integris medio septiferis. l. G. spathulata. (Arn. MSS.) Microcarpea spathulata. Hook. Bot. nega .2. 101. Suppl. t. 4.—Benth. Scroph. AGER diandra. Linn. Mant. 252? Has. Senegambia, Leprieur and Per- TOllet ; East Indian plains and Peninsula, Royle, Wi Wight, &c. (v. 5.) The genus Limosella, containing the L. 59 aquatica and L. capensis, appears to be- long to the Veronicee near Sibthorpia. Perhaps the Glossostigma would also be better placed there ; for, as in Sibthorpia and some of the annual Veronica, the dis- sepiment of the capsule does not appear to reach the top, even in the ovary. XI. TRIBUS BUDDLEIARUM. Noxia. Vent. Calyx brevis, campanulatus, regularis, 4-dentatus vel 4-fidus. Corolla tubo bre- vi, limbo regulari 4-partito patente. Sta- mina 4, fauce inserta, equalia, exserta. Anthere distantes biloculares. Stylus simplex, stigmate integro incrassato. Cap- sula septicide bivalvis, valvulis bifidis sub- integrisve marginibus inflexis.—Frutices Austro-Africani sepe tomentosi. Folia opposita vel subverticillata, integra, sept- us dentata, Flores sepius sessiles glome- rulati, glomerulis sessilibus pedicellatisve, in paniculas terminales sepius dispositis. 1. N. verticillata ( arborea, glaberrima, foliis subverticillatis petiolatis oblongo-ellipticis integerrimis, paniculis amplis fastigiatis, calycibus cam- panulatis lzevibus glabris, staminibus bre- viter exsertis recurvis. Has. Madagascar, Bojer. (v. s. oribunda, arborea, glaberrima, (oliin subverticillatis petiolatis oblongo- ellipticis integerrimis, paniculis amplis fastigiatis, calycibus tubuloso-campanula- tis lucidis brevissime dentatis, staminibus corollz laciniis longioribus. Has. Uitenhage district on the Zwart- sops river, Ecklon : it occurs also in other Cape collections. (v. s.) Very near N. verticillata, but the calyx is much more slender, flowers smaller, with longer stamina. Both species are near N saligna in habit, but with broader leaves, perfectly glabrous. 3. N. saligna, arborea, foliis petiolatis oblongo-lanceolatis integerrimis subtus ra- mis calycibusque tomentosis, amplis fastigiatis. Buddleia saligna, Berol. 1. 159. ee Willd. Enum. Hort. 60 MR. DRUMMOND'S COLLECTIONS. Buddleiasalicifolia, Jacq. Hort. Schenbr. 1.12. t. 59. non Vahl. Scoparia arborea, Thunb. Prod. Fl. Cap. 1. 28. Callicarpa paniculata, Lam. Dict. 1. Chilianthus oleaceus, Burch. fide Schult. Syst. Veg. Mant. vol. 8 Has. Cape of Good Hope in various districts. (v. s.) N. corrugata, foliis lanceolatis mar- gine crenato-crispulis supra lucidis rugo- sissimis subtus ramis calycibusque tomen- toso-lanatis, paniculis paucifloris. Has. On the Witbergen in Cafferland, Drége. (v. s.) . AN. dysophylla, divaricato-ramosa, foliis petiolatis ovatis grosse dentatis planis subtus vel utrinque ramis calycibusque dense tomentoso-lanatis, fasciculis florum laxis cymosis. Has. Uitenhage and Albany districts, and Neutral Territory, Ecklon. (v. s.) 6. N. lobulata, divaricato-ramosa, fo- liis petiolatis ovatis sinuato-lobatis dentatis undulato-crispis, subtus vel utrinque ramis calycibusque tomentoso-lanatis, fasciculis florum densissimis globosis. Has. Nieuweweld'sbergen and Klip- laatsriver, Drége. (v. s.) XII. BuppLEIA. Linn. Calyx Nuxie. Corolla regularis tubu- losa vel subcampanulata, limbo breviter quadrifido, Stamina 4, fauce inserta, an- theris m bilocularibus. Stylus et Capsula Nuxi This genus ias be divided into two sections according to whether the corolla be campanulate or tubular. To the former division should be referred the greater number of the American species and the B. virgata from the Cape. To the second division with tubular corollas would be- long two or three of the South American species, all the Asiatic ones, with B. salvi- folia, and the following new species from the : 1 Burchell describes his Chilianthus as having the cells of the capsule monosperimens ; 3 have found all the s Nuxia, which makes me doubt the correctness of this reference. tral Territory, and on the Chumisberg in - Cafferland, Ecklon. (v. s.) NOTICE CONCERNING THE LA 7995. Plantago cordata, Lam. Eai ; 798. P. purpurascens. Nutt. FT, of Ark 799. P. Virginica: B. auriculata, ramis subteretibus juni- oribus vix canescentibus, petiolis basi au- n the Winterberg in the Neu- MR. DRUMMOND'S COLLEC- TIONS MADE CHIEFLY IN. THE SOUTHERN AND WEST ERN PARTS OF THE UNITED STATES. (Continued from p. 117. Vol. I. of this Journal.) PLANTAGINEJXE. Juss. agreeing with a re = Dr. Tor rey.— Louisiana. _(Barabi K and then the narrow sharp segments the corolla meet together, as well de- a kind of beak or horn to the flower. p. 177.—N. Orl. (n. 269.)—The spect mens exactly agree with original from Mr. Nuttall in my Herbarium. That author says, it is nearly allied P. Virginica ; but with the stamens ways exserted. I had at first confounde it with 1 though the segment of the corolla are certainly broader: MR. DRUMMOND'S COLLECTIONS. blunter, and do not seem disposed to form a beak over the capsule in a more advanced state. 800. P. pusilla. Nutt.—N. Orl. (n. 270.) Pennsylvania.—This plant is extremely common in the United States, in every parallel of latitude; and is readily dis- tinguished by its slender habit, filiform leaves, and remote flowers. Bracteas and calyx-leaves ovate, green, with a broad white margin, generally glabrous. I have never seen the stamens exserted in any of my specimens (probably they are very fugacious). Corolla but little longer than the calyx; segments very small, eventually closing, but not so connivent as to form a beak. Capsule ovate, pale, shining, two-celled, each cell bearing two black oval seeds.—From Dr. Short I have specimens with scapes a span high, gathered at Milledgeville, Georgia, by Dr. Boykin. From speci- mens sent by Mr. Greene, it is clear that thisisthe P. hybrida of Barton, as is sus- pected by Dr. Torrey, who further doubts if it be not the P. interrupta of Lamarck and Elliott? Elliott's plant it cannot well be, for he describes it as a perennial, and with leaves much like those of P. lanceolata. It is probable that Michaux's P. sparsiflora may be a broad-leaved State of this plant; and the P. Caroli- niana of Pursh, whatever Walter's plant of that name may be, I should have lit- tle hesitation in referring to pusilla : but so imperfectly have the American spe- cies been characterized, that it is not safe to speak positively, and without access to authentic specimens. Indeed few genera need a careful revision more than Plantago NYCTAGINEJX. Juss. 801. Boerhaavia erecta, L.—Covington. AMARANTHACES. Juss. 802. Amaranthus viridis, L.—N. Orl. (n. 271 and 611 ?) 22) polygonoides, L.—N. Orl. (n. 61 804. A. spinosus, L.—N. Orl. (n. 272, bis.)—St. Louis. 805. A. Blitum, L.—N. Orl. (n. 272.) 806. A. chlorostachys, Willd.—St. Louis. Covington. 807. A. paniculatus, L.—St. Louis. 808. Bucholzia polygonoides, Mart. (Achyranthes, Lam. Gomphrena, L.) —N. Orl. (n. 273.) CHENOPODEJX. Vent. 809. Acnida cannabina, L. var.—N. Orl. 810. Chenopodium album, L. (spicis su- perioribus aphyllis paniculatis.)—Cov- ington. C. ambrosioides, L.—St. Louis. 812. C. anthelminticum, Mich. — St. Louis. Jacksonville. 813. C, hybridum, L.—St. Louis. 814. C. Botrys, L.—St. Louis.—On fine specimens of this, which I have received from Dr. Short, he says,—* I am sur- prized that Nuttall should say the spe- cies is not strictly indigenous to the United States, since the accompanyin specimens were found on the almost in- accessible cliffs of the Kentucky river.” PHYTOLACCE. Br. 815. Phytolacca decandra, L.—St. Louis. N. Orl. (n. 275.) and 1833. POLYGONES. Juss. 816. Brunnichia cirrhosa, Gertn. —N. Orl 817. Polygonum punctatum, Ell.—N. Orl. St. Louis.—Scarcely any thing more than a var. of our P. Hydropiper. 818. P. mite, Pers.—N. Orl. (n. 278.)— St. Louis. 819. P. Persicaria, L.—St. Louis. N. Orl. 820. P. Pennsylvanicum, L.—St. Louis. 821. P. coccineum, Ph.—P. amphibium, and terrestre, Torrey.—St. Louis. P. Virginianum, L.—St. Louis. Jacksonville. 823. P. cilinode, Mich.—Alleghanies. 824. P. scandens, L.—St. Louis. P. sagittatum, L.—N. Orl. (n. 276.) 62 MR. DRUMMOND'S COLLECTIONS. 896. P. multangulare, Hook. et Arn. (sect. Tiniaria) ; foliis sessilibus v. bre- vissime petiolatis lineari-oblongis acu- minatis inferioribus basi hastatis nervo subtus cauleque angulato sparsim re trorso-aculeatis glabris, pedunculis dichotomis glandu- losis, spicis subcapitatis laxis paucifloris, bracteis ciliatis glabris.—N. Orl. (n.277.) This seems to represent at N. Orleans the P. arifolium of the more northern States; and from that it is quite distinct asa species. The leaves are five to six inches long, and only five lines wide, most of them quite sessile. 827. Rumex verticillatus, L.—N. Orl. (n. 280 and 282.)—Alleghanies. St. Louis.—Authors seem not to have dis- tinguished well between this and R. Britannicus. : What I take for R. verti- cillatus isa tall growing plant, with long paniculated racemes, and flowers in leaf- less numerous more or less crowded whorls. Pedicels patent, half an inch in length, incrassated and deeply furrowed upwards, at length three-quarters of an 839. inch long, singularly reflexed, giving the fructified branches a very remarkable appearance. Valves of the fruit broadly cordate, attenuate, obtuse, reticulated, bearing each a very prominent, oblong grain, two of them very large, the third smaller. The leaves are long, lanceo- late, acuminate at both extremities. The stipules appear to be sheathing, but soon breaking away. It cannot be uncommon in N. America ; for besides the stations above given, Mr. Drummond sent it from Texas: yet I have never received it from any American Botanist. 828. R. Britannicus ?—N. Orl. (n. 281.) —1 am very doubtful about this species. The sheaths are cylindrical, but torn. The leaves oblong, lanceolate, much crisped at the margin, all of them, even the upper ones, obtuse. Racemes pani- cled, leafless, rather slender. Whorls somewhat distant. Flowers dense, drooping, especially in fruit. Pedicels short, thickened at the veryapex, smooth. Valves of the fruit ovate, obtuse, reticu- elongatis obni 829. R. pulcher, L.—N. Orl. (n. 279. 830. Laurus Carolinensis, Catesb. N. 831. L. geniculata, Walt.—N. Od. | [ 7 834. Nyssa sylvatica. 835. N. capitata, Mx.—N. candic n 836. N.grandidentata, Mx.—N. tome 837. Dirca palustris, L.—N. Orl. 1833. 838. Aristolochia Serpentaria. L. Orl. 1833 rl. ; 839. A. hastata. Nutt.—N. Orl. 1833.- lated, each bearing a narrow-oblong, very conspicuous, grain, nearly equ size. These valves are much sm far less reticulated, and less membra ceous than in R. crispus. LAURINEÆ. Juss. (n. 285, bis.) and 1833 L. Benzoin, L.—Pennsylvania ; (lea membranous, nearly glabrous). — glabrous). N. Onl. subcoriaceous and se downy benea —St. Louis; (leaves membrana and very downy beneath).—This a very variable species in the form texture of its leaves and in the deg of downiness, and I may have confoun with it, the L. Diospyrus, Mich.—(. melissefolia, Walt.) with which I P not well acquainted. 4 283.) and 1833, Jacksonville. a L. Sassafras, L.— Pennsylvanii St. Louis. SANTALACEJE. Br. . Pyrularia pubera, Mx.—Hamilt oleifera. Willd. N. Orl. (n. 286.) Mx.—WN. villost illd.—Alleghanies. ; Willd.—N. Orl. (n. 287) tosa, Willd.—N. Orl. (n. 288.) THYMELEX. Juss. ARISTOLOCHIER. Juss. Smaller than A. serpentaria, with lea much narrower, often linear-lanceo sometimes almost acute at the b still I fear it is only a var. of A. § taria. MR. DRUMMOND'S COLLECTIONS. 840. Asarum ar?folium, Mx.—N. Orl. (n. 841. A. Canadense, L.—Alleghanies. EUPHORBIACEJE. Juss. 842. Phyllanthus Carohnensis, Walt.— Li — Maschalanthus obo- 843. Croton glandulosus, D cs. N. Orl. 1833.—A hispid plant, well dis- tinguished bythe little Peziza-like glands at the base of the leaf. In C. hirtus of the West Indies, which is nearly allied to this, the glands are upon a long stalk. 844. C. capitatus. Mx.—St. Louis. 845. C. ellipticus. -Nutt.—St. Louis.—A very distinct species from the preceding ; though I believe often taken for it. I possess specimens from Mr. Griswold, Dr. Short, and Mr. Peter, gathered in Kentucky and elsewhere.—Crotonopsis linearis, Mx.—Jacksonville. 846. Jatropha stimulosa, Mx.—J. urens. Walt.—N. Orl. (». 296.) Covington. 847. Acalypha Virginica, L—A. Caroli- niana. Fl. Cestr.—N. Orl.—St. Louis. Covington, Jacksonville.—V ery variable in regard to pubescence, the length of the petioles and the breadth of the foliage. 'The Covinet i have the lea ves very narrow. 848. A. Caroliniana, Walt.—N. Orl. (n. 294). St. Louis.—Perfectly distinct from the former, in the long spikes of fructification and in the close serratures of the leaves which extend round the whole margin. 849. Styllingia ligustrina, Mx.—N. Orl. (n. 295). Covington. 850. Tragia urens, L.—N. Orl. (n. 293). 851. Euphorbia corollata, L.—N. Orl. (n. 292).— Covington. St. Louis.— Leaves sometimes quite linear. 852. E. obtusata, Ph.—N. Orl. 1833.— These specimens are very small and the leaves are petioled, truly cuneate, and even retuse at the apex. 853. E. cyathophora, Jacq.—St. Louis. 894. E. dentata, Mx.—St. Louis. 63 855. E. Peplus, L.—Alleghanies. 856. E. Ipecacuanha, L.—Pennsylv. 857. E. hypericifolia, L.—St. Louis. 898. E. maculata, L.— N. Orl. (n. 290). —var. N. Orl. (n. 291). 859. E. cordifolia, Ell.—St. Louis. URTICER. Juss. 860. bh vi ors L.—N. Orl. 1833. St. Lou 861. U.u urens, L.—N. Orl. abundant. 862. U. Canadensis, L.—St. Louis.—If U.divaricata,Ph. (who quotes Willdenow with a doubt) be a distinct species from the present, I have never seen it. Our plant varies in the more or less ovate or cordate form of the leaf, and in the greater or less degree of hispidity. 863. Bohmeria cylindrica, Willd.—Ur- tica cylindrica, L—St. Louis.—N. Orl.—A very variable plant. Sometimes the spikes of glomeruli are short an flowers dense, when it becomes, as it appears to me, the Urtica capitata of authors: at other times the glomeruli on the spikes are distant and the spike itself bears leaves at the extremity, thus con- stituting a branch with lateral glomeruli, when the plant becomes B. lateriflora. 864. veg Floridana, Nutt.—N. Orl. (n. 297). 865. ee Lupulus, L.—St. Louis. ULMACE#. 866. Ulmus Americana, L.—Missouri ;— no fructification. 867. U.nemoralis, Ait.—N. Orl. (n. 301.) 868. U. fulva, Mx.—St. Louis. 869. U. alata, Mx.—N. Orl. (n. 300.) 870. Celtis occidentalis, L.—N. Orl. (n. 320.) SAURURIEJE. Rich. 871. Saururus cernuus, L.—N. Orl. (n. 299.) ARTOCARPE. 872. Morus rubra, LA N. Orl. (n. 298.) 64 JUGLANDINEX. DC. 873. Juglans migra, L.— St. Louis. (Leaves only.) 874. Carya evite Nutt.—N. Orl. (n.308.) St. 875. C. bus Nutt i 876. C. amara, Nutt. — N. Orl. (x. 309.) 877. C. aquatica, 1833 Nutt. — N. Orl. AMENTACEJE. Juss. I Sauicinz. Rich. 878. Salix tristis, Ait.—Covington. 879. S. falcata, Ph—St. Louis. Alle- ghanies. 880. S. Babylonica, L.—N. Orl. (n. 302.) 881. S. nigra, L.—N. Orl. (n. 303.) 882. Populus heterophylla, L.—7P. ar- gentea, Mx.—Louisville, N. Orl. (1833.) 883. P. angulata, L.—St. Louis. N. Orl. (1833.) IL BETULINÆ. Rich. 884. Alnus serruiata, Willd.—N. Orl. 833.) 885. Betula lenta, L.—Alleghanies. 886. B. nigra, Willd.—N. Orl. (n. 804.) II. CuruLiFEm&E. Rich. 887. Fagus ferruginea, Ait.—Allegha- nies, N. Orl. (n. 318.) 888. F. sylvatica, L.—Alleghanies. 889. Ostrya Virginica, Willd.—Allegha- nies, N. Orl. (». 320.) 890. Carpinus Americana, Mx.—Alle- ghanies, N. Orl. (». 319.) 891. Corylus Americana, Mx.—Missouri. 892. Castanea Vesca, Gertn—N. Orl. (Leaves only.) C. pumila, Mx.—N. Orl. (n. 310.) Alleghanies 894. Clases Phellos, L.—N. Orl. (n. 311.) 895. Q. virens, Ait.—N. Orl. (n. 312.) Q. imbricaria, Mx.—St. Louis, 897. Q. aquatica, Walt.—N. Or. (n. 313.) Jacksonville. MR. DRUMMOND'S COLLECTIONS. 898. Q. nigra; L.—St. Louis, N. (n. 316 5bis.)—Leaves more pe vided than is usual in this species. 899. Q. discolor, Ait.—N. Orl. (n. 3L — Perhaps, as Michaux suggests, a of Q. tinctoria Q. coccinea, Wang.—St. Louis. 900. 901. a In my specimens the glands are singu larly depressed, and more than th oe- fourths buried in the capsula. ‘ 902. Q. Banisteri, Mx. —Alleghanies. - 903. Q. alba, L.—N. Orl. (n. 315. Louis, Jacksonville 904. Q. obtusiloba, Mx.—St. Louis, ; Orl. (n. 317.) 3 905. Q. Prinos, L.—Q. Prinos, palus tris, Mx.—N. Orl. (n.816.) St. Louis MYRICEJE. Rich. Myrica uM L.—N. Orl. S 306.) Jacksonville. M. Pennsylvanica, L. i n 307.)—Apparently not distinct from M Carolinensis ; and even this latter Dt Torrey is disposed to consider a uriant state of M. cerifera. . Liquidambar styraciflua, L.—95 Orl. (n. 321.) a CONIFERÆ. Juss. 910. Juniperus Virginiana, L.—N. Ot 911. J.communis, L.—Pennsylvania. | 912. Taxodium distichum, Rich.— Orl. (n. 322.) 913. Pinus variabilis, Ph.—N. Orl. 324. 914. P. australis, Mx.—N. Orl. (n. 34 915. P. pungens? Mx —Alleghanies: - The foliage quite accords with the of Michaux, but the specimens are d titute of fruit. 916. P. rigida, Muhl.—Alleghanies. - 917. P. Teda, L.—N. Orl. (n. 326.) (To be continued.) - - ESCULENT PLANTS OF VAN DIEMEN'S LAND ON THE ESCULENT PLANTS OF: VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. ( Continued from page 41. ) In regard to the Account of the most Common and Remarkable Indigenous plants of Van Diemen's Land, we shall confine ourselves to a few extracts re- Specting the more interesting kinds. Acacia decurrens, Black Wattle. This beautiful tree grows in almost all parts of the island, unfolding its whitish blossoms about midsummer: its bark is the best for tanning. The generic name of Acacia was given to a large division of the genus Mi- mosa by Willdenow ; no species of Mimosa (derived from the Greek mimos, a mimic, because it mimics animal sensibility, the leaves collapsing at a touch) properly so called, has yet been found in Van Diemen's Land. Many of the species produce gum abundantly, which is usefulin the shops; the Gum Arabic exudes from 4. vera, a stunt- ed tree, growing in most parts of Africa, but the gum exported to England is chiefly collected in Barbary. Acacia affinis, Silver Wattle. A much hardier tree than the foregoing, often at-: taining a large size in elevated situations. On the borders of the Hobart-Town Rivu- let there are some stupendous individuals of this species, rivalling in height, but far excelling in beauty, the large Gum-Trees CEucalyptus) among which they grow. It endures the winters of England, where its . elegant foliage and bright yellow globe- headed and fragrant flowers are much ad- mired. Ina garden at Exeter and another at Norwich, there are trees of it raised from seed sent from Hobart Town, from three to four yards high. The seeds were transmitted to England under the erroneous name of Black Wattle Mimosa. Acacia Melanozylon, Lightwood, or Blackwood. This tree obtains its first name from the gravity, and its second from the colour of its wood. It is much used for furniture, the butts of the trees being cut into beautiful veneers, or turned into finely-streaked snuff and other boxes. It x a peculiar to Van Diemen’s Land, and VOL. t1. bi 65 grows to the largest size in the most moun- tainous and coldest situations. Acacia saligna? Willow-leaved Acacia A fragrant flowering species, forming a large shrub, and plentiful on the sides of rivulets. This, the A. Melanoxylon, and all the entire-leaved and prickly spe- cies are remarkable for bearing the pin- nated leaves on the young seedling plants, in connexion with the others, which, in a warm sunny day, when the tender pores ‘are open, will often collapse at a touch, like the Mimosa of the tropics. Acena Sanguisorba, Native Burnet, and A. ovina, Round-headed Burnet. The former species grows also in New Zealand, and the latter is common in New South Wales. It is the plant which, when the seeds are ripe, in December and January, hooks the prickly thorns with which these are furnished, into the clothes and limbs of the traveller, and also to the fleeces of the sheep grazing through the bush; it is these thorns and the awny seed of the Kanga- roo Grass intermixed with the wool, and which no washing will remove, that depre- ciate the value of much that is sent to Europe, as well from Van Diemen’s Land as New South Wales. Hence the advan- tage of shearing the sheep as early in the season as possible, on the first approach of warm weather, rather than leave the ope- ration to a later period, when these injuri- ous seeds shall have come to maturity. The wool will then be comparatively clean, and the sheep being so recently clipped, the seeds, when ripe, will not be so ready to adhere and spoil the fleece of next year. Attention to this little circumstance would add at least 25 per cent. value to the wool sent from many parts of this island in the London market. It is to be observed, how- ever, that the close grazing which has pre- vailed in the sheep districts of Van Diemen's Land, for some years past, is not only gra- dually improving the pastures in fertility, — x but by preventing the grasses, &c. from seeding, and obliging them to propagate only by roots, leaves the surface free from those noxious particles that deteriorate the wool Until, however, a well-devised E ; 66 fencing-act has passed the legislature, and settlers are enabled to divide their farms into moderately-sized enclosures, so as to leave the shepherd, instead of constantly following his sheep and watching that they neither stray nor are stolen, more at liberty to devote his attention to the personal comfort of his charge, and to cut and clear incumbrances away and eradicate noxious weeds, the art of sheep-grazing and wool- growing in Van Diemen's Land will not be brought to perfection. plant is derived from akina, a thorn, in allusion to the seeds only. " Altingia Cunninghami? Cunningham's Pine. The beautiful trees of the Pine "i - Pr EA | 2 SÉ. ME TIS 1343 ESCULENT PLANTS OF tri at the Falls of the River Meander, and also by Mr. J. W. Scott, the collector, on the banks of the Hucon, probably belong to this species. It grows about thirty feet high, and is named after Mr. Cunningham, late the King's Colonial Botanist, at Syd- ney. The Norfolk-Island species ( Altin- gia excelsa) attains, in its native soil, a height of one hundred feet, and thrives well when introduced to Van Diemen's Land. A fine one, planted about ten years ago, in the government gardens, promises to bear cones this season. Arundo Phragmites, Common Reed. Apparently the same as the European species. It grows in the lagoons and marshy places plentifully, and is very use- ful for thatching ; also, when tied together in mats, for screens or covers in kitchen gardens. The panicles will dye wool green, and the root is said to be useful in liver complaints. Aster argophyllus,! Musk-Tree. This beautiful shrub, peculiar to Van Diemen’s Land, is already common in the gardens and shrubberies about Hobart-Town, to which it is a great ornament. The light- green oval leaves are highly odoriferous on a warm day: they are slightly toothed at the edge, silky beneath, and when young, covered thickly on the surface with a fine |... powder, which may be rubbed off with the The name of this . 3 ! Botanical Magazine, tab. 1563. Long cultivated i . hn the green-houses of this country. VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. finger. Its blossoms are white, and the shrub grows generally to ten or fifteen feet, in moist forests even attaining fifty feet. Atriplex Halimus. Barilla, or Bota Bay Greens. This is the plant so com- mon on the shores of Cape Barren and. other islands of the Straits, from which the alkaline salt is obtained and brought in boats to the soap manufactory at Hoba Town. It has been considered identical with the species that grows on the coast o Spain and other parts of Europe. It ri to the height of several feet, and its lig coloured silvery foliage forms an agreea object in shrubberies, when mingled and contrasted with the darker hues of tringy Bark and other native plants. Banksia australis. The common neysuckle-Tree of Van Diemen’s Land. The genus Banksia, of which there thirty-five species already known, named by the younger Linneus after the late Sir Joseph Banks, President of Royal Society, and the species are all a suckle is derived from the large quanti of sweet juice or syrup in the cells of ovary. It is often used as a break or drag by the settlers for harrowing in g or small seeds, and by the bakers for hea ing their ovens. The young shoots of t branches have a singular appearance, tro their brown colour, and downy, or, bo cally speaking, tomentose nature, kind designed by Providence, like the soft h on newly-fledged birds, to protect the y unformed and tender parts from the col Betula antarctica, Australian Myr A beautiful dark green-leaved growing in many parts of the island, forming the great Myrtle-Forest, tw miles long, in Emu Bay. It is foun ! Botanical Register, 787. Flore Nove Hollandie, and plement to that work,— Ep, ESCULENT PLANTS OF VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. the side of Mount Wellington, but has not yet been successfully introduced into gar- dens. This tree, however, is not a species of Betula, the young shoots, in their ear- lier stages, appearing to have been mis- taken for the male blossoms by the English Botanists. Billardiera fusiformis (Sollya hetero- phylle, Lindl.—Bot. Mag. t. 2523.), Spin- dle-fruited Appleberry,—and B. scandens,1 Climbing Appleberry, are found on the northern side of the island, and bear a green eatable fruit. Cassytha pubescens, Downy Cassytha : —C. melantha, Black-budded ditto :—and C. glabella, Smooth-budded ditto, These three curious plants are generally known in the colony by the name of Wire-Grass, and present a great obstruction in passing through the bush in various parts of the country, especially in the dense scrub which extends for many miles on this side of Macquarrie Harbour, growing so thick in some places as to bear the weight of a man walking upon them. They are all parasites, depending on other plants for Support instead of taking root in the ground. About Hobart-Town the first Species is common, forming often near the ravines pleasing shady natural arbours, its long wiry stems hanging in mats from the other trees, which it weighs down and co- 67 species has been called He-Oak, in con- tradistinction of She-Oak, as if they con- stituted one diecious plant, the one male and the other female; whereas they are perfectly distinct species. C. torulosa, or the Cork-barked species, closely resembles C. equisetifolia, or the Horse-Tail of the South Sea Islands, its leaves or branches hanging down in bunches from twelve to eighteen inches in length, like a horse's tail, and all jointed from top to bottom. The tree has a brownish colour, but is of a very elegant appearance ; some beautiful specimens growing in the Rev. Mr. Conol- ly's allotment, beside the Roman Catholic Chapel. C. stricta is of a darker green, with short upright leaves, and grows abun- dantly in the ravines about Hobart-Town. The South Sea Islanders call it ** Club- wood," from the use they make of it in warlike weapons. Chorizandra spherocephala, Globe- headed Chorizandra. A plant, common in moist places, resembling the Juncus conglomeratus, or Common Rush of Eng- land, and like it, useful for making bands, or light baskets: hence its name from Jungo, to join, because the first ropes or binders were made of rushes. The pith is often used in the stock-huts, dipped in fat, to burn as watch-lights. Cibotium Billardieri, Common Tree- vers. All are destitute of thorns, and fern (Dicksonia antarctica of La Billardi- . produce greenish slimy berries. C. me- lantha, which is of a darker green, and . far more beautiful than the others, is fre- quent in the northern part of the island ; while C. glabella, a very slender species, grows about George-Town. They are easily propagated by slitting the bark of a smooth tree, as any of the Acacias, anå inserting the seed; while rough-barked plants, as the Geranium, are uncongenial to the young slender shoots. Casuarina torulosa? She-Oak: — C. stricta? He-Oak:—C.tenuissima ? Marsh- Oak. The name of the first of these is Said to be a corruption of Sheac, the name ~ f an American tree, producing the Beef- . Wood, like our She-Oak. The second xd ' Bot. Mag. tab. 801. ére). This noble tree was introduced last summer into the gardens of Hobart-Town, |. and seems to thrive best, where it enjoys shelter, and is not much exposed to the high winds, which break its beautiful and far-extended leaves. It is said to well in England, being much better suited to that climate than the Zree- Fern (Dick- sonia arborescens) of St. Helena. It will bear removing to Europe, if laid on the deck or other airy situation during the voyage. It grows in the ravines and shady places round Hobart-Town, a particularly fine grove being seen on the northern branch of the town rivulet, about a mile - from the Cascade. But the place where it - can be surveyed to most advantage, and | which is of easiest access in this vicinity, is 68 at Sassafras Valley, where it fills a ravine, its upright shafts springing to a height of forty or fifty feet, and giving the groupes the appearance of a verdant columnar temple. This spot is accessible on horse-back, as it is only necessary to dismount and walk a few yards, and the grove itself, with the ride of about four miles from town, up the valley, will well repay the labour of a vi- sit. The palmy, tropical appearance of this Fern, and the elegant green spires of the Sassafras, form a striking and pictu- resque contrast. The Alsophila, or Tree- Fern of the western side of this island, grows to a still greater size, and the trunks of both contain edible pith, or Bread-fruit of the natives. Clematis blanda,! White Virgin’s Bower. Throughout the spring this beautiful white- flowered climber adorns the bush in every direction, varying much in size, from the thickness of a quill to that of a man’s arm, and in the latter case, suspending its fine white spreading blossoms like a white cloth over the summits of the highest Gum-Trees, with the rope or cable-like jointed stem, hanging down to, or rather growing out of the ground. In these situ- ations, as it does not embrace the tree, it would seem to have risen and grown along with it. The present, however, may be a variety, or perhaps a different species, from t found climbing on the lower shrubs. _It is singular that so remarkable and lovely a plant should have remained unnoticed by Botanists until Sir W.J. Hooker determined it, from specimens sent home by Mr. W. J. Poot, the late Mr. Lawrance, end Mr. Gunn, C.aristata Comesperma volubilis, Twining Come- erma. It is impossible to conceive any plant that would prove more ornamental in a garden, than this beautiful little climber, the blossoms of which hang in blue festoons among the bushes in all parts of Van Die- men’s Land during the spring. It is easily raised from seeds, cuttings, or roots. Convolvulus erubescens, Maiden-Blush _ Bindweed.—The pretty pink-coloured | Botanical Journal, p. 241, and p. 273 of the first | volume of the present work. ESCULENT PLANTS OF to bea ne VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. dwarf Convolvulus, common by the road- - sides, in sunny places. Few genera are more numerous in species than Convolvu- lus (Sprengel enumerates three hundred and thirty-five, and some others have since 1 been discovered), but the present and C. angustissimus,the Narrowest-leaved Bind- weed, are the only ones yet found indige- nous in Van Diemen’s Land. Cryptocarya glaucescens? Australian - | Sassafras. This beautiful pyramidal tree - is common in warm sheltered, moist situa- - tions in various parts of the colony. Its ; bark and foliage are highly odoriferous, — and when seen growing among the dusky | Gum-Trees, the glaucous colour of the- leaves gives it a striking appearance. Dacrydium cupressinum ? Huon Pine. A height of one hundred feet, and a cir- : cumference of thirty, are generally attain- ed by this splendid pyramidal tree, which | also stands almost unrivalled for richness of aspect, from the great extent to which it spreads its limbs, whence depend numerous : slender branchlets of the liveliest green. It grows in spongy soils, where the climate is mild. Some uncertainty exists as to whether this species be correctly named, or even if it belong to the genus Dacrydium at all, the origin of which word is from. Dakru, a tear, in allusion to the gummy exudation that drops, like tears, from the - tips of the little boughs. It grows in Macquarrie Harbour, and on the banks of the Huon River, so called after Captain Huon Kermandeé, who commanded the ship Espérance, which in the year 1791—4 visited these shores, in quest of the celer brated and unfortunate La Peyrouse. Decaspora disticha, Two-leaved Decas- pora, —and D.thymifolia,theThyme-leaved ditto. Theseare small-leaved, low-spread- ing, mountain shrubs, bearing flatte purple-red berries, and grow plentifully on Mount Wellington. For an edging t9 flower borders, or to lay a small garden walk, as a substitute for grass, nothi be more eligible than the latter species | TOSS Pty P MAD PO SA DE RUN EE MENSIS TE I-A SF OEC MU MUN IM QI en T AE EE ME EN MET EN e TEE ie Ws oa Se neg Le SEL Sq nA VOR SEE ce T | n d 4 1 | E » i ; 3 : AX EMO) (the Thyme-leaved Decaspora), ue Tí grance of its leaves perfuming the you walk upon them. Pe FE S EER E E ESCULENT PLANTS OF VAN DIEMEN’S LAND. 69 Dianella cerulea, Blue Dianella, —and D. revoluta, Narrow-leaved ditto. Besides the recommendation of their blue flowers and berries, the flag-like foliage of these and another plant found on the sea-coast (probably a species of Anarthria), are used for making baskets by the Aborigines, who prepare the leaves by drawing them over a fire, by which they are softened and rendered more flexible: those of the A- narthria require also to be previously split. Eucalyptus globulus, Blue Gum-Tree of Hobart-Town:—E. robusta, the Stringy Bark :—E. resinifera, White Gum, or Kino Gum-Tree :— E. Piperita, Pepper- mint-Tree:—and E. myrtifolia, Myrtle- leaved Gum-Tree (from Port Davy). Be- sides these, there are the Mountain Blue Gum, the Weeping or Blue Gum of Nor- folk Plains, the Black-budded or Common Gum, and the Black Gum- Trees :—of the latter the bark and spreading branches, with their umbrageous foliage, bear much resemblance to the English Elm; the Zron Bark, growing mostly on the northern coast, and the Cider-Tree, from which a saccharine gum exudes, and which, with the Myrtle-leaved Gum- Tree, grows in the higher parts of the island, and on the tops of the mountains,—all of these belonging to the genus Eucalyptus. In the upper part of Mount Wellington there are three other kinds; while Æ. globulus is confined to the Southern and Eastern portions of the island. The wood of all the species is highly useful for domestic and other purposes; being so soft at first as to render the felling, splitting, and sawing up of the tree, when green, a very easy process, and when thoroughly dry, becoming as hard as Oak. They are all of remarkably quick growth, and many attain an enormous size. E. globulus and some of the other species have the singular property of casting off their grey or whitish bark in longitudinal Strips or ribbands, which, hanging down from the branches when shaken about by the breeze, have a remarkable appearance ;, Botanical Magazine, tab. 505. Smith’s New Holland Plants, tab. 13. in the woods, until quite peeled off by the force of the winds. The leaves are alike on both sides, and present their edge to the body of the trunk or branch to which they belong: they also have the peculiarity of growing with the wood, being at first small and scarcely formed, with a reddish yellow tinge, giving to the groves of young trees, even in spring, the landscape tints of an English autumn. The genus is named from eu (well), and kalupto (to cover), from the circumstance of the blossom being covered with a lid, which, when the flower expands, falls off and discloses a four-celled capsule or seed- vessel, each filled with numerous small seeds. The common name of Gum-Tree was given to the genus, from the large quantities of strong astringent juice which the trees contained. In cutting down a Strifgy-Bark Tree, for instance, (E. ro- busta,) we often find large cavities, between the annual concentric circles of the trunk, filled with a most beautiful red or rich ver- milion-coloured liquid gum, which flows out as soon as the saw has afforded it an opening. The gum yielded by Æ. resini- fera is considered by druggists as not in the least inferior to the Kino which the Pterocarpus, or Red Saunders- Wood of India produces. Several of the species yield an exuda- tion that may be called a sort of manna, in the spring and summer months, which coagulates and drops from the leaves to the ground, in small, irregularly-shaped, snow- white particles, often as large as an almond. These are very sweet and pleasant to the taste, and are greedily devoured by the birds, ants, and other animals, and used to be carefully picked up and eaten by the Aborigines. On the whole, this noble genus may be said to have taken undisturbed possession — of these Australian regions, clothing, as it does, with a stupendous mantle, the surface — of both Van Diemen’s Land and New Holland, while the intermixture of other plants, which this lordly tribe occasionally permits, is, compared with its own great |. : extent, but small and partial! Wherever — — 70 ESCULENT PLANTS OF you go, the Gum-Tree, of one species or other, constantly presents itself before you. Exocarpus cupressiformis, Native Cherry, or Cypress Cherry :—E. strictus, White Cherry :—E. humifusus, Trailing Cherry.—The first of these is common all over the island, its beautiful Cypress-like, conical form, as contrasted with the Bank- sias and Gum-Trees, very much enliven- ing the landscape. It is destitute of leaves, but the elongation of the branches gives it the verdant appearance: it thrives best in clusters, and under the shelter of other trees. The last species is common on the top of Mount Wellington. The generic’ name is derived from Karpos, the fruit, the nut being outside the pericarp. Gaultheria hispida, Wax Cluster!—A straggling, but highly ornamental plant, its snow-white berries hanging together like wax. In the middle region of Mount Wel- lington and other high places, it is plen- tiful Gastrodia sesamoides, Native Potato. = curious plant, belonging to the is , is described in the foregoing list of the eatable plants and roots of this country. I have frequently tried to pro- pagate it from the root, in the hope of im- proving its quality by cultivation, but the parasitical nature of the plant has caused . all my endeavours to fail. — . Leptospermum lanigerum, Hoary Tea- Tree :—L. baccatum, Smooth or berry- — bearing Tea- Tree :—L. flexuosum, Forest ditto :—and L. glandiflorum, Large-flow- ered ditto.—Beautiful myrtle-like plants, which, with several other species of the same genus, clothe the sides of all our rivers and streams, and other parts of the bush. The first was used as a substitute 1 Another, and equally ornamental species, the now well-known Shallon of our gardens, belongs to this genus : it is the Gualtheria Shallon, see Bot. Mag. t. 2843. In North-West America, whence this plant was es, which = keep for many years, and dé duit eat them in tarts. It bears it abundantly in this country, ak we should doubtless prize, did not our more highly favoured climate, and the skill of the € furnish us with better kinds of fruit.— VAN DIEMEN’S LAND. for Tea by the early Colonists, and its long straight stems furnish the spears of Aborigines, who harden the points by fin and sharpen them with a flint or shell. scoparium, a broom-leaved species, com- mon in dry places near the coast of New Zealand, was also employed as Tea Captain Cook's ship-crews, who found the raised from seed, and cuttings of them also strike readily in a shady light soil; and they are very eligible shrubs for hedges, being remarkably pretty and evergreen, with fine flowers. Mesembryanthemum equilaterale, Pig- Faces :—Canagong, or Fig-Marigold.— A singular, three-sided, light green, fleshy-leaved species (mentioned in the list of eatable plants), with starry pink or pur ple blossoms, and found so abundantly in rocky places and dry sandy soil, that it is said to be the most generally diffused plan over the whole of Australia. : Ozothamnus cinereus, Grey Ozotham- nus :—O.rosmarinifolius, Rosemary-leav ed ditto :—and O. ferrugineus, Rusty ditto. —A genus of beautiful plants, peculiar to All these species have narrow leaves, have long n common in front of the houses and gardens about Hobart-Town, as they can be cut into any shape, and make neat sheltering screens and hedges. Several other kinds grow in the colon, the most remarkable of which is an elegant plant, with thick fleshy foliage, downy un- derneath, and placed in a regularly oppo- site order all along the branches. Polygonum prostratum, Trailing Perst caria :—P. strigosum, Straw-like ditto : — P.adpressum,! Macquarrie Harbour —and P. aviculare, Hog-weed.—The last: ! Bot, Mag. t. 3145. ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY. I" 4 at d | 1 1 71 WX +h r4 4 E. Q +h ima these, having | j among seed-wheat from England, has now naturalized itself in this country, proving one of the most obstinate weeds the farmer or gardener has to contend with ; for though it be only of annual duration, it ripens its seeds so plentifully and so quickly, that wherever it has gained a footing it fixes it- self for ever. P. adpressum, the Mac- quarrie Harbour Vine, has become very common as a climber about Hobart-Town, and is also not unfrequent in other parts of the island, thriving best in rich moist soil, and growing readily from cuttings. Mr. Lempriere first brought it into notice a few years ago, its berries furnishing an agreeable acid. Richea | dracophylla) | Broad-leaved Grass-Tree.—A beautiful shrub, abundant on the upper part of Mount Wellington. Some specimens of it, or another species of the same genus, were some time ago brought to Van Diemen's Land from the Peak of Tenériffe, under the name of Cab- bage-Tree, and described as producing single heads, like an American Aloe, on a tall stem; a mode of growth which it as- sumes at Port Davy. On Mount Welling- ton it is much branched, and bears smaller heads at the termination of each shoot ; from the centre of these spring its beauti- ful spikes of white flowers, with shades of White, pink, and green upon the larger bracteas that, in their early stage, are in- terspersed among them. It is decidedly the most strikingly beautiful of all the Van Diemen's Land plants. Sida pulchella, Currijong, or Cordage uccu used to be employed for tying together posts and rail-fences, and the rafters of huts, during the earlier periods of the co- lony, before nails could be easily pro- cured. An m interesting account of the Botanist, - Magazine, tab, Pond T——— Tree :— X.humilis? Dwarf ditto :—and X. arborea, Large ditto.—The large species is a most remarkable, strong, grassy, or bent- leaved plant, flowering early in spring, and sending up a very long scape, or club-like head (often from two to four or five feet high), and exuding a resinous gum, said to possess, in a great degree, the virtue of the Dragon's Blood of the Pterocarpus, and Calamus. As it grows from year to year, this gum continues to exude, so as to be easily collected in large quantities in the sandy places where the plant is found ; as at Grass-Tree Hill and on Bruné and Flinders’ Islands. When Captain Smith, of the Caledonia, was at Western Port, in 1825, he discovered it in profusion, and by boiling the gum with oil, made a very good and cheap composition for covering the bottom of his vessel, instead of pitch. The heart or pith of this tree is sometimes cut out and eaten by the Aborigines. .X. australis is probably the Grass-Tree of Prosser's River and Rocky Cape; X. hu- milis grows at York Town. The species common on the East coast, between Swan Port and St. Patrick's Head, will perhaps be found distinct from any of these. ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY. By Dr. Wight & G. A. W. Arnott, Esq. ( Continued from page 52.) SESUVIUM REPENS. Tas. XXIII. Caulibus prostratis ad nodos radicantibus apicibus subascendentibus, foliis ovali- bus carnosis spathulatis vel oblongo- linearibus, floribus pedicellatis, stigma- tibus 3. Sesuvium repens. Willd. Enum. p. 521. De Cand. Prodr. v. 3. p. 453, Spreng. — Syst. Veget. v. 2. p. 504. Wall. Cat. n. 3936. Wight, Cat. n. 1179. Wight et Arn. Prodr. Ind. Or. v. 1. p. 361. Sesuvium Portulacastrum. Roxb. FT. Ind. v. 2. p. 509 AL Rumph: Amb. v.6. t.12. —— . Roots very long, fusiform. Stems her- baceous, numerous, jointed, round, smooth, red, rooting at every joint. Leaves oppo- site, nearly sessile, very fleshy, varying om orbicular to oblong-spathulate, or lanceolato - spathulate, and sometimes, though rarely, they are almost cylindrical : this last form is only observed when very luxuriant, and perhaps belongs to a differ- ent species: their usual size is about eight lines long, and four broad near the apex. The short petioles unite across the stem, and form a sheath round the joints. Flow- ers axillary, pedicelled, purplish externally, rosy within. Calyz, before expansion, conical, five-parted, the divisions imbricate and membranous on the edges, mucronate. Corolla none. Stamens numerous, attached to the edge of the tube of the calyx. Fi- laments and two-celled compressed anthers red. Pistel,—Germen three-celled, supe- rior: Styles three, length of the stamens: Stigmas simple. Capsule three-celled, bursting all round: Receptacle central. Seeds numerous, obovato-orbicular, black. Common in Tranquebar. The specimens here figured grew in sand near the sea-beach, where it forms large tufts. All that is found there is very uni- form in appearance, and is well represented in our drawing. : There is a very distinct variety, perhaps a Species, seen on the turfy banks of salt water inlets, which attains a much greater Size ; the leaves being longer and narrower, _ the stems thicker and creeping to the ex- tent of several feet ; but, like this, rooting at the joints, and with pedicelled flowers, The kind here figured being often buried under the loose sand, all except the tips of the leaves, in a short time, becomes blanch- ed and tender. In this state it is much prized by swine! They seek after it so greedily that it is often difficult to pro- cure a good specimen. I have never heard that man has shown a similar partiality toit. I have tasted it, and think it rather pleasant, except that it is too saline. Fig. 1. Flower laid open. 2. Calycine leaf. 3, Pistil. 4. Capsule laid open. 5. Base of an old e X Due surrounded by the persistent calyx :—magni- BOTANICAL INFORMATION. We have the pleasure of announci that the second Fasciculus of the M. J. Berkeley's specimens of Brit Fungi is published, containing the follo ing species :— 96. BOTANICAL INFORMATION. zw Agaricus piperatus, Scop. Ag. Rotula, Scop. —— Thelephora cinerea, Pers. (Fraxini. Thelephora cinerea, Pers. (Tilig.) — Thelephora acerina, Pers. j Typhula gyrans, Batsch. Peziza fusarioides, BerKl. Peziza atrata, Pers. (On Spirea Ulmaria.) Ascobolus Trifolii, Bernh. Stictis radiata, Pers. Exidia glandulosa, Fr. Sclerotium complanatum, Tode. __ Sclerotium Semen, Tode. (Brassicæ.) - Sclerotium durum, Pers. Sclerotium medullare, Berk. Sph. carpophila, Pers. (junior.) Sph. favacea, Fr. Sph. velata, Pers. Spheria stellulata, Fr. Sph. ambiens, Pers. Sph. hypodermia, Fr. Sph. arundinacea, Sow. Sph. sanguinea, With. var. cicatricum, Berk. Sph. Corticis, Sow. (Fraxini.) Sph. pruinosa, Fr. Sph. atrovirens, A. and S., y R Fr. Sph. Arundinis, Fr. Sph. Angelice, Berk. Ceuthospora Lauri, Grev. Phoma Heder, Desm. Dothidea ribesia, Fr. Dothidea typhina, Fr. Phacidium dentatum, Schmidt. — . Hysterium arundinaceum, Schrad. Hysterium foliicolum, Fr., E y maculare, Berk. Erysiphe pannosa, Schlecht. 97. Polythrincium Trifolii, Kze. -98. Botrytis lateritia, Fr. -.99. Trichothecium roseum, ZA. 100. Oidium leucoconium, Desm. 101. Psilonia gilva, Fr. 102. Psilonia Arundinis, Desm. 103. Fusarium tremelloides, Grev. 104. Nemaspora crocea, Pers. (sporidii- fera.) . 105. Aregma obtusatum, Pr, 106. Podisoma Juniperi communis, Fr. 107. Podisoma Juniperi Sabine, Fr. 108. Puccinia pulverulenta, Grev. - 109. Puccinia Buxi, Dec. 110. Æcidium crassum, Pers. 111. Æcidium laceratum, Sow. 112. Æcidium Urticæ, Dec. 113. Uredo Caries, Dec. 114. Uredo urceolorum, Dec. 115. Uredo Potentillarum, Dec. 118. Uredo Lini, Dec. 119. Uredo excavata, Dec. 120. Uredo mixta, Steud. 117. 117. 116. Uredo apiculosa, Lk. sub Com. (Rumicum. 117. Uredo apiculosa, LÁ. sub Com. Cichoracearum. 67. Pez. fusarioides, Berki. n. sp. Erumpent, sessile, rather firm, smooth, depressed, orbicular or elongated, sometimes confluent, orange ; margin thick, obtuse. Berk. in Mag. of Zool, and Bot. v. I. p. 46. t. 2. f. 4. On dead stems of ones alone or in company with usarium tremelloides, Apethorpe, Norths. March— s August, 75. Scler. medullare, Berk. n. sp. à nclosed, subglobose or oblong, black, at first own, B dc Mk within when fresh, at length (but rarely) Fee nt = sinuous, rk. in of Zool. and Bot. v. I. p. 47. t. 3. f. 5. On decaying Pteris wein King's Cliffe, Norths. 83. Sph. sanguinea, With. var. cicatri- cum, Berki. euer laterally when dry. t. v, I. p. 48. t. 3. f. 6. Apethorpe, Norths. BOTANICAL INFORMATION, : 73 87. Sph. Arundinis, Fr. Perithecia covered, suberumpent, globose, rugulose, black; ostio pe — thiok, labiate. Fr. in Myc. Heft. 2 jp. cristata, P. Arundinis, Pers. Sgn. p. On old stems of Reeds, especially towards the base, where they are frequently immersed in water. King's liffe, Nor Asci clavate . Sporidia slightly curv- ed, containing about five sporidiola as in Platystoma. 88. Sph. Angelice, Berk. n. s. Very minute, seriate ; perithecia black, immersed, globose, furnished with a neck ; ostiolum cia pale pink. Berk. in Mag. of Zool. and Bot. v. I. 48. t. s. T. On dead, mostly decorticated stems Sy Angelica sylvestris. King’s Cliffe, Norths. Sprin 102. Psilonia Arundinis, Desm. Tufts dense, pale rose-coloured ; flocci fasciculate, intricate, simple; sporidia ovate d oblo mAr . des Sc. Nat. 1830. p. 12. t. 5. f. 1. Da. ds. 2. p. 926. On the sheaths of dead Reeds. Norths King’s Cliffe, 119. Uredo excavata, Dec. Spots none or yellowish, sori scattered, surrounded by the inflated epidermis ; sporidia brown, obovate, shortly pedunculate and sessile. Dec. Fl. Fr. v. II. p. 227.6. p. 69. Dub. Syn. 2. p. 896. Ceoma excavum, Lk. 2. p. 34. On Euphorbia exigua with ZEcidium Euphorbie and Uredo Euphorbie ; in the former case on the deformed eaves. King's Cliffe, Norths. 120. Uredo mixta, Steud. Spots yellow; sori subrotund, confluent, effuse, bright yellow one by the ruptured epidermis ; sporidia subrotund with a short peduncle and oblong- ovoid sss at either end. Dub. Syn. 2, p. 895. Ceoma mixtum, Lk. 2. p. 40. On the leaves of various Willows. Barnwell, King's Cliffe, Norths. All the copies of the First Fasciculus having been sold, the author has been in- duced to prepare a larger number of the resent, and begs leave to inform such persons as may not object to commence with the second Fasciculus, that he is pre- paring a fresh supply of the First, which he hopes to have ready for delivery with Fasc. - — a Fane. III. will be published on March 1st, 1837. 74 I am indebted to a valued friend, now travelling on the continent, for some inte- resting particulars relative to Botany and Horticulture in some of the German towns; and the following extracts will, I doubt not, prove acceptable to our readers. Berlin, July 31, 1836. ** We left England, as I intended, on the night between the 15th and 16th of this month, and arrived at Hamburgh early on the 18th. There we remained till Sa- turday, partly on account of the very bad weather, and partly because there is really very much beauty in some parts of the town ; so that I had time to make repeated visits to the Botanical Garden. In point of situation it is, next to Edinburgh, the most beautiful one I know. It occupies about sixty English acres, of which the greater part is on the old outer ramparts of the town, planted with a good deal of taste. The old town ditch is here broad, and the water clear. The walks and plantations come down to the water’s edge, and on the opposite side the bank is laid out as a pro- menade, with flower-beds, shrubs, and plantations, that conceal all the town, ex- cepting the end of a very handsome new street, which, from several parts of the garden, looks like a fine chateau in an ex- tensive park. The whole circuit of the an- cient rampart of Hamburgh, is in the same manner converted into promenades full of flower-beds and of flowering shrubs neatly kept, and perfectly open to the high road, which has a beautiful effect, especially near the large lake, called the Alster. In a purely botanical point of view, the gar- den is chiefly rich in Cape plants, intro- ced by Mr. Ecklon, with a fair propor- tion of the Chilian and other new things which have been much raised of late in the German gardens, several very interest- named, ill-defined garden species, which ! These plants are ape a by the excellent Dr. Fischer, at the end of a ** Catalogue of seeds of the ; Pe Garden," Be are copied into the present : volume of this Journal, p. 6, BOTANICAL INFORMATION. YI infest Continental, and especially C botanical gardens. Amongst Ae Cay plants, the most curious are the Palms, in troduced by Ecklon, and published Professor Lehmann, under the name a are six or"seven mall specimens: pense of the state or town of Hambu and is open to the public nominally o certain days, at certain hours; but rea all day and every day, without fee or o It is under the immediate barium includes that of the late Dr. mann, of Copenhagen, in which are mé of Thonning's Guinea plants. lt is rich in Ecklon's Cape plants, and con a very good general collection, of c derable extent. : “Ecklon, the S. African traveller,’ live at the Botanical Garden, and is contin! the third part of his ** Enumeratio,” W he intends publishing this autumn, ous to his departure for the Cape, we he purposes spending another twe month. * [ missed at Hamburg, by a few c only, Dr. and Mrs. Fischer, of St. Pete burg, whom you will shortly see p gow. ome account of the Travels and Collection this zealous Roane is given at page 17 71 of | ** Journal of Botany." He has lately published | first and second Fasciculi of the tarum Africe extra-tropica, 0 terminate et exposite a Christiano Frederico Carolo Zeyher.” BOTANICAL INFORMATION. * Booth's Nursery at Flottbeck, near Hamburgh, continues to be the first in Germany, and has received much exten- sion since I last saw it, especially in the ouses. It contains, altogether, one hun- dred and five English acres at Flottbeck, and ten more at some distance. I was sur- prized to hear from Mr. Booth that a great part of his commerce is now with Ame- rica. It is, however, the great entrepót also of the nursery-garden commerce be- tween Germany and England." Dresden, August 15, * Between Hamburgh and Berin the country is wholly uninteresting to the Bo- tanist, as the road lies the whole way across the sandy district that covers the whole of the North of Germany. As a Horticultu- rist, I would observe, that the palace-gar- den at Ludwigslust, like most palace-gar- dens in Germany, is beautifully laid out with well-kept walks, shady seats, flower- beds, &c., open at all times of the day to all descriptions of persons, upon the sole condition that they neither walk on the Brass, gather the flowers, nor injure the trees, conditions that are religiously ob- served: and most delightful walks the pa- lace-gardens generally are. At Berlin I : Spent ten days, chiefly devoted to Botany: for being anxious to examine some plants in the Royal Herbarium, and in that of M. Kunth, I acceded to their request of look- mg Over and correcting the names of the Labiate in these the two principal Herba- nia of the town. “ The Royal Herbarium is deposited at Schüneberg (a little village about three uarters of a mile from the gate of the town), opposite to the botanical garden, and ih the garden of the Horticultural So- a It is contained in several rooms af- fording ample space for the collections, and m a situation where it would easily admit of additions, if necessary. It consists of, lst, The Willdenowian Herbarium. 15 arranged on paper of a size between . that of the Linnean (a small foolscap) and other old Herbaria, and the present usual Size, such as yours and mine (sixteen and «half inches long by ten and a quarter 75 broad). Each specimen is fastened down by strips of paper to a single sheet, and all those that Willdenow had left under one cover, as one species, are carefully put to- gether into a neat double sheet of blue paper. The labels, written by Willdenow, not having been attached by him to indivi- dual species, but left loose in the covers, have been fastened to the new covers, which have also a number, beginning from the commencement in the order of his species, and the individual sheets in each cover are also numbered : so that in referring to any specimen in the Herbarium, it is hence- forth identified by quoting the number of the specific cover, and that of the sheet on the cover. I have been particular in de- scribing this, because it appears to me to be the most useful way of preserving those Herbaria of distinguished Botanists which serve as authorities for their works, and would be far better than the slovenly man- ner in which Linneus’, Sibthorp's, and others of our Herbier’s types are allowed to remain. As to the plants themselves in Willdenow's Herbarium, there are, per- haps, not quite so many as one might have expected: often bad specimens; and un- fortunately, in many instances, additional specimens have been thrown into the old covers by him without examination, and the labels mixed, so that it would require much caution in ascertaining which was the individual specimen the author had in view. But it is very valuable in contain- ing nearly the whole of the plants he de- scribed from the Berlin garden, as well as the Oriental plants described in his ** Spe- cies Plantarum," from Gundelsheimer's and Tournefort's specimens, and the Siberian ones from Stephen :—the latter are beau- tiful specimens, and some of them little known, even now, by Russian Botanists. This Herbarium also contains a tolerable set of Humboldt's plants. 2ndly, The General Herbarium. "This. comprehends a rather rich German and gar- den collection, a complete set of Sieber's specimens, the Wallichian East Indian plants, and some others brought by Kunth - when he came over for that purpose to Eng- = land; some Cape plants, to which, I believe, — — 76 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. are now added Ecklon's; but above all, com- plete sets of Schiede and Deppe's Mexi- can, and Sellow's Brazilian plants. What are most wanting are North and West American, Australian, and Asiatic plants. This and the following collection are ar- ranged according to the Natural Orders. 3rdly, The separate Sellowian Herba- rium, which on. account of the size of its specimens, is kept in larger paper, and still contains, in several instances, numerous duplicates, which, according to the liberal system now adopted, are to be given away to such Botanists as have contributed, or may be expected to contribute, to the ge- neral Herbarium :—or to Monographists to whom particular series are valuable. There are also Cryptogamic collections, and some others of minor importance. * Of the two friends whom I formerly saw here in the immediate management of this Herbarium, the one, M. de Schlech- tendal, is now Professor of Botany at Halle, where he continues the publication of the * Linnea;” the other, poor Chamisso, is, I fear, on his death-bed. He has been for many months in a state which leaves no hope of his recovery. The present ma- nagement is in the hands of your friend Klotzsch, who has been exceedingly kind and attentive to me, and who seems quite happy on a very small salary. Under him is a very active old man, of the name of Tiel, who has a considerable knowledge of plants, especially such as is necessary for ping them in a good state of arrange- ment, which is no slight merit,—and one or two other assistants. “ In the same building with the General Herbarium, is an extensive collection of seeds and fruits, the smaller ones all in glass bottles, labelled and classed; and a library of the more usual botanical works, man The larger and more costly works are in the public library in the town, to which I shall advert by-and-bye." Dresden, August 17, 1836. “ The other important Herbarium in Berlin, is that of Mr. Kunth, which is rich chiefly in the Humboldtian plants, Mi- chaux’s North American, Olivier's Orien- : tal, and others which he brought with h from Paris; a considerable European lection, the Wallichian and other pl he received in England, Beyrich's Am can, Meyer's and also Lessing's Sib Sellow's Brazilian, and various othe lections which he has lately obtained different quarters: and, as a general barium, it may probably be more ext than the royal one of Schöneberg. each species in one cover, and the who tied up in bundles;—a very good when there is abundance of room, when it is not necessary to consult frequently: but it would be reckoned v us a great waste of space and time, & Kunth himself, who was most friendly am serviceable to us, is at this time much en- gaged with the Cyperacee, which al printing for his “ Enumeratio,” and upo which he has published some memoirs i Wiegmann's Archiv. der Naturkund, | wellas in the memoirs of some public b dies. He has extensive materials be him for his work, and is bestowing g pains upon it. The Botanical Garden of Berlin rem under the immediate management of Mess Otto, father and son; and is, I i still the most important in Germany, int number of species (trees excepte which respect the Vienna Garden exo well and they have a great many also from. the Petersburg Garden, from the same country, and some of tb garden, who takes a great interest in establishment, and is a very intelligi Professor Link, who has a superior trol over the garden, is deeply eng He inte! of Icones Anatomico-botanice. drawn and engraved under his own BOTANICAL INFORMATION. _ by a young man who is a clever draughts- man. Link is decidedly a man of great genius, who has observed much and well, not only in his study at home, but during the almost annual excursions he makes to the southward, to Spain, Italy, Greece, &c. At a party assembled at Professor Kunth's, he drew round him a circle of listeners, and entertained us the whole evening by his lively conversation. Professor Meyer, of whose Voyage round the World you may have seen the two first volumes, containing the historical narrative with short accounts of several new plants and animals, is now married and settled here. He has very lately com- pleted and published the third volume of his work, containing the Zoology, and is now occupied with the fourth or botanical portion. He has brought with him a con- siderable number of plants, chiefly from Chili and Peru, from the Sandwich Islands, from Manilla, and from Macao. The most curious are the Peruvian ones, in which country he ascended one of the high mountains. He gave me a set of his La- biate and Scrophularie and a few of the Peruvian alpine plants, which were new to me. He is also, as almost all the Bo- tanists here, engaged at the same time with physiological Botany, and especially on the subject of the external glands of plants, on which he is preparing a memoir, illus- trated with some very good drawings. “Professor Ehrenberg, the Egyptian traveller, has now quite given up Botany for microscopical Zoology, and is at this time following up his discovery of fossil animalcules, on which subject his works are highly esteemed here. “A young man of the name of Vogel is at work on Leguminose. He has published in the last number of the Linnea those of Chamisso's Voyage, amongst which you will See a new Californian genus allied to Hosackia, It is my Hosackia juncea, which you thought nearer Indigofera. Mr. Vogel, who had not yet seen my me- moir On Hosackia, considered the fruit (which Thad not seen) to justify the esta- "DS a new genus. He may be right. 77 He is now working upon Sello's Legumi- “NOS Ose. “T should here mention a young man who, though now absent, is much spoken of at Berlin, and thought highly of by M. De Humboldt. I mean Corda, who has made numerous physiological observations and drawings. He was living in great dis- tress at Prague, when M. De Humboldt, struck by some of his observations on Cy- cadee and Conifere, invited him to come to Prussia to examine and figure the Cyca- dec in the new Palm-house in the Pfauen Insel, and, since that, Count Sternberg has procured him a situation at Prague, by means of which he can support himself, but is still unable to publish much of the result of his microscopical observations, which M. de Humboldt speaks of as highly important, especially as illustrating the currents and molecular motions in living plants. I mentioned above, Wiegmann's Archiv. der Naturkund. It is a bimestrial periodical, of the size of the Linnea, chiefl devoted to Zoology, but which frequently contains also botanical papers, a very in- convenient arrangement both for Botanists and Zoologists. On leaving Berlin we stopped for a cou- ple of hours at the lovely Pfauen-Insel, or Isle of Peacocks, in the Havel near Pots- dam. It is near an English mile long, and belongs to the king, who has a curious kind of pied-a-terre, or shooting box, on it, and is laid out partly as a zoological, partly as a botanical garden. In the former depart- ment the animals are more remarkable for their fine state of health than for their number or variety. In the botanical de- artment, the Palm-house, built in 1830, to receive the Palms bought by the king at Paris, is very handsome, not perhaps so much for its exterior form, as for the inte- rior arrangement. In the centre is a La- tania in full vigour, above thirty feet in diameter in the spread of its foliage. The remainder is occupied by many fine Palms, Cycadee, Bambusas, Dracenas, &c. in- terspersed with lower plants: and what adds much to the beauty, is, the very tasteful manner in which the Passiflora 78 laris, racemosa kermesina, and T ? her flowering creepers, are made to hang in festoons wherever the want of taller palms leaves a vacancy. The garden is under the care of Mr. Fintelmann, the ne- phew of the older Fintelmann, who is re- moved to the royal gardens of Charlotten- burg, and has taken with him the fine col- lection of Dahlias which used to be at the Pfauen Insel. At Leipzig I spent a day with Professor Poppig, the South American traveller ; he is a very agreeable, gentlemanly man, speaks English well, and his account of his journey is reckoned (as M. de Humboldt told me) a beautiful specimen of German writing. He is professor of Zoology at the University of Leipzig, and therefore is giving up Botany in a great measure. Endlicher of Vienna is publishing his plants, but Dr. Peppig complains with re- gret of the slow manner in which the work goes on, owing to the number of other works in which Endlicher is engaged. Peppig speaks with great delight of the wild independent life he led in S. America, and lays much stress on the despondency he felt when obliged to return to Europe— a feeling which 'in a similar case led ano- ther eminent traveller to destroy himself: but now M. Peppig is married and settled here, and says he has no desire to go back. I saw also Dr. Kunze, who is very busy with Ferns. He has had several engraved, which he is about to publish in a work which is to contain merely figures and de- scriptions of Ferns. “I was too short a time at Leipzig to see Dr. Schwiagrichen, or the botanical garden, which, I am told, is of very little importance. ** Here at Dresden I had the good for- tune of meeting M. de Humboldt, but as I am at the end of my paper, I must leave the rest till my next, which I hope to send from Munich." Dr. Alexander Murray has long been collecting materials for a work entitled, ~ “The Northern Flora ; or, a Description ~ of the wild plants belonging to the North BOTANICAL INFORMATION. and East of Scotland, with an acco gard to this publication is best ex by a few extracts from the Preface :—“ tract of country which is at present view, may be supposed to be sepa from the rest of the island, by an i boundary, stretching from the Forfa coast on the east, to that of Sutherland the west; and may, in a general w said to consist of that portion of the and interior of Scotland, which lies to north of Montrose, in addition to the w ern part of the county of Sutherland district may be considered as consis two great promontories, each maki gree of approach to the peninsular one of these a large, and, for the n part, a rather level district; the mainly a rugged alpine region. Th it is, therefore, to be understood, tions still further to the South, and an pectation has sometimes been ind that, with the aid of a little supplem matter, which, on various accounts, 1 be necessary to give at the conclusion. Flora will be found to suit any part east of Scotland northward of Dundee. ** The object, in short, has been to oll an account of the native vegetation of tà tract referred to, which might those residing within it, the means quiring a knowledge of the native they may expect to find, without th dent and well known inconvenience ars from the extraneous matter, occurring necessity, in works of a more general racter; while, at the same time, a ledge of our indigenous species might imparted to others at a distance, who interested in such matters. : “The method which has been fol may, as a whole, be considered n is therefore deserving of a brief e Companion to Curtiss Botanical Magazine. RMartin & Co. 25, dona Acre. MEMOIR OF THE LATE tion. In the first place it may, without technical language, be observed, regarding the present descriptions of plants, that in place of the usual method, wherein the strict characters of species are succeeded by a detailed account, or at least by any supplementary matter which appears ne- cessary, it has been endeavoured, in one brief description, to combine the charac- ters necessary for distinguishing the species om one another, with any other points Which may be deemed useful or interesting. There is also, for the most part, a para- graph, entitled * Observations," annexed to each genus, wherein the more tangible points of difference among its species are noticed, along with any other remarks ap- pearing to deserve attention, and which . ave suggested themselves. And when .. the genus is long, it is subdivided into = Sections or groupes, each of which is fol- lowed by the observations alluded to. It should also be mentioned that, when the name made use of by Linnæus, or in the more common of our British works, differs from the specific appellation which the au- thor has adopted, the corresponding syno- nym is mentioned." A BRIEF MEMOIR OF THE LIFE OF MR. DAVID DOUGLAS, WITH EXTRACTS FROM HIS LET- TERS. (Accompanied by a portrait. ) IT is not willingly that the following re- cord of the successful labours of Mr. Da- vid Douglas in the field of Natural History, and of his lamented death, has been so long withheld from the public: a circumstance the more to be regretted, because his me- lancholy and untimely fate excited a degree of interest in the scientific world, which been rarely equalled, especially to- wards one who had hitherto been almost public curiosity by the mention of _ Some further particulars than what related Merely. to Mr. Douglas’s botanical disco- MR. DAVID DOUGLAS. 79 veries; and this could scarcely be done but through the medium of those friends whose personal acquaintance was of long standing, and especially such as knew some- thing of his early life. This has at length been accomplished, through the kindness of Mr. Douglas’s elder brother, Mr. John Douglas, and of Mr. Booth, the very skilful and scientific gardener at Carclew, the seat of Sir Charles Lemon, Bart. It is to Mr. Booth, indeed, that I am indebted for al- most all that relates to the subject of this memoir, previous to his entering the ser- vice of the Horticultural Society, and for the copies of some letters, as well as se- veral particulars relative to his future career. David Douglas was born at Scone, near Perth, in 1799, being the son of John Douglas and Jean Drummond,' his wife. His father was a stone-mason, possessed of good abilities, and a store of general in- formation, rarely surpassed by persons in his sphere of life. His family consisted of three daughters and as many sons, o whom the subject of this notice was the second. At about three years of age he was sent to a school in the village, where the good old dame, ** Gentle of heart, nor knowing well to rule,” soon found herself mastered by her high- spirited little scholar, who “ Much had g d on that ill-fated morn, When he was first to school reluctant borne," and.took every opportunity of showing his dislike to the restraint, by playing truant, or defying the worthy lady's authority. At the parish-school of Kinnoul, kept by Mr. "Wilson, whither he was soon sent, David ouglas evinced a similar preference to fishing and bird-nesting over book-learn- 1 It is not a little remarkable, that the mother of Mr. Douglas should have borne the same name with that of another enthusiastic Naturalist, who nearly at the same age, and after devoting a similar number of ears to scientific researches upon the same vast tinent of North America, met with an untimely grave, soon after arriving at a neighbouring island, almo at the very same period as the subject of this memoir. It will be at once seen that I allude to Mr. Thomas Drummond. 80 MEMOIR OF THE LATE ing; he was often punished for coming late, not knowing his lessons, and playing the truant; but no chastisement affected him so much as the being kept in school after the usual hour of dismissal His boyish days were not remarkable for any particular incidents. Like others at his time of life, he was lively and active, and never failed of playing his part in the usual sports of the village; a taste for rambling, and much fondness for objects of Natural History being, however, very strongly evinced. He collected all sorts of birds, though he often found it difficult to main- tain some of these favourites, especially the hawks and owls. For the sake of feed- ing a nest of the latter, the poor boy, after exhausting all his skill in catching mice and small birds, used frequently to spend the daily penny with which he should have procured bread for his own lunch, in buy- i ing bullock's liver for his owlets, though a walk of six miles to and from school, might well have sharpened his youthful appetite. He was likewise much attached to fishing, and very expert at it, and when he could not obtain proper tackle, had recourse to the simple means of a willow-wand, string, and crooked pin, with which he was often successful. From his earliest years, no- thing gave Douglas so much delight as conversing abouf travellers and foreign countries, and the books which pleased him best were Sinbad the Sailor and Ro- . binson Crusoe. The decided taste which he showed for gardening and collecting plants, caused him to be employed, at the age of ten or eleven years, in the common operations of the nursery-ground, attached to the gardens of the Earl of Mansfield, at Scone, under the superintendence of his kind friend and master, Mr. Beattie, with the ultimate view of his becoming a gar- dener. Here his independent, active, and mischievous disposition sometimes led him into quarrels with the other boys, who, on complaining of David to their master, only received the reply, “ I like a deevil better than a dult,” an answer which showed that 1 he was a favourite, and put a stop to fur- oS ther accusations. In the gardens of the MR. DAVID DOUGLAS. Earl of Mansfield he served a seven } apprenticeship, during which time it i mitted by all who knew him, that no could be more industrious and anxio excel than he was, his whole heart : mind being devoted to the attainment o o thorough knowledge of his business, T first department in which he was plat was the flower-garden, at that time und the superintendence of Mr. M‘Gillivray young man who had received a tole education, and was pretty well acquain with the names of plants and the rudime of Botany. From him Douglas ge a great deal of information, and gifted with an excellent memory, he became as familiar with the collecti plants at Scone as his instructor. the subject of this notice found hims a situation altogether to his mind, and he followed in after life. fondness for books, and when the lab the day was over, the evenings, in W invariably found him engaged in the sal of such works as he had obtained his friends and acquaintance, or in 1 extracts from them of portions whic his fancy, and which he would afte: commit to memory. In summer, the evenings were usually devoti botanical excursions, in company vit of the other young men as were of a $ lar turn of mind to himself, but wae he then had any intention of becom botanical collector, we have now no plants that he brought home. stated that these excursions were pursued on the Sabbath-day, se having strictly prohibited young D doing so, and this rule he at no time The hours which might be called his € were spent in arranging his specimens in reading with avidity all the wo Travels and Natural rac to whic these subjects, the gentleman (Mr. ' MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. DAVID DOUGLAS. to David's surprise, placed a Bible in his hands, accompanied with the truly kind admonition, * There, David, I cannot re- commend a better or more important book for your perusal." It has frequently occurred to us, when admiring the many beautiful productions with which the subject of this memoir has enriched our gardens, that, but for his in- tercourse with two individuals, Messrs. R. and J. Brown of the Perth Nursery, these acquisitions, in all probability, would have een “ The flowers on desert isles that perish.” At this period of Douglas’s life, these gen- tlemen were very intimate with Mr. Beat- tie, and their visits to Scone afforded op- portunities to him to gain their acquaint- ance. Both were good British Botanists, and so fond of the study, as annually to devote a part of the summer to botanizing in the Highlands; hence their excursions were often the subject of conversation, and it is believed, that from hearing them re- count their adventures, and describe the romantic scenery of the places they had visited in search of plants, Douglas secretly formed the resolution of imitating their example. Having completed the customary term in the ornamental department, he was re- moved to the forcing and kitchen garden, in the affairs of which he appeared to take as lively an interest as he had previously done in those of the flower-garden. Lee's Introduction to Botany, and Donn’s Ca- talogue, his former text-books, if they may be so termed, were now laid aside, and Nicol's Gardener’s Calendar taken in their stead. The useful publications of Mr. Loudon, which ought to be in the hands of every young gardener, had not then made their appearance; so that his means of gaining a theoretical knowledge of his business were very limited, when compared with the facilities of the present day: but, what was of more consequence to one in his situation, he had ample scope for mak- _ 4g himself master of the practical part, oe and it is but justice to state that, when he NOL, dH 81 had finished his apprenticeship, he only wanted age and experience in the manage- ment of men, to qualify him for undertak- ing a situation of the first importance. His active habits and obliging disposi- tion gained the friendship of Mr. Beattie, by whom he was recommended to the late Mr. Alexander Stewart, gardener at Val- leyfield, near Culross, the seat of the late Sir Robert Preston, a place then celebrated for a very select collection of plants, Thi- ther David Douglas went in 1818, after having spent the preceding winter months * in a private school in Perth, revising es- pecially such rules in arithmetic as he thought might be useful, and in which he either had found or considered himself de- ficient. He was not long in his new situ- ation when a fresh impulse seized him. The kitchen garden lost its attraction, and his mind became wholly bent on Botany, more especially as regarded exotic plants, of which we believe one of the very best private collections in Scotland was then cultivated at Valleyfield. Mr. Stewart finding him careful of the plants committed to his charge, and desirous of improvement, encouraged him by every means in his power. He treated him with kindness and allowed him to participate in the advantages which he himself derived from having ac- cess to Sir R. Preston's botanical library, a privilege of the utmost value to one cir- cumstanced like Douglas, and endowed with such faculties of mind and me- mory as he possessed. He remained about two years at Valleyfield, being fore- man during the last twelvemonth to Mr. Stewart, when he made application and succeeded in gaining admission to the Bo- tanic Garden at Glasgow. In this improv- ing situation it is almost needless to say, that he spent his time most advantageously and with so much industry and application to his professional duties as to have gained the friendship and esteem of all who knew him, and more especially of the able and intelligent Curator of that establishment, Mr. Stewart Murray, who always evinced the deepest interest in Douglas's success in life. "Whilst in this situation he was a - pu F ee 82 diligent attendant at the botanical lectures given by the Professor of Botany in the hall of the garden, and was his favourite . companion in some distant excursions to the Highlands and islands of Scotland, where his great activity, undaunted cou- rage, singular abstemiousness, and energe- tic zeal, at once pointed him out as an in- dividual eminently calculated to do himself credit as a scientific traveller. It was our privilege, and that of Mr. Murray, to recommend Mr. Douglas to Joseph Sabine, Esq., then Honorary Se- cretary of the Horticultural Society, as a _ Botanical Collector; and to London he di- rected his course accordingly, in the spring of 1823. His first destination was China, but intelligence having about that time been received of a rupture between the British and Chinese, he was despatched, in the latter end of May, to the United States, where he procured many fine plants, and greatly increased the Society's collection of fruit-trees. He returned late in the autumn of the same year, and in 1824, an any, of sending him to explore the botanical riches of the coun- try in North-West America, adjoining the Columbia River, and southward towards California, he sailed in July for the pur- pose of prosecuting this mission. We are now come to the most interest- ing period of Mr. Douglas’s life, when he . From that Journal is here selected whatever is . likely to prove interesting to our readers : and these extracts, with some occasional DOUGLAS’ SKETCH OF A JOURNEY TO THE observations and extracts from the fe ters that were received by his friends du ing the continuance of this mission, wi prove more than any language we can ei ploy, Mr. Douglas's high qualification a Naturalist and Traveller. A SKETCH OF A JOURNEY TO NORTH-WESTERN PARTS OF CONTINENT OF NORTH AMERI DURING THE YEARS 1824, 5, | ND 7. d By David Douglas, F.L.S. WHILE so much geographical inf tion has, of late years, been added to general stock of knowledge, and so m distinguished individuals have assidu ot devoted their talents to the investiga of the northern parts of this country, Horticultural Society of London, desi i of disseminating among the gardens similar purpose. Before entering on | brief statement, I must beg leave to my grateful thanks to John Henry F Esq., Governor, and Nicholas Garry, ; Deputy Governor of the Honourable Hudson's Bay Company, for the ki sistance I, on all occasions, experience their hands, and for much valuable infor! the different residents, partners, and a of this Company, both individually collectively. I embarked on Sunday, the 25th of J on board the Hudson’s Bay Com . Brig, William and Ann, Captain Henry Hanwell, destined for the entrance of the River Columbia. To beguile the mono- tony attending long voyages, I held myself fortunate in having a companion in Dr. Scouler! of Glasgow, a man skilled in seve- ral, and devotedly attached to all, branches .of Natural History, a pupil of Dr. Hooker, by whom he was powerfully recommended to the H. B. C. as surgeon to the vessel, in order that he might have an opportunity of prosecuting his favourite pursuit. A few days of favourable weather carried us clear of the shores of England, and on the 9th of August we passed the high grounds of the Island of Porto Santo, and anchored on the following afternoon in the Bay of Funchal, Madeira. So far as the experi- ence of a two days' visit went, I was much gratified with this delightful island. My companion and I visited the summit of one of the highest mountains, stocking our Herbaria with several interesting, though not new plants; we also walked into the . Vineyards in the neighbourhood of the town, saw the hospital, churches, and other establishments, and resumed our voyage on the 12th of August towards Rio Janeiro. As we approached the Equator, the tempe- rature increased, its greatest height being 84° in the shade at 3 P. m. on the 21st, and its minimum 59°. The mornings were peculiarly pleasant and fine. Near the Cape de Verd Islands, the Ezocetus voli- tans was frequently seen, skimming from Wave to wave, and sometimes dropping on W the deck of our vessel, which lay very low in the water : the screaming noise of Phae- ton ethereus and the never absent Procel- laria pelagia, or Mother Cary's Chicken, mmed the only alleviation to the mono- tony of sky and water. For ten degrees 9n each side of the Line, the weather was very variable, sometimes calm, sometimes with thunder and lightning, and sudden gusts of wind, which rendered this part of our voyage somewhat tedious. - We, how- ever, arrived within sight of Cape Frio on tna” Professor of Nataral — in the An- fee lan University, Glasgow; and now Professor Geology in , Royal Dublin sisal NGRTH-WESTERN PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA. the 26th of September. Towards evening the ship was surrounded by a vast variety of sea-birds, and I saw, for the first time, the Albatross, Diomedea exulans. The magnificent prospect of the harbour of Rio is well known. One feature in Bra- zilian scenery which particularly strikes the European eye is, that the Palms always grow largest on the summit of the highest. hills. During my stay, I had the pleasure to become known to William Harrison, | sq., residing at Botofogo, ‘through whose instrumentality many beautiful plants? have been introduced to England, and who be- stows great pains on collecting subjects in other departments of Natural History, il- lustrative of Brazil. In company with this gentleman and his relation, Mr. Henry Harrison, I made a short journey to the interior, where I was excessively gratified with the rich luxuriance of the forest, though the season was too early to display itin all its glory, and particularly delighted with the curious and endlessly varied forms of the Orchidee. Mr. Harrison cultivates with great success about seventy species of this family of plants, by simply nailing them to the garden-wall, and giving them the assistance of the bark or wood whereon they naturally grew, to aid them in climb- ing and supporting themselves. He pos- sesses also an aviary, containing several rare and beautiful native birds. I also made the acquaintance of the late John Dickson, Esq. surgeon, R.N., who as never so happy as when he had the — of doing any act of kindness. the 15th of October, I quitted this Lar place with much regret, increased by having been scarcely able to add any dried plants to my collection, owing to the earliness of the season and the continued rain. For a few days, until we got clear of land, the weather was changeable, ac- companied by wet in the evenings At four a. M. on Tuesday, the 19th Oct., a fine breeze sprang up, and we bore away for the South, Bicis leaving the fine — ? Of these, especially the Epiphytes, a very great number pee? een figured in the Jitesienl Magazine and Reg 84 DOUGLAS’ SKETCH OF weather. Off the River Plata, in lat. 37° South, long. 37° West, immense shoals of Fucus pyriformis passed the ship, some specimens of which measured sixty feet in length, with a stem, at the thickest part, of three inches diameter. On the root was a variety of Asterias, Beroe, and other Mol- lusce. In this parallel, Procellaria Capen- sis and P. fuliginosa began to be common, and I captured several with a small hook and line. In passing between the main land and the Falkland Islands, Nov. 5, an inde- scribable and piercing chillness told us we were drawing near the dreary and inhospi- table regions of Cape Horn, of which in a few days longer we became fully aware. While within the parallels of 50° and 59° S. lat., I caught sixty-nine specimens of Diomedee, consisting of D. exulans, fuliginosa, and chlororhynchos : the last, though a smaller bird than the first, reigns lord paramount over the rest, and compels them all to flee at his approach. It is stated by most authors that these birds are taken with the greatest ease during calm weather, but I have invariably found the reverse to hold good; it was only during the driving gusts of a storm that I could secure them, and on such occasions they fight voraciously about the bait, the hook often being received into the stomach. The appearance of these birds is grand and majestic; the largest which I ever saw measuring twelve feet four inches, from tip to tip of the extended wings, and four feet from the point of the beak to the end of the tail. As respects their flight, the same remarks apply to all the species. When sitting on the water, their wings are raised exactly like a swan; when feeding they are somewhat higher, with a con- stantly tremulous motion like those of the hawk tribe ; and when elevating themselves from the water to soar in the air, they first walk the water, skimming the surface with the points of their pinions for the distance of several hundred yards, before they seem able to raise themselves, which they finally do with the utmost grace, and with scarcely any apparent movement of their wings. _ They are of a bold and savage disposition, A JOURNEY TO THE which is especially displayed when are captured. Of Larus and Procellaria I caught n by the same means—a hook baited with pork. In these latitudes a white-s mon one. of S. latitude on the Pacific side Continent, we were subject to bois weather, high seas, hail, rain, and thi fogs. On the 14th of December, the i of Massafuera was distinctly seen, d seven leagues, appearing like a dark rock. We passed near enough to-asct the island of Juan Fernandez; the failing, however, we did not reach ten days afterwards. This classic isl which might be properly termed the? deira of the southern hemisphere, is Y mountainous and volcanic; its hills tifully clothed with verdure to their $ mits, which, except in very clear weat are enveloped with clouds, the score and rocky soil, admirably contrasting: the deep green of its lovely vege On the second day we landed in Cum land Bay, so named by Anson, in r smoke rising from it. E of stepping from the, boat, a man, to astonishment, sprang from the bushes directed us to a sheltered creek. He us the following account of his adven? His name is William Clark, a nati Whitechapel, London, and being & came to the coast of Chili about five ago, in a Liverpool vessel, called © and was there discharged. He is the employment of the Spaniards, ' sit Juan Fernandez for the put killing seals and wild cattle, both © NORTH-WESTERN PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA. . are plentiful. His companions, five Spa- - niards, were on the other side of the island, following their customary pursuit, and came to see him once a-week, during which time he was left to take charge of the little bark and other property. The poor fellow, when he first observed us, took us for pi- rates, as we were all armed, and abandon- ing his hut, fled to the woods, but hearing us speak English, he sprang from his re- treat and welcomed us with a pleasure which it would be difficult to describe. He had spent five weeks here, and meant to stay about as much longer. His cloth- ing consisted of a pair of coarse woollen trousers, of which it would be hard to de- tect the original material and colour, with a cotton and a flannel shirt, and a hat (he preferred, however, going bareheaded), but no coat. The surgeon and I gave him all that we could spare from our own slender stock, for which he was very thankful. His little hut was built of stones and turf, «thatched with the straw of the wild oat. In one corner lay a bundle of straw and his blanket; a log of wood to sit upon composed all the furniture. His only cook- mg utensil was a common cast-iron pot, with a wooden bottom, in which he boiled his food by sinking it a few inches in the floor of his dwelling, and placing the fire round the sides. He longed to taste roast beef (having had none for seven years), and one day tried to bake some, as he termed it; but the bottom of his culinary apparatus, as might be expected, gave way 1n the process, so that poor Clark was un- able to accomplish his new fashion of pre- paring the national dish. It was agreeable to find that this poor exile possessed a good deal of information ; is library amounted to seventeen volumes, —a Bible and Common Prayer- Book, Which he kept concealed in a secret place When his Spanish companions were with him; some odd volumes of Tales of my Landlord and Old Mortality; several of Voyages; and Cowper's Poems, out of n: which he had learnt by heart the one upon Alexander Selkirk; and what is still more : wortliy of notice, a finely-bound copy of 85 Robinson Crusoe, of which the poor fellow might himself be considered the latest and most complete edition. Like most English sailors, he had no aversion to rum; I gave him a single dram, which, as he had been long unaccustomed to it, made him forget his exile, and like the heroes of Troy, ** He fought his battles o'er again, And slew the slain three times." A few years ago the Spaniards formed a colony here, but it is now abandoned, the houses and fort are destroyed, and twenty- six pieces of large “cannon lay upon the beach. The vestiges of a church are still to be seen, with the following inscription upon the lintel of the door— La casa de Dios es la puerta del cielo, y se colocada, 24 Septembre, 1811."—The house of God is the gate of heaven, built 24 Sept. 1811. Near this is a circular oven, built of Lon- don fire-brick, seven feet in diameter with- in, bearing a date 1741, and therefore pro- bably built by Anson during his residence. Some pigeons, of a small blue species, now occupy it as their cote. There were eggs in, but no young ones ; I pointed it out to Clark, and advised him to make use of this colony. In the old gardens were Peaches of three or four sorts, growing luxuriantly with fruit about half ripe; Quinces, Ap- ples, and Pears. We took some of these fruits for puddings, with abundance of Figs in a vigorous state of bearing. Vines thrive well, and were in blossom. The only fruit which was, however, in perfec- tion, was a large, pale-reddish Strawberry, of which the fruit had a not unpleasant flavour; the leaves, stem, and calyx very downy. I dried a paper full of-its seeds, lest the species should prove indigenous to this island or the coast of Chili. Before leaving Juan Fernandez, I sowed a small quantity of Vine, Pears, and other fruit-seeds which I had brought with me, and a portion of culinary vegetables, leav- ing some with Clark, whom I rec to try them in various part as radishes were the only vegetable he had. We spent part of a day in fishing, and caught a sort of cod and a smaller fish, which was unknown to me, s of the island, 86 both were good eating. On quitting the shore, Clark presented us with a fine female goat (not, however, one that had belonged to Robinson Crusoe, as it was quite young); we left him standing on a large stone on the beach, expecting to see us again the next morning, but hardly had we reached the ship, when a strong easterly wind set in, and we were speedily carried far from that enchanting spot, and from my new and interesting acquaintance, Clark. No pen, indeed, can correctly describe the charm- ing and rural appearance of this island ;! t Mrs. Maria Graham (now Mrs. Callcott) gives a no less charming account of Juan F small m Panke "es as well and other aqu natic plants. The little valley ud. the town is, or rather was, is full of fruit-tree es, and flow- $ ets, and sweet herbs, now grown wild ; arshes, wher re f k; and on ims is found numbers of Euro- pean shrubs and her TP Where once the garden smiled, And still where many a garden-flower grows wild :’ andi in the odiis E eet inr Pago the boun- r fields, l as dry sl ewe ‘ks walk rather ign to sit ete, under a — cted. I was quite med to x our station i in the por nad ciel to the la P 1o The n xt morning,” she remarks, « I bids iuis a lonely ears where no trac end d boim I had been some hours this ; wilderness ; vr enim eris at first I might ps with. Siaka toc DOUGLAS’ SKETCH OF A JOURNEY TO THE the numerous rills descending throug valleys, overshadowed by luxuriant rocky dells, where wave the feathery fro of Lomatia, Aspidia, and Polypodia, veral species of which are new and of tr princely form and growth. On the grow several kinds of Escallonia, Ber Lobelia, Hordeum, and Avena. D my short stay I gathered seventy dist and highly interesting plants. The spe of Birds were few, and not beautif Christmas-day in lat. 37 o, S. long. T by feasting on the goat which Clark. given us, and drinking the health of friends in England. The heat is along the East side of Chatham which is mountainous, and apparentl vel of the sea. Their verdure is compared with most tropical co owing, apparently, to the parched ** I am monarch of all I survey My right there is none to dispute," yet I very soon felt that utter loneliness is as d *: able as unnatural ; and Cowper's exquisite lines served me— ** Oh, solitude! where are the charms That sages have seen in thy face? Better dwell in the midst of alarms, Than reign in this horrible place." And I repeated over and over the whole of till I saw two of my companions of the mor ing down the hill, when I hurried to meet had been a really « * out of humanity’s re: of the soil and the absence of springs of fresh water. The only spring I saw was flowing from a crevice of one of the cra- ters: some of the trees attain a considera- ble size in the valleys, but they are not numerous, and with little variety of species. The birds, however, are abundant, and some of them exceedingly handsome, but so ignorant were they of man's devices, that they suffered themselves to be killed with a stick, so that a gun was only needed when they sat high on the top of a tree or rock. Many of the smaller kinds perched on my hat, and even unconsciously settled upon the gun (that instrument of their de- struction) which I carried on my shoulder. During my visits to the island, of two hours a-day for three days, I killed forty- five individuals of nineteen genera, all of which I skinned carefully, and had then the mortification of losing all but one, a spe- cies of Sula, from the constant rain that prevailed for twelve days after leaving the Gallipagos. Among them were two kinds of Pelican, four of Sula, and four Hawks (one of the latter was particularly fine, of nearly an orange-colour) and a very small Pigeon. A species of rock cod was so abundant near the shore as to be taken without any bait, and the sharks were so voracious as to bite continually at the oars, as their points were raised from the water. The woods teemed with land tortoises, some weighing 400lbs., and the shores with turtle. With my collection of plants I was almost as unfortunate as that of birds —out of the one hundred and seventy-five species which I gathered, I could save but fifty, and these in a very miserable state, as I had no place below in the vessel where I might stow them, nor could I pack them damp, and the rain ruined every thing that was exposed upon the deck. There w nothing, however, which I regretted so much as the destruction of a specimen of anew Lacerta, from twenty to thirty inches long, of a dark orange-colour, and with a rough warty skin. We had made good E pe Soup of these creatures when upon the island. Never did I experience greater tification than from the loss of these NORTH-WESTERN PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA. ar collections, the Gallipagos have been so little visited by scientific persons, that every thing becomes of interest which is brought from thence, and I have now little or no- thing to show that I have been there! I have, however, secured seeds, in a good state, of a very singular species of Cactus, which grows in the valleys, the trunk is two or three feet in diameter, and from forty - to fifty feet high; it belongs to the section Opuntia, and has large bright yellow flow- ers, and very long flexible spines. Also of a fine Gossypium or Cotton-plant, which is a shrub four to ten feet high, with yellow blossoms and yellow cotton ; and of a plant » which will probably be found to belong to the Conifere. The thermometer stood frequently at 96°, and the heat was most oppressive; on one occasion, when the rain ceased for an hour, and the sun broke forth, it raised such a steam from the ground as proved almost suffocating. After leaving James's Island, we passed along the East side of Albemarle Island, so near as to ascertain that it was inhabited, from seeing lights upon itafter dark: some driven off the shore by a tremendous thun- der-storm. Never did I witness any thing equal in grandeur and singularity to the — vividness and curious forms of the flashes — of lightning: four tons of water were ob- - : tained from the sails and deck, which proved. a most acceptable relief to us, increasing our allowance, and enabling us to wash our able winds, frequent rain, and almost nightly storms of thunder and lightning. In 34» N., I caught an undescribed species o- Albatross, akin to Diomedea fuliginosa, but a smaller and less powerful bird. The D. exulans, as found in the higher latitudes of the Pacific, is much smaller than it is in the Southern Hemisphere, and will pi bably prove a distinct species. Our second mate, who kindly assisted me in. taking: these birds (and, as I mentioned before, they can only > captured in the = 88 stormy weather), fell upon the wet deck, being driven down by the violence of the gale, and fractured his thigh so severely as to suffer most dreadful torture for several succeeding weeks. On the 12th of February we were in the latitude of the Columbia River, long. 136° W., but the weather was so boisterous, with such a tremendously heavy sea run- ning, that we were obliged to lay to, day after day, endeavouring repeatedly to en- ter, for six weeks, up to the 1st of April, and suffered more storms than we had done during the whole of our previous voyage of eight months. On the 3rd of April we saw Cape Disappointment twenty- eight miles a-head, and were approaching it with a fair breeze, when a strong westerly wind again drove us out to sea; a second attempt was made three days after, when we got within four miles, but with no bet- ter success. In short, we could declare the hurricanes of North- West America to be a thousand times worse than those of the noted Cape Horn. In this latitude there is abundance of a small species of Physahs, of a transparent azure hue, which were frequently washed on the main- yard by the spray breaking over the ves- sel. At last, on the morning of the 7th, a fa- _ vourable wind rising, we were within forty miles of the entrance to the harbour, and _ Joy and expectation sate on every counte- nance, all hands endeavouring to make themselves useful in accomplishing this . wished-for object. Dr. Scouler and I kept the soundings, and safely passing over the . . Sand-bar, where many vessels have been . . injured, and others lost, we happily gained the much-desired harbour, and anchored in Baker's Bay, on the North side of the Columbia, at four o'clock in the afternoon, Several cannon-shots were immediatel fired to announce our arrival to the esta- blishment seven miles up the river, but they were not answered. Thus terminated my ` long and tedious voyage of eight months and fourteen days. The joy of viewing land, and the hope of being able, in a few days, to range through this long-desired DOUGLAS’ SKETCH OF A JOURNEY TO THE -and other disagreeable attendants of a lon spot, and to resume my wonted pursuit and enjoyments, may be easily imag We spent the evening in great mirth, sea-voyage. I think I may truly reck this as among the happiest moments c my life. The following day, April 8th, was rainy and cold that we could not leave the ship, but the next morning Dr. Scouler ar I went ashore on Cape Disappointment. stepping out of the boat, we picked up Ru bus spectabilis (B. Reg. t. 1444.) and Gual- theria Shallon, with several other plan nium, not however yet in flower, with Tia- rella and Heuchera, both in full blossom, ew in the woods. In a few hours we returned to the ship, amply gratified. We found that during our absence a canoe with — one Canadian and several Indians had been | sent from the fort, bringing fresh provi- - sions, potatoes, and butter, The latter also offered game, dried salmon, and fresh - sturgeon, with dried roots and pre | berries of several kinds, for barter, and as they put many questions to us, by the aid of a little English and many signs we of perforating the septum of the nose an | ears, and inserting shells, bits of coppeh beads, or in fact any kind of hardware, gives a stranger a curious idea of the si gular habits of these people. On Monday the 11th, the ship went | the river, and anchored on the side opp site the establishment, at Point Ellis, and M‘Kenzie, the person then in charge, informed us they were about to abandon the present place for a more commodi situation, ninety miles up the river, on North side. Also, that the Chief F John M‘Loughlin, Esq. was there, but would be down as soon as he received in- = telligence of the ship's arrival. From Mr. _ M'Kenzie we experienced great attention, and though we did not quit the vessel till the 19th, I was daily on shore. With respect to the appearance of the country, my ex- pectations were fully realized, in its ferti- lity and variety of aspect and of soil. The greater part, as far as the eye could reach, was covered with Pines of various species. The Atlantic side of this great Continent much exceeds the western coast in the variety of its kinds of forest-trees; there are no Beeches, Magnolias, Gleditschias, or Juglans, and only one kind of Oak and . of Ash on the Pacific side. Cape Disappointment, on the southern bank of the river at the ocean, is a re- markable promontory of rock, forming a good sea-mark, elevated about seven hun- dred feet above the level of the sea, and covered with Pines and brushwood. The country to the northward, near the ocean, is hilly. The opposite point, called Point Round, or Point Adams of Lewis and Clarke, is low, and in many places swampy: a ridge of low hills runs for about forty miles southward, skirting the sea, as far as Lookout, so named by Vancouver. The breadth of the Columbia is about five miles at its mouth, not including Baker's Bay, which has a deep bend; the current is very rapid, and produces great agitation De when the wind blows from the westward, ing the water over the sand-bar quite across the river, so that no channel can be perceived, and it becomes impossible for a [ _ vessel to go out or in with safety. : My paper for preserving plants being all in the hold of the ship, I could do but lit- tle in collecting, though we continued our excursions every day, when the weather permitted, and were frequently meeting with objects which caused us much gratifi- cation. Nothing gave me, I think, greater pleasure, than to find Hookeria lucens in l " in the damp shady forests, .. rowing with a plant whose name also re- ded me of another valued friend, the ziesia ferruginea. All my paper and čs were sent ashore on the 16th, and on NORTH-WESTERN PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA, 89 the 19th, I embarked in a small boat with Mr. John M‘Loughlin, the Chief Factor, who received me with demonstrations of the most kindly feeling, and showed me every civility which it was in his power to bestow. The following night, at ten p. m., we ar- rived at Fort Vancouver, ninety miles from the sea, the spot where the Officers of Capt. Vancouver completed their survey of the river in 1792. The scenery round this place is sublimely grand—lofty, well wood- ed hills, —-mountains covered with per- petual snow,—extensive natural meadows, and plains of deep, fertile, alluvial deposit, covered with a rich sward of grass, and a profusion of flowering plants. The most remarkable mountains are Mounts Hood and Jefferson, of Vancouver, which are at all seasons covered with snow as low down as the summit of the hills by which they are surrounded. From this period to the 10th of May, my labour in the neighbour- hood of this place was well rewarded by Ribes sanguineum, (Bot. Reg. t. 1349. Bot. Mag. t. 3335.), a lovely shrub, which grows abundantly on the rocky shores of the Columbia and its tributary streams, producing a great profusion of flowers, and but little fruit, except in the shady woods where the blossoms are comparatively few ; I also found Berberis Aquifolium, (Bot. Reg. t. 1425.) B. glumacea, ( Ejusd. t. 1426. Cand. JB. nervosa of Pursh), Acer macrophyllum, (Hook, Fl. Bor. Am. v. 1. t. 88.) and Scilla esculenta, (Bot. Mag. t. 2774.) the Quamash of the natives, who prepare its roots in the following manner. A round hole is scraped in the ground, in which are placed a number of stones, and ne a fire is kept burning on them till they are T red hot, when it is removed and replaced bruise these roots, or pound them into cakes and round lumps, which they lay up on the shelves in their lodges for winter use. - 90 When cooked, they have a sweetish and by no means unpleasant taste, and a very palatable beverage might probably be pre- pared from them. Lewis and Clarke ob- serve that they are apt to produce bowel complaint, if eaten in large quantities, as they certainly do flatulence. The abounds in all low alluvial plains, on the margins of woods, and banks of rivers. Py- rola aphylla, (Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. t. 137.) Caprifolium occidentale, (B. Reg. t. 1457.) and a multitude of other plants, delighted me highly; nor can I pass over the beauty, I might say the grandeur, of Lupinus poly- phyllus, (Bot. Reg. t. 1096, and var. albi- Jlorus, t. 1377.) covering immense tracts of low land on the banks of streams, with here and there a white-flowered variety, and growing to a height of six or eight feet, wherever the ground was partially over- flowed. The Gaultheria Shallon, (Bot. Mag. t. 2343, Bot. Reg. t. 1372), is called by the natives Salal and not Shallon, as stated by Pursh, whose figure and descrip- tion are, however, good; it grows abun- dantly in the cool pine forests, most luxu- riantly in the shady places near the ocean. I have seen it as far as forty miles above the Grand Rapids of the Columbia River, but itis not so vigorousas when found nearer the sea. The fruit is abundant and very good, so that I hope it will ere long find a place in the fruit garden, as well as the or- namental border. I also gathered, among . other curious plants, a noble species of Ar- butus, A. procera (Bot. Reg. t. 1753). We had abundance of excellent salmon, brought | to us by the native tribes, which they sold very cheap. I returned to Fort Vancouver E havin 1 collection of plants by seventy-five TEM and also killed four quadrupeds and a few — birds. accompany them as far as seemed advisable. Starting from the mouth of the river at eight o'clock in the morning, in a small boat with DOUGLAS' SKETCH OF A JOURNEY TO THE f River, the Belle Vue Point of Van ! about seventy miles from the ocean, © one Canadian and five Indians, we p ed about forty miles that day. The rent was strong, owing to the melting oft snow on the mountains, and when we car to open parts of the banks, unobst by timber or rocks, I botanized as we along. We supped on roasted st and bread, with a basin of tea, and sli forty-six miles above the Fort; the sc at this place is wild and romantic, with mountains on each side, clothed with: ber of immense size. The Rapid is ed by the river passing through am channel, one hundred and seventy wide: the channel is rocky, obstruct large stones, and small islands, with of one hundred and forty-seven feet, whole Rapid being about two miles: In many places the banks rise perpen lar, to a height of several hundred feet which are some fine waterfalls; the are chiefly secondary, sandstone, lime! and blue granite. Whole petrified tre visible close to the water's edge, b Pine and Acer macrophyllum. This being the season of salmon ing, I had opportunities of seemg digious numbers taken simply small hoop or a scoop-net, fastene end of a pole. The fish are of exe quality and average about fifteen p weight. In the still parts of the wate mense quantities are caught in th to which are attached spindles fo the wood of Thuja plicata, which buoyant and which serve as cor small oblong stones answer the pu lead. The rope of the net is made species of Saliz, or from the Thuja, the cord of Apocynum prscatore hypericifolium ?) a gigantic species liar to this country, whose fibre a great quantity of Flax. The country continues mountat far as the lower branch of the Multi the banks again become low, and ound rises gradually. On the towards the head water of buie ee een ibt oua. : i J -this beautiful genus introduced by Mr. Douglas. NORTH-WESTERN PARTS OF NORTH AMERÍCA. mak, we saw a ridge of snowy moun- tains, and one which was very conspic- uous, and of a conical form in the dis- tance, far exceeding the other in height. This I have no doubt is Mount Jefferson, of Lewis and Clarke. Another was equally striking due East, and one due North: the former, Mount Hood, and the latter Mount Saint Helens, of Vancouver; their height must be very great, at least ten thou- pand or edi thousand feet, ad I am in- thirds are ped insnow, of which hare ishardly any sen- sible diminution even in summer, immense barriers of ice rendering every attempt to hih Si 1 d e I dis hI From the Grand Rapid to the Great Falls, seventy miles, the banks are steep, rocky, and in many places rugged; and the hills gradually diminish in elevation, and are thinly cover- ed with stunted timber and shrubs but a few feet high. Here we were no longer fanned by the huge Pine, the Thuja and Acer, nor gratified by observing the perpetual quiver of the beautiful Populus tremuloides. Far as the eye can reach, there is but a dreary waste of barren soil, thinly covered with scanty herbage. Here however I found the beautiful Clarckia pulchella, (Bot. Mag. t. 2918.), Calochortus macrocarpus, (Bot. Reg. t.1152.), Lupinus aridus, (Bot. Reg. t. 1242.), and leucophyllus, (Bot. Reg. t. 1124.), Brodiea grandiflora, (Bot. Mag. t. 9877. Bot. Reg. t. 1183.) $c. The 11 Wi apr present bed of the river at the Falls, is six hundred feet lower than the former one, and of decomposed granite. I could not at this season, go higher than a few miles above the Falls, but was amply repaid by Purshia tridentata, (Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. v. 1.2.58.) Bartonia albicaulis, (Bot. Reg. t. 1446.), Collomia grandiflora, (Bot. Mag. t. 2894. Bot. Reg. 1174.), and several Pentstemons,? and seeds of many desirable plants, many of which I secured during this expedition. Early in the morning of the 19th July, I ' To this genus the Cercocarpus of Humboldt and unth is very ‘ints allied, of which a species was afterwards found by Mr. Douglas, in California. Ep. * See Bot. Register and Bot. Magazine for several of E». in quest of seeds and other ia: "o 91 descended the river in an Indian canoe for the purpose of prosecuting my researches on the coast, a design which was in a great measure frustrated, by the tribeamong whom Ilived going to war with the nations resid- ing to the northward, in that very direction which I intended to follow. During my stay several persons werekilled and some wound- ed in a quarrel. The principal chief in the village, Cockqua, treated me with the utmost fidelity, and even built me a small cabin in his own lodge, but the immense number of fleas occasioned me to remove to within a few yards ofthe river: still my friend was so much interested in my safety that he watched himself a whole night, at the time when heexpected the war party. In the morning about three hundred men in their war garments, danced the war dance, and sang several death songs, which caused in me certainly a most uncomfortable sensa- tion, and the following morning brought us seventeen canoes, carrying nearly four hun- dred men, when after several harangues, it. was mutually agreed to suspend hostilities for the present. A sturgeon was caught by one of my companions, which measured twelve feet nine inches from the snout to the tip of the tail, and seven feet round the thickest part, and its weight exceeded five hun pounds. Among the plants which I found on this occasion were, Lupinus littoralis, (Bot. Mag. t.2952.) Carex Menziesu, Jun- cus Menziesii and globosus, Vaccinium ovatum, parvifolium, (Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. v. 1. t. 128), and ovalifolium, (Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. v. 1. t. 127.). I also obtained seeds of the beautiful Spirea ariefola, (Bot. Reg. t. 1367.) of Gualtheria Shallon, Ribes sanguineum, Berberis and other valuable and interesting plants. Before taking leave of my Indian friends, I purchased several articles of wearing ap- parel, things used in their domestic econo- | m ; - my, &c, for which I paid in trinkets Ad S tobacco. larrived at Fort Vancouver again on the 5th of August, and employed my- self until the 18th in drying the — I had collected, and urneys labours being materially retarded by the rainy weather. As there were no houses yet built on this new station, I first occu- pied a tent which was kindly offered me, and then removed to a lodge of deer-skin, which soon however became too small for me in consequence of the augmentation of my collections, and where also I found some difficulty in drying my plants and seeds. A hut constructed of the bark of Thuja oc- cidentalis was my next habitation, and there I shall probably take up my winter quarters. I have only been in a house three nights since my arrival in North- West America, and these were the first after my debarka- tion. On my journeys I occupy a tent wherever it is practicable to carry one; which however is not often, so that a canoe turned upside down, is my occasional shel- ter; but more frequently I lie under the boughs of a Pine Tree, without any thing further. In England, people shiver at the idea of sleeping with a window open; here each person takes his blanket and stretches himself, with all possible complacency, on the sand, or under a bush, as may happen, just as if he were going to bed. I must confess that although I always stood this bivouacking remarkably well, and experi- enced no bad effects from it, I at first re- garded it with a sort of dread, but now ha- . bit has rendered the practice so comfortable to me, that I look upon any thing more as B me Eneas: I again = — on the 19th, for the purpose ot ascend- bibens of the Columbia. This i is a very . fine stream, with remarkably fertile banks ; yän miles above its junction with the Columbia, are Falls of forty-three feet per- pendicular height, over which the whole breadth of the river is precipitated, forming one unbroken sheet at this season of the year, but in spring and autumn divided into three channels. There i is but little current over the Falls is no small undertaking. I killed several of the Cervus leucurus, or ig White-tailed Deer, as well as some of DOUGLAS' SKETCH OF A JOURNEY TO THE the Black-tailed kind, C. macrotis, days farther took me to the village Calapoori Indians, a peaceful well dis people, twenty-four miles above the and where I formed my camp for se days. A hunting party — eu ” "YN OVCE Lvl proceedir tains. Near my encampment was as spring, to which the deer frequently reso as well as a beautiful ringed species lumba, whose elegant movements picking up and licking the saline pa that were found round the edge, afforded great amusement. In the extensive pla bounded on the West by the moun s woody part of the coast, and on the East, high mountains, as also on the banks of River Sandiam, one of the rapid branci of the Multnomak, grows abundance of th Escholtzia Californica, (Bot. Reg. t. n Bot. Mag. t. 2887.), also Iris tenaz, 4 Reg. t. 1218, Bot. Mag. t. 3343.), Nicol multivalvis (Bot. Reg. t. 1067.), two species of Trichostemma, and many o! delightful plants. I procured some cur kinds of Myorus, Mus, Arctomys, à ! species of Canis, of singular habits, and genus of animals which had been hith undescribed (probably Geomys bu of Richardson's Fauna Boreali- Am na). In the tobacco pouches of the n: i I found the seedsofa remarkably urge? which they eat as nuts, and from who learned that it grows on the mountains the South ; no time was lost in ascertal the existence of this truly grand tree, W I named Pinus Lambertiana ; but no. fect seeds could I find, and I returned my rendezvous at Fort Vancouver, T! fraught with the treasures I had co: A few days were devoted to arranging last collection, and drying the seeds I gathered, when, without loss of time, on 5th of Sept., having engaged a chief as guide, and accompanied by one Cana d I started on a journey to the Grand B Two days were consumed in seconde Columbia, though I was favoured with 2 mnd; I pitched my camp close to Chi * 9.0 r , e = nf h d "Sm 4 5 MEC pus NORTH-WESTERN PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA, ter, to prevent the annoyance of fleas, from which, however, I did not wholly escape. On the Saturday morning, as soon as Chum- talia learned that it was my intention to visit the summit of the mountains on the North side of the river, he forthwith fell sick, and presently framed an excuse for not accom- panying me on the expedition. He how- ever sent a younger brother to guide me, together with two young men from the vil- lage, and I left the Canadian at the tent, to take care of my books, &c., charging Chum- talia to supply him well with salmon, and to see that no harm should befall him. To encourage my guides, I was under the ne- cessity of giving them the whole of the pro- vision the first day, except four small bis- cuits and a little tea and sugar; at our first encampment, about two-thirds up the mountain, we left our blankets, intending, after having reached the summit, to return thither and sleep. But our path being d ul agp qq "noedfli.t ing detached rocks and PET timber, the night overtook us ere we had reached the top. I killed a young half-grown eagle, on which we fared, and with a little tea, e in an open kettle, and drunk out of vessels formed of bark, we passed a tolera- ble night, without any bedding. Previous to lying down, I used the precaution of drying all my clothes, which were drenched with perspiration from the violent exercise Thad taken. The following day in the dusk of evening, I regained my camp, faint and weak, but much pleased to find that all had gone on well during my absence. My feet suffered so severely from this three days’ journey, that I was totally unable to prose- cute my fatiguing researches without taking Some rest, and I therefore amused myself with fishing and shooting seals, (Phoca vitellina) which were sporting in vast num- bers in the Rapid where the salmon are particularly abundant. Two days after I da h fei Cy a ee "m Succeeda La me to the mountains n the South side of the river, which he willingly did. The as- : cent was easier than the former one, and I reached the top after a laborious walk of fifteen hours, having had the good fortune 93 to find two new species of Pine, Pinus no- bilis and P. amabilis, the grandest trees of the tribe, Helonias tenaz, with a new Rho- dodendron and a.second Pterispora (*) also some interesting individuals of the genus Ribes, rewarded my labour; on the rocky parts of the mountain, Arbutus tomentosa, (Bot. Mag. t. 3320. Bot. Reg. t. 1791.) was not rare, and I procured seeds of several speciesof Pentstemon. Onthemorning of the 13th I re-embarked in my canoe and soon after mid-day reached Fort Vancouver, so different is the length of time occupied in ascending and descending the river. There I had the pleasure to find Dr. Scouler re- turned from his northern voyage, and so de- lighted was I to hear of his success, and he to be informed of my movements, that we sat and talked over our respective jour- nies, till the sun, rising broad over the no- ble stream, apprized us that a new day had began, and sent us off to seek a few hours repose. The rest of this month was devoted to packing my collections, consisting of sixteen large bundles of dried plants from America, and eight gathered in other places, a large chest of seeds, one of birds and qua- drupeds, and another containing various articles of dress, &c. A portion of each kind of the seeds was reserved in order to be sent across the continent in the ensuing spring. An originally slight wound which I had received, now becoming troublesome, com- pelled me to desist from my labours for some weeks, by which I lost a valuable, portion of time, at an important season of the year: from the 22nd of October to the 15th of November, was thus passed. In consequence of receiving this wound on my left knee, by falling on a rusty nail, when employed in packing the last of my boxes, I was unfortunately prevented from carrying my collections to the ship myself, and accordingly wrote a note to Captain Hanwell, requesting he would have the oodness to place them in an airy situation, particularly the seeds, and that, if possible, their place of deposit should be above the level of the water. To this note I received a very kind answer, assuring me that my directions should be attended to. On the 94 7th my leg became violently híenied, and a large abscess formed on the knee-joint, which did not suppurate until the 16th. This unfortunate circumstance, occurring at the period when I wanted to be employ- ed in gathering seeds, gave me much un- easiness; but learning, on the 22nd of October, that the ship had been detained by contrary winds, and finding myself better, and being also very desirous of losing as little time as possible at this im- portant season, I left Fort Vancouver in a small canoe, with four Indians, for the pur- pose of visiting my old shipmates, on my way to Whitby's Harbour of Vancouver, or the mouth of the Cheeheelie River, in lat. 48° N., near which place grow some plants of which I had previously obtained but imperfect or no specimens, or of which I wished to collect the seeds. Among them was Helonias tenaz, a very desirable plant for cultivation. I camped at the junction of the Multnomak River with the Columbia, after having made a distance of twenty miles, when a strong westerly wind setting in from the sea obliged me to have my canoe examined, and new-gum- med before starting again; I had not pro- ceeded many miles when it struck against the stump of a tree, which split it from one end to the other, and compelled me to pad- . dle hastily to shore with the water rushing in upon me. During the time the Indians were employed in repairing the damage, I _ turned cook, made a basin of tea for myself and cooked some salmon for my com- . panions, after which we proceeded on our . route. About eight o'clock the same even- ing we put ashore at the village of Oak- point, to procure some food, when an Indian handed me a letter from Dr.Scouler, the surgeon of the ship, in which my friend informed me that they would not .. probably leave the bay for some days, and . as the vessel had been seen there that morning, I was desirous of writing to Mr. Sabine at the latest possible date. After obtaining a few dried salmon, and a wild take a little supper, hoping DOUGLAS’ SKETCH OF A JOURNEY TO THE ‘missed her by just one single hour! before day-break the next morning to the sea, from whence we were still forty-five miles distant. At four ool in the morning a strong breeze set in f f the sea, which produced a very ar swell on the river, and obliged me- to c et along its shore (a measure indeed aln necessary under any state of wind, b eca my canoe was in so frail a condition). afterwards to haul our bark across a nar neck of land at Tongue Point, when unio natelya sudden change of wind enabling: ship in the bay to weigh her anchor was a severe disappointment, as b not seeing Dr. Scouler, I had my ke written all ready to hand on board. Leaving my canoe men to lie down sleep, I took my gun and knapsack, proceeded along the bay in search of se At dark I returned to the lodge of Maa * Thunder," one of the Chenook ch sod I found his brother, 7Aa-a-mà chief from thc Cheeheelie River, on by's Harbour, and as he was then g home I acceded to his request to accor pany me. The following morning t Comly, the chief of all the Chan the North side of the river, sent his c with twelve Indians to ferry us across skill, though a violent storm ove in the middle of the channel, by whi all the provision we had except some of chocolate, which I carried in my po This canoe was so much larger. and commodious than my own, fhat I succeeded in bargaining for the loan and I attribute our preservation tO strength of the boat and dexte the Indians; by which, though repeatedly broke over us, we reac shore in perfect safety, and encamP sunset near Knight's River, m Bay. In the evening I gave the tw9* a dram of sal niori rum, which nicious liquor they will, generally e any sacrifice to obtain. however, an exception in my new on my enquiring the reason of his tem- | perance, he informed me that some years E ago he used to get drunk, and become very quarrelsome ; so much so, that the young men of the village had to take and bind - him hand and foot, which he looks upon as a great disgrace, and will taste spirits no more. In lieu of drinking, however, I found him an expensive companion, from his addiction to tobacco. So greedily would he seize the pipe and inhale every particle of smoke, that regularly five or six times a day he would fall down in a state of stupefaction. In self-defence I was obliged to smoke, when I found that my mode of using the Indian weed diverted my com- panion as much as his had me: “ Oh,” cried he, * why do you throw away the food ! (smoke). See, I take it in my belly." The following day, during the whole of , Which the rain fell in torrents, we made a | small portage of four miles over Cape Disappointment, the North point of the ^olumbia, to a small rivulet that falls into the ocean, twelve miles to the northward. -I found the labour of dragging my canoe Occasionally over the rocks, stumps, and gulleys that intercepted our way extremely trying, especially as my knee became more and more stiff and troublesome from the damp and cold. On reaching the bay, I proceeded along it for a few miles, when the thick fog obliged us to encamp under a shelving rock, overshadowed with large . Pines, a little above tide-mark. After a : comfortless night I resumed my journey at . day -light, and, having been disappointed of Procuring any salmon at the village Which we passed, because it was aban- . doned, we pushed on with as much speed as possible to Cape Foulweather, which we Bained, after proceeding forty miles along the Coast. The rain continuing to fall Vily the next day, we sent the canoe | back to the Columbia from this place, it Mir also impossible, with so few hands, carry it over a portage of sixteen miles. € Indians, too, were solicitous to leave s ere exhausted. The wind increased about night, two or three hours after they had NORTH-WESTERN PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA. . Dé, when they knew that all the provisions 4 95 departed, to a perfect hurricane, accom- panied with sleet and hail, which obliged us twice to shift our camp, as the sea rose unusually high and almost reached us, and which also rendered me very anxious about the safety of the Indians, who, as I afterwards learned, were so fortunate as to gain the shelter of a creek until the storm abated. We had no protection, save what was afforded by our wet blankets and a few pine branches, and were destitute of provision. A few berries of Arbutus Uva- Ursi were all that could be got at this place, and the high wind and heavy rain almost rendered it impossible to keep up any fire. All the wild fowl had fled to the more sheltered spots, not a bird of any kind could be seen. Long ere day-light we were ready to leave Cape Foulweather;! well convinced that it deserved its name, and as there appeared no likelihood of procuring food, we walked along the sandy beach to endeavour to reach Whitby Har- bour, where my guide expected to meet a fishing party. On arriving there, when we found the village deserted, I can hardly describe the state I was in. While my guide and the Indians were collecting some drift wood, I made a small booth of Pine branches, straw and old mats. My blanket having been drenched all day, and the heavy rain affording no opportunity of drying it, I deemed it imprudent to lie down to sleep, and accordingly spent the night sitting over the fire. The following day found me so broken down with fatigue and starvation, and my knee so much worse, that I could not stir out. We fared most scantily on the roots of Sagittaria sagittifolia and Lupinus littoralis, called in the Chenook language Somuchtan, till, crawling out a few steps with my gun, I providentially saw some wild birds, and killed five ducks at one shot. These were soon cooked, though one of the Indians ate his share raw. To save time in plucking the fowl, I singed off the feathers, and, with ! On the Map, belonging to the Flòra Boreali- mericana, and drawn up under Mr. Douglas’ inspec- tion,—probably by error, Cape Foulweather is repre- sented as on the South side of the Columbia, and Whitby Harbour on the North. 96 a basin of tea, made a good supper on one of them. Ihad certainly been very hungry, yet, strange to say, as soon as I saw the birds fall, my appetite fled, and I could hardly persuade myself I had been in such want. Our fire having attracted the attention of my guide's friends living on the other side the bay, who were looking out for him, they senta canoe. Arriving at midnight I was 1 asleep, and did not know of the fortunate circumstance till he woke me in the morn- ing, for he had not allowed them to make any noise to disturb me, since I had taken little or no rest during three preceding nights. s we were crossing the bay together I killed two gulls, one large and white, with a bluish hue on the wings, which were tipped with black, the other of equal size, but all mottled with grey ;— also a species of Colymbus ; but I had no opportunity of preserving them, I reached my guide’s house at dusk, and remained there several days, partaking of whatever they could spare, and treated with all the kindness and hospitality which Indian cour- tesy could suggest. During this time I procured a little seed of Helonias tenaz, though not so much as I could wish, owing to the lateness of the season, with abund- ance of the seeds of a splendid Carez, and a Lupine (L. littoralis.) The roots of the latter plant are collected by the natives, and roasted on the embers, and they are the Liquorice alluded to by Lewis and ; they contain much farinaceous Substance, and are a very nutritive food ; as mentioned above, the natives call them Somuchtan, à On the 7th of November I proceeded up the river Cheeheelie, with my guide, in a canoe, stopping at such places as pre- sented any thing new. On the llth I had attained a distance of sixty miles from the ocean, when, discouraged by the deluges of rain which fell, and finding that my canoe was too large to proceed farther, owing to the cascades and occasional shal- lowness of the water, I discontinued my voyage, which was intended to extend to .. the source of the river, and dismissed my DOUGLAS’ SKETCH OF A JOURNEY TO THE guide, after making him such p I deemed were well deserved b and kindness I had experienced hands. Before leaving me, howe man, called * the Beard," by entreated me to shave him, as he New Year, at the Fort, when I would him a smoke and a dram, and shave again. He asked me farther, —'' to King George's chiefs know about when I spoke to them on paper” river is a large stream nearly as wi the Thames, very rapid, interru many parts with cascades, and having and rocky banks covered with woods, those found on the Columbia. At the village where I stopped, gained with an Indian to carry my on his horse to the Cowalidsk river, miles distant, a considerable stream, empties itself into the Columbia. | some difficulty in arranging with the and found him the most mercenary I ever yet met. Having no * tive, I had to give him twenty ammunition, two feet of tobacco, flints, and a little vermilion. This distance, though not more ^ miles, took two days ; the low places? causes. sumed all the berries I had called Mr. Mackenzie, who accompanied ' fered severely from eating the TO" species of Narthecium. Fortuna found at the Cowalidsk a small boa Schachanaway, the chief, bad b from the establishment a few da; and he also gave us some roots, mon, and a goose (Anas Canadens following day we descended tbe ™ NORTH-WESTERN PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA. .. were the only things I saved in this unfor- .* F3 tunate journey. My return up the Columbia was effected by means of my cloak and blanket, which I used as sails. It was midnight of the 15th when I reached Fort Vancouver, after an absence of twenty-five days; during which I experienced more fatigue, and gleaned less, than in any trip I ever made in this country. From this period, the middle of Novem- ber, to the end of December, my infirm state of health, and the prevalence of the rainy season entirely precluded any thought of Botany. At mid-day of the 18th, the annual express, consisting of two boats and forty men, arrived at Fort Vancouver, from Hudson's Bay, whence they had start- ed on the 21st of July. Ata distance of several miles we had descried them, rapid- ly descending the stream, and as in this remote country, it is only once a-year that the Post, if I may so call it, arrives from England, we eagerly hurried to welcome our guests, each congratulating himself on the prospect of receiving letters from home. I, for one, was heavily disappointed ; to my great regret, the party informed me that there was no parcel, letter, nor article of any kind for me, and though this was accounted for by the circumstance, that they had quitted Hudson's Bay before the arrival of the ship which sailed for that port from England in the month of May, still it Was tantalizing to reflect that whatever might have been sent to me by that vessel, must now lie on the other side of the great Continent of America until November of next year. Mr. M‘Leod, the gentleman in charge of this expedition, informed me that he had met Capt. Franklin’s party on Cum- berland Lake, on their way to Bear Lake, their winter residence, I learned also that expedition, and that he had accompanied od so far as the Rocky Moun- 3 : tains, where he meant to spend the winter Season neur Peace River and Smoking Wou. 97 River. Mr. M‘Leod, whom I find to be a very agreeable person, informs me that he has passed the last five years on Macken- zie's River, of the country lying near which, he possesses more knowledge than any other person. The natives, whose language he speaks fluently, assure him that there is a river, running parallel with Mackenzie's River, to the West, and equal- ing it in size, which falls into the sea near Icy Cape. He had assembled the Indians with a view to making a journey in that direction, when orders arrived which obliged him to start for Hudson's Bay. In this gentleman may be seen what perse- verance can effect, as he had visited the Polar Sea, and the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in the short space of eleven months. The sea, to the westward of Mackenzie's River is said to be open after July, so that little difficulty or exertion would be found in going to Icy Cape by land. During the brief intervals of good wea- ther, I crawled out whenever my wounded leg enabled me to move, and taking my gun, collected some birds, or went to the woods in search of Mosses and other cryp- togamic plants. Till the 15th of Decem- ber there was hardly any frost, and the weather, when dry, was very pleasant, though the cold was considerable during night. But on the 24th of that month, the rain fell in such torrents that my little hut of Thuja bark became untenantable, the water standing fourteen inches deep on the floor; Mr. M‘Loughlin kindly invited me to take up my quarters with him in his half-finished house, and thither I removed all my little articles on the morning of Christmas Day. After morning service was over, the gentlemen of the Fort took an airing on horseback, in which my trou- blesome knee, much to my vexation, pre- vented my joining. January 1st, 1826. The commencement of a new year, in such a far-removed cor- ner of the globe, where I am almost cut off from all civilized society, suggests many reflections. On New Year's Day, 1824, I was on the Atlantic, returning to my native land from North America; on G 98 DOUGLAS’ SKETCH OF A JOURNEY IN THE the same day, this time twelvemonth, Iwas performed, in order to show their supe scudding over the Pacific, between the Is- powers, among which were hitting a m land of Juan Fernandez and the Gallipagos; with a bow and arrows, and a gun. and as to where I may be ere another year individual passed the arrows through revolves, is known only to the all-wise small hoop of grass, six inches in diame Disposer of events. thrown up into the air by another per a ACCOUNT OF THE ZOOLOGY OF THE hundred and ten yards distant, exclai CORY MEK. that none of King George’s Chiefs could So few events occurred between this the like, any more than chaunt the death date and the 1st of March, that my journal song, and dance war-dances with him. 0 is not worth transcribing. I may, however, this bravado, deeming ita good opportt mention some birds of this country that to show myself a fair marksman, the came under my notice; and first, the Sil- Sjiver-headed Eagle was made to paj ver-headed Eagle (Aquila leucocephala it, I lifted my gun, which was cha of Richardson and Swainson?) a grand with swan-shot, walked to within fort fiv creature, abundant wherever there are ri- yards of the bird, and throwing à stone t vers containing fish. "These birds perch raise him, brought him down when ff on dead trees and stumps overhanging the This had the desired effect; many of water, and are invariably found near cas- natives, who never think of the possib cades and falls; they are wary and difficult of shooting an object in motion, laid the to be killed, although other species of Ea- hands on their mouths in token of fear, gle do sometimes overcome them. The common gesture with them. The fe voice is a shrill whistle. They build their however, still showing himself in int nests in large trees, not confining them- maintain his superiority, gave me 8 shot selves to dead trunks, and appear always his hat, which he threw up himself, 1 to select the most conspicuous situations, my shot carried away all the crown, such as the tops of steep rocks, points and ing nothing but the brim. My fame Y necks of land, where they may be almost hereupon sounded through the whole € certainly looked for. Two, three, and even try, and a high value attached to my four young ones are hatched at a time, Ever since, I have found it of the ut which keep the nest, and continue on the tipsHités to bring down a bird f tree much longer than most birds, seldom when I go near any of their lodges, 8 quitting the vicinity of the place where game time taking care to make it appe they were reared. The colour of the first little matter, not done on purpose plumage is a brownish-black, which in the observed. With regard to the hat in: oe senes grey, light- tion, I may mention thatit was woven these Met didiime oi ves erar year, roots of Helonias tenaz, which the ' k l s ectly white, and the of the Columbia call Quip-Quip, | y maca ed one of these birds my observing the tissue with alte flying, last July, during an excursion of Cockqua promised that his little girl twelve days, which I had made principally years of age, should make me three OF! for the sake of obtaining roots or seeds of after the Retopoan shape, giving me af the Cyperus mentioned by Pursh in his same time his own hat, and a large ©” Preface. The bird, a fine large male, was tion of baskets, cups, and pouches perched on a stump close to the village of same material, for which I paid in to Cockqua, one of the principal chiefs of the knives, nails, and gun-flints. The re Chenook nation. This tribe was at war Cyperus and Thuja are also with the Clatsops and some other Indians, same purpose, Cockqua kept his as mentioned before, and many were the and three months after brought me feats of strength and dexterity which they one of which had initials woveh in a NORTH-WESTERN PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA. dark-stained Fucus. I gave him for these and for ten pieces of wood, made of Spt- rea capitata, each tipped with a beaver's tooth, and used in playing one of their games,—one blanket, value 7s., and some beads, rings, and needles, as a present to the little girl who wrought the hats. When returning last summer from the .Grand Rapids, I saw one of these Silver-headed Eagles take a small sturgeon out of the water, and as he was soaring over my head, I lified my gun and brought him down. The claws of the bird were so firmly clenched through the cartilaginous sub- stance of the fish’s back, that he would not let go, till I introduced a needle into the vertebre of his neck. The sturgeon mea- sured fifteen inches long, and weighed four pounds. The Large Brown Eagle is less plenti- ful than most species of its tribe, and not so shy. Itis also less ferocious than the Silver-headed Eagle, of which it stands in great fear. I was able to kill but one, and an examination of its stomach, which was full of small birds, seemed to show that it does not live on fish. The Small Eagle appears to be rare, as I never saw more than one pair, of which I killed one. Its flight is very quick, and though far inferior in size and strength to the other Eagles of this country, it boldly pursues them all. I cannot say what is the nature of its food. The legs and feet are of a light and bright blue. The hunters inform me that the Calumet Eagle (Aquila Chrysetos, Richardson and Swainson) is found two degrees south of the Columbia, in the winter season, and Isaw two specimens which had been killed there. A species of Buzzard or Vulture (Sar- coramphos Californianus of Vigors), is the largest bird seen here, except the Wild Swan, I killed only one of these interest- ing birds, but the buck-shot which went through its head, spoiled the specimen for Preservation, which I exceedingly regret, as Tam sure the species is yet undescribed. | 1 have since fired at many of them with i ee | kind of smaller shot, but without 99 effect. Seldom more than one or two of these Buzzards are seen together; but when they can find the carcase of any dead animal, they gorge so gluttonously, that it is easy to knock them down with a stick. I shall shortly try to take them with a baited steel trap. The colour of this spe- cies is similar to the small Canadian Buz- zard which I sent home, the beak and legs bright yellow. Its wing-feathers are highly prized by the Canadian Voyageurs for making the stems of their tobacco-pipes. Of the Hawk tribe I have seen but four species, and was able to preserve only two of these. One is pure white, and about the size of a Sparrow-hawk, a very active bird, and in constant pursuit of all the other sorts, which invariably shun its so- ciety. The Magpie, so common with us, and abundant also in the upper part of the country at all seasons, is very rare near the coast ; there seems to be no specific differ- ence between it and the bird of Europe, except that this is larger, and the feathers in the tail of the male are of a brighter and more azure purple. The American Magpies have the same trick as our's of annoying horses which have any sore about them. I preserved a pair of them. The Wood Partridge is not a rare bird, although by no means so abundant as many of the tribe on the other side of the Con- tinent. These birds frequent dry gravelly soils on the outskirts of woods, among ha- zel-bushes and other brushwood ; but are so shy that the breaking of a twig is suffi- cient to raise them, and as they generally harbour in the low thicket, it is only by a chance shot on the wing that they can be secured. I preserved two pairs of this fine species, but had the misfortune to lose one of the males, which could not after- wards be replaced, by the depredations of a rascally rat, who mutilated it so much as to render the specimen unfit for sending home. Onthe Multnomak River there is a species of Partridge, very diminutive in size, not so large as an English Thrush, with a long azure crest, and head and nec of the same hue, the rest of the bird being 100 DOUGLAS’ SKETCH OF A JOURNEY IN THE an uniform pea-grey. I have not seen it as well as on the sand-banks in the Colur myself, but have provided one of the bia. They migrate to the northwar hunters with shot to procure it for me. April, and return in October. The male In the upper country are two or three of the Grey Goose is a handsome mot kinds of Grouse; one a very large bright bird. A pair of each of these Geese is in grey bird, as large as the smaller size of my collection. Turkeys, is plentiful and easily procured; ^ There are perhaps three species, or e another, about the size of a hen, of a black- distinct varieties, of the Swan. First, the ish colour, is also abundant, it cackles ex- Common Swan, then a smaller kind of the actly like the domestic fowl, and never same colour; and thirdly, another, equal flies, but runs along the ground. in size to the first, bluish grey on the back, The Large Grouse I have not seen neck, and head, and white on the belly; 1t alive, but often observed its tail-feathers, is probably specifically distinct, as the co- and part of the skin, decorating the war- lour is preserved in all stages of its growth, caps of the Indians from the Interior. and it is not so common as the rest. # A species very distinct from the Cucu- these frequent like places as the Geese, lus cristatus of Wilson, is the Small Blue and migrate at the same time. To my re- Jay (Garrulus Stelleri ?, Vieillot); indeed gret, I was only able to obtain one speci- I do not remember to have read any de- men, a female of the last species. scription at all according with it. Unlike Of the ten or twelve species of the common Jay of our country, which is found on the Columbia, I could obtain but very shy, and in autumn is seen in large three. flocks, but never near houses, the Jay of | My desire of preserving ani T: the Columbia is very tame, and visits the birds was often frustrated by the heavy dunghills of the Indian villages, like an rains that fell at this season. Among " English robin, sometimes thirty or forty of kinds of the latter ‘which chiefly d the birds coming together. It is of adarker attention are, Tetrao Sabini and Rich blue than the European kind, and has a soni, Sarcocamphos Californica, Corvus black crest. Three of them are preserved. „Stelleri, and some species of the gen ` The Large Horned Owl seems not very Anas. There are several kinds of Cervus, : abundant, I never saw more than twelve Canis, Mus, and Myoxus, though the va: — or fourteen. One I killed by the light of riety of quadrupeds is by no means the moon, having watched for it during great in the North- West as in many several successive evenings; it was not, parts of America. : however, the species I was in quest of, The Elk (Cervus Alces), which which is much larger than the Snowy Owl, hunters say agrees precisely with the 4 and of a yellowish brown colour. of the other side of this great Contin® "There are two species of Crow, one large is found in all the woody country, and. E and the other small; the lesser kind is ticularly abundant near the coast. shyer and not so abundant, being only seen are two other species of Deer—one Le 5 on the banks of rivers and near old en- grey, white on the belly and inside ! campments, where it feeds upon carrion. legs, with a very long tail, a foot to This bird is in my collection; it was killed inches long. -It is called by the b in February. le Chevreuil, or Jumping Deer K In the Wild Fowl there appears little leucurus), and is very small, with . difference from what generally inhabit the about eighteen inches long; and wild districts of America. The Common curved inwards, very round, and not Canadian Wild Goose (Anas Canaden- than once or twice branched. sis?), with the Grey or Calling Goose, The other species is the Bla and the Small White Goose, are abundant Deer (Cervus macrotis of Say), of at on all the lakes, marshes, and low grounds, hue on the back, and bluish grey, * NORTH-WESTERN PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA. _ yellow; its tail is shorter, not exceeding from eight inches to a foot, and the ears remarkably large, much like those of an Ass, and of the same dark colour as the tail. This is a considerably larger animal than the Chevreuil, and less plentiful ; both are found in the upland countries, all through the great range of mountains which extend across the lands of the Snake and Flat-head Indians. I sent last October to England a young Chevreuil, which I had killed on the Multnomak Ri- ver, where these creatures are remarkably abundant. As nothing could be more in- teresting to me than a knowledge of this genus, I have instructed several of the hunters in the mode of preparing the skin, and furnished them with a small quantity of preserving powder; so that I do hope to obtain at least a pair of each. There are two sorts of Rabbit and one of Hare, but none of them have I seen alive; the latter, which is only found in the Interior, is said to be very large. On the Multnomak there is a most sin- gular kind of Foz, smaller than any other, except the White Fox of North-East Ame- rica, its extreme length being only from thirty-three to forty inches. The hair is remarkably short, and very coarse, and what is most singular, each hair is brown at the bottom, white in the middle, and black atthe points, which gives the crea- ture a light grey colour; the belly white, and the sides of the neck and body, as well as the forehead, brown; the ears and nose Somewhat black, and it has a grey beard and a black stroke from the shoulders to the tip of the tail. The propensity which this Fox exhibits for climbing trees distin- Buishes it from all the other species; he mounts with as much facility as a Squirrel. The first I saw was on the Multnomak, Where this kind of Fox is by no means Tare A large Lynz (Felis rufa, Richardson and Guidenst.) was started by Mr. M‘Leod and me when we were on a hunting excur- Sion in the month of February. The small . Bull-dog belonging to that gentleman ‘Caught it by the throat and killed it with- 101 out any further trouble. It was a full- grown female, and the skin not being much injured, I mean to have it neatly preserved. Several kinds of Mice and Rats are found on the banks of the rivers, but I have been unable to catch any more of a singu- lar species with pouches, of which large numbers had visited us last autumn. The Ground Rat, or Arctomys (Arctomys bra- chyurus ?), of whose skins the Chenook and other tribes of Indians make their robes, I hear are plentiful in the upper parts of the Cowalidsk River, but my en- feebled state when I was tliere last Novem- ber prevented my hunting for any, and my subsequent attempts have been unsuc- cessful, On the Multnomak River, about thirty- six miles above its junction with the Co- lumbia, there are fine Falls, about forty- three feet in perpendicular height, across the whole river in an oblique direction ; when the water is low, they are divided . into three principal channels, but when it is high the whole stream rushes over in one unbroken sheet. This place was at one time considered the finest hunting- ground for Beaver (Castor Fiber, var. Americanus) West of the Rocky Moun- tains, and much have I been gratified in viewing the lodges and dams constructed by that wise and industrious little animal. The same place is frequented by large numbers of a species of Deer (probably the Cervus Wapiti described as having been seen by Capt. Franklin's party); but though seventeen of these creatures, male and female, were killed during a stay that I made there in autumn 1825, only a small young male, about four months, could be ceded to me for preservation, owing to the great scarcity of provision. The quantity of Salmon (Salmo Scou- leri? Richardson) taken in the Columbia is almost incredible, and the Indians resort in great numbers to the best fishing spots, often travelling several hundred miles for this purpose. The salmon are captured in the following manner :—Before the water rises, small channels are made among the — - rocks and stones, dividing the stream into — 102 branches, over which is erected a platform or stage on which a person can stand. 'These are made to be raised, or let down, as the water falls or rises. A scoop net, which is fastened round a hoop and held - bya pole twelve or fifteen feet long, is then dropped into the channel, which it exactly fits, and the current of the water carrying it down, the poor salmen swims into it with- out being aware, when the individual who watches the net instantly draws it, and flings the fish on shore. The handle of the net is secured by a rope to the platform, lest the force of the water should drive it out of the fisher’s hand. The hoop is made of -Acer circinatum, the net of the bark of an Apocynum, which is very durable and "tough, and the pole of Pine-wood. The salmon is of good quality, generally weigh- ing from 15 to 25lbs., sometimes more. I measured two—the first was three feet . five inches long from the snout to the tip of the tail, and ten inches broad at the thickest part, it weighed 35 Ibs. : the other was three feet four inches in length, nine inches broad, and a little lighter. Both were purchased for two inches of tobacco (about half an ounce), and value two pence. In England the same quantity of salmon could not be obtained under £2 or £3, nor would it eat so nicely crisped (a great point with epicures) as mine has done; when cooked under the shade of a princely Pine far removed from the abodes of civilized . life. Itis wonderful how much comfort, at least how much of the feeling of it, can consist with such a place, and under such circumstances, where I have been surround- ed by hundreds of individuals who had never seen such a white face as mine be- fore, and whose intentions, were I only to judge by their weapons and appearance, were very hostile. Great was their astonish- ment when, after having eaten my salmon, I prepared an effervescing draught, and swallowed it, boiling, as they believed. Their belief in good and bad spirits made . and when, besides drinking this * boiling with my lens, they called me Olla Piska, DOUGLAS’ SKETCH OF A JOURNEY IN THE ‘them consider me as one of the latter class, manuf water," they saw me light a tobacco-pipe i which in Chenook language, signifies A pair of spectacles which I placed on nose, caused no less surprize, and the h river is free from rocks or stumps. The Sturgeon (Accipenser transmo nus, Richardson) attains a length of feet, and a weight of 400 to 500 Ibs. in Columbia. me by my Indian friend, Cockqua, s months ago, and as to eat the whole we feat even surpassing the powers of ''! of King George's Chiefs," I requested | i to select the part which he considered This request for a considerable time, out of the 4 and spine of this fish. A small Trout is also found abunda in the creeks of the Columbia. Pursh, correctly surmised by iut grow on this side of the Rocky Mount though whether this country, oF the nc Mountains themselves, or the banks of Missouri, be its original habitat, I om unable to say. I am, however, inciine think tbat it is indigenous to the mo where the hunters say that it a : i i country © fully, especially in the ry aioe annually visit, and distribu both directions, East and : Great Chain of the Rocky Mountain first saw a single plant of it in the à an Indian at the Great Falls of the ° ; bia, but though I offered two ounces ' actured tobacco, an enormous neration, he would on no account pi^ Indians near the villages, lest it $ NORTH-WESTERN PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA. pulled and used before it comes to perfect maturity ; they select for its cultivation an open place in the wood, where they burn a dead tree or stump, and strewing the ashes over the ground, plant the tobacco there. Fortunately, I happened to detect one of these little plantations, and supplied myself, without delay or immediate stipu- lations for payment, with both specimens for drying and seeds. The owner, whom I shortly met, seeing the prize under my arm, appeared much displeased, but was propitiated with a present of European to- bacco, and becoming good friends with me, gave the above description of its culture, saying that wood-ashes invariably made it grow very large. Iwas much disappointed at being una- ble to obtain cones of a fine Pinus which grows abundantly on the banks of the Co- lumbia. The trees were too large to be felled with my hatchet, and, as to climbing, I had already learned the propriety of leaving no property below, on such occa- sions. The top of the tree, where the cones hang, was also too weak to bear me, and its height so great, that all my attempts to bring them down by firing at them with Swan-shot were unsuccessful. On the 20th of February, Jean Baptiste M‘Kay, one of the hunters, returned to the establishment from his hunting excursion to the southward, and brought me one cone of the species of Pinus, which I had requested him to procure last August, when I was at the Multnomak. The first knowledge I had of this grand tree was derived from the very large seeds and Scales of the cone which I had seen in the Indian's Shot-pouch. After treating the i to a smoke, which must'be done be- fore any questions are put, I inquired and that he had brought this prize from the mountains to the southward, and as M'Kay was going in that direction, I beg- ged him to procure me twelve cones, a bag of seeds, a few twigs and some of the gum. emg, however, late in autumn ere he ar- Tived at the place where the trees grow, all _ the seed was gone, and he therefore brought ‘only a cone to show me; but as he gave 103 strict orders to his Indian friends, I feel certain of securing abundance of it in the summer. This species belongs to Pursh’s second section; the tree measures from twenty to fifty feet in circumference, and is one hundred and seventy to two hundred and twenty feet high, nearly unbranched to within a short distance of the top where it forms a perfect umbel. The trunk is remarkably straight, the wood fine, and yielding a great quantity of resin. Grow- ing trees, which have been burned by the natives to save the trouble of felling them or of collecting other fuel,*a practice to which they are greatly addicted, produce a quantity of a saccharine substance, used for seasoning in the same way as sugar is by civilized nations. The cone measured sixteen inches and a half in length, and was ten inches round at the thickest part. The country of the Umptqua Indians, two degrees South of the Columbia, produce this tree in the greatest abundance. The seeds are collected in the end of summer, dried, pounded, and made into a sort of cake, which is considered a great dainty. To my inquiries respecting it, the poor In- dian answered by repeated assurances that he would give me plenty of this cake when I visited his country, which is the surest proof of its being much prized, as these people will, on every occasion, offer the greatest rarity or delicacy to a stranger. The same person brought me also an Elk’s snare and a netted purse of ingenious workmanship, made of a most durable grass, which, from what I have seen, will probably prove a new species of elonias. Of this plant he has also promised to pro- cure me roots and seeds. SUMMER EXCURSIONS ON THE COLUM- BIA RIVER Mature consideration of what I have | been already able to effect in this country, - and of the great amount that yet remains to be done, has satisfied me of the pro- — priety of remaining here for another year, — — that I may explore it more satisfactorily. - I feel that I should otherwise be neglectful of the interests of the Society which sends 4 104 me, though I am so doubtful whether my determination will meet with the approba- tion of my employers (though not doubt- ful of the integrity of my motives), that I will cheerfully labour this season without any remuneration, if I am only allowed a small sum of money to supply myself with clothing. Thus I hope my conduct will be pardoned, if not approved. Two con- siderations weigh much with me. Firstly, I involve the Society in little or no expense; and secondly, having been an invalid dur- ing the latter part of the seed-harvest, I have, of course, missed of procuring man things which it would be most desirable to possess, particularly of the vegetation of the Upper Country, towards the head-wa- ters of this river, and the boundless tracts that lie contiguous to the Rocky Mountains. I could have crossed the Continent this season to Montreal, and would most gladly have done so, but for the considerations just mentioned. Should circumstances forbid my accomplishing this desirable ob- ject in the spring of next year (1827), I shall, without further delay, embrace the earliest opportunity of returning to Eng- land by sea, but the length of time con- sumed by the voyage renders me unwilling to do this. The expected arrival in Sep- tember of George Simpson, Esq., Governor of the Western Districts, gives me hope that I shall not be subjected to this un- pleasant necessity. ing this spring and summer, there- fore, my head-quarters will be either Wal- la-wallah, the lowest, Spokan, the middle, or Kettle Falls, the highest, on the Co- lumbia and its branches. At each of these places I shall make such a stay as seems desirable, and the extreme distance not _ ed without difficulty. A vessel may shortly -be expected on this coast, and as I shall not return hither, probably, before No- vember, I mean to leave the whole of my collection ready packed, to be transmitted by her to England, reserving a package of seeds which it is my intention to carry across the country to Hudson’s Bay. DOUGLAS’ SUMMER EXCURSIONS March Ist to 20th. This time w voted to accomplishing the package. two boxes of the residue of my colle and making preparations for my jou into the Interior, and the continual which fell enabled me to work at this j the more assiduously. The kindne Mr. M‘Loughlin enabled me to take quires of paper, weighing 102 Ibs., whic with the rest of my other necessary cles, is far more than I could have ven to expect, considering the labour and culty which attend the transportation | luggage over the portages, &c. In company of John M‘Leod, Esq. gentleman going to Hudson's Bay, Mr. Francis Ermetinger, who was bow for the Interior, with two boats and teen men, I started from Fort Vanco on Monday, the 20th, at four o' noon. Owing to the rain and adverse and a strong current against us, it was t 2. ral kinds, some of great magnitude, their lofty wide-spreading branches 40 with snow ; while a rain-bow stretches 05 the vapour formed by the agitated wate which rush with furious speed over shattered rocks and through the deep reflection of the snow. On Thursday the 23rd, we pr on our voyage with a strong westerly which enabled us to hoist a sail, and ed the lower part of the Great Falls dusk, where we camped in a small under a shelving rock. Fortunatel night was fine, and the moon bright, x was the more agreeable, as the wind We not allow of our tent being pitched. we were placed in a dangerous P ment, from the natives, who coll unusually large numbers, and show disposition to be troublesome, 9e did not receive so ample a suj E proc Me ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER. . bacco as they had expected. We were : _ obliged-to watch the whole night. Having &few of my small wax tapers, on which I . lay a great value, still remaining, I lighted one, and sat down to write to Mr. Murray of Glasgow, and to arrange in paper some Mosses that I had collected the preceding evening. Day-light was a most gladsome sight, as may be imagined, after spending the hours of darkness surrounded by at least four hundred and fifty savages, whose manners announced any thing but amicable feelings towards us. As no one in the brigade could converse with them much better than myself, little could be done by persuasion. However, discovering that two of the principal men understood the Chenook language, which I am slightly acquainted with, I found this circumstance some advantage. After taking a hurried and anxious breakfast on the rocks, we ed that the Indians were lying in wait with the intention of attacking us and pil- ing the boats. This warning proved too correct. No sooner had they received the customary present of tobacco than they became desirous of compelling us to en- camp for the night, that they might the better effect their purpose. The first symp- tom of hostile intentions which we observ- ed, was their cunning trick of sprinkling | water on the gun-barrels of our party ; and, when the boats were ordered to be put in- to the water, they would not allow it to be done, As Mr. M'Leod was laying his hand on the shoulders of one native to Push him back, another fellow immediately drew from his quiver a bow and a hand- of arrows, and presented it at Mr. M'Leod. My position at the time, at the . Outside of th to be lost, I instantly slipped the cover off My gun, which was fortunately loaded with buck-shot, and presenting it at him, I in- = ed him to discharge his arrow, when I Would return it with my own weapon. Just this moment, a Chief of the Kyemuse 105 tribe, and three of -his young men, who are the terror of all the other tribes West of the mountains, and the staunch friends of the white people (as they call us), step- ped in among the party and settled the affair without any further trouble. This very friendly Indian, who is one of the finest figures of a man I have ever seen, standing six feet six inches high, then ac- companied us several miles up the river to the spot where we intended to encamp for the night, and was liberally remunerated by Mr. M‘Leod for his courageous and timely interference and friendship. I be- ing King George’s Chief, or the “Grass Man,” as I am called, bored a hole through the only shilling which I possessed, and which had been in my pocket ever since I left London, and observing that the septum of his nose was perforated, I suspended the coin to it by a bit of brass wire, a ce- remony which afterwards proved a seal of lasting friendship between us. After smoking with us, our friend left us to re- turn to the Indian village, promising that he would not allow us to be molested. As we could not, of course, think of sleeping that night, I employed myself in writing a letter to Dr. Hooker.! ! LETTER TO DR. HOOKER. ** Great Falls of the Columbia River, March 24th, 1826. “ DEAR SIR, ** From Dr. Scouler you must have obtained a good description of North- West America, mad quainted with many of its treasures. He left me in fine spirits ; and when we were together, not a day passed eat woods, we would sometimes sit down to rest our . 42 u ol limbs, and then the ften t d his eye, and was eagerly grasped and transferred to I felt very lonely during the first few weeks after Dr. Scouler had sailed. ** The upper country here appears such an interest- vote the whole of this year to exploring it ; though somewhat doubtful whether I am justified jn so doing, my orders were strict from Mr. Sabine not to out- at thn A, ae Fa. AP tes. dq ah oh 106 The next morning, the 25th, this disa- ble business being settled, we started at daylight, and continuing our upward course during the three next days, reached the Walla-wallah Establishment on the 28th, where I was received with much kindness by Mr. S. Black, the person in charge.. The whole country between this place and the Great Falls is nearly desti- of the Columbia in 1826. I trust, however, that my August, when, with what I may previously obtain, I hope to have a most splendid collection. zs JAM € — winter, I have z ty Jungermannie, jection of birds and other animals. My kno nowledge i is somewhat limited in these families, so that I hardly dare to pronounce take care to secure every thing I can lay my hands upon. It would have been in my power to make my way to , ^ m M EET. the opportunity of Pr such an extensive and inte- resting country as lies between; but to overlook the species of Pinus, the most princely of the genus, pee even the grandest specimen of vegetation. It attains the enormous height of from one hundred and event " two twenty feet, with a ci fifty nés and cones from twelve to eighteen ilis ! I possess one of the latter, measuring one foo five inches = and ten — ond ithe rnt part, titute of usd till near the tp Vial they form ey are greatly addicted, produce which, I am almost afraid to say, is sugar ; Mss as some of it, together with the onmes, will erem reach Euf- land it 1 4 *11 This Pinus abundantly two cien south of the Col sabe River, in the country of the Umptqua Tribe of Indians, who collect its seeds in autumn and stance that I have desc sa above, in the same way as is civilized nations do €. rect figure to be taken of this tree, and also to try m success m a bag of its seeds. ho make some addition to the genus Phlox, and to tee PR. (Bot. Reg. t. 1351.), if it be in existence. Of Liliaceous plants I onem be a great variety. ** Y heard of Capt. Franklin's party from Cumber- land Lake, ee ee Take, their winter re- Dr. Richardson did not write to me, as the DOUGLAS’ SUMMER EXCURSIONS tute of timber, the largest shrub bei garea (Purshia of the Flora Americana) tridentata, which we us fuel in boiling our little kettle. ticed several large species of Artem arborea, among them) that were new and indeed the whole aspect of vege is quite dissimilar from that of the c To the South-east, at a distance of party who brought me the news only spent a i nutes with th I learn there is a Mr. that if the natives, to w. fectly known, can be credited, del must y» west passage. They describe a very large r runs parallel with the Mackenzie, and falls into people of it wear long bea having hanged several of the natives to the ri Considerable dependence may be placed statements, as Mr. M‘Leod showed me some coins, combs, and articles of hardware, very different from what can be ob British Trading Company. Bat the moste oe and which proves the difficulty of t g obliged to depart for Hudson's Bay. to be open after July. In this gentleman 4 exam de. of what may be done by perseve" ^s ace of he d en ma x vsti te Sea, ec Šilute and Pacific Oce an individual alive has gone through do as of miseries and hardshi * My intention is to endeavour crossing. pr C > al nearly reduced to of shoes, no ME two shirts, two hà silk es Menit leas te, not knowing first. ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER. miles, is seen a ridge of high snowy moun- tains, which, running in a South-westerly direction for three hundred miles, terminate near the ocean. There I might hope to find all or most of the plants of the Rocky Mountains, and Mr. Black has kindly com- menced arrangements for my making a journey thither early in June, which will s 30th. We proceeded early this morning on our way, I walking generally on the bank of the river, as I found the cold very prejudicial to my stiff knee, which was the better for a little ex- ercise. The country, too, was quite a plain, as far as the junction of Lewis and Clarke's River, which is a fine stream, from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty yards wide in many places, and very rapid, abounding, as well as many o its tributaries, with salmon. Its whole course, from its source in the Rocky Moun- tains till it joins the Columbia, is not less than fifteen hundred miles. The soil in this neighbourhood is a light brown earth, which the wind frequently blows up in mounds or hills fifty feet high, whereon Brow several species of Lupinus and Gino thera, with some singular bulbus:rabied plants, and occasional shrubs of the beau- tiful Purshia tridentata, which is the largest vegetable production seen here. Same aspect of country continues as far as the Priest's Rapid, which we reached on the Ist of April, where it becomes mountainous, with scarcely a vestige of Tiver are of limestone and very rugged, and this is considered one of the most ‘dangerous parts of the whole river. During E time occupied in making the portage nine miles, I wrote to my friend, Dr. ! of Glas TO DR. SCOULER.! Priest's Rapid, on the Columbia River, Lat. 48° N., Long. 117° W., April 3rd, 1826. are once more in A t your long bibis has terminated to your * Your friends would, no doubt, chest y 107 April 2nd to 6th. Continuing our jour- ney without interruption, we reached the ntertain melancholy thoughts about you, owing to your absence having proved so much longer than was expected ; and I know by experience, how much you must have felt. i Pierce you left me, there has been no person to join my walks, and for several weeks I felt very un- erii Aie sv especially grieved at not having seen you before your departure, owing to a hurt that one of my legs received when packing my boxes, and since. much exertion, I left Fo: October, for the purpose of seeing you in my way to Whitby’s Harbour, near the Cheeheelie River, On the evening of the 23rd I put ashore at Oak Point to on that day, I lost no time in "amid my kettle, ne having re-embarked at 11 P in hopes — the bay before daylight. xtti s d was adverse, and my Indians being much fa- i. I did not arrive till ten o'clock, when I heard, to my great disappointment, me you had left the river only one hour before. I found Tha-a-mu-ii, or ** the Beard," Com Comly's brother, to whom you had spoken of me. He is an old man: at his request I shaved him, that he might look more like one of King G a St. Helen’s, to the Cow-a-lidsk River, which I de- scended to its junction with the Columbia. This was the most unfortunate trip I ever had ; the season = ing so late, and my knee becomin troublesome, I was under the necessity of laying br, as an invalid, for three days, on Cape Foulweather, i a hut made of pine-branches and grass. Being un- able to go abroad and shoot, I fared, of course, but us, and scantily ; some "t of Proce one of C ich I killed, were spoiled b by the excessive rain. "The only plant I ias tenax and d me t e of painii r, in the short intervals of fair weather, I he woods, in search for Mosses, but my m m this tribe of plants is insufficient to en- ally in the use of the gu could handle to some pugnet . lamin of a species of Pinus, the finest of the genus, and hope soon to have abundance of Mol deine qi 108 "Establishment on the Oakanagan River, one of the Northern branches of the Co- lumbia, where we were kindly received by the Factor, Mr. Annance, but the ground being covered three or four feet deep with snow, nothing could be done in the way of Botany, and my attempts to secure speci- mens of the Wild Grouse of the country were also unsuccessful I observed a beautiful yellow Lichen growing on the dead brushwood. April 9th. My companions and I resumed our route early this morning, sometimes walking and sometimes on horseback where the portages were very long and rugged, and on Tuesday, the 11th, arrived at the junction of the Spokan River with the Columbia, where we found John W. Dease, Esq., who, with fourteen men, was on his way to the Kettle Falls, ninety miles higher up the Columbia, the furthest of the three points, which I designed to make my head-quarters for the summer and au- tumn. The great kindness and attention this gentleman showed me contributed no little to my comfort. He is brother to the person of the same name who is now ac- companying Capt. Franklin on his second Arctic Land Expedition. This part of the Columbia is by far the most beautiful and varied I have yet seen ; ripe seeds. [Here follow the details, which are pre- cisely similar to what Mr. D. had mentioned in his erits shade? As for Mr. Lambert, I hardly think he could eat at all, if he saw it. country lying towards the head-waters of the Colum- bia River, I could not think of forsaking such an in- viting field, or departing so far from the interests of the Society by which I am employed. I expect to reach the mountains in August. How glad I shall be tojoin you in our usual trip of Ben Lomond, where we shall have more time and a keener relish for talk- ing over our journeys in North-West A MID, 1a: +n PL ^. D: in the interior . Pardon the shortness of this note, as I have neither time nor conveniences for writing—no table nor desk : t x a Al. £P t A u - bis is p p y SE oard, under ~ Which are some exceedingly interesting things,” DOUGLAS’ SUMMER EXCURSIONS the plains are extensive, but stu Pine-trees, like an English lawn, ing bluffs or little eminences cloth small brushwood and rugged rocks s kled with Ferns, Mosses, and Lichen Two or three days were here dev drying my paper, which had got we ranging my plants, and writing to Mr. bine, my brother, and Mr. Munro, notes I delivered to Mr. M‘Leod, who to-morrow, the 14th, for his long tr Hudson's Bay, and has most kindly gaged to convey my tin box of se a few other articles which he will to Mr. M'Tavish. I also met Mr. Wark here, from whom I received | attention last year. In a few days Ii proceeding to the Kettle Falls, shall make such a stay and such excur as best promise to accomplish the o of my employers. Among the most interesting plants} I have just gathered, is one 0 a perfectly distinct from Lilium (though à parently the L. pudicum of Pursh), style is invariably three-cleft. It is: dant in light dry soil, every where $e the Falls. I shall try to preserve its DU as it is highly ornamental. The 2 eat the roots both raw and roasted et: lay by for winter use. theon is also plentiful here, gt” a white variety: when these pre are seen together, they lend a scanty herbage of American Spr agreeably recalls to mind “ the wee son-tipped flower," and “ the faint rose-beds" of my native land. From Sunday the 15th to the 19th, I continued making Se" in the country contiguous to the of the Spokan River, and this mo sake of viewing the general asp?" soil, and estimating its future pre than for any object of Natural I might now pick up, the season early in spring to afford much. Wednesday the 19th. n noon, I accompanied Mr. Dease, ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER. two boats and a party of fourteen men, was proceeding up the river to a new settlement, called Fort Colville, near the Kettle Falls, ninety miles further on. The whole dis- ce is mountainous and rugged, be- coming increasingly so as we approach the territory of the Rocky Mountains. Many kinds of Pine are seen on the banks, three species particularly,—P. resinosa, a Pinus, very similar to P. taxifolia of the coast, and P. Lariz, the latter more nu- merous than the others, and attaining a great size: I measured some thirty feet in circumference; and several which had been levelled to the ground by the late storms, were one hundred and forty-five feet long, with wood perfectly clean and strong. A thick sward of grass covered the ground, interspersed with shrubs which at this early season it was impossible to determine. The hills are still partially clothed with snow, and while the days are warm, the cold is Severe at night. The greatest elevation of the thermometer was 65°, and its minimum 28°, during the twenty-four hours; a strik- Ing difference! During this voyage we met with several parts of the river where the Rapids obliged us to make long and diffi portages, sometimes three in a day. We generally started very early, breakfast- ing a little before noon, and continued our Progress till dark, about seven o'clock, when we camped for the night, and found our suppers of salmon and dried buffalo- meat highly acceptable. Saturday the 22nd. Arrived this night at the Kettle Falls, where the whole stream 15 precipitated over a perpendicular ledge, twenty-four feet high, besides several smaller cascades, which shiver the water into the most picturesque snowy flakes and foam for the distance of one hundred and a9 yards, where a small oval rocky island, Studded with a few shrubs and trees, sepa- Tates the channel in two, __ Here I spent between a fortnight and three weeks, making short daily excursions, during Which I obtained some interesting — od killed several birds that I had B cela Seen in the country. Among ~~ was a pretty black species of Par- 109 tridge, which at this season was not at all shy, and of which I secured three speci- mens; a small Pheasant and a Curlew, apparently quite distinct from the Euro- pean species, being never seen near marshy places, but abundant in dry ground, where it lays its egg on the bare soil. The plants that pleased me best, were Erythronium grandiflorum of Pursh (Bot. Reg. t. 1786), which is extremely beautiful, especially when seen growing, as is commonly the case, with the Dodecatheon mentioned be- fore, and with a small species of Pulmona- ria; also Claytonia lanceolata, of which the roots, though insipid, are eaten by the poor Indians, both raw and roasted; two species of Rosa, and a lovely evergreen shrub, probably a Clethra,! which is abun- dant in the woods here, and I trust may yet be equally so in the shrubberies of Britain. Tuesday, May 9th. Having apparently exhausted all the objects of interest which the very early season of the year afforded in this vicinity, I quitted the Kettle Falls of the Columbia, and taking two horses loaded with my provisions, which consisted of dried buffalo meat, tea, and a little su- gar,'and with my blanket and paper (by the aid of these animals also hoping to get an occasional lift over the worst places of my route) I set out across the mountains, for the abandoned Establishment at Spo- kan, distant about one hundred and ten miles. My object was to see Mr. Jacques Raphael Finlay, a Canadian Sauteur, now resident there, who is possessed of exten- sive information as to the nature of the country, its animals, vegetable productions, &c. To him Mr. Dease kindly gave me a note of recommendation, and I had for my guides his two young sons. The melting of the snow, which swelled the mountain rivulets into angry torrents, rendered our way difficult and circuitous ; often the mea- dows were so overflowed that the ground would not bear the horses, which became much fatigued by their exertions and fre- quent falls among the rocks. After travel- ling about twenty-seven miles, we camped I N, K' LaL INO Pr 110 DOUGLAS' SUMMER EXCURSIONS for the night, and starting by daylight of the next morning (Wednesday 10th), reached at noon a small, but very rapid river, call- ed by the Indians, Barriére River, having travelled for seven hours without food. No natives being near to help us across in their canoes, my two young companions and I had the alternative of making a raft or swimming, and being all well accustom- ed to the water, we chose the latter. Un- 1 saddling the horses, we drove them in, and they all crossed with safety and ease, ex- cept one poor animal, which getting entan- gled by its hind legs, among some brush- wood at the bottom, struggled for a long time, till the impediment giving way, he finally relieved our anxiety by gaining the other side. I myself made two trips across, carrying my paper and gun the first time, and my blanket and clothes the second ;— the latter articles I was obliged to hold above water in both my hands, a difficult and tedious process, during which, as if to render my labour fruitless, it hailed heavily. When I landed, my whole frame was so completely benumbed, that we were under the necessity of stopping to kindle a fire, and to indulge my guides with a smoke, after which we proceeded. At night, a severe pain between my shoulders and ge- neral chilliness kept me from sleeping. I rose, boiled my kettle, and made some tea ; then dried my blanket, and substituted for my damp shirt a spare one in which I had rolled my plants; but feeling no better, and being unfortunately without medicine, I started on foot at a little before four, and driving the horses before me, got into a profuse perspiration, which considerably relieved my sufferings. Near this spot was an Indian burying- ground, certainly one of the most curious I had yetseen. All the property of the deceased was here deposited near their graves, their implements, garments, and gambling articles. Even the favourite horse of the deceased is not spared; it is customary to shoot the animal with a bow and arrow, and suspend the skin, with the hoofs and skull, just above the remains of his master. On the trees which are round the burying-place, small bundles m seen, tied up in the same manne provisions which ‘they carry when : ling. I could not learn whether th intended as food for the dead or p tory offerings to the divinities. the grave the body is placed in a posture, with the knees touching the and the arms folded across the chest. subjects, as nothing seems to hurt the | ings of these people so much as alu to their departed friends. ; Thursday the 11th. At seven this mí ing we gained the summit of the last r of hills which lie between the and Spokan Rivers, and beheld one most sublime views that could po of rugged mountains, deep valley mountain-rills. At noon reached Establishment, where Mr. Finlay me most kindly, regretting at the time that he had not a morsel of 1008 offer me, he and his family having b subsisting for several, at least SIX on the roots of Phalangium @ (Scilla esculenta, Bot. Mag. t. 2778 ed by the natives all over the : Camass, on those of Lewisa n (Bot. Misc. t.70), and on a black L cl jubatus), which grows on the mode of preparing the latter is as —after clearing it thoroughly from the twigs and pieces of bark to Wh heres, it is immersed in water, till it becomes perfectly soft; Y placed between two layers of ignited sf | with the precaution of prot grass and dead leaves, lest it shoule The process of cooking takes à before the lichen cools, i cake, much in the same way 8$ langium Quamass ; when it is cone fit for y A cake of this kind, bason of water, was all that Mr. F3 to offer me. Great, therefore. pleasure in being able to requite pitality by giving him a share A vision with which Mr. Dease? had supplied me, and which, from luxurious fare, was yet | ON THE COLOMBIA RIVER. he and his family had tasted for a long time. I had also some game in my saddle bags, which I had killed by the way, and of which I gave him half. The principal object of my visit to Mr. Finlay was to get my gun repaired, and as he was the only person who could do it, within a distance of eight hundred miles, and this article being a matter of, perhaps, vital import- ance to me, I hastened to inform him of my request, though my imperfect know- ledge of French, the only language that he could speak, much limited our intercourse, and prevented my deriving from him all the information that I wished to obtain. Having taken a walk up the river in the afternoon, I found, on my return at night, that Mr. Finlay had obligingly put my gun into good order, for which I presented him with a pound of tobacco, being the only article I had to give. Two days were devoted to botanizing in this neighbourhood, where I found three fine species of Ribes in flower: the R. au- reum, which bears, as Mr. Finlay informs me, à very large and excellent yellow berry (he never saw it black or brown, though I afterwards found this variety); a white-blossomed, apparently new species, whose snowy and fragrant long spikes of flowers are enough to recommend it for culture in England, even without consider- ing its abundant produce of well-flavoured and black currants, which resemble those of our country, except in being rather more acid ; and another kind, with a green flow- er, that is succeeded by a small black gooseberry. Of all these, and many other Plants, I engaged Mr. Finlay to collect spe- cimens and seeds for me; as well as of an Interesting kind of Allium, which grows about forty miles distant, and of which the Toots, that I saw, were as large as a nut, esga particularly mild and well tasted. found to be R, viscosissimum (Hook. FI. — Talso Saw a new Pinus (P. ponderosa), kinds of Misseltoe, one large and 111 plant (Arceubothrium Ozycedri, Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. v. 1. t. 99), parasitical on Pinus Banksiana, which is not rare here, though of smaller stature than it attains on the other side of the Rocky Mountains. A large Bear, Ursus horribilis, was killed by Mr. Finlay, but it was too large to be pre- served. Among the seeds I procured, were those of Pentstemon Scoulert (Bot. Reg. t. 1277), Claytonia lanceolata, Ery- thronium grandiflorum (Bot. Reg. t. 1786), and Rubus Nutkanus (Bot. Reg. t. 1368, and Bot. Mag. t. 3458). Saturday the 13th. As I thought of bending my steps again towards the Co- lumbia, Mr. Finlay offered that one of his sons should escort me, to which I agreed. Before quitting him, I made some inquiry about a sort of sheep found in this neigh- bourhood, about the size of that describ- ed by Lewis and Clarke, but, instead of wool, having short thick coarse hair, of a brownish-grey colour, whence its name of Mouton Gris, as it is called by the voyageurs, is derived. The horns of the male, weighing sometimes 18 to 24 lbs., are dingy-white, and form a sort of volute, those of the female bend back, curv- ing outwards at the point, and are from ten inches to a foot long. The flesh is fine, equal to that of the domestic sheep. It inhabits the lofty mountains, and is sel- dom seen in any numbers except on those whose summits are covered with perpetual snow. Mr. Finlay gave me hopes that when he visited the high mountains further up the country in autumn, he might be able, notwithstanding the shyness of these animale, and the inaccessible places to which they generally betake themselves when disturbed, to procure me a specimen of this highly interesting creature. To Mr. Finlay's sons I offered a small compen- sation, if they would preserve for me the skins of different animals, showing them at the same time how this should be done. On my way back from Spokan River to the Columbia, I was obliged to take the same way of crossing the Barriére River as I had done when coming, and again suffered a good deal from the wetness of my clothes, 112 as I had no change whatever with me. I however added Ribes viscosissimum of Pursh (Flora Boreali- Americana, tab.76.) to my collection, which pleased me much, the toils of my excursion, by the many new plants I had gained, and by the advantage - of getting my gun properly repaired. For two days, however, after my return to the Establishment at the Kettle Falls, I was so indisposed as to keep my bed with fever and a violent pain between my shoulders, probably occasioned by wet, cold, and fa- tigue. Friday the 19th to Thursday the 26th. This time was spent in making several ex- cursions; on one occasion I crossed the Columbia to Dease River, one of its most northerly branches, and which had never before been entered by any European. Mr. Kitson, in a canoe with two Indians, went on purpose to explore it, but after having proceeded ten miles, during which I walked along the banks, that I might better judge of its productions, the stream proved so rapid that we were obliged t give up further progress and return. is river seems, like most of the others, to have its source in the Rocky Mountains, Friday the 26th. Started at daylight for a trip to the hills south of the Kettle Falls. The weather was warm, thermometer 86°, and sitting down to rest awhile under the shade of a large Thuja occidentalis, in a valley near a small spring, I fell asleep and never woke till late in the afternoon, when, being twenty miles from home, I would gladly have taken up my quarters there for the night, but that I feared Mr. M‘Loughlin, who expected me back, would be uneasy. I therefore returned with all speed over a mountainous and rugged way, and arrived near midnight, and found him on the point of sending two Indians to seek for me; his anxiety, however, lest any accident should have befallen me, was changed into heart - E laughter, when he heard of the manner in i which I had been spending my time. _ The next week was devoted to collecting | Specimens of plants, preparatory to leaving |... this place for a journey to the plains below. DOUGLAS’ SUMMER EXCURSIONS Monday, June the 5th. Rose past two, and had all my articles charge to Mr. Dease, and my tent s before five, when I took some brea and in company with Mr. W. Kit farewell to the wild romantic s the Kettle Falls. The river is much by the melting of the snow, being to sixteen feet above its usual level, it is six hundred yards wide. As our boats got into the current, they down the river with the velocity of row just loosed from the bowstri half hour took us to Thompson's K the place where the striking appe the shattered rocks and water is my journal of our ascent. Here o man, Pierre L’Etang, observed water was in fine order for shoo me to remain in the boat. no coward either in the water water, and have gazed unmoved, with pleasure, on the wildest Up tumult of the stormy deep, yet scend these cataracts by way of or not resolve to do. and I got out and walked along de 5 No language can convey an} dexterity exhibited by the Canadian men, who pass safely through whirlpools, and narrow channels, W the strength of such an immense water forcing its way, the stream, © present instance, is lifted in the mi a perfect convexity. In such places. you think the next moment must frail skiff and its burden of hum to destruction among the steep ™® fellows approach and pass over "^ nishing coolness and skill en? themselves and one another with We re give 8 rapidity of the current ; forty n a ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER. still we encamped at night, opposite the Cinqpoil River, on the South side of the Columbia; and, soon after mid-day on Tuesday, arrived at the Oakanagan esta- blishment, where I found my old friend, Mr. Wark, with W. Conolly, Esq., M. Pambrun, and a James Douglas, all o whom, with a party of men, were on their way from Western Caledonia to Fort Van- couver, with Mr. F. Ermetinger (brother of the gentleman of the same name who had accompanied me in the spring) coming from Thomson’s River. The next day (Wednesday 7th) I pro- ceeded, with a brigade of six boats, towards Walla-wallah, at the junction of Lewis and Clarke's River, which I intend to make my head-quarters for six or eight weeks. Passed the Stony Islands, where I found Pent- ‘stemon venustum (Bot. Reg. t. 1309) and P. speciosum (Bot. Reg. t. 1270) a place in the river about half a mile long, exceed- ingly rugged and dangerous, at four o'clock, and shortly afterwards camped earlier than usual, two of our boats having been broken. This circumstance gave me some hours among the rocks on the banks of the river, Which I spent to great advantage. Under ‘Some stones I discovered and killed a rattle-snake, three feet long. The ther- mometer had indicated 92° in the shade at noon, and at night the heavens presented An entire sheet of lightning, unaccom- panied either by thunder or rain. The next morning we started, as usual, very | early, and breakfasted at the Priest's Ra- Pid, on fresh salmon and buffalo tongue. Arrived at night at the Walla-wallah, where having had very little sleep since leaving Kettle Falls, I hoped to obtain some hours repose, and accordingly stretched myself 9n the floor of the Indian Hall at that establishment, whence, however, I was shortly driven by the attacks of such an Immense swarm of fleas as rendered repose Impossible, and my attempts to procure it among the bushes were equally frustrated the annoyance of two species of ants, One very black and large, three-quarters of -an inch long, and the other small and red. Thus I gladly hailed the approach of day, . VOL. rr. 118 and as soon as I could see to make a pen, wrote the following letter to Mr. Sabine, which I consigned to Mr. Conolly, who was immediately about to proceed to Fort Vancouver, whence a ship was daily ex- pected to sail for England. June 9th, 1826. DEAR Sin, Asan unexpected opportunity of commu- nicating with the coast has just presented itself, I thus embrace it, sending also the whole of my gleanings, amounting to up- wards of one hundred species, distinct from those transmitted in the collection of 1825. Among them are six species of Ribes, two of which, I think, wil prove new; R viscosissimum of Pursh (whose description will require some alteration), which is sur- passed by few plants; and a fourth, very interesting, though less showy species; the others are R. aureum, and one belong- ing to the section Grossularia, with green flowers. A few days after I had the honour of writing to you, on the 12th of April, from the Spokan River (where it joins the Columbia), a letter which was sent across this great continent, I started for the Kettle Falls, ninety miles farther up, where I remained until the 5th of this month, making excursions in such directions as seemed calculated to afford the richest harvest ; and although this has fallen some- what short of my expectations, I yet do not consider my time as having been thrown away, many of the species being new, and the rest but imperfectly known. About the 25th of this month (June) I purpose making a journey to a ridge of snowy mountains, about one hundred and fifty miles distant from this place, in a Southerly direction, which will occupy fifteen to eighteen days ; and, after securing the result of this trip, shall make a voyage. up Lewis and Clarke’s River, as far as the Forks, remaining there ten or twelve days, as appears necessary, and returning over- land in a North-Easterly direction to my spring encampment on the Kettle Falls. Shortly afterwards I mean to accompany g Mr. Wark, who is going on a trading ex- — — H 114 cursion, to the country contiguous to the Rocky Mountains, and not far distant from the Pass of Lewis and Clarke, thence gradually retracing my steps over the places I have already visited, or yet may visit, so as to reach the ocean, as I hope, about November. The difficulty which I find in conveying the different objects that it is desirable to collect becomes considerable, and often I am under the necessity of restricting my- self as to the number of specimens, that I may obtain the greater variety of kinds. I have been fortunate in procuring two pairs of a very handsome species of Rock and as none of this sort are found East of the mountains, I am in hopes it may prove new. A pair of Curlews, of singular habits, very unlike the rest of the tribe, which frequent dry soils, and roost on trees, with a small female Pheasant, are all that I have been able to get ready for adding to this collection. The birds are packed in a small box, with three bundles of plants. Having so much to do, I find it impossible to send, at this time, a copy of my journal, which I much regret. Among my plants are five splendid species of Pentstemon, only one, the P. ceruleum, of Pursh, is yet described ; abundance of Purshia tri- dentata, both in flower and fruit; several species of Rubus and Lupinus ; and two inds of Prunus, all of these being differ- ent from what I sent last year, from the coast. lam now in the finest place for the Large Grouse, and hope shortly to procure some. It aiways affords me the greatest plea- sure to mention the kindness and assist- ance I receive from the persons in authority here. Thank God, I enjoy excellent health. There is nothing in the world could afford me greater pleasure than hearing from you and my other friends, and most sincerely do I hope that, in the course of the autumn, this may come to pass. D. Dovetas. To Joseph Sabine, Esq., &c. I then wrote, and particularly begged DOUGLAS' SUMMER EXCURSIONS the attention of my kind friends, at- Vancouver, to the articles which I se conveyance in the next ship. Mr.Co before departing with Mr. Wark and other gentlemen, handsomely presented with twelve feet of tobacco, more than pounds, to assist me in my travels di their absence. This article being, : were, the currency of this country, particularly scarce, will enable me to cure guides, and to obtain the chee performance of many little acts of sei and it is therefore almost invaluable ! me. In this neighbourhood grow seve beautiful kinds of Phlox and Pents also a fine species of Eriogonum (E. rocephalum) and of Malva. ; Having, as I before mentioned, ti almost no rest for five nights, I lay ¢ shortly after despatching my letters, was scarcely composed when an indi arrived with news that the expected had arrived in the river. He brought! a parcel and two letters; the latter eagerly grasped, and, hoping one was Mr. Sabine, tore it open, when I found ti it was in the writing of Mr. Goode; ! other was from my friend, Mr. Wil ooth. í A note from Mr. M‘Loughlin, at Vancouver, diminished my fears lest should be no more letters for me, by § ee) to come from the Horticultural Soc had kept them until his own peop return. ; Never in my life did I feel in 8 state of mind. An uneasy, me^ and yet pleasing sensation stole 0 accompanied with a passionate ion the rest of my letters; for thou enjoy, in a measure, the luxury of from home, yet there is no intelligence . from my near relations and friends. singular, that seldom as the Post g arrives in this uninhabited and — land, I should still have heard from i land within five hours of sending letters to that country. Till ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER. after midnight I sat poring over these letters, as if repeated readings could ex- tract an additional, or a different, sense from them; and when I did lie down, little as I had slept lately, I never closed my weary eyes. The next day found me considerably indisposed, and the intense heat confining me to the tent, I employed myself in repairing my shoes, and shifting the papers of my plants. Up to Wednesday, the 14th, I remained here, chiefly employed in making short trips along the banks of the river, which was rendered so rough by a stormy West- erly wind, that no canoe could go upon it, even to fish. Thus, no salmon having been caught for three or four days, I had nothing but a little boiled horse-flesh to it burrows in the sand under bushes, and lives on the fruit of Purshia tridentata, and the leaves of several spe- cies of Artemisia. I found the flesh somewhat rancid, or rather of a musky favour, probably from the bitter strong- Scented plants on which it feeds. The Indians of the Walla-wallah and Kyemüse tribes call this animal Limia. Thursday, June 15th.—At four A. M. set off for a walk on some rocky grounds, near the river, having breakfasted on the same food as I had had for some previous days, but long before noon felt greatly exhausted, being unable to get so much as a drink of Water. My eyes began also to distress me exceedingly; the sand which blows into nem, with the reflection of the sun from the ground, which in many places is quite bare, have made them so sore and inflamed that I can hardly distinguish clearly any t at twelve yards distance. Friday, 16th.— The weather being plea- TM, I began preparing for my great ex- cursion to the mountains, and sent accord- ingly to the Indian camp, to bid my guide be ready at sun-rise. During the | I was annoyed by the visit of a herd ^ R$, which devoured every particle of i ! A trachyurus, T 115 seed I had collected, eat clean through a bundle of dried plants, and carried off my soap-brush and razor! As one was taking away my ink-stand, which I had been using shortly before, and which lay close to my pilow, I raised my gun, which, with my faithful dog, always is placed under my blanket by my side, with the muzzle to my feet, and hastily gave him the contents. When I saw how. large and strong a crea- ture this rat was, I ceased to wonder at the exploits of the herd in depriving me of my property. The body and tail together measured a foot and a-half; the back is brown, the belly white; while the tail and enormous ears are each three-quarters of an inch long, with whiskers three inches in length, and jet black. Unfortunately the specimen was spoiled by the size ofthe shot, which, in my haste to secure the animal, and recover my ink-stand, I did not take time to change; but a female of the same sort venturing to return some hours after, I handed it a smaller shot, which did not destroy the skin. It was in all respects like the other, except being a little smaller. I am informed that these rats abound in the Rocky Mountains, particularly to the north, nearthe Mackenzie and Peace Rivers, where, during the winter, they destroy almost every thing that comes in their way. On Saturday, the 17th, my guide did not arrive from the camp until eight A. M., and I was uncertain whether he would come at all. The horses were not brought from the meadow, nor the provisions put up. Considerable time was lost in explain- ing to the man the nature of my journey, which was thus effected. I told it to Mr. Black, in English, and he translated it in French to his Canadian interpreter, who in communicated it to the Indian in the language of the Kyemüse tribe, to which the latter belongs. As a proof of the fickle disposition and keenness at making a bargain of these people, he no sooner had ascertained the proposed route, and his future remuneration, than he began start- ing difficulties, in preface to a list of pre- sents wants, among which were food for 116. his family, who had been starving, as he assured us, for two months, owing to the failure of the salmon fishery; then shoes for himself, and as his leggings were much worn, leather for new ones. Then followed a request for a scalping-knife, a piece of . tobacco, and a stripe of red cloth for an ornamental cap. "This bargain occupied two hours, and was sealed by volumes of smoke from a large stone pipe. Mr. Black offered kindly to send a boy, twelve years old, called the Young Wasp, the son of his own interpreter, with me, who, understanding a little of French, might communicate my wishes to the guide, a proposal which I thankfully accepted ; but, some days after, I had reason to fear the young rascal told the Indian the very reverse of what I bade him, for after we had, with great difficulty, gained the sum- mit of the snowy mountains, after many days of severe labour, from Saturday the 17th to Wednesday the 21st, when I pro- posed to descend on the other side, my guide made serious objections to accom- pany me. All I could suggest, through the medium of the boy, to remove his fears, seemed only to increase them: he assured me that the Snake Indians, with whom his tribe was at war, would steal our horses, and probably kill us; and as it was impossible either to force him to accompany me, or to find my way alone, I was reluct- antly compelled for the present to give up the idea of proceeding in that direction, I had not been long on the much desired summit of this mountain, which is at least nine thousand feet above the level of the sea, and seven thousand five hundred feet above the platform of the mountainous country around, and the snows of which had certainly never been pressed by an European foot before, than my view of the surrounding scenery was closed by the sudden descent of a heavy black cloud, which presently broke in thunder, light- ning, hail, and wind. The heavens seemed as on fire with the glare, and the thunder echoed from the other peaks, accompanied with gusts of furious wind, which broke many of the stunted Pines, and unmer- DOUGLAS' SUMMER EXCURSIONS cifully pelted me with the cutting Glad was I to leave this summit whic walk, which the want of snow-shoes re : dered, on the high parts, much . and of exquisite flavour, both yellow black, the former most common, and size of common currants. As I ob that this shrub only produces its | when growing in very dry sandy pla never where the soil is rich, and very s ingly, if it is at all moist ; it would be w the while of cultivators at home to to this circumstance. As I had tasle nothing but these berries all day, I foun a small basin of cold tea at night, some dried salmon, particularly refresh The storm continued unabated, by which my poor horses were so alarm was necessary to tie them to some í close to our camp; but the chief clothes, I stripped, and rolling myself. my blanket, soon fell asleep, but w about midnight, so benumbed wil that I found my knees refuse to do office. Having rubbed my limbs. vehemently with a very rough cloth, restore animation, I succeeded at las making a little fire, when some hot tea me more good than any thing else € have done. If ever, however, my. been damped, it was on this occasion guide too, and interpreter, were 50 m disheartened by the difficulties of the ' the dreadful storm, and the want of | mined to resume my journey m rection without much delay, the appearing very rich in objects of . among which, that which had gratified . me most, was a beautiful Paonia (P, Brown, the only individual of this genus in America), with a flower that is dark . purple outside, and yellow within, bloom- ing on the very confines of perpetual snow, while it grows poor and small on the tem- perate parts of the mountains, and wholly disappears on the plains below. A lovely Lupine, (L. Sabini, Bot. Reg. t. 1485) with large spikes, twelve to eighteen inches i long, of. yellow flowers, covering whole tracts of the country for miles, and remind- ing me ofthe ** bonny broom," that enlivens the moors of my native land, gave me much pleasure. The specimens in my collection will show how desirable an ac- quisition this would be to our gardens. The crevices of the rocks were adorned m many places with a white-flowered Pedicularis, and a new Draba, while several species of Pentstemon fringed the mountain rivulets, and a yellow Eriogonum (£. Spherocephalum) sprang up in the crevices of granite rocks. Of Lupinaster macrocephalus! (Pursh), whichnever grows below three thousand feet on the moun- tains, I am most anxious to obtain seeds ; aslo of Trifolium altissimum (Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. v. 1.t. 48.) Monday, 26th.—Being more and more anxious of making a second journey to the ‘ame mountains, I sent again to my guide, and bade him prepare to accompany me ; on which he instantly began to plead that he had not recovered from the fatigue of his former excursion, and finally refused to go. Perceiving that this statement was by no means true, at least to the extent that he wanted to make me believe, I was on the point of trying the effect of a little goa chastisement, in order to teach m, that since I was paying for his ser- o. I had a right to require them, when Lot his escape without loss of time. a awards learned that the “ Young Bo" the interpreter's son was called, en oid the poor ignorant being that I S a great Medicine Man, which, among . - Poor people, is considered equivalent ! Trifolium megacephalum. | ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER. 117 to possessing necromantic powers, and hav- ing intercourse with evilspirits. Also that if he accompanied me, and acted so as, in any way, to incur my displeasure, I should transform him into a Grisly Bear, and set him to run in the woods for the rest of his life, so that he would never see his wife again. It is not to be wondered at that these fears acted powerfully upon the Indian, and caused him to behave in the way he did. Mr. Black afterwards furnished me with another guide, whom I took the more readily, as he was no smoker, and such a knave that nobody would dare to steal from him. It is, however, worthy of no- tice, that among these people confidence answers best. An instance of dishonesty has hardly been ever known where pro- perty has been intrusted to their hands. Another good point in their character is hospitality. A stranger can hardly imagine the kindness he will receive at their hands. If they have a hut they entreat you to enter it, or failing that, if the day is wet, one of brushwood is quickly made for your use, and whatever they possess in the way of food is set before you. On one occasion I was regaled with steaks, and a roasted shoulder cut from a Doe, of the Long- Tailed Deer (Cervus leucurus), accompa- nied by an infusion of ? sweetened with a small portion of sugar. The meat was laid on the clean foliage of Gualtheria Shallon, in lieu of a plate, and our tea was served in a large wooden dish, hewn out of a piece of solid timber. For spoons we had the horns of the Mountain Sheep, or Mouton Gris of the Voyageurs, formerly mentioned. The garb of the Umptqua tribe of In- dians, of whom Centrenose (a native name) is the Chief, consists of a shirt and trousers, made of the undressed skins of small deer. The richer individuals decorate this garb with shells, principally marine ones, thus showing their proximity to the sea. The — females wear a petticoat made of the tissue of Thuja occidentalis, like that which is used by the Chenook Indians, and above 2 The word is quite unintelligible in Mr. Douglas Journal. 118 it a kind of gown of dressed leather, like the shirts of the men, but with wider sleeves. The children fled from me with indescribable fear, and, till assured of my amicable intentions, only one man and one woman could be seen, to whom I gave a few beads, brass rings, and a pipe of tobacco. Arrangements having finally been made, I set off, and, in three days, reached the snowy mountains, where I was on the whole disappointed, finding little that was different from what I had seen a fortnight before; and, after suffering severely from pain in my eyes, which rendered reading or writing very difficult, except in the morning, and haunted continually by the thought that our people, who were daily expected from the coast, would have arrived and brought my letters, I returned to my camp on the Walla-wallah on Monday, the 3rd of July, and spent the rest of that week in botanizing in tbe neighbourhood and packing my seeds, for which I had to make a box, and drying and securing my za plants. On the following Sunday, the 9th, an opportunity having offered of sending to the coast, I wrote to Mr. Sabine, giving a short account of my proceedings since I had last addressed him, exactly a.month previously; but as this letter is only a repetition of what my journal has just - stated, it is unnecessary to copy it here. In hopes that by going two or three days' journey down the river, instead of prose- cuting my researches for plants, in an op- posite direction, I might meet the party who are expected from the coast, and thus earlier obtain possession of my much de- sired letters, I embarked at 10 a. M. of nday, the 10th; and, the river being at its height, proceeded for two or three hours at the rate of twelve miles an hour, when the great swell obliged us to put on ` shore. And as the same cause rendered it impossible to fish for salmon, a horse was killed, on whose flesh, with a draught of water, I made my supper. After a cheerless night, during which the mosquitos = Were excessively troublesome, I proceeded DOWGLAS SUMMER EXCURSIONS about fifty miles the next day, wh breakfasted on similar fare. While this, an Indian, who stood by my si managed to steal my knife, which had b further secured by a string tied to jacket; and as it was the only one I p sessed, for all purposes, I offered a rewi of tobacco to get it returned. b being. ineffectual, I. commenced a.s for its recovery, and found it conc under the belt of one of the kna -When detected, he claimed to be paid. recompence; but as I did not conce him entitled to this, as he had not give it at first (nor given it at all indeed paid him certainly, and so handsomely, with my fists, that I will engage he does no! forget the Man of Grass in a hurry. Hav- — ing halted at night below the Great Fé of the Columbia, I saw smoke rising b some rocks, and, thinking it might be Indians fishing, walked thither in quest of salmon. Instead of their savage tenances I found, however, to my 8 delight, that it was the camp of the b from the sea. I cannot describe the teet: ing which seizes me, when, after travet some weeks together with Indians, Im a person whom I have known before; even they are strangers, yet the tenance of a Christian is at such most delightful. In the present ms had the additional happiness of myself in the society of those who? ever treated me with cordiality, and ou" A anali acts of kindness towards me. ; my dejected and travel-worn pligbt, fetched me some water to wash with other handed me a clean shirt, and à busied himself in making ready some" 1 dials, my letters from England! these, from Mr. Sabine and my br | were peculiarly gratifying. Those sons who have never been, like mé ^ such a remote corner of the globe, perhaps think I should be ashamed {0 my weakness on the present occasion ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER. long as I had been kept in ignorance of every thing respecting my dearest friends, my anxiety was not allayed by one perusal of my letters, and no less than four times during the night did I rise from my mat to read and re-read them, till, ere morning dawned, I had them, I am sure, all by heart. The first thing I did, after this sleepless night, was to write a few lines of acknowledgment to Mr. Sabine, and by sun-rise I was again seated in the boat, on my return up the river, and with new spirits resumed my employment of bota- nizing during the frequent portages that we made, previous to arriving at Walla- wallah on Saturday. Thence, on Monday, ihe 17th, I accompanied Messrs. Wark and M‘Donald, who were going by water, with a party of twenty-eight men, to the Forks of Lewis and Clarke's River, about one hundred and fifty miles from the Co- lumbia, and as the marches these gentle- men proposed to make would be short, I hoped to obtain most of the plants which grow on the banks of this stream. Tuesday 18th to Monday 24th.—Lewis and Clarke's River is a stream of con- siderable magnitude, in many places from. two hundred and fifty to three hundre yards broad, very deep and rapid: its general course is easterly. At twenty-five miles from its junction with the Columbia, the country near its banks changes from undulating and barren to lofty rugged mountains, and not a blade of grass can be Seen, except in the vallies and near springs, where a little vegetation survives the in- tense heat. We rose always at day-break, and camped at three or four P.M., during which interval the thermometer, commonly | standing in the shade at 108° of Fahren- » heit, it was dangerous to attempt travel- . ling, unsheltered as we were by any screen from the Scorching sun. In the cool of the evening we generally made fifteen or twenty miles more. Except that good water may always be obtained, there is nothing to render this country superior, in ey to the burning deserts of Arabia. Salmon are caught in the river, and some- in great numbers, but they are neither cM 119 so plentiful nor so good as in the Columbia; we obtained occasionally a few from the Indians, to vary our standing dish of horse-flesh, boiled, or roasted at the end of astick; but such is the indolence of these people that they will almost rather starve than incur much labour in fishing. I found great relief from the burning heat by bathing every morning and evening, and, though the practice is certainly en- feebling, yet I doubt if I could at all have prosecuted my journey without it. Monday, 24th.—Arrived at the Forks of the river at dusk, where we found a camp of tbree different nations, upwards of six hundred men, able to bear arms: these were the Pierced Nose Indians, the Cha- whaptan and the Chamniemucks. e chiefs, or principal men of each tribe came and staid with us till late, when they pré- sented us with some favourite horses. Tuesday, 25th.—Understanding from my companions that their stay here would be for a few days, I was desirous of making a trip to the mountains, distant about sixty miles, and part of the same ridge which I bad visited, in a part much to the South- East, during spring. As, however, no arrangement had yet been made with the natives, it was deemed imprudent for me to venture any distance from the camp; but, on Wednesday a conference being held, which terminated amicably, and with all the pomp and circumstance of singing, dancing, haranguing, and smoking, the whole party being dressed in their best garments, I took advantage of the conclu- sion of this novel and striking spectacle, to beg the services of one of Mr. M‘Donald’s men, named Cog de Lard, and with him to start on an exploring trip, in the direction of the said mountains. My companion and friend, (guide he could not be called, as he was equally a stranger to this country as myself,) travelled two days, when we reach- ed the first ridge of hills. Here we parted, I leaving him to take care of the horses, and proceeding alone to the summit, where I found nothing different, as to vegetation, from what I had seen before, but was much struck with a remarkable spring that rises 120. on the summit, from a circular hollow in the earth, eleven feet in diameter: the water springs up to from nine inches to three feet and a half above the surface, gushing up and falling in sudden jets; thence it flows in a stream down the mountain fifteen feet broad and two and a half feet deep, running with great rapidity, with a descent of a foot and a half in ten, and finally disappears in a small marsh. I could find no bottom to the spring at a depth of sixty feet. Surrounding this spring, which I named Munro's Fountain, is a beautiful thicket of a species of Ribes, growing twelve to fifteen feet high, and bearing fine fruit, much like gooseberries, as large as a mus- ket-ball, and of delicate and superior flavour. I hope it may be allowed to bear the specific name of R. Munroi (Bot. Reg. t. 1300). The Paonia (P. Brownii), men- tioned before, with Abronia vespertina, and a fine Xylosteum and Ribes viscosis- simum, also grew here. On joining my guide we examined the state of our larder, and finding that provisions were low, and our appetites keen, we determined to regain our friends' camp, and, travelling all night, arrived there at sun-rise, Hardly, how- ever, had I lain down to sleep, than I was roused by the call to arms, which, to a Man of Grass and of Peace, is far from welcome. A misunderstanding having arisen between our interpreter and one of the Indian chiefs, the latter accused the former of not translating correctly, and words failing to express sufficiently his wrath, he seized the poor man of language, and tore off a handful of his long jet hair by the roots. On being remonstrated with for this violence, the Indian set off in a rage, and summoned his followers, seventy- three in party, who came all armed, each with his gun cocked, and the arrow on the bow-string. As, however, every individual of our camp had done all that was possible to accommodate matters, we took things coolly, and apparently careless of the re- sult, stood, thirty-one in number, to our arms, and asked if they wished for war? . They said ** No; we only want the inter- preter to kill him, and, as he is no chief, DOUGLAS' SUMMER EXCURSIONS this could not signify to us.” B reply was, that whether chief or not, individual in our camp, though he v only an Indian, was entitled to our } in war before or not. c we took care to show by our countenance as much as in our speech, had the desi effect, and they earnestly begged for peace which we were certainly quite as. glad to grant. Many speeches were m on the occasion, and, to judge by gestures of these children of nature, - the effect which their harangues produce some of them must possess oratorical po’ of no mean description. ire usual, by an ture myself away from the camp, spent the time, till the 3lst of July, arranging and securing what I had alread; collected, when I parted with Mr. M'Dor ald, who descended the Columbia, direction, towards Kettle Falls, on Columbia, and reached the Spokan on Thursday, the 3rd of August, whe was kindly welcomed at the old establ ment by my former host, Mr. Finlay. next day I left him for the Columbia, came to a favourite fishing-place al; Indians, who were busily en snaring salmon, in traps made of bas work, and shaped like funnels. Here ! had already caught one thousand Ls hundred fish in one morning, having snare, awaiting their fate. pointed with bone, laced tight to piece of wood, which again is freq fastened to a long staff with a cord. aD E cross Barriére River, by swimming on Cedar River, a small but rapid that flows about nine miles farther into . the Columbia, had a narrow escape from losing my horse, and receiving a severe hurt. The animal stuck in the bank, . Which is very steep and slippery, after crossing, and, in his struggles to get free, gave me a sharp blow, and threw me head foremost into the river; the force with which the poor beast did this, enabled him however to extricate himself from what he probably felt would otherwise have proved his grave, and I received no other injury than a terrible ducking, from the effects of Which a walk of several miles enabled me .. to recover, with the loss, however, of all the seeds I had been collecting during this trip, and of my knapsack and note-book. Afler an absence of two months I was kindly re-welcomed to the Kettle Falls, by Mr. Dease, on the evening of Saturday, the 5th August. Several species of Œno- thera, T. rifolium, Artemisia, and a novel riogonum were added to my stores. August 7th to Tuesday l5th.—Con- tinued collecting seeds, drying and pack- ing plants ; butlearning from Mr. M‘Lough- lin that the vessel at Fort Vancouver would hot sail for England until the 1st of Sep- tember, and that it is the last which will probably proceed thither direct for some Years, and, as I have a collection of seeds ready to go, amounting to one hundred and twenty species gleaned this year, I am very sirous of sending every thing that I can muster by her. By some means or other I Must endeavour to reach the ocean, carrying my collections to be despatched homeward. ‘I therefore packed up a share of my paper and seeds, with what little linen I could Spare, intending to leave the box at this place, whence it will be for- warded across the Rocky Mountains to Fort Edmonton, where I hope to find it early in June. Mr. Dease kindly took the trouble of speaking to the Little Wolf, a chief of akanagan tribe of Indians, to con- inn me to Oakanagan, as the Columbia is . "UV $0 full of rapids, cascades, and whirl- Pools, that I could not proceed by a canoe, wen had six or eight men to manage . duct ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER. 191. it; nor is there, indeed, any boat here large enough for the purpose. 17th.—Packed a bundle of dry plants in my trunk, among my little stock of cloth- ing, consisting of a single shirt, one pair of stockings, a night-cap, and a pair of old mitts, together with an Indian bag, of curi- ous workmanship, made of Indian Hemp, a species of Apocynum, Helonias tenax and Eagle's quills, used for carrying roots and other such articles. A party of twenty- one men and two females arrived belonging to the Cootanie tribe, whose lands lie near the source of the Columbia, for the purpose of fishing. Between these and the tribes on the Columbia lakes, about sixty miles above this place, who are now similarly engaged at the Falls, an old quarrel exists, which causes much uneasiness to Mr. Dease and all our people. The parties met to-day stark naked, at our camp, painted some red, some black, others white and yellow, all with their bows strung, while those who had guns and ammunition, brought their weapons charged and cocked. War caps, made of the Calumet-Eagle’s feathers, were the only particle of clothing they had on. Just as one of these savages was discharging an arrow from his bow, aimed at a chief of the other party, Mr. Dease hit him such a blow on the nose as stunned him, and the arrow fortunately only grazed the skin of his adversary, passing along the rib opposite to his heart without doing him much injury. The whole day was spent in clamour and haranguing, and unable to foresee what the issue might be, we were prepared for the worst. Mr. Dease, however, succeeded in persuading them to make arrangements for peace, and begged this might be done without delay on the morrow, representing to them how little they had ever gained by their former wars, in which they had mutually butchered one another like dogs. Unluckily for me, my guide, the Wolf, is equally wanted by his party, whether to make war or peace, therefore I am obliged to wait for him. Friday, 18th.—Bustle and uproar, ter- minating towards evening in a proposal | 122 of peace the next day; and as this must be sealed by a feast, the Wolf cannot be expected to stir till itis over. Mr. Dease, however, has kindly spoken to an Indian, who is in the habit of going journies for him, to guide me, as my time is becoming short, and hope to start to-morrow early. Saturday, 19th.—Set off this morning, carrying only as provision a little dried meat, tea and sugar, and a small tin pot. My gun being unluckily out of order, Mr. Wark kindly lent me a double barrelled rifle pistol, and perhaps, going alone and unprotected, it is best to carry nothing that can tempt these savages. Being ill off for clothing, Mr. Dease gave me a pair of leather trousers, made of Deer-skin, and a few pairs of shoes, which were highly acceptable ; he also provided me with three of his best horses—one to carry my luggage, one for my guide, and the other for myself. A single shirt and a blanket were all that I carried, more than was on my back, and thus equipped, I set out for n, distant two hundred and fifty miles North- West of this place. very reluctantly that I allowed myself to be dissuaded from venturing by water. I however hoped somewhat to shorten the journey, by cutting off the angle between the Columbia and Spokan River, espe- cially as the path was throughout likely to be very mountainous and rugged. The isla heat being extreme, and the night beauti- fully clear moon-light, I travelled rather more by night than by day, starting gene- rally at two A. M., and stopping to rest and lie down for a few hours about noon-day. Unfortunately my guide and I could not hold converse, neither knowing a syllable of the other's language On the second day I arrived at some Indian lodges, just where I wanted to cross the Spokan River, and the people, who were fishing, assisted me in getting the horses over, and carried me and all my property to the other side, in a canoe, for which I rewarded them with a little to- and bacco. The country was almost invariably DOUGLAS’ SUMMER EXCURSIONS a trackless waste, with scarcely a p: of herbage remaining on the gravell sandy soil. My meals generally cor of dried salmon and a little tea, which boiled, and th ked the infusion fi leaves ; but for three days after passing Spokan, I was much distressed by the v of drinkable water. Stagnant pools, oltet so impregnated with sulphur, that not e ve the thirsty horses would touch it, were à that we could find; and when we did am ivi ata tolerable spring, not a twig coul collected for fuel, —and I vainly attemy to boil my little pan with grass, the st of a large species of Triticum. should I have been of the shelter of a i but, though I carried one, the fatigue. pitching it, under such a burning e more than I could encounter; and when | water proved such as I could not use, took nothing, thirst being much more quent with me, at this time, than h During this journey I passed by the chasm, which was once the bed Columbia River, a truly wonderful s in some places eight or nine miles b and exhibiting such rocks in the cha g as must have occasioned prodigious) grand cascades, with banks of pe dicular height, rising to one thou i hundred and one thousand eight hun feet:—in other places perfectly level, diversified with what must have s we g vitrified lava. extend, communicating with the pré channel of the Columbia, at the : eep degree and a half South, which 1$ 07 by the straighter line of the river's pre " course. The plants peculiar to the T0 shores of the Columbia are to be seen and in no intervening place. Here there was a thick sward of grass, "77 ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER. seldom they would drink, and the haste with which they hurried to a small pool of better water was near proving fatal to one, for he stuck there so firmly that my guide and I (enfeebled by fatigue) were too weak to extricate him, and I had loaded my pistol to put an end to his misery and struggles, when the guide, in a fit of ill- temper, struck the creature so severely on the nose that he reared, and the point of my pen-knife, with which, as a last hope, I goaded his side, induced him to make such a desperate bound as delivered him from the difficulty. Wednesday, 23rd. — Last night was dreadfully hot, and the whole heavens in a blaze with sheet lightning. Parched like a cinder with heat and thirst, I lay down and passed a few miserable hours in vainly trying to obtain some sleep. Happily the Toad was less rugged, and at mid-day I found myself on the banks of the Columbia, Opposite the Oakanagan establishment, . Where an old man, who was spearing salmon, helped us to cross the horses, and put me and my guide over in a small canoe. Here I found my kind friends, Messrs, M‘Donald and Ermetinger, who Supplied me with a change of linen and Some comfortable food. Gladly would I € tarried here two or three days to rest and Tecruit myself, but my time was too Precious; and having communicated to these gentlemen my desire to push on immediately for the coast, that I might put my collections on board the ship which was to sail so shortly for England, they kindly made arrangements with some In- É dians to conduct me to. the junction of Lewis and Clarke's River. Meanwhile I wrote a few lines to Mr. Dease, and sent them by the return of my guide, who had k haved entirely well, and who is to stay ere two or three days to rest himself, | Pe having picked up a few seeds, and X my plant-papers, I went early to E bed ; but the doors being left open, on : oo of the heat, and the windows, are made of parchment instead of hot closing tightly, the mosquitoes © access, Thus I was under the 123 necessity of abandoning the house, and betook myself to a sort of gallery over the gate, where I obtained some sound sleep. Before leaving this place next morni I took breakfast, and thankfully accepted a little tea and sugar, which, with a small portion of dried salmon, was all that my kind friends had to give. The stock of dried meat that I had received from Mr. Dease was not, however, quite exhausted, so that I considered myself pretty well off, particularly when they kindly added a little tin shaving pot, the only cooking utensil they could spare. Two miles and a half from this place a disaster deprived me of these gifts; in passing the canoe down a rapid, I took the precaution to lift out my paper, plants, seeds, and blanket, and was carrying these along the shore, when a surge struck the canoe in the middle of the rapid, and swept every article out of it except the dried meat, which had fortu- nately got wedged into the narrow place at the bottom. The loss of the tea and sugar, and the pot, was a great one in my present situation, but still I deemed myself happy in having saved the papers and seeds, though my collection of insects and my pistol were also gone. As I have des- cribed the appearance of this part of the Columbia on my ascent, I shall say but litle of my return. The passage of the Stony Islands, which is considered a dan- gerous place, was facilitated by hiring an Indian, who lived close by, and was better acquainted with this narrow channel (only twenty to thirty feet wide, and excessively rapid) than my guide, and who thought himself well paid with a few crumbs of tobacco, and a smoke out of my own pipe. Two days after, having quitted the canoe, near the Priest's Rapid, and walked several miles along the shore, while my two Indians should accomplish this difficult piece of navigation, I waited some time for their arrival, and feeling alarmed for their safety, returned a good way to look for them, when I found them comfortably seated on the shore, under a small cove, and treat- ing their friends to a share of the tobacco I had given them. At Walla-wallah, I 124 was too weak and reduced to partake of the fare which Mr. Black, the person in charge, kindly set before me, but only begging him to procure me a guide to convey me to the Great Falls, lay down on a heap of fire-wood, to be free from Mosquitoes, and slept till morning. I paid my former guide with ten charges of ammunition, and gave him some tobacco (that universal currency) to buy his pro- vision on the way home; then taking a larger canoe, and two guides, set off on the morning of Saturday, the 26th, for Fort Vancouver. I had the good fortune to purchase a fresh salmon, from a party of Indians, soon after leaving Walla-wallah, and my acquaintance with the channel enabled me to drift securely at night over a part of the river, where the Indians of some neighbouring lodges are in the habit of stopping and pillaging the boats which s. The next day I arrived at the Great Falls, where I found from five hundred to seven hundred Indians, but was sorry to learn that the Chief, Pawquanawaha, who had been my last guide to the sea, was not at home; but as I am now en pays de con- naissance, and can speak the language tolerably well, I easily procured two others, one of whom I knew before. The Chiefess refreshed me with nuts and whortleberries, and I proceeded fifteen miles, where I camped for the night. A large party of seventy-three men came to smoke with me, and all seemed to behave decently, till I found that my tobacco-box was gone ; . having been taken from the pocket of my jacket, which I had hung up to dry, being drenched in the canoe while descending the Falls. As soon as I discovered my loss I perched myself on a rock, and, in their own tongue, gave the Indians a furious reprimand, applying to them all the epithets of abuse which I had often heard them bestow on another; and reminding them that though they saw me only a Blanket Man, I was more than that, I was the Grass Man, and therefore not at all afraid of them. I could not, however, Ss mesver my box, but slept unmolested after all the bustle. On Tuesday, the 29th, I DOUGLAS’ EXCURSION TO reached the Grand Rapids, but foun river so rough, from a high wind raised the water in great waves, that obliged to halt, and betook myself to lodge of Chamtalia, my old guide, set before me a hearty meal of who berries and fresh salmon. He then sj of accompanying me in a larger canoe, ant two Indians, to the sea; but seeing that kind fellow was busily employed at th time in curing his salmon, I refused services, and hired his brother and instead. I hastened on, lest the which had been rising for some should increase so as to delay my p and, by great exertion and starting day-light, accomplished the desired and at noon of the last day of August day previous to that (the Ist of Sep on which the ship was fixed to sail, lande at Point Vancouver, whence in poo weary and travel-soiled, glad at though possessing nothing but a leather trousers, and Old hat, having. my jacket, neck-kerchief, and worn = shoes, I made my way to the Fort, à: traversed eight hundred miles of the lumbia valley in twelve days, unatte a single person, except my Indian EXCURSION TO NORTH CALIFORNIA THE UMPTQUA OR ARGUILAR RI ^ &c. TO PROCURE CONES OF THE GANTIC PINE. intended to accompany my collections, see them stowed in the Dryad; but ing Captain Davidson, who had come the Fort, to take leave of the gen there, I mentioned my wishes to bim gladly embraced the opportunity of and writing a few lines to MY ^ England. Saturday 2nd to Friday Ru warm and cloudy, with heavy night. Employed myself gleaning seeds of the choice plants that lected last year, especially neum, Gualtheria Shallon, E: Acer . NORTH CALIFORNIA, . phyla and circinnata, Berberis Aquifo- lium, &c.; and laid in specimens of Pinus taxifolia, with fine cones. I also obtained a few sections of the various woods, gums, and specimens of the bark of those timber trees which compose the forest in this vicinity. I consulted Mr. M‘Loughlin on the practicability of visiting the country south of the Columbia, on the Multnomak and Umptqua rivers. It had been my in- tention toaccompany Jean Baptiste Mackay, one of the hunters, who often visits this district, but he had unfortunately started just previous to my arrival, and knowing nothing of the country myself, I feared it would be impracticable to follow and over- take him. Mr. M‘Loughlin, however, in- forms me that a party will be despatched in a few days in that direction, under the superintendence of Mr. A. R. M‘Leod, who has formerly showed me much civility, and that there will be nothing to prevent my Joining him. So favourable an opportunity 1$ not to be lost. Friday, 15th.—Mr. M‘Leod set off first, to go by land to M‘Kay’s abandoned establishment on the Multnomak, fifty-six miles above its junction with the Columbia: there he will remain till the rest of the coast, I indulge myself with two 195 blankets and a tent. Mr. M‘Loughlin has most generously and considerately sent forward, to wait for me on the Multnomak River, one of his finest and most powerful horses. It will serve either for riding or carrying my baggage, as may be required. th Wednesday.—Left Fort Vancouver in company with Mr. Manson, and a party of twelve men, in à boat containing hunt- ing implements, and arrived on the third day (Friday, the 22nd), at Mr. M‘Leod’s encampment. 23rd to 27th.— Little progress made, because of our horses having strayed to considerable distances; but I spent my time in botanizing, and found two species of Rosa, a new Ribes, and some other things. We took our course due West, towards the coast, passing over a pleasant undulating country, with rich soil, and beautiful solitary oaks and pines, scattered here and there. The ground, however, being burned up; not a single blade of grass, except on the margins of rivulets, is to be seen. 28th.—Mr. M‘Leod joined us here, and "brought an Indian guide from the coast, South of the country inhabited by the Killeemucks. Our hunters were very un- fortunate in the chase, and, though nine deer were seen in one groupe, the animals were so shy, and kept so close in the thicket, that no fresh meat could be pro- cured. The next day (Thursday) one was killed by a hunter with his rifle, two hundred yards distant. The ball entered the left shoulder, and passed through the neck on the opposite side, yet the animal ran nearly a quarter of a mile before she Lx = — ell. Proceeded in the same kind of way, seeing little worthy of note for two or three days. Deer were scarce, and the custom of burning the soil is highly unfa- yourable to botanizing. This plan prevails every where, though the natives vary in their accounts of the reason for which it is done, some saying that it is in order to compel the deer to feed in the unburnt spots, where they are easily detected and killed; others, that the object is, to enable 126 them to find wild honey and grasshoppers, both of which serve for their winter food. Sunday, October 1. Very heavy dew during the night, but the day clear and pleasant, with generally a refreshing west- erly wind. I observed some trees of Ar- butus laurifolia much larger than I had ever before seen—fifteen inches to two feet in diameter, and thirty to forty-five feet high, with fruit nearly ripe: they seem to thrive best in a deep rich black loam near springs, and on a gravelly bottom. Passed at noon some Indians digging the roots of Phalangium Quamash. On such journeys as these, I am sorry to say that Sunday is only known by the men changing their linen, while such as can read, peruse in the evening some religious tract, the tenets of which, generally speaking, are agreeable to the tenets of the church of Rome. In the dusk I saw a very large Grisly Bear (Ursus feroz), enter a low hummock of brushwood at some little distance, but it was becoming so dark that I thought it better to leave him unmolested; and though I went in search of the animal next morning by daylight, I could find nothing of him. 2nd to the 7th. During this period lit- tle occurred worthy of note; we generally walked about twenty miles a-day, and fared scantily, finding the deer very scarce and shy. At noon of this day (7th) we were joined by J. Baptiste Mackay and two Iro- quois; he informs me that he has already given one of his hunters who went to the Umptqua or Arguilar River, orders to bring home cones of the large Pine for me. Pinus resinosa here attains a height of one hundred and thirty feet, and a dia- meter of four or five. On one of these trees I killed a beautiful Grey Squirrel, measuring two feet from tail to snout, and saw a curious striped variety, and also a flying squirrel, but could not secure either of these. Typha angustifolia and Nym- phea advena are not uncommon in small lakes. We saw Mount Jefferson of Lewis and Clarke about twenty or thirty miles . distant, covered with snow for a consider- able part of its height. I bargained with DOUGLAS’ EXCURSION TO Mackay for the skin of a large f Grisly Bear, which he had killed s days before, and obtained it for a small blanket and a little tobacco. I mean use it as an under robe to lie upon, as cold dew from the grass is very prej to my health. If possible, he will a male of the same kind for me as a m One of our hunters, J. Kennedy most narrow escape this morning male Grisly Bear, which he did not ceive till it had come within a few of him. Finding it impossible to ou! the animal, and his rifle missing fire, nedy sprang up a small oak which ch: to be near; the bear was so close benm that he seized him by one paw on the and the other under the right arm, bu k tunately his clothing was so old that gave way, or he must have pe Blanket, coat, and trousers were tom most to rags. climb trees. de to seek for the beast, but could not with it, though such a supply of food E. have been most acceptable. Our last ments of meat were cooked last night, à gave us a very scanty supper; this ! ing a small deer enabled us to obtain. breakfast. Thus we live literally hand to mouth, the hunters all de p that they never knew the animals kinds to be so scarce and shy, WAN attributable to the great extent of cO that has been burned. . Monday the 9th. A small Elk was ed to-day, after receiving eleven shots, weighed about 500 Ibs., but was be tough. The horns of this species a large, thirty-three inches between fà with five prongs on each, all inclining ward, the largest three feet all but one long; body of an uniform brown, " black mane four inches long. Iam certain that this is the same sort that I have seen at the Duke of shire's, and unquestionably à very © species from the European cended a low hill, about two thous hundred feet above its platform, the part covered with trees of enorm" . NORTH CALIFORNIA. and the same sorts as on the Columbia. On the summit are only low shrubs, small oaks, and a species of Castanea. This fine species I first took for a Shepherdia, as it was only shrubby in growth, but I shortly found it on the mountains, growing sixty to one hundred feet high, and with a dia- meter of three to five feet. The leaves of this tree, (Castanea chrysophylla) give quite a peculiar and lovely tint to the land- scape. The fruit seems extremely rare, as I only saw it on a single tree, and that growing on the very summit of the moun- tain. Under its shade is a fine evergreen shrub, new to me, apparently a Clethra. Here, too, Pinus resinosa grows immensely large, two hundred and fifty feet high, and fifty-five feet in circumference. Arbutus Menziesii and laurifolia are abundant, but their fruit is almost all taken away by the bears. Two species of Caprifolium, that I never saw before, grew here. My feet are very sore with walking over the burnt and decayed stumps, and struggling through the thick under-growth of Pteris Aquilina and Rubus suberectus, which are bound together With several decayed species of Vicia. Friday the 13th to Monday the 16th.— For the last few days our progress has been much retarded by rain and heavy fog. The difficulty of proceeding becomes greater greater in consequence, for the poor horses slip their footing continually and get bad falls; and to ensure the safety of my collections, I carry them on my back, ina Bear's skin. We have passed three ridges of mountains, about two thou- sand seven hundred feet high, Mr. M‘Leod = I taking the lead, and chopping off, à the help of Baptiste M‘Kay and two . Indians, the branches of trees which im- Pede our Progress, The numerous trunks of Pines are of almost incredible , UN, du measuring two hundred and fifty tree, apparently belonging to : Myrtaceae, struck me much: its leaves, _ Wood, fruit, and bark, are all aromatic, Sneezing like pepper. The fruit is a globular, and covered with a fine green skin, enveloping a small nut 197 with an insipid kernel, which appears to be the favourite food of squirrels. I trust this fine tree will ere long become an inmate of English gardens, and may even be useful in medicine, and afford a perfume. It is Laurus regia. Want of food, and the difficulty of mak- ing our way along, renders this journey most exhausting. We were somewhat cheered at seeing the Umptqua River roll- ing along below us, when we reached the summit of a weary ridge of mountains to- day. The stock of food being quite done, Mr. M‘Leod and M‘Kay went out to shoot, while I employed myself in chopping wood, kindling the fire, and fórming our encamp- ment; and after twilight refreshed myself by bathing in the Umptqua. Our distance from the ocean could not exceed thirty or thirty-five miles, as I observed Menziesia ferruginea (Bot. Mag. t. 1571) and Pinus Canadensis, both of which always keep along the skirts of the sea. The poor horses are so fatigued that it is found im- practicable to bring them up to-night, and mine being among the laggards, I cannot lie down, as I have nothing whatever to stretch beneath me, my blanket and bear- skin being among the luggage on the horse's back. Mr. M‘Leod returned un- successful so that we were supperless; but he hopes that a large doe, which though wounded, yet managed to elude his search at night, may still be found to-morrow morning. Tuesday the 17th. Last night sat by the fire till two o'clock, when Mr. M‘Leod most kindly insisted on giving me his own blanket and buffalo robe to lie down upon, while he took a turn of sitting up, wrapped in a great coat. We all three went out to seek for the wounded doe, and found her with a ball that had pierced both shoulders; still, another shot was necessary to despatch her. M'Kay having also brought down a fine buck, weighing 1901bs, we returned to the camp in high spirits, and made a comfortable meal on the excellent venison these animals afforded. Our horses did not arrive till four o'clock, and in a very exhausted condition. The luggage which 128 mine carried was almost destroyed by the poor beast’s repeated falls; the tin box containing my note-book bruised quite out of shape, its sides bent together—a small case of preserving-powder quite spoiled,— and my only shirt reduced, by the chafing, to the state of surgeon’s lint. I congratu- lated myself exceedingly on not having trusted my papers of plants to the same conveyance, but carried them on my back. The country towards the upper part of the river appears to be more varied and moun- tainous, and may, perhaps, afford me the much-wished-for Pine, as it certainly con- siderably resembles the spot described to me by the Indian in whose smoking pouch I last year found some of its large scales. If the morning proves fine, and any provi- sion has been killed, I intend to start to- morrow for a few days’ excursion in that i direction, Baptiste M‘Kay having given me one of his Indian hunters, a young man about eighteen years of age, as a guide. To what nation he belongs he does not know, as he was brought from the South by a war party when a child, and kept as a slave till M‘Kay took him. He is very fond of this mode of life, and has no de- sire to return to his Indian relations; and as he speaks a few words of Chenook and understands the Umptqua tongue, I trust to find no difficulty in conversing with this my only companion. Wednesday the 18th. I set off this morning, proceeding due South, and cross- ed the river five miles from an encampment of Indians, where there were two lodges and about twenty-five souls, mostly women, the wives of Centrenose, who is chief of the tribe inhabiting the upper part of the Umptqua River. They very courteously brought me a large canoe, in which I em- barked, and swam the horses at the stern, holding their bridles in my hand. My guide proving less conversant with the language of the people than I had expect- ed, my intercourse with these Indians was but limited. They gave me nuts of Cory- lus, with the roots of Quamash, and a sort of meal prepared from the roots of a Syn- genesious plant already in my possession, DOUGLAS’ EXCURSION TO mixed with the roasted and pulve of the myrtaceous tree before menti A decoction of the leaves and tender of this tree is by no means an unpala beverage. : Soon after a herd of small deer off before me, and I shot a female thi the vertebre, when she instantly d Since leaving Fort Vancouver, I have off seen these creatures run several hv yards before falling, after a ball has through the heart. No fording pla pearing here, nor for a considerable tance, I began making a raft, which tered my hands dreadfully, and p after all, too small, so that I closed day's toil by kindling a fire and ro with my raft, I wrote a note to Mr. M then nine miles distant, informing my situation, and sent it by my guide, during whose absence It gun and went out to the chase. after wounded a very large buck, helped to extricate me. the chest quite disabled me, an my only plan was to regain the fast as possible, my Indian friends a hand to saddle my horse and to mount it. It gave me more than I can describe to have some provision left, with which I could pense these friendly savages for their ly aid. After expressing MY grat the best way I could, I endeavour creep along with the help of my sn : gun, but was thankful to meet mi ; Kennedy, whom Mr. M‘Leod had ; despatched to render me assis" s who accompanied me to the game a little tea considerably revived j also bled myself in the left foot much better. Several deer have killed since my departure. Friday the 20th. Much better, only ; ‘stiff and sore, as if from carrying a heavy load: proceeded slowly about ten miles, but was much fatigued. On Saturday fell in with several Indians, accompanied by their chief, who gave us a large number of very fine Salmon-trout, three feet and a half long, of excellent quality, and taken by the Spear, as netting is here unknown. . Sunday the 22nd. Little worthy of note occurred. Our Indian friends brought us more fish, and a very large Black-tailed Deer (Cervus macrotis) was brought down by Mr. M'Leod's rifle. This is a grand animal, seldom seen further North than 479 — N.lat,, and one-fifth larger than the Long an White-tailed Deer. It is often taken by a snare made of a species of ris (Iris te- naz, Bot. Mag. t. 3343), which, though no thicker than the little finger, is strong . enough to secure the largest Buffalo and the The women of this tribe are all fattooed, chiefly over the lower jaw in lines irom ear to ear. This kind of marking is Considered a great addition to beauty. I doubt not that such a lady in London, par- ticularly when in her full dress, of red and green earth applied to the upper part of her face, would prove, at least, an object of great attraction, . Mr. M‘Leod has been much engaged all day in making arrangements for his jour- hey to the country South of this river, where one large and two small rivers are . Said to exist. While he is in that quarter, * Purpose, if in health, to resume my route towards the head-waters of the Umptqua, where I have no doubt many rarities may iad be found. Centrenose (the principal ~~ 4 came to our camp this afternoon, r “d with him Mr, M‘Leod means to make Arrangements for my being accompanied ‘Gther by him or some of his sons. Monday the 23rd. Mr. M‘Leod has tile the desired arrangement, and while NN se goes with himself to the coast, of his sons will accompany me in my ches, which are chiefly directed to- the discovery of the great Pine so "y mentioned. The road being "dne and difficult to travel, I de- ded nd haat E Geen E Y NORTH CALIFORNIA, 129 clined the use of more horses than were absolutely needful, namely, one for my guide, and the other to carry my blanket and paper, and on which I could occasion- ally ride. Started at ten, and pursued the same course as I had taken four days ago; the Indians again behaving very civilly, putting me across the river in their ca- noes. By signs I made them understand my wishes, and they kindled a fire and brought me water, nuts, and roots of Qua- mass, with some fresh Salmon-trout, for which I repaid them with deer-flesh and tobacco, beads and rings. A shrubby Lu- pine grew on the banks of the river, nearly four feet high, but I could obtain no per- fect specimens. Tuesday the 24th. My new friends had, during the night, gone to a small Rapid on purpose to spear Trout for me, and woke me this morning long 'ere daylight, to eat. Proceeded about nine miles near the river, through a district which the thick woods rendered fatiguing, and then climbed over a bare hill, three thousand feet above the level of the sea, and re-entered an al- most impenetrable thicket. The rain fell in torrents. I ate the last bit of my deer- flesh, and with difficulty boiled a few ounces of rice; but as I am not sure of meeting with any Indians, so as to obtain fresh sup- plies, I mean to limit myself, at present, to one meal a-day. Here I observed, climbing over trees, a species of Vitis, the only one I have ever seen West of the Rocky Mountains. I made seventeen miles o e -day. Wednesday the 25th. Last night was one of the most dreadful I ever witnessed, the rain, falling in torrents, was accompaniet by so much wind as made it impossible to keep in a fire; and to add to my miseries, the tent was blown.down about my ears, so that I lay till daylight. rolled in my wet blanket, on Pteris aguilina, with the drenched tent piled above me. Sleep was, ` of course, not to be procured; every few minutes the falling trees came down with: a crash which seemed as if the earth was cleafing asunder, while the peals of thun- : a der and vivid flashes of forky lightning i 130 produced such a sensation of terror as had never filled my mind before, for I had at no time experienced a storm under similar cir- cumstances of loneliness and unprotected destitution. Even my poor horses were unable to endure it without craving, as it were, protection from their master, which they did, by cowering close to my side, hanging their heads upon me and neighing. Towards daylight the storm abated, and before sun-rise the weather was clear, though very cold. I could not stir with- out making a fire and drying some of my clothes, every thing being soaked through ; and I indulged myself with a pipe of to- bacco, which was all I could afford. At ten o'clock I started, still shivering with cold, though I had rubbed myself so hard with a handkerchief before the fire, that I could no longer endure the pain. Shortly after, I was seized with intense head-ache, pain in the stomach, giddiness, and dim- ness of sight. All my medicine being re- duced to a few grains of calomel, I felt unwilling, without absolute necessity, to take to this last resource, and therefore threw myself into a violent perspiration by strong exercise, and felt somewhat relieved towards evening, before which time I ar- rived at three lodges of Indians, who gave me some fish. The food was such as I could hardly have eaten, if my destitution were less ; still I was thankful for it, espe- cially as the poor people had nothing else to offer me. The night being dry, I camp- ed early, in order to dry the remaining part of my clothing. Thursday the 25th. Weather dull, cold, and cloudy. When my friends in England are made acquainted with my travels, I fear they will think that I have told them no- thing but my miseries. This may be very true; but I now know, as they may do al- so, if they choose to come here on such an expedition, that the objects of which I am in quest cannot be obtained without labour, anxiety of mind, and no small risk of personal safety, of which latter state- ment my this day's adventures are an in- stance. I quitted my camp early im the morning, to survey the neighbouring coun- DOUGLAS’ EXCURSION TO try, leaving my guide to take charge. the horses until my return in the evenir when I found that he had done as I vish ed, and in the interval dried some wet pa I met an Indian, who on perceiving instantly strung his bow, placed on his arm a sleeve of Raccoon skin, and s on the defensive. Being quite sati that this conduct was prompted by fes and not by hostile intentions, the poor low having probably never seen such being as myself before, I laid my my feet, on the ground, and waved hand for him to come to me, which he slowly and with great caution. I made him place his bow and quiver rows beside my gun, and striking @ gave him a smoke out of my own and a present of a few beads. With pencil I made a rough sketch of the and Pine Tree which I wanted to o and drew his attention to it, when ne! stantly pointed with his hand to the 5i fifteen or twenty miles distant towards South ; and when I expressed my 1ntenh™— of going thither, cheerfully set about § companying me. At mid-day I reat my long-wished-for Pines, and lost no” in examining them, and endeavou collect specimens and seeds New strange things seldom fail to make impressions, and are therefore treg so that lest I should again see my friends in England to 7 immensely grand tree, here * the dimensions of the largest I could among several that had been blown by the wind. At three feet from the its circumference is 57 feet 9 nC one hundred and thirty-four feet, uum inches; the extreme length + rally height of the tree ; the NORTH CALIFORNIA. pendulous, with cones hanging from their points like sugar-loaves in a grocer's shop. These cones are, however, only seen on the loftiest trees, and the putting myself in possession of three of these (all I could obtain) nearly brought my life to a close. As it was impossible either to climb the tree or hew it down, I endeavoured to knock off the cones by firing at them with ball, when the report of my gun brought eight Indians, all of them painted with red earth, armed with bows, arrows, bone-tip- ped spears, and flint-knives. They appear- ed any thing but friendly. I endeavoured to explain to them what I wanted, and they seemed satisfied, and sat down to smoke, but presently I perceived one of them string his bow, and another sharpen his flint-knife with a pair of wooden pincers, and suspend it on the wrist of the right hand. Further testimony of their inten- tions was unnecessary. To save myself by flight was impossible, so, without hesi- tation, I stepped back about five paces, my gun, drew one of the pistols out of my belt, and holding it in my left hand and the gun in my right, showed my- self determined to fight for my life. As . much as possible I endeavoured to preserve my coolness, and thus we stood looking at 9ne another without making any movement 9r uttering a word for perhaps ten minutes, when one, at last, who seemed the leader, gave a - that they wished for some to- : this I signified that they should have, if they fetched me a quantity of They went off immediately in Search of them, and no sooner were they ne out of sight, than I picked up my three Cones and some twigs of the trees, and de the quickest possible retreat, hurry- De to my camp, which I reached be- dusk. The Indian who last undertook z^ " guide to the trees, I sent off be- or mp my encamy t, lest he should et ly me. How irksome is the darkness mght to one under my present circum- 1 Stances! I cannot speak a word to my E Po I a book to divert my e ch are continually occupied ‘with the dread lest the hostile Indians 181 should trace me hither, and make an attack ; I now write lying on the grass, with my gun cocked beside me, and penning these lines by the light of my Columbian Can- dle, namely an ignited piece of rosiny wood, —To return to the tree which nearly cost me so dear. The wood is remarkably fine- grained and heavy; the leaves short and bright-green, inserted, five together, in a -very short sheath; of my three cones one measures fourteen inches and a half, and the two others are respectively half an inch and an inch shorter, all full of fine seed. A little before this time of year the Indi- ans gather the cones and roast them on the | embers, then quarter them and shake out the seeds, which are afterwards thoroughly dried and pounded into a sort of flour, or else eaten whole. Friday the 27th. My last guide went out at midnight in search of trout, and brought me home a small one, which serv- ed for breakfast. Two hours before day- light he rushed in with great marks of ter- ror, uttering a shriek which made me spring to my feet, as I concluded that my enemies of yesterday had tracked out my retreat. He, however, gave me to understand, by gesture, that he had been attacked by a Grisly Bear. I signed to him to wait till daylight, when I would go out and look for and perhaps kill the creature, A little be- fore sun-rise Bruin had the boldness to pay us a visit, accompanied by two cubs, one of last year’s brood and one of this; but as I could not, consistently with safety, receive these guests before daylight, I had all my articles deposited in the saddle-bags, and driven upon one horse to a mile distant from the camp, when I returned, mounted on the animal Mr. M‘Loughlin had given me, and which stands fire remarkably well, and found the bear and her two young ones feeding on acorns under the shade of a large oak. I allowed the horse to walk to within twenty yards, when all three stood up and growled at me. I levelled my gun at the heart of the old one, but as she — protecting her young by keeping them right under her, the shot entered the palate of one of these, coming out at the back of 132 the head, when it instantly fell. A second shot hit the mother on the chest, as she stood up with the remaining cub under her belly, on which, abandoning it, she fled to an adjoining hummock of wood. The wound must have been mortal, as these ani- mals never leave their cubs until they are themselves on the point of sinking. With the carcase of the young bear, I paid my last guide, who seemed highly to prize the reward, and then abandoned the chase, deeming it only prudent, after what hap- pened yesterday, to retrace my steps to- wards the camp of my friends. So I re- turned, crossing the river two miles lower down than formerly, and halted at night in a low point of wood near a small stream. Saturday and Sunday, the 28th and 29th. Both these days being very rainy, as yes- terday also was, and having very little clothing, I made all the exertion in my power to reach Mr. M‘Leod’s encampment near the sea. It was impossible to keep myself dry, and the poor horses were so fatigued that I was obliged to walk all the way and lead my own by the bridle, the road becoming continually worse and worse from the floods of rain. On Saturday night I halted at my second crossing place, but could procure no food from the Indians, the bad weather having so swollen the ri- ver as to prevent their fishing. I boiled the last of my rice for supper, which gave but a scanty meal, and resuming my march the next day, proceeded pretty well, till, reaching the wooded top of the lofty river bank, my jaded horse stumbled, and roll- - ing down, descended the whole depth, over dead wood and large stones, and would in- fallibly have been dashed to pieces in the river below, had he not been arrested by getting himself wedged fast between two large trees that were lying across one ano- ther near the bottom. I hurried down af- ter him, and tying his legs and head close down,-to prevent his struggling, cut with my hatchet through one of the trees, and set the poor beast at liberty. I felt a great deal on this occasion, as the horse had been Mr. M‘Loughlin’s present to me, and was his own favourite animal. Reached the DOUGLAS’ EXCURSION TO camp at dusk, where I found only Mi La Framboise, our Chenook interpre an Indian boy, who told me that days before. me to pitch my tent, and gave me à weak spirits and water, with a basin ¢ made from some that he had brought Fort Vancouver, and which greatly ed me. Rain very heavy. j Monday the 30th. Last night, a o’clock, several Indians were seen our camp, all armed. Of course, ir of sleeping, we had to watch; we made a large fire, and leaving the ca n ourselves in the grass at a little à to watch their movements. An hi a half before day, a party of fifteen near where we were, crawling among grass towards our fire. We imm fired blank shot and scared them. then returned to the camp and bre on some tea and a little dried sain as I had not had a thread of dry upon me for some days, and the continued, I sat within my tent. small fire before the door the whol Tuesday the 31st. Heavy sho! companied by a North-west wind, off the ocean, which renders the | sively cold and raw. Brought in wot branches of thirty miles distant, returned to 9 wearing one of their coats, and his possession some of their hunti plements. All this looks very * but as we know nothing of his and are too few to risk coming 10?" surrounded as we are by foes, We present, no notice, hoping t00, that * only have robbed, and not mut en. We continue 0% Bd andes o eS a See eS. te See ULT Naa af NORTH CALIFORNIA. . two in the afternoon, Baptiste M‘Kay re- t turned from the coast; such bad weather, he says, he never experienced. The tribes, too, are so hostile, that one of the party has been killed, and an Indian woman, wife of one of our hunters, with five children, carried off; what became of them we have never been able to learn. It is a relief to find our little party becoming stronger, and the addition of M*Kay is peculiarly wel- come, as he is so good a hunter, that he will soon procure us fresh food. _ Thursday the 2nd. Our hopes from M'Kay's prowess are realized, he has brought home a fine doe of the Long-tail- ~ ed Deer, and I gladly turned cook and soon | | | prepared a large kettle-full of excellent venison-soup. Just as we were sitting down to eat, thirteen of our hunters arrived in five canoes, and of course we invited them to partake. This evening has passed . much more comfortably than the eleven preceding ones, and although the society may be somewhat uncouth, still the sight of a visage of one’s own colour is pleasing, after being so long among Indians. We have all been entertaining one another, in turns, with accounts of our chase and other adventures, and I find that I stand high among them as a workman, and passable as a hunter. Friday the 8rd. Early this morning made a trip of about twelve miles, in hopes of meeting Mr. M‘Leod, who is daily ex- Pected. My course lay along the river- banks, which are steep and woody, the ‘Stream averaging seven to eight hundred Yards wide, with a fall of four feet, owing fo the tide, which runs thirty miles up the Tiver from the sea. Collected a fine shrub, with abundant racemes of red juicy ber- ‘Mes; also Vaccinium ovatum (Bot. Reg. * 1354), loaded with fruit. The former is Rot eaten, but the latter is pleasantly acid, and much used by the Killiemuck Indians, d 1s also another species of Vaccinium, that I never saw before. - Saturday the 4th. Late last night we Were joined by Mr. M*Leod, who has been a T pa way to the southward. He informs me this river, the Umptqua or Arguilar, 133 is three-fourths of a mile broad, where it flows into the sea, but that a sand-bar, which crosses the mouth, renders it impas- sable for shipping. Twenty-three miles further South, is another river of similar size, and affording the same sort of salmon . and salmon-trout. At its mouth are nu- merous bays, and the surrounding country is less mountainous than the North ; and twenty miles further still, is yet another river, but smaller than the two preceding, deriving its source, according to the Indi- ans' account, very far uptheinterior. Here M‘Leod’s investigation has ceased for the present, as he waits till all his party is col- lected, before proceeding further. The Indians state, that sixty miles to the south- ward, where the natives are very numerous, a much larger river, surpassing, as one stated who had seen both streams, the Co- lumbia in size, gains the ocean. The lati- tude is about 41° North. Mr. M‘Leod ob- served that the vegetation changed materi- ally as he proceeded to the South, the Pines disappearing altogether, and giving place to the myrtaceous tree which I have described, of which he measured several individuals 12 feet round, and 70 to 100 feet high. Its fragrant leaves, when shaken by the least breeze of wind, diffuse a fra- grance through the whole grove. All the natives, like those in this neighbourhood, had never seen white men before, and viewed them narrowly, and with great cu- riosity. They were kind and hospitable in the extreme, assisting to kindle the fire and make the encampment; while they were delighted beyond measure at being paid with a ring, button, bead, or any the small- est trifle of European manufacture. They have the same garments and dwellings as the people here. As Mr. M*Leod tells me that two of his men are going to Fort Van- couver with a despatch on Monday, I mean to accompany them, the weather being such as to prevent my botanizing to any advan- tage ; besides, it is doubtful whether there will be any other opportunity of my re- turning thither before the beginning of March, when I mean to start for the oppo- site side of the Continent. “Thus I have 134 made up my mind to return, and can only express the gratitude I feel towards Mr. M‘Leod for all the kindness and assistance I have uniformly received from this gen- tleman.! Tuesday 5th to the 7th. All my goods have been packed for two days, but the heavy rain detains me. As, however, the weather at this season may probably be- come worse instead of better, I am deter- mined to wait no longer. Started at ten A.M., with John Kennedy, an Irishman, and Fannaux, a Canadian. Mr. M‘Leod kindly expressed much regret at seeing me depart with a very slender stock of provi- sion, and that none of the best: a few dried salmon-trout, purchased of the In- dians, and a small quantity of Indian corn and rice mixed together, which we had brought from Fort Vancouver; in all, a week’s food for three persons. But at this season, I trust there is little to be feared, -as we may hope to shoot deer or wild fowl. The late rains rendering the river impass- able for loaded horses, we sent our luggage in three small canoes, and camped up the river near the lodges of some Indians, from whom we obtained a small quantity of trout. Wednesday the 8th. Made little pro- gress, the road being dreadfully bad, and the horses much exhausted with fatigue and poor fare, as there was hardly any grass. Twelve days of extreme misery, durin which we travelled with great labour, un- der all the disadvantages of hunger, cold, and rain, brought me back to the Colum- bia, where I arrived much disheartened, in consequence of having lost nearly the whole of my collections when crossing the River Sandiam, one of the tributaries of the Multnomak. On reaching the Fort, I had the satisfaction of finding comfortable letters from my friends in England. Here I staid till the 9th of December, when the hope of replacing some of the objects Which I had lost, induced me to revisit the coast; but this was a still more unfortu- 1 A memorand x | poor Douglas' hand-writing in the margin of his journal at this place is, ** Remem- — ber, on arriving in London, to get him a good rifle- gun as a present.” DOUGLAS’ JOURNEY TO described in Mr. Douglas’ bota nate undertaking than the first, as. the disaster to be wrecked in my and returned home sick from the effe wet and cold, having added nothing to m collection but one new species of Ledun L.dealbatum.? From this date to of March I spent my time in the sam as the preceding winter, when I once m visited the sea, and was again driven b by bad weather, having failed for the and last time. The remainder of on the coast was spent in packing collections. DOUGLAS’ JOURNEY TO HUDSON'S On the 20th of March, 1827, by nual express, and in company M‘Loughlin, I started for England Fort Vancouver, a place where, if resting country without much re walked the whole distance to Fort © on the Kettle Falls, which occupied ty-five days, not one of which passed out presenting to my notice some interest, either in Botany or Zoology. beautiful Erythronium grandiflorum t Claytonia lanceolata were in full among the snow. M. On the 18th of April Mr. E—»5 seven men and myself, took our de x from the Kettle Falls to the Rocky ! tains, early in the morning. Not portance occurred; we entered the . Lake on Friday the 20th, and used the wind being so favourable that we Sunday the 22 eb above this place, where the river sudden bend, and to all appearance in the mountains, a scene of them rific grandeur presents itself; the * rent is confined to the breadth of ; yards, and tossed in rapids, wmr} eddies; on both sides are mou" " ering to the height of six or eight 2 No such plant appears in the collec such plant appears in the E HUDSON'S BAY. 135 feet from their base, rising with rugged Sérobus, together with Thuja plicdta perpendicular precipices from the very bed of the river, covered with dead timber of enormous growth, the roots of which, laid bare by the torrents, and now hurled by the violence of the wind from their origi- nal high places, come hurrying down the stream, bringing enormous fragments of earth attached to their roots, and spreading devastation all before them. The sun fee- bly tipped the mountain-tops as we passed this place, and, seen through the shadowy pines, imparted a melancholy air to the whole gloomy scene. On the 25th we passed the “ Narrows of Death,” a terrific place in the river, which takes its name from a tragical circumstance which I have not here room to relate, when ten individuals endured almost unparallel- ed sufferings, and were finally all released by death, with the exception of one. At noon on the 27th of April, we had the sa- tisfaction of landing at the Boat Encamp- ment at the base of the Rocky Mountains. How familiar soever these snowy moun- tains have been to us, so that we might be expected to lose an adequate idea of their immense altitude, yet on beholding the Grand “ Dividing Ridge” of this mighty continent, all that we have seen before Seems to fade from the mind, and to be forgotten in the contemplation of their height and indescribably rugged and sharp peaks, with the darkness of the rocks, their glaciers and eternal snows. : The principal branch of the Columbia 18 here sixty yards wide, the Canoe River forty, and the middle one, on whose banks We ascend, is thirty. On Saturday the 28th, having packed the whole of my journals in a tin box, and Carrying a case of seeds and a shirt or two, hed up in a bundle, we commenced our eh across the mountains in an easterl on, first entering a low swampy piece of ground, about three miles long, knee- dn Water, and covered with rotten ice, oem we sank more than a foot se every step that we took. Then ,,. ossed a deep muddy creek, and en- tered a point of wood, principally consist- Pine, P. balsamea, nigra, alba, and About eleven we entered the snow, which was four to seven feet deep, moist and soft, which, together with the fallen timber, made walking in snow shoes very fatiguing. We camped that night on the West side of the middle branch of the Columbia. Except two species of Squirrel, we saw no imals. Sunday the 29th, min, heat 23°, max. 43°, After a sound and refreshing night's rest, we started at four this morning, pro- ceeding for six miles due East; in the course of which we made as many traverses or fordings of the river, which was two and a half to three feet deep, clear, and with a powerful current. Though the breadth did not exceed twenty-five to fifty yards, the length of time passed in the water was considerable, for the feet cannot with safety be lifted from the bottom, as if once the water gets under the soles of the feet, which should be glided along to prevent this, over goes the whole person. In very powerful currents, it is necessary to pass in a body, and the one supporting the other, in an oblique direction, Then we came to a level valley, three miles broad, dry at this season, but during the summer forming an inland lake, bounded by the mountains. Our course was afterwards due East for four miles, and in this short distance we made seven fordings more. We did not require snow-shoes here, as there was a fine hard solid crust, but on coming out of the water and trotting along on the hoar-frost, we found it intensely cold, and all our clothing that was wet, immediately became cased with ice; still no inconvenience of any consequence was sustained. About nine we entered another point of wood, where we had recourse to our snow-shoes, and finding the snow becoming quite soft to- wards noon, we camped for the day, having travelled fifteen miles. Panasz horrida (Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. t. 98), a Dryas, and a Betula, were the only plants I had add- ed to my catalogue ; at night a large Wol- verine came to our camp to steal, for which he was shot. We saw great numbers of Anas Canadensis, and one female of Te- trao Canadensis. 2e B | 136 > On Monday the 30th the heat was just . the same as the day before, our elevation was seven hundred feet above the river. The route lay through a wood and a valley precisely similar to those we had passed yesterday, and during a walk of two miles and a half, we were obliged to ford the river seven times, keeping in a direct line from point to point. Four more miles, and as many times crossing the river, brought us to the termination of this platform or valley, and here the stream parts into two branches, the larger one flowing from the North, the other from due East. We cross- ed at the angle between the two streams, and commenced our ascent of the Big Hil. The snow being so deep, at least six feet, the markings on the trees which indicated the path were frequently hid, and we found it no easy matter to keep the track. The steep ascent, the deep gullies, the brushwood and fallen timber, rendered walking very laborious. We encamped two miles up the hill, having gained five miles to-day. The timber gradually be- coming smaller, no new plants or animals were added to our store. ' . May Ist, Tuesday. This morning the thermometer stood at 2° below Zero, and the maximum heat at noon was 44°! We continued ascending, and had the satisfac- tion at ten to reach the summit, where we made a short pause to rest ourselves, and then descended the eastern side of the Big Hill, to a small round open piece of ground, through which flowed the smaller or East branch of the river, being the same as we had left yesterday at the western base of Big Hill. To the right is a small point of low stunted wood of Pinus nigra, alba, and Banksiana. Near this place we start- ed at mid-day a fine male specimen of Te- trao Franklinit, which I preserved with great care. Being well rested by one o'clock, I set out with the view of ascend- ing what seemed to be the highest peak on the North. Its height does not appear to be less than 16,000 or 17,000 feet above the level of the sea. After passing over the lower ridge, I came to about 1,200 feet of by far the most difficult and fatiguing walking I ever experienced, and the utmost DOUGLAS' JOURNEY TO ble, but at the elevation of 4,800 fee getation no longer exists; not so n a lichen is found in a tract of 1,200 eternal ice. The view from the's of too awful a cast to afford pleasu thing can be seen, in every dire as the eye can reach, except mount towering above each other, rugged all description; while the dazzling re from the snow, the heavenly azure o solid glaciers, with the rainbow tir their shattered fragments, and the eno icicles suspended from the perpendi rocks, and the majestic but terrible lanches hurling themselves from t e exposed southerly rocks, produced and groaned through the distant with a sound only equalled by th the stupendous and wonderful wor Almighty. This peak, the hig known in the Northern Continent of. rica, I felt a sincere pleasure in ni « Mount Brown,” in honour of R. B Esq., the illustrious Botanist, à less distinguished by the amiable of his mind than by his scientific $ ments. A little to the southward | nearly of the same height, e [o * of Glasgow. This mountain, was not able to climb. A species ziesia, Andromeda hypnoides, Gen Lycopodium alpinum, Sals i Empetrum, Juncus biglumis and were among the last of the phen plants which I observed. meter only stood at 2° below. was obliged to rise and enliven to get myself comfortably War starting. Through three bundred y gradually rising open low Pine-* passed, and about the same €" open ground took us to the be mighty river—a small circular . . yards in diameter, in the centre of the val- | | | | ley, with a small outlet on the West end, namely, the Columbia, and another at the East end, namely, one of the branches of the Athabasca, which must itself be considered one of the tributaries of the Mackenzie River. This is not the only fact of two op- posite streams flowing from the same lake. This, “ the Committee’s Punch Bowl,” is considered as being half-way, and we were quite glad to know that the more laborious and arduous part of our journey was accom- plished. The little stream, the Athabasca, over which we had stepped so conveniently, presently assumed a considerable size, and "was dashed over cascades, and formed caul- drons of lime-stone and basalt. Seven miles below the pass, as do the tributaries of the Columbia on the western side, so the Atha- basca widens into a narrow lake, and has a much greater distance than the Columbia. At this point, the snow had nearly disap- peared, and the temperature was greatly increased. Many of the mountains on the night hand are at all seasons tipped with glaciers. At ten we stopped to breakfast, fifteen miles from the ridge, where we re- mained for four hours. The thermometer Stood at 2° below Zero this morning, and had risen to 57° at two P. M., a heat which we found dreadfully oppressive. This af- ternoon, having set off a little before the party, I missed my way, and wandered from the path. As the sun was edging on the ~ Mountains, I descried about a mile off to the East, behind a low knoll, a curling blue _ Smoke, rising from above the trees, a sign Which gave me infinite pleasure. I quick- ened my steps, and soon came up to it, when Tfound Jacques Cardinal, who had come to the ose Encampment, and brought with him eight horses to help us on our way. He treated me with an excellent supper of mutton, the flesh of Ovis montana (Geoff.), w regretted he had no spirits to offer me. "ictus 3 to the stream, he jocularly said, there's my barrel, and it is always run- mng” The kind fellow also afforded me a part of his hut. ~ On the next morning, Thursday the 3rd, the whole party were brought up by Car- dinal; they had been very uneasy at my HUDSON'S BAY. 197 non-appearance the preceding night. We breakfasted and proceeded by the banks of the stream, I preferring walking, though the ground was still soft from the recently melted snow, and strewed with timber of small size. The difference of climate and soil, with the amazing disparity in the va- riety and stature of the vegetation, is truly astonishing, one would suppose it was an- other hemisphere, the change is so sudden and so great. We crossed the principal branch of the Athabasca, which becomes a river seventy yards broad, when joined by the stream on the banks of which we had descended. Here it was our intention to camp for the night, but Cardinal found his horses so unexpectedly strong, that the route was continued to the Rocky Moun- tains' House where we were to find canoes, and which we gained soon after six P. M. Several partridges were killed, but the only plant new to me this day, was Anemone Nut- talliana (A. patens, Hook.), which was in full flower. The scenery here is very fine, with a small lake and open valley, com- manding a sublime prospect of the moun- tains, Our distance to-day was thirty-four miles. On the following day (Friday) we embarked at day-light in two fine light birch canoes, and went rapidly. before the stream, the banks of which are low and woody, in some places narrow, in others widening into narrow lakes full of sand shoals. We stayed to breakfast on a small low island in the Upper Lake, where we had some mountain-sheep’s flesh, given us by Cardinal’s hunter. Continuing our ` route, we passed a ridge of steep moun- tains on the right, and five miles lower down a similar range to the left, which are the termination of the dividing mountains on the East side, and arrived at Jasper House at two P. M. The minimum heat to-day had been 29°, the maximum 61^. Saturday the 8th. This day presented scarcely any variety. The river is one hundred to one hundred and forty yards wide, shallow and rapid, with low gravelly banks, wooded with Poplars and Pines. Its vicinity abounds with wild fowl, and the Northern Diver charmed us with his deep mellow melancholy voice in the evenings. 138 Our progress was ninety-three miles. The following morning we had gained but three miles, when we were detained by the ice, and here we found Mr. G. M‘Dougall. We got on slowly, owing to a portage, where the canoes had to be carried a considerable distance to a place where the main channel was clear, after which we proceeded rapid- ly, and arrived at Assinaboyne, one hun- dred and eighty-four miles from Jasper House the next day. But as this place afforded us but little food, we pushed on without delay for Lesser Slave Lake, where we hoped to meet Mr. J. Stewart, who re- ceived us there with the utmost kindness, and showed me in icular so much at- tention that I travelled partly with the Bri- gade, and latterly alone with a single guide on foot to Fort Edmonton, on the Saskat- chawan River, which I reached on Monday the 21st. On the plains I killed several Curlews, and in the woods a number, both male and female, of Tetrao Phasianellus, the Pin-tailed Grouse of Edwards, with abundance of 7. Canadensis. From May 21st to the 31st, I spent my time in ex- ploring the country round Edmonton House, which is woody and interesting ; after which I embarked in Mr. Stewart's boat for Carl- ton House. This mode of travelling gave me little time to botanize ; I could only do so during the breakfast hour in the morn- ing, and just before encamping in the dusk of evening, except when a halt was made for the purpose of hunting Buffalo and Red Deer. In some parts the scenery around the river is very varied and picturesque, especially near the Red Deer and Eagle Hill. The soil is dry and light, but not unfertile, with a rich herbage, belts and clumps of wood interspersed, which give 1t a most romantic appearance. Near this place many Buffalo were killed; with a few Red Deer and Antelopes of the Plains. This latter animal has so much curiosity, that he will approach within a hundred yards of the hunter, particularly if the lat- ter wears any thing red, a colour which is Sure to attract him. The Buffalo is easily killed by a skilful person. mg a va- riety of plants that I had not seen before were Astragalus pectinatus (Phaca pecti- DOUGLAS’ JOURNEY TO nata, Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. v. 1. t. 54), and Drummondii (Hock. Fl. Bor. Am. v. 1 57), Phlox Hoodit, Thermopsis rhon folia (Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. v. 1. t. : Hedysarum Mackenzii, Astragalus sua lentus (Bot. Reg. t. 1324), A. caryocarpu (Bot. Reg. t. 176), and seven spe Saliz. On one of these hunting e sions, Mr. F. M‘Donald was dreadfully jured by a wounded Buffalo Bull, whi shockingly lacerated his left thigh, his ribs, dislocated his left wrist, and other wise severely bruised him. These ar have a propensity not to destroy vengeance, if he be stunned, or feign there is a chance of escape, the mean time lying down beside him â watching with a steadfast eye for the s est motion, in which case he instantly ! and gives another blow. Poor M'Donald was thus situated for two hours and a ha bleeding and at the point of death, and t *I too under cloud of night, which aft ded us scarcely any opportunity of es him, for the animal lay watching w few yards, and we were afraid to fire, a shot should strike our friend. By * activity of Mr. Heriot, and my assisial® he was, however, saved. I bound up% | wounds, and gave him all the aid that small medicine chest and my slender k ledge of surgery would suggest. © we passed hastily onwards in hope ing Dr. Richardson, but on our * found that he had gone to Gumbe' House. At Carlton House I had the. sure of meeting with Mr. Drummond, Capt. Franklin's party, who had spent $ greater part of his time in explormg Rocky Mountains contiguous to the of the Rivers Athabasca and Co where he had made a princely nic: I had intended to cross the plains Hr place to Swan and Red Rivers -— hostile disposition of the Stone ^ rendered it unsafe. I therefore d to Cumberland House, where I fi Richardson, who kindly showed Drummond's Journal of that eXP given at page 175 of the first volume of our nical Miscellany.” HUDSON'S BAY. tions of the noble collections in Natural History made during the expedition. This part of the country has been so well de- scribed in the former narrative of Capt. (now Sir John) Franklin, that little is left for me to say respecting it, and I shall merely notice my stages. After leaving Cumberland House, two days took us to the Grand Rapid, the entrance of Lake Winipeg, where we were detained by the ice. A few hours after it became rotten, sank and disappeared, leaving an open sheet of water, through which we sailed to Norway House. The shores of this lake da, Betula papyracea and nigra, performing the trip. Captain Franklin left me for England on the 9th of July, and on the following day I proceeded to the settlement on the Red River, which I reached on the 12th. I took up my abode with D. M‘Kenzie, Esq., Governor of the Colony, a most kind and excellent man, who during my whole stay showed me great hospitality, and afforded me much Valuable assistance. Mr. M'Kenzie's knowledge of the country, particularly to the West of the Rocky Mountains, where Spent many years, was particularly useful tome, I had also the pleasure to ies the acquaintance of the Rev. David nes and R, W, Cochrane, at the English 139 Mission House, an admirable establish- ment, which owes much of its value to the unremitting care and zeal of these gentle- men, whose lives are devoted to the charge of the little flock over which they are called to preside. It was also a pleasure to me to become acquainted with the Rev. J. N. Provenchier, the worthy Catholic Bishop, a person of liberal disposition and highly cultivated mind, who lives only to be use- ful and do good. The soil is exceedingly fertile, capable of bearing any kind of pro- duce, being a deep alluvial stratum of brown loam over a gravel or limestone bot- tom. The settlers here live comfortably, and seem happy. The crops are liable to be attacked by grasshoppers ; but the wheat is exempted from smut and rust. Cattle thrive well, as do pigs and horses; sheep had not then been introduced. During a month's residence here, I formed a small Herbarium of two hundred and eighty- eight species, many of them new to me, and the more interesting, because, if I had staid with Dr. Richardson or Mr. Drum- mond on the Saskatchawan, I should pro- bably have added hardly any thing to the Flora of the country. With Mr. Hamlyn, the surgeon to the colony, I set off and had rather a tedious passage through the lake. Arriving at York Factory, Hudson's Bay, I was kindly received by J. G. M‘Ta- vish, Esq., the Chief Factor, who had the goodness to order some travelling equip- ments for me, my own stock being com- pletely worn out. Here ended my labours, and I may be allowed to state, that when the natural dif- ficulties of passing through a new country are taken into view, with the hostile dis- position of the native tribes, and the almost insuperable inconveniences that daily oc- cur, I have great reason to consider myself a highly favoured individual. All that my feeble exertions may have effected, only stimulate me to fresh exertions. The whole of my botanical collections, with the ex- ception of some few, were, agreeably with my anxious wishes, given for publication in the forthcoming North American Flora of Dr. Hooker. I sailed from Hudson's i40 Bay on the 15th of September, and arrived at Portsmouth on the 11th of the following month." D. Dovcras. Thus happily terminated Mr. Douglas' first adventurous journey in North Ameri- ca, a journey extending from the Pacific to the source of the Columbia river, and _ thence to the Atlantic Ocean. Among the many dangers to which he was exposed, was that one recorded by Mr. Drummond (who, with Capt. Back and Lieut. Kendal, was of the party), in the first volume of the Botanical Miscellany (p. 216.); when in a small open boat in Hudson’s Bay, they encountered so dreadful a storm, and were so short of provisions, that their escape seemed little short of a miracle. Mr. Douglas in particular suffered severely, and was confined to his bed during the greater part of the voyage home. It was fortunate that he directed his scientific re- searches chiefly to the western side of the Rocky Mountains; for, during the very time that he was carrying on his investiga- tions there, his countrymen, Dr. Richardson and Mr. ond, were exploring the territories to the eastward of that vas stretch of the Cordillera: the former chiefly in the arctic regions, the latter in nearly the same parallels of latitude with Mr. Douglas: and the result of their combined exertions has been a mass of collections that have _ thrown a new light on the Natural History _ of those interesting regions, and have sup- plied the materials for Dr. Richardson’s in- estimable works on the Quadrupeds, Birds (in which he was assisted by Mr. Swainson), and Fishes of that country, as well as that which is preparing on the Insects by Mr. Kirby ; and of our Flora Boreali- Ameri- cana. "These will constitute a lasting me- morial of Mr. Douglas' zeal and abilities ; whilst not only in this country, but through- out Europe, and in the United States of America, there is scarcely a spot of ground deserving the name of a Garden, which does not owe many of its most powerful attractions to the living roots and seeds LIST OF PLANTS INTRODUCED BY MR. DOUGLAS. which have been sent by him to the E cultural Society of London.! . Dr. Lir have now become common in our ga LIST OF PLANTS, INTRODUCED BY M DOUGLAS, IN 1826—7. Abronia mellifera. Acer circinnatum. macrophyllum. Amelanchier florida. Anemone Hudsoniana. Arbutus procera. — tomentosa. - Ast us succulentus. Benthamia lycopsioides. Berberis Aquifolium. ————— glumacea. Brodiea congesta. ————- grandiflora. Calochortus macrocarpus. nov. sp. Douglasii. ciliosum. hispidulum. Castilleja coccinea. elone nemorosa. Caprifolium — Clematis Virginiana. Clintonia elegans. —-——— pulchella. Collomia grandiflora. Collinsia bicolor. ——— grandiflora. —— parviflora. Coreopsis Atkinsoniana. Cornus alba. who has lately ` 1 A young friend of ours, Nera a LIST OF PLANTS INTRODUCED BY MR. DOUGLAS. Crategus Douglasii. Delphinium Menziesii. Donia villosa Epilobium minimum. Eriogonum compositum. nudum. Eriophyllum cxspitosum. Erythronium grandiflorum. Eschscholtzia Californica. Eutoca divaricata. multiflora, —— viscida. Gaillardia aristata. Geranium Carolinianum. Gilia achillezfolia. — capitata, —— pungens. ——— splendens. —— tricolor. Helianthus lenticularis. Helonias tenax Heuchera nicki Hyssopus urticæfolius. ahaa elegans. Tris te bit Califoricus, Lilium pudicu ~——— hirsutissimus. ——-— laxiflorus, : 7 -leptophyllus, 7 —- lepidus, ornatus, “>= polyphyllus. Lupinus var. albex. succulentus, tristis. Sabinianus. Malva Munroana. Mimulus Cardinalis. floribundus. — pruüttatus, moschatus. roseus. Nemophila insignis. Nicotiana multivalvis. CEnothera albicaulis. — — — decumbens (pallida, L.). ———— quadrivulnera, rubricunda. ————— viminea. —— — —— vinosa. Pentstemon acuminatum. attenuatum. glandulosum. gracile. ovatum (pruinosum). triphyllum. Phlox speciosa. Pinus Douglasii. —— Lamberti. ponderosa. Potentilla arachnoidea. ee pe Prunus depressa. Pyrus rivularis. Ribes cereum. divaricatum. 1S s enr Mr 142 MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. DAVID DOUGLAS. Ribes echinatum. glutinosum. — —— malvaceum. niveum. —— petiolare. ——- sanguineum. setosum. speciosum. tenuiflorum. —— viscosissimum. Rubus leucodermis. spectabilis. Scilla (Camassia) esculenta. Sida malveflora.. Silene inamena, Spergula ramosissima. Spirea Americana. arisefolia. Aruncus. Symphoria racemosa. Tanacetum boreale. Qualified, as Mr. Douglas undoubtedly was, for a traveller, and happy as he un- questionably found himself in surveying the wonders of nature in its grandest scale, in conciliating the friendship (a faculty he eminently possessed) of the untutored In- dians, and in collecting the productions of the new countries he explored ; it was quite otherwise with him during his stay in his native land. It was, no doubt, gratifying to be welcomed by his former acquaint- ances, after so perilous yet so successful a journey, and to be flattered and caressed by new ones ; and this was perhaps the amount of his pleasures, which were succeeded by many, and, to his sensitive mind, grievous disappointments. th r s, in his letter to me on this subject, “I may here observe, that his appearance one morning in the autumn of 1827, at the Horticultural Society's Garden, Turnham Green, was hailed by no one with more delight than myself, who chanced to be among the first to welcome him on his arrival, as I wa among the last to bid him adieu on his d parture. His company was now cour and unfortunately for his peace of mind could not withstand the temptation (so. tural to the human heart) of appearing one of the Lions among the learned scientific men in London ; to many of whon he was introduced by his friend and patron, Mr. Sabine. Flattered by their attention, and by the notoriety of his botanical dis- coveries, which were exhibited at the meetings of the Horticultural Society, or : published in the leading periodicals day, he seemed for a time asif he had ed the summit of his ambition. Buta when the novelty of his situation hads sided, he began to perceive that he had b pursuing a shadow instead of a re As some further compensation for his ritorious services, the Council of the : ticultural Society agreed to grant profits which might accrue from the cation of the Journal of his Trav the preparation of which for the pr was offered the assistance of Mr. Sa and Dr. Lindley : and Mr. Murray of marle-street was consulted on the me But this proffered kindness was = Mr. Douglas, and he had thoughts of paring the Journal entirely himself. | was, however, but little suited for t! H dertaking, and accordingly, although laboured at it during the time he rem? in England, we regret?to say, he completed it. His temper became * sensitive than ever, and himself T and dissatisfied; so that his best PF could not but wish, as he bimself he were again occupied in the hone task of exploring North-west ^! The Hudson's Bay Company, as upon former occasion, made a most liberal © of assistance, and it was resolved * should go again to the Columbia partly at the expence of the Hor Society and partly with the ass the Colonial Office: for his ge observations and the friendship of i of this latter gentleman, Capt. MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. DAVID DOUGLAS. showed at all times the utmost kindness, made him known to the Colonial Office, gave him most important instructions at the Greenwich Observatory, and found in him so apt and so grateful a pupil, that a cordial friendship was established, which continued to the last. The original plan of his route was communicated to me by Mr. Douglas, in a letter bearing date, London, August 6th, 1829. “I am sure. you will be glad to know that my anticipated journey has been laid before the Council, and approved of; so that I go, God willing, on the 15th of Sep- tember, by the Hudson Bay Company's Ship Eagle. My plans must be a separate communication, but just let me say, that my principal objects are to make known the vegetable treasures of the Interior of California, from the northern boundaries of Mexico, near the head of the Gulf. The botanical productions of Rio Colorado and other streams, totally unknown in Europe, will, I trust, ere many years, be as familiar as those of the Columbia. The Govern- ment provides me with every instrument which Captain Sabine, as Secretary of the Royal Society thinks may be of use. These Consist of sextants, chronometers, barome- ters, thermometers, hygrometers, compasses 0 all Sorts, instruments for magnetic in- tensity, dip of the magnetic needle, all of Which can be used with such accuracy, as will render my journey, as I trust, not the Journey of a common-place tourist. “Tam not quite certain, but that when I have completed my expedition on the Continent of America, I may cross to the °pposite shore, and return in a southerly line, near the Russian frontier with China. What a glorious prospect! Thus not only the plan » but a series of observations . Y 99 produced, the work of the same individua] on both Continents, with the Same ‘struments, under similar circum- tmd and in corresponding latitudes! Ei do not indulge my hopes too far. | e tfo et à hundred pairs of feet, TEN many of hands to work for me, and 143 shall make them grub up and bring me all they can find. People tell me that Siberia is like a rat-trap, which there is no diffi- culty in entering, but from which it is not so easy to find egress. I mean at least to put this saying to the test. And I hope that those who know me know also that trifles will not stop me. I am glad to learn you are coming to England, before I go, that I may see you once more. I shall be greatly obliged if you would purchase for me a Bible, in 2 vols. 8vo., with a good bold legible type, and notes of reference, or more properly speaking, marginal notes, I cannot see to read small type, and have been unable to find such an one in Lon- don, but I know there is a Scotch edition of the kind which I describe. I intend to procure the skulls of dogs, wolves, and bears for Scouler; but none of men, for fear he should make a second voyage to the North- west coast, and find mine bleached in some canoe, ‘ because I stole from the dead,’ as my old friends on the Columbia would say,” Mr. Douglas here refers to Dr. Scouler’s having carried away from the Columbia River, the preserved skulls of two Che- nooks, on account of the singular mode in which, by compressing the frontal bone in infancy, the heads of these people are made to assume a conical, almost sugar-loaf ap- pearance. The indignation of the natives was much roused on this occasion, and Dr, Scouler would probably have met with very rough treatment, if he had not defer- red this robbery for the sake of science to the very night previous to the vessel’s sail- ing from the Columbia River, by which he was carried out of the reach of their re- sentment, Extracts from two other letters, now be- fore me, written previous to his departure, will perhaps be read with interest ; and if it shall appear that I have suffered any to come before the public which was only intended for a private communi- cation, I trust that my motive in so doing - will not be attributed to personal vanity, but to the real cause—my desire to com- memorate the generosity of Mr. Douglas’ 144 heart, and his grateful disposition when- ever any act of kindness was shown him. Greenwich, Sept. 14, 1829. * [ am exceedingly engaged in my pre- parations, and will soon be ready. The vessel is to sail not later than the end of this month, which delights me amazingly. I go under most comfortable circumstances, and am certainly very happy. All my in- struments are ready, save the chronometer, which I hope to be in possession of within a few days, all packed and ready to be sent on board ship at an hour's notice. Nothing pleases me so much as the addition of £20 which has been given me by the Colonial Office ; I asked for £60 to provide books, tables, and charts, and they sent £80, as also some instruments, which, though pre- viously used by other persons, are in per- fectly good order. I ought to think my- Self a very lucky fellow, for indeed every person seems to take more interest than another in assisting me. I possess a beau- tiful assortment of barometers, so con- structed that, comparatively speaking, there is scarcely any liability of derangement, an object of most desirable attainment in these instruments. I shall combine obser- vations accurately made with the hygrome- ter on different altitudes on the mountains and in different latitudes, which will, I trust, furnish you with information that can be confidently relied on, and which will effect much in illustrating the Geography of Plants. I shall take great care of Fuci. You have heard from Dr. Mertens,! who doubtless told you of his splendid voyage. He possesses the gigantic sea-weed of which I spoke, and has named it Fucus Lutkeanus, after the captain of the vessel. I spent ten days with Captain Lutke here, and was highly pleased with him: he gave me letters to Baron Wrangel, Governor of the Russian Colonies in America, and of the Aleutian Isles, as also circulars to Si- beria. The Baron is a man of vast inform- ! The son of Professor Mertens of Bremen, who ac- companied Capt. Lutke, as Naturalist, in the last Rus- Stan voyage of discovery. His account of Sitka is given at vol. 3, p. 12, of the Botanical Miscellany, MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. DAVID DOUGLAS. ation, and joins heart and hand those who have scientific views. I a few days with Dr. Mertens, and : gladly have accompanied him to S. to see his drawings, had I had the ti spare. He tells me that he found a s species of shrubby Pyrola, a more Hudson Bay Company's ship on the. bar at the entrance of the Columbi with the loss of every individual on forty-six in number, on the 11th í last ? late Captain was First- Mate. that those who escaped from the were destroyed by my old frie Chenooks. This may be true, confess I entertain some doubts, fo weeks and months. ever, of obtaining the wreck, maj overcome their better (if indeed they sess any) feelings. Though this 1s far agreeable news, and though the my new Captain (Grave) may sound ous, I shall yet venture among these once again. I doubt not I can do as | as most people, and perhaps ! some who make a parade about it. 4 write every day and write every that my drivelling will return home, perhaps I may not. “I shall feel the greatest ples " communicating with Dr. Richards will be quite a comfort to place any ¢ discoveries in the hands of Ee give them so creditably to the wor “Tt is uncertain where I may " my passage out, or indeed if at ES proves to be the same plant, a Tolmiea occidentalis (Fl. Bor had been, a little time previously, Bongard, under the name of Cladothai Brazilian coast. I believe it is pretty cer- tain we shall spend a month on the Sand- . wich Islands, where something may, I trust, .. be done, both in Botany and Zoology. “ I regret to hear that you are not likely to be in England this autumn ; for to Scot- land I cannot go, which obliges me, most reluctantly, to sail without seeing you. In a few days I shall write to you my, for the present, last, letter. I had almost forgot- ten to say, that I have put the last impres- sion of your map through my hands. It is very fine, and will surely please you. The route of Franklin, Richardson, and Drummond is marked in RED, Parry's in BLUE, and mine in YELLOW. I must have the latter tint changed to green, for yellow is a most sickly hue for a culler of weeds.” 45 " London, Oct. 27th, 1829. * I received, in due course, the letter you Were so kind as to address me at Green- Wich, and am delighted. to know that Dr. Mertens has promised to send. you part of his plants, which must be a great acquisi- tion. I cannot tell you how pleased I am to have seen the first Part of your Flora Boreali- Americana before sailing, and that I am enabled to take it with me to Ameri- ca. The map is good, and will increase the interest of the book; had it been printed on thinner paper, I think, however, it would have been still better. The plates are truly beautiful; but I see you have not given a figure of Peonia (P. Brownit). The type 15 also good, and the notices and habitats full—a point of great importance. I have n, and still am, deeply engaged, and would continue so, if I had another season to remain here, for I have much to learn, _ 1o do, and to think, as to my anticipated Journey. I know it will give you satisfac- tion to hear that every facility in the way of instruments for such an expedition has n granted me in the handsomest manner by the Colonial Office. And further still . Hay, the Under Secretary, sent to . flquire if any thing had been forgotten, E^ and beggéd me to say unhesitatingly if ! this were the case. The same Office also . Pays the principal part of my expenses, - VOL. II. e V ain aa AAi . MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. DAVID DOUGLAS. and will give me a compensation for my charts, and for the information I may bring home on my return. This is all as it ought to be—I mean the latter part of the agree- ment; if I had a good salary, I might fold my hands and become lazy, therefore I can feel no objection to being paid according to my labour. I hope, ere the whole of the Flora is printed, to be able to supply you with many and striking novelties. I am sensible of the great advantage I derive from my former experience of travelling in the country, of hunting, collecting, &c.; and certainly if I find the Indian tribes as quiet as when I left them, much good may be effected. Of this, however, I feel con- siderably afraid, in consequence of the de- struction of the Hudson Bay Company's hip's crew, and the murder of some par- ties of Americans, by which I am warned to walk with great caution, and more re- servedly than before. If I find the natives hostile to the * Man of Grass" (the name by which Mr. Douglas was generally known among them), I must shift my quarters to some other part of the country. I shall take the list of my Canadian plants to-day to Treuttel and Würtz's for you, and am also sending to Dr. Richardson a notice of the Zoology of North- West America, to be published in the last volume of his Fauna. I am hourly expecting the summons to sail, and am not aware that we shall touch at any place, except the Sandwich Islarids, where it is intended to make a short stay. By every opportunity, it will be my sincere pleasure to write to you, and tell you of my progress and plans; and I cannot ex- press the delight which I always feel in hearing from you, more especially when I am separated from you by seas and distant lands, and yet busily employed in gather- ing and sending you the plants of those regions. I therefore entreat that, if it be only a few lines, you will do me the favour to write, or cause your sons to do so. It is not likely my time will permit me to address you again before sailing,—let me therefore repeat once more how sincerely I feel myself indebted to you, not for much, but for all that I possess; and the K . 146 many favours and kind attentions I have always received se you command my warmest gratitu ACCOUNT OF MR. DOUGLAS’ SECOND VISIT TO THE COLUMBIA; HIS EX- CURSIONS IN CALIFORNIA; AND HIS VISIT TO MOUNA ROA IN THE SAND- WICH ISLANDS; WITH PARTICULARS RESPECTING HIS DEATH. Productive as was the first mission of Mr. Douglas to the western shores of North America, the second was undertaken under far more favourable auspices. He had acquired knowledge of the most valuable kind—that gained by experience, and of- ten, as has been seen in the preceding part of the memoir, by dear-bought expe- rience :—he was well acquainted with the language and customs of the various tribes of people on the Columbia and its tributa- ries ;—and, in addition to his familiarity with the several branches of Natural His- tory, he had profited so much by the able instructions of Capt. Sabine, that he could not fail to make observations in other de- partments of Science, especially such as should bear upon magnetic and atmosphe- ric phenomena, and on the Geography of the countries he would visit. Hence it was that the Colonial Office, at the sug- gestion of Capt. Sabine, supplied him with an excellent set of instruments: and I may here remark, that the result of these in- vestigations, communicated to the Colonial Office from time to time, as well as to Capt. Sabine, has been duly appreciated by the latter gentleman, and will, at no distant period, be laid before the public. The expenses of this mission were, in . great part, to have been defrayed by the ca eis Society of London, of which Mr. Sabine was still Secretary; but when those changes took place in that Institution, the particulars of which are familiar to all who have felt an interest in the success of Horticultural Botany in this country, and in consequence of which Mr. fo ntham became the Honorary Secretary in the MR. DOUGLAS' SECOND VISIT TO THE COLUMBIA. room of Mr. Sabine, Mr. Douglas wrote the Columbia, resigning his appoint of Collector to the Society, and he y drew altogether from its service; send to it, however, at the same time, collections he had made up to that pe but declaring his intention, nevertheless, to. transmitall seeds and living plants hem procure, as a present to the Garden. Thi determination, which arose from some understanding, is deeply to be regre not only because we know, from our quaintance with Mr. Bentham’s che and feelings upon the subject, that gentleman would have exerted himself fo the uttermost to further Mr. Douglas’ suc : but because to. this circumst the whole of his Journals. ety, during the former expedition, were from time to time carefully desp was idi to communicate the re his investigations and labours: and tlie remnant of his collections, after his death, no Journal has save that of his Voyage from the | bia to the Sandwich Islands ane Ascent of Mouna Koa. All that I have to offer, theretort specting his excursions in the m Bay territories and in California, W reaped such a glorious harvest must be collected from his letters? friends ; and these almost exclusive what he sent to the writer of this to whom he appears to have 0| mind more confidentially, and to ha more full in point of matter, than to ? any other of his correspondents, $ whom have kindly permitted a pe their letters. The first I had the ha to receive from him was dated, ; River mm of bts 1890. ; How much do I feel ME to. your long and kind letter of Chris 1829! I received it two months days after I had left my head-q! an extensive journey in the ‘ MR. DOUGLAS' SECOND New Albion, and what a stimulus it was of kindred feelings, to share my labours and my toils and anxiety, such a letter makes all one's troubles seem light! I should indeed be delighted to have such a companion as the gentleman whom you describe, and whom I have hitherto only known by report. More than ten times as much could be effected by the united ex- ertions of two. I must now pass from London to Oahu, in the Sandwich Islands, all in one line! The ship touched no where on the eastern shore of South America, which to me was a great loss and disappointment, for I had icipated h advant researches made on that Continent and the Islands of the South Seas. It was not my fortune to climb the snowy Peak of Mouna Kaah, the highest ground in the known world, in that system of mountains; nor could I get to Mouna Roa, which at this instant is dread- fully agitated by volcanic fires, and has the largest crater ever seen by mortal eyes; but I did what was of more service to Bo- tany, in scaling the lofty and rugged peaks of Mouna Parrii, the seat of the great Akua, or God of Fire. The season was unfavourable, very rainy, and being just the conclusion of winter, I could only ob- fain Mosses and Ferns. I hope yet to vi- at this place again, under more favourable circumstances. I am most desirous of collecting materials for a Flora of this groupe, and think that one season, spent in ie botanizing among them, with the aid of the Banksian Herbarium, might effect this ob- Ject. The culminating points offer an al- Most unrivalled field for studying the Geo- graphy of Plants, from the Line of Palms to that of the Lichens. I was delighted With the people and with the kind treat- M I received, especially from those in- dividuals who had formed part of his late Jesty Riho-Riho's suite when he visited < Madam Boki, the Governess of e Island, entertained me splendidly. I Possess copies of all the books that have been published in Oahu, and the other is- Splendidly bound in tortoiseshell for c. X 4 tome! Situated as I am, without any one VISIT TO THE COLUMBIA. 147 your library, but have at present no con- venient opportunity of sending them. The printing and all the workmanship is done by the islanders themselves. I arrived here on the 3rd of June, in eight months, from London; the passage was very plea- sant, as a fine gentlemanly person, a Lieu- tenant in the Royal Navy, was Captain. The lateness of my arrival, for it was the lst of July before I could leave the coast. for the Interior, has been a very serious drawback; the season proving unusually early, all the vernal plants, which are by far the most numerous, beautiful, and cu- rious here, were withered and decayed. It took me twenty-four days of hard labour to reach the very lofty chain of mountains on which I was in July, 1826; I again found my Peona (P. Brownii, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. v. 1. p. 27), and in- cluding all my labours, there are, I should think, full one hundred new species, and perhaps some new genera, though I have yet only determined one, which is akin to CGEnothera. ; I have now just saved the sailing of the ship, and, after sixty days of severe fatigue, have undergone, as I can assure you, one of still more trying labour, in packing up three chests of seeds, and writing to Mr. Sabine and his brother. The Captain only waits for this letter, after which the ship bears away for Old England; I am truly sorry to see her go without my dried plants, but this is unavoidable, as I have not a bit of well-seasoned wood in which to place them, and should, moreover, be unwilling to risk the whole collection in one vessel ; and the sails are already unfurled, so that it would be impossible to attempt dividing them. I however transmit one bundle of six species, exceedingly beautiful, of the genus Pinus. Among these, P. nobilis is by far the finest. I spent three weeks in a forest composed of this tree, and day by day could not cease to admire it; in fact, - my words can be only monotonous ex- pressions of this feeling. I have a one new species during this journey, P. grandis, a noble tree, akin to P. balsamea, groving from one hundred and seventy to . : f ? See p. 131 of this volume. 148 two hundred feet high. In the collection of seeds, T have sent an amazing quantity of all the kinds. Your specimens are in every way perfect. I have afew Mosses and a considerable number of Fuci: this is a department in- which I fear the Flora will be deficient; but as I am to spend this winter entirely on the coast, you may ex- pect to receive all that are found within the parallels of the British possessions on the Pacific side of this continent. I have al- ready preserved some beautiful specimens of this tribe for the use of your lectures, the principal of which is Fucus Lutkea- nus! of Mertens, the one which you may remember my endeavouring to describe to Mr. Dawson Turner—(the author of the Historia Fucorum). On the direction of my next year's route, I am not yet decided; but my desire is to prosecute my journey in North California, in the Valley of Bonaventura, through which a stream of considerable magnitude flows, and finally mingles its streams with the ocean in the Bay of Montérey. If I can venture thither in safety by land, I will do so; if not, I shall go by sea to Monté- rey. The southern termination on the map is the source of the river, and the spot where, in October 1826, I had such a nar- row escape from the hostile tribes? who - inhabit that country. Since that time, a party of hunters were all killed, save two, who returned to tell the melancholy fate of their companions; and again a second .. party has nearly shared the same fate. You may judge of my situation, when I say to you that my rifle is in my hand day and night; it lies by my side under my blanket when I sleep, and my faithful little Scotch terrier, the companion of all j i takes his place at my feet, thus to accoutre myself, is truly terrible. However, T fail not to do my best, and if unsuccessful in my operations, can make my mind easy with the reflection that I used my utmost endeavours. My instru- ments are all excellent, and in the best ` t For a most interesting account of which see E» P. 5. of the Botanical Miscellang, MR. DOUGLAS' SECOND VISIT TO THE COLUMBIA. order, and have already enabled m part of the country, as well as illustr its magnetic phenomena. 3 In Zoology, I possess some vali additions to the Fauna, consisting of drupeds, birds, reptiles, and insects, w as well as the plants, must remain wit till next year. : ge pulated the country. Villages, wh afforded from one to two hundred e warriors, are totally gone; not a mains! The houses are empty, and 1 of famished dogs are howling about, 3 the dead bodies lie strewed in every di tion on the sands of the river. I am of the very few persons among the Hu great shake, and can hardly consid self out of danger, as the weather very hot. The ship which sailed along with totally wrecked on entering the River; I am happy to say, howe! lives were lost. To this vessel I} been appointed, and then changed one in which I came. But for t nate alteration, I should have lost ed of every thing! count of this disaster in the news] Farewell. I am daily, 1n reco" with you and your family, tho fortunate as to be divided from T the diameter of the globe ; still the of you affords me, in my lonely inexhaustible source of delight. . I thank Mr. Murray and Dr. 9¢ their kind letters; to both I = in spring, and shall send some **^ Comparative Anatomy to the latter | To Dr. Hooker. à A OU a Rc p MR. DOUGLAS' SECOND VISIT TO THE COLUMBIA. Montérey, Upper California, rd, 1831 In the absence of all individuals with kindred feelings, who can participate in our pleasures, and console us in adversity, how cheering is the task of writing to them, and more especially when we have been long deprived of their conversation, and severed by a space of no less than half the diameter of the world! Greater still, how- ever, is the delight with which the solitary traveller hears of the welfare of those who are dear to his remembrance in his native land. I am not ashamed to say that this pleasure stimulates me to exertion, and lightens my labour. Though I have not written to you since last year, I am daily with you in thought, and were it not that I sometimes persuade myself that my feeble exertions in this country may, ere long, yield pleasure to my friends in ena- bling them to look at its beautiful plants, I could gladly return home, to assure you In person of my regard. I have had only one letter from you, dated on “ Christmas-day, 1829,” for which I am abundantly thankful. From no other person have I received any news, and shall therefore trouble “no one else with my scribbling, On the 22nd of December last (1830), I arrived here by sea, from the Columbia, and obtained leave of the Territorial Go- Vernment to remain for the space of six months, which has been nearly extended to twelve, as the first three months were Occupied in negociating this affair, which was finally effected to my satisfaction. I shall now endeavour to give you a brief sketch of my walks in California. Upper California extends from the Port of St. Diego, lat. 32° 30' to lat. 43° N., a Space of six hundred and ninety miles, from North to South. The Interior is but Partially known, Such parts of the coun- try as I have seen are highly diversified by hills, covered with Oaks, Pines, Chestnuts, and Laurels, extensive plains, clothed with à rich sward of grass ; but no large streams. Well does it merit its name! The heat is Intense, and the dryness of the atmosphere invariable, 29? not unfrequently, which, if I mistake not, is not exceeded in Arabia or Persia. In this fine district how I la- ment the want of such majestic rivers as the Columbia! In the course of my tra- vels on the western and northern parts of this continent, on my former as well as my present journey, I have observed that all mountainous countries, situated in a tem- perate climate, agitated by volcanic fires, and washed by mighty torrents which form gaps or ravines in the mountains, lay open an inexhaustible field for the researches of. the Botanist. Early as was my arrival on this coast, spring had already commenced ; the first plant I took in my hand was Ribes speciosum, Pursh (Bot. Mag. t. 3530; Bot. Reg. t.1557), remarkable for the length and crimson splendour of its stamens ; a flower not surpassed in beauty by the finest Fuch- sia ; and for the original discovery of which we are indebted to the good Mr. Archibald Menzies, in 1779. The same day I added to my list Nemophila insignis (Bot. Reg. t. 1713; Bot. Mag. t. 3485), a humble, but lovely plant, the harbinger of Californian spring, which forms, as it were, a carpet of the tenderest azure hue. What a relief does this charming flower afford to the eye from the effect of the sun’s reflection on the micaceous sand where it grows. These, with other discoveries of less importance, gave me hope. From time.to time, I con- trived to make excursions in this neigh- bourhood, until the end of April, when I undertook a journey southward, and reach- ed Santa Barbara, 34° 25’, in the middle of May, where I made a short stay, and re- turned late in June, by the same route, occasionally penetrating the mountain-val- leys which skirt the coast. Shortly after- wards I started for San Francisco, and proceeded to the North of that port. My principal object was to reach the spot whence I returned in 1826, which I regret to say, could not be accomplished. My ; last observation was at 38° 45', which leaves an intervening blank of sixty-five miles. Small as this distance may appear to you, it was too much for me ! ; My whole collection of this year in 149. 150 California, may amount to five hundred species, a little more or less. This is vex- atiously small, I am aware; but when I inform you that the season for botanizing: does not last longer than three months, your surprize will cease. Such is the ra- pidity with which spring advances, as on ` the table-lands of Mexico and the platforms of the Andes in Chili, the plants bloom here only for a day. The intense heats set in about June, when every bit of herbage is dried to a cinder. The facilities for tra- . velling are not great, whereby much time is lost: this, as a matter of course, is the case in all new countries. It would re- quire at least three years to do any thing like justice to the Botany of California, and the expense is not the least of the drawbacks. At present, it is out of my power to effect any thing further, and must content myself with particularizing the collection now made. Of new genera I am certain there are nineteen or twenty, at least, and I hope you will find many more. Most of them are highly curious. As to species, about three hundred and forty may be new. I have added a most interesting species to the genus Pinus, P. Sabinii, one which I had first discovered! in 1826, and lost, together with the rough notes, in crossing a rapid stream on my return north- ward. When compared with many indi- viduals of the genus inhabiting the western parts of this continent, its size is inconsi- derable, from 110 to 140 feet high, and 3 to 12 feet in diameter, In the aqueous . deposits on the western flanks of the Cor- dilleras of New Albion, at a very great elevation above the sea (1,600 feet below the line of perpetual snow), this Pine grows somewhat larger than in the more tempe- , Tate parts near the coast in a more south- ern parallel. I sent to London a detailed account of this most beautiful tree, to be published in the Transactions of the Horti- cultural Society, which you will see before this can reach you, so that I will not trou- ble you with a further description of it. But the great beauty of Californian vege- tation is a species of Taxodium, which * See page 106 (in note), MR. DOUGLAS’ SECOND VISIT TO THE COLUMBIA. gives the mountains a most peculiar, almost going to say awful, appe: from recollection I should say, he present species is distinct from it, Tha which the thickness was greater than T have instanced. I possess fine sp and seeds also. I have doubled the g Calochortus ; C. luteus (Bot. Reg. t. 190 is especially deserving of attention, as finest of all. To Mimulus I have added several, among them the mag M. cardinalis (Hort. Soc. Trans. N. p. 70. t. 3), an annual, three or high, handsomer than M. luteus zci elegans, (Bot. Reg. t. 1575) is a species, but hardly equal to C. pu it grows to four or six feet, and has petals. It is to Gilia, Collomia, and Heuchera, that the greatest ac have been made: indeed they are merous to mention. done among the Onagrarve. 3 the new genus (Zauschneria of Lh. luded to by De Candolle in-his (vol. II; p. 85), as exhibiting the Fuchsia and the fruit of an 4 I possess another new genus, and tude of GZnotheras, Also four un kinds of Pentstemon, two of whi ceed -any of the known species, * shrubs ; and among the Papavera if not three, new genera? One 15 cent, with a bifoliate calyx and fo it has the stamens of Papaver and f of Eschsholtzia, with entire leaves: 2 A splendid groupe, consisting eco that have since flowered in the Hortical ‘ Garden, is given in the Hort. Trans. N- : and the dried specimens have afforded va't rials for a revision of the whole Order by tham, in Bot. Reg. under t. 1622. 3 See Platystemon, Platystigma, ond of Mr, Bentham in Hort. Trans. N. $. Y-' LU MR. DOUGLAS' SECOND VISIT TO THE COLUMBIA. is my Bichenovia, a plant worthy of the Botanist to whom I dedicate it, as he is worthy of it.1 The others are both annual and too curious for me to describe. By far the most singular and highly interesting plant here belongs to a genus, in some re- spects akin to Salvia; it is annual, and I have called it Wellsia, after Mr. Wells of Redleaf, in Kent (Audibertia incana, Benth. in Bot. Reg. t. 1469). This, with many others, I trust you may yet have the pleasure of describing from living speci- mens, as I have sent to London upwards of one hundred and fifty nondescript plants, which I hope will bloom next season. As I shall, if it please God, have the hap- piness of writing to you again shortly, I will, at present, only tell you of my pro- _ jects. I am in daily expectation of a ves- sel from the Columbia, in which I shall embark to renew my labours in the North. Should she not arrive before the 10th of December, I will take my passage in an American vessel for the Sandwich Islands, where I shall not fail to endeavour to scale the lofty peaks of Mouna Roa or Mouna Kaah (the White or Snowy Mountain) in quest of Flora’s treasures, and proceed to the North-West coast in the ensuing spring. I have met the Russian Authorities twice since I last wrote to you, and have received the utmost kindness from them. Two days ago I received a letter from Baron Wran- gel, Governor of the Russian Possessions in America and the Aleutian Isles, full of compliments, and offering me all manner assistance, backed by Imperial favour from the Court? This nobleman is, as you are well aware, the Captain Parry of Russia, keenly alive to the interests of Science, and anxious to assist, in every wey those who labour in this field. Since I began this letter, Dr. Coulter, from the Central States of the Republic ea rigidum, Benth. and Hook. Ic. >t, 87. 2 . aud nobleman had been, some little time previ- through the kindness of our valued friend, Dr. Fis- Sher, af St. Petersburgh, as well as that of the Impe- rial Minister in London. The same subject is alluded to um à succeeding letter. 151 of Mexico, has arrived here, with the in- tention of taking all he can find to De Can- dolle at Geneva. He is a man eminently calculated to work, full of zeal, very amia- ble, and I hope may do much good to Sci- ence. As a salmon-fisher he is superior even to Walter Campbell, of Islay, Esq., the Izaak Walton of Scotland; besides being a beautiful shot with a rifle, nearly as successful as myself! And I do assure you, from my heart, it is a terrible plea- sure to me thus to meet a really good man, and one with whom I can talk of plants. River Columbia, Oct. 23, 1832, Your truly welcome and highly-prized letter of Oct. 10, 1830, I had the pleasure to receive from Captain Charlton, our Con- sul at the Sandwich Islands, on my arrival at that place from the coast of California in August last. I esteem this mark of your regard as not the least of the many favours you have shown me. It affords me sincere delight to hear of the health of your family, and the great progress you have made in your publications, the improvement of the apartments in which you keep your collec- tions, and the prodigious increase of your Herbarium. I carry your letter about in my note-book, and when on my walks by the side of some solitary creek, the idea not unfrequently occurs to me, that I may have overlooked some part of it, out comes your epistle for another perusal.— Letters are indeed rare things to me in this part of the world. I have had no opportunity of writing to you since last year by any conveyance that might be considered safe. I did so from - Montérey, in Upper California, in October 1831, and sent it by way of Mexico, under the care of our Consul at the Port of San Blas; there I detailed to you the extent of my travels in that territory, and the pro- gress of my collections, as well as gave 3 Dr. Coulter has, some time ago, returned to this country, with, we believe, a most extensive Herba- _ rium, formed in Mexico and California. The living Cacti which he sent from the former country to Pro- fessor De Candolle of Geneva, and to Mr. Mackay of the Dublin College Botanic Garden, are particularly ng. * t interesti 152 you a brief notice of the country. This letter I hope you would receive about New Year’s Day, 1832.1 The Hudson Bay Company’s vessel did not arrive on the coast of California in November, as had been expected, which, in some measure, frus- trated my projects. No opportunity having offered for proceeding, either to the Colum- bia or the Sandwich Islands in the winter or spring of last year. I continued to con- sider California as still new to me, and set to work a second time, finding new plants, and drying better specimens of those which I formerly possessed. I think that T added not less than one hundred and fifty unde- Scribed species this year, including some new genera, which will bring up the entire amount of flowering plants to scarcely less than seven thousand distinct species. I might have effected more; but being in constant dread of a vessel arriving, and sailing without me, I could not venture to be absent more than fifteen or twenty days at a time from the coast; however, as I did my best, I try to feel content. I will now mention another new Pinus to you (P. venusta), which I discovered last March, on the high mountains of Cali- fornia (you will begin to think that I ma- nufacture Pines at my pleasure). As my notes are not at hand, I must describe from memory. Leaves solitary, two-ranked, rigid, sharp- pointed, green above, glaucous beneath. Cone cylindrical, three to four inches long, and four to six inches round, erect; scales orbicular, deciduous (like those of P. bal- samea), with an entire bractea or append- age between the scales, exserted to three or four inches and a half! When on the tree, being in great clusters and at a great height withal, these cones resemble the in- florescence of a Banksia, a name which I should have liked to give to the species, but that there is a Pinus Banksii already. This tree attains a great size and height, and is, on the whole, a most beautiful object. It is never seen at a lower elevation than six thousand feet above the level of the sea, -` This, the letter immediately preceding, did not . arrive till April. MR. DOUGLAS’ SECOND VISIT TO THE COLUMBIA: — "would be peculiarly gratifying tO Tk EX Vu in latitude. 36°, where it is motu mon. Yd I saw for a second time, and ina Upper California. condition, though perhaps a little too y: and somewhat longer than those Ih covered further to the North in 1896, timber in this new situation is the of all, but by no means so fine as- the 43°, and 45° of N. latitude, whe temperature is doubtless more coi to it.. ‘I have a host of new and be plants; among them a fine perennial cies of Delphinium, D. cardinalis flowers as fine as those of Lychnis fi and seven undescribed kinds of Ca tus, which make that noble genus to cor in all, of twelve species [including C bothrya.—E»p.]. From the Sandwich Islands, I sh on board the Sarah and Elizabeth, a 9 Seaman of London, and boun port, nineteen large bundles of dry in two chests, together with seeds, mens of timber, &c. The Captain, à thy little man, placed these articles ^ own cabin, which gives great relief to be despatched without delay, and fu “ begging that they will permit me tot fer the publication of each and ât plants, saving those which the Soc consider as coming within their plans, that gentleman, either for an Appel his Flora Boreali-Americana, 0r 1n other works in which he may be € No one is more able and willing to ^ Society justice, while such a pU?" 2 [ need scarcely say that this generous wit part of poor Douglas, has been to the f zi complied with, by the Horticultural e "s merits of this zealous Naturalist will : evident, when I shall lay the account wd the public, in the ** €. ion lo the P>” zine." The materials are in a consi . I have still at Fort Vancouver a good bun- -. dle of plants, perhaps about seventy spe- . cies, which l try to send, through Mr. Garry, overland this spring, for publi- cation, with Mosses and Sea-weeds, so that your Flora may be as complete as possible. At the Sandwich Islands a violent rheuma- tic fever prevented me from venturing at MR. DOUGLAS' SECOND VISIT TO THE COLUMBIA. its entrance, I had the pleasure to meet my old ship the Eagle, and old friend, Lieutenant Grave, R. N., who handed me a parcel from Soho Square, containing the second and third parts of the Flora Bo- reali- Americana ! Singular indeed it was that I should receive this, just in the nick of time, for had it not been for a kind un- all to the hills during my short stay, and I favourable wind, which obliged my vessel sat and fretted enough about it! I have indeed had some hard work since I quitted England, of which I- occasionally feel the effects, particularly in cold weather. Anxi- ous that no time should be lost, I sailed from Montérey for those islands in an Ame- rican vessel of forty-six tons burden! and had a passage of only nineteen days. What would have been thought, forty years ago, of passing over more than half of the great basin of the Pacific in such a craft? If steam-boats and rail-roads are not in our way, we, poor wanderers, must take what offers, sometimes good and sometimes bad. my way to this river, and not far from forwarduess, and hn of h 1 in my ** Icones Plantarum." Of the living b of California, introduced to the Horticultural Society, besides the species of Pine, may be oon the following, which have cii. ed in the Chiswick — or - published by Professor n and others Ki J appear PLANTS INTRODUCBD BY MR. DOUGLAS, IN 1834. ae glandulo- ^ Lasthenia glab ptosiphon ahaa: - densiflorus. Audibertn incana. fr EET Limnanthes Douglasii. T s lhift g Bartonia am — € a. ES qe ce MAL —— —- densiflorus. - splendens - latifolius. o Yenustus ——— leptoph llus. Calliprora lutea. nanu Chelone centranthifolia Collinsia bicolor Cyclobotlirya Mie. Bon m Nemophila insignis, CEnothera densiflora. tenella, var. albiflora Oxyura cu yanitkedióidoi. Phacelia tanacetifolia. Pentstemon digitalifolium. O —— staticefolium. ign tex Californicum. however, introduced by Mr. Collie.) "Trifolium fucatum. Triteleia laxa. to go considerably out of her way, I should have missed her, and of course.lost the pleasure of a sight of the Flora. I can- not really express how much I am obliged to you for writing to me. re not for your letters, and the information they convey, I should be utterly without news, for nobody else has sent me any. I left in California my friend Dr. Coulter, who will not, I trust, quit that country till he has accomplished every thing, for he is zealous and very talented. To De Can- dolle, who is his old tutor, he sends all his collections; and who can wonder at his giving him the preference? Dr. Coulter expects to be in England in the autumn of 1833; I have given him a letter of intro- duction to you. River Columbia, Oct. 24, 1832. This day brings me another proof of your goodness, for Dr. M‘Loughlin, Direétor of the Hudson’s Bay Company, as soon as he learned of my arrival, kindly sent down the river to me several packages, among which was your ‘friendly letter of July, 1831. Every thing you say gives me infi- nite pleasure, and adds to my comfort. I know not how to express my gratitude more earnestly than I did in the letter I wrote to you last night, to perform which I sat up till three o’clock this morning. I shall, without fail, replace your lost speci- mens of Pines ; they were all plunged in _ warm water, that their leaves might not fall off, a mode I always adopt with Cape Heaths —but I fear they may have been heated or jumbled about in the vessel. I am glad you have set Mr. Drummond on his legs again, and hope he will do well. I shall ! This alludes to the botanical j ys of Mr. Drummond in Louisiana and Texas, of which an ac- * 154 write to the Rev. Narcisse Duran, the Pre- fect of the Order in California, an amiable and learned man, who will receive him kindly, and do him the most signal service. I shall write likewise to Mr. Hartnel, an English gentleman, in whose house I lived at Montérey, who will also aid him. I may have an opportunity of addressing some of . the Principals of the American Fur Com- pany, to several of whom I am personally i known; they are generally intelligent and kind-hearted men, much disposed to be useful. This I can easily do; for I am re- garded by them as halfan American, having spent so many years in the New World. Mr. Garry is exceedingly kind to me: I have also received a long letter from Capt. Sabine, dated Charlemont Fort, Ire- land, full of kindness. Nothing can be more gratifying to me than to be remem- bered by old friends after the lapse of so many months, and when so far apart. Capt. Sabine goes so far as to say, that he can suggest to me no improvement in the man- ner of taking my astronomical or other ob- servations, or in the way of recording them. He has shown them to the excellent Capt. Beaufort, who also expressed his approba- tion of them, and has (I fear, too partially) done the same officially to Mr. Hay at the Colonial Office. Capt. Sabine feels, I am sensible, too true a regard for my welfare not to point out my faults, and as this let- ter adverts to none, I may take it for grant- ed, I trust, that he is well pleased with me. I have received a copy of Capt. Beechey's book. I entertain a great respect for that gentleman, but I think he has been too se- vere on the Catholic Missionaries in Cali- fornia. Any man who can make himself well understood by them, either in Castilian or Latin, will discover very shortly that they are people who know something more than their mass-book, and who practise many be- nevolent acts, which are not a little to their credit, and ought to soften the judgment of the stranger, who has probably had more - count has already been given in the first volume of this Journal. It was at one time thon i : ght he might reach the Pacifie from the Mississippi, by way of = lifornia. But it was otherwise ordained. er 1 * MR. DOUGLAS' SECOND VISIT TO THE COLUMBIA. opportunity of seeing men and t| the poor priests of California. Tl are the errors of their profession, of their hearts, and I thus make say so, having had reason to know individuals in question are honoura ceptions to priests in general . I friend to Catholicism, still I should to maintain my own opinion witho: nand Deppe,! of Berlin, whom I ] pleasure to meet in California, Fi M. Deppe devoted his time wholly tural History, Zoology in particul now he is partly engaged in me pursuits. In Mr. Klotzsch's favour out of Europe, and I fear little can fected until he, or some one af equal express purpose—-at least, we can look for a collection from such a soure What a blank we have in the dep of sea-weeds! You must still look to Menzies as the main stay, though y find some fine species in my collection the coast of California. Fearing I have it in my power to visit the groupes of islands, so particularl this class of vegetables on the N parts of the continent, I have ¥ : all friends, American as well Los y residing there, and requested them lect every thing in the shape of ‘ and that I may put them to as little as possible, I have told them — They dryness of its climate, our SU cease. Perhaps no where else in is such drought felt, if we exce serts of Arabia, Egypt, and the P Ispahan ; and what we know of these work also contains some interesting excursions. n. PE P nena ie MR. DOUGLAS’ SECOND VISIT TO THE COLUMBIA. tries on this point is vague and imperfect, the senses being generally the test. Fre- quently have I sunk the internal thermo- meter of Daniell’s hygrometer many de- grees below zero, until the ball of the in- strument was clothed with hoar-frost, and not the smallest particle of moisture could, on the most accurate scrutiny, be detected ! My Meteorological Journal is, I trust, com- plete, and should such be wanted, will furnish ample data for an essay on this beautiful country. Not having received any letter from England, I cannot definitively state what will be the direction of my future journey. Should I receive no fresh orders, I shall, as I stated before leaving home, proceed to the northward of the Columbia, skirting the western flanks of the Rocky Mountains, as far as convenience and safety will allow, and endeavour to reach the sea to the west- . Ward, to some of the Russian Establish- ments, or return by the same route, as may appear most desirable. On this point I shall be able to inform you in my next. I have had two most kind letters from Baron Wrangel, Governor of the Russian Territories in America, and of the Aleutian ands, to whom I was made known through the Russian Minister at the Court of London, In his first he writes thus, Which I know it will be pleasant to you to know, as it is highly agreeable to me:— " J'ai appris avec une vive joie vôtre in- tention de faire une tournée dans nos en- virons. Soyez sûr, Monsieur, que jamais Visite ne m'a été plus agréable, et que des bras ouverts vous attendent à Sitka. Si Vous avez l'intention de retourner en Eu- Tope, par la Sibérie, je puis vous assurer qu'au mois de Mai de l'année prochaíne, vous pourrez commodement aller sur un de nos navires à Okotsk, où, d'après des nouvelles que je viens d'apprendre, on . Vous a deja preparé un gracieux accueil." This is more than kind, and the facilities offered for May, 1832, of course hold good for ensuing years. This letter was accom- panied by a copy of a volume published in 1829, Recueil des Actes de l'Académie de St. Petersbourg, containing some very in- 155 teresting accounts of the Russian expedi- tions to Mount Ararat; also an outline of Mertens' labours with Capt. Lutke's Pen- dulum and Experiments made during his voyage. The Baron wrote me a second letter, and being fearful that I might not have received his first, took care to give me the same information, backed with ad- ditional assurances of his good will I have had the advantage of seeing Cyrill Klebinkoff, Chief Director of the Russian- American Fur Company, an excellent man, who has great claims on my gratitude, as well as several Officers of the Imperial Navy. Indeed they seem to be a set of people whose whole aim is to make you happy. You have my best thanks for re- plying to Dr. Fischer of St. Petersburgh ; I shall write to him when opportunity of- fers. I have a great desire to become better acquainted with the vegetation of the Sandwich Islands, as I am sure much re- mains to be done there, and before quitting that country I made conditional arrange- ments with Capt. Charlton, our Consul, to aid me, should I return. This I shall ear- nestly endeavour to do. The Consul is a most amiable and excellent person. In Ferns alone, I think there must be five hundred species. I will trouble you to offer my kind re- — gards to my old friends, Mr. Murray and. Dr. Scouler, and say to the latter that I have a tolerable collection of bones for him, but as I thought he would himself enjoy the job of cleansing them, I have only cut away the more fleshy parts, by which means, too, they hang better toge- ther. They consist of a Sea Otter, entire; Wolves, Foxes, Deer, a Panther's head, &c. I shall send them by the earliest op- portunity. You may also tell him that human heads are now plentiful in the Co- lumbia, a dreadful intermittent fever having depopulated the neighbourhood of the ri- ver; not twelve grown-up persons remain of those whom we saw when he and 1 were here together in 1825." . The following was a sort of postscript to the above letter, but addressed to a young i is ‘Serving Fungi, see Botanical Miscellany, 1.83, 156 member of my family, who often had lis- tened with delight to Mr. Douglas’ well-told tales of his previous adventures in North- West America, and had caught something of the spirit of adventure from the narrator. ** Your kind letter, dated just two years ago gives me great satisfaction, as contain- ing good accounts of the health and pros- perity of yourself, brother, sisters, and pa- rents. Mr. Klotzsch’s method of preserv- ing Fungi, as you detail it to me, appears very excellent ;! that of scooping out the inside would, however, suit me better than the plan of boiling in tallow or grease till they are saturated ; for, to tell you the truth, my dear young friend, such persons as myself, in a place like North- West Ame- rica, commonly fry the Fungi in.a lit- tle fat, if butter cannot be had, and then should study diligently, if you ever would come à worthy brother of the angle. In California I had fine sport, both at fishing and hunting; the former principally in sea- fish, as those of the river are few and small. This mighty stream (the Columbia) is in- comparably the noblest in the world for mon, Trout, and Sturgeon, whether for quality or abundance, But in the Sand- wich Islands, my dear boy, the natives do- mesticate their fish! They catch in the sea, when about two inches long, two kinds . of Mullet, the Grey and the White, with another fish of great delic i their tongue Ava, ey grow exceedingly and are taken out for use at ! For an account of M. Klotzsch’ large and fine, s mode of pre- v.2. p. 159. MR. DOUGLAS' SECOND VISIT TO THE COLUMBIA. the pleasure of the owner. Thu these fellows are no despicable f * You may tell your little bro wondered that I could bear to go to there were Cockroaches in all ships I feel now a mortal antipathy, more than he, if possible, to these in having made a great number of ol tions in the Sandwich Islands, th Cockroaches ate up all the paper, there was a little oil on my shoes, nearly demolished them too! | I have never seen the Aurora B its magnificence, you shall perhaps: it by my next letter. to the Highlánds summer of 1835 fort and Sabine for all their g ee) Therefore be pleased to pardon this ha preciating it. Interior of the River Coli lat. 48°, 5' N., long. 119», 23’ W. Early last November, by the : the annual express across the con Fort Vancouver, I had the great to receive your very kind and truly V come letter of May, 1832, accom a memoir of the late Capt. Carmic a notice of the late Mr. Barclay. especially at this distance HH x When I tell you that your epistle only one I had received for a saving a short one from the exe MR. DOUGLAS' SECOND VISIT TO THE COLUMBIA. 157 Garry, who most punctually forwarded your parcel to me, you will perceive how very precious a thing a letter is to me now- a-days. -Botany and ornamental gardening have sustained a great loss in the death of Mr. Barclay; the more to be regretted, as no one seems to take that place which he held forso many years with honour to himself and advantage to the Science as one of its most liberal patrons. Last October, from the entrance of the Columbia River, by the last vessel which sailed for England, commanded by my excellent friend; J. E. Grave, Lieut. R. N., I wrote to you at some length, and then mentioned that I had shipped in the Sandwich Islands, on board the Sarah of London, a South-Sea- man, bound for London direct, the whole- of my Californian collection. "This vessel sailed from the Island of Woahoo on the 8th of September. Since I wrote to you, the season being winter, I have little new to communicate : during the interval I have made a journey, as I proposed, North of the Columbia, to New Georgia, and a most laborious one it was. My object was to determine the position of the Head Lands on the coast, and the culminating points of the many prodigiously high snowy peaks of the Interior, their altitudes, &c., and as I was favoured with exceedingly fine clear weather, this was effected much to my sa- üsfaction. On this excursion I secured about two hundred species of Mosses; but as I am rather ignorant of this tribe, there may be a few more or less: certain it is, however, that there are many fine kinds that are totally unknown to me ; and per- haps even you may find some of them new. I have also some interesting Fuci from Dey, three of which are decidedly not in r. Lurner's work, and very noble species they are. I have bespoken the services of all the Captains on the North- West coast, to bring me ‘all sorts of . sea- weeds, simply coiled up, dried, and put in a bag. This winter has been drier, but far more Severe than the preceding ‘season. The Columbia was closed with ice for four weeks at Menzies’ Island, where it rather exceeds a mile in breadth, the thermome- ter indicating 22° of Fahrenheit, which is bitterly cold for the shores of the Pacific, in the parallel of 45. This gave me an ex- cellent opportunity of multiplying my as- tronomical observations, on the angular distance between the moon’s limb and the sun ; the planets Venus, Mercury, Saturn, and Mars, and the fixed stars ; not less than eight thousand observations in about six hundred sets, separately computed, for the purpose of ascertaining the absolute longi- tude of Fort Vancouver. Besides, I ob- served the beautiful eclipse of the moon on the night of January the 5th of this year, with many of the eclipses of Jupiter's satellites. Indeed my whole skill was ex- erted on these operations, in order to obtain their position with the greatest accuracy, as all my chronometric longitudes are reduced to that meridian. I merely mention these things that you may not tax me with idle- ness, a character with which I am charged by the Londoners, and perhaps more de- servedly in that great metropolis than else- where. I hope that you have not finished the fine Order Conifere in the Flora Bo- reali- Americana, that you may include the Pines discovered in my late journeys, viz. Pinus venusta, Sabini, and grandis. I quitted the ocean on the 19th of March, and followed the course of the river to this spot, picking up a few of the early-flower- ing plants, and better specimens of others which I had already possessed : among them are some novel species of Platyspermum, Thysanocarpus, and Ranunculus: a new Phlox, and a few Mosses. The disparity of climate between this point and the coast is very striking, though the difference of latitude be only 3°, and of longitude 6°. There, in the middle of March, many plants were in bloom; while here last night we had a new fall of snow of some depth, and the ground is still speckled with old snow. I proceed to give you a short sketch of my intended movements this year. As soon as the season permits, which I trust will be in a few days, I shall leave this spot for the northward, travelling some- 158 times in canoes, or on horseback, but far more generally on foot. The country is mountainous and very rugged, the rivers numerous, and there are not a few lakes of considerable extent. Perhaps I shall cross Mackenzie's track, at Fraser's River (called the Columbia by that great travel- ler) in about long. 122° West, and pro- ceed northward, among the mountains, as far as I can do so with safety, and with the prospect of effecting a return. The country is certainly frightful; nothing but prodi- gious mountains to be seen: not a deer comes, say the Indians, save once in a hundred years—the poor natives subsist on a few roots. My outfit is five pounds of tea, and the same quantity of coffee, twenty-five pounds of sugar, fifteen pounds of rice; and fifty pounds of biscuit: a gal- lon of wine, ten pounds of powder and as much of balls, a little shot, a small silk fishing-net, and some angling tackle, a tent, two blankets, two cotton and two flannel shirts, a handkerchief, vest, coat, and a pair of deer-skin trousers (not those kindly presented to me by Dr. Gillies, which, by repeated exposure to rain, unk so much that I was reluctantly obliged to give them away), two pairs of shoes, one of stockings, twelve pairs of mocassins, and a straw hat. These con- stitute the whole of-my personal effects ; also a ream and a-half of paper, and instru- ments of various kinds; my faithful ser- vants, several Indians, ten or twelve horses, 8nd my old terrier, a most faithful, and . new, to judge from his long grey beard, venerable friend, who has guarded me . throughout all my journies, and whom, p should I live to return, I mean certainly ~ to pension off, on four pennyworth of cat's- meat per day ! I am most anxious that you should know what I seeand do on this important journey, and as it m may so turn out that I shall never ET have the pleasure of meeting you more, I : intend, God willing, to commence writing . a little to you on the very first evening of my journey, which is fixed for the 18th, = and continue thus to condense, to time, the substance of my notes, putting MR. DOUGLAS’ SECOND VISIT TO THE COLUMBIA. from time bod down whatever may appear most ir and interesting to me. a 4j Fever still clings to the nati with great obstinacy, and not a few people of the Hudson's Bay C have suffered very severely from i three individuals out of one hund forty altogether escaped it, and I of that small number. Thank never was in better health, and but have a few moments with you, add, in excellent spirits. Even the ment of writing to you, tends to my mind. It is singular, that w left eye is become infinitely more and clear in its power of vision, of my right eye is utterly gone; and, der every circumstance, it is to 1 dark as midnight.. If I look th scope or microscope, I generally see ing heat of California. ) gles to diminish the glare of the though most reluctantly, as every í plants and all, is thus render ma same colour. If you happen to be acque! birds for the College Museum. Woahoo, Sandwich May 6th, 1834. I am two letters in your debt : tumn, atthe Columbia River, p ; pleasure to receive, thro = Gairdner,’ a very long letter from . Wilson was, at this time, lishing his beantifal Zoological IiastratiOn® zealous Botanical g to Company's ments in the Hudson Bay MR. DOUGLAS' SECOND VISIT TO THE COLUMBIA. . the same happiness was conferred on me . on the 16th of April, by your last, which was exactly a year old, and in which you mention having addressed me just two months previously. I imagine this last letter must have been sent by Captain Back, or the annual express of the Hud- son's Bay Company ; but I had left the sea before the express arrived. My meeting with Dr. Gairdner afforded me heart-felt satisfaction, not only because he is a most accomplished and amiable young gentleman, devotedly attached to Natural History, and warmly recommended by you, but also because he told me of your health, and that of your family: the additions to your Herbarium, &c. I en- deavoured to show him the attentions to which every friend of yours is justly en- titled at my hands, and only regret that our time together was so short; for he is a person whom I highly respect. Mr. Tolmie had quitted the Columbia for the North- West coast before I arrived, and thus de- prived me of the pleasure of seeing an old student of yours. I wrote to him twice, indicating those parts of the country which Promise to yield the best harvest to the aturalist, and particularly requesting his attention to the sea-weeds; but have not heard from him since, nor indeed at any üme. I much regret not having seen this gentleman, for I could have told him many things useful for a young man entering this Country as a Botanist or traveller to know. However, I explained them all to Dr. irdne r. You will probably enquire why I did not address you by the despatch of the ship to Europe last year. I reached the Sea-coast greatly broken down, having suf- fered no ordinary toil, and, on my arrival, Was soon prostrated by fever. My last letter to you was written from the interior of the Columbia, and bore date about the middle of April, 1833 (last year), just before starting on my northern journey. Therein I mentioned my intention of writing the North-West coast of America. The latter gentle- wan is stationed at Fort M‘Loughlin, in Millbank Sound, N. lat, 52, poe : a few lines to you daily, which I did, up to the 13th of June, a most disastrous day for me, on which I lost, what I may call, my all! On that morning, at the Stony Islands of Fraser’s River (the Columbia of M‘Ken- zie,—see the map in his 4to. edition), my canoe was dashed to atoms, when I lost every article in my possession, saving f rough d barometrical observ- ations, with my instruments. My botan- ical notes are gone, and, what gives me most concern, my journal of occurrences also, as this is what can never be replaced, even by myself. All the articles needful for pursuing my journey were destroyed, so that my voyage for this season was frustrated. I cannot detail to you the labour and anxiety this occasioned me, — both in body and mind, to say nothing of the hardships and sufferings I endured. Still I reflect, with pleasure, that no lives were sacrificed. I passed over the cataract and gained the shore in a whirlpool below, not however by swimming, for I was ren- dered helpless, and the waves washed me on the rocks. The collection of plants con- sisted of about four hundred species—two hundred and fifty of these were mosses, and a few of them new. This disastrous occurrence has much broken my strength and spirits. The country over which I passed was all mountainous, but most so towards the Western Ocean :—still it will, ere long, be inhabited. I have written to Mr. Hay, Under Secretary of State, respecting the boundary line on the Co- lumbia, as the American government is anxious to obtain a footing there.! ! The following further particulars of this disastrous voyage, given to me by Archibald M*Don- ald, Esq., a gentleman in the Hudson Bay Company's service, who visited Scotland, early in the year 1835 :— Douglas, in case it may i ertain of laying something the public, prior to Mr. Douglas' own return to Eng- land. Itis very little that I can say, beyond what is expressed in his own letters ; but, little as it is, I have thought it a good pl to accompany it with a rough topographical sketch of the country, to which » - 160 After this misfortune, in June, I endea- voured, as far as possible, to repair my losses, and set to work again; and I hope some good néw species were obtained for the Flora Boreali- Americana, which I am very anxious should reach you without delay. Itit more than probable that I may have the pleasure of presenting these to you myself, say in March next, as it is my intention to return to England by the very first opportunity; and I hope this small collection may give you some satisfaction, as it is all I can now offer you from North- you can refer to the volie Aipetticas of places, : ot fi though n ** On his arrival in the Santi ry, , Ma ay, 1830 Doogise pioended the Ssiembis " "e le, es. pas in one of our SOREN to California. There he arta most advantageous way he could, principally in Astronomical pursuits. **Early in March, 1833, he met me at Puget's Sound, and we returned together to Fort Vancouver, on the 20th, of the same month, when he embarked with our people, who r to Hudson's Bay. He landed at Oakanagan, Miete he priescded with the cattle party to Thom mpson's River, Alexandria, and loring expedition, down on's River, ‘which falls into the Pacific, two or three degrees North of *Kenzie's small river. dis t projects-he had in view, he did not join the party. With his man, Johnson, he shipped himselfin a small bark e ced disaster, which he communicated in a letter to yourself. git back to F on's River, and Oakanagan, by the same route that he went, and with the same os had iir our | ^e ^ dom d D Ind half-way down to W MC on ie lth e T i y met Mr. Conolly, of New Caledonia, and m run, making agp eios to the Blue t r, 1833, I received a letter from him, st stating that M was on the eve of sailing again for the phu. ARCHIBALD M-Donanp. e Lit Edinburgh, 20th Eie Isis." MR. DOUGLAS’ SECOND VISIT TO THE COLUMBIA. West America. It reconciles me soi what to the loss, to reflect that you 1 have friends in that country, who will. bably make up the deficiency. I given Dr. Gairdner my notes on more new species of Pinus. This ger man, and Mr. Tolmie, will have a Bec. d to contend with. Science has few frie among those who visit the coast of No West America, solely with a view,to gai Still with such a person as Mr. M'Lou lin on the Columbia, they may do a gre deal of service to Natural History. - last, in the Hudson Bay Company's ves which visited these islands, tonching ail December, and, after spending Christm Day with two English ladies, the wife our Consul, Mr. Charlton, and her January, 1834 had this tour in contemplation, and, spent three winter months in here, I proceed to give you a short notice of my proceedings. The view of this most interesting isla! Bein the sea, is sublime indeed ; com m : Re eer d degree. For two thousand five hundred feet above the level of the se greatest perfection. timbered country as high as eight tho feet, and for three thousand seven dred feet more, a space covered with verdure; after which the reign of. terminates. I made a journey to the mit of Mouna Kaah, which occu teen days, and found it only thirteen sand eight hundred and fifty-one ^ feet above the sea; a height, g this expedition I amasse collection of plants, eaei" Fers Mosses : a I do assure you? 9 - beautiful, and worthy to range with the . gigantic species collected by Dr. Wallich. = -Of Ferns alone I have fully two hundred . species, and half as many Mosses ; of other - plants comparatively few, as the season is ‘not yet good for them, nor will be so, until after the rains. On my return, I must con- sult with you on the best mode of publish- - ing the plants of these islands. I also visited the summit of Mouna Roa, the Big or Long Mountain, which afforded me inexpressible delight. This mountain, with an elevation of thirteen thousand five hundred and seventeen feet, is one of the most interesting in the world. A am ignorant whether the learned and venerable Menzies ascended it or no, but i think he must have done so, and the natives assert that this was the case. The Red-faced Man, who cut off the limbs of men, and gathered Grass, is still known ` here; and the people say that he climbed Mouna Roa. No one, however, has since done so, until I went up a short while ago. The journey took me seventeen days. On . he summit of this extraordinary mountain -18 a volcano, nearly twenty-four miles in circumference, and at present in terrific activity. You must not confound this with the one situated on the flanks of Mouna ^a, and spoken of by the Missionaries and Lord Byron, and which I visited also. It is difficult to attempt describing such an immense place, The spectator is lost in terror and admiration at beholding an enor- mous sunken pit (for it differs from all our notions of volcanos, as possessing cone- m summits, with terminal openings), we miles square of which is a lake of liquid fre, in a state of ebullition, some- ames tranquil, at other times rolling its blaz- a) tat and casting them upwards in columns from thirty to one and seventy feet high. In places, the hardened lava assumes the form of v arches in a colossal building, piled one above another in terrific magnificence, I 9 among which the fiery fluid forces Ms way in a current that proceeds a sp and a quarter per hour, or loses fathomless chasms at the bottom of VOL, II. MR. DOUGLAS’ SECOND VISIT TO THE COLUMBIA. 161 the cauldron. This volcano is one thou- sand two hundred and seventy-two feet deep; I mean down to the surface of the fire; its chasms and caverns can never be measured. Mouna Roa appears, indeed, more like an elevated Table-land than a mountain. It is a high broad dome, formed by an infinitude of layers of volcanic matter, thrown out from the many mouths of its craters. Vegetation does not exist higher than eleven thousand feet ; there is no soil whatever, and no water. The lava is so porous, that, when the snow melts, it dis- appears a few feet from the verge, the ground drinking it up like a sponge. On the higher parts grow some species of Ru- bus, Fraseria, Vaccinium, and some Junci. I visited also the volcano of Kirauea, the lateral volcano of Mouna Roa; it is nearly nine miles round, one thousand one hundred and fifty-seven feet deep, and is likewise in a terrific state of activity. I go immediately to Hawaii to work on these mountains. May God grant me a safe return to England. I cannot but indulge the pleasing hope of being soon able, in person, to thank you for the signal kindness you have ever shown me. And really were it only for the letters you have bestowed on me during my voyage, you should have a thousand thanks from me. I send this, under cover, to Captain Beaufort, to whom I have written respect- ing some of my astronomical observations ; as also to Captain Sabine. As already mentioned, the only Journal of Mr. Douglas' Second Expedition, which has reached this country, is that commenc- ing with his departure from the Columbia, including the voyage to the Sandwich Islands, and the ascent of Mouna Roa. From this, with the loan of which we have been favoured by its possessor, Mr. John Douglas, we make the following extracts:— MR. DOUGLAS’ VOYAGE FROM THE CO- LUMBIA TO THE SANDWICH ISLANDS, AND THE ASCENT OF MOUNA ROA. On Friday, the 18th of October, 1833, we quitted Cape Disappointment, in the L^ 162 Columbia River, and, after encountering much variety of weather, and many heavy baffling gales, anchored off Point de los Reyes on the 4th of November, and re- mained there till the 28th of the same month, our attempts to beat out of the Harbour of Sir Francis Drake having proved, several times, ineffectual. On the 29th, I accompanied Mr. Finlayson in a small boat to Whaler’s Harbour, near the neck of the bay, which leads up to the hill of San Rafaele, the highest peak in the immediate vicinity of the port. We landed at Mr. Read’s farm-house, placed on the scite of an old Indian camp, where small mounds of marine shells bespeak the for- mer existence of numerous aboriginal tribes. A fine small rivulet of good water falls into the bay at this point. Returning the same afternoon, we cleared the Punta de los Reyes, on the 30th, and, descrying the mountain of St. Lucia, South of Montérey, at a distance of forty or fifty miles, steered southward for the Sandwich Islands. The island of Mauai was indis- tinctly seen, at sun-set, of the 21st of December, forty-two miles off; and, on the 22nd, Woahu lay ten miles due West of us. Having quitted the Harbour of Fair Haven, in Woahu, on Friday, the 27th, in an American schooner, of sixty tons, she proved too light for the boisterous winds and heavy seas of these channels, and we were accordingly obliged to drop anchor in aina Roads, for the purpose of pro- curing more ballast. An American Mis- s ionary, Mr.Spaulding, having come on board, I accompanied him on shore, to visit the school, situated on the hill side, about five hundred feet from the shore, and returned to the ship at night. On Tuesday, the 31st of December, we stood in for the island of Hawaii, and saw Mouna Kuah very clearly, a few small stripes of snow lying only near its summit, which would seem to indicate an altitude inferior to that which has been commonly to this mountain, assigned . L a My object being to ascend and explore i Mouna Kuāh, as soonas possible, I started on the 7th January, 1834, and, after pass- MR. DOUGLAS’ VOYAGE FROM THE COLUMBIA TO THE ing for rather more than three miles plain country, commenced the asc which was however gradual, by entering - the wood. Here the scenery was truly beautiful. Large timber trees were covered. with creepers and species of Tillandsia, while the Tree Ferns gave a peculiar and dined at the Saw Mill, and made some barometrical observations, of which the result is recorded, along with those t| occupied my time daily during the voyage, — in my journal Above this spot t Banana no longer grows, but I obser above our knees. small huts, we passed an uncomfortat P night, as no dry wood could be obtained. for fuel, and it continued to rain wi | intermission. The next day we proceeded on our way at eight o'clock, the path be- coming worse and worse. The large Ferns, and other trees that shadowed proved no protection from the incessant rain, and I was drenched to the skin the whole day, besides repeatedly slipping into deep holes, full of soft mud. 9 number of species of Filices is very g" and towards the upper end of the WO? lodge of the cattle-hunter was a mile and a-half farther up pe : flank of the mountain, situated on he 5 them in fruit. Here a Mr. Miles, part - owner of the saw-mill that I had passed the day before, came up to me; he was on his way to join his partner, a Mr. Castles, who was engaged in curing the flesh of the wild cattle near the verge of the wood, and his conversation helped to beguile the fa- tigues of the road, for though the distance Thad accomplished this morning was little _ more than seven miles, still the laborious . mature of the path, and the weight of more than 601bs. on my back, where I carried my barometer, thermometer, book, and pa- pers, proved so very fatiguing, that I felt myself almost worn out. I reached the - lodge at four, wet to the skin, and benumb- ed with cold, and humble as the shelter was, I hailed it with delight. Here a large fire dried my clothes, and I got something to eat, though, unluckily, my guides all lingered behind, and those who carried my blanket and tea-kettle were the last to make their appearance. These people have no thought or consideration for the morrow ; but sit down to their food, smoke and tell Stories, and make themselves perfectly happy. The next day my two new ac- AAnünces went out with their guns and shot a young bull, a few rods from the hut, which they kindly gave me for the use of _ My party. According to report, the grassy Manks of the mountain abound with wild ‘Cattle, the offspring of the stock left here 2y Vapt. Vancouver, and which now prove 3 Wery great benefit to this island. A slight Anterva] of Beto: weather this afternoon 4 «ed à glimpse of the summit between | the clouds, it was covered with snow. At ‘Might the sky became quite clear, and the TUN. 00g which I observed Orion, Ca- 5 minor, and Canopus, shone with intense , The next day the atmosphere was per- - 1-3 cloudless, and I visited some of the > ^ir Which were thinly patched with 2 cdd S» two of them, which were ex- m canos, not a blade of grass could d ke any thing save lava, mostly | a. ut in some places of a black co- * “ough on the summit of the most Peak, the thermometer under a SANDWICH ISLANDS, AND THE ASCENT OF MOUNA ROA. 163 bright sun, stood at 40°, yet when the in- strument was laid at an angle of about fif- teen degrees, the quicksilver rose to 63°, and the blocks of lava felt sensibly warm to the touch. The wind was from all di- rections, East and West, for the great alti- tude and the extensive mass of heating matter completely destroy the Trade Wind. The last plant that I saw upon the moun- tain was a gigantic species of the Compo- site (Argyrophyton Douglasit, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 75), with a column of imbricated, sharp-pointed leaves, densely covered with a silky clothing. I gathered a few seeds of the plants which I met with, among them a remarkable Ranunculus, which grows as high up as there is any soil. One of my companions killed a young cow just on the edge of the wood, which he presented me with, for the next day's consumption. Night arrived only too soon, and we had to walk four miles back to the lodge across the lava, where we arrived at eight o'clock, hungry, tired, and lame, but highly grati- fied with the result of the day's expedition. The following morning proved again clear and pleasant, and every thing being arranged, some of the men were despatch- ed early, but such are the delays which these people make, that I overtook them all before eight o'clock. They have no idea of time, but stand still awhile, then walk a little, stop and eat, smoke and talk, and thus loiter away a whole day. At noon we came up to the place where we had left the cow, and having dressed the meat, we took a part and left the rest hang- ing on the bushes. We passed to the left of the lowest extinct volcano, and again encamped on the same peak as the preced- ing night. It was long after dark before the men arrived, and as this place afforded no wood, we had to make a fire of the leaves and dead stems of the species of Composite mentioned before, and which, together with a small Juncus, grows higher up the mountain than any other plant. The gréat difference produced on vegeta- tion by the agitated and volcanic state of this mountain is very distinctly marked. Here there is no line between the Pheno- 164 gamous and Cryptogamous Plants, but the limits of vegetation itself are defined wit the greatest exactness, and the species do not gradually diminish in number and sta- ture, as is generally the case on such high elevations. The line of what may be called the Woody Country, the upper verge of which the barometer expresses 21,450 inch.; therm. 46° at 2 P. M., is where we immedi- ately enter on a region of broken and un- even ground, with here and there lumps of lava, rising above the general declivity to a height of three hundred to four hundred feet, intersected by deep chasms, which show the course of the lava when in a state of fluidity. This portion of the mountain is highly picturesque and sublime. Three kinds of timber, of small growth, are scat- tered over the low knolls, with one species of Rubus and Vaccinium, the genus Fra- garia and a few Gramineae, Filices, and some alpine species. This region extends to bar. 20,620 inch. ; air 40°, dew-point 30°. There is a third region, which reaches to the place where we encamped yesterday, and seems to be the great rise or spring of the lava, the upper part of which, at the foot of the first extinct peak, is bar. 20,010 inch. ; air 39°. At six o'clock the next morning, accom- panied by three Islanders and two Ameri- cans, I started for the summit of the moun- tain; bar, at that hour indicated 20,000 inch. therm. 24°, hygr. 20°, and a keen West wind was blowing off the mountain, which was felt severely by us all, and especially by the natives, whom it was necessary to protect with additional blankets and great coats, € passed over about five miles of gentle ascent, consisting of large blocks of lava, sand, scorie, and ashes, of every size, shape, and colour, demonstrating all the gradations of calcination mildest to the most intense. : ; where spring the great vent-holes of the subter- ranean fire, or numerous volcanos. The general appearance is that of the channel of an immense river, heaved up. In some places the round boulders of lava are so MR. DOUGLAS' VOYAGE FROM THE COLUMBIA TO THE regularly placed, and the sand is so washed in, around them, as to give the appearance. of a causeway, while in others, the seems to have run like a stream. | commenced the ascent of the Great Peak at nine o'clock, on the N. E. side, over ridge of tremendously rugged lava, hundred and seventy feet high, preferring this course to the very steep ascent of the South side, which consists entirely of loose ashes and scoriw, and we gained the sum- mit soon after ten. Though exhausted expressed at first oF twelve o’clock, 41°, though . it rise at all. that such an immen ; terial, combined with the influence ternal fire, and taken in connexion insular position of Mouna Kush, su ed with an immense mass € 7 have the effect of raising the 9" considerably, except on the ; vity, or where sheltered by "E lava, there was no snow to be ee on the top of the cairn, where the 5 SANDWICH ISLANDS, AND THE ASCENT OF MOUNA ROA. — fer was fixed, there were only a few hands- = ful One thing struck me as curious, the EU apparent non-diminution of sound; not as = respects the rapidity of its transmission, = which is, of course, subject to a well- . known law. Certain it is, that on moun- tains of inferior elevation, whose summits are clothed with perpetual snow and ice, we find it needful to roar into one another’s ears, and the firing of a gun, at a short distance, does not disturb the timid Ante- lope on the high snowy peaks of N. W. . America. Snow is doubtless a non-con- ductor of sound, but there may be also Something in the mineral substance of Mouna Kuah which would effect this. Until eleven o’clock, the horizon was . beautifully defined on the whole N. W. of the island. The great dryness of the air | is evident to the senses, without the assist- ~ ance of the hygrometer. Walking with’ my trousers rolled up to my knees, and without shoes, I did not know there were holes in my stockings, till I was apprised of them by the scorching heat and pain in . my feet, which continued throughout the i day, the skin also peeled from my face. , NAue on the summit I experienced violent . head-ache, and my eyes became blood- é A accompanied with stiffness in their S d iA ETE o TENES Hg Were the traveller permitted to express . the emotions he feels when placed on such a astonishing part of the earth’s surface, cold Indeed. must his heart be to the great ; ?Perations of Nature, and still colder to- j ‘Wards Nature’s God, by whose wisdom and | oua wonderful scenes were created, a he could behold them without deep hu- y and reverential awe. Man feels him- . Selfas 18 condition, an object of pity Compassion, utterly ao to stand presence of a great and good, and j holy God, and to contemplate versified works of His hands! 165 I made a small collection of geological specimens, to illustrate the nature and qua- lity of the lavas of this mountain, but be- ing only slightly acquainted with this de- partment of Natural History, I could do no more than gather together such materi- als as seemed likely to be useful to other and more experienced persons. As night was closing and threatening to be very stormy, we hastened towards the camp, descending nearly by the same way as we came, and finding my guide Honori and the other men all in readiness, we all pro- ceeded to the edge of the woody region, and regained the lodge, highly gratified with the result of this very fatiguing day's excursion. Having brought provision from the hill, we fared well. January the 13th.—The rain fell fast all night, and continued, accompanied by a dense mist, this morning, only clearing sufficiently to give us a momentary glimpse of the mountain, covered with snow down to the woody region. We also saw Mouna Roa, which was similarly clothed for a great part of its height. Thankful had we cause to be that this heavy rain, wind, and fog did not come on while we were on the summit, as it would have caused us much inconvenience, and perhaps danger. The same weather continuing till the 15th, I packed up all the baggage, and prepared to return. It consisted of several bundles of plants, put into paper and large packages tied up in Coa baskets, which are manufactured from a large and beautiful tree, a species of Acacia, of which the timber resembles mahogany, though of a lighter colour, and is beautiful, and said to be durable: also some parcels of geologi- cal specimens, my instruments, &c. At seven A. M. I started, having sent the bearers of my luggage before me, but I had hardly entered the wood by the same path as I took on my ascent, when the rain be to fall, which continued the whole day without the least intermission ; but as there was no place suitable for encamping, - and the people, as usual, had straggled away from one another, I resolved to pro- ceed. The path was in a dreadful state, Lu 166 numerous rivulets overflowed it in many places, and, rising above their banks, rush- ed in foam through the deep glens, the necessity for crossing which impeded my progress in no slight degree. In the low places the water spread into small lakes, and where the road had a considerable de- clivity, the rushing torrent which flowed own it, gave rather the appearance of a cascade than a path. The road was so soft that we repeatedly sunk to the knees, and supported ourselves on a lava block, or the roots of the trees. Still, violent as was the rain, and slippery and dangerous the path, I gathered a truly splendid col- lection of Ferns, of nearly fifty species, with a few other plants, and some seeds, which were tied up in small bundles, to prevent fermentation, and then protected . by fresh Coa bark. Several beautiful spe- cies of Mosses and Lichens were also col- lected ; and spite of all the disadvantages and fatigue that I underwent, still the magnificence of the scenery commanded my frequent attention, and I repeatedly sate down, in the course of the day, under some huge spreading Tree-Fern, which more resembled an individual of the Pine than the Fern tribe, and contemplated with delight the endless variety of form and structure that adorned the objects around me. On the higher part of the mountain, I gathered a Fern identical with the Asple- vium viride of my own native country, a circumstance which gave me inexpressible pleasure, and recalled to my mind many of the happiest scenes of my early life. ; In the evening I reached the saw-mill, when the kind welcome of my mountain- friend, Mr. Mills, together with a rousing e, soon made me forget the rain and fa- tigues of the day. Some of the men had arrived before me, others afterwards, and two did not appear till the following day, for having met with some friends, loaded with meat, they preferred a good supper to a dry bed. My guide, friend, and inter- preter, Honori, an intelligent and well- disposed fellow, arrived at seven, in great dismay, having, in the dark, entered the river a short distance above a chain of ca- MR. DOUGLAS' VOYAGE FROM THE COLUMBIA TO THE breakfast, having examined all the pack. ages, we quitted the saw-mill for the bay, and arrived there in the afternoon, the ar rangement and preservation of my pla affording me occupation for two or three days. It was no easy matter to dry mens and papers during such inces: rainy weather. I paid the whole. the rate of two dollars, some in mone some in goods: the latter consisted o ton cloth, combs, scissors, and thread, while to those who had acquitted selves with willingness and activity, I ed a small present in addition. them preferred money, especially the fellows. The whole of the number ployed in carrying my baggage and vi sions, was five men, which left eleven. the conveyance of their own Ti dei od. Nor was this unreasonable, RE quantity of Poe which a native will e sume in a week, nearly equals his ow! weight! a dreadful drawback on expe? Still, though the sixteen pemon e bullocks in a week, besides what they € ried, a threatened scarcity of food M dnd yn ihe i e led me to return rather sooner than wr have done, in order that the C229 7 is, however, of a very light kind, digestion. E ‘On the 22nd of January, the e pleasant, and the sun ET I had all my packages assorted T: and engaged my old guide, nine men to accompany me ' idi and to Mouna Roa. As usual, M a formidable display of lugg2g* lici of Tapas, Calabashes, Poe, Ee each individual provided bi get solace of a staff of sugar Es shortens with the distance, for the pedes- trian, when tired and thirsty, sits down and bites off an inch or two from the end of his staff. A friend accompanied me as far as his house on the road, where there is a large church, his kind intention being to give me some provision for the excursion, but as he was a stout person, I soon out- stripped him. On leaving the bay, we passed through a fertile spot, consisting of _ Taro patches in ponds, where the ground is purposely overflowed, and afterwards covered with a deep layer of Fern-leaves to keep it damp. Here were fine groves of Bread-fruit and ponds of Mullet and Ava-fish ; the scenery is beautiful, being studded with dwellings and little planta- tions of vegetables and of Morus papyri- fera, of which there are two kinds, one much whiter than the other. The most striking feature in the vegetation consists m the Tree-Fern, some smaller species of the same tribe, and a curious kind of Com- posite, like an Eupatorium. At about four miles and a half from the bay, we entered the wood, through which there is a tolerably : path, the muddy spots being ren- dered passable by the stems or trunks of Tree-Ferns, laid close together crosswise. They seemed to be the same species as I xd Observed on the ascent to Mouna Kuh. About an hour's walk brought us through the wood, and we then crossed another open plain of three miles and a half, at the upper end of which, in a most tiful situation, stands the church, and close to it the chiefs house. Some heavy id Showers had drenched us through; still, a talkative, _ 9 the same dwelling, one of whom, eighty as soon as our friend arrived, and the a ul arrangements were made, I started continued the ascent over a very gen- | ty ising ground, in a southerly direction, ‘Passing through some delightful country, interspersed with low timber. At night civil person, though remarkably our old women were inmates DUI IW ibo, wit hait white as mow, was LEN in feeding two favourite cats with TA little terrier disputed the fare SANDWIĊH ISLANDS, AND THE ASCENT OF MOUNA ROA. at a house, of which the owner. 167 with them, to the no small annoyance of their mistress. A well-looking young fe- male amused me with singing, while she was engaged in the process of cooking a dog on heated stones. I also observed a handsome young man, whose very strong stiff black hair was allowed to grow to a great length on the top of his head, while ‘it was cut close over the ears, and falling down on the back of his head and neck, bad all the appearance of a Roman helmet. January the 23rd. This morning the old lady was engaged in feeding a dog with fox-like ears, instead of her cats, She compelled the poor animal to swallow Poe, by cramming it into his mouth, and what he put out at the sides, she took up and ate herself; this she did, as she informed me, by way of fattening the dog for food. A little while before day-break my host went to the door of the lodge, and after calling over some extraordinary words which would seem to set orthography at defiance, a loud grunt in response from under the thick shade of some adjoining Tree-Ferns, was followed by the appear- ance of a fine large black pig, which com- ing at his master's call, was forthwith caught and killed for the use of myself and my attendants. The meat was cooked on heated stones, and three men were kindly sent to carry it to the volcano, a distance of twenty-three miles, tied up in the large leaves of Banana and Ti-tree. The morn- ing was deliciously cool and clear, with a light breeze. Immediately on passing through a narrow belt of wood, where the timber was large, and its trunks matted with parasitic Ferns, I arrived at a tract of ground, over which there was but a scanty covering of soil above the lava, interspersed with low bushes and Ferns. Here I be- held one of the grandest scenes imaginable ; ` —Mouna Roa reared his bold front, co- — vered with snow, far above the region of verdure, while Mouna Kuah was similarly 12th and two following days. the of Hido, * Byron's Bay," which I had 168 quitted the previous day, presented, from its great moisture, a truly lovely appear- ance, contrasting in a striking manner with the country where I then stood, and which extended to the sea, whose surface bore evident signs of having been repeatedly ravaged by volcanic fires. In the distance, to the South- West, the dense black cloud which overhangs the great volcano, attests, amid the otherwise unsullied purity of the sky, the mighty operations at present going on in that immense laboratory. The lava, throughout the whole district, appeared to be of every colour and shape, compact, bluish and black, porous or vesicular, heavy andlight. In some places it lies in regular lines and masses, resembling nar- row horizontal basaltic columns ; in others, in tortuous forms, or gathered into rugged humps of small elevation; while, scattered i over the whole plain, are numerous extinct, abrupt, generally circular craters, varying in height from one hundred to three hun- whole tract covered with gravel and lava, &c. ejected at various periods from the 1 sight, spired the beholder with a fearfu rom the descriptions of form I judge that Mouna Roa must state of comparative tranquillity. A lake of liquid fire, in extent about a thirteenth part of the whole crater, was boiling with furious agitation; not constantly, however, for at one time it appeared calm and level, l pleasure. er visitors, now be ina MR. DOUGLAS' VOYAGE FROM THE COLUMBIA TO THE the numerous fiery red streaks on its ally discharges its steam, as if all steam-engines in the world were concen- trated in it. This preceded the tranquil state of the lake, which is situated near Mouna Roa, the splendour of the scene increased; but when the nearly full moon rose in a cloudless sky, and shed her S very brightness on the fiery lake, roaring | and boiling in fearful majesty, the spe 4 became so commanding, that I lost by gazing on the volcano, the 1 of which was but little di Es thick haze that set in at midnight. in size, form, and depth, them is rapidly condensed, and small basins or wells, one of tuated at the immediate and the other four hundred . Shows the exte SANDWICH ISLANDS, AND THE ASCENT OF MOUNA ROA. yards to the North of it. The latter, fifteen inchesdeep, and three feetin diameter, about thirteen feet North of a very large fissure, according to my thermometer, compared with that at Greenwich and at the Royal Society, and found without error, maintains a temperature of 65°. The same instru- ment, suspended freely in the above-men- tioned fissure, ten feet from the surface, expressed, by repeated trials, 158°; and an equal temperature was maintained when it was nearly level with the surface. When the Islanders visit this mountain, they in- variably carry on their cooking operations at this place. Some pork and a fowl that Thad brought, together with Taro-roots and Sweet Potatoes were steamed here to a nicety in twenty-seven minutes, having been tied up in leaves of Banana. On the sulphur bank are many fissures, which continually exhale sulphureous vapours, and form beautiful prisms, those deposited in the inside being the most delicate and varied in figure, encrusting the hollows in Masses, both large and small, resembling swallows’ nests on the wall of a building. When severed from the rock or ground, they emit a crackling noise by the contrac- tion of the parts in the process of cooling. The great thermometer, placed in the holes, Showed the temperature to be 195° 5’, after Tepeated trials which all agreed together, the air being then 71». I had furnished shoes for those persons Who should descend into the crater with me, but none of them could walk when so equipped, preferring a mat sole, made of tough leaves, and fastened round the heel and between the toes, which seemed indeed " answer the purpose entirely well. Ac- companied by three individuals, I proceed- a at one P, m. along the North side, and nded the first ledge over such rugged Ie as bespoke a long state of repose, eee and flanks being clothed with ure of considerable size: thence we "Scénded two hundred feet to the level Platform that divides the great and small Volcanoes. On the left, a perpendicular rock, three hundred feet above the level, nt of the volcano to have 169 been originally much greater than it is at present. The small crater appears to have enjoyed a long period of tranquillity, for down to the very edge of the crust of the lava, particularly on the East side, there are trees of considerable size, on whic counted from sixty to one hundred and twenty-four annual rings or concentric lay- ers. The lava at the bottom flowed from a spot, nearly equidistant from the great and small craters, both uniting into a river, from forty to seventy yards in breadth, and which appears comparatively recent. A little South of this stream, over a dread- fully rugged bank, I descended the first ledge of the crater, and proceeded for three hundred yards over a level space, composed of ashes, scorie, and large stones that have been ejected from the mouth of the vol- cano. The stream formerly described is the only fluid lava here. Hence, to arrive at the black ledge, is another descent of about two hundred and forty feet, more difficult to be passed than any other, and this brings the traveller to the brink of the black ledge, where a scene of all that is terrific to behold presents itself before his eyes. He sees a vast basin, recently in a state of igneous fusion, now, in cooling, broken up, somewhat in the manner of the ` great American lakes when the ice gives way, in some places level in large sheets, elsewhere rolled in tremendous masses, and > E rod thant nd diff; t ah sometimes even being filamentose, like fine hair, but all displaying the mighty agency still existing in this immense depository of subterraneous fire. A most uncomfortable feeling is experienced when the traveller becomes aware that the lava is hollow and faithless beneath his tread. Of all sensa- tions in nature, that produced by earth- quakes or volcanic agency is the most a- larming: the strongest nerves are unstrung, and the most courageous mind feels weak- ened and unhinged, when exposed to either. How insignificant are the operations of man's hands, taken in their vastest extent, when compared with the magnitude of the works of God! On the black ledge, the thermometer, 170 held in the hand, five feet from the ground, indicated a temperature of 89°, and when laid on the lava, if in the sun’s rays, 115°; and 112° in the shade; on the brink of the burning lake, at the South end, it rose to ?. Over some fissures in the lava, where the smoke was of a greyish rather than a blue tinge, the thermometer stood at 94°. I remained for upwards of two hours in the crater, suffering all the time an intense headache, with my pulse strong and irregular, and my tongue parched, to- gether with other symptoms of fever. The intense heat and sulphurous nature of the ground had corroded my shoes so much, that they barely protected my feet from the hot lava. I ascended out of the crater at the South-west, or small end, over two steep banks of scorie and two ledges of rock, and returned by the West side to my tent, having thus walked quite round this mighty crater. The evening was foggy ; I took some cooling medicine, and lay down early to rest. Saturday, January the 25th.—I slept profoundly till two A,m., when, as not a speck could be seen in the horizon, and the moon was unusually bright, I rose with the intention of making some lunar obser- vations, but though the thermometer stood at 415, still the keen mountain-breeze af- fected me so much, of course mainly ow- ing to the fatigue and heat I had suffered the day before, that I was reluctantly obliged to relinquish the attempt, and be- ing unable to settle again to sleep, I re- (for they were on the North bank, just below my tent), that he coughed incessantly the whole complained of cold, thou MR. DOUGLAS’ VOYAGE FROM THE COLUMBIA TO THE cold, heat, nor the roaring of the volcano — at all disturbed his repose. oom Leaving the charge of my papers and collections under the special care of one individual, and giving plenty of provision — for twelve days to the rest, consisting of — one quarter of pork, with poe and (aro,] - started for-Kapupala soon after eight A.M. | The path struck off for two miles in a North- West direction, to avoid the rugged lava and ashes on the West flank of Mouna | Roa, still it was indescribably difficult ii many places, as the lava rose in great masses, some perpendicular, others lying horizontal, in fact with every variation form and situation. In other parts the walking was pretty good, over grassy un- - dulating plains, clothed with a healthy sward, and studded here and there with Maurarii Trees in full blossom, a beautiful tree, much resembling the English Labur- 1 num. As I withdrew from the volcano m - order to obtain a good general view of the As country lying South and betwixt me and the sea, I ascertained the western ridge or verge of the volcano to be decidedly the à most elevated of the table land: and s narrow valley lies to the West of it, A 1 low ridge runs from the mountain, south- ; ward, to the sea, terminating at the South ; end, in a number of craters, of various — form and extent. West of this low ridge j between the gentle ascent of grassy B on Mouna Roa there is a space of five v + seven miles in breadth to the Cm x charge from the Great Volcano, where $ — falls into the ocean at Kapu RAO present aspect of the crater leads me © think that there has been no ‘ i of the lava for years: the discharge 15 ©" i dently from the subterranean eme : In 1822, the Islanders say there gps i great discharge in this direction. Among the grassy undulating ground are n R agnitude, from forty caves, some of great magni - to sixty-five feet high, and from hin forty feet broad, many of them of great length, like gigantic arches, and v angles ged. These generally run at right us with the dome of Mouna Roa and the Some of these natural tunnels - ee 3 ue | traced for several miles in length, with oc- casional holes of different sizes in the roofs, screened sometimes with an overgrowth of large Trees and Ferns, which renders . walking highly dangerous. At other places, the tops of the vaults have fallen in for the space ofone hundred or even three hundred yards, an occurrence which is attributable to the violent earthquakes that sometimes visit this district, and which, as may be readily imagined from the number of these tunnels, is not well supplied with water. The inhabitants convert these caverns to use in varióus ways; employing them oc- casionally as permanent dwellings, but more frequently as cool retreats where they carry on the process of making native cloth from the bark of the Mulberry ,Tree, or Where they fabricate and shelter their canoes from the violent rays of the sun. They are also used for goat-folds and pig-styes, and the fallen-in places, where fhere is a greater depth of decomposed vegetable matter, are frequently planted with Tobacco, Indian Corn, Melons, and other choice plants. At a distance of ten miles North of Kapupala, and near the edge of the path, are some fine caverns, above sixty feet deep. The water, drop- ping from the top of the vault, collected Into small pools below, indicated a tempe- Tature of 50°, the air of the cave itself 51°, . While in the shade on the outside the ther- Pc radand Stood at 82». The interiors of the moist caverns are of a most beautiful appearance; not only from the singularity of their structure, but because they are delightfully fringed with Ferns, Mosses, m Jungermannie, thus holding out to hs Botanist a most inviting retreat from overpowering rays of a tropical sun. ned at Kapupala, at three p.M., I that the chief or head man had pre- las house for me, a nice and clean me With abundance of fine mats, &c., hear it there stood several large canoes filled with water, containing Mul- Bi ue in a state of fermentation, and offensive, as also a large pig-fold, ava-wall, and shaded with Ricinus communis, altoge- large bushes of SANDWICH ISLANDS, AND THE ASCENT OF MOUNA ROA. 171 ther forming an unsuitable station for mak- ing observations, to say nothing of the din and bustle constantly going on when strangers are present, besides the annoy- ance from fleas, I caused my tent to be pitched one hundred yards behind the house. The chief would have been better pleased if I had occupied his dwell- ing, but through Honori, I had this matter explained to his satisfaction. He sent me a fowl, cooked on heated stones under- ground, some baked Taro, and Sweet Po- tatoes, together with a calabash full of de- licious goat’s-milk, poured through the husk of a Cocoa-nut in lieu of a sieve. As strangers rarely visit this part of the island, a crowd soon assembled for the evening. The vegetation in this district can hardly be compared with that of Hido, nor are the natives so industrious: they have no fish-ponds, and cultivate little else than Taro, which they call Dry Taro, no Bananas, and but little Sugar-cane or other vegetables. Flocks of goats brouse over the hills, while fowls, turkeys, and pigs are numerous, and occupy the same dwellings with their owners. Honori, my guide, interpreter, purveyor, and, I may say, friend (for in every de- , partment of his omnifarious capacity he is a good sort of fellow), preached to-day, Sunday the 26th, in his own | , to an assembly of both sexes, old and young, nearly two hundred in number, both morn- ing and evening. I did not see him, but from my tent-door I could hear him in the School-house, a low small edifice, expound- ing and exhorting with much warmth. Having made so bold afterwards as to ask him where he took his text, he readily re- plied, that he “chose no text, but had taken occasion to say to the people a few good words concerning Paul when at Rome.” He was evidently well pleased himself with his sermon, and seemed to please his audience also. I visited the | school in the interval, when Honori had retired to compose his second sermon, and found the assemblage under the direction of the chief, who appears to be a good man, though far from an apt scholar; they 172 were reading the second chapter of the Epistle to the Galatians, and proceeded to the third, reading verse and verse, all round. The females were by far the most attentive, and proved themselves the rea- diest learners. It is most gratifying to see, far beyond the pale of what is called civil- ization, this proper sanctification of the Lord's Day, not only consisting in a cessa- tion from the ordinary duties, but in read- ing and reflecting upon the purifying and consolatory doctrines of Christianity. The women were all neatly dressed in the na- tive fashion, except the chief's wife, and some few others who wore very clean gar- ments of calico. The hair was either ar- ranged in curls or braided on the temples, and adorned with tortoise-shell combs of their own making, and chaplets of balsamic flowers, the pea-flowering racemes of the Maurarii-Tree, and feathers, &c. The men were all in the national attire, and looked tolerably well dressed, except a few of the old gentlemen. : The schoolmaster, a little hump-backed man, about thirty years old, little more than three feet high, with disproportion- ately long legs, and having a most peculiar cast in his right eye, failed not to prompt and reprove his scholars when necessary, in a remarkably powerful tone of voice, which when he read, produced a trumpet- like sound, resembling the voice of a per- son bawling into a cask. Honori “ had the people called together” by the sound of a conch-shell, blown by a little imp of a lad, perched on a block of lava, in front of the school-house, when as in the morning, he “lectured” on the third chapter of St. John. The. congregation was thinner than in the morning, many who lived at a distance having retired to their homes. I spent the Monday (January the 27 th) in making observations and arranging mat- ters for returning to Mouna Roa: my men cooked a stock of Taro, and I purchased a fine large goat for their use. . Tuesday, January the 28th. I hired two guides, the elder of whom, a short stout man, was particularly recommended to me MR. DOUGLAS' VOYAGE FROM THE COLUMBIA TO THE by the chief for his knowledge of the mountain. By profession he is a bird- catcher, going in quest of that particular À kind of bird which furnishes the feathers of which the ancient cloaks, used by the | natives of these islands, are made. The other guide was a young man. Three vo- lunteers offered to accompany me; onea very stout, fat dame, apparently about - thirty, another not much more than half - that age, a really well-looking girl, tall and | athletic: but to the first, the bird-catcher — gave such an awful account of the perils — to be undergone, that both the females — finally declined the attempt, and only the - third person, a young man, went with me. - My original party of ten, besides Honori — and the two guides, set out at eight, with, as usual, a terrible array of Taro, calabashes - full of Poe, Sweet Potatoes, dry Poe tied 3 up in Ti-leaves, and goat's flesh, each 3 bearing a pole on his shoulder with a bun- dle at either end. Of their vegetable food, ; a Sandwich Islander cannot carry more than a week's consumption, besides what — he may pick up on the way. One, whose — office it was to convey five quires of papet — for me, was so strangely attired, in a dou- 3 ble-milled grey great coat, with a pem : of still thicker materials above it, that he lamented to his companions that his e r was too great, and begged their help to ; iton his back. I had to show the fellow, i who was blind of one eye, the —— i bleness of his grumbling by hanging ©" — parcel, by the cord, on my little fing’ — He said, “ Ah! the stringer is SEMEL and walked off. Among my atte was one singular-looking stripling, who carried a smal way, struments, and trotted away, idi “ae ad been once — of white, and the lower of red sa 2 Honori brought up the rear, with d gi telescope slung over his shoulder, uu umbrella, which, owing pru - asthmatic complaint, he never fails with him, both in fair si PE e We returned for about a peres val along the road that led to the 22 ano, and then struck off to the left in a small path that wound in a northerly di- rection up the green grassy flank of Mouna Roa. I soon found that Honori’s cough would not allow him to keep up with the rest of the party, so leaving one guide with him, and making the bird-catcher take the lead, I proceeded at a quicker rate. This part of the island is very beautiful; the ground, though hilly, is covered with a to- lerably thick coating of soil, which sup- ports a fine sward of Grass, Ferns, climbing plants, and in some places, timber of con- siderable size, Coa, Tutui, and Mamme trees. Though fallen trees and brush- wood occasionally intercepted the path, still it was by no means so difficult as that by which I had ascended Mouna Kuah. To avoid a woody point of steep ascent, we turned a little eastward, after having travelled about five miles and a half, and passed several deserted dwellings, appa- rently only intended as the temporary abodes of bird-catchers and sandal-wood- cutters. Calabashes and Pumpkins, with = Tobacco, were the only plants that I ob- . Served growing near them. At eleven ^. M. we came to a small pool of fresh wa- ter, collected in the lava, the temperature of which was 55°, here my people halted for a few minutes to smoke. The barome- ter stood at 26 inch., the air 62°, and the dew-point at 58°. The wind was from the uth, with a gentle fanning breeze and a clear sky. Hence the path turns North- West, for a mile and half, becoming a little steeper, till it leads to a beautiful circular well, three feet deep, flowing in the lava, its banks fringed with Strawberry Vines, rye by an Acacia Tree grove. Here © again rested for half an hour. We Ea "a be said here to have ascended above : woody country; the ground became | more steep and broken, with a thinner soil p of humbler growth, leading to- "mia the South-East ridge of Mouna Ros, h, Judging from a distance, appeared Part to which there is the easiest ac- ss, I would recommend to any Natu- ts who may in future visit this moun- SANDWICH ISLANDS, AND THE ASCENT OF MOUNA ROA. 178 well just mentioned, for my guide, trusting to one which existed in a cave further up, and which he was unable to find, declined to provide himself with this indispensable article at the lower well, and we were con- sequently put to the greatest inconvenience. Among the brush-wood was a strong kind of Raspberry-bush, destitute of leaves; the fruit, Iam told, is white. At four P. M. we arrived at a place where the lava sud- denly became very rugged, and the brush- wood low, where we rested and chewed sugar-cane, of which we carried a large supply, and where the guides were anxious to remain all night. As this was not very desirable, since we had no water, I pro- ceeded for an hour longer, to what might be called the Line of Shrubs, and at. two miles and a half further on, encamped for the night. We collected some small stems of a heath-like plant, which, with the dried stalks of the same species of Compost afforded a tolerably good fire. who carried the provisions did not make his appearance—indeed it is very difficult, except by literally driving them before you, to make the natives keep up with an active traveller. Thus I had to sup upon Taro-roots. Honori, as I expected, did not come up. I had no view of the sur- rounding country, for the region below, especially over the land, was covered with a thick layer of fleecy mist, and the cloud which always hovers above the great vol- cano, over-hung the horizon and rose into the air, like a great tower. Sun-set gave a totally different aspect to the whole, the fleecy clouds changed their hue to a va- poury tint, and the volume of mist above the volcano, which is silvery bright during the prevalence of sunshine, a fiery aspect, and illumined the sky for many miles around. A strong North-West moun- — tain-breeze sprung up, and the stars, espe- cially Canopus and Sirius, shone with un- - usual brilliancy. Never, even under & - tropical sky, did I behold so many stars. Sheltered by a little brush-wood, T lay down on the lava beside the fire, and en- tain, to have their canteens filled at the joyed a good night's rest, while my attend- 174 : MR. DOUGLAS’ VOYAGE FROM THE COLUMBIA TO THE ants swarmed together in a small cave, which they literally converted into an oven by the immense fire they kindled in it. Wednesday, January the 29th.—The morning rose bright and clear, but cold, from tbe influence of a keen mountain- breeze. As the man who carried the pro- visions was still missing, the preparation of breakfast occupied but little time, so that, accompanied by the bird-catcher and Cutty-Sark, I started at half-past six for the summit of the mountain, leaving the others to collect fuel and to look for water. Shortly ‘before day-break the sky was exceedingly clear and beautiful, especially that part of the horizon where the sun rose, and above which the upper limb of his disc was visi- ble like a thread of gold, soon to be quench- ed in a thick haze, which was extended over the horizon. It were difficult, nay, almost impossible, to describe the beauty of the sky and the glorious scenes of this day. The lava is terrible beyond descrip- tion, and our track lay over ledges of the roughest kind, in some places glassy and smooth like slag from the furnace, compact and heavy like basalt; in others, tumbled into enormous mounds, or sunk in deep valleys, or rent into fissures, ridges, and clefts. This was at the verge of the snow —not twenty yards of the whole space could be called level or even. In every direction vast holes or mouths are seen, ‘varying in size, form, and colour, from ten to seventy feet high. The lava that has been vomited forth from these openings presents a truly novel spectacle. From some, and occasionally indeed from the same mouth, the streams may be seen, pressed forward transversely, or in curved segments, while other channels present a floating appearance; occasionally the cir- cular tortuous masses resemble gigantic cables, or are drawn into cords, or even capillary threads, finer than any silken thread, and carried to a great distance by the wind. The activity of these funnels may be inferred from the quantity of slag lying round them, its size, and the distance to which it has been thrown. Walking was rendered dangerous by the multitude of fissures, many of which are but slig give to induce them to proceed. As I took - the lead, it was needful for me to look be- which I gained soon after eleven P. M, the thermometer indicating 37°, and the sky very clear. This part was of gradual as- cent, and its summit might be considered the southern part of the dome. The snow became very deep, and the influence of the — sun melting its crust, which concealed the sharp points of the lava, was very unfa- a vourable to my progress. From this placè to the North towards the centre of the dome, the hill is more flattened. : a short time, and a few moments beo - noon, halted near the highest black shaggy chimney to observe the sun's passage * x: recording the following observations, I E particularly note the places, in order that : tion was made under | circumstances, on a horizon T without a roof, it being protected ager | wind by a small oil-cloth :—bar. 18" Je therm. 41°; in the sun's rays 43° s por * when buried in the snow, 31°; the ra point at 7°!! wind S. W. í The em . this extraordinary mountain 15 80 pe : from this point no part of the island can” seen, not even the high peaks o Rx Kuah, nor the distant horizon of oe ; though the sky was remarkably i KE a horizon of itself, and about seven in diameter. I ought, ere now, to have så that the bird-catcher's knowledge of the oleano did not rise above the woody re- gion, and now he and my two other follow- ers were unable to proceed further. Leav- * Mation can be ing these three behind, and accompanied by only Calipio, I went on about two miles and a half, when the Great Terminal Vol- cano or Cone of Mouna Roa burst on my view: all my attempts to scale the black ledge here were ineffectual, as the fissures in the lava were so much concealed, though not protected by the snow, that the under- . taking was accompanied with great danger. Most reluctantly was I obliged to return, without being able to measure accurately ‘its extraordinary depth. From this point T walked along upon the brink of the high ledge, along the East side, to the hump, 80 to speak, of the mountain, the point which, as seen from Mouna Kuah, appears the highest. As I stood on the brink of the ledge, the wind whirled up from the cavity withsuch furi iol that I could hardly keep my footing within twenty paces of it The circumference of the black ledge of the nearly circular crater, described as am as my circumstances would allow ‘Me to ascertain, is six miles and a quarter. The ancient crater has an extent of about twenty-four miles, The depth of the ledge, from the highest part (perpendicular sta- fion 9n the East side) by an accurate mea- surement with a line and plummet, is twelve and seventy feet. It appears to have filled up considerably all round ; that ‘Part to the North of the circle seeming to din » àt no very remote period, undergone coq violent activity, not by boiling | Overflowing, nor by discharging under te but by throwing out stones of im- it Size to the distance of miles around ar together with ashes and sand. ible chasms exist at the bottom, ap- Sea in some places, as if the mountain -~ en Tent to its very roots: no termi- seen to their depth, even code eye is aided with a Me glass, sky 1s clear of smoke, and the sun brightly. Fearful indeed must the em rimi been, when this volcano was : of activity. The part to the SANDWICH ISLANDS, AND THE ASCENT OF MOUNA ROA. 175 South of the circle, where the outlet of the lava has evidently been, must have enjoyed a long period of repose. Were it not for the dykes on the West end, which show the extent of the ancient cauldron, and the direction of the lava, together with its proximity to the existing volcano, there is little to arrest the eye of the Naturalist over the greater portion of this huge dome, which is a gigantic mass of slag, scorie, and ashes. The barometer remained sta- tionary during the whole period spent on the summit, nor was there any change in the temperature nor in the dew-point to- day. While passing, from eight to nine o’clock, over the ledges of lava of a more compact texture, with small but numerous vesicles, the temperature of the air being 36°, 37°, and the sun shining powerfully, a i und was heard, proceeding from the cracks and small fissures, like the faint sound of musical glasses, but having at the same time, a kind of hissing sound, like a swarm of bees. This may perhaps be owing to some great internal fire escap- ing—or is it rather attributable to the heat- ed air on the surface of the rocks, rarefied by the sun's rays? Ina lower region, this sound might be overlooked, and considered to proceed, by possibility, from the sweet harmony of insects, but in this high alti- tude it is too powerful and remarkable not to attract attention. Though this day was more tranquil than the 12th, when I as- cended Mouna Kuah, I could perceive a great difference in sound; I could not now hear half so far as I did on that day when the wind was blowing strong. This might be owing to this mountain being covered with snow, whereas, on the 12th, Mouna Kuah was clear of it. Near the top I saw one small bird, about the size of a common sparrow, of a light mixed grey colour, with a faintly yellow beak—no other living crea- ture met my view above the woody region. This little creature, which was perched on a block of lava, was so tame as to permit me to catch it with my hand, when I in- stantly restored it its liberty. I also saw a dead hawk in one of the caves. On the East side of the black ledge of the Great sweet 176 Terminal Crater, is a small conical funnel of scorie, the only vent-hole of that sub- - stance that I observed in the crater. This mountain appears to be differently formed from Mouna Kuáh ; it seems to be an end- less number of layers of lava, from differ- ent overflowings of the great crater. In the deep caves at Kapupala, two thousand feet above the level of the sea, the several strata are well defined, and may be accu- rately traced, varying in thickness with the intensity of the action, and of the discharge that has taken place. Between many of these strata are layers of earth, containing vegetable substances, some from two feet to two feet seven inches in thickness, which bespeak a long state of repose between the periods of activity in the volcano. It is worthy of notice that the thickest strata are generally the lowest, and they become thin- ner towards the surface. In some places I counted twenty-seven of these layers, horizontal and preserving the declination of the mountain. In the caves which I explored near my camp, which are from forty to seventy feet deep, thin strata of earth intervene between™the successive beds of lava, but none is found nearer the surface than thirteen layers. No trace of animal, shell, or fish, could I detect in any of the craters or caves, either in this moun- tain or Mouna Kuah. At four P. M. I re- : turned to the centre of the dome, where I found the three men whom I had left all " huddling together to keep themselves warm. After collecting a few specimens of lava, no time was to be lost in quitting this dreary and terrific scene. The descent was even more fatiguing, dangerous, and distressing than the ascent had proved, and required great caution in us to escape un- hurt; for the natives, benumbed with cold, could not walk fast. Darkness came on all too quickly, and though the twilight is of considerable duration, I was obliged to halt, as I feared, for the night, in à small cave. Here, though sheltered from the N. W. breeze, which set in more and more strongly as the sun sunk below the horizon; the thermometer fell to 19°, and as I was vet far above the line of vegetation, unable to MR. DOUGLAS’ VOYAGE FROM THE COLUMBIA TO THE obtain any materials for a fire, and ¢ of clothing, except the thin garments ed in perspiration in which I had tra all day, and which rendered the cold intense to my feelings, I ventured, tween ten and eleven P. M. to make an - effort to proceed to the camp. Never shall I forget the joy I felt when the welcome moon, for whose appearance I had long been watching, first showed herself above | luminary presented, was most striking The darkened limb was uppermost, and I was sitting in darkness, eagerly looking for her appearance on the horizon, I des companions would trusty man Calipio, shadow, I proceeded in the necessity we walked slowly, steP tiously from ledge to ledge, but st ; which exercise enough to excite a gel The splendid constellation of Orion, had so often attracted my RES my own native land, and which bad p passed the meridian, was my guide. " tinued in a South-East o'clock, when all at once I came toà place, full of stunted shrubs, of ie bust habit, however, than those at the cam I instantly struck a light, and fo ter, was near, so by light, we shortly collected and kindled a fine fire. th and light begin to diffuse them- s over my frame, than I found myself ntly seized with violent pain and in- her painful on the mountain, from the effect of the sun's rays shining on the snow; : for a few hours, dreaming the while of gurgling cascades, overhung with sparkling . münbows, of which the dewy spray moist- ened my whole body, while my lips were all the time glued together with thirst, and . my parched tongue almost rattled in my v mouth. My poor man, Calipio, was also . attacked with inflammation in his eyes, and . gladly did we hail the approach of day. - The sun rose brightly on the morning of : Thursday, January 30th, and gilding the _ Snow over which we had passed, showed Our way to have been infinitely more rug- ged and precarious than it had appeared by moon-light. I discovered that by keep- ing about a mile and a half too much to the East, we had left the camp nearly five hun- dred feet above our present situation; and T Teurning thither over the rocks, we found Honori engaged in'preparing breakfast. | He had himself reached the camp about Mon on the second day. He gave me a bg " fall of water, with a large piece um bes ba which refreshed me greatly. QT ps of opium in the eyes afforded 7 instant relief both to Calipio and myself. =e man with the provision was here also, x shortly made a comfortable meal, : Cosme after, leaving one man ma EA some food for the bird-catcher E two companions, we prepared to nga com Started at nine a. M. to re- «ui Le by which we had come. En one may be at witnessing ^d ul works of God in such a place sti it Summit of this mountain presents, "18 with: thankfulness that we again : VoL, I climate more congenial to our croi LaL ee Lue Ro MENT o "ES zs PEE 5 = iro T MP EY, MET PPS RENE. L SANDWICH ISLANDS, AND THE ASCENT OF MOUNA ROA. 177 natures, and welcome the habitations of our fellow-men, where we are refreshe with the scent of vegetation, and soothed by the melody of birds. When about three miles below the camp, my three companions of yesterday appeared like mawkins, on the craggy lava, just at the very spot where I had come down. A signal was made them to proceed to the camp, which was seen and obeyed, and we proceeded onwards, collecting a good many plants by the way. Arriving at Strawberry Well, we made a short halt to dine, and ascertained the barometer to be 25° 750'; air 57°, and the well 51°; dew 56°. There were vapoury light clouds in the sky, and a wind. We arrived at Kapupala at four p.M. The three other men came up at seven, much fatigued, like myself. Bar. at Kapupala at eight P. m. 27° 936'; air 57°; and the sky clear.” This is the closing sentence of Mr. Doug- las’ Journal ; penned indeed, by the date, some months previous to the letter which immediately precedes this portion of the Journal (May 6th, 1834), and which was certainly among the last, if it were not the very last, that he addressed to any friend in Europe, and that gave hopes of seeing him home at no distant period. Of the events which happened between that period and the melancholy accident which occa- sioned his death, a space of little more than two months, there is, unfortunately, no information. The first knowledge of his decease, which reached one of the mem- bers of the family in this country, was in a peculiarly abrupt and painful manner, It was seen in a number of the Liverpool Mercury, by his brother, Mr. John Douglas, when looking for the announcement of the marriage of a near relative. He immedi- ately set out for Glasgow, to communicate the unwelcome tidings to me: and in afew days they were confirmed on more unques- tionable authority, by a letter from Richard Charlton, Esq., H. B. M. Consul at the Sandwich Islands, to James Bandinel, Esq., inclosing a most affecting document, rela- tive to the event, from two Missionaries, M 178 the Rev. Joseph Goodrich and the Rev. John Diell, both of which I am anxious to record here in testimony of the deep inte- rest felt by these gentlemen in the fate of our deceased friend: a feeling, indeed, which assuredly extended to all who knew MEMOIR OF THE LATE COPY OF A LETTER FROM THE MIS- SIONARIES OF HAWAII TO RICHARD CHARLTON, ESQ., HIS BRITANNIC MA- JESTY'S CONSUL AT THE SANDWICH ISLANDS. Hido, Hawaii, Jnly 15th, 1834. Dear Sir,—Our hearts almost fail us when we undertake to perform the melan- choly duty which devolves upon us, to communicate the painful intelligence of the death of our friend Mr. Douglas, and such riiculars as we have been able to gather respecting this distressing providence. The tidings reached us when we were every moment awaiting his arrival, and expecting to greet him with a cordial wel- come: but alas! He whose thoughts and ways are not as our's, saw fit to order it otherwise ; and instead of being permitted to hail the living friend, our hearts have been made to bleed while performing the offices of humanity to his mangled corpse. Truly we must say, that the “ ways of the Lord are mysterious, and His judgments past finding out!" but it is our unspeaka- ble consolation to know, that those ways are directed by infinite wisdom and mercy, and that though * clouds and darkness are round about Him, yet righteousness and . judgment are the habitation of His throne !” But we proceed to lay before you as full information as it is in our power to do at the present time, concerning this distress- ing event. As Mr. Diell was standing in the door of Mr. Goodrich's house yester- day morning, about eight o'clock, a native came up, and with an expression of coun- tenance which indicated but too faithfully that he was the bearer of sad tidings, in- quired for Mr. Goodrich. On seein him, he communicated the dreadful intelli | gence, that the body of Mr. Douglas had been MR. DAVID DOUGLAS. found on the mountains, in a pit exei for the purpose of taking wild cattle, that he was supposed to have been kil by the bullock which was in the pit, w the animal fellin. Never were our ings so shocked, nor could we credit the report, till it was painfully confirmed as w proceeded to the beach, whither his bo had been conveyed in a canoe, by the n: tive who informed us of his death. As walked down with the native, and mad further inquiries of him, he gave for sul stance the following relation :—that on th who brought the body down from t mountain came to his house at Laupasho it to this place in his canoe—the partic lars which he learned from them were: follows :—that Mr. D. left Rohala Point. last week, in company with a foreigner ( Englishman), as a guide, tops sene Roa v the North si e—that on the 12th he dismissed his guide, who cautioned him, on parting, to be very cate ful lest he should fall into the pits exu vated for the purpose mentioned above; describing them as near the place w the cattle resorted to drink—that soon Mr. D. had dismissed his guide, he went which he had forgotten, and that as he retracing his steps, at some iata ©” he tumbled into one of the pits m WP of the pit. At first they conjectured tha calf had fallen in; but on out the corpse, and hired the natives. price of four bullocks, which he mediately, to convey the body to shore. He himself accompanied procured the native, who related the affair to bring the corpse to this place, promising to come himself immediately, and that he would bring the compass-watch, which was somewhat broken, but still going; some money found in Mr. D.'s pocket; and the little dog, that faithful companion of our le 'friend.—Thus far the report of the native, who brought the corpse in his Canoe, and who professes to relate the facts tous, as he learned them from the natives .. do not stop, at present, to examine how far itis consistent or inconsistent with itself, 8s we have not the means of making full . investigation into the matter. On reaching x the canoe, our first care was to have the . Temains conveyed to some suitable place, .. Where we could take proper care of them, . and Mr. Dibble’s family being absent, it Was determined to carry the body to his house. But what an affecting spectacle ; was presented, as we removed the bullock’s : hide in which he had been conveyed !—we will not attempt to describe the agony of ling which we experienced at that mo- ns previously, we were fondly anticipat- img to welcome to our little circle. e noble person before us. “oons, and shirt, considerably torn. hat was missing. On washing the shocking state: Were ten to twelve gashes on the long one over the left eye, an- T rather deep, just above the left tem-. Nu ttr one behind the right ear; di e "bone appeared to be broken, - 9 the ribs on the left side. The - "- also much bruised, and also — Parts of the legs. After laying yu MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR, DAVID DOUGLAS. 179. him out, our first thought was to bury him within Mr. Goodrich's premises; but after we had selected a spot, and commenced clearing away the ground, doubts were suggested by a foreigner who was assisting us, and who has for some time been en- gaged in taking wild cattle, whether the wounds on the head could have been inflict- ed by a bullock. Mr. G. said that doubts had similarly arisen in his mind, while ex- left in obscurity. How had Mr. Douglas been left alone — without any guide, foreign or native? — Where i Mr. Diell's coloured man, who left Hono- lulu with Mr. Diell, and who, on missing a passage with him from Lahaina, embark- ed with Douglas, as we are informed by the captain of the vessel in which Mr. D. sailed from Lahaina to Rohala Point, and then left the vessel with Mr. D. on the morning of the 9th instant, in order to ac- company him across the mountain to Hido? How was it that Mr. D. should fall into a pit when retracing his steps, after having once passed it in safety? And if a bullock had already tumbled in, how was it that he did not see the hole necessarily made in its covering !— These difficulties occurred to our minds, and we deemed it due to the friends of Mr. D., and to the public, whom he had so zealously and so usefully served, that an examination should be made of the body by medical men. The only way by which this could be effected, was by pre- serving his body, and either sending it to Oahu or keeping it till it could be examin- ed. The former method seemed most ad- visable; accordingly we had the contents of the abdomen removed, the cavity filled with salt, and placed in a coffin, which was then filled with salt, and the whole enclosed ina box of brine. Somefears are entertained - : whether the captain of the native vessel will convey the body: this can be determined in the morning. After the corpse was laid | — in the coffin, the members of the Mission family and several foreigners assembled © the house of Mr. Dibble, to pay their tri- bute of respect to the mortal remains of the deceased, and to improve this affecting id ER IU as 180 providence to their own good. Prayers were offered, and a brief address made; and we trust that the occasion may prove a lasting blessing to all who were present. After the services were concluded, the body was removed to a cool native house, where it was enclosed in the box. 16th. As neither the guide nor any na- tives have arrived, we have employed two foreigners to proceed to the place where the body was received on the sea-shore, with directions to find the persons who discovered it, and go with them to the pit, and after making as full inquiries as pos- sible, to report to us immediately. So ar as we can ascertain, the guide is an Englishman, a convict from Botany Bay, who left a vessel at these islands some years ago. He has a wife and one child with him, and to this circumstance in part may be attributed his delay. There are two native vessels in port, besides the one about to sail to-day. By these vessels we shall apprise you of all the information we can obtain, and yet hope that the darkness which involves the subject/may be removed. r. G. has just returned from the vessel about to sail to-day. The application to convey the remains of Mr. D. to Honolulu will, we fear, prove unsuccessful, as the cargo is already taken in, consisting of wood, canoes, food, &c. It is barely pos- sible that a consent may yet be obtained ; but if not, you must be so kind as to dic- tate what course is to be pursued. Should . you deem it advisable to come up in per- son, we think that the body will be in such a state of preservation, as will admit of its being examined upon your arrival. Mean- while, we shall take all possible pains to procure information. of Mr. D the Englishman spoken of before, has arrived, and our minds are greatly relieved, as to the probable way in which the fatal event was brought about, He states, that on the 19th instant, about . ten minutes before six in the morning, Mr. _ D. arrived at his house on the mountain, MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. DAVID DOUGLAS, and wished him to point out the road, go a short distance with him. Mr. D.y then alone, but said that his man had out the day before (this man was p John, Mr. Diell’s coloured man) Aft taking breakfast, Ned accompanied Mr. about three quarters of a mile, and him, after expressing an anxious wish i reach Hido by evening, thinking he c find out the way himself. Just before eft him, he warned him particularly ¢ three bullock-traps, iles and half a-head, two of them lying directl . Trap empty, covered. Ditto, cow in, open. es 05 No -E Ei c A — 8 Lad Water. a Ned then parted with Mr. D. and back to skin some bullocks bu : previously killed. About eleven 9 two natives came in pursuit 0 was dead; that approaching this pit, on ing some of the clothing on claimed Lole, but in a mome p discovered Mr. D. in the cave io under the beast’s feet. They ™™ hastened back for Ned, who, le& work, ran into the house for à — and hide; and on arriving at the | the bullock standing upon pot . body, which was lying on the right side. - He shot the animal, and after drawing it to - one side of the pit, succeeded in extricating . fhe corpse. Douglas’ cane was there, but - not his dog and bundle: Ned knowing that - he had the latter with him, asked for it. _ After a few moments’ search, the dog was — heard to bark, at a little distance a-head . onthe road to Hido. On coming up to the spot, indicated by No. 4, the dog and bun- dle were found. On further scrutiny, it appeared that Mr. D. had stopped for a . moment and looked at the empty pit, No. = 1—and also at that where the cow was; and that after proceeding about fifteen fa- 3 thoms up the hill, he had laid down his _ bundle and returned to the side of the pit | where the bullock was entrapped, No. 3, 3 and which was situated on the side of the pond opposite to that along which the road —. chronometer = (which is injured in some = way), his pocket compass, keys, and mo- __ hey, and after hiring the natives to convey the body to the shore, a distance of about twenty-seven miles, came directly to this . This narrative clears up many of | pa difficulties which rested upon the whole “tar, and perhaps affords a satisfactor unt of the manner in which Mr. D * km If we should not, it may perhaps be t. to inter the body, which can easily be comen for examination, if desirable. E have thus, dear Sir, endeavoured to ürnish you with S no common death à has thus called forth our tears and >: it presents a most affecting "D MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. DAVID DOUGLAS. 181 comment on the truth, that “in the midst of life we are in death!” How forcible then . is the admonition to all of us, whose privi- lege it was to be acquainted with him who is thus snatched from us, to ** prepare to meet our God," “ for the Son of Man cometh at an hour that we know not of" You will be pleased, dear Sir, to accept for yourself and family, the expression of our kindest sympathies under this afflicting dispensa- tion, and allow us to subscribe ourselves, with sincere regard, your friends and obe- dient servants, (Signed) JosgPH GOODRICH, Joun DIELL. P.S. The bearer, Mr. Martin, will take charge of the little dog. There are seve- ral matters of expenses, incurred for con- veying the body to this place, paying the natives, &c., which Mr. Goodrich will meet, so far as can be done, with the clothes, &c. —of these and of Mr. D.'s other things, he will present a full statement. A true copy. RICHARD CHARLTON. COPY OF A LETTER FROM MR. CHARL- TON TO JAMES BANDINEL ESQ. ( Inclosing the above. ) Woahoo, August 6th, 1834. My dear Sir,—It has devolved on me to inform you of the melancholy death of our friend, poor Douglas. On his arrival at this island from the Columbia River, he took the first opportunity of visiting Haw- aii, where he remained for some time, with great satisfaction to himself, and use- fulness to the public. After his return to this island, he suffered much from rheuma- tism ; but on the 3rd ultimo, finding him- self quite recovered, he re-embarked for - Hawaii. On the 19th ult. I received the accompanying letter from Messrs. Diell — and Goodrich, two gentlemen belonging to the Mission: from it you will learn the — particulars relative to his melancholy fate. E. 2 On the 3rd instant, the body was brought here in an American vessel. I imm ately had it examined by the medical gen- tlemen, who gave it as their opinion that — the several wounds were inflicted by the 182 bullock. I assure you that I scarcely ever received such a shock in my life. On opening the coffin, the features of our poor friend were easily traced, but mangled in a shocking manner, and in a most offensive state. The next day, I had his remains deposited in their last resting-place; the funeral was attended by Captain Seymour and several of the officers of His Majesty's Ship Challenger, and the whole of the fo- reign Residents. I have caused his grave to be built over with brick, and perhaps his friends may send a stone to be placed (with an inscription) upon it. As I am about to embark in the Challenger to-mor- row for Otaheite, I have left all his effects in the hands of my friend, Mr. Rooke, with a request to sell his clothing, and forward his collections, books, papers, and instru- ments, to the Secretary of the Horticultu- ral Society. One of his chronometers, reflecting circle, and dipping needle, are on board the Challenger, in charge of Capt. Seymour. As I do not know the address of the friends or relations of Mr. Douglas, I shall feel very much obliged to you to forward the copy of Messrs, Goodrich’s and Diell’s letter to them. I remain, my dear Sir, = our (Signed) RICHARD CHARLTON. The little dog safely reached this coun- try, and was given, we believe, to Mr. Bandinel. There have come also a box of _ birds; and besides the Californian collec- tion already mentioned, several seeds and roots, a small Herbarium, chiefly formed, it would appear, in New Caledonia, and another from the Sandwich Islands, con- sisting of not more than three hundred species. These it is our intention to pub- lish with all convenient speed. A subscrip- tion is now in progress for the purpose of erecting a monument to his memory in his native place: and we are sure that his name and his virtues will long live in the recollection of his friends. W. J. H. E = f The space which the life of Mr. Douglas has occupied in these pages, combined ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY. with our desire that it should form an sequence, some important Memoirs, which have been kindly communicated by valued | friends, and to which we shall give as soon as possible: amongst them may | mentioned, * Dr. Graham on the Gambo States" (with a portrait) ; Tour in Brittany, by Joseph Woods, Esq; * An account of several plants from the Sandwich Islands, by Dr. Asa Gray of New York ;" ** A specimen of the Botany of i Islands of New Zealand, by Allan Cun- ningham, Esq.” — — t ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY By Dr. Wight and G. A. W. Arnott, Esq. ( Continued from page 72.) INDIGOFERA HIRSUTA. TAB. XXIV. Annua v. biennis, erecta, ramosa sericeis vestitis: stipulis longis $6977 racemis densis pedunculatis, elongatis] br rumque folio longioribus, paa ribus parvis: calyce profunde 3-hdo, | mentis longitudine coroll, subulatis, E sutis: leguminibus imbricatim f rectis 6—8-ties longioribus quamla 4-angulatis mucronatis villosis, ^ mis: seminibus 4-gonis utrinque ® Indigofera hirsuta. Linn. Sp. * à WARDIA: A NEW 1862. De Cand. Prodr. v. 2. p. Spreng. Syst. Veget. v. 3. p. 276. Roxb. p. 976; in E. I. C. Mus. t. | Or. v. 1. p —. Rheed. Mal. 9. t. 30. Stems flexuose, erect, branched, round, striated, hairy, of a firm woody texture, and of annual or biennial duration. Leaves . petioled, pinnate, varying in the number — ef leaflets; the specimens figured had three pairs; those now before me have - four pairs and an odd one. Leaflets ellip- tic-oblong, mucronate, villous on both sides, but much more so below than above. Colour light-green above, whitish beneath. - Petioles furrowed, drooping. Stipules yery long, thread-shaped, hairy ; a smaller . one of the same kind appears at the base Racemes spicate, five or Burm. Zeyl. t, 14. . ofeach leaflet. a six inches long, erect, with only a few flowers open at once. Flowers small, : . pale-reddish. Calyz five-parted, divisions — Suübulate, a little shorter than the corolla, - veryhairy. Corolla: Vexillum erect, obo- Yate, not bent back : wings and keel adher- E. : Filaments diadelphous, but the tenth not separating till after the fall of the corolla. Anthers short, broad, » mucronate. Pistil and Germen _ Short, hairy: style the length of the sta- _ ‘Mens: stigma subcapitate. Legumes pen- dulous, very hairy, four-angled, about the ‘Period of maturity the back is elevated into a is re and terminated by a sharp black spine. m ds four to six, separated by membranous fe Partitions, truncated at the ends, four- c ‘sided, foveolated all over. “us annual or biennial plant is usually wa ay rich moist soils, near the margins mn 8(but is not confined to such places), ad 1$ in flower during the rainy and cool the most E 1. Flower laid open. 2. The same, the petals "s i lower laid open :— "OBTemOYed :— nat. size. 3, F Magnified 4. Legume :—nat. size 228. GENUS OF MOSSES, 183 WARDIA: A NEW GENUS OF MOSSES, DISCOVERED IN SOUTHERN AFRICA. TaB. XXV. Whilst herborizing in the rocky bed of a rivulet on Table Mountain, Cape of Good Hope, Mr. Harvey's attention was struck with the appearance of a Moss, growing in a situation precisely similar to that which is described as the station of Scouleria aquatica in North- West America, namely, on stones washed by the running stream ; and he was still more surprised to find that it further agreed with that Moss in some of its more remarkable features, particu- larly in the firm union of the operculum with the columella, after the former has separated from the capsule. “ It certainly is," as Mr. Harvey observes, *' not a little remarkable that so obvious and so unusual * 4 x. JA satih e 1 M, a thus widely separated geographically, and only in these.” Mr. Harvey’s Moss, how- ever, affords ample characters for the for- mation of a new genus, which I am per- mitted to join its discoverer in dedicating to N. B. Ward, Esq., an ardent promoter of Botany in all its departments, deeply attached to the study of Cryptogamie and of Mosses in particular: and who has laid open a new field to the philosophical in- quirer, by his method of preserving living plants during long voyages, and of culti- vating them in the midst of large cities in closed cases.! WARDIA. Harv. and Hook. Gen. CHAR. Seta lateralis et terminalis, elongata, spiraliter torta. Capsula ova- lis, demum subturbinata. Peristomium simplex ; e membrana brevi erecta, lon- gitudinaliter transversimque striata, irre- gulariter fissa. Operculum ad columel- lam persistentem arcte adnatum. Calyp- tra dimidiata.—Muscus aquaticus, ha- : = bitu Scoulerie, diversifolius Seta insig- — — niter hygrometrica. Wardia hygrometrica. (Tas. XXV.) Harv. et Hook. page 317 of vol. I, of this Journal. 184 Has. On the stony bed of a small mountain rivulet, at Paradise, on the east- ern side of Table Mountain, Cape of Good Hope. W. H. Harvey, Esq. Caules laxi, 2—3 uncias longi, rigidius- culi, inferne simplices, denudati, apice ra- mosi, foliosi. Folia subsecunda, undique inserta, erecto-patula ; inferiora ovato-lan- ceolata, breviter acuminata; superiora sensim majora, latiora, orbiculata, valde concava, acuminulata ; omnia lete viridia, pellucida, enervia, integerrima. Seta ter- minalis vel (ob innovationibus ?) lateralis, semi-unciam longa, erecta, spiraliter torta, hygrometrica. Capsula ovalis, levis, in- tense fusca, ore (cum operculo adnato) paululum contracto, demumlatiori. Oper- culum conico-rostratum, rostro curvato, columella arcte adherente. — Peristomium simplex, rufo-fuscum, e membrana brevi truncata striata, longitudinaliter transver- simque irregulariter fissa, laciniis subden- tiformibus. Operculum (fide Harvey) dimidiatum. amiciss, Fig.l. Plants :—nat. size. 2. Apex of a fertile branch, with the Opercalum separated from the month of the Capsule, but firmly adhering to the Columella. 3. Capsule, before the separation of the lid. - 6. Portion of the Peristome. 7. Lower leaf. 8 and 9. Upper leaves :—magnified. BOTANICAL INFORMATION, Letters have been received from Rio de Janeiro, dated July 27th, from Mr. Gard- ner, in which he says—‘ From the descrip- tions of Dr. Abel, Drs. Spix and Martius, and M. Auguste de St, Hilaire, I was pre- pared to find this a most delightful, as well as beautiful, country : but even the splen- did pictures which they draw of it, fall far short of the reality. The entrance to the bay, with the many conical hills, and islands covered with the most luxuriant vegetation: the bay itself, as seen fr : rom àn eminence behind the city, in which all BOTANICAL INFORMATION. the grandest scenes imaginable, To Naturalist it is a most interesting He cannot take a walk even in the su of the town, but he finds growing ar him on all sides, and even beneath his fe the plants which he has been long used t see cultivated in hot-houses at home w so much care. Beetles are crushed every footstep: the air is filled with bei tiful butterflies and other winged insects— _ the chirping of grasshoppers is heard fr the grass to an extent that is almost ann ing: every road and wall abounds w lizards, and the incessant noise which th to the ears of a stranger. In short, he whole country may be said to teem wit life." ith these attractions, and seein around him numerous plants which are, yet, in the Herbaria of few European b tanists, we need not wonder that Mr. Gai à) ner should be tempted to remain a ittle time in so inviting a country. We think he has acted wisely in proceeding at on to the Organ Mountains, as he has done: and from thence he contemplates a visit to Minas Geraes. He will, by so doing, soon make himself master of the language which. is so general over a great portion of South. America, and will then determine what future route will give him the best prospect of success. We are happy to have it in our p to announce another collector, who 1s to an equally interesting country, under 7^ auspices of the Horticultural Society © London. Mr. Theodore Hartweg embar for Mexico in the service of the Horticu tural Society, to whom therefore all li plants, roots, and seeds will be sent: j that useful Institution has generously | lowed him to dispose of dried spe of plants on his own account, which will do at the rate of £2 the hundred cies. All applications, however, 195 must be made throug ene capital of Mexico, Mr. Hartweg. s; Guanaxato and proceed northwar d, portunity may offer, keeping a$ ^" can to the Tierra fria. He will remain in the country two or three years, that is, if the state of it wil admit of botanizing : - but it is so disturbed, that he may probably have to take another direction and visit Bolivia, which presents a yet more inte- - testing field. Whichever way he goes, we . are authorized in anticipating great things . from him. .. Dr. Schomburgk has returned to Deme- . fara from his arduous voyage on the Esse- . quibo and its tributaries. The perils of _ such an undertaking none can estimate, ex- E cept those who have visited similar coun- - tries; and the incessant rains and the want = of competent assistance occasioned the . destruction of a large portion of his plants; . 80 that a very small number of species . constituted the second envoi, despatched : by Dr. Schomburgk: and we regret, though we are not surprised to learn, that some of ; the subscribers, disappointed in the cha- . Tacter of this collection, have withdrawn = theirnames as subscribers. We regret it, : because, as our Government does not pa- E tronize and support, like those of the con- z: tinental nations, similar expeditions in be- : half of Natural History, it is quite certain : that nothing can be done, but through the ad of private individuals, in furtherance =e good a cause. Nor are the sub- scribers required in the present instance to pay any thing in advance, but only for What they receive; so that after all, save _ ma very slight degree, by some of the » Specimens being in a less perfect state than a | be wished, not any one suffers, ex- . CPt the unfortunate traveller, by his bad ic ves as is thus feelingly described by | "n. a letter now before us. ** Mr. Ben- s sa have informed you before this : E T ^ success has attended my col- Ad "d plants, and that the majority of oe ve collected were spoiled by the . Meessant torrents of rain, and in conse- to me in a financial respect is very The last sets of the late expedi- BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 185 tion, consisting of only thirty-eight species, have just been despatched to Mr. Bentham, and some of them even have suffered by the dampness of the climate. I have now taken such precautions, that a similar ac- cident shall not happen again, and I have great hopes that a Mr. Reiss is to accom- pany me, who is fully able to attend to that branch of Natural History, in case indisposition should prevent my being able to do so myself. The field for my next investigation will be the river Courantine, a country replete with interest, as its banks are a terra incognita to the Botanist. If God should please to grant me health and fair weather, I promise myself more inte- resting results than from my last expe- dition Mr. Nuttall is returned to the United States after a most interesting expedition across the Rocky Mountains to the shores of the Pacific at the mouth of the Colum- bia, and a voyage thence to the Sandwich Islands. We understand the journey has been a very successful one in point of bo- tanical acquisitions, and the Rocky Moun- tains having been crossed considerably to the southward of Mr. Drummond's or Mr. Douglas' route, the character of the vege- tation will be proportionably different, and we trust Mr. Nuttall is engaged in prepar- ing an account of them for the press. It gives us pleasure to be able to say that a botanical collector is about to pro- ceed to Santa Fé, in North Mexico, under the auspices of Dr. Torrey of New York. He will accompany the Caravan, which leaves St. Louis (on the Missouri) about the end of May next, and will reach Santa Fé in about sixty-five days. The party will not return till October, thus affording the collector ample opportunities for dry- — . ing plants, &c. His outfit is calculated at — three hundred dollars currency. Those, who contribute to this, will receive plants - e at the rate of one hundred every five dollars. To those who purchase 7 specimens on the return of the collector, without having contributed to his outfit, the price will be seven dollars per hun- 186 dred. Considering the highly interesting character of the country to be explored, and the difficulty of getting access to it (the whole journey to and from St. Louis having to be made on horseback), the terms are certainly extremely moderate. Should the collector give satisfaction to his employers in this expedition, it is their intention to send him to the southern parts of Florida and Alabama. " MONOGRAPH OF NORTH AMERICAN. CYPERACEJE.—By John Torrey.” We have just received the loose sheets of this very important paper from our in- defatigable and excellent friend, Dr. Tor- rey, and we regard it as the most valuable contribution made to American Botany of late years. The interesting tribe of plants of which it treats are, so far as North Ame- rica is concerned, now made familiar by the joint labours of Torrey and Gray, and established with a precision, to which, through the admirable specimens in Dr. Gray's two volumes of the Graminew and Cyperacez, no other portion of the North American Flora can pretend. It is impos- sible, in the limits of this article, to do justice to the industry and sagacity of Dr. Torrey in this elaborate Monograph. He has made the inestimable writings of our great countryman, Dr. Robert Brown, the object of his especial study, adopting, with some modifications the classification of the learned Nees ab Esenbeck, one of the wor- thiest disciples of the immortal author of the Prodromus Flore Nove Hollandiz. - *Orrey exhibits a tabular view of m "^ American genera of Cyperacez, ged according to the Synopsis of Nees, with the number of species belong- ing to each genus, and the proportion which ing interesting extract from his introductory observations ;— “Of the tribe Cyperee the greatest Proportion belong to the southern States. The genus Cyperus scarcely extends into Canada, and in New England seven or been found. : eight species only have Pro- BOTANICAL INFORMATION. ceeding South they become more freq and the maximum is attained about Gulf of Mexico. Kyllingia does not | cur North of Pennsylvania. Mariscus i found throughout the United States, : | Dulichium, a doubtful member of this tribe, has an equally extensive range, — ** Hypolytree constitute a small trib States, only in the vicinity of the rida, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific and Eleocharis has a similar range. Er i phorum is a northern genus, only one c its species extending beyond Pennsylvania. Chetocyperus is peculiar to the South. North America South of Canada. | * Rhynchosporee are, with few excep- tions, southern plants. Dichromena 18 not found North of Virginia, nor far from the ocean. Two Psilocarye are southern, and a third has been observed only m Massachusetts. Of the twenty-eight spe | cies of Rhynchospore, but four are found as far North as Boston, and only eight long to the middle States : the remainder Of the two species of Ceratoschanus, inhabits a large part of the United States South of Delaware, and West of the ae sissippi; the other is found only im ^* ngland. trj “ The tribe Cladiee is ropes two species of Cladium, one of whieh” northern, the other southern. $ * Of Sclerieæ we have but two no and eleven species, two or three of T have an extensive range in lat longitude, but most of them are 5° and confined to the vicinity of the A solitary species of the small tribe Elynee inhabits the boreal regions of the Continent. _ “The vast genus Carex, which almost exclusively constitutes the tribe Car?cee, . predominates in the northern parts of the Continent, and many of its species are pe- . euliar to the boreal and arctic regions, but a large number inhabit almost every part - ef North America. Of Uncinia we have - but a single species, a native of British ica,” 3 Of the genus Carez, Dr. Torrey enume- . Tales one hundred and sixty-five species - found in North America. He has reduced several of the species of Willdenow, ; Dewey, &c. to the rank of varieties. Itis difficult in several of the groupes of this . extensive genus to define species so accu- . Tately as to lead to an absolute certainty of - distinguishing plants intimately allied in . the form of the fruit and scale. This em- _ barrassment has been felt and expressed by — the accurate Wahlenberg, and authors will . €enünue to differ on the subject of species . and varieties. .. Of the hundred and sixty-five species of E Carez in North America, forty-seven are ommon to Europe and America, thirty- are peculiar to the high northern lati- . tudes, including the Rocky Mountains and North- West coast, leaving eighty-three belonging to the United States, from Texas to a. These numbers we have has- . lily summed up from Dr. Torrey's Mono- . Staph, as his tabular view has not yet a mM We can only express a hope c this excellent Monograph will be pub- 3 hg Separately. At present it forms a L Valuable article in the volumes of the ‘Yyeeum of New York. ; Dioni me accomplished Botanist who k Boi us with his remarks on the state ; Mei vid in Germany,! has kindly conti- 2 18 Communication in a letter, dated uU. w ** Vienna, Oct. 27th, 1836. han " made,” he says, ** some alterations Tm plans, in consequence of the impos- letter. LE 76 of the present volume, where his last zoe M, observed, was dated '* Dresden." BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 187 sibility of travelling in Italy with any com- fort whilst there is so much cholera and quarantine—remained some time at Dres- den and Carlsbad—went from thence to Munich, where we spent nearly a month, and are now settled at Vienna for the win- ter. At Dresden we had the pleasure of spending the greater part of every day with Humboldt, whose activity and extensive information about every thing that is going on connected with Geography and Natural istory are really astonishing, and whose readiness of communication is not in the least diminished by the very high social position he holds. I do not think I ever knew a more agreeable man than he is, and always has been. He was on his way from Toplitz to Berlin. Of the state of Bo- tany in Dresden itself I cannot say much. The Garden is like the second-rate bota- nical gardens on the continent, containing a tolerable proportion of common exotic plants, and a better collection of German plants than usual, with Reichenbach's names. Professor Reichenbach was ex- ceedingly attentive to us, and considering that he has nearly all the year round daily lectures to deliver on all the branches of Natural History ; that he superintends the arrangement of the Natural History Museum (by no means an indifferent one), and of the Garden; and that all the draw- ings for his works are made under his own eye, he must be allowed to be a laborious, active, and useful man. You know his *[co- nographia of European Plants'—it is now definitively terminated with the eleventh part, consisting of one hundred and twelve plates,? and he is at present occupied with a ‘German Fauna, containing the same kind of accurate figures of animals that his * Iconographia' does of plants. His intention is also to publish a complete se- ries of figures of German plants, though he seems at present to be directing his at- tention generally rather to Zoology. His own collection is extremely rich, as may be supposed, in German plants. Kaul- fuss’ Herbarium (of Ferns) is in the neigh 2 These are wholly devoted to the Grasses, which are executed with great care. 188 bourhood, being in the possession of Count Roemer, near Meissen— but that is too far for ready consultation. * After leaving Dresden, we spent about a fortnight in the so-called Saxon Switzer- and and in Northern Bohemia, during which time I gathered a few things, but not of much interest—and, generally, the country was too much dried up by the long hot summer they have had. From thence to Munich the only botanical town we stopped at was Ratisbon, where we were chaperoned by Dr. Fürnroth, who in sum- mer acts for Dr. Hoppe, the latter al- ways spending that season at Saltzburg. I was very much surprised here to see the little materiel that belongs to a Society! which has certainly exercised very great influence on the progress of Botany in Ger- many. It is true that they have lost their president, Count de Bray, and that there is at present no resident member of any note, and their ‘ Flora’? is consequently suffering in its interest ; yet it is one of the first botanical societies in the country ; and they possess but a very poor Herbarium, still tied up into Linnean Classes, and a 20s Library, rich perhaps in German publica- tions on Botany, and a few valuable old works ; but containing very few foreign, or illustrated, or other costly works, and only six resident members, Martius of Munich, however, who is much interested in the Society, seems to hope that arrangements will soon be made for raising it consider- ably above its present state. “We arrived at Munich on the 11th of September. My friends Martius and Zuc- ! Der Koeniglichen botanischen Gesellschaft i Regensburg. T x * Flora, oder Botanische Zeitung, of which the first volume appeared in 1818. BOTANICAL INFORMATION. already extensive medical practice. hopes, however, to return to Botan day or other, and in the mean time what he can. He gave me a num interesting plants from the Bavarian . These, which are extremely We dried, were gathered by a Dr. Fische who went out to Syria with Count O mann, but afterwards entered the se of the Pacha of Egypt, and has now three or four years Professor at the Egyp tian Institute of Abazabul. He lately ha the opportunity of making an excursi¢ into the Yemen (part of the time wit Schimper,’ who travels for the Unio It men plants, said to be a fine one, it was still in quarantine, at Tre when I left Munich. He has, howe determined to make up for sale à num of sets of about two hundred and ok species, which he intends selling at abou . per hundred. “Towards the end of September, weather having again become beau we made a tour among the Bavarian lakes ably, and with Zuccarini. of business. He has now the chief intendence of the Botanical collections garden, and Zuccarini is under m. works chiefly at his Palms, which be 1 very anxious to finish, and the printing which is going on; but it costs hima deal of labour. As soon as that * he intends continuing his Flora of B of which no more is yet publ P the two parts you Ai (Vol. L, containing the Alge, Lichenes, ane 774 tice ; ud Vol. II, part 1, containing Graminee). Other Botanists, En Schultes, &c. are assisting him, promised to prepare for him : families in which I am more pa% 3 See page 4 of this volume. - st received a large case from his collector Brazil, the contents of which will be dary of that province, as being the district offering at once the richest, the . Most varied, and the least known vegeta- tion in northern Brazil. " Zuccarini is much engaged with a Monograph of Cactee, for which the garden of Munich affords rich materials, especially from Karwinsky’s Mexican col- lection. The work is in a state of great -forwardness, and the printing will, I be- E lieve, soon be commenced. With respect to Japanese plants, he has published four or five Fasciculi, and materials are prepared for three or four more. The publication of the Flora Japonica seems to be for the Present postponed. oe The Greek plants collected by Berger Wewith Zuccarini, one complete set being : deposited in the Museum. The Professor Eu Zoology at the Munich Academy has ‘Madertaken a journey to Syria and Pales- tine, partly for the sake of Natural History. "" Iwas at Munich he was at Constan- . "P6, on his way to Jerusalem, and had E with him two young botanical collectors. d ‘At EN only one volume of Host's de as been published. Of Schott's j Genera of Ferns,: i p ts ha appe red. “has Melebrémata? only one Fasciculus. with go htt” by Endlicher, will be finished cam more part. But I will give you a ~~ account of this author's labours in ueri sro contain admirable illustrations of the tive ers of the Ferns, with brief descrip- S "iced at page 161 of our « Botanical Journal." BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 189 my next. In the mean while you will pro- bably be much interested by the first part of his Genera Plantarum ? just published. It contains all the Cryptogamia and the commencement of the Monocotyledones. * À person of the name of Frivaldski has collected some good plants in the Turkish mountains, and offers sets, I am told, of between two hundred and two hundred and fifty species, for about £2." ** Vienna, Nov. 25, 1836. “Iam now settled to work here for the winter, and really it is a pleasure to do so in a Herbarium, already so extensive, and conducted under such liberal management as the Imperial Herbarium is. After the deaths of Dr. Pohl and Trattinick, who were respectively keepers of the Brazilian Museum, and of the general Herbarium at the Imperial Cabinet of Natural History, the Government were induced to unite both collections, and to give M. Endlicher the charge of the entire botanical portion, with Dr. Fenzl as his assistant, and three young men to work under their superin- tendence. After this arrangement had been completed, M. Endlicher presented to the Museum the whole of his own Herbarium. The sum allotted for the expenses of the botanical department is sufficiently liberal to enable them to subscribe to all collec- tions of real interest. The whole Herba- rium now therefore consists, «T. Of Portenschlag’s Herbarium, contain- ing chiefly garden specimens, and the lants of Germany, Dalmatia, and Sicily. « II. Ferdinand Bauer's Australian collec- tions. : “III. A most complete set of Sieber's plants. «TV. A very general collection from End- licher's correspondents. « V. Sets of the plants gathered by most of the collectors who have been sent out during the last few years. : 3 « Genera Plantarum methodo naturali disposita ; auctore Stephano Endlicher. Vienna.""—Thbis impor work, in imperial 8vo., double columns, will form one large volume, to be delivered in ten parts ; and the Michaelmas, 1837 completion is promised at 190 “WI. Pohl's entire Brazilian Herbarium, which is the most valuable part of all. The assistants are now actively engaged under Endlicher's own eye, in arranging and fastening down and incorporating into one, these several Herbaria, accord- ing to the natural system. BOTANICAL “I have already gone through the Labia- ie, and am now engaged in studying the Leguminose, with the view of giving, in the Annals of the Museum here, a Memoir on the Brazilian Leguminose, with de- scriptions of a number of new genera and species, and a general enumeration of all the genera in this Order, together with the synonymy of Meyer's and Ecklon's new Cape genera, and descriptions of some re- markable ones among Bauer’s New Hol- land, and Bojer's Madagascar plants. Se- veral of the genera are done, and I have prepared descriptions of some highly inte- resting Brazilian genera, but shall now probably lay aside this Memoir for a short time, that I may assist Endlicher in the publication of the * Plante Hügeliane.' TE 5 :3 3 1 E mene J etur Soba in some literary journal a more detailed account of Baron Hügel's travels than is generally known; but in case you should not, I here translate an article from the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung, of the 17th instant. ** Baron Charles von Hügelleft Toulonin the spring of 1831, visited Greece, Cyprus, Syria and Palestine, Egypt, Nubia, and Arabia, and reached Bombay by the steam- boat, in the year 1832. He left no re- markable point of the West coast of the Indian Peninsula untouched, and passing through the varied territory of the Deccan and Malabar coast, reached Cape Comorin, Thence he crossed over to Ceylon by the : Adam's. Bridge,’ exploring the little in- terior of this island, so rich in the monu- ments of the Buddha religion, for the space of four months, and then returned to India, INFORMATION. Sumatra, Java, and some of the s isles, and sailing through the Straits. Sunda, arrived at Swan River, on the We colony, Baron Hiigel took shipping to k George’s Sound, and thence to Van D men’s Land. After a few weeks’ stay al each of the latter places, he came to S ney, the capital of New South Wales, country which seems to have presen peculiar attractions to our traveller, as crossed and explored it in every direct extending his researches to the utmost li- mits of the colony. After visiting Zealand and some islands of the Pacifi Ocean, the Baron bent his course thro the groupes of the Carolina and Lad Islands to Luçon, and Manilla, the cap of the Philippines, where he spent weeks travelling over the island, and in took the steam-boat for Calcutta, weeks afterwards, by the same conveyance) proceeded up the Ganges to Befiares, Oude, | the ancient Onodeya, Lucknow, Carempur, Allahabad, Agra, Gwalior; Bhurtpur wr Delhi were next visited ; and in the end June our adventurous and indefa traveller reached Mansuri in the Himi district. He devoted three months to " mountains, and the close of September : him crossing the Sutledj and quitting j tish India, his course was pursued "i the lower chain of mountains to Radhat whence, passing over the higher chain, reached the valley of Cashmeer. exploring this country in several direc i and ascending the loftier passes into bet, he turned towards Attok on the Lahore, where Rungjeet Sing i splendid court, was the next = s point which attracted Baron Hugs 336, tion, and quitting it in January, 49^ the Rajpoot States, Jeypur, Ajmier, Tschi- _ tor, Udipur, and through Abu Ahmesabad, and Surat, i i June, after touching at the Cape and Saint Helena, and encountering a most stormy _ passage, he arrived in London on the 18th of October.' “Sofar the Augsburg Gazette.—Baron . Hügelremained ten days in London, where l understand that he entered into some . terms for publishing his works with Arrow- . Smith and Murray, and after passing a few days at Paris, is come hither. He arrived - yesterday; I saw him last night, and this - morning Endlicher arranged with him, and _ then with me, the general outline of a work - in which we are to describe, at least, the two most important parts of his Herba- ! i rium, viz. the Swan River and the Lahore collections. The former portion was ac- . cordingly sent to the Imperial Herbarium _ this afternoon, and to-morrow morning we . Set to work; so that not much time will be P: lost. It is our intention to imitate, in some _ Measure, the plan of your ‘ Botany of 1 Captain Beechey's Voyage,’ giving about . fifty plates of Swan River plants, and per- _ "aps as many of Lahore ones; and we hope _ 1o get the former in a state of great for- a Nice by the end of the year. = i Endlicher’s works, concerning which _ You inquire, consist of a Flora Posoniensis - (of P Tesburg), a small local Flora, of conse- ently limited interest, but extremely well CXecuted.—The « Meletemata,’ first Fas- nim by Erfülicher and Schott (the Ster- 1... ^ m it are entirely by the latter | band, 80 that Endlicher does not wish to E. tag his name given to the new genera, as m tine been done by mistake).— which ee by Endlicher alone, of i asciculi have been published, and a sixth will complete the volume, and Bete .— vigi 3 AE Con! ee Sh pr ET LA E ee STER "us genus, from Drummond's | To this Mhcribers ome had directed io i attention of the orms a ‘ Specimens s first Texas collection, BOTANICAL INFORMATION. were distributed with Mr. Ep. E 191 Texas specimens.)—‘ Prodromus Flore Norfolkicee,’ in which the descriptions are exclusively Endlicher’s, and not Bau- er’s, as I believe? you mentioned errone- ously in the Botanical Miscellany or Jour- nal, for Bauer only left the specimens and drawings, without any S. — ‘ Nova Genera et Species Plantarum Chilensi- um,’ which he publishes in conjunction with Póppig, the first volume is complete, and a second will probably terminate it.— * Lertum Cabulicum,’ an account of a few Cabul plants; Endlicher is assisted here by Dr. Fenzl—one part only is out, and there will be but two or three more.— And the ‘ Genera Plantarum,’ of which you probably possess the first part—the second is in a state of considerable for- wardness. ‘ Martius is concocting a plan for pub- lishing a ‘ Flora Brasiiensis, with the assistance of various Botanists ; but has re- linquished the idea of making it so detail- ed, and with such numerous observations as are already given in the two volumes that have appeared, on account of the too great length of time and space which they would occupy.” We are gratified in being able to state, that two highly interesting plants have been added to the British Flora during the last summer; Calamagrostis Lapponica and Carex rupestris: the former was dis- covered on an island of Lough Neagh, Ireland, by Mr. Moore (the same locality in which the Carex Buxbaumit was found by the same zealous Botanist. See p. 307); the latter, Carez rupestris, in Aberdeen- shire, by Mr. Dickie and Mr. Templeton * on shelves of rocks extending from the small round lake at the top of Glen Calla- der eastward to the break-neck fall, grow- ing with Salix reticulata and Carez atrata, and frequently among Didymodon capilla- ceus and Carex acuta.” Dr. Alexander Murray of Aberdeen has kindly communi- — ? Probably my excellent correspondent had the publication of some other author in view. In my no- e- tice of this work ( Bot. Journal, p. 163) I have wen- 3 Baner.'" tioned it as “ from the pen of Mr. , trnl CSS | 3 . Me Eerdin: oo D 192 cated to me the above station, together with specimens, which, though young and imperfect, leave no doubt in my mind with regard to the species. Dr. Boott also informs us that in the Smithian Herbarium, deposited in the Lin- has since found the same plant at Warring- ton. In both cases it had been mistaken for C. distans. - The third fasciculus (of fifty species) Mrs. Wyatt's “ Alge Danmonienses’” i ready for distribution. copy reaches us we shall give an account of the contents, which indeed we have reason to know are neither less valuable nor less beautiful than those of the pre- ceding parts. DREGE’S PLANTS OF SOUTH AFRICA. We formerly announced the offer for sale of sets of South African Ecklon and Zeyher, ing country announced in the German Journals. The travels of M. J. F. Drége extended very far into Southern Africa, even to Port Natal on the Omgeni River. He investigated, botanically, various por- tions of that extensive district, ascending the Witberge, the highest mountain of that quarter, which attains an elevation of eight of the sea. preparing by Professor E. Meyer of Konigsberg, is pub- lished: and they are offered to Botanists _ On the following conditions :— BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 1. Every one can purchase spe to what extent he pleases; but tho; take few will The species of each number of commentary will constitute a separa lection. BÉ 3. Those who take an entire collec tenth part half a dollar the century more, The distribution will be ma : cording to the date at which the com nis sions are received. Butas there are mor of some plants than of others, those who de 6. All letters, conveyance of mone and carriage of plants, to be at the expe either to M. J. F. Drége, K i Prussia, or to Mr. Voss, bookseller, Leip- , &c. Some idea of the extent and im forty-one Leguminose, with — new genera, and a large proportion species. The first part of a beautiful and interesting work has just been com cated to us ‘by the kindness of M. cher, entitled, ** Sertum Cabulicum, meratio Plantarum quas in — The first F: i i he with copious analyses of the- : plants— Plantago penicillata, Sia ponaria) Honigbergeri, Dais : Scabiosa Oliviert. | ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY. _ By Dr. Wight & G. A. W. Arnott, Esq. : ( Continued from page 183: ) HYDROLEA ZEYLANICA. Tas. XXVI. . Inermis, foliis lanceolatis glabris, flori- bus axillaribus racemosis, calyce glandulo- 80-piloso. Hydrolea Zeylanica. Vahl, Symb. 2. p.46. Willd. Sp. Pl. v.1.p.1327. Spreng. Syst. Veget. v. 1. p. 865. Ram. et Schult. Syst. Veget. v. 6. p. 192. Nama Zeylanica. Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 327. Fl. Zeyl. p. 117. t. 2. Steris Javana. Linn. Mant. p. 34. ^ aie aquatica. Burm. Ind. p. 73. t. 3 Attalerie. Plukn. Alm. 22. t. 130. LL. Isgera. Vallel. Rheed. Mal. 10. t. 28. Herbaceous. Stems erect, towards the extremities variously bent, decumbent, and sometimes rooting near the base, round, glabrous, somewhat flexuose. Leaves short, petioled, lanceolate, rather obtuse, smooth, bright green above, below marked With numerous prominent parallel veins. x Racemes axillary, somewhat leafy, spread- "ng few-flowered; every part of them, . Riches, pedicels, and calyx glanduloso- WT . nt Pedicels one-flowered, usu- ally opposite to a small bracteal leaf; but Sometimes a little either above or below * d opposed leaf, rarely axillary. Flowers EE d j Nico SSR, : ace a CSET ae e a c X I taped ; tube short; “visions obtuse, Spreading, or even some- Mat reflexed when fully open. Stamens — .» Pate with the segments of the co- : k Filaments the length of the tube, to it by a dilated base. Anthers lich's conti- ns (Cat. n. 4398), but our Ceylonese . baee have all these parts per- D. REMARKS ON THE GAMBOGE TREE OF CEYLON. 195 in the permanent calyx, two-celled, many- seeded : Seeds growing all round a large fleshy receptacle, which forms part of the partition. This plant inhabits water, or marshy ground throughout the rainy and cool sea- sons, flowering about January. When it grows in or close by water, its branches frequently shoot across it, floating like those of aquatic plants. Its numerous bright-blue spreading flowers, added to the locality in which it was growing, made me suppose, the first time I saw it, that it was the Veronica Beccabunga. When floating I have seen it several feet long. The leaves beaten into pulp, and applied as a poultice, are considered efficacious in cleaning and healing ill-conditioned ulcers, particularly those in which maggots have begun to breed. g-1. Corolla laid open. 2. Calyx laid open, including the Pistil :—magnified. REMARKS ON THE GAMBOGE TREE OF CEYLON, AND CHA- RACTER OF HEBRADENDRON, A NEW GENUS OF GUTTIFE- RÆ, AND THAT TO WHICH THE TREE BELONGS. By Robert Graham, M.D., Professor of Botany in the niversity of Edinburgh. TaB. XXVII. There are, in tropical countries, many lants which yield a yellow juice, so nearly resembling Gamboge in external charac- ters, and it is said, even in medical proper- 7 ties, that they have each obtained in their ! respective countries, the name of Gamboge Plant. These belong to exceedingly dis- similar families, their products are never exported from the countries in which they grow, and they are thérefore known not to yield any part of the Gamboge of com- merce. It has been much doubted, how- t ever, whether this is the produce of one plant only, and those Botanists who believe that it is so, differ in opinion as to what that plant is. Modern Naturalists think this substance is obtained from a plant belonging to the N 194 Natural Family of Guttifere, and they ge- nerally differ only in believing, either with Murray, that this plant is Stalagmitis cambogioides; or, with De Candolle, that it is Garcinia Cambogia (See Essai sur les Proprietés Médicales des Plantes, p- 105). Murray’s opinions were founded upon certain MSS. by König, and the ex- amination of a specimen collected by him, both of which were in the possession of Sir Joseph Banks, by whose liberality he was allowed to publish his observations, which appeared in 1789, in the ninth volume of the Commentationes Societatis Regie Scientiarum Göttingensis. The Authors of the British and several of the Continental Pharmacopeias, have adopted Murray's opinions; but in a paper, read to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, March, 1836, I stated my belief that this ac- quiescence had been somewhat too hasty ; and my belief was founded on the exami- nation of flowering specimens and draw- ings, with observations made in Ceylon, most obligingly communicated to me by Mrs. Col. Walker, and on the examination of a specimen in fruit transmitted by Mr. Blair to the late Dr. Duncan, now in the Materia Medica Museum of this University. All the Gamboge of Commerce is ex- ported, as it appears, from Singapoor, and believed to be obtained from Siam. observations of Kénig were made in Ceylon, and during a short stay in Siam,—but chiefly at the former place, where his spe- cimens must have been gathered; for Murray informs us that all his information in Siam was derived from a Roman Catholic Priest, who gave him a very imperfect de- scription of the tree, and that König him- self had never seen it alive, and had not i of Künig made in Ceylon, and portions of a speci- men in the Banksian Herbarium, trans- mitted from thence by Kénig,—does Murray construct the character of his genus Sta- lagmitis, and define his species cambogi- REMARKS ON THE GAMBOGE TREE OF CEYLON. oides. Murray's description is, in s respects, wholly at variance with the o tree which, in Ceylon, yields a matter h ing all the properties, and answering the purposes of Gamboge ; yet in Ceylon, authority than that of Murray for this lief; Konig himself gives his plant profiting with equal zeal, judgment, RA success, by the ample opportunities which x they enjoy of cultivating an acquaintance. : with the Botany of that rich and interesting island, Ceylon. It will give value and au- — thority to these observations, if I Mm some extracts from Mrs. Walker's letters, T in which the tree, in conformity with pr £2 viously received opinion, is called E E mitis cambogioides,—and I shall aktet: — wards state what the tree really 1s. £^ In her first letter, dated Colombo, 1st July, 1833, Mrs. Walker says, “ I be set about the Stalagmitis ¢ which is at present in fruit, drawn a branch, with a section 0 I have likewise procured some from the tree ; it is brilliant and It is obtained from two other tre the Garcinia Cambogia and an f the fruit. — excellent — es here, — mony of Mr. Bro - which I shall presently quote again; he lagmitis of Murray, as you well know, F ed from König’s MSS., and buen du or rather of one of his specimens, iii mens, as well as the descriptions, belong i of Ceylon." nia likewise. Specimens from both I shall send you, and drawings! also. The natives in their curries; _ when quite ripe, is a very fine fruit, as large . as the Mangosteen, which it resembles in . smaller, very sweet when ripe, and by no means disagreeable in flavour. It is called not yet ascertained all the uses made here of Gamboge, but it is certainly employed as pigment by the native artists." Our servants say it is also used by native prac- titioners in medicine, and sometimes as a _ plaster, when first taken from the tree. It | does not appear to exude like a gum, but . an incision being made, it issues freely : through the pores of the bark, as I saw ; Yesterday on cutting both the Stalagmitis Es loides and Garcinia Cambogia. a, have been trying it as a paint to-day, and find it as good as any I ever used.? -liquid when it issues from the pores of the tree on s lere next letter is dated Aug. , dete says, ** Your letter of Fe- 833, in which you first mention tne Willa. ), of Garcinia Cambogia, B- (Moon), x "known plant alluded to, together with : : « the two first, but none of the last, which Seems es of Carallia. R. G. I s Maie Tecelved excellent drawings of Garcinia tad of ambogi à note I ever purchased, which was London colour-shops.”’ REMARKS ON THE GAMBOGE TREE OF CEYLON. 195 the subject of Gamboge, I received in June of the same year, and immediately inquired about the plant, which I found fo be in fruit. In that state I drew it to the best of my abilities, but put off sending it to you till I had an opportunity of forwarding also, a representation of the flower, which, as many plants here blossom twice in the year, I hoped I might not have long to wait for. However, I was mistaken in this; the tree did not blossom till March, 1834. I drew it then, but have not since been able to send it home, not a single ship having sailed from hence to England during that long interval ; and, I fear, after all, that you will consider my drawing incomplete, as it is only the barren flower I have had the means of representing. So at least it seems to me, and I got quan- tities of the blossoms, and examined a great number, and found them all the same. I shall send you specimens for your own examination; but I am sorry to say, they look very shabby and poor. The flower, however, in its best state, is insig- nificant, and poor-looking. The tree does not grow abundantly nor luxuriantly in the and got quite into a forest of Stalagmitis cambogioides, and perceiving all the trees had their bark cut off in various places, concluded the people in the neighbourhood must be in the habit of collecting the gum, and determined to get all the information I could on the subject, for your edification. From a very intelligent native practitioner in medicine, I gained the following :—He told us that Gamboge from the Stalagmitis, called by the natives Gokatu, or Kana Goraka, is generally used by them, both as a pigment and medicinally. For the former purpose it is ground very fine with lime-juice,? and mixed with a pretty strong solution of the gum of the Wood le (Feronia Elephantum), called in Singha- lese, Diwul. With the addition of a lit- 3 In a recent letter to Dr. Christison, Mrs. Walker says that she finds this to be a mistake. Asa yellow pigmént, the juice is used without any preparation ; the addition of lime juice injuring the colour—ap ob- servation which Dr. C. has confirmed by experiment. 196 tle Chunam, or Lime, they make a deep orange-colour, both tints being much used in the decoration of their temples, and Boodh himself is always represented in yellow garments. Yellow is indeed the sacred colour, the priests being invariably arrayed in yellow robes ‘ Asa medicine, the Gamboge is ground to a fine powder, and being mixed with the juice expressed from theleaves ofthe Tama- rind Tree, is taken with a little water. This is the most common mode of administering it as an aperient; but when mixed with other ingredients it is considered by native prac- titioners to be beneficial in many diseases. It is collected by cutting pieces of the bark completely off, about the size of the palm of the hand, early in the morning. The Gamboge oozes out from the pores of i the bark, in a semi-liquid state, but soon thickens, and is scraped off by the collec- tors next morning without injury to the tree, the wounds in the bark readily heal- ing and becoming fit to undergo the opera- tion again. The learned doctor, who gave us this information, presented us with a large pot or jar of Gamboge, and promised to send us more, which promise he faith- fully kept, and I shall forward specimens to you of his present by the first opportunity. The Garcinia Cambogia, of which I trans- mit you a representation, is one of the most common trees in this neighbourhood, attaining a large size, and is very hand- some, with remarkably thick and dark fo- A quantity of resinous juice pro- ceeds from its bark, in the same manner that Gamboge does from the Stalagmitis ; but it never seems to harden thoroughly, and no use is made of it by the natives. The outer husk of the fruit, however, is a favourite ingredient in their curries, They prepare it by taking out the pulp and seeds, reaking it to pieces, and putting it in a heap, which is covered for two or three days, till it becomes soft. It is then smoked by burning cocoa-nut shells below the grating on which it is spread. This ope- ration is continued for many days, when it £ is tied up tight in a bag, and kept for use by being hung, I cannot say in the chim- REMARKS ON THE GAMBOGE TREE OF CEYLON. ney, for chimneys they have none, where it is under the influence of the sm from their fires when cooking. They use it in pickling or preserving, along salt, a kind of small fish, The flower of No. 2, which I suppose is y also a Garcinia, differs much from No. LA but the fruit appears almost the same, and is used by the natives in the same way. In a subsequent letter, dated jua 1835, Mrs. Walker says, “ I am convinced Pitcairn is of the same opinion, and desires : me to tell you that he has administered it 1 shall now state what the plant seems to be which is called by Mrs. Walker Sta- lagmitis cambogioides, and what are my reasons for forming the opinion which I entertain. Linneus, in his Flora Zeylanica, No 195, under the name Cambogia, quotes % a synonym, '* Carcapuli Acoste, fructu 1 malo aureo simili," of Plukenett’s Almages- tum Botanicum ; which, if it be the same — as the twig figured by Plukenett in his m 5 tographia, t. 147, fig. 3, seems to me to be Xanthochymus ovalifolius. = In the same work, Linnæus also ge : as a synonym of his Cambogia, the E bor Indica, que gummi ae oa ^* fructu acido sulcato mali magn! as i 5 Comm melyn' s Flora Malabarica, whet? ate bogia of Gertner, Garcinia Cam Desrousseaux and of De Condi ne Linneus lastly, in the same WO , al as a synonym for his Cambogia * ' Care" 1 No.1. I believe this to b of : 1 3 i E ; puli Acoste, arbor Indica gummi guttam fundens, fructu dulci, rotundo, cerasi mag- ; i nitudine,” of Burmann's Thesaurus Zeyla- nicus, which, I think, is certainly Mangos- tana Morella of Gertner, Garcinia Mo- rella of Desrousseaux and De Candolle, and, as certainly, Stalagmitis cambogior- des of Moon’s Catalogue of Ceylon Plants, and of Mrs. Walker; but by no means the “ Carcapuli" of Acosta in his Traclado de las Drogas, p. 356; which seems to be Carcapuli Acoste of Pluk. Alm. 81, Gar- cinia Cambogia of Desrousseaux. It would probably be thought tedious and useless to follow the contradictions of authors regarding the identity of these us plants, and that which yields Gamboge, from 1748, when the Flora Zeylanica was published, to the present day. I shall _ therefore pass them all over, until I come fo the latest. In the excellent ** Prodro- E: mus Flore Peninsule Indie Orientalis," -~ published by my friends, Dr. Wight and Mr. Arnott, in 1834, it is stated that Sta- lagmitis cambogioides (of Murray) is a Species of Garcinia, and perhaps identical with Garcinia Cochinchinensis of Choisy, Oxycarpus Cochinchinensis of Loureiro. _ The whole of the account given by Mur- Tay of his Stalagmitis appeared to me, at the time I communicated my observations 1o the Royal Society, so enigmatical that I felt unable to form an opinion as to what it 15; but I expressed my fears that the state- ment of Wight and Arnott only threw out another temptation to blunder; for Murray ‘Says, that in his plant, the flowers are ar- ranged on a common footstalk, generally More than an inch long, in the axils of the EN jointed and bearing the pedicels, ie are twice the length of the flowers x mselves, in verticels at the joints, and at the fruit is globular, white, slightly reddened on one side, and sometimes twice REMARES ON THE GAMBOGE TREE OF CEYLON. 197 plant as having a three-celled ovary, a fruit as large as a small apple, while the genus is partly characterized by the flowers hav- ing five petals, and by the presence of five large truncated glands, alternating with the fasciculi of stamens. On the other hand, Mrs. Walker's drawings, and specimens of the fruit sent by Mr. Blair to Dr. Duncan, show that this, like the fruit of Garcinia Morella, is four-celled, and not larger than a cherry; and in the specimens which Mrs. Walker has sent to me, I never find more than four petals, and cannot see a trace of these glands. I only mention these cir- cumstances now, to show the inextricable confusion in which the subject lay, and in which it would have remained, had it not been for Mrs. Walker and the kindness with which Mr. Brown attended to my request that he would examine the specimens of Konig in the Banksian Herbarium. This examination has reconciled most of the con- tradictions of authors in a way which could hardly have been anticipated ; the authori- tative specimen of König is a compound, and consists of the flowers of Xanthochy- mus ovalifolius, with whatseems the branch, leaves, and fruit of the plant which in Ceylon yields Gamboge. I give authority to this statement by quoting the letter of Mr. Brown. ‘“‘ The plant sent pasted by König to Sir Joseph Banks, as one speci- men, I have ascertained to be made up of two plants, and very probably of two ge- nera. The union was concealed by sealing wax. The portion in flower, and which agrees in structure with Murray’s account, is, I have no doubt, the Xanthochymus _. ovalifolius of Roxburgh. Stalagmitis and Xanthochymus are therefore one genus, as Cambessédes has already observed, giv- ing the preference to the earlier name of Murray. This, however, forms but a small part of the whole specimen, the larger por- tion being, I am inclined to think, the same with your plant, of which I have seen, and I believe still possess, the specimen you sent to Don The structure, however, of this greater portion cannot be ascertai from the few very young flower-buds be- longing to it. It approaches also very 1 One of those received from Mrs. Walker. 198 closely, in its leaves especially, to that spe- cimen in Hermann's Herbarium, which may be considered as the type of Linnzus’ Cambogia Gutta. A loose fruit, pasted on the sheet with Konig's plant, probably belongs to the larger portion, and resem- bles Gertner’s Morella.” It appears then that the generic name of Xanthochymus must be dropped, and that the species which belonged to this genus must receive the appellation of Stalagmitis. It seems too, that the generic character of Stalagmitis by Murray, so far as regards the flower and inflorescence, was not taken from the plant he meant to describe, but from the flowers of Xanthochymus (Sta- lagmitis) ovalifolius, which Konig had in- no advertently fastened to it; and lastly, that it is not known that any specimens of the flowers of the plant which Murray meant to describe, at least not any sufficiently perfect for examination, had been received in Europe, till those arrived which I owe to Mrs. Walker. The examination of these, proves that the plant is no Stalagmitis. It differs wholly in the number of the parts of the flower and cells of the fruit, in the structure of the calyx, corolla, and sta- mens ; in the absence of intervening glands between the stamens, in the structure of the leaves, in the appearance of the fruit, and in the structure of the persistent stigma. While I remain quite certain that this plant is the Garcinia Morella of Gertner, an opinion which was first formed from an inspection of the specimen in fruit from Mr. Blair, the examination of Mrs. Walker’s specimens has induced me to re- move the plant from the genus Garcinia. The structure of the stamens is quite pecu- liar, and quite unlike that of any species of Garcinia with which I am acquainted, in which the free portion of the filament is thread-like,and the anther bilocular,opening longitudinally. In Mrs. Walker’s flowers, on the contrary, the free part of the sta- mens is thick and clavate, and the anthers Open by the complete circumcision of a singular umbilicate, flat, and terminal lid, the elliptical pollen-granules being im- mersed in cellular substance. For these reasons, I cannot hesitate in REMARKS ON THE GAMBOGE TREE OF CEYLON. believing that the Gamboge plant of lon belongs to a nondescript genus, ch Having communicated this opinion to Mr. Brown, he replied, “In your plant, the markable, and might well induce you to consider it as forming a distinct genus; but it is right to add, that approaches to his analogy with the ordinary structure of the family, exist in Garcinia, with which I | suppose your plant would agree in its i male flower, as well as in fruit." probability which is given to this conjec- ture by Mr. Brown having formed it, cept by stating, that there are within persistent calyces of the fruit, abortive it form stamens, very much resembling those which are found similarly attached to fruit of Garcinia. The resemblance to the Ceylon plant, of the inflorescence and form of the flowet- bud, of Garcinia elliptica ( Wallich’s Last, No. 4869), led me to examine its — in connexion with this subject, and I | it also to have male blossoms, with stamens precisely similar. Sir W. J. i also struck with the resemblance, : obligingly forwarded to me his pesos for examination. His flowers were further advanced than mine, and on my requesting him to steep one, he sent me drawing? which it is impossible to dis those taken from the Ceylon plant. — mn T flowers in either species; not misunderstand Mrs. Walker, is not mistaken, which is less likely, : Ceylon plant is monecious. uc it is us certain that the tree of Ot. yields a Gamboge, fit for all the purpose? : of that from Siam, and equal to 1t m Q7 — t, however, the rocess is improved. At presen A: we have no direct testimony a$ which affords the Gamboge of Siam. Its . being the same with that which in Ceylon . yields this substance may be doubted. It — js perhaps, and more probably, a nearly allied species of the same genus; t is affi- nity appearing from the experiments o Dr. Christison, showing all but an identity of chemical composition in the product, and from their medicinal effects being pre- cisely the same, as has been proved in Ceylon, and in this country, both by Dr. . Christison and myself. _ Ht seems probable, from some parts of . the description in the Flora Indica, and the quality of the Gamboge yielded by it, that Garcinia pictoria, Roxb., may prove to be another species of this genus; but in this conjecture I must be wrong, if Bucha- nan is correct in considering this the same as Orycarpus Indica (Encycl. Method. Suppl. 4. 257). I think, however, Bucha- mn is mistaken, for he deems it, atthe same time, synonymous with Garcinia Indica of Choisy, and with Arbor Indica Gum- | mi guttam fundens," &c. of Burmann; while, The locality where Garcinia pictoriais found (W ynaad) mg limited, and the tree having been, ... fermerly at least, well known at Tellicherry, " tis probable that specimens may be pro- ~ Cured to ascertain the fact. HEBRADENDRON.! Graham. Nat. Ord. Gurrirer®.—Class and Ord. Mowacta (or Diecia?) MoxADELPHIA. Gen. Cua, HEBRADENDRON. Flores diclines, Masc. Calyx membranaceus 4-sepalus, persistens. Corolla 4-petala. Stamina monadelpha, columella 4-gona, anther terminales, operculo umbilicato “rcumscisso, Fem. incognitus, Bacca i (4) locularis, loculis monospermis, staminibus quibusdam abortivis liberis basi circumdata, stigmate sessile lobato Inuricato coronata. Cotyledones crasse, te adicula centralis, filifor- res foliis integris. t e del From —_ cer in allusion to the peculiar REMARKS ON THE GAMBCGE TREE OF CEYLON. 199 1. Hebradendron cambogioides ; flori- bus masculis axillaribus, fasciculatis; se- palis junioribus subequalibus ; foliis obo- vato-ellipticis, abrupte subacuminatis. (Tas. XXVII.) Synonyms. Carcapuli Linscot, Herman. Mus. Zey- lan. p.26. bid. in Rheed. Hort. Malab. 1. 42. in nota.—Ray, Hist. Plant. 2. 1661. Samuel Dale Pharmacop. 927. Arbor Cambodiensis Guttam Gambi fun- dens. Pluk, Alm. 41. Ibid. Mantissa 20. Arbor Indica Gummi guttam fundens, fructu dulci rotundo, Cerasi magnitudine, Carcapuli Acoste. J. Burmann. Thesau- rus Zeylan. 2T. Cambogia Gutta. Linn. Fl. Zeylan. 87. (excl. omn. syn. preter. Dale, Ray, Burm. Herm.) N. L. Burmann. Fl. Indie. 119. (excl. Syn. Pluk. et Rheed). Mangostana Morella. Gert. Fruct. 2. p. 106. t. 105. Garcinia Morella. Desrousseauz in Lam. Encycl. Method. 3. 701. Pers. Synops. 2. 8. Choisy in De Cand. Prodr. 1. 561. Stalagmitis Cambogioides. Moon's Cat. of Plants in Ceylon, Part I. p. 73. Descr. A Tree of moderate size. Leaves opposite, petiolate, obovato-ellipti- cal, abruptly subacuminate, coriaceous, smooth, shining, dark-green above, paler below, veins in the recent state inconspi- cuous, especially above ; in the dried state, distinct on both sides. Flowers unisexual, monecious (or dimcious?) Male small (eight to nine lines across), clustered in the axils of the Petioles, on short single-flow- ered peduncles. Sepals four, subequal, im- bricated, concave, membranous, veined, the outer subentire; and somewhat coriaceous in the bud, the inner sparingly denticulato- ciliate, yellow on the inside, yellowish-white on the outside. Petals four, spathulato- elliptical, coriaceous, crenulate, longer than the calyx, yellowish-white, red on the inside near the base, deciduous. Stamens mona- delphous; column four-sided ; Anthers in a roundish capitulum, terminal upon a short clavate free portion of the filament, opening by the circumcision of a flat um- 200 bilicate lid; pollen yellow, granules ellip- tical. No trace of a Germen. Female Flower unknown. Berry about the size of a Cherry, round, with a firm reddish- brown external coat, and sweet pulp, four- locular, surrounded at the base by the per- sisting calyx and a few free abortive sta- mens, crowned with the four-lobed tuber- cled sessile Stigma ; loculament single- seeded. Seeds large in relation to the berry, reniform-elliptical, compressed late- rally, integuments yellowish-brown, easily separable into two layers; Cotyledons thick, cohering into an uniform cellular mass; radicle central, filiform, slightly curved. Native of Ceylon.—For the colour and several other parts of the description, I am indebted to Mrs. Walker. Tas. XXVII. A. Male flowering Branch Fig. 1. Front view of a Flower. 2. Back Branch. Fig.1. Section of the Fruit with its four Seeds :— nat. size. 2. Hebradendron ellipticum ; floribus masculis axillaribus, fasciculatis ; sepalis s junioribus minoribus; foliis lanceolato-ellipticis, apice sensim attenu- atis. Synonym. Garcinia elliptica. Wall. List of Indian Plants, No. 4869 (not Choisy in De Cand. 1. 561). I know nothing of this species, but from the specimens sent by Dr. Wallich to Sir W. J. Hooker’s Herbarium from any of those received from Mrs. Walker; their considerably larger dissimilar leaves, and also their very different geographical posi- tion, less unlikely to possess natives of Siam than of Ceylon, Dr. Wallich’s plants were obtained in Silhet, NOTES UPON SOME GENERA AND SPECIES OF ORCHIDACEJE propose to characterize them on the . Occasion, and to avail myself of the op V rf NOTES UPON SOME GENERA 4 GOOD HOPE. By John Lindley, Ph. D., F.R.S., Prof. of tany in University College, London. Mr. Drége's valuable collection of Orchidacee having been placed in hands by Professor Meyer, of Konigsb subsequently to the publication of t fourth part of the G'enera and Species Orchideous Plants, I am not likely to ha an opportunity, for some time, of int ducing into their proper places the species of Vandee and Habenaria Ophrydee which it contains. I there tunity for making a remark or two upo some geographical points connected Cape Orchidacee. One of the first things that strikes one tion of the Cape Flora and that of E parts of the world is, that by far the larger number of the genera belongs to Ophry- dee. Until recent discoveries there were more remarkable, as these plants are e tremely rare in corresponding latitudes 1 America and New Holland. quM Secondly, the number of Vandee 5 8 such latitudes. Mr. Drég contains nineteen species, are epiphytes; and altogether we have twenty-eight species of this division der. ofthe - © 5 No one has yet — any species we repre h Arche, 8 p and : an a die D in ‘New Holland, and o8 ET Orchidacee are exceedingly local, for à separate collection of any extent, that I have seen, contains something peculiar to itself. Holothriz parvifolia seems to have been missed by all modern collectors, ex- . cept Mr. Harvey; and Satyrium tabulare, pedicellatum, and giganteum of Linneus, = of which the first grows on Table Moun- tain, and the others near Zeeko River, near Algoa Bay, have never been gathered . byeither Burchell, Ecklon, Drége, Villet, or any of those by whose investigations the that these three plants should be sought out by some resident Botanist who has the lei- sure and means of looking after them. Satyrium pedicellatum exists in the Lin- nean Herbarium, but I have never even seen the others. Let me add, that the tract of jungle to the eastward of Cape Town, called Auteni- qualand, or Outnequaland, is the country from which Mr. Drége procured a large part of the more remarkable plants in his collection, and thatit is this district more Particularly to which should be directed the attention of those who have the op- Portunity of occupying themselves with nly rich Flora of Southern frica, EPIPHORA, n. g. _ Perianthium explanatum, tico, labello pos- epala libera, lateralia æqualia. 2 etal a forma diversa. Labellum carinatum, trilobum, xl : +4 P cum e latum, Columna dorso prona, inverts stig- mate verticali, margine 3-tuberculato ; basi Paulo producta et cum labello articulata. kar. l-locularis, Pollinia 4, caudicule "t affixa. — erba epiphyta, Polysta- | ye facie, sub-bulbosa. Racemi termi- nales, l. Epiphora pubescens. Super arbor. inter Kovi et Kaprivier. Piphyta, palmaris. [szi ' Also near Graham’s Town. Burchell. NOTES UPON SOME GENERA AND SPECIES OF ORCHIDACEZ. 201 verosimiliter lutei. Sepala lateralia lan- ceolata, acutissima, nullo modo obliqua; su- premum oblongo-lineare, concavum, api- culatum. Petala paulo breviora, plana, obovata, obtusissima. Labellum pagina superiore nuda, I hardly know where to station this very distinct genus. Its habit is that of Polys- tachya, but it belongs to Vandee. Per- haps it had best be placed near Mazxillaria, on account of the protracted base of the ever in the lateral sepals. it likewise approaches; but its labellum, and very curious column, distinguish it from all the members of that heterogene- ous genus. It was found by Mr. Burchell in the Caffre country, and is No. 3590 of his Herbarium. EuLoPHIA. Gen. et Sp. Orch, 180. Section 1. GENUINE. 1. E. ensata. Lindl. Prope Kovi. 2. E. parvilabris ; foliis lanceolato-en- siformibus longitudine scapi, vaginis scapi laxis membranaceis striatis, racemo multi- floro bracteis oblongo-lanceolatis striatis demum revolutis ovariis longioribus, sepa- lis lanceolatis acutis, petalis oblongis obtu- sis longioribus, labello sepalis duplo bre- viore complicato leviter trilobo ovato mem- branaceo lamellis 2 parvis pone basin, cal- care obtuso ovario duplo breviore. Inter Omsamwubo et Omsamcaba. Verosimiliter tuberosa, ut E. ensata. Bipedalis, robusta; vaginis scapi interno- diis paulo longioribus. Folia sesquipol- licem lata. Flores speciosissimi, 14—15; sepalis verosimiliter herbaceis ; petalis du- pló latioribus et paulo longioribus. Label- um membranaceum, in unico flore quem vidi posticum, an semper, margine nullo modo crispo aut plicato ; vene omnes sunt immerse nec ulla adest appendix paginse, nisi lamelle due parve breves truncate versus faucem calcaris. : A noble species, of which, however, I have seen only one expanded flower, the petals of which, in their dried state, are an | inch and a half long. 202 Section 2. DESCISCENTES. In the gen. et sp. Orch. this section is characterized as having equitant leaves. I now find that although in some species the leaves are truly so, yet that in many others they are only folded together and carinate. 3. E. tristis, Spreng. Zuurebergen ; inter Bethelsdorp et Van- staadesrivier. . E. clavicornis ; foliis lineari-ensifor- mibus recurvis scapo paulo brevioribus, racemo 5—6-floro, sepalis oblongo-lanceo- latis acutis, petalis oblongis mucronulatis dupló latioribus, labello obovato obtuso trilobo: lobis lateralibus truncatis planis intermedio crispo ramentaceo-cristato, cal- care clavato ovario dupló breviore. Katberg. At one time I took this to be the Saty- rium hians of Linneus ; but the specimen of that species in the Linnean Herbarium is either Disa lacera of Thunb. or some very nearly allied plant; so that the Zulo- phia hians of Sprengel has to be expunged from the system. I am, however, by no means certain that the Limodorum hians of Thunberg is not a synonym of this spe- cies. 5. E. emarginata ; foliis lineari-ensi- formibus scapo tripló brevioribus, racemo subsecundo multifloro, sepalis lanceolatis acuminatis, petalis pauló brevioribus ob- tusis, labelli trilobi lobis lateralibus ovatis intermedio obovato emarginato medio den- Sé ramentaceo-barbato, calcare filiformi flexuoso ovario pauló breviore. Inter Sohiloh et Windvogelberg. and longer spur. 6. E. ovalis ; foliis lineari-ensiformibus Scapo parum brevioribus, racemo multiflo- ro, sepalis lanceolatis acutis, petalis paulo brevioribus obtusis, labello ovali plano le- viter trilobo medio parcà barbato, calcare conico obtuso. Ado, collibus graminosis. Also allied to Æ. clavicornis, but with a very different lip, which is flatter, thin- ner, and less bearded than in any of the. Cape species, except E. cochleare and E. parvilabris. A span high. NOTES UPON SOME GENERA AND SPECIES OF ORCHIDACEE, | 7. E. micrantha. Lindl, Inter Kuga and Zontagrivier, in plan ramoso terminali squamis longis acumina- tis vaginato, perianthio carnoso connivente, sepalis ovatis acutis, petalis minoribus i tusioribus, labello cochleari indiviso: i nato extùs sulcato int bbarbato, calcare brevi retuso ventricoso. : Outniqualand, ad. marg. sylv.t Very like E. micrantha, but larger, with a totally different lip. These two species resemble Æ. lurida in inflorescence and general appearance. E 9. regeana ; folis ensiformibus | acuminatis recurvis longitudine scapl, Ve — ginis scapi laxis foliosis imbricantibus, ri ; cemo multifloro denso, bracteis linean- lanceolatis ovariis æqualibus, sepalis lan- ceolatis acuminatis subæqualibus, [petalis oblongis tenuioribus acutis, labello oblon- go trilobo lobis lateralibus rotundatis * termedio ovato plano venis disco ¢ n lamellatis, calcare brevissimo ventricoso à obtuso. Jc EE Prope Vischrivier, in graminosi ; v — | Keiskamma et Omsamcaba, vulgaris: — — yee ue invicem imbricantes. tc s Mais ores magni, Speciosb — pollicem longis, verosimiliter herbace petala colorata. l This is by far the finest of d: Eulophias, except Æ. parvilabris ; follow Æ. barbata.—Allied to E. l are the two following species 1D #7: chell's Herbarium. P 10. E. platypetala; folus ensiformibus recurvis scapo tri ay, Bu ! Near Hartenbosch, by Mossel Bay. ^ bus, racemo oblongo 7—8-floro, bracteis membranaceis acuminatis cucullatis pedi- ~ eellorum longitudine, sepalis oblongis acu- = tis, petalis feré tripló latioribus :equilongis obtusis, labelli trilobi laciniis lateralibus ovatis planis intermedià retusà undulata ramentaceo-cristatà, calcare cylindraceo obtuso ovario subequali. (Hb. Burchell, No. 6611.) Jn agro Zwellendam, prope Zoetemelks Rivier. Vix pedalis. Scapus vaginis tribus dis- tantibus acuminatis. Folia rigida. ll. E.üssochiloides ; foliis lineari-lan- ceolatis suberectis scapo brevioribus, ra- cemo laxo 8—9-floro, bracteis lanceolatis acuminatis patentibus, sepalis lineari-ob- longis obtusis, petalis obtusissimis latiori- bus brevioribusque, labello trilobo laciniis ralibus membranaceis ovatis intermedia oblonga subcuneatá retusà carnosá, venis tribus lacero-cristatis, calcare conico in- curvo. (Hb. Burchell, No. 6764) Cum pre- e. E. Spithameus. Scapus vaginis 2—3 dis- E tantibus, Folia palmaria, inter carinata et tantia, Flores magis carnosi quam in . Speciebus huic proximis. Cyupipium. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 161. Mr. Harvey has found at the Cape a Plant that has escaped the notice of all other observers, and which he calls C. pl- eatem. I have seen no specimen; but the figure and accompanying description leave no doubt of its being distinct from C. acu- leatum, Cymbidium plicatum: Harv. MSS. — Seapo | erecto vaginato multifloro, spica vata, bracteis ovario longioribus lineari- ara. sepalis erectis obtusis, labello obo, lobis lateralibus obtusis incurvis Pea) sind involuto ciliato, foliis radi- a nsilormibus plicatis scapo longio- Oymbidium pli : : plicatum. Harv. in Hook. Te. Plant. t. 104. Wet spots by the side of drains and in ma « igi 3 Mes Flats" near Wynberg n NOTES UPON SOME GENERA AND SPECIES OF ORCHIDACE £. 203 Root, one or more fleshy oblong or fasi- form transversely fasciated tubers, with fleshy fibres from the crown. Leaves ra- dical, about three, ensiform, strongly pli- cate, acute, the lowest short, the next longer than the scape, erect, they and the scape inclosed in a common radicular sheath. Scape straight, cylindrical, sim- ple, sheathed, from the base to the apex, glabrous, bearing an ovate dense spike of white flowers; sheaths foliaceous, green, acute, striate, loose, erect; bractee linear- lanceolate, acute, longer than the ovarium. Sepals erect, never expanded ; three outer ovato-oblong, obtuse, of equal length, the dorsal narrowest, the two lateral slightly keéfed ; inner obovato-elliptical, very ob- tuse, rather shorter. Labellum articulat- ed with the prominent base of the column, erect, t teat the b A 1 tas] g the sepals, trilobed, lateral lobes connivent, oblong, obtuse, medial rather the longest, truncate, its margins involute and waved, its surface adorned with about four rows of white cilie, which at its base are united into two prominent longitudinal ribs, reach- ing to the base of the labellum. Column short, about half as long as the labellum, prominent at the base ; oblong, flat in front, rounded behind, with a triangular cavern- ous perforation near the apex, round the walls of which stigmatic tissue is develop- ed. Pollen-masses geminate, solid, at- tached to a common scale at the apex of the perforation, concealed beneath a cucul- late, deciduous hood. Ovarium clavate, spirally twisted, sessile, six-ribbed. Cap- sule pyriform. Harvey. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 189. 1. C. foliosa; vaginis scapi foliosis, foliis strictis ensiformibus, racemo multi- floro vagina supremá paulo longiore, (brac- teis acuminatissimis laceris floribus longi- oribus,) perianthii carnosi laciniis lanceo- latis acutis subequalibus, labello concavo subrotundo trilobo lobo intermedio emar- ginato medio parcé papilloso basi tricris- tato. AM : Inter Basche et Omtala in graminosis. Caulis sesquipedalis feré ad racemum CYRTOPERA. 204 usque vaginis foliosis instructus; lamina vaginarum ensata. Folia scapi longitudine, stricta, ensiformia, plana, striata, costis tri- bus conspicuis, in sicco 4 lineas (verosimi- liter semunciam) latis. Racemus 23 poll. Bractee fisse et quasi ramentacee ; an casu! Flores valde carnosi, subglobosi. Sepala lateralia basi producta, ob pedem column: qui brevior est quam in pluribus alis speciebus. Zabellum quodammodo obovatum, concavum, carnosissimum, tu- berculis tribus oblongis contiguis ad basin cristatum ; ultra tubercula pareé papillo- sum I have only seen a single specimen of this remarkable plant, which appears to have been only once found by Mr. Drége. It will stand next C. plantaginea. It is very singular that Cyrtopera pedi- cellata, the Satyrium Capense of Linneus, which Thunberg says grows near Zeeko- rivier and elsewhere, has not been found in any of the rich collections of Messrs. Ecklon, Drége, and Burchell, nor in the old Herbarium of Vahl and Horneman, nor in any of the numerous small collec- tions I have examined. The specimen in the Linnean Herbarium, without leaves, shows that I was right in considering it a Cyrtopera. It is very distinct from any thing else, and is, perhaps, the smallest of the genus. It is most like a small state of Eulophia tristis. Lissocuitus.1 Gen. et Sp. Orch. 191. E L streptopetalus, Lindl Sepala et labellum pauló acutiora. Vischrivier ; Zwa artkopsrivier. 2. L. equalis ; foliis ensiformibus acu- sepalis petalisque subequalibus ovato-ob- ongis obtusis, labelli lobis lateralibus ro- tundatis intermedio oblongo obtuso sulcato. Zuurebergen in graminosis. Scapus 11 pedalis, foliis longior. Brac- ie? acuminate, ovarii longitudine. Race- mus sub-8-floru 4 L platypetatus ; hilus speciosus near Ui- ; it exists in his Hee (No. 4262), but ; have never seen it in any other collection. NOTES UPON ‘SOME GENERA AND SPECIES OF ORCHIDACER, ribus, vaginis scapi laxis cucullatis, laxo multifloro, sepalis ovatis acutis re petalis subrotundis apiculatis planis t brevioribus, labello carnoso hastato levit saccato ; lobis lateralibus parvis triangula. ribus intermedio oblongo tuberculis tri crenatis seriebusque 5 papillarum in dis In collibus calcareis Kopje ; Zee gen in sazosis. Pedalis sesquipedalisque. Scapus l et distanter vaginatus. Racemus. 10—12-florus. Labellum lineari-obl gum, margine membranaceum; cy parvo trituberculato circa faucem Né discus apice tuberculis 3 oblongis carno crenatis inter que et saccum adsunt paj le numeros: sub-5-seriate demum in uni- cam connatæ quæ sacculum attingit. 4 I can find nothing in Mr. D col- lections that will agree with the Satyr giganteum of Linnæus, which is possibly an Eulophia, rather than a Cyrtopera, I supposed in the Gen. et Sp. Orch. 190. N Gen. et Sp. Orch. 245. . A. arcuatum ; caulescens, foliis dis ce lineari- -oblongis obtusissimis em ginatis, racemis multifloris foliis breviori- : bus, bracteis subrotundo-ovatis membra- naceis concavis, sepalis petalisq. acuminatissimis patentissimis, labello con- formi carinato revoluto, calcare arcuato tereti ovario duplò longiore. lbany, pia super arbores ;* etiam in coll. calcareo Kopje, paras. super TU" ces fruticum foliis multo brevioribus, mā- gis carnosis, apice obliqué bilobis; £ idem? flores desunt. Folia feré pollicem lata, x exit emarginata, in sicco striata, ie oe Racemus ascendens 4 poll. longus. á here supertecto. Pollinia2, spheric con totidem linearibus cartil æ cartilagineseadnalie cum, but I am too little acquainted uainted wi the Mauritius and Madagascar qe ? Near Graham's Town. ag e of its value. it is unaccompanied but should be placed next this as Angre- cum polystachyum. 9. A. bicaudatum ; caulescens, foliis is lineari-oblongis obliqué bilobis, spicis horizontalibus multifloris foliis bre- viori us, sepalis ovatis obtusiusculis, pe- is angustioribus, labello tripartito plano, linis lateralibus intermedie ovate æqua- libus linearibus apice multifidis, calcare recto cylindraceo ovario tripló longiore. dn E calc. Kopje, prope Zwartkops- uns species, epiphyta. licaris, Flores Caulis 3-pol- minuti; bracteis brevissi- . mis, membranaceis, obtusissimis, amplexi- . caulibus. ZLabelli lacinie laterales caudam quandam n pilosam simulant. Columna brevissim A very caen little species, with the habit of A. palmiforme, next which it might arranged, et coe 3. Angreci, sp. n. adest in herbario (No. 8269), in sylvis Outniqualand super arbores a Dregeo lecta; sed deflorata. Caulis est pedalis, foliis distichis recurvis apice inequaliter bilobis, lobo altero fal- cato altero brevissimo. 4. A. conchiferum ; pygmeum, caules- cens, foliis distichis linearibus inæqualiter bilobis vaginis verrucosis, pedunculis fili- formibus unifloris, sepalis petalisque seta- Ceo-acuminatis reflexis, labello semi-infun- dibulari r repando crenulato membranaceo, calcare horizontali longissimo filiformi. Outniqualand in sylvis. ulis pollicaris sesquipollicarisq. Folia coriacea, plana, pollicaria. Bractea ovata, cucullata, membranacea. Flos magnus in parva specie, calcare et labello simul Sumptis 2 poll. lon ngis | poem curious little species, of which len-masses of which had fallen away. The "ug and petals are quite membranous ; bellum is of the same texture, and : Eon also found this, but without flowers, amma Lake, in the district of Uitenhage. PUT DIEREER S Ui Peto NOTES UPON SOME GENERA AND SPECIES OF ORCHIDACE E. 205° looks like one valve of a tiny delicate shell, with a long tube fastened gracefully to the hinge. If this is not the very model of a Triton's trumpet, I am sure it ought to have been . sacciferum ; acaule, foliis lineari- lasindejiià distichis obtusis obliqué emar- ginatis, scapis subtrifloris foliorum longitu- dine, bracteis subrotundo-ovatis cucullatis, pedicellis filiformibus, sepalis oblongis acutis, petalis ovatis, labello cucullato ventricoso acuto, calcare brevissimo scro- E o 1. Outniqualand sup. arb.; etiam inter Key et Basche.? Herba pusilla, facie Trizeuxeos, Orni- — similiumque. Flores minutis- 3 "This and the next exhibit the genus Angrecum in a very pigmy state; they belong to the set of Angrecum caulescens. 6. A. pusillum; acaule, folis lineari- bus falcatis striatis acutis apice obliquis, spicis erectis laxifloris foliis longioribus, bracteis brevibus diaphanis cucullatis, se- palis petalisque ovatis subequalibus con- niventibus, labello subrotundo-ovato acuto concavo postico, calcare recto ovario bre- < p.: o re. Super arbores prope Boschrivier ; Out- niqualand, prope Koratra. Species delicatula, inter muscos vegetans, facie omnino Phreatie elegantis sed minor. 7. Angreci? sp. due alt. adsunt, Dre- geo inter Key et Basche lecte ;—sed flo- HM or ce non determinande (No. MysTACIDIUM. Perianthium patens, equale, petaloide- 2 Near the Nysna. rchell. 3 The West coast of Africa has lately afforded some remarkable species from the colony of Sierra Leone, of which A. Se Bot. Reg. 1112, A. distichum, ib. 1781, and A. caudatum, ib. 1844, have already been published. I am, seria acquainted with the fol- lowing, all of which have —— in the collection of Messrs. Loddi "e of Hackney :— A. pertusum ; dunes foliis distichis loratis ob- liqué ‘pilobis, icu recurvis secundis densifloris, se- palis ovatis rupem patentissimis petalis paulo mino- reflexo apiculato infra Folia 4—5 poll. longa, suprà leviter ter scrobiculata in- frà purpureo-punctata, valde carnosa, duas tertias pol- linis lata. Flores purpurascentes, densè 206 um. .Labellum calcaratum, cum columna articulatum, limbo indiviso. Columna brevis, recta, carnosa, semiteres, apice utrinque processu longo lineari instructa. -Rostellum ovatum, elongatum, convexum, nudum. Anthera membranacea 2-locula- ris. Pollinia duo, dorso excavata caudi- culà longà bicruri; cruribus filiformibus glandulis tot membranaceis peltatim inser- tis, Epiphyta, habitu Angreci. 1. M filicorne. (Limodorum longicornu, Swz. Angrecum capense. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 248. Epidendrum capense, L.) Vischrivier ; super arbores prope Enon. Planta epiphyta ; tota palmaris, brevis- sima, semipoll. lata, obliqué emarginata. Racemus multiflorus, subsecundus, ab ima basi floridus. Sepala et petala lineari- lanceolata, apice recurva. Calear filiforme, apice infundibulare, sesquipoll. longum, arcuatum, dependens. Zimbus labelli li- neari-lanceolatus, carinatus, basi gibbosus. Anthera apice truncata, brevis, rostellum nullo modo tegens. Appendices columne lineares, canaliculate, diaphane, obtuse, seriebus pluribus papillarum purpurearum transversis quasi barbate. With the habit of an Angrecum this curious little plant has characters of so marked a kind as render it impossible to combine it with that genus. The curious two-legged caudicula, each point of which is inserted into the middle of a transparent gland, the naked rostellum, on which the cundi. Racemus 4—5 poll. longus. Bractee minime acute. Labellum fauce calcaris orbiculari infra me- Ero cone nec ad ipsam basin ut in reliquis » gracile, foliis subulatis, caulesce fk a — acutis, petalis Sisi ibas acutis pa auld brevioribus nudo, et recto filiformi ovario longiore: res parvi, Abe. solitarii. lo Columna brevissima. Poe Angreci A.c mum ; caulescens, foliis crassissimis en siformi recurvis apice acutatis bilobis lobo tis € spicà horizontali ase pee subt terran ien eis ovatis is ri i rigidis bicis se vedo pina dr, labello ovato cucullato 9 nudo, caleare sigmoideo p bi. Ov a. a dorso, , Calcar, et labelli venter nigro-pilosa. viride et incrassatum hera trunca cm rostellum shaped m non fegeps caudicula linearis simplex ; glandula linearis, acuta, as cendens, NOTES UPON SOME GENERA AND SPECIES OF ORCHIDACES, | legs of the caudicula are placed witho any protection from the anther, and two very curious bearded appendages stand forward from the upper angles of from those genera will be sufficiently vious. HororHmix. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 283. The addition of several new species this genus renders it necessary to alter ad extend the characters of the two previously described. l. H. squamulosa ; strigosa, foliis oni culatis squamulosis, spicà densá secundi, labello cuneato 5-lobo calcare brevissimo. conico inflexo. Liefde, Korat ele ad neta Folia bina, 1—13 poll. lata, orbiculata, horizontalia, carnosa, supra squamulis acutis versus onga. Bractee longitudine ovarii, a : minate, hirsutissime. Ovarium stri ; et sepala, que sequalia sunt, ovata, aisle Petala linearia, hinc repanda, carnost — crystallino - papillosa, labelli longitudine. - Labellum concavum, oblongo-cuneatum, | 9-lobum, crystallino-papillosum ; laciniis | linearibus obtusis. Calcar parvum coni- - cum inflexum. Bs. Ovarium in hác et omnibus spe ciebus non omninó torquetur ut in pluribus Diar aps. Sale cry ree opi! dr rl ctl ka MERE i aliis Orchidaceis, sed collum suum abruptè - deflectit et simul pre. em flores hori- - zontales fiunt ovario erec 2 . Harveiana ; ipiis binis ovatis strigosis, scapo retrorsum piloso, spicà ie cundaé multiflora, labello quinquelobo: care horizontali abrupte Lindl. in Hook. Ic. Plant. v. 2. t. Low sandy moist plains, called “ Flats,” which extend almost from False Bay, sometimes abundant. Tuber oblongum, indivisum, — tum. Folia bina, radicalia, patentia, ovata, ta, Scapus erectus, simplex, 6—10 un- — eias longus, spicam elongatam, secundam, - florum viridium gerens, setosus; sete de- — flexe breves. Bractee ovate, acute, hir- sute, ovarium semiequantes. Sepala ap- essa, equalia, oblongo-ovata, obtusa, pubescentia, viridia. Petala sepalis du- pló longiora, linearia, obtusa; divergentia, gum, concavum, quinquefidum; /acinie duo superiores laterales breves, dentiformes, duo intermedie subulate, obtuse, patentes, inferior reliquis sublongior, inflexa, sub- acuta. Columna brevissima. nthera cucullata, membranacea, bilocularis ; locu- lis distantibus. . Pollinia duo, clavata, di- ~ Ovarium spiraliter tortum, tricdutetani, hirsutum. Harve 9. H. villoja ; mollitia et patentim hir- . Suta, foliis orbiculatis acutis, spicá quaqua- . vers’, labello ovato trifido calcare recto A ers rk eo DM DES 3 ENERO dic pue cute KL es T RNC MEETS ia : bina, horizontalia, orbiculata, acuta, pilis longissimis intricatis vestita. 4 poll. altus, pilis longissimis, fer- rugineis (in mer horizontalibus villosus, Iu S pica quaquaversa 2 poll. longa. ractee ovate, acuminate, ovarii longitu- . dine, pilis raris rigidis basi bulbosis munite. Sepala ovata, acutiuscu- Petala linearia, basi latiora, labello ®qualia. Labellum ovatum, concavum, Semi-3-fidum, laciniis a latá basi linearibus is. Calcar rectum, obtusum, leve, Sepalorum longitudine ie H. parvifolia (Gen. et Sp. Orch. 283); E Solitario ovato-subrotundo hispido, Po strigoso, spicá quaquaversá, labello concavo trilobo : laciniis ovatis patentibus, E. Pda conico horizontali labelli longitu- — Hook. Ic. Plant. v. 2. t. 108. B. is not in Mr. Drége’s collection. Mr Harvey finds it ovii in the begin- ie a ae Nx NOTES UPON SOME GENERA AND SPECIES OF ORCHIDACES. * 207 ning of November, in the driest and most barren hills and wastes in a stony or gra- velly soil about Cape Town and Wynberg. The term lanuginose applied to the plant in the G. and S. Orch. was inadvertently employed for hirsute. acilis ; pilosa, foliis geminis cipi: m scrobiculatis, spicé rará sub- secundá, labello trifido laciniis linearibus canaliculetis, calcare horizontali conico apice incurvo sepalis sequali. Tafelberg. Subpedalis, patentim pilosa. Scapus evaginatus. ractee ovate, acuminate, ovario breviores, pilis longis rigidis mu- nite. Flores glabri. Sepala lateralia hinc denticulata. Petala linearia canaliculata et x levia. curva ; pilosa, foliis spicà se- condi iabello 5-fido laciniis linearibus eequalibus, calcare brevissimo inflato in- curvo, sepalis apice pilosis. Katberg. Quatuor ad quinque poll. alta. Scapus evaginatus, pilis horizontalibus vestitus. Spica 14 poll longa. DBractee ovate, acuminate, ovarii longitudine, pilis longis ciliate. Sepala acuta, apice pilosa. Petala inearia et labellum in lacinias lineares se- miquinquefidum levia. 7. H. exilis (Gen. et Sp. Orch. 289); pilosiuscula, folio solitario ovato, spicá subspirali pauciflorà, labello trilobo: laci- niis lateralibus nanis, calcare conico in- curvo sepalis obtusis glabris breviore. Not among Mr. Drége's plants. ScoPULARIA. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 308. 1. S. Burchelli, Lindl.; bracteis se- palisque glabris, petalis labelloque setaceo- multifidis, spicà subspirali. ria prope Zwartkopsrivier; Zuure- 2 "S secunda ; bracteis hirsutissimis, sepalis apice pau, petalis 3-fidis, labello multifido, spicà densissima secun a. simus. Folium in meo exemplare unicum, planum, orbiculare, supra glabrum, mar- gine ciliatum. Flores parvi, densi, secun- di, facie Spiranthis cujusdam. 208 NOTES UPON SOME GENERA AND SPECIES OF ORCHIDACEX. — villosissime, leviter crenulate, ovate, acu- minatis subequalibus, calcare arcuatoa minate, ovario pauló longiores. Sepala ovarii longitudine. | ovata, acuta, subsqualia, apice pilosa. Inter Omtala et Omsamwubo, Petala membranacea, lineari-cuneata, la- Vix pedalis. Spica laxa. Flores pan ciniis tribus equalibus filiformibus, non Sepalum dorsale concavum subrotund Setaceis, parte indivis& pauló brevioribus. ovatum.—Next H. lancifolia. Labellum cucullatum, cuneatum, laciniis : 9 proportione simili et magnitudine. Cal- BowaTEA. Gen. et Sp. Orch, 327. car a facie compressum et subsulcatum, 1. B. speciosa, W. obtusum, curvatum, labello dupló brevius. — Znter Greenevalei et Ruigtevalei, This new and most distinct species of . B. clavata; caule folioso, foliis lan- Scopularia has exactly the anther of that ceolatis sensim in vaginas oblongas acutas first described; it differs in the dense se- cucullatas mutatis, racemo multifloro com- cund arrangement of its flowers, in its pacto, floribus longé pedicellatis, b somewhat hispidly hairy bracts, and in the pedicellis longioribus convolutis acutis, size, number, and proportion of the lace- floribus galeatis, petalis bipartitis : le rations of the petals and labellum. filiformibus recurvis posteriore dupló t viore, labello 3-partito laciniis setaceo-hii formibus petalis brevioribus, rostello l. H. cornuta; caule basi folioso, fo- obtuso glabro antherâ breviore, canalibu liis oblongis abruptè in vaginas imbricatas stigmaticis longissimis acuminatis, proc acutas mutatis, racemo densissimo multi- subus carnosis clavatis emarginatis galee x floro, bracteis obovato-oblongis acutis ova- longitudine, calcare pedicello breviore a rio brevioribus, petalis bipartitis a gale& ce clavato obtusissimo. carinat liberis: laciniis posterioribus se- Inter Gekam et Basche. ; e taceis anterioribus rigidis carnosis cornutis Bipedalis et ultra, facie B. cirrhate, m HABENARIA. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 306. ki td recurvis multó brevioribus, labelli tripartiti ter quam et speciosam locum tenet que carnosi laciniis lateralibus convexis acu- medium ab utráque diversissima. 2 minatis falcatis intermediá lineari-lanceo- 3. B. £etrapetala ; caule folioso, foliis laté deflex4 subequali, calcare clavato api- lanceolatis sensim in vaginas acuminatas : ce inflato pendulo ovarii longitudine. s: mutatis, racemo longo laxo multifloro, fo- l Prope Omsamculo. ribus longé pedicellatis, bracteis acumina- Sesquipedalis. Petala cornuta semun- tis pedicellis longioribus, sepalis o d i 4 iam longa. Anthere steriles membrana- reflexis dorsali angustissimo, petalis Ac Cem emarginate. Processus carnosi crassi anticis ovatis convexis subunguiculatis " clavati truncati. Rostellum parvumovatum. carnosis posticis linearibus sepalo dorsali v A most remarkable species, with the an- eequalibus, labello 3-partito lacinus laton i terior segments of its petals long, fleshy, libus lineari-lanceolatis intermedia lineari recurved, and looking very like the horns brevioribus, rostello subulato erecto e p of some animal ; and broader, not narrower, there longitudine, processubus than the back segments. It must be placed clavatis petalis anticis brevioribus, calcare next H. vesiculosa. I think we have here clavato pedicello longiore. the most direct transition to Bonatea, but Inter Basche et Omtala. : the upper lip of the stigma is so little deye- Bi- tripedalis. Flores inter iE loped that the species agrees essentially A very curious species, with 1s with the character of Habenaria. so completely separated, each into bg ti z nt Mec folis lineari-lanceola- that the flower is really tetrapetalous. 8 acuminatis basi subcordatis subito ; i bracteas foliaceas acuminatas (C adm TaPHnia. Gen. et Sp. Orch. as : ores mutatis, petalis bipartitis: lacinia ante- The parts of fructification riore setacoh. posteriori lanceolate equali, are so exceedingly delicate anc labelli tripartiti laciniis rectis angustis acu- ous, that in a dried state I find it to satisfy myself of the description have given of the anther in the G'enera Species of Orchideous Plants, being sct. In the collection of Mr. Drége is second species, the parts of which are a little more fleshy, and easy to examine; of the anther of that a description follows :— l. T. secunda, spicà flexuosa multi- flor, sepalis labello medio pubescente tripló brevioribus. Koratra. Variat foliis ovatis et suborbiculatis. 2 T. parviflora; spicà rectiusculà pauciflorà, sepalis labello glaberrimo pauló brevioribus. .. Lwaanepelspoort. _ Folia 2, plana, ovato-subrotunda, acuta, glaberrima. — Scapus 4 poll. altus, basi pi- losus, vaginis nullis. Spica 5-flora. Flo- res quam in T, secunda tripló breviores. Bractee acuminate ovario equales. Sepala membranacea, ascenden- m, basi labello adnata. Labellum peta- S paulo brevius, omninó nudum; lacinia Anthera lo- tenue, utrinque leviter plicatum ad glan- dulas recipiendum, medio in mucrone plano "ecurvo productum sren-lobed lip, if it were not that the . Petals stand erect in their usual position, e pull the lip up to them by means of E membrane that connects them. Buccuriwa. 5 Flore ringentes, Calyx galeatus; se- . upremo minore, lateralibus basi la- ! obliquè adnatis. Petala carnosa, entata, conniventia verosimiliter is duplo majora. Zabel- NOTES UPON SOME GENERA AND SPECIES OF ORCHIDACE X. 209 lum concavum, alté partitum, calcaratum. Herba, acaulis ; radicibus testiculatis, fo- lus orbiculatis horizontalibus, scapo eva- ginato glabriusculo. i As a genus this differs from ZrypAia im its petals not being united with the label- lum; and from Platanthera in its column having the two sides brought forward and adherent to the face of the labellum; it also differs from both in its fleshy broad- toothed concave petals, which stand erect, and apparently adhere by their edges into a sort of vaulted pointed arch, giving the flower the appearance of having two little cheeks (Buccule). Bucculina aspera. Inter Mierenkasteel et Zwartdoorn- rivier. Vix palmaris. Radices testiculate, to- mentosæ. Folia bina, orbiculata, glabra. Scapus basi retrorsüm pilosus, sursüm glaber, evaginatus. Spica 4—5-flora, laxa, ut omnes partes floris levissimé pubescens. i diametro semunciali. Brac- tee obovate, cuspidate, ovario duplo bre- viores. Sepala ovata, obtusa, subcarnosa ; supremum dupló minus lateralibus. Pe- tala subrotundo-ovata, acuta, magis car- nosa, sepalis dupló majora, dente valido in margine anteriore, inconspicuo in posteri- ore; in fornicem acutatam coherentia. La- bellum ceteris partibus longius, concavum, papillis crystallinis exasperatum, medio barbatum, 5-partitum: laciniis linearibus, obtusis; calcare arcuato, compresso (?), labello dupló breviore et cum eo subparal- lelo. Anthera brevis; quantum videre li- cuit in flore unico quem examinavi fabricá Platanthere ; marginibus columns pro- ductis, membranaceis, faciei labelli adnatis. STENOGLOTTIS. Sepala conniventia, libera, equalia. Petala tenuiora, libera, concava. Labellum posticum, lobatum, liberum, ecalcaratum. Anthera erecta, loculis basi divergentibus ; glandulis polliniorum nudis post rostellum absconditis. Stigma labio superiore (7os- tello) minimo tridentato utrinque leviter o 210 saccato ad glandulas abscondendas, in- feriore elongato lingueformi.—Herba ter- restris, radicibus fasciculatis, foliis rosu- latis, scapo vaginato. This remarkable genus has the habit of a Neottieous plant, rather than of one of © present section. In character it ap- proaches Arnottia, but differs, if that plant is correctly described, in its petals being distinct from the labellum, and in its stig- ma. I confess, however, I have some doubt whether there may not be some mistake about the characters of Arnottia, especially if Amphorchis inermis really belongs to that genus ; and I regret exceedingly that I should never have been so fortunate as to meet with specimens ofit ; but still, suppos- ing it to be incorrectly described, its solitary radical leaves render it probable that it will be found distinct from Stenoglottis. l. S. fimbriata. Inter Omsamwubo and Omsamcabe. Folia rosulata, oblongo-lanceolata, ob- tusa, margine infra medium crispo, 2—21 poll. longa. Scapus pedalis sesquipedalis- que, squamis distantibus ovatis, acutis, vaginatus. Spica secunda, densa, multi- flora, glabra. Bractee lanceolate, acumi- nate, ovario breviores, Sepala ovata, ob- tusiuscula, concava; supremum pauló an- gustius. Petala oblonga, concava, valdé membranacea, margine serrulata et quasi fimbriata. Labellum sepalis longius, pos- ticum, lineare, canaliculatum, membrana- BARTHOLINA. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 333. The following two species are confound- ed up to the present time. B. Burmanniana (Ker in Brane’s Journal, Orchis pectinata, Thunb.) ; brac- tea ovario Sepalisque extus hirsutissimis, labello sepalis triplo longiore. Dutoits Kloof. A dwarfer plant than the following. Lip more than an inch long. 2. B. pectinata (Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 20. 1653); bractea pubescente, ovari O Sẹ- A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF palisque pilosiusculis, labello sepalis d longiore. Langekloof. Lip in a dried state but little more than half an inch long. A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE LATE RICHARD CUN- - NINGHAM, COLONIAL BOTAN- | IST IN NEW SOUTH WALES. ~ (With a Portrait.) Scarcely had the public expression of the Editor of the present Journal had felt. i a deep interest, than a report reached this A country of the death of Mr. Richard Cun- ningham, by the hands of savages, in the — interior of New Holland. So vague, how- | ever, were the statements received in the first instance, that we hesitated to give | them publicity: but at length they were confirmed by official communications from the Government of New South Wales: offer some account of another victim to cause of Science. We are indebted me most of the particulars of his life and death to one who knew him intimately from childhood, and whose affectionate kindness towards him was returned by the most 4 voted respect and attachment. Richard | Cunningham was born of hum- ble, but respectable parents, in the Ee of Surrey, on the 12th of Fi bruary, 1793. Whilst he was yet 2n his mother died, and at the early age | six years, his father removed him from :1 preparatory school in his native ns E an Academy at Putney, conducte 5 Rev. John Adams, a.m. Under de jo and tuition of that eminent Scotch ™ upwards of seven years, and. education pursued in that period, the Greek and Latin Classics, tics, the English language, gene so tory, &c. At an early age, his 08” mind, though, as it were, but in was discernible by his preceptor. EDS RACE SON Lippy Martin k e ONG c) His chief studies were the grammatical construction of the English language and logic, while a love for argument and close He was, in his boyish days, a warm admirer of the works of our standard English writ- _ ers, and would peruse with the utmost at- - tention, the productions of the Immortal _ Bard, of Milton, Addison, Pope, Goldsmith, . and their contemporaries; to all which, his master, perceiving his assiduity, granted him free access in his own library. It was a remark often made by his school- fellows, and not unworthy of notice here, that whilst Richard’s brother, who evinced far less application to study of any de- scription, aspired, during his hours of re- creation, to the society of the elder boys, who were far advanced in the Greek and Latin Classics, as well asthe higher branches of Mathematics, and who walked and talked differently and separately from all others of the school, the subject of our memoir was uniformly to be observed in some snug corner of the ample play-ground, where mut amusement, not in tops, marbles, rige and such trifling matters, but in the ies rational exercise of playing Vil- ~ Er hoolmaster. There he might be een, in the midst of a little circle, con- sting of a few lads of his own age, or a and about of his own standing, he had, by his agreeable manner, persuaded to "ed rad engaged between school- aec hap and listen with atten- ee Dokii oo from Shakespeare Which he oa : iani of each passage, No hc n s — with force and Ni pub! ded on one or other of be ioe A itors, to contribute some- he nsn = om respective readings, on garded ciet : bdsm of which, as re- Mim i; Fase nflection, emphasis, and na T he = the right of de- by ..en he would vary the scene, : y stg the school-ground Course of E NM ree citations into a de- d bie dir was then just advanced ight mas e year, end his great do- ite little discussions on sub- THE LATE MR. RICHARD CUNNINGHAM. quit the gambols in which. 211 jects within the grasp of his companions, whom he would adroitly lead into some fallacy, and then, in the warmth of their controversy, just before the school-bell again rang to recal them to study, he would step in, and in two words, point out the line of argument that should have been pursued in order to afford a satisfactory solution of the question. Now, how readily do we discern in this little anecdote of Richard Cunningham's ays at school, the dawning of that cast of mind in the mere boy, which so fully de- veloped itself afterwards in the full-grown man! To the truth of this fact, many of our readers, who may have been intimately acquainted with Mr. Cunningham during the last twenty years of his residence in England, can bear full and ample testimony. At the age of fifteen years, he entered the service of W. T. Aiton, Esq., at Ken- sington, who was then engaged in publish- ing a second edition of Hortus Kewensis, With that gentleman he continued as a clerk for nearly six years, until the whole of that long-looked-for work appeared, and an epitome of the same for the use of gar- deners, in one small 8vo. volume, was pub- lished. He then removed to the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew, and there, as an amanuensis attached to that establishment, almost wholly immured from the world, and cut off from personal intimacy with men of science, although known by name to many British and Continental Botanists, eighteen of the best years of his life were suffered to roll by! During nearly the whole of this time, his elder brother was labouring in New South Wales and else- where in the southern hemisphere, to ad- vance the Botanic, Geographic, and other Sciences. But that brother came home in the summer of 1831, and from that period the thread of the spell by which Mr. Rich- ard Cunningham had so long been bound to the King’s Garden, as a monk to his cloister or cell, may be said to have been - broken. | One of the earliest, and, it may be add- ed, one of the most earnest solicitudes of Mr. Allan Cunningham was to see his bro- 212 ther advanced to that situation of life where his great mental energies (which at Kew, from an absolute want of substantial intel- lectual occupation, sunk into a dormant condition) should find full employment ; and where an ample scope would be afford- ed for their more perfect expansion. A situation, in fine, where his talents gene- rally, and especially his knowledge of Bo- tany, which had long lain dormant, could be employed to the benefit of mankind, to the advancement of Science, and to the build- ing up of that honest fame and reputation to which his known character and abilities entitled him, and which all his real friends long wished to see conceded to him. Such a walk in life, just fitted to his ha- bits, and every way suitable to awaken his slumbering energies, was not long in being thrown open to his view. In May, 1832, the death of the late. Mr. Charles Fraser, Colonial Botanist and Superintendent of , the Botanic Garden at Sydney, was offici- ally announced by the Governor of the Colony to the Secretary of State, and the appointment thus vacated was given to Mr. R. Cunningham, upon the strong recom- mendation of Mr. Brown, who represented as an individual every way qualified for such a situation. In August of that year, he embarked! for New South Wales llowing extract from a letter written to the s he was to ren- in his power to Botany, and to his ** Ship (cms x sue August ructions from him to look after Deesonis i in n all ia Pater; a leafless qua- drangular I enhmer V* ) near Sydney H 1 A» Sea-weeds of | all kinds ; dio Senis; of remarkable Woods, the same of Maai Plants oy the Trunk of the Australian Todea (which he is posed to consider specifically distinct from the A can); stems of Xanthorrheas, especi y the ioni. t- coast Grasses (for I to work, occasionally, on M West and South-western colo- ; ed to differ from 7 hamii, on Wilooe's s Promontory; and another at Pon A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF with that appointment, the Secretary of : State having been pleased to make an in- Phillip, his (Mr. B.'s) variety Q- of B. integrifolia, but letters to your old friend, uis Honourable Mr. Mey, i Secretary to the Governor, with a parcel, containing eviews and other periodical works, in English and — — French, which he kindly permits me to peruse during the vo e. e" We a e now quite ready for starting, and having many hours great peu, — and we are now ví l to P» our situation, every one set- — to ting th ple t he best of existing ciromn- di stances. : ** We hay EY a ng the d — whose communications, some of hea really ME tyle, afford us daily amusement after a ion; it eed required of the Surgeon, that he examine all their letters to their friends, to see that 2 contain nothing objectionable. I ma Tam sony — 0 say it, an Aide-du-Camp in the shape of a : d : He actually pulled me up the — T e, oa 2 ^ a "t foi him at least a little more T air, i s I will P in mind y commission wit respect. m, and shou ULM obtain res se that I have been enabled to — to his sister en to point out à j See: tells me the impression in The letters of introduction which you have favour of Science." et eh ee in England his broth THE LATE MR. RICHARD CUNNINGHAM. crease on the salary that Mr. Cunningham's predecessor had received. Together with other ornamental and useful plants, which he had obtained permission to carry out with him in cases on the ship's deck, were some open boxes of Vines of approved kinds, both for wine and raisins. These had been very judiciously selected for the purpose by James Busby, Esq., during a tour, which that liberal-minded gentleman had prosecuted through some of the best vine districts of France and Spain. After a voyage of nearly eighteen weeks, Mr. Cunningham landed safely at Sydney, with his collection of living plants for the use of the colony, in very excellent condition. In January 1833, he entered on the super- intendence of the Botanic Garden in that colony with an earnestness and zeal which furnished good evidence of his having the improvement of the Establishment, in its several departments of Botany and Horti- culture, perfectly at heart. An experimen- tal ground was formed, in which the culti- vation and propagation of vines and fruit- trees generally, were particularly attended and from which the colonists have since received ample supplies of cutüngs. In the Botanical division, some improvements are made, and many of the rarer indigen- ous plants were brought in from remote localities, that had not previously found a Place in the garden; while numerous valu- able exotics, adapted to the soil and climate of the colony, were introduced. Thus, under the most favourable auspices, en- couraged by the local government, in pos- sion of a perfect knowledge of all that “ts, prior to his day, had already ef- i E their investigations of the ne ets ngdom, in acquiring which he de- ‘ita ordinary advantage from the per- n given him to inspect and arrange that "dn omae, whisk it had cost Pags ~ is long residence in the coun- Melo in—thus we say, provided, did unningham enter upon the duties 218 of Colonial Botanist in our Australian set- tlement.! No Naturalist could have gone from the land of his fathers to a foreign clime, bet- ter mentally equipped for botanic investi- gations. Besides, his labours were to be exerted on a continent, hardly one-seventh of which has, even to this day, been looked at ; such has been the apathetic coldness in matters of internal geographical investiga- tion of the local governments; and such the incurious disposition of the colonists who now so firmly hold possession of the soil. That vast land ** Jay all before him, where to choose" his path, and every step he should take beyond the last foot-track of white man, would afford him new plants, new birds, new animals, and new beauties of wild and wood-land scenery on which the eye of a civilized being had never before been fixed ! Midst all these advantages, these noble prospects, in the best possible health and vigour, in an exceedingly salubrious cli- mate, and beneath that deep, deep blue sky which none can forget, who has ever ! He speaks of his arrival, and of poor Fraser's death in the following extract of a letter, dated ** Sydney, Feb. 9, 1833. ** Qur voyage, lasting one hundred and twenty-two he e but calms under the Line, a the East coast of this continent, extended it to what it is considered an average passage. My reception here, especially from His Excellency and Mr. M'Leay, has been most gratifying: the former having promised to afford me every facility for prosecuting my researches, ia Wr pU TM E V Amo OT y: = , P ing poor Fraser’s affairs, when I found that the fears many of his creditors assure me, that were he now alive, they would not press him for payment. The circumst ttending his decease were these :—He had gone with the carts to Bathurst for living plants. At Emu Plains, a distance of about twenty miles from 214 seen and enjoyed it, with, it may be said, a new world to work upon, Mr. Cunning- ham's career, alas! was destined to be but short! But the sad details of the arrest he met with, in the midst of his public labours, will be told in a few words presently. In 1833, the Home Gov determined to despatch a store ship to New outh Wales with convicts, and with in- structions to proceed afterwards to New Zealand, to cut spars of Kauri Pine, (Dam- mara Australis, Lamb.) forthe Royal Navy, His Majesty’s Ship Buffalo, having been put on commission, sailed from Portsmouth on that service. The master commanding this vessel received instructions from the Admiralty to take Mr. Cunningham on board at Sydney, in order that he might accompany the Expedition to New Zea- land, with a view of affording his botanical aid in the selection of the particular spars adapted for main-top-masts for first-rates, which were then required for the public service, Of the particular tree, as it stood majestic in its native forests, not a soul on board had the least knowledge. The Buf- falo reached Sydney at the latter end of the year, and having landed her convicts, was soon again ready for sea. At length the Colonial Botanist embarked, and was received with joy by the Commander and Officers, who were glad to have a scientific man with them on the speculative voyage on which they were to proceed. With what energy did our friend enter upon this new service! The repeated voyages of circumnavigation of the Australian conti- nent, made, years before, by his brother with Captain King, recurred to his mind, and if there were wanting a further incen- tive to exertion, beyond the gratification of having so excellent an opportunity of exploring islands, the Botany of which was so little and so imperfectly known, that stimulus was supplied by the public letter sent from the Colonial Government by order from England, which stated that all the expenses he might incur, whilst engaged in that service, would be discharged out of the Colonial coffers. , having A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF for sea, stood out of the port, wi As the Commander of His Maje ship had to confer with the Missionar on the best mode of proceeding so as to obtain the prescribed kind of spars, those gentlemen, from their intimate acquaint- ance with the natives, and their knowledge of various remote inlets on the eastern - coast, occasionally visited by them in pro- — secuting the designs of the Mission, being supposed to possess the best information on the subject, the Bay of Islands, on the shores of which are situated the Mission : Stations, was the first port visited by Expedition. The information obtained, however, proving by no means equal to what he had been led at Port Jackson to expect, the Commander made but a short stay at the Bay of Islands (the rendezvous i Cunningham, who had landed with the Officers at the Bay of Islands, it may be observed, had his first look at the indigen: ous vegetation, on its southern shore, a among the plants recognized several that he had already seen in the Herbarium, formed by his brother in 1826. ge At Wangaroa, circumstances obliged Mr. Cunningham to quit the Store Ship altogether; and having furnished : at Port Jackson with tents, he encamped, and lived entirely on shore ; having, more over, made a friendly acquaintance gai Chief, he hired natives to accompany him | on his excursions, and purchased a can0® — to enable him to examine with i attention, the shores of the meet rform excursions along the coast Wh 77 = It may here be just observed, in his outset to procure at Wangaroa, and preparing th the de- the Store Ship, the trees from the ravınes he recalled the felling gangs, signof visiting the more remote parts of the coast to the South, hoping there to effect the ulterior objects of his voyage. . Here, then, terminated Mr. Cunning- ham's connexion with His Majesty's Ship . Buffalo. Thus left alone, without a single European as friend or servant, on the shores of a harbour densely inhabited by savages, who had, but a few years before, massacred the crew of the Ship Boyd, and more re- cently had seized upon the houses and property of the! Wesleyan Missionaries, - who, after much fatigue, privation, and in- sult had effected a settlement among them . thus left alone, Mr. Cunningham was immediately assured by the natives, that his life was perfectly safe with them, as . they knew he was the brother of a man, who had, some seven years previously, lived and travelled with them in their na- tive woods, and who, on taking his farewell leave, distributed among them many little tokens of his regard for them, as well as proofs of the high esteem in which he held men who, although savages, nay, even . cannibals, possessed generous minds, and SOR In February 1827, these excellent and highly ex- “mplary persons were obliged by the natives to retire : ey from the beautiful valley in which they , 5 t I! i d p established themselves, The savages forcibly took possession of e ‘lie - There, as if actuated by one common emo- » they all turned to take a last farewell look at the avages, excited by wild exultation, amidst the ton they had scattered around. Their 2om- Ai y 4 4.25 Aia a e and had cost them many a long day's toil to rear, Ma etos. they now beheld a mass of bur s » Fr is scene, too grievous to be long Pon, they turned, and with uplifted hands and "de their onward path to the Bay of » in silence and in tears! THE LATE MR. RICHARD CUNNINGHAM. 215 powerful intellectual faculties. The sub- ject of our little memoir discovered at an early period, that his name, which the New Zealanders called Canni-nama, was a pass- port, a perfect safeguard to him wherever he rambled. With confidence, therefore in, and aided by, these grateful people, Richard Cunning- ham commenced his botanical labours on the hills, around the Harbour and Valley of Wangaroa. In the woods he first be- held the only Palm yet known to exist in New Zealand, Areca sapida (Soland.), and there he gathered specimens of a new ge- nus of Santalacee, which he named ‘from the natives, Mida, as also samples of se- veral plants of Cunoniacee, of the Linnean genus Weinmannia, and others closely al- lied to it. In these dark recesses, was dis- covered a slender tree, of remarkable ha- bit, having a flower that shows its close affinity with Brexia, a genus of M. Aubert du Petit Thouars, from which, however, it is essentially distinct in the structure of the oyarium, which has, in each cell, two collateral ovules. Quintinia, a genus of M. Alph. De Candolle, closely related to Escallonia and the only published species, a native of New South Wales, has another species in these rich woods, where also some Pittospora, quite unknown to Bota- nists, further rewarded the researches of our enterprizing traveller. Deep in the glens or ravines, where great shade and perpetual moisture reign, he beheld with delight the richness of the Filices of these regions, of which he gathered many a specimen. In those secluded dells, which are never warmed by a genial solar ray, he found several beautiful Epilobia, and in the rocky beds of small brooks, and growing below the surface of those rapid gurgling streams, was observed that charming little plant of Orchidee, an Acianthus, first seen by his brother in 1826, bearing its remarkable flowers. The skirts of these woods were overhung with those species of Clematis, which had been detected by Sir Joseph Banks, in the first voyage of Cook, blend- ed with two kinds of Rubus, remark- able for the elongated clusters in which . 216 their fruits are disposed. On the shores 'of the harbour, almost within the range of flood-tide, it afforded our Botanist (in his canoe-excursions with his Indian boys) great gratification to cull from the trunks of Metrosideros tomentosa (A. Rich.), call- ed Pohutukana by the natives, an orchi- deous Epiphyte, richly in flower, which M. Achille Richard has confounded with Dendrobium biflorum of Swartz, a plant exclusively indigenous to the Society Isles. Professor Lindley has, however, shown it to be very distinct, and has named it Den- drobium Cunninghamii (Bot. Reg. under fol. 1756). Quitting the harbour of Wangaroa, Mr. Cunningham now travelled from its en- trance southerly, along a line of sandy shore, not previously examined by Bota- nists. In this excursion, accompanied as he was by his friendly natives, he added many plants to his collections, of genera usually seen on the sea-coast, or in woods in its vicinity, his labours on this Occasion being especially rewarded by the discovery of an entirely new Fuchsia, which he found and in- not less did the scenery on either bank, and the character of that stream, call forth bis admiration. It is, to use the words of an eminent Missionary, “ a fine brawling torrent, in places very beautiful and roman- tic from its situation—here cutting its way through an extensive plain, there, rushing through A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF ing its limpid waters over precipices nin vities, or among crags and stones, or fli or one hundred feet in height, and itself into foam on the rocks bene (See Yate's Account of New Zealand, p In the woods, almost immediat below the larger of these! cataracts, by spray from which they are ever kept in very humid state, that rare and most. vered in New Zealand, alone exists, by reason of its pedicelled thece exserted upon a Receptacle, beyond urceolate Involucrum, thus presenting the orm of a spike or raceme, each capsu moreover, being furnished with an obliq annulus, constitutes the new and very dis- tinct genus, allied to Davallia, propos by Mr. Brown to be named Lozoma. Of estimated at sixty statute miles. | route in tth hd l wooded tracts, he added daily to his collection of speci- kianga River to the sea, our traveller " mined its very remarkable heads of en- trance, where, among other fine plants, Ae- discovered a new and beautiful Veromca, ! This splendid fall of the waters of the Keri pes which, says the Rev. W. Yate, in the per jai above cited, ** is poetically denominated by the ™ tives, the Waiani-waniwa, or “ Waters of b e Waiani-wantwa ow," is situated about two miles from the Mission , the m h^ posed of loose stoues, covered with Mosses F nid] such Phzenogamous plants as love a perpetual i 7? atmosphere. flower and fruit in great abundance. - vial appellation in the Botanical Magazine, . under folio 3461. Enraptured by the novelty and exuberant benevolence of those worthy men had at- . more swampy woods on which stream, he . observed with astonishment the Kahikatea or Swamp Pine (Dacrydium excelsum, 2 Don) laden with the climbing Freycinetia, ; rooting rope-like stem, with here and there a tuft of leaves, wound itself Spiraly to the summits of those straight and lofty trees. After devoting nearly a whole month to the neighbourhood of the river, he proceeded thence, back to the Bay of Islands, by a new route, extending : many miles through a heavily timbered B Wood, called “ the Great Forest,” through e Which the natives had cut a direct line of k Path, to facilitate the communication with ur Be Missionary Stations on the other coast. : une primeval wood, he viewed with admiration many fair and noble specimens i of the undisputed monarch of the forest, i the Kauri (Dammara Australis, Lamb.), T with their vast heads towering above the other gigantic timbers of those deeply- recesses, supporting on their upper ^u large tufts of idm eL à Epiphytes, the species of 1 Astelia, ori- ^v discovered by Sir Joseph Banks. 7S also Mr. Cunningham gathered ; Specimens in flower and fruit, of 1 the em plants are much valued by the natives for tege a of the stem upon which the flowers est E b ey will climb,” says Mr. Yate, és the high- in search of thes Lath.) that : cinnatus -to imitate Polyglot bird of the woods of New Zealand y Li , : tion compl vitia d 9f the Rook, to make the decep- ~ THE LATE MR. RICHARD CUNNINGHAM. "oT those large trees of Laurine, the Tarairi and Tawa of the New Zealander. These produce large, plum-like fruits, which be- ing greedily devoured by the Kukupa, or large Wood-Pigeon of those islands (Co- lumba Nove Zelandie, Latham), the In- dian who may be pursuing his way silently through those umbrageous woods, and may be provided with a musket, invariably halts a short while beneath the trees in their fruit season, for the chance of a shot at that most beautiful but most stupid of all birds of the wood, the flesh of which he values highly, not so much on account of its flavour or quality, delicious though it really is, as the quantity each bird affords. In making a hasty sketch of the vegeta- ble riches of these regions, it must here suffice to notice some of the more remark- able, whilst plodding onwards with our traveller through the recesses of the Great Forest. With this view simply, the fol- lowing may be mentioned. The genus Laurelia, Juss. (Pavonia, Ruiz), the solitary species of which, hi- therto known, is the Sassafras of the Chi- lian woods, has a second now added to it, from the forests of New Zealand, where it forms a tree of agreeable aspect, and in stature above thirty feet. Another tree, elegant in habit, and called by the natives Maka-Maka, belongs evidently to Cunont- ace@, and is closely allied to Weinmanna ; but it constitutes a distinct genus, the flow- ers being decandrous, the seeds smooth, and the number of the floral envelopes uin Veronica salicifolia (Forst.), a slender tree, often exceeding fifteen feet in height, is in all seasons to be found daily inflower. Melicytus macrophyllus (MSS.), a second species of the genus, was found, its type being among the original discove- ries of Sir Joseph Banks: also Metroside- ros taxifolia (MSS.), the Aki of the New Zealander, which, by means of its rooting stem and branches, ascends the highest trees, producing terminal clusters of white flowers; together with Metrosideros robus- ta (MSS.), or the Rata of the natives, a noble tree of great dimensions, often attain ing an altitude of eighty feet. The Indians Tel 218 themselves survey with admiration the co- pious blossoms of this stupendous tree because of their brilliant puniceous blood- red colour; and, long since, the pryin European visitor has regarded the timber as admirably adapted for ship-building, it being close-grained and of great durability. Nor were the verges of these forests wanting in evidences of the beauty of Flo- ra’s productions; for among others loving light and an occasional sun-beam, more than the inhabitants of the forest’s recess, may just be noticed the highly ornamental Drimys azillaris, or Winter-Bark of these islands, the Corynocarpus of Forster, a handsome tree, with large glossy laurel- hike foliage, the nuts of which the provi- dent Zealander is said to collect and store up against a year of scarcity; the Elo- carpus Hinau (Dicera dentata, Forst.), a timber-tree, growing to the height of sixty or seventy feet, and almost at every period of the year to be observed bearing its co- pious racemes of pure white flowers; the stately Dracophyllum latifolium (MSS.), a plant of Epacridee, frequently twenty feet high, in habit very like a Dracena; the Hartighsea spectabilis, Adr. Juss. (Tri- chilia spectabilis, Forst.), the pendent ra- cemes of whose flowers are borne on the older branches, and often on the trunk ; and the Phyllocladus trichomanoides (Br.) a Pine of graceful regular growth, furnish- ing an exceedingly valuable timber, which is much sought after for the decks of ships. Early in March, 1834, Mr. Cunningham returned to the Missionary Stations at the Bay of Islands, abundantly gratified with his tour to the western coast, and laden with an abundant harvest from his abours. Another and a more favourable season had now set in; he therefore, with ed energy, examined a second time the shores of the Bay, and the wooded banks of the several rivers it receives. In these final excursions he materially enrich- ed his collections, gathering more perfect specimens of many plants, than a previous season had afforded him. With the view of establishing them in the Botanic Garden at Sydney, he also applied himself to se- og A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF lecting certain living plants of the foliage, or beauty of their flowers, Re seedlings of these were chosen, and can ham’s departure for Port Jackson, Majesty’s Ship Alligator, having put Captain Lambert, about the close of A and after a passing call at Norfolk Islan he landed at Sydney on the 13th of Mi The duties of the garden and some mi nor excursions in the colony occupied i attention during the remainder of the ye At length, early in 1835, an explo expedition,! equipped on a grand sc ! A brief notice of a little journey into the " and of the projected, but ill-fated expedition, is y expressed in a letter addressed to the Editor, dud is the mountain where Fie Fi Hook, Ex. Flora, t. 232) was first sas A i ith by my bro seeds of it > zt ® ka, a un ta © a E 4 3 B ® B c o H lanl 0 hat so destroyed by damp as : pee that bas tan% : it and another spe hesitate between it and a so to meet at Tomah under the name ; though I unfortunately neglected to put eed n Re A ee T proceed from Sydney, and the direction of - the party being confided to Major Mitchell, the able Surveyor-General of the Terri- tory, Mr. Cunningham was invited by that officer to accompany the Expedition in the quality of Botanist. The permission of the deal Goverment having been obtained, he made arrangements for the management of ode tunic Garden during his absence, and most gladly joined Major Mitchell to investigate the Botany of internal regions, py unknown to us. . In the beginning of April he left Sydney T ET that important service, and having pass- ed the Blue Mountain Range to the western 2^ country, joined the party (of twenty-two persons) previously despatched, at Boree, &station on the North-West of the settle- ment of Bathurst. Being fully acquainted th the discoveries already made by his fir whilst on expeditions of a similar Mature, since the earliest under the direc- iw of the indefatigable Oxley, in 1817, * was well prepared to pronounce on any Actual discovery of his own, in the coun- _ try, beyond the last step of previous enter- prizing explorers, and therefore his attach- "riri € into spirits, as I should have done, e I send will suffice to determine the ought hom e a growing specimen with MN. in likel to Do 4 succeed in the Botanic pr Lindley has written to Dr. Bowman, who is 8 to present arrangements, I am to start the 2nd of March, with Major Mitchell, Surveyor- THE LATE MR. RICHARD CUNNINGHAM. 219 ment to this considerable party was con- nected with many a pleasurable anticipa- tion. With such eminent qualifications to pro- secute botanical investigation in the new country before him, with great zeal and patience to pursue it, and moreover, wi a physical strength of constitution that rendered him fully able to combat the se- verest fatigues and privations to which all persons traversing an arid previously un- trodden country are more or less subjected, our traveller appeared, however, to want one requisite, very essential to explorers who have to thread trackless wooded coun- tries, oftentimes as in the case of New Hol- land, striking only for their gloomy moun- tainous aspect. This was the faculty by which a recognition of spots, previously seen, is effected with facility. The indi- vidual thus gifted with what our French neighbours call “le compas dans la tête,” is by it enabled to penetrate with the ut- most confidence a level closely-timbered district, in configuration of surface, alike for one or for fifty miles, and with perfect precision to trace his footsteps back to the point he had originally left. To employ the language of the Phrenologist, the organ of locality was exceeding small, if at all developed, in the subject of our Memoir. General of this Great South à on the grand jour- ney, of which so much has been talked ever siad my arrival in this colony. I cannot, however e par- €— what our route will ^de but Major ‘Michal most anxious to make a push for the Swan River otis ent. This, if it can be effected, with the spur which the expected arrival of our new southern neigh- bours will give to geographical discovery, bids fair to throw open a considerable portion of the unknown Interior of this vast territory during the current year. the Go- Diemen's Land. desire of His Ezoellenoy, t to ipm what botanical but I think, without e able to ies that far better col- of an exploring expedition, than by sending a com- mission to obtain them by nins ase. dio will be glad o a ( A in ^ut Botanic Garden here for the first ti 220 It had been often remarked by his friends in New South Wales, who had accompa- nied him on short excursions for the plea- sure of his instructive conversation, that he seldom quitted a beaten track to pene- trate a mile into the wild bush without be- coming embarrassed in his attempts to re- gain the path he had left. This repeatedly occurred in the earlier stages of the expe- dition to which he was attached. Daily, when the party were on the march, the Botanist would deviate to the right or left of the line of route, and oftentimes would wander so far from the people in his zeal to collect plants, that it was with great dif- ficulty he found out the evening encamp- ments of his companions, whose anxiety for his safety was thus oftentimes greatly excited. Vainly did the Director of the Expedi- tion expostulate with our poor friend on the risk he was running in thus quitting the party so incautiously in a wild flat country. It was to no purpose that Major Mitchell repeatedly urged his friend to keep close company with the others, ex- pressing his opinion in forcible language, that “ unless he took more care, he would never return to Sydney!” All was inef- fectual—an inexplicable fatality attended all his movements when alone, which was of daily occurrence when on horseback, so that it became a remark that he was not so often with his companions as away from them. But we must hasten towards the close of our Memoir, for sad are the events with which it must conclude! After a march of nine days from the station at Boree, whence the expedition commenced its progress, Major Mitchell reached the country through which “ New Year's Creek" of Sturt (the Bogan of the aborigines) meandered, to its junction with the Darling. As he found no water for either his party or the cattle, in any cessitated to bivouack on the evening of the 16th of April, the Surveyor-General put his people in motion at an early hour A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF of the following morning, and purs course, generally to the North- West, self leading the way, some distance the party with the drays. Mr. Cunningha had, it seems, lingered behind the people on coming up, however, with them, learning that the principal of the Expedi- tion had gone on to mark the line of rc he again left them, riding on before, observing as he parted company, that would join the Major. But it was oth wise ordained—his companions saw no more! Major Mitchell, after proceeding a miles to the North- West, earnestly trusting to find water for his famishing cattle, most — unexpectedly intersected a dry creek, dip- ham, when he came to its dry channel, di not observe, but crossing it, continued on- ward, over the dead level to the North- West, in hopes of soon overtaking the conductor of the expedition. By pursuing this westerly route for five or six miles, be effectually lost all knowledge of his po tion relatively with that of his companions, when darkness closed the day, leaving i his horse, and dog, to spend the night on a trackless, waterless, waste. n lowed with earnest expectation very deviating course, to all points of the compass, on an area of level, es d wooded country, of about twenty m9" length by four in breadth. In P their painful search, they observ Mn second day of his absence, the per proofs of the exhaustion of the pot : in Mr. Cunningham's steps being fie side those of the animal which he was leading. Two days afterwards, the ^ having apparently strayed from his and being unable to sustain life longer, having passed five days without water, its emaciated carcase was found stretched out on a small plain. But Mr. Cunningham had crossed the Bogan River about five miles, as it was afterwards ascertained, lower down that . stream than the spot where the tents of the party then stood, and pursuing his route with extraordinary vigour along its banks downwards, he utterly defeated all _ further attempts to recover him, for twenty aeui M © o ee . miles farther on he fell into the hands of the natives, who gave him food, and in- vited him to bivouac with them at night. During this last distressing night of his life, it seems he repeatedly rose, doubtless under the influence of much mental and bodily anguish, increased by having been so long a time without food. He walked about, and acted so incohe- rently, as to excite the suspicions of the Natives, who were otherwise, it would appear, favourably disposed towards him. Daylight came, probably the dawn of the morning of the 24th or 25th of April, .. 1835, when the Indians, in doubt whence 3s ae Stranger came, or of the causes that urged his singular conduct, determined to destroy him, and that desperate act was . Speedily effected by four of these savages rushing upon him with their clubs and These melancholy particulars of the last moments of our excellent friend, are fur- nished to us by Lieutenant Zouch, (4th Regt.) the officer of the mounted police at Bathurst, who had been sent with a iiki in October last to ascertain Mr. unningham’s fate. The sad details were Ee from three of the natives, who Perpetrated the horrid deed, by one of whom that officer was conducted to the m Where it took place, and where the "T of the amiable subject of this sett were foünd, and, with a truly vegan feeling, decently interred. A ini cap | earth was raised over the grave, being trees around it barked ; these ‘Toad e only means the officer and party marking the spot, whereon a civil THE LATE MR. RICHARD CUNNINGHAM. 221 servant of the government, entirely devoted to science, had (in his zealous persever- ance to follow up his beloved pursuit) in- cautiously strayed from his companions, and meeting with the savage aborigines, had fallen a sacrifice to the suspicions his distressing appearance and conduct had excited in them. He had just attained his 42nd year. Such was the lamentable termination of the life of Richard Cunningham, an ex- ceedingly energetic and talented Botanist, and a no less generous and benevolent man. His mild, humane, and engaging disposition, had endeared him, during the short time he had been in the colony, to many friends, who were induced for some time fondly to cherish the opinion, after he was officially reported at Sydney to have been lost, that he was still alive; and that even savages of the most ferocious character could not be induced to offer violence to a man, whose whole conduct and pursuits were eminently amiable and peaceful. It is gratifying to know that his talented brother, Mr. Allan Cunningham, has ac- cepted the appointment, thus vacant by the death of Richard, of Colonial Botanist at Sydney, for which place he sailed in October last. Previous to embarkation he arranged his brothers notes on the Botany of New Zealand, combining with them the result of his own researches, and those of others in that group of islands; thus forming a valuable *' Flore Insula- rum Nove Zelandie Precursor,” which will soon appear in the pages of the pre- sent work. Should his life be spared we cannot doubt but that vast acquisitions will be made to our knowledge of Austra- lian Botany, and we trust he will live for many years, to follow up the investigation on which his lamented brother had so suc- cessfully entered, and on a field where his own exertions had previously been re- warded by most abundant harvests. 222 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. UNIO ITINERARIA. We are anxious to lay before our rea- ders the following brief particulars respect- ing the collections of the Unio Itineraria, which have just been communicated to us by our valued friend John Hunneman, Esq., who has kindly undertaken to act as Agent for that useful Society in this coun- try. Excellent as have been the plants of the former journeys of the collectors for this Institution, those that have recently been distributed from Arabia Feliz have far exceeded them in point of interest and value: and when it is seen that arrivals are expected from Abyssinia, we are sure that the Botanists generally, throughout Europe, will be anxious to possess them- selves of them. Dr. Steudel thus writes to Mr. Hunne- man. * Further supplies of Arabian plants have arrived, for which a similar subscrip- tion of £3 is to be paid; and as the col- lection is already in our possession, the Subscribers are not liable to any disap- pointment. A further subscription will be received for Abyssinian plants, the amount of which is to be £6. - * Subscriptions will also be received for New Holland specimens, of which there will be about thirty shares of two hundred species each, at the rate of £2 per hundred, But although these are in : excellent condition, it is but fair to state, that they will not be so interesting to those individuals who possess Sieber’s collections from that country, since there is only about i a third part different from those of Sieber, “ Collections of specimens from Chili, some of two hundred and some of one hundred species, at £1 10s. per hundred, are also offered.” SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. FLORA INSULARUM NOVA LANDLE PRECURSOR; SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY 0) THE ISLANDS OF NEW Z LAND: Comprising, in a synoptical form, t country in 1826; found by the French Naturalists tached to the voyages of La Co and L’ Astrolabe, as indicated by the Island, in portions of the years and 1834 (The whole arranged and edited by his Allan Cunningham, Esq.) GEOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. © Those isolated strips of land of the Sout: ern Pacific Ocean, originally designated by the discoverer of their northern (in honour of the States General) taaten Land, but long known since by the name of New Zealand, consist of three larger. r ands, which, viewed with the many con- archipelago. They were - dE the celebra Dutch A in the year 1642, by the Eu navigator, Abel Jansz Tasman, been dispatched by the Governo Council at Batavia, to prosecute disco ries in the then “almost unentered regions of the Southern Pacific.” As e prising spirit of that able seamen © ber of the above year, descried land in lat. E South, and in about 170° East long. from Greenwich, as deduced from Tas- man's statement, who reckoned from the Pic of Teneriffe. This land was the north- _ western shore of the larger, or middle is- land of New Zealand, along which he | steered to the northward, so close to the however, either of smoke, houses, or in- habitants, were to be perceived, as the ves- sels (named the Heemskirk, a yacht, and - the Zeehaan!, a fly-boat) plied along shore. . At length, after doubling Cape Farewell of Cook, and perceiving the land to bend easterly, he entered the Strait, now bear- Uhr edes i. . ing the name of our great circumnavigator, i to anchor in a spacious bay, which he afterwards named Moordenaar’s or Murderers’ Bay, from the unfortunate -" Previous to this sad affair, the natives had put off from the shore daily in their canoes, and had even approached within a stone's cast of Tas- man’s vessels; they nevertheless could i Rot be tempted to come on board by the exhibition of linen or knives; and as our navigator did not consider it prudent to effect a landing, he entertained no hope of Obtaining refreshment for his crew from ple, sels, : » in the offing, which, in allu- i T to the day, (the Festival of the Epi- * Literally, the Hen of the Sea. SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. 223 phany,) he named Drie Koning, or the Islands of the Three Kings? ow this was all the Dutch navigator, Jansz Tasman, saw of New Zealand, of the discovery of which, however, modern geographers have most justly given him the credit. At the period of this discovery of Tas- man, and for upwards of a century after- wards, these islands were considered as a part of a vast Terra Australis Incognita, and the hypothesis of the existence of a great southern continent was fondly entertained by geographers, until the results of the first voyage of our own great circumnavi- gator entirely subverted such a theory. n the 5th August, 1769, in prosecut- ing the first voyage of circumnavigation, Captain Cook made the East coast of the northern island, and two days aftewards day, October 8, the first landing ever effected by Europeans there took place; and on its shores, it is worthy of remark, those eminent Naturalists, Sir Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander, who had accom- skill and industry, in the many subsequent landings that were afforded them by their commanding officer, at various points, during the six months he devoted to the survey of the coasts of those highly inter- esting islands, of which not only the limits were wholly unknown prior to that period, but, saving the portion on the western 2 Epiphany Day, the 6th of January, is that on which the Infant Saviour was visited by the three Magi, or Wise Men from the East, as related to us by St. Mat- thew. In Catholic countries, these three personages still preserved. > Libr. of Ent. Knowl.—See New Zealand, v 224 . side imperfectly glanced at by Tasman, more than a century previously, as we have just shown, it may be added, wholly unseen by European eyes. In the brief notice here proposed to be taken of the progress of geographical in- quiry, with which the investigation of Natural History appears to have gone hand- in-hand, on the coasts of New Zealand, as - well in Cook's, as during the subsequent visits of navigators to those islands, whilst on voyages of discovery, it may not be al- together uninteresting to the botanical reader, who occasionally looks at a ma and is desirous of observing what opportu- nities the accompanying Naturalists had affe sd aL. re 1 3 sah 4k > with the vegetable and other products of those islands, to join us, in first following Captain Cook in his original great voyage along those coasts; then noticing briefly the visits and results, as regards Botany, of subsequent voyagers on discovery, in the order (chronologically speaking) in which they were severally prosecuted. After a stay of three days in Poverty Bay (during which brief period he discovered its inhabitants were as fierce and savage as Tasman had found them on his transitory visit in 1642, on the opposite coast) Cook quitted the port, to which he gave a name descriptive of its inhospitable character, having no fresh water on its shores. Dur- ing the following week, he stood along- shore to the southward, but finding the land to continue in that direction, appa- rently without termination, he put about to explore the coast to the North. Passing the port he had left some days previously, he anchored his vessel in a bay called by the natives Tegadoo, and there the Natu- ralists added materially to their collections during the Commander's short stay, for the bay had nothing to recommend it, being very open, without fresh water, and afford- ing no shelter from the prevalent winds. A landing was also effected at Tolaga, im- mediately to the South of it (now better known as Howa-howa Bay) where several days were ied in examining the shores water being Gays and in filling their casks, good SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. found convenient to the beach. Fre natives, however, Cook remarks, we nothing by barter but some fish anda sweet Potatoes (Convolvulus Ba Dogs and Rats were seen with the for the first time. The adjacent fore however, yielded many valuable tim fruit, upon being examined on board, ed, like several of the birds that were s in those primeval woods, quite new, of which, as Cook emphatically observe * none of us had the least knowledge. Among the stately trees, that imi ately on landing, arrested the attentiot our indefatigable Naturalists, was the noble Knightia excelsa, Br. There also, it 1 ay be remarked en passant, was first o í and cut down for the sake of the top, to the North, and on doubling what is now called Cape East, he crossed the Bay ol by the inhabitants, but which he suite quently named Mercury Bay, from than i cumstance of his having observed, on tts were gathered, and, notwithstanding hostility manifested by the natives towa | their visitors, much, information s pei 3 lected, regarding the capabilities ir soil on that part of the coast. It may 4 be observed, that on the sandy ems this bay Dr. Solander discovered s ii anthus puniceus, now an acclimatize habitant of our gardens. and as the Endeavour ran along shine natives were every where disting from the deck, on the beach. Four subsequent to the departure of our agers from Mercury Bay, they reac estuary of a large piece of water, to the South-West. This Cook entered, 3 à river of expanded mouth, and of consi- . derable length to its upper branches, it . reminded him of one of the more useful = streams in his native land, at the anti- podes of which he and his companions in peril now were. He named it the Thames. On its banks the first specimen of Dam- mara Australis (Lamb.), or Kauri Pine, the Monarch of the Forests, was observed, and a tree of it, of great bulk, cut down. Having surveyed the river and islands in the offing, Captain Cook pursued his voy- age northerly, but meeting with contrary winds, he stood into the Bay of Islands, now so well known as the original spot whereon missionary exertions were com- menced in favour of the native inhabitants —how, where the principal missionary sta- tions have long been established, and also, the principal rendezvous of the fleets of whalers that annually visit the South Seas. There the Naturalists found an ample field for botanical investigation, as well on its shores as on the banks of the rivers dis- _ charged into it. Among the plants col- - lected, were some new species of Pittospo- rum; the shrub constituting a genus closely to Logania of Mr. Brown, and now referred to Geniostoma of Forster ; and se- ed Conifere of the genera Dacrydium, Podocarpus, and Mr. Brown's genus Phyl- c'adus. Numerous also were the Filices with which they augmented and enriched their collections; and of these, that rare and beautiful Fern, an inhabitant of the ed woods of the Kaua-Kaua river. Todea pelluci pellucida (Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 8.) — Special mention. i Quitting that spacious bay, after devot- Co. to its investigation, our navi- E his survey of the coast to inii E on the Ist of January, 1770, northern extremity of the is- „land, observi 7 1 called «Pp or as he passed, the islets intrepid T ^ ree Kings," under which the en = "aeu had, upwards of a cen- » found she Sls. As soon as fay i :ts in ourable winds permit SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. ted, Capt. Cook stood to the South, along . the line of western coast, but no opportu- nity was presented to the Botanists to land on any part of it. At length he reached the western entrance of the Strait, now bearing his name, by passing through which to the sea on the East, he satisfactorily de- termined the insularity of the land to the North, upon the survey of the coasts of which one hundred days had been occupied. Finding shelter and good anchorage in an indentation of the northern coast, of what is now entitled the Larger or Middle Island, the Naturalists were again enabled to add considerably to their collections of plants. The shores of this inlet, named by Cook, Queen Charlotte’s Sound, were found densely clothed with wood, almost to the water’s edge, and in some places scarcely to be penetrated. The vegetation, however, wore a less vivid, luxuriant aspect, abundantly indica- tive of a cooler latitude and less hospitable climate, than that through which they had just passed so agreeably. However, the mountains, which rose from the immediate shore and bounded the view on the South, exhibited flanks bare and rugged; whilst on their summits snow reposed, although it was in the height of the summer season. The extent of the Middle Island was yet to be ascertained. From the hills in the vicinity of the anchorage, it appeared to form part of a great country, stretching far to the South, having a connected chain of lofty, barren, snow-capped mountains, ex- tending in the same direction. Having procured wood and water, our persevering Navigator proceeded to its examination, by steering to the South along it tern coast, but he soon had to contend with tem- pestuous weather, as he increased his lati- tude. At length he doubled the southern extremity of the land in the parallel of 473°, not observing, however, as has been since ascertained, that it formed an island, nearly fifty miles square, being se- parated from the larger by a channel, now known as Foveaux’s Strait. By passing round this southern island (named on the maps, Stewart's Island), P 925 é 226 and gaining the western coast of the large one, our great Circumnavigator determined accurately the geographical character, fi- gure, and extent of New Zealand, and at once dispelled thé favourite dream of the older Geographers, of its forming a portion of a vast continent, which they fondly ima- gined stretched far into the — re- gions towards the South Pole As he now urged his voyage ger ar along the western coast of the larger island, he barely looked at an apparently well- sheltered harbour at its South-western ex- treme; which, by reason of the seemingly perpetual mist that hung over its shores, he named Dusky Bay. The examination of its shores, as well as its vegetation so rich and diversified as has been since shown us by our very excellent and vene- rable friend, Mr. Menzies, was, however, reserved for another voyage, and for other Botanists. After running up that line of coast, to the North, and reaching the Strait already navigated, Captain Cook, before he took his final leave of those islands, anchored in Admiralty Bay to fill his water- casks, and thus the Naturalists had one other opportunity given them to step on shore and observe, as their Commander has it, “ if any gleanings of natural know- ledge yet remained." Here terminated, for that voyage, the exploration of those highly interesting islands by our able Cir- cumnavigator, in the prosecution of which he had consumed upwards of twenty-six weeks ; and during that period had afforded such facilities to the illustrious men, whom the pure love of Natural Science had in- duced to accompany him to land and pur- sue their researches, that it may be truly said, by far the greater number of the phenogamous plants of those islands at present known, were discovered and col- lected in that memorable voyage ! On Saturday, the 31st of March, 1770, Cook and his companions bade adieu to the shores of New Zealand, and takin their departure from Cape Farewell, they stood to sea at West, other and greater discoveries awaiting to immortalize them, SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. and among these that of the entire coast of — New South Wales, a line of shore lying | in the direction of the meridian, nearly — : two thousand miles in extent, and bee: a unseen by previous Navigators. ee But we must hasten on to take a more — cursory notice of the subsequent visits! to those islands. : As an evidence of the interest that had 7 been already excited by the accounts of ; Cook and De Surville of New Zealand, — before the return of the former to those — islands, whilst prosecuting his second voy- b. age round the globe, they were visited by — another French Navigator, named M. Ma- — rion du Fresne, who had sailed from the — Mauritius in the Ship Mascarin, accompa- nied by another vessel, on an explorative E voyage to the eastward in the Pacific Ocean, : “in quest of its hidden islands and conti- pula He made the West coast, nearly — Cape Egmont (of Cook) on the 24th of 5 March, 1772, and. eventually directed w p course northerly round to the Bay of ls- — lands, where he had communication with j the natives, who, on being shown iron tools, i such as axes, hatchets, and scissors, evinced : the strongest anxiety to get possession of : them, and instantly handled each of them — in such a way as to convince their French — ! In noticing these visits dd it is dc = hip was 1 per here to remark, that Cook's s E European vessel which the year 1769 aa tae : ork, pe lished by the Abbé | the 12th of December of that year, whilst our great a — was ply eg: to the Nen of Do } thern island, — (in la a ums ced the St. Jean Baptiste, under eunt ed in trepid and plodding mume he su = fe de ing an entrance into an inlet to which he ir ed Doubtful Bay. After a short stay at ees hos "nid received by th A wards the Island of Jua in n which period b himself in the Zoology or Botany © i which he ime daily during the fortnight | ed in the visitors that they perfectly understood their use. This was a lesson of civilization for which they were doubtless indebted to the previous visit of Cook, for in no part of the northern island does it appear that M. Ma- rion found the people to have any acquaint- ance whatever with iron. The utmost cordiality and harmony existed between the natives and their visitors for a space bordering on five weeks, and it has never been explained on what ground the for- mer, in a moment when the French were least prepared to make resistance, exhibited the most transcendent perfidy conceivable, by murdering M. Marion himself, four of his officers, and a boat's crew of twelve persons, who had just landed from their ship! It does not appear that M. Crozet, the first Lieutenant, whom Cook afterwards met at the Cape of Good Hope, and de- scribes as “a man possessed of the true Spirit of discovery,” who published the voyage of M. Marion, that during his stay at the Bay of Islands, Natural History, in any one department, was in the least at- tended to. No collection of plants was In 1772, Captain Cook was again de- m by government, to prosecute fur- The Resolution and Adventure were equipped for this important service, and Reinwold and George Forster (father and son) were attached to the expedition in the capacity of Naturalists. Upon reaching the Cape of Good Hope, Cook was in- Pe by the entreaties of the Forsters, allow the celebrated Naturalist, Spar- an, then at Cape Town, to join the ex- tion. It is possible that to this cir- us the species of plants A in that voyage, but the publica- tion of the Work entitled Florule Insula- Tum Australium the title. of that fis annus p » easdem delineabat ; ego vero totum SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. 997 me zoologicis descriptionibus dicabam. Verum dum Sparmannus plantas accura- tius examinaret, filius et ego sepe in con- silium vocati in commune consulebamus.” Char. Gen. Pl. pref. p. ii. In prosecuting the second Voyage of Circumnavigation, to the eastward, Captain Cook made the shores of New Zealand at Dusky Bay, within which he moored the Resolution on the 25th of March, 1773, and there remained nearly seven weeks. The country at the back of this bay is de- scribed as exceedingly mountainous, the hills forming part of that great chain which extends throughout the larger island from Cook's Strait. These hills are said to wear an aspect, than which a more rude and craggy feature can rarely be seen; for the mountain-summits are of stupendous height and consist of rock, totally barren and naked, except where they are covered with snow. Skirting the sea-shore, the land and all the islands in the bay are densely clothed with wood, nearly down to the very water's edge. The trees, Cook tells us, are of various kinds, such as are com- mon to other parts of New Zealand, those of Conifere and Myrtacee being fit for the ship-wright, the house-carpenter, and cabi- net-maker. ** Except," continues our Navigator, ‘in the River Thames, I have not seen finer timber in all New Zealand: the most con- siderable for size is the Spruce-Tree ( Da- crydium cupressinum, Soland.), many in- dividuals of which were observed from six to eight and ten feet in girth, and sixty and eighty, to even one hundred feet high, quite large enough to make a main-mast for a fifty-four-gun ship." Of the leaves of this tree Cook made beer, which he gave to his ship's company; and when well prepared, and corrected from its extreme astringency, by a decoc- tion of Philadelphus,! or Tea-plant, prov- 1 Anderson, the Surgeon and investigator of Natu- * ral History during the third voyage of Cook,says, *' we drank" (an infusion of, he means) the leaves of the Philadelphus ( Leptospermum scoparium) as Tea, and found it had a pleasant taste and smell, and might make an excellent substitute for the Oriental sort. Cook's third Voyage, 1. p. 148 ed a good antiscorbutic, and was acknow- ledged to be little inferior to the American Spruce Beer, by those who had experience of both. Perfectly unimpaired in physical strength by the fatigues and privations of his former voyage round the globe, which had em- ployed him three years to effect, and of that period, a part in unknown icy seas, the first labours of Cook’s second voyage were commenced on these shores, with an energy of mind quite worthy of himself, The survey of the bay proceeded; in the pro- secution of which by boats, and often ac- companied by his Botanists, he was re- peatedly absent at night from the ship, al- though in a chilling, tempestuous, damp climate, having, as he emphatically says, * the stony beach for a bed, and the canopy of heaven for a covering." Such is the extreme humidity of the atmosphere, that the woods were perfectly dripping with moisture, thus furnishing those favourable conditions of wet and shade in which cryp- togamic vegetables more particularly de- light to live. Hence, both of Ferns and Mosses numerous species were found. Of the former, an arborescent species of Dicksonia was met with in the woods and ravines, that had not been previously seen in New Zealand; and there the Orchideous Epiphyte, so frequent at the Bay of Islands and elsewhere, Epidendrum autumnale of Forster ( Earina, Lindl.) was also de- tected. It is doubtless very probable, that the shores of Dusky Bay, which are in 453° South, are about the highest latitude at which Tree-ferns and Orchideous Epi- phytes exist in the southern hemisphere. During Captain Cook's stay at this South western part of the island, a party of his officers, with the Naturalists, attempted to penetrate inland among the mountains, by ascending the hills at Cascade Bay. Early in the afternoon they gained some consi- derable eminences, but were glad to return to the ship, for looking inland from the points they had attained, they reported " nothing was to be seen, but barren moun- tains, with huge craggy precipices, disjoin- ed by valleys, frightful to behold.” A few SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. scarce plants were gathered on those ele. vated points, before a squall of wind the - next day brought hail and snow, by which —- all the hills and mountains around wem — whitened. Of these rarer vegetables be mentioned, Forstera sedifolia, Lins fil., Pimelea Gnidia, Vahl, and some Composite, referred by Forster to Arnica — and Aster, the latter, probably, species of Celmisia of Gaudichaud. «d The natives of this southern bay am — few in number, and were found to const — of but three or four families, who manage — to exist on fish with which their shor — teem; for, excepting water-cresses aad — celery, no esculent vegetable was observed. 5 Indeed the stormy unsettled character of 3 the climate generally appears of itself quie — unfavourable to a large population on say — part of the middle island, which Cook de. — scribes, from his own observation, as thinly 4 peopled, the inhabitants being a wandensg — race, without any of the social habits i — which the kinder, blander climate of th northern, more fertile island, every when so fully induces. The same language "s found spoken here, as at other and mem hospitable parts of the country ; one om mon tongue, abounding m R sounds, iem since discovered by the = sionaries to be very copious, every where revails. : The kindness and nobly generous feeling toward savages of our great commandet. | soon won the hearts of those o whom be ed outcasts of the human race, tin met with wandering on the shores E | bay, or inhabiting its ore ae - Friendly interviews followed, but E tives, as they phos — to visit the ship, and rema : an early period manifested, like their nat ern countrymen, à disposition ; on every thing they saw, excepting muskets, which they would not im having been taught by the en ye d had seen made among the w^ in, | Wd racc MEET A en MTM E E MCA E Lu Cook and his people, to regard horrid instruments of death. The survey of Dusky Bay completed, Cook stood to the having ited Queen Charlotte’s Sound, found his consort, the Adventure, ad been separated from him at sea ; ‘after a short stay at anchor, in which two Forsters had some opportunities oking at the plants previously investi- Ì by the illustrious Naturalists of the mt voyage, the two ships proceeded to e South and East, to traverse icy seas, search of those new lands, that it had previously imagined might exist in high and inhospitable latitudes. he year 1777 found the enterprizing OK again on the coasts of New Zealand. ë was then prosecuting his third voyage , and on the 12th of February ‘into Queen Charlotte's Sound to re- his water-casks, and procure fire- L Mr. Wm. Anderson, the surgeon * ship (the Resolution) undertook the “tigation of the Natural History of the u countries that were to be visited in that disastrous voyage of our experienced navigator; but during * of the Resolution it does not ap- that any plants were gathered which - been found in the previous voy- Interval of fourteen years now took » ere these islands were again visited ; year 1791, however, saw Captain Van- TT on their shores. That intrepid na- gator had been despatched by the British with two ships (the Discovery “aatham) to inquire into the commerce the water-communication that might ae it, between the North-western m stern coasts of America, &c., ^ "5 Voyage out he discovered King Ws Sound, and made these islands Bay. There he gave the surgeon * °pportunities of which he abun- ' Profited, of examining the plants of EM especially of looking into u Subjects of its considerable ion. The results of of that gentleman, as far these latter, have been partly j by Sir w, J. Hooker, in his ‘SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. splendid and elaborate works, the Jcones Filicum and Musci Erotici. We now go on to take a still more rapid notice of the scientific visits of Europeans, since that period to the present day. The next visitor was Captain Duperrey in the corvette La Coquille, who had been de- spatched by the French Government, in 1822, to make discoveries in the southern hemisphere. That officer touched on the coasts of New Zealand, and afforded those of gathering a few plants, The same ves- sel, re-named L'Astrolabe, commanded by Captain Dumont d'Urville, who had been the first lieutenant in the preceding voy- age, also visited parts of those islands in 1827, and with the aid of M. Lesson, form- ed some collections of the plants of Cook's long before taken their am eanings. The visit of Allan Cunningham in 1826, was, however, of another and a less tran- sient character; for residing, as he did, at Port Jackson, as His Majesty's Botanist, he made his voyage over to the Bay of Is- lands, and there entered on a wandering life with the natives, occasionally taking "e m at On that northern during nearly a period of five months, col- lecting the indigenous vegetation. By the aids generously afforded him by the gen- tlemen of the mission, at the several sta- tions, he examined the rivers Kaua-Kaua, and Keri-Keri on the eastern, and the Hokianga river on the western coasts. He also traversed the country intermediate to those shores, where the island may be said to exceed sixty miles in width; and during a month's stay at Wangaroa, a port — ur on the eastern coast, his collections were materially enriched with the its primeval forests. In January, E. he returned to Port Jackson, greatly gra- tified by the kindness he had received from the missionaries, as well as by tbe general | Ad 5 : ur 230 esteem in which he was held by the na- tives; and satisfied with the gathering of plants he had effected, under the circum- stances of, in part, an unfavourable season, comprising, nevertheless, about three hun- dred distinct species, with ample dupli- cates; and although many have since proved to be among the original discoveries of Sir Joseph Banks, some are ascertained not to have been previously observed by other Botanists, and among these are some new genera. It is but justice to the memory of Mr. ‘Charles Fraser, a former Colonial Botanist at Sydney, to notice the visit of a day, paid by that indefatigable and generous traveller to the Bay of Islands in 1825, in one of His Majesty's sloops of war, then stationed at Port Jackson. In the. passing stay of only a few hours, that laborious Botanist collected. specimens of an interesting se- lection of the plants of its shores, taking up many living examples of the vegetable products to establish in the Botanic Gar- den at Sydney. In the year 1833, his successor in the direction of that Colonial Garden, the late Mr. Richard Cunningham, having been directed by the Local Government to at- tach himself to His Majesty's ship Buffalo, then about to proceed on an experimental voyage for spars to the coasts of New Zea- land, effected a more leisurely sojourn among the inhabitants of that country than any scientific stranger who had preceded him. But a sketch of the several excur- sions of that indefatigable and much to be lamented Botanist in New Zealand, has already appeared in this work (at p. 210 of the present volume), while the botanical results of his visit will be seen in the sub- sequent synopsis, Now the materials gathered, for a more extended view than has already been given of the Botany of these islands, of which so much remains yet to be effected by fu- gleaned from the several works, in which occasional notices of those more consider- able collections of plants already referred SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. = to that were gathered in Captain Cook's first voyage have been published, as also from the Prodromus, published by Mr. George Forster, in 1786, and from the works of Professor Sir W. J. Hooker, and — that recently published by M. Achille - Richard. To these, adding the actual dis- coveries of Mr. R. Cunningham and those - of his brother previously, the whole - amount to six hundred and forty distinct — species—a number, two-thirds more than — what has been enumerated in the last- — mentioned work of M. Richard, published — only four years ago. If to this aggregate number of species, thus got together and here enumerated, sixty be added, as in all probability, com- prehending the remaining number of plants of the first voyage of Cook, which are pre- served in the Banksian Herbarium, and con- tinue yet unpublished, seven hundred dis- tinct plants may be said to be the number at present known of the Flora of these islands. But when we consider how little has been seen of the Botany of the northern island, notwithstanding that Europeans (engrossed truly in mercantile speculations) have now — been several years settled on its cost a that the plants of the interior of its more — expanded parts from the eastern to thewest- — ern shores, which lie in the parallels of 38° — and 39°, are absolutely wholly unknown, for : no Botanist would deem it prudent to at- 1 tempt a penetration, whatever his zeal may be, to its inland districts, through which ex- DES a ee EID C UNIUS ILE (ECT OSSA FORUM QUOS Rd EET E : PISCINE: EET: the apex of which towers fourtee feet above the ocean, by the waves of its base is washed, the upper ur i the peak downwards, to an g 1 thousand feet, being clothed with = 3 snows—in fine, when we reflect p 5 fact, that (excepting at its northern x 1 in Cook's Strait and at Dusky Bay, : - 1 South-western coast) the Botany jet - larger or middle island is, to this day, vee : ed from our knowledge, we cannot DUT" — whi claim, what a rich store of vegetable pro- ductions remains yet to be laid before us! for that here given is, perhaps, but a tithe 9f what may one day be shown us—but a foretaste, to excite our desires to behold what the future labours of Botanists may, _ itis to be hoped, ere long, lay open to our eyes. Long since has that learned Botan- ist, Mr. Brown, remarked, that the character of the New Zealand Flora, known to us chiefly from the materials collected by Sir Joseph Banks, is to a considerable degree peculiar; although it bears also a certain ity to those of the two great countries between which it is situated, and approach- ing rather to that of Terra Australis, than to South America. The following brief concluding remarks will confirm these ob- servations. Tn the vast Order Leguminose, so ex- tensively distributed over the globe, so widely scattered in South America, and so abundant in their characteristic genera on the Australasian Continent, that family is absolutely limited to five plants in New ^eaand; and what is worthy of observa- tion, three of the genera they constitute are almost confined to those islands, viz. dwardsia, Carmichaelia, and Clianthus. No plant of Mimosee has yet been seen in New Zealand, numerous as they are on the two continents. Of Proteacee, a family so extensive in New South Wales, especially between the thirty-third and thirty-fifth degrees of lati- tude, as to form a very striking feature of tts Flora, moreover abundant in southern Africa, and not unfrequent in South Ame- nea, within the same parallels (witness, in latter country, the genera Rhopala, rium, Guevina, and Lomatia), only one plant has been hitherto known to nists to represent that magnificent eg in New Zealand, and that has been recently, regarded as forming a ge- nus? peculiar to that country. ice on the Botany of Flinders, Voy. * Within the last t à genus h Australi the ' en years, a species of Persoonia, itherto considered entirely confined to the an Continent, was observed at Wangaroa on coast of New Zealand. The Embothrium SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. 231 The genus Plagianthus of Forster, of the family of which Botanists are divided in opinion, is perhaps limited? to those is- lands, and now consists of three species. Among the other remarkable plants con- stituting genera not known in other coun- tries, may be simply noticed one having a close affinity with Brexiacee and Celas- trinee, and in habit and general structure of flower according with the solitary genus of the former, but differing essentially in the character of the ovarium : and another, equally curious, that may be referred to Bombacee, with monadelphous stamens, and as far as it has been observed, a five- angled, five-celled ovarium ; to which the name of Hoheria is here proposed to be given. The Con:fere, as also the Myrtacee, although in neither family are there any genera that can be said to be limited to New Zealand, still, furnishing as they do, each several species, and these affording large and valuable timbers, they give a very striking character to the sylvan scenery of the northern islands especially. genera of the former family are refera- ble to Dammara, Dacrydium, Podocar- pus, and Phyllocladus ; and those of the latter, to Metrosideros, Eugenia, and Myr- tus. Those Coniferous genera that have been referred to Dacrydium (Soland.) and Podocarpus, require certainly a further examination of more perfect specimens than have been hitherto seen by Botanists, in order to determine fully the genera to which the several species really belong. Lying, as the islands of New Zealand do, between the two great continents of South America and Australasia, in which latter may be included Van Diemen's Land, it may not wholly be uninteresting to the botanical reader to observe the affinities strobolinum of M. Labillardiére, a plant, regarding ose genus, as also the habitat assigned it by that wh Botaaists of author, doubts have been entertained by late years, Mr. Brown has bad an opport a oe 3 £ th + 3 Sir W. J. Hooker has referred a plant of Van Diemen’s Land to this genus with a mark of doubt. 232 that exist between portions of the three countries, by genera closely allied, and forming links in the connexion in the same family. Thus, of Magnoliacee, South America has its Wintera, New Zealand its Drimys, and Van Diemen’s Land a Tasmannia, Of Onagrarie, the two for- mer countries furnish their Fuchsias, whilst Australasia has its Epilobia. As belong- ing to the Atherospermee of Mr. Brown, Chili and New Zealand have each a Lau- relia, and the type of M. Labillardiére’s genus Atherosperma is frequent in the humid woods of Van Diemen’s Land. Of Ericeg ; whilst Gaultheria exists in both Van Diemen's Land and New Zea- land, Andromeda occupies the bogs in the higher latitudes of South America. Again, in Rosacee—Rubus, and Acena, both more abundant on the continent of South Ame- rica, have representatives also in the other two countries. As belonging to Escalloniee, R. Br., the type of the Order whence it derived its name, a large genus of Peru and Chili, has another, very closely allied to it, enti- tled by M. Alph. De Candolle, Quintinia, both in New Zealand and New South Wales, whilst Anopterus (Labill.) inhabits the damp shady forests of the southern parts of Van Diemen’s Land, Further, as belonging to the allied fami- ly Cunoniacee—Weinmannia, a genus chiefly of South America and the islands thereto contiguous, is represented in New Zealand by genuine species, as well as by Leiospermum, Don; and Ackama, A. C.; whilst the Order is shown in the cooler parts of Australasia, by Callicorma, Ano- dopetalum (A. C. MSS. ined.), Ceratope- talum, and others. Of the Order Araliacee, abounding in plants of remarkable habit, and found ge- nerally in South America, both Panaz and Aralia are to be observed in dark and humid woods, on the coasts of New Zea- land and New South Wales ; whilst Ruta- cee, so frequent and so diversified in genera on the two continents, has just barely an existence in New Zealand, viz. in Meli- cope, where to Fors:er's species, another SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. is added. Another instance of affinity will suffice. The genus Astelia, an Epiphyte of Juncee, inhabits rocks and trees in Van Diemen’s Land, in New Zealand, and in - the colder and higher parts of South Ame- _ rica; and an instance occurs of the same — plant, viz. Goodenia repens, Br., being in- digenous to the sandy shores of these se- veral countries. There are, however, cer- tain families of plants, frequent on the in- —— terjacent islands of New Zealand and the Australasian continent, that are wholly i wanting in South America. Witness | : Epacridee, which, as Mr. Brown has justly — * observed, constitutes one of the peculiari- ; ties in the vegetation of the more tempe- : rate parts in the latter great country; while i in New Zealand nine plants have been ob- : served, and of these the species of Dra- l cophyllum are very striking in the drier | forests, The same remark applies to the genera Pimelea, Pittosporum, to certain of Ho loragee, and to those genera of Orchidee, Thelymitra, Orthoceras, Microtis, Acian- —— thus, Pterostylis, and Gastrodia. Certain genera, common to Europe, fur- nish species peculiar to those islands. The following may serve as examples, viz. Sa- molus. Veronica, Anchusa, Lobeha, Se- necio, Viscum, Hydrocotyle, Tillea, My- riophyllum, Coriaria, Geranium, Linum, Drosera, Ranunculus, and Clematis. i Finally, the following short list will show, — that identically the same species of plants are occasionally indigenous, both to Great Britain, and to those remote islands of the southern ocean, viz. Sargassum vuga Agardh. ; Rhodomela pinsin a an Laurencia obtusa, Lamour.; corneum, Lamour. ; Halymenia fi urcellala, Ag.; Parmelia pulverulenta, -— = perlata, Ach.; Cetraria glauca, in Sticta aurata, Ach.; Cenomyce nnnm na, Ach.; Ramalina farinacea, A , Usnea florida, Ach.; Collema p L.; C. tremelloides, Ach. ; plage tifolium, Hedw.; Hymenophyllum Li ; bridgense, Sm.; Scirpus lacustris, ad * Eleocharis acicularis, Br.; Js cea, Br.; Juncus filiformis, L.; J. fats : : ME maritimus, Lam.; Typha angusti- folia, L.! Potamogeton natans, L.! Che- .. mopodium glaucum, L.; C. maritimum, — "La Rumez crispus, L.; Plantago major, — L; Calystegia sepium, Br.; C. Soldanella, onchus oleraceus, L. ; Gnaphalium luteo-album, L.; Arenari amarina, L.; Stellaria media, Sm.; and Nasturtium sylvestre, Br. It simply now remains for the Editor to state that this little synopsis of the plants of New Zealand, which has been prepared as well from the works of authors as from materials in his own possession, has re- ceived his utmost attention, and his en- deavours to render the enumeration as complete, and its various details as copious as possible; at the same time, he cannot, in due candour, but express his apprehension that errors may be found in it, which the botanic reader will be pleased to regard with indulgence, when he per- ceives the general design has been to afford a better view of what is now known of the Flora of those islands, than has already been given to the public, as well as to fur- nish amass of information, not, it is hoped, devoid of interest, regarding the uses to _ Which the native inhabitants apply certain of their plants, their own name of each kind, so far as it has been accurately as- certained, being also given in the synony- my of the species. Where certain plants, long since published, have been described vaguely or insufficiently by botanic writers = others, very nearly allied, of recent gala appear with them in the follow- "u^ new diagnoses are given, in is E respective specific differences s E and clearly defined ; and where ln tor has had, in his own New Hol- Herbarium, species as yet unpublish- that belong to genera of which other species are of frequent occurrence in those Ma characters of the Australian, d "y undescribed plants, are occasi- th Y given at the foot of the page; and " by these additions of new, although à matter, he humbl Siehe little Wa or umbly trusts this his ia regarded with more in- ON THE SOURCES AND COMPOSITION OF GAMBOGE. 233 Finally, care has been taken to note the particular localities at which every plant has been found, as also to give chronologically the dates at which it has been gathered by Botanists, in order that the discoverer may be duly accredited for his researches, whilst first in the field. (To be continued.) —— ON THE SOURCES AND COMPO- SITION OF GAMBOGE, WITH AN EXAMINATION OF SOME ANA- LOGOUS CONCRETE JUICES. By RosznT Curistison, M. D., Professor of Mate- ria Medica, in the University of Edinburgh, &c. [Read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, March Tth, 1836.] GAMBOGE, one of our most important pigments, as well as a very valuable drug, appears to have ‘been first made known in Europe little more than two centuries ago. It was first publicly noticed by Clusius, or De l'Ecluse, at one time keeper of the Botanic Garden at Vienna, and afterwards Professor at Leyden. He succinctly men- tions it among various resins and concrete juices brought to him from China by a Dutch Admiral, Van Neck, in 1603; de- scribes it under its oriental name of Ghit- taiemoŭ, as a concrete juice of great purity, of a tawny colour, and tinging the saliva ellow; and adds, that it was used in the East for evacuating dropsical swellings, which it accomplishes without occasioning any inconvenience. Although it probably soon became a familiar substance in the art of painting, it was long comparatively ne- glected in the practice of medicine. For it did not obtain a place in the European Pharmacopzias till after the commence- ment of the subsequent century; and it was so much distrusted, on account of its poisonous properties in large doses, that even in the middle of that century, as we learn from Murray of Gottingen, it was chiefly used by those who were not afraid of being thought experimentalists in phy- sic? Now-a-days, however, its properties 1 Caroli Clusii Exoticorum, Lib. iv. cap. viii. page 82. Antwerp. 1605. 2 Commentationes Gottingenses, ix. 171. 1788. 234 are well known ; and although it continues to be regarded with justice as an active irritant poison, it is also universally ac- knowledged to be, under due regulation, one of the safest of the more active pur- gatives. The source of Gamboge has long been a subject of doubt and controversy among Pharmacologists and medical Botanists ; nor are the opinions and information, even of the most recent authors, by any mears satisfactory. In order to understand this inquiry thoroughly, it is necessary to be in the first instance distinctly aware, what are the articles to which the name of Gamboge is usually given, and whence they are ob- tained, In point of fact, a considerable number of kinds of Gamboge, differing more or less from one another in quality, and even in nature, as well as in their place of origin, are known in commerce. The most im- portant and finest qualities are generally considered to come from the kingdom of Siam, and are imported into England from China by way of Singapore. Among these the wholesale druggist distinguishes by name at least two, and generally three va- rieties—Pipe Gamboge, Cake or Lump Gamboge, and Coarse Gamboge. Pipe Gamboge, which is invariably the finest, has sold in the London market during the last eight years, at prices varying from two shillings and ten-pence to five shillings a- pound, exclusive of duty.! Cake or Lump Gamboge is sometimes very nearly equal in quality to the last, but is more commonly somewhat inferior, and therefore sells for at least three-pence a-pound less, The two qualities are sometimes mixed in the same packages; sometimes each package contains but one; and frequently, on the other hand, the cases contain not merely Pipe and Cake Gamboge, but likewise more or less of a very inferior sort, by the presence of which the price is mate- rially affected. This inferior sort again, of which there are probably many varieties confounded together in the rude nomencla- ! Martin's History of the British Colonies, i, 224. ' Table, ON THE SOURCES AND COMPOSITION OF GAMBOGE. ture of the English drug-market under the — name of Coarse Gamboge, and. which vill D be seen presently to be nothing else than — a Cake Gamboge of low quality, often — constitutes the entire contents of the pack- ' age. In its crude state this is quite unfit for — the purposes of the painter, and is equally rejected for medicinal use; and conse- ; quently it bears so contemptible a charac- i ter in the market, as to bring scarcely ten- 3 pence a-pound, when the other sorts are — worth three or four times as much. For 4 this statement I am indebted to Mr. Stead, 5 an extensive and experienced wholesale | druggist in London. i Most Pharmacologists and medical Bo- tanists have also referred to Ceylon as an- a other commercial source of Gamboge; but commonly with the addition, that this kind is of very indifferent quality. That the — island of Ceylon produces a variety of — Gamboge is notorious; and that it either does, or with due care may, produce true Gamboge of the best quality, will, I hope, be proved in the course of the present paper. But the notion that Ceylon Gam- boge is an article of commerce between that island and Europe, is, I am persuaded, a complete mistake. Gamboge, possessing — the external characters of the specimens of — Ceylon Gamboge in my hands, is never to be met with in the shops of this country; and on referring to the gentleman whose authority has been already quoted, I learn : from careful inquiries made by him : ; the most experienced drug-brokers of s] merchants in London, that no diem = Gamboge are ever made at Ceylon mies. is country, and that the whole —— by way of Singapore. | since informed, in a letter : "a nel Walker, at Colombo, written 1n a 4 ber last (1835), that Gamboge wor 4 appear in the Custom- House eee : 2-1 of that port, which would have up E case had any of it been sent thence e tain. Accordingly Ceylon Gambog? di altogether a rare substance 1n ges * is to be met with only in the cabi om the curious. I have been unable, ON THE SOURCES AND COMPOSITION OF GAMBOGE. to hear of any specimens existing even in the collections of this country, except those I have examined.! To these facts regarding the commercial sources of Gamboge, I may add one, which, so far as I am aware, is not known to Phar- macologists, and which is not unimportant in relation to an opinion I have deduced from chemical analysis, as to the nature of one variety of the drug, namely, that a kind of it, resembling in appearance the Gamboge of Ceylon, is also produced in the island of Borneo. This is obtained at the towns of Mampára and Pontianah in Borneo, is conveyed thence by the Malay coasters to Singapore, and is there bought by the Chinese, to be purified and made up for the European market. This inform- ation I owe to an intelligent pupil of our University, Mr. James B. Allan, who some years ago saw the article at Singapore, in the course of its passage into the hands of the Chinese. ; Considering the great varieties that exist ìn the commercial qualities and origin of Gamboge, together with the inaccessible nature of the countries whence some of them are obtained, it cannot appear sur- Prising that the botanical source of the drug 15 involved in some doubt and obscurity. The first notice we have of an attempt refer it to a particular tree, is by Bon- tius, who practised medicine early in the Seventeenth century at Batavia, and who De to have been familiarly acquainted the drug and its effects. In his well- E Work, published after his death by se » a Euphorbiaceous plant is described tg under the name of Esula In- ; and he says it yields a milky juice mem oan made in its stem, and that (fers neither in. form, figure, nor ek of growth,” from the plant which the Gamboge of Cambodja in Siam.? ih iiis may be well here to complete the commercial d of this substan to inform: ti ee wee is now an article of sale n the Coromandel t e Ael, andel coast. Bontii Hist. Natur. et Medic. Indiz Orient. For nearly a century the opinion of Bon- tius seems to have regulated the doctrine of medical Botanists, so far as regarded the source of Siam Gamboge. But not long after the publication of his treatise, it was also announced, chiefly through the researches of Hermans, who resided at Colombo for seven years subsequent to 1670, and was afterwards a Professor in the University of Leyden, that other vari- eties of Gamboge were obtained from two trees growing in Ceylon, which are at pre- sent generally believed to be the Garcinia Cambogia and Stalagmitis Cambogioides of modern Botanists. In a letter address- ed in 1677 to Syen, another Leyden Pro- fessor, and the annotator of Van Rheede’s Hortus Malabaricus, Hermans observes, that both trees afford a kind of Gamboge, but that the latter yields the more esteem- ed variety. Although Syen, in his note, cautions the reader against confounding these Gamboges with the Gamboge of the shops, which was then, as now, derived entirely from Siam, and although Hermans himself, in a subsequent work of his own upon Materia Medica, published in 1710, seems to refer Gamboge incorrectly to the plant which is now known to be the Gar- cinia Cambogia, it will nevertheless ap- pear from the sequel, that in mentioning the other species of tree to his countryman Syen, as the source of the best kind of Ceylon Gamboge, this Botanist has really earned the merit of being the first to indi- cate the true origin of the Cingalese vari- ety of the drug. Since that time almost every attempt which has been made to render our information on the subject more correct or more precise, has in reality had a tendency directly the reverse. In 1748, Linneus, in publishing a list of Ceylon plants from certain recovered manuscripts of Hermans, which had been missing for nearly fifty years, committed the strange ex Edit. Pisonis, Amsteladami 1658. Lib. vi. Cap. lvii. p. 153. 3 Van Rheede. Hortus Malabaricus, 1678. i. 42. tab. 24. 4 Pauli Hermanni Cynosura Mat. Med. ante sede- i inl issa, &c. cum annot. Henninger cim et Boecler, 1726. p. 685. 236 mistake of confounding under one name both of the trees described by the Dutch Botanist! And in 1788, Professor Mur- ray of Gottingen, after carefully examining the manuscripts and dried specimens of Koenig, a Polish physician in the Danish service, who was long in the East Indies, and had studied this particular subject with attention, was unlucky enough to take his description from a specimen, which, it now appears, had been patched up from two distinct species;? and thus, in constituting a new genus as the true Gamboge-tree, under the name of Stalagmitis Gambogi- oides, he has described a plant which really does not exist, although in almost every modern Pharmacopeia it has been adopted as the botanical source of officinal Gam- boge. Such is one of the results of the investigations of my colleague, Dr. Gra- ham, who further makes out that Ceylon Gamboge is produced by a tree which must constitute an entirely new genus, and to which he proposes to assign the name of Hebradendron Gambogioides. Any one who compares Dr. Graham’s descrip- tion with the brief notice given by Her- mans, must come to the conclusion, that the latter author took his description from the very same plant. Although the inquiries of Dr. Graham have made us accurately acquainted with the true source of the Gamboge of Ceylon, it does not absolutely follow, that we are likewise acquainted with the true botanical source of the common article of the shops, the Gamboge of Siam. In truth no com- petent European Botanist has hitherto seen ! Flora Zeylanica sistens plantas Indices 1670—1677 lectz fuerea Paulo Hermanno. ledami, 1748. p. 87. ? Commentationes Gottingenses, ix. 169, quzolim, Amste- ON THE SOURCES AND COMPOSITION OF GAMBOGE, that, as the Bhoodist religion is believed - to have passed from Siam to Ceylon, and E along with it the practice of painting the E temples and holy dresses with Gamboge, the tree which yields Gamboge may have passed from one country to the other at the same time. When we add, however, to the presumptions thus constituted that, as will presently be seen, the Gamboge of the two countries is as nearly as possible identical in composition and properties, the probability certainly becomes very strong, that both varieties are the produce of the same species of tree. Gamboge has long been an object of in- terest in a chemical point of view. In the earlier periods of organic chemistry it was considered the most perfect variety or type of the gummy-resinous principle, as pre- senting in the highest degree the proper ties of a substance intermediate in chemi- cal relations between gum on the one hand, and resin on the other. It is now univer sally admitted that there is no such prn- ciple as a gum-resin, the name being te tained in the chemistry of the present day merely as a convenient term for a set natural productions consisting of -— principles. But the gum-resins are with justice considered as among the most interesting of all the natural productions of the vegetable world ; and none has been hitherto discovered which presents their general characters better marked than Gamboge.* ensi by the earliest analyses, —: those of Boulduc,5 Cartheuser,° and : froy,7 which lead to no useful a will be sufficient for me to mention * researches of Braconnot and of John, by each of whom its true nature was n torily ascertained. Braconnot, in i 179. s Gottin enses, IX. Com mentatione g a inclusum." Cynos. Mat. Med. p- 5 Hist. de l'Acad. des Science 179. : 6 Fundamenta Materia Medice, furti, 1749. : à 7 Geoflroy, Matière Médicale, tt. 682. 685. a s de Paris, mip o p. 559. Franco- examined the finest variety of Gamboge, and concluded that it is composed of eighty per cent. resin, and twenty per cent. gum ; that the gum is acid in its re-action on ve- getable colours, and allied in nature to plum-tree gum; that the resin possesses the colour of the crude drug, is converted into an orange or cherry-red soap with potassa, yields a little oxalic and malic acids and a larger quantity of a bitter prin- ciple on being treated with nitric acid, and when subjected in fine powder to a stream of chlorine, forms a colourless compound with that gas, which is permanent, except under the influence of destructive distilla- tion, concentrated acids, and other power- ful decomposing agents. In 1813, John of Berlin, apparently unacquainted with the prior investigations of Braconnot, also examined this substance, and obtained the sme principles, but in very different pro- portions, the resin amounting in his ana- lyses to eighty-nine or ninety per cent., and the gum to nine and a half or ten and a half only? It may be added, that he was led by this analysis to throw doubts, as others indeed had done before him, over the belief, at that time general, in the ex- Istence of a gummy-resinous principle as à simple proximate constituent of vegeta- Substances. For in regard to Gamboge, m to be one of the most characteristic xamples of such a principle, he proved not merely that it may be resolved into * otiam true resin, but likewise that .. ^y be re-produced by simply triturat- ing the resinous part with a due proportion Bum-arabic, P inquiries of John and Braconnot ving been confined to a single variety of NS sins at least three principal is d ra in emmerce; 1t occur- icit at it might be desirable to as- Meu ceo of each—first, in Wille end e cause of their respective of the preference given to 1 ru ent po Gommes-résines, Annales * Chemische Voip es suchun tabilischer 1513, s gen, mineralischer, vege- » und animalischer substanzen, iii. 190.— ON THE SOURCES AND COMPOSITION OF GAMBOGE. 237 one particular kind for the art of painting as well as in medicine—and secondly, in the hope that their respective analysis might throw some light on the question of their botanical origin. The specimens of Pipe and Cake Gam- boge of Siam, which were used in the fol- lowing analysis, were chosen for me by Mr. Duncan, an intelligent druggist of this city, as characteristic examples of the two varieties; and the specimens of Pipe Gamboge, which is the most important of the whole, were declared by an eminent professional colourist to be as fine as he had ever seen. The specimens of Coarse Gam- boge were obtained for me by an experi- enced wholesale druggist in London. Of Ceylon Gamboge I have been fortunate enough to obtain several authentic and characteristic examples. One was left in the museum of my predecessor, Dr. Dun- can, junior, to whom it was sent about se- ven years ago by Mr. David Anderson Blair from Colombo, as a specimen of the ordinary Gamboge of Ceylon. Another was lately transmitted by Mrs. Colonel Walker, also from Colombo, to my colleague, Dr. Graham, as a specimen of the exuded juice simply as collected from the tree and dried in moulds for preservation. A third is a beautiful and undoubted specimen of the exuded juice concreted on the bark of the tree which yields it. This was also sent by Mr. Anderson Blair to the late Dr. Duncan. 1. Pipe Gamboge is so termed in the nomenclature of the drug-market, from its peculiar form. It occurs chiefly in cy- lindrical masses, from three-quarters of an inch to nearly three inches in diameter, commonly hollow, and often doubled upon themselves, and cohering. Not unfre- quently several of these pipes or cylinders are firmly accreted into irregularly-shaped cakes or balls, two or three pounds in weight; in which, however, the remains of the cavities may be traced, though much flattened. The surface of the unaccreted cylinders is dirty greenish-yellow, and stri- ated—evidently from the impression of the reed-moulds into which it is run when soft. 238 Where several cylinders have been joined together, and squeezed into a cake or ball, the mass is usually wrapped in large leaves, which appear to belong to a malvaceous or bombaceous plant. Pipe Gamboge is very brittle, and presents a somewhat conchoidal fracture, the surface of which is smooth, brownish-yellow in tint, and glimmering in lustre. It becomes bright Gamboge-yel- low wherever it is frayed or rubbed, and very readily forms an emulsion or paste of e same hue when rubbed with the wet finger. It has scarcely any taste ; but after a short time produces a sensation of acrid- ity, especially in the back of the throat. Neither hasit any smell; yet the fine dust, raised in pulverizing it, quickly irritates the nostrils, even in quantities inconceiv- ably minute, exciting a profuse flow of mucus, and some sneezing, but without ai n. This variety of Gamboge is familiarly known to be an excellent and powerful purgative, which in the dose of three, five, and seldom more than seven grains, pro- duces profuse watery discharges; nor has dreading its effects, as our predecessors did; for its action is seldom or never ac- companied with much pain or other uneasi- "a ept il 7 L4 J ee | nes , “ones other finely-pulverizable substance, such as cream of tartar. Yet on the other hand, it is a dangerous poison in large doses; one drachm has proved fatal; and the cause of death is violent inflammation of the bowels, I believe that the occasionally fatal effects of a nostrum much in vogue in the present day, under the name of Mor- ison’s Pills, have been satisfactorily traced to an over-dose of Gamboge. It was this variety which Braconnot ana- lyzed. As for the analysis of Professor John, which seems also to have been ap- plied to the Pipe Gamboge, it differs so entirely from what I have obtained from all the varieties I have yet examined, that some error must have been committed in his proceedings. In all probability the error arose in his employing rectified spirit for separating the principles from one an- ON THE SOURCES AND COMPOSITION OF GAMBOGE. other; because rectified spirit, in dissoly- 3 ing the resin, takes up also a considerable : part of the gum. The same objection is — applicable to the analysis of Braconnot, - though he has obtained more nearly the. 1 true proportions of the principles. | The best solvent for separating the resin of Pipe Gamboge is sulphuric ether. When agitated with the powder, a lively orange- red solution is obtained, which becomes - Gamboge-yellow by dilution, and continues to show this tint when very greatly diluted, F proving the exceeding intensity of the co- —— lour. On distilling off the greater part of — the ether, and then driving away what re- mains by heating the residue in an open porcelain cup, a very beautiful, brittle re- sin is obtained, which has in thin layers a deep orange-colour and complete transpa- rency, and in thicker masses a cherry-red tint, so dark as to produce almost complete opacity, and which possesses in fine powder a lively Gamboge-yellow hue. It is re- markable that the very volatile fluid, sul- phuric ether, adheres with great force to this resin, insomuch as to be the source of much trouble, and even error in a quanti- tative analysis. The vapour-bath heat of 212° F. I found insufficient to drive off so much ether as to leave the resin firm when cold; even at the temperature of 27, maintained by means of a muriate of lime bath for six hours, so large a quantity was retained, that the detached principles al- most always weighed conjunctly three per cent. more than the crude subject of ana- — lysis; nay, a heat of 400° subsequently applied for four hours by an oil-bath, por: I considered the highest temperature to safely applied to the resin, and which sent off copious bubbles of ethereal e still left a slight surplus of weight ın "ie separated principles when summed a The ether leaves, in the case of 2 Gamboge, a flocculent matter, M i thoroughly exhausted by the repe what tion of the same fluid, coheres some" and acquires a very pale yellowish-W^ — i an 1 Its colour is so intense that it co cili weight appreciable yellowness to ten thousand tii of spirit. mU TD By he ah ote ee ree ER IE ML mae sre ee T a T ENTER. . eolour. In fine specimens of this Gamboge [have always found the flocculent resi- . duum to be composed entirely of gum, presenting. the leading. characters of the prototype of the gummy principle named Arabin, from its forming almost the entire . mass of gum-arabic. It is entirely and easily soluble in cold water, forming a pale yellowish solution, which, when concentrat- ed, becomes viscous, and when dried, forms a transparent, reddish substance, of a mu- cilaginous taste without acridity. Bracon- not thought the gum analogous to that of the plum-tree; which, however, contains a considerable proportion of the insoluble variety of gum named Cerasin, a variety entirely absent in Pipe Gamboge. The proportions of the two principles vary somewhat, as will appear from the following results of trials made with one hundred grains of two distinct specimens apparently of the same quality. Resin heated at 400°, till š hs Pme it ceased to lose seigut 42 718 Arabin, or soluble gum, heated at 212», till ps 24.0 "rwn to lose weight . oisture discharged by a ime 7| 48 Mn ov dus e trace trace Total....100.8 100.4 In another analysis so much as 27. 3 per cent, of gum was obtained. But as the a Was not carefully determined, and “ere was therefore no check on the analy- “ts, the accuracy of that result cannot be positively relied on. _It follows that Pipe Gamboge consists ias and gum, without any volatile oil, à very common ingredient of other summy-resinous exudations. The large aue of gum accounts well for its y miscibility with water, by which, on oedema its suitableness for the pur- a the painter is judged of, and . Ch, on the other hand, renders it in me- En des convertible into a smooth Perlect emulsion, without any of the ON THE SOURCES AND COMPOSITION OF GAMBOGE. 239 additions usually resorted to for that e a Qs I have nowhere met with any allusion to the question, in what principle the ac- tive properties of Pipe Gamboge reside. Since it consists of nothing else but gum and resin, the natural inference must be, that as gum is always bland and simply demulcent when pure, the acridity will be found to reside in the resin. This I have accordingly ascertained to be the case. The resin of Gamboge, heated to 260° to drive away most of the ether, was adminis- tered as a purgative to several individuals alternately with Gamboge itself; and both were found to occasion identically the same effects in kind—the resin, like the crude drug,occasioning profuse watery discharges, without pain or other uneasiness, in the dose of five grains. But its operation was certainly different in degree, the effect be- ing always less in the dose of five or five and a half grains, than from the equivalent dose of seven grains of Gamboge, although care was taken to administer both to the same individuals, and in identically the same circumstances, so far as this condi- tion could be secured. I was at first in- clined to imagine that the diminution of effect might be owing to a partial change produced by the heat to which the resin had been exposed. But this idea was ne- cessarily abandoned on subsequent proof being obtained that a higher heat of 400°, which is little short of that required to produce chemical disorganization of the resin, has no further deteriorating influence. But it may be asked, whether the acrid- ity of Gamboge is a property of the resin itself, or of some principle united with pure resin, and concentrating in itself the whole active qualities of the drug. On this point chemical analysis has not yet thrown any light; nor have I been able to add any thing to what is already known. Certainly no decomposing agent hitherto. applied has detached a peculiar active: principle from the resin; and it further appears probable ponification, which detach an active principle, if it really were 240 present, not only has no such effect, but even, according to some Pharmacologists, lters materially the action of Gamboge. For it is stated that Gamboge, converted in- to a soap by the action of an alkali, ceases to be purgative; so that a dose of twenty grains in this form has none of the usual effect, and on the other hand acquires diu- retic properties. If these arguments, how- ever, seem to favour the opinion that the active principle is nothing else than the resin itself, it should at the same time be remembered as favouring the opposite view—that the greater part of pure resins are nearly or entirely inert ; and still more, that it has been proved in regard to the closely allied class of vegetable produc- tions, the fixed oils, comprising several acrid species, such as croton-oil, the oil of the physic-nut, and some other energetic purgative oils, that their activity is not in- herent in the simple oil, but resides in a peculiar volatile acid principle, which may be detached. 2. Passing next to the Lump or Cake Gamboge, it must appear evident, that the composition of this variety will vary much according to its quality. At least from what has been said above of its commercial history, it must either vary much, or we must separate from this sort all the kinds often mixed with it, and vaguely known in trade by the name of Coarse Gamboge. The finer qualities of it, usually called Cake or Lump Gamboge by druggists, appear from what I have seen, t tolerably uniform. It is met with in much the same with that of Pipe Gamboge ; its taste and odour are the same; and it ON THE SOURCES AND COMPOSITION OF GAMBOGE. very readily forms, with the wet finger, : smooth, bright Gamboge-yellow emulsion. _ Possibly the finer sorts which approach Pipe Gamboge in price, may also more 3 nearly resemble that variety in external Í characters than has been here laid down; | but I have not met with any such speci- — mens. True Pipe-Gamboge, however, it — must be remembered, is often met with in the form of cakes, owing to several pipes or cylinders having been firmly agglutinat- — ed while soft.! 5.3 The chemical composition of Cake-Gam- _ boge is also materially different. It is not, like the Pipe variety, entirely dissolved by the successive action of the two solvents, — sulphuric ether and cold water. About - eleven per cent. of insoluble matter re- | mains, which in cold water subsides com- monly in two layers, the uppermost white, — and very finely pulverulent, the lower one — grayish, and rather flocculent. The former proved to be fecula, entirely soluble in — boiling water, and then giving an abundant blue precipitate with tincture of iodine—the latter quite insoluble in boiling water with even six hours of ebullition, burning en- tirely away, with the flame and odour : burning wood, and with a mere trace | earthy residue, and therefore kim woody fibre or lignin. The analysis two samples gave results nearly concord- ant, as follows. One hundred grains were used, and all visible fragments of wood were excluded. First. Second. . Resin, dried in oil-bath at ! 64.3 65.0 Aubin; dria 260»... 90.7 p^ Fecula, dried at 212° ... 6.2 a Lignin, dried at 212° ... 4.4 ye" Moistare' so. 408%. -- eor Total....99.6 100.1 the The proportion between the gum and è resin is here identically the average PO” 1 Cake Gamboge boiled in fine powder, a forms an emulsion, which is rendered — Gaite. tincture of iodine; while an emulsion of Pipe ; boge, similarly prepared, merely become tawny. A deco E E 5. 1! s somewhat — — already mentioned as existing in coupled with the presence of the particu- - lar principle fecula, and the vesicular struc- e of the cakes, renders it extremely probable, if not certain, that Cake Gam- boge is not simply a natural production, ut rather a manufactured substance—an adulteration. For in the first place, it is _ the pure exudation plus so much impurity; ‘Secondly, fecula is not known to be pro- duced from the trunks, branches, or leaves plants belonging to that part of the bo- tanical system in which the true Gamboge Tree undoubtedly will be found to be pro- perly placed, and it is therefore almost im- . possible that its presence depends on some . Were variety in the period of collection or Other circumstance in vegetation; and thirdly, the vesicular texture, so different rom the compact, uniform texture of Pipe Gamboge, is exactly what might be ex- Pected from the process of wetting the ex- uded juice, beating it up with other pulve- relent substances, and then drying it. Tt | might be objected that eleven per cent. of 4. 5» Matter is a small addition for an 1 adulteration, But this amount may, after d » be quite equivalent to the grower's Profit from the pure article; and it will T e ed that a larger proportion Eo. ay so dilute the yellow mixture as to render it almost ketable, z a p We cannot doubt that the resin of Cake qua. 56 possesses the same effects on the | dy vit that of the Pipe variety. So 3. n. may be passed over. ^ Con e Coarse Gamboge of some Eng- ggists is classed by oth i C ' Vaticty, y others with the Since chem; ten is VOL. 11, Mposition of what has been de- ON THE SOURCES AND COMPOSITION OF GAMBOGE. 241 scribed above as Cake Gamboge, while the other, which is greatly harder, more earthy in its fracture, and grayish-yellow in tint, both in mass, in powder, and in emulsion, evidently owes these differences to nothing else but a larger proportion of the same, or at least a similar, adulterating ingredi- ent. The composition of these specimens was as follows for 100 grains. Ree; dned i " ;: First. Second, esin, dried in the oil- beth àt 8809777. ar SA Arabin, dried at 212°... 17.2 14.2 Fecula, dried at 212^ . 7.0 19.0 Lignin, dried at 212°.... 7.8 22.0 Moisture disengaged a 7.2 10.6 Total... 1014 ^ 100;8 With the ligneous fibre I have also includ- ed a trace of sandy particles and other im- purities. Ceylon Gamboge, as I have seen it, is usually in small irregular fragments, but as originally collected, is in flattish round masses, as if moulded in shallow bowls, weighing about a pound or upwards; and it appears to be composed of aggregated irregular tears, with interspaces and cavi- ties, which are lined with a dark, powdery matter, or with a powder of an earthy ap- pearance. Altogether it seems a very coarse article. But on attentive examina- tion it will be found, that the tears, of which by far the greater portion of it is compos- ed, present the compact texture, smooth fracture, and glimmering lustre of fine Pipe Gamboge ; that its powder has an in- tense Gamboge-yellow tint; and that a smooth emulsion is very readily formed by it with the wet finger. Dr. Duncan, in- deed, has stated, that it has not the pro- perties of true Gamboge ;! and I know he referred to its not being sufficiently emul- sive to form a smooth mass with water for the use of the painter. But in this he is not quite correct. The specimen of con- crete juice adhering to the bark, which was 1 Edinburgh New Dispensatory, Ed. 1830, Art. Gamboge. Q 249 sent to him by Mr. Anderson Blair, is cer- tainly not so emulsive as Siam Gamboge. But the ordinary Cingalese article, also sent by the same gentleman, is much more perfectly so. And the specimens sent by Mrs. Colonel Walker to Dr. Graham, as well as others subsequently sent to myself, comprising a splendid specimen of it ad- hering to the bark of the tree, seem to me to form with great ease an emulsion nowise inferior in smoothness, and very little, if at all, in liveliness of tint, to that of the very best Pipe Gamboge of Siam. On this point I have taken the precaution of consulting an experienced professional co- lourist; and he reports that Mr. Anderson Blair’s specimens present many fragments quite equal to the Pipe-Gamboge as a pigment, but that it does not mix well with some other colours, such as Prussian blue, and shows a tendency to curdle with them —an objection, however, from which I have since been told the finest varieties of Gamboge are not quite exempt. To this testimony may be annexed that of Mrs. Walker herself, who is a skilful colourist, and who both states in her communication to Dr. Graham, that she finds Ceylon Gam boge quite equal to that of Siam, and has since added, in a very interesting letter to myself, that all the additions sometimes made to it by the Cingalese artists, such as lime-juice, the gum of the Feronia ele- phantum, or lime-powder, are not only unnecessary, but have likewise appeared to her even to injure its tint. The inference, that good Ceylon Gam- boge may be easily put to use in the art of painting, is borne out by its chemical com- position. As in the instance of Cake Gam- boge, so here, sulphuric ether and cold water do not effect a complete solution, but leave about five per cent. of insoluble tirely away with a good deal of flame and & smell of burning wood, and has a dark ON THE SOURCES AND COMPOSITION OF GAMBOGE, brownish-black colour. The ashes of this residuum, amounting to three per cent. it, consist of carbonate of lime, with a trace of oxide of iron, different in purity. The quantity used was one hundred grains. g First. Second. Resin, heated at 400° 68.8 Arabin, dried at 240°. 20.7 Fibre of wood = 6.8 bark, at 212° Moisture ..; eee: 4.6 ‘Total... 100 M in some specimens of fine Pipe Gamboge. Having arrived at this result, it appear ed to me an object of interest to examine the late Dr. Duncan’s specimen of concrete boge. I could spare only about four a - dd grains [4.329], without injuring — the specimen ; but by proceeding c xe the following results were obtained :— p Grains. Per cent. 3.970 75.5 Resin, heated at 400° . . 0.793) Arabin, dried at 212° .. Insoluble residue, pro- bably Cerasin, because soluble in boiling wa- ter, yet not then acted on by iodine Probable moisture, as in Siam Gambo Total.... 4-300 ue is From this analysis it seems pe? : the present specimen is generica" y | .029 wi 48 ge. POR that " Gamboge. It contains indeed between - four and six per cent. less gum than Siam . Gamboge, and between two and four per - cent. less than the other specimens of Cey- -. Jon Gamboge which I have examined ; but — this difference can scarcely be held the less to constitute it a true Gamboge.! Since executing this analysis I have received, through the great kindness of Mrs. Colonel Walker, another specimen similar to that of Dr. Duncan. Although I have not sub- mitted it to analysis, from unwillingness to spoil the specimen, I am satisfied, from the great ease with which it makes an emulsion = with water, that this specimen must con- tain a full proportion of gum. From the whole of the previous account of the properties and composition of the different kinds of Gamboge, the following conclusions may, I think, be reasonably drawn It has just been shown, that the compo- 2 sition of this concrete juice varies some- what in the respective proportions of its two essential ingredients, as it is produced by the same plant growing in the same climate and country. It is plain, therefore, that a difference in the place of growth of the may occasion a similar difference, greater in degree; and consequently that Siam Gamboge may perfectly well be pro- duced by the same species which is known to produce the Gamboge of Ceylon. It further appears, that the proportion of gum to the coloured resin may vary Somewhat, without the emulsive quality of the article being materially altered; but that a very small diminution of the gum Wa certain proportion will render the gum-resin incapable of forming a smooth emulsion, which property is indispensable = employment as a pigment. "e next place, there can be scarcely 4 oubt, that the Gamboge-tree of Cey- : Aad be made to yield, with due care, and perfect Gamboge, so far as con- ! On : careful comparison, it appeared that the resin ON THE SOURCES AND COMPOSITION OF GAMBOGE. 243 cerns the art of painting. And the condi- tions for success probably are, 1. That the exudation be collected from the tree with more care than at present, so as to be kept free of woody fibre and the darker parti- cles of bark, by which the purity and live- liness of the yellow tint are somewhat im- paired. 2. That care be taken to ascertain in what circumstances of season, soil, cul- tivation, or the like, the exuded juice con- tains the due proportion of gum, that is, not less than 20.5 per cent. of the gum- resin when perfectly dry. 3. That where the gum is rather deficient, it be supplied by express addition. Probably, indeed, the whole Gamboge of Ceylon may be im- proved by the addition of three or four per cent. of gum; and at all events some kinds of it require such addition, as seems well known to the Cingalese, who, according to Mrs. Walker, when they use it as a igment, sometimes add a little of the gum of the Feronia elephantum, or Wood- apple. In regard to the first of these con- ditions, it ought to be known, that, accord- ing to the only account hitherto obtained of the mode of collecting Gamboge in Siam, namely, the information communi- cated to Koenig by a Portuguese priest, who said he had witnessed the process, this variety of the drug is actually prepar- ed not from the bark, but from the leaves, by bending down the branches, cutting the leaves across, and collecting the droppings. Koenig’s account certainly does not seem very probable ; yet it ought to be kept in view, and subjected to trial in Ceylon. The Cingalese method is to obtain it from the bark, sometimes by making incisions through it, and sometimes by shaving off portions of the outer bark as large as a man’s palm. It seems scarcely necessary for me to point out how readily this crude method will lead to the introduction of woody fibre into the article, or how easily the method may be improved so as to ex- clude such impurity. As to the use of Gamboge in medicine, I am satisfied that the Ceylon variety pos- sesses the properties of the finest Siam Gamboge in full perfection. Mrs. Walker 244 says, that in the Island of Ceylon it is used by the native doctors precisely for the same s with Siam Gamboge in Europe and elsewhere. I have made many expe- riments in my Clinical Wards in the Royal Infirmary, with the article sent by Mr. Anderson Blair, and invariably found it at least as effectual as the common drug used in this country. From comparative trials, indeed, made in the same individuals, I am even of opinion, that Ceylon Gamboge is the more powerful of the two, while it is equally safe and free from any accessary unpleasant operation. In conclusion, then, I may venture to express my firm persuasion, that Europe need not be indebted to Siam alone for its Gamboge ; and that, with a little enterprize and due attention on the part of our Go- vernment and Settlers in Ceylon, Gamboge of the most esteemed quality may be add- ed to the other European exports of that prolific and highly favoured island. November 28th. To the observations made above, on the external characters and composition of the different kinds of Gam- boge, it may be well here to annex a brief notice of the gambogioid juices obtained from two trees, which have been at differ- ent times supposed by some to yield the genuine drug, namely, the Garcinia cam- bogia, and Xanthochymus pictorius. I am here again indebted to Mrs. Col. Walker for my subjects of analysis, having very lately received splendid specimens of the barks of both trees, with their exuda- tions concreted on them. The exudation of Garcinia cambogia, as I am informed by Mrs. Walker, con- cretes slowly and imperfectly, so as to re- main long viscid in the climate of Ceylon. The specimens sent to me, on arriving here, still continued soft enough to receive the impression of the fingers when squeezed between them. The exudation was chiefly in the form of long slender tears, of a clear lemon-yellow tint, without odour or taste, of a distinct resinous appearance, both ex- ON THE SOURCES AND COMPOSITION OF GAMBOGE. ternally and in their fracture, and wh incapable of forming an emulsion rubbed with the wet finger. These given off, to the fourth part of a grain and after repeated cohobation, there were rom another portion, weighing twenty grains, the resin and volatile oi a little dark, brittle, fibrous matter, dently from particles of the bark. analysis gave the following results:— P Resin 2 350 ee ee 66.0 Arabik uere 14.0 Volatile O11!) a i eee 12.0 ; Fibre of the bark ...... 5:073 Los 0: 15427 T 100.0 udation, evidently a true gum-resin, * containing, too, a considerable proportion of gum, is nevertheless not emulsive. The resin differs essentially from that of ether or rectified spirit, and possessing d colour somewhat different both in tint ane — in intensity. Its colour is not orange " rather lemon-yellow ; and its solution much less intense in tint than that of 1 resin of Siam or true Ceyl i the last two present an equal depth of sha? when dissolved in ten times as much spif as the other. The physiological effects of the par resin of Garcinia cambogia on the an body form a distinction between this stance and true Ceylon Gamboge, ? characteristic than their respective chemi- cal composition or sensible properties. lave nowhere met with any account of the . effects of this gum-resin, apart from those of true Ceylon Gamboge with which it has been commonly confounded. But I have — made some trials with it, which prove that . itdoes not by any means possess the pow- erful cathartic action of Gamboge. One individual took first ten, and afterwards . fifteen grains, finely pulverized with bitar- - trate of potash, but without experiencing any effect whatever ; and another took eight . grains of the resin, or the equivalent of twelve grains of the crude substance, also without the slightest perceptible effect. . : These quantities are about thrice the aver- . age doses of true Gamboge. | On the whole, then, looking to the ex- . ternal characters, the chemical composition, i and the physiological operation of the gum- Tesin of Garcinia cambogia, it seems very difficult to account, except on the suppo- sition of loose observation or hypothetical | inference, for the belief long generally en- tertained, and still not abandoned by some, ! that this tree yields either the Gamboge of . Commerce, or a substance analagous to it. Mr. Royle having expressed an opinion An his /lustrations of the Botany of the Himalayah, Mountains, that a kind of Gamboge may also be produced by another Species of the natural family Guttifere, 2Ó n Xanthochymus pictorius,® it o me desirable to determine that point also by an analysis of its resinous Ee Mrs. Walker's specimens The T ^ my power to accomp ish. Va udation on the bark of this spe- ud hee more different in appearance 2l EU amboge than that of the Gar- mbogia. [t forms small tears of a pale Srayish-green colour, n Poreh-green; and it is translucent | in. It does not form an emulsion at all when rubbed with is pretty hard with the wet finger. It e mid , and in pold weather pulver- - eee = E T. Lc I ctp uie. t IEEE a y RSEN "BE E e * * Sucha CN on my iu his Phytographie Médicale, ii, 3 * Paris, i821, Mlastrations, &c. p. 132. Part iv.—1834. ON THE SOURCES AND COMPOSITION OF GAMBOGE. 245 From the facility with which it softens when heated, it probably contains some volatile oil; but my specimen could not afford me enough for ascertaining that point with care. For the same reason I could not attempt an exact quantitative analysis of its other component parts. But it is evidently a true gum-resin—containing, however, less gum than that of the Hebra- dendron. Sulphuric ether removes a pale greenish-yellow resin, leaving an opaque glutinous mass, which is broken up and partially dissolved by cold water. The watery solution froths on agitation, and when evaporated leaves a viscous matter, evidently Arabin, or soluble gum. A sm quantity of fibrous impurities and fleecy particles remains unattached by the ether and cold water. One grain and seven- tenths of the gum-resin yielded 1.3 of re- sin, 0.3 of gum, and 0.2 of fibre, that 1s, 76.5, 17.6, and 5.9 per cent. This result seems to indicate the absence of volatile oil; but it cannot be relied on absolutely, on account of the small scale of the ana- lysis. The result, however, is sufficiently accurate to show, when taken along with the sensible qualities of the gum-resin, that the Xanthochymus pictortus does not yield an exudation resembling in any ma- terial property the true Gamboge of the Hebradendron. There still remains a fourth Guttiferous plant, which has been supposed to yield a concrete juice similar to Gamboge, namely, the Garcinia pictoria. This I have not hitherto been able to obtain. Dr. Rox- burgh mentions in his Flora Indica, that it seemed of a finer colour in its crude state than any other kind, but that the tint was not permanent? I can scarcely anti- cipate any other conclusion, from a careful examination of its properties and compo- sition, than that, like the two substances described above, it possesses: the generic characters of a gum-resin, but is otherwise only remotely analogous to the true Gam- boge of Ceylon and Siam. 3 Flora Indica, ii. 629- — 246 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. ALGJE DANMONIENSES, By a slip of the pen we announced the last volume of Mrs. Wyatt's Alge Dan- monienses as the third instead of the fourth. This, the fourth volume, completes this beautiful work : and, including as it does two hundred species, we cannot but con- gratulate the meritorious Collector on the great success that has attended her re- searches, confined as they have been al- most entirely to one circumscribed spot on the British coast. For in no other portion assuredly, of such limited extent, do we believe it possible that so great a number of rare species could be obtained as have rewarded the exertions of Mrs. Wyatt in Torbay. Vol. IV. contains the following species: —152. Fucus vesiculosus. 158. F. cera- noides. 154. F. nodosus. 155. Lichina pygmea. 156. Laminaria digitata. 157. L. fascia. 158. a. Desmarestia aculeata (summer appearance). 158. b. D. acu- leata (winter appearance). 159. Chorda Filum. 160. Striaria attenuata. 161. Polyides rotundus. 162. Laurencia pin- natifida, var. angusta. 163. Porphyra linearis. 164. Ulva Linza. 165. En- teromorpha compressa. 166. Enteromor- pha erecta. 167. Bangia fusco-purpurea. 168. Vaucheria marina. 169. Cladoste- phus spongiosus. 170. Sphacelaria fili- cina. 171. S. cirrhosa. 172. Ectocar- pus siliculosus. 173, E. spherophorus. 174. E. brachiatus. 175, Polysiphonia parasitica. 176. P. violacea. 177. P. 178. P. subulifera, Ag. (new (0718€ C 184. C. Brodiei (rare). 185. C. byssoides (extremely rare). 186. C. tripinnatum (extremely rare). 187. C. seminudum (very rare). 188. C. Roth. 189. C. virgatulum (rare). 190. i Conferva tortuosa. 191. C. crea. 192. C. fucicola. 193. C. pellucida. 194. C. lanosa. 195. C. glaucescens. Harv. MSS. 196. Lyngbya speciosa (rare). 197, Me- BOTANICAL INFORMATION, sogloia ? moniliformis. Griff. MSS, (a new species, and probably a new genus, ATA- sitic on Sphacelaria spongiosa. Salcombe (rare.) 201. S. parasiticum. Griff, MSS. (new species?). The work is concl by an Index, in which all the species systematically arranged according to the 2nd vol. of Hooker's British Flora. ; The first and second Decades of the | volume of the ** Nova Genera ac Species Plantarum quas in Regno Chilensi Pe ruviano et in terra Amazonica annis 1827 ad 1832 legit Edwardus Pæppig et cum Stephano Endlicher descripsit. Iconibus- que illustravit" have just been sent us 5j Dr. Poppig, and we cannot too strongly recommend the work to those who feel interest in the magnificent Flora of those fertile regions. The whole of the twenty plates which now appear are devoted bd Orchideous plants, which, together vith those that have been given in the previous Fasciculi, make the number of Or ims (almost entirely new) already pos by Drs. Poeppig and Endlicher, amo : seventy-five. our own publications, to which, d less, we are anxious to direct the m of our botanical friends; we mean "Y ' of which. and as many leaves devoted to description, appeared about three months been issued. Its object is to give acc figures in lithography of some o! * "d new and interesting plants em exertions ‘of Naturalists in almost iro part of the world are daily p dl : us, and enriching our Herbaria ; Wu i ightful ; progress of this delightf ; ence. The liberality of the Publishers, Messrs. Longman and Rees, the Author from any positive pecuniary $ loss upon two volumes, each of one hun- . dred plates, to which extent he has pledged . himself to go: and should the sale be only . such as to cover the expenses, it will be a - source of real pleasure to the author to supply the materials for its continuation. —— The first part, the only one now before us, contains the following plants :— BrIDGESIANÆ; from Chili. Anemone - hepaticifolia, Hook. tab. 1. Aextoxicum -~ punctatum, R. P. tab. 13. Desfontainia spinosa, R. P. tab, 33. GUNNIANJE ; from Van Diemen's Land. Correa Backhousiana, Hook. tab. 2. C. ferruginea, Backh. tab. 3. TwEEDIANJE; from S. Brazil. Ophio- glossum palmatum, Plum. tab. 4. WALKERIANE; from Ceylon. Gyrt- nops Walla, Gertn. tab. 5. Samadera ; x Indica, Gertn. tab. 7. WALLICHIANJE ; from the East Indies. Aquilaria Agallocha, Roxb. (Aloes or Eagle-wood), tab. 6. Fifty-five species of Mosses represented on eight plates, tab. 17—24, CARMICHAELIANJE et ROBERTSIANÆ; New Zealand. Todea pellucida, Hook. et Grev. tab. 8. Spheria Robertsi, Hook. tab. 11. DagnwiwiANE et REYNOLDSIANE; from S. Chili and Antarctic America. Per- neitia pumila, Hook. tab. 9. Viola Coty- ledon, Ging. tab. 13. Ledocarpon Rey- noldsii, Hook. tab. 14. Donatia Magel- Pw Lam, tab. 16. Polytrichum den- rodes, Hedw, tab. 25. Prionotes Ame- ncana, Hook. tab. 30. LYALLIAN E et BOJERIANÆ ; from Ma- dagascar. Clematis Bojeri, Hook. tab. 10. d tuure ; from China. Osmun- achellii, Hook. tab. 15. MATHEWSIAN®; from Peru. Lycopo- dium Mathewsii, Hook. tab. 26. "end ^am rhomboideus, Hook. tab. 32. C. vanus, D C. tab. 48. er ANE: from Mexico. Ar- - alapensis, H. B. K. tab. 27. Ar- h discolor, Hook. tab. 29. RUMMONDIANÆ ; from Texas and the uthe Th States of N. America. Cleomella BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 247 Mexicana, D C. tab. 28. Draba dentata, Hook. et Arn. tab. 34. JAMESONIANE ; from Columbia, chiefly the Cordillera. Bryum pulchellum, Hook. tab. 34. Draba violacea, D C. tab. 35. Lycopodium rufum, Hook. tab. 36. Ru- bus roseflorus, Hook. tab. 46. Pleuro- thallis cauliflorus, Hook. tab. 50. DouGLASIANJE ; from California. Den- dromecon rigidum, Benth. tab, 37. Pla- tystigma lineare, Benth. tab. 93. Thysa- nocarpus elegans, Fisch. et Mey. f. tab. 39. T. pusillus, Hook. tab. 42. Strep- tanthus glandulosus, Hook. tab. 40. S. flavescens, Hook. tab. 44. Lepidium la- tipes, Hook. tab. 41. Tropidocarpum gra- cile, Hook. tab. 43. Viola chrysantha, Hook. tab. 49. CUNNINGHAMIANJE et FRASERIANE; from New Holland. Leucolena peltigera, Hook. tab. 45. Chetranthera linearis, All. Cunn. tab. 47. It was omitted in the first Part, but in Part Two, and the succeeding ones, the pages will be found headed by the name of the Botanist to whom the author is in- debted for the species there described (as Mathewsiane, Douglasiane, &c.), and al- so with the name of the Natural Order. The price of each part is 15s.; and the se- cond Part, now published, the contents of which we shall shortly give a brief account, completes the first volume. Mr. R. Ball of Mountjoy Square, Dub- lin, has obligingly communicated the intel- ligence of Erica vagans having been as- certained to be a native of Ireland, in a letter of which the foliowing is an extract, dated Dec. 30th, 1836. * My friend, Dr. Burkett of Waterford, sent me, with a parcel of native plants, gathered by himself last summer, a speci- men of Erica vagans, which I find he dis- covered on an islet on the coast of Water- ford, near Tramore." This makes Ireland equally rich with England in the number of species of this beautiful genus; thoug each still boasts of one which the other does not possess—Ireland of Erica Medi- terranea, England of E. ciliaris. RECENT INFORMATION ON THE SUBJECT OF THE UNIO ITINERARIA. “ We beg to announce to those Botan- ists who are interested in the success of the Unio-Itineraria, and who have contri- buted the sum of £6 for shares of Arabian and Egyptian plants, that they have re- ceived, on an average, about four hundred Species, collected partly in Lower Egypt, and partly in Arabia Petrea, Any sub- scriber, whose number falls short of that amount, will be supplied according to this announcement ; while each individual may, besides, have a supplementary share of about one hundred species, mostly consist- ing of such plants as have been gathered in Arabia Felix, and the distribution of which will take place in the spring of this immediately ensuing year (1837). Although the four hundred species, already sent out, contain much of rarity and interest, and even of novelty, viz. two new genera (No. 402, labelled as a Bromus, and No. 244, Schimpera), yet the supplemental century, mentioned above, will include, proportion- ally, still scarcer plants, by which the sa- tisfaction of the subscribers, already most pleasingly stated by some, cannot fail to be increased. Hedshas, near Djedda, and in the environs of Mecca, during the interval from Nov. 1835 to Feb. 1836, and amount to more than two hundred species, to which will be added some Egyptian ones, (a few only, and of the scarcer kinds,) gathered in the course of last summer in Upper Egypt, where the collector occupied himself chiefly with Zoology, and during the latter part of Those individuals, therefore who, besides the hundred supple- mentary species, may wish to receive an BOTANICAL INFORMATION, additional century, consisting of the productions of Arabia Felix, will hi high for plants from those distant Tegions and should it prove possible to add son of the new Egyptian specimens which daily expect to receive, the distribution will exceed that number.1 : “Our principal object, at present, being | to promote the further plans and intentions | of this Institution, we beg to state, our traveller has already set out for Ab: the Missionaries, a native of Stuttgard. Al our own risk we have furnished him with ever, prove sufficient, if, according to our — earnest wish, he remains more than a year tion, is accordingly fixed in the same man- ner as the former Arabian one, viz. £3 for single, and £6 for double — to le aid previously to the individuals b as bona fide cse This expedition will probably prove of stil greater interest than that to Arabia, which was, however, accompanied by a rich p duce. After this, we recommend the collection i made by M. Hohenacker in Georgian e casus, on the confines of Persia, of whi the fourth supply reached us a few me | ago, containing very scarce, and many s iu species, and which are offered at e scription price of £2 10s. for two = 4 species, and £1 10s. for one hundr twenty species. T cede these, there remain for those S i individuals, who have not participated Y the third supply from the same eed about sixty species, at the price of U i 1 About two hundred and fifty ai eer bere plants from Arabia Felix, the prices 0 x : not yet been fixed, may, if desired, be The North American specimens, chiefly | the State of Ohio, for which we have ived, and are still receiving, 22s. per spring of 1837, together with those from Arabia. The specimens, collected in New Hol- land by M. Gotsky, have been taken for sale by the Unio Jtineraria, and will be distributed in the course of next summer. of Port Jackson and Botany Bay; the greater part corresponding with those ga- thered by the late M. Sieber. To such in- dividuals as may not be in possession of this Botanist’s plants, they are the more interesting, as the specimens are very fine and perfect, particularly in the families of f Epacridee, Leguminose, Myrtacee, and Proteacee ; the price to be £2. per hun- dred. As there are no more than thirty Shares, from one hundred, two hundred, and three hundred per share—the sub- an scribers must make an early application. : “Finally, we beg to explain to such of x the members as may regard the subscrip- Sae prices as higher than those of earlier 33095. that these expeditions have since . been conducted on a larger scale; travels . Of such extent requiring not only a muc ms outlay, but also increasing the cost d freight, land-carriage, and postage: i these charges, together with printing, a- n penaa to considerable sums, and swal- _ Sung Up all the profit derived from the f. E epu, We do not ourselves i Mur any thing for the trouble and ex- dis oe aie requisite for transmitting paca o dn respective members ; and B ni vm that may remain is either bic a. well-earned gratuity to the col- future E over for the promotion of | dently uma ^u i We therefore confi- ies seine sede support, not only di "Pg bs ur o ers, but of those in- ject,” e an interest in this sub- o ER HocHsrETTER & STEUDEL. ingen, Dec. 26, 1836 3 We i T" trust that this appeal to the Botanists Pe will be duly responded to; and ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY. that every one anxious to add to the value of his Herbarium, will embrace the oppor- tunity of possessing the plants from the highly interesting countries above men- tioned. For our own parts, we cannot but feel grateful to this Society, which has so liberally exerted itself for the promotion of Botanical Science: and as we have been subscribers from the commencement of this Institution to the present day, we feel our- selves authorised and justified in saying, that no collections were ever offered for public sale having such claims to our at- tention both from the beauty and rarity of the specimens, as those of the Uxro IriNERARIA. Eb. ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BO- TANY; PRINCIPALLY OF THE SOUTHERN PARTS OF THE PENINSULA. By Dr. Wight and G. A. W. Arnott, Esq. ( Continued from page 193. ) CICENDIA HYSSOPIFOLIA. TAB. XXVII. ‘Gen. Cuar. CICENDIA. Adans. Griesb. Corolla infundibuliformis, corona 0, eglan- mutate. resb. Dr. Griesbach observes that there are three sections in this genus ,— 1. with the capsule one-celled, the inflorescence ter- minal, and the parts of the flower quater- nary (Cicendia filiformis, Rchb.) ; 2. with the capsule half two-celled, the inflores- cence terminal, the parts of the flower quaternary (.Hippocentaurea, Rchb.); 3. with the capsule one-celled, the flowers in axillary glomeruli, the parts of the flower quinary (Zfippion. Spr. Slevog- tia, Rchb.). It will be at once seen that our plant belongs to his third section. Cicendia hyssopifolia ; foliis lineari-lan- ceolatis trinerviis, florum glomerulis ax- illaribus pseudo-verticillatis. Gentiana hyssopifolia. Linn. Suppl. p- 174. Vahľs Synb. 3. p. Burm. Afr. t. 74. f. 3. 250 Hippion hyssopifolium. Spr. Syst. Veget. v. 1. p. 589. Exacum hyssopifolium. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. i Roem. et Schult, Syst. Veget. v. 3. p. 160. Annual. Stems herbaceous, four-sided, glabrous, the angles slightly winged: branches few, opposite, diffuse. Leaves opposite, decussate, linear-lanceolate, ta- pering at the base, and embracing the stem with the short petioles, smooth, three- nerved, much paler below. Flowers six or eight together, in axillary whorls, ses- sile, white, each furnished with a linear spathulate bractea. Calyx five-cleft, di- visions acute, margined, reflexed at the spreading, oblique at the base. After withering, the corolla remains, closely in- vesting the capsule until it bursts. Sta- mens five; filaments attached to the mid- dle of the tube, and furnished at the base with a small projection which rests on the stigma, and closes the tube. Anthers round, brownish seeds. This is a common plant, found in a va- riety of situations. In rich moist soil it grows to the height of from twelve to fif- teen inches, and then every part is large in propertion ; while, in poor sandy soils, it does not exceed two or three inches. The whole of the plant is somewhat bitter, though much less so than many of its na- tural allies. Like them it is employed by the natives of this country as a stomachic, and is administered in decoction or pow- der. us used it is also said to act as a laxative, an effect attributed to its tonic properties: one of the best pathological Observations we ever heard from a native. Fig. l. Flower with the Corolla laid open. 2. Capsule. 3. Section of ditto ; more or le ni- —— — CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS | FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA AND THE ISLANDS OF THI PACIFIC. By Sir W. J. Hooker, LL.D., and G. A. W. nott, Esq., A.M. F.R. S. E. ; l. EXTRA-TROPICAL SOUTH AMERICA. ( Continued from p. 52 of the present volume.) Before proceeding to the Baccharidee among the Composite, (the sub-tribe which follows next upon the Astere@, de- scribed in our last memoir on South American Botany) we think it but due to our readers to offer some observations upon those Composite we have already publish- ed, especially with reference to the fin part of the fifth volume of De Candolle's Prodromus, in which inestimable work, from the date of its publication, was to be expected, many of our species have appear- ed under names different from those given Lc L4 us. 3l. Mycroseris mea, Don.—To the synon sim we de already given must be added Fichtea of Schultz, in Linnea, 0. p. 255; but the pappus certainly does not consist of scales independent of bristles; for each bristle is dilated on bothsidesatthe base intoascale, of which in fact, the bristle forms the midrib. ! 7 Less: to be a distinct spec : : 870. Vernonia ericefolia, Hook. et = our definition may : duos mis floriferis ante apicem nudis aet à acie "ibn E phalis, pappi serie exteriori paleace species. Elephantopus Car —Our plant agrees with th DC oki ianus, Wii | ZUM n a ib spilanthoides, Don. 7 this belongs Gymnocoronis On.—». —The pappus consists of fifteen or six- teen bristles. 900. Stevia hirsuta, Hook. et Arn—Has , about twenty bristles to the pappus. 903. pa i et Arn.—There trideum, D C., p. 142; but the leaves of . the latter are much narrower. 906. Eupatorium congestum, Hook Am.— £F. tozziefolium, D C 46, is . . p. 146 probably the same. The only difference seems to be that in our plant the ache- Ria are furnished with a few scattered bristles; in E. tozziefolium they m. e senum e E d Hook. et "ila "here are about twenty florets in E mim: in other respects it is Y. J allied to E. trichophorum, D C., 910. Eupatorium ellipticum, Hook. et itul m lætevirens, Hook. et n.—Belongs to De Candolle's second 923 series, of which the species have about nary florets in each capitulum, but dily mun i eee ones this is rea- brous ] sip ed by the narrow, gla- 9 s. eL Pep atorium paradorum, Hook. et E e is Nothites baccharidea, CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. pe- 919 251 916. Eupatorium buniifolium, Hook. et Arn.— E. anethifolium, D C., p. 182, is probably nearly allied to this, but it comes from a totally different country. 917. Eupatorium ceratophyllum, Hook. et Arn.—Probably E. multifidum, D C., p. 182, is the same species 918. Eupatorium decipiens, Hook. et Arn.—To this may be referred E. folio- losum, D C., p. 174. 918.* Eupatorium dodoneafolium, Hook. e oa distinct petiole, dotted on the underside, and eee LI atum, Don D C. p. 149, is one of the cies. tremulum, Hook. et Arn.— To our var. B. belongs .E. poly- stachyon, B. angustus, D C, p. 149. ur var. æ. may be il branches, while in our plant it is a pani- cle, with alternate racemose ramuli. as long as the no where furnished Arn.— 952 rium, aub per aps, ought to be ar- i ’s second series to be no allied a there. est natural affinity appears to be with Mikania seid, folia, M. leiolena, and M. Ni ria, of De Candolle. I our specific Puri» where the leaves are characterized, the word “ dentatis" should be ed for “ elevatis," an error of the pr 925. Eupatorium di ape] Hook. x Arn. (non Desv., fide D C.)—This E. Salvia, Colla and D Q4: p. 157, | a name which, consequently, ought to be retained. . Eupatorium Paranense, Hook. e Arn.—To this beg E. pallescens 2 DC. m k Eee demus. ? patens, Don.—There are only four florets in the capitulum, e serie gh to none of that series does it seem to bea any nity. 930. Eupatorium Tweedie eanum, Hook. et Am.—The £. steviefolium, D ee p- . does m to differ from ds: but judging from De Candolle's descrip- I" specimens, it ought to n the series ** Subimdri vals of the involucre are loosely im- ricated, in at most three rows, and not at all striated. to gn ! calyculatum, ork ‘ s plant Professor De Can- dolle considers a s Stevia, and it is his p. Eupatorium Jani nigerum, Hook. Arn.—The leaves are, in realit o description. To our e po- =s site and not alternate, as Age in T 916. eee. scandens, wd bastate var. 8. belo CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA, ocep 943. Eupatorium ai di Ar ge. 44. Man sericea, Hook. mdr D C., p. 158, which | li T of our E. lanigerum. - Eupatorium tanacetifolium, t Arn this must be referred j Said s ‘ Eupatorium sod Hook. et (non L inn.)— the leaves are villous, sometimes brous beneath, P sometimes scabrous nerve Eupatorium cule Hook. et Am, belongs to Mikania, as defined by De Candolle, and is allied to that ai a new — of the § Hebeclinium, DC. The inner sc the involucre have a short, glabrous, reddish-coloured, membranous append- EF t Arn.— 192, may be the same ; but the C. ion of its leaves is incomplete. , oe" bracteole, however, our § Mer a the xe on the | r E and petioles wr in M. erioclada. pec aba: pie are S neat obese P Among our specimens are some M. diversifolia of D C., p. 201. Mikania involucrata, Hook, et Arn, M. bracteosa, D C., p. 194, is the same. Mikania ? trinervis, Hook. et Ar levis, D C., p. 194, may be con 23 si- dered m to this. 980. Grindelia diffusa, Gill—From a lant with cer- very fugacious character, but we feel sure that there are sometimes as many dre en. - 981. Grindelia discoidea, Hook. et Arn. | —De lles G. anomala, p. 316, lan is the same with our t. illd. — Of this Y ; ogy erly belongs to x 985. Solidago odora, E place, read *« be ? p Candolle restricts the name to the . North American form. i va Species. their forms the as emes, which compose the panicle, 986. secund, Zap Plopappus foliosus, Hook. et Arn. s is Aplopappus foliosus, D C., p. . For « se Vicifolius," Hook. et Arn. CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. leaves, which probably constitute the 990. | A 253 Diplopappus inuloides, Hook. et rn.— To this is to be referred Aplopap- C., p.348. Aplopappus Berteru identical with this; but it is a very dis- tinct species from the preceding. 1t has glabrous peduncles, or floriferous d, therefore, cannot be A- culatus, D C., p. 348, to b with this plant, but the scales of the ., p. 947, but the leaves do not agree well with Lessing's description of that is perhaps ent species from the plopappus coronopifolius, D C., i which the pappus is reddish, and the scales of the involucre-are s ated; but most of the other characters sufficiently accord. 1001. Diplopappus glutinosus, Poep., seems a distinct species from the Ap/lo- appus glutinosus, D C. 7 pappie. bd Be tees s 1003. Diplopappus sericeus, Less., var. æ., as regards the Chilian specimens from Cuming and Bridges, is Aplopappus ? sericeus, D C. p. 349. Those from Bue- Ayres and the East side of the Cordillera appear to constitute the Aplo- natus, D C., p : pappus acumina í the difference assigned between the two ies is not constan Dr. Gillies’ i yp. 279: while Bridges, n. i s from Curico, new genus of ever, is only distinguishable from Aplo- i f a reddish are still inclined to think, that all may be considered as variations of one same species. lif HE Diplopappus diffusus, Hook. € Pn ded diffusus, Pers.) is Aplo- DO, p.325... : Diplopappus Aispidus, Gill.,is Veja D C., p. 922. iplopappus villosus, Hook. et Arn. 254 appears to be JVeja subvillosa, D C., p. 326.— We may here observe that Eri- geron filiformis, Spr., seems to be Neja tenuifolia, D C., and .E. Montevidensis of the same author another species of that genus. 1011. Aster erigeroides, B. Hook. et Arn., is Erigeron fruticosum, 9 p - but we are still disposed to view it as a luxuriant form of our æ. The habit is .; but we cannot see how they are to be separated, while there are so many intermediate orms. 1014. Aster Gilliesii, ayanus, D C., p. 227, is pro- d by anew number. 1016. ErigeronCanadensis, L.—Although we are rather of opinion, that we are cor- rect in thus naming our specimens, we partakes thus, more or less, of the cha- racter of strictus, J . and A., and E. Canadensis. desirable to constitute it, the name quamis - discum :equantibus, ligulis disco equalibus, receptaculo al- veolato. .). Cuming's n. 407 is probably E. Pielériaies, A DESCRIPTION OF SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA, 1021. Hook. et Arn.— 10 S A DESCRIPTION OF SP 3. 1 i RA OF LOBE ALTERNIFLO n DC,, p. 286. imen responds with I 1018. Erigeron stenophyllus, a. Ho Our other s those species furnished with ligulate florets, however minute, as be- longing to Erigeron; nad those with entirely filiform florets to Conyza. ola, » P. ^ though there are some slight points of difference. bis) is E. Andicola, D C. 1029. Gutierrezia linearifolia, Lag. p. 653.— This is also Brachyris pam- culata, D C., 9, and Gali chyris Neeana, D C., p. 313 be sufficiently distinct, having, bly, been described from s i j a to De Candolle. a (To be continued.) | ; ARTINA — LEUR, A NEW BRIT CIES; i With observations upon that, and Spar- tina stricta of English Authors. By WILLIAM ARNOLD BROMFIELD, M.D. HaviNG been engaged procuring and examining for the first time, specimens of Spartina stricta, which onthe authority of Botanists’ Guide, and other more recent publications,! as well as from private information, I was led to expect on - the banks of the Southampton Water. — On the spot indicated to me by letter, namely, near the Itchen Ferry, I found no traces of this grass,? and imagined the ne- cessary alterations, then in progress for effecting a steam communication between the opposite shores, might have caused its extirpation, when a few days afterwards (August 8th), I discovered on the flat and muddy shore of the Itchen river, consider- ably above the Ferry, and especially about . the Belvidere ship-yard,? within high wa- ter-mark, large patches, of a Spartina in- deed, but one which struck me at the first view as differing materially from such fi- gures and descriptions of Sp. stricta as I had at the time an opportunity of consult- ing; for with this last I was then unac- quainted, either in the living or dried state. One of the most striking points of dissimi- E larity, and which (if the present species be regarded by any as a mere variety, or even permanent race of Sp. stricta) will _ Tender an alteration in the specific defini- ; tion of this latter indispensable, is the multiplicity of its spikes, which from the amount of two, or more rarely three,* S|." =o 15 eel ! Amongst oth h : H. C. Watson. ers, the valuable little work of Mr. 2 Th ` P D true Sp. stricta does not grow by the Ferry at Some reason or other u i ing i nemployed, lies rotting in a complete field of our new Spartina. s * Smith marks ig inbi "Wei — Wosawes re- which he exami: - J T ned on the Suffolk r šerved more than uffolk coast, he never ob is not uncommon, th : 2t : quent than that with two, ough always much less fre A DESCRIPTION OF SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA. 255 are here increased to four (the minimum), six, eight, ten, or even thirteen, in one te panicle, or pound spik Nor was I less struck by the much greater size and height of the new plant, as compared with the ordinary stricta, which is always described as not exceeding ten, twelve, or twenty inches,’ whereas the Southampton species rises to two feet and a half commonly, and not unfrequently to above a yard. This last is likewise re- markable for the stout reed-like habit of its very upright culms, only so slightly as- cending-at the base as to allow room suffi- cient for the growth of the young sucker, which is usually to be seen shooting up close to the parent stem. The culms much surpass an ordinary reed in thickness, and where there are no young progeny at their origin, mostly rise from the root in a per- fectly vertical direction, without any devi- ation from the perpendicular in the upper part; whereas in all the specimens of Sp. stricta I have since seen and gathered, the stems are ascending, and are more or less bent in the form of a bow, throughout their entire length, the spike itself making a portion, in many cases, of the arc so de- scribed. Moreover, the leaves in Spartina stricta appear very rarely to equal, and nevertoexceed, the flower-spikesinlength;® whereas my friend Mr. Babington justly observed to me, that the excessive length of the leaves in the Itchen river plant, which are never materially shorter than the spikes, and commonly overtop them several inches, is one of its most distinguishing character- istics, and which, in conjunction with the straw-like hue of its tall and very erect culms, gives to extensive masses of this grass the aspect of fields of half-ripe wheat; an appearance to which the ear-like aggre- gate of close-pressed spikes contributes not a little. Another peculiarity in our new plant, is close , and the absence of that toughness and rigidity ascribed (and I think greatly over-rated) to Sp. stricta, as it may be plucked with " TAS E and a 5 Our Southamp is often much ander that height. 6 Excepting in immature specimens, before the spikes have attained their full dimensions. the greatest ease, breaking or snapping shall henceforth designate as S. alter asunder without the necessity of twisting fora. The words in italics are those the stem, or using the least exertion of strength.! Every part of the Southampton plant exhaled a very fetid odour, common to it and stricta, resembling that of phos- phuretted hydrogen, which it retains after desiccation, and communicates to the paper in which it is kept, however frequently shifted; a few specimens will sensibly in- fect a whole room to a person just entering Lu o iL ai : arr ran , J Bar There remains to be mentioned another and singular difference between this spe- cies and the ordinary stricta ; which is the more deserving of remark, since it depends on a structural peculiarity, affording an ad- mirable discriminating character. In Sp. stricta the lower portion of the culm is clothed with the remains of sheaths sud- denly truncated at their upper end, like the stipules of a Polygonum, or as if abruptly broken off at a joint,? an appearance never observable in the Southampton larger spe- cies; the reason of which is, that in the latter, the leaves are continuous with the sheaths at their base, not articulated with them as in Sp. stricta, where a strong an- nular, often projecting line or fillet inter- rupts the continuity, disposing the leaf to separate readily from the top of the sheath when pulled or torn, exactly at the articu- lation, marking the limits of each. In consequence of the intimate connexion between the leaves and their sheaths, the former remain attached to the latter during the life of the plant in our new English species, thus contributing gréatly towards its resemblance, when viewed in the mass, to the ordinary Cerealia. The following is a general description of the Southampton Spartina, which I — ! It is possible the imputed toughness and rigidity of Sp. stricta may be influenced by soil ; with us here, it is certainly not so remarkable for either quality as many sea-side plants of its order. In these respects, however, it exceeds the new species, which last ac- i 32 p BES A t ried tor the Her- Piin. As Well represented in Knapp's figure, t. 63 (other- wise a miserable one), and in that of En lish B Vol. VI. t. 380. DE A DESCRIPTION OF SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA. pressive of the differences between oui alterniflora and the ordinary Sp. stricta, Descr. Root creeping extensively, with long, white, and very stout-jointed runne very much more branched and fibrous than — in Sp. stricta, especially at the crown? - Culms one or many from the same root; | very slightly ascending, or quite upright, — hollow, reed-lke, rather brittle than tough; — rom eighteen inches to two or three feet in height; thicker than a swan-quill at the — base; clothed for some distance upwards | with the withered sheaths of earlier growth, which are surmounted by the also wither- ing, but persistent leaves. Colour of the | culms and sheaths a rich straw-yellow, with a tint of red; green when young, often purplish-brown or olive on the upper part — of the stem ; much clearer and brighter at all times than in Sp. stricta. Leaves a foot or more in length, six to ten lines 1n i breadth ; alternate, nearly erect, quite flat above, except for an inch or two at their involute extremity, very obtusely keeled ‘ beneath, finely striated, glabrous in every — part, of a pale, slightly glaucous green, of. a pleasanter and livelier tint than in stricta ; ; the uppermost, and very often that imme- — diately succeeding it below, much longer . than the flower-spikes, more rarely equal - with the latter, mever shorter. Sheaths — closely investing the culms below; ope to a considerable distance from their sum- mits downward, in which they differ from those of S. stricta, whose sheaths are closed nearly to their junction with the leaf. No distinct articulation of the leaf with 1s sheath, into which the former suddenly : tracts without tapering, presenting à br square base at the point of union, with an auricle-like fold on each side of the ve which is therefore much narrower thant leaf at its origin.* The want of articulation 3 The figures just referred to. sored ede " the comparatively simple root of S. stricta, co "m. with the same parts in alterniflora, densely mà a Sor ee leaf-bases e. wermost leaves. In very Jt small plants, this portion of the leaf not unfreq to be a character of primary import- in distinguishing our alterniflora from common British stricta. Ligule, as in Sp. stricta, not a line in length; a mere ow of white cilize, sometimes membranous dlaciniated. Spikes (criste of Trinius) numerous, from four or five to twelve or thirteen! (usually six to eight), very une- . qual, three or four inches long, mostly al- D: ternate, sometimes opposite ; the lowermost . one often concealed by the sheathing base _ of the upper leaf; all united into a close, lanceolate, laterally compressed, coarctate . panicle, or rather compound spike, bearing l much resemblance, thus conjoined, to an earof &orn. Panicle, or compound spike, eight to ten inches long, in full-sized indi- . vidual Common rachis merely a conti- 1 nuation of the culm itself, from which it - differs in being compressed and slightly : flexuose, but which, as it ascends, becomes findly dichotomous, the two divisions forming a pair of terminal spikes, similar to those below them, often but not always of equal ms may be considered as perfectly gla- 3 brous; but a very few and extremely minute . fpues may occasionally be discovered by We lens scattered at very distant intervals. ! mity of each partial rachis greatly produced beyond the ultimate floret, into a long, awn-like, and somewhat flexuose pomt? Florets alternate, or spirally ar- ranged on each partial rachis; somewhat remote, half an inch in length, about one- $ Piin smaller than in Sp. stricta. Calyz- | g! mes very unequal, the smaller and outer one linear, almost filiform, considerably embraces the stem, a curvature; in nd of course takes its cylindrical bru whieh case a slight pressure with the HN e leaf Just above its origin agaiust the e sd "attening the former, renders its true outline : tly apparent, ! Thi : Sepe is the greatest number I have myself * An e oe PE and very permanent character, dis- Cn rom Sp. stricta, in which the rachis is Bars 9nger than the terminal floret, and usually ght or subulate, E. A DESCRIPTION OF SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA. 257 shorter (often one-half) than the inner, in which respect it deviates from stricta, where the relative length of the glumes does not differ more than about a third.’ Larger glume broader in proportion to its length than in stricta, with about three very strongly-marked, and (in the ripe plant) prominent lateral nerves,—ano- ther very good and constant character, which my friend Mr. Borrer first remarked, and pointed out to me, two months ago, it being to that gentleman I first imparted my suspicions of the specific difference betwixt our present plant and the stricta of British and continental writers. In the latter, these nerves are nearly obsolete. "Towards its apex, the larger glume is almost always emarginate,* and the point itself commonly crowded with a minute fascicle of white bristly hairs, a continuation obviously of the minute spines pointing upwards, that arm the glume along its outer edge or back. In stricta I have never found such beard or tuft, though the dorsal spines ex- ist equally in that species as in our alter- niflora, but the larger glume of whose longer and narrower florets is simply acu- minate at its apex; at other times bifid or torn. There is no roughness or hairiness on any part of the calyx in our plant, ex- cept occasionally a little silky pubescence towards the lower extremity of the larger glume, scarcely appreciable; the whole upper surface is absolutely and strictly glabrous, as is also that of the smaller valve. Valves of the corolla much broader than in Sp. stricta ; usually rather shorter in proportion to the larger calyx-glume, and I think somewhat less acute than the valves in stricta ; but except in regard to breadth, all these marks are liable to great variation. They are not unfrequently bearded like the glumes with bristly, or rather spinous hairs, a few of which are often, but not always, observable along the back or out- ward edge of the valves, particularly of the exterior or smaller one. The interior 3 The relative length of the calycine glumes is too variable to be taken as a character ; they approximate, however, in the main, to something like stability. 4 So it is sometimes in stricta. 258 or larger valve is very commonly sprinkled with fine scattered hairs, but this is far from being constantly the case. Anthers yellowish-white at first, but turning darker after long protusion, as do also the delicate, white and feathery stigmas. Styles co- hering (not truly united) for a great part of their length. Seed scarcely examined, as it seems, on dissection of a great num- ber of florets from various specimens ga- thered on parts of the station remote from each other, that our alterniflora seldom perfects its fruit at Southampton. The ovary appears in most cases shrunk to an A DESCRIPTION OF SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA. invisible point, the floral valves enclos- formed abortion, hardly to be called aseed. - Is not this fact in itself a strong presump- - tion, were other proof wanting, that our | alterniflora and stricta are two genuine, — though closely allied speciest—but more on - this head in the sequel. I cannot discover - the smallest trace of a “or floret in either of our English speci The following table dire under one view, the distinguishing characters of both our British Spartinas. SPARTINA STRICTA. Auct. anglican. Specific Character. Spikes few (two to three); flowers very hairy; larger calyx-glume simply acumi- nate ; sheaths distinctly articulated at their summits; leaves shorter than the flower- spikes, tapering at the base; lower ones deciduous ; rachis scarcely produced be- yond the terminal florets of each pe Spike. Descr. Root creeping, with few fibres, not much branche Culm ascending at the base, mostly curv- ed; somewhat tough; ten to fifteen inches high, colour pale dirty-yellow, or green- ish. Sheaths closed nearly to their summits. Leaves tapering upwards from the sheath ; scarcely broader at their base than the culm; distinctly articulated with the sheath; mostly much shorter than the spikes, or more rarely subequal with the latter; lower ones falling away from the sheaths in decay. t Perhaps neither this, nor Sp. stricta, mature seed abundantly any where in the wild state, like many other plants that run extensively by the root. At Rant Con reiting Pose coil C t a cided tendency to produce perfect seed than Sp. gla- bra, in which bardly ever more than the rudiments, SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA. Loiseleur. Specific Character. Spikes numerous (four to thirteen) ; c arctate; flowers glabrous; larger calyx- - glume with strong lateral nerves, emargi- nate below the apex, which last is crowned with a fascicle of bristly hairs. Leaves | continuous with the sheaths, longer than, or equal to, the flower-spikes, dilated at e base; lower ones persistent ; rachis idi produced beyond the terminal flore of each partial spike, into a flexuose ui like point. 3 d E with copious We and x Descr. Root creeping, ted fibres; very much branched, minutely divided. Culm mostly quite upright, or very slightly ascending at the base ; stout, reed-like; somewhat brittle; colour fine reddish- yellow, or green; rich tawny when pe Sheaths open considerably below the summit. Leaves much broade their base, no distinct articulatio with the sheath, of which imply a continuation; mos ostl the compound spike, OF JT" — » ko On this appearance,) Lathyrus dp, ricus, Trifol maritimum doge - Striatum, Potentilla argentea, P. UU PAS amaadag t Peucedanum Pari- : PSR z a peregrina, Hieracium Au- ~ h H. pulmonarium, Andryala sinu- ACCOUNT OF A BOTANICAL EXCURSION INTO BRITTANY. 267 ata, Pulmonaria angustifolia, t Verbascum pulverulentum, Veronica acinifolia, Sta- chys recta, Mentha rotundifolia, Melittis grandiflora, Plantago maritima, Daphne Laureola, Aristolochia Clematitis, Eu- phorbia Esula, E. Cyparissias, E. Cha- racias, E. platyphylla, Quercus Toza, Alisma natans, A. Damasonium, Orchis viridis, O. ustulata, Ornithogalum umbel- latum and Hyacinthus comosus, (The plants marked t were not in flower.) On the evening of the 25th I went to Angers, and on the 26th called on Mons. Desvaux, but without meeting him, as he was out on a botanical excursion. The Flora of Anjou seems to present an interesting union of plants from the North and South, East and West. The limits of the ancient Anjou nearly coincide with those of the Department of the Maine et Loire. This contains an area of 718,807 hectares, equal to 1,776,000 acres, or about 2,700 square miles. The Flora published by Desvaux contains eleven hundred and eighty-three species, a large number for such a district, where there are no moun- tains, and no sea-shore, and it is not in- creased by the addition of garden-plants, as is the Flore Française, nor by an un- due multiplication of species; for although there are some which must, no doubt, be rejected; there are, I think, full as many considered by the author to be mere va- rieties, and omitted in the enumeration, which I am ready to acknowledge as spe- cies. Of these eleven hundred and eighty- three, two hundred and thirty-nine are not found in the British Islands, and two hundred and eighteen more would be considered as rare with us; so that of every thirteen species observed by a British Naturalist, five would probably be interesting subjects of remark, even i he had them already in his collection. This is a much richer harvest than would reward a mere English Botanist in Brit- tany ; but if, on the other hand, he had in- vestigated the neighbourhood of Paris, he will he number of novelties greatly diminished, while those of Brittany would be little affected. Desvaux professes not 268 to pay much attention to the precise local habitat, but rather to explain the soil and circumstances under which the plant is found As my object is to assist the traveller in his researches, by pointing out to him the localities to which he may, with most hope of advantage, direct his attention, it may not be amiss to extract some of Desvaux's notices on this head. “In the immediate neighbourhood of Angers, to the West (by the map it would appear to be to the N. W.), the shores and surrounding slopes of the pool of Saint Nicolas are truly rich, especially in Cryp- togamous plants. The wood of La Hage, which joins it, is become private property, but most of the plants which it contained may be found in the adjoining wood of Av- rille. In both the soil is schistose. “ Half a league S.S.E. of Angers, is a place called Les Justices, where in some ancient hollows formed by digging for slate, a rich harvest may be made. Les Fourneaux on the North (qu. N.E.), and almost at the gate of Angers, present many of those which affect a calcareous soil, though the quarries have a good deal dis- turbed the face of the country. These plants are seen more abundantly, further on at Pelouailles, two leagues N. N. E, of Angers. Towards Briolay, about the same “ Extending our researches to a greater distance, we find on the South the produc- tive banks which border the valley of the Layon, and S.S. E., at four leagues from Angers, the extensive forest of Brissac, (in this forest the Menziesia Dabeoci is found in three different spots,) on the S. E. to- wards Brain sur l'Anthiou, on an alluvial territory, and above all, towards Beauné, more to the E., in a calcareous district, we meot with VUL W aval Hia y fare 1 4 Cau wS ACCOUNT OF A BOTANICAL EXCURSION INTO BRITTANY. and cultivated ground. Towards Louroux, cursions do not extend beyond four leagues from Angers; but at a still further distance we may visit the marshes, pools, and /andes of Chaloché at six leagues to the N. W. About the same distance on the S. many rare plants of a limestone district will be : found on the hills at Chavaigne, Aubigné, and Briant, and we may visit at the same time the curious siliceous hill near the chalybeate spring of Jouanet, the little plain of Noyers, and the hill of the Fon- taine Saint Martin. Towards the W.S.W. in the delightful country of Mauges, we find a varied vegetation, beautiful scenery, and inhabitants the most upright and ho- jou. The neighbourhood of Segré vill yield the Botanist some species which pre- fer a granitic soil. Still further, at bc extremities of Anjou, we may viet with E advantage the neighbourhood of Chateau- Y N., five or six leagues from — Angers, the forest of Chambiers (which. 5 neuf to the furnishes Helianthemum umbellatum), and the sands of Durtal on the N. E.; to the North-West, the forest of Ombre, the landes of Chalain, and the environs of Pouancé ; and towards the East the iy 2 of Chanlais, Mouleherne, and Louroux, t^e environs of Noyau and Baugé, and those s of Langué, where the soil is sandy.” I have omitted some places, where the ; account seemed too vague to be usen; but perhaps I ought to notice Chateau 2 Gautier, several spots in whose immediate — : Md neighbourhood are mentioned. Neither the distances nor the direction of the place in the map, meant by leagues. of four thousand métres is barely two and a half English. The old post leag"? miles 3 was alittle longer. The league frequently .. marked in the maps, and there denominated = Lieue commune, is one twenty-fifth of a - degree of latitude, and must therefore be full two miles and three-quarters English, but the Liewe de Pays varies from three to four miles. On taking Desvaux’s dis- tances in a straight line in Leewes commu- nes on the map, they often fall short of their point, and therefore, making allow- ance for the crookedness of the road, I conclude that the leagues he mentions are the Liewes de Pays, which in this part of France may, I think, be taken at three miles and a half. If I had consulted the Flora of Anjou before going to Angers, instead of after- wards, I should probably have visited two or three of these localities. But my chief object in this tour was the Botany of Brit- tany, and it was a wish to examine some very ancient churches, rather than the search after plants, which induced me to deviate into this little expedition eastward from Nantes. I therefore hastened my departure, and on the 27th went to Le Ro- Sier in a diligence with three wheels. There I had to wait an hour and a half for the ferry-boat to Gennes. This is one of the most beautiful spots on the Loire; steep banks covered with wood, or sometimes crowned with a church, descend to the borders of the river, and the beautiful ex- iil of water, with its woody islands, and Él : cultivated country beyond, n ~ in villages and scattered habita- cm ould have well beguiled the time, he: ees neither churches nor plants. fenis m inn, too, where I stopt, the coget remarkably civil, attentive, : > ^ 28th I walked to Cuneault, where A m and very fine church, lenis ed PA zn ruins, which is attri- ibd. Bobert ; and on the 29th I pro- : "p the valley in which the village » and stumbled by chance on two mlechs 4 I$ placed fine Helianthemum guttatum, Comwca, Geranium rotundifolium, ACCOUNT OF A BOTANICAL EXCURSION INTO BRITTANY. 269 Genista Anglica, Trifolium rubens, Orni- thopus compressus, Lathyrus sativus, L. Aphaca, Orobus niger, Potentilla alba, P. verna, Rosa tomentosa, Herniaria hir- suta, Sedum rupestre, S. secangulare, S. Cepea, Caucalis daucoides, Galium pu- sillum, G. tricorne, Fedia coronata, F. Auricula, Borkhausia precoz, Campa- nula Speculum, C. Rapunculus, Erica scoparia, Linaria supina, Melampyrum cristatum, M.arvense, Veronica Teucrium, Salvia pratensis, Ajuga Chamepitys, La- mium maculatum, Euphorbia Esula, Or- chis aranifera (with yellow border), O. militaris, O. coriophora, Satyrium hirci- num, Ornithogalum umbellatum, Phalan- gium bicolor, Convallaria multiflora, Lu- zula albida, Carex biligularis, Agrostis spicaventi, Bromus Madritensis, B. tecto- rum, Triticum Nardus. ; On the 30th I re-crossed the Loire to Le Rosier, observing in my way that the waters had sunk nearly two feet, and la- menting that a very short period would deprive this charming scenery of one of its chief ornaments. I resumed my place in the Trecycle to Saumur, and in the evening proceeded in the Nyon diligence to Thouars. The next day I got a cabrio- let and went to St. Généroux, where there is a church of the eighth century. The valleys here are very pleasant, often rocky and romantic ; but the general face of the country is not so, being a wide extent of cultivated land, without trees or inclosures. The wildest of these little valleys is pro- bably that which is known as containing « ]a cascade,” about two miles from Thou- ars. A tiny rill dribbles over a rock eight or ten feet high ; if it had more water, it would be truly beautiful, but it is still a delightful spot, which I enjoyed the more from finding great variety in its Botany. The neighbourhood of Thouars and St. Généroux gave me Arum Italicum. This is a very large plant, and often has black as well as white spots on the leaves; but as a species is probably not distinct A. maculatum. The dry soil furnished Thalictrum minus, "á hy- bridum, Thlaspi perfoliatum, Nesha pa- - 270 niculata, Dianthus Carthusianorum, Di- anthus prolifer, Genista sagittalis, Lathy- rus sphericus, Caucalis daucoides, Bu- pleurum rotundifolium, Galium tricorne, Asperula arvensis, Fedia coronata and F. Auricula, Kentrophyllum lanatum, Anchusa Italica, Melampyrum arvense, Teucrium Chamedrys, Ophrys aranifera, Satyrium hircinum, and Bromus pinna- tus. In the moist meadows were Calepina Corvini, Lotus siliquosus, Valeriana dioi- ca, Borkhausia precor, Carex biligula- ris, Cladium Mariscus, and Schenus ni- gricans. Lathrea clandestina grows un- der some wallnut-trees near the river at St. Généroux. On the schistose rocks I ob- served Medicago orbicularis, Scleranthus perennis, Crassula rubens, Sedum Ande- gavense, Sedum rupestre, and Plantago subulata. Momordica Elaterium and Or- nithopus scorpioides grew on some dry banks near the Thouars. Helianthemum salicifolium, Astrolobium sesamoides, Malva hirsuta, T, rifolium strictum, Hiera- cium pulmonarium, and Globularia vul- garis, I noticed only in the valley of La Cascade. In the same place was abund- ance of an Jris, which I suppose to be Z. pumila, but both its flowers and seeds had isappeared. On the 2nd of June I returned to Sau- mur, descending by the steam-boat to Nantes on a thoroughly wet day. The rainy weather continuing, prevented an excursion I had planned to some forests and springy ground between Pont Rousseau and St. Agnan. From the description I of the place, and of the tanizing ground about Nantes. A "wood, abounding with Jsopyrum thalictroides, lies in this direction, but this plant flowers in April, and apparently withers and dries a distance of about for three sous. The descriptions of Nantes boast of these bridges as worthy of notice; but, in fact, the whole Series of ACCOUNT OF A BOTANICAL EXCURSION INTO BRITTANY. alternate bridge and island forms the dirti- est and most disagreeable suburb of Nan- tes. The nextday I took a walk with Mr, — Lloyd on the Pré de Mauve, a meadow ex- _ tending for three leagues along the banks — of the Loire above the city, which early in the year produces great abundance of Fri- H tillaria Meleagris. The plants we found 4 were Stellaria viscida, Sisymbrium Pyre- — | naicum, Cardamine parviflora, Campa- af nula Rapunculus, Gratiola officinalis, 3 Trifolium incarnatum, and the two-headed E T. striatum, Orchis coriophora, and Carez z acuta. Above the meadow Rosa canina, E with very glandular fruit, Euphorbia Esu- la, and one specimen of Trifolium Miche- : lanum were found. : On the 6th I proceeded to Vannes. | There is a little public-house on the edge —— of a forest, between Pont Cháteau and : Roche Bernard, which might perhaps serve — as a point whence to visit the forest and 1 the peat-bogs which can be at no great distance; or the Botanist might stop at Pont Château, as both there and at Roche E Bernard, the country is pleasantly varied, — and seems hitherto to have been unexplor- 3 ed. The road, in general, is by no means — interesting. M is at the head of the Morbihan, : or little sea, an intricate gulf, full of creeks a and islands, the shores of which have in places considerable beauty at high e Here Mr. Lloyd came to me. We had fix upon this place of meeting, from the hes form, though false testimony of the gu books, that the celebrated druidical monu- ment of Carnac was in the neighbourhood, and this we intended should form our z object of attention. Our plants at be were Vicia lutea, Lathyrus Aphaca, €: Lapsana minima, among the corn ; e sica Cheiranthus, Ranunculus pns lus, Helianthemum guttatum, and L i angustissimus, on banks ; Dn of traphyllum, Viola lactea (V. lancifo he Thore, V. pumila of Duby), and ur E setacea, on heaths ; Scrophularia ee p donia in hedges ; and Carex biligularis the meadows. A At half-past nine we set out for Auray, Lo Fo Rao thet, Ste oa where we arrived at midnight. The valley on the side of which this town is placed, is rocky and romantic. Lotus hispidus and Linaria striata grow on the rocky slopes. We took a cabriolet to Carnac, which is three leagues distant, but over so bad a road, that it required three hours to go there. The stones at Carnac are dis- posed in nine rows, with some additional stones, which in places, seem to indicate the existence of a tenth row. In the part which we first visited, I thought the rows straight ; but on a more extended view, this did not appear to be the case. At the West end s a great rock lying flat, which might be supposed to have been an altar. It lies in one of the openings between the rows which in that part seems rather wider than the others, but it is not a central one. There Is no appearance any where of a circular disposition of the stones. We saw one cromlech and there is a large upright stone could not quite make up our minds whether it is natural or artificial; but we rather inclined to the latter opinion, since, as far as we could see, the whole appeared to be a heap of loose stones. ground is sometimes rocky and sometimes boggy with occasional small pools), Sper- gula pentandra, Alisma natans (very e^ Juncus pygmeus, J. Tenageja, Silene Anglica, Vicia angustifolia, with many flowers, Sium repens, Verbascum virgatum (blattarioides of Duby). Both De Candolle and Desvaux are inclined to ut im latter as a variety of V. Blat- wi eg : iiy, eae "i appears to me impos- On the shore were Dianthus Gallicus, E arenaria, Festuca sabulicola, Her arenarium, Köhleria cristata, and mana glabra. " oo we went to L’Orient. There Ne. ech on the road not far from ebon. This town seems particularly I cannot say the same for L'O- ACCOUNT OF A BOTANICAL EXCURSION INTO BRITTANY. 271 rient, but the Hotel de France is a very good inn, and one at which a traveller may well pass a day or two, to complete his notes and take care of his collections. On the 11th, in spite of a wet morning, we went to Port Louis. Our papers were demanded at the extremity of this little town, and we were then required to show ourselves to the Captain of the Guard, and finally to the Commandant of the place. Afterwards, at the little hamlet of Gave, our papers were again to be exhibited, and again on re-passing Port Louis to return to L’Orient. The demand is so frequent, that it is not safe for a person to go out and take a walk without a passport in his pocket. It seems in general to be considered as a mere measure of finance, a sort of export duty on every person leaving his home, but in this instance the farce was carried further than usual. Besides all the plants which we had found on the shore at Car- nac, we gathered here Silene conica, S. Otites, with a shortened panicle (probably a near approach to the var. umbellatum of Duby), Linum angustifolium, Euphorbia Portlandica, Ephedra distachya, Statice spathulata, Medicago striata? Cheiran- thus sinuatus, Trichonema Bulbocodium, Triticum Nardus, Orobanche caryophyl- lacea, Festuca uniglumis, and Ti "um inophyllum. On the 12th we sauntered in the neigh- bourhood of L'Orient, and observed Pha- langium bicolor, Erica ciliaris (the latter without any indications of flowering), Jun- cus pygmeus, Antirrhinum Pelesserianum, Pinguicula Lusitanica, a pink-coloured variety of Anagallis arvensis, and Lobelia urens not in flower. Pinguicula Lusita- nica is perhaps the best example of a west- ern plant, since it is said to be found at Tangiers, and extends through a great va- riety of climate to Cape Wrath ; while its most easterly position is, I believe, in Hampshire. Lobelia urens occupies by no means the same extent from North to South, and reaches further to the East than the Pinguicula in the South of France. I do not know whether this or the Scilla verna is most limited in the range of its 272 ACCOUNT OF A BOTANICAL longitude. Scilla nutans stretches much further to the eastward in Italy, France, and England, but is hardly found in Ger- many, and must probably be enumerated among the plants which prefer a position towards the western shores. ` On the 13th we went to Quimper (pro- nounced Chimper by the Bretons); the aspect of the country is still that of a high- land, intersected by narrow winding val- leys, and seldom offering any extensive prospect ; but the hills get loftier and bolder as we advance, and towards Quimper be- gin to separate a little, leaving a wider bot- tom, so that our approach to this town of- fered some fine views, reaching in one or two directions to a considerable distance. There is a good deal of wood, and trees of a large size; and the fields are generally en- closed with trees in the hedge-rows. I had figured to myself in Brittany a coun- try of extensive heaths and wide unshel- tered wastes; but this is by no means the case in those parts I have visited. There is, it is true, a great deal of land covered with Ulex Europeus, but it is usually en- closed, the plant appearing to be cultivated for fuel and manure, as the farm-yards and adjoining lanes are often strewed with it. In some districts, also, they bruise the young shoots for early fodder, of which the cattle, and especially horses, are said to be very fond. I have heard Brittany described as dry, but it abounds in springs and bright little streams. Quimperlé and Quimper are both placed in narrow valleys at the junction of two small rivers. I could not learn whether the name indicated such a situation. Quimper had, a few years ago, a Botanist of the name of Bonnemaison, and his successor in a druggist’s shop, a Mons. Bourassin, was pointed out to me as the Naturalist of the place. I took the liberty of calling upon him, but found that his attention had been almost wholly di- rected towards Geology. He represented the hills on both sides of the valley of the Aulne as the most interesting parts of the province ; but this was rather in a minera- logical than in a botanical point of view ; and Plougastel, where there was a transi- EXCURSION INTO BRITTANY, tion limestone. He thought, too, we might find something at Douarnéne. ter place we went, and found the shores the bay extremely beautiful; but the plants were only such as are very general through- | out Brittany. Asplenium lanceolatum and — marinum, Lotus hispidus, Orchis lax ra, Erica ciliaris, Campanula hederacea, lilecebrum verticillatum, Sibthorpia Eu- ropæa, Lycopodium inundatum, Daucus maritimus, Scirpus Savii, Verbascum vir- — gatum, and Erodium maritimum. On the 16th we went to Briec and as- — cended the rocky point of one of the slaty — hills, pointed out by M. Bourassin, without adding any thing to our list of Breton — plants, except Drosera Anglica in one spot, but not yet in flower. On the moist hedge-banks we observed Sibthorpia Eu- ropea, Campanula hederacea, and Lysi- — machia Nemorum. On the heaths grew — Lobelia urens, Erica ciliaris, and Agrostis : ground, Carez bili- gularis and pulicaris; and among the com was Lapsana minima. But if our bota- . nical harvest was not very rich, we were : gratified by a splendid display of Breton | seíacea ; in springy costume, as there was a féte in the In various parts of France we find a marked ; variety in the female dress, especially about the head; while that of the men is nearly alike. Here, however, the dress of ie E men is very different from what one mes with elsewhere, and the outer jacket, which is shorter than the inner one, seems to be modelled on the flowers of the Datura Stramonium. Both garmentsare light ee : but the girdle, which is placed almost atthe — bottom of the inner one, and below the hips, seems to be of gilt leather. breeches are often white. On the 17th we set off for Brest, d past seven in the evening, and saw, course, but little of the road. T tanical dener, Mons. Plougam, very mode unpretending, with a good deal "s in 7 science. His situation obliges to direct his attention to cultivated p e b but he is, nevertheless, a zealous gator of native Botany, and knows more We visited : the Botanic Garden, and found the pr . the plants of Brittany than any one I had met with since leaving Nantes. He con- . ducted me to a bog at Bodonou, the only station in the country for Myrica Gale ; but I was not very well, and hardly thought my botanical success in finding the “ Scented Myrtle of the bog," which is so common at home, a sufficient recompence for a walk of thirteen or four- teen miles. The plants were Verbascum virgatum, Erodium maritimum, Briza minor, Tormentilla reptans, and Lobelia urens, near Brest; Jsnardia palustris, Il- — lecebrum verticillatum, Cladium Maris- . eus, Ranunculus tripartitus, and Pilularia globulifera in the bog. A pleasanter walk, and more interesting Botany, we had found the day before, along the shore of this beautiful and magnificent gulf. The harbour of Brest passes entirely through the town, dividing it into two parts, without any connecting bridge; we passed it by a ferry, and ascending à fine open spot beyond the walls obtained a glorious view of the fine expanse of wa- 3 ter and the varied hills which bound it, : and shortly descended to a road along its . "5s. We observed abundance of Lotus hispidus and angustissimus, two plants Which appear to me perfectly distinct, though apparently confounded by some of bes English Botanists. The latter is the one described in the English Flora, and has been gathered at Hastings, and in De- Yonshire; but the specimens which I have myself found in that county belong to L. hispidus. This name is bad, since the 18 not hispid, but clothed with soft i L. pilosissimus of Poiret I do not oa. it would seem to be in some differen intermediate. The only tangible "ir E in the description between this 4, ^ !spidus, consists in the Legumi- $ compressis punctatis of the latter, as opposed to the Leguminibus subteretibus of hes former. Yet the epithet aes oes not seem to be correctly "Pposed to glaber, and subteres cannot be E different, one would suppose, from - De Candolle does not appear Vin ACCOUNT OF A BOTANICAL EXCURSION INTO BRITTANY. to have seen the plant in any state, and suspects, probably with justice, that it is only a variety of L. hispidus. "The other plants were Silene Gallica, Linum an- gustifolium, Ornithopus ebracteatus, Poly- carpon tetraphyllum, Gnaphalium Galli- cum, Bartsia viscosa, Trichonema Colum- ne, Juncus capitatus, Cynosurus echina- tus, and Lolium multiflorum. Scilla verna, as we afterwards learned, grows at the top of the bank which slopes down to the water's edge, but we did not observe it. On the 22nd we engaged a cabriolet to Le Conquet, a wild and rugged shore ; but the opposite point of the bay, which I con- clude from the map to be near Camaret, seemed much more so, and would be worth a visit. There are, on this western extre- mity of France, considerable remains of a large church, which add greatly to the pic- turesque effect of the scene. The plants were Daucus hispidus (probably, but it is almost impossible to determine the species of this genus), Galium arenarium, with white flowers, which, however, become yellowish in drying, and Linum angusti- folium, with purple flowers, Inula crith- moides, Frankenia levis, Salsola fruticosa, Trichonema Columne, and a variety of Thrincia hirta, with a hairy scape and calyx. This is what Desvaux considers as the 7. Aispida of De Candolle; but it wants the most important part of the cha- racter of that species, a calyx without any outer scales. The next day we proceeded in the diligence to Landerneau, getting out by the way about two leagues (called one league) from the latter place, to look for Cistus hirsutus near the village of Pontar- velin. This is an interesting locality, as there is no other true Cistus so far North ; the Cistus salviefolius, which makes the nearest approach, producing its last speci- mens not far from Saintes: then, again, this is a Spanish plant, not elsewhere found in France : it grows abundantly among the furze, in fields immediately above the branch of Brest harbour, between Pontar- velin and Landerneau, extending for about a quarter of a mile along the shore, seem- ing to require the protection which the s 274 furze affords it, and cultivation has of late evidently been trespassing on its bounda- ries, and diminishing its quantity. Why it should have fixed itself there, and there alone, if an original native, or by what ac- cident it could have been introduced and disseminated, are problems which I cannot solve. The soil is a crumbling gneiss, or perhaps a sandy rock, with a slaty struc- ture, whose easy disintegration is shown in the deep sandy lanes along which we pass- ed in descending from the high road to the shore, Our further walk to Landerneau was enlivened by the fires lighted in honour of St. John’s Eve, on various elevated points. A large one was placed in the middle of the high road, about half a mile from Landerneau. We had been told of certain superstitious ceremonies attending these fires, but the only thing we saw which could possibly come under such a denomination, was the endeavour to touch the fire with the shoots of a plant, (I be- lieve of Sedum Telephium,) which are said to be afterwards preserved, but for what purpose our informant could not tell us. On the 24th we went to St. Pol de Léon (the Ligis of Duby). There is a pictu- resque fragment of a castle a little way from Landerneau, and at Landivisiau we again met with some curious costumes, the most striking difference being, perhaps, the dark chocolate colour of the whole dress, instead of the light blue and white of Briec. The belt is placed higher up, and the lower part of the cylindrical waist- coat divided into flaps. At St. Pol we saw nothing remarkable, though it is noted in the books as the place where the ancient Bréton manners are most preserved. We walked on the shore of the creek in the afternoon, and to Roscoffe on the point of the promontory, the next day. The whole sea is studded with pointed rocks, forming islands at low water, and some of them at high tide. Similar rocks crowned many of the little hills of the shore, and among these were some we might have fancied to be druidical monuments, if those at sea had not been so evidently of the same nature. There is a considerable extent of sand- ACCOUNT OF A BOTANICAL EXCURSION INTO BRITTANY. hills West of Roscoffe, and there we found Galum arenarium, Linaria arenaria, Carex extensa, and Festuca uniglumis. Our walks also yielded Medicago apicula- ta? Orobanche cerulea, Lamium dissec- tum, Papaver hybridum, Erodium mari- timum an . moschatum, T) rio Columne, Sibthorpia Europea, and Si- lene Gallica. On the 25th we came to Morlaix, and Erythrea, which appears not to have — been noticed. Its characteristics are the diffuse mode of growth without any indi- cation of a leading stem, and the few flow- ers, not above two or three in a panicle. This did not arise from late shoots, as the prickles of the Ulex among which it grew nor was it owing to that shelter, for some of it was in open and exposed situations. In all, the appearance was alike, and | fusa ;+ caulibus di iffusis-subbi ier The subulate divisions of the and sometimes considerably shorten RR a specimen of this species in the 4 idee of Sir J. E. Saath, from the A : with a memorandum in the hand-writing 1 Sir J. E., that it is the Chironia maritima — of the Hortus Kewensis, but not of Will- | denow ; the description of C. maritima in | that work is, however, by no means as would identify the pum and Ww prin- quite as long as the tube of M rd ; Herba- the unnoticed by all Botanists since è ; who described it very imi in the Suppl. under the name x: €— a^ gen : , and found by , "n of the Azores a dei pn f LI 5 3 seem l memorandum quoted by Mr. Woods) dot be aware that Masson's Azores e ghe grt scilloides of Linn. Suppl. Of te given to it by Mr. Woods is infinitely to PPT , and we intend shortly, with the perm coverer, to give a figure of the Chii vog «2c Pn BEBE VE ee ACCOUNT OF A BOTANICAL cipal reason for supposing it to be intended for the same is, that it is stated to have been introduced from the Azores by F. Masson. The flowers are red. My friend and companion left me at Mor- laix, but I returned westward, thinking that Thad not yet done justice to Brittany. On the 27th I walked about Landerneau, wher I gathered Carer biligularis, Fumaria claviculata, Tormentilla reptans, and Hy- menophyllum Tonbridgense, all nearly close to the town. The views up the val- ley of the little river on which the town stands are very pleasant, but the finest are towards the harbour of Brest. On the 24th I went to Plougastel, which, from the guide-books, and the information I had obtained concerning the nature of the rock, I fondly imagined to be a Bréton Cheddar. I found the limestone to consist of afew small beds, subordinate to the slaty rock, which did not give birth to a single characteristic plant, and the rocks had some bold crests, which had formed a fine object from the opposite shore of Pont- arvelin, but were not worth a visit on their own account. The views from hereabouts over Brest harbour are glorious and highly varied. We walked in many places through extensive fields of strawberries, and there is in the church-yard, perhaps, the most "urious cross in Brittany. The basement ‘adorned with two stories of figures sculp- tured in granite, representing the principal events of our Saviour’s life. These are the real objects of curiosity at Plougastel. à fig Landerneau to Plougastel i ir. es I could not say there were , rut implies a comparatively even Prod 9n which it may be traced, but oci i deep tracks worn among the M pim occasionally the mark of a wheel. Y driver had the prudence to get out and “at his horse at all difficult places, but on a when we were in a better road ii anderneau, he overturned me. I s cm a few trifling bruises; but his E he had requested permission Put mto the cabriolet, in order that she dd e à child at nurse, suffered more Y. However, he introduced me to EXCURSION INTO BRITTANY. 275 her bedside next morning, and there seem- ed to be no apprehension of any serious evil. The rarest plants of the day were Salicornia radicans, Lobelia urens, Heli- anthemum guttatum, Scrophularia Sco- rodonia, Mentha rotundifolia, and Gale- opsis versicolor. On the 29th I returned in the diligence to Quimper. As a large portion of those who make use of a French diligence are commercial travellers, who want to stop at a great many towns, one who has taken the precaution to be early on the list, will be rarely disappointed of a place. The road lies high, but has to cross some very deep valleys, of which the descents are very steep. At Le Faon I observed a wooded range of hills, at a short distance, which I thought I could have explored with plea- sure, but at Chateaulin the ground is more broken and varied, and the hills higher and wilder, and altogether this spot would, I think, have been well worth a day or two. On a former occasion I had passed it in the dark, and saw nothing. On the 30th I walked down the left bank of the river at Quimper, observing Oxalis stricta, Sagina maritima, Campanula Rapunculus, and Poa procumbens. The Crepis begins now to form its seeds, and consequently to deserve the attention of a person who is obliged to confess that he does not know the species. All that I find here seem to be the C. virens of De Can- dolle, which, as the character is given in Duby, might well include both C. diffusa and C. stricta ; “foliis lanceolato-runci- nalis," is an expression of Linneus. It however conveys to me no distinct idea, and I hardly know whether to consider it as equivalent to “ foliis lanceolatis runci- natis. This is opposed to the ''folus remote dentatis sinuatis runcinalisve," of C. diffusa, and the folus runcinato-pin- natifidis of C. stricta—other difference there seems to be none, and a person ac- customed to observe the great variety of the leaves in what we usually in Englan call Crepis tectorum, will not, perhaps, at- tach any great importance to such charac- ters. C. diffusa and C. stricta differ from 276 each other in their upright or diffuse stems; but as nothing is said of this in C. virens, we may suppose it to vary in that respect. Desvaux cites the C. diffusa of De Can- dolle as a synonym of C. virens, and as- signs to it pinnatifid root-leaves. Of C. stricta, though he quotes De Candolle, he says that his plant differs from the one of i that author, without stating in what respects. He gives, however, what may be a very good guiding character, though not a spe- cific difference, that the rays are yellow on both sides, and not reddish externally. Yet I find this sometimes in Crepis virens at Lewes. To his C. Dioscoridis he cites C. virens of De Candolle, of which the stem is bristly (herissé) at the base. As the plant occurs in Brittany, it is often hairy at the base; but I never saw it bris- tly. C. scabra I do not know. After my walk I went to the public li- brary, which is open every day except those of fétes, from twelve to four, in order to examine the Herbarium of Mons. Bonne- maison. It is in great confusion, and it seems as if nothing could be learned from it without a detailed examination of the whole. large portion consists of Alge, to which he had paid particular at- tention; they are from all parts of the world, but arranged (so far as there is any arrangement) according to an unknown system of his own. The manuscript, how- ever, is said to be in existence, but is not in the library. The other packets which I opened were principally, but not exclusive- ly, plants of Brittany, or of France. I ob- served Andrea alpina, which is merely said to grow on rocks and stones, but there are Bréton habitats for A. Rothii and A. rupestris. Among the bundles of flower- ing plants which I hit upon, there was one containing the twenty-first, twenty-second, and twenty-third classes of Linneus, with the addition of the Ferns. This contained Ophioglossum Lusitanicum, from the Isle of Ouessant, Grammitis leptophylla fro Brest, St. Pol, and Pourviers; Urtica membranacea from Pourviers, and U. pi- lulifera from Le Conquet. In the after- noon I went to Pont L’Abbé, and the next ACCOUNT OF A BOTANICAL EXCURSION INTO BRITTANY. “Tt is a b country,” said my landlady of the Bras: at Pont L'Abbé, “ one wide extent of without hill or hollow." I thought tl was not what I came to see on the repre- sentation of the guide-books, which de- morning to Penmark. waves on the covering of a looser il, the only mark to separate the long extent of naked rock exposed to its action from the cultivated land. The principal sand-hills are on the North-west, and there I found, in addition to what I every where n with on these spots, Astragalus Bayonet- sis, and Spergula subulata—Atriplez ta- ciniata is also plentiful. There are ai sand-hills to the South-East, and in the point and the light-house, alopecuroides, but not in flower, Poa pro- cumbens, and a specimen of Phalaris tica. Here were also Polygonum m mum and P. Raii, Chenopodium gia GEnanthe pimpinelloides, and Diotis n didissima. Other plants observed ves Kentrophyllum lanatum, Juncus pygme- us, Verbascum virgatum, Carex and extensa, and Polypogon On my return, seven miles from Quimper, sant walk, passing over a with marks of entrenchments, had a noble view. Lobelia every where and was at this time flower; Asplenium lanceolatum, tropa Hypopithys in a hedge; 0. regalis, Illecebrum verticillatum, minima, and Hypoclheriws glabra. | On the 8rd, in a short, but delig walk up the valley of the western Pun : I added to the plants of the neigh of Quimper, Agrostis setaced» ^ 5 ia i and a fo which I think, the varizfolium o oe . On the 4th eit to Concarneat | i I L'Orient, a was much disappointed in finding, not only that there was no diligence thence to Quim- .. perté, but that there was no carriage in the place which I could hire, nor means of sending my luggage, had I walked or rid- den on horseback. The inn was dirty, and the people very careless. My first walk was along the shore northward, where no- thing occurred but what grows every where on the southern coast of Brittany, ex- | cept Allium spherocephalum ; but I was struck with the close neighbourhood of Osmunda regalis, and Asplenium mari- num. Cynodon Dactylon showed here some blighted spikes. The next excursion was across the Ferry to the southward, where I observed, in addition, Corrigiola littoralis, Illecebrum verticillatum, Eu- White flowers), Plantago lanceolata (villo- sissima), Asphodelus albus, Brachypodi- um pinnatum, Inula pulicaria, Juncus Tenageya, Littorella lacustris, Eracum rme, Erica ciliaris (in flower for the first time), Z A » Lythrum hyssopifolium, and Bupleurum Odontites. On the 6th I returned to Quimper, and walked to a bog four miles distant, which E noticed on the road. Appearances S promising, but the only rare plant "M Utricularia minor. The others were llecebrum verticillatum, Utricularia vul- Se Osmunda regalis in very great id ES Carex ampullacea, Veronica ry ta, and Galeopsis versicolor. io I again returned to the Her- scie oo capti The packet sm is time contained Syngenesia si = Rubiacee, Dipsacee, Vale- a as Caprifolie. Very few of ies, * cpi of Brittany, and the only | | Es tained was on a specimen emp nthemis mixta, but which ap- © me to be A. Cota, “ dans le Ve A erger prés le temple des faux Dieuz ;" most of the sam ; ples were in very bad con- n the evening I proceeded to ving there at two in the ACCOUNT OF A BOTANICAL EXCURSION INTO BRITTANY. 277 On the 8th I walked to some landes on the shore of a creek, where I had before botanized with Janson. Erica ciliaris and Lobelia urens are now in flower, and Ez- acum filiforme has sprung up in the wet places; Scirpus Savit, Statice spathula- ta, and a var. of S. Limonium,—a small- flowered variety of E. Centaurium was also abundant. On the 9th I went again to Port Louis, adding to the plants formerly observed there, Gnaphalium Stechas, Polypogon Monspeliense, Allium spherocephalum (not sufficiently advanced on the former occasion to be identified), Triglochin Bar- reliert and Salsola fruticosa, Salicornia radicans and fruticosa, Thesium linophyl- lum, Rottbollia incurva, and Bupleurum Odontites. he next evening I set off in the dili- gence to Plélau, on the road to Rennes, and had for my only companion in the coupé a talkative Bréton noble, who was going to Rennes on some law business, and cited to me a French proverb, “ qui a terre, a guerre," which seems to indicate that the intricacies of title-deeds are as great in France as in England. This gen- tleman gave me a sort of history of his life. He had entered into the army under Louis XVI, and afterwards, if I understood him right, had endeavoured to support the royal cause in the Vendeé. At a later pe- riod he was Colonel of Cavalry in the army of Napoléon, and held the same rank under the restored Bourbons; but neither the one nor the other were so sensible of his merit as they ought to have been. He told me that circumstances had induced him to sell several of his farms, the tenants having almost always been the purchasers. He was very strenuous for the excellence of the Bréton language, which he identi- fied with that of the Celts, and considered as one of the three original languages, whence all others have been derived. « Ehrenbreitstein," for instance, which ignorant people have translated “the broad stone of honour," mposed of four is co Bréton words, meaning “ the road of war is here closed." 278 My inducement to stop at Plélau was the neighbourhood of an extensive forest, and on the 18th I walked to the nearest part of it, lying beyond a little hamlet, called Le Gué, and traversed a variety of open heath, close wood, grove, and thicket, dry bank, and peaty bogs, among Oaks and Birch, Pine and Alder, without making any addition to the species I had already found in Brittany. Erica ciliaris and Lo- belia urens grew in great abundance. There were also Centunculus minimus, Exacum filiforme, Juncus Tı enageya, Py- rus Aucuparia, and the thorny variety of P. communis. On the 12th I walked along the road by which I had come, for about three miles, as far as the little brook which separates the Department of the Morbihan from that of the Ille et Villaine, whose course I traced upwards for some distance, and this led me into a much wilder country than that of the previous day, among rocky ground and higher hills. The plants were in general the same, but I added Galeop- sis villosa, Vicia lutea and Lolium multi- Jlorum and temulentum among the corn; Verbascum Blattaria, Juncus pygmeus, Illlecebrum verticillatum, and Exacum fili- forme grew in the dry ditches which bound the road; Hypericum linearifolium abun- dantly among rocks and bushes on the East side of the valley. I was highly delighted with the latter, and though on consulting Desvaux, my transports were a good deal tranquillized by the expression “ plante assez commune," I still value it as one of the great prizes of my journey. QZnanthe apufolia? in the brook which I followed, seems to grow exclusively in the water; the involucrum is often wanting, and there is some difference in the general appear- ance, and in the shape of the leaves, How far these marks may suffice to distinguish it from O. crocata, I do not know—the yellow juice is alike wanting in both. My- riophyllum alterniflorum grows also in the brook, perhaps not differing specifically ACCOUNT OF A BOTANICAL EXCURSION INTO BRITTANY. found for the first and only time in my life, on the banks of the upper pond of the Iron Forge. On the 13th I went to Rennes, and on the 14th to St. Malo. The Lobelia urens may exist in the country, but it is no longer so abundant as to be observable on the road-side, and Verbascum virgatum has given place to V. pulverulentum, which I had not before noticed since it came into flower, though I had observed the leaves of it at St. Nazaire, and I think it is either uncommon or not found in Finisterre. The packet sailed next morning, and not being willing to stay a week at St. Malo, I know nothing of its botanical productions. We left St. Malo at half-past six A. M., on the 15th of July, and arrived at Jersey at half-past ten. The plants of this island have always been enumerated in the Engli Flora, which thus gave them additional in- terest with me, and as such many were worth observing and collecting, which in Brittany I should have passed over almost without notice. I gathered two plants on the shore at a very little distance from the town, which have not hitherto found a place in à the English Flora, and thus my attention : was greatly stimulated as to what the island — might produce. I saw here T; richonema Columne. This, with the Helianthemum guttatum, grows in the greatest abundance on the top of the seaward slope of the hills beyond St. Brélade. The same situation affords Juncus capitatus and Lotus hupe dus. Schenus nigricans, beyond St. Bré- lade's bay. „Scirpus tenuifolius, St. Orr ews Pond. Knappia agrostidea, on the sands. Aira canescens, sands of St. Bré- lade’s Bay, and on the Quenvais. Briza minor, corn-fields, common. Cynosurus echinatus, on the hill on which Fort Re- gent is placed. Festuca uniglumis, com- — mon on the shore. F. sabulicola, undoubt- edly the plant of the shore near Bordeaux, — whether distinct or not from 2. fM : : ? b ^ Bromus diandrus or maximus‘ OR "7" — shore East of the town. Polycarpon tetra- phyllum, Exacum filiforme, very common i An BÉ ACCOUNT OF A BOTANICAL ceum, shores; I did not observe any where the E. vulgare. Herniaria glabra, sands of St. Aubin's Bay. Daucus maritimus ; the shining root-leaves, with broader seg- ments, lying on the ground, make me con- clude the plant of those shores to be the D. maritimus of the British Flora. Yet the root-leaves are often wanting, and as we trace it inland, the appearances are very ambiguous. The umbel of seeds is often flat, but sometimes hollow, even on the same plant. Statice arenaria, sands of St. Owen's and St. Brélade's Bays, and in the Quenvais. S. spathulata, rocks of the shore in several places. I saw no S. Li- monium. Allium spherocephalum, sands of St. Aubin’s Bay in great abundance, along with A. vineale, from which it may be distinguished, without flowers, by the orm stalks to which the offset-bulbs are attached. Asparagus officinalis, on the sea-slope of the hills among the furze be- yond St. Brélade, where it seems to be quite wild, and where it had evidently borne flowers. Juncus capitatus, on the bt of the slope, towards the sea beyond St. Brélade’s Bay. J. acutus, sands near St. Owen’s Pool. Alisma ranunculoides m several places. Polygonum Ravi? sandy shores. Silene conica, sands of the hill West of St. Hélier and St. Owen’s Bays; S. nutans and S. Anglica common. He- : mum guttatum, the Trichonema and Bartsia viscosa, moist ground, com- mon. Scrophularia Scorodonia, hedges in many places. Sibthorpia Europea, below St Saviours. Orobanche cerulea, on Sandy ground among the Lucerne, to the Teesdalia nudicaulis, Lepidium Smithii, St. Bré- lade, Cheiranthus sinuatus, sandy shores. Lotus hispidus, in several places. 5 peg West of Jersey. Eu- Pork Portlandica, sandy shores. E. ras, Sands of St. Owen's Bay. Atriplex ^ sandy shores, abundant. Asple- : Seer West of Jersey. » 27th I visited the National School, had the pleasure to find that the EXCURSION INTO BRITTANY. 279 boys answered very well The clergymen of the place seemed to take much interest in this institution. Ata little before two I went on board the Sir Francis Drake, which was bound to Plymouth, and at half- past seven we arrived at Guernsey. There seems in this island more of level sand under water in the little bays, and less above the reach of the tide, than in Jersey. I gathered or observed in my walk of the following morning, Zrichonema Columne, Scirpus Savii, Cyperus longus, Polycar- pon tetraphyllum, Linum angustifolium, Mentha rotundifolia, Bartsia viscosa, ETT RIE aca Thbsend Sanaa rop f 7 Raphanus maritimus ? Erodium moscha- tum, Lotus hispidus, Euphorbia Portian- dica, and Asplenium lanceolatum, and at six in the evening left the islands in the Ariadne packet for Southampton, where we arrived a little after seven on the fol- lowing morning. i Before concluding this notice, I will add some remarks on the inns and mode of tra- velling in Brittany, and of the sum required for such a tour. My whole expense was £48, during a tour of twelve weeks, or £4 per week. It is not necessary to bargain at the French inns—I do not say that a skilful cheapener might not sometimes save a few sous, which he might probably ac- complish also in England, but in general the prices are more fixed and uniform than with us. The exceptions would, probably, be found in the English inns along the coast, some of which are very extravagant. But though the price of each apartment may be fixed, there are, at most of the hotels, rooms of different prices, according to their size, situation, and furniture, the usual charge for a good one being thirty sous per night. In many of the commercial * hotels the chambers are all of one price, which I believe to be pretty uniformly twenty sous per night, but a Botanist re- quires some space and conveniences for examining, drying, and arranging his plants, and if I except the Hotel de lEpée at I do not recollect any where to rtable and conveniently- In the vil- Quimper, have had a comfo furnished room for that sum. 980 lage inns, indeed, one rarely pays more, but when I say one may be perfectly com- fortable in such places, it is to be under- stood that they are not measured exactly by the same standard, and that in point of furniture and appearance at least, we should not be contented with precisely the same &ccommodation in a town. In the larger cities, on the other hand, we must expect to pay two francs, or if occupying a cham- ber on the first floor, perhaps three. At the Hotel de France at Nantes, they demand three francs for all the front rooms, whether on the first or second story. In the South of France you usually pay more for apart- ments with boarded floors, but in Brittany all the floors are boarded. The practice of using the bed-chamber as a sitting-room, is perhaps not quite consonant to English prejudices, yet when accustomed to it, the traveller will find its advantages. His trunk being both his library and wardrobe, it is convenient to find these two requisites in the same place, and as the bed-rooms are provided with a writing-table, at least, or usually with a sécretaire, he has about him all that he wants. In England the bed-chambers are not furnished as sitting- rooms, and if the traveller engages a se- parate apartment, he feels it a sort of duty to spend considerably more than he other- wise would do, and at last may have the bed-room and sitting-room in different parts of the house. . The Table d’héte is at a fixed price, va- rying in different hotels from two and a half to three francs, and in a few places on the great roads three and a half, or more, where they are calculated for the English traveller. In Brittany the wine is included in the price of the dinner. ACCOUNT OF A BOTANICAL t for a déjeuner à la fourchelte, and thirty sous for the café taken after the dinner, and for some EXCURSION INTO BRITTANY. at least ten sous per day—I have usually given about fifteen, but varying from to twenty, according to the service up the charges to nine francs per i Travelling in the coupé of a good diligence costs about twelve sous and a half a league (five shillings, or two-pence half-penny per mile), in the interior ten, including every thing. In the smaller voitures the price — is lower. For a cabriolet it is necessary to make your bargain, for as they are hardly charges accordingly. The best way is to apply at the Poste aux Chevauz, where, if they demand a little more than you might obtain the cabriolet for elsewhere, still the With a driver, and the owner clearing . all expenses, I have usually paid from. eight to nine francs per diem, and from us to fifteen sous over as a pour boire tothe driver ; but where there is no competition, you will not obtain it for this sum, and I have failed sometimes in offering tw ” he cabriolets obtained in this way all over France, are miserable vehicles; but in Brit- tany they are always on springs, and may serve for short distances. m" Supposing, then, the traveller to we round of three hundred leagues 1D i : gence, and to spend forty days on his tour, ; the expences will be— p.e Forty days at nine francs per day 360 Three hundred leagues at twelve i 187 10 and a half sous Cabriolets for ten days ....-.--:** Porters and occasional expenses } P p and extra charge for luggage— a ae e» * 9. * e . ww *.t*4 92 w t * + 1 The travelling in England and crossing in the steam-packet would be in addition to this. The French steam-packets, which he might sometimes find, would save him . something, but they are not often enough , ana Danica th in the way to operate as any material re- duction in the traveller's expenses. The wildest parts of Brittany seem to be on the confines of the Departments of Fi- nisterre and the Cótes du Nord, and of Finisterre and the Morbihan. I did not understand this till I was leaving the coun- , and the little success I met with at Briec rather tended to discourage me from turning my attention in that direction; yet if I were to revisit Brittany, I should be anxious to explore the neighbourhood of Le Faonet, of Chateau neuf du Faon, and of Carhaix, and the country between this and Morlaix. Here are extensive forests, abounding with wild boar and the larger game. Pontevy I should suppose also to be worth a visit. s subjoin here a list of plants common in Brittany, which I have seen far more frequently than I have thought it necessary to mention ; and another of species which _ re said to grow there, but which I did not Meet with. Plants common in Brittany, and which I have consequently noticed only where I first observed them :— , Ranunculus parviflorus. | Lepidium Smithii, almost to the exclusion of L. campestre, which I did not see, and Mr. Plougam of Brest was the only Botanist I met with who knew the two species. Jbe- " nudicaulis, Senebiera didyma. Coch- E , every where near the sea. 2 assica Cheiranthus. Silene nutans. k Gallica, Viola lactea, this is the V. Ag of Thore; it is included by : 4 sns V. pumila, and is probably : tuppu of Allioni, which is insert- ed by Gaudin with V. montana. Helian- Ozalis ^ Po Pyrus communis = Cotyledon Umbilicus, Eryngi- campestre, Carum, verticillatum, Ga- ACCOUNT OF A BOTANICAL EXCURSION INTO BRITTANY. 281. lium arenarium, Fedia carinata, Carduus tuberosus (bulbosus), Scorzonera angusti- folia, Lapsana minima. This latter is a Lapsana merely in artificial character; it has no general resemblance to L. communis. Hypocheris glabra, Lobelia urens, Cam- panula Rapunculus, C. hederacea, Erica ciliaris, Linaria repens, or striata, Scro- phularia Scorodonia, Veronica acinifolia, Sibthorpia Europea, Bartsia viscosa, Mentha rotundifolia, Alisma natans, Or- chis laxiflora, Carex biligularis, Agrostis setacea, Knappia agrostidea ; I saw this grass frequently, as long as the season pro- mised ; and, even to the end of my tour, I was able to distinguish it occasionally in the sands of the sea-shore. There was no reason for altering the specific name of this plant; but as I am unwilling to multiplysynonyms, I have here adopted the name used by Smith. Cynodon Dactylon, Briza minor, Festuca sabulicola, on all sandy shores ; Triticum loliaceum, shore; T. Junceum, shore; Osmunda regalis, Scolopendrium Ceterach, Asplenium lanceolatum. Plants said to grow in Brittany, which I did not find :— 4 Isopyrum thalictroides, wood near Nan- tes; Barbarea precoz, “ in pratis subsal- sis maritimis Armoracie.” I observed this in several places among the corn; but in the above-named station, which would seem to indicate a genuine native, I did not see it. Thlaspi alliaceum. This is probably a mistake. I do not know the original authority for the habitat ; but it may have been a Mons. Bonami, who pub- lished a “ List of the plants in the neigh- bourhood of Nantes,” not much to be de- pended upon. Raphanus maritimus, be- tween Brest and Quimper: A wide station, especially if we follow the shore, which the nature of the plant renders it probable that we ought to do. We observed in several places near the shore, a large Raphanus, - and several of the plants not in flower had . some of the leaves “ interrupte pinnata." The prismatic form of the dried seed-ves- sel may be equally observed in R. Rapha- | nistrum, where the silique has been ga- thered at its full size, but unripe. Silene 282 . DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW CISTACEX, clandestina, “ Gallia occidentalis." This meadows in Brittany. W. calathinus, in i á Brittany, which the Isle of Glenau. This is a small island however I suspect it usually does not. I on the South coast. W. odorus, meadows - have gathered S. clandestina on the Ce- in the West of France. Allium interme- vennes, but could not hear of it in Brittany. dium, “ In agris et aridis" of the westem Elatine Hydropiper, shores of the Loire. provinces. A. pallens, “In collibus e — E.hezandra, Spergula saginoides, “Gallia cultis of the western provinces.” occidentalis." Lavatera arborea, ** Belle ." This is the only properly French habitat; but I did not visit any of these islands. The intercourse with the shore seems to be merely accidental, and though CISTACEJE, it must be frequent, I do not know to what Chiefly found by Mr. Drummond, in the southernmost : ca. place the boats from any of these islands regions of North Ameri usually come. Medicago apiculata, ** Gal- By E. Spacu. lia occidentalis.” I perhaps found this at (Communicated by the Author.) St. Pol de Léon, but I could not satisfy myself. Potentilla supina, “ In glareosis Gallie Boreali-occidentalis.” I doubt if ( Lechee species auctorum : charactere even this expression applies to Brittany. manco. edanum montanum, (which is our Calyz persistens, accrescens, profunde 5- LECHEA. Nob. woods about Nantes. Salsola T, ragus, ‘simi, filiformes, adscendentes, Nantes. Atriplex prostrata, shores of the posterioris placentarum ad angul N. W. of France. No information could lem utrinque solitares; ovula be obtained respecting it. Is it a maritime (primina secundina e nucleo hauc 75 variety of A. patula? Amaryllis lutea, dignoscendis) arrecta, oblonga, basi affixa Isle of Noirmoutiers. Narcissus biflorus, Stylus deciduus, rectus, erectus, orthotrop — DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW oe T mus, filiformis. Stigmata 3,1 laciniato- ita. Capsula minuta, calyce tec- ta, testaceo-cartilaginea, levigata, obscure pellucida, incomplete 3-locularis, v. demum l-locularis, ab apice ad basin loculicido- trivalvis (v. nonnunquam basi evalvis), abortu 3-sperma ; valve sepalis interiori- bus anteposite ! conniventes, persistentes, dissepimenta aut incomplete superstitia, tenerrima (ovulorum incremento mox a placentis disrupta) aut subcartilaginea per- sistentia; placente 3 subcentrales, persis- tentes, demum libere, subcrustacee, tenu- Nine, fragiles, subrotunde, subcondupli- ule semen unicum amplectentes, ovulo abortivo hinc superstite. Semina minuta, valvis subæquilonga, ovato-tri- gona (facie angulata, dorso convexa) lævi- obscure pellucida, arrecta, ortho- tropa, ad basin faciei posterioris cujusvis placente funiculo brevi Mai adscen- . We conceive Dr. Lind are not provided with multipartite, or totally distinct, having a stigma com posed of plicate or fim briolated fleshy crests; these crests are sometimes : acente. Several promoters of imaginary ies have asserted, that styles or stigmas — QI the placent (or, to use a more appro in axile relation ‘a the pl "dun sue p iiey v were p be , tO use a econopsis, whereas in Crucifere several ege (viz. Hesperis, Malcolmia, Matthiola, ked, that the style of these Moris been mistaken for true equally in error with *y seems almost ents concernin ng what he con- r statem are far from hein ng "in æstivation, neither are they always DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW CISTACEÆ. 283 dente affixa, decidua ; integumentum tenue, crustaceum ; micropy us terminalis, vix conspicuus ; hilum cum chalaza in areolam arvam basilarem confluens, perispermium corneum; embryo axilis, antitropus, recti- lineus v. subrectilineus, perispermio sub- equilongus ; cotyledones planiuscule, sub- foliacee, elliptice, fere equilate ; radicula recta v. $i —À »- omm obtusa, ticuli, sepe surculis radicalibus decumbes: tibus gaudentes aut æ. Folia ezst- pulata, integerrima, rd petiolata : in- feriora verticillata v. opposita; cetera sparsa. Ramuli floriferi axillares v. sub- terminales. simplicissimi, v. bifurcati, v. paniculati, nudi, v. bracteolati ; pedicelli in racemulos sepissime unilaterales dispo- siti, v. rarius fasciculati, aut paniculati, post ünthesin erecti v. raro horizontales. Flores minimi, copiosissimt. ees nor in quinary number. A strictly definite of stamens is found in Lechea, Lechidium, Tæ- A j . conseqnently not inverted e os) are met with in Cistacee, tions »- less eqn y than hentai pous ovules: situated on the true apex of the o sube. Itisn e ine io understand what is meant by ** rdg with the for- if this signifies the apex with respect to the pericarp, it is inapplicable to the vari- ous Cistacee with inverted ovules. Equally erroneous s it to describe the capsule as ** either one-celled, e gc plscente, or imperfeotly hs or ten- iddle of Hs valves, and touching each other i in the centre,” there being many species with imperfectly esee ed capsules, whose placentas never touch 0! in the centre, either before or after la id of Androsemum, and a g pte is as often corneous. d perispermous seeds, upon which are characters, might seem a very slight link for nd ing sath ime aaa aen whose s character wea iiid by the nearly iid: pare of Elatine Hydropiper, Reich.), , Hugoniacee, Chlenacea, Cistacea, and Reau- mon 984 This genus, together with Lechidium (nob.) Teniostema (nob.) and Heterome- ris approach very near to Portulacee, in whose vicinity the Cistacee should be classed in a Natural Arrangement of Plants. The systematic Botanists will, no doubt, consider such an opinion as a great heresy, and avail themselves of the supposed dif- need but cite the Claytonie and the genus Cistanthe, nob.) have stamens as strictly ypogynous as any Cistacee, There are, I believe, no other constant differential characters between Cistacee and Portula- cec, than those found in the conformation of the anthers and of the ovules; the an- thers of Cistacee being always adnate or innate, whereas, in Portulacee, théy are incumbent. The ovules and seeds of nearly all Cistacee are orthotropous (the embryo consequently antitropous) or in a few cases anatropous,! but in Portulacee these same organs are constantly campylotropous. Concerning Cistacee, this statement rests upon a careful examination of nearly all the species; but as to Portulacee, it is founded rather upon the descriptions of various authors than upon my own obser- vations. Besides the two new species to be here- after described, the generic character, as I have stated it above, applies also to Lechea villosa (Elliott) and Lechea thymifolia, (Mich.) LECHEA DRUMMONDII. (nob.) . Drummondii, suffruticosa, surculis radicalibus filiformibus procumbentibus pilosis, caulibus erectis virgatis appresso- puberulis, apice paniculatis, foliis (surcu- lorum) verticillatis ternis quaternisve breve petiolatis ovatis v. ellipticis acuminulatis ciliatis reticulato-venosis utrinque glabris ! In these cases, the primina projects beyond the ovulam is really attached a. DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW CISTACE E. brevibus ebracteolatis, sepalis interioribu mucronatis capsula ellipsoidea trigona fra medium evalvi paulo brevioribus, - Root perpendicular, subligneous, a l branchlets ternate or quaternato-verticil- — with white, short, somewhat bristly, nd sometimes bifurcate hairs, one-nerved, ve- noso-reticulate, ovate or elliptic, or gs tic-oblong, abruptly acuminulate, rounded at the base, two, to two and a half is long, one, to a line and a half broad, lo tiole very short and narrow. (The yid of the main stems and their branchlets ' fallen off in the specimen under examina- tion; the leaf-scars are verticillate, nearly so ; the whorls at about three nd distance from each other in the main stems, but very approximate on the branchlets). Fructiferous ramules (the foe PE wanting on the specimen) dispose ae the superior part of the branchlets, filiform, erect, approximate, fee leaves atid wate, api bifurcate or pa niculate. Pedicels short, erect, en disposed in abbreviated three to gon ered not uncommonly unilateral ra or sometimes subfastigiate. Calyz de tiferous) appressedly pilose externally, € adherent, deeply five-parted, somewhat urceolate over its base; Sep p two-seriate, the two outer? very PP 2 The two exterior sepals of Lechea have been a e flat, linear, suberect, somewhat longer than the inner, the three inner navicular with a slightly prominent dorsal keel, obtuse, mucronate, one-nerved, scarcely a line long, and one-fourth of a line broad, one _of the edges rather membranaceous. Cap- sule a little longer than the interior sepals, and enveloped by them, somewhat exceed- ed by the outer sepals, thin, cartilaginous, smooth and shining, chestnut-brown, semi- pellucid, ellipsoid, obtuse, slightly trigonal, one-celled, by abortion three-seeded, three- valved from the summit till near the base, _ Supported on a short stipitiform thecapho- rum, from which it breaks off soon after the dehiscence ; valves about a line long, connivent, navicular, placed opposite the interior sepals,! bearing along their central line the remnants of a membranaceous dis- sepiment, which before coming to maturity, "- connected with the corresponding pla- centa; placentas three,? persistent, nearly central, almost as long and broad as the valves, crustaceous, very thin, fragile, el- sidered by several Botanists as bracts ; but as they ght seem more convenient to consider the E the wbole Order not as five-sepaled, but - number between the petals waa Sere by attributing a three-sepaled calyx > few three-petaled species, would. again d to the five-petaled. Itis, in- liarity of Cistaci 5 @, whose calyx is altogether wo exterior appendages. allied to it. th n Lechea, and some other , e 1 alternate eia valves of the capsule are not j al valvulz" of the capsule ; M. he overlooked them, in his so-called Tors and ^d H acee, which is a mere tissue of er- u Ost superficial observations, he says, septo nervose afixa, paucissima, sepius 8.” DESCRIPTION OF 80ME NEW CISTACEÆ. 285 liptic-roundish, obtuse at both extremities, each of them enveloping a single soli seed, by the side of which the abortive ovule is still observable. Seeds attached on the base of the posterior face of the placentas (in the angle originally formed by the corresponding dissepiment) by a short filiform ascendent funicle, orthotrop- ous, arrect, minute, nearly as long as the placentas, ovate, trigonal (convex on their posterior, carinate on their anterior surface) smooth and shining, reddish-brown, and pellucid enough to allow the embryo to be seen through; tegument thin, crustaceous, micropyle punctiform, terminal ; hilum and chalaza confluent in a brownish basilar areola; perisperm thin, corneous; embryo? rectilinear, or nearly so, axils antitropous, about as long as the perisperm ; cotyledons somewhat narrower than the greatest breadth of the seed, thin, flat, elliptic; ra- dicle. pointing to the apex of the seed, of about the same length as the cotyledons, cylindrical, obtuse, straight, quite perpen- icular to or a little oblique, in respect to the axis of the seed. This species makes one of the collection of plants found by Mr. Drummond near A pallachicola, in Florida (v. specimen uni- cum fructiferum in Herb. cl. Webb.) LECHEA THESIOIDES, nod. L. thesioides, herbacea ramosissima tota pilosiuscula, foliis sparsis oppositisque an- guste linearibus acutis ciliatis brevissime petiolatis, racemis elongatis foliatis laxiflo- ris unilateralibus, pedicellis erectis calyce subbrevioribus, sepalis interioribus petala oblonga emarginata capsulam gio obscure trigonam subtrilocularem paulo superantibus. Plant four to eight inches high, herba- white, more or P: XG 1 r «hort cl ender ik less diverging hairs. Root PCI 3 I cannot understand what M. Dunal means by as- signing to this genus an ** embryo dorsalis,” and again I am unable to agree with him when he bes the radicle as “ infera." 286 lateral filiform fibres. Stem single, erect, cylindrical, slender, branched from nearly its base to the summit. Branches alter- nate or opposed, axillary, cylindrical, more or less diverging, very slender and approx- imate, numerous, elongate, irregularly ra- muliferous; their assemblage forming a ufted pyramidal or nearly fastigiate pani- cle. amules paniculate or simply bifur- cate, filiform, the divisions all floriferous. Leaves scattered or opposite, destitute of stipules, entire, linear, acute at both extre- mities, thin, one-nerved, not veined, gla- brous when adult, except on the margins, rather numerous on the branches of the stem, but less copious on the ramules ; the cauline and greater rameal four to six lines long, one-fourth to one-half a line broad ; the ramular nearly filiform, scarcely more than two lines long; the uppermost floral reduced to very minute bracteoles; petiole very short and narrow. Flowers about half a line long, disposed along the divi- sions of the ramules, in simple or bifurcate unilateral, erect, lax, rather bracteolated than foliose racemes, which reach finally the length of about an inch. Pedicels su- pra-axillary, rather capillary, straight; the floriferons strictly erect, the fructiferons somewhat diverging, and one-half to three fourths of a line long. Calyz persistent, accrescent, deeply five-parted, somewhat contracted at its base, greyish, with short appressed rough hairs; sepals distinctly two-seriate ; the two exterior never imbri- cated, very narrow, flat, erect, linear, acute at both extremities; three interior imbri- cated (but never twisted) before and after flowering, somewhat shorter, but much broader than the exterior, navicular with a slightly prominent dorsal keel, elliptic, mu- cronate, one-nerved, one of the edges ra- Recep- tacle forming a short stipitiform thecapho- rum. Disk inconspicuous, Petals three, inserted at the base of the thecaphorum, alternate with and by one-half shorter than the interior sepals, persistent, somewhat accrescent, narrow, exunguiculate, oblong, emarginate. Stamens three (rarely four), DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW CISTACEX. inserted at the summit of the thecapho. — rum, opposite the petals, and a little shorter - than these, persistent ; filaments capillary, — free; anthers very minute, basifixed, in- — nate, obreniform, dithecous, connectivum as narrow as the filament. Pisti A than the stamens. Ovary of the size of a d poppy-seed, inadherent, incompletely three- locular; dissepiments projecting nearly to — the centre of the cavity, fixed along the — centre of its projecting face to the anterior edge of the corresponding dissepiment,and having its sides curved towards the peri — phery; ovules orthotropous, arrect, basi- fixed, oblong, collateral, attached by a short filiform ascendent funicle to the base of the posterior face of the placentas, one — on each side of the dissepiment. Style deciduous, very short, filiform, erect, rec- i tilinear. Stigmas three, multipartite, seg- —— ments capillaceous. Capsule Es size of a cabbage-seed, enveloped by the - three interior sepals, and somewhat shorter, — cartilaginous, thin, le-brown, smooth : and shining, obscurely pellucid, globular, obtuse, slightly trigonal, incomplete : three-celled, by abortion three-seeded, i three-valved from the summit to the bud ; supported on a short stipes, from which i : breaks off soon after the dehiscence ; ips zi a little shorter than the interior sepals, and : placed opposite these, connivent, persistent 1 navicular, bearing along their axis à car — laginous dissepiment, which separates d FR the corresponding placenta some time 9% fore maturity; endocarp not se from the mesocarp ; placentas e central, persistent, almost as long ©” broad as s valves, very thin, es fragile, roundish, each of them a í single seed, by the side of which the abot tive ovule is still remaining. Seeds Mos what smaller than in Zechea Drum : but altogether of the same pipes 4 This species was found by Mr. 4 : : 3rd colle — mond, in the Province of Texas, ( Webb) tion, No.18.)—(v. s. sp. in Herb. C mem LECHIDIUM. (nob.) : i scens, E Cay = SS in suburceolatiss Mf 3g 5-partitus, supra basin suburcet m. pala 2-seriata: 2 exteriora mim P^ 3 about the —— linearia, wstivatione subdistantia; 3 inte- riora multo latiora, navicularia, dorso cris- tato-carinata, estivatione et post anthesin imbricata, nunquam contorta. Receptacu- Discus inconspicuus. 3, stipitis apice inserta, cum sepalis inte- rioribus alternantia, persistentia,subaccres- centia, angusta, subunguiculata. Stamina 3, stipitis apice inserta! petalis anteposita, persistentia; filamenta libera, capillaria, anthere minime, basi affixe, innate, obre- niformes ; connectivo angustissimo. Ova- rium minimum, liberum, subglobosum, incomplete 3-loculare, dissepimenta ex endocarpio orta, usque ad cavitatis axin fere producta ; placente 3, biovulate, te- nues, subrotunde, ovarii diametro sube- quilate, inter se liber, media linea dorsali dissepimenti oppositi margini anteriori ad- nate, utrinque recurve; funiculi breves, adscendentes, basi faciei posterioris pla- centarum utrinque ad angulum centralem, solitares ; ovula orthotropa (primina, se- cundina, et nuclea haud &gre dignoscen- dis), arrecta, oblonga, basi affixa. Stylus eciduus, brevis, filiformis, rectus, erectus. vela 3, capillaceo-multipartita. Cap- c calyce teota, cartilaginea, obscure pel- ida breve stipulata, incomplete 3-locu- laris, ab apice ad basin septifrago-bivalvis, perma, valve sepalis interioribus disse- Pimentisque opposite, cymbæformes, con- mventes, persistentes; endocarpio a mæ- Socarpio haud soluto; dissepimenta carti- laginea, bipartibilia, ante dehiscentiam Sabai Suo posteriori valvarum axi adna- margine quidem anteriori ab anteposita nta nunquam soluto ; placente 8, val- Subisometræ, dispermæ, subcentrales, is tum tenue, crustaceum, “topylus terminalis, vix conspicuus, Ai- DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW CISTACEZ. lum cum chalaza in areolam parvam basi- larem confluens; perispermium corneum ; embryo axilis, antitropus, rectilineus, pe- rispermio subequilongus ; cotyledones pla- niuscule, subfoliacee, elliptic; semini fere equilate ; radicula recta, supera, cy- lindrica, obtusa, cotyledonibus subequi- longa.—Suffrutex (Americanus) ramosis- simus. Folia sparsa (raro subopposita, v. gemina) exstipulata, breve petiolata, inte- gerrima. Pedicelli supra axillares, secus ramulorum apicem in racemos unilatera- les dispositi ; fructiferi subdeflexi v. diva- ricati. Flores minimi This genus differs strikingly from Le- chea by the dehiscence of its capsule, the dissepiments of which break off from the valves, but do not lose their adherence with their placentas, these, besides, are cartilaginous and dispermous, not thinly crustaceous and monospermous as in Le- chea ; the insertion of the petals at the base, instead of the apex of the thecapho- rum, may be considered as an additional character. The following is the only spe- cies I am acquainted with. LECHIDIUM DRUMMONDII. (nob.) Root slender, ligneous, apparently creep- ing. Stems suffrutescent, solitary or sub- younger virgate, leafy, sparingly pubes- cent; the older destitute of leaves and glabrous. Branches very slender, alter- nate, somewhat divaricated; more or less paniculate, sparingly clothed with leaves, covered with short whitish appressed sca- brous hairs. Ramules filiform. Leaves alternate (rarely subopposite or geminate) exstipulate, very entire, minute (those of the stems and branches three to seven lines long, one-sixth to one-third of a line broad; the uppermost of the floriferous ramules reduced to very minute filiform bracteoles), exactly linear, one-nerved, supported on a very short filiform petiole; the older gla- brous or nearly so; the younger more or less clothed with short, bristly, decumbent, 288 whitish hairs. Flowers scarcely a line long, disposed along the extremities of the ramules, in simple, unilateral, erect, brac- teolated, finally lax and somewhat elongat- ed racemes. Pedicels supra-axillary, nearly capillary, two or three times longer than accrescent, deeply five-parted, externally pubescent like the young leaves; sepals distinctly biseriate; the two exterior very minute, flat, linear-filiform, acute, expanding, never imbricated; the three interior much broader than the exterior, usually somewhat shorter, cucullate (one of the sides rather membra- nàceous), obtuse, with a very apparent, cristate, dantioulated dorsal keel; margins before and after flowering imbri- cated and connivent, so as to form a three- winged spheroid. Receptacle — a short stipitiform thecaphorum. Disk in- conspicuous. Petals three, inserted at «á summit of the thecaphorum, alternate with the interior sepals, and somewhat shorter, marcescent, subaccrescent, oblong, or spa- thulato-oblong. Stamens three, inserted opposite the base of the petals, persistent, somewhat longer than the pistil, a little shorter than the petals; filaments capillary ; anthers very minute, basifixed, innate, ob- reniform, connectivum as narrow as the filament. Ovary very minute, subglobose, inadherent, incompletely three-locular, ntas three, biovulate, each of them forming-a thin elliptico-orbicular plate of nearly the same breadth as the diameter of the cavity, fixed along the axis of its pos- terior face to the anterior edge of the cor- responding dissepiment, and having its sides slightly curved towards the periphery, except on the apex, which tends towards the centre, and is probably in connexion with the style; ovules orthotropous (pro- vided with primina, secundina, and nu- cleus), arrect, basifixed, oblong, collateral, inserted (by means of a very short ascend- ent capillary funicle) at the base of the posterior face! of the placentas; one on ! This structure is peculiar to the present genus, and to Lechea; all the other Cistacee having their DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW CISTACEZ. each side of the dissepiment. Sf duous, short, filiform, rectilinear, brown, globular, obtuse, slightly € incompletely three-locular, three-valved ent, navicular, obtuse, breaking frome ; dissepiments ; dissepiments cartilaginous, separable longitudinally in two plates, be- fore maturity fixed by their posterior edge to the axis of the corresponding valve, the anterior edge never separating from placentas, endocarp adhering, scarcely tinct; placentas three, nearly central, per sistent, subcartilaginous, connivent at summit, somewhat thickened on the gins, nearly the same length and breadth as the valves, of the same conformation in the ovary. Seeds coramonly two each placenta, attached as in the ov arrect, orthotropous, almost filling up space between the placentas and a peri- carp, smooth and shining, ovate, trig! (convex on the back, angular on their tegument and perisperm; crustaceous, micropyle terminal, P i form; hilum and chalaza confluent in " dark-brown basilar areola ; perisperm thin, corneous ; embryo rectilinear, axile, anti- - tropous, a little shorter than the perispems or on the margins f the above ovules attached on the anterior face. f wards the centre of the ca : centas to cobere by their pigi surface, : of separa by their line valves, then should we have a six-celled I a solitary ovule attached to the central 2 cell, Tv ARR - cotyledons thin, flat, elliptic, obtuse at both ends; nearly as broad as the diameter of the perisperm; radicle pointing to the apex of the seed, slender, straight, cylin- drical, obtuse, a little shorter than the co- tyledons. This species was found by Mr. Drum- mond in the Province of Texas (third col- lection, No. 19!, second collection, No. 17!)—(v. s. spec. in herb. cl. Webb.) TJENIOSTEMA.! (nob.) . Calyz persistens, accrescens, profunde S-partitus, basi suburceolatus; sepala bise- rata, 2 exteriora minima, plana linearia, estivatione subdistantia ; 3 interiora multo latiora, navicularia, ecarinata, estivatione et post anthesin imbricata, nunquam con- torta. Receptaculum in stipitem brevis- simum productum. Discus inconspicuus. Petala nulla. Stamina 8 sepalis interio- ribus opposita (raro 4 v. 5), stipitis apice n, decidua; filamenta complanata lineari-spathulata : anthere minime, fil mentis continue, suborbiculares,thecis con- £g V TAG ima, basi placentifera ; placente 3 filiformes, Svato-trigona, 1-locularis, 3-valvis, abortu Perma; endocarpium membranaceum, E a Mesocarpio demum sece- im Lee sepalis interioribus antepo- NL mies, persistentes, navicula- ins "cm rudimenta dissepimenti tener- phani basi placentiferi gerentes ; vente filiformes brevissime apice di- adscendentia, abortiens ge- Semina ovato- ns ta, obscure pellucida, or- name, alluding to the form of the stamens, is ved from Tæma, p; VOL. ty. 2 ribbon, and ¢Tnputey stamen, DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW CISTACEA. 239 thotropa! arrecta; integumentum crus- taceum, tenue; mucropylus apicilaris, punctiformis; Alum cum chalaza con- fluens in areolam basilarem. Perisper- mium corneum. Embryo subcircinnatus, subcentralis, antitropus! pro seminis in- dole magnus: cotyledones lineari—oblonge, obtuse, subcomplanate, apice deorsum spectantes ; radicula supera, oblique ad- scendens, dorsalis, cylindrica, gracilis, ob- tusa, cotyledonibus fere equilonga. Planta herbacea pube stellata subtomentosa. Fo- lia sparsa, exstipulata, integerrima, breve petiolata. Pedunculi axillares termina- lesque brevissimi; pedicelli fasciculate, lores minimi, sepissime basi 1-bracteo- lati. This genus is distinguished from all the other Cistacee by the singular form of its stamens. Besides this character, it differs from Lechea (nob.) and Lechidium (nob.) by its basilar nearly rudimentary placentas, its circinnate embryo, and its apetalous owers. I am acquainted only with the following species. TJNIOSTEMA MICRANTHUM. (nob.) Lechea mexicana, Hort. Berol. Plant herbaceous, clothed (particularly in its younger parts) with a greyish stel- late tomentum. Stems four to six inches high, tufted, erect ? tortuous, very slender, irregularly ramous, leafy. Ramu: fili- form, more or less elongated, leafy, tortu- ous, commonly axillary, most of them flo- riferous. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, very entire, pubescent or tomentous on both their surfaces, oblong-spathulate, obtuse, mucronulate, nerved with pin- nate veins, tapering to a short narrow petiole; the cauline about six lines long and nearly two lines broad; the ramular about twice or thrice as small. owers very minute, disposed in axillary and ter- minal clusters (or sometimes solitary or subsolitary in the inferior axils) throughout nearly the whole length of the ramuli. Peduncles very short, solitary, simple or bifurcate, erect, bearing from three to about twelve flowers, or less, frequently one or two-flowered. Pedicels fasciculate T 290 or in irregular cymules, short, erect, com- monly destitute of bracteoles, or sometimes provided with a minute subulate bracteole at their base. Calyx persistent, — five-parted, somewhat urceolate at he base, tomentose on its outer sekai at the period of flowering scarcely half a line long, then gradually acquiring the length of about a line; sepals distinctly two- seriate ; ie two outer very minute, flat, linear, never imbricated, the three inner much larger, navicular, but without an ap- parent keel, obtuse, one of their sides ra- ther membranaceous, imbricated before and after flowering, but never twisted. Receptacle forming a very short stipitiform thecaphorum. Disk inconspicuous. Petals none. Stamens three, or less frequently four or five, inserted at the summit of the thecaphorum, opposite the interior sepals when equal in number, deciduous; fila- ments somewhat shorter than the calyx, linear-spathulate, complanate; anthers continuous with, and scarcely broader than, the filaments, roundish, obtuse, the polli- niferous conceptacles much narrower than the conneetivum. ‘Pistil shorter than the stamens. Ovary inadherent, very minute, subglobular, trigonal, 1-locular with three incomplete very narrow pellicular dissepi- ments; placentas three, filiform, very short, each of them adnate to the base of the anterior edge of the corresponding disse- punt ind dividing themselves into two inal, capillary, divergent, ascendent, short, ovuliferous funicles; ovules ortho- tropous! arrect, Style very short, recti- linear, erect, filiform. Stigma three-par- tite, each lobe forming a short denticulate crest. Capsule minute, inclosed in the interior sepals and somewhat shorter, sub- testaceous, pale-brown, smooth and shin- ing, obscurely pellucid and ovato- -trigonal, obtuse, Supported on a very short stipes, from which it breaks off soon after dehis- cence, unilocular, three-valved from the diaphanous pellicle; valves opposite the interior sepals, connivent, persistent, cym- DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW CISTACEJE. biform, obtuse, about me of í placenta; placentas three, filiform, short, each of them ending in two capillary short, ascendent, persistent funicles; the one of these bearing a seed, the other the — nondeveloped ovule. Seeds orthotropous, E arrect, pt: on each placenta, minute (about half the length of the valves) — smooth and shining, brownish, obscurely pellucid, ovato-trigonous, obtuse; tegi- ment thin, crustaceous ; ; micropy corneous. circinnate, subcentral, voluminous in regar to the size of the seed; cotyledons linear- oblong, obtuse, flat; their summit curved towards the basis of the seed, and placed nearly in the centre of the circumvolution;. radicle slender, cylindrical, obtuse, as long as the cotyledons, dorsal obliqui ascendent. This plant, as the name given toitinthe Royal Botanic Garden of Berlin is a native of Mexico, where it was bably found by Dr. Scheide. imp l at Paris. HETEROMERIS. (nob.) (Helianthemi species auctorum, dame teribus omnino neglectis). wen Flores heterogenei; alteri ie minimi apetali, oligandri, oligospori, à (paucissimi, prius evoluti, longius F^ lati, in singulis inflorescentiis sepissime s0 litarii) majores, 5-petali, polyandri, spori. Calyx persistens, accrescens, P funde 5-partitus, supra basi asin suburc 2-seriata: 2 exteriora parva *"9" — interiora multo latiora, ecarinata, estivatione et post in annulum conspicuus. receptaculo inserta, quo symmetrica, decidua. Stamina recepta- . culo inserta, decidua, in floribus apetalis . sepissime 3 (sepalis interioribus antepo- = sifa) v. nonnunquam 4—12, in floribus ~ petaliferis 20—30. Filamenta capillaria, libera, Anthere adnate, basi affixæ, in floribus apetalis minimis obreniformes, v. subrotundæ apiceque emarginatæ, in flori- bus petaliferis ellipticæ; connectivum an- gustum, lineare. Ovarium liberum, mi- d nutum, subglobosum, 1-loculare ; placente ee 3, immediate parietales, filiformes, in flori- .. bus apetalis 1—2 v. 4-ovulatz, in petalife- .. Ti$ 4—12 ovulate ; funiculi infra medium : inserti (dum plures, per paria * H placentarum superposita) i " : l-valvis) abortu 1l-v. 3-sperma, aut raro E. (dum florum polyandrorum incrementum) : Polysperma ; endocarpium tenerrimum, di- , £ num, a mæsocarpio demum solutum; di sepalis interioribus anteposite, cym- somes, persistentes. conniventes, ante a. istentes, demum a “ms solute; nunc unica monosperma, ambeduæ vero alt eræ abortu asperme, nunc persistentes, iati, aut sæpius plus mi- » suberecti v. adscendentes, : Semina in quavis placenta V. gemina, v. raro plura, inversa quoad pericarpium vaga, or- parva, levigata v. subgranulosa, pellucida, ovata, obtusa, facie pla- convexa; integumentum tenue, am = isset terminalis, punc- formis um cum chalaza confluens in as: a " . ilarem ; Perispermium corne- * obscure " DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW CISTACE.. 291 scendentes, planiuscule, oblongo-lineares, obtuse; radicula oblique adscendens, gracilis, cylindrica, obtusa, cotyledonibus paulo brevior.—Fruticuli (Americani) fo- liis sparsis, exstipulatis, breve petiolatis, integerrimis. Pubes stellato-tomentosa. Ramuli floriferi axillares terminalesque v. subterminales, nudi v. subfoliosi, trichoto- mi v. subdichotomi ; pedicelli cymosi v. subcorymbosi, v. fasciculati ; nonnunquam brevissimi, sepissime basi l-bracteolati. Florum evolutio centrifuga. Petala (dum adsint) lutea, This genus is very remarkable, from the striking differences of size and conforma- tion, exhibited by the flowers of each in- dividual specimen. Besides the species hereafter described, the above character applies to Zelianthemum ramuliflorum, Michx.! (Heteromeris Michauzit, nob.), and H. corymbosum, Michx. (Heteromeris cymosa, nob.). Iam not acquainted with Helianthemum rosmarinifolium (Pursh and Elliott), but though the description of the plant given by these authors is exceed- ingly short, I am rather inclined to believe it may also prove a Heteromeris. HETEROMERIS POLIFOLIA. (nob.) H. polifolia, suffruticosa ramosa erecta pube stellata scabriuscula, foliis lanceola- to-oblongis v. oblongo-linearibus v. subli- nearibus obtusis inferne attenuatis supra canescentibus subtus calycibusque incano- tomentosis, glomerulis axillaribus submul- tifloris subsessilibus, floribus apetalis 3- andris, placentis 1-ovulatis, floribus petali- feris sub 20-andris, placentis 4-ovulatis, capsulis globosis basi attenuatis, plerisque l-spermis. A suffrutescent plant, clothed nearly throughout with a more or less abundant stellate somewhat scabrous pubescence. Root slender, perpendicular, subligneous, scarcely branched. Stem six to twelve inches high, single, cylindrical, slender, erect, virgate, commonly branched in al- most its whole length (less frequently with- out any other ramifications than short fili- form axillary floriferous ramules), leafy, glabrous from the base to the distance of 292 some inches upwards, the upper part as well as the branches and ramules clothed with a scattered grayish pubescence. Branches nearly filiform, virgate, simple, almost erect, leafy for their whole length, subfastigiate, all of them bearing axillary very short floriferous ramules, along their upper part, and producing frequently fas- cicles of little leaves (abortive leafy ra- mules) in the axils of the inferior leaves. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, subcoriace- ous, without other nerves but the midrib, which is rather prominent on the under surface, and forms a filiform groove on the upper, inconspicuously pennato-veined, scabrous, clothed with a thin scattered pubescence on the upper surface, and with a thick gray tomentum on the under, lan- ceolate-oblong, or oblong-linear, or subli- near (in the state of desiccation generally more or less revolute at their margins), obtuse, very entire, more or less tapering from the middle to the base; the cauline generally twelve to sixteen lines long, and about two lines wide in their greatest breadth; those of the branches four to nine lines long, and half to one and a half lines broad ; those of the abortive ramules arrow. (peduncles) generally very short (so that the flowers, at first sight, seem crowded in the axils), erect, slender, generally solitary in the axils of the superior leaves both of the branches and the main stem ; the infe- rior commonly three to seven-flowered, y or nowise bifurcate, often having a leaf-like bractea at their summit; the a = (a M h ae +} ^R * mule sometimes about two lines long, and bifurcating at its summit. Pedicels ebrac- teolated, or more frequently with a minute subulate bracteole at their bases, fascicu- lated at the summit of the ramule, or dis- posed in a short compact corymb, along each of its bifurcations, erect, filiform, of _ very unequal length; the solitary dichoto- mary two to three lines long; the others DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW CISTACEX. extremely short at the time of flo but acquiring finally the size of a two. The of each partial inflorescence being alone petaliferous, polyandrous, and its ovary - containing constantly a greater number of - ovules; whilst all the other flowers of the sepals distinctly two-seriate, tomentose c their outer surface ; the two outer minute, much narrower, flat, linear, sometimes ad- : the exterior (those of the petaliferous flow- i ers one line and a half long, and s fourths of a line broad; those of the ape- talous scarce half a line long at the time flowering, but finally acquiring à length three-fourths to one line), slightly na* tals most commonly none or à in no symmetrical manner with bor the sepals, deciduous, cuneato "c yellow, longer than the calyx, inse the receptacle. Receptacle forming annular elevation around the in the apetalous flowers, the petaliferous ones ; filaments capillary, :nterior €* the interior" — unconnected, shorter than " 1 the oligandrous obreniform and very nute; connectivum linear, Ovary minute, subglobular, pering at the base, unilocular, three, immediately parietal, terated towards the summit of the 0' each of them four-ovulated in the - ferous flowers, invariably one-ovulated in _ the apetalons; funicles ascendent, capil- - lary, inserted (in two superposed pairs, the ~ placenta being four-ovulated) a little below : the middle of the placenta, and reaching nearly to its summit; ovules orthotropous, . inverted, presenting the exostoma to the placenta. Style overtopped by the stamens, _ filiform, rectilinear, erect, deciduous. Stig- . ma deeply cloven in three fimbriolated . crests. Capsule minute (generally about E the size of a cabbage-seed, or double that _ Size when originating from the dichoto- .. mary flowers), enveloped by the three in- terior sepals, and somewhat shorter, testa- Sous, brown, smooth and shining, subglo- bular, trigonous, obtuse, tapering ‘at the r base into a sort of stipes, one-celled, three- .. valved from the summit till near the base, . one to three-seeded by abortion ; endocar . Pellicular, diaphanous, finally separating tom the mæsocarp ; valves connivent, per- sistent, cymbiform, before maturity placen- — liferous on their middle, placed opposite the three interior sepals; placentas three, _ ‘Persistent, nerviform, subulate at their _ Sammut, finally separating from the endo- . SP; generally but one of them semini- | ferous, whilst the two others bear but the Temmants of the nondeveloped ovules, fu- Micles ascendent or suberect, capillary, more or less elongated, persistent. Seeds inverted or of indeterminate direction with regard to the apex of the pericarp, ortho- tropous, Ovate, obtuse, convex on their Capsule, reddish-brown, smooth and shin- mg, obscurely pellucid, tegument thin, shew "5, micropyle punctiform, termi- ; s and chalaza confluent in a ba- i ; perisperm corneous, embryo (visible by the aid of a strong light hich apg and perisperm) antitroprous, ee aot in the form of a triangle central part of the perisperm ; ascendent, geniculate, nearly ly Sa obtuse ; radicle oblique- ie » Slender, cylindrical, obtuse, m... Shorter than the cotyledons. — Species was found in the Province ES INFORMATION RESPECTING SEEDS FOUND IN ROMAN TOMBS. 293 of Texas by Mr. Drummond (third collec- tion, No. 201), as also by M. Berlandier. Its compact axillary clusters of flowers will prevent any one from confounding it, either with Heteromeris Michauzii, nob., or H. cymosa, nob.: not to speak of vari- ous other important, but less obvious dif- ferences. I shall but add, that in the latter of these, the placentas of the apetalous flowers are always four-ovulated, and the placentas of the petaliferous ones about twelve-ovulated. INFORMATION RESPECTING SEEDS WHICH HAVE BEEN FOUND IN ROMAN TOMBS, AND WHICH HAVE RETAINED THEIR POWERS OF GERMI- NATION. By M. CHARLES Des MouLins, Correspondent of Linnzan Society of Bourdeaux, &c. (From the Transactions of that Society.) In the spring of the year 1834, a pro- prietor of land in the Commune de la Mouzie-Saint Martin, in the Canton of Laforce, and Arrondissement of Bergerac (Dordogne), M. Geraud de Marcillae, hav- ing caused a piece of ground to be dug over to a considerable depth for the pur- pose of planting a vineyard, discovered a good many tombs, most of which presented this remarkable peculiarity, that the head of the skeleton deposited therein, rested on a heap of apparently well-preserved seeds. M. de Marcillae, perceiving that the continuation of the work must necessarily destroy these highly valuable relics, had the enlightened consideration to delay the clearing of the ground, and to give notice of this discovery to M. L’Abbé Audierne, Vicar-General of Périgneux, to whom the Archeologia of this district is already in- debted for much important assistance. M. L’Abbé, whose zeal would not permit him to remain inactive under such circum- stances, promised a speedy visit to the se- pulchres that had been already discovered, and earnestly recommended that the first tomb which the pick-axe should next de- 294 tect, might be left in the most entirely un- touched state, until his arrival. The graves at Mouzie offered three kinds of coffins :— I. Stone coffins of a single piece, nar- row towards the feet, and containing no seeds. II. Brick coffins, containing seeds. These were about six feet long and twenty- one inches wide, but slightly narrowed to- wards the foot. Fourteen bricks, about twenty-two inches square, composed them. Each of the sides and the lid were formed of three bricks ; two others were placed at the extremities, and the three which com- pleting the number fourteen, forming the bottom of the grave, rested on cement. At the place for the head, which was support- ed by no particular pillow or bolster, was a round cup-shaped cavity, hollowed out in the cement, containing about two hands- ful of seeds, whereon, as upon a cushion, rested the occiput of the skeleton. The bricks, formed of very fine clay, superior to that now used in the country, are with- out any edge or mark of the mould, but still such as that no antiquary can refuse them the name of Roman Bricks. HI. Coffins, made of rubble (moëllon), larger than the former kind, and also con- taining seeds, In the same field, were found a single brick, marked with the three letters LVP, about ten lines in height, also a monumen- tal stone of white marble, bearing the mo- nogram of Christ; a ring, a medal, some remains of lachrymatories, and a Roman weight. The graves contained no armour ; no popular tradition whatsoever was at- tached to this cemetery, which had remain- ed completely unknown till the period when the ground was dug up; but an aque- duct and some mosaics have been found near the field. These different circum- stances, joined to the evidently Roman formation of the bricks, the beauty of their substance and their dimensions, which be- long to a higher antiquity than the period when they were made of a coarser mate- rial and narrower size, the rectangular and slightly diminished form at foot of the se- INFORMATION RESPECTING SEEDS FOUND IN ROMAN TOMBS. pulchral cavity, and finally the absence an elevated bolster for the head, have M. Andierne to refer the tombs in questi to the third or fourth century of the Christ- ian era, that is, the period when the Ro- - man sway extended over our country. — — On reaching the spot, M. Andierne pro- ceeded to open the tomb of which, accord- | ing to his directions, the investigation had — been carefully reserved for himself. It was — of the second kind, that is, made of brick. — Ia lee m & had ransacked previously to his e He carefully collected all those which lay — in the sepulchre that he opened, both be- — low and above the brick that supported the — head of the deceased. They seemed bo belong to a very few different kinds of — plants, but having no one at hand pe 33 could determine them, he deemed it better to lay them aside till such an opportunity * should arrive. Observing, however, two - days after, that a considerable number of these seeds began to germinate in the p- — per that contained them, M. Andierne » termined on sowing them immediately 1 two flower-pots and in a plot prepared i purpose, in the garden of M. Rousseai, — nurseryman at Bergerac. He returned to this town on the 10th of August, and found that a great many of the seeds had prs up, some of the plants even being in flower d and fruit. There were— : 1. Heliotropium Europeum, one T men of which, with a very strong ® branching stem, exceeded sixteen ge : in height, and was covered with flower — and seeds. ; al the blossoming twigs, which he was © . kind as to give me. : d 2. A isl many plants of Medicago ht 4 pulina, which were, however, of mus growth, two of these, which M. Wr presented to me, were in flower, was in seed. Hc 3. A single specimen of the a Bottle (Centaurea Cyanus) ; iso see 1t. xd 4. A single specimen, which did blossom, and which also I did not see, of aplant which the gardener could not de- te : _* — "On the 16th of August, M. L'Abbé An- = dierne took me to M. Rousseau's nursery- .. ground, whence I carried away the large .. plant of Heliotropium Europeum, from which those specimens in flower and seed had been gathered which M. Andierne had . already transmitted to me. In the same _ plot Isaw several young plants of Medi- cago lupulina, they were stil without flower, bearing each only three or four ves, It is certainly to be greatly regretted that such an interesting experiment should not have been made with all the precau- tions necessary for avouching its irrefrag- i able authenticity. Thus, it would have .. been highly desirable to ascertain what the . Seeds were, previously to sowing them; _ forit may be suspected, at first, that those which were put into the ground by M. Andierne never have sprung up, and that | the plants which we. gathered, instead of d being the produce of parent-stems that E shad blossomed fifteen or sixteen hundred _ Yeats ago, were simply the offspring of seeds recently deposited in the garden. But I may reply to this, in the first place, that though Heliotropium Europeum and Medicago lupulina do spring up abund- antly in carefully cultivated soil, it is not 50 with the Blue Bottle, which is gene- rally found in the fields. Secondly, that the larger proportion of the seeds found in the coffin were of a greenish tinge, and that the seeds of the " » Surrounded by their calyx as ve gathered them, on the plant above men- Pes Were recognised by M. Rousseau, na to those which had been sown. having E That a portion of these seeds ia: 3 sown in pots to prevent any Ce ^p plants in the pots and the hit bea, were identical, thus proving duit came from the one and the same oe a. curthly and lastly, that even supposing : .. were defective, and that none Plants were the produce of the seeds INFORMATION RESPECTING SEEDS FOUND IN ROMAN TOMBS. 295 that M. Andierne had set, still the princi- pal and most important fact, that of. their ermination, would not be in the least af- fected, but would remain indisputably au- thentic, because M. Andierne was only induced to deposit these seeds in the ground, because he had no hope of pre- serving them as they were, they having germinated precipitately, as soon as they came in contact with the air. The above facts, therefore, establish the position, that certain kinds of seeds, if entirely excluded from the agents needful or vegetation, or rather, if shielded from the combination of influences requisite for germination, will maintain their vital pro- perty uninjured for the space of fifteen or sixteen centuries, and display it afresh when placed in favourable circumstances. I say the combination of those influences which are necessary for germination; for warmth and moisture have doubtless ex- isted in this case, sufficient to call into ac- tion the germinating principle in seeds, which could only be neutralized by the absence of the third requisite, namely, contact with the atmospheric air. From this reflection we must conclude that facts of this nature are far more common than is generally supposed, and that observation is all that we want on this point, as on many others. The theory of Silos is cer- tainly based on this principle ; but as the. object there was an artificial preservation, attained by the prudent employment of numerous precautions, it seems to have been long imagined that analogous facts were rarely found in nature. Still, in 1824, M. Dureau de la Malle, in his valu- able ** Mémoire sur l' Alternance" (publish- ed in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles, lst series, vol. 5. p. 353 et seq.) has con- futed this error by adducing numerous facts, all presenting the same combination of circumstances as what I am now describ- ing, namely, the presence, to a requisite degree of warmth and moisture, and absence of a sufficient quantity of air. From the observations of the above-men- tioned savant, the following results have been obtained, that in the Birch, Aspen, 296 . Furze, Genista, Digitalis, Groundsel, Heath, and Whortleberry, the germinative property is naturally preserved under- ground (and even beneath great heaps of 17) for a century at least, and that under water, where the exclusion of air cannot be so perfect as under a thick bed of earth, the Birch and Mustard-seed re- tain this faculty for twenty or thirty years. We know, too, that the seeds of plants of certain families, which were taken a few years ago out of the Tournefortian Herba- rium, have sprouted ; and in fact, when it is once established that the vital action may be suspended during so long a period, and yet not have its principle destroyed, we cannot refuse our belief to the possibi- lity of this phenomenon being prolonged for a period equal to that during which the circumstances that delayed the usual time of germination may have lasted. Here it must be well observed, that it is notan utter absence of air, such as would be effected by the air-pump, which is requi- site for the preservation of seeds, for such a condition could only exist in the stony strata or the deepest layers of our earth. Without requiring to enter into calcula- tion, we may safely affirm that warmth ex- isted to a sufficient degree, in the tombs of La Mouzie, as well as in the situations described by M. De la 'Malle: and as to humidity, the experiments of M. T. de la Saussace on the Desiccation of Seeds ( Ann. des Sc. Nat. 1827. 1st. Ser. vol. 10. p. 68, &c.) decidedly prove that in these graves, the dryness must have been far short of what would be needful to destroy the ger- minating property, at least as respects Le- guminose and Composite, M. de la Saus- sace not having operated on any individual of the Boraginee. once more, it is only in particular families that this suspension of the vital action may take place without its destruc- tion ensuing in a determined time, because seeds, independently of external agents. It were needful, then, that these chemical INFORMATION RESPECTING SEEDS FOUND IN ROMAN TOMBS. influences should be suspended, in order. - that the lethargy, so to speak, of the seeds, should be complete. Thus, oily seeds . which are liable to become rancid, can s only keep for a limited period. - ES However this may be, whether the limit _ assigned for the preservation of the ger- — minating property in seeds be fixed at one - century or two centuries; whether we ant or dispute the degree of antiquity - which M. Andierne attributes to the tombs — at Mouzie, it is still undeniable that the — details above given establish the most re- — markable instance known of this kind of — longevity. I think, too, that the result of my reflections proves that it contains no- : thing that is incredible. It would appear — easy, à priori, to establish the possibility | of the fact, and I am happy in having had — an opportunity of proving its reality. — n expectation was once entertained, * though for a most brief period, of seemg — the vegetating power exhibit itself in seeds — of a much higher antiquity than those m- the tombs of Mouzie. M. Kunth, in his : inquiries respecting the plants foundinthe — Egyptian tombs by M. Passalacqua (see Annales des Sciences Naturelles for 1826, — Ist Series, vol. 8. p. 418, &c.) mentions — some seeds of the Palma Christi or Cult ; Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) received — from M. Joumard, which were in such à : perfect state of preservation that he thought he could have brought them to germinate — by means of chloride, but the attempt was unsuccessful. The seed of this Euphor | biaceous plant is, however, highly oleag- — ous. Among the twenty ancient plants which M. Kunth ascertained, there S not one belonging to the Boragine@: X» only Leguminose one was in flower c d mosa Farnesiana, Linn.) Nine OU ; the twenty presented distinct seeds, We seven were in such perfect pere mg (among them the Ricinus) that M. : ; could distinguish their organization, e : even the embryo. I am ignorant bs; t. situation of these seeds within the e ^ but if they were enclosed within the dl ies, is it not pre pers of the mummies, 15 i that the emanations of the bitt which these substances are impregnated, may have limited the duration of their . vegetating property ? -À circumstance has been lately stated, which, if authentic, would be still more : surprising than the vitality of ancient seeds, since it relates to the very plant itself: I mean the common Onion, found in the hand of a mummy, and announced by Mr. Houlton to the Medico-Botanical Society ; of London (see the Echo du Monde Sa- vani, 1834, No. 17, p. 66) as having ve- getated vigorously after a lethargy of two t years. The short quotation in the Echo is all the information I possess on this subject, and am not aware whether the needful precautions have been taken to guard against the deceptions practised by the modern Egyptians, who are said to be very skilful at frauds, where antiquities are concerned, In summing up the whole of the circum- stances, it may therefore be avouched, that the only authentic instance of such a pro- longed vitality in seeds, is that which M. L'Abbé Andierne has stated to me. But we must be careful against deducing, from the certainty of the fact, any exaggerated consequences in this particular instance. The decidedly antique form of the tombs, their ancient materials, and the total ab- sence of local tradition, may even be con- sidered as probably warranting their refer- ence to a more remote date by some cen- turies than what M. Andierne assigns to them, I may here, perhaps, be allowed to State some of the reasons which have led Me to the belief that these graves contain the remains of Christians. From the Re- cherches sur les Sepultures Nationales, by M. Legrand D'Aussy, I- borrow the *$ and documents which serve as a starting-point for this discussion. The custom of burning the body was m "e among the Gauls for more than : nturies after Julius Cesar. It is at on of this custom, which had qu combined with that of the Tumulus, this author places the co of his ini mmencement hil - ""poch of Sepulture (that of ocks without combustion). A . As the type INFORMATION RESPECTING SEEDS FOUND IN ROMAN TOMBS. 297 of this epoch, M. Legrand d'Aussy in- stances the Tumulus or Barrow of Crécy, near Abbeville, explored in 1787, and which contained two Sarcophagi (the form of which he does not state), each composed of several pieces of burnt clay (p. 76—7). Further on (p. 91 and 106), but without indicating the date to which they may be referred, he speaks of several instances of tombs, constructed wholly of bricks (one at Vic-le Comte, nine at Rheims, one at Auxerre, one at Barsac, near Bordeaux, discovered in 1725, and three at Stras- bourg). That at Auxerre, seen and de- scribed by M. L'Abbe Lebeuf, was formed of twenty-six bricks, a foot and a half long, and almost equally broad. From these circumstances, in spite of the absence of the Tumulus, we may, I think, conclude that the tombs at Mouzie are of about the same date as that of Crécy (nearly the 3rd Epoch of M. Legrand D’Aussy), which corresponds to the close of the second, or commencement of the third century of the Christian era. At this period Christianity had long made its way into Gaul, the se- cond persecution under Marcus Aurelius, in the year 177, having shed the blood of St. Pothin, the first Bishop of Lyons. This martyr is believed to have been sent to Gaul in 157, by St. Polycarp, himself a disciple of St. John the Evangelist, and we may therefore suppose that Christianity was introduced about the same time into the South-western provinces of our land. The comparison of these dates with the epochs assigned by M. Legrand D’Aussy to the different modes of interment, seems to attest that the custom of burning the bodies, a custom that certainly appertained essentially to Paganism, diminished suc- cessively as Christianity made progress in Gaul, and finally ceased with the establish- ment of the true faith. In all religions the mode of its rites bears reference to theory, and wherever any religious belief exists, the funerals of the dead form a part of the worship. Thus Christianity, while it retained and sanctified the use of lustral water, proscribed the consuming of the body. Thus we are led to refer the tombs 298. at Mouzie to a period intermediate between the close of the reign of Marcus Aurelius (180) and that of Clovis (500), their anti- quity only varying from thirteen to fifteen centuries. One more reflexion let me be allowed to indulge, though it may depart a little from the immediate details of my subject. To what purpose, it is perhaps asked, have these seeds been enclosed in the coffins at . Mouzie ? I answer, that I here behold an- other inference, I might almost say a proof, in favour of the opinion which considers these sepulchres as the resting-place of Christians. In all ages, the Church has favoured those allegories which bore a pi- ous meaning, and the symbols which were in unison with her sacred dogmas; how much more would this be the case, how far more complete would be the approba- tion that she would bestow on those which are based on those very dogmas? It is most evident that the depositing of seeds within a coffin is a sacred symbol, founded on Christianity. Can any rite bring more forcibly and tangibly to mind the funda- mental doctrine of the resurrection of the body, the immortality of the soul? How frequently and how justly has the analogy been exhibited between the dying Christ- ian and the poor creeping worm which rises brilliant and fresh from the temporary shroud in which it had lain apparently dead! And yet this is but a pious allegory of human invention, while the symbol of the seed is used by the Saviour of all men, the Lord Jesus Christ himself, when he says, speaking of his blessed self, ** Except a grain of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone ; but if it die, it bring- eth forth much fruit" (St. John xiv. 24, 25.) See also 1 Cor. xv. The seed will revive and rise again ; life remains, which is essential to the produc- tion of fruit. The Church applies these divine words to all Christians. Bossuet (in his Meditations on the Gospels, Vol. I. p. 281) says, “ We are the seed of wheat, and our life is hid within ourselves." I see therefore nothing improbable in the intro- duction, at different times, and especially INFORMATION RESPECTING SEEDS FOUND IN ROMAN TOMBS. in periods of persecution, and in var countries, of a pious custom which : sisted in depositing within the tomb s pretation seems to be excluded. The He- liotrope, Blue Bottle, and little Lucerne must have been deposited there simply uncertain) the custom of putting plants and flowers into the coffins of Christians ! also derived from the same source, 1t must be by more distant and indirect analogy. Thus, in the tomb of Childeric II, and his wife Bilihilde, at St. Germain des fres each of the coffins was found to contain wand of hazel, the intention of which does sentation of the sceptre, a sceptre Der also laid into the coffin of the king: ® that of the queen a bundle of aromatic herbs supported the and over the corpse; the e which, whether natural or § easy enough. Almost every e chaplet is an accompaniment of hec ment of unmarried persons, the Q^. varying in its detail in various Bourdeaux it is cast into the grav’ the first spadeful of earth, de brought back to the church and Tl one of the altars, and at Perigord it a closed within the coffin, which 15 ur screwed to the last moment prior to air ing it into the grave. à Lii diet that before fixing defin” tively in my own mind the interpre" OON t do TN ~ which is given above, and which seems to me but natural, I have made all the re- searches in my power to ascertain the vir- tues attributed by the ancients to our wild Heliotrope, the Lucerne, and Blue Bottle, I could, however, detect nothing that was applicable to the depositing these seeds in the tomb; and if I regard them as used simply as seeds, I am unable to discover, among pagan writers, any circumstance which gives an allegorical or symbolical meaning to the custom. CHARLES Des MouriNs. Languais (Dordogne), Dec. 9, 1834. [I was the more interested in the above information respecting the vegetation of ™ seeds which had been found in ancient se- pulchres, from the circumstance, that at the time I received the volume of the Transactions containing it, I was favoured with a visit from the Rev. W. Burroughes of Hoveton Hall, Norfolk, who brought With him some living flowering plants of Centranthus ruber (Valeriana rubra o Linneus), which he had raised from seeds taken by himself from an ancient coffin dug up at Wymondham Abbey in that county. In order to be perfectly sure that the produce was from these identical seeds, Mr. Burroughes did not allow his gardener . to have the care of them, but sowed them 71 pots, which were kept separately, under helon-frames, and the same plants inva- rably Sprung up, and no other. On his "MER into Norfolk he obligingly favoured me with the particulars contained in the following letter :— "y dear Sir, —I have sent you a small dua of the mixture from which the seed as taken that produced the specimens of “eta ruber, which I gave to you fo E R. In levelling the ground, erly the site of Wymondham Abbey, ee came upon a flag-stone co- lead rige grave, which contained two NS one large, NS very small. TV pening them, the small one was ob- found to be perfectly air-tight. Init was an envelope of linen cemented with INFORMATION RESPECTING SEEDS FOUND IN ROMAN TOMBS. 299 resin, This was opened, and on removing a considerable quantity of seed, &c. an- other ] e dis a quantity of coarse-grained muriate of soda, and fragments of odoriferous wood, was found a foetus of about the fourth month. It was from this mass that the small quantity herewith sent was taken.! The larger coffin was not air-tight, owing to there having been a hole broken in the upper part. This coffin contained the body of a young female, wrapped in folds of cere-cloth, and preserved with great care and expense. 'The body was very perfect, except in that spot where the coffin was broken. From the state of preservation it as in, it was easily discovered to be the ody of a young female, and from appear- ances, to be identified as the mother of the foetus contained in the smaller coffin. In regard to the probable date of the interment:—The abbey was founded in 1107, by William de Albini, who died in 1156. The spot where the coffins were found, was the middle of the choir, about eight feet from the East end, and conse- quently at the foot of the altar. The choir being under the especial care of the religious of the Establishment, it is highly improbable that they should al- ow any female to be buried in it, unless nearly allied to, or immediately descended from, the founder. This, together with e state of interment, the evident anti- quity, and the expense and care bestowed in the preservation of the body, leads to the conclusion, that the female was some near connexion of the founder, and buried about the middle of the twelfth century. I am sorry that I cannot offer you any more information respecting the finding of this seed, as very soon after the discovery of the coffins the work was stopped, nothing has been done to give a further clue to the date of interment. I am, my dear Sir, Yours very truly, Wu. BuRROUGHES.] Hoveton Hall, Oct. 11, 1836. ! This consisted chiefly of the seeds of some Um- belliferous plant. and amonest ? o aa ag 800 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF JOHN FRASER, THE BOTANI- CAL COLLECTOR. Born 1750—died 1811. (With a Portrait.) JoHN FRASER, well known as a zealous and indefatigable collector of North Ame- rican plants, was a native of Inverness- shire, whence, at about twenty years of age, he came to London in 1770. The in- dividuals who were the first to patronize and encourage his devoted attachment to otany, were the late Sir James Edward Smith, President of the Linnean Society, Dr. Pitcairn, President of the College of Physicians, Mr. Aiton, the King’s gardener at Kew, and Mr. Forsyth, Curator of the Apothecaries’ Garden at Chelsea. Between the years 1780 and 1784, Mr. Fraser visited Newfoundland in search of plants, and in 1785 commenced his re- searches in the southern States of North America, where he was employed for two years, and greatly advanced the interests of the cultivators of American plants, as well by his numerous discoveries, as by the various new genera and species which he introduced to this country. He also sent home different objects of Natural His- tory and collections of seeds, while his skilful method of packing enabled him to transmit, uninjured, many living plants, to which the hazards of a long sea-voyage had always, previously, proved fatal. Those eminent nurserymen, Lee, Loddiges, and others, the patrons of American Horticul- ture, and the founders of the unrivalled establishments about London, acknow- ledged themselves deeply indebted to the services of Mr. Fraser. Soon after his arrival in the State of South Carolina, the subject of this brief memoir formed a most intimate friendship with Walter, an American Botanist, who wrote the Flora Caroliniana, and when the premature death of this lamented friend took place, he engaged to publish his Flora in London. On Fraser’s second visit to America, in 1788, when on his route from Carolina to BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF JOHN FRASER. Georgia, he first met with that distinguish- - ed French Botanist and Traveller, André - Michaux, who had then just started on an expedition to collect plants for the French Government; and with the son of this gentleman, the author of the celebrated — Monograph of the American Forest-Trees, he also, at a later period, became ac- quainted. Previously to this time, our traveller had repeatedly transmitted to London se- veral valuable packages of plants, and he now returned, laden with a general collec- tion of the result of his long and arduous labours, to which the most honourable tes- timony was borne in the botanical publi- cations of that period. Twice between the years 1789 and 96, did he revisit the North American Conti- nent, extending his researches into the In- terior, amongst the various Indian Settle- - ments, traversing the range of the Alle- - hany Mountains, and exposing himself to such privations and hardships as nothing but the ardent zeal of the man, combined with the dauntless hardihood of the High- lander, could have enabled him to support. In 1796, he first visited Russia, taking with him a choice collection of American plants, which was purchased immediately on his arrival at St. Petersburgh, by the Empress Catherine, who, as a further proof of her approbation of his labours, and of the liberality with which Her Imperial Majesty patronised Science, was pleased to command him to set his” own price 0? press Catherine having taken place the next year, Mr. Fraser was invitation, sent through Count the Russian Ambassador at London r proceed to Russia, carrying with wu selection of plants for the Imperial G of the Empress Maria, at Perlorskoe. ge greatest success having attended es dertaking, he was most liberally rew des and further received orders to furni Gar- 2 ditional collections for the bape 5 su dens of Gatschina and Pero m the following year to bring from pri all such new and approved impleme! z oM Tgreupéeea Fh "UL an Ornama! (he /à Mo teg Portrait m PIE JER ero m COMPANION to CURTIS'S Botament Sg x 7 Haga: yr), John FASE? EE PLE WE horticultural and agricultural use as he might consider serviceable in Russia. Mr. Fraser showed so much zeal.and ability in acquitting himself of this commission, that their Imperial Majesties, by an Ukase, signed Paul and Maria, dated Perlorskoe, August 1798, appointed him their Botani- cal Collector, with orders to furnish such other rare and novel plants, as he should recommend for the completion of the Im- perial Collections. In consequence of . these commands, Mr. Fraser, accompanied by his eldest son John, embarked in the year 1799, for the southern States of North America, where he prosecuted his re- searches in various unexplored parts of the k Continent, both North and South, proceed- the kind ai ing also far westerly. On the summit of the Great Roa or Bald Mountain, the main Apalichicola Ridge, which divides the eastern from the western waters, on a spot which commands a view of five states, namely, Kentucky, Virginia, Tenessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina, the eye ranging to a distance of seventy or eighty miles when the air is clear, North and N. West, South, S. E, and East, it was Mr. Fraser's good fortune to discover and collect living specimens of the new and splendid Rhododendron Catawbiense, from which so many beautiful hybrid vari- eties have since been obtained by skilful cultivators, EM completing this expedition in : America, he proceeded with his son in 1800 to the Island of Cuba, furnished with Passports as American citizens, ob- E With great difficulty, on account of wer then prevailing between Spain and Britain. But the voyage to Cuba Proved most disastrous, and had well nigh put a term to all our enterprising traveller’s sins & Coral Reef, about eighty boa windward of the Havannah, and Bh es from the main land. With six- e the crew, after six days of severe i M they were picked up by a Spanish K boat, and conveyed to the Port »in the Island of Cuba. Through d of the American Consul, per- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF JOHN FRASER. ‘ 801 mission was obtained for Fraser and his son to proceed over-land to Havannah, where they had the singular good fortune to meet with those celebrated Botanists and intrepid travellers, Baron Humboldt and M. Bonpland, in whose enlightened society they passed some time, preparatory to their journey into the mountains, the Baron having introduced them to the Go- vernor of Cuba, the Marquis de .Somoru- clos, who liberally granted them passports to travel and explore the island. The fact of these strangers being natives of Britain having been divulged in confidence by Humboldt to the Governor, that nobleman thus generously expressed himself, * My country, it is true, is at war with England, but not so with the pursuits of these tra- vellers.” In the mountainous districts of Cuba, many new and interesting plants rewarded their researches, among which the most highly prized for its beauty was the Jatro- pha pandurefolia. Returning to America in 1802, Mr. Fraser embarked from thence for England, carrying his collections with him, but misfortune again attended his way, after being at sea some time, the ship sprang a leak, and passengers and crew were compelled to labour at the pumps night and day, and finally succeeded in reaching the Port of Nassau, New Provi- - dence, in the West Indies, which was the nearest land they could make. On arriv- ing in England, after enduring all these sufferings and disappointments, a still hea- vier trial awaited Mr. Fraser in the intelli- gence which he received of the death of the Emperor Paul, his generous patron; and the fears which he entertained that his services might not meet with the recom- pence to which he deemed himself justly entitled were justified by the event, for on Mr. Fraser's repairing to St. Petersburgh, his claims were, after many months of dis- heartening delays, finally rejected by the Emperor Alexander, on the unworthy prin- ciple, that a reigning sovereign 18 wu sponsible for the engagements of his pre- decessor. From the Dowager Empress Maria, he received more gracious treat- 802 ment, the gift of a valuable diamond ring being added to the discharge of his ac- count. The following summer he revisited St. Petersburgh, Mr. Fraser's claims to remuneration on account of his not being continued in the situation that His late Imperial Majesty had given him, being urged for reconsideration by the highest au- thorities; Lord Whitworth, Ex-Ambassa- dor to the Russian Court, the President of the Linnean Society, and several of the most eminent scientific characters attach- ing their signatures, and he was further aided by the official interference of the British Minister in Russia, Sir Borlase Warren. Another summer and winter passed away in various solicitations for a decision on his claims, until the severity of the Rus- sian climate, added to mental anxieties from suspense and disappointment, laid him for several months on the bed of sick- ness, when worn out beyond patient en- durance, his necessities compelled him to accept a remuneration little proportioned to the services he had performed, and the heavy expenses he had incurred, independ- ent of the loss of his valuable time. In the hope of bettering his circum- stances, the subject of this sketch under- took, in 1807, accompanied by his son John, another long and perilous journey, amongst the woods and wilds of North America. The American embargo having for some time interrupted the communica- tion with England, young Fraser, immedi- ately on its removal, proceeded home with the collections, leaving his father to return the following season, with the additional result of his labours: the intervening time was devoted by the latter to travelling among the mountains and in the western states, and he also made a second visit to the island of Cuba, and in the Spring of 1810 arrived in England, enriched with various new productions, A short while, however, previously to his embarkation for Europe, when returning down from the mountains to Charleston, in South Caro- lina, his horse fell with him, and he unfor- tunately fractured several of his ribs, the BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF JOHN FRASER. distance from surgical aid aggravating his E consequent sufferings. His vigorous con- - stitution was greatly impaired when he - reached London in the spring of 1810; - and for several months he was wholly con- _ fined to his bed, until in the month of April 1 1811, his bodily disease being aggravated by the undeserved disappointments of his latter days, death deprived his two sons, John and James Thomas Fraser, of a pa- rent, who was justly endeared to them by the ties of reciprocal affection, as well as by the perils and the pleasures in which, during long and remote journeys, for many years, they had-mutually shared. i In disposition of mind, Mr. Fraser was remarkably frank and generous, caring s0 —— little about the pecuniary gains of his pro- | fessional labours, that he frequently sacri- — ficed all these considerations to his zeal for investigation, allowing the cultivators of his new discoveries to appropriate to them- selves all the advantages that were his just due. The nurserymen and growers of American plants speak gratefully of him as their greatest benefactor, to whom they - | are indebted for such a variety of novel a and beautiful plants as have richly repaid the skill exercised in their culture. ; It unfortunately happened, that almost at the commencement of Mr. Fraser's ca- reer, he incurred the disapprobation of that Nestor of Science, the late Sir Joseph Banks, and as his spirit was too independ- ent to allow of his doing any thing which resembled acting a courtier's part, 80 this slight misunderstanding might never y been removed, if (to the honour of ; Joseph Banks be it spoken) the superior individual had not unexpectedly vis! Mr. Fraser shortly before his decease and during the short interview which he 3 quested, extended to him the hand m friendship, addressing the sufferer m > kindly terms as proved a temporary co by and were most gratefully acknowledged the dying man. Mr. Fraser, during his island of Cuba, had noticed a remat" species of the Palm Tribe, the leaves which, by a peculiar process, were pe j first visit to the - d LIST OF PLANTS DISCOVERED BY JOHN FRASER. and used for making light elastic and dur- able summer hats and bonnets. Having . obtained a patent for this manufacture, it was brought out under the gracious pa- tronage of her late Majesty, Queen Char- lotte. The work was superintended by his sister, and he was extremely sanguine as to its importance to his family, but disap- pointment attended the speculation, and his persevering exertions were frustrated by the want of capital. _ A list is here subjoined of North Ame- rican plants, discovered and introduced by John Fraser, from the year 1785, taken from his own Hortus Siccus, in possession ofhis son, J. Fraser, F.L.S. and H.S., who was his father’s companion in all his jour- neys to Russia, and in the two last of his expeditions to North America and the West ies, After the decease of Mr. Fraser, senior, this son proceeded to North Ame- nca, with a view to form a collection of plants, and in 1817 returned- to England, bringing several choice new species, and a large selection of the more desirable kinds, gathered chiefly in the southern states, i having extended his researches further South than his father, in East Florida. These collections he disposed of on his Teturn, by public sale, after which he form- ed à respectable nursery or botanical esta- “shment in Kent, called the Hermitage, near Ramsgate, and having last year (1835) retired from business, he was succeeded by Mr. Wm. Curtis, son of Mr. S. Curtis, of Glazenwood, Essex, the proprietor and Publisher of the Botanical Magazine, as Well as of the original work in which this ef memoir now appears. To Mr. J . Fr beautif, m; EUM by the great skill of our P orticulturists, those ** Makers of hie end The description, accompanied j sentation of the original species, ound on referring to Curtis's Bota- 303 nical Magazine, tab. 210, published in 1803; and the second known kind of Dah- lia was introduced to our gardens, from Madrid, by Lady Holland, about three years subsequently. NORTH AMERICAN PLANTS, DISCOVERED AND INTRODUCED BY JOHN FRASER, BETWEEN 1785 AND 1799; AND BY J. FRASER, JUN., FROM 1799 To 1817. Agrostis Cornucopie. Andromeda cassineefolia, Bot. Mag. t. 970. — — ——-— Catesbæi, Bot. Mag. t. 1955. dealbata, Bot. Reg. t. 1010. — ferruginea. —— —— — floribunda, Bot. Mag. t. 1566. serratifolia. Annona pygmea. Aletris aurea. Allium cernuum, Bot. Mag. t. 1324. — —— reticulatum. Asarum arifolium, Hook. Ex. Fl. t. 40. Asclepias amplexicaulis. acuminata. ‘Linaria. pedicellata. perfoliata. —— — — salviefolia. Azalea arborescens. — calendulacea, Bot. Mag. t. 1721 (£.) scens. coccinea, Bot. Mag. t. 180. ———— Cane nitida. Bartsia coccinea. Befaria racemosa. Betula lutea. Blandfordia cordata. Buchnera pedunculata. Calycanthus glaucus, Bot Reg. t. 404. — ——— — Vevigatus, Bot. Reg. t. 481. Carex Fraseriana, Bot. Mag. t. 1391. Chaptalia tomentosa, Bot. Mag. (Tussilago integrifolia) t. 2297. Clethra scabra. Collinsonia ovalis. tuberosa. Commelina angustifolia. Convolvulus tenellus. Coreopsis latifolia. Corypha Hystrix. 304 Cristaria coccinea, Bot. Mag. t. 1673. Croton maritimum. Cypripedium pubescens, Lodd. t. 895. Cyrilla Caroliniana, Bot. Mag. t. 2456. Diospyros pubescens. Dracocephalum ceruleum. Echites poraya Elæagnus arge Erigeron bellidifolium. ——— compositum. Euphorbia Jpecacusnia Bot. Mag. t. 1494. ——— —- margina Frasera Walteri. Galardia bicolor, Bot. Mag. t. 1602, and vars. 2940, and 3368 Gentiana crinita, Bot. Mag. t. 1039 (G. fimbriata). incarnata, Bot. Mag. t. 1856. Gerardia flava. quercifolia. tenuifolia. Gnaphalium undulatum. Hamamelis macrophylla. Helonias angustifolia, Bot. Mag. t. 1540. Halesia parviflora Hydrangea quercifolia Bot. Mag. t. 975. ————- radia Hypoxis j Sa Ilex angustifolia. Ipomæa Jalapa, Bot. Mag. t. 1572. Michauxii. sagittifolia. Illicium parviflorum. Ipomopsis elegans, Bot. Reg. t. 1281. Jeffersonia sid Bot. Mag. t. 1513. Juglans ama: porcina — sulca Kalmia isi Bot. m t. 138. Laurus Caroliniensis. Catesbzi. Diospyros, Bot. Mag. t. 1470. PEE Bot. Mag. t. 1470. Liatris cylindracea elegans. odoratissima, —— pilosa. — — spheroidea. LIST OF PLANTS DISCOVERED BY JOHN FRASER. Lilium Catesbei, Bot. Mag. t. 959. Lobelia puberula, Bot. Mag. t. 3292. Lonicera Caroliniensis. —— flava, Bot. Mag. t. 1318. Lupinus villosus. Macbridea pulchra. Magnolia auriculata, Bot. Mag. t. 1906. = raseri. ——— cordata, Bot. Reg. t. 325. macrophylla, Bot. Mag. t. 2189. pyramidata, Bot. Reg. t. 407, —— Malachodendron ovatum, Bot. Reg. t. 1104. | alaxis unifolia. Menziesia ferruginea, Bot. Mag. t. 1571. —— globularis. ; Mespilus spathulata. Muhlenbergia diffusa. elumbium macrophyllum. Neottia cernua, Bot. Mag. t. 1568. torti Nymphea Stiles Bot. Mag. t. 819. reniformis. CEnothera cespitosa, Bot. Mag. t. 1593. —— Fraseri, Bot. Mag. t. 1674. glauca, Bot. Mag. t. 1606. macrocarpa, Bot. Mag. t. 1592. ————— nsis. Orchis spectabilis, Exot. FI. t. 69. Pachysandra procumbens, Bot. Mag.t. 1964. Pavia macrostachya. Pancratium Carolinianum, Bot. Reg. t. 926. Pedicularis Canadensis, Bot. we t. 2506. Pinguicula lutea, Bot. Reg. t. 1 Pioda esculentum, Bot. Mag. t. 1574. (Quamash). Pinckneya pubescens. Pinus lutea. palustris. ——- pungens. Phlox acuminata, Bot. Mag. t. 1880. amæna, Bot. Mag. t. 1308. Carolina, Bot. Mag. t. 1344. picis ida Mont d Bot. Mag. t. 415. stolonifera, Bot. Mag. t. 563. subulata, Bot. Mag. 411. Pontederia lanceolata. Polygonum arifolium. Prunus Chicasa. maritima. n d 24 1 isi: pygmeea. anthemum lanceolatum. verticillatum. Ribes aureum, Bot. Reg. t. 125. (0 = hirtellum —- resinosum, Rosa Caroliniensis. — leviga igata Rudbeckia pinnata, Bot. Mag. t. 2310. falca Bot. Mag. t. 1583. Salvia azurea, Bot, Mag. t. 1728. nia adunca, Bot. Mag. t. 1710. rubra, Bot. Mag. t. 8515. repens. pasam coccinea, Bot. Mag. t. 1413. Scutellaria Dtooflónsis. d Sideranthus alee Bot. Mag. t. 3342. : Tos dealbata, Bot, Mag. t. 1690. —— Certining Bot. Mag. t. 997. ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY. Rhododendron Catawbiense, Bot. Mag. t. : 1671. ruere punctatum, Bot. Reg. t. Le297. Trillium ae Vegeta Heese Bot. Mag. t. 928. rondosum. bebe Bot. Mag. t. 1550. . — myrtifo ————— sides ‘Bot Mag. t. 1550. —— — — parviflorum, Bot. Mag. t. 1288. Verbena bracteosa, Bot. Mag. t. 2910. — ——— rugosa Viola papilionacea. pedata, Bot. Mag. t. 89. pubescens. rotundifolia. Virgilia lutea. Ulmus alata. Uniola paniculata. Uvularia grandiflora, Bot. Mag. t. 1112. Waltheria Caroliniana. Xyris Canadensis. ucca Missourensis. rulata. Zamia pumila. ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY By Dr. Wight & G. A. W. Arnott, Esq. ù ( Continued from page 250. ) ACALYPHA ALNIFOLIA. TaB. XXIX. Dioica, fruticosa, foliis cordato-ovatis ob- tusiusculis crenatis ramisque pilosis, spi- cis masculis filiformibus fæmineis inter- ruptis, involucris dentatis pilosis. Acalypha alnifolia. Willd. Sp. Plant. v. 4. p. 525. Spreng. Syst. Veg. v. 3. p. A low, very ramous Shrub. Branches slender, cylindrical, thickly covered with long, white, patent hairs. Leaves alter- nate, long-petioled, subcordato-ovate, ob- tuse, crenate, furnished on both sides with a few long, white hairs, most numerous towards the margin. Petioles slender, usually about the length of the limb, hairy. Flowers monæcious, spiked. Male spikes below, axillary, solitary, longer than the leayes, for about eter of their length 306 covered with numerous clusters of small green flowers, mixed with hairs and minute bractee. Female spikes terminal, or in the bifurcations of the branches, nearly sessile, short or capitate, few-flowered. Male flowers minute. Calyx four-cleft, beset with glands towards the apex. Co- rolla none. Stamens four? filaments short; anthers two-celled; cells distinct, very long and vermiform. Female se- pals three, ovate, acute, distant from each other: ovary three-celled: styles three, very long, red, finely laciniated. Capsule three-celled, three-valved: cells one-seed- ed. Seeds ovate. Found in mountain districts of Madras, among grass, &c. Fig.l. Portion of a male Spi ke. 2. Bractea and female Flower. 3 ified P - Transverse section of the Ger- men :— EXC(ECARIA AGALLOCHA. TaB. XXX. Dioica, floribus masculis femineisque a- mentaceis, fructibus racemosis, foliis ovatis coriaceis nitidis crenato-serratis. Excocaria Agallocha. v» 1451. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 4. p. 864. Spreng. Syst. Veget. v. 9. p. 25. Arbor exccecaria. Rumph. Amb. 2. p. 237. t. 79, 80. either solitary or in pairs, often longer than Female ones two or three to- finally becoming, when in fruit, loose racemes. The male flowers consist, first, of a large, broad anterior, and two small posterior, ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY. subulate, toothed scales, furnished at the base with glands; these being inferior, and occupying the place of the calyx, I shall call them ca/ycine scales (a.); secondly, of a thick fleshy receptacle (b.), bearing the stamens, and three other subulate scales, - which, as occupying the place of the co- rolla, I propose calling corolline scales. (c.) Stamens ; filaments three, filiform, long in proportion to the other parts of the flower: anthers large, two-celled, cells | globular. Female flowers. The coverings of these are the same as in the male flowers, but differing in the form of the corolline scales, which are here broadly ovate, embracing the germen. The glands at the base of the posterior calycine scales are here fewer in number, and larger than in the male owers. Pistil: germen superior, three- celled: style none, or very short: stigmas three, diverging, tapering to a point, 00- vered on their upper surface, from the base to the tip, with a viscid secretion. Cap- sule three-celled, marked with a deep fur- row between each. Cells containing one seed, and opening in the ‘middle between the furrows. Seeds globular, smooth, brownish-coloured. Cotyledons orbictlar, foliaceous. This plant is usually found in salt marshy ground, on the banks of rivers near the sea, growing equally well in fresh " salt water. Owing to this property it 1s €m- ployed for strengthening the banks of rivers near the sea, which contain fresh or salt water, according to the season of the year. This is the case with most of the mouths of the Cavery River, which, during the dry season, are filled with salt, during = rainy, with fresh water. The Avicenna tomentosa is used for similar purposes. oe oni ee ep Teen oe a EMPIRE S ERR dome oe SL a, j 4 A. Male Branch. B. Female ditto:—ma- i 1. l. Male Flowers. 2. 2. Female prayer Raceme of Fruit. 4. Seed :—nat. size. 9 - open to show the Embryo :--all but fig. 4 E! l d NEW CEYLONESE J. NEW CEYLONESE MELASTOMA- De. CEA, i By G. A. W. Arnott, Esq. _ Tue following species have been col- lected by Col. Walker, in Ceylon, and most of them transmitted to Professors Hooker and Graham, in whose Herbaria I originally examined them. Some have been since found in the same island by Dr. Wight, while residing there for six weeks, in order to recover his health after a severe attack of jungle fever. I refrain ftom describing at present the new penin- sular species which I have received since the publication of the first volume of the dromus FI. Penins. Ind. Or. I. soNERILA. 1. S. Ceylanica (Wight et Arn.) ; her- bacea erectiuscula, caule (3—10-pollicari) Tamoso, ramis acute tetragonis glabris, fo- liis petiolatis e late ovatis in ovato-oblonga argute serrulatis basi 3 —5-nervibus supra parce strigosis subtus glabris, petalis late ovalibus acutis, antheris cordato-ovatis ob- tusiusculis stylum equantibus, stigmate capitato, capsula turbinata 6-costata.— Seylanica, W. et A. Prod. Fl. Pen. Ind Or. p. 322 (in adnot.). In montibus Cey- lani ad alt. 6000 ped. i When we gave this the specific name, twas the only species with which we were *quainted, from Ceylon : now that several are known, and indeed they are more nu- merous there than in any district of India a E dg perhaps be right fos : all the following m at conspicuously caulescent and un 2 S. affinis (Arn.); herbacea, caule adscendente basi radiculoso (1—2-pedali), o glabro, ramis tetragonis calyceque dien vel Parce pilosis, foliis e late ovatis Min In oblonga acuminata argute serru- Supra "um brevibus sessilibus vel basi foliis gracilibus, petalis ovalibus ordato-oblongis apice at- um iformem subequantibus, = ~ capitato, capsula longiuscule tur- 307 binata 6-costata.—In Ceylano ad alt, 6000 ped. Affinis habitu S. Brunonis et S. Ceyla- nice, at antheris attenuatis differt: folia tam in hac quam in S. Ceylanica sunt in isdem exemplis basi vel subæqualia vel valde inzqualia. S. glaberrima (Arn.); herbacea erecta, caule (6—8-pollicari) parce ramo- so, ramis acute tetragonis glaberrimis, fo- lis ovatis vel oblongis acutiusculis basi subtrinerviis utrinque glaberrimis incon- spicue et parce serratis, serraturis adpres- sis, racemis breviter pedunculatis, pedicel- lis secundis et calyce ad basin parce pilosis, petalis ovalibus acutis, antheris lanceolatis acuminatis stylum medio dilatatum sube- quantibus, stigmate punctiformi, capsula breve turbinata.—In montibus Ceylanen- sibus. Of this I have seen only one specimen, in Dr. Graham’s Herbarium. It and the two preceding have the stem and branches either glabrous, or nearly so ; in the follow - ing they are hirsute. 4. S. hirsutula (Arn.); herbacea dif- fusa, caulibus elongatis (bipedalibus vel ultra) vage ramosis, ramis hirsutis, foliis longiuscule petiolatis cordato-ovatis obtu- siusculis argute serratis basi 3—5-nerviis supra strigoso-hirsutis subtus pallidis ad nervos venasque hirsutis ceteroquin gla- bris, racemis terminalibus subumbellifor- mibus sessilibus 3—5-floris, pedicellis ca- lycem parce pilosum equantibus, petalis ovatis acuminatis, antheris lanceolato-su- bulatis stylum superantibus, stigmate sub- capitato, capsula cupulato-turbinata sex- costata, costis equalibus valde prominulis. —In montibus Ceylani ad alt. 6000 ped. Flores majusculi. 5. S. Wightiana (Arn.); herbacea erecta, caulibus (3—1-pedalibus) ramosis ramisque hirsutis, folüs petiolatis ovatis argute serrulatis ciliatis basi 3—5-nerviis supra hirsutis, subtus pallidis ad nervos venasque setoso-hirsutis, racemis termina- libus breve pedunculatis umbelliformibus paucifloris, pedicellis calycem hirsutum equantibus, petalis ovalibus acutis, anthe- ris lineari-lanceolatis obtusiusculis stylo MELASTOMACE, 308 NEW CEYLONESE brevioribus, ete punctiformi. — In montibus Ceylanen A S. hirsutula differt petalorum et an- therarum ms; at habitu convenit: inter S. hirsutulam itaque et S. Hookerianam medium iter tenet. 6. S. Hookeriana (Arn.) ; erectiuscu- la, caulelignescente ramoso (14—2-pedalli), ramis dense rufo-villosis, foliis longiuscule petiolatis ovatis oblongisve ciliato-serratis utrinque parce at subtus ad nervos copiose rufo-pilosis, petiolis hirsutis, racemis pau- cifloris pedunculatis basi 1—2-foliatis, pe- dicellis secundis calyceque parce pilosis, dentibus .calycinis triangularibus acutis, petalis late ovalibus acutis, antheris cor- dato-ovatis obtusiusculis, stylo filiformi, stigmate capitato, capsula breviter turbinata costis omnibus subequalibus obtusis.—In insula Ceylano ad basin coni montis ** Adam's Peak." 7. S. robusta (Arn.) ; erectiuscula, ra- dice squamata, caule lignescente valido ramoso, ramis densissime patentim pilosis, folis approximatis brevissime petiolatis subcordato-ovalibus obtusis 5-nerviis ci- liato-serratis utrinque strigoso-hirsutis, ra- cemis hirsutis paucifloris subsessilibus basi 1—2-foliolatis, pedicellis secundis calycem subequantibus, calycis pilis patentibus apice glandulosis hirsuti dentibus triangu- laribus obtusis, petalis late ovalibus acutis, antheris lanceolato-subulatis, stylo filiformi, stigmate punctiformi, capsula oblongo-tur- binata costis lateralibus ceteris multo mi- noribus prominulis.—In insula Ceylano ad basin coni montis ** Adam's Pea As the above descriptive characters may be thought by some to be too detailed, I shall here add shorter ones, which may distinguish the hitherto discovered Ceylon species from each other, although probably insufficient to separate them found in other parts of India. eylanica ; branches glabrous, "uibus: cordate-ovate, obtuse . S. affinis ; branches nearly glabrous, ique cordate- eae: attenuated, style filiform, stigma capitat 3. S. glaberrima ; acs and leaves glabrous, anthers lanceolate acuminated, rom some MELASTOMACES, style thickened in the middle, stigma mi nute. 4. S. hirsutula; stem herbaceous, branches hirsute, petals ovate acuminated anthers lanceolate-subulate. S. Wightiana ; stem herbaceous, branches hirsute, anthers linear-lanceolate, obtuse, stigma minute. 6 ookeriana ; stem somewhat woody, branches clothed with roddib short. wool, anthers cordate-ovate obtuse, stigma capitate. Be 7. S. robusta ; stem somewhat woody, branches covered with close spreading hairs, petals broadly oval acute, anthers lanceolate-subulate. II. 1. O. truncata (Don); caulibus € baceis vel basi sublignosis parce OSBECKIA. ciliatis trinerviis du vel iri quM. " fos breve pedicellatos involucrantibus, quip , urceolato pilis simplicibus pal l P tecto, laciniis 4 primo intus coloratis tan- | dem deciduis, appendicibus deciduis laci- nias calycinas subzequantibus setis corona- 1 tis, antheris 8 erostratis obtusis, ovario Sē- — W. et A. Pu : nd tis numerosis coronato.— Fl. Penins. Ind. Or. 1. p. 332. ; Cat. n. 1144.—O. cupularis. Wight, Cat. ? n. 1148. b. (non a.)—In Peninsule Indie | 4 Orientalis montibus australioribus, atque in insula Ceylano, ad alt. 6 ped. The above character is taken from more perfect specimens than were before H when the species was first described : 4 “a x of Wight's Cat. tributed, belong to this species, O. cupularis : the number of calycine seg ments and stamina will disti p two: young specimens have much same habit, which had led to their having been mixed in the distribution. igosis t tetra mis glabriusculis vel parce str! NEW CEYLONESE insula Ceylano. Affinis quod ad antheras 0. truncate, at suffruticosa parva, foliis 3—4-lineas tantum longis. 9. O. buzifolia (Arn); fruticosa hu- milis ramosa, ramulis ferrugineo-villosis foliis approximatis setis pluribus stipulatis subsessilibus rigidis crassiusculis subro- . tundato-ovatis recurvis basi cordato-cucul- latis apice emarginatis margine revolutis Supra glabris confertim striolatis impresso- 5-nervibus subtus ad nervos precipue fer- Tugineo-villosis, floribus (magnis) termi- - nalibus sessilibus subsolitariis, calyce basi a setis suffulto squamis penicillatim villoso- pilosis subsessilibus stipitatisve densissime a Ceyl. Fl. p. 35.—In monte “ Adam's Peak” . suh Ceylani, ad alt. 8000 ped. x This is one of the most distinct and ome of the genus. £ O rubicunda (Arn.); fruticosa ra- D ramis setis brevibus scabris, foliis e: Betiolatis. ovatis ovalibus vel oblongis ob- Tusiusculis 5-nervibus supra strigoso-his- Pidulis subtu deciduis setiferis, oblongis vix acuminatis, Misc clavato, ovario breviter 2 1n Ceylani montibus ad 6006 alt. on Y ped. e oo O. Wightiane, quam p Ceylano lectam vidi, esse credo, MELASTOMACE £. 309 at habitu in exemplis suppetentibus alieno characteribus tamen ninis affinem concedo. Folia in O. rubicunda sunt, supra atro- viridia, utrinque magis hispida, petiolo se- mipollicari, et calycis squamarum sette pe- tentes rubicunde ; in O. Wightiana folia subsessilia acuta, utrinque pallida, et caly- cis squame longius ‘stipitata, setis calyci adpressis subsericeis pallide flavescentibus. 9. O.virgata (Don). Huic, etiam in Ceylano insula crescenti, folia sunt demum supra fere glaberrima, et capitula subum- bellata; a sequente itaque facile distin- guitur. 6. O. Klein: (W. et A.) fruticosa ? erecta ramosa, ramis subteretibus scabris, ramulis tetragonis parce strigoso-hispidis, foliis breve petiolatis anguste elliptico-ob- longis vel oblongo-lanceolatis 3—5-nerviis utrinque minute strigosis, racemis termina- libus brevibus solitariis ternisve, floribus breve pedicellatis, calyce breviter urceo- lato adpresse setoso apiceque versus squa- mulis sessilibus apice ciliatis tecto, laciniis 5 lanceolatis, PI licil li ib pi penicillatis, petalis calyce subduplo longi- oribus, antheris 10 acuminatis, stylo apice incurvo, ovario setis plurimis coronato. 2; folis oblongo-lanceolatis 5-nerviis, calycis squamis copiosis longius ciliatis, — O. Kleinii. Wight et Arn. Prod. Fl. Pen. Ind. Or. 1. p. 323 in adnot.—Apud Trin- comalee in insula Ceylano; Klein. 7 8; foliis anguste oblongis acutis 3-vel obscure 5-nerviis; Burm. Thes. Zeyl. tab. 72? — In Ceylani montibus; D, Walker. 7. O. Walkeri (Arn.); fruticosa ramo- sa, ramis teretiusculis breviter tomentosis, foliis breve petiolatis ovalibus obtusiuscu- lis 3-nerviis, supra dense strigosis subtus ad nervos precipue hirsutis, floribus ter- minalibus solitariis breve pedicellatis, ca- lyce breviter cupulato setis adpressis arcte tecto, laciniis 5 lanceolato-subulatis tubum equantibus setis tectis appendicibusque (brevibus) apice penicillatis deciduis, pe- talis calyce 4—5-plo longioribus, antheris 10 elongatis acuminatis stylum sub apice incurvatum subequantibus.—In insula Ceylano, ad alt. 6000 ped. ' 310 CHARACTERS OF NEW SPECIES Folia fere O. aspere at flores majores et calycis lacinie elongate, non ut in illa ob- longz et tubo multo breviores. I have not as yet seen any species that seems to agree with O. octandra of De Candolle, unless it prove to be O. parvifo- ha. There is still greater difficulty in de- termining what Linneus himself intended in the Species Plantarum, p. 960, he re- fers to his Flora Zeylanica, n. 173, again in that work he quotes Melastoma scabra trinervia of Burmann’s Thes. Zeyl., with- out any notice of the plate (tab. 72) which represents it: indeed, that figure exhibits five petals and ten stamens, and resembles O. Kleinii more than any species with which I am acquainted. Perhaps Linneus’ plant is O. Ceylanica. I shall present abridged differential cha- racters of all the Ceylon species :— + Anthers 8. l. O. Ceylanica ; annual, anthers su- bulate. 2. O. truncata; branches hirsute, leaves one inch to one inch and a quarter long, anthers truncated. 3. O. parvifolia ; branches nearly gla- brous, leaves three to four lines long, an- thers truncated. + Anthers 10, acuminated. * Leaves crowded. 4. O. buzifolia ; leaves thick and rigid, closely striated. ** Leaves rather distant. 9. O. rubicunda ; leaves on rather long petioles, scales of the calyx spreading, reddish, style clavate. O. Wightiana ; leaves nearly ses- sile, scales of the calyx adpressed, yellow- ish, style clavate. . O. virgata ; leaves at length nearly glabrous on the upper side, flowers some- what umbelled, style filiform, 8. O.aspera ; branches strigose, upper side of the leaves copiously covered with adpressed bristles, under hirsute on the nerves, and harshly pubescent between them, flowers somewhat racemose, style orm. 9. O. Kleinii ; branches scabrous or OF EAST INDIAN ACANTHACE, hispid, leaves minutely strigose on both - sides, flowers shortly racemose, style fili- orm. 10. O. Walkeri; branches shortly to- mentose, flowers terminal, solitary, calycine segments elongated, style filiform. In addition to the above, the only other Melastomaceous plant I have seen from Ceylon is Melastoma Malabathrica, L. ——— ee CHARACTERS OF NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN ACANTHACEZ. By Professor Ch. Gottfr. Nees von Esenbeck. I. Exsermayera, NV. ab E. 1. (1. &.[)! E. glauca (N. ab E.); spicis foliosis terminalique, foliis oblongis in pe- tiolum attenuatis glabris integerrimis, brac- teis spathulato-lanceolatis patentibus caly- cibusque pubescenti glandulosis. Wight, Cat. n. 1932, —Stemodia glauca. Herb. lein. II. ApeNosma. R.Br.. 1. (1. b) A. balsamea (Spr.); caule erecto foliisque lanceolatis calloso-dentatis glutinosis glabris, foliis axillaribus verti- cillatis, calycis lacinia superiore oblonga et reliquis linearibus obtusis.—Spr. S. y. 2. p. 829. Wight, Cat. n. 1930.—Ruellia balsamea. Linn. f. Suppl. p. 289.—In Indie Orientalis agris oryzaceis post mes- sem vulgatissima. Ill. Puysicuitus? N. ab E. Calyx profunde 5-partitus, equalis, la- ciniis angustis. Corolla personata, palato dense bullato ; labio superiore bifido, infe- riori trifido. Stamina quatuor basi gemi- natim conjuncta, didyma, Filamenta m- flexa. Anthere supra basin adfixæ, lineari- oblongæ, locellis contiguis parallelis muti- cis, nunquam contortis; stamınum brevi- orum minores. Capsula oblonga, rr a basi octosperma. Semina retinacul squamiformibus subtensa, orbiculata, con- 1 The numbers within parentheses denote the place which the species ought to occupy in the a of East Indian Acanthaceæ in Wallich’s PI. As. vol. 2. 2 Nomen a Quco, inflo, et XEM, labium. s 3 i 3 CHARACTERS OF NEW SPECIES vexo-concava, marginata. Inflorescentia : Flores azillares, subsessiles, in spicam terminalem b lam exeuntes.—Prox- ima Hemiadelphi a qua differt structura labii, staminibus quatuor perfectis et cap- sula tantum octosperma. Ll. Ph. Serpyllum N. ab E.—In Mysore Peninsule Indie Orientalis, legit J. Campbell. Planta humilis, diffusa, ramosa. Caulis 2—4-pollicaris, procumbens, adscendens, teretiusculus, gracilis, multinodis, glaber, ad genicula setoso-barbatus. Folia oppo- sita, subequalia, 3—34 lin. longa, 1—14 lin, lata, subsessilia, siepe secunda et re- flexa, oblongo-lanceolata, acuta, integerri- ma, utrinque uti et bracteole et calyces setis albis hirsuta, supra lineolata. Flores in axillis foliorum alternis sessiles, inferio- Tes distantes, superiores denique in formam Bracteole calycem @quantes, lanceolate, obtuse. Calyx 21 lin. longus, usque ad basin fere 5-partitus, laciniis qualibus, anguste linearibus ob- tusis. Corolla 5—54 lin. longa, carnea (1), pubescens, venulosa ; tubus angustus, lon- 8itudine calycis; faux brevis, inflata; la- bium superius ovatum, latere reflexum, bi- fidum, laciniis ovatis obtusis; labium infe- rius paullo longius, subrotundum, palato valde inflato fauces claudente, undique su- pra ulis Obtusis, subtus foveis obsito, e trifido laciniis brevibus eequalibus i. infra medium adfixe, locel- : nnectivum angustissimum conti- cx &qualibus omnino glabris utroque fine sns Post pollen emissum haud contortis. E am, Capsula duas lineas 88, 0 longo-lanceolata, acutiuscula, a. Conve : sid margine angusto hyalino cincta. cula brevia, obtusa. OF EAST INDIAN ACANTHACES, 811 IV. GvMwNosTACcHYUM. N. ab E. l. G. Ceylanicum (N. ab E.); floribus in racemo fasciculatis fasciculis distantibus, pedicellis lateralibus bibracteolatis, foliis oblongo-ovalibus obtusis basi acutis sub- tus tenuissime pubescenti-tomentosis, an- theris ovalibus basi unicalcaratis.—In Cey- lano insula. D. Walker V. BARLERIA. Linn, N. ab E. 1. (13. b.) B. Arnottiana (N. ab E.J; subdiandra, herbacea, appresso-strigosa, foliis ellipticis utrinque attenuatis, pedun- culis axillaribus brevissimis tri-abortu uni- floris, bracteolis oblongis integerrimis, ca- lycis laciniis majoribus ovalibus obtusis vel acutiusculis integerrimis strigosis, infe- riori paullo minori retusa.—In Ceylano in- sula. D. Walker. 2. (13.c) B. Macrae: (Arn.); tetran- dra, herbacea, parce adpresso-strigosa, fo- liis ovato-acuminatis basi acutis, peduncu- lis axillaribus brevibus trifloris, bracteolis lineari-lanceolatis, calycis laciniis majori- bus lanceolato-attenuatis strigosissimis, in- feriori paullo minore bidentata.—In insula Ceylano. Macre; Walker. VI. Leprpacatuis. W. 1. (7. b) L.: Ceylanica (N. ab EJ; caule herbaceo trichotomo-ramosissimo subdiffuso foliisque oblongis utrinque atte- nuatis subrepandis glabris, spicis termina- libus in pedunculis bi- trifidis congestis, ed os Py mh has s ovalibus mucronatis trinervibus bracteolisque line- ari-lanceolatis calycisque laciniis mucro- nulato-acutis subtilissime ciliolatis pilisque raris glandulosis inspersis submembrana- ceis.—L. Javanica B. Blume, Bydr. p. 802. —B, bracteis minoribus oblongis, spicis minoribus, foliis basi maxime attenuatis.— In Ceylano insula legit var. B. Dom. Walker. VIL Ruewua. Lin.; N.ab E. 1. (3.4) R. dura (N. ab. E.) ; caule procumbente hispido, foliis spi- cis axillaribus brevissime pedunculatis cernuis capituliformibus, bracteis quatuor majoribus subovatis acutiusculis crassis e s... , tuberculis hirsutis subtusque tomentosis involucratis, communibus interioribus ob- _longo-lanceolatis propriis linearibus nullis- ve, capsula 8-sperma calyce breviore.—In presidio Madraspatana legit J. Campbell. (3. c.) R. erecta (Roth); caule erecto pubescenti-cano, foliis ovato-ellip- ticis obtusis basi acutis subcrenulatis utrin- que hirtis, floribus subternis corymboso- subsessilibus, corolla tubuloso-infundibuli- formi.—R. crispa, WigAt, cat. n. 1941 (ex arte Paghamew, Gomez. VIII. STROBILANTHES. Bi. 1. (7. b) Str. Walkeri (Arn.); caule fruticoso glabro aspero, foliis ovalibus acu- minatis basi acutis undulato-crenulatis alker. 2. (10. b.) Str. Hookeri (N. ab E); caule herbaceo aspero ad genicula hirsuto, foliis oblongis acuminatis in petiolum bre- vem decurrentibus | crenato-denticulatis supra sparsim subtus densius hirsutis, spi- cis axillaribus simplicibus ovalibus erectis glabris, pedunculo crasso petiolo longiore, bracteis late orbiculatis patulo-ventricosis amplectentibus infimis minoribus reflexis, laciniis calycis lanceolatis acutis dorso me- dio inferius hirsuto.—In insula D. Walker ; Macrae. 3. (10. c) Str. calycina (N. ab E.); caule suffruticoso strigoso, foliis subovali- bus acuminatis in petiolum decurrentibus obiter crenato-denticulatis hirsutis, spicis Ceylano. axillaribus brevipedunculatis nutantibus latiuscule lanceolatis acutis— £. caule lævi et glabro—In Ceylano insula. Dom. Walker. CHARACTERS OF NEW SPECIES OF EAST INDIAN ACANTHACES. | parte.) c Legit in Indiæ Or. Penins. Wight; in 4. (10. d.) Str. trifida (N. ab E. caule herbaceo strigoso, foliis elliptic in petiolum folio breviorem alatim decu rentibus crenatis supra glabris subtus venas pilosis, pedunculis axillaribus fol longioribus trichotomis, spicis ovatis cifloris, bracteis late ovalibus ventricosis, atiker 5. (11. b.) Str. sezennis (Ñ. ab E); natis.—In Ceylano insula. Non nisi sexto quoque anno floret. — 6. (13. à.) Str. colorata (N. ab E); herbacea, erecta, caule glabriusculo, foliis | ovalibus utrinque attenuatis crenatis hirsu- — tis, spicis axillaribus compositis peduncu- latis ovatis simplicibus folio brevioribus, Dom. Walker. 7. (14. b.) Str. Arnottiana (N. ab E); tota e tuberculis hispida, caule herbaceo suberecto, foliis ovalibus denticulatis uw minatis acumine obtusiusculo basi obtusis, - gosis.—In insula : E (15. a.) Str. anceps (N. ab ps | fruticulosa (?), foliis ovatis emet "s tusiusculis basi obtusis subdenticulatis E. pra scabris subtus pilosis Ege : i i loso-punctatis, peduncu* dec gooey th P 5 simplicibus tri- manas i ` z P E icte fidisve superne bialato-ancipitibus E erectis, spicis subcylindricis, bue tis late p tiolati pi 1 080 ui calycibusque hirsutis, capsulis Fa dulosis.—In Ceylano insula. D. Ante Sir. Sabinianam ponenda. 8. b) Str. hirsutissima (N. ab ; herbacea, erecta, undique densissime uloso-hirsuta, foliis (floralibus) ovali- is sessilibus, spicis axillaribus ter- alibusque bifidis erectis dissitifloris, loribus oppositis secundis, calycibus arti- culos subequantibus bractea ovali [duplo longioribus.—In Ceylano insula. Dom. Walker. —— IX. Gorprussia. Nab E. 1l. (9:b.) G. paniculata (N. ab E.); caule herbaceo tetragono, foliisque ovalibus ludato-acuminatis inæqualiter crenato- denticulatis glabris, spicis subglobosis teis parvis ovali-oblongis bracteolisque et calycis laciniis lanceolato-oblongis obtusis _Tigidis apicem versus lacero-ciliolatis, co- rollæ laciniis bifidis.—In insula Java. .. Post G, pentastemoidem ponenda. E. —X Lepracanravs, N. ab E. Du (2 - L Walker: (N. ab E.); pani- Jac ii Jineari-fliformibus superiori paullo longiori, foliis caulinis ovali-oblongis sub- : tus pubescentibus, floralibus ovato-acumi- Matis minimis,!.—In Ceylano insula. XL Enporogon. N.ab E. 3 L (4) E. viscosus (Arn.); bracteis À oblongo-lanceolatis obtuse unguiculato- i og carinatis rigidis hirsuto-glandu- O foliis ovali-oblongis | ovalibusque i m attenuatis hispidis, seminibus meom] 0 U'sCOstssimus ; spicis densissi- foliis superioribus brevioribus (5 Odi yl. FlL— Crescit æ et 8 pès- miscue in Ceylano insula. D. Walker. All. Ry ‘ NGIA N ab E. : (3. b.) R. longifoli mets. ~ Ongifolia (N. ab E); R Sterilibus oblongis acutis anguste > E^ fertilibus bracteolisque ovalibus * Capsule of thi ls in "n, and contains asit Pei G: miepen cula dense glanduloso-villosa, perianthii [NOPSIS OF THE E. I. SPECIES OF DROSERA AND PARNASSIA. 319 late marginatis ciliatis obtusis, foliis lance- olato-linearibus obtusiusculis glabris infe- rioribus paullo latioribus, pedunculis axil- iid SOR ue ANNAS giore labio superiori- acuto.—In eylano insula. D. Walker ; Wight. . (9. b) R. latior (N. ab E.); brac- teis conformibus obovatis retusis brevissi- me mucronulatis subtrinervibus ciliatis margine membranaceis, bracteolis subula- tis, foliis ovalibus utrinque modice attenu- atis obtusiusculis, caule repente diffuso, corolla bracteas excedente labio superiore acuto.—In Ceylano insula. D. Walker. XIII. ANDROGRAPHIS. NV. ab E. 1. (3. 6.) A. Ceylanica (N. ab'E.); herbacea, caule hirtulo, foliis oblongis bre- vissime petiolatis supra strigosis subtus pubescentibus, racemis axillaribus termi- nalique dimidiatis glanduloso-pubescenti- bus, floribus longiuscule pedicellatis, laci- niis calycis subulatis, capsula.—In noinsula. Walker; Wight. Breslau, June 11th, 1836. SYNOPSIS OF THE EAST INDIAN SPECIES OF DROSERA AND PARNASSIA. By G. A. WALKER ARNOTT. Drosera. Linn. $1 ROCELLA. DC. 1. D. umbellata (Lour.) ; acaulis, folus ovalibus longe petiolatis, scapo apice um- bellato 5-floro.— Lour. Coch. (ed. Willd.) .p. 232. DG. Prod. 1. p. 317. .Don m Mill. Dict. 1. p. 344. Has. In China. This I have not seen, nor am I aware of its existence in any Herbarium. Loureiro himself had never found either the recent flowers or the fruit, and is somewhat doubt- ful about the genus, although the appear- ance was that of a Drosera. D. Burmanni (Vahl); acaulis, fo- liis cuneato-obovatis sessilibus reticulato- venosis, scapo paucifloro erecto capillari = 814 calyceque glabris, seminibus exarillatis.— Vahl, Symb. 3. p. 50. D C. Prod. 1. p. 318. Don in Mill. Dict. 1. p. 844. Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2. p. 118. Moon, Cat. Ceyl. PI. p.923. Wight et Arn. Prod, Fl. Pen. Ind. Or. 1. p. 34. Wall. Cat. n. 1242. Wight Cat. n. 120.—Burm. Th, Zeyl. t. 94. f. 2. Has. In Ceylon. Hermann, Burmann, Moon, Macrae, Walker. Peninsula of India. Aozburgh, Heyne, Klein, Wight, Griffith. Bengal and Silhet. Wallich, Hamilton, De Silva. Cochinchina? Fin- layson. 3. D. Loureirit (Hook. et Arn.); acau- lis, foliis oblongo-spathulatis in petiolum subeque longum pilosum attenuatis, scapo adscendente elongato plurifloro folia multo superante versus apicem calyceque glan- duloso-pubescentibus, pedicellis calycem eequantibus, seminibus exarillatis.—47. e£ A. in Bot. Beech. Voy. p. 167. tab. 31.— D. rotundifolia. Zour. Coch. (ed. Willd.) . p. 233.—D. Burmanni. D C. Prod. 1. p. 318 (quoad plantam Chinensem). Has. Cochinchina. Loureiro. Canton, China. Messrs. Lay and Collie. 4. D. Indica (Linn.); caule ramoso, foliis sparsis anguste linearibus apice atte- nuatis glanduloso-pilosis, pilis limbi latitu- dine longioribus rigidiusculis, petiolo brevi glabro vel minute puberulo latitudine lim- bum foli subequante, racemo paucifloro calyceque copiose patentim glanduloso- pubescentibus, seminibus exarillatis.— Linn. Sp. p. 403. D C. Prod. 1. p. 319. Don in Mill. Dict. 1. p. 346. Roxb. FI. Ind. 2. p. 113. Moon, Cat. Ceyl. Fl. p. 23. Wight et Arn. Prod. Fl. Pen. Ind. Or. 1. p.94. Wall. Cat. n. 1944. Wight, Cat. n. 119.—Rheed. H. Mal. 10. t. 20. Burm. Zeyl. t. 94. f. 1. Has. Ceylon. Hermann, Burmann, Moon, Macrae, Walker. Peninsula of India. Rozburgh, Klein, Heyne, Wight, Campbell. Tavoy. Gomez. 5. D. Finlaysoni (Wall); caule ra- moso, foliis sparsis anguste linearibus lon- ge subulato-attenuatis supra margineque breviter articulato-pilosis, petiolo subequi- lato brevi, racemis elongatis multifloris minutissime parceque glanduloso-puberu- SYNOPSIS OF THE E. I. SPECIES OF DROSERA AND PARNASSIA. lis, seminibus ovoideis serobiculato-punc- _ tatis. Wall. Cat. n. 8752. EC Has. Turow Bay, Cochinchina. Fin- — layson. | E This is much larger than the preceding, and presents a considerable difference in - habit, but approaches too closely in cha- — racter. I have only seen one specimen, — and that an imperfect one. Mer - $ 2. ERGALEIUM. DC. 6. D. lunata (Ham.); caule erecto labro, foliis radicalibus rotundato-renifor- mibus, caulinis sparsis petiolatis peltatis — lunato-triangularibus, angulis duobus acu- minatis tertio rotundato, sepalis lacero- dentatis ciliatisve ceteroquin glabris, se- minibus exarillatis.— Ham. in D C. Prod. — 1. p. 319. Don Prod. Fl. Nep. p.212. G. — Don in Mill. Dict. 1. p. 846. Moon, Cat. Ceyl. Fl. p. 23. Wall. Cat. n. 1243.—D. peltata. Wight et Arn. Prod. Fl. Pen. Ind. Has. Ceylon. : ninsula of India. Wight. Nepal. Hamil- ton, Wallich. Himalayah. Gerard. Sil- , het. Bruce. : Although I have here kept D. lunata distinct from D. peltata, I do so with much | hesitation; and the doubts, expressed Lo. Dr. Wight and myself in the Prodromus Fl. Penins, are somewhat confirmed by | specimens from Van Diemen’s Land, agree 1 ing entirely with the above character. The int out between ant the calyx is glabrous ; slightly cut or toothed, altho al ciliated. In D. peltata the calyx 18 | over covered with adpressed longish hars, — in D. lunata. species, it is not easy | 3 Smith's and Labillardiére’s synonyms be- : long. n Parnassia. Linn. | be conveniently diei -. two of which belong à : and Siberia; ux hall here gê This genus may into four groups, tv Europe, N. America, other two to East India. Is NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF the definitions of each, with an enumera- . tion of all the species I possess. = $l Stamina sterilia in setas graciles . apice glanduhferas desinentia; petala margine integerrima. P. Caroliniana. . palustris. Lin.—P. parviflora. D C., Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1. t. 27.—P. Kotzebuei. Ch. et Schl. $2. Stamina sterilia in setas validas apice glanduliferas desinentia; petala basin versus fimbriato-lacera. 1. P. Wightiana (Wall); foliis late cordato-ovatis subreniformibus, sinu sub- . Totundato, bractea foliis simili amplectente, petalis obovato-oblongis margine infra me- dium in segmenta simplicia vel simpliciter furcata tenuia ciliato-laceris, ungue brevi late cuneato, staminibus sterilibus fertilia subequantibus in setas validas apice glan- duliferas desinentibus.— Wall. Cat. 3155. Wight et Arn. Prod. Fl. Pen. Ind. Or. p. 35. Wight, Cat. n. 116. Has. Mountains in the South of the Peninsula of India. Wight. Scapus subpedalis, Folia 1i 1} fere lata, ?. P. ornata (Wall); foliis late cor- dato-ovatis sinu angusto, bractea consimili amplectente, petalis obovatis basi in un- guem o am uninervem late linearem .5usta In versus ungueque copiose ciliato-laceris, laciniis elongatis capillaceo- Pinnatisectis, staminibus sterilibus in setas validas apice glanduliferas desinentibus.— Wall. Cat, n. 1947. - me Blinkworth. s is. Foli i he si 13 poll. longa $3. Stam me losa ; petala margine 8 poll. longa, P. La rt. Banks.— Hook. Bot. Misc. § 4. Stam eglandulosq rima ina sterilia apice brevi trifida ; petala margine subinteger- petiolum contracti i Promin, alis, s, nervis subtus basi ret ina sterilia apice breviter - PLANTS MADE IN ASTURIAS. 315 e1 hi vnl 4 leviter dentato, amii bas nenülos ae midio brevioribus apice trilobis, lobis crassis oblongis obtusis.— Wall. Cat. n. 1246. Has. Gossain-Than. Wallich. Ka- maon. Blinkworth. Scapus plusquam pedalis. Folia 23—4 poll. longa, 13 lata. In hac atque in spe- ciebus duabus sequentibus tria tantum stig- mata vidi. Flores majusculi. 4. P. Mysorensis (Heyne); foliis cor- datis } bractea cordata amplectente, sepalis late ovalibus pedunculi apice incrassato dimi- dio longioribus, petalis obovali-oblongis unguiculatis margine integerrimis subden- ticulatisve sepala 23-plo superantibus, sta- minibus sterilibus fertilibus dimidio brevi- oribus apice trifidis segmentis oblongis obtusis crassiusculis.—Heyne in Wall. Cat. n. 8754. Wight et Arn. Prod. Fi. Pen. Ind. Or. p. 35. Has. Mysore. Heyne. Scapus 83—34 pollicaris. Folia lin. longa, 33 lata. A P. Kotzebuei, cui habitu quod ammodo similis, differt petalis calyce longioribus, staminum sterilium forma, bractea sessili, foliorumque forma. P. pusilla (Wall.); foliis cordato- ovatis lobis divergentibus, bractea ovata subpetiolata, sepalis late ovalibus pedun- culi apicem incrassatam equantibus, peta- lis obovatis basi sensim in unguem sepala &quantem attenuatis integerrimis sepala 3—4-plo superantibus, staminibus sterili- bus apice breviter trifidis fertilia ac sepala subequantibus.— Wall. Cot. n. 1255. Has. Gossain-Than. Wallich. Scapus 24—3-pollicaris. Folia 3 lin. tantum longa, 24—24 lata. NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF PLANTS MADE IN THE PRO- VINCE OF ASTURIAS, IN THE YEAR 1835, BY M. DURIEU. By N. I. Wincu, Esq,. F.L.S., &c. &e. &e. On referring to Vol. I. p. 187 of this work, a short notice of Mr. Durieu's bota- nical discoveries in Spain will be found, 816 and at p. 212 several interesting letters on the same subject. Since that period, M. Gay of Paris has commenced the publica- tion of Durieu’s '* Jéer Asturicum" in the « Annales des Sciences Naturelles,” Pa- ris, for August and September, 1836, p. 113 and 129, which is to be continued. Having been so fortunate as to procure one of the collections made during this excursion, and hoping that any information respecting a country so little known to British Botanists may prove interesting, I now venture to submit these brief notes to the public, as a trifling contribution to the Geography of plants. It may here be necessary to observe, that as yet M. Gay has touched but slightly on this branch of his subject, confining himself to remarking the precise localities of the rare species for the benefit of future Botanists; though it is likely his essay will be concluded by a series of general remarks. To save the reader the trouble of consulting his Atlas, it may be as well to notice, that the Pro- vince of Asturias forms the North coast of Spain from Biscay to Galicia, a distance of about one hundred and fifty British miles, its greatest breadth from Cape de Penas to Leon being between sixty and seventy miles. From that province it is divided by a lofty branch of the Pyrenées, Sierra Alba situated near the eastern extremity of the range, being 6,960 feet in height, Sierra Penamarella at the western extre- mity, 9,450 feet, and Neas Pagaris holding a place nearly equidistant between them, 2,628 feet. Here the line of perpetual snow is 7,200 feet. On Arvas, a mountain peculiarly rich in plants, Mr. Durieu found the snow to be melted in July. Asturias is about six degrees South of the Land's- end in Cornwall, and its longitude the same as that of Ireland. In the collection of plants which forms the subject of these remarks, are comprised one hundred and forty-one specimens of cellular, and twenty- one of vascular, cryptogamic species ; sixty- five of Monocotyledones, and one hundred and eighty-five of Dicotyledones, in all four hundred and twelve species or well- marked varieties; they were named by NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF PLANTS M. Gay, which places the correctness their appellations beyond dispute. three Fungi, one is peculiar to the Pe sula, and the other two to the North of — Europe. The A/ge, which are particularl man Ocean, are forty-three in number four or five only have not been collected | on the British coasts. We have all the - Lichens but one, out of sixteen, and that, - though Umbilicaria, a plant not likely to be - it with us. Of twenty one Hepatice, five - only have not been detected in these king- — doms. And the same may be said of six Mosses out of fifty-eight. nineteen of the twenty-one Filices, but one exception is remarkable. I allude to Woodwardia radicans, which reaches the — North of Spain from Madeira and Teneriffe, r i a Fern with the size and appearance ofa 4 tropical production. On examining the 7 flowering plants, it immediately becomes - evident that the natives of the South — sixty-five Monocotyledons | eight are British, and of one hundred and eighty-five Dicotyledons, fifty-two alone : are known as indigenous with us, or 1n Ire- land. Yet We should not consider e > cessary that something $ specting those rare S| ud West and West of England, and pee ; ticularly the West of Ireland, are ©? om E tured to owe to the Pyrenean Flora. hih Spain for some of our it is worthy of notice, even reach the South-W but always ranging on the western € our island. est of Scotia oast South and South-West of England. EUN bbe 6 Se 6 8 6 ee 8 0b e Pe ee ee Polycarpon tetraphyllum .............. Corrigiola B Bee) re ee Exacum filiforme .................... filifo Campanula Eia $ oc os on o9 à 9 8 * T * 5» * Saxifraga umbrosa—very doubtful if a na- ee tive. -Scrophularia Bosrodonia e Sa ae. n lanceolatum. Kent......... TH fs Ea Europea MADE IN THE PROVINCE OF ASTURIAS. 817, Ireland. Dublin county and the S.W. of Scotland. Pinguicula grandiflora, Kerry mountains. Bantry. In the county of Cork. In the Kerry mountains, with its var. ser- rata, together with Saxifraga Geum and S. hirsutum. Said to have been found on the Waterford coast. Erica Mackaii Cunnamar —— Mediterranea. Ditto, but not in As- turias Menziesia Dabeoci. Ditto. Arbutus Unedo. Kerry. Wicklow, one habitat. Tralee, but doubtful. CRYPTOGAMIA. L FUNGI. d^ A Antennaria eriocephala. Link. E. Tob. ees. On Heath and Pines m Portugal and Spain. Most probably the Pede South this obscure cryptogamic plant is " a 2, en bicolor. Not rare on dead por In the North of England, &c. 3. JEcidium cornutum. Mens of this sin the “orth of Norway, and I have gathered it "eid the North of England, and E! have speci- II. Ara. ue Conferva scutellata. Eng. Bot. 2311. E on Himanthalia lorea. P C. flexuosa, Eng. Bot. 1944. a. ae in fresh water, and £. in salt wa- 3. Spongidium dichotomum. Lam ireland. ictyota loo Not British. 5. D.dichotoma. Devon, Ireland, and Scotland. 6. Borya nodulosa. Grat. Ceramium rubrum. Agardh. Britain and Ireland common. 7. Ceramium coccineum. Ireland, common 8. Lacan violacea. Lyngb. Polysi- phonia violacea. Greville. Coastof Durham. 9. Cladostephus equisitifolius. Not Britain and British. 10. C. Myriophyllum. Ag. C. verti- cillatus. Lyngb. Britain and Ireland. 11. Sphacelaria scoparia. Frequent. 12. Rhodomela scorpioides. Ag. South East coast of England. me Plocamium vulgare. Lam. Fre- uen vn P. cristatum. Not British. 15. Gerda laciniatus. Britein and Irelan iG, 5: cupio Ag. South of England, Ireland, and the Isle of Bute. 17. Dawsonia lacerata. , Delesseria la- cerata, Ag. Britain and Ireland, frequent. 18, Spherococcus Palmetta. Britain and Ireland, rare. 318 19. S.confervoides, à. Britain. 20. S.elongatus. Not British. 21. S.jubatus. South of England and Ireland. 22. Chondrus polymorphus. Sphero- coccus crispus. Common. Gelidium maximum. Spherococ- cus corneus, B. South of England and Ireland. 24. Dictyopteris elongata. Lam. Ha- liseris polypodioides. Ag. South of Eng- land, rare. 25. Lomentaria articulata. Frequent. 26. L. Opuntia. Britain. 27. Lichina affinis. Ag. Not rare. 28. L. pygmsa. Ag. Not rare. 29. Clavatella viridissima. Bory. Not British. 80. Cystoseira fibrosa. The South and East coast of England. 31. C. species nova. 32. Siliquaria angustata. Bory. Fucus siliculosus. Stack. Britain and Ireland. on F. siliquosus. Linn., (Gay.) Desmarestia aculeata. Lam. Spo- rochnus aculeatus. Common. 34. Gigartina pectinata. Fucus plu- mosus, 8. Turner Hist. Britain and Ire- land. 35. Halymenia composita. Sphæra- coccus ciliatus, 8. Ag. South of England, 36. H. palmata. Ag. Britain and Ire- land, frequent. 37. Scytosiphon filum. Ag. Britain and Ireland, not rare. 38. Fucus serratus. Common. . F. vesiculosus. Bory. Britain. Probably a var. of our F. vesiculosus. 40. F. tuberculatus. South of Eng- land and Ireland. 4l. F. canaliculatus. Common. 42. F.disciplinatus. Bory. Not Bri- tish ? 43. Species nova. HI. l. Peltigera crocea. Solorina crocea. Ach. Lapland, Norway, Swiss Alps, and near the summit of Ben Lawers and other Highland mountains. 2. Umbilicaria cylindrica. In the same LICHENES. NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF PLANTS localities ; also on the mountains of Wales, | Ireland, and the North of England. | 3. U.erosa. The same localities. — 4. U. polyphylla. The same. In fruc- - tification in the county of Durham. | 9. U.pustulata. The same localities, but never found in the county of Durham, and very rare in Cumberland and North- umberland. 6. U. vellea, æ. and 8. From the sea- coast to the Alps of Asturias. -This beautiful Lichen has been found from Lapland to Spain, but not in Britain nor Ireland. On the Swiss Alps it is very fine. 7. Parmelia plumbea. 8. P.hypnorum. The former on the bark of trees, the lat- ter on moss, both on the Continent, in Bri- tain and Ireland. 9, P.tartarea. On rocks, particularly in sub-alpine countries. 10. Cornicularia lanata. In alpine s- tuations, both on the Continent and Britain. 11. Endocarpon miniatum, 8. On rocks in sub-alpine situations, both in Britain and on the Continent. : 19. Cladonia bellidifolia. On moors : and mountains, growing as far North as Greenland. a 13. Stereocaulon nanum. Sch. Pro- ; bably a var. of S. paschale. In similar situations. ; 14. S. coralloides. Localities the same. 15. Cornicularia tristis. A more al- pine plant than the last, in Northumber- land and Durham, rare. 16. Sticta pulmonacea. On old trees in Britain and Ireland in mountainous s tuations, and not rare on the Continent. IV. HEPATICE. 1. Anthoceros punctatus. Linn. Bri- tain, &c. a 2. Targionia hypophylla. Mich. Eng land, Scotland, and the Continent = : 3. Marchantia commutata. Linden Not detected in Britain. o 4. Jungermannia pinguis. British. ji 5. J. crenulata, æ. and £. a 6. J. undulata. Ditto. British. Ditto. J. bicuspidata. J. concinnata. Light. . J.connivens. Dicks. 10. J. serpyllifolia. ll. J. polyanthos, var. rivularis. Lin- denb. Not yet detected in Britain. 12. J.quinquedentata. Britain. 13. J. levigata, Borrowdale, Cumber- id 8. 9 14, J. tomentella, county of Durham. 15. J. trilobata. Britain. 16. J. tamarisci. 19. J. platyphylloides. Schoo. Not yet found in Britain mee. den. Mart. Ditto. 21. J. bicrenata. Lindenb. Ditto. V. MUSCI. l Andrea rupestris. On alpine rocks both in Britain and the Continent. 2. A. Rothii. Ditto 3. Sphagnum acutifolium, Britain and the Continent, 4. ae fasciculare. 5. Zygodon viridissimum. ^ Bor um viridissimum. Hook. Ditto. 6. oo ampullaceum. Britain and the Contine t E foliosum. In sub-al- pine situations, Britain and the Continent. 8 om ciliatum. In similar Ditto. x P Eun commune. Frequent. 0. P. alpinum. Generally on alpine mountains. Britain and the Continent. Northumberland and Durham ll. Barbula cuneifolia. The South of and Ireland. 12, Grimmia gracilis, Schrad. G. A- Heg Var. Ditto. rivularis. G. apocarpa var. 1 z xA the Continent, not rare. G Conscinodon verticillatus. Brid. : y in ntaining lime Tros eg Springs con lime, Bri- Ego re MADE IN THE PROVINCE OF ASTURIAS. 319 17. W. recurvirostra. In the North of England, not rare. 18. Dicranum Starkii. On alpine rocks rare. 19. D. heteromallum. Frequent. 20. D.scoparium. Ditto. 21. D.pellucidum. Hedw. By streams, not rare. 22. Trichostomum crispatum. Bruch. Didymodon crispulus. Hook. Wales and the Island of Anglesea. 23. Racomitrium heterostichum. Brid. On rocks. 24. R.aciculare. In mountainous dis- tricts. 25. R.polyphyllum. In similar situa- tions, particularly abundant in the vicinity of the lakes of Cumberland and West- moreland. 26. Dryptodon pulvinatus, Brid. Com- 27. D. patens. On the Scotch moun- tains. 28. D. polycarpus. On the Scotch Alps. 29. Ceratodon purpureus. Common. 30. Didymodon heteromallus. In the y. North of England not rare. 31. Leucodon sciuroides. On the bark of trees, seldom in fructification in the North of England. 32. Corre" longipilus. Brid. Not found in Britai 33. Cinclidotus p aver In sub- alpine rivulets, abundant. 34, Fontinalis squamosa. In alpine rivulets. 35. Funaria Mühlenbergii. Chiefly in the South of England and Ireland. 36. F. Fontanesii. Schwaegr. Not ritish. 37. Orthotrichum Hutchinsie. Sub- alpine situations in Britain and Ire O. r — — In the subsipine parts of B 39. O. crispum. na the bark of trees, common. 40. Leptodon Smithii. Mohr. On trees in the South of England. 41. Hypnum julaceum. reland, rare. In Britain and 320 42. H. longirostre. Ehrh. H. striatum. Sm. Britain, common. 49. H. strigosum. Hof. I have this Moss from Sweden. 44. - H. aureum. Lag. Sp. Nov. 45. H. rugosum. Britain, chiefly in alpine situations. 46. H. undulatum. Britain, frequent. . 47. H. uncinatum. Subalpine situa- tions, not rare. 48. H. fluitans. In marshes, frequent. 49. Pohlia elongata. Hedw. On sub- alpine mountains, not common. 50.. Mnium palustre. In marshy places not rare. .51. Bryum hornum. Ditto. 52. B. nutans. Ditto. 53. B. turbinatum. Ditto. 94. B. latifolium. Schl. Not British. 55. B. pseudotriquetrum. Subalpine parts of Britain, frequent. 56. B. pallens. Swartz. I have this plant — — . 7.P comp t Hornsch Not British. 58. Philonotis fontana. Brid. In marshes, frequent. VI. l. Lycopodium Selago. In marshy si- tuations, frequent. . Botrychium Lunaria. Britain. the North of England, not rare 3.. Grammitis leptophylla. the South of Europe. Osmunda regalis. Britain, on the wemi side, and Ireland. Very common in FILICES. In A plant of erry. 5. Aspidium Oreopteris. Britain pecially in the North of England. Ireland. A. Filix femina. In every wood. 7. A. Thelypteris. Britain and Ire- land, but not common. Swede 8. A.Filix Mas. Common 9. A. dilatatum. A. spinulosum. Schleich. In woods frequent. 10. A. dilatatum, var. A. spinulosum. Swartz. Agreeing with a Swedish species from Swartz. 1 Not exclusively so. It is abundant in Norfolk, the most eastern county of Britain. Ep. NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF PLANTS ll. A. aculeatum. A. lobatum. S$ In woods in the North of England, abundant, 12. A. angulare. A. aculeatum. Smith, Rare in the woods of the North, frequ in those of the South of England. 13. Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum. Fi quent in the South of Europe, more r in the North, though I have gathered it rocks in Teesdale, and on the old walls of Newcastle; also in the West of Irela 14. A. lanceolatum. 15. A. lanceolatum; var. Willdenow mentions no other locality for this beauti- ful Fern than England. Cornwall, Kent, and Oxfordshire, according to Smith. 6. A. marinum. The range of Fern is from the Canaries to the coast of Durham and Scotland; it is also met wi at Howth, in Ireland. 17. Pteris crispa. In mountainous £ si- tuations, chiefly on the West side of Bri- i tain; also in Ireland. 18. Blechnum spicatum. In woods, common. ieee 19. Woodwardia radicans. The finest European Fern. Italy, Portugal, ans as far South as Madeira. 20. Cystopteris fragilis. In the tainous parts of Britain and Ireland, mon. 21. Adiantum Capillus Veneris. Fre- quent in the South of Europe; also on the South isles of Arran, in Ireland, uin St. Ives, Cornwall. : MONOCOTYLEDONES. - I. GRAMINEZ. 1. Phleum arenarium. On the sea- a of Britain, frequent. " Phalaris brachystachya- The 5 of Euro 3. Agrostis capillaris. The S —not British. A, rupestris. Ditto. 5. A. alpina, £. Lapland, Switzerland and the Scotch Hig 6. A. setacea, and var. Curtis. South- West of England. 7. A. sulcata. Gay. Sp- Nov. — 8. Avena fragilis. South of Eur wiss Alp Sweden, MADE IN THE PROVINCE OF ASTURIAS. i eet 9. Milium lendigerum. South of Eu- 2. Carex filifolia. Gay. A plant of the e and South of England. South of Europe. l 10. Milium multiflorum. Cav. Russia, 3. C. leiocarpa. Gay. Ditto. France, and South of Europe. 4. C. riparia. Britain, not rare. 11. Lamarckia aurea. South of Europe. 5. C.ampullacea. Ditto. _ 12. Melica ciliata. Europe, but not 6. C.stellulata. Ditto. rain. I have gathered this handsome 7. C. extensa, . From the sea-coast, grass on the basaltic rocks of Ehrenbreit- butnotc in Britain. In salt marshes, stel reland. 13. Aira flexuosa. Commo nc Ill. TYPHINEX. 14. Festuca Rhetica. Sut. South of ope. | l. Sparganium natans. Not rare. . 15. F.glauca. Frequent on the sea- : D. ik IV. FLUVIALES. . Coast of Britain, occasionally on the moun- s. l. Zostera marina. In salt water ditches 16. F rubra. Ditto. in Britain and Ireland. 17. F. rubra, var. Ditto. 2. Potamogeton pectinatum, P. mari- 18. F. spadicea. Switzerland and the num, 8. Smith. In similar situations. . South of Europe. 3. Ruppia rostellata. Kock. Sp. noy. ; 19. F. uniglumis. South of England, 4. Zanichellia pedunculata. Sp. nov. . St. Vincent's rocks, Bristol. y m d "id 20. F. varia, Henk. South of Europe. d 4 EL. Fopiganies.. Woods in Britain. 1. Juncus squarrosus. On moors, fre- . 92. Poa alpina. Lapland, Switzerland, quent. : mountains of Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. 2. J.trifidus. On the Scotch Alps, in : P. nemoralis. Woods in England. Lapland, Norway, and Switzerland. have it also from Norway. 3. J.ericetorum. Poll. Germany. .*4. Briza maxima. South of England, 4 Luzula cæspitosa. Gay. Sp. nov. but most likely introduced from the South 5. L campestris, 6. In marshy places of Europe. in the North of England; also in Lapland y 25. B. minor. The South of England, and Sweden. ; tare. A plant of the South of Europe. 6. L. lactea. South of Europe and . 26. Bromus asper. Common in woods. Swiss Alps. =: Cynosurus echinatus. Introduced io into England from the South of Europe. : In nha >. Nardus Stricta. Common on moors, 1. Narthecium ossifragum. ELT &, pine boggy places, not rare. Britain and 29. Rottbillia subulata. South ofEurope. Ireland; also on the Continent. m 30. R. incurvata. n the coast of . Brini n and Ireland, but not common. VII. SMILACEJXE. : 3l. Triticum Halleri, and var, vivi- 1. Smilax aspera. Italy and the South ce A grass of the South of Europe. of Europe. ii itto. Caml SEES VI. ASPHODELE.E. VIII. ALISMACEJE. T. Sylvaticum, Mois. Ditto. 1. Triglochin maritimum. Salt marshes, Holcus tenuis. Gay. Britain and Ireland. il corbnaACERA. IX. COLCHICACEÆ. Cyperus longus, 8. badius.. This 1. Merendera Bulbocodium. oen not indigenous in England. My of Europe, growing from the coast to : from Italy. the summits of the Pyrenees. x 322 X. LILIACE#. 1. Phalangium bicolor. D C. South of Europe. 2. Scilla verna. On the coast of Eng- land, Wales, and Ireland ; also near Bam- brough, Northumberland. 3. Allium suaveolens. rope. 4. A. Schenoprasum. South of Eu- rope; also on basalt in Northumberland. South of Eu- XI. 1. Crocus nudiflorus. In three locali- ties at least in England, though probabl introduced. Siberia. IRIDEJE. XII. ORCHIDEE. 1. Serapias cordigera. South of Eu- rope and North of Africa. 2. S.lingua. Ditto. 3. S. occultata. Gay. Sp. nov. DicoTYLEDONES. I. CONIFER. 1. Juniperus communis, «. alpina. From Lapland to Greece. Britain and Ireland from the sea-coast to near the sum- mits of the highest mountains. II. AMENTACEX. l. Quercus Toza. Bosc. A tree of the South of Europe. Ill. SANTALACEEX. 1. Thesium pratense. Ehrh. Alps of the South of Europe. IV. ELEAGNEX. l. Osyrisalba. South of Europe. Ca- labria, North of Africa. Y. l. Rumex suffruticosus. Gay. Sp. nov. 2. R. bucephalophorus. South of Eu- rope. POLYGONE.JE. VI. cHENOPODEZEX. . Chenopodium portulaccoides. Salt marshes, Italy, Britain, Ireland. NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF PLANTS 2. C. maritimum. Similar localities. 3. C. ambrosioides. South of Europe. - 4. Atriplex patula. Common both on - the sea-shore and inland. usc VII. PARONYCHIEZ, : 1. Paronychia polygonifolia. DC. South — of Europe. S 2. Herniaria Pyrenaica. Gay. Sp . nov. ; 3. Corrigiola littoralis. South-West — of England, South of Europe. ; 4. Scleranthus annuus. Common ——— 5. Polycarpon tetraphyllum. South- - West of England and Wales. X VIII. PLANTAGINE. a 1. Plantago serpentina. Alps of the — South of Europe. ; IX. 1. Armeria juniperifolia. Koch. The — same. End PLUMBAGINEE. X. 1. Veronica scutellata. In marshy — places, Britain and Ireland. 2 2. Sibthorpia Europea. Cornwall and Devon, and one habitat in Ireland. : 8. Erinus alpinus. On the Swiss Alps. - From the coast to the mountains in Spall 4. Scrophularia canina. South of Eu- : SCROPHULARINE.E. rope. ; 5. S.Scorodonia. South of England. One habitat in Ireland ? 4 | 6. S. alpestris. Gay. Sp. nov: 7. Linaria delphinoides. South y Europe. a 8. L.triornithophora. South of Europe and Egypt. a 9. L. origanifolia. D C. South of Eu- | rope. 10. L.supina. Desf. South of Europe ; and North of Africa. : 11. L. bellidifolia. Desf. Ditto. 12. L. Perousii. Gay. Sp. i 13. Digitalis parviflora. South o! : rope, Switzerland. 14. D.purpurea. not rare. Britain and RIL -LABIATE. l. Sideritis lurida. Gay. Sp. nov. A v | 2. Galeopsis Ladanum. Britain and .. Treland, particularly on a calcareous soil. 3. Acinos alpinus. From the sea-coast to the mountains. On the Swiss Alps close to perpetual snow. 4, Prunella grandiflora. Sweden and Switzerland. XII. LENTIBULARIE. l. Pinguicula grandiflora. On the Kerry and other mountains in the South- West of Ireland abundant. a P vulgaris, Britain and Ireland, common, 3. P.Lusitanica. South-West of Eng- land and of Scotland. Ireland. XIII. BORAGINEZ. 1l. Echium plantagineum. South of Europe, Naples, Greek Islands. 2. Lithospermum prostratum. Lois. South of Europe. i 3. Myosotis stolonifera. Gay. Ihave this plant from Astrachan, as M. clavata -of Sprengel, XIV. GENTIANEZ. l. Exacum filiforme. Cornwall and the South-West of Ireland. XV. ERICER. — l Erica vagans. The south-western | Part of England, and one habitat in Ireland. charis. The south-western part The South of Europe, On every moor in Bri- The same. 7 Fhe West of Ireland. & E. Australis, The South of Europe. land, Menziesia Dabeoci. West of Ire- : the apa batus Unedo. On the banks of i ‘ons es of Killarney. In Greece, on the b * Dalmatia and in Asia minor. This duced in ttee is said to have been intro- to Kerry by the monks of St. Fin- MADE IN THE PROVINCE OF ASTURIAS. 323 nan, in the sixth eentury; yet when I see it associated with Sazifraga umbrosa, S. Geum, Euphorbia Hibernica, and Pingui- cula grandiflora, all plants belonging to the Perynean Flora, I cannot help thinking it truly indigenous. XVI. vVACCINIEX. l. Vaccinium uliginosum. On moors in the North of England and Scotland, but it does not occur in Ireland. Frequent in Lapland and Sweden; also on the Swiss Alps. XVII. CAMPANULACEE. 1. Campanula Leeflingii. Brot. 2. C. Erinus. Both plants of the South of Europe. Neither of them in the Swiss Flora. C. hederacea. South-West of Eng- land and Ireland. 4. Phyteuma hemispherica. South of Europe, Montanvert, and Mount St. Ber- nard, Switzerland. XVIII. compositz. 1. Sonchus Plumieri. South of Eu- rope. Switzerland. Apargia alpina. Switzerland and the South of Europe. 3. Hieracium murorum, var. On rocks not rare. H. paludosum. In damp woods. 5. Thrincia hirta. On dry banks. 6. Barkhausia albida. South of Europe. 7. Soyeralapsanoides. Ditto. 8. Tolpis barbata. Ditto. 9. Arnica montana, B. Norway. The Black Forest, Switzerland. 10. Senecio aquaticus. Both common. 11. S. Jacobea. Ditto. 19. S.Duriei. Gay. Sp. nov. 13. Carduus carlinoides. Switzerland. e. South of Europ acu 14. Cacalia Petasites. ope. : 15 Filago arvensis. Common. 16. F. Gallica. A doubtful native of England. p 17. Gnaphalium supin ed Scotch mountains, Norway, and Switzer land. On the 18. Erigeron acre. Britain and Ireland. 19. Conyza ambigua. South of Eu- rope, Italy, Gibraltar. C.saxatile. Ditto 21. Buphthalmum spinosum. Ditto and Cyprus 29. Galactites tomentosa. South of Euro ope. 23. Cotula coronopifolia. Italy. 24. Chrysanthemum anomalum. Ditto. XIX. VALERIANE. 1. Valeriana montana. South of Eu- rope, Switzerland. Centranthus Calcitrapa. Ditto. XX. RUBIACE. 1. Galium divaricatum. Lam. South of Europe. °2. G. Hercynicum. Germany, Swit- zerland. 3. G. —— —— Sp. nov. 4. Crucianella angustifolia. Europe, Italy. South of XXI. UMBELLIFERJE. l. Astrantia major. Ditto, Switzerland. Eryngium Duriei. Gay. Spanish ps. 3. E. Boergati. South of Europe. 4. Bupleurum tenuissimum. England, rare. Switzerland. 5. Bunium denudatum. DC. South of Europe. 6. Physospermum aquilegifolium. Koch. Cornwall. 7. Ammi Visnaga. South of Europe. 8. Meum athamanticum. North England and Scotlan 9. Angelica sylvestris. In every wood. 10. A.levis. South of Europe. 11. A. pyrenaica. Ditto. 12. Laserpitium Ruthenicum, £. Ditto, Switzerland, Cyprus 13. Cukai vilam hirsutum. Ditto, Switzerland, XXII. l. Saxifraga trifurcata. rope. SAXIFRAGEÆ. South of Eu- + "NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF PLANTS 2. S, umbrosa, vàr. serrata. K mountains, near Killarney. ; . S. Clusii. South of Europe. 4. S. stellaris. Britain, Ireland, Lap land, Norway, Switzerland. 5. ypnoides, var. gemmifera. E have seen this var in botanic gardens. XXIII. DROSERACES. . 1. Drosera rotundifolia. On "- E ground in Britain and Ireland. ! XXIV. CRASSULACEJ. 1. Sedum Anglicum. Britain, espe ally on the western side of Ireland. . hirtum. South of Europe. 8. S. brevifolium. Ditto. XXV. | l. Lythrum Grefferi. Tenore. South ; X 5 EU e CM NE E E ate ee ee | CTETUR co LT c ee T SALICARIE%. of Europe. XXVI. . Epilobium origanifolium. E. alsi- - nifolium. Vill. Scotch Alps. 2. E. alpinum. Lapland, Sweden, Seis zerland, and on the mountains P: Í 3. E. montanum, var. Com d. 4. E. Duriæi. Gay. ee James | Dickson gave this plant, several years J as his E. alpestre, it is probably a var. of E. alsinifolium. ; XXVII. ROSACEÆ. ONAGRARIE.E. . South : -1. Potentilla splendens. Kam. of Europe. ; 2. Alchemilla alpina. Lapland, Nor- - way, Swiss Alps, and the subalpine e: | of Britain and Ireland. XXVIII. LEGUMINOS/E * 1. Ononis reclinata. South of uis not reaching Switzerland. Spartium album. y P DWH orp y9 L. sylvestris. as Angusshire. 11, V.Saligi. Gay. Ditto. = 12 Ervum tetraspermum, 8. Among corn, frequent. 18. Astrolobium ebracteatum. DC. South of Europe. 14. Ornithopus compressus. Ditto. 15. O. roseus. Desf. Ditto. 16. Scorpiurus subvillosus. Linn. itto. 17. Lupinus varius. Ditto. ; 18. Trifolium spadiceum, Switzerland, T Germany. _ . 19. T. glomeratum. South-East of .. England, ; . 2%, T. angustifolium. South of Europe. 21, Lotus hispidus. South of Europe. Switzerland, "a Medicago striata. Bat. Ditto. E. Poictiers. De Candolle. XXIX. cELASTRINES. A l Rhamnus alaternus. Italy, South ... €f Europe. x XXX. FUMARIACER. = l Fumaria capreolata, Britain, parti- . eularly in the North, and Ireland. E 2. Corydalis claviculata. Ditto. XXXI. CRUCIFERE. ; hd pes resedifolia. South of à 2. Barbarea prostrata. Gay. Ditto. 3 Erysimum. Sp.nov. Ditto. : Sinapis setigera. Gay. Ditto. ' Cheiranthus linifolius. Persoon, cae 200. Hesperis repanda. D C. diff 15 rare plant Persoon gives Tene- a” as the locality, De Candolle Spain. Say a few seeds on my specimen, it is 4. 8 ?Wing in a gentleman's garden in a ^. `. pidium hetero ; s : Spanish Alps phyllum. Benth m" alpinum. Switzerland, Tyrol, A Senebiera pinnatifida. D C. South pe. v^ : Alyssum montanum. Link. On the MADE IN THE PROVINCE OF ASTURIAS. 10. Viciadisperma. .D C. A southern coast of Spain, South of Europe, 325 Mont chis, Greece. 10. Cochlearia Danica. Britain, Ire- land, Greenland, Norway, Sweden, &c. ll. Iberis conferta. Alps, South of Europe. 12. Draba muralis. England, rare. Ireland one locality, South of Europe. XXXII. CARYOPHYLLEZ. 1. Dianthus pungens. South and West of France. 2. D. pungens, var. . D. Monspessulanus. 4. D. Gallicus. Ditto. 5. Silene macrorhiza. Gay. Spanish Alps. 6. S. ciliata. DC. 7. S. hirsuta. Lag. South of Europe. 8. Lychnis Corsica. Lois. Ditto. 9. Meenchia quaternella. Ditto. 10. Sagina maritima, On the coasts of Britain and Ireland. 11. S. procumbens. Common. 12. Spergula sabuletorum. Gay. Sp. Ditto. Ditto. Britain and Ireland. p. nov. i . subulata, .ramosa. Gay. 15. S. pentandra. England ? 16. S.arvensis. Britain and Ireland. 17. S. apetala. Ditto. 18. Cerastium pumilum, Curt. Ditto. 19. C.semidecandrum. Ditto. 20. C. Riæi. Gay. Mountains. Arenaria montana. South ofFrance. XXXIIL LINEX. 1. Linum Gallicum. South of France. 29 L. strictum. Ditto. XXXIV. 1. Helianthemum ‘alyssoides. South of France. 2. Cistus hirsutus: Zam. South of Europe. XXXV. MALVACE#. 1. Malva geraniifolia, Gay. Sp. nov. CISTINEÆ. Vent. XXXVI. GERANIACES. | : Erodium malachoides. South of Europe, Italy, Greece. 396 NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF PLANTS MADE IN ASTURIAS. 2. Geranium Pyrenaicum. Britain, 5. Polygonee ............ SWR but most eae introduced from the 6. Chenopodem ......... 8 i Continent. a3 8 XXXVII. HYPERICINEA. 9. 1. Hypericum lineare. Wahl. South 10. of Europe, but growing on the Spanish n Alps. = 2. H. fimbriatum. Lam. ^ 15. XXXVIII RANUNCULACEZ. 16. 1 Ranunculus hederaceus. Common. 17. Campanulacee .......++++++ 2. Ditto, var. Ditto. 18. Composite ....... nnn 3. Aconitum Lycoctonum. Norway, 19. Valerianeg ........-* steri Sweden, Switzerland. 90. Rubiacee ..-..--ee r: 0009 21. Umbellifere ........ n SUMMARY OF SPECIES 22. Saxifrageæ ..... nnn : 93. Droserace&....... nnnm CRYPTOGAMIA. 94. Crassulacese ....... t “a 25. Salicariem ..... +.. "s EC Bünde. ek ictor ve COPAS ce 8 3 26. Onagrarie& ..... nnn nz : 2 Algge.......ee seer eee e es 49 97. Rosacem ......- tttm B DuQR ..-i ciii ok eels l6 28, Leguminos ......ns E -Bopatiets..... eoe 21 99. CQelastrineg...... ttt 5 Musci SESS en net CHE NE NU, 58 30. Fumariacem .......- 5*0 BE TEN A... ee ks 21 951 Crucifetb ......-.- oem " "ao 9A. queris E a 19 an Linii.. a a EU 34. Closes seca LER ARRA EE S MONOCOTYLEDONES 95. Malvaceæ .-.---:- «etir 1 Ez Oni .....5.....96* 35 86. Geraniacem......: nnn n E CR AVI ote PETER CREER RRS EN OG 7 87. Hypeticihem... «t be B IDA N 1 988. Ranunculacee ....:::57**** Bus E oledsii 0 R QU I. 4 18 - Eee reote 6 m ee urn 1 d C BEEN o erem re 1 COryptogamia: ; B. Abe cues 1 Cellular ....-++-++** 1 : B. Colehinttem®... 31:1 Nes 1 Vascular: : >. -sie BEL LOINDUB 1.1 oo los 4 Monocotyledones....--+++:***" EDUENSIS ES 1 Dicotyledones ...... +s+.: T E ae A voto oi se as wee ee gs 3 65 — Newcastle-upon -Tyne, DicoTYLEDONES. March 24tb, 1897. l. Conifere ....99:1 5213105 eo 1 2 Amentacem...... 1 ee Los 1 Bn. pantalace® .......5 2s 1 pecu ee ONT Bre ree eo 1 FLORA INSULARUM NOVAE ZE- LANDLE PRECURSOR; OR A P, — SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF THE ISLANDS OF NEW ZEA- LAND By ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, Esq. ( Continued from page 233 of the present Volume. ) PLANTA, CELLULARES. ALG. IL FUCOIDE. l. Sarcassum. Rumph. Agardh. Grev. 1. S. vulgare, fronde compressa, vang lineari-lanceolatis serratis, vesiculis sphe ricis muticis, receptaculis cylindricis race- mosis. . 144. E RUNE natans, Turn Hust. Sigur. &. A7. Engl. Bot. t. 211 | New Ze e pa 1760, Sir Jos. Banks. — 1827, A, — os dl.). .—«. segmentis ca- cud subdichotomis. S. eapilifoliom h. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 16. t. 5.—8. seg- mentis pinnatifidis linearibus, £i ennige- rum, Ji cel. p. 16. t. p e e b : P. y Piste stof New Zealand. Howa Howa ay D Urville lat. 88° S. lin . Atlanticum, caule ramoso, foliis neari- oblongis acutis margine dentato un- ni "epe pisiformibus. A. Rich. ; 1 Voy. p. 123 Bory in Duperr. Lesson 4. S. granuliferum. Agardh. Syst. Veget, t Ke, Alg. t. 11. Spreng. Syst. p.3L p. 322. Grev. Syn. Spec. Alg. D'Urvil, 5. "y: =e caule flexuoso vir- guo vage Spi * pial ai > xis, vesiculis ovatis stipitatis. er y» ga’ Voy. p. 129. Grev. Syn. Shores bat Nec Zealand. Lesson. SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. n stipitata basi n of New Zealand. D’Urville and HEN Shores s of New Zeslànd. Cook's Streit. p. 327 6. S. longifolium. Agardh, Syst. A 299. Soe ae Sy Veg, 4. p. ‘321. TA p c. Alg. p A. Rich, Fl. Nov. Zel. (Son vp ey p. 139.—Fucus lon- gifolius. Zurn. Hist. Fucor. t. 1 Shores of New Zealand. Sir J. Banks. D'Urville ^ 8 a E rud Bory in Duperr. Voy. p. 127. Grev. Syn. Sp. Alg. p. 30. hores of New Zealand. Lesson. 8. S. Lessonianum, fronde basi stipi- tata nuda subpinnata apice bipartita, laci- niis longissimis erecto-strictis basi angus- tatis superioribus margi ine exteriori semi- pinnatis arcuatis, segmentis linearibus obtusis grosse serratis, stipite plano bre- vi, vesiculis margine interiori adnatis. A. Rich. Sert. Astrolab. Mar naria Gigas, tb. Pl. Nov. fu. p. 10. £. 4. Shores ot New Zealand. Kana-Kana ` Bay. Les 9. 8, Dral aim, fronde stipitata basi nuda pinnata, laciniis basi angustatis patu- oblongis obtusis ser- ch. Sert. Astrolab. p. 138. —Marginaria Urvilliana, 2b. FU. Nov. Zel. p. 10. t. 3. Shores of New Zealand. Kana-Kana Bay. Lesson. 0. S. Boryanum, fronde cartaliginea pinnato-flabellata laci- niis numerosis angusto-line — Maec 2—3 peda. alibus es a et alternatim di- visis uncinato-serratis, vesiculis posse oblongis pedicellatis apice acutis aut obtu- sis marginalibus, stag ers numerosissi- mis linearibus apice basique acutis polli- inalibus et m frondis marginem occu- pantibus. A. Rich. Sert. Astrolab. 138. Shores of New Zealand. D’Urw 9. TURBINARIA. Lamourous, Bory. Frons foliosa. Folia petiolata, peltata, triangulata, in vesiculam inflata. Recep- a cet sure ramosa, cylindre tuber- culata, axillari ll. T. de ipea foliis vesiculatis a peltatis longe stipitatis margin s zs dentato-s inescente coronata, pete is nudi 3 4 oy. p. 107. Rune Bory, in Duperr. A 2 tom S st. p d ig p: 308, tarbinatus. [2 Fucor. t 94. "hone oP New 2 Zealand. Sir Joseph i verti Lesson. 9. CARPOPHYLLUM. Grev. Frons plana vel compresso-plana. Folia ramiformia disticha. Receptacula minuta, tuberculata, cylindracea, in racemis mar- Ups ane C. oF oat Grev. Syn. Spec. Hii. pad Coasts of New Mo dini —1769, Sir Jo- ù ist. Fucor. - "Shores of New Zealand. - 4769. Sir Jo- seph Bank 4. CYSTOSEIRA. Agardh, Greville. ons ramosa. Folia ramiformia, su- perne filiformia. Vesicule simplices ve subconcatenate in foliis innatis vel petiola- te. Receptacula KHCN loculosa, capsulis fles intermix . retrofiexa. p. 289. S, preng. a Rich. Fi. Noo . Zel. p.1 Agard Syst. Alg. Holl. 2 . p. 113. € East coast of New Ze seed Kouraki- ist. Pacer. " Coast of New Zealand. .D'Urville. 16. C.? quercifolia. Agard. Syst. Alg. pc E Spreng. Syst. bud 4. p. 918. Syn. Spec. Alg. p. 33. A. Rich. Seri. “Astrolab. p. 139. dcus quercifo- lius urn. Hist. Fucor. t. Coast of New Zealand. D Uveiile. n Or m 9. CASTRALIA. A, Richard. Receptacula peltata minima, apice mul- tifido-ramosa tuberculorum instar, folia vesiculasque obtegentia. Caulis gracilis, teres, plenus : folia minuta, ovalia, sessilia, subpeltata, imbricata, vesiculis pi- siformibus uti folia receptaculis sporulorum Bay obtectis. C. salicornioides. A. Rich. Sert. Astrolab. p. 143. Shores of New Zealand. Lesson. 6. MowiLIFORMIA. Lamour. Bory. reville. Frons filiformis, ramosa. Receptacula tuberculata, nonloculosa, rotundata per SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. Voy. p. 133. Gre ; Monilia Billáfdioh. A. Rich. Fi. Ho. . p.134. Ri tae Sieber Endl. Syn. Fi. pe . Aust. nn. der Wien. Mus. band. 1. 14 . gatis subulatis . glomeruli seminum sparsi immersi. frondis totam longitudinem distincte niliformia. Folia vesiculeque nulla. 18. yp. A 19.—Fucus moniliformis. OS. x E Holl. 2. p. 114. t East coast of New Zealand. 4. Coast of New Zealand. Lesson (Endl. rh SPLACHNIDIUM. Gre II. i 8. DonviLLEA. Bory. Gre. coriacea, in segmentis elon- cylindraceis fissa. der : Frons plana, D. utilis. Bory, in Duperr. A. Rich, FL. Nov. Z Kana Bay. D’Urville and Lesson. Agardh. p Frons coriacea, foliosa, ramosa. plana, elongata, enervia, pe yesh solitario ab. basin instruc 22 M. pyrifera. Agard. n E] 9. MACROCYSTIS. hor in Duperr Foy. p. el. p. 13.—Fucus pyriferus. Turn. ist. : Fucor,. 2. t.1 : East coast of New Zealand. Kana-Kana esson. ngustifrons, € inen gubsimpit i mis p 23. Macrocystis ‘angustifrons. perr. Voy. p. 93. t. 8. Grev. 38. East coast of New Zealand. lands. Lesson [.? comosa. Agard. Syst. Alg. pre. ur Aag 4. p. 320. p. Alg. p. 38. A. Rich. Fi. . p. 14. SION comosus. Labill. Holl. 2. p. 112. t i" of New E D Urville. rocyst m vel proprium ge- pert inet. yon rev. ‘Shores of New Zealand. D’Urviile. 10. Laminaria. Lamour. Grev: Frons stipitata, net plano- expansa enervis. Fructus: semina in soris aggre- i et fronde immers t irregulariter serratis A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. | tab. le East coast of New Zealand. Wangari ville, ICM radiatus. 7| urn. Hist. Fu- à of New Zealand. D’Urv ille. lana subcori- oblongo- punctiformibus rima dehiscentbus A. Rich. Sert. Po» s a NX Zealand.—1827, Lesson. IIl. Frorives. 11. SMANSIA. Lamour. GPe. ,, Frons stata Uu STO RR te ad c Sepe involuta ructus : ; 2. granula ternata multifida. Lamour. Essai. P rd. Syst Alg: p. 247. A. Rich. Sx $ * e Syn. Sp. Alg. p A . DYST. Veg. 4. p. 882.— Fucus linestus Turn Hist, D t. 195. | : Fue : I of New: Holand. 11769, Sir J. "hd a Species forsan dubia, sed Pade ^ DSversim striata. Grev. loc. wee Ruopouzwia. Grec. Frons Plana, membranacea, roseo-rubra, SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. Fron . repone ee fibro decompositis late patentibus, Ta ramulis titi 0/69. omnifio avenia, sessilis vel breviter dg tata, ty ctus psulz hemispharice Sparse ; 2. granula ternata minutissima in soris niis nitis 31. R. corallina. Grev. Syn 43. ~Sphisrococes corallinus. ae A. “Be i FI, Nov. Bory, in Duperr. Voy. p. 175.t hs Coast of New Ze repe Lesson. 32. R. Chauvi Grev. Syn. Al 0.— Spes cpécus ae niatus. uA Hid Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 4 i in Duperr. Voy. p. 165. t 20.i Coast of New Zealand. D’Urville. ? lusoria; fronde berger carti- laginea simplici (?) sepissime fissa, seg- mentis deinde dilatatis contrantdye valde ie vage inordinateque prelongis. grins Tai of New Zealand. — 1834, Richard Sonido hcm 13. TnaMNoPHona. Agardh. Grev. ns plana, eie Mire tifida. Radiz Fructus ; recep- x ranis d in pulvinulis tacula liform 240. Sp Grev. Si yn. P Al Zel. "a Pdous corallorhiza. Turn. Fist. Fucor . t. 96.—F. cirrhosus, tb. £ Middle Island, a Zealand. Dusky Bay.—1773, G. Forster. 85. T1. Cunningham; has tener- is elongatis rima angusta ramosissima, MSS. East coast of Northern Island. —1834, Richard Cunningham. 14. Procamium. Lamour. Grev. Frons filiformis cig subcartilagi- amo , ramis dise ngb. RE G B ur Al le a PE . Veg. 4. p n. Hist. c.t Ciminglan rev 97. P. confervaceum, neari-plano, ramulis numerosi A. Rich. FI. ; p. 104. Grev. Syn. Alg. Py 90. 330 - Coast of New Zealand. Lesson. Oss. Species dubia. Grev. loc. cit. .15. RuopowELA, Agard. Grev. _ Frons filiformis, cylindracea vel com- T fad apicem sepe involu capsule, semina pyriformi includent 3 2. granula ternata in receptaculis bilor rs S 38. R. oria a Agard. Syst. Alg. p. 200. A. . Fl, Nov. Zel. p. l. Grev. Brit. Alg Ax x. . é 18. Spreng. Syst Veget. 4 .— Fucus pinastroides Coast d Naw Zali —1769, Sir. Jo- seph Ban 16. LAURENCIA. Lamour. Grev. . Frons cylindracea, X NAP. gelatinoso- cartilaginea, capsulæ ovatæ, pertusæ, poren pyriformia pedicel- lata includentes; 2. granula ternata in ra- Kd immersa. L. obtusa. EE Essai. p. 42, ES a New Zealand.—1769, Sir Jo- seph Forsteri. Grev. Syn. Alg. p. 52.— Chondria Forsteri. Agard. Syst. Alg. p.903. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 2. Spr. : —Fucus Forsteri. cor. Coast of New Zealand —1778, G. For- ster. - L. papillosa. Grev. Syn p. 52.—Chondria papillosa. A ore S s ^ A. Rich. Fl. Nov Bel. ast of New Zealand. —1769, Sir Jo- seph Banks. 17. CHONDRUs. eke Lamour. Gre Frons cartilaginea, Pana enervia, di- chotoma, sursum dilat ata, livido-rubra Fructus : capsule sparse plerumque in disco frondis immerse rarius pedicellatz. Semina minuta, rotundata. 42. C 2. lvea Grev. Syn. Alg. .—Spherococcus alveatus Saré Syst. Alg. p. 223. A. ov. Zel. p. 5 Spreng. Syst. alveatus. Zurn. SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. ^» Agard. Syst. Alg. p. 225. Spreng. 9 1 4. : p. pr. Syst. Veg. 4. p. 341 Fucus th odus 2 G Syn. Al urn Hat. Fucor. t. 19. d E : be Leder E Veget. Ep 887.—Füeus. p.944, Spreng. Hoi Fucor. t. 939. A n y . 62. 43. C. abscissus. Grev. Syn. 55.—Spherococcus abscissus. — 4 Syst. Alg. p. 217. i p. 6.—Fucus abscissus. Turn. Hist. 223. Shores of ee Zealand.—1769, £ Joseph Ban yo "elondrephylus Grev. 8 —Spherococcus chondrophyl- A. i . P. 5.—Fuous chondrophyllus. Hist. Fucor. t East coast of New Zealand, Wangu —1827, D'Urville. 18. GELIDIUM. Lamour. Grev. Frons cartilaginea, cornea, Bcc linearis, plus m m nata. Fructus: — l. capsule in ramulis immerse ; nuda iótundate- premtes 2. granula composita in henis nidulantia. neum. Lamour. Essai. . p. 97. ib. Brit. 41. Grev. Sy Alg eos p. 141. 15. < Sphero Peek e . 937.—Fucus corneus. Hist Fic. t. 57. Engl. Bot. t. e East coast of New Zealand. Sen North from the Bay of Islands.—l R. Cunningham = A variety, ren for its | uriant ramiai. Grev. in litt 19. Hv»rwNra. Lamour. Grev. Fro ne cartilagine pe filiformis, ramosissima ad apic WU um sepe. aes poe EE Ape Pa mulis setaceis intumescentbu 1q obe nidulan 46. H. xem hs E 59.—Sphæro- Agard. "sye Al Aly. 5 M is iine m mnt Sel formis. do rab “Fuco f: Shores of New Pune ee Banks. Lamour. occus musciformis. 238. cue PM Rich. Fl. Nov. Z 20. HarywENrA. Agardh. | Frons subplana vel n D ra noso-membra anacea, rose , plus Ao ' Cunningham (Grev. x 48. H. dubia. Bory, in Belang. n n. A. Rich. Sert. Astrolab. » 141. Endl. Syn. Fl. Ins. Oc. Austr. der Ann. Vien. Mus. band. in. gem of New Zealand. —1897, D'Ur- LICHENES. 1. PARMELIA. Ach. 49. P. aurea (non Spreng. 4. 298), thallo Bi iéaooo suborbiculari albido o ma- bullatis divisis superpositis obtus concolori glabro, apotheciis pabesi bus centro affixis luteis planis margine integro vix prominulo. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 23. t. 8. New Zealand. On trees and rocks in abe Harbour, on the North coast of the Middle Island.—1827, D'Urville. Oss. Cette „espèce est no pre mai E. l. p. 23 Now pres. D'Urvi is linearis Ach.—Spreng. Syst. . New Zealand, 1769. Sir Joseph Banks. P. pe erlata. Ach. Syn. p. 197. NS We. Endl. Prod. Fl. Ne 4 Bry B A x Td l. Nov. Zel. p. 187" oaland. Astrolabe Harbour.— Cook's Strait —1897, mE 2. CETRARIA. Achar. 53. C. glauca. ee Syn ; n. p. 227, Fl. Nov. Zel p. 95. MGE Bot. t. Veg E ginucs, Spreng. Syst. New Ed On rocks and trees, Ey tered at Astrolabe Harbour.—1827, Urville, 3. Sticta. Ach. S. aurata. Ach. Lich. p. 448. LU: P- . Ric ti ttn "e Bot. t. 2359. g X tomentoso dd higticante in ambita brunneo-pal- SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. k tis, neue crenulato discolori. 331 lido, cyphellis minutis citrinis, iem —A. Rich 26. Delise Mhig: p. 62. t. 5. f. 13. 56 latifrons, thallo cartilagineo subdendriformi e stipite brevi crasso sub- acunoso centrali circumeffuso profunde lobato lobis dilatatis obtusis varie et obtuse ] Geist Pe s obsolete marginatis. . Ri v. Zel. p. 27. t. 8. f. 2. New Zealand, Astrolabe ait a ds 1827, D’U; nadia thallo cartilagineo expan so irregulariter diffuso et es n obato, lobis dilatatis apice bomi miis e incisis imbricatis supra glaberrimo lucenti nin? neo-flavescenti subtus Fil. Nov. Zel. p. 98. t. 8. f. 3. ew Zealand, with the preceding. D'Urville. 58. S. variabilis, thallo cartilagineo rostrato laciniato lobis crenulatis apicibus tenuiter dissectis supra levi pallido ochra- ceo in d aei virescente iem heptane ad centrum fusco-nigresce mbitu pohicleuss, € cyphellis seme pallidis, apotheciis submarginalibus isco rubro margine prominulo. . 29, Delise Monogr. Pp: 119. t. 11. f. 48. nes Zealand, with the preceding. D Urville. 59. S. filicina: Ach. Syn. p. 230. Spreng. at Ve 303. pë ich, FI. Noe Zel. 9 Delite Monogr. p. 120. t. New Zeeland. —1773, G. Forster. 60. carpoloma, thallo cartilagineo coriaceo "lobis laciniatis angustis elongatis subcorniculatis truncato-ema arginatis, SU- pra lacunosis glabris griseo- -flavescentibus subtus tomentoso-ochroleucis, cyphellis albis apotheciis P cente subglauco pare ee is- bintegro. A. ftc. ‘ ip L9 1, Delise AEE E . p. 159. poai ‘Tolan, Middle Islan Harbour. Tasman’s Bay. —1827, D'Ur- ile. 4 Nepuroma. Achar. 61. N. Australe, thallo subcartilagineo supra glabro obscure luteo in ambitu sub- ich. Fi. Now. Zel. p. 31. New re E Astrolabe Hudbou 1827, D’ Urvili Achar. 62. C. retipora. Ach. Syn. p. 248. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 92.—Cladonca reti- pora. Spreng. Syst. Veg. fp . 270.—Beo- myces retiporus. Labill. Nov. Holl. 2. p. t. 254. f. 2. 5. CENOMYCE. 110. ¢ New Zealand. On rocks and in shaded grounds, Astrolabe Bay.— 1827, D’ Urville. 63. C. furcata. Ach. Syn. p. 276. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 32.—Cladonia fur- og Hoffm.—Spreng. Syst. Veget. 4. New Zealand. Shaded woods, on the soil. Astrolabe Harbour. —1827, D’ Urville. Ei f. 173. — Cladonia rangiferina. —S; . 4. 70. "Woods at Astrolabe Harbour.—1827, D'Urville. C. ecmocyna. Ach. Syn. p. 261. ich. Fl. Nov. Zel 33.—Cladonia ee Spreng. Syst. Se 4. p. 27 ew Zealand. Sha 66. S. peed Ach. Syn. p. 9 reng. Syst. Veget. 4. p. 275. A. Ri ch. . Nov. Zel. p. 34. t. 9. f. 3. New Zealand, North isl and. East co in woods at the River Thames. —. 1827, "m S rville. s sitio is Sem tis, pothesis fer minalibus lateralibusque globoso-depressis lobulatis fusco- re ich. Fi. Zel. t 94. t. 9. ealand. Middle Island. Woods at SNtolabe Harbour.—1827, D'Urville. eh: crinalis ; thallo s subcompresso osissimo cinerascente aut lutescen te fragili ramis filiformibus superne teretius- culis levibus labris, apotheciis convexis fuscis. Ach. in p. 292. A. Rich. Fi, Nov. Zel. p. 35. New Z ealand. Hanging from the trunk and dation of the Kauri (Dammara 7, ALECTORIA. SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. Cornicularia:: 8. RAMALINA. Achar. R. eee Ach. Mun A. "Rich Fi- Nov. Zel. p. 35 w Zealand. Astrolabe Harbour.—1827, D’Urv 9. CoRNICULARIA. Achar. 70. C. aculeata. Ach. Syn. p. 299 Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. y ERE aped Spreng. Syst. Veget. 4. p . 980. w Zealand, Middle Island: pee —]1897, D’ Urville. 10. VASES: Achar. Spreng. Syst. Vegel. 4. v. NON: G. For C ei ll the Kauri Zealand, especially on the of Islands, Mang &c. ot Al- 1l. CoLLEMA. Achar. ch. S , 74. C. nigrescens, 921. A. Rich. FL ie Žel. P. 37 —E E melia ER 87.— p 345. and rocks in Ast rolabe Harbour D Urville. 75. C. tremelloides. Ach. E A. Rich. Fl. No 88- So Spren —Lic New CP and. Upon rocks among 7 at Astrolabe Bay. D’Urville. lands.—1826, Allan Cunn A 2 E póntox. Ehrenb. in Nees ab Esenb. Hore Physice Berol. p. 120. 27. C. Linkuü. Ehrenb. loc. cit. A. 8. Bay . W. coast of the Middle Ilan — 1897, D'Urville Ons. * Ce sin gulier Cryptogame, rap- porté par les uns à la famille des Algues, échantillons recueillis dans _ Cette dernière localité etaient sans fructifi- . cations.” A. Rich. loc. cit. MUSCI CALYPTRATI. I, SpHacnum. L. 77. latifolium. Hedw.— Spreng. E: Es 4. p. 147.—8S. obtusifolium. gl. Bot. t. 1 1405. . New Zealand. East coast ; on rocks at the Great Fall of the Keri-Ker i River.— 1834, Richard Cunningham. ue ies 2. Gymnostomum. Hedw. S a alg terminalis. Capsula ore nudo. [ptra dimidiata. |. !9 V. gracile, caule cæspitoso subra- ; moso, foliis ovato-lanceolatis integerrimis Rérvosis longe piliferis, capsula oblongo- cylindracea pendula, operculo hemisphæ- so mutico. Hook, Musc. Exot, t. 22 ich. FI. Nov Zel. p. 48. —Leptostomum "n Brown, in Linn. Trans. ; Spreng. Syst. Veget. 4. p. 148. P. SM Zealand. Dusky Bay. Middle Is- —1791 G. ma fut icius- arpon, caule simplicius- _ foliis ini MDH datis erectis ovato-oblon- is margine revolutis acutis apice pilo ra- " New Zeal Moist ids — p the East coast. iim . Cunningham . Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel p. 48. stomum erectum. Br. in Linn. SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. . viso, foliis e basi vaginante 338 Trans. 10. p. 328. Spreng. Syst. Veget. 4. p. 148. ew Zealand. Astrolabe Harbour.— 1827, D'Urville. 3. PorvTRICHUM. JL. I ubulatum ; caule simplici, fo- liis lanceolatis serratis disco plicatis, cap- sulæ cylindraceæ operculo conico elongat o. Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4. p. 176. Menz. in Linn. Tr. 4. p. 303.—Pogonatum subula- tum. Prid. Bryol. 2. p. 122. Endl. n Fl. Ins. Occ. Austr. in Ann. der Wien Mus. band. 1. p. 148. New Zealand. Middle Island. Dusky Bay.—1791, A. Menzies. 82. dendroides, caule longissimo, ramis fastigiatis, foliis oblongo-linearibus erratis, nervo crasso, seta termina Syst. Veg. 4. 176. —Pogonatum dendroi- des. Brid. Bryol. 2. p. 112. Endl. Syn. eic. Lip. New Zealand. a Island. Dusky Bay.—1791, A MESE aule brevi sim- plici, foliis patentibus lanceolatis — vo subangusto lanceolato, capsula evite operculo longo subula ook. Musc. Exot. t. 75. og ie pid Vay: 4. p. 176. A. Rich. Fl, Nov. Zel. p. 49. New Zealand. Middle Island. Dusky af —1791, A. Menzies. Northern Isle. —1834, R. "Cunni ngham. 4. Dicranum. Hedw. Seta terminalis. Peristomium simplex, A. edentibus 16, bifidis. Calyptra dimidiata. (Hooke r). 84. D. glaucum, trunco erecto ramoso, dense im mbricatis ovato-lanceolatis foliis exfasciculatis, sporangii inclinati oblongo- i) o curvirostro acutissimo. .165. A E coast.—1834, R. Cunningham A.D Billardieri ; vanie erecto di- e lineari-subu- latis falcato- onat denticulatis, thecæ 834 5. TRICHOSTOMUM. Hedw. Seta terminalis. Peristomium e denti- bus 16 ad basin "s ec vel 32 per dian approximatis. mitriform md capsula oblonga, operculo subulato. Hook, Musc. Exot. t. 73. Spreng. Syst. Veget. "XU m. "Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. PN New Zealand ad Island). Dusky Bay.—1791, A, M. 6. LEucopow. Schwaegr. Seta lateralis. Peristomium simplex e dentibus 16 fissis, vel 32 per paria arcte 88. L.calycinus, caule repente, ramis erectis anes inten foliis ovato-lanceo- operculo subulato basi gibbos 00. oho. Tot 1. Nov. Zel —Dicnemon calycinum. Schwaegr. 5 ries Spren » st. Veg. 4. p. 172. Brid. Br a z » g: 9 iid € Dusky s, Esq. — Island, B Bay of Tiida —1834, z= Cun ngnam 7. ZxcopowN. Hooker. eta terminalis. Peristomium duplex : ext, e dentibus 16 per paria approximatis ; inl. e ciliis totidem ARMIN Calyp- tra dimidiata brevi | 4. idi Hooker et. Ti ot Musc. Brit. t. 21. Spreng. Syst. Jost p. 184.—Bryum conoideum. ' Dickso New Zealand. Sprengel. X 8. ORTHOTRICHUM. Hedw. rminalis. Peristomium duplex ; ext. e iter. 16 per paria approximatis ; int. e ciliis 8—16 vel nullum. Ca alyptra mitriformis. ens ; caule repente, ramis P . O. prorep erectis, foliis ovato-attenuatis obtusis dorso New Zealand d (Middle Island). Dusk Bay.—1791, zies, Esg. ) , 91. Derim caule repente, ramis erectis, foliis lanceolato-acuminatis SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. - Bay.— - Isle), Bay of Islands, on decayed y: trees.—1826, A striatis siccitate tortis, seta longa, ca ovali-elliptica, ciliis nullis, dentibus 16 per paria pu ws ook. Muse. t. 25. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 51.—] cities emm Schwaegr. Spreng. yst. Veg. 4. p € Zealand (Middle Island). Dusky 9: o. lo ape : di pr rocumbente, ramis erectis, foliis ovato-lanceolati stria- - tis siccitate tortis, seta longissima, capsula — ovali-elliptica, ciliis nullis, dentibus lóper | paria approximatis. ook. Musc. _ E. 24. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 51.— an mitrion longipes. Schwaegr. Spreng. Sy fe Veg. 4. p. 161 . New Gatland (Middle Island). Dusky - Bay.—1791, en k 93. O. gracile 5 caule erecto elongato - subulat is flexuosis. 3 siccitate tortis, seta pem i ramoso, foliis s approximatis. Hook. Musc Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 52.—Macromi- — trion gracile. Schwaegr—Spreng. Syst. 3 eg. 4. 1 Kew Zealand A (Middle Island). Dusky f Bay.—1791, A. Menzies, Esq 2 ^: 9. NECKERA. Hedw. Peristomi : hes Seta lateralis. a serta, lato Syst. Veg. 4, p. Ze sula us ot operculo subu- ok. oe zot. eng. | E 6. A. Rich. Fl. Now "Now 2 Zealand paaa o Der ; Bay.—1791, e | Isle) Bay of ine 1894; y Cunning- setosa, caule erecto ramoso, foe liis confertissimis e lata. basi pie : taceis nervosis, seta perichætio PE i iore, capsula oblonga dg. P Rich. Hook. Musc. Exo Veg. 4. v. Zel. p. 92. Bored. Sys eg: = 186. New Zealand (Middle Island). ay.—1791, A. Menzies, Esq. les] A. Cunningham.—. Cunningham. 10. Bartrramia. Hedw. Peristomium dup ran Seta terminalis. ext. e dentibus 16; in laciniis 16 bifidis fissa. .96. B. pendula; caule subpinnatim . füsciculatimque ramoso, foliis longe acu- quin atis stri satin nervo attingente, seta longa recta demum laterali, capsula oblongo - cylindracea sulcata pendula Hook. Musc. Brot: t. 21. A. Rich. Fl. Nov Syst. Ve p. 192. p.93. Spreng. g. 4. New Zealand (Middle Island). Dusky Bay.—1791, A. Menzies, Esq. (North Is- land), Bay of peace, on my detayed timber. —1834, R. Cunningha ll. CoponoBLePHARUM. Schwaegr. Dentes interni equales erecti apice con- IM externi per paria TIME . Menziesii. Schwaegr. Sp. Sit Van uA II. p. 142. t. 137. Spreng. .. New Zeal Middle Island).—1791, Dusky Ba enzies, Es Ons erectus, simplex, foliis lingula atis Eta is nervosis, capsula pyriformi sulcata. Spreng. l. c 12. Bryum. Hedw. Seta terminalis. Sas duplex ; ert. e dentibus 16; inż. membrana 16-la- ciniata, inte Keds a TDA ate Calyptra mitriform pinnata. Sm.— Hook. Musc. EE R^ Veg. 4. p. 198. 3.—Leskea pe 06. ¢. 253 A Cunningham. oL. t a Syst Veg. 4 tot, t. 5 PAB A. Rich bL d A em ew Bay Kra iom Island). Dusky 109. Veg. 4. p No for 2. p. ew Zealand (Northern Island), Bay qt Islands —1 834 KE. Cunningham. H sq rotulata. Sm.— Sp reng. Syst. Ho x et Grev. in Edinb. 13. Lzskra. Hedw. eg sulcat 4; caule erecto superne . bricatis is pinnatis, foliis undique im- | acutis stria cus appressis ovato-cordatis e -— la, capsula cylindracea sulcata, oper- Spr rostrato. Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 164. p Ne. Syst. Voo, New rnd nd (North orthern Island). Ba y of Islands — 834, R. Cunningham. SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. . Hook. Musc. Exo 9 lex sars p S, nervo attingente, seta bre- p 335 1 L. ericoides ; caule elongato ra- moso tereti, foliis arcte imbricatis erectis ovatis subacuminatis striatis enervibus in- tegerrimis apice recurvo, seta brevi, capsula . Oblonga erecta WE. operculo subulato. . Spreng. Syst. Ve .. Now. Zel. p / di A Q ai DS SUR hy} "New Zealand UE le Island). E Bay.— , A. Menzies, Es j . mollis, caule pendulo longissi- d ovatis acutiusculis me setis abbre- viatis, capsula ovata. Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4. p.1l Nor Zealan Hedwig. oncinna ; caule erecto bipin- nato inferne nudo, foliis bifariis verticali- bus stipulisque oblongis brevi-acuminatis marginatis apice serratis, nervo attingente, seta brevi, capsula erecta, operculo subu- lato. Hook. Musc. A. Rich. Fi. Nov. Zel. p. - ;-Hookeria concinna. Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4. p.1 New Zealand (Middle Island). Dusky: . Bay.—1791, A. Menzies, Esq 14. Hypnum. Dillen. L. 107. H. spiniforme, caule erecto sub- simplici, foliis subbifariam confertis line- ari-subulatis serrato-denticulatis, nervo o subbasilari, the Spreng. Syst New ina "rm Island) Bay of ec €; fi Sonido, folii is laxis bifariis 0 ticulatis, nervo'dorso denticulato A apicem poe capsula sulcata Pyare racea cernua. Hook. Musc. Exot. t. 2 Pape Syt, Veg. 4. p. gree Fi New. Zealand yi md. AN PME Bay.—1 enzies, Esq. hern Island), Bay A1 Islands.—. 1834, 9 bs ningha 109. innatim ramoso, foliis sub- "H. bifarium, caule erecto distan ifariis tibus enzies. ae RE Islands. —If land), Bay o Ene H. distichum, caule erecto sim- OPE foliis distichis ovato-oblongis acutis, apice ervo apicem subattingente, seta aika cipes cylindrica horizontali, operculo curvirostro. Spre y 4. p. 199. Swartz in Schrad. Jo p : 399. . 0. 3. cerco wes distichum. Brid. Bryol. 2. p. Ñew Zealand ! Middle Island). Dusky Bay.—1791, $, Esq. iu me ihe ere decumbente v ramoso, folus linearibus acuminatis subserrulatis falica sit teneris, capsula urce- olata cernua. Spreng. Syst. Veg. 02. . Chamissonis. Hornsch. in Hor. Phys. Berol. 60. t New Zealand (Middlo Island) Dusky Bay.—1791, t Menzies, 112. enutrostre, famis -éreetis, fo- ^m falcato-secundis ovatis longe acumina- tis subintegerrimis enervibus, capsula o longo-ovata cernua, operculo lvsitirdtnato. ook. Musc. Exot. t 1 A. Rich. Fi Nov. Zel. p. 57. —H. leptorhynchon. Spr. Syst. Veg. Bay. —1791, A. Menz DO UNA deube: iole adscendente vage ramoso, foliis late ovatis acuminatis cds latis apice subserratis enerviis, cap- oblongæ-curvatæ operculo lon tro viene de New Zealand (Northern SE Bay of Islands, in wet woods .—1884, R. Cun- culo epee Spreng Taits unningham. cae Veg. 4. p. 107. t. 5f New Zealand e orthern oia). Bay of m —1834 H. unnn atis nervo excurrente dor Em gern cert pendula, . Hook. nor T conico-acu "rot. ^ reng. S e da 4, 205. A. Rick 1. Nov. Z dites e l. p. New merce (Middle Island).—1791, Esq. Astrolabe Ba DU. ’ (Northern Island), ay of Is- SPECIMEN or. THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND.. 4. p M New Zona (Middle Island). Dusky $, Ls He . mngham. 120 yst. 04. seven Cu E orthiork Island). Bay of a i » ay ptogamique de nótre travail. 27, iind —1834, .R. Cu lands.—1826, A. Cunningham. m: Cunningham. | 117. H. neckerioides, ens ered New Zealand. (Middle island), Bay.—1791, A natim ramoso, ii ovatis concavis iecit basi o binervibus, seta brevi, capsula ere ta. - Musc. Exot. t. 119. Spr Syst. Veg. 4. p. 210. Rich. Fl. Zel. p. 56. Ai etn Arbuscula. Linn. Tr. 9. p. 280. f. 2: New Zealand (Middle Island). Veg.4. p. ..Rich. New ‘Zealand (Middle nd). , A. Menzies, Esq. ( Islnd), Bay of Islands. 2-1834, »- Gin oie H. Heigl foliis disti s, longiss ous éclairer de 15. RacoriLuM. Palis. Prodr. 36. exterius dentes terius membra- rforato, - Peristomium duplex, la rte spiet ate in na ata in cilia 16 pe Ne aiai asm T mid oils on x shores of the "pay nningham. —— ( To be continued.) J REMARKS ON M. x REMARKS | ON M. SPACH'S MEMOIR ON THE CISTACE. " (In a letter addressed to the Editor of this Journal. ) London, April 4th, 1837. My DEAR S1r,—In the last number of _ the Companion to the Botanical Magazine, P283, is a note upon Cistacee, so remark- able, that I actually rubbed my eyes, in the belief that I was either dreaming while read it, or that I had been writing some elaborate monograph of that Order, with- out being aware of it. “We conceive,” says the author of the note in question, " we conceive Dr. Lindley to have taken ‘A wrong view of the matter, in character- lang Cistacee,” &c.—- Dr. Lindley seems almost equally in error in most of his other Statements ;’—and further on, the same Dr. Lindley is charged, with mistaking one thing, misunderstanding another, and so . h. However, upon looking to the name of the author of so learned a piece of cri- ficism, the mystery was explained; for it "a out to be only a new specimen of = ~ WMenuity for which Mr. Spach has much notoriety, Regius Pro- r of Botany at Glasgow is the Editor ; Just a as a very E your own is, as I shall pre- Scrape Sr. Ses quite as much in the ji Mr - Spach is pleased to call the | u: ** mis-state- * Misunderstandings,” blunders, SPACH’S MEMOIR ON THE CISTACE Æ. ' and I can't tell what besides, are really enough to break the back of any poor Sroa- ture’s reputation, and I dare say nothing short of the annihilation of so humble an individual as myself is looked for as the result of such a thunder-clap. Writers, however, should always be careful, when they fire their great guns, not to expose themselves to the ricochet of their own shot, and I would most particularly recom- mend this maxim to Mr. Spach’s consi- deration, In the present case, it happens that the errors, mis-statements, &c. aforesaid, do not belong to me, but to the actual state of systematic Botany. They have not originated in any observations or mis-ob- servations of mine; but have been simply recorded by me, in the course of a general work, as the received opinions of the best authorities of the day. Had I either writ- ten a critical monograph of the Order, like M. Dunal, or generalized upon a few soli- tary observations regarding outlying spe- cies, after the fashion of Mr. Spach, it would have been very well to lay the er- rors, provided always that the errors are proved, at my door; but, as I am uncon- scious of having put forward any claim to originality in the matter, I really do not see why I should usurp to myself all the honour of Mr. Spach’s vituperation. This gentleman sets up for a model of exact observation— He can distinguish and divide A hair ’twixt south and south-west side ; Knows more than forty of us do, As far as words and terms can go ; and therefore it behoves me to be very particular, first, in proving my want of all title to the compliments he has paid me; and secondly, in showing to whom they really do belong as much as tome. You will find in the first of the following columns, the errors, blunders, mis-state- ments, misconceptions, misunderstandings, &c. alleged to be chargeable upon myself, and in the three other columns paral passages from the writings of gentlemen whose authority I do not think you likely to call in question ; Y 338 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. G. W. ARNOTT, Esq. |a. gg Joun LINDLEY. Pnor. DE CANDOLLE. | 1,51, Botanyin Wo Edin- n J -Hooxer,L „D. Natural System of Botany.| Prodr. Syst. Nat. Regn. Encyclopedia. _|Smith’s Introduction to Bo- 1836. Veg.v.1. 1894. 1839. tany, ed. T. 1833. Stigma simple. Stigma simplex. Stigma simple. Stigma simple. Petals crumpled and Petala contorta. Petals in æstivation wrinkled and twisted. twisted and corrugated. |twisted in æstivation. Petals fugitive. Petala caduca. Petals very caducous. | Petals caducous. 5. —— 5. ——— 5. ———— 5. Stamens indefinite. Stamina indefinita. Stamens indefinite. Stamens indefinite, Fruit either one-celled,| Capsula constans valvis| Fruit capsular, 3—5—| Capsule eT with parietal placente in|3—95, rarius 10, nunc me- 10-valved, l-celled, with|10-valved, 1-celled, NA. the axis of the valves, or|dio nervum longitudinalem|parietal placente in, the,the valves having a single ectly 10-celled, placentarium gerentibus et|[middle of the valves, or|longitudinal placenta, of — with dissepiments pr apsula 1-locularis, imperfectly 5—10-celled,|3—5-celled, the dissepi- — ceeding from the middle|nune nervo medio in sep- ssepiments pro-|ments from the centre of ie of the valves, and touch-|tum plus minusve comple-|ceeding from the middle|the valves extending t0 —— ing each other in the cen- e axis. pes tum abeunte, et tunc ca sula completé aut incom- pleté multilocularis. Semina plurima Seeds indefinite rima. Albumen farinosum. Albumen mealy. Embryo spiral or curv-| Embryo spiralis aut ed. curvus. . . H in the axis of the frui Seeds indefinite. Albumen mealy. Embryo spiral or eurv- ed. of the valves and meeting t Seeds numerous. Albumen mealy. adm Embryo spiral or curv- - A ed. Can it be necessary to say any thing while, in justifying every one of the cha- — more? Surely, after this explanation, Mr. racters so unceremoniously condemned. - Spach and his criticism may be dismissed. But it is obvious that arguments are Another time, your earned correspondent away upon a person so palpably ignorant will, perhaps, take care, when his remarks of the first principles of classification as are personal, to which there can be no sort not to know the difference between an ES- of objection, that he gets hold of the right SENTIAL CHARACTER and a N CHARACTER, and who admits that person. I would only add, that although for ar- not understand the meaning gument's sake I have treated Mr. Spach’s expression as “ ovules with the remarks as if they were in themselves well founded, yet that I do not in fact admit any such thing. On the contrary, there would be no difficulty, if it were worth the their apex.” Pray believe me, my dear SIT; Your’s faithfully, BOTANICAL INFORMATION. sirous to give this explanation of the nor- NEW BOTANIST'S GUIDE, VOL. II. son, to make public the accidental destruc- tion, by fire, of the whole impression of the second volume of the New Botanist's Guide, when just ready for publication. a most zealous and indu Mr. Watson adds, that other engagements has issued the following will prevent him reprinting the volume at a new work, entitled, * MU present, and he fears that much time will SIANI, or dried specimens 9 elapse before he can give any further at- of Angus or Forfarshire.” —— * The work will be compri ention to it, On which account he is de- appearance of the work, to t WE are requested by Mr. Hewett Wat- respondents who had sent commu for it. Mr. William Gardiner, jun. of » i ATURAL | he can- of such an fo x at P Sir. Joux LINDLEY he many or 4 nications — strious Prospectus scl ANGU f the Mos sed in at e , seven or eight 12mo. fasciculi—price 3s. 6d. each—forming £o neat pocket volumes. _ *Ontheleft-hand page of each leaf, one, two, or more specimens of a species will be carefully gummed, with the scientific and English name, reference to the page — ef the British Flora where the species is ~ described, locality, and time when found, —all accurately written underneath. “ With the concluding fasciculus will be given, along with title-pages for both volumes, a printed table of the contents of each, arranged according to Sir W. J. . Hooker's British Flora, and including a SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERIC AND SPE- CIFIC CHARACTERS. .. “A blank will be left at the top of each . page for numbering the species, and by means of the tables, the specimens can be numbered and arranged with the greatest ease; while the numbers not being attached to them when published, will allow of any . Subscriber adopting whatever mode of ar- rangement he chooses, as well as of the Author adding species that may be found : during the publication of the work.—Fas- . culus Ist will be published in May 1837. " Subscribers’ names will be received by the Author, at Mr. George Robertson's, merchant, 18, Overgate, Dundee. ." W. H. White, Esq., London, has also kindly undertaken to receive subscribers' names for the Author.” À very neat Specimen of the work has 1 Sent to us, by which it appears, that . the individual Mosses are extremely good, Od very neatly arranged. Twenty species es tpi in each Fasciculus, of which imu published every alternate complished Botanist, Dr. J. F. Lippold, ‘ Bag uégestion of William Christy, jun., : Bed Some other Naturalists, is now . “gating the Island of Madeira. Pre- : ing P tg embarking, he issued the follow- lo give tide to which we are anxious i greater publicity. «ms, 1, PROSPECTUS. "e s Island of Madeira is well known ne of the points most favoured by BOTANICAL INFORMATION. Another enthusiastic and moreover very a 339 nature ; and it is especially by its rich and varied vegetation, uniting the products of two zones, that it interests the Naturalist, The undersigned (for a long time a most passionate amateur of Botany and Horti- culture), knowing that there are man English Botanists and Horticulturists who wish to have collections of dried or living plants, of seeds, of bulbs, &c., from that delightful island, proposes to go there him- self, as a collector of plants in particular, and of other objects of Natural History in general. In order to effect this project, he offers to amateurs a subscription under the follow- ing conditions :— * ]. Each subscriber will receive, for a subscription of £5, three hundred indi- genous plants of Madeira, carefully dried in the German manner; or one hundred species of seeds, bulbs, roots, &c., which- ever he prefers, dried or living. | ed e undersigned engages himself to go to Madeira as soon as he has fifteen subscribers. * 8. The conveying of the plants, seeds, &c., will be at the risk and expense of the subscribers ; the undersigned only insures their package. * 4, "The distribution of the transports of plants will be in the ordér of the date of the subscriptions. «5, If any amateurs of insects, shells, or minerals, wish to receive collections of them from Madeira, the undersigned will wilingly execute their commissions, re- ceived by W. Christy, jun., Esq., who un- dertakes to make the necessary arrange- ments in this department. «6, W. Christy, jun, Esq, Clapham oad, London, will have the kindness to receive subscriptions for the undersigned, “Dr. J. F. LiPPOLD. ‘ London, November, 1836.” Dr. Lippold safely reached that inte oo ing island, as we are informed by Mr. Christy, after a voyage from the E of ten days. He writes in extasy ed i luxuriance of the vegetation, thoug À he had then seen nothing but Funchal and its : : t environs. Mr. Lowe received him mos L4 340 kindly, and offered him every assistance in his power in pointing out plants, naming the rarer species, &c. &c. He has already become acquainted with a wealthy Portu- guese gentleman, who possesses a very fine garden, and who has kindly given him a piece of ground wherein to sow his seeds. He took out with him about three hundred different seeds, and by a vessel which has ‘since sailed, Mr. Christy has sent out to him many more, and also a basket of Cac- tee, Stapelie, and. Mesembryanthema, to- gether with many kinds of Indian Chry- santhemum, all of which are highly prized in that island, and will be valuable in the way of exchange. By the same ship Mr. George Loddiges dispatched to him in one of Mr. Ward's admirably contrived cases, Araucaria excelsa, Berberis fascicularis, Benthamia fragifera, Deutzia, many suc- culent plants, &c. Thus will the visit of Dr. Lippold to Madeira occasion an inter- change of vegetable products, which can- not fail to be advantageous both to that island and to England. . Collections of dried plants may be expected to be dis- patched in about two months from the date of his arrival, and may be looked for by us some time in June. : Mr. Lowe, as may be supposed, has taken a great interest in the success of Dr. Lippold, as-will be seen by an extract from a letter just received.—“ The sight of your hand-writing again was most welcome to me indeed: but as far as Dr. Lippold was concerned, Mr. Christy, by mentioning your name, had already engaged me suffi- ciently to do all in my power for him. I have introduced him, shown him about, and shall continue to help him as far as I can. He seems to be very diligent and active, and is really a well-informed and superior man upon other subjects besides Botany. I have been highly delighted to find in him a kindred passion for my fa- vourite Klopstock. At present he has enough to do with our “ Regio maritima." Next month and the following, I shall get him off into the mountains. It was too late for two or three of the best plants. took him to the stations of Chamemeles and Sideroxylon: but the flowers were — BOTANICAL INFORMATION. over. Dr. Charles Lemann, a friend Dr. Boott’s, has been here all winter. this spring has been quite a revival in Bo- - tany for me; and you need not be surprised to see, ere long, in the Cambridge Trans- — actions, a ** Novitie Flore Maderensis,” for which I have collected some twenty or thirty new, unpublished, or obscure spe- — cies. If Lippold is to accomplish any thing effectual here, he should not go away - before July. But on the other hand, I see | no use in his staying after that time, unless ys he remains altogether till the following | spring, which certainly is not advisable, — since I do not believe by doing so he would : add one hundred and fifty species to what — | he may secure before July. Pray have - his friends never thought of the Cape de Verd Islands for him? There he would j have almost a virgin soil, in a tropical di- 4 mate. Several of the islands are said to be covered with forests, and are untrodden by an European. One (Fayo) is an acüve — volcano. Lippold could get there easily - from here: still more easily probably from the Canaries. But I do not know at how he might relish such a scheme. Le- mann has made a great discovery for ~ in the Teucrium heterophyllum, L'Hént. in flower. It is a lovely plant, well worthy : if the flowers would preserve, Ma — their very peculiar colour (è my Flora, Trifolium Cherleri, indeed, in Von Buch's list, but W RS escaped me. Lemann has also foun "um deira stations for three or four of my | Santo plants." . Dr. Lippold’s P Whatever may be Dr. Lipp e Ma region than that which now engage ki attention; and we shall not fail to our readers as soon as the country 15 upon. The Atlas Mountains and have been suggested as likely to 3577 excellent harvest to a collector, buf p complished Naturalist, than whom ? . more competent to speak on the subject, has convinced us, that neither of those countries, however tempting by their pro- ductions, can be visited with safety. Mr. Webb thus writes upon that subject from Paris : 1 "Going to so circumscribed a spot as Madeira, would certainly not answer for any great length of time, but a visit to the Mauritanian Atlas is of very doubtful prac- ticability. I can speak with certainty on _ this point, having done all in my power to accomplish the enterprise myself. The only method of travelling in the interior of Morocco is, in company with a foreign Consul, sent to the Court of the Emperor by his Government. This may always be known by writing beforehand to Tangiers. Mr. Consul Douglas was going, in 1827, from the English Government, and he kindly procured for me a tent from the Governor of Gibraltar with those for him- self, and I made every other preparation of presents and necessaries fit for a Frank Bey attached to the mission; but from va- . ous causes it never took place, and after exploring the country in all directions about Tangiers and Tetuan, I embarked for Gibraltar. Since that time, I believe in 1829, Sir Peter Schousbee's sons ac- companied an Austrian Envoy to Morocco, and being perfect Mauritanians, born and bred in África, they easily obtained per- Mission to visit the Atlas Chain, and brought back a store of plants. If any friend of Yours does ever go to Morocco, I would recommend him, beside the great Atlantic Alps, to visit the Cordilleras and beauti- fully wooded valleys between Mount Cif “i His Grace the Duke of Bedford confirms the » "iat, so far as regards the South of Spain : : an expedition I made in Spain, on horseback : In 1814, I rode Cadiz to Gil P j 1: iu 1 : woods fen Tariffa and Algesiras, saw most splendid hododendron Ponticum, then BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 341 and Tarudanh, often described to me by the Shihas or Barbérs, whom I saw at Tangiers. The country round about the allen cities of Fez and Mequinez merits little attention, but the impracticable pro- vince of El Rif, composed of lofty chains, lying between Tetuan and the Algerine territory, will be a rich mine of botanical knowledge whenever it can be got at, which will not be yet awhile, for the Rifefios are a savage indomitable race. I have speci- mens of Larix Cedrus from the Rif Moun- tains, and am informed that great forests of this noble Fir are still to be found there. Both Mauritania and Numidia, now as heretofore, suffer from a scarcity of water, and it appears by what I could learn from the Moors, that the streams which flow from the Atlantic Chain descend princi- pally on its eastern side, and enrich an El Dorado of vegetation, concerning which they speak in raptures. en shall we Giaours, know aught of these countries? For my own part, I look forward to the triumph of Europe and civilization through . the French occupation, if the nation have perseverance and steadiness enough to consummate its conquest, a task worthy of the Romans. * T should think Gibraltar excellent head-quarters for a Spanish herborizer, the Sierra de Rorida, where I found the Di- gitalis laciniata (Bot. Reg. t. 1201), and a multitude of other Sierras are within a day or two's reach, and in the shady ra- vines, between Gibraltar and Medina Si- donia, I had the pleasure of finding Rho- dodendron Ponticum, growing in splendid bushes, twelve feet high. I cannot answer for that part of Spain just now, but even when I was there in 1827, it was not safe to wander about, except in companies of two or three together, not so much on ac- count of the professional robbers, as of what the Spaniards call raterillos, or at- tacks from the peasants, armed with their knives ; but as they are cowardly, and had at that time no fire-arms, they are little " be dreaded by armed men, determined w defend themselves. I botanized thus throughout the Sierra Nevada, the Alpux- 342 erras, and the greater part of the moun- tains of Andalusia, and was never attacked. The tranquillity of Portugal, where the Botanist had no need of pistols in his gir- dle, or gun at his shoulder, was, after this, a paradise.” We are happy to find that Mr. George W. Francis, of London, has put it in the power of the student of Botany to study the British Ferns by a remarkably cheap publication, which contains figures (on a reduced scale indeed) and descriptions of all our genera species. The figures are all engraved by Mr. Francis himself, and the descriptions appear to be drawn up with considerable care, and the stations to be very full and satisfactory. The size is a thin 8vo., and the price only 4s. Russia, and indeed all Europe, has lately had to deplore the sudden death of a very admirable Botanist, in the person of John Prescott, Esq. of St. Petersburg, one of the first merchants in that place. His lei- sure hours were devoted to the study of plants and the enriching his Herbarium, which latter is perhaps exceeded but b few in Europe, especially that portion of it relating to the Russian Empire. Some idea of its extent may be formed by the following circular, which has been issued by his friends with the view of offering it for sale, and the price of £1,000, if we are nightly informed, has been set upon it. HERBARIUM OF THE LATE JOHN D. PRESCOTT, ESQ, OF ST. PETERS- BURGH, 1837. This Herbarium may be safely warrant- ed to contain twenty-five thousand species ; it is arranged according to the natural me- thod ; each species is laid into one or more sheets of fine, stout, white, unsized paper, made expressly for the Herbariua of the Academy, the Botanical Garden, and of J. D. Prescott; and the genera are sepa- rated by pasteboard. All the specimens are carefully ticketed, so that no doubt can exist concerning their origin: of by far the greater part of the species, there are seve- BOTANICAL INFORMATION. within the last two years, are arranged in besides, a great many duplicates, chiefly of Siberian and Caucasian plants, in sepa- rate packets—certainly several thousand specimens. The Herbarium was founded originally — on the collection of M. Hermann,—who — was many years attached to Count Razou- moffsky's Botanical Garden at Gorenki, and 4 who travelled for the Garden, in company with 'Tauscher,— containing about four - thousand species, chiefly Russian plants, - collected by him, and communicated to him by Adams, Henning, Marshall Bieber- - stein, Steven, &c. ; also many of the rarer — species cultivated at Gorenki—but no ex- otic wild plants. The additions to this were rapid :—by purchase were acquired, — European Plants :—Schleicher, Hoppe, Lang, &c. &c. : Sieber's collections, the whole five - thousand species (with the exception oi- the Flora Palestina). Cape Plants :—Kneps, Ecklon. Cuming's Chilian Plants. Caucasian :—from Wilhelms, Hohena- cher, &c.—Sarepta, Wanderlich. Dr. Blume's Herbarium, of three thou- sand species ; containing a complete Flora | Astracanica, and many from the Caucasus - and North Persia, collected by Haussan. ; e thousand d, as will be rium was materially increase atement. best shown by a geographical st | Russia :—this is the richest part of MY Herbarium ; it contains nearly all the spe* cies hitherto discovered in the Busey. dominions. : Flora Petropolitana (in mare e folios), collected by J. D. P.—comp/e Ukrania :—Flora of Elizabethgrad, from Boshniak—Catherinoslaff, Haufit. P Flora of Odessa, from Compére, ; many other collections. 1 — Tauria :—Flora almost complete, from the contributions of Compére, and speci- mens from the Herbaria of M. Bieberstein, Steven, &c. Caucasus :—very complete Flora from Wilhelms, Hohenacher, Hoffs, and many friend friends, North Persia :—many plants from Mey- er, ex Cauc. Casp.—Haussan, Hohena- cher, Gmelin, jun.—Herl, &c. Turcomania :—many plants from Kardin and some other sources. Altai:—the plants communicated by Yebler, Ledebour, Meyer, Bunge, and Fis- cher, make the Flora nearly complete. Siberia—from other parts ; most exten- sive collections from Tourtschaninoff, Vlad- zmirtsky, &c. The former communicated specimens of all the plants he found in his extensive travels. Kamchatka :— many plants from Dr. Mertens ; Kastatsky, Dr. Fischer, besides those from the above Herbaria, and that of Steven, M. Bieb., &c. North China, Mongolia :—the plants collected in the late mission to Pekin, by Bunge, Tourtchaninoff. North-West America and Aleutian Is- lands —very extensive collections from fhe Russian travellers, Dr. Mertens, Kas- tatsky, &c. The Flora Sitkensis from Dr. Mertens—communications from Douglas, Scouler, &c. Europe “—pretty complete collections; but as these are the least interesting, I shall not enumerate the different sources ftom which they are derived. | The Orient :—a very considerable col- lection from Aucher Eloy, gathered in Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Arabia ; many unpublished ien Arctic travellers, from Hooker, : ley, Greville, &c. Douglas' collec- ^; complete from himself. i “eta ‘—from Goldie and the above. Tg ern States, a very complete collec- “+ two thousand specimens from Nutt- - all; colle BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 343 go, by Jager; Trinidad, Sieber, Hooker ; Cuba, Pæœppig; Martinique, Sieber. Caraccas :—a small but interesting set ; two hundred species from Sir R. Porter. Chili, Peru :—Poeppig's Plants; Cum- ing's, as published in Hooker's Bot. Misc. Plants from Dr. Mertens, Kastatsky, &c. California :—a few plants from Kuchel- becker. Brazil :—the Herbarium contains about five thousand species, principally collected by Riedel, in Langsdorff’s Expedition—by far the greater part undescribed. There are also fifteen hundred from Rio, collected by Lushnath, and many from other sources, as Mertens, Kastatsky, Hooker, Lindley, &c. Cape of Good Hope :—Kcklon’s collec- tions; two thousand species, and a good many from other sources—as Mertens, Kastatsky, Emerson, &c. Senegal :—Sieber’s Flora Senegalensis and a few from Forbes. Madagascar:—a very small number, communicated by Lindley. Mauritius :—Sieber's Fl. Maur., and some from Hooker. East Indies : —full three thousand spe- cies, communicated by Wallich (Wall. Cat.), a few from Wight and Arnott, and some from other sources. Plants from Manilla, Bonin, and Guakam, from Mer- tens and Kastatsky. : Islands of the South, Seas :—Otaheite, Owaihee, Radak, from Mertens, Kastatsky, and others. St. Petersburg, Feb. 1837. Alphabetical List of the places whence the specimens in the above Herbarium have been obtained. Aleutian Islands. Altai. America, North and North - West. Benin, Moe e of Good Hope. tarac- Canada. Cap lopte. ee We are not aware that Mr. Cuming, who is collecting in various branches of Natu- ral History in the Philippine and adjacent islands, has written to any of his botanical friends since his departure. But a mer- cantile friend of our's in Glasgow, has re- ceived a letter from a correspondent at Manilla, who met with Mr. Cuming, and traversed with him a considerable portion of the mountainous district of Lucon, a region probably never before trodden by an European, certainly not by an European Naturalist. The result of that excursion alone is stated to be a very considerable collection of plants, especially of Ferns. We have the pleasure to announce the first arrival of dried Brazilian plants from Mr. George Gardner, whose visit to South America has already been announced ; and the several packages addressed to the dif- ferent subscribers, will be forwarded to them immediately. From what we have yet seen of the specimens, they are ex- ceedingly well preserved, all of them num- bered with corresponding figures, and many of them (as far as Mr. Gardner had the opportunity of doing so) are named. A list of them will be hereafter published in this Journal. In the mean while, we are anxious to present our readers with such extracts from a very long letter which accompanied these plants to Europe, as ar most on the Botany or Natural His- tory generally of the neighbourhood of Rio, or upon Mr. Gardner’s prospects as a botanical collector. ** Rio Camprido, near Rio de Janeiro, ** Dec. 18, 1836. “ My DEAR Sra, —I have to return you my most sincere thanks for the books you were so kind as to send me, all of which, but especially Dr. Lindley's Natural Or- ers, will prove highly valuable. From the first place, I found, in my excursions, BOTANICAL INFORMATION. so many things that I thought would pro acceptable to my subscribers, that it ap- peared to me advisable to continue collect ing. During this period, I have also been accustoming myself to exposure to the cli- mate, and have picked up a little of the language; besides making acquaintance — with several individuals who possess con- - siderable influence in the mining districts, and who will be of the utmost service to me when I shall visit that part ofthe — country. xs it “In this, my first shipment, I send, - including Cryptogamia, about four hun- is dred and eighteen species, and above six — thousand specimens. I shall wait with | much anxiety to learn your opinion about these; but may venture to remark, that I- am quite aware a few of the subscribers would have preferred receiving plants from — a more inland quarter; so that if any in- dividuals should express the least unwil- lingness to take these, they may be laid - aside along with those parcels which are not bespoken, until some future purchasers : should present themselves. As regards - the condition which these collections are - in, I need not say to you, how much the. difficulty of preserving plants is increased. É by the moisture of this climate, which m F the dryest months is very much greater - than in England, while during the heavy rains, which never last less than three or four days successively, it is utterly 1mpos- sible to prevent the larger specimens from becoming covered with a yellowish mould. | I have done all that lay in my power or render the collection a good one, and flat- ter myself that at least it is in as perfect a state as what is generally sent from Brazil. It was needful to send it by London, few vessels ever leaving this place for any other port in England -— of sisting of specimens of the p neighbourhood, the other a collection KL Brazilian Shells ; these can be sent to my E father’s house. The Ferns and other E Cryptogamia that you will find in your mens of this tribe, which I may in future send you, I have to request that you will _ kindness you have so freely bestowed up- on me. Is there any thing new or rare the Mosses? Some of them are highly beautiful; but of these, I expect - to make a much finer collection in the Or- gan Mountains. .. “About three weeks ago, I spent two | days at Tejuca, in company with young - Mr. Miers, the son of the well-known Chi- i lian traveller; he is enthusiastic in the pursuit of Natural History, and has been . My companion in many of my excursions. i On the mountain near this place, which E lies about fourteen miles to the West of .. Rio, we found some very fine Orchidee, the beautiful Cattleya labiata being the most abundant. Such of this tribe of . plants as seemed to be capable of bearing X conveyance, I have sent home; one case T being for His Grace the Duke of Bedford, : 1o whom I also forward a few Cacti—an- — Other for Mr. Murray at the Botanic Gar- den, and the third for Mr. Skirving of Li- Yerpool. Another box lies in the Messrs. . ,TISODs' warehouse, ready to be shipped vi first vessel for Hamburgh to the | Cree Booth of that city. To several I ers of my subscribers for living plants, : erm Send collections from the Organ ""UMains. The length of time I may : — there depends upon the success I : " ides with. From all I can hear, this f Hras Season to visit those mountains — sa mg plants, so that I anticipate a mi acs and mean to send home not , idee in a living state, but Ges- » and every thing else that may ap- worthy of conveyance. The only as of residence to be obtained near the Enelisi Ountains, is in the house of an Nu merchant, named March, who pos- k de large tract of the country, where wn. Ult several houses, which are ge- Y hired by those families who retire e E J BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 345 thither to avoid the excessive heat of the summer months. I am to be a boarder in this gentleman’s own residence, at the rate of £15 per month, an extremely high price, but as there is no other accommodation to be obtained, I have no option. Mr. Bur- chell, the African traveller, occupied the same quarters during his stay on the Organ Mountains, and he was my predecessor in the family with whom I now reside near Rio, as was also your protégé, the lament- ed Douglas. Shortly after my arrival here, I was introduced to Mr. Riedel, a botani- cal collector in the employ of the Russian government, who has spent fourteen years in this country, and travelled througħ the greater part of it, having been attached to Langsdorff's expedition. You will find some account of his travels in Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, Nos. 21 and 23. Tweedie was at Rio when I arrived, but we did not meet: he called once on Mr. Miers, but whither he is now gone I know not. * As yet, I have been unable to find either Eriocaulons or Cephaelis Ipecacu- anha, but expect to procure both in the mining districts. The latter chiefly inha- hits the virgin woods, and I shall not fail to gather abundance of specimens, with the view to introduce this interesting plant to England, where it does not at present exist. Nor could I obtain any of the nu- merous Palms about Rio, though I was continually looking out for them, the only one which I met with in a flowering state, having too lofty and smooth a stem for me to reach it. Perhaps I shall be more suc- cessful in the Organ Mountains. : “ You will observe by the parcels which I send, that, including my own and the one consisting of Ferns and Orchidee for Mr. Parker, I have prepared twenty-six This number will, I think, be suffi- cient, as I shall be quite satisfied if I can procure subscribers for them all. More- over, I should find it necessary to reduce the amount of species, if I had to dry more specimens of each kind, and as it is, 1 am often obliged regretfully to pass by many interesting things. sets. 346 “The intelligence you communicated respecting the good sale of my Muse: Bri- tannici is highly gratifying to me, and I am well aware that my success is owing to your favourable notice of this little work. Pray get my name put down as a subscriber to Mr. Bentham's work on the Scrophula- riaceeé ; and excuse my troubling you with a request to have my numbers of it sent as early as convenient. I am glad to hear that De Candolle has completed his fifth volume, as such a work on the Composite will be peculiarly useful to me in this country, where the woody species of this NaturalOrder are very numerous. Any other cheap and portable botanical books I will also thank you to procure for me. A good work on the Ferns is a great deside- ratum, and if it could be brought out in an 8vo. volume, would surely answer. The descriptions of this tribe in Sprengel are so meagre, that I often am at a loss to make out the species, and many Brazilian Ferns do not seem to be noticed there at all. ** You will perceive that the amount of each parcel is not marked outside. My reason for this is, because Government charges an ad valorem duty of 7 per cent. on all exported produce of this country ; and as I was at a loss to fix a price on the first case of living plants which I sent home, I left the officers to do so, and as the value they set on it was very low, I mean to make them estimate these also. * I have paid all possible attention to my specimens, both as regards pressure and frequent change of papers, and yet they are far from being what I could wish. * As the Organ Mountains lie at the head of the Bay of Rio Janeiro, about half the distance thither is accomplished by water, and the latter half must be perform- ed on the back of mules, three of which animals I have already ordered to be at the landing-place prior to my arrival; two for conveying my luggage, and one for myself. Two English merchants, who are going to spend the Christmas holidays with their families, will accompany me. “ Having said thus much on my future BOTANICAL INFORMATION. plans, I proceed to give you some a getation. But as an eternal summer reigns in this happy climate, and as almost every — plant has its own season for the production — of its flowers, every month is characterized by a different Flora. Consequently, a re- — sidence but of a few months cannot be ex- _ pected to afford more than a very partial | knowledge of its vegetable riches. 7 “ During the first few weeks, my ram- — bles were confined to the shores, the val- — leys, and the low- wooded hills in the vici- — nity of the city. In exploring the shores, — I found the vegetation to vary, as might | be expected, according to the nature of - the soil, which towards the East end of the Bay, where it is muddy, produces thick - plantations of Rhizophora Mangle and l Avicennia tomentosa, growing quite into the sea. There also, but on the more ele- vated parts, Anacardium occidentale »- found. South of the city the shore bie ; ormed of loose white sand, covered with j large patches of Convolvulus Pes capre, — whose long-rooting shoots bind together the soil much in the same way as those e Elymus arenarius, and other creeping į glaucous-leaved Acicarpha spathulata throws out its spreading branches, wal amid these, growing almost into the sot there is great abundance of Sophora lito- four or five feet, and the flowering season, of yellow blossoms. the Sophora, is the Pitanga (Myrtus p^ — dunculata, Linn. ex Spis et Mart. Itin. v. : l. p. 16), which has a fine ape when loaded with its crimson fruit, abou * the size of cherries. When the fruit P mature, it becomes nearly black, and then the delicious flavour of a strawberry but in its unripe state, the taste 1$ disagree ably acid, and much like turpentine. made into preserves by the d. ; crura and A. rumicifolia. These sandy _ shores also abound with a large species of Opuntia, Triumfetta semitriloba, and se- .. veral small frutescent species of the genus . Sida, Where the ground becomes rocky, the vegetable forms again differ. The pe- .. culiarities of such places may be well re- . marked upon a small promontory that juts out into the Bay, about two miles South of Rio. It rises to about one hundred and filty feet above the sea, and is partly cul- tivated and partly clothed with its natural vegetation, which exhibits itself in the shape of large shrubs and herbaceous plants, reaching to the very edge of the sea, On the rocky parts, which are appa- tently quite destitute of soil, several an- gular Cacti spread out their grotesque limbs, and on its nearly perpendicular face, great quantities of a Brassavola and a small species of Tillandsia have taken up their abode. Where a little vegetable mould has accumulated, a Gesnera, an Epidendrum, the lovely Vellosia candida and its smaller, though equally beautiful, _ congener, Barbacenia purpurea, vegetate : ànd bloom in the utmost luxuriance ; and ~ Where the soil is deeper, there a natural shrubbery exists, consisting of several kinds of Melastomacee, Myrtacee, Lan- lanas, Crotons, Bignonias, a shrubby Oz- alis, Clusia alba, and some woody Com- posite. Rising above these again, are a p trees, ofa spiny species of Bom- DM ^ a few of Cleome arborea. e principal plants seen by road- sides and in waste places, are several fru- ag Malvacee, Asclepias Curassavica, nos of Stachytarpheta, Phlomis of- B ans, Loasa parviflora, Gomphrena "asiliensis, a Leonurus ?, Buddlea Bra- Cu : ts, Hydrocotyle Asiatica, a Verbena, p E Bignonias and Cleomes, n ulcis, Senebiera pinnatifida, Ww. 8. Do, Stellaria ida, Sonchus » Some Grasses and Ferns ; while, ver there is moisture, various Jus- ? Where blo = Seen unfolding their yellow UI The hedges by the road-sides, which mostly formed of Mimosas, Opuntias, BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 347 Pereskias, and not unfrequently of Limes, are festooned with innumerable climbers, the many-tinted blossoms of which, while they gratify the sight, equally regale the sense of smelling by the delicious odours they exhale. They chiefly consist of va- rious species of Convolvulus and Ipomea, a Rubus, Dalechampia, Mikania, Verno- nia, Eupatorium, Aristolochia, Paullinia, Bignonia, Passiflora, and Cucurbitacee. It must, however, be observed, that these do not all flower at once, but present a continual succession of bloom. “ The low hills near the city are mostly cleared, and wherever it is practicable, brought under cultivation; but the sides and summits of the loftier ones are still covered with virgin forests, the larger trees of which are fast falling, for the purpose of fire-wood, under the axe of the wood- man. The deep valleys intersecting the mountain-ranges, are the chief seats of agricultural industry, and some of them, particularly in the immediate neighbour- hood of Rio, are thickly studded with ha- bitations, surrounded by plantations of Coffee, Oranges, Bananas, and Mandi- occa. No large rivers empty themselves into the Bay, nor into the sea near the city; a few rivulets, which take their rise in the neighbouring mountains, are all that exist. From one of these, the city is sup- plied with water, conveyed for nearly ten miles in an arched aqueduct that winds along the side of the high land on which the mountain, called the Corcovado, is based. As there is a path by the side of the aqueduct for its whole length, it con- stitutes an excellent field for the Botanist as well as Entomologist, and was a favour- ite resort of my predecessors, Spix and Von Martius, to whom it yielded a rich harvest of both plants and insects. « On the 24th of October, a party con- sisting of Mrs. Miers, her sister, Miss Place, and young Mr. Miers and myself, set mat on an excursion along the whole length of the aqueduct. From my journal I proceed to extract the notes which I took ately on our return :—' After reaching the head of the Sarangeiras Valle about two 348 miles from the place whence we started, the ascent becomes rather steep, so that the ladies were obliged to proceed on foot. At this time it was about 9 A. M., and the rays of the sun, proceeding from a cloudless sky, were very powerful; but a short dis- tance brought us under the cool shade of the dense forest which skirts the sides of the Corcovado, and through which the road passes. During the early part of our walk, we observed several large trees of a thorny-stemmed Bombaz, growing by the side of a rivulet in the Sarangeiras Valley. Further on were some shrubby Violacee, with small white flowers, and we also pick- ed a few insects, principally Coleoptere, from the leaves of some small bushes by the road-side. A considerable way further up, on the banks of a small stream that descends from the mountain, we found two species of Dorstenia that I had not previously seen, one of them the D. cera- tosanthus of Loddiges, the other had a si- milar kind of branched receptacle, while its entire foliage resembles that of D. ari- Jolia. Near this spot we added to our collection fine specimens of the beautiful Tree- Fern. (Trichopteris excelsa), which grew in great abundance under the shade of lofty forest-trees; while herbaceous Ferns are numerous by the side of the stream. The forests here exhibited all the characteristics of tropical vegetation. The rich black soil which has been forming for centuries from the decay of leaves, &c. is covered with Ferns, and many species of Dorstenia, Heleconia, and Bignonia, to- gether with other herbaceous plants ; while above these again, wave the graceful Tree Ferns, and the noble Palms, their fronds trembling in the slightest breeze, bow as if to greet the stranger who passes beneath their shadow. But it is the large forest- trees themselves which produce the strong- est impression on the mind of a native of the Old World. Their thickness, and the great height to which they rear their un- branched stems first claim his attention. Then, in place of the few Mosses and Li- chens that cover the trunk and boughs of his own country’s woods, here they are BOTANICAL INFORMATION. bearded from their roots to the very tij of the smallest branches, with Ferns, A- - roidee, Tillandsie, Cacti, Orchidee, and many other epiphytous and parasiti plants. Besides these, the trunks of many — are encircled with the twining stems ol climbing Bignonias, and other plants of similar habit, the branches of which fre- | quently become thick, and compress the . tree so much, that it perishes in the too — close embrace. Those climbers, again, - which merely ascend the trunk, supporting — themselves by their numerous small roots — often -become detached after reaching the — boughs, and the whole mass then presents js the aspect of a ship's mast, supported by — its stays. These rope-like twiners and - creeping plants, passing from tree to igs i 1 1: p E 1 PNECOREC M n and ascending again to other bougbs; iu- - termingle themselves in a thousand ways, a and render a passage through some parts p of the woods both difficult and annoying. — * Having reached, by mid-day, the le- ; vel on which the water from the aqueduct : is brought from the Pinheiras, we contie — nued our walk along it for upwards of two | miles. Our progress, however, was i ; from the number of new objects contini- — ally claiming our attention. In damp | shady spots by the side of the aqueduct, — grew Nasturtium officinale, rocks Marchantia polymorpha, Fi unana : juniperinum, acquaintances, thoughts of home. Bignonia grow on the sheltered rocks ; one species, flowers, and leaves as large as ; Petasites vulgaris, vegetating 0n 9 damp | acclivity, together with a large Heliconit; proved a striking object. The stem?" some were ten feet high; B. argyrostigm. was the most common kind. I saw v7. truncatus for the first time in its wild state, on the face of a bare dry rock, but it Me not in blossom. While gathering Puy chum juniperinum, I bad a narrow i from a large and poisonous snake ; 1 d p it in my hand along with the tuft j i moss, which was presently dropped when Iperceived what accompanied it. As the creature did not attempt to make off on being released, I managed to secure and bring it home. Near the termination of the aqueduct, we collected specimens of a shell belonging to the genus Valvata, and some curious Insects. “About 7 P. M. we regained the spot where we had left the blacks, our horses, and the materials for dinner; and by the time we had partaken of this meal, dark- ness had already set in. As the road is by no means of easy descent, even by day, we should not have thought of staying so long, if we had not been certain of moon- light, and therefore delayed for half an hour longer till the time of its rising. During this period, we had a good oppor- . unity of listening to the sounds produced —. bythe various animals which are in a state of activity at this particular hour. Pre- eminent above all the rest, is that emitted by the Blacksmith Frog ; every sound which he produces ringing in the ears like the clang of a hammer upon the anvil; While the tones uttered by his congeners i strikingly resemble the lowing of cattle at "distance. Besides these, the hooting of an owl, the shrill song of the Cicada, and the chirping of grasshoppers, formed a continual concert of inharmonious tones. The moon having now risen, we conti- hued our journey ; but the lowering clouds, together with the shadows of the overhang- ing forest-trees, prevented our deriving m advantage from its light, and as soon ci ze gain a glimpse of the horizon, ing betokened an approaching black; t the North lay a mass of the a, -. clouds, whence streamed from setas d ni sheets of most brilliant ; A eii E his continued till we reached — 4 2 Vhich we did shortly after 10 P. M., reason to deem ourselves highly » for we were scarcely seated when al pest burst forth in all its fury, ac- um Ee With a deluge of rain." : during e longest excursion I have made ny Stay here, was to the Tejuca lountains, whither I was accompanied by BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 349 Mr. J. Miers, jun., and where we remained ten days. Instead of the direct road from Rio, we preferred taking the worse and more circuitous one along the shore. We started on the 19th of November, and on our way, found growing among shrubs by the sea-side, a species of Tropeolum (T. aduncum ? Sm.), and on dry bushy banks great plenty of the Gloxinia speciosa, in full beauty. This species I had previously seen, growing by thousands on the face of a dry hill near the head of the valley of Rio Camprido. Close to the shore, and about fifteen miles from the city, rises the Gavea, a flat-topped mountain, two thou- sand feet above the level of the sea, to which it presents a nearly perpendicular precipitous front. Expecting to find some Orchideous plants on this mountain, we paid it a visit, and in the way picked up some shells belonging to the genera Helix and Bulimus. Between the cleared ground, attached to a Fazienda at the mountain’s foot and the mountain itself, lies a belt of native wood, passing through which we found a few plants of Dichorisandra thyr- siflora and a few Ferns we had never pre- viously seen. On reaching the face of the mountain, we found its base covered with various species of Bromelia, Tillandsia, Begonia, and Cactus, with other plants which affect such situations. At an eleva- tion of several hundred feet above us, we observed several clusters of a beautiful Orchideous plant in full blossom ; from its inaccessible situation, we were unable to reach it, but found the same some days after on a neighbouring mountain, and as- certained it to be Cattleya labiata. Con- tinuing our journey, we passed some large plants of Cleome arborea, loaded with their large purple flowers, abundance of the Tropeolum before noticed, Dichori- sandra thyrsiflora, and another species of the same genus. Along the side of the path were several trees of Rolna longi- folia, while the underwood was "n with the crimson bracteas of a Helicoma. The road, after windin E terminates at a salt-water lake, I sengers who follow this route are obliged 350 to cross. Here we found a few specimens of a kind of Alstremeria, with a long twin- ing stem, and then embarked in a rotten leaky canoe, to pass over the lake. The path which led to the house where we meant to take up our residence, lay for about two miles through a flat meadow- land, partly in its original state and partly planted with Indian Corn and Bananas, &c. During our walk, we observed a mi- gratory body of small black ants. The im- mense numberof individuals that composed it may be imagined from the fact, that the column was about six feet broad, and ex- tended in length to upwards of thirty yards, the ground being so completely covered with these little creatures, that the point of a pin could scarcely be put down with- out touching one. By dusk we reached the house, which is situated in a coffee plantation, called the Cruz, belonging to a Brazilian marquis, but of which the soil is too much worn out to answer the cost of culture. For the last five years the place has been rented by a party of English merchants, who resort thither during holi- days, and by the kindness of one of these, J. Dickenson, Esq., we were allowed to remain in it as long as we might choose. Next morning, after arranging the plants gathered the preceding day, we took a walk in the vicinity of our new quarters, and in a wood behind the house, collected specimens of an arborescent Solanum, with small white flowers, and resembling one of the Melastomacee. The soil, which during the more prosperous days of the estate had been under cultivation, was over-run with Pteris aquilina, a rank coarse Fern, quite like our own P, aquili- na, of which it is perhaps only a variety. By the side of a small stream that descends from a hill close by, we gathered a few specimens of an Irideous plant, with small yellow flowers, and some also of Besleria lutea. On our return we found, in a small stream that traverses a little meadow, a species of Herpestes, with nearly round leaves and light blue flowers. Darkness now obliged us to return, but having re- visited the spot next morning, we gathered BOTANICAL INFORMATION. a small Sisyrinchium, and, on a dry Anagalhs cerulea was growing in plenty. This plant I have met with i three or four places, and feel no doubt of - its being a native of Brazil. We likewise _ collected specimens of a Plantago and Si- lene. On our return to the Cruz we pass- ed a small orchard of Apples, the only one I have seen in this country. The vicinity | of Rio is much too warm for this fruit, E while Tegnea, lying at a considerable ele- _ vation, possessesa much cooler atmosphere, ^ and produces, besides Apples, excellent — Figs, Grapes, and Peaches. : di * Early in the forenoon, we set off to — ascend the Pedra Bonita, a mountain situ- — ated immediately Lehind the Gavea, and 1 on our way thither visited the Coffee Plan- — tations of Mrs. Mokes and Mr. Lescene, ; which are considered the two best-managed 3 estates in the Province. From the garden E of the former proprietor the Oncidium Russellianum was first sent to the Duke of Bedford's gardens at Woburn Abbey; — and we looked about to see if any of it — remained, but could only find, among the E Epiphytous tribes, a few flowerless mei do-bulbs, growing on the stump of an old | tree. By the side of a stream which roe s through the valley where these plan " are situated, we noticed an arborescem — species of Urtica, with a stem eight inches in circumference, and more than fourteen | feet-high. On a dry bank grew Picha dra sericea and Hydrocotyle Asiatica, the latter one of the commonest productions a of the vicinity of Rio. Fora consi way, our ascending path was bordered with Orange-Trees, whose shadow was noe acceptable than their juicy fruit was grate" * ful. Thence, we came to a tract where ! the native forest having been felled, wa$ — replaced by a thick wood of young trees, consisting chiefly of arborescent Solanums Rollinia longifolia, &c., while great num- tree by their white bark, "under surface, when agitated by the wind, .. gives the whole tree the appearance of be- ing clothed with white flowers. “Near the summit of the Pedra Bonita _ there is a Fazienda or farm, the proprietor . of which is now clearing away the virgin forest, which reaches to the very summit of the mountain, and converting the wood of the larger trees into charcoal. We considered ourselves fortunate in having made our visit just at this time, when se- veral massy trunks had been felled from Which we obtained a rich harvest of Orchi- deous plants with little trouble. Several of the larger denizens of the forest I found to belong to the Natural Orders Melasto- . macee and Myrtacee, but what the others were I could not determine. .. "The ascent to the Pedra is made on the North side, which is the only part still covered with wood. Immediately on emerg- ing from the forest, and attaining the sum- mit, most magnificent view of the sur- rounding country presents itself. As it was nearly sunset before we attained the : top, there was little time for botanizing. On the edge of a precipice on the eastern side, we found a large patch of Cattleya labiata, which, with some difficulty, and no small risk, I managed to reach, and ob- E on flowering specimens and living of this beautiful Epiphyte. A great . Partof the mountain-top is covered with Vellosia candida, on the branches of which we Saw two parasitical Orchidee, and, stewing with the Vellosia, two species of a genus belonging to Apocynee, both of them er purple, but equally exhaling an Similar to that of the common Prim- og Tha marshy spot we collected spe- : cimens of a Utricularia with purple blos- i Dee and long spathulate leaves. pr ow For the next two days it rained so ex- On » that we were reluctantly con- z to remain within doors. As we ad Tesolved to visit the Pedra again, we Th. . 47» In the midst of the heavy rain. us sod In the neighbourhood of Tejuca BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 351 is a red clay, peculiarly tenacious of moist- ure, a fact of which we were ‘made abund- antly aware during our walk. Many Mosses and Lichens presented themselves on the rocks by the road-side ; and about half way up we observed a small tree of Mayna Brasiliensis, sparingly in flower, the inflo- rescence, however, all staminiferous. Near the Fazienda at the top of the Pedra grew a small plant of the Natural Order Caly- cereæ. (1) Having reached the summit, we paid another visit to the recently-felled trees, and added considerably to our stock of parasites. On the small branches of a Melastomaceous tree, grew a few plants of a Masdevallia, two of which only were in flower: it is not described in Lindley’s rchidee. We found on several large trees the purple-flowered Apocynous plant which we had remarked on our previous visit, growing along with Vellosia candida, and also a few tubers of a Gesnera, per- haps G. Douglasii (vid. No, 251 of col- lection). Again, I made many endeavours, when at the very summit, to reach the Cattleya labiata, but the wetness of the rocks, the strong breeze that was blowing, and the hazy state of the atmosphere, by which the whole summit of the Pedra was - wrapped in clouds, baffled all my endea- vours, till, with a very long stick, to the end of which a hook was attached, I con- trived to possess myself of the whole mass. And now having collected as much as we were able to carry, we began our down- ward progress, drenched to the skin, and having, on our return to the house, changed our wet clothes, we fortunately experienced no ill effects from our excursion. The heavy rain which continued to fall the next morning, was very unfavourable to our wishes, as alike preventing us from leaving the dwelling and from properly drying the paper in which we wanted to s f our plants. Sunshine, however, ushering in the next morning, we gladly availed our- selves of it, to spread our papers on the terrace at the end of the house, mandra rays of a mid-day sun p powerful > pie CF abid ted "hee which the wet wea- us to effect à process, 852 ther of several preceding days had delayed. The time which we had allowed ourselves to spend at Tejuca having now expired, we returned to the city along the public road, remarking in its vicinity several large trees of Guarea grandifolia, D C., a few of Araucaria imbricata (Colymbium an- gustifolia, Raddi), and Cassia Brasiliana. * Although I had frequently botanized at the base and sides of the Corcovado, it was not till three weeks ago that I reached its summit, the ascent of which is from the N. W. side, leading through a wood that reaches nearly to the top. The eastern side of this mountain is a nearly perpen- dicular precipice. Some of the trees, during the early part of the ascent, are very large and attain a great height. The underwood consists of Palms, Melasto- macee, Myrtacee, Tree-Ferns, Crotons, Rubvacee, &c. The herbaceous portion of the vegetation is made up of Ferns, Dorstenias, Heliconias, and, in the more open places, of a few large Grasses. To- wards the summit, the trees become fewer and of a more stunted growth; and shrubs, especially those of the genus Croton, are abundant, intermingled with a profusion of Bamboos and large herbaceous Grasses, Two shrubs principally occupy the top; these are a Melastomaceous one and the Francisia Hopeana ; the latter, which I had never previously seen in a wild state, surprised me, as I should little have ex- pected to meet with it in such abundance at the summit of a mountain nearly two thousand feet above the level of the sea. It was sparingly in flower. In the clefts of the rocks were a few small Orchideous plants, and Gesnera bulbosa, of Ker, in great profusion. The bare top of the mountain, consisting of granite of very course formation, is, in many places, co- vered with small lichens; while in the shaded spots I noticed a few patches of Polytrichum juniperinum. On the edges of the rock overhanging the eastern pre- cipitous side, grew the white-blossomed Apocynous plant that had struck me on ie Pedra Bonita, which is a mountain of about equal height with the Corcovado. BOTANICAL INFORMATION. * As to what regards the large | trees in this neighbourhood, I am s say, that I have learned but little. Ind this is one of the most difficult departi of Brazilian Botany. To ascertain all ought to be known on this subject, a p son would need to reside for years, in of months, in the neighbourhood; be possessed, too, of * all appliances trunks. e subject has been derived from the exami- | nation of such shed-flowers as lay beneath ; and in this way I have ascertained that some belong to the Melastomacee, others to the genera Bombaz, Cassia, Lecytius, Bignonia, and Swartzia. I have met with two species of Picus; one on the Corcovado, and the other in the Valley of : Rio Comprido, but both of them were | small trees. As yet I have seen no Lau- us. You may rest asssured that, during my future travels, I shall always strive to : ascertain what the large forest-trees of this _ country actually are. | * GEORGE as | GARDNER - d The result of Mr. Gardner's jou | the Organ Mountains may be very e A ) expected; and it is then proposed, Buenos Ayres will, probably, be x quarters for some time, whence, by means of the Rio Plata, the Uraguay, &c, em | is a ready communication with i countries to the west and north-west 9 whence a journey to the eastern declivity of the Cordilleras of Chili will, perlaP® be as productive as any portion © So America. It is there that many and other rarities were found by Dr. Gil lies, which are known to very few nists, save to the immediate friends Bota- of that lamented Naturalist. * — OTES UPON AND SPECIES HIDACEJE SOME GENERA OF AMERICAN By Jonn LiNpLEY, Ph. D. F.R.S. Part I. STELIS. Gen, et Sp. Orch. p. 11. . So many additions have been made to _ this genus, that a fresh enumeration of the . Species has become indispensible. I know |f no character well suited to break the ‘Species into groups; they are therefore igh eg . Simply divided into those with secund, and _ those with equally distributed flowers. § 1. — L S. ophioglossoides. Swz. - 2. S. disticha. Péppig. t. 81. 8: S. connata. Presi. — 4 S. spathulata. Péppig. t. 80. ms 5. S. lamellata ; folio obovato-lineari basi angustato petiolato mucronato caule "lore racemis multifloris dupló bre- te, floribus secundis, Flores secundi. fis bs M DET i i $2. Flores quaquaversi. VT. brey s S. ascendens ; folio oblongo carnoso H petiolato caule longiore, rhizomate a membranaceo-vaginato, racemo quaqua- Vergo laxo folio dupló longiore, floribus IS Semitrifidis, petalis membranaceis latis, labello conformi acuto.—On * "m the valley of Lloa, at the elevation fight thousan, & S. ciliar Be d feet. Hall 1$; folio coriaceo oblon- oblongo rotundatis rs deep purple. Mexico. 14 as da Bindi i >. grandiflora ; folio oblongo binat- You 2 *quali, racemo disticho mul- mesoni, TES ON SOME GENERA AND SPECIES laciniis lateralibus obsol OF AMERICAN ORCHIDACER, 353 tifloro folii longitudine, sepalis æqualibus obtusis, petalis nanis ovatis, labello ovato 12. S. cespitosa ; acaulis, folio ovali Obtuso, racemis quaquaversis folio dupló longioribus, sepalis obtusis, petalis nanis conformibus, labello ovato petalis simillimo. S. concinna. Lindi, 14. S.aprica ; multicaulis, foliis linea- ri-spathulatis obtusis racemis capillaribus solitariis qualibus, floribus minutissimis, petalis transversis rotundatis, labello mi- nore carnoso trilobo : lobis lateralibus mi- noribus obtusis.—Brazil. Martius, Hindes. 15. S. intermedia. Péppig. t. 79. 16. S. micrantha. Swz. 17. S. elatior; folio oblongo obtuso coriaceo caule racemoque quaquaverso nu- tante dupló breviore, sepalis patentissimis ovatis zequalibus, petalis minimis trunca- tis, labello carnoso oblongo obtuso petalis parüm majore.—Peru. Mathews, 1914. 18. S. truncata ; folio oblongo-lan- ceolato acuto coriaceo basi angustato racemo erecto multo longiore, caule ramo- so vaginato, bracteis acuminatis tortis flo- - ribus longioribus, calyce bipartito lobo al- tero latiore emarginato, petalis rotundatis, abello truncato.—Peru, Province of Cha- capoyas, Mathews 19. S.capillaris ; folio lineari obtuso membranaceo caule multo longiore raró emarginato, racemis capillaribus folio paulo longioribus, floribus minutissimis, petalis nanis truncatis, labello subrhomboideo acuto.—Peru. Mathews, No. 1909.—Very near S. intermedia. Péppig, from which its shorter racemes and very different lip distinguish it. um 0. S. Catharinensis ; folio conaceo lineari-spathulato mucronato in petiolum angustato caule longiore, racemo nutante folio longiore, floribus minutissimis, petalis truncatis membranaceis, labello tridentato etis. intermedia Tweedie; near acuta.—St. Catharine’s. Rio Janeiro. Martius. 1 B. Tweediana ; labello ovato rotundato n rimo, sepalis cordatis, floribus tripld minoribus.—St. Catharine’s. Tweedie.—An sp. distincta ? vA - 854 NOTES ON SOME GENERA AND SPECIES OF AMERICAN ORCHIDACER. scription in Póppig, but not with the nition which is at variance with the de- — scription in what concerns the labellum. P. Péppigti (Myoxanthus monophyllus, Püóppig, t. 88); folio lanceolato emargina- to, sepalis setaceo-acuminatis lateralibus basi connatis, petalis conformibus, labello lineari-lanceolato obtuso pedi producto columne adnato, ovario pubescente.—My A e ^ -OcroMERIA. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 10. O. pusilla ; folio lineari-oblongo, flori- bus 3—4, labello ovato-obtuso basi bila- mellato, sepalis petalisque lineari-lanceola- tis. — St. harine's, Brazil, Twweedie.— Caulis et folium simul sumpta vix palmaria. O. crassifolia ; folio lineari-oblongo crassissimo plano, floribus 6—9, labello ovato convexo serrulato acuto basi obscure bilamellato, sepalis petalisque lineari-lan- ceolatis.—Rio Janeiro, Loddiges.—Leaves three to four inches long. Flowers pale yellow. Lip with a very small double purple spot. O. Loddigesti ; folio lineari-lanceolato subemarginato canaliculato, floribus 4—6, labello membranaceo oblongo denticulato convexo apice truncato apiculato basi con- tracto rotundato lamellis carnosis conspi- cuis.—O. graminifolia. Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1891, not Hooker.—Lip with a single pur- ple spot in the middle. PrEvRoTHALLIS. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 4. $ 1. Acaules. Flores aggregati, v. olitari - P. tentaculata (Restrepia tentaculata. jppig, t. 59.)—I do not perceive in what respect this plant differs from Pleurothal- lis, with which it corresponds in habit, in the adhesion of its lateral sepals, and in having only two pollen-masses ; the latter is the only point in which Restrepia ap- pears to me really to differ from Pleuro- thallis. To be stationed next. P. grandi- ra. P. multicaulis, Póppig, t. 82, is certainly P. succosa, G. et Sp. Orch. p. 5. P. scabrilinguis ; folio cordato-lanceo- lato apice tridentato caule dupló longiore, floribus subsolitariis, sepalis dvatis con- vexis subequalibus lateralibus omninó connatis, petalis brevioribus lineari-subu- latis serrulatis, labello unguiculato oblongo sagittato piloso vená intermedi$ apice va- ricosáà.—Peru, Mathews, No. 1904. Next P. cordata. iat P. undulata, Pöppig, p. 48 — Cuchero, Mathews, No. 1906. Mathews's specimens from Cuchero agree very well with the de- between my sections of Pleurothallee and cal, although not the natural distinction 4 sepalis setaceo-acuminatis liberis, conformibus, labello ovato-oblongo obtu pedi. producto columnæ adnato, ovario bescente,—Peru, Mathews, No. 1 Very near the last, from which it appears, from the plate in Póppig's work, to | iffer in having smaller flowers, with the lat : sepals quite distinct to the very base, with the labellum of another figure. P. octomerioides ; folio oblongo lato subemarginato caule (pedali breviore, floribus fasciculatis, sepalis ris carnosis obtusis, petalis eequilongis li- 1 neari-lanceolatis carnosis obtusis, d minimo ovato canaliculato integerrimo gus. bro.—Mexico, Henchman.—A t seme very much like an Octomeria. I am ac quainted with it through specimens S me by J. Willmore, Esq., of Oldford. $ 2. Acaules cespitose. ticulato. — Brazil. fusco-purpurei intus lutei mac P. Grobyi. ulati. flexuosa—Specklinia flexuosa, Pép- P. uniflora ; folio lineari-lanceolato sub- i, pedunculo unifloro folii longitu- , sepalis oblongo-lanceolatis acutis — subequalibus inferiore emarginato, labello lineari-lanceolato obtuso basi concavo.— Brazil, Descourtilz. Next P. hymenantha. —P. glanduligera ; folio ovali carnoso tridentato racemis brevibus 2 — 3-floris yioribus, petalis lanceolatis serratis, labello ovato unguiculato obtuso apice piloso basi utri i auriculis minimis ulosis.— Rio Janeiro, Loddiges. —Flowers pale yellowish green, faintly - glumacea ; folio lanceolato petiolo oo te, spici nutante multiflora. foliis 3ylà longiore, sepalis linearibus acumina- ‘Subequalibus inferiore bicarinato, pe- talis oblongis, labello ovato concavo obtu- —Brazil, Descourtilz—Flores flaves- £g B 2 Fa) B Qu 4 E" pa O ER" 4 e ün ~ E <5 © O e- be ^ su dlongifolia ; folio oblongo obtuso "e. iqq erecto laxo dupló bre- i: "M palis acuminatis lateralibus con- "» petalis truncatis triveniis, labello = glabro apice carnoso contractiore. ca, Loddiges.—Resembles P. ra- ..» near which it may be placed. Sted. Fruit narrow, obovate, six- very smooth. Bracts cucullate, ciliata (Knowles and Westcott, Flo- NOTES ON SOME GENERA AND SPECIES OF AMERICAN ORCHIDACEJE. 355 ral Cabinet, t. 19), folio oblongo-lanceo- ato emarginato coriaceo caule longiore, racemo nutante multifloro folio breviore, sepalis lineari-lanceolatis acutissimis cili- olatis lateralibus semiconnatis, petalis con- formibus multó minoribus longé ciliatis, labello linguiformi obtuso concavo subci- liato, —Demerara. í § 3. Acaules ; macropode. P. truncata ; folio ovato-lanceolato acu- minato racemis geminis æquali, caule plu- ries longiore, sepalis lateralibus in unum ovatum connatis superiore cucullato duplò minoribus, petalis lineari-oblongis, labello truncato involuto.— On trees in woods West side of Pichincha, Jameson. Flow- ers orange-colour.—Hooker, Te. Plant. t. 5 P. cauliflora; folio subrotundo-ovato petiolato racemis secundis fasciculatis dupló breviore, spathà oblonga obtusa vaginatá, sepalo inferiore oblongo emar- ginato superiore ovato obtuso multó mi- nore, petalis linearibus, labello subro- tundo membranaceo concavo retuso cum ungue producto column articulato.—On trunks of trees near Lloa, western decli- vity of Pichincha, Jameson.—Hooker, Ic. Plant. t. 50. P. pubescens ; folio lanceolato coriaceo canaliculato racemis brevibus nutantibus fasciculatis dupló longiore, calycis pubes- centis sepalo supremo lanceolato laterali- bus apice tantüm liberis equali, petalis lanceolatis serratis, labello oblongo mem- branaceo glabro acutiusculo lobis latera- libus brevibus rotundatis inflexis, clinan- drio serrulato.—Mexico. Mr. Darker: Flowers dull purple, and downy externally; striped with bright purple, and smooth in the inside. P. Mathewsii; folio oblongo acumi- nato basi rotundato racemis breviore caule longiore, sepalis petalisque eequilongis se- taceo-acuminatis, labello transverso obtu- sissimo medio carnoso cordato ine di- latato membranaceo. — Peru, Mathews, 1902 zZ o P. decurrens. Poppy, 188. Next P. Mathewsii. i 956 NOTES ON SOME GENERA AND SPECIES OF AMERICAN ORCHIDACES. P. floribunda. Jd. t. 84. Next the last. P. secunda, Jd. t. 85. Next P. pul- chella. P. diffusa. Jd. t. 86. Next the last. P. ephemera ; folio oblongo emarginato cauli zequali, pedunculo bifloro folii longi- tudine, sepalis ovato-lanceolatis acumina- tissimis inferiore apice bidentato, petalis obovatis acuminatis, labello linguiformi, ovario triptero.— Brazil, Descourtilz. P. auriculata ; folio oblongo-lanceolato caule longiore, racemis subgeminis nutan- tibus paucifloris folio tripló brevioribus, floribus subglobosis, sepalis ovatis conca- vis equalibus lateralibus bifidis, petalis ovatis sepalis subeequalibus, labello ovato concavo basi auriculis duabus subulatis clavatis, clinandrio integerrimo. — Brazil, Descourtilz. ! $ 39. Caulescentes. P. restrepioides ; foliis oblongis coria- ceis obtusis racemis nutantibus multifloris brevioribus, bracteis membranaceis cucul- latis apiculatis pedicellis capillaribus bre- vioribus, calycis membranacei colorati lo- bis cymbiformibus acuminatis sub:quali- ' bus inferiore emarginato, petalis lanceola- tis acuminatis sepalis brevioribus, labello angusto lobis lateralibus membranaceis abbreviatis intermedio lineari carnoso re- curvo.—Peru, in the Province of Chaca- poyas, Mathews.— Pollen-masses two. Flowers very large. This, P. secunda and P. grandiflora are exceedingly like Restre- pias in general appearance. SrECKLINIA. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 8. Sp. flexuosa, Póppig, t. 90. Mathews, No. 1911, is not a genuine species of this genus. It wants the gibbosity of the late- ral sepals at the base, and they are, more- over, united. It is rather a Pleurothallis allied to P. Grobyi. See that genus. am not sure that all the Pleurothallides with distinct sepals should not be referred to Specklinia; or perhaps Specklinia itself would be better considered a section of Pleurothallis; so few species have been seen alive, and their flowers are so minute Lon] that it is at present, perhaps, impossible - to form a correct opinion upon the subject. - LrPANTHES. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 10. L. biloba ; vaginis caulis laxis ciliatis, folis is inatis t ti apiculatis, racemis capillaribus flexuosis foliis equalibus, petalis apici columne ad- ovato ceola OVdatU-1dllvuctuildovu . natis pubescentibus, labello libero cuneato bilobo laciniis acuminatis divaricatis.— Trunks of trees, at an elevation of eight thousand feet, Valley of Lloa, Col. Hall. .mucronaía ; vaginis caulis glaberri- mis aristatis, foliis ovato-lanceolatis acumi- natissimis acuté bilobis mucronatis, pedun- moideo columnam amplexantibus interme- — dio nano obtuso ciliato.—Trunks of trees, valley of Lloa, at the height of eight thou- : sand feet, Hall.—A most curious species, - with a highly complicated structure in the | flower. Srenocrossum. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p- 62. The character of this genus was derived from the description and figure in Hum- boldt and Kunth’s Nova Genera et Species Plantarum. A new species in Mr. Mathews Herbarium shows that the genus does not belong to the division Dendrobiew in Ma- laxidee, but to Pleurothallez, in the 1m- mediate vicinity of Pleurothallis itself. The lateral sepals are not adherent to the basé of the column, except in a slight degree. St. subulatum (Hooker Ie. Plant. t. 51); : labello petalisque lineari-subulatis, ovato-lanceolatis tr Pichincha, Jameson, Pleurothallis, of which it its distinction must depend upon thé ber of pollen-masses being four, iveniis.—On trees - Pichulagua, on the western declivity 9' f two, and the R. tentaculata of Póppig be excluded. The following species together the appearance of R. anten- nifera, from which it differs merely in its lateral sepals being half separate, and in E un and surface of its lip. The cha- tacter of plicate leaves must be altered to coriaceous ; it was derived from the figure . in Humboldt and Kunth's work, and does exist in nature. _ R. guttulata ; sepalis lateralibus semi- atis supremo tenuissimo aristato mul- | toties majoribus, petalis aristatis sepalis . brevioribus, labello lineari emarginato sca- ro basi mutico.— Woods on the western side of Pichincha, on trunks of trees. Jameson, | MASDEVALLIA. Gen, et Sp. Orch. 192. E Tcannot but think that this genus really 7€ are two very distinct new species Mons. Descourtilz’s drawings. : M. tridentata ; enus, brownish externally, a brish 2 : y, a bright tee Yellow in the inside. —— PHRYSORHÜE. A NEW GENUS OF CHAM ELAUCIE E. By Joun LinDLey, Ph. D. F.R.S. letter to Mr. Robert Mangles, from ndent at Swan River, occurs the W e:— € have a magnificent plant, the ge- of which I do not know ; it belongs to Ina CHRYSORHOE; A NEW GENUS OF CHAMJELAUCIEJE. 357 the tenth class of Linneus: there are se- veral species of it, but the most magnifi- cent is one with golden-yellow flowers, which are borne in large corymbs, several. feet in diameter, the calyxes elegantly cut or fringed; the flowers.are very fragrant, and have all the property of everlasting flowers." Along with this communication were received some dried flowers, an examina- tion of which enables me to state, that this most remarkable plant forms a new and exceedingly interesting genus of Chame- lauciez, to which the name of Curysor- HOE may be applied, and of which I would propose the following essential character. The only species I have seen may be call- ed Chrysorhée nitens, and will be known by the brief description given below in lieu of a specific character. CHRYSORHOE. Bractee 2, concave, decidue, florem includentes. Sepala 5, in lacinias 7—9, subulatas, plumosas, palmatim partita. Petala 5, acuta, concava, serrata. Stamina omninó libera ; 10 fertilia, quorum 5 peta- lis opposita, et 10 breviora subulata, ex- tra discum carnosum epigynum concavum inserta; anthere subrotunde, estivatione inflexe, apiculate, bivalves, basi gibbis 2 sphericis pellucidis albis aucte: pol- ine olivaceo. Ovarium disco omninó tectum eoque et calycis tubo leviter adhze- rens, uniloculare, basi convexum, hinc ovula duo gerens ascendentia reflexa, fu- niculis propriis adherentia ; stylus sub- ulatus imberbis; stigma simplex. Fruc- tus Chrysorhöe nitens. Frustula tantùm vidi, quorum ramuli sunt atrovirides, rigidiusculi, tenues, tere- tes, glabri, hic illic tuberculati, apice et i ormia erecta, glabra, Pedicelli filiformes, foliis longiores. B | tee obovate, membranacee, sicc®, glabre, cucullate. Calycis tubus turbinatus, an- s, brevis. Sepala aurea, patentissi- latu s umosa, exsucca. Petala aurea, ex- ma, pl succa, ovata, serrata, staminibus breviora, decidua. Stamina fertilia petalis longiora, sterilia breviora, subulata, apice glandu- losa. Anthere uniloculares, apice tantum polliniferz, et illic bivalves; valvulis basi truncatis, in glandulas 2, diaphanas, albas, connectivi specie junctas prementibus. The genus must be placed next Verti- cordia, from which it differs, if Verticordia Fontanesi: is taken as the type of that ge- nus, in several important circumstances. Chrysorhóe has its stamens quite dis- tinct to their very base, the fertile are much longer than the sterile ones, and the anthers have the peculiar structure above described ; in Verticordia, on the contrary, the stamens are completely monadelphous, the fertile are shorter than the sterile ones, and the anthers open by two oblique late- ral clefts in the face of a fleshy spherical connective, altogether destitute of the two conspicuous pellucid glands of Chrysorhée. he pistil exhibits other well-marked distinctions. In Chrysorhóe the ovary is absolutely one-celled, without a trace of a issepiment, and one pair of ovules rises from one side of the base of the cavity; the style is beardless. In Verticordia the ovary has two chords (diverging from the base of the style, and passing down t the origin of the ovules), which indicate the existence of two carpels in combina- tion; two pairs of ovules rise from op- posite sides of the base of the cavity; the style protrudes beyond the flower, and is bearded. FLORA INSULARUM NOVJE ZE- LANDUE PRECURSOR; OR A SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF THE ISLANDS OF NEW ZEA- LXND. By ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, Esq. ( Continued from page 336 of the present Volume. ) PLANTA CELLULARES. ALG A HEPATICE. l. JUNGERMANNIA. L. _ >. J. Scolopendra ; caule erecto , ramis deflexis eratac, fo- SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. liis oblongis bifidis segmentis bifidis, en laterali foliaceo. Hook. Musc. Exot. t. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 39. iF saccata ; caule procumbente, ramis erectis, foliis ovato-quadratis denti- culatis, fructu terminali, calycibus oblongis carnosis pendulis. Hook. Musc. Exot. t, 16. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p.39. Spreng. — Syst. "s 4. 124. iced T 195. J. adiantordes ; caule repente, " mis erectis divisis, foliis borizontalibus di- > midiato-ovatis denticulatis ciliatis, calyce — erminali urceolato, ore compre fimbri- — ato, vuoi revi. Hook. ae 40. Spr eng. 1 A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. Syst. Vey 4. p. 230.—J. annotina. Menz. 26. J.conjugata; caule repente, ramis — er ectis divisis, foliis erectis abpa ro- : y ch. Fl. Nov J. ramosissima ; caule erecto ob- — longato subfastigiatim ramoso, foliis arcte imbricatis ovato-rotundatis "ome -den- uh presso res ee Muse. Exot. t. 92. S 128. 1g fastigiatim ramoso, foliis distichis dato-quadratis denticulato-ciliatis, calyce — Ü o ore dilatato com : Hook. ciliato, seta breviuscula, e i Exot. t. 93. Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4. p. 9 — A. Rich. Fl M el. a 12 natifol 1a ; caule erecto Ta- D S moso, foliis dons imbricatis ciliatis con- duplicatis, lobis inciso-pinnatis, calyce be minali oblongo quadrifido, segmentis ud = pinnatifidis ciliatis. Hook. “Musc. v &£ 14 DUE, E ir Veg. 4. p. 227. a Rich. Fl. Ne di- 130. J. Billardieri; caule erecto choto foliis arcte imbri ovatis spinuloso-denticuletis, stipulis ME nis transversim oblongis de ee Sch y. — neci * Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4. P: Nov. Ze. p.d. pag 131. a sinuosa; caule elongato foliis distichis horizontalibus E Lond mn o = e eM pş by 3 mo) So es e po o e 113. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. ri Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4. pr 224. I] ‘ m c9 adratis apice bidentatis, stipulis iis coad- -dentatis, calyce ex parte infe- caulis obovato attenuato ore 4-den- 00k. Musc. Exot. t. 123. Spreng. [EA A. Rick. FI. Nov. J. «squarrosa; caule elongato TF uam foliis densi : Spreng. PIF A. Rich, Fi. Nov. 116. Spreng. Syst. ich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. E. J. Leslie, caule erecto pin- $ mis flagelliformibus, foliis eng, ; 3 rn Veg. 4. -p. 220. A. Rich. Fi. : appendiculata ; caule suberec- ise bifariam imbricatis horizon- is verticali ibus ovatis, posterio- ice em versus pinnato-incisis serra- ; S serratis pera lobi Spreng. S Hook, Musc . 15. ‘ yet Veg £ 220. A. Rich. Fi. " tomentella ; surculo erectiuscu- SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. lo bipinnato, che aa Apes bi- lobis, lobis inferioribus m utis, superiori- bus bipartitis, Pies m e marginegue capillariter multiüdis, stipulis subquadratis aciniatis, fructu axillari, calycibus oblon- gis cylindraceis hirsutis ore aperto. Hook, Brit. Jung. t. 36. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. ulchella ; subsimplici ; : uadratis caule e elongato erecto foliis bifariis distichis. sub- Musc. Exot. t. € reng. Syst. Veg. 4 p. 225. A. Rich. Fl. No p. 45 141 endulina ; caule erecto p natim ramoso, ramis pendulis flagellifor- mo mibus foliis superne Mosen stipulisque valde concavisrotundatisquadrifidis. Musc. Exot. t. 60. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. x 5.—J. cuprestind, Sw. Spreng. te Veg. v. 4. p. 2 = i microphylla; caule erecto , ramis pendulis capilari bus foliis disisatibus oblongo-quadratis stipu- lisque lato-quadratis, minutis sue sq drifidis. Hook. ante . Exot. t. 80. E reng. Syst. Veg. 4. p. 225. A, Rich. Fl. Nov. el. 143. J. pa ipe MEE caule repente bipinnatim ramoso, foliis rotundatis ciliato- egmen duobus claviformibus, ealyoo axillari folio. so foliis ciliatis. Hook. sites ot. t. 71. "Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4. p. 218. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 46. 144. J.clavigera; caule repente bipin- nae ramoso, foliis rotundatis acutis pen = Veg. 4. p. 218. A. Reich. Tl Zel. 45. 145. J. Ph yitir sti pii frondi- bus ovato-lanceolatis s nervosis ag see fructu e poi superiore fron- versus, calyce duplici, ez. nervo *quamoso int. oblongo cylindeneso carno- Hook. Musc. Exot. t. 95. Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4. p. 233. A. Rich. Fi. Z6 É 4: J. flabellata ; stipitata, frondibus suborbiculatis palmatis dic hotome e radiatis acto: Magen fructu xillis, calyce d apnea ti labia, in. inf. oblong i Ego 18 7 13 agp Syst. oe " P. a 233. A, R Zel. p. 46. Labill. Nov. Holl. 2. p. 109. t. J. Hym Em: stipitata, frondibus palmatis dichotomis nervosis denticulatis, fructu in diahotómiokam axil- lis, calyce duplici, ext. squama exigua dentata, int. oblongo-cylindraceo, ore den- tato. usc. Exot. t . Rich. Fi. Nov. Zel. p.47.—J. podophylla, Thunb. N: Syst. Ve J. erioca la ; audice com presso vei pubescente, frondibus alternis ova- tis bipinnatis, pinnis angustis linearibus glabris, nervo crasso, fructu wen — nullo (D c wegen lineari- oblon Hook. Musc. t. 72. Ser: Syst. Veg. 4 "wi Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. Norte. — With the exception of J. tomen- x n. 139, the whole c Nes species of i ; ungermannia rated, were dioe collection made dices usted. deu of these has been published b EE Hooker, in his two very me e oubtless the hi Tree Ferns and hest idendrums exist me dedi heinisphore en xist in the 2. ANTHOCEROs. L. 149. A. gi ganteus ; fronde nervosa li- neari-furcata laciniata margine crispa, ca- cri lyce Sies oblique truncato ; suma. Lehm. Nov. Stirp. J Bay. 1, A. Menzies SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. P per Zealand Vates gin. D me fo Oss. Avrcrispo Sw., similis sed tri ajor, basi angulata dichotoma ; ce minus crispata, textura laxior. Lehm. loc. cit. 9. MARCHANTIA. L, 0. M. polymorpha. L. E. New Zealand (North Island). At the — roots of trees in humid forests, on the 43 banks of the Kana-Kana River, Bay of . Islands.—1826, A. Curium —1834, R. Cunningham NorE.—M. Achille Richard has insert- —— ed in "his Flora of New Zealand, Mono- —— clea Forstert, Hook. Musc. Exot. (Antho- og ceros univalvis, G. Forster, MSS. in Herb. _ Lambert) ; but on what authority is not stated, nor is any particular locality assign- — - ed. It was not observed on New Zealand, — Rate ee Sprengel gives donia as one of its native places of Ee = in the “ Insule Australes.’ y LYCOPODIACE. l. TMESIPTERIS. Bernh. i axillares sessiles didyme 2- —— Capsule loculares, loculis semibivalvibus WI 151. T. Forsteri; foliis acuminatis se A obe accóneti. ndl. Prod. Fl. Norf. k p. 9.—T. tannensis. poc in Schrad. ie Journ. 1801. p. 131. t. 2. f. 5. Hook. Bo. — Mise 365. non Labill. ae New Gea —1773, G. Forster coast, parasitical on Cynthea dealbata.— 1826, A. Cunningham. 2. LYCOPODIUM. L. om L. Lessonianum ; cu aule adscen- 4 ente plano ramosissi ramis : ae noribus acutis appressis, spicis terminali- bus ovoideo-oblongis brevibus, eR | cgo pd acutis lepidotis. A. Re ch. PL. Nov. Zel. guished by its more slender h shorter oval spikes, the scales of which are- br eari Me sed. 153. _ L. cernuum, L.— Hook. 5 Misc. 15. 155. L. Flagellaria ; caule dependente 0 subfistuloso anguloso , Wangaroa, hanging from the of Metrosideras tomentosa and other tree ham. - A. Cunning due M Em (Wall x H 00k. Ic. F, 181) has id as- d to be cde a smaller variety of plan 156. L. laterale. Br. Prod. 1 1. p. 165. Hook. ES". 2. p. 371. Labill. Sert. w Zealand (Northern Island). In between the Wyt angy and Keri-Keri gd of Islands.—1834, R. Cun- - L. Phlegmaria. L. Hoo k. Bot. 2. P. 373.—L. mirabile. Will. Sp. australe, id. 9. p. IL—L. a —L. 2 im. Fors Prodr. n. 485. OPERA i p LARTA (Middle er. Dusky ¥—1791, 4. Menz ves, Esq. Hooker). . Forst.—Spreng bt Hook. et Grev. EA . 980. Bot, d Nuts | (Northern Island). D dry River Bay of Fraser. —1826, A. Cun- —1834, R. Cunning- an 5s twi-co blu of the natives: 59. T D'Urvillei ? caule erecto ca- o infern e de nudato, ramis alternis ory in Duperr. Voy. P. 247. New Zealand '—1827, D’ Urville. FILICES. OPutoctosse x. TR BOTRYcHIUM. Swartz. URL Prodr. 1. p. 3. p. 223. Spreng. SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. ` want + e. p. ew Zealand —1827, D’Urville(North- a mere aged branches the women adorn i ov. and rigid growt. 4. 361 New $ qon neta Island). In the Vicinity of t ate and Keri-Keri Rivers, Bay. of hie R. Cun- ningham. OPHIOGLOSSUM. L. coriaceum; radice fibrosa, spica caulina fronde longior, fronde ovata acuta coriacea avenia o New Zealand. This species, which a pears to come near O. ovata, Swartz, (but ting the reticulated venation of that species, A Mie Sir W. J pu O. Hop uu (R. C. MSS); sti- pite SEHE scapo unciali terminali qua- ter longiore, fronde rhombeo-elliptica ob- tusiuscula reticulato-venosa ecostata, New Zealand CN orthern Island). In the vicinity of Lake Uru-ru-wena, between E e Waimate and Parr fen Rivers.— Àam , R. Cunningha GLEICHENIE. l. GLEICHENIA. Sm. 163. G. hecistophylla ; frondibus dicho- tomis proliferis, ramis pin im icatis, capsulis binis eg. ano e sschilian stipiteque super- e squamatis lanuginosis. ew Zealand (Northern ee x open clay-lands and in swampy ground on the shores of the Bay of Islands.— 1826, A. ee —1834, R. Cun- lobes of the pinne, and especially in hav- ing uniformly two capsules on the very concave under side of those lobes. The plant is, moreover, of much more slender id abellata. Br. Prodr. 1. p 161. Labill. Sert. Caled. p. 9. t. 12. Spr. Syst. Veg. 4. p. Puhetia. Incolis New Zealand (Northern Island). T t had ituations, Wangaroa.— A Oinarin ; and in bissl. the Falls of the Keri-Keri River.—1834, unningha 165. G! Hermanni. B z e dr st P- i ee A i 4 toad. Uran. p. 301. —Mertensia dichotoma, Sw.— Willd. Sp. Forst. Fi. — Polypo "pad dichotomum. —1773, G. Forster. elandie homines, wy inpia partem farinosam dulcescentem. For l. Esc. p. 75.—On la dit aussi de pim s méme dela Nouv. Zelande. Voy. Coquille. OSMUNDE E. L TODEA. mus p. 232.—Todea hymonophyloies, A. Rich: Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 97. t. 16. New Zealand hi orthern Island). —1769, Sir Joseph Ban n woods subject to inundation, on ee banks of the Kana- Kana River, Bay of Islands.—1826, A. Cunningham, and in ravines on the East side of poy Harbour.—1834, Mr. R. Cunni SCHIZEA. l. Lycopium. Swartz. revibus abeunGbuR A. v. Zel. p. 96. t. 15. N Za ay generally diffused through the drier forests of the Northern Island, where the natives em twin- ing stems, twisted into bands, ecuring Mz AR thatch (Typha) to the iol Garni | their houses.—18¢% à 9 1897, D'Urville.—1834, R. Cunning- epi Manghi-manghi of the inha- 2. SCHIZEA. Sw. 168. S. pr opinqua ; frondibus indivisis teretiusculis postice sulcati appendice atis, pinnata 18—20-juga, involucris ciliato-la- New Zealand Island). In mx rime. en fern-grounds he Keri-Keri d Waimate Missionary r Tantin Bay of ngham. à 4, R. Cunni Bs. This small plant, with a simpl filiform frond, very much resembles S S. fis. tulosa of f Labillardiére, an obscurely known SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. ; the Kaikatea Wood (Podocarpus) neat 5 trees. —1 827, D’ Urville. j 1 species of Van Diemen's Land ; but as we can gather from the doner aa pe figure that Botanist has given of his piens ; it differs from me species here char d in the also that extends along t whole length of bs: rounded frond, being E ` Swartz. Br. Prodr.l. | on its anterior par 1 ida. p. 161. Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4. p. Rich. Fl. Nov . Zel. p. 95. Willd. Sp. PL con aln D’ Urville and Lesson. 17 S. dicholoma. Sw.— Willd. P. Fl. 5. p. 87. Br. Prodr. 1. p. 162. Hoo et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 17. New Zealand (Northern Island). B the Great Fall of the Keri-Keri River; | also near the aimate Mission Station, - growing generally about the roots of the Dammara or Kauri Pine.— 1834, RO Cunningham. Bz PorvPoprAcE. (Filices vere.) l. GRAMMITIs. Swartz. G. s scolopendrina ; frondibus lan- e ceolatis aap stipite usque infra currentibus ominentibus crassis. . 257. t New Zealand, upon the trunks of rl r. 1. pe Willd. — E eng. 2. G. australis. 146. — G. Billardieri, Syst. Veg. 4. "Now A (Northern Island). On Gecayed timber in the forests of Wangaroa. 826, A. Cunnin gham. In damp W near the Waimate Mission Station, and in the fores of the Makes River.—1834, nningham Potypopium. L. 173. P. attenuatum. Br. Prodr Ag 146. Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4. p. 46. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel p. 62. New Zealand. —1827, D Urville. 1714. P. 8 Prodr. ov. Holl. 2. p. 91. . (excl. ei w Zealand (Northern Island). a ass and climbing over falle the forests of Wangaroa.—1826, ning. P. pust stulatum. Spreng. Syst. “A 49. Forst. Prodr. n. 436, Schk. Zealand (Northern Island). Climb- the trunks of the largest trees in the of Wangaroa ; and. frequent in hu- woods on m ia K ane River, Bay .—1826, A. e eu. —1834, rd Cunnin« ham. his species, which pero ceding plant very closely, and i to it by M. A. Richard, has xli more attenuated Tom with shorter E New r Zealand nd (Northem Island). In the Cunningham.—1834, mitidis. 2 NIPROBOLUS, Kaulf. Blume. | annulares aut rosacei, conferti vel 3 e jflellatis Obducti. Z/ndusium : . 48. PM Prod. I: " Zealand 9n the shor | R. unning E bicolor ; fesada lineari-lanceo- usa basi in as attenuata, sub- ulato. to omen (Northern Island). Shady iei the Bay of Islands. -—Polypodiumse serpens, Forst. P. stellatum, At Sp. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel p. SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. ps 363 Ons. I have here followed Sprengel and the authors of the Icones Filicu pe though with some oubts) in ae this a distinct species fi with which both Endlicher and ie Richa sterile obovate blunt fronds, ae which os plant is furnished, e, linear, M. Richard has referred to Polypod. acros- tichoides (Forst.), the Mi iphobolus glaucus of Kaulfuss. But as the specimens were without fructification, M. dee. has enu- n his Essai ex- t dE. D therefore, no further noticed. LOMARIA. Willd. (Stegania. Br.) 180. L. lanceolata. Spr. Syst. a 4. p. 62. —Stegania lanceolata, Br. Prod 152. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 86. New Zealand (Northern Island). In low woods, occasionally inundated by the Kana-Kana River, Bay of Islands.—1826, A. Cunningham. Falls of the Keri- Keri River.—1834, R. Cunningham ; and in woods at Astrolabe Harbour, Cook’s Strait. 827, D’ = dispar, py Sp. de 5. = 293. Spreng. Syst. Ve mia dion, A Ri he Fi Too Zo p P. 87. —Hemionitis discolor. Schk. Fi. t. 6 (in tab. sub nom. H. rufe New Zeal woods in the vi- cinity of the Great Fall of the wes a River, Bay of Islands.—1826, A. Cun ningham. 182. m y RPT ‘Endl. Prodr. Fl. Norf. p. 11. L. procera. Spreng. Syst. Ve 4. p. 65.—Blechnum procerum wil Sp. Pl. 5. p. 415. Labill. Nov. Holl. 2. 97. t. 247.—Stegamia procera, Br. Prodr. Lap: 15S; Aino ee, 86. £ pinnis fertilibus basi dilatatis okana we sterilibus elongato-lanceo- latis attenuatis. A à Zealand. etra G. xe - (N. Island). Humid shady w on the d the Bay ‘of Islands.—1826, f Cunningham. Wangaroa, ig AO Cunningham 83. Y filiformis ; frondibus pinnatis glabris, pinnis sterilibus lanceolatis serru- latis uu attenuatis basi brevi-petiolatis : 364 truncatis simplicibus vel ineequaliter auri- culatis, fertilibus elongato- -filiformibus, ra- chique nn caudice scan- dente paleaceo-squamato. New Zealand (Northern Island). -— woods on the hills around Wangar 1826, A. Cunningham 184. ropinqua ; ; frondibus pinnatis glabris, pinnis sterilium lanceolatis valde attenuatis serrulatis basi cuneato-truncatis ibusve chi crinita, vie den clongato-linearibus, rachi stupeo-s ata, involucris margi- nalibus laceris, caudice € aoa: te superne mc e squam New Zealand ( Northe ern Island). Hu- ct forests x Wanga roa, where it climbs the trunks of the keller trees.—1834, R. Cunningham 185. L. pee frondibus — glabris, primulis lanceolatis profunde pin natifidis sessilibus basi decurrenti- domi: tegris ts stipite anguloso infra pinnas inequalit ato, basi paleaceo- squamoso, ence scand scabro. New Zealand (Northern Hn In shady woods on = East coast.—1825, C. Fraser, as also at Wangaroa and Hoki- ange, in dense eR —18234, R. Cunning- 4. ALLANTODIA. Br. 186. A. iis Br. Prodr. 1. p. 149. ee Syst. Vi w Ze 5. ASPLENIUM. L. 187. A.falcatum. Sw.—Br. Prodr. 1. p. 150. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p.73. Endl. LES Fr. c p. 9. Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1826, ningham. preste (Middle Island). italy a on Cyathea deal- bata à at Astrolabe Harbour—1827, D'Ur- "eH —Rayon-Taya of the natives. D'Ur- e 188. A. poly : ov. “Nee Zealand, Middle Island .—1778, G. SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. New - dense forests at - Cunningham. 189. A. lucidum. Pe a sii Veg.4. p.83. Schk. Fil. origines. 190. A. obliquum. Forst, — Syst. Veg. 4. p. Rich. Fl. Nov. Holl. p. 72. (excl. syn.) Zealand (Northern Island). In Wangaroa.— 1826, A. River Thames. — 1897, D'Urville.—Paretoo or Parenoko of the natives. D'Urville. Ops. A. Richard has united this and the preceding species, which other Botan- ists have considered as very distinct. 91. A. obtusatum. Forst. —Willd— — Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4. p. 83. Br. Prodr. — P Zen lan 1773, G. Forster. New 192. A abel ifolium. Cav.—Br. Prodr. Veg. 4. p. 86. 5 l. p. 150. Spreng. Syst. Sw. Fil. p. 81. t. 31. New lend (Northern Island) On : rocks near Keri-Keri Mission Station.— Fort ae 345. Spreng. Syst. Veg "A Ea 2o. v Rich. FL No. ana, Bay of Islands.—1826, A. es "(Middle Island) Astrolabe Harbour. —1827, D'Urville. 6. C#NOPTERIS. B sitical on Puriri and Pokutu p trosideros tomentosa), je of Islan d ich. ningham.— ningham (Mid D’ Urville 7. DOODIA. 195. D.a aspera Br. A. Rich. Fi. pie Zel. p.76. Veg. 4. P- New P alod (Northern Ina) woods on the banks of riv . Sp. f dc . lands.—1826, A. Cunninghaen md Cunningham. |.D'Urville.— kon ; Indi 196. DA caudata. Br. Prodr. 1 Spr eng. 83. Schk. Fil. t. pr E th | Cun- —— rith r. ES Prodr. 1. p- 154 — Sp reng. Syst : t 151. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 76. Spr. Syst. Veg 4. p. 95. Hook. Exot. Fi. t. 25. 8. PTERIS: L. 198. P. EA folia. Forst. Willd. Et Syst. Veg. 4. p. 70. A. Rich. Fi. C 7R. forests on the ban = and Wycady Se Bay of Islands.— | 1826, A. Boo (Middle Dand) —1773, G. Ms Astrolabe Harbour. rster. = na-Kana the genuine panos of the 1 199, P. comans. - Fo 75 — Willd. Sp. 5. p. preng. Syst. Veg. 4. - 73. Endl. Prodr. Fl, Ni ras 3. A. Rich Nov. Zel. p. 79. Schk. Fil. t. 92. = New Zealand (Northern Island). culenta. Forst. Br. Prodr. ory. P- Ri 1C. - Nov. T p. 79. Labill. Nov. A Boll 2. p. 95. t d New Zealand. D’Urville. It appears ci et this plant is a native of the New Zealand or not; Forster efl it at Tahiti (Society Islands), where it is called Narré Achille GERE having ascertained by EP ens, that gré la loi, d'ailleurs si re- species of this s genus, a patire of Ser Ex M Wales, and as yet undescribed, may be her atis South ine m à River, SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. New Zealand pue Island). Dry s of the Kan : ice emer rachi stipiteq 365 spectable, de Veutstiontó. 1 J 'ai pensé que ‘on pouvoit preférer le nom de Pteris esculenta, de la racine ou souche de cette fongère, qui est leur prin- cipale nn ; frondibus tripinnatis, foliolis iura ae ris subobtusis infi- is basi pinnatifidis, terminali ceteris haud — longiori, margine integro nec crenato, in- acie inferiori intra fructificationes glaberrima. - Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. New Zealand (Northern Island). Mar- gn of woods in the vicinity of aroa. —1826, A. Cunningham. "1897, '"Ur- e: 2. P. macilenta ; porn i leuc. pinnis alternis aut oppositis longe petiola- tis, primulis paucioribus PA i. oblon- gis pinna atifidis, laciniis integris aut — inciso siis membranaceis pen contia: p Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. New Zealand ss tef island). Indry woods at Wangaroa.—1826, A. Cunning- ham; also in eae situations near Wanai on the East coast.— 1 unningham. 203. P. Brunoniana ; frondibus tripin- natis membranaceis glaberrimis subtus glaucescentibus, foliolis alternis oppositis- que, pinnulis oppositis sessilibus lanceola- tis sad rug boa er basi repandis, su- perioribus c tibus, terminali-elon- gato, venis Macc qae Endl. Fl. Norf. New Zealand (Northern Island). On the yd of dense an at Wangaroa. 1826, A. Cunningha Om ` Closely allied to P. Vespertilio- nis (Labill.), the pinnule or segments o the pinne are, however, more lanceolate and acutely repand than the species of New South s. 4. P. scaberula ; frondibus coriaceis P vage ee fructiferis elliptico-lan- ceolatis alternis basi attenuatis dis- tinctis scents on etinlaciniam angustatam integram aut dentatam desi- nentibus, fructificationibus. continuis, ste- ; . Fl. Nov. Zet. p. 82. t. New Penland: 1827, D Urai : oe he tenuis ; . frondi bus bipi noni laberrim New Zealand ierat se gabe ps 366 wooded hills on the shores of Wangaroa Harbour. Sits A. Cunnin 206. rophyilla ; frondibus tri- pinnatis alternis, Yee lanceolatis attenu- “r pinnulis ongis inciso-denta- s basi sursum sæpe lobato-auriculatis ay es pinnatifidis, stipite rachique scabris paleaceis. New Zealand (Northern mme In dry woods at Wangaroa.—1826, A. Cunning- ham.—1834, R. Cunningham. 9. ADIANTUM. L. gus Sp Pl. 5. p — Bnd at Wan —1826, A. Cunning- Soa ida i Astrolabe Harbour, Tasman ay.—1827, D’ Urville. nga. 826, A. Cunningham. (Middle Island.) Astrolabe Harbour.—1827, D’ Urville. . A. hispidulum. Br. Pr. 1. p. 155 A.Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 88.—A. pu- bescens. Willd. Sp. Pl. 5. p. 439. Spr Syst. Veg. 4. p. 112. A. Rich. Fl. Nov Zel. p. 89. Endl. Prodr. Fl. Norf. p. 14. . Cun- 10. CHEILANTHEs. e 210. 0. ii qe Sw.—Br. Prodr. l. p. 83. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. 83. » wow Syst. Veg. 4. p. 117. Schk. Fil. as Zealand (Northern Island). Rocks at the Keri-Keri Mission Station, Bay of slands, &c.— Cun ningham. (Middle amos Astrolabe Harbour.— SO ss Urvi erc fronde bipinnata, la- ciniis oblongis sessilibus subobtusis inci- So aciniarum revolutos solita riis Ec» "e foliolisque pilosis. A Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 84. New Zealand ( orthern woods at Wan al. 212. L. Lesson: ; frondibus gracilibus LINDSEA. JDryandr. SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. longe petiolatis pinnatis, pinnis distantibus inferioribus me crenatis superioribu aci niis subtriangulari-flabellatis integris crenatis, soris int egris aut interruptis, pi tiolis glabris, stipite repente setoso ] . Zel. T 4. B the natives. ; . L. hnearts. Br. Prodi P E 156. = Rich. FI. Nov. Zel. p. 85. Su. Fil. t Ne. calum: D'Urville. 214. L. trichomanoides. PL. 5. p. 425. A. Rich. FL Nov. 85. Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4. p. 80. PH. 1. 114. the Keri- ^ n the rub of the Wytangy.—1834, R. Cun- ca ningha R. Br. MSS. aa 12. LOXoMA. a . CHAR. Sori subintramarginales — in sinubus dentium frondis. Jnvolucrum i pilis articulatis seepe clavatis mixte. Les. dm mina, triangularia.— Frons coriacea, : tri-pinnatifida, glabra, subtus glauca; laciniis lanceolatis, dentatis, subpinnatt- ined. (TAB. Davallia dealbata. cæ nopteroides. richomanes Zenlend (Northern eh In humid wis in the vicinity of hey of the K iver.—1826, A. ummitate pinn Invo urceolato- rires coriacea. culum longe exsertum, filiforme, crassius Semina majuscula, triangula- ria, rafo- pee hinc puncto triangulari This ex »xceedingly interesting Fern has _ been admirably illustrated by drawings of . Mr. Francis Bauer, which ar yal Gardens v. n his notes dien ying Mr. : eh ence Justly observes that the E is , intermediate between valha and T sidere From both of ES E. it is abundantly distinct. X : e Ho:.ourable W. H. fte Tan. XXXII xoma Cun oh magnifi tions ; drawn by Francis Bauer, Esq. *Fig. 1 t side o a fruciified Se; Ene Fiond. 2. ; Upper View of dio. r side of a small por- tion of the Frond with a sorus. ame seen 2 from above. 5. Portion of ceptacle with Capsules. Section of an rie showing the onda e sorus. uo. 19. Capsules. 11. Seeds. 12. Jointed Fila- ments seen among the Caps is S. a DICKSONIA. J’ Heritier. rboreo. Spreng. Sys 4. p. ag : Syn. Fil. 136 et 355. Willd. m PI. 5. p. 485 Schk. Crypt 124 et 130. wt, t. Pro New Zealand (Middle Island). Dusk ¥—1773, G ye m T 14, AsPIDIUM. ones s . 07. —Poly- pennigerum. Fe Orsi, Schk. Fi. p. TE Zealand (NorthernIsland). Woods e &ana-Kana River, B Bay of Islands. » A. Cunningham. In dark ravines Shores of ngaroa Harbour.— Wan dus Cunningham. Pihon of the A. rige dan Sn. PL-5 i^ we ch. Fi as SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. 219. A. Serra. Willd. Sp. PI. 5. ve 240. Spreng. Syst. e jo Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. Schk. iL£ 33, New Mane (Middle island). 1778, ‘orste 220. 7 proliferum. Br. Prodr. 1. p. 147. Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4. p. 105. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 69. poe Zealand.—1824, D'Urville and A. hispidulum. Sw, Willd. Sp. PI. 5. p. 266. Spreng Syst. Veg. 4. p. 107. Zel. p. 69.—A. setosum. Schk. Ful. t New Zealand (Northern Island). Dam woods on the shore of the Ba ay o 4 acutis sessilibus laciniis. subdenticulatis, . pinnis mediis is, superioribus pin- natifidis, rachibus rufo- veluti. A. Rich. Nov, Zel. p. New Zealand. D Ure “Rich. FL Now Ae Te New Zealand (Northern Island). On the edges of woods on the Ri ravines on the shores of Wan our. met . Cunningham.—1834, Cunningham NEPHRODIUM. L.—Ch. Richard in Mich. Fl. Br. Am. 224. N.glabellum ; frondibus bipinna- m pinnis alternis, pinnulis subrhombeo- sum sæpe lobatis, inferioribus pinna . lobulis infimis discretis, rachi antice ferru- gineo-villosa, stipite fere glaberrima ta- men versus basin scabriuscula parce squa- Zealand Shady EX Bay of . Cun- ningham; also in hum ka p^ at the heads of the Kana-Kana and Wycaddey Rivers.— abies orthern d diu Yep. nymphale. odr. n. New Zealand.—1778, G. Forster. 15. CYATHEA. Sm. ealbata, Sw.— Willd. M PL na Incol. (D Urville Je New Zealand (Northern and Middle Is- unningham.— Astrolabe Harbour, —1827, D’Urville. C. medullaris. Sw.— Willd. Sp. ot Spreng. Syst. Veget. 4. p. Rich. B. Nes Zu p. 78. Schk. Fits 133. —Polypodium medullare. Forst. . Cun- Cook's EUM PL 5. p n. ew Zealand —1773, G. Forster.— Mamagu, Incol. Forst. Oss. I. Caudex orgyalis gps et latantin medullari farctus, extro hispidus nigricans e casu stipitum, ii frondibus maximis horizontalibus fere pa- tentibus coronatus. Oss. On this arborescent Fern, Forster has the following remark :—‘ Hzc 1 Nove Zelandie X rioris medullam tostam comedunt ; hujus ¢ enim substantie mollis et pulpose sapor uandam similitudinem cum rape sapore pr iei ita ut ad m Saguari arboris accedat. In pedalari substantia hujus Polypodii suc- cus , ae rubescens abundat." Forst. p. PI. Es Linn. 228. eniforme. Forst.— Willd. Sp. PI. 5. p. iie OS dag Syst. Veg. 4. p. 128. A. Rich v. Zel. p. 95. Hook. et Grev. T Fi New Zealand (Middle ND. —1778, G. Forster. Dusky Bay.—1791, A. Men- zies, Esq. 16. TRICHOMANES. moist NN, climbing over rocks and trees. —1826, A. Cunningham.—1894, R. Cun- ningham. os "S T: osum. Br. Prodr. 1. iis S st. Veg. 4. p. 199. Hook. et E te. Fil. 4h 78. Aum w Zealand (Middle pa Suay mM h 7 : tum ‘lanceolata stricta primata, pinnis lanceolatis subpin- SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. (Northern Island). In shady ham natifidis, laciniis linearibus obtusis laxe Te- erto iuge integro, rachi sapra stipite nu A. FI. v. Zel. p. M one et Grev. T b Fil. t i New Zealand ssc Island). Dusky È 91, sq. Si 231. T. Posee: iv deltoideo- n ovata acuta bipinnata, jags alternis lan- ceolatis, pinnulis basi profunde dissectis apice dilatatis inciso-lobatis lobis denticu- latis, rachi stipiteque teretibus nudis, in- volucro oblon ngo compressiusculo subalato, ore bilabiato, fabiis crenulatis, receptaculo p elongato involucro multoties longiore. New Zealand (Northern Island). Dark ravines in the forests of Wangaroa, &c.— . 1834, .R. Cunningham Oss. Upon this beautiful and hitherto undescribed species, a small Jungerman- nia is occasionally parasitica 2 . leptophyllum ; frandé lanceo- lata pellucida flaccida bipinnata, pinnis al- ternis, pinnulis profunde divisis, laciniis linearibus obtusis integerrimis, rachi mar- ginata, involucro oblongo, ore vi New Zealand (Northern Island.) Damp = woods at Kokianga.—1834, R. Cunning- ham. dps i aint biu p ee than in T. angustatum, which is desc p as Rei: but double the length of the in- volucr e 17. HYMENOPHYLLUM. Smith. — Wild. Sp. - H. dilatatum. Sw. 4. p.182. New Zealand (Middle Island). m : land es, s humid woods on the 1 decayed | trees, Bay of Islands.—1826, A. Cunning- 934. H. Pp open Sw.— pui Sp. PI. 5 Spreng _ Syst. as ak p. 182. A: ich FL Nov fm 93. NS 1776, New Zodi — Island) cn d G. Forster. (Nort rn Island). Bay of i Islands, in damp dr y woodii C ham $55. Hon brum ; stipite ramoso rachi- frondibus elasticis, lane /— qu o-scabris, ceolatis pinnatis acutis, pinnis $ ti dis, laciniis. lineari 1S ano RI AN SEE RE : POLLO RT IDEAS rV Le e ANS Shee mi RE UAE ium] ca RR CAII o SET Au E EDT bos obtusis denticulatis eM Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. forests on the shores of the Bay of Islands, |& p. 131. Æ Rih. Ws ok. et Grev. Ic. Now Zealand (Middle Island).—1791, A. Menzies, Esq. (Northern Island). Bay 2E 4 of Bini; on fallen timber.— Cunnin ingham 237. i or rtuosum, fronde ovata Pien : ‘natifida, labini linearibus obtusis | Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil t | New Zealand (Middle Talata.. Dusky = Bay.—1791, A. Menzies, sq. JS 238. H. fl uosum, fronde acuminata tripinnatifida glabra, laciniis li- neari Er E 3 New. Did (Northern Island). . humid forests, on Sen AR timber SUM E —1834, ngham . This boiei differs ffom the pre- C its close ally, in the mouth of the | involucre being wide, the lips almost alto- | Eor entire; and in the segments of the , ‘Trond havi ing no Pepe on their Species, It comes also near to 7; richomanes | waved margins, which are obvious in that Nov eu of its frond, not being at all undu- .. "ated, and by the involucre being uniformly , an abt aiias l form. B =. Hs undum, fronde bi piana p con subfabelliformibus. laciniis lineari dichotomis serratis secundis, itiyolhians = 9Valibus subcom D n pressis integerrimis. A. Bett No. v. Zel. p. 94. Hook. et Grev. c. Fit] new (Zeeland (x un: Island). Dusky very P inn species, and va from all others with which acquainted, by the secondary seg- : ments or r divisions of the fronds all point- E way. one pw: H. multifidum, Sw.— Willd. S. uh P um, Ow. a p. a v. 4. p. VOL. Sgr Spr ‘Syst Ve is el. Gre E Fit 187. A lsinguished SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. A. P- New Zealand (Middle find] Humid e New Zealand. —1827, D' n 369 New fer (Middle Island). Dusky Bay.—1791, A. Menzies, Es Opie Hooker observes of this species, “To judge from the involucre, it seems to be intermediate between the genera Hy- menophyllum and Trichomanes, to the lat- . ter of which Mr. Menzies originally refer- red it, and we fear there are many in the same predicam 241. H. cris rotundato-urceolatis semi-immersis, parte superiore solummodo bivalvi. Ric el. p. 94. Hook. et Grev. Ic. New Zealand jd one, Island). Dusky Bay.—17 Esq. UN. this e species ma koned intermediate betw of the involucre being sunk into the extremity of the frond, and the upper portion forming two short almost semicircular ox or valves" Wed. mum ; perpusillum, cau- nde Em cupressiforme. 02. t. 250. f. 2. ee New Zealand (Northern Island). On wet iA in shaded woods, Bay of Islands, &c.— 26, A. Cunningham.—1834, eels 244. H. bivalve, Sw.— Willd. Sp. PI. 9. p. 523. Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4. p. 133. A Ric À. FL A Zel. p. 93. Schk. Fil. 245. . demissum, possa y Pl. 5. p. Spreng. Syst. Veg. p. 132. A Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 92 Schk Fil. t Rer. Zealand gi cnni a Astro- abe Harbour — 1827, D' Urville. Qa 370. SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. PLANTJE VASCULARES. velly Beach at Astrolabe Harbour —187, D' Urville.— Pereshia of the natives. I. Endogene seu Monocotyledones. One "A — Foi 3 : GRAMINEJE. erecta, ramis verticillatis apice ramosis. l. decimis L. i ; i rs "i 246. A. crinita. Pr. 1. ch 170. Syst. Veg. 2. p. 359.—Avena filiformis. A Rick. FE Nr. Zel p. 158 e : : JULY Sch. Syst. Veg.2. p. 3 1—Anthoxanthum euxia Forsteri. Kunth, Gram. 1. p. 77. crinitum, Forst. A; Nov. Holl. 2. p. New Zealand. 1778, G. Forster.—Dry 215.t mun —Apera crinita. Pal. de Beauv. open spots. 1828, A. Cunnin ham. Agrost. p. 254. A. pilosa ; panicula pedali erecta New Zealand ee Island). Dry pyramidali, ramis semiverticillatis pluries hills, Wangaroa, . Cunning- ramosis pendulinis hirtellis, valvis dorso ham. (Middle Island). —1773, G. Forster. denticulatis, palea peN Uu pilosa. 247. . ovata. Br. Prodr. 1. p. 171. 4, Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p.1 . Rich. Fil, Nov. Zel. P- 128. Labill. New KAR aten bid). Shad 28 À. : Nov. Holl. 1. p. 19. t. 21.—Cinna ovata. woods on the Keri-Keri R unth, Gram. l. p. 67.—Echinopogon Cunningham. (Middle Me yo ovatus. Palis. = Beauv. Ag. p. 42. Rem. | E Harbour. mis. D’ Urville. on te | * 65 on n eg ' ux e —— Es an s m Ew] > e = — oO < et Sch. Syst. Veg. 2. p. 421. Oss. Culmus erectus, bi- (fere uin- New Zealand S Sears and Middle Is- que) pedalis et atag teres, asper. A. lich. lands). Dry woods.— . Cunning- ham.—1897, D’ Urville. 2. PHALARIS. L. 248. A. rigida; culmis cespitosis ri- 255, P. Canariensis. L—Rem. et die EB lineari-convolutis, panicula Sch. Syst. Veg. 2. p. 402. A. Roy F. n elongata, ramis semiverticillatis ramosis, Nov. Zel. p. 123. Forst. Prodr lume pileh exteriori apice acuta su ubpu- New Zealand (Northern RD Su - ate 194 acuta glabra. A. Rech. mits of hills cleared by the natives. Ba; Nov. f Islands and its vicinity.— , A. Cun- oO . New md (Middle Island). Cook’s ningham. (Middle Island).—1773, Strait. — 1827, D’Urville—Pati of the Forster. “The Patiti of the natives of vid natives. the Bay of Islands." D’Urville. . procéra ; culmis—, panicula ad: maxima bipedali, r amis semi vorticas 8. pawTHONIA. De Ca ramosis, glumee palen exteriori apice obtu- 256. D. pallida. Br. Prodr. 1. p. 177. sa glabra, interne obtusa glabra. A. Rich. Rem. et Sch. Syst. Veg. . p. 6 692. FI. Nov. Zel. p. 125. New Zealand (Northern ‘{sland). O New Zealand.—1827, D’ Urville. clay-lands, near the Bay of Islands. 1826, A. conspicua. Willd. Sp. Pl.1. A. Cunningham p. 456. Rem. à A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 197.—Achna- d ANENA C : : therum oie Seen Pal. de Beauv. Agr. — 957. A. antarctica ; foliis pane pue p. rundo conspicua. Forst. Prodr. cula composita patenti, calycibus trilions, osculis medio aristatis, arista elo 2 " New Zealand os zo aoe rectiuscula. Rem. et Sch. Syst. Kai of s E Islands, &c,—1826, A. p. 676. Br. Prodr. 5 209. gu obs.) Rich. . Zel. 9— : . A. emula. Br. Prodr:1.p.172. tica. Forst.— Willd. Sp. Pl. 1. P. p A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 128.—Vilfa Torresia antarctica. Palis. de Beau. — « grost. p. 16.— . Agrost. p. 63. : Deyeuxia eemula. Kunth, Agrost. p. 944. Ne ew PERE Mioa. Island). Queen y The Pelé or Pelai of the natives.—New Charlotte’s Mes 1778, G. Forster. Zealand (Middle Island). Astrolabe Har- Nore. A. $ L., enumerated "i T bour.—1827, D’ rane A. Richard, was originally introdu mei r 252. A. Billardieri. Br. Prodr. 1. p. Europeans ; but tho ough now perfectly j 171. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 130. Rem. in the neigh Tetai of the Bay of Islands, et Sch. Syst. Veg. 2. p. 360.—Deyeuxia it is not an indigenous plant. Billardieri. Kunth, Agrost. ane Um vena filiformis. Labill Nov. Holl. l p: 5. BROMUS. L. 24. t. 31. excl. syn. Forst. B. australis? Br. Prodr. Lp. 258. New Sealand "Middle Island). Gra- 178. Rem. et Sch. Syst. Veg. 2. p- 639. New Zealand (Northern Island). Open ps A, Cunningham Pal. de Beauv. Glume valvula 6. SCHCNODORUS. € 5—15- flore 's. littoralis ; panicula erecta, spiculis muticis vix calyce lon der foliis involutis interne pilosis. Re Sch. Syst. Veg. ba . 707.—Festuca ? tit. toralis. Br. 178. . p- ic. Fl. Nov. Zel. P. 193. Labill. Nov. Holl. 1. p. 22. t. 27. New "Zealand, on the sea-shore.—1827, D'Urville. 7. TRITICUM, L. 260. T. scabrum. Br. Prodr. 1. p. 178. A. tick. Tl Nov. Zel. p. 197.—Fes- tuca scabra. Labill. Nov. Holl. 1. p- 5 4. E teen yron scabrum. Rem Sch. Syst. Veg. 2. s i de Pais . 102.— col. New Zealand (Middie Island). Astro- Harbour.—1827, D'Urville. 261. T. repens, L.—A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Eu ew Zealand. D'Urville. Ons. “The specimens received from New Zealand," says M. Richard, “ are à beardless variety of T. repens. En les | comparant avec ceux d'Euro ope, je wai pu [ trouver aucune différence." A. Rich. ae y imbecilla (Soland. MSS.) ; diffusissima, spiculis 5-floris osculis remotiusculis, foliis l. p. —Poa peg ealan ^ 760, Banks and So- 99. p. cespitosa, Sol, MSS. Forst. SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. situations on the sea-coast, soo of Islands. . inérme. OL. 371 Prodr. n. 498. (absq. descr.) non Poir Spg in Mem. Acad. Petropol. 1810. i New Zealand.—1769, Banks and So- a 9. ARUNDO.. L. 265. A. australis; foliis linearibus " longissimis acutis retrorsum scabris i- cula terminali pyramidali, apial wor valvis lanceolatis acutis glabris, palea teriori apice bifida aristata, interiori det a ianga River Cunningham. “lida Island). Astro- labe Harbo he sea-shore.—1827, Khao a the natives. D'Ur- Culmus erectus 6—8 pedalis, teni, 29 Venu levis, nodosus. Flores — mene terminali bipedalis ramosis 10. PASPALUM. ‘ZL. 266. P. orbiculare. Forst. Prodr. n. eg gu . p. 188. A. Rich. Fi. Nov. Zel. p- 140 New Zealand ie Island). i ie pers teek the of Islands.—1827 D'Urville.—Tuhwi scanty is P e food for his horse, and ai prevent the animal from str co fr and wide in search of provender. R. C. 11. ROTTBOELLIA. L. fil. 267. R.? uniflora; glaberrima, spica ,; brevi conjugata, floribus pedicellatis, glu- ma bivalvis uniflora, foliis setaceis convo- . lat feno compressiusculo foliorum va- EUN Nor Ze ealand (Northern rw kr of the Bay of Islands, —1834, Cun- ning 19. SPINIFEX.. L. 268. S. sericeus. Br. Prodr. 1. A. Rich e, a MSS. Forst. Prodr. New Zealand (Northern Lan). 700 Banks and Soland. ands o . 198. o — Moa, Incol.—2D"'Urvi 372 - Palis. de Beauv. Spica composita. Glu- ore, flosculis anaves 13. TORRESIA. Axis spicatus. tegra. Stigmata aaie. T. redolens ; glumis trifloris, flos- culis lateralibus masculis aristatis margine pilosis (valvula interiore calycis basi tri- marginali ibus . dorsalibusque em. et Sch. "Syst Veg. 2. p- 516.—Hol- cus MAS. Sol. MSS. Forst. Prodr. n. 563. non katt New and.—1769, Banks and So- lander. (Middle Island). Marshy grounds inthe E of the Bay of Islands. — 1826, A. Cunningham Oss. a of strong growth, hav- ing the fragrance of Anthoranthum, b which it may be readily detected in swam hollows between the Bay of Islands and the Keri-Keri River. CYPERACEA. DC. 1. CYPERUS L, 270. tulatus ; culmo triquetro læ- vi, foliis iud aa culmo longioribus, mar- gue costaque denticulatis, umbella subti- apice mucronatis, involucro polyphyllo fo- liolis umbella uio ribus. A. Ri ic Nov. Zel. p. 101. £. 17. —Pouketanata of the natives. New Zealand (Northern Island). Shaded woods subject to inundation, Kana-Kana Rivers.—1826, A. Cunningham. (Middle Island). Very frequent near torrents.— 1827, D'Urville. 2. FUIRENA. Rottb. L. fil. Br. l. F. rubiginosa ; spiculis racemo- sis axillaribus, foliis subteretibus vaginan- tibus. Spreng. Mant. 1. p. 29. Rem. Sch. Syst. Veg. 2. p. 236.—Scheenus rubi- ginosus. Sol. MSS. Forst. Prodr. n. New Zealand.—1769, Banks and So- lander. Oss. Culmus cubitalis, teres, — basi vaginis foliorum vestitus, su upra sus. 3. ISOLEPIS. R. Br. 272. IL. nodosa. Br. Prodr. 1. p. 221, A. Rich. FL Nov. Zel. p. 104. t New Zealand (Middle Island A tro- late Harbour. aver D Urvi d) coi J SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. 273. Br. Prodr. I. setacea. - grounds, Bay of Islands.— : ningham. (Middle Island). Astrolabe Harbour.—1827, D’ Urville. 274. l.spi iralis ; foliis radical gidis linearibus spinuloso-dentatis, culm angulato nudo superne foliffers, foliis basi dais in axilla marginibus patula floriferis, spiculis numerosissimis confertis, sessilibus multifloris fuscis et quasi in spi- cam ie Maes A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 05. £. 19. 1 New Zealand (Northern Island). Root- ing in the sands of the sea-shore with Spi- nifer. — 1826, A. Cunningham.—1827, D’ Urville. 2. SCIRPUS. yr ES S. lacustris. Br. L. Prodr. 1 . t. 666. Koponpor nati New Zealand (Middle Island). On th banks of rivers, Astrolabe Harbour. -I8m, D’ Urville. 3. vAUTHIERA. A. Rich. Gen. Cuar. “ Spicule uniflore, squa- mis imbricatis, exterioribus vacu dis dee acute ; ` ovarium in disco phe n Stigmata tria linearia. solete triquetra, apice tomentoso-sphace- lato acuminata, disco cincta.—Herbee rr gide, foliis teretibus acutis, basi membra- naceo-dilatatis, arcane congestis, squamis spatheformibus cinctis 27 is ic . stralis. A. Bick, Fl. Nov. Zel. n. 107. t. 20. New Pie —]1827, D’ Urville. R. Br. 277. E. sphacelata. Br. Prodr. 1. 224. Rem. et Sch. Syst. Veg. 2. p- "s New Zealand. In swamps near the Bay of Islands.—1834, R. Dr acicularis. .4. ELJEOCHARIS. æm. 154.—Scirpus acicu- laris, : pum ngl. "Bot. t. 749. —Isole d i i ich. Fl. Aere Zealand (Middle Ds marshes on the si of abe bour.—1827, D'Urvi S * Du reste, s n'ai aperçu trace v res hypogynes, qui, se. gel, r et Schultes, cette umen et en feraient une es genre Eleocharis” A. Rich S C bes i Pg m Osis dissectis. simplex, scaberulus aoe. La . 985. M. gahni contracta, ramis inferioribus lo 5. 979. S. imberbis. b Prodr. SCH(ENUS. Br. 931. Rich, Fl. Nov. Zel: p. 108. PE ét Sch. Syst. Veg. 2. p. 75. New Zealand (Mid nd. Astro- labe Harbour.—1827, D'Urv Oss tnt erectus, teidil graci- lis, teres, glaber, striatus. 6. LEPIDOSPERMA. Labill. 280. L. elatior? Br. irode 1. p. 234. Labill. Nov. Holl. 1. L New Zealand (Northern Lnd). T of the id of Islands.—1834, un- ningham T: LAMPOCARYA. R.Br. 281. L. lacera; tetrandra, foliis linea- ribus, oribus | sd culatis, panicula elon- gata ramosa, spiculis Ei a alternis sessilibus, squamis intimis margine scari- A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. New Zealand.—1827, D’ Urville. s. Culmus erectus, teres, 3—4 pe- dus Eum glaber. 282. L. setifolia ; "etrandre, foliis an- gustissimis convoluto-setaceis, floribus pa- niculatis panicula elongata, spiculis sessi- libus aut pedicellatis, squamis externis code in seta desinentibus, interioribus acutis integris, intima € Tas minima. Ric EL Nov. ZA. p.i New Zealand. Ons. —1827, D' Urvill. Culmus teres, bipedalis et ultra, nis ; "dolus revolutis filifor- mibus, panicula composita interrupta folia- ta longioribus, spiculis ovato-lanceolatis acutis; akeniis ovatis apice trigono-pyra- midatis acutis fulvis, filamentis elongatis Eeee suspensis. Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. p. 166. £. 19. Endl. Syn. Fl. Insul. one in Ann. der Wien. Mus. band, ew Zealand.— D’ Urville and Lesson. 8. caHNIA. Forst. 284. G. procera, Forst.— Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 244. Rem. et Sch. Syst. Veg. 7. P. 1362. A. Rich. FL Won Zel. p. 112. New Zealand. —1773, G. Forster. Gaudich. panicul 9. MORELOTIA. a sub- B Tdi tis, nucibus ovoideis s rise "Sat atris. ieformis ; SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. 373 Gaud. in Voy. Uran. xr 416. ¢. 28. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 115. New Zealand (Norton Island). Bay of Islands.—1827, D'Urville.—1834, R. Cunningham. Pers. Pers, Syn. 9. Forst. Prodr. v 10. UNCINIA. 986. U. australis. New Zealand (Middle Island). yu of woods, Bay of Islands.—1826, A. Cun ingham. Near torrents. —1827, D'Ur- ads ll.: CARER «LL. 287. C. polystachya ; culmo triquetro acuto, foliis longioribus d acutis retrorsum scabris, spicis masculis 1—3 terminalibus, feemineis 8—10 pendulinis, infimis dii cec squamis orbiculatis RU emarginato abrupte acuminatis acu- ne longiori, stigmatibus duobus, akenio ootipriipe lenticulari. .4. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. bru. 21.— Raou-tay of the natives. D'Urc New Zealand aue ee Astro- labe Harbou ihe D Ure 288. tula ta; culi triquetro Fl. Nov New Zealand (N orthern 3 re of the Bay of Islands.—1834, ningham.— D'Urville, ecurva ; spicis masculis binis sessilibus, androgynis cylindraceis subqua- — tinis remotis pedunculatis basi masculis, fructibus ovatis triquetris rostratis bifidis recurvatis. Pa Syn aric. p. 119. t. 3. n. n. ri 84.—C. Forsteri, Willd. Sp Ao 4. 248.—C. debilis. r. n. 950. ó —c. hamata. Sol, a Forst. BM n. 548. conf. Steud. ncl. pice Zealand.—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. C. geminata ; spicis masculis in su vissime rostratis ore indivisis yon E Willd. Sp. 9. Schk. Caric. p- 65.t. 1l: f 75—C. ternaria. Sol. MSS. Forst. Prodr 9. New Zealand. 21769, Sir Jos. Banks. 374 RESTIACEJE. R. Br. l. LEPTOCARPUS. A. Br. 291. L. simplex. Br. Prodr. 1. p. 250. A. Rich. Fi. sue Zel. p. 142.—Restio simplex. Fors Prodr. n. 367.— Oui- Our. Incol. (D Urs New Zealand (N Seid Island). Sandy shores of the Bay of Islands.—1826, A. Cunningham. (Middle Island). Astro- labe Harbour.—1827, D’ Urville. JUNCEJE. DC. I: SUNCUS . L. 292. J. maritimus, Lam.— l. p. 258. Engl. Bot. t. 1725. "E Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 145. New Zealand.—1827, D'Urville. . effusus TETA —Br. Prodr. l.p . 258. Engl. Bot. t. 836.—J. commu- afi Mey. Syn. Junc. p. 12. A. Rich. FI. Nov. Zel. p. 145. 26, A. Cun- ningham.—1827, . 4. J. filiformis, L.—R«em. et Sch. Syst. Veg. 7. p. 189. A. Rich. fi Nov Zel. p. 145. Engl. Bot. t. 1775. New Zealand.—1827, D’ Urville. e hat Juncus. tenaz, Sol. MSS. idetur cl. Dryan- der in litt. ad Montin.” Schult. Syst. Veg. 7. p. 182. 2. LUZULA. DC. 295. L. picta ; foliis linearibus pilosis, eer e glomerulis 4—10 floris constan- p , perigonii foliolis equalibus lanceolatis ws Bay (lat. 38° 92 S; SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. eet apes basi valde lanuginosis.— melinia veratroides. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel p. 158. t. 24. New Zealand b de pu Island).—1769, Joseph B .—An Epiphyte, grow- ing in tufts on eh in all the forests, and occasionally in shaded rocks.—1826, A. Cunningham. 297. A. Solandri ; foliis Sion siformibus angustioribus sericeis, paniculis laxiusculis, perianthiis er sexparti- tis bacc is. New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Joseph Banks. Habit of rovih of the preceding; but it differs from that species in having the leaves much narrower, with less woolly ases, and a less crowded panicle of flowers. PALMÆ. L. l. amgEO&. $s A. sapida; mue lanceolatis nervosis Leni. T morsis, lis lineari-filiformibus, fceminei ovatis acu- tis, fructibus globosis, albumine eequabili. ndl. Prodr. Fl. Norf. p. 26. Soland. MSS. Forst. Prodr. n. 509. Pl. escul. p. j ch. FL Solander. Summits “of pe ec in m of Wangaroa.— A. Cun- ningham. iit Lin). “Queen Char- lotte’s Sound.—1773, G. Forster. ASPHODELEJE. R. Br. l. ARTHROPODIUM. R. Br. x atum ; mo diviso, 299. A. cirrhat bracteis foliaceis, pedicels fasciculatis hyalinis, lato, foliis lanceolato- snoi medio linea longitudinali brunhea noii s, n ag. 2350. t. Reg. t T capsula obovoideo-acuminata longioribus, Schult. Syst. Veg. 7. p. 441. — Anthericum seminibus inappendicult basi tomento- cirrhatum. Forst— Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. sis. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 148. 146. A. Rich, Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 196. New Ze land (Middle ae Astro- Banks and Soland. ue labe Harbour. —1827, D'Urvil 3. ASTELIA. Banks and Soland. R. Br. 296. A. Banksii ; foliis elongato-ensi- formibus latioribus carinatis utrinque seri- ceis, panicullis coarctatis, ramulis strictis elongatis, perianthiis urceolatis sexfidis, bacca globosa triloculari, scapo bracteisque latifolium. 1769. New Zealand n Island).—1769, Se Joseph Banks. Dry rocky spots, of ar the margins sol woods on the wo ie Bay of Islands, &c.—1826, A. ningham 2. pIANELLA. Lam. 300. D. intermedia ; foliis radicalibus - 8. DRACENA L 301. D. indivisa. Forst.— Willd. Sp. R 2. p. In. puu -— Veg. 7. p. 339. A. Rich. Fl. Nov New Zealand (Middle. island). Dusky Bay, p mare sepe proximis.—1773, G. Fors 4. CORDYLINE. Commers. Br. Prodr. ustralis ; arborea ramosa, fo- cutis muticis plani i dilatatis, racemis minalibus paniculatis erectis, floribus con- i co bracteis ovatis, exteriore paulo ma- pe Endl. Prodr. Fl. Nomf. 9.— [38 cena australis. Forst.— Willd. Sp. Ti. 302. C.a lüs la oho s Journ. 1827. p 3 ew Zealand (M Middle Island ueen . Charlotte’s Sound. — : de Ee Ep Shorez of the Bay of slands, &c.—1826, A. Cunningham.—Ti the Bear. C. stri liis lineari- lanceolatis s mucrona atis tis sessili - band. 1. p. 162.—Dracena Mn Sd. Du Veg. 7. p. 839. Bot 9915. Bot. Reg. t. 956. New Zealand. End. 9. PHORMIUM. Forst. 94. y; tenax. Forst. Char. Gen. t. y, it Sp. Pl. 9. p. 171. Sch. Syst ist 7.5. 621. A. Rich. Fl v. Zel. p : - Endl. Prodr. Fl. No : 97. Bol t. 3199. — Chlamydia tenacissima. : Banks a Sol. MSS. i ew Zealand. In all parts of the North- be Island, as well in inland swamps as in alt marshes on the coast.—1769, Sir Jos. s, &. Koradi of the natives (A. wmingham) Kekkie, according to SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. ` Stigmata 3 simplicia. cta ; fruticosa idee fo- l . 8. sim 375 D'Urviile. peans. New Zealand Flax of Euro- SMILACEZE. R. Br. l. miPocoNuM. Forst. Gen. caule iner- 305. 8. mi (radi cante) foliis pude (ovato-lan- soletin) acemis divisis, pernai anthe- es breviore. rE p ris 293, in e Schult. Syst. a. 7 2. ck Gen. Ch. t dde nm 2. p. 690. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 784.— raeo of the natives. R. Cunningham. New Zealand (Middle Island). In the forests.—1773, Forster. (Northern Island). In dense forests; where it climbs to the summit of the loftiest trees. Wan- - aroa, Hokianga, &c.—1826, A. Cunning- ion. —1834, X. Cunningham. IRIDEZE. Juss. l. LIBERTIA. Spreng. (Renealma. R. Br.) rianthium ; eu rostratum laciniis exterioribus minoribus ie stiori- bus. lamenta distincta v. basi connata. Calyz subglobosa. Spreng. 306. L. grandiflora; filamentis basi Sharni, perianthii foliolis mem or "Prodr. Addenda. : 7 oh. «=| 7. Banks and So- = irioides$ ; caule su superne pani- culate, tà bella 3—4 flora, pedicellis gla- i bris, foliis Te. pedalibus) striatis M A wypas, menti s basi conn iv ventibus v. Zel. p. 161.—Ferraria ch. Fl. E oaa Wid: Sp. PL S. p.582. Rem. G. esit (N orthera Island). the ham.—1834, - Cunnin ham. L. micra mpliciter di cellis villosiusculis, foliis (3—5 uncii nervosis margine scabris, filamen i o i ii foliolis Saecibeibus ovalibus exterioribus ovato- -oblongis pa- um minoribus. t New Zealand Oth aura ge dense woods, growing on t of trees; Wiss, &c. x Cid. i: 376 ham; also on humid rocky banks of the Keri-Keri vai below the Falls.—1834, R. Cunningham ORCHIDEJE. A. Br. * Terrestres. 1l. THELYMITRA. Forst. rsteri ; perianthio erectius- culo patulo, cuculli laciniis extimis approx- olia. rst. Gen. Char. n. Zealand (Middle Island). md G. Forster. e orthern Island). Shore of the EST d mese in open a iida —1826, A. Cunnin Ops. Porat foliola tres diei pallido-purpuree, interiores 3 It Hy. 310. O. strictum. Br. Prodr. 1. p. 317. Spreng. Syst. Veg. v. 3. p. 712.—Diuris ij stipe ie. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p.1 5. f. 1.—Ophrys cornuta. Sol. MSS. (1765). Matalin of the natives. R. Cunningham. New Zealand {Porters Island).—1769, Banks and Sola On hills among Fern; Bay of ene Wangaroa, &c.— 1834, R. Cunni ingham. 2. ORTHOCERAS. 8. MICROTIS. R. Br. pi — floribus precipue distinctis, "inferioribus distantibus, - Cunningh. in Bot. Ma t. 3377.—Opbrys unifolia. od. Prodr g «oo ra Sw. Less Wil PL 4. 5, 89.— 513. : M por ,porritlin Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3. p. NE Zealand (N orthern Island).—1769, Sir Joseph Banks. In open fern-grounds between the Bay of Islands and Wangaroa, — 1884, R. Cunningham. 4. ACIANTHUS. R. Br. 312. o venoso ipt o, marginibus tenuissime crenu- latis. SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. New Zealand (Northern Island). Dis- alte growing among moss upon ee n the bed of a briskly running rivu lowing through a deep shaded ravine near Man n Nov. 1826.—4A. Cunningham. 833, R. Cunningham. 9. PTEROSTYLIS. A. Br. P. Banks ; caule unifloro, foliis y (caulinis) lato lanceolatis inferne carinatis * Islands.—1826, A. Cunningham. garoa.—1834, .R. Cunningham. 6. castropia. A. Br. 2 314. G. sesamoides ? Br. Prodr. 1. P ae New Zealand igi Island). es nity of Wangaroa.—1834, R. D m ‘ ham. OTE.—This species, found sparingly in New Ze aland, may perha tinct from the plant of Port Jackson, but the fragment of a specimen with which L — have boi furnished, has not enabled me - Pur to determine it. E: ** Purasitice. Potius Epiphyte. 7. EARINA. Aandl. CHAR. Sepala erecta, E acuta, membranacea, carinata. Peta carnosa, obtusata. Labellum carnosum, Mecum do m o Mp Meu teralia.—Herba caulescens, Pico e ar aeu M^ Folia lineara, € a vagina ores parvi, pou att, Bridie some at striatis, cucullatis : ind], ; E. mucronata. Lindl. in Moni . Ze „p.l 169. New Zealand (N orthern Ilano —1769, Sir Joseph Banks. Moist w and trees, Be of AC Wangaroa —18 ‘unningham.— E ningham. “(aida dasa Dusky Bay. 773, G. Forster “This genus belongs to Malaz- idee, and is related to Celogyne and Di- lochia, of the latter of which, in particu- lar, it has much the habit, on a small scale. From the = ye wingless column, and . from the latter the number of its pollen- . masses, sufficiently distinguish it, inde- “pendently of other points of difference.” Lindley. 8. DENDROBIUM. Sw. —... 816. D. Cunningham (Lindl. u- bis gracilibus penduli i folioru . Squamatis, foliis ovato-linearibus obtusius- culis, pedunculis ppppsitiiouis bifloris, fo- liis multo brevioribus, se . lato basi 5-lamellato, lateralibus nanis acu- tis. Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1756.—D. bi- florum. A. Rich. FI. Nov. Zel. p. 167. t 26 (non Sw.). Raumangha of the natives. ew Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Joseph Banks. At Wangaroa, grow- ng en iml Pohutu- Kaua (Metroside- &c.—1834, R. Eon (Middle Island). Shores a B olabe Harbour, on trees.—1827, H This species is nearly allied to D. br- native exclusively of the Society Ee of which I had examined ES rom the branches of trees, I am | enabled to offer a correct definition! of that very rare plant.” Lindley. Lind m ; rhizomate repente ere, foliis solitariis ; subsessilibus elli p- ticis ee pentibus coriaceis. Lindl. rch, ES ^» et Sp. O en. —Dendrobis pygmeum. 9, E ei du Pet. | Thou k | . in Rees i New Zealand (Norther uem ^ : Wangaroa an anga, growing o cennia — ae Vitex óc diro C. - cies, above referred to, has been thas de- ned by pu Tee from Mr. Mathews’ spe- nato marg Bot. Reg. fol, 1756. Sw. Act. Holm. s es 17.—Epidendrum biflorum Forst. SPECIMEN OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND. 800. p. Sir * " e B rur Societalis Insulis. G. Forster. Taheite. $n trees of the sea-shore. It has also been found near the Waimate, remote from the sea, on fallen timber.—1834, R. Cunning- ham NoTE.— Dendrobium pygmeum (A. C. MSS., 1824) has somewhat longer, ics entirely smooth leaves; but specimens in flower to describe p e a genuine Dendrobium, it may ng ia Caleyi, the late botanic traveller of ame in Australia C": I believe, frs found it in N. S. Wal AROIDE. Juss. 1. CALADIUM. Vent. Cels. 30. 318. C. esculentum. Vent.— Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 489. A. Rich. F7. Nov. Zel. p. 100. ad d rou feel Schott. Melet. As —Arum esculentum, L.—Forst. Prod. Ty Zealand. A eR. in the North- ern es HF BS. In Nave Zelandie extremitate boreali colitur, ubi Tallo, s. Tarro vocatur. Forst. Pl Esc. p. 58. TYPHACEJE. DC. Lindl. 1. trypHa. L. 319. 1. baa es L.—Br. Prodr. l. p. 358. A . Nov. Zel. p. 99. Engl. Bot. t. 14 45. T. latifolia. Forst. Prodr. p. 44. n. 336. nec. L.—Rapou of the natives, who em- ploy it not only for constructing the walls of De houses, but for thatching the roof. Zealand. j orster. (N wane: Island). On the muddy banks of rivers, and in marshes on the Pea: of the Bay of Islands, bide: aa Hokianga, &c.—1826, A. Cunningham PANDANEJE. R. Br. Gaud. Endl. —17 1. FREYCINETIA. 390. F. Banksii ; dee ur e scan- ente radicante, folus incur lanceolatis basi amplex- vidi pic Ton-warrar ; white fleshy bracteas of the fad ree be: one suga ealand (Norther Iboni ie Toe B Abun banks of the d "Where — prevails, as those of and Hokianga. There, pavet um the Kana-Ka- by means of 378 the twisting radicant stems, it ascends spi- rally to the summits of the loftiest trees, attaching itself principally to the Kazkatea wamp Pine (Dacrydium excelsum, .), Whose often rises to the height of 120 feet. The flowers appear (in Sept.) in the centre of the tufts of leaves, which at short distances clothe the twisting stem as it ascends.— 1826, A. Cursihg ata. ALISMACEZ7E. R. Br. l. TRIGLOCHIN. L. 321. T. flaccidum ; radice fibrosa? fo- liis longissimis angustissime linearibus flaccidis (6—8 i .) scapum spicamque equantibus, fructibus subrotundis 2—3 ^ gmaubus turbinats recur aw- ringha of the natives. — New Zealand (Northern Island). In salt creeks con- nected with Wangaroa Harbour.—1834, A. Cunningham. 2. POTAMOGETON. JZ. . P.maíans; folis natantibus pe- tiolatis ellipticis basi apiceque rotundatis, petiolis complanatis folio longioribus, var. : Prodr. 1. p. 34: New Zealand (Northern Island). In stagnant waters near the Missionary Sta- tion on the Keri-Keri River, Bay of Is- lands.—1834, R. Cunningham. Oss. The British plant, which is also indigenous to New t ales and Van iemen’s Land, is described as having el- jen leaves, acute at their points, and often subcordate at their base, in which out the lower immersed petioles, will not justify its being considered distinct. It is e modification of M Brown’s plant. (To be continued. ) BOTANICAL INFORMATION. At p. 247 we promised shortly to give a brief notice of the new and rare plants figured by us in the Second Part of the Icones Plantarum, which was then pub- lished; but such has been the accumula- tion of valuable information from other BOTANICAL INFORMATION. sources, to which we have wished to give the preference, that it is only now that the — Third Part of this work has appeared, that — we have been able to afford the space which will enable us to keep our promise. We consequently give a list of the plants - of both the Parts, arranged under the re- spective sources whence they have been derived. The whole of the plants for Part IV. (completing the Second Volume) are ready, and will speedily be published. —JAMESONIAN# (Columbia). glossum subulatum, Lindl. t. 51.—Pleuro- thallis falcata, Lindl. t. 55.—Gentiana Jamesoni, Hook. (G. Hookeri, Griseb.) t. 61.—Stelis lamellata, Lindl. t. 62.— Fuchsia dependens, Hook. t. 65.—Gaul- theria lanigera, t.66.— Viola glandulifera, Hook. t. 67.— Baccharis Scolopendra, Hook. t. 68.— Polypodium Surucuchensis, Hook. t. 69.— Polypodium murorum, Hook. t. 70.—Leucodon bartramioides, Hook. t. 71.—Lathyrus gladiatus, Hook. t. 72.—Lycopodium Pichinchense, Hook. t. 85.—Asplenium fragrans, Hook. t. 88. —DovcLaAsrAN.E (N. W. America and Sandwich Islands). Tropidocarpum sca- briusculum, Hook. t. 52.—4Argyrozupnu- um Sandwicense, D C. t. 75,—Polypo- dium myriocarpum, Hook. t. 94.-— Vat- cinium cereum, Forst. t. 87.— GUNN ANJE (Van Diemen's Land). Drosera Menziesii, Br. t. 53.—D. lunata, Buch. t. 54——D. Arcturi, Hook. t. 56.—Pheba- lium retusum, Hook. t. 57.—Cardamne — Steno- . heterophylla, Hook. t. 58.— Phebalium — montanum, Hook. t. 59.— Eriostemon ob- — cordatum, Cunn. t. 60.—ScHoMBURGKI- — ANJE (Guiana). Conohoria castaniafolia, : T St. Hil. t. 63.—Antonia pilosa, Hook. t 64.—FRASERIANÆ (New Holland). Vis- 1 cum incanum, Hook. t. 73.—Campylan- ; thera Fraseri, Hook. t. 82.—WALKERF | ANZ (Ceylon). " Hook. t. 74.—Pothos remotiflorus, Biel t. 133.—WnavaxE (S. United States). Dalibarda lobata, Baldw. t. 76—LYAL — IAN € (Madagascar). Clematis p y lifolia, Boj. t. 77.—C. anethifolia, e 78.—C. trifida, Hook. t. 79.—BoJERI (Madagascar) Clematis olig! 7 Bassia microph Fr a 80. — Vaccinium Emirnense, ps t .. Hook. t. 131.— V. secundiflorum, Hook. t. ]94.—MATHEWsIANJE (Andes of Peru). - Üremolobus pubescens, Hook. t. 81.—Ly- eopodium scariosum, Hook. t. 89.—L. pendulinum, Hook. t. 90.— Gleichenia simplez, Hook. t. 92.— Prockia completa, Hook. t. 94.— Blechnum pectinatum, Hook. t. 95.—Acrostichum flabellatum, Willd. t. 96.— Cremolobus sinuatus, Hook. t. 99.—C. pinnatifidus, Hook. t. 100.— Jresine grandiflora, Hook. t. 102.— Atropa glandulosa, Hook. t. 106.— Atropa depen- dens, Hook. t. 107.—Thibaudia elliptica, R. et P. t. 108.—Macleania floribunda, Hook. t. 109.—Thibaudia angustifolia, . Hook. t. 110.—SpAyrospermum myrtifo- lium, Hook. t. 112.—Aphelandra acan- tmfolia, Hook. t. 113.—Escallonia polifo- lia, Hook. t. 114.—Adenaria parvifolia, . Hook. t. 116.— Pachyphyllum parvifo- lium, Lindl. t. 117.— Pteris flexuosa, Hook. t.119.— Polypodium biauriculatum, Hook. t. 171.—Guarea ? microphylla, Hook. t. . 129 —Rivina inequalis, Hook. t. 130.— Amirola nitida, Pers. t. 182.—Gymnosto- — mum setifolium, Hook. et Arn. t. 135.— Weissia campylocarpa, Arn. et Hook. t. 136.—Hamadryas Andicola, Hook. t. 137. —lez microphylla, Hook. t. 139.—Cla- vya spathulata, R. et P. t. 140.—4/ez crassifolia, Hook. t. 149.—HARVEYANJE (Cape of Good Hope). Pharnaceum se- miquinquefidum, Hook. t. 83.—Holothrix eyana, Lindl. t. 103. A., et H. par- folia, t. 103., B—Cymbidium plicatum, — Harv. t. 104.— Harveya Capensis, Hook. . & H8—Twzxpraw;E (Extratropical S. erica). Polypodium Tweedianum, Hook. t. 80.—BenTEROAN (Juan Fer- nandez). Peperomia margaritifera, Bert. n t. 91.— Blechnum pubescens, Hook. t. 97.— | WALLICHIAN x (East Indies). Davallia Serr, formas, Wall. t. 93.—Gymnogramma .. vestita, Wall. t. 115.—CumINGIANÆ (Co- lumbia), Lindsea elegans, Hook. t. 98. —BorcneLtianx (Brazil). Oligogyne Burchellii, Hook. t. 101.—DALBOUSIANAE a). Asplenium Dalhousie, Hook. . t M6 —Harrraw (Columbia) Thi- | la acuminata, Hook. t.111.— W IGHT- BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 379 IAN;E (Madras Peninsula) Tephrosia suberosa, W. et A. t. 120.—Capparis in- canescens, W. et A. t. 123—Miebuhria linearis, W. et A. t. 124.—Plerospermum reticulatum, W. et A. t. 195.—Capparis brevispina, W. et A. t. 126.— Miebuhria oblongifolia, W. et A. t. 127.—Capparis pedunculosa, W. et A. t. 128.—Coccinia Indica, W. et A. t. 188.— Bauhinia ra- cemosa, Lam. t. 141.—Stercula colorata, Roxb. t. 143.—Shuteria glabrata, W. et A. t. 144.—DRUMMONDIANÆ (S. United States and Texas). Andromeda philly- reifolia, Hook. t. 122—Brachyris ra- mosissima, Hook. t. 142.— Gymnopsis uniserialis, Hook. t. 145.— Hymenozys ? linearifolia, Hook. t. 146.—Brachyris microcephala, D C. t. 147.—Palafoxia Terana, Hook. t. 148.—EIGHTSIAN E (N.S.Shetland). Aira antarctica, Hook. t. 150. —— — In a late number (thirteen) of the Ma- dras Journal of Literature and Science, our friend Dr. Wight has written some observations on the tree which yields the Camboge of Commerce, and these are of- fered in reference to the specimens re- ceived by Dr. Graham from Ceylon, and described at p. 193 of this Journal; so that we gladly introduce them as a supple- ment to that paper. «Tam induced,” says Dr. Wight, “ to request a place in the Madras Journal for the insertion of a few remarks on the tree which produces the Gamboge of Com- merce, in consequence of the following observations on it by Dr. Graham, Pro- fessor of Botany, Edinburgh, communi- cated by him in a letter, dated 12th March, 1836. ‘ In consequence of having receiv- ed specimens from Mrs. Walker of the tree which, in Ceylon, yields Gamboge, I have been attending to the subject lately, and on Monday last read some observa- tions to the Royal Society of Edinburgh about it. I have been obliged to dissent wholly from Arnott and you, that it is the Xanthochymus ovalifolius, and Arnott now agrees with me so far, but he has 380 fallen into at least as great a blunder. It is undoubtedly, I think, the Garcinia ( Man- gostana, Gert.) Morella of Desrousseaux and Gertner. Arnott now thinks it Gar- cinia Zeylanica, which it cannot be, if Roxburgh describes this with any degree of truth. In fact, the Garcinia Morella, which I have said it is, is no Garcinia at all. Murray says, the tree is Stalagmites Cambogioides ; but his description will not apply to my plant, from which I have a great quantity of excellent Gamboge. I have sent a specimen of it to Mr. Don, requesting that he will compare it with the specimens in the Banksian Herba- rium, from which Murray's description was taken. If it prove the same, the generic name S/alagmitis may be retained, and the description only altered. If not the same, it must form the type of a new genus, to which I find Garcinia elliptica of Wal- lich also belongs; it is especially charac- terized by the stamens, of which I send you a figure.' “ The point on which Dr. Graham finds it necessary wholly to dissent from us is thus briefly stated at page 102 of the Pro- dromus. ' There can now be little doubt of this Xanthochymus ovalifolius being the only plant in Ceylon yielding Gam- boge fit for the arts; and that, conse- quently, the specific name of Linneus, ambogia Gutta, ought to have been ap- plied to this species, and not to Garcinia Cambogia. The evidence contained in Dr. Grabam's letter seems so completely to invalidate the correctness of our state- ment, that it might appear useless to at- tempt any refutation; yet I am not wholly satisfied that he is either wholly right or we wholly wrong. I do not deem him right in supposing the tree of which he has got specimens to be the only one that produces Gamboge fit to be used in the arts, nor do I believe it is the one that produces the true Ceylon Gamboge. I entertain this opinion, because it has been long and well known that there are two sorts in use; one from the eastward, Siam, Cambogia, China; and the other from Ceylon ; the latter con- sidered inferior to the former. The Gam- BOTANICAL INFORMATION, boge from the tree in question, specimens of which I have seen, is apparently of the best quality, and much superior to the common Ceylon Gamboge, having a fine rather light colour and a glassy fracture. The true Ceylon Gamboge is of a darker hue, and mixed with dark brown spots. The tree which produces the fine Ceylon Gamboge is rare, as Col. Walker informs me he has only met with it in one place, and that in an old garden near a former Dutch settlement, not far from Negombo. It cannot, surely, be supposed that a tree so exceedingly rare as this is represented, should be the one that affords all the Gam- boge produced in the island; still less so, when it is borne in mind that the substance — obtained from it differs in quality from what | is usually produced there, and known in - commerce under the name of “ Ceylon Gamboge.” From these facts I think we | are entitled to conclude that Dr. Graham has drawn a wide inference from insufficient data; or, in other words, has attempted to : form a general rule from a solitary example. I do not, however, wish it to be supposed, that I insist upon our statement being held as strictly correct ; because a certam . degree of uncertainty is attached to the tree or trees from which this substance 1$ procured, which all the efforts of Botanists, for the last century, have been unable altogether to remove. All that I have attempted, or indeed wish, to prove 18, first, that the facts adduced by Dr. Gra- am are not sufficient to invalidate our that the Xanthochymus ovalifo- j lius is the only indigenous plant m Ceylon producing Gamboge fit to be used T the arts, though I fear, from further ei- quiries, that we were premature 1D h p E ing so strong a statement ; and, seco : : that the tree from which Dr. Graham : specimens were procured is of exotic A: gin. I shall now attempt to account tor the appearance in the island of that tree, : which is neither a Garcinia nor a Xa thochymus. us id About the beginning of the seventeenth century, the Dutch first imported Re = boge into Europe from China, and, a E position, after, they expelled the Portuguese Ceylon, and formed settlements of ir. own there, which they retained until that, in the course of that long period. E should endeavour to procure from - their own territories a lucrative article of commerce, in place of having to purchase - from others all of the finer sorts required for the European trade? If not, we may readily suppose they imported the plants above referred to, and which have re- mained unnoticed by the English, until Colonel Walker accidentally detected them about two years ago, in just such a situa- | fion as one might expect to find intro- duced trees, namely, in a garden close to a _ Dutch settlement. A most interesting dis- . Covery this is, since it seems to prove that . they are of exotic origin; that the soil and climate are suitable for its growth and pro- pagation ; and leaves room to infer, that the tree might be introduced with success on the West coast, at least, of India, the - Climate of which corresponds, in man . Pespects, with that of the South-West . Coast of Ceylon; and, lastly, because it Sets at rest, in part at least, this long- agitated question, by making us acquainted with the probable source of the best Gam- boge used in the arts. “ Botanically considered, this plant pre- sents some points of considerable interest, CL ap .. "Dr. Graham shows that his plant is . Bot a Xanthochymus, neither is it a Gar- cinia, and, unless there is an error in the E description, that it cannot be a Stalag- E mitis ; but that it forms a new genus, es- BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 381 sentially characterized by its stamens, the filaments of which are united into a single square column, and the anthers one-celled, opening at the apex by a calyptra, or lid, instead of two-celled, bursting longitudi- nally, as in all the other genera of Gutti- fere ; characters amply sufficient to sepa- rate it from every other genus of the order. “ To the conviction expressed, that this new genus is undoubtedly Gertner’s Man- gostana Morella, I can offer no objection ; as I am altogether unacquainted with that plant, except through the figure, and because Dr. Graham does not state the evidence on which he grounds his conclu- sion; but if it should prove correct, I must acknowledge that it goes far to es- tablish the fact that it is a native of Ceylon, and, consequently, that the juice of it, as well as of other trees, may be extracted for Gamboge, as that of Garcinia pictoria, Roxb. Another member of this new ge- nus is in Malabar. * Here the question must, for the pre- sent, rest; as it can only be finally settled by a reference to authentic specimens of the plants described by the older Botanists (who usually paid much attention to the useful plants), as the * Arbor Indica gut- tam gummi fundens,’ and which has now been bandied about from species to spe- cies till it seems to have multiplied itself into half a dozen different trees; but I trust that Ceylon Botanists will now be induced to take up the subject in earnest, and ascertain, by actual inspection and E- preservation of specimens, the tree or rees (for there may be several) from which di Gamboge is derived ; and further, to determine whether the trees which have given rise to this fresh agitation of the question are of indigenous or exotic ori- gin." fs END OF THE SECOND VOLUME. INDEX os Volume II. of the Companion to the Botanical Magazine. f Mrs. Wyatt, pe and ae and 246 » on new Ceylonese Madni, 307 E x E. Indian apas of AIDE E RT. and 250 Pee serene were E oe dolce et a a (95229 ^2s$9** Ce ee ae a is ER and 378 rand Horticulture, iced re eas in several of the German towns, 74 and 186 xcursion in, by Joseph LE Pos ete Ow eee 6S ois alee e 8 p ee ess ren Sex wt | : ot s t ^4 : ag had been burie | diam Abbey 929 is Lapponica, a new British Abbey 191 D. Besos milo oe 149 nera and species of Plants o ischer and si aed C2. rios. r eee asce vesicam to be a na- OUTTHETOTSSGNADES OPES 19: Coin er new British plant.... 191 e ter ema CM uem Dr. R., on qm sources and compo- o EIE 238 new Genie of Chamel, , by COTOPCPV UM SEE M 57 Se a eae 5 Xs em on > Zoology ofthe, 98 ursions on the, 103 and 222, 327, and 358 Puts Richard, poem mad. ie reci, R EE LL LV. v... poem of N. eee LENS eo a was .. I v E A CX R eee 186 Me. Deda ticulars resp ecting ..... 5 Memoir FS the life of, li Led i dos a de N N. of America . .. y EI p 1 ME e Douglas on - E of the Columbia . 98 his letters from the Columbia to Dr Hooker . 105 — —- to Dr. Seouler . 107 to the late J. Sabine, Sow; V TIENE HS - his excursion to California 124 — ——- his ean n across the Rocky Moun- tuns to Hudson's Bay.: , =i: 0:7] ogee ak 134 — list of his ded s, introduced to + Horticultura des s Gardens, from N. W America, in 1826—7........ c. eese ` 140 send vi visit to the Columbia.... 146 of s plants introduced to the Meio! Societ ty’s Garden, from Cali- E i SOSA looo e err 153 -loss of his collections in Frasers hee WE er eta tee Pee es woe veers tae es —— —— his visit to the Sandwish Islands Pp. 160 1 — ———- his ascent of Mouna Kuàüh......... 162 ———- dud cent of Mouna Roa .......... 166 eulars de tia his death ..,.. 178 Drógoh s ants of S. Africa, noticed 192 Droserg, E. Indian 313 [o mmond, notice respecting the collections CO ATENTO OL ORBE EE 191 Eryttrozyion Coca, botanical description of, ab. X aae Nols von, Characters of new ndian D M 310 Fischer, Dr. Von, iid C. A. Meyer, account of - Genera and species of Californian 6 ODER B S anie sias Fas 9 troduced d him to our garde 303 is work on n British Forni, —— —M n Fungi areg 2d Fasciculus of, by the Rev. Berkeley, notice Galli pagos Islands, some accou Gamboge Treo of Ceylon, evened by Dr. raham v*6€96à OO 8 8 6 E ES Oe 6 s 6s F088 69S fe "EA DELE Wight.. bservations on, by e rom er omposition “of, 233 ————— 0 bru on the and c Dr. R. Christison..........- een Gardiner, Mr. W. Ji. his Musci Angusiant, 228 ‘George, notice of his intended a Botanical Gut ME. Collector. 3 visit to + rae RIED e ci Hritik es Pd in his letter on Brazilian t — —— — his rnin of visiting E c us cal S. Am erica, announced . io deee gees 352. INDEX. Page omae Dr. Grisebach's arrangement and d CoA cas cee [ARMIS ru E Goodrich h and Diell, the Rev., Missionaries, their letter recording the death of Mr. David RR o i eu cree ea vio ew ee Ee 18 Graham, Dr., Gamboge Tree of "e a 193 Gray, Dr. Am hie Mock of the N. A rean Rysohopora... edere eren 26 Grisebach, Dr., extracts bcc his inaugural dissertation ot Genüadned S ISI SS. 10 Hartweg, Mr. Theodore, potito respecting his visit to Mexico as a Bota. — Collector ... 184 arvey, Hon. W. H., aecount of Wardia, a new S, African Genus of Moses Tab. XXV 183 peres Synopsis of, by G. Bentham, NETUS NM EIE 13 bebes i eee described by Dr. PE OAs erede utens ` 193 Herbarium of Wiles sr ae eee a 7 + f Berlin, account of...... 15 Pa , account of-........ 76 — Imperial, of Vienna, account 189 of. ... ipa John Prescott, Esq., of account of e*t a n ud B l, er ron brief notice of his extensive Travels and Collections................. ions of Indian "Bois ny, by Wight and Arnott, Tass. n Segoe XXIV, wis XXVIII, XXIX, 70, 182, , 249, 308 bn 306 Icones Plantarum, by Sir W. J. eggs OEE TE ORNE eae Juan Fernandez, account of ............... 4 Lacis ceratophylla joies of, Tan. &X....99 taney, Dr. i Db notes on the Cape Orchid- oe some observations i in M. Spach's M Memoir o - Cistac **59»»2224»965 pesci Oreh REN EVA» 9:5 5 E E ea cd melauciee e Dioda. Dr., note peine is diego to adeira, as a Botanical Co llee )SITPRTABU.4"vLdsxe.4. RE ae eee rs on some new ne by eo MEORE os eii iali Mouna Kuāh, in the cended by Mr. D. Douglas.............. 162 wane Rie in the Sandwish Islands, ascended a T D. Douglas 16 Melastomacee, A NU Sw M ere ee ere wee es xu K TO NN tiw sei pae ee E. Couchman, Printer, 10, Throgmorton Street, Landon. New Zealand, Specimen of EN Botany of, d Allan Cunningham, Tas XXXII ve *999.oe€05792894 $9999 Nuttall, Mr., notice of his Journey to the Roc — and the Columbia ...... 185 cede of the Cape, notes on, by ed semenes eye i esas ag vi e LU E ` 901 — American, notes on some Genera and Species, n Dr. Lindley... i. Sedge 353 - Parnassie, E. I 315 Peppig, Dr., Information respecting ........ 78 —— ——— his work S. American uA endo. sour. 246 rires the late John, y Em. notice respecting his extensive Herbarium: ............... Rhyn RONDA M Monograph of at N. Ameri- ; by Dr. Asa Gray. ......... 26 Sandwich Islands, Visited ves Mr. "p. memes 160 Santa Fé in N. Mexico, — of its being Mes apa capri tanical Collector 85 mo » his collections — the vallies "erts n n Schombu urgk, Dr., rud of "his Vow up the upunnuny in Guiana ... 7. e pA e A return x Demerara 185 ularinec, observations on some new and pn emendo Genera of, by G. Bentham, Esq. 53 Seeds found in Roman Tombs, on Bhar germi- nating powers, by M. C. des d ——- fou nd in an an cient Coffin ——— in Ere eBoy RE mI tineraria, information respecting, 222 and 248 an Dieman's Land, o dec esculent plants of, by James Backhou 38 Wardia, a new Genus ot Sedi African Mosses, est TAB: XXV. oe A ee Wight. = Anii Illustrations of Indi Bota Tass. XXII, XXIII, XXIV, XXV, ' XXVIII, XXIX Uem js 89, 2 nam Observations on ae arri m- oi boge Plant of Ceylon............ Wi inch Ad J., Esq., ‘ites on Durieu's Asturian a Woods, Jos. b Esq., "Botanical "Excursion in Ja Brittany DRE ee Perse hs] a casos cett poco peer nonse TU ee RERO ee c y reme cages e c | i i DA QU My NS XR HEN ATE i tm | Br 4 à LZ onn" MIB N L” 7 Aulia duae L Swan Se N N š e WHHarrey Esg- # poeta mns IPIE WAM Li f Sanse TAB XXVII (eerie: I | than eyed * m "d Ago M A CH RTL AE « P ai CAML : J^ SNE RV ANN m 7 AY : — SO ^ SN ` Ü A wo 1 : Y An NN N 5 Iga T. j ni i / "T f) z> 7, T —— a ~ 2 : V T» E, GA = Sy Y 4 \ N BAY Ri " , £ Wi D » : NN 2 es Va 4 / i = PR , S £T fa = À "9o -. | Larvoma Cunninghame. Tab. gunt pat. LIEU, CLF t + POM C ¢ $ Bauer bsg del. : ir E IA ACEITES j PPAS PERIFRASI IRET PIA aA E DL TIR ERE RAA Er "PERSA