NOTES ae FROM THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, EDINBURGH. VOL, I. Including Numbers I.-V. 1900-1901. GLASGOW: PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE By JAMES HEDDERWICK & SONS, AT ‘“‘ THE CITIZEN” PRESS, ST. VINCENT PLACE. SOLD AT THE GARDEN And to be purchased, either directly or through au Bookseller, from OLIVER & BOYD, EDINBURGH. [All rights reserved.| Dates of the several Numbers of this Volume. Part I., pp. 1-24 for January, Igo0o. Part II., pp. 25-40 for November, 1900. Part III, pp. 41-134 for December, 1900. ae) ~ a IV., pp. 135-192 for August, Igol. Part V., pp. 193-246 for December, Igor. List of Contents to Vol. I. 1900-1901. Prefatory Note. ‘The Royal Botanic Garden - - - z. - Sarees List of Staff ee ee ee _ Rules and Regulations - - - - - - Historic Notice - - . - - - - Features of the Garden. With Key Plan - . . Teaching in the Garden - Life-History and Habits of Diaxenes dendrobii, Gahan. With Plates I. and II. By R. Stewart MacDougall, M.A., D.Sc. ‘Torsion of the Leaves in Picea, Abies, Tsuga, and Pseudotsuga. With Zincographs 1-10, By A. D. Richardson - - List of Seeds collected in the spare Botanic Garden, ae during the year 1900 - ‘Observations on the Girth-increase of Trees in the nay Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. By David Christison, M.D. Life-History and Habits of Clerus formicarius, Linn., with 11-14. By R. Stewart MacDougall, M.A., D.Sc. - - Life-History and Habits of Rhizophagus depressus, sie’ with 15-17. By R,. Stewart MacDougall, M.A., Enumeration of Visitors to the Royal Botanic Garin, Edin- burgh, during the years 1889-1900 - ‘The Cultivation of Fruit under Glass. By James Whytock - Observations on the Girth-increase of Trees in the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Part II.—Conifere. By David Christison, M.D. _ - . ‘The Diameter-Increment of Trees. By A. W. Borthwick, B.Sc. ‘Hints on Propagating Mistletoe from the Berry. By William Paxton - . - - Notes on Museum-Methods in use at the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. With Plate III. By H. F. Pee * F.LS., Assistant in the Museum - . ‘Title and List of Contents to Vol. I., 1900-1901. PAGE. NOTES FROM THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, EDINBURGH. JANUARY 1900. CONTENTS, | Prefatory Note. _ \ Be The Royal Botanic Garden - sie Gor et ee List of Stall. ne a \ Rules and Regulations = - - - - - - ity Historic Notice - - - - - - - - 4 Features of the Garden. With Key Plan -_ - = pe Teaching in the Garden” - . - eo ae Life-History and Habits of Diaxenes dendrobii, Gahan. With Plates |.and Il. By R. Stewart a M.A., D.Sc. - . i Torsion of the Leaves in Picea, ‘kee Tsuga, and -Pseudotsuga. With Zincographs 1-10. By A, D. Richardson - - oo - = Ree oe 13 GLASGOW: PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OF FICE - By JAMES HEDDERWICK & SONS, AT THE “CITIZEN » PRESS, Si. VINCENT PLACE. - _ SOLD AT THE GARDEN, a hased, either gee or heen ad Bookseller, from nf wy ye eee % ~ c = Aes e-t.a 2 BS oy Sto a > a oe) Ww wee eau C ene os re cris PRE WOES O tien R = = } FO Op, < > io io} adv) Es s SEs 1, 1G, Jie Hf Tia ae 4 a rv ae) a ve AD 1) te tea! A Garden Office. B Museum, 00m. F Plants of Dry Regions. G Economie Plants. H Central Greenhouse and Cor : ion. U Gardener's Residence. | Inseetivorous Plants. R Regius Keeper's Residence. Point for View of the City. ! Orchids. W Gatekeeper’ e. Plants, ar ich lana KEY PLAN OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, EDINBURGH. JANUARY 1900. Area of Garden, 57,648 Acres. Feel tog (7) 500 1000 Feel. NOTES FROM THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, EDINBURGH. IT is proposed to issue from time to time, under the title of “ NOTES FROM THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, EDINBURGH,” reports upon the condition and progress of the Garden, records of scientific investigations carried on in the Garden, and notices of points of interest relating to plant-life which come under the observation of the Staff. To this first number there is prefixed a brief notice of the Botanic Garden itself. The “ NOTES” will be available in exchange for publications of kindred institutions, and will also be on sale to the public. ISAAG BAYLEY BALFOUR, Regius Keeper. Fanuary, 1900. THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, EDINBURGH. THE Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, is one of the three Gardens maintained by the State in the United Kingdom, the others being the Royal Gardens at Kew in England, and the Glasnevin Garden at Dublin in Ireland. It occupies an unequally-sided quadrilateral area of 57°648 acres (bounded upon all sides by public roads and dwelling-houses) on the North side of Edinburgh—about a mile from the shore of the Firth of Forth. Its highest point, at Inverleith House (R)—the official residence of the Regius Keeper of the Garden—towards the North-west, is 78 feet above sea-level, and thence the ground falls away onall sides. The lowest point—a depression 30 feet above sea-level, with an east and west trend through the middle of the Garden—is the site of an old bog, and the ground rises again to the south of the depression. The surface soil is generally alluvial sand resting on clay at considerable depth. In the lower part of the area the clay comes to the surface. There are two entrances—one upon the east side from Inver- leith Row into the Garden, the other upon the west side from Arboretum Road into the Arboretum. The Garden is open daily from 8 a.m. on Week-days and from 11 a.m.on Sundays until sunset. The Plant-Houses are open from I p.m. until 5.30 p.m., or until sunset if this be earlier. The Museum is open on Week-days from 10 a.m. until 6 p.m.,on Sundays from I p.m. until 5.30 p.m. The Herbarium and Library are open on Week- days from 10 a.m. until 6 p.m., excepting on Saturday, when they are open until I p.m. Staff of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Regius Keeper, . ; . Isaac Bayley Balfour, M.A,, M.D., F.R.S. Assistant in Museum, : : Harry Frank Tagg, F.LS. Assistant in Herbarium, . : . John Frederick Jeffrey. Clerk, : : Henry Hastings. Head Gardener, . : : Adam Dewar Richardson. Assistant Head Gardener, . : Robert Lewis Harrow. Foreman of Herbaceous Department, William Henry Waite. i os a i a RULES for the Royal Botanic Garden and Arboretum in connection with the Regula- tions prescribed by ‘‘ The Parks Regulation YT ne ae too pr He 1. No unauthorised Person may ride or drive in this Garden or in the Arboretum, and no Wheelbarrow, Truck, Bath-chair, Perambulator, Cycle, or other Vehicle or Machine, is allowed to enter, except with the written permission of the Keeper. Children under ten years of age are not admitted unless accompanied by a Parent or suitable Guardian. 2. No Horses, Cattle, Sheep, or Pigs are allowed to enter. 3. No Dogs are admitted. 4. No Bags, Baskets, or Parcels, no Flowers, and no implements for Games may be brought in; Artists and Photographers may not bring in their Apparatus without written permission from the Keeper. NoTE.— The foregoing Rules shall not apply to persons going to or leaving Inverletth House by the road mart d & from the Arboretum Road Gate to the House. 5. Visitors are to enter and leave the Plant Houses by the Doors according to the Notices affixed thereon. 6. Smoking is not allowed in the Plant Houses, 7. No Person shall touch the Plants or Flowers. 8. Pic-nics and luncheon parties are not allowed. g. No unauthorised Person shall Drill or practise Military Evolutions or use Arms or play any Game or Music, or — Gymnastics, or sell or let any Commodity. 10. No unauthorised Public Address may be delivered in the Garden or Arboretum. No Performance or Representation either spoken or in dumb show shall be given in any part of the Garden or Arboretum, unless by permission of the Commissioners iv RULES AND REGULATIONS. of Her Majesty’s Works and Public Buildings. No Person shall use any obscene, indecent, or blasphemous words, expressions, or gestures, or do any act calculated to provoke a breach of the Peace, in the course of, or in connexion with, any speech, address, performance, recitation, or representation. No money shall be solicited or collected in connexion with any performance, recitation, or representation, except by permission of the Com- missioners of Her Majesty’s Works and Public Buildings. 11. Large parties must be broken up to prevent crowding. 12. Climbing the Trees, Railings, or Fences is forbidden. 13. Birds’ nesting, and taking, destroying, or injuring Birds or Animals are forbidden. 14. The distribution of Handbills, Advertisements, and other Papers by the Public is forbidden. Dated the 4th day of August 1896. Sealed with the Common Seal of the Commisstoners of Her Majesty's Works and Public Butldings. REGINALD B. BRETT, Secretary. ee NT a ee ee Se eMTD Historic Notice. IN the year 1670 a portion of the Royal Garden around Holyrood House was occupied by two eminent Edinburgh physicians, Andrew Balfour and Robert Sibbald, for the making of a Physic Garden, and James Sutherland was appointed to the “Care of the Garden.” This was the foundation of the Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh, which is therefore, after that of Oxford (founded in 1632), the oldest in Great Britain. The stocking ‘of the Garden with plants was effected from the private Garden of Dr. Andrew Balfour, in which for some years he had been accumulating medicinal plants, and also in great measure from that at Livingston in West Lothian, the laird of which, Patrick Murray, was much interested in the growing of useful plants. In 1676 the same physicians acquired from the Town Council of Edinburgh a lease of the Garden of Trinity Hospital and adjacent ground for the purpose of a Physic Garden in addition to the Garden already existing at Holyrood, and they appointed the same James Sutherland to be “Intendant” of this Garden. The site of this Garden, which for convenience of reference may be called the Town’s Botanic Garden, was the ground lying between the base of that portion of the Calton Hill upon which the prison is built and the North Bridge, and it is now occupied by a portion of the Waverley Station of the North British Railway. The name Physic Garden attached to a street in the vicinity is a reminiscence of the existence of the Garden at this spot. | About 1702 another Botanic Garden was established in Edinburgh in the ground immediately adjacent to the College ~ Buildings, apparently on the site of the present South College Street. This was the College Garden, and of it James Suther- land became also custodian. vi Historic NOTICE. Thus in the early years of the eighteenth century there were in Edinburgh no less than three distinct Botanic or Physic Gardens—one at Holyrood, the Royal Garden; one around Trinity Hospital, the Town’s Garden; and one beside the College, the College Garden. All these were at first under the care of James Sutherland. Sutherland from the first made use of the Royal Garden for giving “instruction in Botany to the Lieges,” and received a royal warrant appointing him Botanist to the King in Scotland, and empowering him to “set up a Profession of Botany” in this Garden. When the Town’s Garden was created the Town Council appointed him to lecture on Botany as Professor in the Town’s College, now the University of Edinburgh. In 1683 he published his “ Hortus Medicus Edinburgensis, or a Catalogue of the Plants in the Physical Garden at Edinburgh,” from which and from other published notices of the Town’s Garden we learn that between two and three thousand plants were in cultivation. There is no means of determining how these plants. were distributed between the several Gardens at the date of publica- tion of Sutherland’s catalogue. In 1706 Sutherland resigned the care of the Town’s Garden and the College Garden as well as his Professorship in the University, but, remaining King’s Botanist, he retained the care of the Royal Garden at Holyrood. Charles Preston was appointed his successor by the Town Council, and there were thus established rival Gardens and rival Professors of Botany in Edinburgh. Charles Preston died in 1712, and was succeeded in his offices by his brother George Preston. Neither of the Prestons had ever the care of the Royal Garden. In 1715 Sutherland died, and his successor as King’s Botanist, Keeper of the Royal Garden, and Regius Professor of Botany was William Arthur, who, however, for political reasons did not hold the offices long, and was succeeded in 1716 by Charles Alston. In 1724 the College Garden, having fallen into disorder, was turned to other uses; and in 1729, George Preston having retired, the Town Council appointed, as his successor in the charge of the Town’s Garden and as Professor of Botany in the University, Charles Alston, who as King’s Botanist had already : Historic NOTICE. Vii the charge of the Royal Garden and was Regius Professor of Botany. Through him, after separation for a quarter of a century, the Royal Garden and the Town’s Garden were again combined under one Keeper, and the Regius Professorship of Botany and the University Professorship were similarly united. They have so continued to the present time. In 1763, the Royal Garden and the Town’s Garden proving too small and otherwise unsatisfactory, John Hope, who had succeeded Alston in his offices in 1761, proposed a transference of the two to a more congenial site in which they could be combined. At first it was intended to secure ground to the south of George Watson’s Hospital—the area upon which much of the present Royal Infirmary is built—but this not being possible, five acres of ground on the north side of Leith Walk, below the site now occupied by Haddington Place, were chosen, As Hope proposed to transfer the collections in the Royal Garden to the new Garden he was able to secure the support of the Treasury to his scheme, and the selected ground was leased in name of the Barons of Exchequer. At the same time the Town Council agreed to contribute £25 annually to the support of the Garden, this sum being the amount of rent expected from the letting of the old Town’s Garden. The plants from both Gardens were transferred to the ground at Leith Walk, and from this date there has been only one Botanic Garden in Edinburgh. The site thus secured for the Garden proved, however, only a temporary one. Daniel Rutherford, who in 1786 succeeded Hope in his offices, cast about him for a spot in which more ground would be available for the extension of the Garden ; and eventually in 1815 nine and a half acres of the land lying to the east of Holyrood Palace, and forming the ground of Belleville or Clockmill, was fixed upon as a site in every way desirable ; but Rutherford dying before completion of the arrangements for the transference of the Garden, his successor, Robert Graham, appointed in 1820, preferred the more open site of the Inverleith property which the Garden now occupies, and fourteen acres of the Field or Park of Inverleith, known as Broompark and Quacaple- sink, were purchased by the Barons of Exchequer from Mr. James Rocheid, its owner, in 1820, the lease of the Leith Walk Vili Historic NOTICE. Ground being sold. By 1823 all the plants had been transferred to the new Garden. In 1858, during the Keepership of John Hutton Balfour, who succeeded Graham in 1845, a further addition, by purchase from the proprietor of Inverleith, of a narrow belt of two and a half acres was made to the Garden on the west side; and in 1865, the Caledonian Horticultural Society having resigned to the Crown its lease of the ten acres of adjoining ground which it had occupied since 1824 as an experimental Garden, this ground was also made part of the Botanic Garden. Finally the present area of the Garden was completed in 1876, when the Town Council purchased from the Fettes Trustees twenty-seven and _ three- quarter acres of the Inverleith property on the west side of the Garden and transferred it to the Crown for the purpose of mak- king an Arboretum in connection with the Garden; the Crown at the same time purchased Inverleith House and two and a | half acres of additional ground. | In 1879, on Balfour’s retirement, Alexander Dickson became — Queen’s Botanist, Regius Keeper and Professor, and held these — appointments until his death in 1887. During his term of office — the Arboretum was thrown open to the public. : Surrounded as it now is on all sides by public roads, no further , extension of the Garden upon its present site can be made. | Features of the Garden. The method through which the Garden was built up by successive additions resulted in an absence of combination between its several parts, in great measure a consequence of want of adequate funds to make the necessary alterations in the grounds. During the past decade, in which the Garden has been wholly under the administration of the Commissioners of H.M. Works, the bringing about of this combination has been in progress. The work is not yet completed, and the Plan of the Garden which is attached to this sketch shows the area of the Garden as it is laid out at this date—January, 1900. Future editions will show further changes as the work of reconstruction proceeds. From its foundation the Botanic Garden has been devoted to the teaching of Botany, and its usefulness in this respect has determined the laying out of its area. Herbaceous Garden.—A considerable space is occupied by a collection of herbaceous plants arranged for study in natural orders after the “Genera Plantarum” of Bentham and Hooker. Rock Garden.—There is an extensive rockwork upon which alpine and rarer herbaceous plants are cultivated. Arboretum.—The whole of the western area of the Garden will be eventually utilised as an Arboretum of trees and shrubs, with the exception of the Conifers, which are now placed in the ground adjacent to the Rock Garden. The Plant-Houses are still in process of reconstruction. So far as they have been rearranged at the present time they consist of a long range to the north of the herbaceous collection, com- posed of a Central Green-house, from the sides of which two Corridors run east and west (H). In the Entrance Porch to the Central Green-house is a collection of Insectivorous Plants (I). From the Eastern Corridor two houses project to the south—one occupied by Plants of Dry Regions (F), the other containing xX FEATURES OF THE GARDEN. Economic Plants of both Tropical and Temperate Regions (G). The House terminating the Eastern end of this Corridor is one of the old and decayed plant-houses, to which visitors are not admitted pending its reconstruction. To the south side of the Western Corridor are attached two houses—one for Orchids (J) and one for Plants of Tropical and Warm Regions (K). The house at the western end of the Corridor is one of the old plant- houses, and is temporarily, and until reconstruction, filled with Tropical Ferns (L), and opening from it is a small house for Filmy Ferns. Behind the western end of the Front Range there is a Temperate House for Palms, Tree-Ferns, and Coniferz (O), and a Palm-House (P). Between these and the Front Range at its western end is a suite of houses (now hearing com- pletion) which will be devoted to Monocotyledonous Plants of Tropical and Warm Regions, specially Aroids, Scitaminez, Brom- eliads, Liliaceze, and Amaryllidacez ; Pitcher Plants are also provided for in one of these houses (M, N). The central Heating Station (Q) for the Plant-houses lies behind the Front Range. Adjoining the Entrance from Inverleith Row is a group of buildings including the Office of the Garden (A), the Museum (B), the Laboratories (C), and the Lecture Hall ( D). The Museum contains a series of exhibits illustrating the form and life-history of plants, and these are arranged so as to facilitate their use in teaching, Herbarium and Library.—In the southern portion. of the Garden is the Herbarium and Library ($). It contains a fair representation of the Floras of the world, and the herbarium of plants belonging to the University of Edinburgh is deposited here. The Ladies’ Cloak-Room is on the left hand of the path leading into the Garden from the Entrance from Inverleith Row (E From the higher ground of the Arboretum—at the point marked -V on the plan—a fine panoramic view of the City of Edinburgh, flanked on the east by Arthur’s Seat, and on the west by the Pentland Hills, is obtained. Teaching in the Garden. Special instruction in the sciences underlying the practice of Horticulture and Forestry is provided for the Staff of the Garden. The course of instruction is spread over three years, and consists of lectures upon, and practical instruction in, the sciences taught. A Reading-room and Library is also provided for members of the Staff going through the course. Young Gardeners or Foresters desiring admission to the Staff and the course of instruction should make application to the Regius Keeper. The Regius Keeper from time to time gives lectures which are open to the Public. The Laboratories are open to any one desirous of undertaking Botanical Research. In recent years a School of Rural Economy has been established in Edinburgh, and a considerable part of the botanical teaching in connection with it is carried on in the Garden, For a century and a half the offices of Regius Keeper of the Botanic Garden and Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh having been held by the same person, it has become the custom that the students of the University come to the Garden for instruction in Botany. The Life-History and Habits of Diaxenes den- drobii, Gahan, with Notes on Prevention and Remedy. BY R, STEWART MACDOUGALL, M.A., D.Sc. With Plates I. and II. It is safe to say that scarcely a year passes in which our country does not receive from other countries accidental additions to its insect fauna, these additions being either indi- viduals of an already native species whose numbers are thus swelled, or perhaps quite new species. Such insects as aphides or scale-insects, which feed externally, may be introduced on nursery-stock or fruits, to which they are securely anchored by a proboscis. Apart from these, many insects pass a part or much of their life in the various stages of egg, larva, pupa, or adult, under the bark of trees, or in the wood itself, or sunk in the tissue of smaller plants; hence driftwood and imported timber and plants are fertile sources of the new insect additions above mentioned. In my notes of the last two years, I have mention, as taken from driftwood, of living adults of such destructive forms as FTylesinus piniperda, Prssodes notatus, and Bostrichus steno- graphus ; also of the living pupz (the beetle being afterwards bred out) of Lamza edzlis, the Timberman, a coleopterous insect not common in our country. Again, a few months ago, in a piece of timber imported from America, I found on examination a living specimen of Goes figrina, a North American longicorn beetle. Notes, R.B.G., Edin., No. 1, 1900.] 2 STEWART MACDOUGALL—ON THE LIFE-HISTORY Whether such new species on issuing continue to live and gain a footing will depend on climatic and other reasons. Our purpose at present, however, is not to discuss the possibility of the acclimatisation of such insects as live in the open, but rather to emphasise the likelihood of damage and loss consequent on the presence of new injurious species of insects introduced with such plants as orchids, which are protected under glass and kept in a temperature resembling that of their native habitat—such surroundings favouring the chance of the parasitic insect obtaining a foothold. One such imported orchid-pest—unfortunately now only too well known in our orchid-houses—is a species of Xyleboraus which is injurious to the genus Dezdrodium. More than once I have had the attacked pseudo-bulbs sent to me with the insect iz sitz, in all stages of development, the last case being one of an attack on Dendrobium eburneum from an orchid-house at Pitlochry, Perthshire, the plants having been supplied by a dealer in the middle of England. Another such pest (also coleopterous) is Baridium aterrimus, a native of the Straits Settlements. I have received it along with damaged orchids from Penang, where it is especially harmful to Cypripedium and Saccolabium. There is at least one record of the presence of Baridium in England, a specimen having been determined by Mr. Waterhouse of the British Museum. This specimen was taken at Torquay on a species of Phalenopsts. A third pest whose capacity for destructive work makes it much to be feared is Dzaxenes dendrobit, the subject of this notice. Through the courtesy of Mr. Waterhouse, I am informed that since 1894 at least eight specimens of D. dendrobii have been sent to the British Museum from different parts of England and Scotland for determination. Late in December, 1896, I was asked to visit an orchid-house in Midlothian where a number of the plants had been ruined by some agency or other, insects being suspected. Attracted by discoloured patches on the pseudo-bulbs of some of the plants, I cut these open, and in each case found the larva of a longicorn etle. The larvze were of all sizes from very tiny up to evidently AND HABITS OF DIAXENES DENDROBII, GAHAN. 3 full-grown ones. Some of these last I carried away with me, and at the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, bred out the imagines (six in number), these proving to be, as suspected, Diaxenes dendrobit, The adult beetles issued on March 2nd, 1897. March 15th, 1897. » > » ” 18th, ” 8th, ” » 2oth, » With the six beetles thus won, I proceeded to work out the details of the round of life of the pest in one of the glass-houses at the Royal Botanic Garden. POSITION OF DIAXENES AMONG THE COLEOPTERA. The beetle is a longicorn belonging to the family Lamiidze and the sub-family Apomecynine. The genus Dzaxrenes was founded in 1884, the type being a beetle found in a Chelsea nursery on Dendrobium Plalenopsis; this beetle was named Dzuaxenes tayloritz, W. The only other species of the genus is our pest. DESCRIPTION OF IMAGO. I quote in full the description given in the “Annals and Magazine of Natural History” for 1894 :— “Strongly and rather closely pee with the punctures partly concealed by the close pubescence, this is mostly of a fulvous-brown or drab colour, but there are darker brown areas no each side, the two latter converging anteriorly. Each elytron has about six lines of a slightly yellowish tint, of which one lies along the outer margin; the second sets out just below the shoulder and is continued in a nearly straight direction along the side of the elytron; the third proceeds from the upper part of the shoulder and joins the second a little before the apex ; the next two lines are dorsal in position, they are sub- parallel to one another in the anterior fourth of the elytron, behind which they rather abruptly converge, after again diverging slightly they converge to join one another about the beginning of the apical fourth, whence they are continued as a single line up to the outer angle of the oblique apical truncature: the sixth is a very short line passing back from the base. In addition to these six lines, an ashy-grey streak may be seen along the suture, with a B 4 STEWART MACDOUGALL—ON THE LIFE-HISTORY rather faint and broken white line limiting it on the outer side. The body underneath has a drab pubescence with dark brown areas. The prosternum and mesosternum and the lower part of the sides of the prothorax are almost black in colour. The legs and antennez are covered with a nearly uniform drab-coloured pubescence, but in some examples the intermediate joints of the antennz are more or less dark brown towards the tip. The front of the head is also, in some examples, of a dark brown or nearly black colour, but this is partly due to the rubbing away of the pubescence.” The darkening in colour is occasionally very marked. One of the females used in my experiment was after a few months quite black all along the dorsal surface. The specimen from which the above description was taken measured 163 mm., and this is an average size. One imago I possess measures 17 mm., but I find a number smaller—thus, 14 mm., 12 mm., and one specimen is just 10 mm., but this small size was due, I think, to the poorness of the food on which the larvz had to subsist. DISTRIBUTION, It was suspected, and indeed stated, that the natural home of Diaxenes dendrobiz was Burmah, and during the year I had an opportunity of proving it. In the month of March, at an orchid sale in London, a number of plants of Dendrobium nobile were bought for the Royal Botanic Garden. These plants were imported for the sale from Burmah. When they reached the Botanic Garden, before being added to the collection, they were examined carefully, and in some of the pseudo-bulbs larvze were got which were bred up to the pupa stage, the resulting imagines being of Dzaxenes dendrobti. THE EGG. The egg is like a very tiny sausage, rounded off towards the ends. It measures 3} mm. in length, and is 1 mm. broad at its widest part. There is a well-marked areolation on the thick shell, giving to the egg examined under the microscope a honeycomb-appearance. The pattern is hexagonal and pentagonal, but this becomes modified at the ends of the egg. In colour the egg showed a pale whitish-green tinge as it lay in the tissue of the pseudo-bulb. Be eT MNT eee ee oe AND HABITS OF DIAXENES DENDROBII, GAHAN. 5 THE LARVA. The larva is a legless grub, convex on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. It is jawed, and has a chitinised head. Very short antennz may be seen on careful examination. Here and there over the body are bristles, The larva is to begin with whitish in colour, but later, and especially about the time of making its cocoon, yellowish. The stigmata along each side are well marked. It measures from 20 mm. to 22 mm. THE PUPA. A general knowledge of the form of the pupa will be obtained from the figures, where it will be noted how the femur and tibia of the first two pairs of legs form a sort of knee which projects slightly above the edge of the dorsal surface. The long antennz pass back, held at the edge of the dorsal surface by the two “knees” of the first and second pair of legs. Half-way down the body of the pupa the antennz curl round between the second and third pair of legs and, crossing the ends of the wings, run forward on the ventral surface to the tarsi of the front pair of legs. Measurements of different pupz gave from as small as II mm. up to 16mm. LIFE-HISTORY AND HABITS. The beetles rest during the day, sometimes at the base of the plant, with their heads, it may be, buried in the moss of the pot in which the plant is growing ; sometimes on the under surface of a leaf; but the favourite place was between two almost touching pseudo-bulbs. Now and again we got them moving on the plant in the daytime, but typically they are night-feeders. Often, after dark, on going into a glass-house with a lantern, I found them ‘browsing on the leaves or pseudo-bulbs with extended waving antenne. The beetles are very sluggish, remaining in the same place for long. Even a gentle prodding failed to make them move much, but never failed in drawing from the beetles a curious scraping sound like the creaking of a saddle or the noise made in cutting acork. The sound was produced by the beetles rubbing the 6 STEWART MACDOUGALL—ON THE LIFE-HISTORY front part of the mesothorax against the hind part of the pro- thorax. With reference to this noise—not an unusuai one among the longicorn beetles—the gardener in charge of an orchid-house where Dzaxenes was captured informed me that, not liking to take the beetle in his hand, he had picked it off “with a small pair of tongs, on which the poor creature began squeaking.” I was much struck by their protective colouration. When resting on a withered root, cr on the moss of the pot, or near a withered bulb where only the whitish-grey fibres remained, it was almost impossible for a stranger to pick out the beetle, so accurately did the colour of the beetle—especially on account of the longitudinal light lines down its back—harmonise with these surroundings, The death-feigning instinct of the imagines was also very noticeable. The adult beetles eat greedily and are very destructive. They feed upon and destroy :— (1) The Pseudo-Bulbs. Out of these they gnaw large pieces. If the pseudo-bulb be a small one it may be entirely eaten away; specially would the beetles take the youngest growth. If the pseudo-bulbs were long and narrowish they would be gnawed at one place till the weight of the upper part would break the pseudo-bulb in two. This was the case, for example, where a species of Phajzus with a single pseudo-bulb was used as food. (2) Zhe Leaves. These were not bitten from the edge; but the surface, either upper or lower, would be gnawed until holes appeared. If the leaves were very tough—as in the case of Lelia anceps—a hole might not result, but the scraped surface remained to testify to the work of the feeding beetles. Often a leaf would be bitten and gradually thinned away near its place of attachment to the pseudo-bulb, and the leaf, becoming top- heavy, bent over and broke or hung down. (3) Zhe Rhizome. Sometimes the exposed part of the rhizome would also be eaten away. (4) Zhe Roots. Several times in the course of the experiment fairly thick roots were bitten through ; but a commoner damage to the root was the gnawing away of the external parts into the central cylinder (as shown in one of the figures). The effect of all the above destruction was evidenced by the AND HABITS OF DIAXENES DENDROBI, GAHAN. Mi poorness of the plant. Pseudo-bulbs that normally would have borne three flowers only produced one, and sometimes none at all. The young pseudo-bulbs, following attack on the plant, were only half the size compared with the growth made in a previous year. The females after copulation lay their eggs in the pseudo- bulbs, often at the apex from where a leaf springs. I believe, from the amount of food a larva eats, that, unless the pseudo- bulb be a very large one, only one egg will be laid in a pseudo-bulb, I certainly found two eggs laid in the pseudo- bulb of a Coelogyne cristata, and also two in one pseudo-bulb of a Coelogyne flacceda, but this I feel sure was due to the beetles not having a sufficiently large number of plants to lay on. In both of these cases I had to remove one larva and place it in another pseudo-bulb. | The eggs hatch in less than a fortnight, and the grubs feed greedily. They bore a tunnel down the pseudo-bulb from the ~ place of hatching, the surrounding tissue browns, and soon all down one side of the pseudo-bulb the decayed brown-blotched channel invites the attention of the observer to the destructive work of the enclosed larva. All the soft parts are then mined away, so that nothing is left of the pseudo-bulb save the outer epidermal rind and the strands of fibro-vascular bundles which run longitudinally down the hollowed-out pseudo-bulb from end to end like strands of fine string. The larve wriggle about very actively if laid on the ground or held in the hand, while in their tunnels they move as easily and as readily backwards as forwards. If the pseudo-bulb has been too small and has not afforded enough food to the larva, the latter immediately proceeds to mine through the rhizome until it reaches another sound pseudo- bulh, into which it enters. One such larva that did not find enough to satisfy it in one Coelogyne cristata pseudo-bulb tunnelled through 3 cm. of rhizome and up into another, which it completely gutted. This method of leaving one pseudo-bulb and entering another was often observed during the experiment. I may add that larvee removed from their tunnels and placed by themselves alongside a broken-off pseudo-bulb were quite able to make an entrance. On an infested plant the pseudo-bulbs may 8 STEWART MACDOUGALL—-ON THE LIFE-HISTORY show all stages from still healthy not yet attacked ones to others beginning to brown and to others more than half brown, up to the perfectly withered and blotched pseudo-bulb which gives to the slightest pressure. The full-fed larva makes a cocoon by weaving together the fibres of the hollowed pseudo-bulb. The larve do not immedi- ately pupate on the formation of the cocoon, but lie as larvee on it may be for a lengthened period. One such larva, watched through a little chink cut in the cocoon, lay for twenty-three days before pupating, but others lay very much longer. In one experiment where the plant was Odondoglossum citrosmum, the larva had made its cocoon by December 17th, 1897, and the imago did not issue till April 24th, 1898. I did not wish to disturb this cocoon, and therefore cannot add the date of the change to the pupal condition. Once the larva becomes a pupa, the pupal stage lasts on an average twenty-four or twenty-five days. Here is a Table showing some of the times, where the changes were watched through a chink purposely made in the cocoon :— Pupa. Beetle issued. October 11, . : . November 4. January 27, . : . February 26. February 6, . : . March -? The escaping imago bites a little round hole in the cocoon and walks out, or, if the pseudo-bulb be unbroken, through pseudo- bulb as well. Development from egg to imago can take place in three and a half to four months, but may take much longer. Thus, in a~ Coelogyne cristata the beetles had an opportunity of egg-laying from June roth to July 27th, and I had issue of imagos on October 11th, October 18th, and the beginning of November. If a long time be spent in the cocoon before the larva pupates the above developmental period will correspondingly be lengthenend out; the character of the food and the temperature will also each have an effect. : AND HABITS OF DIAXENES DENDROBII, GAHAN. 9 The following Table shows some of the results as regards variation in length of the life cycle -— Time during which Beetles Time of I f Plant. had opportunity to lay ge B nae - Eggs. Ww brood. Coelogyne cristata. June 1o—July 27, 1897. October 11, 1897. October 18, 1897. Beginning of Nov. Coelogyne flaccida, July 27—Aug. 9, 1897. April 7, 1898. Odontoglossum cit- July 27—Aug. 24, 1897. April 24, 1898. YOSMUM. May 2, 1898. It may be interesting to note how long my six imagines lived. Issuing as imagines between March 2nd and March 2oth, 1897— The 1st died on April 8th, 1897. “2nd : May 28th, - yo ord é July 5th, fe yw 4th ‘a October ar “ ” 5th ” ) 6th Nok: 18th, | g Although Dzaxenes dendrobii is called the “ dendrobe-orchid beetle,” I am sorry to add that it does not content itself with infesting the Dendrobium nobile from Burmah. I have not found any orchid with marked pseudo-bulbs refused as food. In the following orchids my six insects bred, the feeding larve quite ruining the plants :— Lelia anceps. Coelogyne flaccida. Coelogyne cristata. Odonioglossum citrosmum. The orchid-house where I obtained my original material was quite ruined by the insect, and I took young or old larvae from the following orchids :— Dendrobium Farmerit. Lelia anceps (several ” Griffithianum. varieties). ” thyrsiflorum. Cattleya Mosste. Triane. ee Sormosum. ” io STEWART MACDOUGALL—ON THE LIFE-HISTORY The day temperature of the orchid-house referred to was never below 60 degs. F., and the night temperature never below 55 degs. F. The temperature of the house where my experiment took place was higher than this. Besides the species named above as plants in which my beetles bred, the following other orchids were used as food :— Dendrobium nobile. Cattleya sp. 59 cariniferum. Phajus sp. ” Wardianum. Oncidium sp. PREVENTIVE AND REMEDIAL MEASURES, Unfortunately in connection with this pest, there seems to be _every possible combination against the plant and in favour of Diaxenes dendrobtt :— The beetle breeds in a number of genera. Many genera can be used as food. The beetles, owing to their colour and their being night feeders, escape notice. The length of development from egg to imago is not excessive. The imagines have a fairly long life. From what I have seen of the work of this beetle, I have no hesitation in saying that Dzaxenes dendrobti is the very worst of orchid-pests, and yet, with reasonable care, successful war can be waged against it. I. Let all imported plants before being added to a collection be carefully gone over. Any brown discoloured pseudo- bulbs should be suspected and examined for the larva. Perfectly sound pseudo-bulbs have a firm feel to the fingers ; infested pseudo-bulbs “give” a little on being pressed. 2. Owners or cultivators of orchids should keep a careful look-out for the work of the imago. Its damage is not to be mistaken for any other—how characteristic it is the figures show. Any found heetles should destroyed. They must be searched for, however, after nightfall with a lamp or lantern. 3. That the larva has got to work may be known by a gradual discolouration down one side of the pseudo- AND HABITS OF DIAXENES DENDROBII, GAHAN. it bulb ; this will spread over the whole. The enclosed grub must be cut out, or, if the pseudo-bulb is far gone, let it be cut off bodily and the whole destroyed. RIRI TAMDA PHY. Woodward, in Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1883, mentions receipt of a larva taken from an orchid. It was dead and could not be identified, but I am satisfied the insect was a species of Diarenes. Gahan, C. J. Description of a new longicorn beetle of the genus Diaxenes, in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, xiii (1894), p. 520. Donge, E. Exhibited a larva ae imago of the insect taken from the conservatory of a horticulturist in Paris. See Ann. ae Entom. France, Ixiii (1894), also, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1895, Xamben, Capt. Supplies notes on larval habits eee upon metamorphosis in Ann. Soc. Entom. France, lxiv (1895), also in Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1895, p. ccxlix. EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES in Plates I. and II. Illustrating Dr. Stewart Macdougall’s paper on Diaxenes dendrobtt, Gahan. Fig. 1.—Imago from life. Natural size. » 2.—Egg from side. Greatly magnified. » 3-—End view of egg-shell, showing characteristic areolation. Greatly nified. » 4.—Full-grown larva. Slightly magnified. » 5.—Pupa removed from cocoon, ventral surface. Twice natural size. »» 6.—Pupa removed from cocoon, dorsal surface. Twice natural size. » 7.—Pseudo-bulb of Dendrobium with larva (not full grown) that has been mining, as shown by the dark discoloured tissue. Natural size. 8.—Cocoon enclosing larva, in hollowed-out pseudo-bulb of Coelogyne cristata. Natural size. » 9—Cocoon showing escape-hole, in pseudo-bulb of Dendrobium. Slightly reduce » 10.—Three beetles seen on plant of Dendrobium cariniferum. Slightly reduced. » 11.—Adult beetle on Dendrobium cariniferum. Magnified. »» 12.—Under-surface of ag of Lelia anceps gnawed by imago. Two- thirds natural si ” 13.—Coelogyne aides ete leaves characteristically injured by imago. Half natural size. 14.—Cattleya, —- pseudo-bulbs and roots gnawed by imago. Natural s ~ - NOTES R. B. G. EDIN. "PLATE |. aR } ¢ 4 # 4 A MacDovcatt—On Diaxenes Dendrobii, Gahan. PLATE Il. NOTES R. B. G, EDIN. MacDovaaLt—On Diaxenes Dendrobii, Gahan. On the twisting of the leaves on their bases on the horizontal shoots of the flat-leaved Spruces (PICEA § OMORICA) as contrasted with the same phenomenon in the flat-leaved Silver Firs (ABIES), the flat-leaved Hemlock Firs (TSUGA), and the Douglas Fir (PSEUDO- TSUGA). BY A. D. RICHARDSON. With Zincographs 1—10. In the flat-leaved spruces, in which the stomatic leaf-surface is morphologically the upper one, and which constitute Willkomm’s section Omorica of the genus P2cea, the twisting of the leaves on their bases on the horizontal (plagiotropous) shoots, in order to direct their stomatic surfaces downwards, differs from that which obtains in flat-leaved silver and hemlock firs, and in the Douglas fir, in all of which the stomatic leaf-surface is morphologically the under one, in being reversed in direction, and, as a result of this reversion in direction, in the order of succession in which the leaves twist on their bases from the position in the median plane of the shoot at which no twisting takes place to that at which the maximum is reached being also reversed. In a flat-leaved spruce, a leaf arising in the median plane upon the upper side of a horizontal shoot does not twist on its base, but bends forward and becomes nearly parallel in direction with the shoot, so that its .stomatic (upper) surface is directed downwards. A leaf arising in the median plane upon the under side of a horizontal shoot, on the other hand, twists on its base through 180 degrees in order to direct its stomatic (upper) [Notes, R.B.G., Edin., No. 1, 1900,] i4 RICHARDSON—ON TWISTING OF LEAVES surface downwards, and, by a swing movement at its base, - which is independent of the twisting movement, it moves upwards so that it usually lies in a more or less horizontal plane ; and it also moves outwards to a position nearly at a right angle to the direction of the shoot. In the leaves arising from the shoot on either side of the median plane, more or less twisting takes place at the base of each, according to its position on the axis, in order to direct its stomatic (upper) surface down- wards, the amount through which each twists (assuming the direction of the shoot to be quite horizontal, and the median plane of the leaf after twisting to be truly vertical) being equal to the angular divergence of its point of insertion from that of a leaf inserted in the median plane in which no twisting takes place—in other words, the twisting commences in the leaves adjacent to those in the median plane upon the upper side of the shoot and increases as successive leaves are passed through from above downwards. By a swing movement at the base, the leaves lying on either side of the median plane move upwards or down- wards, according to their positions on the axis, so that they arrange themselves in a series of superposed more or less horizontal planes lying between those of the uppermost and undermost leaves of the shoot ; and they also move outwards into positions more or less divergent in direction from that of the axis, according to their positions thereon, the divergence increasing as successive leaves are passed through from above downwards from a few degrees in those adjacent to the leaves in the median plane upon the upper side of the shoot to nearly a right angle in those adjacent to the leaves in the median plane upon the under side of it. In flat-leaved silver firs, and in the Douglas fir, on the other hand, in which the stomatic leaf-surface is morphologically the under one, a leaf arising in the median plane upon the upper side of a horizontal shoot twists on its base through 180 degrees in order to direct its stomatic (under) surface downwards, while a leaf arising in the median plane upon the under side of a horizontal shoot does not twist, but moves upwards by a swing Movement at its base, so that it usually lies in a more or less horizontal plane; and it also moves outwards into a position nearly at a right angle to the direction of the shoot. As is the IN SPRUCES AND FIRS. 5 case in the flat-leaved spruces, the leaves arising from the shoot on either side of the median plane twist more or less on their bases according to their positions on the axis, the amount through which each twists being equal to the angular divergence of its point of insertion from that of a leaf inserted in the median plane in which no twisting takes place; but, contrary to what takes place in the case of the spruces, the twisting here com- mences in the leaves adjacent to those in the median plane upon the under side of the shoot and increases as successive leaves are passed through in an upward direction. These leaves also move upwards or downwards, according to their positions on the axis, by a swing movement at the base, into more or less horizontal positions, as in the case of the leaves corresponding with them in position on the horizontal shoots of the flat-leaved spruces, and they also move outwards into positions more or less divergent in direction from that of the shoot ; but this movement, unlike that which occurs in similarly situated leaves in the flat- leaved spruces, varies in different species of flat-leaved silver firs. In species such as Adzes grandis and A. Lowzana all the leaves on the horizontal shoots move outwards into positions nearly at right angles to the direction of the axis, so that a “ pectinate ” arrangement is produced; but in other species such as 4. amabilis and A. Nordmanntana the leaves on the upper sides of the horizontal shoots assume a disposition having a somewhat superficial resemblance to that of the leaves of the flat-leaved spruces, inasmuch as the uppermost leaves, in addition to twisting on their bases, often bend forward, so that they lie almost parallel in direction with the shoot, while those adjacent to them on either side move outwards into positions more or less divergent in direction from that of the axis, the divergence increasing as successive leaves are passed through in a downward direction to, in some instances, nearly a right arigle in those adjacent to the leaves in the median plane upon the under side of it.} 1 These species are taken as representing perhaps the two extremes of leaf-arrange- ment in the flat-leaved silver firs—A. grandis, Lindl., and A. Lowiana, Murray, on the one hand being very pronouncedly “‘ pectinate,” while 4. amadilis, Forbes, and A. Nordmanniana, Spach, are more or less what may be termed ‘‘spruce-like.” Between these exttemes lie a number of species which are more or less intermediate, such as A. pectinata, DC., A. er et Mill., A. sibirica, Ledeb.,A. Vettchit, Lindl., and others, 16 RICHARDSON—ON TWISTING OF LEAVES In some flat-leaved hemlock firs, such as Tsuga Steboldzz, the arrangement of the leaves on the horizontal shoots is essentially _ the same as that which obtains in flat-leaved silver firs and in the Douglas fir; but in such species as Zswga canadensis and Ts. Mertenstana, and one or two others, a slight divergence occurs. In the leaves inserted in the median plane upon the upper side of the shoot, which are generally smaller than the others, no twisting on the base takes place. These leaves behave in precisely the same way as do those in a corresponding position on the horizontal shoots of the flat-leaved spruces, but with this difference, that whereas in the spruces the stomata, being on the upper side of the leaf, become directed downwards when it bends forward in the direction of the apex of the shoot, in these hemlock firs, owing to their being on the under side of the leaf, they become directed upwards. In the flat-leaved spruces, then, in consequence of the stomata being located on the upper leaf-surface, the arrangement of the leaves on the horizontal shoots is quite distinct from that in flat-leaved silver and hemlock firs, and in the Douglas fir. In these latter the mode of twisting of the leaves on their bases is identical with that observable in a plagiotropous shoot of such a plant as the common yew, or in fact of any broad-leaved plant such as Deervilla or Philadelphus—that is to say, the direction, as seen from above, in which the leaves twist on their bases ona horizontal shoot, when they come to occupy positions nearly at right angles to its axis, is away from the apex of the shoot, or when nearly parallel with it the direction of twisting is away from the median plane on the upper side of the shoot. In Figs, 1 and 2 horizontal shoots of this sort are represented diagrammatically as seen from above. The centre line represents the axis, the lateral lines the leaves, and the curved arrows show the direction in which the leaves twist ori their bases. Fig. 1 illustrates the arrangement of the leaves on the horizontal shoots in such flat- leaved silver firs as A. grandis and A. Lowtana, and also the arrangement on the under side of the shoot in such flat-leaved species as A. amadilis and A. Nordmanniana, while Fig. 2 illustrates the arrangement on the upper side of the shoot in species such as the last named. In the case of a flat-leaved spruce, on the other hand, the direction in which the leaves IN SPRUCES AND FIrRs. 17 twist is, when viewed from above, either towards the apex of the shoot, as represented in Fig. 3, which illustrates the WA A —- 5 a Hh | as Fig. J Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. Figs. 1 and 2. Directions of twisting and movement in silver fir. Figs. 3 and 4. Directions of twisting and movement in spruce. arrangement of the leaves on the under side of the shoot, or towards the median plane on the upper side of the shoot, as represented in Fig. 4, which illustrates the arrangement on the upper side of the shoot. In plagiotropous shoots in which the stomatic leaf-surface is morphologically the under one, and where the leaf-arrangement is normally not a truly distichous but a polystichous one, a pseudo-distichous arrangement is frequently brought about either by twisting and other movements of the leaves on their bases, or by torsion of the axis itself. In Dvzervilla and Philadelphus the leaves are opposite and decussate on the orthotropous shoots, but they all lie in one horizontal plane on the plagiotropous shoots, with their stomatic surfaces directed downwards. In these cases the pseudo-distichous arrangement on the plagiotropous shoots is brought about by torsion of the axis alternately to right and left between the nodes, so as to bring alJl the points of insertion of the leaves into nearly the Same plane, and at the same time each leaf twists at its base through go degrees and brings its surface into a horizontal position, so that they all lie in the same horizontal plane. This arrangement is illustrated diagrammatically in Fig. 5, which represents a plagiotropous shoot of this sort as viewed from above. Ce RICHARDSON—ON TWISTING OF LEAVES The curved arrows on the central axis indicate the direction in which it twists in each successive —- internode. In the Irish yew all the shoots are ortho- Ls tropous and the leaf-arrangement is polystichous, \ being in fact a % spiral arrangement. In —+—+—}-_ the common yew, of which the Irish yew is only a variety, most of the shoots are plagiotropous, { and the leaves, although really spirally arranged, become pseudo-distichous by twisting and a oes BEE swing movements on their bases, but here there a is no torsion of the axis as in Dzervilla and Philadelphus. In flat-leaved silver firs, and in the Douglas Fig. & fir, there is a pseudo-distichous arrangement of _... the leaves on the horizontal shoots which, as ing of shoot and before mentioned, is identical with that which leaves in Dzervil/a. F ; occurs in common yew. In such species as Altes grandis asnd A. Lowiana this pseudo-distichous arrange- ment of the leaves is brought about independently of the twisting of the leaves on their bases by the way in which they move out- wards on either side of the shoot into positions nearly at right angles to the direction ofits axis. In species like A. amadz/zs and A. Nordmanniana the pseudo-distichous arrangement is often masked by the upper leaves assuming directions parallel with, or only slightly divergent from, that of the axis. But, as the direction in which the leaves twist on their bases on the upper side of the shoot is away from the median plane, as viewed from above, their stomatic (under) surfaces turn outwards from each other in opposite directions, to either side of the shoot, so that there is a parting or shedding of the leaves along the median plane on the upper side; and as there is also a parting or shedding of the leaves by the swing movement already referred to along the median plane on the under side of the shoot, a pseudo-distichous arrangement is the result. The resemblance between the arrangement on the upper sides of the horizontal shoots here and that of the flat-leaved spruces is therefore entirely superficial. In a flat-leaved spruce, on the other hand, IN SPRUCES AND FIRS, 19 a pseudo-distichous arrangement is impossible. The leaves in the median plane upon the upper side of a horizontal shoot do not twist on their bases, nor do they move to either side of the shoot, while those adjacent to them on either side twist towards, not away from, the median plane, as viewed from above, so that there is no parting or shedding along the upper side of the shoot, and therefore no pseudo-distichous arrangement.! Figures 6-10 will serve to illustrate the various points dealt with in the preceding pages, and they will also serve to show how the positions of the tissues of the leaves are affected from a morphological point of view by the twisting and other move- ments which take place at the leaf base, a matter in regard to which some misconception seems to exist in the descriptive accounts of some of the flat-leaved species of Picea. — Fig. 6 represents diagrammatically on a ground plan the positions assumed by the leaves in an erect (orthotropous) shoot of a flat-leaved silver or hemlock fir, or of the Douglas fir, while Fig. 8 represents the same thing in a flat-leaved spruce. In the figures the axis of the shoot occupies the centre, and the leaves are arranged in a circle surrounding it, the spiral arrangement being disregarded in order not to introduce complications. The number of leaves (twelve) fixed upon is purely arbitrary, the even number being adopted in order to avoid fractions of a degree. The leaves are numbered consecutively, and the angular divergence from zero (leaf 1) is indicated on the outside of each leaf. The various tissue-groups of the leaf are indicated thus : —X = xylem; P = phloem; R.C. = resin-canals ; $.S. = stomatic surface. A glance at Figs. 6 and 8 will show that they differ in one particular only—namely, the position of the stomatic surface of the leaf. In Fig. 6 it is in the normal position on the phloem- side of the leaf, but in Fig. 8 it ison the xylem-side and faces the axis of the shoot. 1 The arrangement of the leaves on the horizontal shoots of as (flat-leaved oe other) is frequently incorrectly described as pseudo-distichous. Dr. Engelmann, in Watson’s Flora of California, II, p. 121, describes the leaves of Picea as oo? ed all round the branchlets or (by a twist of the base) somewhat 2-ranked,” and other authorities orggeeed refer to them as being ‘‘2-ranked,” ‘‘2-rowed,” or ** pseudo-distichou C RICHARDSON—ON TWISTING OF LEAVES Fie. 6 fic. 9 Fic. 10 Figs. 6 and 7. Arrangements in flat-leaved silver fir, 7 suga Sieboldi, and Douglas fir c Figs. 8 and 9, Arrangements in flat-leaved spruce. Fig. 10. Arrangement in 7suga canadensis, Ts. Mertensiana, and others. IN SPRUCES AND FIrs. 21 Fig. 7 represents the positions assumed by the leaves in flat-leaved silver firs, in some hemlock firs, and in the Douglas fir when such a shoot as that represented in Fig. 6 becomes horizontal. The leaves corresponding to those in Fig. 6 are indicated by corresponding numbers, and the degree-numbers indicate the angles through which the leaves twist on their bases, as well as their angular divergences from the leaf in which no twisting takes place. _In Fig. 7, leaf 7, which is in the median plane upon the under side of the shoot, is the one in which no twisting takes place, but, by the swing movement on its base already referred to, it moves upwards and outwards to the position indicated in the figure, As, however, its point of insertion is in the median plane of the axis, it may move either to the right or to the left. In leaf 1, which is in the median plane upon the upper side of the shoot, on the other hand, the maximum amount of twisting at the base takes place, and owing to its being in the median plane of the shoot, it may, like leaf 7, move either to the right or to the left. In those lying between 1 and 7, on either side of the median plane of the shoot, the amount of twisting which each undergoes is equal to the angular divergence of its point of insertion from that in which no twisting takes place, as indicated in the figure. For example, the points of insertion of leaves 4 and 10 are each divergent 90 degrees from that of leaf I, and this is equal to the angle through which each twists in order to bring its median plane into a vertical position. The curved arrows above and beneath Fig. 6 indicate the direction in which the leaves shed away from the median plane of the axis, on the upper side by twisting, and on the under side by a swing movement at the base, when a shoot such as this becomes horizontal as in Fig. 7. Figure 9 represents the positions assumed by the leaves in a flat-leaved spruce when a shoot such as that represented in Fig. 8 becomes horizontal, and the leaf-numbers and degree-numbers have the same significance as those in Fig. 7. Leaf 1 in Fig. 9 is that in which no twisting takes place, and it retains precisely the same position in relation to the axis as does the corresponding leaf in Fig. 8. In leaf 7, on the other hand, the maximum amount of twisting on the base takes place, and in addition 22 RICHARDSON—ON TWISTING OF LEAVES to this twisting there is the swing movement at the base, by which the leaf moves upwards and outwards into the position indicated in the figure ; and, as the point of insertion of this leaf is in the median plane upon the under side of the shoot, it may move either to the right or to the left. In the leaves lying between 1 and 7, on either side of the median plane of the shoot, the same rule as to twisting obtains as that which governs the twisting in Fig. 7, but here the order of succession in which the leaves twist is reversed in direction as compared with that illustrated in Fig. 7 The curved arrows beneath Fig. 8 indicate the direction in which the leaves shed away from the median plane of the axis when a shoot such as this becomes horizontal as in Fig. 9; but the shedding of the leaves along the median plane on the under side of the shoot is not here due to a swing move- ment at the base only, as in Fig. 7, but to a combination of both a twisting and a swing movement. Both these movements, in fact, culminate in the leaves in the median plane on the under side of the shoot in a flat-leaved spruce ; whereas in a flat-leaved silver, in some hemlock firs, or in the Douglas fir, the twisting movement culminates in the leaves in the median plane on the upper side of the shoot, while the swing movement culminates in those in the median plane on the under side. Fig. 10 represents, in the same way as in Figs. 7 and 9, the positions assumed by the leaves on a horizontal shoot of a hem- lock fir such as 7suga canadensts, or T. Mertenstana, as described on p. 16. The leaves inserted in the median plane upon the upper side of the shoot show no twisting at the base, but, bending forward in the direction of the apex of the shoot, they occupy positions similar to that of leaf 1 in Fig. 10, in which the stomatic (under) surface is directed upwards, whereas in all the other leaves of the shoot it is directed down- wards as in the flat-leaved silver firs, and in the Douglas fir.} 1 Ina paper entitled a “ Review of some Points in the Comparative Morphology, Anatomy, and Life-History of the Coniferze,” published in the ‘‘ Journal of the Linnean ociety, Botany, Vol. xxvii, Dr. Masters refers to the leaf-arrangement in these plants as follows (p. 247) :—‘‘ Another instance of variation in the arrangement of “leaves is often seen in Abies Nordmanniana, A. Pichta, A. amabilis, as also in Tsuga canadensis, &c. The leaves on the lateral and —_ or a hereon ** spreading Denlinlies, though polystichous, i 7 = 4! IN SPRUCES AND FIRS 23 The effect of this twisting of the leaves on their bases on the horizontal shoots of the firs and spruces referred to results in but a slight deviation from. the normal condition of the internal leaf-structure, and this only in the flat-leaved spruces. In the flat-leaved silver and hemlock firs, and in the Douglas fir, there is no departure from the normal condition, and the arrangement of the internal tissues of the leaf is precisely the same both in leaves of the leader shoots (where no twisting takes place) and in leaves of the horizontal shoots ; but in the flat-leaved spruces, owing to the stomata being located on the morphologically upper leaf-surface, and to the consequent inversion of the leaves on the horizontal shoots as compared with those on the leader (erect) shoots, or with those on both the erect and horizontal shoots of a flat-leaved silver fir, or the Douglas fir, the positions of the various leaf-tissues are completely reversed, so that the phloem is towards the non-stomatic, actually upper (but really morphologically under) side, and the xylem towards the stomatic under (but really morphologically upper) side, while the resin-canals occupy their normal positions on the phloem side of the leaf. The only anatomical change which results from this abnormal (inverted) position of the leaves on the horizontal shoots of these flat-leaved spruces is the formation of palisade cells in the non-stomatic upper (but really morpho- logically under) side of the leaf in two or three of the species ; and no doubt it is the abnormal position of these cells on the same side of the leaf as the resin-canals (which always belong to the under side of the leaf!) that has led to the little *€ one on either side of the branch (in which case the leaves are nearly at a right ‘angle to the branch), and one in the median plane of the upper surface (in which “case the leaves are appressed along the branch arpa: to its main axis). The “* median leaves are usually smaller than the lateral ones.’ It is quite true, as Dr. Masters says, that in hemlock firs like 7suga canadensis the leaves are really arranged in three groups, but such a description is incorrect when es to any of the flat-leaved silver firs, as has been shown in this paper. 1In connection with this it may be pointed out here that the figures of the erse sections of 2 leaves a Picea Alcockiana and P. Glehnit of the ** Gardeners’ Chaonicte” (Vol. xiii, N.s., pp. 212 and jor) and of the ‘Journal of the Linnean Society”’ (Botany, Vol. xviii, pp. 509 and 513) are, judging from the positions of these r eos, evidently inverted, as is also spoareiikty that of ?. Breweriana of the ‘‘ Gardeners’ Chronicle” (Vol. xxv, N.S., p. 497). In the two first-mentioned species no twisting takes place at the bases of the leaves on the horizontal shoots, so * 24 RICHARDSON—ON TWISTING OF LEAVES. confusion which exists in the descriptive accounts of some of these species. In conclusion, it may be pointed out that in the silver firs (Adzes) and in the hemlock firs (Zsuga) species occur in which the leaves are not distinctly flattened, and where, as in the true spruces (Picea § Eupicea), the stomata are more or less evenly distributed over the four faces of the leaf. This occurs in such species as Abies Pinsapo, A. nobilis, A. magnifica, and others, amongst silver firs, and in 7saga Hookertana of gardens amongst hemlock firs. In such cases there is, of course, as in the case of spruces, no pseudo-distichous arrangement. that the resin-canals are pri in the actually, as well as the morphologically, under part of theleaf. About Lf. Breweriant, a species of which I have not seen specimens, I am unable to seeihits an opinion . oe whether the leaves twist on the horizontal shoots or not. JBeissner (‘‘ Handbuch der Nadelholzkunde,” p. 350) places it amongst the true spruces al Putte = Willkomm), in which no twisting of the leaf base occurs ; but Professor Sargent says.(‘‘ Silva of North America,” Vol. xii, p. 52) ‘‘it most eercorse in -leaf structure and = the form of its cone-scales the flat-leaved # O of the Balkan arenes Judging from the figures alone (both of the « Gardeners’ Chronicle” and o *¢ Silva > it would appear that the stomata are confined to one leaf-surface acl, a from the position in which the canals are shown, no doubt this is the upper one, as in the other flat-leaved species. I therefore incline to Professor Sargent’s opinion that it is more closely allied to the flat-leaved species than to the true spruces. FROM THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN DINBURGH. s NOVEMBER 1900. List of Seeds Collected in the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, during the Year 1900. The following is a list of plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, from which ripened seeds have been collected during the year 1900. The quantity of seed obtained from some of the species is of limited amount. The seeds are available for exchange, but they are not for sale :— HERBACEOUS PLANTS. Acantholimon glumaceum, Boiss. Achillea Jaborneggi x , Halacsy. Aciphylla squarrosa, Forst. Aconitum Anthora, Zinn. ' Actza alba, AZz1/. Spicata, Zinn. Adenophora stylosa, Fisch. fEthionema cappadocicum, Spreng. cordatum, Boiss. Agrimonia Eupatoria, tine nsoa caulialata, Rutz et Pav. Alstreemeria chilensis, Ze. Alyssum calycinum, Zzun. creticum, Linz. libycum, Coss. Moehlendorfianum, fort. montanum, Z7z7. saxatile, Linn. Androsace elongata, Zzmv., var. nana. filiformis, Refs. lactea, Zinn. maxima, Zinn. 26 LIST OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900. Anemone pratensis, Zz. rivularis, Buch.-Ham. sulphurea, Zzzn. sylvestris, Zz. Anthericum Liliago, Zznn. — var. algeriense. Aquilegia Bertolonii, Schott. formosa, Fisch. Arabis albida, Szev. Allionii, DC. alpina, Zinn. — var. anachoretica, Fort. blepharophylla, Hook. et Arn. Breweri, S. Wats lucida, Zinn. ne Arenaria austriaca, Jacq. Arum maculatum, Zinn. palzestinum, Boiss. Asarum canadense, Zznn. caudatum, Zézd/7. europzeum, Lznz7. grandiflorum, A7Zotasch. alpinus, Zzzz. — var. altaicus. — var. ruber. Astra Astilbe chinensis, Franch. et Sav. Thunbergii, J/g. F Astragalus danicus, Refs. Glyciphyllus, Zz. ntia carniolica, Wulf. major, Zinn. Athamanta Matthioli, Wud/. Aubrietia deltoidea, DC., var. Columnz (Guss.). ena sterilis, Zzn72. Barbarea vulgaris, 2. Br. Bottionea thysanthoides, Co//a. Brassica Cheiranthos, Vii/. Bryonia dioica, Jacq. Bulbinella Hookeri, Benth. et Hook. fil. Calochortus venustus, Benth. var. citrinus. — var. Eldorado. — var. oculatus. —- var. pictus. LIST OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900. Camelina sativa, Craniz. sylvestris, Wadlir. Campanula barbata, Zin. glomerata, Zzun. Hendersoni, Hor7. lactiflora, ied. latifolia, Zzmn., var. macrantha (Fisch.) linifolia, Scop. persicifolia, Zinn. _ — var. alba. _ — var. Backhousei. — var. grandiflora. rapunculoides, Zznz. rotundifolia, Zznz. — var. alba. Trachelium, Zzzm., var. aggre- gata. — var. flore pleno. Cardamine bulbiflora, 2. Br. Carlina corymbosa, Zinn. Cerastium perfoliatum, Zinn. Cherophyllum aromaticum, Zinn. Cheiranthus Cheiri, Zinn. Chelidonium C majus, Zinn. — var. laciniatum (A777). themum anserinzfolium, Hausskn. et Born. ceratophylloides, A//. maximum, Ramond. Cochlearia officinalis, Zz. Codonopsis rotundifolia, Royle. Collomia grandiflora, Doug:. Coronilla v elegans, Panc. Corydalis glauca, Pursh. Delphinium crassicaule, Zeded. elatum, Zizz., var. glabra. grandiflorum, Zz77. hybridum, Seep speciosum, £7ed., var. stanicum. truncatum, Hort. velutinum, Zertol. Dianthus ceesius, S77. calocephalus, Bozss. chinensis, Zinn. deltoides, Zinn. turke- glacialis, Haenke., var. gelidus. Hellwigit x, Bord. meesiacus, Vis. ‘et Pane. ' superbus, Zinn. Dictamnus albus, Zinn. Digitalis ambigua, Murr. lutea, Zinn. purpurea, Linz. 28 LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900. Draba arabisans, Michx. aurea, Vahl. carinthiaca, Hoppe, var. Traun- steineri (Hopfe). fladnizensis, Wulf. hispida, Wii/d. incana, Zinn. —var. hebecarpa. Kotschyi, Stur. lactea, Adams. longirostra, Schott, Nym. et otschy. rupestris, R. Br. siliquosa, Bied. Epilobium angustifolium, Zz. Hector, Hausskn. luteum, Pursh, parviflorum, Schreb. rosmarinifolium, Haenke. Erigeron glabellus, WVutz. macranthus, Wwie. multiradiatus, Benth. et Hook. i. fil. Roylei, DC. speciosus, DC. Erinus alpinus, Zinz. Erodium Eryn curvifolium, Bozss. et Reut. ciconium, Wi//d. gium ceruleum, ied. Erysimum thyrsoideum, Zoiss. Eschscholzia californica, Cham. —var. alba. Eupatorium cannabinum, Zzzm. Fritillaria aurea, Schott. * _ Camtschatcensis, Ker-Gawi Funkia Sieboldiana, Hook: Gaillardia aristata, Pursh., var. grandiflora, ore. Gentiana asclepiadea, Zin. punctata, Linn. Saponaria, Zinn, _verna, Linn, Geranium asphodeloides, Burm. fil. cinereum, Caz, Endressi, Gay. sanguineum, Zinn. —var. lancastriense (JZ///.). —var. roseum, sibiricum, Zinn. _subcaulescens, Z’ Heri. Gerbera nivea, Sch. Bip. Geum montanum, Zznz. nutans, Hort. Par. parviflorum, Commers. pyrenaicum, AZ7//. rubellum, Fisch. et Mey ’ List OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900. Globularia trichosantha, Fisch, et Mey. Gypsophila acutifolia, Fisch. dubia, W2d/d. Helleborus antiquorum, A. 47., var. roseus. colchicus, Hegel. Hesperis matronalis, Zzz7. Heuchera bracteata, Ser. Drummondii, Hort. macrophylla, Zodd. sanguinea, Lnge/m. Hieracium argenteum, /7ies. iricum, Fries, rigidum, Hartm. scoticum, Hort. tridentatum, /7zes. villosum, Jacq. Homogyne alpina, Cass. Hyacinthus romanus, £2772. Hypericum pulchrum, Zznzzn. Richeri, VilZ, var. Burseri Iberis intermedia, Dapricai semperflorens, Linn. umbellata, Zinn. 29 Impatiens Noli-tangere, Zinn. Incarvillea elavayi, Bureau et Franch. Inula ensifolia, Zinn. Helenium, Zzvz. Iris sibirica, Linn. —var.a —var, flexuosa. tenax, Doug?. Isatis tinctoria, Zz. Jasione montana, Ziv. Kniphofia Tuckii, Baker. Lactuca muralis, 2. JZey. Lathyrus * canescens, Gren. et Godr. macrorrhizus, Wimm, magellanicus, Lam. montanus, Bernh. Leontopodium alpinum, Cass. { Lepidium Menziesii, DC. Leucojum vernum, Zinz., var. carpaticum erb. 30 Ligusticum scoticum, Zinn. Lilium Washingtonianum, Kellogg, var. purpureum. : Linaria maroccana, ook. il. Lindelofia spectabilis, Lehm. Linum alpinum, Zinn. perenne, Zzzz. Lotus corniculatus, Zzu. Lunaria annua, Linz. Lupinus. micranthus, Dougi. rivularis, Doug/. Lychnis divaricata, Reichd. Flos-jovis, Desr. Githago, Scop. pyrenaica, Berger. Viscaria, Zinn. — var. splendens. Malva Alcea, Zinn. borealis, Wadlim. crispa, Zinn. Mandragora officinarum, Linn. LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900. Meconopsis cambrica, Vzg. Wallichii, Hao. — var. fusco-purpurea. Medicago truncatula, Gaertv. Melilotus elegans, Sadzm. Mesembryanthemum pomeridianum, Zzuzn. Mitella pentandra, Hook. orina longifolia, Wad/. Muscari Argeei, Hort. armeniacum, Leichiélin. botryoides, A777. Maweanum, Baker. moschatum, Wild. Ochthodium _ regypticum, DC. CEnothera biennis, Zz. Onobrychis sativa, Lam. Ononis arvensis, Ziuz. e Orchis mascula, Zz. Oxytropis glabra, DC. lapponica, Gaud. strobilacea, Bunge. LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900. 31 Papaver nudicaule, Zzzz., var. miniatum. pilosum, Szb¢h, et Sm. somniferum, Zinn. — Paradisea Liliastrum, Berfo/. Pedicularis palustris, Zinn. — var. alba. Pentstemon diffusus, Dougl. glaucus, &. Grah., var. stenope- talus. ovatus, Dougl. Phliomis setigera, Fale, Phyteuma orbiculare, Ziv. Scheuchzeri, 4//, Sieberi, Spreng. spicatum, Zinn. Picrorhiza Kurroa, Royle. Pisum sativum, Zinn. Plantago Raoulii, Decne. Platycodon gtandiflorum, 4. DC., Mariesii. var, Podopyllum Emodi, Wail. Polemonium . ceruleum, Linn. — var. album. — var. monstrosum. himalayanum, Baker. Polygonum viviparum, Zinn. Potentilla : alchemilloides, Lapeyr. alpestris, Ha//. jil. malacophylla, ise Menziesii x, Pax Sibbaldia, “ad. mt Poterium canadense, 4. Gray. muricatum, Spach, officinale, 4. Gray. Primula Auricula, Zinn., var. censis. calycina, Duby capitata, Hook. carniolica, Jacg elatior, 77/1, (fuss.). farinosa, Zinn. frondosa, Javka. involucrata, Wa//., var. Munroi. sikkimensis, “ook. viscosa, V7z//., var. decora, Sms. — var. nivalis, Hort. mona-~ var. carpatica Prunella grandiflora, Tua: vulgaris, Zinn, — var. alba. 32 Pyrola media, Sz. rotundifolia, Zzzn. Ramondia pyrenaica, Rich. s Vv serbica, Pave. — var. Nathalix (Panc et Petrov.) Ranunculus acris, Zinn. bulbosus, Zzm7., var. fasciatus. Chius, DC. Reseda complicata, Bory. Luteola, Zz. Rheum Rhaponticum, Zzz. Sanicula . europea, Linz. Saxifraga Aizoon, Lzzz., flort. — carinthiaca (Scho/t). — Malyi (Schott, Mym. Kotschy). — minima. —notata (Schott, Kotschy). — .pectinata (Scho/t). — punctata. — rosularis, Sch/. — Sturmiana (Schott, Nym. e Kotschy). aspera, Zinn. var. balcana, oO ot ym. ot LIsT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900. bronchialis, £2727. — var. cherlerioides (D. Doz). Bucklandi, Hort., var. major. Burseriana, Zinn., var. multi- flora. crustata, Vest, var. hybrida. decipiens, Zirh. — var. palmata (Panc.). exarata, Vd/. — var. altissima (Kerz.). — var. elatior (JZert. et Koch). hypnoides, Zzzn. intacta, Wid/d. — var. farinosa. leucanthemifolia, AZichx. lingulata, e//, var. australis (Moric.). longifolia, Lapeyr. mutata, Zinn. oppositifolia, Zz. — var. alba paradoxa, Sternd. pedatifida, ZArh. Porte x, Engl. pseudo-sancta, Janka. retusa, Gouan, var. bryoides. — maritima. rotundifolia, Zzz2. umbrosa, Zinz., var. Ogilveana Hort. — var. serratifolia (d/ackay). Scabiosa caucasica, Bzeb. — var, alba. LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900. Scilla bifolia, Zzz7., var. preecox. festalis, Salis. — var. alba. hispanica, A/7//.,var. grandiflora. patula, — var. major. Scrophularia nodosa, Zinn. Scutellaria alpina, Zinn. Sedum - album, Zznzn. Anacampseros, Zinn. asiaticum, Spreng. stoloniferum, S. Z: Gmel. Sempervivum arvernense, Lecog et Lamotte. Schottii, Baker, var. acumin- atum (Schot?). Sidalcea ; candida, A. Gray. malveeflora, A. Gray. Silene alpestris, Jacq. Armeria, Zinn. caucasica, Boiss. colorata, Poir. Cucubalus, Wibel. muscipula, Zizz. niczénsis, 4//. quadridentata, Pers. rhynchocarpa, Boiss. Saxifraga, Linn Schafta, Gmel. Sendtneri, Boiss. Thorei, Du/. vallesia, Zznz. verecunda, S. Wats. Silphium terebinthinaceum, /acq. Sisymbrium Thalianum, /. Gay. Sisyrinchium angustifolium, J7Z7/2. Smilacina racemosa, Desf. | Sobolewskya -elavata, Fenz/, var. cilicica. Solanum : Dulcamara, Zz, var. alba. idago elongata, uit. multiradiata, Az¢., var. scopu lorum. Virgaurea, Zinn. rgula arvensis, Zinn. | Spe Spirza astilboides, Carr. Filipendula, Zznz. Ulmaria, Zinn. | Synthyris reniformis, Benth. Thalictrum - angustifolium, £277. - ealabricum, Spreng. 34 LIsT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900. Thalictrum— continued. glaucum, Desf. minus, Linn, simplex, Lzz. Thermopsis fabacea, DC. montana, /Vui/t. Thlaspi arvense, Liz. Tofieldia calyculata, Wahlenb. Trifolium agrarium, Lzn. alpinum, Zzzn. pannonicum, /acg. striatum, Zinz, Trillium erythrocarpum, Curt. grandiflorum, Sa/isb. ovatum, Pursh. stylosum, JVuzz. Tritonia rosea, K7att. Trollius altaicus, C. A. Afey. asiaticus, Linz., var. giganteus. europzus, Zin. — var. pumilus albus. patulus, Sa/isb., var. albus. Tunica ; stricta, Fisch. et AZey. velutina, Fisch. et Mey. pha angustifolia, Zinn. latifolia, Zénz. Veronica satureioides, Vis. saxatilis, Scop. Vicia Cracca, Linn. sylvatica, Lizn. unijuga, 4. Braun. villosa, Aoth. Viola canadensis, Zzu#., var. alba. cornuta, Zin. macedonica, Boiss. et Heldr. odorata, Zinzz., var. lutea. primuleefolia, Zinn. sylvestris, Zam. Waldsteinia trifolia, Koch. Wulfenia carinthiaca, /acg. LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900. TREES AND SHRUBS. Crategus Acer Pseudo-platanus, Zinn. Alnus cordifolia, Zen. glutinosa, Medic. incana, Medic. Amelanchier canadensis, Zorr. e¢ Gray. Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Spreng. Berberis angulosa, Wadl/. Aquifolium, Pursh. Betula alba, Ziv. — var. pendula, Hort. Cara: arborescens, Lam. Clematis Vitalba, Zinn. Colutea istria, AZz//, Cornus alba, Zinn. Cotoneaster frigida, Wail. horizontalis, Decne microphylla, Wadd. imonsii, Baker. ‘LE mollis, Scheele. Oxyacantha, Zinn. — var. pendula, Zodd. Cytisus nigricans, Zinn, scoparius, Zink, — var. Andreanus. Daphne D Mezereum, Zinn. — var. album. Ss octopetala, Zinn. ista sagittalis, Linn. Helianthemum egyptiacum, JZ7//. ledifolium, 47/7, umbellatum, JZ. vulgare, Gaerin, — var. mutabile. — var. roseum. — var. venustum. Ilex Aquifolium, Zinn. — var. aurea angustifolia. — var. camellizfolia. — var. flavescens, aie Par, fructu luteo. — var. Hodginsii. —var. maderensis. 35 36 LIsT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900. Laburnum alpinum, /. S. Pres/. vulgare, /. S. Pres?. um latifolium, Azz. palustre, Zinn, Nuttallia cerasiformis, Zorr. e¢ Gray. Olearia Haastii, Hook. fil, Pernettya mucronata, Gaudich. Prunus Avium, Zinz. Pyrus Aria, Zinn. Aucuparia, Gaertn. nivalis, Jacg. rotundifolia, Bechst. Quercus Cerris, Zinn. pedunculata, Zhrh. sessiliflora, Sadisd. Rhamnus catharticus, Zinn. Frangula, Zinn. Rhododendron catawbiense, Michx. eaucasicum, Pall. ferrugineum, Zinz. — var. album, Szee?. '. flavum, G. Don. -hirsutum, Zinn. Rhododendron— continued. hirsutum, var. album. “— var. variegatum. “ponticum, Lz. | Rhodotypos kerrioides, Szeb. ef Zucc. Rosa rugosa, Zhunb. — yar. alba. Sambucus canadensis, £272, nigra, Linz. — var. fructu albo. Skimmia Fortunei, JZas?. Symphoricarpus racemosus, Michx. Taxus baccata, Zinn. — var. Dovastoni, Carr. — var. fastigiata, Loud. Thymus (Heuff.. Tilia vulgaris, Hayne. Veronica anomala, Armstr. Bidwillii, Hook. fil. monticola, Armstr, pinguifolia, Hook, fil. purea. Viburnum Lantana, Zinn, ' Opulus, Zinn. Chameedrys, /72es, var. comosus Colensoi, Hook. fil., var..glauca. vernicosa, Hook. fil., var. pur List OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900 PLANTS UNDER GLASS. Acokanthera spectabile, Hook. fil. Actinostemma biglandulosum, Hems/. Ardisia _crenata, Roxb. Aristolochia brasiliensis, AZar‘. fimbriata, Cham. Asparagus scandens, Zhunb, Begonia coccinea, Hook, Dregei, Otto et Dietr. . Knowsleyana, /or+. manicata, Cé/s. nitida, Dry Versclfaffett. Hort. Billardiera longiflora, Zadii/. Billbergia pallidiflora, Zzebm. Bomarea multiflora, A/iré. Brachychilum Horsfieldii, Baker. odiza lactea, S. Wats. amellia theifera, Griff. Cassia corymbosa, Lam. Chloroph ytum orchidastrum, Zzzd7?. Clethra arborea, Azz. scandens, Cav. Coffea arabica, Zinn. Costus igneus, WV. £. Br. Cotyledon Desmetiana, Hems/. Crossandra undulefolia, Sa/isd. | Cyclanthera explodens, Vaud. Darlingtonia californica, Zorr. - Draczena phrynioides, Hook. ji Sptinclaaa usitanicum, Link. 38 LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900. Drosera capensis, Zinn. filiformis, Rajin. peltata, Sv. rotundifolia, Zzuz. spathulata, ZaédzZ/. Eucalyptus ficifolia, 7. AZuell. urnigera, Hook. fil. Ficus diversifolia, B/ume. Fuchsia procumbens, &. Cunn. Gazania pygmea, Sond. Genista monosperma, Lam. neglectum, Zod. Heeria rosea, Zyiana. Hedychium Gardnerianum, osc, Hibiscus esculentus, Zinn. lunariifolius, Wid/d. Manihot, Zz. pedunculatus, Zz. elegans, Sw. Hydrolea spinosa, Zz. Kalanchoe crenata, Haw. thyrsiflora, Harv. Kennedya prostrata, #. Br. Lycopersicum Humboldtii, Duz. racemigerum, Lazge. Maurandia Barclayana, Lind/. Melothria cucumerina, Vaud. Mesembryanthemum blandum, Haw. curviflorum, Haw. polyanthon, Haw. roseum, Willd. Mimosa marginata, Zind/. pudica, Zinn. Mimulus glutinosus, Wend]. Momordica Charantia, Zinn. cochinchinensis, Spreng. Musschia Wollastoni, Zowe. Myrtus communis, Zzun. Luma, Barn, Ugni, Jol. LIsT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1900. Nephthytis liberica, VV. Z. Br. Nicotiana sylvestris. Ochna Kirkii, Odzv. mossambicensis, A7otzsch. Ornithogalum lacteum, Jacq. Orthosanthus multiflorus, Sweet. a sativa, Zznn. Oxypetalum ceruleum, Decne. Passiflora edulis, Szms. quadrangularis, Zinn. Pelargonium ternatum, Zzzn. Pentas carnea, Lenth., var. kermesina, Flort. Phyllanthus montanus, Sz. Pinguicula lusitanica, Zznn. Polyalthia suberosa, Benth. et Hook. fil. Primula floribunda, Wad/. moliis, Vue. verticillata, orsk. Psychotria micrantha, tern. Ricinus communis, Zinn. Rivina humilis, Zzun. Sarracenia illustrata, Hort, Senecio macroglossus, DC. Solanum Seaforthianum, Andrews. Tacsonia mixta, Juss. Tetranema mexicana, Benth. Tillandsia _ splendens, Brongn. Torenia flava, Buch.-Ham. Fournieri, Linden. Turnera ulmifolia, Zzun. Villamilla octandra, Hook, fil. Vitis heterophylla, Zhunb., humulifolia, //or7. Rs var. rie A ae NOTES FROM THE EDINBURGH. DECEMBER 1900. CONTENTS. ee Observations on the Girth-Increase of Trees in the Royal — Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. By David Christison, — -U., . : a paras Life-History and Habits of Clerus formicarius, Linn., with 11-14. By R. Stewart MacDougall, M.A. D.Sc, = - Life-History and Habits of Rhizophagus depressus, Fowler, with 15-17. By R. Stewart MacDougall, M.A., D.Sc., Enumeration of Visitors to the Royal Botanic Garden, Edin- burgh, during the years 1889-1900,- - -— - ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, Observations on the Girth-increase of Trees in the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, for Twenty Years, 1878-1897. BY DAVID CHRISTISON, M.D. PART I—DECIDUOUS TREES. —_—_—_ THE late Sir Robert Christison, when nearly four score years of age, began in 1875 a series of girth-measurements of trees on scientific principles in order to ascertain their annual girth- increase, and was, I believe, the first to do so. The observations for the first three years were initiatory upon a few trees only, but in 1878 systematic observations were begun on a much larger number. In a series of papers read to the Botanical Society of Edinburgh in 1878, 1879, 1880, and 1881, he explained his methods, gave the results of his observations, and showed the practical uses to which such observations could be put. One of these,—the rather elaborate computation of the age of trees from a series of girth-measurements in a particular tree and in others of the same species at different sizes,—has been super- seded by the process of extracting borings on which the annual rings can be counted, and for practical purposes the same ready method is applicable in determining the present rate of growth | of a stem; but for this purpose it is necessary to take the average of sagoel borings in the circumference of the tree, and girth-measurements probably yield more precise results in dgtermining, not only annual increments, but more particularly the finer rates for months or even shorter periods. It must always be remembered, however, that such measurements show [Notes, R.B G., Edin., No. III, rg00,] ~ 42 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON simply the increase in girth, and cannot discriminate between the amount due to deposit of wood on the one hand, or to changes in the bark or cambium on the other. In this respect borings have the advantage, but as to the bark I may state generally that except in very old trees there seems to be little loss in mass, or even by gradual attrition—so little as to be inappreciable in a single year. Thus, even in old rough-barked trees, my painted distinguishing numbers often show little trace of wearing in ten or twelve years, although distorted and rendered illegible from the gradual widening and splitting of the bark. Notable exceptions among the species are the true Plane tree and the Yew, whose tendency to shed their bark is so manifest. _ Sir Robert Christison at first aimed at no finer division of his tape than tenths of an inch, and confined himself to annual observations, but very soon, with practice and improved tapes, he measured to the twentieth of an inch and took monthly observations. Since his death in 1882, I have continued to measure his original trees, but as many of them, even from the first, were old or prematurely old, it was evidently desirable to experiment on younger specimens, not only because the results would be probably more reliable, but in order to ascertain the increments of the species over a greater range of age. Accordingly, in 1887, I selected some thirty-five young deciduous trees, from six to twenty inches in girth, chiefly situated in the South and East shelter belts of the Arboretum, and a similar number of young Pinacee in the Botanic Garden, taking two of each species, when possible, so that in case of one failing the other might preserve the continuity of observations in the species. With the exception of a few that were cut down from death or degeneracy, all of this second set ~ were observed annually till the end of the period, and monthly from 1887 to 1891. The deciduous specimens generally throve well, considering that they had been put in without preparation of the naturally poor sandy soil, before the Arboretum was handed over to the authorities of the Garden, but they were almost all transplanted after 1891, and thus the continuity of observations was interrupted. The Pinaceze, again, throve so badly as greatly ta mar the value of the results in them. THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 43 To compensate for this interruption in the deciduous group, I selected in 1892 a fresh set of twenty young trees, each of a different species, almost all growing in the North and West borders of the Arboretum, subject to the same objection of want of preparation of the ground before planting as the former set, but favoured by a rather better soil. Once more, however, the continuity of observation was interrupted, in 1896, by a close pruning of branches and roots, in preparation for transplanta- tion, which at once reduced the aggregate girth-increase by nearly one-half. As to the Evergreens, discouraged as I was by the comparative failure of the first set, I made no effort to increase their number, although the observations on the original set were continued. The introduction of Chesterman’s steel tapes insured an accuracy of measurement unattainable in the original experi- ments, and enabled me to initiate new inquiries, such as the determination, within narrow limits, of the seasonal beginning of girth-increase in the different species, the weekly rate of growth, the relation of girth-increase to the development of the leaves and twigs, &c.; and the various results were communicated to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1883, and to the Botanical Society in 1887, ’88, 89, and ’92. In the present Report I shall confine myself to the annual and monthly results,—and in the deciduous _ trees only,—bringing them down to 1897, which completes a period of twenty years. The observations for 1892-97, both annually and monthly, and the annual observations of the original set for the second decade, which have not yet been published, will be given in detail, but only the general results for the first decade are reproduced from my former papers. In these papers were incorporated observations made on trees at Craigiehall, near Cramond, but these have long been discontinued, and the results will only be incidentally used here. Thus, the present Paper becomes peculiarly a record of the life-history, as indicated by girth-increase, of a considerable number of deciduous trees in the Botanic Garden and Arboretum, over periods of from six to twenty years. - Doubts have been ee as to the possibility of measuring the girth of trees to the twentieth of an inch with accuracy, and unquestionably in stems of great size, and in all stems of irregular 44 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON form or with very rough bark, an error of the twentieth or even the tenth of an inch may be caused by the slightest shifting of the tape. But such trees should be rejected, at least for fine or frequent observation, and if we select young cylindrical stems with smooth bark, or even when it is rough, provided the rough- ness be regular and free from excrescences, it is possible, by adopting careful methods, and with-practice, to attain a wonder- ful degree of accuracy. I have frequently checked an observa- tion on such trees by repeating it three times, using a fine millimetre tape, and found a variation of not so much as half a millimetre. The method adopted by me is fully explained under the next head. GENERAL EXPLANATIONS. 1. METHOD OF TAKING OBSERVATIONS.—The measured point, generally five feet above ground, is marked in white paint by several short horizontal lines round the stem. A short per- pendicular line at one of them that occupies the most prominent position marks the spot where the measurement begins. Chesterman’s steel tapes are used, one, graduated to twentieths of an inch, for ordinary observations, and another, of more slender make, graduated to millimetres, for finer work. In both, the ordinary ring is replaced by a square, slightly wider than the tape, and included in the graduation. In small stems the tape is held in position at the fixed starting point with the nail of the forefinger of the left hand, and the tape is passed round the stem with the right hand, and brought fairly over the square, which can be accurately done, as the square is wider than the tape. The amount is then read off at the outer edge of the square. For larger stems the process is the same, except that, to allow the observer to go round the tree, the square is kept in place by a “ brog,” which must be removed, the square being kept in position with the nail of the forefinger, in order that the measurement may be read off accurately. 2. THE GIRTH OF A TREE usually signifies its circumference at five feet from the ground, or, in a short stem, at its narrowest point. But five feet was the height aimed at for observation whenever it was practicable. THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 45 3. HEIGHT OF MEASUREMENTS.—Whenr trees were too young to be measured at five feet, a convenient point was chosen two or three feet from the ground, and as the trees grew and became fit, the point was raised to the five-feet level. I do not think the results were in any way invalidated by this necessary compromise. 4. SUMMING-UP OF TABLES.—The entries in the Tables of increments due to years in which trees were temporarily ineligible, from the effects of transplantation or pruning, are printed in etalics, and such entries are not included in the summing of the lines and columns. 5. SCALE USED FOR MEASUREMENTS.—All measurements are in inches and decimal parts of an inch unless otherwise stated. l; “ANNUAL RESULI5, Following the plan formerly adopted, I take first the results for the species separately, and then the collective results. To preserve the convenience of division into decennial and quin- quennial periods, I have omitted from the Tables the first year’s observations on the second set of trees, but they will be available in the text, and will be fully given in the monthly division of the subject. The chief results derived from the annual observations are— 1. The annual rate of girth-increase in the species at different ages ; 2. The seasonal range in the species separately ; and 3. The same in the aggregate. The seasonal variations ought to be considered in connection with meteorology, but an inquiry of this kind is complicated by the variety of influences that come into play, such as the ripening of the wood, the formation of the buds, low temperatures of the air or earth, the protective or destructive effects of snow, sudden thawing, excessively low temperature, excess or defect of rain or humidity, &c., besides the effects of position in sheltering or exposing different trees to these weather influences. To have done justice to all these points would have taken far more time than I had atmy command. I have been content therefore to 46 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON deal only with instances in which the cause of a marked depression was not far to seek. None such occurred in the second decade, but the first was signalised at the outset by an unprecedented series of three most unfavourable seasons, chiefly owing to exceedingly low winter temperatures, which reduced the aggregate increment by nearly one-half, and affected some trees for years afterwards, if not permanently. ‘The disastrous effects on girth-increase of these seasons have been described in former papers by my father* and myself,t and will be only incidentally mentioned now. A. General History of the Species Separately. In place of taking the species in scientific sequence, it was deemed preferable to deal with them in the order of the reliability of the observations, whether depending on the larger number of observations, or on the better thriving of the species in the soil of the Garden. A certain preference has also been given to the importance of the species as forest trees. Each Table is drawn up so as to show— (1) The following results in the original adult or old trees of 1878 :—a. The average increase in girth for the first decade for each tree under observation. 6 The annual increase in detail for the second decade. ¢. Its total amounts and its average annual rate. ad. The girth of each tree at the end of the decade in 1897. (2) The same details, as far as they go, in the second decade for the younger trees selected in 1887 and 1892, given at the foot of the Tables. * On the Exact Measurement of Trees, Part 4. Trans. Bot. Soc. Ed., 1880. + Of. cit., 1880-89, p. 397. The Depression in Girth-Increase of 1879, 1880, and 1881 ; e¢ passim. [ TABLE. THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 47 FAGUS SYLVATICA. j ANNUAL INCREMENTS. 2 Av ' | et Be ee Girth, 4 te, Sy fatten | ii See Ot ore Oct, | le tet ie 1897. | & |Decade| 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. ] 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. | | 7} 103 | -75 | 80} -95 | -90 | 1:20 }1-10/) -25| 60 | -90| -80 9885 | -88 | 89-60! 8{ 099 | -80/ ‘95 | 95} -90| ‘907 -90| ‘90 | -90| 1.19 | ‘9019-20 | -92 | 79°50 14} 048 | -40 | 35 | -20] -25 | -30] -25 | -45 | +30} -25 | 30 9} 3-05 | -30 | 83-70 38 | 0°43 | -30 | -25 | -25 | -25 | 409 -25 | -45 | -25 | -40 | -25 3-05 | -30 [67-75 | 2°25 | 235 | 2:35 | 2-30 | 2-80 | 2-50 | 275 | 2°05 | 2°65 | 229 97 1:15 | 1°30 | 1°50 | 1-30 | Died after Transplantation. 5°25 | 1°31 | 15°55 ae 100 | 1:10 | 1-45 | 1°35 | 1°55 Do. 6-45 | 1-29 | 14-55 eee Oe ae Se 145 | 20 0 55 1435 | 1-45 | 20-95 * See Explanation of Figures, page 44. I have placed this species first, because the Beech here, as in Scotland at large, thrives better perhaps than any other of our forest trees, The two first in the Table, handsome and healthy looking trees, stand free in the low ground where the original Botanic Garden bordered the former Horticultural Garden. Reckoning in round numbers, they have increased in girth, No. 7 from six feet to seven and a half feet, No. 8 from five feet to six and a half feet, in twenty years, and the annual rate in each has been ‘95. But the rates in the first decade were 1°03 and ‘gg, and in the second ‘88 and ‘92 respectively, showing an appreciable decline, which, however, was not steady, for if we take the total increments for the two trees in quinquennial periods they come out—9'70, 10°35, 8°95, 8:95. The inferiority of the first to the second quinquennial period is explicable by the depressing effect of the low temperatures in 1879, 1880, and 1881, which, although they affected this species less than any other, still left their mark upon it for three years. Thus, the united increase of Nos. 7, 8 was 2°40 in 1878 and only 1°75, 1°55, and 1°75 in the three following years. The marked decline in the third quinquennium from 10°35 to 8:95 cannot be explained unless on the theory that the trees had passed the maximum of their growing power, but the rate underwent no further fall in the fourth quinquennium. 48 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON The annual range in these two trees differed remarkably. In No. 7 it was ‘60 to 1:20, in No. 8 80 to 1:20. But the extremes do not show the difference sufficiently. If we take, for example, the seven years 1889-95, the range in No. 7 was ‘60 to 1°20, and in No. 8 only ‘90 to ‘95._ It is difficult to understand this differ- ence in two trees of much the same size, growing at the same rate, and within fifteen yards of each other, unless it may be due to No. 7 standing quite free, whereas No. 8, although not pressed upon, has trees and shrubs near it, and is more closely sheltered. Nos. 14, 38 wére much the same size respectively as Nos.7 and 8 when they were all first measured in 1878, but have fallen behind in the race, their rates in the first decade having been only ‘48 and °36, and in the second being reduced in both to 0°30, the average for the twenty years being 0°39 and 0°36, or considerably less than half that of Nos. 7 and 8. This may be accounted for by their position, on the South of Inverleith House, on a high site and probably in inferior soil. They are tall and handsome enough, but have not the fine heads of the other two. The varia- tions in their history have been much the same as in Nos. 7 and 8, the results for their quinquennial periods being 4°80, 4°55, 3°10, 3°25, showing the same fall as in the other two in the third period, not progressing in the fourth. The annual range in No. 14 was ‘25 to 65, and in No. 38 ‘15 to ‘60. Taking the four trees together, the range in the first decade was considerably greater than in the second, owing to the dis- turbing influence of the low temperatures in 1879, 1880, and 1881. In the first decade it was 1°95 to 3°60 and in the second it was only 2°05 to 2°80. The career of the young beeches, Nos. 97 and 98, was unfortun- ately soon cut short by death after transplantation, and that of No. 20 temporarily interfered with by pruning, but the average annual rate of the three, 1°34, was considerably above that of the best of the older trees. Their range in the twelve available records was I'00 to 1°70. [ TABLE. THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 49 QUERCUS ROBUR. | | | a ANNUAL INCREMENTS. 4 | Girth Total] Ann, | Sitth g at Rae Sarai I carmen uae MRA waa imi Ted i. Dae ih ana | lion senna at 3 | first Incr.| Av. | 2c, s 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. ] 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. _— | 1 {| 5:50 40 40 65 75 70 45 | -50 10 15 | 60 4°45 | 56 {10°15 2] 8:00 20 30 | °65 80 90 | -90 50 45 5 10 |. 4°70 | °59 | 11°70 10] 7:95 50 7 95 | 1°05 | 1:20 } 1-00 75 | 1°05 80 | dead.J 8°05 | “89 | 13°90 The native Oak does not show to much advantage in the Edinburgh district, and the specimen put under observation in the Garden in the first decade, and that only from 1880 (not in the Table), was a short-stemmed spreading tree, on the west slope from Inverleith House, that had lost many branches and become misshapen. It was by a long way the patriarch of -the oaks in the Garden, having attained the respectable girth of eight feet. It increased in nineteen years from 95 to 99 inches in girth, or at the annual rate of 22, more than, from its appear- ance, I should have expected, but it is not desirable to give the details, as from the small increments and the rough bark they are not reliable. : The four young trees Nos. 1, 2,70, and 72, placed under observation in 1888, and No. 10, begun in 1893, yielded annual rates varying from ‘56 to ‘89, the average of the whole being ‘66; but if we leave out the three first years when they were very young, and the last three, when those that were still eligible had, for some unknown reason, begun to fail, the average rises to *84, and the annual rate of No. 70, the quickest grower, in its six best years, 1890-95, was exactly one inch. The best of those is probably a poor rate compared with what might be expected in young oaks under more favourable circum- stances, for even near Edinburgh, at Craigiehall, a tree, ten feet in girth at the beginning of the first decade, yielded a rate of 0°69 for ten years. The aggregate increases of the four first on the list for the seven available years 1888-94 were 1°30, 1°85, 3°05, 3°15, 3°95, 50 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON 3°40, 2°75. These figures probably represent a natural rise from extreme youth in the first two years to an equilibrium for the next four years, but there seems to have been a depression in the seventh year, followed by the death of two of the trees. The range is very high, as might be expected from the erratic history, and cannot be regarded as normal. Even in No. 70 it was ‘50 to 1°20, or taking’ the six steadiest years °75 to 1°20. OTHER SPECIES OF QUERCUS. QUERCUS CONFERTA. Annual ANNUAL INCREMENTS. Av. Ann. Total. ae No, in List. bt ist Decade.} 1998. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. 40 | 1°65 $ 1-05 | 1-20 | 1-35 | 1-25 | 1-70 $180 | -90 | 1-30 | -50 | -60 | 8:35) 1°39 | 51°80 64| 1-70 1-30 | 1-75 | 2-05 | 1:50 | 1-75 $230 | 1-05 | 1-25 | 65 | -0 |10°65| 1°77 | 43°35 55 | 157 $130 | 155 | 1-65 | 130} 1-70 $210} -75 | 1-25} 65 | -5 | 9-60] 1°60 | 39-05 365 | 450 | 5°05 | 4-05 | 5-15 | 6-20 | 2:70 | 3-80 | 1:80 | “65 The Hungary Oak is much more at home in the Botanic Garden than its native cousin, at least in early youth; indeed, with the exception of the Willow, it has proved the quickest growing species of all that were under observation. Unfortun- ately for my purposes, owing to a liberal pruning to promote upward growth, the results became unavailable for the last four years of the second decade, but in the first decade the rates of the three trees were 1°65, 1:70, and 1°57, and in the third quin- quennium with the one available year of the fourth they were 1°39, 1:77, and 160, the respective girths attained being four feet four inches, three feet seven inches, and three feet three inches. Of the 44 recorded measurements not one fell to an inch, the lowest being 1:05, while two inches and upwards was reached five times, the highest being 2°30. The great and progressive depression caused by pruning has been such that, while in 1893 the aggregate increase was 6°20, in 1897, four years afterwards, it was only ‘65, yet the trees look healthy and well clothed, with the exception of No. 40, which for a year or two before the pruning had looked rather scraggy. THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. = oe The aggregate annual increments for fourteen years were 3°60, 5°15, 5°25, 5°40, 5°05, 4°85, 4°65, 5°30, 3°65, 4°50, 5°05, 4°05, 5°15, 6:20, They were generally therefore pretty steady, but two marked depressions occurred. The first, in the year of the first record, 1880, when the fall, to 360, was probably due to the severe previous winter ; the second, 3°65, was in 1888, from some unknown cause. The highest record, 6°20, was in 1893, the year before the changes produced by pruning. The range in the trees individually was from 1’o5 to 1°85 in No. 40, "10 to 2°30 in No. 54, and 1°10 to 2:10 in No. 55, but excluding the two years of marked depression the figures are 1°20 to 1°85, 1°60 to 2°30, and 1°20 to 2°10. QUERCUS CERRIS. ra AN INCREMENTS. Asoo ae 5 nn, [Girth gs ae Total.|“22"- | at a ao | | Av last S Decade.} jg98, reaa Hote 1892. § 1833. | 1894. pots 1897. se a 43 57 50 | ‘301 -70| -60 | ‘707 °65 | ‘60 | 50 | -70| -65 | 5°80 | ‘58 | 53°50 63 10 | -45 4° 65 |} -6044- 70-4= 85109 55 | -80 | 60 46°50 | “65 | 6715 15 70} 65 | ‘70; 65} 651335] ‘67 | 10°00 | | 1:20 | “15 | 138 | 110 | 1°40 | 2°20 | 1°95 | 1°75 | 2°15 | 1°80 The Turkish Oak, although it grows at a much less rate than the last, is another species that thrives much better in the Garden than the native tree, and that to a considerable size ; indeed, there are few handsomer trees than No. 63 growing free in the centre of the Garden; and now upwards of five feet and a half in girth. The other tree, No. 43, is also tall and handsome, but, although only four and a half feet in girth, is growing at a somewhat slower rate than No. 63, perhaps because it is in the East border and has not the freedom of its brother. The rate of No. 43 in the first decade was ‘57, and in the second it was even a trifle higher. No. 63 in the first quinquennium of the second decade had a rate of 0°60, and in the second 0°70, so that it seems to be increasing rather than diminishing in vigour. The very young No. 15, in the North border of the Arboretum, measuring only six and a half inches in girth, when put under observation . 82 CHRISTISON—-OBSERVATIONS ON in 1893, had much the same rate, Ch. in the second quin- quennium of the second decade. In the aggregate returns the only traceable depression was in 1889, when the two trees then available grew only "75. Deducting this year, the growth was pretty steady, the extremes in the last five years, when all three were available, being 1°80 and 2°20. The range of No. 43 for the two decades was ‘30 to *70, but removing two depressed years,—1881, when the tree suffered from the low temperatures of the winter, and 1889,—the range was only ‘50 to -70. With deduction of 1889, that of No. 63 in the second decade was also ‘50 to ‘70, and that of No. 15 in the fourth quinquennium was only ‘65 to ‘7o. The species appears to thrive even better in the vicinity of Edinburgh. Thus, a fine specimen at Craigiehall, when nearly seven feet in girth in 1890, had been growing at the rate of °89 for eleven years; and a very fine healthy tree at Cramond House, measured by Sir Robert Christison in 1878, girthed no less than 12 feet 8 inches at the narrowest part of the stem, five feet above ground. QUERCUS PALUSTRIS.* * Erroneously called Q. rubra in former papers, from a mistake in the label on — the tree, a ANNUAL INCREMENTS. a wer 85 Ann Girth a] Ist : Total. AO at s Decade.} 1988, | 1889. |1890. | 1891. | 1992. 1893. | 1894, | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. _ 45 | -40 | 30} 50} 35 | 45] -40 | 55 | 40] 35 | 25 | 395 | -39 | 3020 This species does not seem to do so well; at least the largest in the Garden, No. 44, now only three and a quarter feet in girth, grew at the low rates in the first decade of ‘45 and in the second of 39. It was noted since 1880 as having a shabby look, with many dead twigs. QUERCUS RUBRA. = ANNUAL INCREMENTS. aie Ann, |Gitth s sae Total. Ke: t - |Decade.] 1988, | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1997. 61 9) | 1-00 | 1°15 $150 | 1:75 | +55 | °50 | -35 | 5°90 | 118 | 12°35 THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 53 This American Oak, on the other hand, seems to excel] the native species in its rate. At least the young No. 61, after fully recovering from transplantation, averaged 1°18 for five years, when it became temporarily ineligible from re-trans- plantation. QUERCUS ILEX. 2 Ansel ANNUAL INCREMENTS. : CAV Ann, | Girth) Z| ist Total.| “ay” a J |Decade-| 1889, | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1896. | 1896, | 1897 “0 45} 28 | 45} 40] 60| 85 | 857 70} 15] 20] © 365 | 36 | 47-55 46] -23 | -40| -40| -45| 30 | -25) -45 | -15| 25] 25] 5 [295] -29 | 34-05 16 55 | 80 | 86] 50 | 60} 65 | 15| 25] -45 | -35]515| 61] 9°85 In my paper of 1888 it is remarked that no species suffered more from the three severeseasons than the Evergreen Oak. e largest in the Garden, upwards of six feet in girth, lost two years’ growth of twigs, recovered its foliage slowly and imperfectly, some large limbs requiring to be cut off, and has quite lost its handsome, shapely form. Nos. 45, 46 did not suffer so badly, but their girth-increase was reduced to a mere nothing in 1880 and 1881. Afterwards they rallied somewhat till 1894, when they suddenly failed and almost ceased to grow. No. 45 seems now to be dying. It is remarkable that the infant specimen, No. 16, in the oak grove of the Arboretum, suffered a serious diminution in girth-increase in the same year, so that it would seem that all three had been then subjected to some common evil influence. The rate of No. 16 in the first quinquennium was no less than ‘66, although it was a mere infant, girthing only 4°65 inches at fifteen inches above ground, when measured at the beginning of the period. In the first year of the second quinquennium it maintained this average, but in 1894 the rate fell to’15, and there has been no full recovery since, so that the rate for the second quinquennium has been only °37, or little more than half that of the first. At the same time, the tree has never looked ill, and it is now a remarkably thriving and vigorous looking specimen. 54 CHRISTISON—-OBSERVATIONS ON ACER PSEUDOPLATANUS. ANNUAL INCREMENTS. Total No. in List. ~ n . es, | a, 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. 13 | 0°26 25} 20 |. 2b 4 30-| 30 § 25} 20 | 50 0 25 } 2°45) -24 |136°50 28 35 20 20 30 10 35 20 | “15 16 35 15 | 2°20) -22 | 64°25 71 85 | 1-05 | 1°40 | 1°20 | 1°40 § 1°30 | 1°30 | 1:00 | 1:00 0 |10°50| 117 | 19°90 74 70 | 1°10 | 1°55 | 1°40 | 155 § 1:40 | 1°45 | 1°55 15 30 4 10°70 | 1°34 | 19°25 67 50 40 65 75 95 | ‘70 | 1°05 85 § 5°85) “73 | 11°40 16 1°20 | 1°40 | 1°20 “15 5 3°80 | 1-27 | 16°10 The Sycamore grows fairly well near Edinburgh, although it is rarely seen in the city gardens, and the largest trees in the Arboretum are of this species. Trees at several ages were tested. No. 67, only about a foot in girth in 1897, had grown at the rate of ‘73 for eight years; Nos. 16, 71,and 74, girthing one foot four to one foot eight inches in 1897, had grown, the first for three, the second for nine, and the third for eight years, at the rates of 1:26, 1°17, and 1°34, or on an average 1°26. These younger trees were only under observation in the second decade. : : No. 28, now five feet four inches in girth, was chosen in 1878 as a handsome and thriving tree in a plantation belt opposite the Palm House, but, although it continued to look well, its rate all along has been surprisingly low; only °35 in the first decade and ‘22 in the second, or not much above a quarter of an inch annually for twenty years. The veteran, No. 13, chosen by Sir Robert in 1878, perhaps because it was the largest tree of any kind in the Garden, although even then past its best, is still presentable, and girths nearly eleven and a half feet. Its rough and scaling bark renders it unreliable for single years, but the average rate for the first decade was °26 and for the second -24, showing no very perceptible decline, and scarcely less, on the whole, than that of No, 28, which has just half its girth. The range of No. 67, the youngest specimen, was great, ‘50 to 105, but that is, no doubt, because it was only growing out of THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES, 55 infancy. Deducting the year 1888, which appears to have been unusually unfavourable to Nos. 71 and 74, the range of these two and of No. 16 in eighteen records was moderate, 1°00 16. FUE. ACER CAMPESTRIS. This young Maple, No. 12, at the N.-W. corner of the Arboretum, has only been under observation since 1892, and its increments have been 1°60, 1°30, 0°85, 1°55, 100, and ‘90, giving an average of 1°20, the girth being now twenty inches. Since 1896 the tree has not looked so healthy as at first, possibly the result of pruning, although it was not excessive. The increase has been very erratic, and the range, 85 to 1°60, is high for so short a period. CESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM. ANNUAL INCREMENTS. Av. : Total. ne Ist Decade 1998, | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. 1°65 | 16 | 53°75 33 ia es) 10 00 | 259 10 | 25}; 25) 30) 00 70.| 1:10 | 90] *80 | 85 § 90 | "75 | “60 | ‘25 | °60 | 660 | ‘82 | 11°85 1°05 | 1°35 | 1°30 | 1°15 | *10 | *40 | “55 | 1°25 | 1°25 $5 $8°30 | 1°19 | 15°45 1:35 [1°40 | 105 | 105 | °75 | -60 [4°85 | 1-21 | 19°00 aed oC | No. in List. | No. 9, the only Horse Chestnut observed in the first decade, was somewhat crowded, but had a fair head of foliage, and was four feet in girth. In 1878 the girth-increase was 0°70, but it suffered a decided fall from the very low temperatures of the next two winters, only to rally again to 070 in 1881. Next year, from some cause that affected the species universally near Edinburgh, the foliage withered in May, but it revived next year, and has been dense and healthy ever since. Nevertheless, the average increase for the six years following 1882 was only 0°17, and for the next ten 016. In twenty years it has increased only five inches. Is the singular fact of apparent healthiness and vigour, along with an extremely low rate, the prolonged effect of the disease of 1882? Or may it be due to the over- cd ~ 56 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON topping of it by a neighbouring tree, although this cause could not have operated at first? Of the two very young trees, Nos. 73, 80, growing near each other in the South border of the Arboretum, the first has proved inferior to the second, although of the same age, the rate of No. 73 having been ‘81 and of No. 80 1:19. That of No, 4,a somewhat older tree in the North border, was 1°21, when its career was interrupted by pruning, as that of the other two had been by transplantation. The range was moderate in them all, ‘60 to 1:10 in No. 73 ; ‘95 to 1°35 in No. 80; and 1°05 to 1°40 in No. 4. ULMUS MONTANA.* * Erroneously named U. campestris in my former paper. ANNUAL INCREMENTS. Annual| Girth Total. Av. |at last. . | 1889, | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. 1 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. | 1°80 | 1°75 | 1°50 | 1°30 §. 1°70 | 1°60 | 2°05 | 1°75 | 1°35 § 16°55 | 1°65 | 30°75 175 | 1:50 130 | "10 | -30 | °80 | 1:55 | 160 | 120 | 10°05 | 1:43 | 22°30 wo oN No. in List. ian & a | 290 | 555 525 | 220 | . Po |... | 360 | 335 | 2°55 In the Edinburgh city gardens the Wych Elm resists the deleterious influences of town life better than any other species. In the Botanic Garden there is no specimen of considerable size, and thus it happened that Sir Robert did not experiment on the species, and I have no records in the first decade. In the second the two healthy young trees, Nos. 93, 94, in the Arboretum have done remarkably well, the former yielding an annual rate of 1°65 for ten years, the latter 1°43 for seven years, the other three years of its decade having been employed in making up the loss sustained by transplantation. Not one of the seventeen records falls to one inch. The range has been moderate, 1°30 to 2°05 in No. 93 and 1°15 to 1°75 in No. 94, and there has been no marked depression, although both trees were almost at their lowest rate in 1897, the united increments being 2°55. The best year was 1895, with 3°60, being an average of 1°80, but several other years were nearly as good, THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 57 ULMUS CAMPESTRIS. This great ornament of the South-west of England makes but a poor show in Scotland, where it is scarcely recognisable as the same tree. Two tall, lanky, but well-clothed specimens in the Botanic Garden, however, girth 58 and 59 inches. A quite young one was selected in the Arboretum in 1892, when it girthed 9'60 inches. The increases for the next four years were only °75, ‘60, 55, and ‘50, yielding a rate little over half an inch, and as it had a very shabby appearance it was cut down. TILIA EUROPA. nial ANNUAL INCREMENTS. . os Ann Ist Total. Ay. Decade 19g, | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. | No. in List. wi = & J & 125 | 90 | °60 | °50 | 455 | 1:24 | 19°90 The fine spreading Lime, No. 2, stands free in the centre of the Botanic Garden, and is one of its best trees. It increased in the first decade at the rate of -30 and in the second ‘27, a slow pro- gress ; but it looks healthy, and is approaching seven feet in girth. No. 18, although only four feet in girth, has nearly as poor a rate. Possibly it has been permanently checked by the low temperatures in the winter of 1879, as it fell in that year to ‘40 from *7o in 1878, and in the two following years was only ‘15 and ‘25. Although it may have been somewhat crowded for- merly it has not been so when under observation, and it is now a well-formed, healthy-looking tree, so that its continued low rate is somewhat mysterious. It has recently, 1899, been trans- planted a short distance, and now stands quite free, B 58 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON The rates of the quite young Nos. 69, 85 are only °77 and ‘59, and seem poor compared with those of most other forest trees in the Garden, but No. 3, not much older, averaged 1°24 in four years, so that the conduct of Nos. 69, 85 may be exceptional. In the species there seem to have been years of depression in 1888, 1891, and 1895. The range in the young trees was not excessive, ‘55 to I'00, "50 to *75, and ‘go to 1°35. - : FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR. ANNUAL INCREMENTS, Annual! Girth Total. Av. | at last. No in List. "1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. 20 § 735 1:05 | 14°70 $0 § 4-55 45 | 4°85 121 | 18-25 R i — ao & s g &% an a at + oO iI a oS 7] 45 | -60] -45 | °65 “65 ae ae 2 2 A ee “ $e vo £200 €1710:) 20 115 | 6s a a © > S This species was not observed in the first decade. In the second the two very young trees, Nos. 23, 75, of nearly the same girth, and growing in the same circumstances in the South border of the Arboretum, fared so differently that No. 23, with an average of 1°05, grew at nearly twice the rate of No. 75. Both were transplanted during the decade, No. 23 twice. No. 2, a somewhat older tree in the West border, had a rather better rate than No. 23, or 1°21. The ranges were moderate, ‘85 to 1°40, °45 to ‘65, and 1°10 to 1°30. FRAXINUS ORNUS, This flowering Ash, a graft on a two-foot stool of the common Ash, and a transplant from the older Garden of 1822, was a handsome and flourishing tree about six and a quarter feet in girth in 1878, and grew at the rate of ‘41 in the first decade. It still looks fairly well, but girth-increase almost ceased in the serond decade, the total being less than an inch. The girth in 1897 was 80°30, and that of the stool at its narrowest _ 107°50, THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 59 CASTANEA VESCA. Ann. 3 a ANNUAL INCREMENTS. otal. q e Decade 198g. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. } 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896, | 1897. “80 | *45 | ‘55 | 6:95) ‘69 | 87°20 ‘94 | -€0 | -75 | 1:00] -60| 90] -90 | -40 This rather handsome tree grew at the rate of nearly an inch annually in the first decade, and was little affected by the low temperatures of 1879, 1880, and 1881. In the third quinquennium, however, the rate fell to :77,and in the fourth to ‘62, so that the tree seems to be past its best. It still looks well, and has reached the respectable girth of seven feet three inches. The range in the first decade, -75 to 1°10, was slight, but the decline in the second has raised it to ‘45 to 110 in the whole period of twenty years. JUGLANS REGIA, ANNUAL INCREMENTS. Kate, Total. ar os Decade.] 1998, | 1889. | 1890. |11891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. fo | No.in List. | i & "15 | 700: | .°50 9.25 |. 25 | .°15- | 15 | 10 | 1-40]. “14 1136°60 bi & S As the Walnut is rare in the Edinburgh district, it is some- what surprising to see so large a specimen in a situation so little favourable to tree longevity as the Arboretum, and where it has been so much exposed to the west winds. It has a short stem, eleven feet four inches in girth at the narrowest, a foot above ground, which has only increased an inch or two in twenty years. The two chief limbs girth upwards of eight and five feet. The only annual measurements kept up were on the latter, and it has increased, very irregularly, only two and a half inches in twenty _ years. Very probably the girth-increase was permanently checked by the low temperatures of 1880, as in the previous year it increased 40 and in 1878-50, almost as much as in the following eighteen years. In some years it produces an abundance of fruit, which, however. never reaches anything like maturity. The 60 CHRISTISON—-OBSERVATIONS ON soil of the Garden seems rather favourable to the walnut, as a very handsome specimen, four feet nine inches in girth, recently transplanted, promises to do well. SALIX SP. a Annua ANNUAL INCREMENTS r he Gis se Ist’ | | Total. ras a = Decade.) 1898. | 1889, | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. | aaa 19 “90 | 1-80 166 | 165 2°40 | 2-20 | 2°65 400 3°00 | 2°40 25:25 | B82 26°25 This Willow, on the South side of the pond, but on dry ground, was measured in its infancy at three feet above ground, the point being raised to five feet when practicable. It was at first only an inch and a half in girth, and is now about two feet at the five-feet mark, having grown twenty-three inches in ten years, at the rate of 1°68 in the first quinquennium, and 2°97, or all but three inches, in the second. The increases of four inches in 1895 and three in 1896 are quite unequalled in other species in all my twenty years’ observations. POPULUS FASTIGIATA. Wt Adina ANNUAL INCREMENTS. : | Rate, Ann. | Gitth = zat : Total. Av. | ,2t 1g |Pecade, 1a8e. | 1889. | 1£90. | 1891. | 1892. 1893. | 1894. | 1896. | 2896. | 1897, = 76 16-195 41°35 75 245 “00 50 ‘95 jdying| ... 7-00} 1:17 | 15:05) 87 “80 | 1°35 | 1°00 "45 ‘80 I dead 3 4°40| -88 | 12°65 ee 1:25. § 1°35.| 1°05 | 1:30 ‘80 65 | 4:95 | 1°24 | 16:10 Three of this species were under observation in the second decade, but the careers of Nos. 76 and 87 have been ended by transplantation followed by death, and that of No. 9 by trans- plantation threatening death. The average rate in the few avail- able years was 1°18 in No. 76, and 1°24 in No.9, and if we deduct the years 1891 and 1892 from No. 87, when it was evidently failing, its rate would be 1°05, or not much less than in the others, THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. ALNUS GLUTINOSA. 61 | Aiea ANNUAL INCREMENTS. ’ IR Girth ate, Se elses esos —————— Ann. 1S] Ist wes LF EL oD |S |Pecade] 1geg, | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1896, | 1896, | 1897. ae cea |-88 85 | 1-20 | -€0 | 70| 65] -70| 0 | -75| -10| -05 | 595| -74 | 14-20 Ee | | 85] -80| 0) -75| -30| -5 4] 300] -75 | 11°85 The results in this species are also not very satisfactory. No. 88 at first looked well, and in 1889 had an increase of 1°20, but fell off in appearance thereafter, with an increase never rising above "75 in the six next years. It was then transplanted. No. 7 has never looked vigorous. The annual averages of the two, ‘74 and °75, are almost identical, but cannot be regarded as representative of normal growth BETULA ALBA. 4 Annual ANNUAL INCREMENTS. a, [ett 5 ist Total. ae: ao - Decade} 189g. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. } 1893. | 1893. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. 1} O07 | 05 | 00} 20; 05{/ 057 10| -10/| 05 | 15 {| OO] 0-75; -07 | 56°80 78 80 | 135 | 1-10 | -95 | 1-45 | 1-30 | 125 | trans|pl’d&| died | 8-20 | 1-17 | 19°65 82 70 | -90 | 1°10 | -80 | 1°40 | cut |down | oes 4°00] 98 | 26°65 wid 1°70 | 1-80 | 1-60 | 1:35 | -50 | +30 | 6-45| 1-61 | 20°20) The only Birch measured in the first decade, No, 1, was a transplant from the former Garden in 1822, and was for long a chief ornament of the present one. Previously to 1878 it had been measured for three years, and had an annual rate of 41, but in that year it dropped to ‘25, and possibly the tree was past its Prime. Then came the three winters so disastrous to girth- increase in general, when many twigs died, the girth-increase almost ceased, and at the end of the decade not half of the long weeping branches remained. In the second decade there was no rally of girth-increase, which in twenty y has onl amounted to an inch and a half, but there has’ been little further degeneration in appearance, and the tree, now nearly five feet in 62 CHRISTISON—-OBSERVATIONS ON girth, still retains something of its original beauty. The cause of its falling off has been ascertained by recent borings to be a fungoid disease in the stem. A Birch of the same size at Craigiehall in the first decade grew for eight years at the annual rate of nearly half an inch. The two younger Birches, Nos. 78, 82, yielded rates of 1°17 and ‘98 for seven and five years respectively, the ranges being ‘80 to 1°45 and -7o to 140. But No. 17, about the same age, showed the much better average of 1°61 for the four available years of its career. CARPINUS BETULUS. UAL INCREMENTS. Annua ANN Rate, i ara Ann. | Total. AS. at 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. Ist Bes he te es ee Decade. as. |e. 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | No. in List. 33 “41 25 | +40 | 45 | °30 | “45 “B51. *36.) *30 |. “B04. 26 | 3'80| “38 | 52°40 BE | 65 | °85 ‘10 | 5°65} “71 | 11°90 86 a 401 10" | 80 1. 10) 710 80 | “65 | 1-60 ‘15 | -00 | 5°60} “70 | 11°30 No. 33, a tall, erect, and handsome tree in 1878, above three and a half feet in girth, grew at the rate of ‘41 in the first decade and in the second at the somewhat less rate of -38, always rather falling off in condition. It is now four feet four inches in girth. The annual rate of the two much younger Hornbeams, Nos. 81, 86, selected for the second decade in the South border of the Arboretum, was ‘7o and ‘71. Their growth was erratic, as shown by the range, which in the former was 45 to 1°00 and in the latter ‘40 to 100. LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA. ¢ ANNUAL INCREMENTS. a Rae : Ann, {Girth A=} ist. Total.) “ay. iat A Decade. 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896, | 1897. ye 6 “60 35 | 40 |} ‘80; 50] 657 40 | 75 {| 35 | 40] -25 § 485] -48 | 86°05 This short-stemmed but handsome spreading tree seems to have been a quick grower up to a girth of about six feet, at the THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES, 63 narrowest part, four feet two inches above ground, as Sir Robert Christison ascertained its rate to have been 1:20 for the three years before the first decade, and in the first year of that decade it grew 1:00. It then encountered the three hard winters, in the two first of which the rate fell to -4o and -30, and it never after- wards rallied to above ‘80; the average rate in the first decade being ‘60 and in the second ‘48. Notwithstanding this pro- gressive decrease, the tree is still handsome and_ healthy looking, with a girth of above seven feet at four feet above ground, and nearly ten feet at the base. ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA. a 3 ANNUAL INCREMENTS. | Apa Ann | Giet lS iee Total. “Ay. so et E st, s Decade} iggg. 1882. | 1890, | 1891. | 1892. 4 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. “s 14 3 | pect ois | eee 80-275) 85 F140 4 106 | 85 560) ‘93 | 11-90 This very young tree is thriving well in the North border of the Arboretum. It was but slightly pruned in 1895, so I have included the two following years’ results. The rate, compared with other infant trees, seems good, as it is barely a foot in girth, and has increased nearly at the rate of an inch a year for six years. The growth was progressive, from ‘60 to 1°40 for four years, but has declined to ‘95 in the next two years. CRATAGUS OXVACANTHA. a ge ANNUAL INCREMENTS. ees 5 1st ; Total.| $a S |Pecade, ises, | 1889. | 1990. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894, | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. 16; 45 | 60 | 65 | 65°| “45 | 0] 05 | 35 | 05 | “10 | 05 | 3:86| 46 | 47°55 19 1:05 | 165 | 95 1100/1201 -45| 50 /| 85 | -10| -20 | 765| ‘96 | 10°40 u 100 f1t0 | #6} 110) 20 | 25 | 406/101 | 14-48 The handsome Hawthorn, No. 16, at the East walk of the Garden, grew at the rate of a little above half an inch in the first decade, and attained a girth of above three and a half feet. 64 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON In the first seven years of the second decade its rate continued precisely the same ; but in 1895 its roots were cut round about to prepare it fortransplantation. It then almost ceased to grow till 1899, when it was transplanted to the Arboretum. It now girths all but four feet, and promises to do well in its new quarters. The rates of the two quite young trees, Nos. 19 and I], in the second decade, for eight and four years respectively, have been ‘96 and 1ol, or about one inch each. The increase in No. 19, the one observed for the longest period, has been erratic, as proved by the extreme range of ‘45 to 1°20 in eight years. CyTIsuS LABURNUM. ms ANNUAL IXCREMENTS. 3 — " Ann Girth & let’ Total.) "ay, tone - ast. g |Pecade 1gse. | 1889, | 1890. | 1891, | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895, | 1896. | 1897. : 21 75 |1001 @5 | -90| 7041-05 | -75 | 5 | -35 | -85 | 685] -86 | 13-30 251 55 | 851 -45| -30| -35 | 270| -67 | 11°80 The results in these young Laburnums, still only about a foot in girth, have been ‘86 and ‘67, or an average of about three- quarters of an inch. The range in the one longest tested, No. 21, has been mederate, *75 to 1'05. PYRUS COMMUNIS. ANNUAL INCREMENTS. . | Girth Ann. Total. Ke. Se Decade. 1999, | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. 1896. 1897. 95 5.90 | 65} "701 25 | -10 § 5:20) °80 | 14°70 The rate of this young Pear tree, in the West border of the Arboretum, was ‘80 for four years, when it was healthy-looking, but the increase almost ceased from excessive pruning, which threatens the life of the tree. THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 65 PYRUS AUCUPARIA. 5 —— ANNUAL ——— 22 ae & sé fee sy | : Total. ‘Av. | 2 . |Pecade.] 1288, | 1889. | 1899. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. ass nee ee tee Fae 7| .. | 30] -40| -75| 55] -75 co | 65 | 3] 351 70} 510] -€4 | 12-45 79} .. | 75 {105/110} 90} -2of 45 | 80} 80] 90| 85] 715| -a9 | 14-70 13 | mofo [ow | 5} 90| 75} 70] -0| 00 | 320| 0 |1650 The rate of No. 77 was only ‘60, kept down perhaps by the very sandy soil where it grew, in the South border of the Arboretum, as No. 79, in the East border, had the considerably better rate of _ 89. It was somewhat less, only ‘80, in No. 13, favourably situated in the West border, but it has been under observation for only four available years. The ranges of all three, -4o to 70, ‘75 to 1°10, and ‘70 to ‘90, have been moderate. PRUNUS PADUS. Annual ANNUAL INCREMENTS. : = ei) Total. ey at 1893. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. 1889. | 1890, | | 1891, eae 1893. ‘70 }1:00 | 60) 00 | ‘75 | “70 | 6°80| 76 | 11°20 1:35 | 1:10 | 10°40 | 1°30 | 17-20 8 & | No. in List. o { { 135 | 136 | 15 | -80 | 1-05 | 1°55 ea 1:90 | 1-60 | 1-70 1-10 | 1:00 | 720; 1°80 | 21°65 — ne is These two trees, growing apparently under much the same conditions in the South border of the Arboretum, before being transplanted, have fared very differently, the rate of No. 18 being only -76, while that of No. 22 was 1°30. @The range in both was comparatively small, ‘60 to 100 and 1'05 to 1°55. But No. 5, South of the Arboretum Lodge, proved greatly superior to these, with an average of 1°80 for four years, and the small range of 1°60 to 2°00. It is thus one of the few trees of any species that has grown as much as two inches in a single year. 66 CHRISTISON—-OBSERVATIONS ON B. Annual Rate and Range of Girth-increase in Deciduous Trees at Different Ages. The rate of girth-increase in trees must evidently be affected by various conditions of locality, such as soil, shelter, crowding or the reverse, the effects of which cannot always be easily eliminated. But another condition of no little influence is age, for there is a natural rise in the annual increase from infancy through youth, and a subsequent decline, the limits of which in the different species have not been, perhaps cannot be, determined. To get rid in some degree of this last cause, I have divided my trees in Tables I. to V. under five categories, according to their size. Usually only the quickest growers have been given, as being more likely to be representative of the normal characteristics of the species than such as proved comparative failures. Some have been under observation for a period sufficiently long to appear in more than one of the categories. Leaving the Tables mainly to tell their own tale, attention may be directed to a few of the chief points in each of the categories. ANNUAL RATE. THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 67 ANNUAL RATE AND “Rawen OF INCREASE IN GIRTH IN DECIDUOUS TREES. TABLE I.—Under 15 inches in Girth at the end of the Observations. No. : Girth at Annesl Li Greatest. | Number List fa cnrvation} Bat. bins Year| ine Keet.| Yours 96 Salix 12°70 | 2°06 1°65 2°80 five. 94 Ulmus montana 15°00 | 1°45 115 1°75 three 22 Prunus Padus 13°15 | 1°30 1°15 1:45 | five. 98 Fagus sylvatica 14°55 {| 1°29 1:00 1°55 five. 16 Acer Pseudoplatanus 15° ray 1°20 1-40 three 9 Populus fastigiata 13°65 | 1-24 1:05 1:35 four 76 Do. $015 ay. 75 1°75 five. 61° | Quercus rubra 10°95 | 1:18 “20 150 | five. 23 Fraxinus excelsior 14°50 | 1:07 85 1°40 five. 78 Betula alba 14°50 | 1°05 “95 1:35 five. 11 Crateegus Oxyacantha 14°00 | 1°01 85 110 = =| four 19 Do. 10°10 96 “45 1°65 | eight. 14 Robinia Pseudacacia 11°90 “93 “60 1:40 six, 70 | Quercus robur 13°90 89 “50 1:20 | nine, 79 Pyrus Aucuparia 14°05 | *89 75 110 | eight, 21 Cytisus Laburnum 13°30 | 86 70 1°05 =| eight. 8 | Pyrus communis 14°35 | 80 | -65 95 | four. 69 Tilia europea .., 12°60 fee “60 1:00 nine. 7 Alnus glutinosa 11°40 75 “60 ‘85 =| four. 88 Do. 14°05 74 “50 1-20 eight. 81 | Carpinus Betulus 11:90} ‘71 ‘45 | 1°00 | eight. 86 Do. 11°15 70 “40 1:00 | eight. 16 Quercus Ilex ... 8°60 63 | 45 85 =| seven. CHRISTISON—-OBSERVATIONS ON TABLE II.—Between 15 inches and 2 feet in Girth. No. Girth at | 4 wna | Least | Greatest | Number List. — ctrvation.| Pate. |n's'Year.| in'a Year. | Years 96 Salix 23°85 | 3:21 2°65 4-00 three 5 | Prunus Padus... 21-65 | 180 | 1:60 | 2-00 | four. 93 Ulmus montana 1955: f= 1°70 1:50 1:80 four. 17 Betula alba 19°40 | 1461 1°35 1°80 four. 54 Quercus conferta 24°50 | 1°61 1:10 1°90 five. 55 Do. 21°40 | 1°58 1:10 1:80 five. 20 Fagus sylvatica 19°80 | 1°45 1-20 1°70 three 74 Acer Pseudoplatanus 18°80 | 1:47 1-40 1°55 five. 3 Tilia europea ... 18°80 | 1:24 “90 1°45 four. 2 Fraxinus excelsior ... 17°15 | 1-21 1:10 1:30 toitk: 4 | Gsculus Hippocastanum 17°65 | 121 | 105 | 1-40 | four. 12 | Acer campestris 19°75 | 1°20 *85 1°60 six. TABLE III.—Between 2% feet and about 5 feet in Girth. 54 Quercus conferta "36 1°86 1°30 © 2°05 six. 40 Do. 36 1°69 1:05 1:80 six. 55 Do. "36 1°60 1:30 2°10 six. 93 Ulmus montana “31 7 1:35 2°05 three 43 Quercus Cerris 53 57 “35 “65 twenty. 16 | Crategus Oxyacantha 48 | +55 | +10 80 | twenty. 33 | Carpinus Betulus 52 “40 10 ‘55 | twenty. 18 Tilia europea “46 35. 15 “70 ten, 28 Acer Pseudoplatanus “62 35 15 50 ten, 9 (Esculus Hippocastanum "52 32 05 75 ten. THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 69 TABLE IV.—Old Trees, from about 6 feet to 74 feet in Girth. Decade 1878-87. No, j Girth at | annual | , Least Greatest Number List mone servation.| te. lin's Year.| ina Year. | Years 7 Fagus sylvatica Pe eee “82 1°03 65 1:20 ten. 8 Do. ie Be “70 “09 “90 1:20 ten. 4 Castanea vesca ap se "80 “94 ‘75 1:10 ten. 6 Liriodendron tulipiferum _... 82 “60 30 1:00 ten 3 Fraxinus Ornus a ras “80 “41 “20 ‘75 ten. 2, | PRS OUROpM@A 5. ue ce 78 “30 00 65 ten. TaBLE V.—Decade 1888-97. 7 Fagus sylvatica ere “90 "85 “60 1:20 ten. 8 Do. Piegae ce 80 92 “80 110 ten. 4 Castanea vesca pee ay 87 “69 *40 1-00 ten. 6 | Liriodendron tulipiferum _... "86 “48 “25 80 ten. 2 Tilia europea .. os = 81 ‘27 “00 50 ten. TABLE VI,—Rates of Old Trees at Craigiehall, Cramond, for comparison. 10 | Quercus Cerris oe oe 92 70 125 | eight, 20 | Fagus sylvatica Pee 81 60 95 | eight. 16 | Quercus robur i oe 69 “45 1:00 | eight. | 5°| Betolaalba =; c.- r= | | oO ol ahh 6 Fraxinus excelsior ... ... | 1°44 37 “25 70 ten. 7 | Acer Pseudoplatanus ... |_-:1°80 “40 20 "bb ten. I. TREES UNDER 15 INCHES IN GIRTH. Annual rate.—These infant trees have been under obser- vation for from three to eight years. Fully one-half of the twenty-three trees and of the nineteen species had an annual rate of an inch or upwards, the Willow being facile princeps with a rate of two inches for five years, when it grew in girth from three to thirteen inches. The Wynn Elm follows with 72 . CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON nearly an inch and a half for three years; then come the Cherry, Beech, Sycamore, and Poplar with about an inch and a quarter, and the American Oak, Ash, Birch, and Hawthorn with about an inch. At the other end of the scale are Alder and Hornbeam with three-fourths of an inch, Robinia, British Oak, Rowan, Laburnum, Pear, and Lime being slightly better than that. Annual range—Naturally this tends to be greatest in the trees that were longest under observation ; but even confining ourselves to the seventeen which had from five to nine years’ records the range is not great. In ten the maximum was less, sometimes much less, than double the minimum; in six it was only rather more than double; and in only one was it extreme, being three and a half times greater than the minimum. This was the Hawthorn, No. 19, a very infantile specimen, and in the slightly older No. 11 the range was quite slight. aximum single years tncrease—Only three of the twenty- three trees failed to attain one inch of increase in one or more years ; these were the Pear, with 95 ; Alder, No. 7, with 85; and Evergreen Oak, with 85. But another Alder, No. 88, attained 120. The highest results were—Willow 2°80, Wych Elm 1°75, Poplar 1°75, Hawthorn 1°65. II. TREES BETWEEN 15 INCHES AND Two FEET IN GIRTH. Annual rate.—Of the twelve trees, belonging to eleven species, admissible to this category, eight have already figured in the infantile period. The Willow reappears with the very high rate of 3:21 for three years. The Cherry now takes second place with 1°80, and Wych Elm follows with 1°70; but the Birch, and the two new comers of Quercus conferta, are also above an inch and a half, and Acer campestris, at the bottom of the list, averages, along with Lime, Ash, and Horse Chestnut, about an inch and a quarter. Annual range—This is much less than in the infantile period. In no tree is the maximum double the minimum , generally it is considerably less, and only in Acer campestris does it come perilously near as much. Maximum single year’s increase—W illow again far and away heads the list with no less than four inches in a single year. Cherry is the only other that attains even two inches, although THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 71 one Hungary Oak comes near it with 1'90; the other Hungary Oak, with the Wych Elm and Birch, attain fully an inch and three-quarters, and the Ash, at the bottom of the list, reached an inch and a quarter. III. TREES BETWEEN Two AND A HALF AND FIVE FEET IN GIRTH. Annual rate— Few of the species and none of the actual trees of the first or Infant Table are to be found in this category, which includes ten trees, three being Hungary Oaks. They head the list, one of them with 1°86, but it is fair to state that they are younger than most of the others; the Wych Elm is well up with 1°71; but the next best, a Turkey Oak, has only ‘57, and the others dwindle down to °32, the rate for ten years of a Horse Chestnut. Annual range.—This was moderate in the three Hungary Oaks, the Wych Elm, and Turkey Oak, the maximum being less than double the minimum ; but it was very great in Haw- thorn, Hornbeam, Lime, Sycamore, and Horse Chestnut, the proportion being as ‘50 to "15 in Sycamore, the best of them, and as ‘05 to ‘75 in Horse Chestnut, the worst ; a proof, I think, that these trees, healthy though they look, had passed their prime of growing power when only from four to five feet in girth. Maximum single year’s tncrease—The three specimens of Hungary Oak are conspicuous with 2°10, 2°05, and 1°80, andt he Wych Elm also mounted a trifle above two inches; but Haw- thorn, Lime, and Horse Chestnut do not attain more than about three-quarters of an inch, Turkey Oak somewhat less, Sycamore and Hornbeam only half an inch. IV. TREES FROM ABOUT SIX TO SEVEN AND A HALF FEET IN GIRTH. Sa list is now reduced to six trees, none of which appeared in the former categories. As they were observed for twenty years they may conveniently be divided into two decades. Annual rate—The two Beeches, which attained respectively nearly seven and nearly six feet in girth in the first decade, and seven feet and a half and six feet and a half in the second, are at the head, with a rate of 1:03 and ‘99 in the decade 1878-87, 72 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON and °88 and ‘o2 in the decade 1888-97. This shows a consider- able falling off in the second period, although the trees seem as vigorous and healthy as ever. The Spanish Chestnut, with ‘94 and ‘69, shows the same tendency, as do the Tulip tree, with ‘60 and ‘48, and in a less degree the remarkably handsome Lime, nearly seven feet in girth, with *30 and ‘27. As to the flowering Ash, although its rate was ‘40 in the first decade, it almost ceased to increase in the second, while showing little degeneracy in its general aspect. Annual range-—This was slight in the Beech No. 8 and the Spanish Chestnut, at least in its first decade; moderate, the maximum being somewhat less than double the minimum, in Beech No. 7; large in the Tulip tree and flowering Ash ; and extreme in the Lime, ‘00 to ‘65. Maximum single year’s tncrease—Beech No. 7 attained 1°20 in both decades, and No. 8 the same in the first decade and 1°10 in the second; Spanish Chestnut reached 1I'1o in the first and 100 in the second; Tulip tree 1:00 in the first and ‘80 in the second ; and Lime ‘65 in the first and *50 in the second. C. Comparison with Trees in the Neighbourhood of Edinburgh. The rates, particularly of the older trees in the Botanic Garden, by no means represent the capacity for increase in trees -of the same or even of greater size in the Edinburgh district, when more favourably situated as to soil. Even the handsome Beeches Nos. 7, 8, with a rate of °85 and ‘92, when six and a half and seven and a half feet in girth respec- tively, were nearly equalled by a specimen twelve feet in girth, with a rate of ‘81 for eight years, at Craigiehall ; and the wonderful tree at Newbattle, nineteen feet in girth, shows what is possible at so great a size, by having increased at the annual rate of about half an inch for fifteen years. The largest British Oak in the Garden is much of a Wiel although only eight feet in girth, and has been increasing for twenty years at about the annual rate of only a quarter of an inch; but one at Craigiehall kept up a rate of nearly three- quarters of an inch for eight years, although at the considerably greater girth of ten and a half feet. A fine Turkey Oak in the Garden, four and a half feet in THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 73 girth, had a rate of '57, while one at Craigiehall, six and a half feet in girth, gave a rate of ‘92 for eight years, and a very vigorous specimen at Cramond, nearly thirteen feet in girth when measured in 1878, must certainly have been a rapid grower. The handsome Sycamore, No. 28, five feet in girth, with the unaccountably low rate of -35, is not much above the ‘22 of the largest Sycamore, eleven feet in girth, in the Garden; and a Craigiehall tree, nearly as large, excelled it with a rate of ‘40 for ten years, The finest Birch in the Garden ceased to increase when a few inches short of five feet in girth, while a slightly larger specimen at Craigiehall continued to grow at the rate of nearly half an inch for eight years. D. Aggregate Annual Results. The results in the aggregate are chiefly interesting as showing, in the first place, the effects upon girth-increase of good or bad seasons ; and, secondly, any tendency there may be towards altera- tion in the rate from increasing age in the trees. This inquiry must be confined to the group of adult and aged trees, as in them alone has the period of observation, amounting in most of them to twenty years, been sufficient to yield reliable results. As the two kinds of results just specified are concurrent it will be easier to study them together than separately, and it will be advantageous to take first the species which seem to be still growing with undiminished vigour, as far as external appearance goes, and subsequently those that may be suspected of having decidedly passed their prime. The first set includes Beech, Hungary Oak, and Turkey Oak, of each of which from two to four specimens were under observation. These will be dealt with separately. The second set contains nine species, mostly illustrated by only one specimen, and may be taken in mass. The first decade of observations, 1878-1887, was remarkable for three successive most unfavourable seasons, 1879, 1880, and 1881. In all three the winters were marked by exceedingly low temperatures, and in 1879 the growing months were remarkably cold and sunless. Fortunately the measurements in most of the species began in the previous year, and thus we can appreciate the extraordinary immediate loss in the aggregate girth-increase ¢ 74 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON and the prolonged effects on some of the trees, all of which is fully detailed in former papers.* Suffice it to say here that in 1880, the worst year for the deciduous trees, their aggregate girth-increase was only half what it was in 1878, and that, while the Deciduous group reached their minimum of increase in 1880, the second of the three severe seasons, rallying very decidedly in 1881, the Pinacez continued to fall off in that season and did not rally till 1882. The second decade shows no such startling results, and the other seasonal fluctuations, considerable though they be, are probably only such as may be ordinarily expected in a climate so variable as ours ; but they are interesting as showing that the species were not all implicated in the same seasons of depression. The effects of increasing age seem to be pretty clearly indicated also. FAGUS SYLVATICA. AGGREGATE GIRTH-INCREASE IN FouR BEECHES FOR TWENTY YEARS. First Decade, .. .. | 1878. | 1879. | 1880. | 1881. | 1882. | 1883. | 1884. | 1885. | 1886. | 1887. Increase, = O | 2°85 | 1°95 | 2°75 | 3°35 | 2°90 | 3-45 | 2°85 | 3°10 | 2°60 Second Decade, .. .. | 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893, | 1894. | 1896. | 1896. | 1897. Increase, ze .. | 2°25 | 2°35 | 2°35 | 2°30 | 2°80 | 2°50 | 2-75 | 2°05 | 2°65 | 2-25 These four Beeches girthed, in round numbers, five and a half, six and a half, seven, and seven and a half feet in 1897, and showed no outward sign of diminished vigour. The Table shows, however, that they never quite regained the standard of 360 in 1878, the year preceding the three severe seasons, although twice, in 1882 and 1884, they very nearly did so. Their minimum, 1°95, occurred in the second bad season, and severe as the fall may seem, it was less than in any of the other deciduous species. The rally to 2°75 in 1881 and to 3°35 in 1882 was so compiete that evidently no permanent injury had been done, and the subsequent gradual though fluctuating * ‘* The Influence of the ee Season of 1879 on the Growth of Trees.” By Sir R. Christison, Bart., Tr. Bot. Ed., 1880. ‘The Growth of Wood in 1880.” By Sir R. Christison. Op. cit., 1881. “* The Depression in Girth Increase of Trees in 1879, 1880, 1881,” Dr. D, hristi cit., 1888-89, p. THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 75 decrease in girth-increase is probably due to increasing age. In the second decade the maximum, 2°80, compares unfavourably with the 3°60 before the bad years, and 3:45 after them, of the first decade. The range in the first decade, 1°95 to 3°60, is great owing to the severe winters; in the second it is remarkably small, 2°05 to 280. That the Beeches were subject to minor depressions, in common with other species, in 1883, 1885, 1887, and 1895 is evident, but I have not been able to inquire into their causes, QUERCUS CERRIS. AGGREGATE GIRTH-INCREASE IN Two TURKEY OAKS FOR EIGHTEEN YEARS. 1879, | 1880. | 1881. | 1882. | 1883. | 1884 | 1886. 1886, 180 | 1°05 | 1°85 | 1°65 | 1°45 shia bee 145 | 1-45 1878. First Decade, 1895. | 1896. | 1897, 1°05 | 4°50 | 1°15 \ ge | 1989, | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. Second Decade, .. a a0 ‘75 | 1°35 | 1:10 | 1-40 | 1°50 | 1°30 : ' Unfortunately these Turkey Oaks only came under observa- tion in the third year of the first decade, but the decided rally from 1'05 in that year to 1°85 in the next indicates that they shared in the general depression of the time. It is somewhat remarkable that they never again approached the standard of 1881 nearer than 1°55. The only other startling event in their career was the great fall in 1889 to the minimum, ‘75, due apparently to some cause specially affecting the species, as few others showed any sign of depression then. On the whole, there has been a falling off in the amount of girth-increase with time, but not to a marked degree. The range was 1'05 to 1°85 in the first decade, and ‘75 to 1°50 in the second. QUERCUS CONFERTA. AGGREGATE GIRTH-INCREASE OF THREE HUNGARY OAKS FOR FOURTEEN YEARS, 1878. | 1879. isso. | 1881. | 1882 | 1983. | 1884. | 1885. | 1886, | 1887. 360 5°15 5°25 5-40 5°06 48: 4°65 5 30 1888. | 1889. | 1990. | 1891. | 1892 | 1893. | 189%. | 1896. | 1896. sage 365 | 460 | 505 | 405 | 515 | €-00 . | | 76 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON The Hungary Oaks only came under observation in the same year as their Turkish cousins, but, like them, a rise from 3°60 in 1880 to 5°15 in 1881 indicates a marked depression during the severe winters of 1879 and 1880. They then went on steadily till 1888, a year of pretty general depression, when they descended nearly to the level of 1880. Another severe fall, to 4°05, occurred in the generally unfavourable year of 1891, but an immediate recovery took place, and in 1893 they reached their maximum of 600. A severe pruning, to promote upward growth, has been successful in that object, but has reduced their girth-increase to a mere trifle for six years. Previously it is plain that, on the whole, their girth-increase had been increasing, due probably to their being adolescents and not adults, The range in the first decade was from 3°60 to 5°40, and in . the second from 3°65 to 6°00. [ AGGREGATE, THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 77 AGGREGATE INCREASE IN GIRTH FOR TWENTY YEARS OF NINE OTHER SPECIES OF INFERIOR OR DECLINING VIGOUR. — Fiast DECADE, 1878. | 1879. | 1880. | 1881. | 1882. | 1283. | 1884. | 1885, | 1886, | 1887. Tilia europcea (2) .. By Oi a eae sf ere Sa ae, ete’ oe ded ed (! os fle eee ed ee Castanea vesca.. 664'T:104] 90) 85-4 110 (80-41-00 +100 |. 851 200-5 75 Liriodendron tulipifera.. | 1:00 | ‘40 | ‘30 | 65 | 60 | 45 | 65) 55 | ‘To | °65 Acer Pseudoplatanus ..| ‘50 | '20 15 30 | “40 45 55 | 40 | 354: 20 Csculus Hippocastanum | ‘75 | ‘60 | ‘35 70 | 10] 30} 20; 05} ‘20 ] 20 Carpinus Betula .. | 40 | 86 19 55 50; 45} 65) 40 30 | °50 Quercus rubra = we [2 780 F740. ] 30) = 80.) e280 2 ae 65 | 45 | 55 Juglans regia = 2 D0 2G 1 00 a 10 16.4 0 46 Betula alba .. a a Sd Oe es A 00] 10; 00) 10; 00 Total = _. | 6-20 | 3°75 | 2°25 | 4°80 | 4°15 | 3°70 | 4°35 | 3°45 | 3°80 | 3°40 Seconp DECADE. 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892, | 1893. | 1894, | 1895. | 1896. 1897. Tilia europea =e .. | 30} 65} 95 | 40] 65 | 1°05 80 10 | ‘70 35 Castanea vesca .. .. | 60 | “75 | 1:00 90 | -90| 40} 80] 45 8 Liriodendron tulipifera .. | 35 | 40] *80| 60 | 65 | 40 | 75 | 35 | “40 25 Acer Pseudoplatanus ..| ‘20 | ‘20| ‘30 10. | ‘3 | 26 | ‘lb 15 | °*36 15 (Esculus Hippocastanum| -36| ‘10| 05 | 00} 25 | 10] 25 | 25 | “30 | 00 Carpinus Betula .. 1 a 8b oe 1 40 35 | 30} 50) <2 Quercus rubra 40 30 | ‘50 35 | 45 | 40 | °56 40 | °35 | 2 Juglans regia .; | 0 | 00] 15 | 00 | S| 2] 2] 15] | Betula alba .. 05 | 00| -20 05 | 05 10 10 | 05 15} 00 Total . a: .. | 255 | 2°75 | 4°45 | 2-30 | 4°05 | 4°00 | 35°60 265 | 335 | 2°20 The progressive though fluctuating degeneracy in this group is very marked. From the standard of 6°20 in 1878 the fall in 1880, the second severe season, was to 2°25, and the rally in 1881 was only to 480, an amount which they never again quite reached. Their average for the last five years was little above 3°00, or one-half the standard of 1878. It is probable, therefore, 78 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON that the severe seasons of 1879 and 1880 produced, besides an immediate severe depression, a permanent effect, by accelerating, or it may be in some cases inducing, the falling off in girth increase to be looked for in trees either beyond their prime or in weak health ; and this took place in the majority without any apparent degeneracy in the foliage. In the two Limes and the Sycamore it has always been fine, and the same may be said, in a somewhat less degree, of the Spanish Chestnut, Tulip Tree, and Hornbeam. The conduct of the Horse Chestnut was peculiar. It probably rallied completely in 1881 from the previous severe seasons, but in 1882 fell a victim to some disease that withered the foliage early in summer of nearly all the Sycamores near Edinburgh, and, although subsequently the foliage was always healthy and dense, the girth-increase for fifteen years has been very slight,and in some seasons there has been none at all. Per- manent injury to girth-increase, if it existed at all, is least traceable in the Hornbeam and American Oak. In the Walnut and Birch the degeneracy both in appecers and girth-increase is distinct. E. Variety in the Incidence of Years of Depression on the Different Species. This is perhaps most simply shown by the following state- ment :—Of the nine species in twenty years, 4 were affected in 1879, 8 in 1880, I each in 1881, 1882, and 1883, 2 in 1885, 2 in 1887, 3 in 1888 and 1889, 5 in 1891, 2 in 1894, 4 in 1895, I in 1896, and 8 in 1897. F. Capacity of Girth-increase as shown in Favourable Years. To show the growth accomplished by trees of the different species under favourable circumstances I have drawn up Table VII. From this it appears that Sa/zx stands, in a most marked degree, at the head with an average increase of practically three inches, and a maximum increase in a single year of four inches, the average girth being nineteen inches. In the four best con- secutive years it grew fully a foot in all. No other tree comes up to this, but Quercus conferta comes next with an average for five consecutive years of above an inch and three-quarters, and Ulmus montana is third, with a little below that amount, the THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 79 TABLE VII.—Average Annual Increase in Girth in the five best consecutive years (Column A), and in the best single year (B),in Trees of different species at different sizes ; (C) gives the Girth at the middle of the five years’ period. ae e Hf cigs oF ai Fo gi] o a © al Fy x N Sagi fe) & eel ee] 2 fo) Species. 2s Py a 8 s No. Species. F g. = 3 S Babl ee | 3 e2| om | 2 sosia | & bd eee a 6 a ray ee At Bice 8 : A Cc Under one foot in girth. One to two feet in girth : —continued. 19 | Salix sp. 168 240| 6 | 12] A tri 1204 34 16 22 | Prunus Padrs 1:34 | 145] 11 enon id gross 23 | 19 | Crategus Oxyaconth 117 | 165 | 14 9 | Populus fastigiata .. 124/135] . 70 | Quercus robur 1:01 | 1°20 | 13 61 | Quercus rubra 118 150} 9 , 9 | Tilia europea 83} 100} 13 80 | Esculus Hippocastanum.. | 1°17| 135/ 10 ce 2 8 | Pyrus communis 80} 95) 13 14) Robinia Pseudacacia 1:00 | 140; 9 "g ool eet ia Pyrus Aucuparia s "95 79 | Pyrus Aucuparia 95} 110} 10 a i 23 | Fraxinu Isior .. 91} 115] 10 Two to four feet in girth. 21 | Cytisus Laburnum ., 90 | 1:05| 11 | 54) Quercus conferta 1°87 | 2°30! 40 67 | Acer Pseudoplatanus “86 | 1°05 9 |93 | Ulmus montana 169 | 205 | 27 88 | Alnus glutinosa 80 | 120] 11 | 40] Quercus conferta 146 | 1°80) 47 86 | Carpinus Betulus .. 78| 1:00) 9 | 16 | Crategus Oxyacantha 58} $5} 41 16 | Quercus Ilex 68 | 85] 7 $45) Quercus Ilex 6} 70) 45 15 | Quercus Cerris ‘67 | ‘70! g 441} Carpinus Betulus 49] 55) 47 6 | Ulmus campestris . 60}. 75 | From four to six feet in girth.| One to two feet in girth, 63 | Quercus Cerris ‘70 | “8 | 6 19 | Salix sp. 2:97 | 400 19 | 41/ Carpinus Betulus .. 43) 55) 51 55 | Quercus conferta 1-71 | 180} 19 From six to seven feet in 93 | Ulmus montana 1°62 | 180} 16 girth, 74 | Acer Pseudoplatanus 1°47 | 1°55) 16 | 7} Fagus sylvatica 1-15 | 120] 77 20 | Fagus sylvatica 1-45 | 170} 19 | 7| The same tree 100} 120 84 22 | Prunus Padus 1-26 | 155 | 15 | 4| Castanea vesca ‘97 | 110; 73 3 | Tilia europcea 1-24 | 145 | 17 | 4| The same tree 83 | 100] 83 78 | Betula alba wf 283 | 2°45 | 16 6 | Liriodendron tulipifera ..| 63 | ‘60| 84 4 | Esculus Hippocastanum .. | 121 | 1°40/ 15 | 2 | Tilia europea 39; 65) 76 2| Fraxinu Isi 1-21 | 1:30} 16 | 2| The same tree 35 ad respective best single years yielding 230 and 205. Their average girths were forty and twenty-seven inches. It would be tedious to speak of all the trees in detail ; suffice 80 CHRISTISON—ORBSERVATIONS ON it to say that the following thirteen additional species attained an annual average of an inch to an inch and a half in their best consecutive five years :—Acer Pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica, Prunus Padus, Populus fastigiata, Tilia europea, Betula alba, 4sculus Hippocastanum, Fraxinus excelstor, Acer campestris, Quercus rubra, Crategus Oxyacantha, Quercus robur, Robinia _ Pseudacactia. These are arranged in order, Acer Pseudoplatanus at the head with an average of all but an inch and a half, and Robinia at the foot with exactly one inch; but it must be remem- bered that the comparison is not quite fair, as the ages of the trees were very different. Species that appear to thrive in the Garden but yield com- paratively low rates are Carpinus Betulus, Pyrus communts, Pyrus Aucuparta, and Quercus Cerrds. I]. MONTHLY RESULTS. The trees adopted at various periods for monthly measure- ments were selected from those observed annually, and the reasons for choosing and abandoning successive sets, already given in the Introduction, apply with even greater force now than in the First Part of our subject. Monthly measurements were commenced tentatively by Sir Robert Christison in 1880 upon five deciduous and six evergreen trees, but the tape he used was too coarse to yield very reliable results. In 1882 I added about thirty-five deciduous examples, and took monthly measurements of the whole, in the growing season, till 1887. The early results, down to 1882, were included in a Paper to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1883,* and the whole results were communicated to the Botanical Society in 1887.7 But the objections, already explained, to observations upon old and large trees induced me to abandon this set in 1887 and take up the fresh set ¢ of about thirty-five young trees, used * “Observations on the Annual and Monthly Growth of Wood in Deciduous and Evergreen Trees.” By the late Sir Robert Christison, Bart., and Dr. Christison. Trans. Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1883, pp. 45, 66. + ‘* On the Monthly Increase in the Girth of Trees at the R. Botanic Garden and at Craigiehall, near Edinburgh,” by David Christison, M.D. Trans. Bot. Soc. Ed., 1887. t ‘‘ Observations on the Increase in Girth of Young Trees in the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, for five years ending 1891,” by David Christison, M.D., President. Trans. Bot. Soc. Ed., 1892, : THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 81 also for annual observations, selecting as far as possible such as had smooth bark and regularly cylindrical stems. These having become ineligible as a connected set in 1892—although some of them became available afterwards, as they recovered at various dates from transplantation—were replaced by the final young set of twenty trees, available from 1892 to 1895, but then dis- abled for my purpose by a severe pruning. The plan followed in dealing with the monthly observations is to give zw extenso the results for the set of 1892-95, not hitherto published, to compare these with the results yielded by the other young set of 1887-91, and to make use of the original set of older trees, 1882-87, only incidentally. In considering the records of 1892-95, I shall first try to give the aggregate results, and then describe the conduct of each species separately, inquiring at the same time how far the results may agree with those obtained from other young trees observed in 1887-91, in sofar as the same species-happen to have been examined in both these periods. In the first place, however, it is well to state that neither the number of trees of each species, nor the length of time during which they have been under observation, is sufficient to warrant the deduction of precise conclusions or definite laws. At first sight, indeed, it might seem that three specimens of a species, of similar ages, growing in the same locality, and under observation, two of them from 1887 to 1891, and the other from 1892 to 1895, should yield true averages, but that this is not so is proved by the occasional quite contradictory conduct of a tree in one year as compared with the other three or four years, or what is still more striking, by the contradictory conduct of one tree during the whole four or five years of observation, when compared with the other two trees. Neither is it always easy to account for this erratic conduct, although among probable reasons may be suggested—temporary unhealthiness, not, it may be, betrayed by theappearance of the tree; individuality of character, as when we see two trees of the same species, and equally vigorous, of which one invariably comes into leaf much earlier than the other ; difference of age, which, even when slight, has, I suspect, considerable influence in early youth; difference of position, which even within narrow limits may place trees under very 82 CHRISTISON—-OBSERVATIONS ON different conditions of soil, exposure, etc. ; unsuitability of the species to the climate or soil ; the complicated effects of weather affecting species or individual trees in different ways. But notwithstanding all this, the results in some species agree quite as remarkably as in others they disagree, and while greater confidence must be placed in the former, some idea may be formed, on a careful consideration, of the general tendencies in the latter also. A. Aggregate Results. A. FoR THE MONTHS SEPARATELY. The chief points to which attention will be directed under this head are—the aggregate increase in girth of the twenty trees due to each month in succession in each year and over the whole period ; the proportion or percentage of seasonal increase due to each month in each year and on the average ; the species that yield the largest and smallest proportions of seasonal increase in each month ; and the largest individual scores or records in a single year that may have happened in any species in each month. APRIL. Aggregate Results, 20 Trees. | . 1892, | 1893. | 1894. 1895. (Average. ' Total increase, ... eat ss pot ee 1:15 | 1:30 0°50 0°77 Percentage of seasonal increase, eS A 4:7 6-0 2°4 374 Number with no increase, ... ...| 17 (ee 11 | 96 The average annual increase for April amounts to only three- quarters of an inch, somewhat less than for September, at the other end of the season, and, as might be expected from our variable springs, the range, ‘15 to 1°30 in amount and 06 to 60 in percentage, is very great. The number of trees that yielded no increase in April in one or more seasons was large, the annual average default being about orie half of the whole, but the proportion of the default varied as much in the different years as from 3 to 17. THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 83 SPECIES WITH THE LARGEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE IN APRIL. - 1892, | 1893, | 1894, | 1895. | Total.| AY" a: | age. a Quercus robur, 1 ws ee aS | 3 Cerris, 10 5 5 20 Gi -fal tay Fraxinus excelsior, ... Fe. Fes 5 10 10 10 385 09 | 7:2 Betals alba; 0 eh Quercus rubra, SPECIES WITH THE SMALLEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE. (Esculus Hippocastanum, Tilia europea, 5 5 01; 10 Populus fastigiata, 5 Sy SFY 40 Acer Pseudoplatanus, 5 5 Hi} 12 5 5 01 | 1°2 Robinia Pseudaeacia, es 5 5 5 ae ‘W047 52 Fagus sylvatica, | Large individual scores were scarcely to be expected. Salzx alone reached a quarter of an inch once, and did not exceed it, and ‘15, the next best score, was only recorded three times, once in Salzx and twice in Betula. MAY. | Aggregate Results, 20 Trees. 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. Average OWE intesiant = fo 2 eo. 2°75 4°70 2°55 2°95 2°24 Percentage of seasonal increase, i. Poa 19°0 11°8 14:3 141 | The average annual increase is two inches and a quarter, or about three times greater than in April, and the range, though not so excessive as in that month, is still high. A total absence of increase was only recorded twice, but in sixty-two of the eighty observations the amount did not reach a quarter of an inch, and in thirteen it was only ‘05. 84 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON SPECIES WITH THE LARGEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE IN MAY. = 1892, | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | Total.| 400" ie 9) Betula alba, .. ... ... ... | 30 | 50 | ‘85 | 25 |1-40] 85 | 217 Fraxinusexcelsior, .. ... ...| ‘20 | ‘80 | 20 | 25 | °95 | ‘24 | 195 Prunus Padus, Se fa | 0 801 Ob 1 80} ee fas mii 6. Cw | 8H | LO OO 100 | tO | 188 SPECIES WITH THE SMALLEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE. Robinia Pseudacacia, nea 5 5 5 10 25 | °06 | 9°6 Crategus Oxyacantha, ise ep oO ty 1B 5 10 40 | 10 | 10°2 Ulmus campestris, ...00 6. tee 5 10 5 5 25 | 06 | 10°4 Several species besides those in the Table showed a capacity for May growth by having an occasional good score. Acer Pseudoplatanus once had °35, Fagus and Tilia 30, and Pyrus communis 25. Betula, Prunus, and Salix alone reached half an inch, once each, and none of them exceeded it. JUNE. Aggregate Results, 20 Trees, 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895, |Average. Total increase, ,.. ... ... ..| 805 | 7:05 | 5:30 | 580 | 6°67 Percentage of seasonal increase, w» | 33°4 28°5 26°7 28°0 29°1 The average annual increase for June is six inches and three- quarters, or three times that of May, and the range is con- siderably less than in that month. There was no record so low as ‘05, and only three of:10. Of the eighty records, fifty-three were above a quarter of an inch, and of these seventeen were half an inch or more, [TABLES. THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 85 SPECIES WITH THE LARGEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE IN JUNE. a 1892. | 1893. | 1894, | 1895. | Total.| AYe-| § 3 ge. ga wR Acer Pseudoplatanus, ..,_—... | “55 | 50 | 50 | 15/170] 42 | 403 Tilia europeea, eee | 65 | 5K] 50 | 25 | 1°95 | 49 | 80-4 Fraxinus excelsior, .. ...... | 55 | “45s| “40 | “45 185 | 46 | 38-1 SPECIES WITH THE SMALLEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE. _ on Robinia Pseudacacia, ne we] OOP Ss “60 | 15°9 Salizsp, .. .. 3 oa oe a Oe oe 275 | 69 | 20-0 In June growth becomes well established, and the annual variations are much less than in the earlier months. e differ- ences in the proportional increase of the species appear to be mainly due to normal differences in the distribution of girth- increase over the growing season in the different species. For example, the increase is much more evenly spread over the months in Saé¢x than in Acer, so that the proportion of increase due to June is much less in the former. The highest single score was very nearly one inch in 1895 by Sadex. JULY. Aggregate Results, 20 Trees. 1892. | 1893, | 1894. | 1895. ree | Rotel inoreas, 0 a 760 | 665 | 715 | 585 | -669 | Percentage of seasonal increase, se 31°5 27°0 33°0 26°0 29°4 | The average annual increase is six inches and three-quarters, or the same as in June, and the range is similarly moderate. The records fall as low as ‘10 five times, and of these two were 05, all in 1895, when, as appears from the Table, there was a great general depressicn in July. 86 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON SPECIES WITH THE LARGEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE IN JULY. | r 1892, | 1893, | 1894. | 1895. | Total.| AY°""| § 3 ag So | mM Populus fastigiata, | 55 | 50 | -40| -40| 1-85 | -48 | 375 Cytisns Laburnum, | 25 | 15 | -35 | -10| -85 | -21 | 342 Pyrus Aucuparia, | 1s | 25| -30| 20] 90 | -22 | 340 WSlia soropua, .. -40 | -45 | -45 | -80 | 1-60 | -40 | 32-4 Csculus Hippocastanum, 45 | 40); 40 | -30 | 1°55 | ‘39 | 32°0 SPECIES WITH THE SMALLEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE. Witkin: = 40 | 40 | 40 | -30/ 1:50 | 37 | 23° Robinia Pseudacacia, cen % | 35 | -20| 15 | 95 | 24 | 24°6 Salix sp., cS Pa eee % | | 70 | ‘85 | 2°85 | -71 | 25-0 | In July the variation in the comparative seasonal percentage of the species attains a decided minimum, being only from 23°3 to 37°5, whereas in June, the next steadiest month, it is 15°9 to 40°3. In July, in no less than eight species the seasonal p.c. lies between 30 and 32. Half an inch or upwards was attained in all four years by Salix and Prunus, in two years by Populus, and in one year by Fagus, Quercus rubra, and Acer campestris. The highest single score was °85 by Sa/zx. Forty-seven other records are between a quarter and half an inch, so that only twenty of the eighty records fell below a quarter of an inch. AUGUST. Aggregate Results, 20 Trees. 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. |Average. Total increase, .... ay see ae 4:90 4°35 3°80 4:20 4°31 Percentage of seasonal increase, iv | SO 17°6 175 20°3 18-9 The annual average increase is four inches and a half, about two-thirds that of June or July and double that of May, and the THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 87 range is small. There was no increase on three occasions, and it fell to ‘o5 ten times, and to ‘10 twelve times. SPECIES WITH THE LARGEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE IN AUGUST. | a | et Se 1892, | 1898. | 1894, | 1895. | Total, AVF} 3 ¢ pee) Se nN Robinia Pseudacacia, 20 | 25 | 25 | 45 6 39 | 34:2 Quercus rubra,... he a ... Noob} 25 30 50 1-05 | 35 | 26-3 Salix gp ce ge eh ab | 98 ee ere 25 | 35 | 30 | 120) -30 | 240 Populus fastigiata, .... ... .... | 30 SPECIES WITH THE SMALLEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE. Fraxinus excelsior, ... o. irae Ge a 5 10 : 30 | “OT | 62 Acer Pseudoplatanus, oy ee 5 20 10 5 ‘BO | -12 | 97 | Senn quroiea. Ge ee 1 5 | 20 | 40] 10 | 10-1 | Quercus robur,.. 9... ss | 61] 6 | | OY OFINF | The variation in the seasonal proportion of the species in August, 62 to 34:2, is very great compared with June or July, and even exceeds that of May. An increase of half an inch is only attained four times, of which Sa/zr claims three, Quercus rubra being the other successful candidate. There were twenty- eight records between a quarter and half an inch, The maxi- mum record, ‘95, or nearly an inch, was by Saézx. SEPTEMBER. Aggregate Results, 20 Trees. 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895, jAverage. _—— Total increase, 70 | 80} 110 | 1:85 | 111 Percentage of seasonal increase, 29 32 5-0 9°0 5° 82 Number with no increase, 10 9 6 8 The average annual increase of September, the last month of the growing season, is a little more than an inch, only a quarter 88 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON of an inch above that of April, the first month of the season, and only a fourth that of August. The range is greatly less than in April, but much greater than in May. The number of records of no increase amounted to nearly one-half of the whole, and was not much less than in April. SPECIES WITH THE LARGEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE IN SEPTEMBER. 1992, | 1893, | 1894, | 1895. | Total,| Aver] 5 e age | =o NM Salix sp., — eu oc pe”), 15 25 10-530 *32 | 10°7 Robinia Pseudacacia, sn ve [oe | TO | 1) 00 Re ee Fagus sylvatica, a es 23 fe 10 5 15 30 07 6°9 Betula alba, _... ie ee nee 5 10 5 15 "BD “09 54 SPECIES WITH THE SMALLEST PROPORTIONAL INCREASE. Quercus robur,.., 5 rubra,... Fraxinus excelsior, Se a a ea Populus fastigiata, .., ne ae 5 ss ea fis 5 cl? te ies SU Pyrus Aucuparia, a: ee rt ee Ss 5 a 5 ‘01 15 Salix alone reaches half an inch, and that only once, but with the phenomenal score of ‘70. Rodznza follows with -30, which is perhaps still more remarkable, as its total annual increase is only about a third of that of Sa/zx. No other species scored higher than ‘15. B. For THE MONTHS IN GROUPS. 1. Two pertods of three months each—As stated in my pre- vious paper, the division of the growing season into two periods of three months each, although the only practicable one with observations at monthly intervals, does not imply that the periods of actual growth are equal in the two divisions. Unquestionably there is a great variety both in the normal beginning and normal ending of seasonal girth-increase in the different species, but THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 89 as the beginnings and endings are very gradual it would be per- haps impossible to define their precise limits by girth measure- ments. On the whole, however, a division into a first half-season consisting of April, May, and June, and a second comprising July, August, and September, besides being very convenient, is probably fair enough. It appears from the little Table annexed that in three of the years 1892 to 1895 the half-seasonal results were remarkably uniform, being nearly as 45 to 55 in favour of the second half, but that in 1893 the proportion was slightly in favour of the first half, thus reducing the four years’ averages to 47, 53, in round numbers. 1st Half 2nd Half Season. Season, 1892, ... os ie fa 45°3 | 54°7 1893, ... aie a — 52°23. 47°8 1894; me i oe 44°5 555 ASS =. = = is 44-7 55°3 ANOUNO 8 i ae ae Pe OT 53°3 The young trees observed in 1887-91 yielded a somewhat greater superiority for the second half-season, the figures being 44,56. This is no great difference, but when a comparison is made with the adult and aged trees of 1882-87 the superiority of the second half in them is much more marked, the figures being 35, 65, proportions which are very little affected, as I find, by limiting the comparison to the species which are represented in both sets of trees. Thus, the result arrived at in 1891—that adult and old trees have a greater tendency than young ones to throw their main girth-increase into the second half-season—is amply confirmed by the more recent observations. The variation or range of the half-seasons would have been almost 727 but for the exceptional year 1893; even with it the figures are only 44 to 52 for the first half and 48 to 55 for the second, in round numbers. D 99 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON 2. Three periods of two months eath—Dividing the growing season into equal first, middle, and last periods, it comes out that the girth-increase in the first was less than in the last on the average, though not in the year 1893, but that both, as a matter of course, were much below the middle, in which nearly three- fifths of the whole seasonal increase took place, whereas the first period ciaimed only a sixth and the last one quarter of the whole. First. Middle. Last, 1802S: oie ae 2 11°9 64°9 23°2 BEL So er eee Yas 23°7 55°5 20°8 1804, oe eee cas 178 59°7 22°'5 1895, ... ax “as =e 16°7 54:0 29°3 Average, fe se — 17-5 58:5 24:0 The annual variation or range was much greater in the first period than in the others, being in the proportion of two to one, whereas in the last it was as three to two, and in the middle period as six to five. The excessive variation of the first period is no doubt due to the great irregularity in the arrival of spring in our climate. In the two midsummer months growth is well established, and therefore is much steadier. In the two autumn months the girth-increase begins to die away, and therefore again becomes more irregular, but probably it is less affected by climatic variations than in the spring-months, and hence its range is less. . 3. Sex periods of one month each-—The Table of monthly per- centages shows that the first and second months are exceeded by the last and second last months respectively, but only on an [ PERCENTAGE. THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES: gl a of Monthly Girth Increase in Twenty Young ectduous Trees for Four Years, 1892-1895. ] z | April. May. | June. July. August. Sept. 1892, - - 06 11°3 | B34 31°5 20°3 2°9 1893, | 4-7 19:0 | 285 27°0 176 3-2 1894, | 60 11:8 | 26°7 33:0 175 50 1895, | 2-4 143 | 280 26°0 20°3 90 Average, 34 41 | 29-2 29°4 18°9 50 | AVERAGE OF THIRTY YOUNG Decipuous TREES FOR Five YEARS, 1887-1891.) Bee ws | 50 average, as inthe four years April twice exceeded September, and May once exceeded August. The proportions of June and July are almost identical, and of course greatly exceed those of the other months, even August. When compared with the trees of 1887-91 as shown in the Table there isa close correspondence, the only great difference being in the April proportion, the month in which disproportion is almost inevitable. Stated roundly, April claims 31, of the annual girth-increase, May }, June and July not far from + each, August 4, and September 3. As to the variation or range in the months, it is, as might be expected, extreme in April, the amount of increase being nearly twelve times greater in the best year than in the Worst, whereas even in September the best is only three times greater than the worst. May follows next in the ratio of less than two to one, while in June, July, and August the variation is comparatively trifling. 4. Order of precedence of the months in the amount of girth- increase-—The sequence in the case of the young trees of 1892-95 is as follows: :—July 23°4 p.c., June 292, August 189, May 1411, September 5, April 3-4. This differs but little from the results in the thirty young trees of 1887-91, for, although the positions of June and July are reversed, the difference between the two months in both sets of observations is very trifling. The sequence and proportions for 1887-91 are:—June 31, July 30, August 20°5, May 12, September 5, April 1°5. 92 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON B. Results in the Species Individually. In treating the Second Part of this Division of my subject, a tabular view of the results, followed by remarks, is given for each species. Each Table is constructed so as to show, first, the amount and p.c. for each month and for the half-seasons in the single tree of the set 1892-95. The corresponding p.c. for the other sets are then given. The last column gives the girth of the trees at the end of the observations upon them. The remarks that follow bear chiefly upon the proportions of the half-seasonai increase, and of the monthly increase. Finally, the highest record for each month is given, to show the capacity of growth of each species in each month under the most favourable circumstances. The detailed records for the sets of 1884-87 and 1888-91, formerly published, could not be reproduced here without unduly swelling the bulk of this Paper, but many quotations from them occur in the text. No. 20.—FAGUS SYLVATICA. \Girth in Inches Year. | Apr. | May. | June. | July.| Aug. | Sept. 1st Half 2nd Half} at fer so 1893, 30 50 45 35 10 80 90 1894, 5 15 50 40 25 5 70 70 1895. se 10 35 30 30 15 45 75 Total, 5 Bb -{-180. | 115 90 30 195 235 17 PU = 12 | 180 [81S | 26:7.) 200) 68 |) 465 54°5 Two Youne BEECHES, 1888-91. Pi | 0°5 | 8-0 | 32 34 23 25 | 40°5 | 59°5 | 18, 15 Four ADULTS, 1884-87. P.C. - | 41 | 82 | 25°6| 31-4 | 24°38) 59 | 37-9 | 6271 | 4 70, 80, 81 Fiv—E ADULT AND AGED (CRAIGIEHALL), 1884-87. : “ ; - : ; ‘ . 138, 121 FC, | £4 AO me | a0 18:1 | 40 | 39°6 | 60-4 101, 78, 66 THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 93 The half-yearly results in No. 20 show a sufficiently well marked preponderance of the second half, although it is less evident than in the other groups given in the Table, whether of young or old trees. __ The monthly amounts and proportions indicate that the species is rather late in beginning to grow, and that the increase is comparatively small in the first two months. The four adults of 1884-87, indeed, have a fair proportion in April, but in May it is correspondingly small. In No. 20 June yields the highest increase, but it is not much above July. In the other sets it is the reverse, but the superiority of July is well marked only in the old trees. The united percentage of June and July is 58 in No. 20; 66, 57, and 66 in the other sets. On the whole the species continued to increase in girth well on to the end of the season. The highest records in each month of No. 20 were 5 in April, 30 in May, 50 in June, 45 in July, 35 in August, and 15 in September. Taking in the three sets of older observation pub- lished in my former Papers, the figures are but little raised except in July. The highest there are April 15, May 30, June 55, July 60, August 40, and September 15. [QUERCUS ROBUR. q 94 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON No. 10.—QUERCUS KOBUR. Girth in Year. Apr. | May. |June.| July.) Aug. | Sept. i emeand naan oe ibservations. 1892 15 30 30 15 45 45 1898. | 10 | 15 | 20 | 20 | 10 45 | 30 184. | 10 | 10 | 20 | 2 | 5 40 25 1895. 5 10 15 5 0 30 5 Total, | 25 50 85 75 30 160 105 13 PO. = 1 O84 ASS e241 | 28 Bf 60°3 | 39°7 Four Youne Oaks, 1887-91. P.C. | 15 [ws ars | ee ae 4°5 | 34°5 | 65°5 |13, 10, 8, 8 OLD OAK (CRAIGIEHALL), 1884-87. 24 7 aia). | |e | 80 The results for the half-seasons in No. 10 are completely at variance with those for the other four young trees and for the old oak at Craigiehall. The incidence of the half-seasonal growths is greatly in favour of the first half in No. 10, and as much in favour of the second half in the others. No. Io, also, in place of agreeing with the young trees in having a very small April growth and a substantial September growth, corresponds with the old tree in having a large April proportion and no increase in September at all. The difference may be partly explained by the manifestly increasing and abnormal deficit in No. 1o in the second half- season, which in the fourth year fell almost to zero. The uniformity in the records of the other four young trees tends to prove that their results are normal on the whole. Ofthe eighteen observations thirteen yield a great preponderance in the second half; in two the half-seasons are equal; and the three in which the first preponderates all happened in one year, and appear there- fore to be due to a special failure, analogous to that of No. 10, THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 95 although in the latter the failure continued from season to season. On the whole, therefore, it seems probable that the normal conduct of the very young British Oak is to throw its growth mainly into the second half of the season. None of the Oaks yield remarkably large individual scores. The highest records in young and old are—April, 10; May, 30; June, 30; July, 40; August, 40; September, 10. So that there is not a single instance in any month of half an inch increase. NO. 15.—QUERCUS CERRIS. | Girth in h Year Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. ae pb ee | oF : | Observations. oe 1892, | 10 | 25 | 25 | 15 35 40 1893. | 10 | 10 | 2 | 18 | 10 45 25 1894, | 5 5+ 10 | 80.1 6 62) 40 1805. |. & | 10 |-15 | 20 | 16 5 30 40 1896, 5 | 30 | 10 | 20 5 45 25 1897, 5 AG bet Eb 30 35 Total, | 30 | 75 |100 | 180 | 65 |° 10 | 205 205 Ls PC. - | 7:3 | 18:3 | 24-4 | 31-7 | 158 | 25 50 50 10 Two WeE.LL-GROWN TREES, 1884-87, 1887-91. Pc. «| 2| | u 34 | 20 e | 40 | 60 | 63, 43 Although the half-season growths are exactly equal in No 15 On an average, they vary exceedingly from year to year; sometimes the first half greatly predominates, but in other years it is the reverse. This is probably due to youth, as in the two well- grown trees, one of which was at Craigiehall, the predominance of the second half-season is quite pronounced in every record. The discrepancies between the:young No. 15 and the two well-grown trees are not so great as between the young No. 10 96 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON and the other examples of Quercus robur, but they are great enough. They appear to be chiefly due to an almost invariable and remarkable deficiency in June in the older trees, whereby the amount is actually much less than in May. But for this strange anomaly the half-seasons would be about equal, as in No. 15. Another difference is that the percentage of April is greater, and of September less, in the young tree than in the older ones, The highest individual records, including the three trees, were 10 in April, 20 in May, 25 in June, 30 in July, 30 in August, and 15 in April. No. 18.—QUERCUS RUBRA. Girth in Year. Apr. | May. | June.| July. | Aug. | Sept. dees 7 ss oe ere nde Observation. 1890 10 20 40 15. {...6 30 60 1891. 10 15 45 25 5 25 75 1892 10 30 50 25 40 | 7% 1893. 10 20 45 45 30 75 75 1894 10 15 25 35 50 50 85 Total, | 20 65 | 185 | 215 | 145 10 220 370 il PGs (04) 100 | 225 {86s 12864 17 37 °2 62°8 The half-season results show a great preponderance in favour of the last, and this happened in every year of the five but one, when they were equal. The April proportion is small, but if the observations had been confined to the first three years it would have been nil, showing the necessity of a large number of years to give a fair average in the weak months of April and September, in which last month the percentage is even less. The proportion for August is high, higher than for June,and July is decidedly the best month. The record of 50 in August 1894 is very remark- able. It is very large for that month in any tree, and is the maximum of its year. THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 97 The highest individual records for each month were—for April 10, May 20, June 45, July 50, August 50, September 5. THE GENUS QUERCUS. Five species of Quercus, comprising ten young and four adult trees, have been under observation at various periods, two of which — Q. conferta and Q. Ilex—have been dealt with in my Paper of 1892. Taking the whole, the following have showed a decided preference for the second half-season :-— Quercus robur—four young trees 35 65 » »» —one adult tree 38 62 »» conferta—three young trees 39 61 »» Cerris—two adult trees 40 60 »» rubra—one young tree 37 63 25 75 | »» Tlex—one young tree On the other hand, of an apparently exceptional character were— | Quercus Cerris—one very young tree... 50 50 | | « »» robtr—one young tree, 1892-95 In the first of these the result may be due to extreme youth, and we have already given reasons why the results in the second may be abnormal. Q. conferta is the most reliable species, as the three trees were Vigorous, quick growers, and behaved with great uniformity. In it, therefore, the superiority of the second half-season is well made out, and this is the more remarkable as its April growth Was steadier and larger than in any other kind of Oak or any other species under observation. In the other species of Oaks; indeed, the April increase was very small. Apparently exceptional points in the genus are the low rate of June-increase in a large proportion of the trees, but most marked in the twoadult examples of Q. Cerrzs and the old Craigie- hall tree, and the large percentage of August-increase in Q 98 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON rubra. As tothe first point, the following remarks occur in a previous Paper :—* “] have made a separate study of this genus, as there seems to be a tendency in it to early vigour, followed by a period of slower growth. This is seen most unequivocally in the three Turkey Oaks, in all of which the June percentage is much exceeded by that of May on the one side and July on the other, No. i > |g | & || No. 7 Bl ee ee ea 8 ee 63°} QO. \Cerris 5 [°3). | 28°117 ol ye O. obese 20°5 | 22°5 | 39 43 me ote 20 |11 37 || 12 ee & 24 7 |41 10*, a — Es 02-1 -6°5 | 36 2 53 a Ve tee fis Pao 70 5 25 |125|16 {38 Average .| 15 | 23 |11°5| 34 1 11 |18 | 42 * At Craigiehall. Average . | 2°3 | 17-7) 158 | 40°7 40 | Q. conferta. | 8 6:5 |20 | 35°5 54 a 19 9 | 29°5 | 34 e ~|9 418 | 22°5 | 34 & 44 | Q. palustris | 10 | 18 | 16 | 41 Average 8°7 | 9°5 |26 | 34:5] 61] Q rubra .| 2 | 15 | 20 | 39 the general average of the three for from four to five years being 23 for May, 11°5, or exactly half, for June, and 34 for July. In the three Hungary Oaks, the most vigorous growérs in early spring of all my deciduous trees, the same tendency is shown, but at an earlier stage and in a considerably less degree, the general proportions being 87 for May and 9'5 for June. The general average of the five British Oaks is 17°7 for May and 15°3 for June, in strong contrast with the proportions for thirty trees in mass, which are 12 for May and 31 for June. In Q. palustrts, not a reliable specimen, however, June is slightly below May. In Q. rubra there is no actual inferiority, yet the tendency to it is probably shown by its May increase being one-third above that of the general average of trees, and the June increase one- - third below it. * Trans. and Proc. Bot. Soc., Ed., March 1892, p. 314. THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 99 No. 4.—CEscuLUS HIPPOCASTANUM. | Girth in Year Apr. | May. | June.| July.} Aug. Sept, ise ying, —_— - | Observation, 1892, | 10 45 45 35 ace 55 | 80 1893, | 20 45 40 30 5 65 79 1894, 20 20 40 15 10 40 65 1895, | 10 30 30 30 5 40 65 ag 1 Total, | 60 | 1:40 Er 5 | 1710 | 20 | 200 | 285 i BAe | | 12°3 | 200. 29°0- | 32-0 | 22°77 | 4°0 | 41°3 | 58°7 18 Two Younc TREES, 1887-91. P.O, - | = | 9-0 |s10 345 | 22 | 35 | 40 | 60 | 11, 13, No. 4 is in agreement with the two-trees of the earlier period, not only in the general particulars, but in details and degree. The second half-season predominates, there is no increase in April and little in September, July is the best month, and the percentage for August is high. The best individual records in the three trees are 20 in May, 50 in June, 45 in July, 35 in August, and 10 in September. No. 16.—ACER PSEUDOPLATANUS. pe | a Girth in t Year. | Apr. | May. |June.| July.| Aug. | Sept. | 18¢Half/2nd Half! Inches a | Observation. 1892 10 | 55 | 35 5 5 65 45 1893, 35 | 60 | 30 | 20 5 85 55 1894 5 5 | 60 | 45 | 10 5 60 60 Total,*| 5 | 50 “155 110 | 35 | 15 | 210 160 | P.C. | 13 | 185 | 419} 30 | 94 | 9 | 567 | 433 16 | Turee Younc TREES, 1887-91. aC. 05 | 138 jw 30 | 18 | 66 44 | 15, 14, 8 ‘ * I have omitted 1895, as = that year in Half; In t Year. Apr. | May. | June, | July. | Aug. | Sept. spray oss acne fi Observation. 1892, 10 40 15 20 10 50 45 1893. “ie 25 20 25 15 5 45 45 1894. = 10 20 25 10 ne 30 35 1895. 5 5 25 20 5 10 35 35 5 50 | 105 85 50 25 160 160 14 16 | 156 | 32°8 | 26°9 | 156) 7°5 50 50 TIO CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON The rate of increase seems low, but I have no other specimen for comparison, and, as it has steadily decreased annually, the tree may not be in a normal condition. As it stands, the half- seasons are exactly equal. June is the-best month, and the September proportion is above average. The best single scores are—April, 5; May, 25; June, 40; July, 25; August, 20; September, Io. No. 5.—PRUNUS PADUS. : Girth in Year. Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. ean somes — = Observation. 1892. 5 25 60 65 40 5 90 110 1893. 10 50 40 50 35 5 100 90 1894. 5 30 50 50 20 5 85 75 1895. 5 25 50 55 30 5 80 90 Total, | 25 | 1380 | 200 | 220 | 125 | 20 355 365 PG - | 3°5 | 18°0 | 27°8 — 27 | 49°3 50°7 20 OnE YounG TREE, 1887-91. j { { AG 13 | 8 | 36 | 82 | 18 | 4 | 46 | 54 | 13 The half-season proportions agree fairly well in these two trees, in giving a slight preference to the second. In the general distribution they differ in the higher percentage of No. 5 in the beginning of the season, and in its preferring July, while the other chooses June. No. 5 was much the more vigorous of the two, having the high average annual increase of an inch and three-quarters. The highest scores are all from it, except for September. They are—April, 10; May, 50; = 60; July 65; August, 40; September, 15. THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. III No. 14.—ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA. esis Girth in f|2nd Half} Inches at Year, Apr. | May. ee July. | Aug. | Sept. ee S wile =a res $ Observation. 1892 5 | 5 | 10 | 20 | 20 20 40 1893 5 64-16: 13h 4 oe ie as 50 1894 5 5 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 16 20 65 1895 20 | 25 | 85 | 45 | 30 | 45 | 110 1896. | 10 | 15 | 15 | 30 | 380 40 | 60 1897 5 64 367 Ss | O16 eS 70 Es Total, | 30 | 55 | 90 | 140 | 195 | 60 | 175 | 395 P.c. -| 52 | 96 | 15-9 | 24:6 | 342] 10:5 | 307 | 69:3 12 The most remarkable fact about this stranger from a warmer clime is the general distribution over the six months, combined with a great excess of energy in the last half of the season. In one year the increase for September was no less than “30; its percentage for that month, 10°5, is high; and as to August, it takes the premier place among the months with 342 per cent., and it is the only month with an individual score of half an inch. I have no other tree of the species to compare it with, but another foreigner—a much older tree, however—has a similar but even more extreme record. This is Lirtodendron tulipiferum, a handsome specimen, nearly seven feet in girth in 1887, when its four years’ record closed. I give the monthly proportions for the two trees :-— ist | | Ist Half 2nd Half Apr. | May. |June. July. Aug. | Sept. | goason. | Season. : | Robinia Pseudacacia 52 | 96 15°9 24°6 | 34°2 105 30°7 69°3 iri 90 Liriodendron tulipiferum | 2 4 4 34 43 13 10 i 112 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON C. General Conclusions from the Monthly History of the Species. In considering some of the conclusions that may be drawn from the history of the species, it is necessary to adopt three categories according to the degree of reliability in the results obtained in the different species. The first includes the species of the period 1891-94 (in which only one example of each was observed) that yielded results in conformity with those obtained from one or more trees of their own species under observation in 1887-91. The second comprises the species in which the results for the two periods are at variance, or are otherwise invalidated. The third contains the species of which only one tree has been under observation. The chief points to which attention will be directed are the comparative tendency in the different species to early or late increase in girth during the growing season, and the compara- tively wide or limited distribution of the girth-increase over the growing season in the different species. I. Species in which the resnilts for 1892-95 and for 1887-91 are in substantial agreement. In this category the results are naturally the most reliable, and may be held to establish fairly well the characteristics of the species included, in regard to the points under consideration. (a.) The comparative tendencies of the species towards early or late increase in girth during the season of growth are shown in the Table which gives the percentage of girth- increase due to each month in the trees of 1887-91 and of | 1892-95 combined, the arrangement being in the order of greatest tendency to increase in the latter half of the season. [ TABLE. THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 113 1st Half |2nd Half | Apr, | May. | June. | July, | Aug. | Sept. | igi. St | | | | Populus fastigiata, ae 1 9 23°5 | 36 285 | 2 | 385 66°5 | Quereus conferta, | 9 | 9:5 | 205 | 345/93 | 35 39 61 | } i (Esculus Hippocastanum, | aes eo 30 33 22 p Soaee ate | i) Bee Fagus sylvatica,... ...| 1 | 105 | 81% | 30°5 22 45 | 48 i ees Crategus Oxyacantha,.. | 3°5 | 9513905 |25 |22 | 951 435 | 565 | Prunus Padus, .. s {49 ae} desk aect-as = dee | Betula alba, . | 85 118 | 28 } 255 | 20 5 495 | 50° | Ulmus montana, a» f Be | 15 | B86 | 25% | 20 5 49°5 | 50° | | | Fraxinus excelsior, ... | 45 | 225 40° | 25 7 05 | 675 | 325 On referring back to the history of the species, where the averages for both periods, 1892-95 and 1887-91, are given, it will . be seen that in Gsculus, Acer, and Betula these averages are almost identical as regards the half-seasons, and that in general there is a close approximation even in the monthly averages. In Fagus, Fraxinus, Populus, Crategus, and Prunus the differ- ences in the two periods are greater, but it is only a question of degree, the general tendencies being similar. Quercus conferta is included, although no example was under observation in either of the above periods, because the three trees of 1884-87 yielded such large and steady results, all in harmony with each other, that the laws of girth-increase are probably as well established in it as in any other species. The specimen of U/mus montana observed in the last period proved an utter failure, but as the two of 1887-91 were very fine trees, I give the average as being probably reliable enough, although there were some considerable disagreements in details. The general result is that in Populus, Quercus, and Zsculus the difference in favour of the second half-season is large; in Fagus and Crategus it is comparatively small; in Uimus, Prunus, and Betula there is an equality, or nearly so; and in Fraxinus the advantage is largely on the side of the first half- season. Taking the extremes, the proportions are as 2 to I in favour of the second half-season in Populus, and the same in favour of the first half-season in Fraxinus. 114 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON (b.) The distribution of the girth-increase over the growing season shows considerable variety in the Table, but it is difficult to indicate it systematically. One way is to set the three best consecutive months against the other three. The three best are June, July, and August, except in Fvaxinus, which prefers May, June, and July. The percentages then are as follows :— Three Best The Other Consecutive Three Months. Populus fastigiata, ors =a 88 p.c. 12 p.c. Fraxinus excelsior, oy cS 88 I2 CEsculus Hippocastanum, a 85 15 Fagus sylvatica,.. cone 84 16 Prunus Padus, ... st or 81 19 Quercus conferta, = oe 78 22 Ulmus montana = 78 22 Crategus Oxyacantha, a 775 22°5 Betula alba, : aye ae 73.5 26°5 But this chiefly shows that certain species accomplish a con- siderably greater part of their increase in the three chief months than others, and therefore have presumably a less general spread over the whole period, and the comparative wideness of the spread is better seen if we take the percentages in each species due to the months of April and September united, or at the beginning and end of the season. The order is thus :—Cvategus 13 per cent., Quercus 12°5, Betula 85, Ulmus 7, Prunus 6, Fagus 5°5, raxinus 5, Cesculus 4, Populus 3. The result is but slightly to change the order as obtained by the first process, and to show that on the whole the seasonal distribution is widest in Crategus, Quercus conferta, and Betula,and is most limited in Fraxinus, C&sculus, and Populus. A further examination proves that the limitation to a comparatively small increase is at both ends of the season in Populus, at the beginning of the season in Gsculus and Fagus, and at its end in Frarinus. To put the case in another way, it may be said in a rough way that increase in girth was going on with comparative vigour for five months in Quercus conferta and Crategus, for four months in Fagus, Gsculus, Prunus, Ulmus, and Betula, and for only three in Populus, Acer, and Fraxinus. THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 115 (c.) Progress of girth-increase from month to month.— Usually there is a progressive rise from the minimum in April to a maximum either in June or July, from which the fall to Sep- tember is also progressive. Sometimes the actual minimum is in September instead of April. The only exception to this pro- gressive rise and fall is in Quercus conferta, in which the percentages for April and May are equal, and the observation is quite reli- able, as the amounts are substantial and consistent throughout. — Of course it results from what has gone before that the rise and fall are quicker or more abrupt in some species than in others. (d.) Highest and lowest average percentages in each month, and the species to which they were due.—The highest for April was 9 per cent. of the annual increase in Quercus conferta; for May, 22°5 in Fraxinus ; June, 42 in Acer; July, 36 in Populus; August, 285 in Populus ; September, 9°5 in Crategus. The lowest for April was oo in Acer ; for May,9 or 9'5 in Quercus conferta, Populus, and Crataegus ; June, 23°5 in Populus ; July, 25 or 25°5 in Fraxinus, Betula, and Crategus ; August, 7 in Fraxinus ; September, 0’5 in Fraxinus. 2. Species in which the results for 1892-95 are at variance with those for 1887-91, or which are otherwise untrustworthy. The reasons for regarding as more or less questionable the results in this class have been already given in the history of the five species which it includes, and need not be repeated. (a.) Comparative tendencies towards early or late increase in girth —Taking the results for what they are worth, the first five species in the Table seem to have a decided preference for the last half of the season, while the sixth is in favour of the first half. Ist Half 2nd Ha’ Apr. | May. | June. July. | Aug. | Sept. | go.5on. | Season. ae Sat Reed nae nee ee Quercus robur, ... 15 | 15°5 | 175 | 40 21 4:5 | 34°5 65°5 Carpinus Betulus, o |e |g las lee i tt ee Pyrts Anup, SE 86 | BS | ee 57 Alnus glutinosa, ... e 1io5 | 82] 928 [20 | Pop M5 | 585 Cytisus Laburnum, 5 114 197 | 285 | 205) 5 | 46 54 Tilia europoea, ... 1 ha aoe eed © 7 8 oe | 5 | 116 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON With regard to Quercus robur, for the reasons given in its history I have rejected the tree of 1891-95 and adopted the average of the four young Oaks of 1887-91, as being much more likely to be truly representative. As the defaulter has been trans- planted to properly prepared ground, it will be interesting to see whether it will now fall into line with the others.* The erratic conduct of the representatives of Pyrus, Alnus, and Cytisus defies explanation, and there was nothing for it but to take their combined averages for both periods. In 77/ia the difference is rather of degree than kind, but is so extreme as to shut it out from the reliable list. It is probable enough, however, that the united average, which I have given, is fairly representative. Carpinus was not observed in 1892-95, but the two young trees of 1887-91 did not agree well, and were in total disagreement with an old tree. (b.) The distribution of the girth-increase over the growing season seems to be most extended and equable in Cytesus Laburnum, and confined within the narrowest limits in 7Z7/za europea, in which three-fourths of the whole took place in two months. (c.) Progress of girth-increase from month to month. — In none of these species, except Quercus robur—and that in a less degree—was there a check in the rise and fall such as was noticed in Quercus conferta of the previous set. In three of them the movement was of an average kind, but in Quercus robur a very marked rise in July, and in 77/ia a still more marked rise in June, were noticeable. (d.) Highest and lowest scores in each month.—The highest for April was 5 p.c. of the annual increase in Cyézsus; May, 15°5 in Quercus; June, 46°5 in Ttlza; July, 40 in Quercus; August, 21 in Quercus; September, 7 in Carpinus. The lowest for April was 1 in Zela; May, 9°5 in Pyrus; June, 17°5 in Quercus; July, 28°5 in Cytésus and Trlza; August, 8 in 77a; September, 1 in Alnus. 3. Spectes in which only one young tree has been under observation. As we have no means of checking the results in these species * October 1899. I find that it has done so in this the first available year since trans- plantation, the increase having been 35 in the first half-season, and °7o in THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 117 by comparison, all that can be done is to give the results in the same tabular form as in the other two classes, and although there is a considerable variety in their reliability it does not seem to be practicable to divide them into categories in that respect, and it will be sufficient to point out the species which appear to be most worthy of confidence, as we go along. Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. lst Half pve Half Robinia Pseudacacia, .../ 6 | 9°5 | 16 |25 | 34 | 105 | 305 | 69% Quercus rubra, .| 85 | 11 | 225 | 3865 | 25 15 | 387 63 BaliS tps | 25 }14 |21 |26 |265}10 | 375 | 625 Acer campestris, = 3 {12 |29 |82 |215| 25] 44 | 56 Ulmus campestris, ' 4 {105/986 {29 [17 | 6 | 48 | 50 Quercus Cerris, | 75 | 18 | 245 | 815 | 16 | 25) 50 | 50 | a3 ]155]33 [27 (155 | 75 | 50 | 50 Pyrus communis, The Rodinza, always in good condition, growing consistently, and under observation for six years, may be considered reliable for so very young a tree. It threw no less than 70 p.c. of its Increase into the latter half of the growing season, surpassing in this proportion all my other trees, save Leriodendron tulipiferum, another native of sunnier climes, in which the proportion rose to 90 p.c., but which does not appear in the Table, as it is an old tree If results in any single tree may be relied on as representative of its species, our Sa/éx may make the claim, owing to its large increments and the regularity and consistency of its conduct during the long period of nine years. Quercus rubra and Q. Cerrts are not quite so favourably situated, as although they are fine, healthy trees, growing at good rates, they were somewhat erratic in conduct, due perhaps to extreme youth. Q. Cerrts also disagrees with the two adult and very fine trees that were under observation in the earlier period. Ulmus campestris and Acer campestris are species that can scarcely be said to thrive in Scotland, and the example of Pyrus 118 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON communts is under suspicion in regard to health, as its increase diminished year by year in place of increasing as it ought to have done in so young a tree; but taking the first year, when the increase was all but an inch, the distribution in the half-seasons was nearly the same as in the total period of four years. _As to the distribution in the four most reliable species, it may be pointed out that it is well spread over the season in all of them. Even in Rodznia, which shows such a decided preference for the end of the season, the increase began in April in five years out of six. In Saé/sx the spread is more equable over five months than in any other species under my observation, and although the proportion for April, the remaining month, is small, it is quite appreciable. The highest records for the months are—for April, 7°5 in Quercus Cerris ; for May, 18 in Q. Cerris ; for June, 33°5 and 33 in Ulmus and Pyrus ; for July, 36°5 in Q. rubra; for August, 34 in Robinia ; and for September, 10°5 and 10 in Rodzmza and Salsx. The lowest—in April, 1°5 in Pyrus; May, 9°5 in Robinia ; June, 16 in Robinia; July, 25 in Rodinia; August, 15°5 and 16 in’ Pyrus and Q. Cerris; September, 1°5 in Q. rubra. D. Bi-Monthly percentage of Increase in the Single Trees of Twenty Species, 1891-95. The last form in which I show the comparative proportions of the monthly increase in girth of the different species is in bi- monthly periods for the twenty single trees of the set 1891-95, Table VIII. As previously explained, some of these trees are less reliable than others, but I give the whole for what they are worth. A few of the chief results may be pointed out. In the first, or April-May period, a proportion of 20 p.c. and upwards, or one-fifth of the seasonal growth, was attained by five species, while in nine species it was below 15 p.c. The highest proportion was in Quercus robur, 28 p.c., and the lowest in Populus fastigiata, 12 p.c. In the middle, or June-July period, eleven, ora little above the half of the species, attained a proportion of above 60 p.c. of the seasonal growth, and in three the proportion was below 50 p.c. The highest proportion was 72 p.c. in Aser Pseudoplatanus, and the lowest, 40 p.c., in Robinia Pseudacacia, THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 119 In the last, or August-September period, nine species, or nearly one-half, attained a proportion of 25 p.c., or one-fourth of the seasonal growth, and in four it was under 15 p.c. proportion was 45 p.c. in Robznta, and the lowest 6 p.c, in Fraxinus excelsior. 1891-95, ARRANGED IN THE ORDER OF AMOUNT. TABLE VIII. BI-MONTHLY P.C. OF GIRTH-INCREASE IN SINGLE TREES OF TWENTY SPECIES, The highest First Middle Last Months ont Months Quercus robur 28-2 | Acer Pseudop. -| 71:9} Robinia- — - 45-0 | Betula alba - - | 27-1 Tilia - - -| 71:8 | Salix - - - | 865 Fraxinus excelsior - | 26-7 | Pyrus Aue, - - | 68°0 |] Fagus - At BFS Quercus Cerris 25°6 | Fraxinus 67°1 | GEsculus 26°7 Prunus Padus 21-5 | Populus - 63°9 | Crategus 26°6 Salix sp. 18-5 | Ulmus 62°5 | Quercus rubra 26°1 Pyrus communis 17:2 | Cytisus - 62:2 | Alnus 25-6 Alnus glutinosa 16-9 | Gsculus - 61:0 | Betula - 25°6 Pyrus Aucuparia 16-0 | Crategus 60-9 | Populus - 25°0 Acer campestris - | 15°2] Acercamp. - 60-8 | Acer camp. 24°0 Cytisus Laburnum - | 15°1 ] Querens rob. - —- | 60°] | Pyrus com 23:1 Robinia —- Pseud- | 14°8 | Pyrus com. 59-7] Ulmus - - -| 229 Acie Peeudinplatenas 148] Pronus - - -| 584) Cytisus- - 22°7 Ulmus campestris - | 14:6] Fagus - z - | 58:0 | Prunus - cp rs Be Quercus rubra = - | 144] Alaus - - ~— - | 575 [ Quercus Cerris - | 183 Fagus sylvatica - | 14.2 | Quercus rub. - 57-3 | Pyrus Auc. -| 16-0 Tilia europcea -| 141 », Cerris -| S61) Tilia - =| 141 Crategus Oxy-| 125] Betula - - -| 473] Acer Pseudop. -/| 133 Gonies Hes 12:3 | Salix - _ | 45-0 | Quercus rob. - - | U7 Populus fastigiats - | 11-1 | Robinia - .| 405 | Fraxinuns - -| 62 INDEX. INTRODUCTION, General Fxpliinations, I. Annual Results, ... . General History of the Secs siparate ely. . Annual Rate and Range of Girth- sueroase in ‘pecdaots Trees at different ages I. Trees under 15 inches i in girth, II. Trees between 15 inches and two ‘feet in girt rth, -III. Trees between two see a half and five feet in ‘girth, IV. Trees from about six to seven and a half feet in girth, C. Comparison with trees in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, D. Aggregate Annual Results E. Variety in a —— of years of “depression in the different s ze F. Capacity of Girth increase as howe in : ieccnable years, WP nes — 5 =] ot a & wn c > Sy Pe oe the mont . Two saci a three months each, Z Three periods of tw Sega each, 3. Six periods of one mon 4. Order of precedence of die snuban in the amount of girth-increase, . B. Results in the Species individually, = C. General oo from the Monthly Histor of the peci S; Specie in which ate results f 28 r1892- -95 and for 1887- 91 are in substantial agree t, a. “The Saisie Euidencas towards early or late increase in girt b. ho distribution of the girth-i increase. ‘over the wing s Ps Prorsse ‘> iit increas from month to mon nth, @. Highest and lowest average percentage in each month, and the species to which they were due, 2. Species in which oe results for 1892-95 are at variance with those 1887-91, or which are otherwise untrustw onhy. a. pone tendencies towards early or late increase in girth, b. distribution ‘of the girth-i “increase “over the 6 Drocress of rewihuneans from month to month, d. Highest and lowest scores in each month, 3. Species in which one yoaty tree has been under observation D. Bi-monthly ceciantare of incense in tie Single Trees ‘of Tw enty Species, 1891-95, . 9 g2-11! 112-118 112-115 116-118 118-119 On the Life-History and Habits of Clerus formicarius, Linn. BY R. STEWART MACDOUGALL, M.A., D.Sc. ‘With Figures 11-14. THE family Cleridz consists of soft-skinned beetles, generally gaily coloured (the “ bunting” beetles of the Germans), with elongated bodies. The legs have five-jointed tarsi, but to prove this requires, in some cases, very careful observation. In habit both imago and larva are predaceous and carnivorous ; where the imagines frequent flowers it is probable that besides taking honey they prey upon insects; indeed, Perris’ has Tecorded cases of flower - frequenting Trichodes devouring Other flower-haunting insects. The so-called carrion-eaters _ found amongst old carcases, skins, and bones may frequent these chiefly to prey on the insect fauna (imago and larva) found characteristically in such places. A note on the habits of some Cleride found in Britain may Prove interesting, as introductory to the observations made on Clerus formicarius. (Notes, R.B,G,, Edin, No, III., 1900.] 122 MACDOUGALL—ON THE LIFE-HISTORY TILLUS ELONGATUS.—Its larva has been taken by Perris in the galleries of Prilinus pectinicornis, a beetle destructive to furniture and woodwork by its borings. TRICHODES APIARIUS.—This handsome red-and-blue beetle lays its eggs in hives, and its larva on hatching passes from cell to cell of the hive, devouring the bee-grubs. The larva of Tyrichodes alvearius has the same habit, but preys on the grubs of the mason-bee. NECROBIA RUFICOLLIS.—The imago feeds on rotting flesh, and the larva preys upon the dipterous maggots and pupe likely to be found on such putrefying material. The larve of an allied French species, Wecrobia rujicornis, found by Perris, were preying on Anobium paniceum. This Anobium is harmful in houses to vegetable matter and to books. Perris got the various stages in a hornet’s nest that had stood in his room for several years, and here the Axodium was being attacked by Necrobia ruficornis. NECROBIA RUFIPES has been found on carcases and old bones. CORYNETES CCERULEUS has been recorded by Sharp’ as entering houses and performing a useful work in destroying the Anobium species that mine into tables and chairs. Clerus formicarius. IMAGO.—I quote Fowler’s’ description. Elongate, anterior parts clothed with long pilose hairs, head large, black, coarsely punctured, eyes finely granulate, antennz black, last joint with apex ferruginous; thorax about as long as broad, red, with anterior portion (which is divided by a broad V-shaped furrow from the posterior por- tion) black, coarsely punctured, posterior angles rounded ; elytra depressed, parallel-sided, black, ccc with the base red, strongly punctured in front, Imago magnified. finely behind, with two strong bands of thick From nature. white pubescence, one before the middle very irregular, and the other behind the middle; legs black, with tarsi more or less ferruginous. Found in England, Seotland. and Ireland. AND HABITS OF CLERUS FORMICARIUS, LINN. 123 LARVA.—The larva is rosy red. It has well-marked three- jointed antennee, and on each side of the head five small simple eyes. The dark head is followed by twelve seg- ments, of which the first three, or thoracic (each of which carries a pair of one-clawed legs), dis- tinguish themselves thus:—The first has a brown chitinous or horny shield almost cover- ing the upper side of the segment; the second ooo ie ariue, 2d third each show two small chitinous spots ae magnified or plates, one on each side of the middle line. rom na : The last body-segment has also a brown shield, and the body ends in two small cerci or projections. PupA.—The pupa, which is not enclosed in a cocoon, lies in a chamber or cell whose inner walls are lined with a whitish or greyish silvery secretion. The head and body are beset with hairs. The antenne lie along the ventral surface, concealed in part by the first two pairs of bent legs. The wings reach about half-way down the abdomen, the hinder or Fig. 13. lower pair showing slightly below the upper Pupa maenifea Pait, each of which comes toa point. From the After Westwood.end of the abdomen two outwardly-directed spines project. LIFE- SUSSORY AND Hapits.—Both larva and imago are, jfrom the forester's standpoint, in the highest degree useful. The larva lives below the bark of ‘conifers, such as pine and spruce, feeding upon ‘the larve and pupz and beetles of injurious me species that infest these trees—e.g., my last speci- Fig. 4, ‘mens were taken from below the bark of a Pzxus Clerus formicarius. sylvestris which was infested with Aylesinus Protessoe Penk Palliatus. The larve of Clerus formicarius are themselves able to bore into and tunnel the bark. While making observations on this beetle I placed several of the larvae on the outside of some thick pieces of pine-bark. These soon buried themselves in the bark, and the glass on which the pieces of bark were resting under a bell-jar often showed little heaps of bore-dust from the tunnelling of the C/erus larve. Doubtless this 124 MACDOUGALL—ON THE LIFE-HISTORY power of making galleries in every direction will facilitate their moving about in the search for prey. The perfect beetle, found in conifer woods running over the bark of standing or felled trees, is also carnivorous, subsisting on destructive bark-boring insects. In the month of July I introduced a live Clerus (bred out of one of my pieces of pine- bark) into a glass tube which held four live Wylesinus palliatus. This Aylesinus palliatus is a small and destructive beetle which makes crutch-shaped galleries below and in the barkof pine and spruce and larch. For a quarter of a minute the C/erws ran up and down the inside of the glass, and then pounced upon one of the Ay/esinus, seizing it in the weak spot in its armour, viz., on the under surface where the head is jointed on to the thorax. I lifted the tube to examine the more closely what would follow, lens in hand, when the C/erus started to run up and down the sides of the tube, and though it lost its footing several times and fell to the bottom, never for a moment did it let go its victim, whose antennz were seen to be quivering nervously. At last, coming to rest, and propping itself on its two hind legs, the Clerus held the Hyesinus up to its mouth by means of the four front legs—a position also recorded by Ratzeburg.* First of all, the head of the victim was bent back and emptied by means of the jaws, and then the hind part of the body gutted in the same way. Finally the elytra were broken off and the wings torn to shreds. In watching C/erus feed at different times, I noticed that the seizure of the prey was always at the same place viz., between the head and the rest of the body. After a meal the beetle seemed to spend some time in cleaning itself, pulling its front oe through its jaws and the front legs over the antennz . Late one evening in July I placed in one tube three live Hylesinus palliatus and one Clerus, and in another tube seven live Hylesinus palliatus and one Clerus, Examination next _ evening showed that all the three Hy/esinus in the first tube had been devoured, and five out of the seven in the second tube were only represented by scattered fragments of their external parts No records seem to exist as to the length of life of Clerus AND HABITs OF CLERUS FORMICARIUS, LINN. 126 larva and imago, or of the time embraced in the pupal stage. In October 1897, on dissecting some pieces of thick bark from a full-grown pine-tree, I found larve of Clerus formicarius. I placed these pieces of bark under a bell-jar in an unheated room at the Royal Botanic Garden, and allowed them to remain until April 1898, when they were removed to a window in the Laboratory. I obtained imago-issue on the following dates ::— Two on June 29, 1898. One ) ) 39, ) ») ”) July 12, ” ” »> ») ai, ”? On July 14, 1898, a piece of newly-felled pine-stem was placed in a cotton sack and four of the /erus imagos intro- duced along with a number of live Ay/esinus palliatus. The sack was allowed to stand out exposed to all weathers. At intervals up to September 30 I made examination and found the Cleride alive, and now and again I added fresh Hy/esinus. On examination the C/erus beetles would either be found in hiding, lying close, under a piece of loose bark ora bark-scale, or else running over the log with their characteristic active and eager movement. On January 3, 1899, I removed the log from its sack, but could find no trace of my Clerus beetles. Trusting that they were in winter quarters concealed in the bark crevices, I returned the log to the sack. On opening the sack again on February 25th I noticed a Crus running about. The beetles continued to live till the end of May 1899. On June 3rd, eleven months from their appearance as imagos, I found three of the four lying dead ; the fourth had probably escaped by a hole in the bottom of the sack where the pine-log had worn the cotton through. These four Clerus beetles had appeared, after pupation, in June and July 1898. In July 1899 I bred out another C/erus imago, under the following interesting circumstances. On August 24, 1898, I removed two Clerus larve from below the bark of a pine where they had been since April 15, when the piece of pine came into my possession. One of the two larve was placed in a 126 THE LIFE-HISTORY OF CLERUS FORMICARIUS, LINN. glass tube temporarily, but when I came to look for it on August 25 I found only bore-dust in the tube; the larva had buried itself in the cork. The corked tube was then placed under a bell-jar to prevent escape of the C/erus larva should it bore right through the cork into the open; the tube was left undisturbed until - October 12th. On the cork being removed from the tube on October 12, the larva could not be seen, as its entrance-hole was plugged up with bore-meal. The cork was carefully cut in two and the larva found lying in the hollowed-out centre. The two parts of the cork were carefully fitted together again without disturbing the larva, and the cork then returned as the stopper of the glass tube. At various dates up till April 14th, 1899, I looked in, and the Clerus still remained in the larval condition. On May 3rd the two pieces of the cork seemed to be sticking together, and a more careful looking showed the silvery whiteness with which characteristically the Clerus larva lines the cavity in which pupation takes place. Up till June 3rd there was no pupation, but by the next examination, on June 6th, the larva had pupated. The pupation-stage lasted till July 6th, and by July 7th the perfect insect had made its way out of the cork and was running about in the inside of the bell-jar, more than ten months from the day of the larva having entered the cork. LITERATURE. 1. Perris. Larves des Coléoptéres, 1878, p. 215. 2. Sharp. Insects, Part II., p. 255. The Cambridge Natural History. 3. Fowler. British Coloshes. Vol. I., p. 262. 4. Ratzeburg. Die — p. 36: On the Life-History and Habits of Rhizophagus depressus, Fowler.- BY R. STEWART MACDOUGALL, M.A,, D.Sc. With Figures 15-17. In addition to the family Nitulidae to which our beetle belongs, there are several related families which number amongst them species which live below the bark of trees in the galleries made by the bark-boring beetles. The members of these families, so found, prey upon the insect enemies of the trees. . Professor Nitsche' mentions the families and some of the useful forestral species which have been noticed by different observers. F ollowing Nitsche, and noting others from the literature, | summarise the families in tabular form, adding the name of the tree and the name of the pest infesting it. [TABLE {Notes, R.B.G., Edin, No, IIL, rg00.] 128 MACDOUGALL—ON THE LIFE-HISTORY Name of the Enemy : of the Tree in Family. Name = Carnivorous | hose Tunnels the Tree Infested. tee Carnivorous Beetle was| found. ‘Rhizophagus | Hylesinus and Bos- | Various conifers depressus trichus species Rhizophagus} Hylesinus micans Spruce ee grandis WNitidulidee 4 Rhizophagus dispar | Pissodes pice Silver fir Ips ferrugineus Scots pine | Ips quadripustulatus Nemosomaelongatum| Hylesinus vittatus Elm Trogositidz Lymexylon dermes- | Beech; some- . toides times birch, alder, ash— rarely _ silver Tomicus domesticus | Birch, alder, Tomicus Saxesenii Oak, beech, birch, | ime, poplar, fruit trees, pine, spruce Hylesinus olez Olive Tomicus bicolor Beech ; rarely hornbeam and walnut SS Eien mono- | Oak Colydiidee 4 Oxyleemus variolosus| hus Colydiumelongatum | Platypus cylindrus Oak (Lemophlceus ferru- | Tomicus —_micro- | Pine, _spruce, gineus graphus silver fir ee Lzmophlceus ater Hylesi1 hodo- | S d Pp yiesinus rhodo pruce Cucujidze 4 Linen coro clema-| Tomicus bispinus —_| Clematis vitalba K es The widely-distributed family Nitidulide includes very diverse forms, and the species also vary in habit. Some are AND HABITS OF RHIZOPHAGUS DEPRESSUS, FOWLER. 129 found in flowers: for example, Jeligethes eneus, the tiny shining green beetle so abundant in the flower-heads of the Cruciferae and other plants where the larve feed, interfering with the production of seed; others live in putrefying organic matter, and others still, like Rhzzophagus, are in- sectivorous. : The genus Rhizophagus, which Sharp’? would refer to the Cucujidze rather than the Nitulide, numbers in Britain some ten species, which live below the bark of trees, where they make war on the Bostrichidz or bark-beetles. I quote Fowler’s® description of the imago, and his transla- tion of Perris’* description of the larva, of R. depressus. Imaco.—Bright rust red, with suture of elytra generally darker ; body depressed ; head of male large, about as broad as .% thorax, of female, narrowed, thorax longer than i broad, widest in front, thickly and very finely punctured; elytra with very finely punctured Saran ind je. SUT, first interstice with a row of widely- ea poe separated fine punctures ; second interstice ste ™ widened and irregularly punctured at base. Length, 2}-3}mm. Larva.—Length, 6 mm., rather depressed, and in the form of an elongated oval; head narrower than the prothorax; head and prothorax reddish, the base of the latter being whitish, and all the succeeding segments except the last are reddish for their basal half and whitish for their apical half; the head is long, almost elliptical, with two long im- pressions; the prothorax longer than the meso- or meta-thorax, and is rounded and narrowed in front; the last segment of the body is entirely ferruginous, and is furnished on its upper surface with two distinct tubercles; this segment behind is divided into two lobes, each of which nates in three strong teeth, on the under which is used for Fig. 16. — gg a aed term1 us epressus, _* : gus depressus. ide is a small anal appendage progression. 130 MACDOUGALL—ON THE LIFE-HISTORY Pupa.—The pupa is whitish in colour, and the last segment is cleft. There are long silky hairs down the sides and very small spines over the body. Length, 4 to 5 mm. HABITS AND METAMORPHOSIS.—There is no doubt whatever that R. depressus is of great ser- vice to the forester in assisting to hold in check Meats as the increase of those most troublesome enemies ty eg of woods, the bark- and wood-boring Coleoptera. ature. Two years ago I determined the shectle for a forester in charge of extensive woods in Aberdeenshire, and asked him—in connection with certain trap trees which had been felled and allowed to lie here and there in the pine wood as lures for Hylesinus piniperda, the pine beetle—to make frequent examination of the trees for Rhizophagus depressus. The trap-trees were very successful in attracting for their egg-laying numbers of Aylesinus piniperda, and the forester has just written me to say that in such trees where Rh. depres- sus was plentiful nearly one-half of the Aylesznus larvee were destroyed. I have taken 2A. depressus, imago and larva, from under the bark of Pine and Spruce; the imago moving about the borings and the Rhzzophagus larva (also capable of active movement) lying alongside the larva or pupa of the injurious species; ¢.., recently on removal of bark I got two Rhisophagus larve lying in the bed of, and attached to, a Hy/esinus palliatus pupa. The head of one of the larve was guurile deep in the H. pallzatus pupa. In June 1898, under the bark of some pine (Pinus sylvestrts) branches I found a number of Hylesinus palliatus at work, the mother galleries having been partly made. Each H. oye oe mother tunnel held two RAZ. depressus i imagines. _ In other two cases of grown pine and spruce, the bark in each case infested by /ylesenus palliatus and the wood by Bostrichus lineatus, 1 got numbers of Rhizophagus larve. In October 1898 and Pebouaty 1899, in the galleries of Hylesinus piniperda which held larve and pupa and dead beetles, I also found RA. depressus at work. Again, in February and March 1898, on an Austrian Pine AND HABITS OF RHIZOPHAGUS DEPRESSUS, FOWLER. 131 (Pinus Austriaca) infested witha Bostrichus,1 found Rh. depressus larve, which, on being placed on the outside of the Pine and watched, entered by the holes the Bostrichus had made, and hid there. : In October 1898, on a Scots Pine attacked by a Bostrechus, 1 got in the mother galleries of the latter, Rhzzophagus larvee. On April 15, 1898, there came into my possession a section, measuring a yard, of a well-grown Scots Pine. This was found on examination to contain below the bark hundreds of fylesinus palliatus \larve. To prevent the beetles, when these had attained maturity, from escaping into the open, the section of stem was placed in a sack made of strong cotton. On July rath I found on the floor of the sack about one hundred larve, which, observed through their later stages, proved to be larvee of Rk. depressus. These larvee, on being touched, coiled them- selves up; on being laid on a piece of paper or glass or board they crawled actively away in all directions. As the number was far in excess of what might have accidentally tumbled out of the bark, the natural conclusion was that they had voluntarily left the pine stem in order to undergo pupa- tion in the ground. To make certain of this—I have since found in the literature that Perris’ had previously recorded that the Rhizephagus larve became pupz in the soil a I covered a large circular transparent glass plate with an inch and a half of soil, and dropped here and there over the surface of the soil fifty larve. In one minute all without exception had disappeared into the soil. Into a glass tumbler half-filled with pressed-down soil I also dropped twenty larve, and these, too, rapidly buried themselves. Towards the end of July I found that a larva had pupated ; the pupa was lying a little below the surface of the soil against the glass of the tumbler. On some of the soil being emptied from the tumbler, more pupze were found, and also larve as yet unchanged. With the glass plate I also had success, as on holding it overhead and looking through the under surface the tracks of the larvae, as these had moved along the plate after burying themselves, were plainly seen, and a number of pupz were found lying on the plate at the bottom of the Soil. As August went on these pupze were noticed to be ‘‘browning, 132 MACDOUGALL—ON THE LIFE-HISTORY and later, on removing the soil from above two of them, RAzz0- phagus depressus walked out. On turning over more of the soil other two Rhzzophagus beetles started to walk away, but on being touched they remained quite motionless, with their legs and antennz drawnin. Others in the turned-out earth, not quite mature, had their heads and under surface quite red- brown, while their wing covers still remained whitish. WHEN RHIZOPHAGUS MAY BE FOUND.—Without professing to discuss this question, Perris incidentally records that the adult beetles may be found flying in the evenings in February, and also got below the bark in May and June. He notes also that the larve may be got even in January, and the pupa in May and June. As I have because of its practical importance recorded times of appearance and finding of the different stages of other Coleoptera, I give here in tabular form from my notes the months of the year in which I have taken R4. depressus in any of its stages. MONTH. STAGE. January . (Larva. Perris.) February Adult and Larva. March Larva. April Larva. May Larva. (Pupa and Adult. Perris.) June Larva and Adult. (Pupa. Perris.) July Larva and Pupa. — August . Larva, Pupa, and Adult. September Adult. October . Adult and Larva. November December In one case the larvee of February and March were from a Pine log that I had kept under cover in a sack, and it is reasonable to suppose that the larvae were present at the end = the previous October when I placed the Pine log in the ack. The fact of the finding of different stages in the life-history AND HABITS OF RHIZOPHAGUS DEPRESSUS, FOWLER. 133 at one atid the same time throughout the year seems to emphasise what I have argued strongly for in Papers on other Coleoptera—viz., that the flight-times of adult beetles are not necessarily as brief as the general teaching would make us believe, and that immediate or a comparatively quick-following death is not certainly the “‘ nemesis for reproduction.” LITERATURE. 1. Nitsche. Lehrbuch der Mitteleuropdischen Forstinsektenkunde, Vol. L., ‘p. 292: 2. Sharp. Insects, Part II., p. 232. The Cambridge Natural History. 3. Fowler. , British Coleoptera, Vol. II. 4. Perris. Annales de la Societé Entomologique de France, Sér. III. 99. §. Por; t., p-b0%: Enumeration of Visitors to the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, during the Years 1889-1900. ON the ist of April, 1889, the control of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, was vested in the Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Works, and the Garden, like the Royal Gardens at Kew, became subject to the “ Act for the Regulation of the Royal Parks and Gardens, 1872.” From the date specified the Garden was opened to the public on Sundays, and was also opened for an extended period on Week-days. The subjoined table shows the number of visitors to the Garden on Sundays and Week-days respectively during the eleven years which have elapsed since the Garden was transferred to the Commissioners -of Her Majesty’s Works :— Least Vouk Total in Total on Most on ae ae Wee on Year. Sundays. | Sunday. Sunday.| Days. Day. bi hee y- 1889 | 368,219 | 187,457 | 13,93 129 180,762 | 3,834 | 50 1890 | 446,540 | 216,345 11,208 QI 230,195 | 4,032 | 65 1891 J 454,083 1543 | 9,445 340 »54 3,228 | 76 1892 | 437,205 | 218,233 | 13,581 149 218,972 | 2,666) 43 1893 | 531,232 | 271,893 | 12,860 45 259,339 | 3,197 | 40 1894 | 526,948 | 268,793 | 13,515 68 258,155 | 35153 28 1895 | 516, 264, 15,227 127 252,111 5292 26 1896 | 516,407 | 296,576 | 13,517 | 527 219,831 | 3,825 | 30 1897 | 475,210 | 271,730 | 16,001 74 203,480 | 3,153 | 20 1893 } 443,289 | 258,499 | 12,840) 123 184,790 | 3,234 | 39 1899 461, 59.424 | 15,161 105 202,262 758 30 1900 | 561,359 | 324,856 | 17,7 268 236,503 | 3,667) 53 5> 738, 786 3,058,846 2,679,940 | aa * Numbers in this year for nine months only. FROM THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDE EDINBURGH. AUGUST -190h: 2 2" 3 The Cultivation of Fruit under Glass. By James Whytock, - Observations on the Girth-Inérease of Trees in the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Part Il—Conifere. By David Christison M.D., - The Cultivation of Fruit under Glass.! BY JAMES WHYTOCK, GARDENER TO His GRACE THE DUKE OF BuccLeucuH, DALKEITH. THE GRAPE. IN complying with the request of the Regius Keeper to give two or three lectures on the cultivation of fruit under glass, I think it right to treat of the vine first, because it is by far the most extensively grown fruit under glass. The course of instruction of which these lectures form a part is, I understand, for the benefit of young men of the staff of the Royal Botanic Garden, most of them beginners. I shall therefore go more into elementary details of my subject than I would do were I speaking to those who are more experienced. What I state to-night is what I have seen and experienced, but I don’t think I will state anything new to you. The truth is the most of all our experiences are built upon the experiences of those who have gone before us. We either try to improve upon what has been practised successfully or, what is equally important, we avoid practices we have seen to be failures. There is no crop grown in this country that has undergone such a change in its cultivation as has the grape-vine during the past forty years. It is now nearly half a century since the pioneers of the last generation of gardeners began to adopt what we now know to be reasonable and sensible means to grow good grapes. The practice of putting very heavy coverings of solid | Three lectures delivered in the Lecture Hall of the Royal Botanic Garden in June, 1901, as part of the Course of Instruction provided for members of the staff. [Notes, R.B.G., Edin., No. IV., r90r.] 136 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF animal manure on the borders, and of digging great holes in the vine-border and burying in them dead cows: or dead pigs, was seen to produce the very worst results—thick fleshy roots which perished in winter, producing bad-coloured, ill-shanked grapes. Those pioneers who established good grape-growing were also the first to initiate what has now become a very large industry— commercial grape-growing. Most gardeners who had reached middle age shook their heads when William Thomson built his large vineries at Clovenfords to grow grapes for market, but the prices he got—7s. 6d. to 15s. per |b—for some years in Covent Garden, were soon seen to be too good for him to have the trade all to himself. In a few years, therefore, vineyards round London were built of a size putting Thomson’s into utter insig- nificance, and the supply of grapes brought about a reduction in the price to a minimum of Is. per Ib, At this price the crop is not profitable, and consequently the greater part of our market grapes are poor in quality, ill-flavoured, indeed almost sour grapes. We must have fire-heat in our climate to finish our grapes properly, and the high price of coal is prohibitive when the price of grapes is so low. I do not think I need say much upon the construction of vineries. Horticultural builders have now such large establish- ments and comprehensive plant and machinery that they only need to be told what a glass-house is required for, and they bring the whole material ready to put together, and erect the house with its necessary heating in very quick time. With regard to heating, it is the best economy to have abundant boiler-power and abundant surface of piping. This saves fuel, and you also thereby keep up the desired temperature without strongly- heated pipes, which are so detrimental to all vegetation. Vineries for very early forcing should be lean-to; for mid- season the span-roof is well adapted, and gives more fruit within a given space. I think, however, it is generally admitted that a line should be drawn across the middle of England, and south of that line first-class grapes are grown in span-roofed houses, whilst north of that line the finest quality of grapes are best grown in lean-to houses. Vineries in which late grapes are to . hang all through our wet winters should be constructed with a FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 137 very steep pitch ; flat-roofed vineries are most prejudicial to ripe grapes hanging under them in winter. Whilst the gardener may leave the construction of the vinery in the hands of the horticultural builder, it is essential that in every detail he superintend closely the making of the vinery border. And let me here, by way of parenthesis, say on this score to you young men, that if any one of you should be placed as an assistant where new borders are to be made, do not grumble, as I have often heard young men do, at the extra work they entail. Remember you are receiving in the work a most valuable education, without responsibility as to its success or failure, whilst the head gardener is filled with anxiety as to its success, The bottoms of vinery borders may be said to be of two kinds— 1. Where the natural drainage is good, eg. gravel. In this case six inches of broken stones laid over the bottom of the border is all that is required. 2. Where the subsoil is of an impervious or water-logged nature. In this case I have made an excellent mixture of one part cement to seven parts rough gravelly sand. Mix the whole with water, and spread all over the bottom of the border, about three inches thick, on top of a layer of ashes already put down. This bottom should not be flat. The drain for such a border is usually parallel with the outer edge of the outside border, and the bottom should slope from the back wall of the vinery to the drain. The concrete bottom will be quite hard in three days. when nine inches of broken stone may be laid equally all over it, and then all the stones covered with fresh-cut sods, the grass- side put next the stones. That completes the foundation ot the border. The depth and width of border is the next consideration. Firstly, as to depth. Deep borders are now considered bad practice. What is desired for up-to-date grape-growing 1s to have the very surface of the border a close net-work of fine fibrous roots to feed upon the easily assimilated finely powdered artificial manures now specially made for feeding the vine. A depth of two-and-a-half feet, exclusive of drainage, 1s therefore considered enough for the border when first made. 138 WHYTOCK—TIHE CULTIVATION OF Secondly, as to width. The inside of the house is usually all border. I am much in favour of a wide outside border, for I always notice the best and greatest number of the roots are in the outside border, even when the vines are planted inside and have a good inside border. In making a new border for planting young vines it is bad practice to make up at once the border in its whole possible width both inside and outside; it is better to make at first a width of only three feet inside and three feet outside—that will be sufficient for the young vines for the first two years, and then three feet more may be added to both outside and inside. _ The next consideration is the material of which the border is made. The soil should be of the oldest pasture land, as rich and as fibrous as you can get it. I am much in favour of skinning it from the field and carting it direct to the border, granting the border is to be two-and-a-half feet deep. I should cut up the sods into large pieces, mixing with lime-rubbish and a spadeful of half-inch bones to each barrowful of soil. I should fill up the allotted piece of border with this rough mixture to the depth of eighteen inches, For the remaining depth of one foot _ to be filled, I should chop the sods very much smaller, measuring it in barrowfuls, and placing it in a long narrow ridge. I should then spread over this ridge one spadeful of bone-meal and one spadeful of, say, Thomson’s vine-manure to each barrowful of soil, adding a good sprinkling of finely broken lime-rubbish. This ridge being now ready for mixing, the only way I should have it done, is that the men turn it all over with their hands in order that the powdered manures may become thoroughly mixed through the soil. One foot of this mixture put on top of the one-and-a-half foot of soil already put in makes the border two- and-a-half feet deep. : This work should always if possible be done in dry weather and with the soil in a comparatively dry state, and that being so, the soi] should be put into the border in layers little by little, and between each little it should get a good tramping. Loose borders soon prove an evil, encouraging thick roots to get too quickly down to the bottom of the border. We have now got the vinery and its border, and our next consideration is the vines with which it is to be planted. FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 139 The late Wm. Thomson, senior, of Dalkeith Gardens and Clovenfords, introduced a method of raising vines from eyes, which is probably a good deal practised now, and my own expe- rience of it leads me to say it is the best method that can be adopted for the purpose of raising vines. The method is :— Take some fresh turf-sods cut in squares in the usual manner, lay them grass-side downwards on a bed in which there is bottom-heat, then take a number of vine-eyes and insert them all over the surface of the sods at equal distances of six inches square. The time for doing this is the usual time, January or early February. When the eyes have made growth six to nine inches in length, each eye is cut all round, leaving a six-inch square of turf to each. These are now shifted into another bed and placed twelve inches apart, where they make growth three feet long. They are then cut all round again. This cutting of the roots twice causes a lot of small fibrous roots to grow, and the vines are now ready to plant out in the vinery. By the time the vines have grown to be three feet long it will be the month of May, and I have always found about the middle of May is the best time to plant a vinery with young growing vines, The process of planting in this case is of the simplest and easiest 6 Take a spade or wooden shovel, get it under the sod in which your vine is growing, lift and carry to the new border, lay it on the surface, cover with a little fresh fine-chopped sods mixed _ with bone-meal and vine-manure, and over all place a mulch of fresh horse-droppings, give a watering, and the planting is finished. So far I advocate as the ‘best method the raising of your own vines from eyes and the planting of them out the same early summer in their permanent quarters. We know, however, that nurserymen all over the country grow and send out yearly immense quantities of young vines grown in pots, and so a large quantity of one-year-old vines must be planted yearly. I must refer to the treatment of these also. About fourteen months ago I had occasion to examine the roots of young vines, planted twelve months previously, and to my astonishment I found that in planting they had simply been taken out of the pots and planted with the whole ball. Inquiring who did the work, I was told the head-gardener did it himself. I did not think that any man worthy of the name of a pro- 140 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF fessional gardener could have been found to do such a thing at this date. On receiving one-year-old vines from a nursery with a view to planting a vinery, the first thing to do is to put them in a tank of water, and let them remain there during forty-eight hours. That will kill any phylloxera that may be on the roots. The next thing is to shake every particle of soil from the roots. If you have a melon-house with a bed and slate-slabs, sprinkle over the slabs one-and-a-half inches finely chopped sod mixed with vine-manure. Spread the roots of your vines out over the soil on slabs, then cover the roots with one-and-a-half inches of the same mixture. When the vines start_to grow the roots take hold of the three inches of soil over and below them. In the middle of May, the time to plant in the vinery, take a wooden shovel and lift each vine with the soil attached: to the roots, and lay it in its place on the surface of the border, covering up with an inch or two more soil and then a mulch on top of all. If this shifting from melon-house to vinery is done ‘carefully no check will be given to growth and the vines will soon reach the top of the house. The important point gained by this method is that the roots are all on the very surface, and anyone who has grown grapes successfully knows that the roots of the vines must be there if the crop is to be a success. Various methods have been tried to keep the roots continuously near the surface, about which I would like to say a little The first sensational exhibits of grapes were shown by the late Mr. Fewler, of Castle Kennedy, at an International Show held in Edinburgh in 1865. He produced on that occasion very large bunches, superbly finished, of Muscats and all of the finest quality of grapes, and a bunch of White Nice sixteen pounds in weight—an unprecedented weight up to that time. I was quite a young journeyman at the time, and was allowed in the situation I was then in ten days holidays. I set off to see the vineries at Castle Kennedy and if possible find out the key of the success in grape-growing. I found there the vinery borders both inside and outside were totally covered with beds of leaves, solidly built three feet deep. These beds remained for the twelve months and were removed only to have beds of fresh leaves built in their place. The roots of the vines came up most FRUIT UNDER GLASS. I4I abundantly into the bottoms of these beds, and I was told a good quantity of guano was sprinkled in the bottom of the beds for feeding. The late Mr. Johnstone, of Glamis Castle, was foreman to Mr. Fowler, and went to Glamis about that time as gardener. Lord Strathmore built a lot of new vineries, and Johnstone followed out at Glamis the same practiee of having beds of leaves on the vinery borders, and with equally good results, for he carried all before him for years in the exhibits of grapes. Looking back, however, to these two instances of ephemeral success it is seen the vines were made to make a grand effort for a few years in their youth, and then came a great collapse, for the same vines soon became enfeebled and unfruitful. The contrast between these vines grown in a leafy medium and, say, those grown for the last thirty years at Clovenfords is most striking. The vines planted thirty years ago at Cloven- fords are as full of vigour now as ever they were, and produce as fine bunches and finish the grapes as well as one would wish to see. The feeding given to the latter all these thirty years has been solely finely powdered bone superphosphates, which always seems to attract a network of fibrous roots to the surface of the border. Some gardeners cover the outside borders with wooden shutters. The only benefit I could ever see from that was that in a district where the rainfall is very heavy, in Ireland for instance, by putting shutters in the middle of July on the borders of a vinery filled with almost ripe Hamboro grapes, the grapes hang better through the autumn from the dry border than they would if the border had been soaked with rain. Some cover the outside border with glass, which I believe is the best covering, but in ordinary et districts the borders are best with- out any covering. Heating and airing is the next consideration, and I believe a large body of gardeners have yet to give to both these points more careful study. The fine, large, lightly-constructed vineries we have nowa- days are apt to be much too air-tight. The want of air is most _ Prejudicial to any fruit grown under glass, and to none more so than to the vine. Of course you have the usual top and bottom 142 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF ventilation, but there are often times when it is not advisable to open air at either of these points, and yet it would be most beneficial to have a little fresh air entering the house. Some of our best grape-growers, when getting a new vinery built, allow a little space between the panes at the point when they overlap each other -on the roof, and by so doing a little fresh air is admitted all over the roof. In large vineries with large panes of glass, and in which labour is scarce, these little openings all over the roof are a great benefit and prevent scorching of foliage, give to the foliage greater substance, and help colouring of the fruit as well as flavour. It is of the greatest importance to have plenty of piping in vineries. There is nothing so hurtful to vines as over- heated pipes. I would at all times rather have a house 5° or 8° below the mean temperature than force it up with very hot pipes. Abundant piping keeps up the heat without over- heating. Muscat grapes, the finest of all grapes and the most difficult to grow, require high temperature accompanied with abundance of moisture. When in flower Muscats should never be subjected to a temperature below 73°. Through the day run the tempera- ture up to 90° even with little air, but be sure along with such a high temperature to keep the air saturated with moisture. These conditions will ensure a splendid set of fruit. Muscats require all through a mean temperature of 70°. The foliage of the Muscat is more tender than is that of any other vine, and it will not stand the same treatment with insecticides that of other vines will do. The Black Hamboro is our best quality black grape. The unfortunate thing about it is that it does not keep long after being ripe. It may be said at the present time to be the least successfully grown of any of our black grapes, that is to say, at our Flower Shows we find worse exhibits of Black Hamboro grapes than of any other varieties. I do not think high tempera- tures suit it at any stage of its growth. It requires a mean temperature of 60° to give it good flavour and develop a good bloom on the berries. From the time it begins to change colour, air should be kept on the vinery night and day. Muscat of Alexandria and Black Hamboro are the two best FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 143 grapes, and are the most appreciated on a gentleman’s table. The other three varieties of grapes equally largely grown are classed as late keeping grapes—namely, Gros Colman, Alicante, and Lady Downe’s. ; Lady Downe’s is the best of the three for quality and good keeping. It is a good grower, and when properly treated gives good bunches, and the fruit takes on a fine finish. One peculi- arity of this grape is its need of a circulation of air night and day whilst forming its seeds, or, as we technically say, when stoning, Gros Colman is more largely grown for market than any other. It is not a general favourite on gentlemen’s tables, because it too often lacks flavour. The treatment, however, of | it is becoming better understood, and good finished grapes of this sort are increasing. It takes a long season to grow; it requires the same temperature as Muscat; and the fruit seems to be best when it hangs till January. West’s St. Peter’s is our best-flavoured winter grape. It gives a good bunch and is a good cropper. The fruit takes on good bloom, but the berries are rather small. In a house with a steep roof built specially for keeping late grapes, I have seen West’s St. Peter’s hang till March. This is the only grape the late Queen Victoria would have for winter, and it was largely grown at Frogmore. It is not desirable to have grapes hanging on the vines after early February, and the bunch should therefore, when they are wanted later, be cut with a piece of the lateral growth attached. The lateral growth is then put in a bottle of water, and the bunch stood in a cool, dry fruit room. In this way grapes, particularly Lady Downe’s, are often kept until June. es The early forcing of the vine is an important object in ay gentlemen’s gardens. The greatest favourites and most suited for this purpose are Black Hamboro, Foster’s Seedling, and Madresfield Court. The best plan for very early forcing of vines is to grow year ly a quantity of vines in pots—they can be grown to fruit the second year from eyes—fruit them once and then throw them away. Putting in eyes yearly keeps up the succession. I should start my eyes for pot-vines, in sods six inches square, in 144 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF same way as for planting out; get them as soon as possible into 10-inch pots, and grow them as strong as ever I could in these the first year without any bottom heat, and in the autumn ripen thoroughly. The following year, in March, I should reduce the balls, slightly loosening all the roots round the ball, and pot them in 12-inch pots in good fibry loam mixed with bone-meal and an artificial manure; grow them on as strong as I could, giving occasionally manure-water, and at the end of summer ripen well again. These plants ought now to be good fruiting canes, and fit for starting for early forcing. The early forcing of pot-vines requires and is worth a special house. The best form of house is a lean-to, not very wide, say ten feet, with a brick-built pit three-and-a-half or four feet wide and the same in depth running along the front of the house. This pit should be filled with leaves, and a little stable-litter should be added to it, and thus a moist bottom heat is secured. . The fruiting pot-vines should be plunged in this about the middle of November. Care must be taken that the bottom heat is not above 80°. The heat of this bed without any fire-heat will start the vines. When they have grown to show flower, the mean temperature may be 60° to 65° during the day, 10° higher at this sunless short-day period ; it is pretty well a matter of fire- heat all through. It will be a great help to the vines if the air of the house can be changed during a short time each day. By the time the grapes are colouring it will be April, when the weather will admit of sufficient airing, so essential to the colour- ing and ripening of grapes. Black Hamboro is really the best and only grape for early forcing. Foster’s Seedling is a good early white grape. The house in which vines have been forced may for the summer and autumn be used as a melon and cucumber house, and the back wall devoted to tomato growing. Two or three shelves on the back wall may, when the vines are in it, be devoted to forcing strawberries. For the early forcing of planted-out vines, the vines must be of some age and well-established, and indeed gradually brought up to it. Ifyou force young vines, for instance plants that have been out say three or four years, you get a crop and destroy them for fruitfulness for ever after. In the early forcing of vines FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 145 it is usual to start to close them up at the end of November. But my own experience leads me to say that on planted-out vines started about Christmas the grapes will be nearly as soon ripe as upon those closed up a month earlier, A week or two after the days begin to lengthen is worth three times that during the shorter days. ; I will now refer to the treatment of the growth of young vines in the first year of planting. I would allow all the rambling growth possible without any stopping, in order to secure all the root- action possible. When this first year’s growth is well ripened I would cut the whole down to within two feet of the ground. _ All being right they will grow away very strongly the second . year, and when half way up the roof I would stop them, At the point of stopping another growth will start away; this should be pinched out, and the growth that succeeds it will grow much stronger. The reason for stopping the vine half way is to cause the eyes on the lower portion of the rod to plump up better. This second year’s growth should again be all well ripened and then cut back, leaving three feet of the second year’s growth. It is customary, when planting afresh a vinery, to plant as many supernumeraries as permanent vines. In the third year a bunch or two of grapes may be taken from the permanent vines, whilst all possible may be taken from the supernumeraries, as in a year or two they will be taken out. A word or two as to stopping lateral growths on old-established vines. I think a great mistake is often made in restricting too much the lateral growths. The vines should be four feet apart, and this allows good space for lateral growth, which makes the laterals much stronger. The renovation of old borders, and the attempt to improve vines which have got into a bad state, often fall to the lot of a gardener, I should never have any hesitation in stripping the roots bare of any vines in a bad way, putting fresh soil into the border, and bringing the roots up to the surface. This work should be done in the early autumn to retain natural heat in the soil. I have seen the old soil-of a vinery border mixed up with fresh soil and put back again ; this proved a failure and should not be done. Some gardens are unfortunately very deficient in a water-supply. The vine, if growing in thoroughly suitable 146 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF environment, requires a great deal of water. Inside borders should never be allowed to become dry; they should get a good watering in winter, and at least two good waterings during the growing season. The watering given after the thinning of grapes should be given with manure, either by washing in arti- ficial manure or by adding made manure-water. If a vinery border does not dry up, the material and drainage are at fault; the vines won’t thrive in it. Perhaps I should say a few words about what varieties of grapes should be grown. I went some few years ago in the month of September to see a large garden near Northampton, and was shown into a large, lofty span-roofed vinery. In this vinery nearly every known variety of grape was growing; there were a great many bunches of grapes, but I thought it the most miserable spectacle of grape-growing I had ever seen. There was not a decently coloured bunch in the lot, as might be expected, for different varieties require different temperatures, etc. The safest guide for a gardener is to grow the varieties his employer likes. Tho two best grapes are Black Hamboro and Muscat of Alexandria. Some families will have none other, and where an almost constant supply of these grapes has to be kept up, it is the most expensive form of grape-growing ; neither are late keepers, and very early forcing must be done to bring in early supplies of fruit. Madresfield Court is one of our best black grapes, and if it is to do it must have a house to itself. I first saw this grape well grown by the late Mr. Meredith near Liverpool. He had one vinery filled by one vine of it, grown on the extension-system, and it finished splendidly, as he gave it the special treatment it requires—namely, a less restriction of growth than other vines, and plenty of air. Lady Downe’s is our best late-keeping grape, and I find Appley Towers keeps about as well. The former is an old and well-known grape. The latter is new, but one that has come to stay. It is a free grower, free bearer, free setter, and finishes well. West’s St. Peter’s is our best-flavoured winter-grape. Alicante and Gros Colman are the only other two I nee mention. The latter requires Muscat treatment to give it good flavour ; Alicante does not keep beyond the turn of the year. Canon Hall Muscat is in every way the finest grape, but I have FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 147 never known it to be grown in quantity successfully away from near London. It is a sight ever to be remembered to see the span-roof vineries five hundred feet long, forty feet broad, of Mr. Peter Kay at Finchley filled entirely with Canon Hall Muscat.: Something suits them there that makes them grow finer than anywhere else. I conclude by saying, however, that during the past thirty years in first-class finished grape growing, as judged by the standard of taking the best prizes at all our leading exhibitions, Scotland has taken the lead, and I would express the wish that she may long continue to hold it. THE PEACH AND THE NECTARINE. The cultivation of the peach in our climate can only be carried on out of doors on walls with a south aspect, and it is only in the southern portions of England that you can get peaches on open walls of a good size and of a good flavour. I have seen finer peaches grown on the open wall at Frogmore, Gunnersbury, and other places in the Thames Valley, than eould be grown in - peach-cases, without fire-heat, anywhere in the north of Britain. If a gardener located in the North of England or Scotland should in his holiday go south into Kent and visit, say, Mereworth he will observe a great difference in the fruit-gardens of the two districts. The great length of walls at Mereworth is covered with splendid peach-trees. And if his visit is in the beginning of September, he will see the splendid crop of fine fruit, which probably will arouse in him, as in Johnson’s Scotsman, a wish to remain where he is. We cannot all be in Kent, however, and it has struck me on my visits to Kent that gardeners have their. difficulties there also, and so we must try with the usual pluck of Scotsmen, and as good skilful gardeners, to grow good peaches €ven under most unfavourable circumstances. The late Lord de Vesci, whom I had the honour to serve as gardener for five years, said to me that the peach-trees on south walls in his garden at Abbeyleix, Queen’s Co., Ireland, produced good crops of peaches yearly up to the date of the potato-failure, and that some climatic change must have taken place then. In 1845 the walls were covered with good peach-trees, bearing good crops—twenty-five years later there was not a peach-tree left on 148 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF the same walls, all had died out. I may mention this was a warm district, soil inclined to be light, on a limestone bottom. It is not the cold severity of our winters that is against our growing peaches in the open in the North, it is the sunlessness and often wetness of our climate that is the obstacle. This is proved by the very large peach-orchards that exist both in the United States and Canada. In these countries the summers are very hot, so that the wood is ripened as hard as can be, and is therefore not injured by the winter’s frosts many degrees below zero. The ripening of the wood of our peach-tree is the important thing we have to look to in cultivating peach-trees, and here I wish to note observations I have made—and I have heard others say they have observed the same—in relation to ripening the wood of peach-trees in a glass case without any fire-heat. It has been my experience that where the wood of the peach- trees is ripened in a case without fire-heat, the trees should not be pruned the same as trees ripened under glass with fire-heat. It is necessary to prune the trees in a case early in January ‘because the buds soon after become too prominent for the necessary washing and tying. Now, we frequently have some of our very coldest weather early in February. Well, if you shorten back the leading shoots in your peach-trees, in the way usually done in heated houses, and a hard frost comes afterwards, it will kill back a considerable portion of the already pruned or wounded shoot, but the frost will not affect the shoots not shortened. From that I gather that the imperfectly ripened wood in a cold case will not stand hard frosts ifcut. I therefore make it a point to cut back the wood as little as possible in a cold case, I have seen peach-trees in a cold case grown on the spur- system, but I would not adopt it. The fruit is much smaller, although I believe you get a better set of fruit by the spur- system, probably because you. have a much larger quantity of flower. The peach and nectarine lend themselves to very early forcing. Ripe fruit can be had from the beginning of May until the end of October. Mr. Chalis, a gardener of forty years standing at Wilton, wrote recently in a gardening paper that the season of ripe peaches might be extended to the beginning of December FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 149 by a system of glass copings and screens hung in front of open walls to keep out wet and frost. Wilton is on a chalk subsoil, the driest and best possible subsoil for fruit. At most places, and particularly in Scotland, it takes much watchful care and skilful working to have presentable peaches at the end of October. The best form of house for early forcing is a lean-to house; for later crops we usually find peach-houses a continuation of a range of lean-to vineries. Span-roof houses running north and south are the best, however, for mid-season and late crops of peaches. They afford the greatest surface of fruiting space, and from the necessity of training the trees upon both sides of the span close to the glass, the fruit is finer and larger. A form of training of peach-trees in lean-to houses much advocated is that of planting the back wall with trees and then planting trees along the front of the house and training them to a curved trellis reaching to the path. At the path the trellis is a good distance from the glass, and thus all the possible light is given the trees on the back walls. This system of having trees on the back wall and along the front of house should never be adopted unless in wide, roomy houses. A good few cases have come under my notice where the curved trellis had been done away with, and the front trees trained close to the glass, as far up as it was safe without shutting out the light from the trees on the back wall. My own observations, borne out by a great deal of the best peach-growing under glass in the eountry, leads me to say— plant your trees only at the front of the house, and train them close to the roof to the top of the house. “The trees will do much better and the fruit will be finer. Good and proper ventilation is of the utmost importance in peach-houses. For houses where you have peach-trees in flower early in January and February, instead of opening the roof in cold weather, have ventilators in the back wall that can be closed with wood shutters. This ventilation must not open to the back of the wall, but at the top of the wall with perforated gratings. The next consideration after the construction of the house is the making of the borders. Very cold clay subsoil, or low-lying places where the water does not get away, are most prejudicial to any kind of fruit-growing, and if peaches have to be grown on 150 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF such places, it is best to make a concrete floor (one of cement to six of sandy gravel), the surface of which should be three feet below the ground-level. This floor should slope from the back wall to the outside of the front border, with a good drain running outside and parallel with the outer edge of the front border. On the concrete floor lay lines of tile drains eight feet apart running at right angles to the main drain in front, then cover the whole floor and tile drains with nine inches broken stones or rough screened gravel, and over the gravel put a layer of sods, grass- side down. That would leave a depth of border of two-and-a- half feet, because we usually raise our borders a few inches above the ground-level. The width of the outside border should be the same as the width of house. In making up new borders for peach-trees they should be made as for vines. Give just breadth enough for the trees for two years, three feet inside and the same outside, then add three feet more to serve for another two years. Peach-trees do best in every way in a heavy marly soil. They live much longer in it and give much larger fruit than in a light soil. Indeed, peach-trees never thrive right, however well manured, in a poor soil. The soil should be taken fresh from an old pasture, chopped in pieces six inches square, and if of the right kind, the only mixture wanted is well broken lime-rubbish. If the soil is of a light nature I would mix one spadeful of bone- meal with every barrowful of soil, and with the last six inches of soil on the top I would mix a good fertiliser. I have proved Thomson’s vine-manure an excellent manure for peach-trees on poor soils. In planting a new peach-house with young trees, I should plant double the number of trees required eventually to fill it, and, adhering to my conviction that training against the roof is the best, I should plant along the front of the house dwarf- trained trees, and along the middle and half way up the roof I should plant standard-trained trees with long clean stems, thus covering the whole roof in very quick time. In a year or two some of these will need removing to give the remaining ones room to grow. This removing will be a benefit rather than otherwise to the trees removed, and in gardens of fair extent there are always some worn-out trees to be replaced or vacancies to fill up. Young peach-trees, when planted in a good well-made border, FRUIT UNDER GLASS. I51 grow grossly to wood for a year or two. One way to counteract that is to make no hole when planting, but plant on the very surface. If the trees make gross wood it is a very easy matter, and without any check to the trees, to get at some of the strongest roots to cut them, and then fibrous roots will be emitted, A plan adopted by the Messrs. Rivers, who are our best authorities on such things, is to put the peach-tree in a shallow box sufficient to hold the roots, a hole is then made in the border just large enough and deep enough to bury the box; the con- séquent restricted growth and feeding on the surface made fibrous where wanted, resulting in the tree becoming quickly fruitful. After a year or two the box decays, the decayed wood is removed, and the roots are extended; but the tree once fruitful remains fruitful, for we know a good crop of fruit is the best preventive for gross wood. Whatever form of planting is adopted it is a good practice to lift the trees clean out of the border and replant in the same place, keeping the roots near the surface. This surface rooting or network of roots on the surface is the key to all successful fruit-growing. I have frequently observed in lifting a fruit-tree that the ball of roots is such a compact mass of fibrous roots you can lift the tree and move it where you like, and the tree never feels the shift—as is shown by the crop of fruit the following year being unaffected by the shift. The right time for transplanting or lifting a peach-tree— merely replanting of peach-trees is important—if you wish it to fruit the following season, is when the wood is matured. This you recognise by drawing your hand along the branch lightly, when the foliage parts easily from the branch. It is, however, a great advantage if at this stage you can shift the tree still retaining its foliage ; a root-action will take place before the tree goes finally to rest—this applies only to home-shifting. If you get trees from a nursery, they should be thoroughly ripened and denuded of leaf. The peach lends itself to early forcing, but wants gradual preparation for it, and early varieties must be chosen. Trees that you have brought into flower beginning of March this year, may be brought into flower a fortnight or three weeks earlier next year, then the following year a fortnight earlier still, and so on until you get them to flower at the end of December, which 152 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF is as early as may be done to secure good crops. At the beginning of forcing, low temperatures must be the rule until ' the fruit is set. Begin with a mean temperature of 45° to 50° and 50° to 55°; when in flower 10° to 15° higher through the ay. When peach-trees in a house are in flower, I keep on air night and day and regulate the heat in the pipes to get the desired temperature. Following this practice I find, if the trees are in fair order and have been sufficiently ripened, nearly every flower sets without any outer aid in distributing the pollen. The fruit being set, increase the temperature to 60° mean and stop giving night-air. The fruit will not swell for a bit. When the stoning period begins the fruit seems to stand still for some weeks and should not in any way be forced, indeed if this is done the fruit drops off. Until the fruit begins to swell after stoning, the temperature should not exceed 60° at night, but this critical period being over you may advance the temperature 5° or even 10° and swell the fruit to a good size. When the fruit begins to ripen, you must give a good deal of air, and expose the fruit to the sun by putting aside or removing some leaves. This gives _ flavour and colour to the fruit. Unless when the trees are in flower syringing and damping daily must be attended to, and when the trees get in full foliage, heavy syringing twice daily must be given to keep down red spider, occasionally using some safe insecticide. Too much stress cannot be laid upon the way the syringing of peach-trees is done. A mere wetting of the foliage is harmful. If the trees are in full foliage, a powerful garden engine should be used, going first over the trees oné way then returning upon them in the opposite way, this to be done twice daily. You can have no successful peach-culture unless you keep the foliage absolutely clean and healthy. The damping and syringing is stopped when the fruit begins to ripen, and during the ripening period dryness with a good circulation of air must be kept on night and day. The disbudding and pruning of a peach-tree is of much importance in its good cultivation. I have seen peach-trees on a roofa frightful thicket of wood, and of course with miserable results as to acrop. As soon as the trees have set their fruit it will be time to begin disbudding. _ It is injurious to the trees to take off too many at first. Take off first only the fore right buds, that FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 153 is those growing straight out from the trees, and even with those, should a fruit be at the base of any one of them do not remove it entirely but pinch the shoot and leave three leaves. In about three weeks afterwards the remaining shoots will get too thick, and then another thinning may be done, leaving on every branch of the winter-pruning, one shoot at the base on the upper side of the branch, one at the extremity of the branch called the leading shoot. I should also pinch two shoots on the under side of the branch to two leaves. This practice reduces the shoots to the least possible number, in fact it is only leaving one shoot to each branch to give fruit for next year, and as you know the branches made in the peach-tree this year give us the fruit next year. I would notice here too how important it is that you secure the shoot of this year at the base of the branch of last year ; by doing that you keep your trees furnished with young fruitful wood to the centres of the trees. Inattention to this will cause very unsightly trees with fruiting wood only at the extremities, Another circumstance is to be noticed in connection with the disbudding and summer-pruning of peach-trees. In peach-trees of fairly rude health there is a tendency of some shoots about the centres of the trees to grow stronger than the rest, to grow what is termed gross. The practised eye knows them at an early stage, and they should be at once taken clean off, because they never ripen enough to bear fruit, and grow gross at the expense of the other branches, whilst if taken off the less vigorous shoots grow stronger. Granted that the trees are growing under favourable circum- stances as to the house and border, the three things to be guarded most against are :— 1. Green Fly, which shows itself at a very early stage of the tree’s growth. : As a remedy for this I greatly dislike fumigating, because I have seen whole crops of well-sized peaches lying on the ground from the fumigating material getting overheated during the operation. I always use a mild insecticide, applying one, that is to say, weak, but frequently, and I use it before much fly shows itself, on the principle, prevention is better than cure. I find liquid quassia the safest insecticide for the early tender foliage of the peach. Sometimes peach-trees develop at the beginning of 154 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF their growth curled-up leaves, the inside of these being filled with fly. Insecticides applied with a syringe do not reach the fly. I find tobacco-powder dusted on them clears off the fly. 2. Red Spider. Copious and vigorous syringing twice daily is the only sure preventive for this. 3. Mildew. Some varieties are very subject to it. Soapy water and sul- phur applied frequently keep it in check. Dropping of the buds is probably one of the most serious things affecting the peach-tree. It happens all over the country irrespective of the circumstances under which the tree is grown. It has been long attributed chiefly to dryness at the root. A gardener who had charge of extensive peach-houses in this country, and was much troubled and puzzled over bud-dropping, went to Australia and grows peaches largely there. He says the soil in which the peaches grow there becomes at certain seasons as dry as it is possible to be, and there is never any bud-dropping. His experience leads him now to say that dryness at root is not the cause of it. Early this spring I saw peach-trees in heavy wet soil, and a large portion of the buds had dropped. I think gardeners have not discovered the cause of it. It certainly indicates weakness, and too heavy cropping of the trees is usually followed by bad bud-dropping. Trees growing vigorously and altogether in good health do not drop buds much. The watering of the borders, especially inside ones, is very important. The borders are usually allowed to become pretty dry when the fruit is ripening and ripe, a dry atmosphere being then essential. During the autumn and winter the borders should get one or two good soakings, and one should be with good manure-water. A porous border, which is the best, will take more water than a stiff retentive border. What I have said for the peach applies equally to the nectarine, although I think the nectarine requires rather more heat than the peach to ripen. In a general way peaches do not do well on open walls in our northern climate, and so to obtain crops late into the autumn the walls have been covered with narrow glass houses, called ‘peach-cases. I have had much experience with these cases, and FRUIT UNDER GLASS, 155 Say decidedly they are not a success for good peach-growing. In the South of Ireland the trees in such a case come into flower in February or early March. Now we sometimes have had a heavy snowstorm in the middle of March when the trees are in full flower, and there being no fire-heat and a cold, leaden, dull sky, the result is no crop. At another time a favourable setting may give a crop, but a wet, sunless autumn admits of no good ripening. I put two pipes into one of these cases and all was changed. Good sets, well ripened fruit and wood, and much larger fruit. The peach-cases at Dalkeith under my charge at present were put up thirty-five years ago, and much was expected from them, but [ am sorry to say they have not been a success even when good crops are secured, for the fruit lacks size and flavour from want of heat. Probably one of the best late cases and houses of this kind is at Drumlanrig. The south boundary wall of the garden there fell down, and instead of building a new wall, a span-roof case or orchard-house with some heating in it was put up instead as a boundary. It was too large to devote entirely to peaches, but these, with the finer kinds of plums and the best varieties of pears, do splendidly in it. The heating of peach- cases costs only the initial cost of putting in the pipes; the heating required for a short time when the trees are in flower, and for a short time in autumn to ripen the wood, is easily applied without any extra tax on the ordinary heating apparatus. There is a large variety of peaches now, and if one had only one long house with little heating and no means of forcing, one might, by a good selection of earliest, mid-season, and latest varieties, secure a supply of ripe fruit from the end of June until October. ne Hale’s Early is one of our best for early forcing. Stirling Castle is another old favourite for forcing. Royal George forces well too. Violette Hative is a very good certain cropper. Belle- garde is another good cropper. Grosse Mignonne and Noblesse are the two finest flavoured peaches. Walburton Admirable and Sea Eagle are the two best late peaches. The following varieties of nectarines are good :—Precoce de Croncels, Lord Napier, Elruge, Humboldt Downton, Victoria, Pine Apple. 156 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF THE PEAR AND THE PLUM. Glass cases or glass coverings of some kind should be much more adopted than they are for growing the finer kinds of plums and pears in our cold northern districts. I have had heavy crops of pears every year from pear-trees in pots grown in the following way :—About the end of February I placed fifty pot-pears in a late vinery, keeping a lot of ventilation on both top and front night and day. This constant air pre- vented the vines from starting, and at the same time the pear- trees opened flower, and the abundance of air helped them to set. They set abundantly, and I then took them out of the vinery, plunged them in a sunny place, and with feeding they grew fine crops. The trees were out of the vinery in good time to let it be started, and the trees were under glass during only the short time required to set the fruit ; in other words, to protect the blossom from frost. The best varieties of gage-plums are worthy of a glass house or case in our northern climate. I have had very heavy crops of gage-plums by the following method :—Plant against a south wall. On top of the wall put a glass coping projecting twenty-one inches. Along the whole length of the outer edge of the coping fix an iron rod, on the rod a good quantity of rings, and to the rings attach a canvas curtain which reaches to the ground. The glass coping was a permanent — fixture, the curtain was fixed up when the trees opened flower. The curtain was not allowed to cover the trees through the day, only at night to protect from frost; through the day it was tightly drawn together. Young plum-trees grow very much to wood, throwing up strong watery shoots. To counteract this I examined the roots, and often lifted the trees every autumn, cutting away strong roots, keeping the roots near the surface, and putting amongst the roots each time fresh fibrous loam. Doing this for a few years in succession made the trees very fibrous rooted and the wood of medium thickness clad all over with flower-spurs. Plum-trees in this state, and with good protection from frost, cannot fail to yield good crops even under unfavour- able circumstances, and in this the skill of the gardener shows itself, FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 157 The best varieties of plums and pears are, however, worth a case or house. Heating with pipes is not required for these fruits unless in a very sunless season such as our last one. Heat in the pipes would, in the absence of sun, swell the fruit and ripen the wood. In addition to paying careful attention to the roots of the trees to make them fruitful, the plum requires disbudding and laying in yearly young wood, for it usually bears on the two-year- old wood, not on the one-year-old wood as in the case of the peach. If the laying-in of young wood is neglected for a few years in plum-trees, particularly the best kinds, the trees become just so many thick bare sticks, The watering of borders, especially inside ones, must be care- fully attended to, and, as in the case of the peach, one or two good waterings in winter are essential. Fly and scale are the two most troublesome insects to plums. The fly is easily kept in check with syringings of weak soapy water. A weak solution of paraffin kills the scale. I would restrict the growing of pears under glass to a few really good useful sorts, and particularly to those varieties that come into use quite late. Beurre Rance is worth giving a good bit of glass-space to itself. It is one of our best late pears, but it comes to no good growing on the open wall in the North. It grows a large size under glass, and with enough of it can be used from January to March. Glout Morceau is worth growing under glass in the North for December and January. Nec Plus Meuris is another valuable late pear, and worth glass-room. Marie Louise and Doyenné du Comice are two of our finest pears, and in cold districts well worth growing under glass. Either horizontal or dwarf trained would do for back walls of houses, but I think the cordon-trained pears are most suited for growing under glass ; they are more easily managed in the matter of the roots, and thereby kept more constantly fruitful than larger trees. _ The following varieties of plums I have found to give apd heavy crops, either under the glass cope projecting from the top o the wall I have described, or in a lean-to house, or a span-roofed orchard-house, without fire-heat :—Boulouf, Bryanston pare Gage, Coe’s Golden Drop, Early Transparent Gage, Green Gage, Jefferson, Kirk’s, Late Transparent, Reine Claude de Bavay, Stint. These are all plums of first-class quality and free bearing 158 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF under glass, and of course nothing but the best varieties of plums are worth going to the expense of putting glass over. In the southern counties of England, glass is not required even for these best varieties. Splendid crops are produced on open walls, and I have seen good crops on orchard-standards. If restricted to one or two varieties, I should grow Early Transparent, Jefferson, Kirk’s, and Stint. -THE APRICOT. I knew of a good south wall covered with apricot-trees, and fairly fruitful considering they were in a poor soil. It was thought, however, that covering them with a glass case would improve the crop in every way, and a narrow lean-to house was put against the wall and over the trees, but the apricot-trees did not bear so well as they had done on the open wall, and after a few years the trees died out altogether, showing that closing them ina glass house does not suit them. I belive a very successful way to grow the apricot under glass is the following :—Erect a structure of the nature of an open shed and roof it with glass. Make the roof a good width and of the same flatness as an open shed. The apricot-trees to be used should be standard-trained with long clean stems, long enough to reach from the ground to the top of the shed. The trees should be planted at the mouth of the shed, the roots would be in the open border. This procedure meets what seem to be the two important requirements of the apricot—the roots are in the open border, and the trees are fully exposed to the air, with sufficient glass to better ripen fruit and wood and make the fruit larger. The apricot does best on heavy soils, should be well surface-fed with manure, and requires abundant moisture at the roots. Apricots do well on the open wall in many parts. It is only in districts where they do not do on open walls that glass sheds or ~ copings should be used. Some would say let us have the finest varieties, such as Moorpark, or none at all. I say in unfavourable districts grow such varieties as Breda and Kaisha. Owners of gardens will much appreciate these, when it is a choice between them and none at all. These latter are the hardiest and most free bearing of all apricots. : FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 159 THE Fic. The cultivation of the fig under glass was, up to very recent years, generally considered a very secondary affair. The back of a vinery, or back of some house the front of which was devoted to the growth of other things considered then of more importance, was considered just the right place to plant fig-trees. I wish to say here that I have seen some splendid examples in different parts of the country of immense fig-trees on the back walls of vineries, giving large crops of very large figs, the borders for the roots in all cases being restricted to about a width of two feet. Well-grown ripe figs, however, have in recent years come to be considered our best and most to be desired fruit. It is said, from a gastric point of view, that a person may eat ripe green figs who could not eat any other fruit. We find, therefore, that in gardens where the fig formerly gave one crop of fruit in . the year on the open walls, houses specially for growing the fig have been built; I instance one in such a very mild district as Fota, near Cork. And we need not wonder, for the fig does not require a high temperature, and if grown under glass in the desired temperature, it gives in the year two full crops of ripe fruit. The form of house best adapted for early forcing is lean-to; for later crops the span-roof is best, as it gives the greater fruiting space. The roofs of the houses should be trellised in the same way as for vines, and the fig-trees trained all over the roof so as to ensure short-jointed well-ripened wood. In making borders for fig-houses, if the site is a cold clay subsoil, a concrete floor must be made, sloping to a drain running along the front of border if the house be a lean-to; or, if span-roofed, the drain should be under the pathway and the concrete floor sloping from both sides to the pathway. To have each tree growing in the most fruitful and favourable circumstances, instead of filling up the whole border with drainage as for vines, you must intersect the border with brick walls, dividing it up into as many spaces aS you ae to plant trees. This restricts the root-space and prevents the roots of one tree growing into another, and thus you can control the roots of any tree you wish. These sections or root-spaces must be made in size according to the size of the tree to be 160 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF grown, or according to size of roof-space. I have seen a fig- tree covering the whole back wall of a very large vinery, and the roots confined to a space six feet long by two feet broad; fresh soil was put in each year, and with good manure waterings heavy crops were grown each year. The intersections being built, two tile-drains should be laid on the concrete of each com- partment, and about eight or nine inches of broken stones laid over the whole floor for drainage, with fresh sods, grass-side down, | laid all over stones. What kind of soil do figs grow best in? The fig has a ten- dency in good rich soil to grow too gross wood. That does not ripen, and hence will not give fruit. A light soil well mixed with lime-rubbish is best. The depth of border for fig-trees should not be more than two feet, and in making a new border eighteen to twenty inches will be deep enough to begin with. The roots should be all on the surface of the border, and should get very frequently top-dressings of soil, bone-meal, and approved artificial manure. By this, in course of years, the border will get deeper, but the roots ever in the right direction keeping upward. I will now treat of the raising of the young fig-trees and pre- paration for planting. 3 Raising plants from cuttings is the best method. Select for cuttings straight, short-jointed, well-ripened wood of the previous season. Each cutting should be eight or nine inches long with a strong terminal bud, and in detaching the cutting from the plant take with it an inch or two of the two-year-old wood. Insert the cuttings singly in four-inch pots, and plunge in a bottom-heat fairly strong, but the atmospheric temperature should not exceed 60°. This proper balancing of atmospheric and bottom-heat is very important. Should the atmospheric temperature be high the cuttings shoot into growth before making roots. It is better that they make roots first and the growth afterwards—sturdy and short-jointed. The time for putting in the cuttings is the middle of February, and they must be shaded until rooted. When four-inch pots are filled with roots, shift into six-inch pots, using turfy loam but no manure. The cuttings will grow away quickly now without bottom-heat. At this stage it is important to prepare your young plants with a good clean stem of twelve inches, otherwise the plants will FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 161 throw up suckers, and the trees will always remain a bunch of suckers, A clean stem of twelve inches with three buds at the top, one for leader and two for shoots right and left, should be your one-year-old plants. These are not considered the best for planting in the border. The best practice is to give another shift into an eight-inch pot in soil of a poor nature, and grow to the desired height, with a leading shoot and two side shoots again. Thus we have now two-year-old plants in rather small pots, with two tiers of horizontal shoots and a leader. The object in keeping them two years in pots is to get them into a fruitful condition. The best time to plant figs is in the spring when they are about to start into growth, and although the two years or longer preparation of the plants may point to planting them in the open border with ball intact, I prefer to shake out the ball and to spread out the roots, keeping them very near the surface. 1 have seen fig-trees established in pots, the ball put into the border whole, with the result they grew almost none at all. The border before being planted should be made very firm. This makes the roots grow fibrous. A loose border makes the roots grow gross and go to the bottom of the border, and in turn makes the wood gross and unfruitful. When a house is planted with young fig-trees comparatively small, there will be an abundance of light all over the house sufficient to admit of a number of fig-trees being grown in pots alongside the planted ones, and thus full use of the house will be made. Figs grown in pots give a good quantity of fruit. They require much attention in watering, and to be liberally supplied with manure-water. Fig-trees fruited in pots should, at the end of their fruiting season, that is in the autumn, be turned out of the pots, a good portion of the soil shaken out of the ball, any strong roots cut away, and then be repotted in good turfy soil mixed with lime-rubbish and some bone-meal. They should then stand in a cool house for winter. A top-dressing with a good artificial manure when they are growing will be pene: On starting a fig-house keep the mean temperature 5 raising through the day 10% more, or 15° with sun-heat. The temperature should be 60° at night when the trees have burst into growth, and there should be a corresponding increase of 162 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF temperature by day. When the season advances and less fire- heat is required the night temperature may be 60° or 70°. The leaves of the fig succumb more quickly than almost any other fruit-tree leaves under glass with a dry fire-heat atmosphere to red spider. Syringings and the preservation of a very moist atmo- sphere must be constantly attended to, and air should be given on all possible occasions through the day. I have observed that the fig when in full growth requires a great deal of water at the root, that is to say, if the soil is of the porous nature it should be. As to the pruning and general treatment of old- established fig-trees, pruning should be done in winter when the trees are dormant and do not bleed. During the summer, however, is the time to pinch and regulate the growth. Over- crowding of the branches must be guarded against. Lay. in young growths, watching to keep the trees well furnished to the centre, and to give the young growth full light to ripen. Cut out old wood no longer fruitful. Pinching back young growths to three leaves. makes fruitful spurs all over the tree. The first crop of figs is on the ripened wood of the previous summer, the second crop is on the wood which has grown along with the pro- duction of the first crop. The,summer-pruning and pinching must, therefore, be done with a view to secure both of these. Some shoots should be allowed to grow to keep the tree furnished and take the place of bare branches worn out, and at the same time a considerable portion of the shoots should be bruised at the point when about five eyes long. Fig-trees in summer are too apt to get overcrowded with growth ; this should be strictly guarded against. When the trees ripen and drop their leaves, the borders may be kept dry, but not too dry. Figs growing in small allotted root-spaces to each tree will be benefited by taking out the width of a spade of soil all round the outer edge of the space right down to the bottom of the border and filling in again with fresh turfy loam mixed with lime-rubbish and bone-meal. Removing also the whole of the old surface of the border, and putting on bone-meal with a little artificial manure and a little fine-chopped turfy loam, will cause a quantity of new fibrous roots to develop. By repeating this yearly the trees will be kept just vigorous enough to make good short-jointed fruitful wood. Give manure-water and plenty of water when fruit is swelling, and you will get fruit of good size. FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 163 There is a great variety of figs, and out of about fifty varieties I have found the following the best :-— Brown Turkey, Negro Largo, Pinge de Mel, St. John’s, White Ischia, White Marseilles, Black Ischia. THE STRAWBERRY. To be successful with early forcing of strawberries, you must get runners early, grow them quickly on, and have good plants in the autumn with stout crowns well matured. In gardens where forced strawberries are grown in large quantities, plantations of strawberry-plants are now specially made for the purpose of getting early runners. The plan adopted is :—In July, layer as many runners as are required in four-inch pots and prepare a south or warm border. At the beginning of September plant it with these now well- rooted runners taken out of the pots, Planting thus early the plants get well established before winter. The following May they will throw up flower-spikes. As soon as these show they should be all cut off; this will throw the whole growth of the _ plants into producing leaves and runners instead of fruit. Runners are got this way a fortnight earlier than from the older plantations, a matter of the greatest importance. The middle of June is a good time to begin preparing young plants for forcing. Several methods have been tried for the early rooting of runners, but the plan found to work best and which is most generally adopted is to fill clean two-and-a-half or three-inch pots with good rich soil—and a large number of these being filled in the potting shed can be conveyed on a handy spring wheel-barrow to the border of strawberries—then with trowel proceed to plunge the pots between the lines and place a runner on each pot, pressing it in with a stone the size of road-metal, and leave the stone on pot. The weather at this season is usually very dry, and so watering of runners must be daily looked to even althouge the pots are plunged. In about a fortnight or three weeks’ time these little pots will be well filled with roots, and the transference into their fruiting-pots should be proceeded with forthwith. The middle of July is a good time to put them in the fruiting-pots. Experiments have been tried in the past with different sized 164 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF pots for fruiting forced strawberries. Pots six inches in diameter are now considered the best for the whole quantity to be forced ; seven-inch pots for the latest batches are considered to take less watering, but I am doubtful about it. Both six-inch and seven- inch when the season is advanced will require saucers, and six- inch with saucers will produce fruit quite as good as seven-inch pots. All the pots should be carefully washed and carefully crocked. Cover the crocks with moss, and over the moss sprinkle soot, which is a manure and a preventive against worms, Straw- berries require a heavy loam, but this very often cannot be got. Get the best fibrous loam you can, chop up in small pieces, mix a six-inch potful of bone-meal to every barrowful of soil, and also add some fresh horse-droppings passed through a half-inch sieve. The soil and pots now being in readiness, take the young straw- berry-plants carefully out of the three-inch pots, put them in the six-inch in such a way that the top of the three-inch ball will be half-an-inch below the rim of the six-inch; fill in the pack firmly round the ball, finishing by leaving quarter of an inch under the rim to hold water. The plants should be watered with a rose immediately after potting, and stood for a few days in a shady _ place where the full day’s sun will not reach them; after this ~ they should be stood in a warm sheltered place where the full sun reaches them. I have always found the plants grow better standing on boards, coal-ashes, or dry bottom, much more so than standing on the ground. Of course, wet and dry localities make a great difference in this ; ina dry place on gravelly subsoil they will do well standing on the gravel walk ; in a wet locality with damp, cold subsoil the plants do much better raised from the ground, When the plants are growing they must stand sufficiently apart from one another to allow full development of the foliage, and if they show a tendency to develop several weak crowns to a pot, remove all but one to make a good strong crown. If the weather is dry through the autumn, they must be carefully looked to twice a day for watering, and when the roots reach the side of the pots, clear manure-water should be given them ; soot-water being one of the best for strawberries. Keep the pots carefully weeded, and do not allow runners to get ahead on them. By the end of September the pots will be well filled with roots, and FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 165 the crowns well developed. Should the weather become cold and wet in October, the plants are better protected from it in some way, indeed put into their winter quarters. A good place to put them for winter is in a peach-case or orchard-house, where they can remain undisturbed till well into spring. In the absence of these put them in cold-frames plunged ‘in leaves to protect the pots from being cracked with the frost. Even in some large gardens, however, glass protection cannot be spared for them, and they are then built up in ridges, putting the pots on their sides, packing in amongst ashes or any material that will keep out the frost from cracking the pots. Care must always be taken that the roots do not get dry. I have seen a batch of strawberry-plants good in every way and splendidly prepared for early forcing, with fine ball crowns, yet having been allowed to get dry before starting to force, they never threw up flowers, and had to be thrown out after occupying bed and shelves for six weeks. . I do not know any crop that requires more watchful care than a very early batch of pots with ripe strawberries, and yet it gives more pleasure to succeed with them. The strawberry-plants now prepared being all that could be desired for early forcing, that is with good crowns and pots full of roots, the next thing is how to begin the forcing. In most gardens there are no special houses for this. Pits, frames, peach- houses, and vineries must be used for them, and with this accommodation I have frequently picked a dish of ripe fruit in the latter end of February. The best place I have found for starting early batches of strawberry-plants is a brick-built pit, heated with a flow and return, and deep enough to be filled nearly four feet with leaves. No dung should be used; the leaves alone give the gentle bottom-heat required—namely, about 75°. If even a little dung be used with the leaves I find it a failure. The bed being duly prepared before, the latter end of November is the earliest time to plunge a batch of plants in the leaves. The heat of the leaves will be sufficient for the first horiveots then heat may be put in the pipes to keep a temperature of 50 to 55° mean, 10° more by day with aid of sun. Keep steady at that until they throw up their flower-trusses, then they must be removed to a shelf in a house near the glass, and I have found 166 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF the best success at that period of very short day by keeping the mean temperature not less than 60°. The time of removal from pit to shelf is suitable for giving a little top-dressing to the sur- face of pots with artificial manure mixed either with soil or sand. Some prefer to give the top-dressing when putting them in at the beginning. This top-dressing is essential. It makes fine foliage, not liable to red spider, and helps the vigour of flower- spike. The plants being now on the shelf and in flower, to get them to set well the air must not be close and stagnant; as a rule, however, at that cold season in most of our houses sufficient air gets in at not too close places. After the fruit is set they may be shifted to a higher tempera- ture or the temperature increased, but try and give what air you can. You must now feed the plants to get good-sized fruit, not. strong doses but weak and often. Soot-water is one of the best for pot-strawberries. A change of manure-water is best. A good plan for feeding strawberries, especially -as the season advances and pots on shelves dry up much quicker, is to place well enriched soil underneath the pots. This may be done in three ways :—Firstly, a little square sod sprinkled with artificial manure may be put under the pot ; secondly, fill a saucer with a hole in bottom with a soil mixed with manure, and place the pot upon it; thirdly, half fill a six-inch pot with enriched soil, and stand the pot in it. In all three cases the soi] under the pot- plant gets filled with roots and helps the size of the fruit very much. It is a mistake to leave more fruit on a pot than will swell to a good size. What you grow strawberries in pots for is dessert, and they should be a fair size. Mildew, green fly, and red spider are the three things that injure most the foliage of strawberries under glass, and my experience leads me to say (we force 6000 pots annually) that if the plants are properly attended to:at the roots with water and the manures best adapted to them, you will have very little, if any, of these pests on your plants. I have proved Veltha to be a certain preventive for mildew, and also a powerful manure for the plants. The fruit should be supported to prevent hanging over the pot-edge. Steven’s Wonder, Auguste Nicaise, and John Ruskin are the kinds I found best for very early forcing. Scarlet Queen, Royal FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 167 Sovereign, and Leader are best for later. I am fond of President too. After the strawberries are forced put them in some cold frame, and later on plant out; they will throw a very large crop the following year, then clear them out. A word as to packing :—Line the box with wood-wool and cotton-wool, put strawberry-leaf or lime-tree-leaf round each fruit, place them husk-end down in a single layer in the box, and pack close enough to prevent shaking. I prefer wood-boxes to tin- boxes. THE PINE-APPLE, The first consideration for the cultivation of pine-apples is the house or structure for growing them in with least trouble and expense. I have seen during the past thirty years a good many different ways and structures for growing pine-apples throughout the United Kingdom, but have not seen one so good in every way as the pinery at Dalkeith. It may be described as a low three-quarter span-roof house seven feet high at the apex or span, and just wide enough for a bed to hold three lines of pine-apple plants in fruiting-pots, and a path two and a half feet wide running at the bottom of the back wall. The bed in which the pine-pots are plunged has a bottom-heat chamber underneath heated with hot-water pipes. The floor of the bed over the heated chamber consists of thickish stone flags. The reason for using such flags is that they retain heat better than a thinner material would do, and fluctuations in heating from the pipes underneath being too cold or too hot are not so readily felt, and therefore a steady bottom-heat is kept to the pines—a matter of great importance. Tan bark is used in the bed for plunging, and this house has always a very neat and clean appearance inside, a great contrast to the insides of pineries where dung and leaves are used or where the planting-out system is adopted. In - some large gardens span-roofed houses are used for Meee but they require much more heating, and that is a gis great importance in our long, cold, sunless winters, and i t . pines get drawn in span-houses. The nearer the pines are to the roof the better. Stubby, thick-necked pine-plants alone produce good fruit. 168 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION -OF The structure best adapted for growing young pine-plants from suckers onwards as successionals is a brick-built pit with top and bottom-heat. The temperature in winter does not require to be high, and these pits are easily heated, and in case of very hard weather frigidoms can be run over the lights. Pine-growing is becoming limited to a very few places amongst British gardens. It is expensive, especially with such dear fuel as we have been having lately, and the pine-apples now imported are abundant in quantity, of fine size and looks, and very cheap ; they are, however, very deficient in flavour when compared with our home-grown ones. The public generally are not good judges of first-rate fruit ; this is very noticeable in the quantities of good-looking but poor-flavoured grapes sold. I think, there- fore, the wealthy leaders of society who wish the best of every- thing will want the best grown British pines and British hot- house fruit, as being superior to anything else. The great decrease in British pine-growing has also restricted the varieties grown to what are the best, and they number only three or four. The Queen is the best flavoured pine, but can only be grown for summer fruit, that is from May until October —it is no good for winter. It takes the least room, growing in — smaller pots than others, is of a dwarf habit, a free grower, certain fruiter, comes quick to maturity, and has a beautiful golden colour. The smooth-leaved Cayenne is the best winter pine, that is for producing fruit from October until May. The fruit is larger and the plant is larger, requiring a pot one-and-a-half to two inches more in diameter than the Queen. Black Jamaica is the finest-flavoured winter pine. It grows strong ; fruit rather small, and of a dull colour. This variety is always much appreciated in dessert. Charlotte Rothschild is the next best winter pine, and is rather taller-growing than the others, and has fruit similar to Cayenne. 2 To keep up a succession of pines all the year round, these varieties are sufficient. Pines have been grown in very varied soils, I ee seen a large number grown in nothing but peat, I think because it was the most convenient, but the fruit was very small and the plants grew FRUIT UNDER GLASS. 169 to leaf and did not fruit well. Some think heavy clay is the best. It will be found, however, that where any good pine-growing is done, the soil is of rather a light nature and fibrous. The soil I prefer for pines is an old fibrous sod, neither too light nor too heavy, and to each barrowful of soil I add an eight-inch potful of bone-meal. This is really all the mixture that is required for pines. If the soil is clay, or of a heavy retentive nature, fine lime-rubbish must be added to keep the soil open. Suckers and crowns are the two sources from which pine- plants are raised. The crowns are only taken when suckers “cannot be had. Suckers make far the strongest and best plants. There is never any difficulty getting plenty suckers from Queen- pines in summer and autumn, but there is often a difficulty in getting enough suckers from smooth Cayennes. With the latter it will be found necessary often to put the old stools, after the fruit is cut, in some warm pit to grow and produce suckers. It is a great mistake to remove the suckers from the old plants before they have grown to a good size; good suckers always make the best and quickest plants. ; I shall treat of Queen-pine suckers first. Plenty of them should be had in August and September. Cut them clean at the base and remove the bottom leaves, Six-inch pots will be large enough for the most of them, seven or eight inch may be used for larger suckers. The pots should be well cleaned and crocked ; the suckers should be placed well down in the pot ; the soil, not of too wet and pasty a nature, should be firmed well with a blunt stick, leaving sufficient room under the rim of the pot to hold water. The pots should then be plunged in a handy suc- cession pit. with bottom-heat of go°. Put them wide enough apart to prevent drawing and to ensure the essential stubby growth from the first. Shading and dewing will be necessary until they have made roots, after that discontinue shading and give enough water to water the whole ball.. Give a good deal of air at this time to make them sturdy and prepared for winter. The temperature, say in September, may be 65°, but as November approaches reduce to 55° to 60° according to weather ; the bottom- heat in winter should also be reduced ; 75° keeps the roots nice and healthy. These rooted suckers should now from the middle of November '70 WIIYTOCK—-THE CULTIVATION OF till the middle of February be kept at rest, and the best tem- perature for that is 55° atmospheric, 75° bottom-heat ; keep the plants dry at root, almost no watering at the roots will be required, and no moisture in the air. From the middle to the end of February the suckers should show white healthy roots all round the sides of the pots, and be ready for a shift. I practise putting them in their fruiting-pots at once. Ten-inch is large enough for Queens. Let the full number required be thoroughly cleaned and well crocked, get all the soil prepared, and have everything in readiness before begin- ning to pot. The plants should be well watered before repotting.- Fresh tan should be at hand too, for the best way to treat the plunging material is to throw the new tan on top of the old and then to turn them over together and thoroughly mix them with forks ; this mixing of old and new tan prevents the bottom-heat rising too high, Everything being now ready, the transference into fruiting-pots and the plunging of the plants in the bed where they are to grow may proceed together. The soil for potting should not be of a wet but rather of.a dry fibrous nature, and should be well rammed with a blunt stick round the ball. The plants should be plunged two feet apart every way. The bottom- heat should not be allowed to exceed go° ; if it does, move the plants from side to side, and thus make an opening all round the pot. For the first fortnight after potting, the plants will not require much water, if any, and the weather still being cold a mean temperature of 60° will do. These plants will now be grown on all summer. When the weather gets warmer a mean temperature of 70° should be maintained, shutting up in the afternoon at 90°, and giving them a syringe. By the end of August the plants should have well filled the pots with roots, and the object now is to preserve the roots and plants in a healthy state all winter. The plants must be sparingly watered in September and liberally given air in good weather ; at the end of the month they should be at rest in a dry atmosphere with a temperature of 55° to 60° and a bottom-heat of 75° to 80°. They will need almost no water from October until January. The pine-plants being rested safely until January are called fruiting plants, and now, say middle of January, shoyld be removed to their fruiting quarters. Fresh tan must be added FRUIT UNDER GLASS, 171] and mixed as before with the old, and the plants plunged in it two feet apart. The plants must now get water to moisten the whole ball, adding to it manure-water and guano or artificial manure. The temperature should be 60° to 65° at night and 70° through the day with fire-heat, 80° with sun. The moisture must be increased by damping paths, walls, etc. Care at this Season must be taken in watering not to let any plants get too wet. As the season advances a temperature of 70° mean should be maintained, and shutting up at 85° or 90° may be practised. The plants will throw up the young fruit in March and come into flower, and during the flowering period the house may be kept _ drier and there should be no syringing. Flowering being past, give more moisture and shut up with high temperatures from sun-heat. During May the fruit will swell rapidly. At the beginning of June the fruit will change colour, when more air and less watering and moisture will be requred ; attention must, however, always be paid to the keeping up of the bottom-heat. O maintain a supply of ripe pines all the year round suckers must be taken and plants potted on at frequent intervals. Three lots of Queens will be required for summer, and two lots of smooth-leaved Cayenne for winter. Cayennes are much shyer of throwing suckers than Queens. Get all the suckers you can by October, and if you have not enough for your purpose use crowns in spring. In the month of March get what suckers you can also, These two lots will give the fruit for the winter and spring months. The method of growing the Cayenne from suckers until it has ripened its fruit is the same as for the Queen, excepting that the Cayenne, being a stronger grower, expats & pot two inches larger for fruiting in. The Cayennes being the winter-fruiters, you keep them growing when the Queens are resting ; that is, as I have said, you lower the temperature for the Queens and keep them drier in winter. The Cayennes 7 keep at a mean night temperature of 60° to 65° in winter and 10° higher through the day. Give them sufficient water and manure-water to keep them growing and to swell their fruit. To have ripe pines all the year round should not be attempted unless there are good pineries and good accommodation for growing them ; and if there are good pineries there is no more trouble in producing pines in winter than in summer. I have 172 WHYTOCK—THE CULTIVATION OF FRUIT. only seen pines grown on the planted-out system at one place, namely Frogmore. They grow and fruit right enough, but the pits all opening and worked from the outside with sashes seemed to me wide, unhandy things to work. The pot-system in a neither very wide nor high pinery is the best, and where the pinery is an up-to-date structure pine-growing is simplicity itself. Scale and bug are the two insect-pests that infest pines, and the only way to effectually banish these is to destroy the plants and begin with a clean fresh stock from the suckers onwards. Observations on the Girth-increase of Trees in the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. BY DAVID CHRISTISON, M.D. PART II.—CONIFER&. CONTENTS. PAGE INTRODUCTION, ... a ee ie ie “a 174 I. Annual Results, ... =, ree sa A i 175 A. General History of the species separately, bes esi 175 B. Aggregate Annual Results, ... Ge i Girth. INCREMENTS. Girth. | In Total Girth for 3 ne, a A more | for 7 1892. 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. [Total. ree 1896. | years. | years. 1899. : At2ft., 12651250 | 2°25 | 1:85 | 195 1855 | 214] 20°60 | 4:55 | 1310 | 1°87 | 25°15 At4ft., 7°75] 2.30 | 2°05 | 1:50 | 1.75 [7°60 | 190] 15°35 | 4:40 | 1200 | 1:71 | 19°75 AtG6ft., 6°65] 2°25 | 2:10 | 1°60 | 1:80 17°75 | 1:94] 1430 | 450 | 1225 | 1°75 | 18°80 ABIES HOOKERIANA. { ] No. ose | 1388. | 1889, pa 1891. Ha 193. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896; | 1397. po" AnD. | Girth. 24 | ‘60 | €0 0 | 55 a| a “| ‘50.| 565.| 60 45 [60 Fg ae | i : { This shrub-like tree grew at a somewhat better rate for the first three years, when overcrowded, than afterwards when opened up. It has suffered from pressure on one side, but is generally well clothed. The range has been from ‘45 to °70, but for the last seven years it was only “45 to °55. SEQUOIA GIGANTEA. | : Annual ‘ Inc ARG Girth}. No, 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. [Total.| “4.7 | Last Decade. Obs. 25| 81 | 65 | 70 | 8 | 80] 75 | 90 .» [465 | °76 | 36-70 27} 141 | 90 | ‘70 | 100/100] -80 | 1:50 oe . |... | 590e] 98 14400 1} 137 $135 | 90 | 125/125 | 90} 96} 90} 65 | -95| 45 J955 | G6 | 42-25 2] 128 $105 | 90/105] 85 | -70| -90 545 | -90° | 42°10 All these trees—Nos. 25, 27, nage free on the former ter- race, Nos, I, 2 ina small grove of the species—in 1878, when from 18 to 24 inches in girth, were symmetrically clothed and crowded with branches to the ground ; but they soon began to thin and THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 179 to acquire the disproportionate thickness of stem below and sinuous top characteristic of all the species in the Garden past infancy. These faults progressed with a diminution in the rate of girth increase respectively, from °81, 1'41, 1°37 and 1°28 in the first decade to 76, 98, 110 and ‘90 in the first six years of the second. Three were then cut down, and No. 1, the survivor, now standing clear by the thinning of the grove, has not benefited by the change, as its rate has still further diminished—from 110 to ‘74 in the last four years. ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA. The best of several of the species observed in the first decade had a rate of 0°70 and attained a girth of twenty inches, but like’ all the others of its time in the Garden it had suffered seriously from the frost of 1860. Gradually deteriorating, it was cut down in 1887. No.| Girth.] 1887. — 1890. | 1891. | 1892, 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896, | 1897, [Total. = Girth, =e | 64] 725] -65 «0 | ‘3 | 65 | 55/ 60| 50 | 75) 40) 50) ‘3095-75 | ‘52 | 12-70 65] 14-45] 60 | 60 | 55 | €5| 65) €0| 70 | “75 60 | 85 | 70 }695 | 65 | 22-00 : { } Nos. 64, 65, selected in 1887, grew in a small grove of the species, unlike the earlier tree, which stood free on the former terrace. They look healthy though not close-branched, and No. 64 is overshadowed by 65, which may account for its inferior rate. No. 65, standing at a corner, is comparatively free. The range of No. 64 was °30 to 75; that of 65 only ‘50 to 75. CEDRUS AFRICANA. } Annual : Ann. | Girth « F t No| Te 1188p, | 1889, | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. JTotal.) “Ay | Last Decade. 39 | 1:51 1-30 | 1:20 | 1-30 | 1-20 | 120 | 1°60 | 125 | 1.10 | 50 | 60 J11°05/ 1°10 | 53°55 No. 39 was very handsome and densely crowded with branches, -and girthed two feet in 1878, but by the end of the first decade 180 CHRISTISON—-OBSERVATIONS ON the branches were rather sparse, and this fault has become more prominent since. The rate, 1°51 in the first decade, fell to 1:10 in the second, and as in the last two years it was only ‘50 the tree would seem to have passed its prime when only 4% ft. in girth. CEDRUS DEODARA. Avy. No. Rate, 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. JTotal. At. Py 102 F116 | S30)" Te 80 "as a eae 80. Ib Pb C0 60 Teco 2} 1:06 [1-25 | 120 |110 | -85 | 80}110| “80 | -70 | 70 | -20 $870 | ‘87 | 35°25 No. 30 was a fine tree, nearly five and a half feet in girth in 1878, but soon got thin at the top and assumed, gradually, a rather stunted look. Its rate in the first decade was ‘60. In the second it fell to ‘48, with further degeneracy in the aspect of the tree. It has now the respectable girth of a trifle upwards of six feet. The much younger No. 29 has shown the same faults, and its rate has fallen from ‘88 to °74, the girth in 1897 being only three and a half feet. Both of these grew free, but Nos. 1, 2, have always been in the middle of a rather dense grove of their species. They are both still shapely, but their rates have fallen off from 102 and 1°06 in the first decade to o’60 and 0°87 in the second. LARIX EUROPA, Two young larches were selected in 1887 and looked well for some years ; but one, after growing at the rate of 1°31 for seven years, became diseased and died in 1895. The other, in apparent health for three years with a rate of 1°03, rapidly degenerated, its rate falling to -30 in the last seven years, and was cut down in 1898. [TABLE. THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 181 TAXUS BACCATA. Z Annual : oO. ta 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. ee —o Girth. Decade & & & 8 & & 86 § 8 & 8 to 8 & 8 53 25 DO! BO 230. 25) 10S 3B 204 20 00-) 05-9 Sb | - 18: S606 In my Paper of 1888 the history of No. 41 is fully given. Traditionally, an age of at least 213 or possibly 260 years is assigned to it, but the observations show that its rate has been nearly half an inch for the last twenty years, and taking the same rate for its whole life, and it is not likely to have been less, the age would be reduced to 170 years, with a girth of nearly six and a half feet. The rates in the two decades are nearly the same, and would have been still nearer but for the sudden drop in 1897 to ‘20. This seems to have been due to the transplantation of trees around, which formerly closely sheltered it, and resulted also in a sickly look, which has not yet (spring, 1899) disap- peared ; but as in that year it once more grew ‘40, or nearly its average, it is to be hoped it will again prosper. No. 48, an equally vigorous grower, died in 1894 from having its roots pruned in preparation for transplantation. No. 50, always rather weakly, was cut down in 1896. The three survi- vors, Nos. 42, 49, 53, all fell off, but not much, in the second decade. Although looking equally vigorous, and not differing much in size, their rates in the second decade varied as much as from "18 to “44. Nos. 48, 49, 50, were known to be 77 years old in 1896, and allowing 7 years for growth to the measuring point, their life- rates have been ‘68, ‘45, and ‘57, and the girths attained were 44, 32, and 36 inches. CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA. | No.| Girth. | 1887. | 1888. | 1889. | 1890, | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. } Total. |“2049| Girth, } 9| 2450 | -40| 35] -45| 60 | 50 | -80| -80| 85) 475 | so | 29:35 10 | 2220 | 40 | 20 | 50) “70 dd ‘55 | 65 | 85 | 4°40 ‘55 | 26°60 These cypresses were fairly handsome and grew at a rather increasing rate, averaging rather more than half an inch for the eight years, and above three-quarters of an inch for the last three, when, being badly injured by frost, they were cut down. THUJA GIGANTEA. No.| Girth.] 1887. | 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. Total. | — Girth. | | 12 | 2080] 50 | 70/115 |110| 65 | -80 | 60] 635 | -79 | 2715 13} 990] 60] 80| 70| 0} -40 | -60 55-45 | 4°60 | 67 | 1460 | : The larger of the two, standing close together, had much the better rate. Both were handsome, when they suddenly failed in 1894, ceased to increase for the next two years, and were cut down in 1897. RETINOSPORA OBTUSA. 'No.| Girth.] 1887. | 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. } 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. [rvs Ann. | Girth. 14| 430} 46 | -25| 60) -€0 65 | 35 | 60 410 | 51 | 8-40 90| 305] 45 | 20] 10| 16/ 20| 20| 50| 30| 80 ]275} -31 | 5°80 15 | 9°60 ‘30 | 25 | 70 | 65 1:90 | -47 | 11°60 The results in these are little reliable. Nos. 15, 90, became scraggy and were cut down as not worth transplantation, and No. 14, four years after transplantation, has scarcely added to its girth and looks unhealthy. THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 183 B. Aggregate Annual Results. I shall now give in a series of Tables some of the General Results of the Annual Observations on the Conifere. a. COMPARISON OF THE BEST SINGLE TREES OF 10 SPECIES IN Two PERIODS OF FIVE YEARS EACH, 1887-91 AND 1892-96. & I, TREES IN WHICH THE GIRTH-INCREASE DIMINISHED IN THE SECOND PERIOD x Average Annual Increase. Girth, =| Species, e 1887-91. |. 1891-96. 1896. 8 | AbiesLowiana - - - - 1-78 1-48 20-80 66 5; Douglasi.- = <2 = 2 = 1:18 11d 17°05 24 so. SLOOKGrIADR =~ 5. Hoon “59 52 15-00 1 Sequoia gigantea Sys ee 116 "87 41°80 2 Cedrus Deodara- - = -— - 1:07 “82 35°05 39 jy BRCM Se : 1-26 Tl 53°05 49 | Taxusbaccata - - - - “46 “43 32°00 7:50 6°34 It is shown in this Table that there was a marked falling offin Sequota, Cedrus Deodara, and Abies Lowdana, at girths of 42, 35, and 21 inches, a less marked decline in Cedrus africana and Abies flookertana at girths of 53 and 15 inches, while Adzes Douglastt and Zarus showed a very slight loss at girths of 17 and 32 in. 184 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON TREES IN WHICH THE GIRTH-INCREASE INCREASED IN THE SECOND PERIOD. Ny x Average Annual Increase. Girth. | Species, = 1887-91. 1891-96, 1896. vi Abies grandis - = => - 1-49 2°13 20°55 2 Pinus excelsas- - - - 1:08 eit 1490 65 Araucaria imbricata - -~ - ‘61 64 21°30 3°18 3°88 In this Table only Adzes grandis shows a very marked increase in the second period, up to a girth of 20 inches, while in Pzmus excelsaand Araucarta tmbricaia the difference is little ee at girths of 15 and 21 inches. In the aggregates the loss in average annual increase in seven species was 1°16 in., and the gain in three was ‘70; the nett loss being thus “46. 6. RANGE OF THE AGGREGATE ANNUAL GIRTH-INCREASE. The range of the 19 Coniferze of 9 species under observation in the first decade, 1878-87, was very great, as shown below, being from 9°60 to 16°60 inches in the whole, and from 5’03 to 8:27 taking species averages. As fully detailed in former Papers, the maximum, 8°27, was in 1878, and was followed bya decline in the three eminently unfavourable succeeding years to 6°16, but the minimum, 5°03, was not reached, after a rally in 1882, till 1883, and after a second rally for two years a third fall took place in 1887 nearly to the minimum. 1880. | 1881. | 1882, | 1883. | 1884, | 1885. | 1886, | 1887. | 1878. | 1879. 6°68 | 5°80 | | 827 | os | 7°05 | 6:16 (705 03 6-41 (698 In this decade-list we can see distinct evidence of a prolonged depression after the three bad seasons. The standard of 1878 was never again nearly reached, and after some fluctuations the final year was not far off the minimum. — A detailed inqury shows that five species, Pinus excelsa, Alies Douglastt, A. Lowiana, Pinus sylvestris, and Araucaria tmbricata had their girth-increase THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. er si: permanently diminished after the three bad seasons ; that two, Cedrus Deodara and Taxus baccata, were affected, but gat perma- nently ; and that two, Cedrus africana and Pinus austriaca, were unaffected. In the remarkable and unaccountable second depression of 1883, in which the Deciduous trees were nearly or quite unaffected, all the deodars (4), all the sequoias (4), and all the other pinacez except the yew had a diminished increase. Unfortunately, as most of the trees in this list completely failed early in the second decade, it is not in my power to give a Table of comparative results for the same trees in the two periods. The most I can do is to give the results of a new set, including a few of the old ones, in Table IX., comprising 17 trees of ten species. Here the range proves to be actually greater than in the set of the first decade, being no less than from 6°85 to 12°30. This depends upon an abnormally high ratio in 1893 and an abnor- mally low one in 1897. Withdrawing these the range for the remaining eight years is reduced to from 7°70 to 10°60. To check these results as far as possible, 1 give in Table X. a larger number of trees, including some additional species, treated in the same way, for the five years 1889-93. Here eleven species and twenty-six trees are dealt with. The range is from 7°45 to 980, and on the whole the fluctuations agree with those in the corresponding years in Table IX., 1893 in particular being decidedly the best year in both. I have also found it possible to deal with 12 species and 23 trees for the eight years 1889-96, in Table XI. Here the range is from 10°20 to 13°00, and the agreement with the fluctuations in Table IX. is pretty close. The decided maximum is again in - 1893, and the only marked difference is the comparatively small proportion of 1889 in Table IX., which, however, was almost entirely due to a single tree, Adies Lowiana, whose increase in that year fell 1°25 below that of 1888. In Table IX. the remarkable fall from 10°60 in 1896 to 6°85 in 1897 was due to some cause which affected all the species with the exception of Cedrus atlantica, but this exception was more apparent than real, as, in fact, it had already fallen the previous year from 1°10 to ‘50, the figure repeated in 1897. 186 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON AVERAGE ANNUAL GIRTH- ee ONIFER/E FOR TABLE IX. AND RANGE IN YEARS—1888-18 TEN SPECIES OF 97." 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896, | 1897. }Total.} Av. ri Isa (one) - - | 90 *90.-|: 120-| 1:20~) 1:20. | 425°} 1°15 90 | 1:20 | 1°05 § 10°95 | 1°09 Abies grandis (one) - = | 1:45 41°65 | 1°25 |-1°60 |} 2°10 | 2°50 12°25 | 1°85 | 195 |. 1°65 FIT) Pe Lowiana (one) - | 155 “60 | 1°00 | 1°00 | 1:80 | 2°60 | 1°75 | 2-30 | 2°80 "95 $ 16°05 | 1°60 Douglasii (one) -| ‘80 | “40 | ‘55 | *65 | 1:00 | 1:25 | 90 /|1:30 | 115) ‘85 | 885] 88 Hookeriana (one) - | 60 “10 55 50 50.-| - 55 50 aa) 50 45 | 5:40} 54 Sequoia gigantea (one) -| 135 | ‘90 | 1:25 | 1°25 90 Sbef 0-4): 6b [= 86.4 45-90-56 fico Cedrus Deodara(four) -{ “95 | ‘80 | 90 | ‘70 | 55 | °75.) “75 |} -35 | *70] ‘30 | 6°75} ‘67 atlantica(one) - | 1°30 | 1:20 | 1:30 | 1°20 | 1°20 | 1°50 | 1°25 | 1°10 50 50 $11°05 | 1°10 Araucaria imbricata (two) | °60 45 “60 “60 ‘60 "60 75 “45 Bee) 50 | 5°70] ‘oT Taxus baccata(four)! -| 30 | 40) 40 | 35 30 | °35 40 | 25°} 9-30 | 16 4-320 | “82 9°50 | 7°70 | 9°00 | 9°05 | 10-15 | 12-30 | 10°60 | 9-70 | 10°60 | 6°85 }95°45 | 9°51 *Wh than one tree of a sp given, the average for the species is taken. TABLE X. THE SAME FOR A LARGER olen OF TREES AND SOME DIFFERENT SPECIES R 5 YEARS—1889-93. 1889, 1890. 1891. 1892, 1893. | Total. Av. ‘Pinus excelsa (two) -}| 1:10 1°25 1-10 130. | 1°05 § 5°80 |--116 Abies Lowiana(two) - -| 1°05 1°45 1:30 16 2:20 4 775 | 15 » Douglasii(three)- - 90 1/00 90 1°05 1°25 5°10 1:02 Sequoia gigantea(four)- -| ‘80 | 105 | 1:00 80 | 105 | 4-70 +94 Taxus baccata(sixy - -| ‘35 “40 ma 30 25 4° 175 35 Pinus Pinaster(one) - -| “80 | ‘60 |. ‘60 | “80 375° | "15 » Murrayana(one)- - nd (is “15 "65: “10 80 | 3°55 “Th »» Laricio (one) ee “40 AG 235 25 1°65 33 Cupressus Lawsoniana (two) 45 65 © 50 "65 “T0- | 2°95 “69 Thuja gigantea (two) - - 90 85 ‘BO “10 170 | 3°65 13 Retinospora obtusa (two) - 35 30 "40 0 | 1:90 38 785 8°75 745 8-70 9°80 | 42°55 8°51 THE GIRTH-I[NCREASE OF TREES. a ae TABLE XI. THE SAME FOR TWELVE SPECIES FOR EIGHT YEARS—1889-96. 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892, | 1893. } 1894. | 1895. | 1896. [Total} Av. Pinus excelsa (two) - =} 1:10} 1:25] -1:10] 1°30] 1°05} 1°05} 1°25} 120% 9°30; 1:16 »» Laricio (one) ee 40! 40] -35] 25] +25} -40| 30} “409 2°75) ‘34 »» Pinaster(one) -~ - 80/ 40] “60} 80} 95] 55] °55| ‘S59 520) “65 »» Murrayana(one)- -| 75] °75| 55} 70} 80} -60} ‘55| ‘609 5°30) 66 Abies Douglasii (three)- -} 90°} 1°00} 90] 1°05] 1°25] 1°05} 1°15) 1059 8-35; 1°04 ») grandis (one) - -| 165} 1:25} 160] 2°10} 2°50] 2:25] 1°85) 1°95} 15°15) 190 », Lowiana(two) - -| 1°05| 1°45} 1:30] 1°75] 210} 1°60) 1-65} 20071290) 1°61 », Hookeriana(one)- -| ‘70} ‘85| ‘50| 50} 85] 80} 55) SOF 4:35/ “54 Sequoia gigantea(one) - -| 90] 1:25] 1:25} 90} ‘95/ 90] 65) ‘959 7°75) ‘97 Cedrus Deodara (four) - - ‘30/ -90] °70| °55| °‘75| -75| 35] “70% 550} ‘69 »» africana(one) - -| 1:20| 1°30| 1:20] 1-26] 1°50] 1-25] 110] SO} 9°25) 116 Taxus baccata(four) -~ - 40! 40! 35) -30} -35| 40} 25] 309 2°75) 34 10-65 | 10°90 | 10°40} 11-40 | 13-00 | 11-30 | 10°20 | 10-70 | 88°55 11°06 Il. MONTHLY RESULTS. Monthly observations on a considerable number of Conifers were not begun till 1882, and the results for the five years ending 1886 have already been given.! This set of comparatively old trees were then, perforce, given up, and a younger set were observed for a second five-years’ period, 1837-91. As the results for these have also been published,? and as my monthly records of Conifers then ceased, I shall only give some of the general conclusions arrived at in these earlier investigations. A. AVERAGE MONTHLY PERCENTAGE IN THE COMPARATIVELY ~ OLD CONIFER, 1882-86. | April. | May. | June. July. | August. | Septr. | SS | | 8 | 22 26 | 24 18 2 1 Trans, Bot. Soc., Edin., 1886-87. 2 Of cit., 1892. 188 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON The greatest percentages in the months were:—For April, 18 p.c. in Pinus austriaca and 16 p.c. in Araucaria imbricata; for May, 28 p.c. in Abzes Lowiana,; for June, 39 p.c. in Seguoza gigantea; for July, 30 p.c. in Cupressus Lawsoniana ; for August, 30 p.c. in Cedrus Deodara ; and for September, 8 p.c. in the same. 1. Proportional percentage of the first and second half- seasons of growth. Excess in the first half was most marked in Avaucaria, the proportions being 73 p.c. in the first and 27 p.c. in the second. The reverse was most marked in Cedrus Deodara, 34 p.c. in the first and 66 p.c. in the second. 2. Progressive increase and decrease in the growing season. Abies Lowiana proved to be an exception to the normal seasonal progress, as its percentage, which was very large in May, 28 p.c., dropped in June to 18 p.c, rising again to 22 p.c. in July. Cedrus Deodara was remarkable for a steady rise to a maximum so late as in August. 3. Comparison with the Deciduous Group of the same period. April. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. Conlon <5 6 ee 8 22 26 24 18 2 Deeidnous” == se 6 11 18 41 22 2 The Table shows that the increase was more equably distri- buted in the Coniferz, and further investigation proved that this depended partly on the maxima of the species occurring in a greater variety of months, but partly also on a more equable distribution in the individual species. THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. 189 AVERAGE MONTHLY PERCENTAGE IN THE YOUNGER CONIFER, 1887-91, COMPARED WITH THE OLDER GROUP. | April. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. Sept. : | | Younger Group <---> ~ 5°5 28 26°5 | 185 145 | 7 Oliar Grills Se | 36 | 18 | 2 Compared with the older group there is a considerable differ- ence in regard to the first and last months, the older group having a larger proportion in the first and a much smaller pro- portion in the last than the younger trees. But the difference is perhaps not greater than might be expected between two groups of different ages, to some extent of different species, and under observation at different periods, and difference almost disappears if we take the first and last two months together. In the older group the distribution is somewhat more equable and the Maximum is attained later than in the younger trees. I. Proportional pine of the first and second half- asons of growth. The following Table shows that on comparing the two groups in this respect, the few species that occur in both have tolerably analogous results. YOUNGER GROUP. OLDER GROUP, Halt, | Half Halt, | Halt Araucaria imbricata (2) | 75 25 | Araucaria imbricata (3)- | 73 | 27 Cupressus Lawsoniana (2) | 73 27 Seqnoia gigantea (4) - 66 34 Pinus austriaca (1) - 1715 | 28 Pinus austriaca (1) - 64 36 Retinospora obtusa (1)- | 70°5 | 29 | Cupressus Lawsoniana (1)| 63 | 87 Thuja gigantea (1) - | 67°5 | 82 | AbiesLowiana(1) - | 56 | 44 Pinus Pinaster (1) a1 26-1 37 Cedrus africana (1) - 48 52 » excelsa (3) - ~ | BBS | 44 Taxus baccata (4) - « 45 55 »» Murrayana q) - $55°5 | 44 | Cedrus Deodara(4) - {| 34 | 66 Abies Douglasii (3) ~ | 64 46 »» Hookeriana (1) ~ | 51 49 » DLowiana(2)- - | 47 53 » @randis(1)- ~~ | 33 67 190 CHRISTISON—OBSERVATIONS ON That the species do follow a law in throwing the mass of their growth, some into the early others into the late part of the growing season, seems fairly well indicated by a list showing the percentage of growth in the first and last half- seasons in thirty-four Coniferz, thirteen of the old and twenty- one of the new set, in my Paper in the Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 1892, p. 325. The list is drawn up in the order of greatest proportion in the first half- season, one example of Araucaria imbricata being at the head with 79 p.c. and one of the deodars at the foot with 24 p.c. On analysing the list of 34 trees, it appears that the four araucarias are within eleven places of the top; the three deodars within five places of the bottom, and their near relative Cedrus africana separated from them only by a single place: the three each of Adzes Douglasit, Cupressus Lawsoniana, Sequota gigantea, Abies Lowiana, and Pinus excelsa within fourteen, thirteen, twelve, nine, and nine places respectively of each other. Taking a wider view, the seven trees of four species of Adzes are all in the lower half of the list, and six of the seven trees of four species of Pzvus are within thirteen places, in the middle of the list. 2. Distribution of the girth-increase over the growing season in the younger Conifere. There was a considerable variety in the conduct of the species in this respect. Some showed a marked activity for only three months, others for four or five. As examples of a wide distri- bution over the growing season in undoubtedly healthy vigorous growers the following may be taken, the averages being for a period of five years :— PERCENTAGES OF MONTHLY INCREASE. No. | April. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. 2 Pinus excelsa -— - 8 21°5 26 21 14 9°5 11 Dos do. oe 85 17 Si 17 13°5 91 Abies grandis . - 6 195 75 20 27 20 THE GIRTH-INCREASE OF TREES. I9I 3. Progressive increase and decrease in the growing season. Abies Lowiana again showed a deviation from the normal monthly rise to a maximum, as the percentage was slightly less in June than in May; this deviation also revealed itself in Adzes Douglasii, Pinus excelsa, and Thuja gigantea, but above all in Abies grandis, the healthiest and quickest grower of all my Coniferze, where, therefore, disease or weakness cannot be suspected as a cause, in which the percentage was 19'°5 in May and fell to no more than 7°5 in June, rising again in July to 20°0. Subsequent weekly measurements of this tree showed that there was a complete cessation of increase for at least a fortnight in June. 4. Comparison with the Deciduous Group of the same period. April. | May. | June. | July. Aug. | Sept. Coniferze = - * ‘ é 55 28 26°5 18'5 14°5 7 Deciduous - < = Fey cee as 12 Bi 80 20°5 5 The increase is somewhat more evenly distributed in the Conifer. It is greater than in the Deciduous Trees both in the first and last months, and if we take the first and last bi-monthly periods, it is much greater in the first and a little less in the last, whereas in the middle bi-monthly period the Deciduous ciass has considerably the best of it. The results agree fairly well with the comparison already made in the older groups. Pee es. tak ‘ Shaina ge lene.) oe ae 2 * - et ee Fe Lore ths | ame: “aif S Caml AN oe oe Sete re ko aa pee cts (SE opiate ae : 2 = tees Cr : ata WER re y's P Cas ae Digit "e oa % : : x .* We i betnun tah Nang ty ies Sharir ine Trae “ bs “y Meh i gs Re ce ae a “ * : : : in etic rN gre atin tis FROM THE ROYAL BOTANIC GAR EDINBURGH. te ei DECEMBER 1901. CONTENTS. as The Diameter-Increment. of Trees. By A. Ww. Borthwick, ot Hints on Bie ast Mistletoe from the Berry. Willia axton, - pe Notes on ibe: Methods in use at the Royal Botanic = Garden, Edinburgh. With Plate Ill. By Hi ee Tagg, F.L.S., Assistant in the Museum, -— - Title and List of Contents: to Vol. Tay 1900-1901. The Diameter-Increment of Trees.' BY A. W. BORTHWICK, B.Sc. There are two methods, apart from the use of callipers, by which the diameter-increment or rate of growth in thickness of trees can be ascertained. One of these—the tape-method— has already been described by Dr. Christison ; the other is by use of a very simple instrument invented by Pressler, and known as Pressler’s increment-borer. By means of this instru- ment cylinders of wood about a quarter-inch in diameter and from two to six inches long—according to species—can be extracted, and upon these the breadth of the year-rings may be measured. In order to allow for any eccentricity or irregularity of growth it is safer to take the mean of four cylinders, one from each end of two diameters at right angles. The great difference between these two methods is that the tape-method requires a very considerable period of time in order to get reliable results, as we cannot draw an average from one or two season’s growths. In very few cases have careful measurements extending over a long period of time been carried out, but in the whole history of British arboriculture there is no place where more extensive and careful girth- measurements have been made than in the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.’ By the kind permission of the Regius Keeper I have the rare opportunity of testing whether the increment-borer would yield the same, or approximately the same, results as were obtained by Dr. Christison by means of the tape. The trees I examined were those measured by Dr. Christison, and the ' See Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Number III. (1900), p. 4 (Notes, R.B.G., Edin., No, V, rgor. 194 BORTHWICK—THE DIAMETER- numbers attached to the trees are those of his lists. In many cases I was able to extract cylinders fully five inches long, and in no case less than two inches. The length of the cylinder is, how- ever, not necessarily an indication of the number of year-rings in it. A cylinder five inches long from a broad-ringed or fast- growing tree may contain no more or even fewer year-rings than a cylinder four inches long from a narrow-ringed or slow-growing tree. The greatest number of year-rings extracted was forty from a horse-chestnut, while fifteen to twenty-five was an easily obtained number. from other species. (See Table 1.) The breadth of the year-rings sometimes varies greatly on different sides of the same tree, especially in isolated trees which have not been grown in the company of others. This was well shown on many of the cylinders, so that cylinders of the same length from different sides of the tree do not necessarily have the same number of year-rings, and conversely cylinders with the same number of year-rings are not necessarily of equal lengths. This can be seen from the accompanying Table III. Having got the four borings I counted off the number of year- rings in each. It was generally found that one of the cylinders showed a smaller number than any of the others. I therefore marked off this number ( say 7) on each of the other cylinders, disregarding any that were left over, as they did not come into consideration in making out an average. Having done this, I next found the aggregate length of the cylinders for this number of year-rings, and by dividing this by two and subtracting the result from the present diameter (bark included) I obtained the diameter which the tree had as many years ago as there were marked off rings in the cylinders. I next subtracted in succes- sion twice the mean breadth of each annual ring from the diameter of the corresponding year, which gave the diameter of the preceding year. This operation gave the intermediate diameters and again the diameter 7 years ago. The first opera- tion was an excellent means of checking the second. It was then an easy matter to get the circumference for each year from the diameters. By subtracting the circumference for a certain year from that of the year following I got the circum- ference increment. On comparing the results obtained by both methods—tape and INCREMENT OF TREES, 195 borer—it is extremely interesting to find how closely they coincide. The actual figures are not the same, because the borings were not taken at the same level as the tape-measure- ments. I purposely took them slightly higher or lower as seemed expedient in order not to interfere with the marked circumference ‘measured by Dr. Christison. Although the actual figures for each separate year do not exactly coincide, still the mean or average increment for a period of five or ten years does correspond very closely. In order to show the parallelism between both methods 1 have arranged the final results in adjacent columns in the appended Table 11. It has been suggested that the increment-borer might damage the trees, but if care is taken to properly fill up the holes no danger can possibly exist. I may also point out that a very short time is required for the tree to naturally occlude such a trifling wound as the instrument makes. In almost every case the trees which I bored in the spring of last year were occluded by the autumn of this year and scarcely any trace of a scar remains. The increment-borer can also be used in pathological work. For example, in making artificial infections, in order to study the course of development and effect on the tree of any wood- destroying fungus, there is no better method than to introduce a cylinder bored from a diseased tree into a healthy one. It is then an easy matter to extract cylinders from such an artificially infected tree at different times and from different parts, and thus get exact information regarding the rate at which the disease spreads and the various pathological appearances presented by the wood as the disease runs its course. In determining the age of trees, if the diameter is not more than one foot the number of year-rings on an extracted cylinder will give this at once. If it is not possible to bore right into the centre we can still obtain the number of year rings on a certain length of the radius and from this compute the probable amount on the whole, always taking care to allow for the greater year- ring breadth near the centre of the stem. In many cases the pith is eccentric ; if, therefore, we bore four cylinders in the radial direction one of them is generally found to reach the pith even though the diameter of the stem be more than one foot, 196 BORTHWICK—THE DIAMETER- The relation between the wood-mass of a tree and the time taken to produce it is a subject of considerable scientific and practical importance, No matter whether the trees are grown for ornamental or economic purposes, a knowledge of the relation between time-increment and volume-increment cannot fail to be of great service. The proprietor of parks and ornamental policy- grounds is always interested to know how his trees are doing, whether they are still increasing by growth or are already mature. On the other hand in economic forestry it is essential to know the amount of timber which is or can be produced in a given time under certain climatic conditions and sylvicultural treatment, otherwise financial calculations cannot be made with anything like the degree of accuracy which the case demands. The manifold external conditions influencing the growth of trees and plants in general make it well-nigh impossible to lay down any definite rules which are generally applicable for all species. A tree which is a fast grower in one locality may behave very differently in another, hence it is necessary for accurate results to collect statistics for each locality. At present the German yield-tables are used in this country, and for general purposes are found to be approximately accurate, but the mere fact that in Germany local yield-tables are found to be necessary shows that the general yield-tables are not indiscriminately applicable. Our climate being an insular one, milder and moister, is bound to have a different effect on tree- growth from the continental climate of Europe. If statistics were collected, especially for the Highlands, to which the German yield-tables are probably least applicable, they would be of great service to the forester, especially in making out working plans to guide the future management of the forests. [ TABLE. INCREMENT OF TREES. DIAMETER-INCREMENT Aesculus - - Carpirtus etal - - Castanea vesca - ~ - Cedrus - ‘ “ Fagus sylvatica - - ” ” = Fraxinus excelsior - Liriodendron - - Quercus Cerris - . Takis Lars - - Tim = - - - Ulmus - “ ° - Increment in I es 197 i AND NUMBER OF YEAR-RINGS BORED. nch No. of Rings. : 9°44 40 - 2°0I 20 : 7°58 28 - 8°82 23 : 391 4 : aes 14 = 3°39 12 rs a 17 ee - 2°05 12 . 454 12 é 3°62 28 - 1°74 20 - 7°06 15 1. COMPARISON OF Dr. CHRISTISON’S RESULTS OBTAINED BY MEANS OF TAPE WITH THOSE OBTAINED BY MEANS OF PRESSLER’S BORER.’ AESCULUS. Tape. Borer. “35 . . : oF +s . z i -38 ‘10 - - - "a5 ‘00 < = - “12 25 3 : p 09 ‘IO - - - "18 25 2 : 09 26 z é E 18 30 - - - ‘16 ‘oO * = - "12 1°65 1°90 1'90 1°65 Circum. Diff. = - 2h Diam. Diff.2 = - 08 Mean Annual Diff.= ‘008 CARPINUS. Spa inf. = - m. Diff = vie Annual Dift= = 1 Measurements in both cases are in inches. ® The Circumference-Difference been divided in each case by 3. This gives the Diameter-Difference roughly, but near enough for the present pu 198 CASTANEA VESCA. Tape. Borer ‘60 = = 78 75 : 5 ‘SI 1°00 : - - 65 "60 i i ‘=z "78 ‘90 = se 2s ‘SI ‘90 : - = “59 ‘40 22 Beg 65 BGreg ‘45 . ‘ : ‘50 55 = . : "69 6°95 6°79 6°95 6°79 Circum. Diff. = eee os Diam. Diff. = - - 06 Mean Annual Diff.= ‘006 FAGUS SYLVATICA. ape Borer. 75 - = - "87 pee ee eS, 95 . Z . ‘04 ‘90 a is a ‘gI E20" = - - - ‘87 I‘lo - - - ‘87 oe ‘90 = ‘i a ‘SI *80 4 a es 78 8°85 8°36 8°85 8°36 a Diff. = - "49 a“. Dif. = - ‘16 Pte Mean Dift= = ‘O16 BORTHWICK—THE DIAMETER- CEDRUS ATLANTICA. ape. Borer. 1°30 - - - 1'09 1°20 - - - 1'16 1°30 - - is ao - - 1°03 1°20 : - - I'I9 1°50 : . 1°53 1°25 - - 1°44 PIG - - 1°13 50 5 : "34 50 - = : “53 1105 10°57 I1'05 10°57 Circum. Diff. = - ‘48 Diam. Diff. = - "16 Mean Annual Diff.= o16 FAGUS SYLVATICA. B Tape orer. —< - - =e ‘95 - . ee = ‘97 ‘90 = < 3 87 ‘90 : : : 04 ‘90 : a = 87 90 : <= : 72 90 z : . 72 1'Io ¥ E - 94 ‘90 | é - 65 9'20 8°62 920 8°62 Circum. Diff. = 58 Diam. Diff. = Annual Mean Diff. Bee ey roe — ‘Oo INCREMENT OF TREES. FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR. Tape. Bo ee 5 - 1'rO - - - I'13 1°20 - - - I'2 1°25 - - - I'lg 485 4°66 4°85 4°66 Circum. Diff. = : ‘19 Diam. Diff. = - ‘06 Mean Annual Diff= = 006 QUERCUS CERRIS. B Tape. orer ‘79 2 . - ‘47 45 = : . 7. oe 50 : ‘47 79 : ‘47 "85 - - - ‘62 ‘70 : E - ‘62 55 : z c ‘47 fo OE ee i 7. & 6°50 53> 6°50 5°35 Circum. Diff. = - I'l5 Diam. Diff. = "35 Mean Annual Ge = 035 LIRIODENDRON. Circum. Diff. = - Diam. Diff. = Mean Annual Diff = = 10°65 Circum. heh = Diam Mean "Keine Diff = = 200 BORTHWICK—THE DIAMETER- TAXUS. TILIA. Tape Borer. | Tape 40 : - : Sg 00 : 60 - - - "50 50 - - 55 : ; : ‘47 40 : 55 - "40 25 . 45 : $ : 31 20 Z 45 : : = ‘40 40 : : 45 : ‘40 a : 3 40 - - - “3 fore) - - 55 : 2 . Es 30 = : 20 : = = "34 35 : 4°55 3°87 2°75 455 3°87 Circum. Diff. = - 68 Circum. Diff. = — - Dian. Dif." - ee Diam. Diff. = Mean Annual Diff. = 022 | Mean Annual pigZ = ULMUS. Tape. Borer. ie 4 - - - . - 1°66 1°80 - - - - - - 2°16 at bo = : : . 1°72 150 - - - - - - 1°82 I°30: - - - - ~ em 1°34 270 * - - - - - 1°57 1°60 - - - - - = lg eOy = = : z : a 0°94 7) *) os eee 57 ote : - z : : 144 16°55 15°41 16°55 15°41 Circum. Diff. = = - - - I'l4 Diam. Diff. = - - 38 Mean Annual Thies - - 038 INCREMENT OF TREES. -201 DETAILED RESULTS OBTAINED BY MEANS OF PRESSLER’S BORER. AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM. Diam. Inct. for 40 years=9°44, Diam, in 1899=17'16, Diam. in 1859=7'72. Average. Year. | N.} S.} E.| W.}Sum tg Fy " er Memento Vulg. | Decimal. 1860 | 441) 49) &e | | wy 33 8°05 25°289880 1:036728 1861 | 4) 33 | 1) rs 36 8-41 26°420856 17130976 1862} 44/42, 2) | OB fis 39 8-30 27°646080 1+225224 1863 | 33] 44) 49 | ab] 48 : 37 917 28°808472 1°162392 1864 | 32 | bE | 8F 1 48 | BF FF 32 9-49 29-813784 1-005312 1865 | 32) 33) 44) 44) 8 Ys 42 9°91 317133256 1-319472 1866 | HIM HIB] i 37 10°28 32295648 1°162392 1867 | 33) 33) 2b) aE] 48 ; 37 10°65 33-458040 1162392 1868 | AF} aE ET | | oP 38 11°03 34651848 1°193808 1869 (HFM aH] HO 32 11:35 35°657160 1005312 1870. | 33 | bf) | ae] 4F | 33 11-68 36-693888 1036728 187 | 3 | 2 (a2) | vs 39 1207 37-919112 1°225224 1872 | 4) | SL | Oe ive 35 12°42 39°018672 1-099560 1873 | MIMI HH, 2 37 12-79 40°181064 1°162392 1874 | 4] MIM) al | OM 36 13°15 41312040 «| ~. 1130976 187% | Ha AL) | OS 33 13°48 42°348768 1036728 1876 |UlHieI HN! ft 1 34 13-82 43°416912 1068144 W877 | 43) de} ab} ae] |S 33 14°15 44°453640 1036728 1878 | Hi ds | HR] 4 43 34 14°49 45°521784 1068144 1879 | 43) 32] &} 3d) 4h 34 14-83 46°589928 1068144 1880 | & | & | ek | | os 28 15°11 47469576 "8794968 1881 | & | Al ALR] 2 is 24 15°35 48-223560 753984 1882 |v l| ala | | BH | Os “28 15°63 49°103208 “879648 1883 | fej fe | a | OF } 25 15°88 49°888608 “785409 1884 | A] | de | oe | yi 20 16°08 50°516928 "628320 1806 fe A te | oe] EP 21 16°29 51°176664 659736 1886 }alaAlalaA! H es 11 16°40 51°522240 345576 1887 [| AliAlal a) | YS 11 16°51 51°867816 345576 1888 | Ai ala] a] } 12 16°63 52°244808 "376992 18899 | AlAlAlLA| ‘ 09 16°72 52°527552 382744 1900 | AL AlAl al & | ris 07 16°79 52°747464 “219912 és ‘ sé ue pet 9-44 ‘a - ao 202 BORTHWICK—THE DIAMETER- AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM—Continued. Year. | N. E. | WwW. eu oe | : : Circumference} | Diameter | Circumference. | increnenk: | | Vulg. Deeimal. | 181 | & lal ol | & ék “4 | 16-83 52°873128 125664 ia | ta eet we 03 16°86 52-967376 094248 103 | lal Al al & | ods 06 16-92 53°185872 188496 1894 | old | ies! & | ads 03 | (16-95 53*250120 094248 1895 fa fal alae | we | ot 06 | 1T0L 53°438616 188496 ee we ee eee ee 05 «106 53°595696 167080 1897 | Al & | ox | Wisk 1 & 04 =| «17-10 53°721360 "125664 1998 | & | al vet ve | vhs O3<: | 14a 53-815608 094248 1899 | as al deetow gy 03 | 17°16 54909856 “094248 eo, | acl 944 CARPINUS a ake 33: Diam. Inct. for 20 years=2'01, Diam, in 1899= Diam. in 1879= 14-99. Average. Year, | N.| S. | E.| W.|Sum Diameter,| Circumf bg bree Vulg. | Decimal. 1880 | Al A) ot) | de “09 15°08 47°375328 "282744 1881 | AA) el A! ds 09 15°17 47°658072 282744 1882 | A] ae | el a] YE is ‘li 15°28 48003648 1883 | A | A | | A] OM Ty's “13 15°41 48-412056 -408408 1884 | Ala | ALA] OW v5 ‘3 15°54 48°820464 "408408 1885 | & | al oe i oa] k 12 15°66 49°197456 376992 1886 | A) a | cel Aa] et 08 15°74 49-448784 "251328 1887 | Ale | al aA] \ 12 15°86 49°825776 “376992 1888 | ala al A! H a4 10 15°96 50°139936 314160 1889 | Aj ee | ok | a] OB tis 10 16°06 50°454096 314160 1690 | de | & | ok | a] } 12 16°1 50°831088 “376992 191 | & lal al aAL de “09 16-27 51°113832 "282744 1892 [a | & lel a] er "10 16°37 51°427992 314160 1893 | fy | oo er | 4 I 12 16-49 51°804984 -376992 184 [al wi al aA] a | OBS ‘13 16°62 52°213392 “408408 1895 | dy | oe | erick | ris 07 16°69 52°433304 219912 16 | A el Al A] vis 10 16°79 52°747464 314160 197 | Al al al Aa) oe “19 16°89 53061624 *314160 WS [al Al al a) & is “06 16°95 53-250120 *188496 9 lalala&lal «a! se | 06 | a | ‘b3s0m00 | -157000 be Paat eal aed cos ag 2°01 3 oe . INCREMENT OF TREES. 203 CEDRUS ATLANTICA, NO. - 30. Diam. Inct. for 23 years=8°82. Diam. in 1899= 18°43, _ Diam. in 1876=9°61. Average. Year. | N.| S.| E | W.|Sum Di ter.! Ci f be porewron gs Vulg. | Decimal. 1877 | 43 | 34) 42] at} 4 PY 42 10-03 31510248 1°319472 1878 |} HIM Mia! a Tey “65. 10°58 33°238128 1-727980 1879 | a3} 43! 49) 44} 89 r 46 11-04 34-683264 1-445136 1880 | 49) 49) 48) 48) 2 | 50 11:54 36254064 1-570800 181 | 4) HRI HL) 8 Yes 46 12°00 37-699200 1°445136 1882 (44 | 41 | BE] OS vis 49 12°49 39-238584 1:539384 1883 | 43149) 43) | OR 4a 40 12-89 40°495224 1-256740 1884 | MIMI MIM OG i 48 13°37 42003192 1507968 1885 | 3/8) WIR) | oO 42 13°79 43322664 1:319472 1886 | 43) 44) A$) BE] BH at 42 14-21 44642136 1319472 1887 | a) 34) 4%) | & a 42 14-63 45'961608 1:319472 1883 43) Mia | a] # 35 14-98 47061168 1-099560 1889 | Hai) Mi AH] é 37 15°35 48-223560 1162392 1890 (ad agi a a] | oes 36 15-71 49°354536 1130976 WH Hl AH) H | ow 33 16-04 50°391264 1-036728 192 |) Hl A) | OS 38 16-42 §1°585072 1-193808 1893 | 33) 49) |] SE] OMS 49 16°91 §3°124456 1539384 189 | 43) HLH] | OR 46 17°37 54°569592 1°445136 1899 | 4G) a) HL aE] | os 36 17°73 55°700568 1-130976 186 | &l al Al aAT H th 11 17-84 56046144 345576 IT | Ai Al al AL | 17 18°01 66580216 “634072 1898 | &l AM) A} BH | ot 21 18°22 §7-239952 659736 1899 | Ai wl} A) HB de 21 18°43 57-899688 659736 < oe 8°82 Diam. Inct. for 28 years=T- BORTHWICK—THE DIAMETER- CASTANEA, NO. 4. 58. Diam. in 1899=28°5. Diam. in 1871=20-92. Average. | - Year. | N.| S.| E. | W./Sum Ci ghee: Vulg. | Decimal. | 1872 | 43/43/1438 /44!) 32 | BA “41 21:33 | 67010328 1288056 1873 | 4144} & + 4s] #4 i's 6 21°69 68°141304 17130976 1874 441 44 | 43 1 42 at a5 Zi 21°90 68°801040 "659736 1875} 43) 33 1 ee] ae | 39 «| «(22-29 70-026264 1225224 1876 | A$ | 44} A | AE] 4S af "35 22-64 71°125824 1099560 1877 | He | 4d] HEL HE] O48 a "35 22:99 72°225384 1-099560 1878 | 44) 4E | 44 | ae] 48 af "35 23°34 73°324944 1099560 1879 | AL HM a | Ch 33 23°67 14°361672 1036728 1880 | & | 43) 3g) ae] 4 | "33 24-00 75°398400 1036728 1881 | 33 | 33 | & | 2) # 32 24°32 76°403712 1°005312 1882 | & | Hj) &| BY OR Yvs 28 24°60 77283360 “879648 1883 | A} MLAS) A) 49 Ys 31 24-91 78°257256 “973896 1884 | | a a) aE] ned, “27 25°18 79°105488 "848232 1885 | | Hj | AY 29 25°47 80°016552 ‘911064 1886 | al | ae) a) Aj "26 25°73 80°833368 "816816" 1887 | & | or | we] A) Be 23 25°96 81555936 *722568 1888. || Al alae} | a 25 | 26-21 82°341336 “185400 1889 | & | ae) A) A] H Mi 26 26°47 83°158152 “816816 1890 | | oe | a | ee! as 21 26°68 83°817888 "659736 WAM) aA; BH | OW "25 26°93 84-603288 “785400 1892 | Glu) AT A] iy “26 27°19 85°420104 "816816 1893 | A | | | A] res 19 27°38 86°017008 “596904 184 | ai) &| al a] ve ‘21 27-59 86676744 "659736 189 | & | | al a] re ‘17 27°76 87-210816 “634072 1896 [wl del ala] BH Tis 16 27°92 87°713472 502656 WT |Al ALA al) A] "22 28°14 88°404624 “691152 1B lAlAl Al Al 8 | BR ‘17 28°31 88-938696 534072 19 | Al&k lala] Tis “19 28°5 89°535600 596904 we he : es 758 = pe “ INCREMENT OF TREES, 205 Facus, No. 7. Diam. Inct. in 14 years=3 91. Diam, in 1899=30°S2, Diam. in 1885=27°01. Average, | | ; Year. | N.| S. | F. | W./Sum D Ci fi SS Vulg. | Decimal. | 1886 | | | oe | | BE EY "29 27°30 | 85°765680 911064 W7 AML al Ma ty 34 27°64 £6°833824 1068144 1888 | | A | | a] oH fs 28 27°92 87°713472 1889 | & lal ala] BR] OA 24 28°16 88°467456 *753984 1890 | ALM) M| a] fH | OR "30 28°46 89409936 942480 1891 | AH BIA] H ey "29 28°75 90-321000 911064 1892 | APM | a a] RE | 28 29°03 91200648 879648 1893 | S/H Al A] Bs 28 29°31 92-080296 879648 184 | B13) Ala OB * 28 29°59 92959944 879648 12S | A) Al Ala] B *P, 22 29°81 93°651096 691152 1896 | fe | ae) & | | ii 26 30°07 94-467912 816816 1897 | Al Mi al Al B } 25 30°32 95253312 785400 1898 | fr} 49] & | a] Ay 26 30°68 96070128 816816 199 | A) HI RHI] Hw | @ 30°92 97°138272 1068144 [| ees ee ab fee | 206 BORTHWICK—THE DIAMETER- Facus, No. 8. Diam. Inct. for 14 years=3°71. Diam. in 1899=26°4. Diam. in 1885=22°69. | | Average. == ; Year. | N.| S. | E. | W. Sum, Di Cireumf ag bemonie ns | | Vulg. | Decimal. | | i | 1886 | ALA; MIE) OG | j | 25 22°93 72068304 “78.400 187 | AAI BIA 8 uo 23°17 72°790872 12285 1888 | wl AL aH OR | 31 23°48 73-TE4768 “973896 1889 | | fe 143 hi 4 ofoa | 31 23°79 74°738664 ‘973896 1690 | i A | 1 49 7 oo } 24°10 75°712560 ‘973896 19 be Al Ml | a | 3 ag | (2438 76°592208 879648 1802 fe | | | & | | 30 24°68 T7-534688 942480 1893 | | | H | Al | fh | | 24°96 78°414336 87 648 1093 4!) ala & | a | OF | Beto 79°126904 712.2568 189 | A) a as | | | eee 79859472 “7225 68 1893 | | | ala] a | oe | 30 25°72 80-01952 942480 1897 | A & | é | # | Rs | 21 25°93 81°461688 659736 1898 | & | & | a 4 | ea tee | 21 26°14 82°121424 ‘659736 199 || a | a a | 4 | 26 | Be 82-938240 8.6816 | | | | : . sid 311 | | FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR, NO. 2. Diam. Inct. for 12 years=3°39. Diam. in 1900=6°8. Diam. in 1888=3°41. : ‘ Average. Year. | N.| S. | E.| W.jSum D Ci fi ge neameon in Vulg. | Decimal. 1889 | a) HL A) a] “32 373 | 11°718168 1°105312 1890 | | aE | ab a} ab} at 32 4-05 12-723480 1-005:12 191 | &/| MH) HI) HI 4 33 “35 4-40 13823040 1-099560 1892 | A) aE MET |] es 35 4-15 14922600 1099560 1895 | 818) HIE] a] OM 36 5-11 16-063576 1°130976 1894 | 33/44) HL aE] OG 4 40 5°ST 17°310216 1°256640 189 | A) Mi M| | 4¢ #4 35 5°86 18°409776 1-199. 60 1896 [deity | Al a] Ho] OAS 21 607 19°969512 “659736 WU (etal a al BH | OP ‘17 6°24 19-603584 634072 1898 jw) al Al a | k 12 63 19-980576 “377092 1899 | fr | ei ae | | ce “20 6°56 20°608896 *628320 0 AAI ALA! H | AA 24 68 21°36288 “121392 as ee ae 3:39 : ee . INCREMENT OF TREES. 207 LIRIODENDRON, NO. 6. Diam. Inct, for 21 years=3°17. Diam, in 1899=28. Diam. in 1878=24°83. | | | | | | Average. Year. | N.} S. | E. kes | Srm.| Diameter Circumference,| ireumference I i } | Vulg. | Decimal. wees 1879 | bs | es | |) | 3} e 21 25°04 | 78-665664 659726 1880 | | | a | | ee 19 25°23 79°2625€8 596904 1881 | A | ja} & | #| 17 25°40 79796640 534072 1882 | dy | rae ee Aes meee ee ioe 80°267880 471240 1883 | & | va | al | a | 16 25°71 80°770536 502656 1884 | oh | 49 | ds|&| #4 | ‘l9 25°90 81:36740 596904 1885 | Or | &l& ata y 17 26-07 81-901512 534072 1886 | ir A | &la} Bo] om 17 26°24 82°435584 534072 1887 | te | ati | | | 21 | 2645 83-096320 659736 1888 | vr | vr | de de | Ne 13 26°58 83°505728 408408 1889 | | &i&ki|a&| iy I 26°68 83817888 31460 1900 ea a al eto 19 26°87 84°414792 596904 191 j wl al als 34 Mu alt 27°04 84-948864 534072 1992 (Ai Gi vit | ye 14 27:18 85°388E688 339824 1893 oy} de] te | ot #4 tes “16 27°34 85°891344 602656 1894 | & | fe |v | | Ut * 14 27-48 £6'331168 439824 1895. | wip | fe | oh} ee Ee Pes “14 27°62 86°770992 439824 $006. 1S | we he ee ee i 12 27°74 87-147984 376992 1907... 3, | | ve lak) & | ote 07 27°81 87:367896 219912 188 | Ll Al ot al ae | ‘OT 2788 87587808 219912 1899 | Alaids| | 4 {8 12 | 280 87964800 376902 | | | | : | 317 | 208 Diam, Inct. for 12 years=2°05, BORTHWICK—THE DIAMETER- QUERCUS CERRIS, NO, 63. Diam. in 1899=22°2, Diam. in 1887=20°15, Average, Years. | N.| S. | E.| W./Sum f Cini Vulg. | Decimal. 18838 | | vt rs de | 3 fs 15 20°30 63°774480 471240 1889 [Al a) Al A) Mf b 12 20-42 64°151472 376992 1890 | &e | & | | | is 18 20°60 64°716960 565488 191 |Al&lalLA! # Ps 15 20°75 65°188200 471240 18922 | Al Al & | & | at os 15 20-90 65°659440 471240 1893 | & | & | & i & | 4} 29 21°10 66-287760 “628320 1894 | &| & | | | HF 4} 20 21:30 66°916080 628320 189 | & | Al al | ds 15 21:45 67°387320 471240 1896 | ul Al al al a 21 21°66 68-047056 “659736 19 | Al &| a) a] Ya 21 21°87 68°706792 "659736 1898 | & | He | fe | | FE es 15 22-02 69°178032 471240 1999 | & | & 1] & lal] H vs 18 a2 69°743520 565488 2-05 QUERCUS CONFERTA, NO. 54. Diam, Inct, for 12 years =4°54. Diam, in 1899=14°5. Diam. in 1887=9°96. Average. : Picts Ye r. | N.| S. | E.| W./Sum fe Increment. Vulg. | Decimal. 1888 | 45 | 4) 38) 49] af ¥s 43 10-39 32°641224 1-350888 1889 | 43 | 44/34) 43) & 4 "40 10°79 33897864 1256640 1890 | $4 | 32 | | #7} 3 "62 11°41 35°845656 1947792 1891 | 48) 44) 4 | 4a] St } “50 11°91 37-416456 1°570800 1892 | 44) 41 a1] OS 44 ‘53 12°44 39-081504 1-665048 1893 | 44142) #1] a} “57 13-01 40°872216 1-790712 184 | 42) 4) 4] | ts “43 13°44 42223104 1350888 1895 | 431 & 141381 # re 24 13-78 43291248 1068144 186 | HH ala; # 29 14-07 44202312 911064 1897 [wel a) wl A! t 15 14-22 44-673552 “471240 1898 | &|a&| BoM 11 14-33 45-019128 345576 19 | ALAA A; # | H 17 14:50 45°553200 634072 oe eet bad a ee os 454 ; ie om Diam. Inct, for 20 years=1°74. INCREMENT OF. TREES. Lida, INO. Ss Diam, in 1899=26. Diam, in 1879= 24°26. | Ave: age, | : Year. | N.| S. | E.} W.] Sum + ; ¢ tg Perret bs | Vulg. | Decimal. | 1880 | | | a | | OM : | 12 24°38 | 76592208 376992 wt lAlAlAla| | A | (te 24°47 | 76874952 “282744 1882 | Ala l al a| | ae | 10 24°57 77189112 314160 1883 | Al sl oe | aT ae | oe | 14 24°71 77628936 "439824 194 | Al Al Al aS] a] mm | 10 24-81 77-943096 314160 1885 | ok | de | ok | oe | as | 07 24-88 78-163008 219912 1886 je | el de | | OM & “OT 24°95 78°382920 “219912 1I8T bAl Al ala! BO] OW 10 25°05 78°697000 314160 188 fel al al a) A tk 06 nag BE 18°885576 “188496 1889 | AA al de | xh 03 25°14 78°979824 094248 19 [aA] a] | | | ores 07 25°21 79°199736 ‘219912 WL ital Al Al A] ft 09 25°30 79°482480 282744 12 fait | ala) H as 10 25°40 79°796640 314160 19 | wa | ala) ds 09 25°49 80-079384 282744 tA A At 1! 25°60 80° 424960 345576 iecialalaiatul wi” 25°68 80676288 251328 1896 el | a | ae) ee 09 25°TT 80-959032 “282744 WT |S Al Ala) HO] WA 10 25°87 81°273192 314160 196 [al a | al aA) Fi “09 25°96 81°555936 ‘282744 WS PA Al a& | a) ar 04 26° 81°681600 "125664 1574 2 Diam. Inct. for 28 years =3°62. BORTUWICK—THE DIAMETER- TAXUS, NO, AI. Diam. in 1899=24°4. Diam, in 1871=20-78, Wear tN. 1 S41 EW. Som eg £, Circumference] poe rs crement. Vulg. | Decimal. Wei ck§liclalaA! Bl 17 20°95 65°81652 534072 173 Al aAlaA| aA] # os 15 21-10 6628776 “47124 1874 | & | &| ee] | RY as 15 21°25 66°75900 47124 1875 | | ae | oe] | aE } 12 21:37 67-135992 “376992 1876 | & wi &| H 12 21°49 67°512984 376992 1877 | fr | a] aL a] } 12 21-61 67889976 376992 1878 1 el al Ala 8 és 15 21°76 68°361216 471240 1879 | Al AL Al A! H iis 13 21:89 68769624 “408408 1880 | Al a | Sl] A] 48 & 14 22°03 69°202448 “439824 1881 foe | | | | H 12 22°15 69°586440 “376592 1882 | A) A) A) a] oF ws 14 22:29 70-026264 "439824 1883 | & | & &| BH | Ms 14 22 43 70°465088 "439824 164 Al aA al | HO] OS ‘17 22-60 71-000160 534072 WS Ala; Al A! Ho] Ws 13 22°73 71408568 “408408 186 Al AL aL a] & 14 22°87 71 848392 439824 1887 te | oe | A ae] |S Bel 22-98 72°193968 “345576 188 | Al al al aA| M i ‘12 23°10 72570960 376992 189 | Al/Al&AlLA!L BH | A 16 23°26 73°013616 “502656 1890 | el aA | oe | a] ws oe 23°41 73°544856 471240 WI ALA aA a! H Tze 13 23°54 73°953264 408408 W2 1A Al Al aA] BO} oO 10 23°64 74267424 “314160 WS Pa Ala) A] | oe ‘13 23°77 74-675832 “408408 14 [lal Al; a] BH | oth 13 23°90 75°084240 “408408 1895 | | He | ok uw) i a 10 24-00 75°398400 314160 1896 (S| Al ala] i 12 “| 24-12 75°775392 -376992 WT alas al a] WO] ll 24°23 76°120968 “345576 18 Ala; Al A! Mo] We 10 24°33 76°435128 314160 189 Al aAlAlaA| & | res oT | 24-4 76-655040 219912 Bee | | 3°62 ‘ INCREMENT OF TREES. 211 ULMUS MONTANA, NO. 93. Diam. Inct. for 15 years=7°16. Diam. in 1900=11. Diam, in 1885=3°84, Average. fe * Eee et ae ee Diameter.) Ci fe Increment. Vulg. | Decimal, 1886 | 4) M1) BO] ote 58 4-42 13°885872 1:822128 1887 | 331 441 491 841 49 a4 “54 4-96 15°582336 1696464 1888 | 3$ 1/45) 4¢ 1421] 88 $4 53 5:49 17247384 1°665048 1889 | 32 | 32) 331391) 8°] Ae “69 6°18 19°415088 2°167704 1890 | 32 84 ( #2) a8] 1 vA, “55 6-73 21°142968 1:727880 1891 || M1 M1 HI] re ‘58 731 22965096 1:822128 1892 | 38 | 4149] &e] aS fe “43 T74 24-315984 1°349888 1893 | #3} 4 [4] aE] ft } =) 8°24 25°886784 1°570800 184 af) 1 ae | al Be | OA 38 8°62 27-080592 1193808 1895 | #4) 4) 49] ab) 33 rit; “30 8-92 28°023072 0942480 1896 | 3) a a aA) 4 5 9:42 29°593872 1+570800 1897 | #1 & | | | 8 + 46 9°88 31-039008 1°445136 1898-| 49 | 44 | 44) a8] 1g “40 10-28 32-296648 1:256640 18999 || MM] OAS z 31 10°65 33°458040 1°162392 190) | #/] lag) &| 48 23 35 11-00 34-5576 1-099560 716 Hints on Propagating Mistletoe from the Berry.’ BY WILLIAM PAXTON, The best tree for growing mistletoe on is a young Siberian Crab, with a stem below branches of about four feet in height. Young apple-trees are suitable also, and, in general, soft-wooded trees, such as the rowan. The best time for sowing is spring, about April, and the berries must have been freshly gathered within afew days. There are male and female mistletoe plants, which must be grown near each other in order to produce berries on the female plant. Select a branch of from one to two inches in diameter, with clean, smooth bark, free from roughness or inequalities of any kind; also free from little side twigs from which birds could ~ pick the berries. No incision, scratch, or bruise is to be made on the surface of the bark. his is of the utmost importance. _ Take the berry between the finger and thumb and gently squeeze out the seed on to the bark, throwing away the skin. The seed will readily adhere by the viscid substance which is contained in the berry. The seed should not be rubbed in any way, but simply placed on the branch. In a short time the gummy substance dries up, leaving the seed firmly adhering to the branch. Several seeds should be placed together, or near each other, as probably only one out of half-a-dozen will grow. Shortly after the berries have been placed a young green process appears, which turns towards the bark, and ultimately fixes itself there by a disk, but a year will have to elapse before it can be seen whether the seedling will grow or not. 'As we receive frequently applications for information upon this subject, this note by Mr. William Paxton of Orchardton, Fountainhall Road, Edin- burgh, an enthusiastic and successful cultivator of mistletoe, should be generally useful.—Regius Keeper. (Notes, R.G.B,, Edin., No. V, 1901, | Notes on Museum-Methods in use at the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. BY ig ge Pee Be ee See BS ASSISTANT IN THE MUSEUM. With Plate ITI. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTORY, PRESERVING, I. General, II. Methods, tas A. In Liquid media— 1. Alcoholic solutions, a. Alcohol go per cen I. For ea scacoains: II. For woody objects, III. For succulent objects, ... 6, Alcohol 50-80 per cent., c. Alcohol and glycerine, @. Synthol, ¥ oR aur solutions— r I. For + feet of ohare II. For retention of form, ... III. Methods, IV. In the field, 6. Boric acid, ¢. Camphor-water, @. Salicylic acid, _ é. Fluorides of sodium, ... (Notes, R.B.G., Edin,, No. V, 1901.] 214 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS Bb. By ae 1. Ina ys a. ‘Biickias and Nene ds Sn : BLEACHING— I. General, II. Methods, A. In go per tee aentiol B. Before preserving i, Patieny and rapid iting a. In boiling water. 4. In boiling go ger cent. se ¢. In boiling acetic acid and alcohol, II. Preliminary soaking in solutions preventing discolouration— 1. Not making specimen flaccid, a. Acid alcohol, 4. Potassium chlorate, ... 2. Making specimen flaccid, Dilute acid alcohol, O . Not making specimen flaccid, 6. Hot water and acid, FIXING AND SUSPENDING THE SPECIMEN— I. General, II. Methods, A. ae use a alcoho . For light Shiels, 2. For heavy objects, ~ B. For use with formalin, 1. For light objects, 2. For heavy objects, . II. Supports for speciniens; his DESCRIPTIVE LABELS— I. General, whe II. Methods, II. Dry specimens, sive III. Models, eae : sie preserving if specimen becomes Jiboiseead= Comenie ee atlaching ein, ‘ I. Specimens in alcohol or formalin, wv Now NW WW WL ws Ge Go ww WwW G2 od nN WwW WwW nN Sm OO BG & Yo G2 G Us Gs de Wok WwW WN WD Go aS ee a lo Go Nj IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 215 LUTING FOR LIDS OF VESSELS— I. Permanent sealing, ... 8 ies es ane 242 II. Firm sealing, ... hee oan ee ee ant 243 III. Temporary sealing, .. nai 3 es oe 243 BUILDING UP OF GLASS VESSELS, on ree ae vere 244 INTRODUCTORY. It has been the practice in preparing specimens for the Museum of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, to endeavour to pre- serve as naturally as possible the form of the specimen, and to name, where such a course seemed to add to the educational value of the exhibit, the different organs and parts of the speci- men. The object has been to facilitate a comparison by students of the specimens exhibited, with the descriptions in text-books and lecture-notes. A specimen so prepared was exhibited at a meeting of the British Association in 1896, and again in 1901 at a meeting of the same Association some notes on the subject were submitted. Requests have since been received for fuller details; these and the frequent enquiries made by visitors to the Museum for information concerning the preservation of plants for exhibition in museums have prompted the following descriptions of the methods employed. PRESERVING. I. General. In the process of preserving, two stages are to be distinguished —first, killing the plant; second, its subsequent permanent preservation. The method adopted for the latter stage is com- monly made to accomplish the former also ; the preservative at the same time kills. The two operations may, however, be separate and distinct, but in practice, with some few exceptions, it is not found an advantage to separate the killing and preserving processes, provided always that the preservative kills fairly — quickly. Any method which inhibits the action of putrefactive organisms will, in the simplest sense, preserve plant-structures. A preserva- tive may, moreover, while preventing the grosser changes of 216 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS putrefaction, arrest also, to a certain extent, intrinsic decomposi- tions following death. A preservative may alter also, harden, and render firm, or it may be render more soft, the cecssborenndl of the plant-tissues. Upon the prevention of internal changes rests the retention of » the natural colours, or, if these be destroyed, the prevention of the formation of discolouring products, while hardening, if it takes place before characters of form have been destroyed, fixes such characters permanently. The hardening may be due to desiccation either in the air, as happens when specimens are dried, or by the dehydrating action _ of a liquid medium, or it may result from chemical changes in the plant-substances induced by the preserving medium employed. Reviewing the results of many experiments, it is impossible to say of any one preserving method that it is the best; the choice of a method must rest not only upon a consideration of the general character of the specimen, but upon a consideration also of any special feature or character the preservation of which may be particularly desired. The separation of such characters into characters of colour and characters of form coincides with the separation of the methods of preserving into two groups— preserving by drying the specimen, and preserving by means Us liquid preserving media, Z Drying the plant has proved the only method at all satis- factory for preserving the colours of plants, but fails commonly when applied to the preservation of the natural form. Liquid preservatives are invaluable for the preservation of the form — of plants, but their use involves a sacrifice of the natural colours. z Again, as preservatives of the form of plants all liquid media are not equally useful, and it is necessary to distinguish those preserving only the form and shape of the separate parts from those preserving also the relationships of the parts to one another. Expressed concretely, the separate leaves on a twig, their shape, substance, and form, may be well preserved in a given medium, but unless there is also preserved the correct angle at which the leaves stand out from the stem and their relationships to one another in leaf-symmetry, then the prestonion of the form of the specimen is of a limited kind. IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 217 One has to distinguish, then, the preservation of the form of the parts and the preservation of the lie of the organs of the plant. II, Methods. The following is a convenient grouping of the sarees of — preserving here referred to :— A. Ln liquid media. 1. ALCOHOLIC SOLUTIONS. a. Alcohol go per cent. 4. Alcohol, 50 to 80 per cent. c. Alcohol and Glycerine. @. Synthol. 2. AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS. . Formaline. Boric Acid. Camphor-water. Salicylic Acid. Fluorides of Sodium. s Va wa B. By drying. In Air. 2. In Sand. Leal . [ will deal with each of these separately :-— Of the alcoholic solutions, go per cent. alcohol is the one generally used, and of the aqueous, formaline. The other solutions referred to are some of the Jess-known preservatives which have occasionally proved useful. ‘What we in Edinburgh have been in the habit of calling the “lie” of the organs has been termed by Professor Errera, in his report on experiments made at the Institute de Botanique, Brussels, ‘‘the attitude” of the speci- men. In most of the literature of the subject when a medium is described as preserving well the natural form, the shape of the separate organs is only referred to, _ 218 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS A. PRESERVING IN. LIQUID MEDIA. 1. ALCOHOLIC SOLUTIONS. a. Alcohol go per cent. The alcohol commonly used is strong commercial methylated 7 spirit about 90 per cent. and free from mineral naphtha. As obtained it is somewhat turbid and commonly of a slight brownish colour, and I find that specimens are stained if the pre- servative is used in this crude state. To prevent this, before being used the alcohol is rendered clear by distillation, The strength of the alcohol in the process is slightly raised, and varies after distillation from 91 to 95 per cent. Such strong alcohol, perfectly clear, has been found to give by far the best results. It penetrates the tissues rapidly, quickly kills the protoplasm, and very readily hardens, the hardening being due to dehydration. As with other media, the usefulness varies with the class of specimen to be preserved. Class I.—Herbaceous Structures. For herbaceous structures generally, leaves, tendrils, and nearly all flowers, alcohol proves of great value, but particu- larly so where the lie and symmetry of the organs as well as their shape and firmness are controlled by the turgescence of paren- chyma-cells rather than by special strengthening tissues. Speci- mens of the kind killed and preserved in any of the aqueous media become flaccid and soft, and although the separate organs may retain their form, the relationships of the parts are not pre- served. Killed in alcohol or by other methods and subsequently preserved in an aqueous medium the results are similar, but killed and also preserved in alcohol such specimens retain permanently the natural shape of the parts and the relationships of symmetry. — Not an unimportant factor in these results is the readiness with which alcohol wets the surface of the specimen, removing from surface-irregularities air, which, if allowed to remain, would interfere with the ready penetration of the medium. More important is its low specific gravity and its power of rapidly dehydrating. Placed in alcohol the specimen as a tule very slowly sinks: it is slightly heavier than the medium. This being so, the 7 IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 219 loss of turgescence gradual, and the hardening of the specimen quick, little change of position of the organs results. Whereas when a specimen is placed in an aqueous medium it is from the first evident that the buoyancy of the parts tends greatly to distort its form. Method of Procedure.—The specimen when gathered is immersed in the preservative before the least flagging or withering occurs. In many cases it is found necessary to carry the jar with the alcohol into the garden or plant-house, and to drop at once the specimen, as it is gathered, into the preserva- tive. In the alcohol the specimen commonly as already stated slowly sinks, but if large quantities of air are present in the tissues it may at first float or only partially sink. It is undesir- able that any part of the specimen should be left uncovered, and when the specimen does not of itself sink readily, either a small weight is attached to it by a silk thread to sink it, or it is fastened in some way to the glass support on which it is finally to be mounted and is thus held immersed. The time taken to effect the hardening varies with the size and character of the specimen. With small specimens a few minutes will suffice; with others several hours will be required; but in all cases when once immersed the specimen should not be removed until it is completely hardened. As the alcohol enters, the air present in the tissues is driven out, and any colouring substances present are at same time discharged and diffuse in the surrounding fluid. Chlorophyll if present is thus extracted as well as the colours of most flowers, the blue colour of some alone, being to a certain extent retained. That the bleaching may prove satisfactory the jar containing the specimen is left in a position exposed to strong sunlight, which is most effective, aiding the discharge of the colouring substances and preventing the formation of discolouring decom- position-products, when the specimen is subjected to its action immediately after being immersed in the alcohol. In the majority of cases chlorophyll is the colour-substance principally discharged. The chlorophyll-solution thus produced, if left exposed to sunlight, decomposes, and the spirit becomes almost clear, but it proves advantage, if well-bleached specimens are desired, to pour off this chlorophyll-solution as soon as the 220 TAGG—NOTES ON MuSEUM-METHODs specimen is properly hardened, and to substitute for it fresh clear spirit. This fresh spirit may become discoloured also, and so from time to time clear spirit must be substituted for that discoloured until a discharge of discolouring substances no longer takes place. The specimen, if then white, is ready for mounting ; if it be dark- coloured and a bleached specimen is required it is treated in one of the ways described below under Bleaching (p. 230). Class II.— Woody Objects. Specimens of this kind appear to be equally well preserved in alcohol or in formaline, so that the choice of a preservative rests chiefly upon a consideration of the ultimate method of exhibi- tion. If photoxylin is to be employed in the final mounting, alcohol is used ; if gelatine, then formaline is the preservative chosen. Class III.—Succulent Objects. When the object to be preserved is bulky and contains relatively large quantities of water the dehydrating action of alcohol becomes a disadvantage. The quantity of water to be absorbed may be considerable, and its diffusion in the enveloping alcohol being comparatively slow, the specimen may come to be surrounded by an alcoholic solution of low percentage—too weak at first to have any hardening action on the tissues. The absorption of water from the specimen proceeding faster than the process of replacement by the alcohol, the unhardened external portions collapse and the specimen becomes wrinkled on the surface. If succulent specimens are to be preserved in alcohol they must first of all be placed in a weak solution (30 per cent.) and then slowly graded from this to alcohols of greater strength, Sections of succulent fruits, and even of flowers and other specimens coming under Class I., contract somewhat on the cut surface, the amount of contraction varying with the area of cut surface and with the degree of succulence of the specimen. The curvatures that result may be counteracted if the section is kept flat between two pieces of glass. The section freshly cut is laid upon one piece of glass, a second piece is placed over it, IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, 221 and the two are then firmly tied together with thin twine. The pieces of glass with the specimen thus secured between them are placed in the preservative and are allowed to remain there undis- turbed until the specimen is completely hardened. Alcohol being extremely volatile, it must always be kept in well sealed jars if its strength as a preservative is to be main- tained. Regarding the one disadvantage attaching to its use— viz., the destruction of the natural colours—a compensating feature exists in the readiness with which it bleaches white the majority of specimens. Such bleaching, if the form of the speci- men is well preserved, is perhaps more to be desired than the temporary or imperfect retention of colour to be secured in some cases by the use of formaline. ‘6b A lcohol—8o per cent., 70 per cent., 60 per cent. The lower percentages of alcohol are prepared by mixing with water the requisite amount of 90 per cent. alcohol after distilla- tion. The objection urged against aqueous media that they do not harden delicate specimens applies also to weak alcohol. Experiments made with alcohols of varying degrees of strength go to show that while the weaker percentages may be employed with some success in preserving certain plants they possess even for these, with the exception of succulent specimens coming under Class III., no advantages over the 90 per cent. alcohol. For the great majority of specimens the weaker alcohol proves unsatisfactory, and the results of experiments with it show that where it is desirable to fix in the best manner possible the natural lie of the parts of a specimen it is not safe to employ alcohol of less strength than 90 per cent. 70 per cent. and 80 per cent. alcohols are useful, however, for the firmer and more woody specimens of Class II., while 50 per cent. alcohol or even 30 per cent. is valuable as a commencing medium for the more succulent specimens. e. Alcohol and Glycerine—go per cent. Alcohol 50 cc, and Glycerine 50 C6. This has proved useful for the temporary preservation of material before dissection when the 90 per cent. alcohol alone would have made the material too brittle. 243 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS For softening material already hardened it is to be preferred generally to the 50 per cent. water-solution often employed for the purpose. The glycerine tends to keep the material pliable without exerting the macerating action that water under similar circumstances with delicate specimens is inclined to do. It has been employed with some success for succulent speci- mens causing less contraction in such than alcohol does alone. For this purpose the following formula is used :— go per cent. Alcohol, : 50 C.c. = eae : : : : 50 c.c. Glycerine, 50 c.c. ad. Synthol. Recently an alcoholic preparation called synthol has been recommended as a preservative for museum purposes. It is claimed for it that it is a perfect substitute for absolute alcohol, and that it is an excellent dehydrating agent and a preservative of the first order. From experiments I have made with it absolute synthol appears to act efficiently as a substitute for absolute alcohol. For museum purposes, used undiluted, it penetrates and hardens delicate tissues rapidly and at the same time bleaches them as effectively as strong methylated alcohol. Diluted with water its action is less rapid, while the weaker percentages, as with alcohol proper, fail to harden. Photoxylin can be used with it as a mounting medium, but gelatine contracts and becomes opaque. 2. AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS, a. Formalin. Formol, formalin, formaline are commercial names for a 40 per cent. solution in water of formaldehyde, CH,O. As a preservative the commercial preparation is used undiluted, or diluted with water to whatever extent required. The solutions which have been found most useful are—formalin 10 parts: water 90 parts; and formalin 15 parts, water 85 parts. Weaker solutions have been tried, but with them moulds in nearly all cases make their appearance on the surface of the fluid. The weaker solutions prove less reliable the larger the bulk of organic substance IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 223 to be preserved relative to the amount of fluid employed. A one per cent. solution will preserve plant-structures for a time, but ultimately moulds invade the preparation, and this happens relatively sooner if any part of the specimen be left exposed above the surface of the fluid. A point of importance is the deterioration of the fluid which in the course of time appears to a certain extent to take place. Formaldehyde gas is extremely volatile, and unless the jars containing the specimens are carefully sealed a weakening of the solution undoubtedly follows. From my experiments it appears that a deterioration may result— firstly, in consequence of the volatile nature of the formaldehyde gas, and secondly, as a result of changes and decompositions which it would seem take place in the presence of organic sub- stances in the fluid itself. This being so, it is not surprising that the weaker solutions after a time permit the growth of moulds. A note of interest in connection with the presence of acid substances in formalin is contributed by M. Trillat,! who points out that commercial formalin may contain as impurities acetic acid, formic acid, and pyroligneous products. Formalin does not very readily wet the surface of plants, and penetration of the specimen by the liquid I have found to be in consequence comparatively slow. Until penetration is complete, and even for some time after, plants may retain to a certain extent their natural colours. The results of my experiments in this direction are as follows :— Formalin for Preservation of Natural Colours. The red, yellow, and blue colours of flowers are better retained than they are in most other media; but the retention is not permanent. Red and yellow colours are retained longer than blue, but even red—the colour which has proved most permanent —ultimately fades or gives place to a brown if the jar containing the specimen is exposed to the light. | Formalin does not appear to extract chlorophyll, neither does it preserve the green colour, but exposed even to diffused light the chlorophyll is decomposed and the specimen assumes a dull brownish colour, or may, finally, be bleached quite white. ‘Journ. de Pharm. (5), xxix., p- 537: 224 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS In the stronger solutions the fading of the colours is more rapid than in the weaker ; but, as already stated, the disadvantage of the weaker solutions is that they permit the growth of moulds. If formalin is added to sea-water and the specimens are protected from the light the colours of marine alge are fairly well pre- served. These results are in agreement with most of the observa- tions recorded. White flowers may remain uncoloured, becoming nevertheless, as the fluid penetrates, more or less translucent, as may happen also with coloured flowers and other specimens, or they turn a dull brown colour. The specimens which show this discolouration are, as a rule, such as would darken if preserved in alcohol ; at the same time, according to Linsbauer,' Lathrea squamaria, L.,in formalin does not darken so badly as when it is preserved in alcohol, while, on the other hand, I find that specimens of some orchids which in alcohol brown only slightly become in formalin almost black. Formalin is used for many fungi, particularly the more succulent forms, and changes but little the colours of the darker and duller sorts. Formalin for Preservationof Plant-form. Formalin fails to preserve the form of many specimens chiefly because it does not harden. Reference has already been made to this defect and to the soft and flaccid character of specimens of Class I. preserved in it. In the weaker (2 per cent.) solutions there is a tendency on the part of the petals of fragile and of fully expanded flowers to drop off after being a short time in the preservative. For succulent plants it presents the advantage that when preserved in it they do not to any extent contract. For gelatinous or mucilaginous specimens it is valuable, causing little of the contraction and opacity which follow the ' immersion of such specimens in alcohol. Gelatinous bodies are hardened, swelling or slightly contracting according to the amount of absorbed water originally present. It is advisable to avoid formalin if the specimen to be preserved be one coated in * Verhandl, der K,-K. Zoolog.—Bot. Gesellschaft in Wien, xliv. (1894), Sitz., p. 23. IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 29% any way with resin, for I find that the resin is coagulated and that it forms in such cases a white or grey covering over the resinous parts, Method of Procedure in using Formalin. The density of the fluid makes it difficult to keep the specimen submerged, and methods such as were described for buoyant specimens in alcohol have usually to be resorted to. Specimens with waxy coatings are before preservation in formalin immersed for a minute or two in strong alcohol to wet the surface. The alcohol is not allowed to enter the specimen or to act upon it sufficiently to cause contraction of the object ; but if the surface be wetted in this way the specimen sinks more rapidly and the penetration of the formalin is facilitated. Formalin as a Preservative in Collecting. As a preserving medium for use on excursions and in collecting, the concentrated form in which it can be carried makes it con- venient,! this particularly so when collecting alge, where the concentrated formalin is added to the water—sea-water or fresh water according to the habitat of the alga—in the tubes in which the specimens are placed. At the same time, Penzig? points out that when collecting abroad it is not so good as alcohol, because with formalin the tin cases commonly employed in work of the kind cannot be used, but glass bottles, heavy and inconvenient in transport, have to be resorted to. 6. Boric Acid. This is recommended by Chalon* as one of the best of a large number of fluids he has tried for preserving botanical specimens. The solution used was a saturated or 3 per cent. aqueous solu- tion, which was improved in some instances by adding 1 to 5 per cent. sodium sulphate. I find the specimens, as with formalin, become flaccid, parti- cularly those of Class I. Colours remain for some time, but fade when the specimens are exposed to light. Penetration is not very rapid, and there is difficulty at first in getting the specimens 1 Hornell, Laboratorium et Museum, 1900, pp. 85-89. * Laboratorium et Museum, 1901, p. 19. * Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. de Belge, xxxvi., Part 2, p. 39. 226 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS submerged, For some specimens of Classes II. and III., some tubers and bulbs, it has given good results, and it has, as Chalén points out, the advantage of being practically harmless to work with. c. Camphor-water. This is recommended by Setchell and Osterhout! for pre- serving large collections of alge for several hours if they cannot be studied at once. The method is to throw on to the surface of the sea-water in which they are left some chips of camphor-gum, which, though sparingly soluble, has powerful antiseptic properties. On several occasions when collecting sea-weeds, at times when the usual preservatives have not been available, I have found that a liberal use of camphor will prevent the encroachment of putre- factive organisms for a considerable time, but beyond this I have had no experience with camphor as a preservative in museum work. da. Salicylic acid. A saturated solution is employed at times, but the preservative is little resorted to, as the specimens become flaccid and soft and in some cases much macerated. Chlorophyll and most other colours are destroyed although the formulz following have given fair results in the special instances mentioned. 1. For fruits—the amount of glycerine to vary with their relative juiciness :—? I oz. salicylic acid. 5 gallons of water. a little glycerine. N . For dark-coloured grapes :— I oz. salicylic acid. 8 oz. alcohol. 2 gallons of water. e. Fluorides of Sodium. The fluorides of sodium, sodium-fluoride and soduine bifluoride have been recommended as preserving fluids for pee and 1 Bot. Gaz., xxi., 1896, p. 142. * Bailey, fue: book, p. 187, # IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 227 animals." Marpmann® has recommended sodium-fluoride, 2, 3, and 5 per cent. solutions in water. The bifluoride is also recom- mended. It possesses greater antiseptic properties than the fluoride. “It is not, in dilute solutions, directly poisonous, and so is pleasanter to work with than formol or sublimate I have made experiments with a number of solutions. In all cases the colours of plants fade or are destroyed. The plants become soft and flaccid, and in solutions of less than 10 per cent. fungi may appear on the sariats of the fluid, and on the submerged material also. The corroding action of the bifluoride on glass, even of com- paratively weak solutions, prohibits its use as a final preservative in glass vessels. RB. PRESERVING BY DRYING. DRYING - IN AIR The following are the methods employed in dealing with the different classes of material mentioned. a. Specimens of branches and twigs which are too large to be preserved in a fluid medium are dried by hanging them in a dry room, or, if the specimen is not too large, it is placed in a venti- lated box to protect it from dust, or sand is run around it and the specimen dried in sand (see Drying in sand). Where the leaves are known to fall readily after drying the specimen is placed for a few minutes in boiling water before the drying process is commenced. é. Specimens of woods and the like. Logs of wood which are to be dried and afterwards sawn or prepared as specimens of woods are placed in any dry well ventilated store. The drying should be slow and the temperature even. It is not enough that the store should be warm; unless well ventilated, the wood is liable to rot; again, if the drying is too rapid, the cracks produced areconsiderable. The logs are laid on their sides, freely expos- ~ ing both cut ends. Where it is wished to preserve the bark, the logs are laid upon straw or brown paper. To keep free from cracks any special part of the bark I have found it an advantage to make longitudinal incisions at a parts of the circumference. asians Annual Report for 1899, p. 2 rpmann, Zeitschrift fur angewandte “Mrkroskopié, 1899, p. 33. Central- blat fur Bekteriologie und Parasitenkunde, 1899, Vol. 25, p. 309. 228 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS Cracks resulting from shrinkage then follow the lines initiated by the knife. Care should be taken to guard against the attacks of insects. Destructive forms are sometimes present in the logs when they are brought to the museum, and these should be searched for before the specimens are stored. All dry specimens should be frequently examined, and any showing tunnellings of beetles or their larve should be promptly dealt with. If small enough they should be completely immersed in a poison solution. If this is impracticable they should be bathed or painted with the solution until it penetrates the borings completely. A poison solution I have found effective is the following :— Naphthalene, _.. 50 grms. Corrosive sublimate, . 5 grms. Methylated alcohol, 90 per cent., . . . 1000 oc. Carbolic acid is sometimes added ; an objection to its use is that it may stain the specimen somewhat. ¢. Dry fruits, roots with mycorhizal coverings, wood attacked by fungi, fungi themselves—particularly the more hard and solid kinds—all dry fairly well. For the majority of these no special method is resorted to. They are suspended in a well ventilated room or are simply laid in an open or ventilated box until dry. Sometimes it is advisable to pin or otherwise fasten the parts in position to prevent warping while drying. 2. DRYING IN SAND,! The method of drying in sand is followed in all cases where the preservation of the colours of flowers is of importance. Some flowers so dried retain their colour if protected from strong light, and certainly look well. Preservation of the form of the flower depends much on the skill of the operator. From the nature of the method considerable shrinkage takes place, and the process seen ee is not adapted to the preservation of ce form method . have adopted is as follows :-— A aibaaid or paper box, with folding sides is secured and rrera, Report of Brit. Ass. for Adv. Science, 1896, p, 685. Cornélis, agen horticole, 1880, p. 230, \ IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 229 the bottom covered with fine, clean, dry sand to the depth of about an inch. In this the flower to be preserved, from which previously all surface moisture has been removed, is adjusted by sticking the stalk in the sand and heaping the sand around, or in any way that best will facilitate the next operation. This consists of adding slowly more sand, building it up around the corolla, and pouring it into the centre of the flower and around the parts in such a way as not to alter the shape of the flower by the weight of the sand. This is continued until the flower is completely covered. The box is next placed over an ordinary sulphuric acid desiccator and the whole stood on a plate and under a glass bell-jar. The plate with the bell-jar is then placed on the hot-water pipes used for heating the building, or in an oven kept at a temperature of about 40° C. It is left undisturbed for a week or longer, when the box is taken out and the sand is carefully run off by folding down the sides. Considerable care must be exercised in handling flowers so dried, as they become extremely brittle. Any sand that adheres is removed by means of a soft brush or by letting sand fall in a gentle stream from some height upon the specimen. The falling grains, hitting those adhering to the specimen, dislodge them, but at the same time the height from which the sand falls should be adjusted so that the force of the falling sand is not sufficient to break the speci- men. Flowers so dried may be kept in any well sealed vessel, provided there is also placed within the jar a small quantity of lime or other desiccator to absorb any moisture! contained in the jar. I have found the cardboard box with folding sides easier to work with than the “cornet” of paper recommended as a receptacle for the specimen and sand during the drying process, The weak points of the process appear in the shrinking of the parts that takes place, in the difficulty of preserving the natural shape perfectly, and in the impossibility of removing the sand from the nectar surfaces present in most flowers. The adhering of the sand to the cut surfaces makes impossible the * Prof. Errara recommends a glass jar with a wide mouth, the hollow Stopper of which is about two-thirds filled with lime kept in position by a piece of skin. 230 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS preservation of dissections which shall show the more minute structural features of flowers. To prevent somewhat the adhering of the sand particles to the surface of the flower, the stirring of the sand with wax, such as a paraffin candle, so that each grain of sand comes to be covered with a thin coating of paraffin, has been recommended.’ BLEACHING. I. General. The methods following apply particularly to material preserved in alcohol ; they may be employed, however, with more or less success for specimens preserved in other media. The subject for convenience will be considered under the following heads :— A. Bleaching in go per cent. alcohol. The preservative in the case of material intended for alcohol is also the bleaching medium. B. Bleaching treatment, before preserving, of material known to blacken in alcohol. Cc. Bleaching of specimens already preserved, which have darkened under the action of the preservative. Treatment of the specimens before preserving and likewise treatment after preserving are to be avoided when the simple treatment by alcohol alone can be made to give sufficiently good results. The reasons for this are—first, treatment other than by alcohol alone has in a greater or less degree a softening and macerating action on the material bleached ; and, second, such treatment tends, with an exception in the case of acid alcohol, to render the specimen flaccid. When special bleaching is, however, resorted to, better results are, as a rule, to be obtained by treating the specimens before preservation than can be secured by treatment subsequently of material already discoloured. hen it is known or supposed that a specimen will bleach in alcohol no special treatment is accorded it; if the 1 Bailey, Rule-book, p. 187. IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 231 specimen is known to darken in alcohol it is treated before pre- servation ; but if placed in alcohol without treatment and subse- quently found to need bleaching it is treated by one of the methods given under c. It follows that a knowledge before preserving of the behaviour in alcohol of any particular specimen is a consider- able aid in choosing the best method of procedure. No definite rules can be given, but the following statements afford some indication of the class of specimen for which bleaching other than by alcohol alone will generally be found to be necessary. Specimens usually darkening in alcohol are those whose tissues contain large quantities of tannin, similarly also those in which much resin is present. Thick and leathery leaves and leaves with thick cuticles turn brown as a rule in alcohol, as do also flowers in- which brown and yellow colours predominate White flowers, if fleshy and of a waxy appearance, frequently darken; if the petals are thin they commonly bleach well in alcohol. Leaves, stems, and other parts, of a light green colour bleach white, while those of a darker colour often do not. In the same way young tissues bleach better than older ones. Most seedlings bleach well, the exceptions being particularly some of the Ranun- culacez and seedlings generally with slightly woody roots, for instance, palms and members of the Cupuliferz. Where I have found it possible to institute a comparison of the members of different families, I have found with certain excep- tions that the Ranunculaceze and Cupuliferee among others stand out as orders the members of which do not readily bleach, while members of the Caryophylleze, Cruciferee, Leguminosz, and Liliaceze are commonly readily bleached in alcohol alone. II. Methods. A. BLEACHING IN go PER CENT. ALCOHOL. Reference has already been made to the bleaching action of alcohol (page 219). The essential points to be observed to secure success may bear repetition. They are :— 1. The immediate immersion of the material in the alcohol as soon as gathered. 232 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS 2. The direct and immediate exposure of the jar con- taining the specimen to sunlight. The employment of clean spirit only. Oo B. BLEACHING BEFORE PRESERVING. I. PRELIMINARY AND RAPID KILLING The darkening in alcohol of many specimens is prevented if they are first immersed in some rapidly acting killing agent. The most important of these are boiling water, ee alcohol, and boiling acetic acid and alcohol. a. Boiling Water. The specimen is immersed in hot or even boiling water for from I to 5 minutes, or even, in the case of fleshy or solid speci- mens, for much longer. The length of time of immersion should vary with the character and consistency of the specimen. Sub- sequently the specimen is placed in alcohol and exposed to the action of sunlight. The specimens become soft and flaccid during the process and harden subsequently in the alcohol. In the case of flowers the sap may aggregate below the epidermis in the form of blisters. 6. Bowling Alcohol go per cent. This is employed in the same way as boiling water. The specimens are immersed for a varying time and are then transferred to normal 90 per cent. alcohol. Boiling alcohol penetrates more rapidly than does boiling water, but is not so effective, however, where much tannin is present, and, as with boiling water, blisters may form under the epidermis. ¢. Boiling Acetic Actd and Alcohol. Acetic acid, . : 10 C.c. Alcohol 90 per one : gO C.c. This penetrates rapidly. The macerating action is somewhat considerable if the treatment is other than momentary. Blisters — may be produced as in the preceding ‘cases. The bleaching which results is usually perfect. IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 233 II. BY SOAKING BEFORE FINALLY PRESERVING IN SOLUTIONS WHICH PREVENT THE FORMATION OF DISCOLOURING SUBSTANCES. 1. Methods which do not render the specimen flaccid. a. Acid Alcohol. The plants are placed in strong go per cent. alcohol, to which has been added 2 per cent. by volume of. hydrochloric acid. They are then exposed as much as possible to sunlight. If the spirit becomes discoloured it is changed, clean acid alcohol being substituted for the discoloured spirit removed. When bleached the specimen is left in the acid alcohol permanently or it is trans- ferred to ordinary non-acid alcohol. In the latter case some specimens exhibit a tendency to darken, but this discolouration is not so great as when the preliminary acid alcohol has been omitted. The acid alcohol has a macerating action on delicate structures, and the subsequent handling of such is attended with some risk. It should be remembered also, when specimens bleached in this way are subsequently mounted, that photoxylin does not hold specimens to the mounting glass satisfactorily if any acid is present in the final preservative. Specimens, therefore, treated with acid alcohol should be washed free from acid in several changes of non-acid alcohol before being finally mounted if photoxylin is to be employed. Nitric acid and sulphuric acid have been used in the same way but with less success. 6. Potassium Chlorate. Crystals of potassium chlorate are placed at the bottom of the jar containing the specimen and nitric or hydrochloric acid is added in small quantities, only sufficient to cover the crystals, by means of a pipette, precautions being taken to keep the acid from mixing with the spirit and from coming in direct contact with the specimen. The chlorine liberated rises through the spirit and has a slight bleaching action. The process is not so effective as that given above. 1 Hugo de Vries, Berichte du deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft, vii. 1889, p. 298. 234 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS 2.—Methods which render the specimen flaccid. Dilute Acid Alcohol. Alcohol go per cent., . ; . 40 C.C. ater, . : : : : : SOL x. Hydrochloric acid or Nitric acid, . 10 C.c. The addition of water to the acid alcohol, while rendering the specimen soft, prevents to a great extent any subsequent browning of the specimen when transferred to 90 per cent. non- acid alcohol for final exhibition. The specimen is either first immersed in 90 per cent. alcohol for a few minutes to wet the surface and then transferred to the dilute acid alcohol, or the fresh specimen is placed at once in the diluted solution. As in other cases, sunlight favours the bleaching. The macerating action is considerable, and the method should not be employed for delicate specimens. Where the specimens are less fragile and where boiling may be undesirable the results are usually good. Such a solution with nitric acid has been used with excellent results in the case of Musa, specimens of which, owing to the large quantities of tannin present in the tissues, are bleached with difficulty. C. BLEACHING AFTER PRESERVING. Specimens which have darkened under the action of the preservative fall into two groups :—First, those we wish to keep hardened in alcohol; second, those which permit a trans- — ference to an aqueous medium, softening not being a disadvan- tage. The methods available in the former case are not so effective as those available in the latter. 1.—Methods which do not render the specimen flaccid. For these the acid alcohol solution already described is, invariably used. The specimen is transferred to the acid alcohol and the jar exposed to sunlight. The bleaching is sometimes slow, is not always effective, and never so good as when the fresh specimen is placed at once in the acid alcohol before discoloura- tion has taken place. = IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 235 2.—Methods which render the specimen flaccid. a. Bleaching Solution. This is the most rapid and effective bleaching agent. Its macerating action is considerable, and it should not be employed when dealing with the more delicate specimens. The specimen is transferred from the strong alcohol and placed for several hours in alcohol of 50 per cent., from this it is transferred to water, and shortly after to a weak solution of ordinary bleaching powder. This solution is prepared by pouring warm water over bleaching powder and filtering. After remaining in the bleaching solution for from 5 to 15 minutes, the specimen is transferred to a 2 per cent. by volume solution of hydrochloric acid in water. As the weak acid penetrates, it sets free the chlorine, which is 2 brought into intimate contact with the substances to be bleached. If the specimen after some time is not sufficiently eae it is replaced in the bleaching solution, and similarly a second time transferred to the acid. This is repeated as often as is DECESSALY until bleaching is complete. After bleaching, the specimen is placed in water, and from this it is graded to go per cent. alcohol, The corresponding hypochlorites of sodium and potassium, “Eau de Labarraque” and “ Eau de Javelle,’ are also powerful bleachers, breaking up on the addition of acid and setting free chlorine in the same manner as the hypochlorite of calcium. These also have a marked macerating action on the tissues. 6. Warm Water and Acid. Nitric acid or hydrochloric acid 5 per cent. The specimen is graded from the strong alcohol to water, and is from that transferred to a warm aqueous solution of hydro- chloric acid or even to warm water alone. After some hours it is again transferred by slow grading to strong alcohol and left to the action of sunlight. The macerating is less than results from the eniployment ot bleaching powder, but the bleaching is not so rapid. 236 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS FIXING AND SUSPENDING THE SPECIMEN. I. General. In the earliest preparations exhibited in round jars and bottles the specimen was simply placed in the jar, and where necessary loose parts were fastened together and delicate organs supported by tying the specimen with silk thread to glass rods, or the parts of a specimen were pinned together with thin glass rods. Or the specimen was simply suspended by silk thread from the cork or stopper of the jar. One or another or a combination of these methods was used as the requirements of the case seemed to dictate. In this way those morphological features of the specimen that it was desired to direct attention to were brought as much as possible to one side of the jar that they might be more easily seen and less distorted by the convex surface of the glass. An advance upon this was the method of tying the specimens with silk thread to thin, almost transparent, sheets of mica. Holes were drilled in the mica with a needle and the thread tying the specimen was fastened behind. The mica possessed what proved a great advantage when circular jars were used, considerable flexibility. The mica-sheet was cut as wide or a little wider than the diameter of the jar, so that when placed in position within the jar the specimen attached to it was held by the flexible mica more or less to the one side of the jar and was thus readily seen. Commonly the mouth of the jar was smaller than the body, and in this case by carefully bending the mica a relatively large sheet could he introduced into a comparatively small-necked ttle. These details are given as the methods are still sometimes resorted to, but as a rule at the present time the specimens are not tied but are fastened by some form of cement, while the adoption of the rectangular form of vessel, in connection with which the support for the specimen need not be flexible—indeed flexibility becomes a disadvantage—has led to mica being replaced by thin sheet glass. co The disadvantages of tying the specimen to the supporting glass are:—1, Great care must be exercised or the specimens are IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 237 injured, this particularly so in dealing with material already preserved. 2. The operation takes considerable time. 3. Speci- mens are liable to be cut through by the thread if they are at all heavy. 4. The thread tying the specimen is visible often, and detracts from the appearance of the preparation. II. Methods. : I. CEMENTS FOR ATTACHING SPECIMENS TO MOUNTING GLASS. A, CEMENTS USED WITH ALCOHOL. 1. For light objects. Photoxylin is the cement invariably used with spirit material for light and small objects. As obtained from Grubler of Leipzig it is a clear, slightly viscid fluid, and is ready without further preparation for use. The advantages attaching to its use are several. Specimens are quickly fastened to the support, and the operation involves little risk of injury to the preparation. Remaining transparent as the cement does, it is practically invisible. Its disadvantages are two. It can only be employed when the preservative used is strong alcohol, and it will not support heavy preparations, The specimen to be mounted is taken from the alcohol in which it has been hardened and dehydrated, and the excess of sur- face alcohol is removed with filter paper or blotting paper. Itisthen placed in position on the glass or mica mount and a small quantity of photoxylin by means of a pipette is dropped upon it at the points at which it is to be fixed. The glass sheet with the speci- men attached is then carefully laid in an open trough of 80 per cent. alcohol present in sufficient quantity to cover the specimen. _ It is left in this for about a minute. The photoxylin sets as a firm transparent jelly, and the mounting glass with the specimen fastened to it is now transferred to a vessel containing 90 per cent. alcohol. From this it may be moved to the exhibition jar containing go per cent. alcohol, After the photoxylin has been applied it must be left to set in the air for a time, varying from a few seconds to as much as a minute, until in fact a slight film forms over its surface. If immersed in alcohol too soon the photoxylin is washed off and it 238 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS then congeals in shapeless masses on the surface of the fluid. On the other hand, the specimen removed from the preserving medium is in danger of drying, and a compromise has often to be made between the conflicting requirements of the cement and those of the specimen to be mounted. 2. For heavy objects. Photoxylin will not support heavy specimens, so that resort is had in such cases to gelatine. It is extremely tenacious and will support specimens weighing several pounds if they are glued to the glass support at several points. In alcohol it becomes quite opaque, and its use is limited chiefly to those cases where the fastening cement is hidden behind the specimen. On a white background the cement, even if to a certain extent visible, is not conspicuous. On a black background its conspicuousness is ~ lessened by mixing lamp black with it. The cement is prepared as follows :— Gelatine is soaked in water for several hours, the water not absorbed is then poured off and the gelatine heated over hot water. When melted, and of a fairly stiff consistency, it is ready for use. The specimen should be dried to a certain extent, all excess of alcohol removed, and the glass plate upon which it is to be mounted should be dry and warm. This last condition is secured by holding the glass for a second or two over a gas flame. The cement, used hot, is applied to the specimen, and the latter laid upon the mounting glass so that the cement comes in contact | with it and adheres to the warm surface. The cooling of the glass is hastened by running strong alcohol over the specimen _ from a pipette, which action serves the purpose also of preventing the specimen from drying. When the gelatine has cooled so as to be no longer in a fluid state, the glass plate with the specimen attached is placed in a bath of go per cent. alcohol. Itis left in this for the gelatine to harden by dehydration, the specimen lying horizontally and putting little strain upon the cement holding it. When quite hardened, the glass with the specimen is lifted out and is transferred tu the vessel in which the specimen is to be exhibited. To fasten with gelatine delicate specimens which would be IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 239 liable to be dried by the method just described, resort is had in applying the cement to a pipette surrounded by a_ hot-water jacket which keeps the gelatine within the pipette in a liquid condition. The specimen is not taken out of the spirit, but is held in position in a dish or trough of alcohol at the bottom of which lies the sheet of glass the specimen is to be fastened to. The pipette, with the surrounding jacket, is brought so that the nose of the pipette touches the mounting glass at the bottom of the trough. Some of the gelatine is pressed out on to the glass and before it coagulates in the alcohol the specimen is placed upon it and is held in position until the gelatine is set firm. B. CEMENTS USED WITH FORMALIN. 1. For light objects. For light objects, and where the gelatine will be seen, a clear jelly is made from the best French gelatine. The glass plate is warmed and the warm liquid gelatine dropped on the specimen at those points at which it is desired to fix it. It hardens in formalin and remains practically transparent, but readily takes up colouring matters if these have not previously been extracted from the specimen. 2. For heavy objects. Gelatine is used for heavy objects where the cement is hidden behind the object mounted. The gelatine solution employed is the same as is used for heavy specimens in alcohol. The specimen should be dried as completely as possible. Where, as with formalin, the aqueous medium is not inflammable, the glass plate at the points where the cement rests may be heated slightly from - below over a gas flame after the specimen has been laid in position Il—SUPPORTS FOR PREPARATIONS. Mica is used for round jars, but for rectangular vessels thin sheet glass possesses many advantages. It is cheap, perfectly transparent, can be obtained in any size, and, being rigid, will support specimens of any weight. Thé mica sheets are of limited size, hardly transparent at the best, and if thin not sufficiently rigid. Opal and blue glass have been used as backgrounds but 240 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS not as mounting glasses. With clear glass any background can be used and several may be tried from which to select the best. If opal or blue glasses are used as the support of the specimen, the background becomes part of the preparation, and however unsuited it may subsequently prove cannot be varied. This becomes a disadvantage where the continued bleaching of a — preparation already mounted, or its subsequent darkening, makes a change of background desirable. Where a white or black background is desired, the back of the vessel may be painted the necessary colour. This proves effective, and the cost is considerably less than that which the employment of blue or opal glass as backgrounds involves. DESCRIPTIVE LABELS. I. General. Long descriptive labels are rarely employed, but in every instance an effort is made to indicate concisely the point of bio- logical interest the specimen illustrates. To facilitate a comparison of the specimens exhibited with the descriptions of text books the names of the different organs are pointed out. This is done in one or the other of the following two ways :—The labels and pointers are attached so that the parts named are pointed out upon the specimen itself, or a photo- graph or drawing of the specimen is made, and the names of the parts are indicated upon this, Where the character of the specimen permits its adoption the former method presents the advantage that in a direct manner a distinguishing name is associated with a given organ. The second method, however, where the drawing is made to a certain - extent diagrammatic, allows a designated part to be more accurately indicated. Examples of the first method are shown in Plate III. Details of the way in which the method is carried — out follow. IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 241 II. Methods. I. LABELLING SPECIMENS PRESERVED IN ALCOHOL OR FORMALIN. A difficulty which at first prevented the naming of the parts was the want of coloured pointers capable of being bent should the character of the specimen demand it, and which would moreover resist the action of the preserving medium. Thus copper wire, steel wire, and glass rods painted were tried with little success. In time the paint blistered and peeled off. I have now devised a method in which the colouring matter needed to make the pointer conspicuous is protected from the action of the preservative by being placed inside a fine capillary tube, The tubes are made by heating ordinary glass tubing of about j-inch bore, and when uniformly hot of a dull red colour at the point desired drawing it out to a fine capillary tube. This capillary tubing is broken into suitable lengths, and as required the tubes are filled with any colouring substance that may be considered effective and distinct upon the chosen background. The backgrounds commonly used are either black or white, and upon these I use vermilion-coloured pointers Ordinary moist colours mixed with melted gelatine are used to fill the tubes. The mixture, employed warm, flows up the tube for a certain length by capillarity. If pointers of a greater length are required the tubes are filled by means of a rubber pipette sucker fastened to one end of the tube by means of a clamp, or the sucker is held firmly around the tube with the finger and thumb of the left hand while with the right hand the air is expelled. 22. sucker i is released the colour substance in which ssi 1 of the tube is steeped is drawn up and fills the tube. | Both: ‘the pointers and the labels in the case of ‘specimens pr ed in alcohol are attached with photoxylin : when the . tive is formalin they are fastened with the clear dilute ss gelatine. already given as a cement for mounting light specimens. ~ in that medium. II. LABELLING DRY PREPARATIONS. In the naming of the parts of dry preparations, the pointers. used are the glass tubes already described, or pointers made of 242 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS copper wire painted with vermilion paint are employed. The labels and the pointers are attached with a gum made of equal parts of gum-tragacanth and gum-arabic or with the gelatine solution given on page 238. III. LABELLING MODELS. The names of the parts of models are attached to pointers made of copper wire. Such pointers, in turn, are fastened to the parts to be named. The cement used for both ‘operations has the fol- lowing composition :— Wax cement for attaching names to models. Beeswax, # parts. Resin, I part. The ingredients are melted together and the cement used warm. At other times the wire used is pointed and the pointed end driven into the part of the model named. To a small piece of cork or pasteboard fastened at the free end of the wire the name-label is attached with gum or paste. LUTINGS FOR LIDS OF VESSELS. I. PERMANENT SEALING. For permanently sealing the lids to museum jars I have found bichromated gelatine prepared as follows efficacious : — 1 oz. Nelson’s Amber Gelatine is soaked in water for several hours ; the water not absorbed by the gelatine is then poured off and the gelatine melted over hot water. When melted, § grains. of bichromate of potash are added and the whole stirred. The melted gelatine is applied with a pipette or glass rod to the rim of the vessel, and the lid, after it has been gently warmed over a Bunsen flame, is laid in position over the mouth of the jar. © The gelatine should be fairly stiff; if too weak when the warm lid is laid on it may run down the inside of the vessel. When the lid has been placed in position, the cement is allowed to cool, and under the action of light it forms a luting insoluble in alcohol or water. IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN. 243 Jf the lid does not lie evenly on the rim of the vessel the con- traction of the gelatine as it dries may crack the lid. To prevent this a cement with more body is prepared by mixing plaster of paris with the gelatine. The plaster fills the interstices between the lid and the rim of the jar. This plaster cement is applied warm in the same manner as the bichromated gelatine cement, excess of cement on the outside in both cases being cleaned off with a knife after it has cooled slightly. Il. FIRM SEALING. If a firm luting is required, but one which will afterwards permits the removal of the lid, a difficult matter when the lutings - given above are employed, the following is used :— Gelatine, I OZ. Paraffin wax, } oz. The gelatine is melted as described in the preceding case ; to the melted gelatine the wax is added and also melted. The two are then beaten together vigorously so as to form as emulsion, The cement is used warm, a layer of the cement being placed on the rim of the vessel, and the lid as before warmed slightly before being placed in position. Ill. TEMPORARY SEALING. For sealing lids temporarily, and as a luting when the jar, is not likely to be handled, vaseline presents the advantage that it is clean and easily applied. It prevents, better than any other temporary luting I have tried, loss of spirit by evaporation and offers no difficulty to the ready removal of the lid should this become necessary. Either of the first two cements may be used for sealing corked bottles. With spirit material the bichromated gelatine has given excellent results. The corks are dipped in the gelatine solution $0 as to coat them, and when the gelatine has set the corks are ‘driven into the bottles flush with the top of the neck, or if fitting too tightly to permit this they are pared down flush with the top. Any alcohol present is carefully dried off and the surface of the ‘cork covered with an even layer of cement. 244 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS Ifthe jari islikelyt b bjectedtovaryingt t should be made for the expansion ¢ and contraction of the alcohol, and at the same time a means found by which the loss of spirit by evaporation—it is practically impossible altogether to prevent this—can be made good. Where the vessel is covered by a glass. lid or disk a small hole is drilled in the lid, and this hole in turn is covered by an ordinary microscopic cover glass, luted down with vaseline. This permits expansion of the spirit, and relieves the pres- sure on the luting of thelid. The loss of alcohol that takes place is. periodically made good, a small thistle funnel being used to introduce fresh alcohol into the vessel through the small hole provided. In the case of jars and bottles closed with corks, a hole is made in the centre of the cork and a glass tube of small diameter inserted. This takes the place and answers the pur- poses of the hole drilled in the glass disks. BUILDING UP OF GLASS VESSELS. Many of the preparations in alcohoi in the Museum are exhibited in vessels built up of pieces of plate-glass cemented together so as to form rectangular, spirit-proof boxes. These vessels are made as follows :—Pieces of plate-glass of good quality are cut the reqitisite sizes to form the sides and bottom of the vessel, and are then carefully ground along their edges, so that the component pieces, when the box is put together, will fit evenly against one another, leaving no cracks between ‘the joints. A cement is prepared consisting of Nelson’s amber gelatine, with bichromate of potash and plaster of paris. The gelatine is melted and the bichromate of potash and plaster of paris are subsequently added, and are stirred into a fairly firm and homogeneous cement which is used warm. A second cement is also prepared, composed of 1 oz. of Nelson’s amber gelatine, 5 grains of bichromate of potash, and a few drops of glycerine. Each piece of glass is gently warmed, the plaster cement is applied evenly along the edges to be joined, and while the cement is still warm the glass is fitted in its place to form one of the sides or the bottom of the vessel as the case may A defnite order is observed in fitting the pieces together. First, the glass which is to be the back of the finished vesselis _ IN USE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, 245 laid flat on a table; the two sides are next cemented vertically right and left of the back glass; the third glass applied is that which is to be the bottom of the finished vessel; and finally the front glass is cemented in position. When the plaster cement along the joints has cooled and has set firm enough to allow the vessel to be taken up and handled without risk of the pieces falling apart—this is usually after a few hours—the second cement, that without plaster of paris, is run as a luting around the inner angles of the vessel and is also applied as a thin layer over the outside joints. That this may be done successfully the second cement should not be very stiff. Both cements should be applied as evenly as possible, as the subsequent scraping and cutting away of any surplus cement weakens the joints and militates much against the success of the work. The vessel is placed in a cool room oe the cement allowed slowly to dry for one or two days, after which it is placed in strong sunlight until quite dry and until the gelatine under the action of the light has turned a brownish colour. It is perhaps premature to speak of the vessels so made as per- manent, but there are in our Museum vessels which were built up thus five years ago which are to-day perfectly spirit-tight. Much handling of the vessels would appear to be harmful, for some preparations which have been frequently moved have subsequently leaked, and it should be noted, too, that the strength of the spirit within the vessel should be maintained at go per cent. if the vessel is to be kept spirit-proof. The alternate drying and wetting of the cement consequent upon an intermittant use of a vessel also causes the cement in course of time to give way and the vessel to leak. Plate-glass or heavy sheet-glass is used, as I find that the thinner sheet-glass is liable to crack under the binding strain it is subjected to as the. cement dries and contracts. The perfectly plane surface of the plate- glass, and the fact that a vessel can be made any required size, are the great advantages of the method, but owing to the cost of the ground plate-glass and labour of grinding the edges square, vessels so made are not cheaper than the cast-glass rectangular vessels to be obtained at the present day. 246 TAGG—NOTES ON MUSEUM-METHODS. Explanation of the Figures in Plate III. THE FIGURES ARE FROM PHOTOGRAPHS BY MR. T. W. WEsT. Upper figure :—Preparation in 90 per cent. alcohol, exhibited in a rectangular glass vessel. The back of the vessel is painted black, and the names of the parts are attached to a clear glass mount, to which, also, the — specimens are fastened. The parts named are pointed out by means of thin glass tubes filled with vermilion injection medium. Lower figure :—Dry preparation mounted on white card and enclosed in box with glass lid and sides. The small pointers are made of thin copper wire painted with vermilion oil colour. The scale at the foot of the preparations — been added temporarily to serve as an index to the size of the specim: NOTES R. B. G. EDIN. —= } y inner wall of peridium Pie ’ cup of base of stipe 2 > + | honey-comb ridges of pilens i ioe — a ) ie TR Ty ee a aR ACER PSEUDO-PLATANUS, Linn. carpe y~phore placenta i pet licel , Eee Sti 5 = . lonvitudinal section of fruit acenta p ) i seed embrvo earpophore LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF FRUIT, SEEDS REMOVED Seay gr a Bi Swe ae SE" O LOTT TLE TES NOTES FROM THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, a EDINBURGH. VOL, Il. Including Numbers VIX. 1902, GLASGOW: PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE By JAMES HEDDERWICK & SONS, AT ‘* THE CITIZEN” PRESS, ST. VINCENT PLACE. SOLD AT THE GARDEN, And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from OLIVER & BOYD, EDINBURGH. [Ad rights reserved.| Mo. Bot.Garaen 1908 Dates of the several Numbers of this Volume. Part VI, pp. 1-20 for January, 1902. Part VII., pp. 21-124 for April, 1902. Part VIII., pp. 125-252 for July, 1902. Part IX., pp. 253-364 for October, 1902. Part X., pp. 365-497 for December, 1902. List of Contents to Vol. II., 1902. The Royal Botanic Garden - “ : i List of Staff - : : 3 Rules and Regulations - : : re Historic Notice - : i ‘ 2 Features of the Garden. With Key Plan - Teaching in the Garden - List of Seeds collected in the Royal Botanic Garden, Edin- burgh, during the year 1gor - History of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Botanical Excursions made by Professor John Hutton Balfour in the Years 1846-1878 inclusively - - - Title and List of Contents to Vol. II., 1902. THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, EDINBURGH. THE Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, is one of the three Gardens maintained by the State in the United Kingdom, the others being the Royal Gardens at Kew in England, and the Glasnevin Garden at Dublin in Ireland. It occupies an unequally-sided quadrilateral area of 57°648 acres (bounded upon all sides by public roads and dwelling-houses) on the North side of Edinburgh—about a mile from the shore of the Firth of Forth. Its highest point, at Inverleith House (S)—the official residence of the Regius Keeper of the Garden—towards the North-west, is 109 feet above sea-level, and thence the ground falls away on all sides. The lowest point—a depression 48 feet above sea-level, with an east and west trend through the middle of the Garden—is the site of an old bog, and the ground rises again to the south of the depression. The surface soil is generally alluvial sand resting on clay at considerable depth. In the lower part of the area the clay comes to the surface. There are two entrances—one upon the east side from Inver- leith Row into the Garden, the other upon the west side from Arboretum Road intothe Arboretum. The Garden is open daily from 8 a.m. on Week-days and from 11 a.m. on Sundays until sunset. The Plant-Houses are open from 1 p.m. until 5.30 p.m., or until sunset if this be earlier. The Museum is open on Week-days from 10 a.m. until 5 p.m. and on Sundays from I p.m. until 5 p.m. The Herbarium and Library are open on Week-days from 10 a.m. until 5 p.m., excepting on Saturday, when they are open until 1 p.m. Staff of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh,’ at December, 1902. tenes Regius Keeper, . : . Isaac Bayley Balfour, M.A., M.D., F.R.S. Assistant in Museum, ; ; Harry Frank Tagg, F.L.S. Assistant in Herbarium, . . John Frederick Jeffrey. Head Gardener, : ’ ; ; Robert Lewis Harrow. Assistant Head Gardener, : : i Henry Hastings. Foreman of Herbaceous Department, . David Sydney Fish. Foreman of Glass Department, ; . Laurence Stewart. Foreman of Arboretum ; : ; . William Smith. RULES for the Royal Botanic Garden and Arboretum in connection with the Regula- tions prescribed by “The Parks Regulation Act, 1872.’ ————— 1. No unauthorised Person may ride or drive in this Garden or in the Arboretum, and no Wheelbarrow, Truck, Bath-chair, Perambulator, Cycle, or other Vehicle or Machine, is allowed to enter, except with the written permission of the Keeper. Children under ten years of age are not admitted unless accompanied by a Parent or suitable Guardian. 2. No Horses, Cattle, Sheep, or Pigs are allowed to enter. 3. No Dogs are admitted. 4. No Bags, Baskets, or Parcels, no Flowers, and no imple- ments for games may be brought in; Artists and Photographers may not bring in their Apparatus without written permission from the Keeper. NoTE.—The foregoing Rules shall not apply to persons going to or leaving Inverleith House by the road leading from the Arboretum Road Gate to the House. 5. Visitors are to enter and leave the Plant Houses by the Doors according to the Notices affixed thereon. - 6. Smoking is not allowed in the Plant Houses. 7. No Person shall touch the Plants or Flowers. 8. Pic-nics and luncheon parties are not allowed. g. No unauthorised Person shall Drill or practise Military Evolutions or use Arms or play any Game or Music, or practise Gymnastics, or sell or let any Commodity. 10. No unauthorised Public Address may be delivered in the Garden or Arboretum. No Performance or Representation either spoken or in dumb show shall be given in any part of the Garden or Arboretum, unless by permission of the Commissioners iv RULES AND REGULATIONS. of His Majesty’s Works and Public Buildings. No Person shall use any obscene, indecent, or blasphemous words, expressions, or gestures, or do any act calculated to provoke a breach of the Peace, in the course of, or in connexion with, any speech, address, performance, recitation, or representation. No money shall be solicited or collected in connexion with any performance, recitation, or representation, except by permission of the Com- missioners of His Majesty’s Works and Public Buildings. 11. Large parties must be broken up to prevent crowding. 12. Climbing the Trees, Railings, or Fences is forbidden. 13. Birds’-nesting, and taking, destroying, or injuring Birds or Animals are forbidden. 14. The distribution of Handbills, Advertisements, and other Papers by the Public is forbidden. Dated the 2nd day of May trgot. Sealed with the Common Seal of the Commissioners of Hts Majesty's Works and Public Buildings. ESHER, Secretary. Historic Notice. IN the year 1670 a portion of the Royal Garden around Holyrood House was occupied by two eminent Edinburgh physicians, Andrew Balfour and Robert Sibbald, for the making of a Physic Garden, and James Sutherland was appointed to the “Care of the Garden.” This was the foundation of the Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh, which is therefore, after that of Oxford (founded in 1632), the oldest in Great Britain. The stocking of the Garden with plants was effected from the private Garden of Dr Andrew Balfour, in which for some years he had been accumulating medicinal plants, and also in great measure from that at Livingston in West Lothian, the laird of which, Patrick Murray, was much interested in the growing of useful plants. In 1676 the same physicians acquired from the Town Council of Edinburgh a lease of the Garden of Trinity Hospital and adjacent ground for the purpose of a Physic Garden in addition to the Garden already existing at Holyrood, and they appointed the same James Sutherland (16..-1715) to be “ Intendant ” of this Garden. The site of this Garden, which for convenience of reference may be called the Town’s Botanic Garden, was the ground lying between the base of that portion of the Calton Hill upon which the prison is built and the North Bridge, and it is now occupied by a portion of the Waverley Station of the North British Railway. The name Physic Garden attached to a street in the vicinity is a reminiscence of the existence of the Garden at this spot. About 1702 another Botanic Garden was established in Edinburgh in the ground immediately adjacent to the College Buildings, apparently on the site of the present South College Street. This was the College Garden, and of it James Sutherland became also custodian. vi Historic NOTICE. Thus in the early years of the eighteenth century there were in Edinburgh no less than three distinct Botanic or Physic Gardens—one at Holyrood, the Royal Garden ; one around Trinity Hospital, the Town’s Garden ; and one beside the College, the College Garden. All these were at first under the care of James Sutherland. Sutherland from the first made use of the Royal Garden for giving “instruction in Botany to the Lieges,” and received a royal warrant appointing him Botanist to the King in Scotland, and empowering him to “set up a Profession of Botany ” in this Garden. When the Town’s Garden was created the Town Council appointed him to lecture on Botany as Professor in the Town’s College, now the University of Edinburgh. In 1683 he published his “ Hortus Medicus Edinburgensis, or a Catalogue of the Plants in the Physical Garden at Edinburgh,” from which and from other published notices of the Town’s Garden we learn that between two and three thousand plants were in cultivation. There is no means of determining how these plants were distributed between the several Gardens at the date of publica- tion of Sutherland’s catalogue. In 1706 Sutherland resigned the care of the Town’s Garden and the College Garden as well as his Professorship in the University, but, remaining King’s Botanist, he retained the care of the Royal Garden at Holyrood. Charles Preston was appointed his successor by the Town Council, and there were thus established rival Gardens and rival Professors of Botany in Edinburgh. Charles Preston died in 1712, and was succeeded in his offices by his brother George Preston, Neither of the Prestons had ever the care of the Royal Garden. In 1715 Sutherland died, and his successor as King’s Botanist, Keeper of the Royal Garden, and Regius Professor of Botany was William Arthur, who, however, probably through becoming implicated in an unsuccessful Jacobite plot to seize the Castle, did not hold the offices long, and was succeeded in 1716 by Charles Alston (1683-1760). In 1724 the College Garden, having fallen into disorder, was turned to other uses; and in 1729, George Preston having retired, the Town Council appointed, as his successor in the charge of the Town’s Garden and as Professor of Botany in the HISTORIC NOTICE. Vii University, Charles Alston, who as King’s Botanist had already the charge of the Royal Garden and was Regius Professor of Botany. Through him, after separation for a quarter of a century, the Royal Garden and the Town’s Garden were again combined under one Keeper, and the Regius Professorship of Botany and the University Professorship were similarly united. They have so continued to the present time. In 1763, the Royal Garden and the Town’s Garden proving too small and otherwise unsatisfactory, John Hope (1725-1786), who had succeeded Alston in his offices in 1761, proposed a transference of the two to a more congenial site in which they could be combined. At first it was intended to secure ground to the south of George Watson’s Hospital—the area upon which much of the present Royal Infirmary is built—but this not being possible, five acres of ground to the north side of Leith Walk, below the site now occupied by Haddington Place, were chosen. As Hope proposed to transfer the collections in the Royal Garden to the new Garden he was able to secure the support of the Treasury to his scheme, and the selected ground was leased in name of the Barons of Exchequer. At the same time the Town Council agreed to contribute £25 annually to the support of the Garden, this sum being the amount of rent expected from the letting of the old Town’s Garden. The plants from both Gardens were transferred to the ground at Leith Walk, and from this date there has been only one Botanic Garden in Edinburgh. The site thus secured for the Garden proved, however, only a temporary one. Daniel Rutherford (1749-1819), who in 1786 succeeded Hope in his offices, cast about him for a spot in which more ground would be available for the extension of the Garden ; and eventually in 1815 nine and a half acres of the land lying to the east of Holyrood Palace, and forming the ground of Belleville or Clockmill, was fixed upon as a site in every way desirable; but Rutherford dying before completion of the arrangements for the transference of the Garden, his successor, Robert Graham (1786-1845), appointed in 1820, preferred the more open site of the Inverleith property which the Garden now occupies, and fourteen acres of the Field or Park of Inverleith, known as Broompark and Quacaplesink, were purchased by the Barons of Exchequer from Mr James Rocheid, its owner, in 1820, viii HISTORIC NOTICE. the lease of the Leith Walk Ground being sold. By 1823 all the plants had been transferred to the new Garden. In 1858, during the Keepership of John Hutton Balfour (1808- 1884), who succeeded Graham in 1845, a further addition, by purchase from the proprietor of Inverleith, of a narrow belt of two and a half acres was made to the Garden on the west side ; and in 1865 the Caledonian Horticultural Society having resigned to the Crown its lease of the ten acres of adjoining ground which it had occupied since 1824 as an experimental Garden, this ground was also made part of the Botanic Garden. Finally the present area of the Garden was completed in 1876, when the Town Council purchased from the Fettes Trustees twenty-seven and three-quarter acres of Inverleith property on the west side of the Garden and transferred it to the Crown for the purpose of making an Arboretum in connection with the Garden; the Crown at the same time purchased Inverleith House and two and a half acres of additional ground. In 1879, Alexander Dickson (1836-1887) became Queen's Botanist, Regius Keeper and Professor, and held these appoint- ments until his death in 1887. During his term of office the Arboretum was thrown open to the public. Surrounded as it now is on all sides by public roads, no further - extension of the Garden upon its present site can be made. Features of the Garden. The method through which the Garden was built up by successive additions resulted in an absence of combination between its several parts, in great measure a consequence of want of adequate funds to make the necessary alterations in the grounds. During the past fourteen years, in which the Garden has been wholly under the administration of the Commissioners of H.M. Works, the bringing about of this combination has been in progress. The work is not yet completed, and the Plan of the Garden which is attached to this sketch shows the area of the Garden as it is laid out at this date—December, 1902. Future editions will show further changes as the work of reconstruction proceeds. From its foundation the Botanic Garden has been devoted to the teaching of Botany, and its usefulness in this respect has determined the laying out of its area. Herbaceous Garden.—A considerable space is occupied by a collection of herbaceous plants arranged for study in natural orders after the “Genera Plantarum” of Bentham and Hooker. Rock Garden.—There is an extensive rockwork upon which alpine and rarer herbaceous plants are cultivated. Arboretum.— The whole of the western area of the Garden is in process of arrangement as an Arboretum of trees and shrubs, and the positions of some of the chief genera are indicated on the plan. The Coniferz are now placed in the ground adjacent to the Rock Garden. Herbaceous Border.—Along the North Boundary of the Arboretum a mixed Herbaceous Border has been planted. The Plant-Houses are still in process of reconstruction. So far as they have been rearranged at the present time they consist of a long range to the north of the herbaceous collection, com- posed of a Central Green-house, from the sides of which two Corridors run east and west (I). Inthe Entrance Porch to the Central Green-house is a collection of Insectivorous Plants (J). x FEATURES OF THE GARDEN. From the Eastern Corridor two houses project to the south—one occupied by Plants of Dry Regions (G), the other containing Economic Plants of both Tropical and Temperate Regions (H). The House terminating the Eastern end of this Corridor is one of the old and decayed plant-houses, to which visitors are not admitted pending its reconstruction. To the south side of the Western Corridor are attached two houses—one for Orchids (K) and one for Plants of Tropical and Warm Regions (L). The house at the western end of the Corridor is another of the old plant-houses to which visitors are not admitted. Behind the western end of the Front Range there is a Temperate House for Palms, Tree-Ferns and Conifer (P), and a Palm-House (Q). Between these and the Front Range at its western end is a suite of houses of which one is devoted to monocotylous Plants of Tropical and Warm Regions, specially Aroids, Scitaminee, Liliacee, and Amaryllidacee (M); Pitcher Plants are also provided for in this house; another contains Bromeliads (N) ; and a third is used for plants requiring warm, temperate environ- ment (O). The central Heating Station (R) for the Plant- houses lies behind the Front Range. Adjoining the Entrance from Inverleith Row is a group of buildings including the Office of the Garden (A), the Museum (B), the Laboratories (C), and the Lecture Hall (D). The Museum contains a series of exhibits illustrating the form and life-history of plants, and these are arranged so as to facilitate their use in teaching. Herbarium and Library.—In the southern portion of the Garden is the Herbarium and Library (T). It contains a fair representation of the Floras of the world, and the herbarium of plants belonging to the University of Edinburgh is deposited here. The Ladies’ Cloak-Room is at present on the left hand of the path leading into the Garden from the Entrance from Inverleith Row (E). A new one will be erected shortly at (F), and a Gentlemen’s Lavatory will be placed then at (E). From the higher ground of the Arboretum—at the point marked (W) on the plan—a fine panoramic view of the City of Edinburgh, flanked on the east by Arthur’s Seat, and on the west by the Pentland Hills, is obtained. WwW >. By id ee : : ea on a | / Q> lg a 2 Siig GaP ° Q | — | Fae i 2 Lf : 5 r 2 Clay PS G3 oF c i : : EAST ENTRANCE a A Garden Office. B Museum. Cc Labo. O Lecture Hall. E Gentlemen's Lavatory. _ F Ladtes’ Cloak Room. Q@ Plants of Dry Regions. H Economie Plants. | Central Greenhouse and Corridors. 3 insectivorous Plants. K Orchids. L Stove Plants. Feet 100 ity ey a5 Ky my , Poe Et p Re M Aroids and Pitcher Plants. N Bromeliads. P Temperate Palms and Tree T Herbarium and Library Ferns. U Monument to Linneus. Q Tropical Palms. V Head Gardener's Residence. R Central Heating Station W Point for View of the City. S Regius Keeper's Residence. X @atekeeper’s Lodge KEY PLAN OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, EDINBURGH. DECEMBER 1902. Area of Garden. 57°648 Acres o 500 1000 Feet. oe Teaching in the Garden. Special instruction in the sciences underlying the practice of Horticulture and Forestry is provided for the Staff of the Garden. The course of instruction is spread over three years, and consists of lectures upon, and practical instruction in, the sciences taught. A Reading-room and Library is also provided for members of the Staff going through the course. Young Gardeners or Foresters desiring admission to the Staff and the course of instruction should make application to the Regius Keeper. The Regius Keeper from time to time gives lectures which are open to the Public. The Laboratories are open to anyone desirous of undertaking Botanical Research. A portion of the botanical teaching of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture is carried on in the Garden. For more than a century and a half the offices of Regius Keeper of the Botanic Garden and Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh have been held by the same person and it has become the custom that the students of the University come to the Garden for instruction in Botany. Specimens for private study are supplied, as far as the resources of the Garden will permit, to visitors and students who make written application to the Regius Keeper. Application forms may be obtained at the office of the Garden. FROM THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, EDINBURGH. JANUARY 1902. ‘the Royal Botanic Garden, Eainbureh,” during the Year 1901, - - - List of Seeds Collected in the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, during the Year 1901. The following is a list of plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, from which ripened seeds have been collected during the year 1901. The quantity of seed obtained from some of the species is of limited amount. The seeds are available for exchange, but they are not for sale :— HERBACEOUS PLANTS. Acacia Aconitum Farnesiana, Willd. Lycoctonum, Zin. grandis, Henfr. moldavicum, /acq. suaveolens, Hi iiid. Napellus, Zizz. paniculatum, Zam. Acaena : pyrenaicum, /ort. argentea, Aus et Pav. - ; : : reclinatum, A. Gray. Novze-Zelandiz, 7. Kirk. truncatum, Rafin. pinnatifida, Ruiz et Pav. Acanthostachys Actza strobilacea, Link, Klotzsch et alba, Ail. Otto. spicata, Zinn. Achillea — var. rubra, A7Zé. filipendulina, Zam. grandiflora, Bied. Adenophora Millefolium, Ziz. stylosa, Fisch. rupestris, Huter. verticillata, Fisch. (Notes, R.B.G., Edin., No. VI, 1902 2 LIsT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1IQOI. Aechmea bromelizfolia, Baker, pulchra. candida, &. Morr. Makoyana, Hort. Makoy. Weilbachii, Diéetr., var. leodi- ensis. xiphophylla, Baker. Agave attenuata, Sa/m-Dyck. Aglaonema commutatum, Schofz. monia agrimonioides, Zinn, Eupatoria, Zinn. odorata, AZi//. Alchemilla alpina, Linz., var. conjuncta isma Plantago, Linn. Allium carinatum, Linn. fistulosum, Zizn. giganteum, fege/. globosum, fed., var. albidum. karataviense, Regel. odorum, Linn polyphyllum, et Kir. sativum, Linr Schoenoprasum, Linn. senescens, Linn. sphzrocephalum, Lzwn., descendens (Zinn.). Alnus cordifolia, Tenore. glutinosa, Medic. Aloe alm-Dyck Alstreemeria chilensis, Zem. revoluta, Ruiz et Pav. Althza kurdica, Schlecht. Alyssum idzum, Boiss. & Heldr. montanum, Zw. saxatile, Ziuzz. Ammobium alatum, fk. Br. husa altissima, Desf. Androsace arachnoidea, Scho/t. lactea, Linz. lanuginosa, Wadi. macrantha, Bozss. & Huet. septentrionalis, Zz. var. Anemone alpina, Ziv. — var. sulphurea. narcissiflora, Zinz. pratensis, Zinn. rivularis, Buch.-Ham. sulphurea, Zz. Antennaria Hori. Anthericum Liliago, Zinn. mitriformis, 4/7//., var. spinulosa dioica, Gaertn., var. tomentosa, 4 LIST OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING I9QOI, Athamanta Matthioli, Waudf. Atropa Belladonna, Zinn. Aubrietia — var. grandiflora. — var. taurica. — var. olympica. a sterilis, £27272. Babiana plicata, Ker. is 3 sylvestris, Cyvzl. Bertolonia maculata, DC. Beta vulgaris, Zinn. Betula alba, Zinn., var. pendula. Billbergia decora-nutans x, Baker. pyramidalis Zzndi. thyrsoidea, Jart., var. longi- folia (C. Koch et Bouché). zebrina, Lindl. Bomarea ——— Herb. oS aera sh csr Baker. Brassica juncea, Cass. a ° diza lactea, S. Waits. bo | onia dioica, Jacq. Bulbinella 'Buphthalm RESTS Oe Bupleurum Candolli, Wall. 'Butomus | umbellatus, Zinm. | Calamintha officinalis, AZench. Calandrinia Menziesii, Zorr. et Gray. Calendula arvensis, Zinn. Callicarpa purpurea, /uss. Callirhoe digitata, Nuit. ‘Callistemon | linearis, DC. speciosus, DC. Calochortus clavatus,S. Wats. venustus, Benth, —yar. Eldorado. —var. oculatus. Hookeri, Benth. et Hook f. 4 LIsT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1901. Athamanta Matthioli, Wudf. Atropa Belladonna, Zinn. Aubrietia croatica, Schott. deltoidea, DC. — var. grandiflora. — var. taurica. — var. olympica. Avena sterilis, Linz. Babiana plicata, Ker. Bellis : sylvestris, Cy7zil. 1 maculata, DC. Beta vulgaris, Zinn, Betula alba, Zinn., var. pendula. Billbergia decora-nutans x, Baker. pyramidalis Zzndi. thyrsoidea, art, var. longi- folia (C. Koch et Bouché). zebrina, Lindl. Bomarea patacocensis, Herd. Brachychilum yc Horsfieldii, Baker. Brassica juncea, Coss. | Brodiza lactea, S. Wats, Bryonia dioica, Jac. Bulbinella Hookeri, Benth. et Hook f. Buphthalmum speciosum, Schreb. Bupleurum Candollii, Wall. Butomus umbellatus, Zin. Calamintha officinalis, Wench. Calandrinia Menziesii, Zorr. et Gray. Calendula arvensis, Zzun., Callicarpa purpurea, /uss. Callirhoe digitata, Nutt. Callistemon linearis, DC. speciosus, DC. Calochortus clavatus,.S. Wats. venustus, Benth, —var. Eldorado. —var. oculatus. LIisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1go0I. Camassia Cam Cusickii, S. Wats. esculenta, Zindi. — var. alba. panula alliarizefolia, Willd. arbata, Linn. ceespitosa, Srop. carpatica, Jacg — var. turbinata (Scho?é). expansa, Frivald. latifolia, Linn. —var. macrantha (Fisch.) — var. macrantha alba. linifolia, Scop. Medium, Zzuz., var. alba. mirabilis, 4/6 pyramidalis, Phe rapunculoides, Zz. Rapunculus, Zin. rotundifolia, Z7nn. — var. alba. var. Baumgartenii (Becker), versicolor, Szbth. et Sm. Capsicum annuum, Zinn. longum, “ort. Cardamine bellidifolia, Zinn. uus acanthoides, Zinn, Carex atrata, Zinn. | irrigua, Sw. japonica, Hort. muricata, Zinz. punctata, Gaud. Vahlii, Schkuhr. Celosia cristata, Zizn., Centaur oie Linn. atropurpurea, var. calocephala. axillaris, Willd. cariensis, Boiss. glastifolia, Zinn. Jacea, Zinn. nigra, Zinn. | nigrescens, Willd. pectinata, Zinn rutifolia, S7d¢h. et Sy. salmantica, Zinv. sphzrocephala, Zinn. a tarica, Schrad. — var. minor. Cerastium arvense, orum. ovatum, Hoppe. purpurascens, Adams. tomentosum, Zinn. Cerinthe alpina, Kit retorta, S:dth. et Sm. m aurantiacum, Lind. Waldst. Linn., var. var. nana. et Kit. grandi- 6 Cheiranthus Senoneri, Heldr. et Sart. Chelidonium majus, Zinn. — var. laciniatum (J/7/2.). Chlorophytum Orchidastrum, Lind]. Chrysanthemum arcticum, Z7nm., Balsamita, Zinn. ceratophylloides, 4/7. cinerarizfolium, Vis. coronopifolium, JZas/,, hybridum Pencarian, Linn. maximum, Ramond. segetum, L277. Cimicifuga racemosa, /Vutt. Ss monspeliensis, Zzzv. Clematis heraclezfolia, DC. Clerodendron splendens, G. Don. Clianthus puniceus, Banks et Sol. Clitoria Ternatea, Zinn. Cnicus Casabonz Roth. pratensis, Wz//d. tartaricus, Willd. var. var. LIST OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1901. | Cobza scandens, Cav. Cochlearia glastifolia, Zzzn. Codonopsis ovata, Benth, rotundifolia, Royle. Colutea istria, AZi?. melanocalyx, Boiss. Combretum purpureum, Vaal. Convallaria majalis, Lznm. Coronilla te elegans, Panc. montana, Scop. vaginalis, Zam. varia, Linn, Cortusa Matthioli, Zinn. — var. grandiflora. Corydalis glauca, Pursh. igneus, N. E. Brown. Cotoneaster Nummularia, /isch. et Mey. Cous rants C. A, Mey. Cratzegus mollis, Scheele. LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1901. Crocosmi a aurea, Planch. rocus pulchellus, Herd. oton ciliato-glanduliferus, Or¢. a fficinale, Zinn. — var. alba. pictum, AZ¢. isus nigricans, Zinn, scoparius, Zink. Dahlia Merckii, Zehm. nae Laurus, Medic. Daucus Carota, Zinn. Gingidium, Zinn, Delphinium altissimum, Wad/. azureum, JZ/ichx. Brunonianum, oy/e. californicum, Jorr. et Gray. iri Royle, flexuosum, Aajin. formosum, Borss. et Huet. grandiflorum, Zzwz., var. album. — var. chinense. nudicaule, Zorr. et Gray. palmatifidum, DC. scopulorum, A. Gray. speciosum, S7ed., var.glabratum. — var. turkestanicum. Desmodium gyrans, DC. Dianthus alpinus, Zinn. Armeria, Zinn. atrorubens, Ad/. banaticus, LTeuffi. pelviformis, Heuff. Requienii, Gren. et Godr. superbus, Zznz. tymphresteus, He/dr. et Sart. Dictamnus albus, Zinn. — var. tauricus. Diervilla sessilifolia, Buch. Digitalis . ambigua, J/urr. purpurea, Zinn. nysia aretioides, Boiss. otaxis erucoides, DC. Dipsacus atratus, Hook. f. et Thoms. japonicus, JZ7q. Dodecatheon Meadia, Zinn., var. album, —, var. integrifolium (Jfichx.). 8 LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1901. Draba Aizoon, Wahlenbd. cuspidata, Bied. fladnizensis, Wuif. hirta, Zinn. rupestris, &. Br. scandinavica, Lindblom. Dracocephalum peregrinum, Zznn. Ruprechti, Rege/. speciosum, Benth. Drosera longifolia, Zinn. spathulata, Zadzii. Drosophyllum lusitanicum, Zink. Dryas Drummondii, Richards. octopetala, Zinn. Epilobium alpinum, Zinn. angustifolium, Zinn. Billardierianum, Ser. Dodonei, Vid/, repens, Schlecht. rosmarinifolium, Henke, — var. sericeum. Eremurus himalaicus, Baker. _robustus, Regel. Erigeron glabellus, WVutz. — var. mollis. macranthus, /Vw/ét. Roylei, DC. speciosus, DC. — var. superbus. Villarsii, Bed. Erinus alpinus, Zizn. Erophila vulgaris, DC. Eryngium alpinum, Zinn. Bourgati, Gouan. dichotomum, Des/. Oliverianum, Delar. superbum. planum, Linz. -spinalba, Vid7. Erysimum asperum, DC, var. Perofskianum, /isch. et A/ey Escallonia exoniensis, Hort. pterocladon, Hook. rubra, Pers. Eschscholzia californica, Cham. Eucalyptus ficifolia, /. AZue/l. Eucharidium Breweri, 4. Gray. Euphorbia Gerardiana, /acg. LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1901. Evodia elegans, Hort. Fraxinus excelsior, Zinn. Fritillaria camtschatcensis, Ker-Gaw . latifolia, Widid., var. lutea. Meleagris, Zinn. Fuchsia procumbens, A. Cunn, unkia lancifolia, Spreng. Sieboldiana, Hook. Galega $4 officinalis, Ziv, — var. alba, orientalis, Zam. Galium coronatum, Sib¢h. et Sm. saccharatum, A/. Galtonia candicans, Decsne. Gasteria disticha, Haw., var. angustifolia, Baker Gentiana asclepiadea, Zinn. Saponaria, Zinn. septemfida, Pall., var. cordifolia, Hook tibetica, King. verna, Linn, Geonoma n pumila, Wendi. Geranium argenteum, Zinn. Grevilleanum, Wail. ibericum, Cav. —var. platypetalum (/isch. et Mey.). pheeum, Zznn. pratense, Zz. sanguineum, Zinn. —var, lancastriense (AZ#2/.). Gerbera Jamesoni, Bolus. nivea, Sch. Bip. Geum bulgaricum, Pang. intermedium x, Ehrh. montanum, Lizz. — var. aurantiacum. Glaucium flavum, Cravntzz. — var. fulyum, (.572.). Globularia vulgaris, Linn. Gossypium herbaceum, Zinn. Grevillea glabrata, AZerssn. Grindelia squarrosa, Dunaz. Gypsophila acutifolia, Fzsch. elegans, Bzed. 10 LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1901. Haberlea rhodopensis, Frivald. Hedysarum boreale, Wutt. microcalyx, Baker. obscurum, Linz. Helenium Hoopesii, 4. Gray. Helianthemum ledifolium, AZz//. Tuberaria, JZ://. umbellatum, J///. vulgare, Gaertn., var. mutabile roseum. — var. rhodanthum. — yar. roseum. — var. venustum. Heliopsis levis, Pers. padula, Wender. Hes matronalis, Zinv. Heuchera Drummondi, Hort. glabra, Willd. macrophylla, Zodd. sanguinea, Engelm. Hibiscus gossypinus, 7hunb. Huegelii, End. Manihot, Zzz7. Hieracium bupleuroides, C. C. Gmed. cesium, /7ies. cambricum, /:_/. Hand. crinitum, S7zd¢h. et Sm. | foliosum, Waldst. et Kit. | gymnocephalum, Grised. | lasiophyllum, Koch. lingulatum, Backh. rupestre, Ad/, sabaudum, Zznz. scoticum, /. 7. Hand. tridentatum, /7ies. Hyacinthus romanus, Lz. Hydrolea spinosa, Zznz. Hypericum Androsemum, Zin. Ascyron, Linz. crenulatum, Zozss. elodeoides, Choztsy. hirsutum, Zznz. tetrapterum, /7ies. Hypochoeris radiata, Zinn. uniflora, Viz. Hyssopus officinalis, Zinn. Iberis intermedia, Guersent. sempervirens, Ziun., var — var. superba. Tenoreana, DC. umbellata, Zznz. om- mutata (Schott et Pesci }. — var, Garrexiana (A//.). LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1901. Aquifolium, Zzzz. Impatiens cuspidata, Wight. Noli-tangere, Zinn. scabrida, DC Incarvillea Delavayi, Bureau et Franch, Inula glandulosa, Puschk. Helenium, Zzuz. Hookeri, Clarke. Iris Cengialtii, Ambrosz. Pseudacorus, Linn., ariegata. sibirica, Zzum. —var. alba. —var. flexuosa (AZurr.). virginica, Zinn. xiphioides, ZArh. Isatis tinctoria, Zznn. Itea virginica, Zinn. Jasione montana, Zinn. Juncus effusus, Zzv7., var. flor Jurinea glycacantha, DC. Kalanchoe flammea, Staff. var. spiralis ; Kedrostis | africana, Cogn. Kniphofia Tuckii, Baker. Laburnum vulgare, /. S. Presi. —vyar. austriacum. Lathyrus hirsutus, Zz. latifolius, Zzvx. —-var. us. macrorrhizus, Wimm., maritimus, Bzgel. montanus, ernzh. rotundifolius, Wid//d. sylvestris, Wadld. tingitanus, Zznn. vernus, Linn. -—var. azureus. Leontodon hispidum, Zzvx. Leontopodium alpinum, Cass. —var. altaicum (.Spreng.). Leonurus Cardiaca, Zinn. ris spicata, Weld. Lilium pardalinum, Ked/ogg Parryi, S. Wats. tigrinum, Ker-Gawl., sinense — var, Splendens (Baker). Var, 12 List OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING I9OI. Linaria vulgaris, AZz//. Linum austriacum, Zinn. — var. album. hologynum, Rezchd. Lewisii, Pursh. narbonense, Zinn. perenne, Zinn. Lophosciadium meifolium, DC. Lupinus aboreus, Sims. —var. violaceus. nootkatensis, Dov. polyphyllus, Zzzdl., var. albus. rivularis, Dougd. L Flos-cuculi, Zznz. Viscaria, Linn. Lythrum myrtifolium, Zodd, Salicaria, Zinn., var. hirsutum. Malva Alcea, Zinn. sylvestris, Linz. — var. variegata. lateritium, Wichols. Meconopsis aculeata, Royle. cambrica, Vig. Wallichii, Hook. — var. fusco-purpurea. Medicago hispida, Gaertn. sativa, Linn. strumaria, ort. Melilotus dentata, Pers. elegans, Salzm. officinalis, Zam. Mimosa marginata, Zind/. Mimulus cardinalis, Dougd. Mirabilis Jalapa, Zinn. Momordica Charantia, Zinn. cochinchinensis, Spreng. Morina longifolia, Wail. persica, Zinn. moschatum, W7//d. Myosotis arvensis, Zam. dissitiflora, Baker. Myrrhis odorata, Scop. LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1901. Narcissus Bulbocodium, citrinus, Baker. Linn., Nepeta Mussini, Spreng, Nepetella, Zznz. nuda, Zin. Sibthorpii, Lezzz. Nephthytis liberica, V. £. hrown. aN igella hispanica, Zzz#., var. atropur- —, var. alba. Nocczxa alpina, Retchd. stylosa, Rerchd. CEnanthe pimpinelloides, Zz77. Cnothera odorata, Jacq. earia Haastii, Hook. /. Onobrychis vicizfolia, Scop. Ononis hircina, /acg. Natrix, Zz. spinosa, Zn. Ornithogalum tenellum, /acg. Oryza sativa, Linn. var. Ss corniculata, Zz. | —var, tropzoloides, ffort, ceeruleum, Decne. Oxytropis glabra, DC, strobilacea, Buzge. Pzonia corallina, Rezs. officinalis, Zinz. var. anemon- zeflora. icum Crus-galli, Zinn. Panic Papaver alpinum, Zinz. glaucum, Boiss. et Haussk. pilosum, Szézh, et Sm. Passiflora quadrangularis, Zinn, edulis, Svs, Pentst baskatue: Roth. —var. Torreyi (Benth). confertus, Dougl. deustus, Dougi. diffusus, Dougé. gentianoides, Pozr. humilis, Vztt. ovatus, Doug. Richardsonii, Doug/. 14 LisT OF SEEDS COLLECTED DURING 1901. Perezia Polyalthia multiflora, Zess. suberosa, Benth. et Hook. f. Peucedanum coriaceum, Reichd. f. Polygon officinale, Zinn. - aie D. Don. viviparum, Zznn. Phacelia Weyrichii, #. Schmidt. tanacetifolia, Lenth. ax —— Potentilla lanuginosum, Zanks, argyrophylla, Wall. Phlomis dissecta, Pursh. cashmeriana, Royle. Friedrichseni, Hort, glandulosa, Zind/. Phyteuma japonica, Blume. hemisphericum, Zzzz. malacophylla, Boré. orbiculare, £77272. Scheuchzeri, 4//, oils, — ; Sieberi, Spreng. nevadensis, Aotss. : ontopoda, Dougl. Pimpinella podolica, Blocke. magna, Zinn. procumbens, Szé¢h. pseudo-obscura, 4locki. recta, Lizn., var. sulphurea. rupestris, Zzv., var. Lara Sanguisorba, Willd Pitcairnia maidifolia, Decsne. pulverulenta, Ruiz et Pav. rubiginosa, Baker. Plantago Sibbaldi, Had/. 7. Coronopus, Zinn. Thurberi, 4. Gray. Raoulii, Decsne. tridentata, So/and. Platystemon vlasicensis, Steg/r. californicus, Benth, Polemoniu ; eee Linn Poterium 4 dodecandrum, Benth. et Hook. }. —var. album. confertum, sanguineum Vicia sylvatica » hirsuta Agrimonia Eupatoria Hippuris vulgaris Conium maculatum Ethusa Cynapium Valeriana officinalis Carduus acanthoides Butomus umbellatus Carex riparia Asplenium Trichomanes is Ruta-muraria rs septentrionale Ballencrief, Aberlady, Luffness, Gullan, Drem. Saturday, 4th July 1846. Party of about 50 met at the North British Railway Station 8.15 a.m. Proceeded to Ballencrief, thence to Aberlady, Luffness, and Gullan, and returned by Drem. Picked :— Fumaria micrantha (Rail- way at Ballencrieff ) Cerastium arvense Sagina maritima Silene noctiflora Geranium pusillum elilotus _— officinalis = (in profusion between Gullan and Drem) Trifolium fragiferum 28 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Parnassia palustris | Solanum Dulcamara (all Hippuris vulgaris | roadsides) Hydrocotyle vulgare (fine | Verbascum Thapsus flower Limosella aquatica Helosciadium repens Utricularia vulgaris Sium angustifolium Hippophaé rhamnoides Carduus nutans Sparganium ramosum Centaurea Scabiosa | Scirpus lacustris Campanula rapunculoides , Maritimus hybrida Carex intermedia Anagallis arvensis », teretiuscula i tenella » paniculata Polemonium czeruleum Lepturus filiformis var. Cynoglossum officinale Lycopodium selaginoides Linton, Lawhead, Tantallon Castle, Bass, Canty Bay, Dirleton, Drem. Saturday, 11th July 1846. Party of 38 met at North British Railway Station at 8.15 a.m. and proceeded to Linton, walked to Lawhead, picking on the way :— Agrimonia Eupatoria Ballota nigra Ethusa Cynapium Parietaria officinalis Linaria vulgaris Mr. Alex. Howden accompanied us through Binning Wood to Whitekirk. Near Lawhead, Acinos vulgaris grows. In Binning Wood :— Lythrum Salicaria Rumex sanguineus, var. viridis Saw some large beeches; Castanea, about 13 or 14 feet in circumference. Near Whitekirk, picked :-— Sisymbrium Sophia Sempervivum tectorum Potentilla argentea | Epilobium hirsutum : ee PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. is = 9 Lepidium Smithii grows by roadside, but was not seen by us. Walked to Tantallon Castle, picked :— Lepidium latifolium Conium maculatum Carduus Marianus Hyoscyamus niger Then visited the Bass by boat from Canty Bay. On the Bass the plants seen were :— Cochlearia officinalis Silene maritima Lychnis dioica Cerastium semidecandrum Callitriche platycarpa Peplis Portula Carduus lanceolatus Hieracium Pilosella Beta maritima Atriplex rosea Rumex crispus Urtica dioica Agrostis alba » vulgaris canina “Hokdis lanatus Dactylis glomerata Poa annua » trivialis Festuca ovina » duriuscula glauca, var. Ramalina scopulorum Parmelia parietina On landing from Bass walked by shore to North Berwick, on the way picking :—. Cakile maritima Eryngium maritimum Scabiosa Columbaria Apargia hispida Hyoscyamus niger Salsola Kali Carex arenaria Ammophila arundinacea From North Berwick walked by road to Dirleton, visited old. castle, and picked :— Sedum album Sedum reflexum Smyrnium Olusatrum After a hasty dinner at the inn, walked to Drem and returned by train to Edinburgh, which we reached about 7.40 p.m. 30 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Loch Lomond. Thursday, 16th July 1846. Party consisting of Dr. Balfour, Mr. H. Balfour, Mr. Beveridge, Mr. A. Christison, Mr. David Christison, Dr. A. Douglas, Mr. Keddie, Mr. Littlejohn, Mr. Jas. Mitchell, Dr. Paterson, Mr. A. W. Smith, Mr. T. Spens, and Mr. Tait, made a trip to Loch Lomond and neighbourhood. Some of the party went early to Glasgow and visited St. Rollox, Lancefield Spinning Co., College, Rest went by train at 1. All proceeded by steamboat at 4 for Dumbarton and thence up Loch Lomond in “ Water-Witch.” Reached Inverarnan at 10 p.m., and were comfortably accommodated at M‘Lellan’s Inn. Friday, 17th July 1846. Started about 8°a.m. for Ben Vorlich and picked numerous good alpine plants, amongst others :— Trollius europzeus Malaxis paludosa Silene acaulis Carex pauciflora Sibbaldia procumbens » saxatilis Saxifraga stellaris Poa Balfourii i aizoides — Asplenium viride hypnoides Lycopodium Selago Hieracium alpinum vo inundatum Lawsoni “ annotinum Gonchiiinis supinum a alpinum Lysimachia vulgaris selaginoides Salix herbacea jecesek lacustris Saturday, 18th July 1846. Left Inverarnan by steamboat at 5.15 am. Breakfasted at ee Some went to Loch Katrine and Trossachs, others Dr. Balfour went to Ben Lomond, and after reaching top» aces to Rowardennan. Besides numerous alpine plants picked some peculiar Hieracia on banks of stream at Inversnaid, also :— Cerastium alpinum Veronica humifusa Hypericum Androsemum PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 31 Met boat about 3.30 p.m., and found all the rest of the party on board. Proceeded to Dumbarton, thence by steamboat to Glasgow, and returned to Edinburgh by to o’clock train. Merchiston, Colinton, Bonaly, Habbie’s Howe. Currie. Saturday, 25th July 18406. Party of 20 met at Bruntsfield Links at 9 am. Walked by Merchiston and Colinton to Bonaly, thence by Pentlands to Habbie’s Howe, and returned by Black Springs and Currie to Edinburgh about 7.30 p.m. Picked :— Sedum villosum . Mimulus luteus (in abund- Epilobium angustifolium ance at Bonaly ponds) Galium pusillum Veronica scutellata Solidago Virgaurea Littorella lacustris Carduus heterophyllus Habenaria viridis Hieracium prenanthoides Juniperus communis inuloides ? Lastrzea Oreopteris Campanula latifolia Botrychium Lunaria Gentiana campestris Lycopodium clavatum Pilularia globulifera EXCURSIONS IN 1847. Granton and Cramond. Saturday, 15th May 1847. Proceeded to Granton and Cramond, returned about 5.30 p.m. 75 pupils went. Picked :— Acer platanoides Orchis mascula Saxifraga granulata : Convallaria multiflora Myrrhis odorata Carex arenaria Symphytum officinale Morchella esculenta Neottia Nidus-avis (not in Polyporus squamosus flower) 32 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Dalkeith, Musselburgh. Saturday, 22nd May 1847. Met at St. Leonards at 8.30 a.m. A party of upwards of 90 went to Dalkeith. Walked through the grounds and by the banks of Esk to Musselburgh. Returned about 5.30 p.m. by train. Picked :— Fumaria officinalis Lithospermum arvense Stellaria nemorum Lathrzea Squamaria Trifolium ornithopodioides Salix Russelliana Saxifraga granulata »» Purpurea Myrrhis odorata yy omithiana Petasites vulgaris Populus alba Doronicum Pardalianches Arum maculatum Corstorphine, Cramond Bridge, Dalmeny, Queensferry. Thursday, 27th May 1847. Queen’s Birthday. Started at 8 a.m. with party of upwards of 50. Walked to Corstorphine, thence to Cramond Bridge. Through woods of Dalmeny to South Queensferry, crossed to North F erry. Some returned by Stirling steamer at 5 p.m. Others crossed again and walked to Winchburgh and returned by train at 6.40 p.m. Picked :— Viola hirta Lonicera Caprifolium (not in y+ Canina, var. flavicornis flower) Oxytropis uralensis : Symphytum officinale Spirzea salicifolia Neottia Nidus-avis Myrrhis odorata Ophioglossum vulgatum Viburnum Opulus 5 Lantana PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 33 Drem, Dirleton, Luffness, Gullan, Aberlady, Longniddry. Saturday, 29th May 1847. Party assembled at North British Railway Station at 7.15 a.m. The morning was very wet, and rain was falling copiously without much prospect of clearing. The number who met was about 12. They resolved to put off the trip till 11.30 in the fore- noon. By that time the weather was more promising, and a party of 16 started by the train for Drem, thence they walked to Dirleton, visited the castle and grounds, Archerfield, Gullan, Luffness, Aberlady, and returned by train which passed Long- niddry about 7 p.m. Picked :— At Dirleton :-— Smyrnium Olusatrum | Lamium maculatum, var. Linaria Cymbalaria | album At Archerfield :-— Rumex sanguineus (leaves) | Listera ovata (not in flower) At Gullan :-— . Viola hirta . | Cerastium arvense At Luffness :— Hippuris vulgaris Carex riparia Blysmus rufus Near Gosford :— Geranium sanguineum Botrychium Lunaria Hippophae rhamnoides Near Longniddry :— Pyrus pinnatifida | 34 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Kirkcaldy, Dysart House, Ravenscraig Castle, Raith, Pettycur, Burntisland. Saturday, 5th June 1847. Met at stone pier, Newhaven, at 9.30 a.m. Party above 60. Went by steamboat to Kirkcaldy, thence to Earl of Rosslyn’s Dysart house. Saw fine rhododendrons, chiefly hybrids between R. arboreum and R. ponticum, also R. catawbiense and some Coniferze, Cedrus Deodara particularly, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus Cembra, Picea Webbiana. Proceeded by shore to Ravenscraig Castle, thence to Raith, visited Raith grounds and loch, saw very fine specimens of Adzes Douglasiz—one in particular past west end of loch—also a form of Pzuus Strobus called by the gardener P. monticola. From Raith walked to Kinghorn and thence to Pettycur and by shore to Burntisland. Returned by boat at 7 p.m. Picked :— _In Dysart Wood :— Ranunculus aquatilis | Lonicera Caprifolium uilegia vulgaris Polemonium czeruleum Fumaria micrantha Veronica polita Montia fontana Lamium amplexicaule At Ravenscraig :— Cheiranthus Cheiri Smyrnium Olusatrum Silene maritima Salvia Verbenaca At Raith :-— Cardamine amara Blechnum Spicant Helianthemum vulgare Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum Viola hirta Lastrea Filix-foemina Geums (monstrous) » Filix-mas Valeriana pyrenaica » Spinulosum Doronicum Pardalianches Polypodium vulgare Pteris aquilina At Kinghorn :— Thlaspi arvense Convolvulus arvensis (not . Torilis nodosa in PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 35 Between Pettycur and Burntisland :— Reseda lutea Trifolium striatum Hyoscyamus niger Linaria Cymbalaria Littorella lacustris Phleum arenarium Burntisland, Starly Burn, Aberdour, St. David’s, Inverkeithing, North Queensferry. Saturday, 12th June 1847. Party of 60 met at Granton at 9 a.m. and went to Burntisland. Thence went to Starly Burn, Aberdour. Entered Donibristle gate, walked by the shore to the house. Thence went to St. David’s, Inverkeithing, Ferry Hills, and met Stirling boat at North Queensferry at 5.30 p.m. At Burntisland :— Cheiranthus Cheiri Malva sylvestris Trifolium seabrum Torilis nodosa Salvia Verbenaca At Starly Burn :— Solanum Dulcamara At Donibristle :-— Medicago maculata — Centranthus ruber Dipsacus (in leaf) At St. David’s :— Diplotaxis tenuifolia At Inverkeithing :— Thlaspi arvense Sedum villosum At Queensferry :— Vicia lutea Ballota nigra Parietaria officinalis Sclerochloa maritima is loliacea Listera ovata Atropa Belladonna (in bud) ium Scorodoprasum (in bud Reseda lutea Sambucus Ebulus (in bud) Sclerochloa distans 36 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Alloa, Alva, Tillicoultry. Saturday, 19th June 1847. Party between 50 and 60 met at Granton Railway Terminus at 4.40 am. Went on board Stirling steamer at 5. Slight shower at starting. Day cleared. Reached Alloa at 7.30. Breakfasted at Thomas’ Royal Oak Hotel. Thence walked towards Alva. On the way picked :— Ranunculus aquatilis Phalaris canariensis (Mr. Habenaria chlorantha (in bud) | Nelson) In the pond near Alva :— Sparganium ramosum | Sparganium hatans Roadsides :-— Serrafalcus commutatus Entered glen to east of Alva House. Four deep ravines, wooded, beautiful ferns, mosses, and /ungermannie. Among the ferns were :— Pteris aquilina | Polystichum lobatum Blechnum boreale Lastrea Filix-mas Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum Lastrea spinulosa, var. ; Trichomanes dilatata Athyrum Filix-foemina | Polypodium vulgare (fronds Scolopendrium vulgare 2 feet long) Cystopteris fragilis Rocks near the glen :— Spergula subulata | Sedum anglicum . Astragalus glycyphyllos After leaving the glen proceeded towards Ben Cleuch—easy but long ascent. On sides of rivulets 1000 ft. up :-— Saxifraga stellaris | Saxifraga hypnoides PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 37 On face of hill near summit :— Viola palustris Antennaria dioica » canina Carex przcox On a high spot :— Gnaphalium supinum (in plenty) On summit of hill 2,200 feet :— Salix herbacea Lycopodium alpinum Carex rigida On a summit to the north-west marked by a cairn, Mr. James Balfour picked :— Rubus Chamzmorus afterwards got by the party (Murchison, Dobie, and Tetley). Mr. Murchison picked near the summit at upper part of Tillicoultry Glen :-— Trientalis europzea Descending from the summit by Glen of Tillicoultry abun- dance of :— . Pyrus Aucuparia Saxifraga hypnoides Saxifraga stellaris Lastrea Oreopteris Visited woollen works at Tillicoultry and returned to Alloa about 5 p.m. Left by steamboat at 7. Reached Granton about 9.15. ‘ Slateford, Colinton, Woodhall, Currie, Dalmahoy Hills, Ravelrig, and Gogar. Saturday, 26th June 1847. Party between 4o and 50 met at 8.30 am. at Port Hopetoun (Canal basin), Walked along banks of Canal to Aqueduct, thence to Slateford, Colinton, Woodhall, Currie, Dalmahoy Hill, Ravelrig, Gogar. B 38 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY ‘In fields near Canal :— Fumaria micrantha (abundant) Fumaria capreolata fs officinalis At Slateford :— Corydalis claviculata (old Staphylea pinnata garden wall ragaria elatior Geranium phzum Carpinus Betulus ¥s sylvaticum Bromus asper Euonymus europzeus In Colinton Woods :— Epilobium augustifolium (not | Valeriana pyrenaica in flower) Scrophularia nodosa Adoxa Moschatellina. Eleocharis multicaulis Lonicera Caprifolium | Festuca arundinacea Valeriana officinalis (not in | flower) | Woods near Woodhall and banks of river :— Meconopsis cambrica Geranium dissectum Tilia grandifolia Rosa spinosissima ~ 4, parvifolia », tomentosa Geranium sylvaticum Avena pratensis = pratense Festuca arundinacea New mill beyond Currie :— Trollius europzeus Dalmahoy Hills nearest to Currie :-— Viola lutea Geranium columbinum (in ' plenty) Wood at Ravelrig :— Linnza borealis (in full fiower). Ravelrig Bog:— Comarum palustre Corallorhiza innata (plenty) Drosera rotundifolia (not in Listera cordata flower) Orchis latifolia Pyrola minor » maculata Pinguicula vulgaris Habenaria bifolia PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 39 Carex dioica Carex panicea », pulicaris | 99 77 SES » teretiuscula | » flava > eeata ; filiformis 4» czespitosa | » _ hirta ~~ plauca » ampullacea » pilulifera | On western Dalmahoy Hill :— Trientalis europzea (plenty—s5 to 6 only in flower, rest beginning o show fruit) Easter Dalmahoy Hill :-— Ranunculus aquatilis Digitalis purpurea » Saxifraga hypnoides Roadside, Dalmahoy :— Galium erectum Salisbury Crags, Arthur's Seat, Duddingston. Thursday, 1st July 1847. Met between 30 and 40 pupils at 5 p.m. at Holyrood. Walked by Crags to Arthur’s Seat and Duddingston. Home about 9 p.m. Picked :— Helianthemum vulgare Salvia Verbenaca Lychnis Viscaria Stratiotes aloides Malva sylvestris Iris Pseudacorus Geranium pyrenaicum Butomus umbellatus Vicia sylvatica Carex acuta Conium maculatum i Valeriana officinalis Asplenium septentrionale Veronica Anagallis 40 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Reston, Coldingham, Fast Castle, Dene, St. Abb’s Head. Saturday, 3rd July 1847. Party of 35 met at North British Railway Station at 5 a.m. | and proceeded to Reston Station. Walked to Coldingham and breakfasted in W. Craig’s house. Thence proceeded under direction and guidance of Mr. Alex. Robertson, son of the minister, to Fast Castle, thence by shore to Dene, Lumsdaine, and St. Abb’s Head, and returned by train leaving Reston about 6 p.m. Picked :— At Fast Castle and in the Dene near it :— * Thalictrum minus | Sedum Rhodiola = majus Epilobium angustifolium Vicia sylvatica ‘Orchis mascula On a knoll in Lumsdaine estate south from Fast Castle :-— Trientalis europzea (picked by Mr. Fraser) On shore between Fast Castle and St. Abb’s :— Glaucium luteum Stenhammera maritima Ligusticum scoticum Antennaria dioica Carlina vulgaris On top of cliffs:— Dianthus deltoides - In field near a loch not far from St. Abb’s Head :-— Poterium Sanguisorba (in profusion) In the loch :— Nuphar lutea (in flower) Lobelia Dortmanna (not in ower) Rocks near St. Abb’s :— Asplenium marinum PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 41 In marshy ground near Coldingham :— Listera ovata Orchis latifolia » maculata Gymnadenia Conopsea Habenaria bifolia zs chlorantha On moorish ground not far from Coldingham :— Pyrola media Habenaria viridis Also, both in Reston and Coldingham :— Geranium sylvaticum Sempervivum tectorum Anchusa sempervirens Linaria Cymbalaria Veronica agrestis Festuca bromoides Dalhousie, Fushie Bridge, Borthwick Castle, Crichton Castle Saturday, 10th July 1847. Party of about 40 met at St. Leonards at 9 a.m. Proceeded by train to Dalhousie Bridge, thence walked to Fushie Bridge, Borthwick Castle, Crichton Castle, Roman Camp, and returned by train at 6.30 p.m. Day favourable. Picked :— Woods near Dalhousie :— Milium effusum Holcus moilis Melica uniflora Near Borthwick :— Epilobium palustre Veronica scutellata » Anagallis Galeopsis versicolor At the Castle :— Agrostemma Githago Carduus Marianus Festuca gigantea ? Bromus asper Blysmus compressus Carex intermedia » Ppaludosa Anchusa sempervirens Verbascum Thapsus Rumex aquaticus Parietaria officinalis 42 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Between Borthwick Castle and Crichton :— In wood :—- Hieracium aurantiacum (by Mr. F. Ivory) In fields :— Verbascum nigrum (by Mr. Nelson) In marshy places :— Carex paniculata Carex levigata » Boenninghauseniana ? Near Crichton :— Echium vulgare | Rumex aquaticus At Roman Camp :— Silaus pratensis | Epipactis palustris Valeriana dioica Orchis latifolia Lithospermum officinale | , maculata Plantago media 2 Gymnadenia Conopsea Listera ovata In fields near railway :-— Polygonum Fagopyrum (Mr. Gilby) Arran. Thursday, 15th July 1847. Party of 24 left by 11 a.m. train for Glasgow, having received second-class tickets for Saturday. On reaching Glasgow at 1.15 visited Model of Arran at Andersonian, then went to the Broomielaw and joined boat for Arran at 2 p.m. At Greenock party were reinforced by 6 more, including 3 Glasgow pupils (Keddie, Allen, and Connal). The party then consisted of J. H. Balfour, Absolom, John Alexander, Jas. Balfour, Barnes, Theod. Bone, Carrick, Clarke, M. Connal, Donkin, W. B. Duncan, Edgar, Gilby, Gilchrist, C. A. Grant, Dr, Greville, PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 43 Hewitson, Ivory, Wm. Johnston, Keddie, Morse, C. Murchison, Nelson, Ogilvy, Rainsford, Stalker, Struthers, Jas. Thomson, Wheatley, John Wilson. Dined on board, and reached Brodick about 8 pm. After arranging about accommodation visited the beach and picked :— Sinapis monensis Aster Tripolium and a few other plants. Friday, 16th July 1847. Party started about 7.30 a.m. after breakfast for Goatfell. This day party were joined by Dr. Blackie, Rev. Dr. Landsborough, and his son. On Goatfell met Grand Duke Constantine of Russia and his suite; the Duke chiselled his name with Mr. Keddie’s hammer on granite at summit of Goatfell—“ Constantine 1847.” The day was propitious, no rain, occasional clouds lighting on summits of hills produced a fine effect. Saw Ireland well and mountains of north Hebrides. After reaching the summit we proceeded by the rugged crest to the head of Glen Sannox, thence to foot of glen, to Corrie, and returned to Brodick about 7 p.m. On the ascent picked :— Alchemilla alpina Habenaria bifolia Drosera anglica | Narthecium ossifragum Many Cryptogamia, some rarer ones seen by Greville. Summit bare. Crumbling moist rocks on north side gave:— Thalictrum alpinum Saxifraga stellaris Sedum Rhodiola Oxyria reniformis Salix herbacea Juncus trifidus On summit :— Andrezea Rothii Andreza alpina » rupestris | Searched in Glen Sannox for Avena planiculmts in vain, BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY On the shore :— Lythrum Salicaria (Enanthe Lachenalii Anagallis tenella Samolus Valerandi Erythraea compressa (of Link) Pinguicula lusitanica Scutellaria galericulata Habenaria bifolia chlorantha Blysmus rufus Schcenus nigricans Hymenophyllum Wilsoni Lycopus europzeus | Osmunda regalis The ferns were found on the cliffs of sandstone a little way from the shore. Saturday, 17th July 1847. Started at 8 a.m., visited shore at Brodick and woods near the bridge. Picked :— In the woods :— Jungermannia minutissima | Jungermannia cupuliformis On the shore :— Sinapis monensis Carex arenaria Ammophila arundinacea At Invercloy :— Saxifraga Geum | Proceeded by shore to Clachland Point and thence to Lamlash. Picked :— Hypericum dubium (near Juncus maritimus Carex levigata Asplenium marinum Osmunda regalis Lichina pygmzea Asperococcus Turneri conferva centralis Lamlash) Cotyledon Umbilicus Helosciadium repens Anagallis tenella Erythrzea Centaurium Pinguicula lusitanica Left Lamlash about 4 p.m., sailed to Brodick (where baggage was put on boat), thence to Ardrossan and by rail to Glasgow, where we arrived about 9.30 p.m. (Train late, about 20 carriages, PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 45 Glasgow Fair.) Proceeded to Edinburgh by train at 10.13, and reached Edinburgh about 12.45 a.m. in place of midnight, Linton, Ree Baa Tynningham, Tantallon Castle, s, Canty Bay, North Berwick. Saturday, 24th July 1847. Party of 48 started by North British Railway at 8.45 a.m. for Linton. Thence walked by Prestonkirk to Tynningham, visited banks of the river where it joins the sea, walked by shore to Tantallon Castle and Canty Bay. Reached this bay about 2 p.m., went by two boats to the Bass, Returned to Canty Bay about 5. Some walked, others took omnibus, from North Berwick to Drem Station, and met train at 7.25 p.m. Picked :— Near Prestonkirk :— Potentilla reptans Conium maculatum Knautia arvensis Solanum Dulcamara (in hedges all the way to | Tynningham) Visited gardens at Tynningham. Linaria vulgaris Parietaria officinalis - Saw field of mummy wheat, holly hedges, fine Fraxinmus Ornus. On shore at Tynningham :— Artemisia maritima var. gallica Erythrza Centaurium Cynoglossum officinale At Tantallon :— Lepidium latifolium Carduus Marianus c Salicornia herbacea Schoberia maritima Salsola Kali Scirpus maritimus Verbascum Thapsus 46 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY On the Bass :— Cochlearia officinalis | Beta maritima Narcissus poeticus (leaves) Agrostis vulgaris Cerastium atrovirens | Holcus lanatus Lavatera arborea Dactylis glomerata Vicia lathyroides Poa annua Callitriche verna Parmelia saxatilis Carduus tenuiflorus ae parietina » lanceolatus Near Drem :— Helosciadium angustifolium Barkhausia taraxacifolia Anthemis arvensis Lithospermum arvense Centaurea Cyanus Euphorbia exigua Braemar, Clova, Glen Tilt, Dunkeld, Killin, Loch Lomond. Saturday, 7th August 1847. Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Hugh M. Balfour, William Douglas, W. Gilby, B. Hewitson, F. J. Ivory, Henry P. Morse, and C. Murchison, left Aberdeen by Ballater Mail at 11 a.m. Reached Ballater about 4.30 p.m. After dinner visited the hills near Ballater, and picked :— Saxifraga stellaris Lycopodium Selago 5 Sadonies io clavatum Epilobium alpinum n alpinum Vaccinium Vitis-Idea selaginoides Arbutus Uva-Ursi Hatiectun umbrosum (in Polygonum viviparum quantity) Mr. Morse had picked in the morning Galium boreale, Melica nutans. On the hills and in woods were also gathered Pyrola media, Melampyrum sylvaticum. On the banks of the Dee a Hieracitum was picked which appeared to be H. prenanthoides, and along with it Melica nutans, PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 47 The inn at Ballater (Monaltrie Arms, Ross) is a good one, and we were very comfortably accommodated. The charges also are upon the whole moderate. A wooden bridge crosses the river close to the inn. The mountains around are clothed with wood, and in the woods we found very large specimens of Trientalis europea and of Pyrola media—a plant which is abundant in the Braemar district, both in woods and on moors. Monday, 9th August 1847. The party started early this morning after breakfast and proceeded across the wooden bridge, following the banks of the Muick till the loch came in sight. In the wood near Ballater abundance of Melampyrum sylvaticum was gathered, and on the roadside Genista anglica in flower and fruit, besides sundry species of AHveractum, Habenaria viridis, and other plants. After passing through a wooded district near Ballater we came to a moorish district yielding few plants of interest. Among the plants picked were — Drosera anglica, Carex pauciflora, Marchantia in a fine state of fruit, and some of the common sub-alpine plants. Near the Falls of the Muick Carduus heterophyllus was seen in profusion. , Janata »> arenaria Empetrum nigrum Arabis Eee Draba inca Cochlearia roenlanglien Potentilla alpestris Saxifraga pos ivularis igeran aseaes Saussurea alpina Hieracium alpinum Juncus trifidus »» castaneus Carex atrata $y ee xati Rogesarts pins Phleum alpinu Poa alpina ;, Balfourii Festuca vivipara ycopodium annotinum From 3000 to 4000 feet and upwards :— Azalea procumbens Gentiana nivalis Veronica alpina saxatilis Salix herbacea », reticulata Luzula arcuata »> Spicata Carex rupestris »>» | Persoonii »» leporina ys ras », Vaginata Aira alpina At and above 4000 feet. Truly alpine :— agina is Cherleria sedoides Saxifraga cernua Saussurea alpina Salix herbacea Empetrum nigrum Juncus trifidus Festuca ovina PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 63 Thus ended a botanical trip of no ordinary kind, whether we regard its extent, the rarity of the plants picked, or the adventures connected with it. Three weeks were spent in visiting the richest alpine districts in Britain, Braemar, Clova, Glen Isla, and Ben Lawers, and there was scarcely an alpine species which was not collected by the party. The discovery of Carex leporina on Cairn Toul and of FHieracium villosum on Lochnagar, the gathering of Sonchus alpinus on the latter mountain and of Woodsia hyperborea in Glen Isla, the finding of Luzu/a arcuata on Ben na Mac Dhu, Cairngorm, Lochnagar, Braeriach, and Cairn Toul, and of Carex vaginata on all the Highland hills, thus extending the localities of these rare species—all these are facts which are interesting to botanists. EXCURSIONS IN 1848. Gorebridge, Arniston, Kirkhill, Dalhousie. 3 Saturday, 13th May 1848. About 80 met at 9 a.m. at North British Railway Station and proceeded by train to Gorebridge. Thence walked to Arniston and along the banks of the river to Kirkhill and Dalhousie Station. Returned about 6 p.m. Picked :— = ase Aconitum Napellus (not in | Doronicum plantagineum flower Pulmonaria officinalis - Stellaria nemorum es Lathrzea Squamaria Prunus Padus (Arniston) Arum maculatum ~ Saxifraga umbrosa (not in Taxus baccata flower Scolopendrium vulgare Chrysosplenium alternifolium Equisetum Telmateia Adoxa Moschatellina eos 64 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Castlecary, Denning, Larbert, Dunipace, Falkirk. Saturday, 20th May 1848. Party of about 40 met at 7 am. at Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Station. Proceeded by train to Castlecary to breakfast. Twenty-seven breakfasted. About 15 or 16 more came by 8 o'clock train, making in all between 50 and 60. Visited Castlecary Glen. Thence walked by Denning to Larbert and Dunipace. Bathed in the river near the bridge at Larbert. Visited Carron Iron Works, having an order from Mr. Dawson. Walked to Falkirk Station and returned by the train which reached Edinburgh about 6 p.m. Picked :— In Castlecary Glen :— Anemone nemorosa Paris quadrifolia Stellaria nemorum Cystopteris fragilis Mercurialis perennis Polystichum lobatum Neottia Nidus-avis (sparingly Polypodium Dryopteris and not in full flower) Between Denning and Larbert :— Trollius europzus Symphytum officinale Arenaria rubra Allium ursinum Myrrhis odorata Cockburnspath, Dunglass Dene, Pease Dene. Saturday, 27th May 1848. About 40 met at North British Railway Station at 9 a.m. Proceeded by train to Cockburnspath. Arrangements had been made by which each student received a third class return ticket for 2s. Met Mr. Hepburn of Whittingham at Linton. On reaching Cocksburnspath visited Dunglass Dene, where there was a great profusion of ferns, the vegetation very luxuriant. After leaving the Dene the party proceeded to the sea shore, PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 65 Walked along the shore to the foot of the Pease Dene and up the glen. Returned by the train which passed Cockburnspath at 7.52 p.m., and reached Edinburgh about 9.30 p.m. Picked :— In Dunglass Dene :— Cardamine amara hirsuta 5 sylvatica Geranium Robertianum (28 inches long by 25 across) Chrysosplenium oppositifol- ium (18 inches long) » Veronica montana On the shore :— Glaucium luteum (not in flower Cochlearia officinalis Epilobium hirsutum (not in flower) In Pease Dene :— Polystichum aculeatum, var. angulare (in profusion) and numerous other fine ferns. Allium ursinum (28 inches long) Athyrium Filix-foemina (frond measured 33-feet long) Scolopendrium vulgare (30 inches long and 3 broad) Lastrea_ dilatata (3 - feet long) Ligusticum scoticum (not in flower) Armeria maritima Dysart, Ravenscraig Castle, Kirkcaldy, Seafield, Burntisland. Saturday, 3rd June 1848. Party of upwards of 60.went to Dysart, partly by railway and partly by steamboat. many introduced and naturalized plants. Visited woods at Dysart, where there are Walked by the shore to Kirkcaldy, and then to Seafield tower and Burntisland. Returned by boat at 5.30 p.m. Picked :— In Dysart woods :— | Aquilegia vulgaris Saxifraga Geum ; umbrosa Doronicum plantagineum Polemonium czeruleum Linaria Cymbalaria Convallaria majalis 66 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY At Ravenscraig Castle :-— Cheiranthus Cheiri | Smyrnium Olusatrum On shore :— Reseda Iytea ; | Slateford, Colinton, Woodhall, Ravelrig, Currie. Saturday, toth June 1848. Party of about 60 met at Canal Basin, Port Hopetoun, at 8.30 am, Walked to Slateford, Colinton, Woodhall, Ravelrig, and returned by train from Currie about 4.30 p.m. Picked :— _ Meconopsis cambrica Corydalis lutea Fumaria micrantha Geranium santa Campanula latifolia (not in flower Pyrola minor Trientalis europzea columbinum Scrophularia vernalis Epilobium saeceeoe (not Corallorhiza innata n flower Listera cordata Lonicera Caprifolium 3 OVE Valeriana pyrenaica = Longniddry, Aberlady, Gullan, Drem. Saturday, 17th June 1848. Party of 40 or 50 met at North British Railway Station at 9.15 a.m., and went to Longniddry, thence to Aberlady, Gullan, and returned by Drem about 5.30 p.m. North British refused third-class return tickets. — at Gallen. Picked :-— Cerastium arvense Hippuris vulgaris Geranium pusillum Campanula hybrida Melilotus officinalis Carex vulpina —— tridactylites (fine specimens at Gullan) PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 67 Lanark, Cartland Crags, Falls of Clyde. f Saturday, 24th June 1848. Party of 104 went by Caledonian Railway to Lanark. Third- class return tickets 3s. 6d. Visited Cartland Crags. . About 60 breakfasted in the Assembly Rooms at Carrick’s Inn. Then proceeded towards the falls. Visited Cora Linn. River not very full, so much so that one of our party was able to climb up by the side of the falls. Proceeded to Bonnington Falls. Picked :— At Cartland Crags :— Geranium sylvaticum Neottia Nidus-avis Vicia Orobus | _Gymnadenia Conopsea 5, sylvatica Habenaria bifolia Viburnum Opulus chlorantha _ Galium boreale Gis pendula Jasione montana Melica nutans Daphne Laureola » ~ uniflora On the way to the falls and Cora Linn :— | Carex intermedia Trollius europzeus paniculata Aquilegia vulgaris ” In the neighbourhood of the falls some subalpine species :— Asplenium viride Trichomanes Cyatbpteds fragilis Geranium lucidum Saxifraga oppositifolia (cov- ering the rocks) Galium pusillum In the woods on the way to Boanington lalls:— Vicia Orobus (in profusion Lastrea dilatata and fine flower) Polypodium te Rubus saxatilis _ ’ re Dryopteris Humulus Lupulus o Phegopteris Pteris aquilina Equisetum arvense Blechnum boreale “a sylvaticum Athyrium Filix-feemina a umbrosum Lastrea Filix-mas 68 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY North Queensferry, Inverkeithing, Donibristle, Burntisland. Saturday, 1st July 1848. About 30 proceeded by steamboat and landed at Queensferry. Thence walked by Ferry Hills to Inverkeithing, Donibristle, and Burntisland, . Gathered :— Spirza Filipendula Glyceria distans Sedum villosum Asplenium marinum Allium Scorodoprasum Dunfermline, Knock. Hill, Saline Hills, Limekilns, Charleston. Saturday, 8th July 1848. Twenty-five pupils proceeded by steamboat at 6 a.m. to Charleston. Some proceeded by rail, others walked, to Dunfermline. Met Dr. James Dewar. Breakfasted at the Spire Inn. Visited the abbey, and then walked towards Knock Hill. Thence to the Saline Hills, the banks of the Black Devon. Returned to Dunfermline to dinner. From Dunfermline walked to Limekilns and then to Charleston. Picked :— On the way from Dunfermline to Knock Hill :— Trifolium medium Habenaria viridis Anthyllis Vulneraria = chlorantha Comarum palustre Sparganium ramosum Pyrola media Eleocharis multicaulis Gymnadenia Conopsea Milium effusum On the south side of the Knock Hill :— Botrychium Lunaria (fine specimens) On the side of Saline Hills -— Lycopodium Selago PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 69 On the banks of Black Devon :-— Geranium sylvaticum Pyrola minor Hieracium sylvaticum Polygonum viviparum a3 rigidum Gymnadenia Conopsea ‘s boreale Ibida inuloides iota chlorantha Pook, rotundifolia On the north side of Knock Hill profusion of :-— Trientalis europzea Allosorus crispus Gymnadenia albida On way back from Knock Hill to Dunfermline :— Trollius europzeus (on moist Sparganium natans (in pastures) itches Rumex aquaticus (by the roadside) In Broomhall Woods :— Epipactis latifolia | Luzula nivea Lilium Martagon Near Charleston :— Anagallis arvensis Atriplex littoralis Papaver Argemone Glaucium luteum Reseda lutea ———____ Montrose, Arbroath, Sands of Barry. Friday, 14th July 1848. Party consisting of Dr. Balfour, G. Bayley, W. H. Bone, Michael Connal, James M. Cunningham, George Dodd, D. F. Jones, W. Keddie, Gabriel Kerr, W. King, Anthony Mactier, John B. Mactier, Charles Murchison, G. Putnam, Dalhousie Tait, LI. Thom, started by the earliest train for Montrose, left baggage at Arbroath in passing, On reaching Montrose met Mr. Kerr and visited links. Then proceeded to Rossie Castle. Met Mr. M‘Donald, Rev. Mr. Cameron. Lunched at the castle. Then went to rocks on the shore. After reaching sands at Lunan 70 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY joined the Arbroath road. - On road to Arbroath met Mr. Rait of © Annister and Lord Ogilvy, and were invited to Annister ; forced to decline kind invitation. Reached Arbroath to tea. Picked :-— Thalictrum minus Matricaria Chamomilla Iberis amara Artemisia maritima Teesdalia nudicaulis Carlina vulgaris Silene conica ~~ ~ Campanula glomerata » nutans Erica Tetralix Sterihammera maritima 5» var. alba Lychnis Githago Euphrasia officinalis Trifolium striatum Salix repens Astragalus Hypoglottis » fusca glycyphyllos Blysmus rufus Vicia sylvatica Carex extensa »» Sativa Ammophila arundinacea Potentilla reptans Phleum arenarium Epilobium roseum (Abbey, ~~ Poa maritima Arbroath) | Triticum junceum Eupatorium cannabinum Elymus arenarius Pyrethrum Parthenium Lycopodium selaginoides Saturday, 15th July 1848. Before breakfast visited cathedral, then went by train to Carnoustie. Met Gardiner, and botanized Sands of Bay. Dined at Dundee and returned by train at night. Picked :-— Ranunculus Flammula, var. |: Carex incurva _ -reptans Botrychium Lunaria Fumaria micrantha -Equisetum variegatum ‘Spergula nodosa - Weissia nigrita Vicia lathyroides . Didymodon inclinatus Parnassia palustris Tortula unguiculata © ‘Erigeron acris rigida Gentiana Amarella - = Brydiin inclinatum Lamium amplexicaule » trichodes -Habenaria viridis — oe aioe albicans .-——_- Juncus balticus »» lutescens (in fruit) PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 71 Hypnum dendroides Stereocaulon tomentosum Jungermannia pusilla (in Parmelia physodes fruit Peltidea polydactyla Sticta scrobiculata Ben Lawers. Monday, 24th July 1848. Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Charles Ashenheim, George Bayley, Spencer Cobbold, James M. Cunningham, John Duncanson, Gabriel Kerr, A. Mactier, John B. Mactier, T. R. Marshall, J. S. Sanderson, A. H. Thomson, G. Townley, Rich. H. Wake, started on an excursion to Ben Lawers. Left Edinburgh by the train at 7 a.m. and reached Stirling about 9. Proceeded immediately by coach to Callander, passing through the beautiful village of Doune. Coach well loaded, road very bad, and on one or two occasions there was some danger of being upset. Reached Callander about 12. Ten of the party break- fasted there, while the remaining four botanized in the neighbour- hood. After breakfast the party proceeded in two carriages to Lochearnhead, passing through the Pass of Leny and examining the shore of the Teith and of Loch Lubnaig. In Loch Lubnaig numerous good plants were seen, but few could be procured on account of the swollen state of the waters. A boat aided the party in procuring some plants. On reaching Lochearnhead some of the party proceeded in one of the carriages with all the baggage to Killin, while the rest walked. Reached Killin about 7 p.m. Picked :— Near the Falls of the Teith :— : Galium boreale Hieracium inuloides Solidago Virgaurea Poa nemoralis Hieracium sylvaticum By the roadside :— Galium Mollugo | In Loch Lubnaig :— _ Nuphar pumilum (leaves) | Nymphezea alba 72 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY On the shores of the loch :— Trollius europzeus | Circzea alpina Epilobium angustifolium Lysimachia vulgaris On the way to Killin from Lochearnhead :— Hypericum humifusum Saxifraga aizoides Gnaphalium dioicum Lobelia Dortmanna Gentiana campestris (lilac and white) Tuesday, 25th July 1848. Twelve of the party proceeded to Craig Chailleach. The day was very misty and wet, and although there were occasional glimpses of sunshine, yet it appeared dubious. On that account a trip to Ben Lawers was postponed. The first ascent was accomplished amidst sunshine, but on reaching the steep rocks the rain began to descend, and after submitting to wet for an hour or two, six of the party turned tail and proceeded to the inn at Killin; the six deserters afterwards had a sail five miles down Loch Tay. Two of the party, Messrs. Wake and Cobbold, engaged in fishing and were tolerably successful. Craig Chailleach is a productive hill. Mass of nettles occurred high on the hill under a projecting rock, which probably had been a spot which had afforded shelter, and might indicate thus the habitation of man. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Thalictrum alpinum | Rubus Chamzemorus Ranunculus acris (alpine Dryas octopetala (one or two -- form) - in flower) Trollius europzeus Geum rivale Draba incana Potentilla alpestris (in flower) Cochlearia officinalis vars. {| Sibbaldia procumbens Hesperis matronalis (near Alchemilla vulgaris,var. minor Killin Inn) ¥ pina Silene acaulis (some in flower) Saxifraga oppositifolia Cerastium alpinum s nivalis Alsine rubella (in profusion) | ‘a stellaris Spergula subulata Geranium sylvaticum Cherleria sedoides | + aizoides Anthyllis Vulneraria | PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 73 Parnassia palustris Luzula spicata Sedum — Carex dioica = nglicum » . atvata Evilekiun alpinum » Tigida Gnaphalium supinum »» Vaginata Solidago Virgaurea » capillaris Leontodon alpinum 5» Saxatilis Hieracium Lawsoni Avena pratensis (alpine Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea form) Pyrola rotundifolia Sesleria czrulea (in pro- Armeria maritima usion) Gentiana campestris Poa alpina vivipara Rhinanthus Crista-galli ,», Balfourii (2 vars.) Mentha rotundifolia,var. velu- Festuca vivipara tina (near Inn, Killin) Asplenium viride Oxyria reniformis 5 Trichomanes Salix venulosa Cystopteris fragilis »» arenaria? Polystichum Lonchitis », herbacea Lastrzea Oreopteris » reticulata Polypodium Dryopteris Empetrum nigrum is Phegopteris Habenaria albida Botrychium Lunaria chlorantha Equisetum. palustre, var. Tofieldia palustris alpinum Juncus castaneus Lycopodium Selago » biglumis (generally ie alpinum diffused) ¥ selaginoides » triglumis Wednesday, 26th July 1848. Whole party of 14 left Killin in two conveyances for Lawers Inn, which was reached about 9 am. Then ascended Ben Lawers, walking in the first instance towards the corrie on the east side and examining rocks near the little loch. On these rocks were found :— Cherleria sedoides Myosotis suaveolens Sibbaldia procumbens . Woodsia hyperborea Erigeron alpinum Polystichum Lonchitis and many good alpine plants. 74 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Proceeding round the cliffs, gathered :— Veronica humifusa | Juncus biglumis Juncus castaneus thence going to the rocks where Myosotis suaveolens occurs in profusion towards the north-east of the summit. Picked :-— Draba incana | Poa Balfourii Saxifraga nivalis Numerous alpine species occur, along with :— Carex atrata Cetraria islandica Reaching the corrie immediately below the summit on the east, the party ascended to the ridge leading to the top. In the corrie they found a profusion of good alpine plants in fine flower, as :-— Saxifraga oppositifolia Cerastium alpinum The temperature here was very low. Many good mosses. On reaching the summit mist came on; it occasionally cleared so as to open up a grand view. On the summit picked Draba rupestris. No Saxifraga cernua. East of summit, below :-— Alsine rubella | Descended to west, came to cliffs, where picked :— Alsine rubella Gentiana nivalis Erigeron acris 5 Myosotis suaveolens These cliffs are well worthy of examination. Returned to inn by Glen Lyon Road and reached Killin about 8 p.m. List of plants gathered on Ben Lawers :— Thalictrum alpinum (fine flower) Anemone nemorosa Trollius europzeus Cochlearia groenlandica (near - summit Silene acaulis (in fine flower) Cerastium alpinum (very fine, } | | | t | } i I { Draba incana on cold cliffs east of summit) » Tupestris (one speci- Alsine rubella (east side) men) getege » (west side) PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 75 Cherleria sedoides (profusion) Geranium sylvaticum Rubus Chamzemorus (fruit, 2 specimens in flower) Geum rivale Potentilla alpestris (in flower) Sibbaldia procumbens (large) Saxifraga oppositifolia (in fine flower, in cold corrie to east of summit Saxifraga nivalis (in quantity near summit) re », (rocks on west side 5 tellaris Sedum Rhodiola (in fine flower, near top) Epilobium alsinifolium (corrie near top) alpinum Aigsics sylvestris Heracleum Sphondylium Cornus suecica (young fruit) Erigeron alpinus (rocks near the loch, also on west side) Gnaphalium supinum Saussurea alpina Hieracium Lawsoni Leontodon (large) Pyrola rotundifolia t Gentiana nivalis (rocks on west side) Myosotis suaveolens (on various rocks both east and west side) Veronica humifusa e saxatilis Oxyria reniformis Salix herbacea », Yeticulata Tofieldia palustris Juncus castaneus (sparingly) » biglumis (profusion everywhere on the hill) triglumis : Lisdin spicata Carex atrata (plenty) rigida capillaris (large) » saxatilis (profusion) Sesleria czerulea (in flower) Poa alpina, also vivipara » Balfourii »» nemoralis (alpine form) Asplenium viride Woodsia hyperborea (rocks near the loch) Polystichum Lonchitis (large, nearly 2 feet long) Cetraria islandica ” ) Thursday, 27th July 1848. Morning showery, and me party unable to visit the head of the loch for Carex vesicar After breakfast, day Sere and finding that the hire of two carriages including tolls and driver was cheaper than taking outside seats by the coach, the party adopted that mode of pro- cedure. Half an hour after leaving Killin the rain began to fall, and descended heavily till the time Crianlarich Inn was reached. During the after part of the day there were frequent heavy 76 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY showers. The party reached Inverarnan about 1 o’clock, Two of the party, Cobbold and Ashenheim, left, the former for the Trossachs and the latter for Glasgow. The party was thus reduced to 12. Of them 6 went fishing and boating on Loch Lomond and the other 6 botanised in Glen Falloch. The boating party visited one of the islands in the loch and picked :— Hypericum Androszeemum Taxus baccata Cordalis claviculata Scutellaria galericulata Lythrum Salicaria The other party picked, near the inn :— Pinguicula lusitanica | Rhynchospora alba Malaxis paludosa Lycopodium inundatum In Glen Falloch were picked :— Quercus pedunculata, with Quercus intermedia of Martyn various forms of leaves Flora rustica and various lengths of Q. sessiliflora peduncles On moist rocks in Glen Falloch :-— Hymenophyllum Wilsoni (in profusion in fine fruit) Friday, 28th July 1848. A beautiful morning. Party divided into two sets. One set, consisting of Wake, Cunningham, Thomson, Bayley, and John Mactier, went boating and fishing. The other 7 proceeded to Ben Vorlich, ascended by east side. Picked :— Thalictrum alpinum Saxifraga stellaris Silene acaulis “a aizoides Cerastium alpinum Cornus suecica Sibbaldia procumbens Gnaphalium supinum Saxifraga oppositifolia (in Saussurea alpina flower) Hieracium alpinum PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 77 Hieracium Lawsoni Carex (deri Vaccinium uliginosum (in » saxatilis fruit Aira ceespitosa, var. alpina Plantago maritima (on the Molinia depauperata first ascent) Poa Balfourii Malaxis paludosa Festuca vivipara Listera cordata Asplenium viride Orchis mascula (high on west Lycopodium Selago side) “ annotinum Juncus trifidus re alpinum » castaneus a selaginoides , triglumis Isoetes lacustris (in small Carex rigida Splachnum mnioides Luzula spicata | loch near the top) Cetraria islandica », pilulifera Reached the summit about 2 p.m. and had a fine view from the top, Ailsa Craig in the distance. Descended to Loch Sloy and walked to Inveruglas and thence by shores of Loch Lomond to Inverarnan. Near the Inn picked :— Corydalis claviculata Lysimachia vulgaris Lythrum Salicaria Pinguicula lusitanica Saturday, 29th July 1848. Left Inverarnan at 5 a.m. by steamboat. Morning beautiful, nota cloud. After reaching Balloch proceeded by steamboat to Glasgow, and reached Edinburgh at 12.30 p.m. EXCURSIONS IN 1849. * Kirknewton, Dalmahoy, Ravelrig, Currie. Saturday, 12th May 1849. About 50 pupils met at Caledonian Railway Station and proceeded to Kirknewton at 7 am. Walked to Western Dalmahoy Hill and ascended it. Visited Ravelrig Bog, thence E 78 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY went to the banks of the Water of Leith, reached Balerno and Currie. Afterwards walked to Woodhall and thence to Edin- burgh, which was reached about 4 p.m. Picked :— At Dalmahoy :— Draba verna Viola flavicornis Sisymbrium Thalianum ss Futea Viola canina At Ravelrig :— Viola palustris |.__— Salix (several) At Balerno :— Saxifraga granulata Mercurialis perennis Myrrhis odorata Orchis mascula Anthriscus sylvestris Scilla nutans Asperula odorata Arum maculatum “Near Woodhall. Good fossils, especially Lepidodendra. Gorebridge, Arniston, Dalhousie. Saturday, 19th May 1849. Sixty met at the North British Railway Station at 8.15 a.m. and proceeded by the train to Gorebridge, thence walked to Arniston. _ Met Mr. Veitch, the gardener. On the way picked several common plants :— Fragaria vesca Equisetum sylvaticum Veronica Chamzdrys i limosum Equisetum arvense PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 79 Visited gardens at Arniston, where the gardener cultivates many good alpine plants, and a fine collection of mosses in pots. Proceeded to woods and found :— Ranunculus auricomus Chrysosplenium alternifolium Lychnis dioica Myrrhis odorata Stellaria nemorum Doronicum plantagineum Holostea Pulmonaria officinalis Ulex europzeus Lathrza Squamaria, para- Sarothamnus scoparius sitic on roots of Prunus Prunus spinosa Lauro-cerasus » Avium Scilla nutans 3 ~~ Gerasus Paris quadrifolia Padus Arum maculatum (not quite Fragaria vesca out Potentilla Fragariastrum Equisetum Telmateia Chrysosplenium oppositi- olium After leaving the woods at Arniston passed Kirkhill and entered Dalhousie Woods, where we found profusion of Vzola odorata in fruit near Prestonholme, also Arum maculatum in fine flower. Ribes alpinum Vinca minor (blue and white) Adoxa Moschatellina Anchusa sempervirens Viburnum Lantana Orchis mascula Valeriana pyrenaica | Convallaria majalis (in bud) Examined the woods near Dalhousie Station and picked a single specimen of Neottia Nidus-avis in bud. Returned by train which left Dalhousie at 5.15 p.m. Kirkcaldy, Ravenscraig Castle, Dysart Woods, Pettycur, Burntisland. Saturday, 26th May 1849. Party of 50 met at Chain Pier, Newhaven, at 9.45 a.m., and went by steamboat to Kirkcaldy, visited Ravenscraig Castle under the direction of Mr. Laing, gardener to the Earl of Rosslyn. 80 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Picked :-— Cheiranthus Cheiri Viola odorata (in fruit) » tricolor Lychnis diurna Conium maculatum (not in flower) Entered Dysart Woods by the there for some hours. Picked :— Aconitum Napellus Silene maritima Saxifraga Geum 3 umbrosa granulata (double) Doronicum Pardalianches Smyrnium Olusatrum Anthriscus sylvestris Armeria maritima Scilla nutans west gate and botanised Polemonium czeruleum Polygonum Bistorta Daphne Laureola Ruscus aculeatus Convallaria majalis Met the Earl of Rosslyn, who kindly conducted us to see the fine hybrid rhododendrons, pines, deodars, an araucarias. Visited afterwards the greenhouses and kitchen garden. Thence walked through Pathhead and part of Kirkcaldy, reached the sands, and walked to Seafield tower, and then by shore to Kinghorn, Pettycur, and Burntisland. _Sinapis alba Picked :— Barbarea vulgaris Arabis hirsuta Cochlearia officinalis Cochlearia danica (Burnt- island Lepidium Smithii Thlaspi arvense (fields near Pettycur) Reseda lutea (side of railway near Burntisland) Helianthemum vulgare ilene maritima Alsine peploides Geranium sanguineum Medicago lupulina Astragalus Hypoglottis Valerianella olitoria dentata Poem vulgaris veris Linen Cymbalaria (near Seafield tower) Salvia Verbenaca (near Petty- eur Parietaria officinalis (Burnt- islan Sclerochloa loliacea (Burnt- island) Botrychium Lunaria PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 81 Tranent, Ormiston, Prestonhall Woods, Ford, Crichton, Tynehead. Saturday, 9th June 1849. Party of 35 ‘met at the North British Railway Station at 8 a.m. and proceeded by the train to Tranent. Thence walked through the village of Tranent, and immediately after passing it turned to the right to go to Ormiston. In the wood at the back of the village we picked a considerable quantity of Convallaria multiflora, apparently wild, also Berberts vulgaris and Geum intermedium, along with G. rzvale. G. inter- medtum occurred on the roadside. Near Ormiston there is abundance of Acer campestre and the hirsute form of it, which was in flower and fruit, also Stellaria graminea. After leaving Ormiston, which is a neat village with an old Cross in the centre, we proceeded across a small burn and turned to the left until we reached a toll-house, took the road to the left, and entered Fountainhall Woods, which are very pretty. In them saw a multiplicity of fine ferns growing luxuriantly, the chief species being :— Pteris aquilina Lastrea Filix-mas Blechnum boreale » Spinulosa Athyrium Filix-foemina In the woods also :— Fumaria officinalis Rhinanthus Crista-galli Oxalis Acetosella Nepeta Glechoma Asperula odorata Ajuga reptans Primula vulgaris (still in flower) From Fountainhall proceeded to Ormiston Hall Woods. In them there was profusion of :— Alliaria officinalis Rumex viridis Prunus Padus Agraphis nutans Lysimachia nemorum Arum maculatum Symphytum tuberosum Milium effusum Melampyrum pratense Equisetum arvense Polygonum Bistorta - sylvaticum Rumex sanguineus _ limosum 82 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Met Mr. Gorrie at the end of the woods and were conducted by him to Prestonhall Woods. Visited the gardens and house, where we were kindly received by Mr. Burn Callender. Saw a number of interesting specimens of roots which had entered into drains and caused their closure ; many plants seem to do so. One shown was the root of a walnut tree, which ha been traced by Mr. Gorrie 24 yards from the bole. Mr. Gorrie states that he has known it occur in the case of the elm, willow, poplar, and ash. A case of the latter kind I saw at Southampton ; it had occurred in drains in Hampshire. and was given to me by Mr. Balloch. Mr. Gorrie states that many herbaceous plants have roots which enter drains; among them may be noticed Polygonum Bistorta, Equisetum, Tussilago Farfara, which he has seen entering drains three feet deep. The bistort is particularly troublesome, and has caused much injury in the Carse of Gowrie. In Mr. Callender’s hothouse we saw a plant of Cereus grandi- florus with 9 or 10 flower buds expanding. We also tasted ripe coffee-berries and figs. Saw a mountain ash, one of the branches of which had been split off so as to leave the centre of the trunk bare ; the tree lived with the main shoot growing and numerous branches; from some of these roots were sent down which filled the split and broken portions of the bole. These roots were distinctly seen proceeding from the upper branches and forming a distinct covering to the exposed wood. The roots proceeded from the new wood near the bark of the branches. It is proof of the existence of a descending system, and is in favour of Gaudichaud’s theory. Saw an elm the main trunk of which had been broken ; a knot existed on the remaining part of the trunk, which gave offabranch. This branch now grows erect and has a peculiar bushy aspect, quite distinct from that of the elm, some of the branches of which in their natural state are seen. On all the branches of the new leader there is a tendency to develop knots, in fact the whole of them are covered with © knotty excrescences ; this peculiar tendency, as well as the habit of growth, continues in slips which Mr. Gorrie has taken from the plant. In the woods of Prestonhall the chief plants found were :-— PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOoUR. 83 Berberis vulgaris Ilex Aquifolium Staphylea pinnata Pyrus Aucuparia Lonicera Xylosteum Vinca minor Ajuga reptans (white flowered, near the pond) Bunium flexuosum Lonicera Caprifolium Polygonum Bistorta Ornithogalum umbellatum In Prestonhall avenue :— Anthemis arvensis | Remains of old garden :— Helleborus feetidus | Took lunch at the Stair Arms Inn, and then walked to Ford. In the marsh got :— Menyanthes trifoliata Blysmus compressus Pedicularis palustris Carex ovalis Orchis latifolia »» ceespitosa +» maculata » Yiparia In going towards Crichton Castle gathered in the woods :— Barbarea vulgaris Neottia Nidus-avis Chenopodium Bonus-Henri- cus Visited Crichton Castle. In the thicket near it saw :-— Geranium sylvaticum | Juniperus communis Carex sylvatica On banks of the Tyne :— Cardamine amara Pyrola minor (scarcely in flower) Neottia Nidus-avis _ Polypodium Dryopteris > Phegopteris On a moor near Tynehead :— Pinguicula vulgaris Genista anglica (ia profusion) Lycopodium clavatum Antennaria dioica edicularis palustris Reached Tynehead Station about 7, and returned to Edin- burgh about 8 p.m. 84 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Galashiels, Abbotsford, Melrose, Newtown. Saturday, 16th June 1849. Party of 100 met at the North British Railway Station at 8 and proceeded by the 8.15 a.m. train to Galashiels. Train very long one and very slow, and the party did not reach Galashiels till 10.30. Walked towards Faldonside and then crossed the Tweed, some in the ferryboat, others by wading. In consequence of the boat only containing 10 or 12 there was much delay in crossing. Met John Swanston, who had been 32 years forester at Abbotsford, and were conducted by him through the woods. In them there are a number of naturalised plants, such as :— Aquilegia vulgaris Convallaria multiflora Saxifraga umbrosa Besides these we picked :— Geranium sylvaticum [ Ribes rubrum Acer campestre Lonicera Caprifolium Orobus tuberosus Valeriana officinalis (not in Geum (many forms) flower) Ribes Grossularia Polygonum Bistorta Some of the party visited Abbotsford House. Visited the Little Loch, where Nuphar luteum was seen—an introduced plant; then proceeded to Huntly Burn, gathering in the woods :— Geranium sylvaticum Cornus sanguinea Staphylea pinnata Visited Chief's Wood, and called on Professor James D. Forbes. Saw MMJeconopsts cambrica in the woods. Our walk then lay by the side of the Eildon Hills, which were ascended by some of the party. On these hills were gathered :-— Gnaphalium dioicum Pinguicula vulgaris Vaccinium Vitis-Idza Lycopodium alpinum Melrose was next reached and the Abbey visited. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 85 From Melrose the party went by road to Newtown, then descended to the banks of the river, seer te the following plants :— Fumaria capreolata Hieracium Pilosella 3 _ Officinalis 3 sylvaticum Barbarea vulgaris Apargia hispida Cardamine sylvatica Echium (partly in flower) Sinapis arvensis Thymus Serpyllum Reseda Luteola Plantago media (abundant) Trifolium procumbens Orchia mascula Anthyllis Vulneraria », latifolia Vicia Cracca +» maculata Rosa tomentosa Briza media Sedum Telephium (not in flower) Crossed the ferry to Dryburgh and visited the Abbey, Sir W. Scott’s tomb. Picked :— Cheiranthus Cheiri Taxus baccata Geranium lucidum Returned by train leaving Newtown at 6 and reaching Edin- burgh at 8 p.m. Longniddry, Gosford, Aberlady, Luffness, Gullan, a Drem. Saturday, 23rd June 1849. Party of about 30 met at the North British Railway Terminus at 8 a.m. and proceeded to Longniddry (having received third- class return tickets from Drem, 2s.), visited woods at Gosford, and were allowed by Mr. Addison to walk through the grounds and to see the ponds. Picked :— In the ponds :— Nymphea alba Chara flexilis Myriophyllum spicatum : 86 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY In the woods :— Geranium pratense Viburnum Opulus Euonymus europzeus Scrophularia vernalis Potentilla fruticosa Salix pentandra Sambucus nigra Iris Pseudacorus Leaving Gosford we walked to Aberlady, picking on the way :— Papaver Rheeas Solanum Dulcamara » dubium Hippophaé rhamnoides » Argemone Listera ovata On the shore near Aberlady saw :— Cochlearia officinalis : Triglochin maritimum Aster Tripolium (not in Blysmus rufus ower) Carex distans Armeria maritima - ensa Glaux maritima Rottboellia filiformis At Luffness picked :— Ranunculus sceleratus | Carex vulpina Hippuris vulgaris » (paludosa ?) Alisma Plantago riparia’ Scirpus maritimus | ” In fields near Luffness :— Silene noctiflora (in leaf) Lycopsis arvensis Cerastium arvense ithospermum arvense Pastinaca sativa Lamium amplexicaule Anagallis arvensis Gullan Links and Loch supplied the following — Sium angustifolium (in leaf) | Utricularia vulgaris (not Gentiana campestris quite in flower) Menyanthes trifoliata Orchis latifolia Cynoglossum officinale Scirpus lacustris Euphrasia officinalis Chara hispida Pedicularis palustris ; PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 87 Near the village of Gullan :— | Malva sylvestris Centaurea Scabiosa » rotundifolia is Cyanus Geranium pusillum | Convolvulus arvensis Callitriche platycarpa Limosella aquatica (in fine ower From Gullan (after refreshment) ag route lay towards Dirle- ton. Visited the castle, gathering :— Smyrnium Olusatrum Linaria Cymbalaria Centranthus ruber Parietaria officinalis And on the roadside :— Galium Mollugo | Reached Drem Station in time for the train at 6.20 p.m. Did not reach Edinburgh until 8 p.m. North Queensferry, St. Davids, Donibristle, Aberdour, Burntis Saturday, 30th June 1849. Party of about 30 met at Granton pier at 8.30 a.m. and pro- ceeded by steamboat to North Queensferry. Thence walked towards the Oxytropis and Astragalus stations, crossed to Inver- keithing Bay, walked to St. Davids, Donibristle, and Aberdour, where we dined. Thence by woods to Burntisland, which was reached in time for the boat at 6.34 in the evening. Had an order from Mr. Philipps, the factor, to see Donibristle; met Mr. Gavin, the gardener, who conducted us through the houses. The following were some of the plants seen :— At Queensferry — Papaver Argemone | Carduus tenuiflorus Helianthemum vulgare » acanthoides Malva sylvestris Erica cinerea rotundifolia Glaux maritima Anthyllis Vulneraria Spirzea Filipendula Potentilla verna Rosa spinosissima Petroselinum vulgare Plantago maritima Coronopus iealetio cristata aan aaaie iectnteniatnianatinatin acne BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Near the toll on the Queensferry road :— Thalictrum minus Astragalus glycyphyllos Gnaphalium germanicum Habenaria viridis 3 majus Thlaspi arvense On shore near Ifverkeithing -— Sagina maritima ] Convolvulus arvensis Alsine marina | Parietaria officinalis Sedum acre Allium Schoenoprasum » villosum Sclerochloa maritima Sambucus Ebulus ~~ Anse Ina quarry at Inverkeithing :— Saponaria officinalis (very | Malva sylvestris abundant) Conium maculatum Near St. David’s :— Diplotaxis tenuifolia | Echium vulgare (pink) Reseda lutea Artemisia Absinthium Melilotus officinalis | Senecio sylvaticus Ligusticum scoticum On rocks near St. David’s :— Hypericum perforatum Lonicera Periclymenum a hirsutum Anagallis arvensis Trifolium arvense Beta maritima 5 striatum Allium vineale Agrimonia Eupatoria Asplenium marinum On the shore near Donibristle -— Geranium pratense — Atropa Belladonna (Enanthe crocata yoscyamus niger Dipsacus sylvestris Pyrethrum Parthenium Thalictrum flavum Cynoglossum officinale | Hieracium sylvaticum Allium Scorodoprasum Marsh at Donibristle :— Tris Pseudacorus | Typha latifolia PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFOUR. 89 Woods between Aberdour and Burntisland -— Iris Pseudacorus Triticum caninum Bromus asper Drem, North Berwick, Canty Bay, Bass, Tantallon Castle. Saturday, 7th July 1849. Party of 31 met at the North British Station at 7.45 a.m. The day was rather unpromising as regards wind and rain, never- theless the party proceeded by rail to Drem. Rain had by this time diminished, Two omnibuses and a dogcart conveyed them to North Berwick, and there the day cleared. Walked by the sandy shore to Canty Bay, gathering :— Silene inflata | Eryngium maritimum » Maritima | Scabiosa Columbaria Anthyllis Vulneraria Apargia hispida Astragalus Hypoglottis : Chenopodium album Vicia Cracca Carex arenaria » sylvatica Psamma arenaria On reaching Canty Bay, George Adams, the boatman, was ready with two boats to convey the se to the Bass; difficult landing. On the Bass got :— Cerastium atrovirens Beta maritima Lavatera arborea Had some tacking in coming back, and some of the party sick. After landing at Canty Bay proceeded to Tantallon, on the way gathering :— . Habenaria viridis | At the old Castle of Tantallon -—- Papaver somniferum Conium maculatum Lepidium latifolium Torilis Anthriscus Malva sylvestris go BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Walked back to the toll near North Berwick and_ then ascended Berwick Law. Picked a few common plants, as :— Helianthemum vulgare Veronica Anagallis (ditches Senecio sylvaticus Reached North Berwick about 4.30 p.m., and after dinner came by our omnibuses to Drem, meeting the train at 6.20, and reaching Edinburgh at 7.15. Colinton, Bonaly, Habbie’s Howe, Currie. Saturday, 14th July 1849. Party of 30 met at Bruntsfield Links Toll at 8.30 a.m. and walked to Colinton, picking on the way a number of common plants, especially grasses. Thence went to Bonaly and ascended the Pentlands, crossed to the compensation pond,. where we bathed. Picked :— Ranunculus aquatilis Cystopteris fragilis Sedum villosum Lastrea Oreopteris Walked to Habbie’s Howe and there lunched, and got :— Epilobium angustifolium | Hieracium prenanthoides Galium pusillum Proceeded by the marshy ground to the new reservoir ot the Water Company, thence across the river to Currie, gathering on the way :-— Botrychium Lunaria | Pilularia globulifera Examined banks near Currie and picked :— Geranium pratense Trifolium medium Valeriana officinalis Anchusa sempervirens Lilium Martagon Returned by railway train which passed Cherie about 7-30 p.m. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR, QI Gallowshall, Dalkeith, Musselburgh, Portobello. Saturday, 21st July 1849. Party of about 30 met at the North British Railway Station at 8 a.m. and proceeded to Gallowshall and thence to Dalkeith, where we met Mr. M‘Intosh, who kindly conducted us through the Duke of Buccleuch’s garden and grounds. We proceeded by the banks of the Esk as far as Musselburgh, and thence walked to Portobello to meet the train, arriving in Edinburgh about 5 p.m. The following is a list of the plants gathered in Dalkeith Woods and on the banks of the Esk :— Papaver somniferum Cherophyllum temulentum Rhoeas Anthriscus vulgaris Rarbaree vulgaris sylvestris Iberis amara Heracleum Sphondylium Silene inflata Torilis Anthriscus Alliaria officinalis | ‘aouutienns vulgare Hypericum poate | Sambucus nigra | rsutum Lonicera Periclymenum eee iiveseis Valeriana officinalis » rotundifolia Doronicum Pardalianches Geranium sylvaticum Senecio sylvaticus es ratense » jacobzea ‘ Robertianum Carduus tenuiflorus Medicago Iupulina » acanthoides Spirzea Ulmaria Centaurea nigra Geum urbanum Lapsana communis Rosa tomentosa Crepis paludosa » canina Hieracium sabaudum Ribes Grossularia Sonchus arvensis » Yrubrum Tragopogon minor Epilobium hirsutum Campanula latifolia parviflorum | Campanula _rapunculoides Circzea lutetiana naturalised) Conium maculatum 4 rotundifolia Petroselinum sativum ” persicifolia (on Pimpinella Saxifraga banks of Esk) Myrrhis odorata » Media (naturalised) 92 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Solanum Dulcamara Salix aurita Linaria vulgaris ., purpurea Scrophularia nodosa yo tielix Mimulus luteus Populus alba Digitalis purpurea Juncus bufonius Prunella vulgaris » glaucus Stachys sylvatica » lamprocarpus +, palustris | Luzula sylvatica Teucrium Scorodonia : Agrostis vulgaris Chenopodium album Aira czespitosa Polygonum Convolvulus Melica uniflora ersicaria Festuca bromoides Rumex sanguineus | » arundinacea » obtusifolius Bromus asper >< Crispus Brachypodium sylvaticum >) >. ACetoSsa Triticum caninum » Acetosella Polystichum lobatum Alnus glutinosa = aculeatum Quercus pedunculata Lastrea Filix-mas Salix Smithiana Polypodium vulgare ” a On Musselburgh Links :— Cakile maritima Carduus tenuiflorus Sagina maritima » nutans (in abun- dance Ononis arvensis Trifolium ornithopodioides oe iforme Armeria maritima Scleranthus annuus Salsola Kali Carex arenaria Triticum junceum Astragalus Hypoglottis Scabiosa arvensis | Senecio viscosus | Erodium cicutarium | | { i} t 1 } t i | Salisbury Crags, Arthur’s Seat, Duddingston, Craigmillar. Tuesday, 24th July 1849. Met after Examination at the College at 5 p.m., and party of about 30 proceeded to Holyrood and Salisbury Crags ; thence to Arthur’s Seat and Duddingston Loch, then to Craigmillar Castle. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 93 Visited Edmonston and saw a large oak which had been struck by lightning. Returned to Edinburgh about ro p.m. Among the plants picked were :— Ranunculus Lingua Iris Bendacorus (in fruit) Lychnis Viscaria Allium vineale Alsine verna Sparganium ramosum Trifolium arvense Carex riparia Senecio visccsus Phalaris arundinacea Veronica scutellata Asplenium septentrionale a Anagallis At Craigmillar :-— Knautia arvensis | Anchusa sempervirens Braemar. Friday, 3rd August 1849. Party, consisting of J. H. Balfour, William Brown, Samuel Burd, Robert Christie, D. C. M‘Allum, Thomas M‘Micking, Alexander S. Melville, Eleazer Sherwood, James Stewart, met at Aberdeen this evening. I went by rail to Montrose, which I reached about 12 noon, and thence by coach to Aberdeen, where I arrived at 4.30. Mr. M‘Micking came by Stirling, Perth, and Dundee, and did not arrive till late in the evening. The rest of the party came by the “Queen” steam- boat, and owing to a head wind and swell did not land in the harbour till about 8.30 p.m. Many of them had been very sick. _ Prof. James Forbes came by the same steamer to meet Mr. Airy, Astronomer Royal, and proceed with him to Shetland. The party having left my baggage on board the steamer I had to go on board about 10.30 p.m. when the “Queen” came into harbour in order to get it. Accommodation of the party at Robertson’s Royal Hotel was very comfortable. Seats taken in Braemar coach. F 94. BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Saturday, 4th August 1849. Left Aberdeen about 7 a.m., after breakfast, by the Ballater mail, in which we had booked nine outside places. Reached Ballater about 1 p.m.; met Dr. Dickie and got specimen of Diphyscitum foliosum collected by Mr. Cruikshank. I lunched with Dickie. Party dined at Monaltrie Arms. I called on Dr. Martin, who with his wife and children was residing at Ballater for his health. From Ballater proceeded by coach to Braemar and reached it about 4.30. After arranging matters and having tea-dinner took a walk along banks of Dee; remarked especially the following plants :— Genista anglica (in flower and fruit) Potentilla alpestris (very low down near the Dee) Saxifraga aizoides Solidago Virgaurea Carduus heterophyllus Hieracium Lawsoni Pyrola media (in flower) Trientalis europza (in flower) Polygonum viviparum Rumex aquaticus Humulus Lupulus (Callater Bridge) Hieracium murorum “ prenanthoides e denticulatum Monday, 6th August 1849. This day the whole party except Mr. Stewart, who was laid up with a dysenteric attack, went to Little Craigendal. They crossed the ferry and walked through the fir woods on the banks of the Dee, following the stream which comes from Ben-a-bourd. In the woods are abundance of ant-hills, which when stirred up with a stick give out pungent vapours of formic acid. Pyrola media, Lycopodium clavatum, and Genista anglica were picked on the way. At the point where the third large stream joins the Ben-a- bourd water the party turned to the right and proceeded towards Craigendal under the guidance of Cattanach, one of the Duke of Leeds’ gamekeepers, who is an intelligent person and has’ acquired some knowledge of the general aspect of the rare plants in the vicinity. William Macintosh, another of the Duke’s servants, accompanied the party to carry plants for the Botanic Garden of Edinburgh. Before reaching Craigendal the following specimens were gathered :— Rubus Chamzmorus Cornus suecica Betula pubescens Salix venulosa Vaccininm uliginosum Tofieldia palustris PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 95 On Craigendal :— Cerastium alpinum (on rocks Hieracium alpinum (on rocks facing Ben Avon) facing Ben Avon) Astragalus alpinus (very Azalea procumbens sparingly in flower, al- Juncus trifidus though the plant is » triglumis abundant) Carex rupestris Dryas octopetala (in flower) », capillaris Potentilla alpestris Saussurea alpina (not in flower) Leaving Craigendal the party proceeded to Ben Avon, where a number of alpine species were seen, such as :-— Silene acaulis Gnaphalium supinum Sibbaldia procumbens Carex vaginata On the very summit, in a sheltered spot, were picked numerous specimens of Rubus Chamemorus in flower. ending our way on between Little and Big Craigendal we saw abundance of deer on the hills. We reached Braemar about 7 p.m. in time for our tea-dinner. Tuesday, 7th August 1849. This day the party, with the exception of Mr. Stewart, who was still confined by a dysenteric attack, proceeded by a drag as far as the gamekeeper’s house at the foot of Loch Callater. Thence we sailed up the loch and proceeded to the rocks close to the precipitous falls. We were accompanied by William Macintosh. The plants gathered were :— Gnaphalium supinum Veronica alpina Saussurea alpina Carex rupestris Hieracium alpinum, and | 5 atrata various forms of it » capillaris Pyrola rotundifolia : Allosorus crispus » secunda Cystopteris fragilis Veronica serpyllifolia Polystichum Lonchitis iW humifusa 96 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY We ascended to the top of the cliffs and then descended close to the small loch called Loch Kander. We saw plenty of Sadr reticulata, lanata, arenaria, Myrsinites arbutifolia, herbacea. After taking lunch on the banks of the loch we examined the rocks surrounding it. On those at the upper part Mr. Brown and Dr. B. picked :— Epilobium alsinifolium | Alopecurus alpinus vs alpinum Phleum alpinum Carex Vahlii On reaching the summit of the hill we were enveloped in mist. We walked by the small hut on the summit by the slope of the hills towards the north end of Loch Callater, and after partaking of milk and cake in William Stewart's house we met our conveyance and returned to Braemar between 7 and 8 p.m. At Stewart’s house one of Dr. Dickie’s pupils was residing, but he was too modest to make himself known to us. Wednesday, 8th August 1849. Started early this morning for Lochnagar. Walked along the road to the bridge over the Dee near the entrance of Invercauld and then proceeded up the woods. Viewed the waterfall and rustic bridge and then crossed the water so as to reach the rocks below the summit. Examined the steep rocks above the loch, gathering Cerastium alpinum and numerous common alpine species, Hzeracium alpinum and varieties, Allosorus crispus. We then ascended a deep ravine with the view of getting Mulgedium alpinum, but the steepness of the cliffs and their slippery nature prevented us from reaching the spot we wished. We then visited the patches of snow near which Sazifraga rivu- laris was seen in profusion. Afterwards we ascended by the Sonchus ravine, picking various forms of Poa and Azra alpina, Saxifraga rivularis, and Cerastium alpinum. Ascended to the summit, and after picking Carex Persoonit and a few more alpine species the party descended again to the valley, and reached Braemar between 8 and 9 p.m. There was much mist on the summit, so that the view was interrupted. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 97 Thursday, 9th August 1849. The weather was very unpropitious to-day, and we were unable to move out in the morning. I put up two baskets of plants for the Botanic Garden before breakfast, and despatched them by the mail at 9 am. After breakfast, and arranging our plants, some of the party started for Corriemulzie Linn, a deep dell about three or four miles from Braemar, well planted with wood and traversed by a stream which runs into the Dee. On the road we picked :— Betula alba Salix aquatica yy pubescens Populus tremula Salix pentandra In the Linn gathered :— Epilobium angustifolium | Melica nutans Hieracium (various species) Triticum caninum Melampyrum sylvaticum The day had been very sultry, and now the thick dark clouds began to collect, thunder rolled, and rain began to descend. After leaving the Linn we passed General Duffs cottage and took refuge in some cottages by the roadside. The storm became terrific, the hills were enveloped in dark clouds, the thunder rolled, and flash after flash came in quick succession. The rain descended like a water-spout, and the hills, whose surface had been previously dry, became covered with a sheet of foam. After two hours’ delay we took advantage of a slight cessation of the storm and reached Braemar. During the whole evening the storm raged. Friday, 10th August 1849. The weather was still rather unpromising, but in spite of this the party left early and proceeded by means of a conveyance to a bridge about 614 miles from Braemar on the road to Spital of Glenshee. Thence they walked up the — of Glasmaol and visited Canlochan. 98 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY On the ascent of the hill gathered Carex Gderi and Phleum alpinum, but could not see /uncus castaneus in the place where it abounded in 1847. At the upper part of Canlochan gathered :— Carex Persoonii Carex rariflora » aquatilis On the cliffs looking towards Canlochan Glen :— Sibbaldia procumbens Carex atrata Saxifraga oppositifolia | » capillaris (abundant) a nivalis Poa alpina Erigeron alpinus (in great | »» Vvivipara profusion) | » Balfourii Saussurea alpina » nemoralis (alpine form) | Gentiana nivalis On cliffs to the west saw plenty of Mulgedium alpinum, but none of it in flower. A purple specimen was picked by Dr. B. approaching to flower, but all the others showed no symptoms of flowering this season. Draba incana was also seen. Ascended to top of the hill, and then walked towards the bridge, where the conveyance met the party and conveyed them to Braemar. Saturday, 11th August 1849. Weather still bad. Six of the party went by a conveyance about three miles beyond the Linn of Dee, on the road to Croachlach. Left the conveyance at the bridge and proceeded on the west side of the Dee as far as the Braeriach ridge. A long walk amidst rain and mist. On the way saw Aradis petrea, and in pools Ranunculus Flammula, var. reptans, and Ltttorella lacustris. Ascended Braeriach ridge with the view of reaching summit of Cairntoul and picking Carex leporina; but the weather was so bad that the party found it impossible to do so. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. ga On the cliffs at Braeriach ridge we gathered :— Cerastium alpinum (a fine Hieracium alpinum specimen) Poa alpina vivipara Returned by the west side of the Dee near the bridge where the conveyance awaited us. Monday, 13th August 1849. The day was very bad and the party remained at home drying paper and changing their plants. As the rain abated a little towards the afternoon some of the party walked towards the Dee, picking :— Meum athamanticum Hieracium boreale Carduus heterophyllus Walked up the banks of the Clunie to its junction with the Callater, then crossed both the rivers and walked on the opposite bank to Braemar. On the way various species of Azeracta, Crepis, were seen. Met the three Messrs. Chancellor and Mr. Young, also saw Mr. Finlay at the inn. Dr. Melville left this day for Edinburgh. Tuesday, 14th August 1849. The party along with Messrs. Chancellor and Mr, Young proceeded in two conveyances to Wm. Stewart’s house at the foot of Loch Callater, thence ascended the hills and walked towards Lochnagar. Examined the moist rocks on west side for Carex leporina but found none. Picked a few alpine plants, such as Carex Persoonit, Alopecurus alpina, and reached the summit of the hill about 12 noon. Hada good view from thetop. After lunch our party proceeded to the cliffs, while the Messrs, Chancellor and Young returned to Braemar. Our party descended by a ravine near the summit, in which the following plants grew in profusion :— 100 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Cerastium alpinum Aira alpina vivipara Saxifraga rivularis Poa alpina vivipara Veronica alpina Then descended to the foot of the cliffs, and Dr. B. ascended to the Mulgedium station, which he reached with some difficulty and to his disappointment found that none of the plant was in flower. Mr. M‘Micking had stationed himself at the upper part of the ravine in order to direct Dr. B. to the spot. Mr. M. after- wards, in attempting to descend the cliff, was precipitated from the top to the bottom and sustained some bruises. Had he rolled a little further than he did, he would have gone over steep cliffs and would in all likelihood have been killed. The fall rendered Mr. M. very nervous, and Dr. B. had some difficulty in conducting him to the bottom of the cliffs where the rest. of the party were waiting. Proceeded to the shore of the loch and then ascended by one of the steep ravines to the top of the mountain, whence the party walked across the hills by a tedious route towards Glen Esk. Left Loch Muick on the left hand and Dubh Loch on the right. Descended into Glen Esk not far from the shooting lodge, between it and Capel Mount. Failing to get accommodation at Acharne and at Bradouney there was no alternative but to proceed down Glen Clova. Reached the Kirkton Clova about 8 p.m. Found the inn full, seven men from Kirriemuir in one of the rooms, and Mr. David Ogilvie, jnr., of Balnaboth, in the other ; the latter with great kindness gave up his room to our party, while he himself took up his quarters in the Manse. The party thanked him cordially for his kindness and attention. A tea-dinner and a good peat fire refreshed the party after their long and wet walk. Numerous grouse and ptarmigan were seen to-day. The party slept soundly, some in beds and some in shakedowns on the floor. It is remarkable to notice that no cloudberry was seen in fruit and on hills few fruits of Vaccinium Vitis-Idea and V. Myrtillus. Wednesday, 15th August 1849. After breakfast walked up Clova Glen, gathering on the way :— Malaxis paludosa Avena strigosa Habenaria albida PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 101 On reaching the White Water the party separated, Mr. Sherwood and Dr. B. proceeded to Glen Fee, while the rest of the party—viz., Mr. M‘Micking, Brown, Stewart, Burd—went up Glen Dole. On the rocks at Glen Fee was picked abundance of Oxytropis campestris, but no Woodsia tlvensis. Saw a fine eagle to-day. Ascended the cliffs in Glen Fee to the top of Craig Rennett and walked by Craig Maud along the ridge on the side of Glen Dole. Descended some of the ravines ; saw Mulgedium alpinum, but not in flower, also many good alpine plants. Reascended to the top of the cliffs, and amidst hail, rain, mist, and wind proceeded to the shepherd’s hut at the top of Jock’s Road, where we met the rest of the party snugly drying them- selves over a peat fire. After lunch walked by the banks of the White Water, picking Alopecurus alpinus, Phleum alpinum, and many alpine species, till we reached the upper part of Glen Callater, close to Loch- nagar. No /wncus castaneus could be seen. Descended into Glen Callater and walked by the side of the loch and by the banks of the Water to Castleton of Braemar, which we reached about 7 p.m., nearly three hours after Her Majesty had passed on her way to Balmoral. ‘ Thursday, 16th August 1849. Party (with the exception of Messrs. Christie, M‘Allum, and Stewart) started this morning in a conveyance for the Linn of - Dee, thence they walked up the glen to the gamekeeper’s house (M‘Hardy’s) at the foot of Glen Lui. In place of going up this glen, they turned to the right and ascended the hills near Loch Etchachan. Reached the summit of Ben na Mac Dhu about 2 p.m., and had lunch there. The day fine and splendid prospect, Ben Nevis seen in the distance, the valley of the Spey, the sea on the coast of Morayshire, &c. Descended along a large wreath of snow about 100 feet in length towards the Shelter Stone and Loch Avon. The party lay under the stone for a time, then ascended towards Loch 102 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Etchachan, from which streams go both to Loch Avon and to the valley of the Derry. On Ben na Mac Dhu picked :— Silene acaulis (in fine Hieracium alpinum flower) Luzula arcuata (in a poor Stellaria cerastoides | state) From Loch Etchachan descended to the valley amidst a severe rain, which lasted for two hours. Crossed the Derry and reached the Linn of Dee about 8 p.m., where the conveyance awaited us. Although we were thoroughly soaked, yet no rain had fallen at Ballater or Braemar. Friday, 17th August 1849. The party sent all their packages and plants and baggage by a cart to Coupar-Angus, for which they agreed to pay the sum of s. Mr. M‘Allum, being ill, was left at the inn at Braemar, and Mr. Christie kindly agreed to stay with him until Monday. The remaining six of the party left the inn at 11 a.m. and walked by the banks of the Clunie to the Spital of Glenshee, which they reached about 4 p.m. to dinner. After dinner walked to Bridge of Cally. Arrived there about 10 p.m. Got beds on the floor. Saturday 18th August 1849. This morning left the Bridge of Cally Inn at 6a m. and walked to Blairgowrie to breakfast, thence proceeded by omnibus to Coupar-Angus, joined the train at 9.45 a.m. Four of the party proceeded to Edinburgh, which they reached about 1 p.m. The other two went to Bridge of Allan and Stirling. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 103 EXCURSIONS IN 1850. Kirkcaldy, Seafield Tower, Kinghorn, Pettycur, Burntisland. Saturday, 18th May 1850. Party of nearly 80 met at Railway Station at 9.45 and pro- ceeded to Granton and Kirkcaldy. Visited Ravenscraig Castle and gathered :— Ranunculus Ficaria Ribes rubrum Berberis vulgaris Smyrnium Olusatrum Cheiranthus Cheiri | Armeria maritima Cochlearia officinalis _. Primula vulgaris Silene maritima Verbascum Thapsus Pyrus Malus | Nepeta Glechoma Ribes Grossularia Asplenium marinum Walked through Kirkcaldy to Seafield tower, gathering :— Viola pusilla } Taraxacum lzvigatum On the tower :-— Linaria Cymbalaria | On the shore numerous sea weeds. Proceeded to Kinghorn, Pettycur, and Burntisland, gathering:— Caltha palustris Fragaria vesca Cardamine pratensis Primula veris so hirsuta Borago officinalis (near King- Capsella Bursa-pastoris horn) Lepidium campestre Salvia Verbenaca Geranium molle | Orchis mascula Erodium cicutarium Botrychium Lunaria Returned by boat at 5.50 p.m. Gorebridge, Arniston. Saturday, 25th May 1850. Very wet day, rain and mist all day. Party of 20 met at North British Railway Station and went by train to Gorebridge 104 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY (receiving third-class return tickets, 1s. 6d.). Walked to Arniston and botanised in the woods under direction of Mr. Veitch, the gardener. Plants gathered were :— Anemone nemorosa Aconitum Napellus Lychnis dioica Stellaria nemorum - Holostea Moehringia trinervis Oxalis Acetosella Potentilla Fragariastrum Pyrus Malus Saxifraga Geum Chrysosplenium oppositi- folium alternifolium Ribes alpinum Sanicula europza Pyrethrum Parthenium Petasites vulgaris Doronicum Pardalianches Symphytum tuberosum Pulmonaria officinale Veronica Chameedrys $5 montana Lathrzea Squamaria Mercurialis perennis Lilium Martagon Paris quadrifolia Luzula sylvatica Arum maculatum Carex glauca Milium effusum The day being so bad the party returned to Fushie Bridge road, half of the party going home by the train at 12 noon, the other half walked to Edinburgh, and on the way picked :— Ranunculus auricomus Fumaria officinalis Sinapis arvensis Viola tricolor, var. arvensis Orobus tuberosus Pyrus Aucuparia Crategus Oxyacantha Circzea lutetiana Myrrhis odorata Anthriscus sylvestris Viburnum Lantana _ Veronica hedereefolia | Veronica arvensis Lamium amplexicaule Ulmus montana Quercus Robur Allium ursinum Athyrium Filix-foemina Polystichum lobatum Lastrea Filix-mas »y ~ dilatata Equisetum arvense Marchantia polymorpha PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 105 Linlithgow, Blackness Castle, Hopetoun, Niddry Castle, Winchburgh. Saturday, 1st June 1850. Party of 111 went by train at 8 a.m. to Linlithgow. Visited palace and church under direction of Mr. G. Baird, proceeded by the loch of Linlithgow on the Queensferry road ; went to Binns, proceeded through the grounds to Blackness Castle, thence by shore to Hopetoun, were conducted through the grounds and garden by Mr. Gavin. Thence walked to Niddry Castle, and returned from Winchburgh by train at 7.5 p.m. The whole trip cost Is. Near Linlithgow gathered :— Ranunculus aquatilis | Veronica hederzfolia fe Flammula : 5 arvensis s acris » serpyllifolia repens | » Officinalis bulbosus » Chameedrys Fumaria micrantha », Beccabunga Sisymbrium officinale Lamium purpureum Anthriscus vulgaris Menyanthes trifoliata bed Near Niddry Castle :-— Viola canina Cherophyllum Anthriscus arvensis Petasites vulgaris Mynbis odorata Iris Pseudacorus(notin flower) At Binns :— Barbarea vulgaris | Typha (not in flower) At Blackness some sea plants, also :— Aquilegia vulgaris Armeria maritima Cochlearia officinalis Glaux maritima Thlaspi arvense Anchusa sempervirens Arenaria serpyllifolia Triglochin maritimum Alsine peploides Scirpus multicaulis marina Blysmus rufus Sigink maritima 106 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY At Hopetoun :— Berberis vulgaris Quercus Robur Castanea sativa Listera ovata Athyrium Filix-foemina Lastrea Filix-mas » dilatata Polypodium Phegopteris Lonicera Periclymenum » Caprifolium Linaria Cymbalaria Marrubium vulgare In Hopetoun grounds, saw fine specimens of pines, Abies Douglasii, Cedrus Libani said to have been planted 101 years ago. Gorebridge, Borthwick Castle, Crichton Castle, Prestonhall, Dalkeith. Saturday, 8th June 1850. Party of 70 met at the North British Railway Station at 8 a.m. and proceeded by train at 8.15 to Gorebridge, thence walked to Fushie Bridge, Borthwick Castle, Crichton Castle, Ford, Preston- hall, and Dalkeith, and returned by train passing Gallowshall at 7.30 p.m. Fare going and coming, Is. The following were some of the plants gathered :— In marshy, moorish ground near Borthwick and Crichton :— Trollius europzus | Carex glauca Cardamine amara | » pilulifera Myrrhis odorata »» preecox Valeriana dioica (in great »» panicea uantity) | » sylvatica Pinguicula vulgaris », binervis Carex dioica | » flava » intermedia | > hirta »» paniculata » paludosa » remota » Tiparia » ovalis »» ampullacea » Goodenovii PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 107 Near Borthwick Castle :— Alliaria officinale Verbascum Thapsus Geum urbanum Rhinanthus Crista-galli 5 viva Parietaria officinalis intermedium Blechnum boreale 2? Near Crichton Castle :— Geranium sylvaticum | Neottia Nidus-avis Menyanthes trifoliata Near Ford :— -Orchis latifolia | Bromus commutatus Blysmus compressus At Prestonhall :— Barbarea vulgaris Staphylea pinnata Vinca minor | Ajuga reptans (blue and white) Listera ovata Ornithogalum umbellatum Near Cousland :— Plantago media (in profusion) Silaus pratensis | Near Dalkeith :— Acer campestre | Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus > Reston, St. Abb’s Head, Coldingham. Saturday, 15th June 1850. Party of about 50 met at North British Railway Station at 8 and proceeded by train to Reston, having received return tickets, 3s. 6d. At Grants House met Mr. Hepburn of Whittingham ; Mr. Hardy, Penmanshiel. Reached Reston about 10.15 a.m. Proceeded direct to St. Abb’s Head, which was reached about I2 noon, 108 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY On the way gathered :— Ranunculus aquatilis Ethusa Cynapium ‘i hederaceus Filago germanica hirsutus Crepis virens Sinapis arvensis Anchusa sempervirens Raphanus Raphanistrum Chenopodium Bonus- Malva sylvestris Henricus Near the Head, picked -— Helianthemum vulgare | Armeria maritima Alsine verna Plantago maritima Anthyllis Vulneraria » Coronopus Astragalus Hypoglottis At the Head :— Cochlearia officinalis | Plantago Coronopus Silene inflata | Avena pratensis Plantago maritima Agaricus Oreades Proceeded along the rocks near the Head in the direction of Fast Castle, and reached nearly to Lumsden Bay. Plants gathered :— Viola lutea Antennaria dioica Cerastium atrovirens Carlina vulgaris Genista anglica | Hieracium murorum Poterium Sanguisorba Digitalis purpurea Rhodiola rosea = Alisma ranunculoides (in a Myriophyllum spicatum (in | ditch) a small lake) Briza media Helosciadium inundatum In Coldingham Loch :— Nuphar luteum | Menyanthes trifoliata Comarum palustre Carex intermedia Returned by moors to Reston, which was reached about 5.15. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 109 On the way gathered :— Valeriana dioica | Gymnadenia Conopsea Pyrola media Habenaria bifolia Orchis mascula Ophioglossum vulgatum » latifolia | Botrychium Lunaria » maculata Returned by train passing Reston at 5.34 p.m. and reached Edinburgh before 8 p.m. Kincardine, Culross, Torry, Torryburn, Charleston. Saturday, 22nd June 1850. Party of 40 met at Granton at 8.30 a.m. and proceeded by the Stirling steamer to Kincardine, which was reaclied about 10.30. Mr. Nichol accompanied the party. Mr. Gow, gardener at Tulliallan, met the party and conducted them through Tulliallan grounds. In them ordinary plants picked. In a loch :-— Nasturtium terrestre Polygonum amphibium Hydrocotyle vulgaris Alisma Plantago Littorella lacustris On moors several species of Carex and /ris Pseudacorus. Leaving Tulliallan the party proceeded to road near the shore and walked along the coast by Culross, Torry, and Torryburn to Charleston. The plants gathered were :— Corydalis claviculata (Blair) | Melampyrum pratense Fumaria capreolata Hippophaé rhamnoides » Officinalis | Corallorhiza innata Geranium columbinum (field | Paris bifolia (Blair and also near Tulliallan) inland a little) Viburnum Opulus | Milium effusum Solanum Dulcamara (woods Osmunda regalis (near sands) near shore at Tulliallan) Ophioglossum vulgatum IIo BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Near Culross :— . Sinapis alba Triglochin maritimum Scandix Pecten-Veneris Scirpus maritimus Stachys sylvatica Glyceria aquatica Atriplex littoralis Sclerochloa maritima » _ rosea i distans Triglochin palustre Near Charleston :— Papaver Rhoeas » dubium Argemone Saponaria officinalis Sagina maritima Echium vulgare Atropa Belladonna Scrophularia nodosa Lamium amplexicaule » incisum Sedum Telephium | » purpureum Pimpinella Saxifraga » album Myrrhis odorata Dipsacus sylvestris Anagallis arvensis Symphytum officinale Reached Charleston about 5 and returned to Granton about 7. Euphorbia exigua Carex vulpina Bromus asper | | | Aberdeen. Saturday, 29th June 1850. Party of upwards of 100 started by train at 5 a.m. from the Northern Railway Station, in open seated ¢arriages. Proceeded by Perth and Forfar to Aberdeen, which was reached about 11 (an hour after the time agreed). Omnibuses took the party to Royal Hotel (Robertson’s) to breakfast. Fares by train, going and coming, 6s.6d. Breakfast per agreement, Is. each. Nearly go sat down to breakfast. Dr. Dickie met the party and accom- panied them. Some of the party went to see different places near Aberdeen. About 50 went in three omnibuses to Denmore, visiting King’s College on the way. At Denmore gathered :— Hieracium sylvaticum Polypodium Dryopteris Trientalis europza (in fine Tuburcinia Trientalis flower) Cylindrosporia deformans Goodyera repens (scarcely in flower) e& PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFouR. 111 In boggy ground and moors :— Sedum villosum | Drosera rotundifolia | ; anglica | Heliosciadium inundatum Pedicularis palustris Narthecium Ossifragum Potamogeton oblongus Scheenus nigricans Carex pulicaris », teretiuscula Utricularia minor 53. CUrta Orchis latifolia » fulva » Maculata Nardus stricta Gymnadenia Conopsea Lycopodium selaginoides Habenaria bifolia (no Dicranum glaucum chlorantha) Listera cordata not found. In woods (over a wall near Denmore Bog) :— Linnza borealis (not in Pyrola minor ower) Returned by omnibuses to Aberdeen Links. On Links gathered :— Thalictrum minus Scirpus uniglumis Viola tricolor Carex incurva Myriophyllum spicatum Koeleria cristata Tragopogon minor Poa pratensis Potamogeton pectinatus Visited Granite Works of Mr. Macdonald by permission. Saw Marischal College, Medical Society’s Rooms, Markets, &c. After dining at Royal Hotel, returned by train leaving Aberdeen at 6, and reached Granton 11.55 p.m. North Berwick, Bass, Dirleton, Gullan, Drem. Saturday, 6th July 1850. Party of 30 met at North British Railway Station at 8 a.m. and proceeded by train to North Berwick. Return tickets 2s. Divided into two parties. One party visited Bass Rock, picking :— Lavatera arborea (in small Beta maritima quantity, injured by frost last winter). 112 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Near North Berwick, gathered :— Ononis arvensis Borago officinalis Astragalus Hypoglottis | Hippophaé rhamnoides (in a Eryngium maritimum hedge) North Berwick Links :— Thalictrum minus | Cynoglossum officinale Ligusticum scoticum | Habenaria viridis Thrincia hirta Equisetum variegatum Erythrza Centaurium | Dirleton Common :— Anthriscus sylvestris Veronica Anagallis (in ditch) On the Common :— Alyssum calycinum | Acinos vulgaris Silene conica Fields near Common :— Reseda lutea | Galium Mollugo Dirleton Castle :— Sedum album | Centranthus ruber » reflexum Digitalis purpurea, white and Smyrnium Olusatrum | purple Near Gullan :— Nasturtium terrestre | Centaurea Cyanus Melilotus officinalis Convolvulus arvensis Sempervivum tectorum (near Solanum Dulcamara Drem) Hyoscyamus niger Centaurea Scabiosa Limosella aquatica Met train at Drem at 6.50. Reached Edinburgh at 7.40 p.m. Slateford, Colinton, Woodhall, Currie, Ravelrig, Dalmahoy, Ratho. Saturday, 13th July 1850. Excursion with 30. Met at Canal Basin at9.30a.m. Walked to Slateford, Colinton, Woodhall, Currie, Ravelrig, Dalmahoy, Ratho. Met train at 7.30 p.m. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 113 Picked the usual plants known to grow in the district. Viola palustris Pyrola minor Geranium columbinum Corallorhiza innata Epilobium angustifolium | Listera cordata Linnza borealis (in flower) | Carex filiformis (not in fruit) Valeriana pyrenaica Trientalis europzea was not seen. Clova. Thursday, 18th July 1850. Party consisting of :—J. H. Balfour, John H. Aldrige, Samuel Harris Armitage, Edward Brewis, W. H. Broadbent, J. L. Brown, William Brown, Samuel Burd, W. Menzies Calder, Cuthbert Collingwood, James A. Currie, Charles J. Davenport, Andrew Dewar, Alex. G. Duff, David A. Eisdale, Henry Elliot, George Logan, R. F. Logan, Thomas S. M‘Culloch, Valentine M‘Master, John U. Matheson, John Matthews, David Milroy, John B. Nasmyth, David Ross, Eleazer Sherwood, David H. Stirling, P. H. Watson, J. Watt, John Wooley, met at the Northern Railway Station at 12 noon on Thursday, 18th July, and proceeded by train to Forfar, which was reached about 5 p.m. owing to delay of half an hour at Perth. Return tickets for each of the party at 6s. 6d. Dined at Wm. Morrison’s Inn, Forfar, at 1s. 6d. each— and afterwards started at 6 p.m. for Clova, which was reached at 11 p.m. There were two conveyances hired to go the whole way and remain till Saturday and return. These consisted of a car with two horses, holding 12 with the baggage, and a carriage with two horses holding 8 and some baggage. These two con- veyances, holding together 20, were hired from Thursday till Saturday for £7 10s., including tolls, drivers, and everything. Besides these there was a carriage and pair and a drosky which took some of the party half way to Clova, On reaching Dykehead, near Cortachy, those who had rode in the two latter carriages walked. [In all there were 12 or 14 who walked from Dykehead to Clova. 114 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Had tea at Clova, and were accommodated with straw beds on the floor of the large hall lately built for the games which are held at Clova in August. Twenty-five slept on the floor, the remainder in the old inn, partly on beds and partly on the floor. Sleep much disturbed in the hall by noisy and restless members of the party ; some had scarcely two hours’ sleep. Friday, 19th July 1850. Rose at 5 a.m. Breakfasted at 6, and at 7 started for the hills. Crossed Suspension Bridge, met John Ogilvy, walked to Glen Dole as far as astragalus cliff, then ascended to top of hills and came down into Glen Fee by a precipitous descent. Some dry mist during a few hours, but upon the whole the weather was favourable and the success of the party great. Picked :— Viola lutea Malaxis paludosa Oxytropis campestris Habenaria albida Rubus Chamzemorus = viridis Sibbaldia procumbens Tofieldia palustris Epilobium angustifolium Juncus triglumis = alsinifolium Luzula spicata . alpinum - Carex rupestris Meum athamanticum », atrata Cornus suecica » aquatilis Erigeron alpinum », Stictocarpa Gnaphalium supinum » Tariflora Hieracium alpinum capillaris Lawsoni ‘Auissotis crispus Sonchas alpinus Asplenium viride Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi Woodsia hyperborea Pyrola rotundifolia Polystichum Lonchitis - » media Lycopodium Selago » secunda s annotinum Trientalis europea . _ clavatum Veronica alpina 4 alpinum _ Saxatilis ‘3 selaginoides Salix reticulata PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 115 And all the ordinary alpine plants, as :-— Thalictrum alpinum Saxifraga stellaris Alchemilla alpina | Saxifraga oppositifolia a = nivalis a aizoides hypnoides Returned to inn at Clova at 8 p.m. after 13 hours’ hard walking. Saturday, 20th July 1850. Rose at 5 a.m., and about 5.30 started with a party of six for Loch Brandy. Thick mist, difficulty in finding loch. Gathered :— Lobelia Dortmanna | Isoétes lacustris Sparganium natans On rocks near loch :— Cerastium alpinum Hieracium alpinum Sibbaldia procumbens | Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea Gnaphalium supinum Returned to the inn about 9.30 a.m., and after bathe had breakfast. Picked by the Esk :— Carduus heterophyllus Rumex aquaticus Hieracium umbellatum Carex aquatilis Some of the party breakfasted early and walked on, the rest went by cars to Dykehead, when those who had walked entered the carriages. On the way picked :— Ligustrum vulgare | Lysimachia vulgaris From Dykehead walked to Forfar, gathering :— Rubus suberectus Habenaria chlorantha Trientalis europzea On old house at Forfar were allowed to pick Sedum album. Dined at Thomson’s Inn at 4p.m. Dinner, ts. 6d. each, Joined train at 5.15 and reached Edinburgh at 9.45 p.m, 116 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Salisbury Crags, Duddingston Loch. Tuesday, 23rd July 1850. Party of 24 met at Holyrood at 6 p.m., walked by foot of Crags to basaltic columns, gathering :— Lychnis Viscaria (in fruit) | Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum Senecio viscosus Pe Ruta-muraria Allium vineale <3 septentrionale Arum maculatum Visited Duddingston Loch, got Mr. Logan’s boat, which held 15, and examined edges of loch, gathering :— Butomus umbellatus | Sparganium ramosum Landed at the town and walked round loch. Got :— Stellaria glauca Iris Pseudacorus Galium palustre Carex riparia Returned about 9.30 p.m. Arran, Tuesday, 13th August 1850. Left Edinburgh by train at 11 a.m. and joined boat at 2 p.m. at Broomielaw. Reached Lamlash, Arran, about 9 p.m. Took up quarters at Seafield. Wednesday, 14th August 1850. Examined beach near Lamlash. Picked -— Atriplex Babingtonii (rosea) | Polygonum Raii »» arenaria (laciniata) | Triticum laxum of Fries Polygonum aviculare, var. | ; » junceum maritimum PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 117 Thursday, 15th August 1850. Walked along shore with Mr. Brown to Clachland Point and Corriegills. Gathered :— Hypericum Androsemum Convolvulus sepium a quadrangulum Pinguicula lusitanica i maculatum Scutellaria galericulata (nanthe Lachenalii Juncus maritimus Bidens tripartita Scirpus maritimus Anagallis arvensis Osmunda regalis es tenella friday, 16th August 1850. Visited Holy Isle. Picked abundance of Arctostaphylos Uva- Ursi, which here descends to within 50 feet of sea level. Saturday, 17th August 1850. Boating and fishing ; visited glen near Seafield and gathered various ferns and fungi, also Polypodium Phegopterts. Monday, 19th August 1850. Along with Babington and Brown walked by shore to King’s Cross Point and returned by road. Gathered :— Hypericum maculatum Scutellaria galericulata Rubus Idzeus Athyrium Filix-foemina » nhitidus var. molle », incurvatus (new) % var. convexum » cordifolius Lastrea dilatata », leucostachys Osmunda regalis » corylifolius | Tuesday, 20th August 1850. Along with Babington and Brown walked to shore at Lag, visited rocks, and returned by Kilmorie across the hills to Lamlash. BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Plants gathered :— Same Rwéz as on 19th, and in addition :— Brassica monensis Cakile maritima Raphanus maritimus ? Alsine (Arenaria) media of | Fries Rubus discolor nemorosus Cotvledeit Umbilicus Eryngium maritimum Armeria maritima (calyx | uniformly hairy) | . : | Geranium sanguineum | } | t | Armeria pubescens (calyx- hairs in lines) Atriplex Babingtonii » laciniata Polygonum ayiculare, var. maritimum Raii Triticum laxum (in fine state on sandy shore near Lag) Asplenium marinum Thursday, 22nd August 1850. Went by car with Babington, Brown, and Hunter to Glen Sannox. Day very unpromising. Returned by Corrie. From Corrie walked by the shore to Brodick and Lamlash, gathering :— (Enanthe Lachenalii Hymenophyllum tun- Aster Tripolium bridgense Samolus Valerandi Pteris aquilina Erythrzea linarifolia Athyrium Filix-foemina os var. molle var, convexum Peach aculeatum Lastrea Oreopteris » Filix-mas Scutellaria galericulata Lycopus europzeus Salicornia herbacea Atriplex angustifolia is. erecta Juncus maritimus » Foenisecii (on sand- —™ Potamogeton plantagineus stone rocks between ditch near bridge Brodick and Corrie) between Brodick and Polypodium Phegopteris Invercloy) Osmunda regalis rpus palustris Equisetum arvense » pauciflorus - palustre » Maritimus Blysmus rufus Glyceria_ pedicellata (near Brodick) ee limosum _ Lycopodium selaginoides PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR 119 friday, 237d August 1850. Despatched plants to Mr. M‘Nab in Edinburgh. On examining the rhizome of Lastrea Foentsecii and L. dilatata, saw a difference in the vertical section of each worth noting. In L. Foenisecti there are numerous dark streaks running from the centre upwards, giving a mottled appearance to the section. In L. dilatata the dark lines are more scattered and scarcely extend to the base of the fronds. This character enables one to tell at once the species one from the other. Examined some of the plants on the shore and near Lamlash. Picked Rubus corylifolius var. (like sublustris) behind the inn. The stem is nearly rounded ; the plant grew in a garden up the lane behind the inn. In the lane leading up to the garden, on the left-hand side going up, Rudus sylvaticus occurs, on the stem were seen patent hairs. In the garden beyond Rubus corylifolius was seen a glandular Rudus, R. Koehlert, pallidus. On the shore saw Trcticum repens with upper ribbed surface of leaf having single rows of hairs along the ribs. Tvitecum junceum., short hairs thickly set on upper ribbed surface, all over. 7. daxum, spikelets five- to eight-flowered, glumes obtuse, about seven- nerved, outer pale obtuse, apiculate—azzs downy, vachis smooth and slightly rough at angles, leaves scabrous above with many acute points, irivolute when dry. Saturday, 24th August 1850. Messrs. Babington, Hunter, Brown, and Bayley accompanied me to Goatfell. Left Lamlash about 10, walked to Brodick. Behind the inn gathered Mentha sylvestris, var. velutina. Ascended Goatfell, and thence proceeded along ridge to Glen Sannox, descended by a deep ravine, and then ascended to the col separating Glen Sannox and Glen Rosa. Returned by Glen Rosa to Brodick and Lamlash. The plants gathered were :— Alchemilla alpina Oxyria reniformis (ravine in Saxifraga stellaris en Sannox) Sedum Rhodiola (ravine in Juniperus nana Glen Sannox) Rhynchospora alba (in Glen Rosa) 120 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Schcenus nigricans (in Glen | Asplenium Ruta - muraria Rosa | (large specimen on wall Festuca vivipara (on Goatfell) | at Brodick) Monday, 26th August 1850. Walked with Babington to the Manse, old churchyard, and glen near Lamlash ; gathered Hypericum dubium ?—broad sepals, but denticulate at apex. The characters of H. maculatum and Hi, dubtum require revision. -No species of Hypericum has been seen by me having perfectly entire reflexed sepals. Also gathered :— Rubus plicatus Rubus sylvaticus » hitidus », macrophyllus » carpinifolius », corylifolius (typical) » cordifolius and varieties » incurvatus Found also Leontodon autumnalis (Oporinia), var. pratensis, J. Ball, with leaves pinnatifid-dentate, involucre clothed with long hairs of a dark fuscous colour, scape and leaves hairy (Apargia pratensis of Link). Tuesday, 27th August 1850. Day bad, walked by the back of Lamlash village and gathered specimens of Rubus corylifolius-macrophyllus, R. cordifolius-incur- vatus. Wednesday, 28th August 1850. Met Dr. Landsborough, Messrs. Keddie and Connal, and dredged in Lamlash Bay. Numerous specimens of animals were gathered. Major Martin was dredging at the same time and got many good things. Babington left to-day for England. Monday, 2nd September 1850. David Arnott, G. Bayley, and self left Lamlash about 10 for Lag. Went by shore to Whiting Bay, picked numerous speci- PROFESSOR JOIN HUTTON BALFOUR. 121 mens of Hypericum dubtum ? all with reflexed and broad sepals, all slightly denticulate at the apex, and hence apparently not to be distinguished from H. maculatum of authors. Babington seems to be satisfied that H. dubium and H. maculatum must be considered the same. Numerous Rwdz were seen, species already noticed. From Whiting Bay I went to Dippen Point, where there are fine cliffs. The following species were collected :— Rubus (several forms) Solanum Dulcamara Agrimonia Eupatoria Verbascum Thapsus Ligusticum scoticum Scutellaria galericulata (very Heracleum . large Hedera Heli Empetrum nigrum Lonicera apeaat | Carex vulpina Pyrethrum Parthenium » Mmuricata Verbascum Thapsus seems to be confined to the trap in this district. Proceeded by Kildonan Castle to Benan Head ; there was gathered profusion of 77ztzcum laxum, Fries, also Atriplex lactniata (arenaria) and A. Babingtonii in all its forms. Cakile maritima | Eleocharis palustris Salsola Kali On Benan rocks :— Verbascum Thapsus was Asplenium marinum again seen Reached Lag Inn about 7.30 p.m. The two others fished in the Storsdale and Torraline water and met me at Lag. Tuesday, 3rd September 1850. Left Lag after breakfast and proceeded to the shore and walked along it to Blackwater Foot. On the shore was seen profusion of Stexhammera, especially near Black Water. Picked :— 122 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Sinapis monensis Atriplex in all forms (A. Vicia sylvatica (on stony | erecta in fields near ground on seashore) Storsdale) Eryngium maritimum Polygonum aviculare, var. Apium graveolens (between maritimum Storsdale and _ Black- water Foot) Helosciadium _ nodiflorum (between Storsdale and Blackwater Foot) ” Raii friday, 6th September 1850. Left at 10 with D. Arnott and G. Bayley for Goatfell. I proceeded up Glen Rosa to hills to the west of Goatfell and Glen Rosa, went along summits, examined rocks with northern exposure all round until I came to the upper part of Glen Rosa, where I met Arnott and Bayley, who had been at summit of Goatfell. On the hills the plants picked were :-— Alchemilla alpina Drosera longifolia Saxifraga stellaris Carex pauciflora The mountains, like Goatfell, were very unproductive. Pro- ceeded across the hills to Loch Ranza. Gathered on the way:—FPelatonema in large quantity in declivity of col between Glen Rosa and Tanna river, followed stream to Loch Ranza, gathering Pyrus pinnatifida. Reached Loch Ranza at 8 p.m. Saturday, 7th September 1850. At 6 a.m. walked to Newton Point, gathering :— Hypericum Androsemum Cotyledon Umbilicus . elodes Saw also fine and numerous specimens of Osmunda regalis. After breakfast walked to Corrie and thence to Brodick. Picked :-— Lastrea Foenisecii | Lastrea dilatata PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 123 ’ The sandstone cliffs along the whole shore yield profusion of them and other ferns. Met steamboat at Brodick at 2 and returned to Lamlash. EXCURSIONS IN 1851. Gorebridge, Arniston, Dalhousie. Saturday, 17th May 1851. Went to Arniston with about 90 pupils. Train at II am, special third-class carriage. Tickets to Gorebridge and return from Dalhousie, Is. Returned to Edinburgh between 7 and 8 p.m. Usual plants seen. Picked :— Pulmonaria officinalis Arum maculatum Lathrzea Squamaria Bryum roseum Neottia Nidus-avis (not in flower) Canal, Slateford, Colinton, Dreghorn, Pentlands, Morningside. Saturday, 24th May 1851. About 70 met at Canal Basin at 10 am. Walked along Canal banks, gathering usual plants. Among the rest :— Ranunculus arvensis | Fumaria micrantha Visited Slateford and Colinton, 124 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Picked :-— Cardamine amara Doronicum Pardalianches Saxifraga Geum Cystopteris fragilis Valeriana pyrenaica (not out) | Walked through grounds at Dreghorn by permission of Col. Cadell. Thence to Pentland Hills. Picked :— Juniperus communis | Lycopodium Selago Returned to Edinburgh by Morningside about 6 p.m. Granton, Cramond, Almond Bridge, Corstorphine. Saturday, 31st May 1851. Party of about 60 met at Granton at 11. Walked by coast to Cramond and thence to Almond Bridge, returning by Craigcrook and Corstorphine. Picked amongst other plants :— Viola odorata Polygonum Bistorta Symphytum officinale Neottia Nidus-avis Returned about 6 p.m. Kirkcaldy, Ravenscroft Castle, Burntisland. Saturday, 7th June 1851. A party of 60 went by steamboat at 10 a.m. to Kirkcaldy. Visited Ravenscroft Castle and walked by shore to Burntisland returning by steamboat at 6.5 p.m. Reseda lutea Asplenium marinum Geranium sanguineum Botrychium Lunaria Pyrus Malus Chara vulgaris Borago officinalis and a number of other plants were gathered. OFFICIAL COPY. =—ses ee Number VIII. NOTES ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, EDINBURGH he Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Botanical Excursions made by Professor ‘Joke Hutton Balfour in the Years from 1846 to 1878 inclusively, - PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 125 St. Andrews. Saturday, 21st June 1851. Party of 51 went to St. Andrews. Started at 8.50 a.m. and proceeded to Leuchars, thence by coach to St. Andrews. Fares going and coming, §s. Iod. Visited castle, cathedral, and other places. Walked along shore to the west. Gathered :— Sagina maritima Sclerochloa loliacea Lepigonum marinum Triticum laxum Sclerochloa maritima (on the Elymus arenarius pier) Left St. Andrews at 5.7 p.m. and reached Edinburgh at 7.45 p.m. Charleston, Queensferry. Saturday, 28th June 1851. Met at Granton at 9 a.m. and proceeded by Stirling boat to Charleston. Party, 60. Walked by shore to Queensferry. Examined Ferry Hills. Returned by boat and reached Edin- burgh at 7p.m. Fares going and coming, Is.; pier, Granton, 4d.; pier, Queensferry, 6d. Plants gathered were :— Nasturtium sylvestre (Inver- Melilotus arvensis (St, keithing) Davids) Alyssum calycinum (Ferry Vicia lutea (Ferry Hills) Hills) Spirzea Filipendula Hesperis matronalis (woods Sedum villosum at Limekilns) Haloscias scoticum (Inver- Sinapis alba eithing Diplotaxis tenuifolia (St. Dipsacus sylvestris : vids Silybum Marianum Viola hirta (Notes, R.B.G., Edin., No. VIII, r902.] H 126 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Hieracium aurantiacum Veronica polita (Inver- woods at Limekilns) keithing) Campanula Rapunculus Arum maculatum (woods at t (churchyard near Lime- Limekilns) kilns, Mr. Duff) Arundo epigejos (St. Davids) Anagallis arvensis Serrafalcus commutatus Cynoglossum officinale Lolium italicum — (Rosyth) Triticum junceum No Oxytropis uralensis seen. North Berwick, Dirleton, Gullan, Aberlady, Gosford. Saturday, 12th July 1851. Party of 50 met at the North British Railway Station at 8 a.m. and proceeded to North Berwick. Return tickets, 2s. Walked along common at North Berwick, gathering :— Helosciadium repens Festuca rubra Thrincia hirta Equisetum variegatum Erythrza Centaurium Lycopodium selaginoides Habenaria viridis On Dirleton Common :— Fumaria micrantha Galium Mollugo Alyssum calycinum : Centaurea Scabiosa Reseda lutea Calamintha Acinos Silene conica | At Dirleton Castle :-— Sedum reflexum Parietaria erecta Smyrnium Olusatrum | At Gullan -— Ranunculus trichophyllus Potamogeton plantagineus confusus “ oblongus Cersctium arvense a pusilius Carduus nutans Carex disticha Utricularia vulgaris »; paniculata isma ranunculoides (Gullan Loch PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 127 At Luffness :— Hippuris vulgaris Scirpus maritimus Scirpus Tabernemontani ~Near Aberlady :— Trifolium fragiferum | Lepturus filiformis Near Gosford :— Malva moschata Listera ovata Knappia agrostidea Inula dysenterica Botrychium Lunaria Hippophaé rhamnoides Geranium sanguineum Joined train at Longniddry at 7 and returned to Edinburgh about 8 p.m. Linlithgow, Blackness, Hopetoun, Niddry Castle, Winchburgh. Saturday, 19th July 1851. Party of about 30 met at Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Station at 8 o'clock and proceeded to Linlithgow. Fares to Linlithgow and back from Winchburgh, 1s. After visiting palace and church, walked to Binns, thence to Blackness and Hopetoun and Winchburgh, joining train at 7.15 p.m. Linlithgow Palace :— Parietaria officinalis Linlithgow Loch :— Ranunculus aquatilis | Stellaria glauca (various forms) At Binns :— Hypericum humifusum | Sparganium ramosum Typha latifolia Numerous maritime plants near Blackness. Niddry Castle :— Dianthus deltoides | Verbascum Thapsus 128 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Banks of Canal near the castle :— Genista tinctoria Ben Lomond. Thursday, 24th July 1851. Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Hugh Cowan, William Cunningham, George Drysdale, Alex. E. Duff, Alex. D. Gulland, J. K. Jackson, Charles Jenner, Chris. Kerr, John Kerr, William Liddell, R. M‘Dowall, John Matthews, J. Rany, James Robertson, John Ross, John Sibbald, Patrick Heron Watson, Christ. Young, met at the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Station at 11 a.m. and proceeded to Glasgow. Left baggage at hotel close to railway, went to St. Rollox and saw Mr. Tennant’s works. Then visited the Cathedral and the University, saw the Hunterian Museum through the kindness of Dr. Allen Thomson. Dined at Josez Hotel at 3 p.m. for Is. 6d. each. Joined the steamboat at the Broomielaw at 4 p.m., and proceeded to Bowling and thence by train to Balloch. At Balloch went on board steamboat on Loch Lomond about 6 p.m. and reached Inverarnan about 9.30 p.m. Return tickets had been granted by the E. & G. Railway, third class 5s., Dumbarton and Loch Lomond Co., first class 4s., total 9s. At Inverarnan the party were comfortably accommodated at M‘Lellan’s Inn. Friday, 25th July 1851. Party rose about 4 a.m. and proceeded to gather :-— Pinguicula lusitanica Malaxis paludosa Quercus (many forms in Glen _ Hymenophyllum Wilsoni Falloch) Lycopodium inundatum Proceeded to the rocks on the northern side of Ben Lomond and thence to the summit. Gathered :— Cochlearia alpina Saxifraga nivalis Silene acaulis Gnaphalium supinum Cerastium alpinum Poa alpina Sibbaldia procumbens Polystichum Lonchitis PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 129 Reached Rowardennan in time for the steamboat at 4. 30 p.m. Proceeded to Glasgow. Joined train to Edinburgh at 8.30 p.m. and reached Edinburgh about 10.30 p.m. EXCURSIONS IN 1852. Canal, Slateford, Colinton, Woodhall, Currie. Saturday, 15th May 1852. Met at Canal Basin, Port Hopetoun, at Ioa.m. Party about 90. Walked by Canal banks to Slateford, Colinton, Wood- hall, and Currie. Returned by train passing Currie at 4.16 p.m. Picked :-— Ranunculus auricomus Orchis mascula Berberis vulgaris Arum maculatum (Colinton Meconopsis cambrica Woods, right hand going Cardamine amara up Geranium pheum Bryum capillare Prunus Padus Agaricus campestris Saxifraga hypnoides (near Polyporus squamosus Colinton) Lepidodendron (near Currie) Scrophularia vernalis Gorebridge, Arniston, Dalhousie. Saturday, 22nd May 1852. Party of 100 proceeded by train at 11 to Gorebridge. Return tickets, 1s. Walked to Arniston and thence to Dalhousie. Joined the train at 7.30 p.m. Among the plants gathered were :—- At Arniston :— Aconitum Napellus Saxifraga Geum Cardamine amara - umbrosa Staphylea pinnata Ribes nigrum Spireea salicifolia Lilium Martagon Pyrus Malus Paris quadrifolia 130 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY At Dalhousie :-— Chelidonium majus | Ribes alpinum Cardamine amara | Daphne Laureola Stellaria uliginosa Neottia Nidus-avis Pyrus Malus Arum maculatum Dysart, Wemyss. Saturday, 29th May 1852. Party between 80 and 90 met at Northern — Station at 9.45 a.m. and proceeded to Dysart. Fare, Is Met Lord Rosslyn’s ee and Tak through Dysart Woods, where we gathered Aconitum Napellus Polygonum Bistorta ifraga Geum | Listera ovata (in woods near umbrosa | ysart ° granulata Convallaria majalis Deriiicatl plantagineum Ornithogalum umbellatum Anchusa sempervirens Several plants have escaped from garden, as :— Geum agrimonioides Narcissus poeticus Symphytum tauricum Proceeded along the shore to Wemyss, gathering many interesting coal-fossils, as specimens of Calamites, Pecopteris, Neuropteris, and Sphenopteris ; also ~~ Fumaria officinalis Dipsacus sylvestris (not in flower, in great profusion) Leontodon levigatus Silene maritima Armeria maritima Stellaria uliginosa Plantago Coronopus Honckenya peploides Triglochin palustre Erodium cicutarium Carex arenaria alus hypoglottis oe pew Sanicula europza Corallina officinalis — PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 131 Returned by the road to Dysart, and reached it at 4.20 p.m., in time for the train. Midcalder, Dalmahoy, Ravelrig, Currie. Saturday, 5th June 1852. Party of 85 proceeded by train at 7.45 a.m. to Midcalder. Walked to Dalmahoy, Ravelrig, and Currie, and returned by train passing Currie at 4.16 p.m. Among the plants gathered were :— Helianthemum vulgare Drosera rotundifolia Viola palustri Linnza borealis % siviites Pyrola minor (not in flower) » Canina Trientalis europzea » tricolor Pinguicula vulgaris » lutea Corallorrhiza innata Cockburnspath, Dunglass Woods and Dene. Saturday, 12th June 1852. Party of nearly 70 met at the North British Railway Station at 8 and proceeded to Cockburnspath. Return tickets, 2s, 6d. Met Mr. Hardy of Penmanshiel at Cockburnspath Station. Mr. Buist sent the forester to conduct the party through Dunglass Woods. Visited Dunglass Dene, going up on the east and returning on the west side. Gathered :— Berberis vulgaris Circeea lutetiana Cardamine amara Viburnum Lantana Viola odorata (in fruit) Vinca major Hypericum calycinum » Minor Geranium phzeum Veronica montana sylvaticum Neottia Nidus-avis Ilex ‘Aquifolium Carex pendula Acer campestre 132 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Various common ferns in great luxuriance. Eranthis hyemalis | Artemisia Absinthium (in leaf) Scolopendrium vulgare (in great profusion) Equisetum Telmateia Anchusa sempervirens Polyporus squamosus Luzula pilosa | Visited the sea-shore and walked along it as far as Pease Burn and ascended the burn picking JM/alva rotundzfolia. In Pease Dene :— Polystichum angulare (in abundance). On sea-shore, numerous ordinary sea-weeds :— Glaucium luteum Cochlearia officinalis Silene maritima Honckenya peploides Anthyllis Vulneraria Astragalus hypoglottis Astragalus Glyciphyllos (Enanthe crocata Armeria maritima Plantago maritima Equisetum palustre + hyemale Near shore :— Circzea lutetiana Salix Caprea Carduus tenuiflorus » Viminalis Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus Returned by train passing Cockburnspath at 6 and reached Edinburgh at 7.50 p.m. Dunfermline, Knock Hill, Black Devon, Saline Hill. Saturday, 19th June 1852. Party of 50 proceeded by the train at 6.30 a.m. by Perth and Dundee Railway to Dunfermline. Arrived about 9 and break- fasted at the Royal Hotel for 1s.a head. Return tickets, ts. od. Dr. James Dewar met the party and gave directions as to route. About 6 or 8 were too late for the train and joined the party in the after part of the day. Walked north from Dunferm- line to Lochend, where Meum athamanticum grew, then struck off to the left by a farm-house to a pond, where we found -— PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. _ 133 Nuphar luteum Potamogeton crispus Hippuris vulgaris Scirpus Tabernzemontani Cicuta virosa Carex teretiuscula Potamogeton natans » curta ig lanceolatus Nymphea alba is also said to grow here. Then walked through a wet mountain country towards Knock, gathering on the way :— Vaccinium Oxycoccus Carex pauciflora Salix repens » Irrigua Went over the eastern part of Knock Hill, where grew :— Trientalis europzea Botrychium Lunaria Viola lutea (yellow and blue) Sedum villosum Antennaria dioica Went to banks of Black Devon and gathered :— Rubus saxatilis Polygonum viviparum Epilobium angustifolium (not Gymnadenia conopsea in flower re albida Tanacetum vulgare Habenaria bifolia Hieracium _ prenanthoides Serrafalcus commutatus (not in ee On banks iste are also found :— Pyrola rotundifolia Pyrola media Near Knock :— Trollius europzeus (picked in large quantity in several places) Saxifraga tridactylites Returned by the eastern (middle) Saline Hill, gathering :— Allosorus crispus (on its Botrychium Lunaria western side) Lycopodium Selago 134 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Came across the country direct to Dunfermline. Picked :— Leprdium Smithii on hill where Asplenium alternifolium is said to have been found. r. Dewar sent Botrychtum Lunaria and Gentsta anglica from Torryburn. St Boswells, Dryburgh Abbey, Bemersyde, Gladswood, Eildon Hills, Melrose. Saturday, 26th June 1852. r Party of about 100 met at the North British Railway Station at 7-45 and proceeded by train to St. Boswells. Return fare to St. Boswells and back from Melrose, third class, 3s. After reaching St. Boswells proceeded to Dryburgh Abbey, crossing the ferry ; 1d. paid at ferry and 3d. to enter Dryburgh. After visiting the ruins, walked along banks of Tweed by Bemersyde and Glads- wood as far as the bridge near Melrose. Crossed the bridge and visited the Eildon Hills, then visited the Abbey at Melrose, and returned to Edinburgh by the train at 6.15 p.m. The following are some of the plants gathered :— Gladswood :— Thalictrum minus -Berberis vulgaris Arabis hirsuta Viola hirta Malva moschata Tilia grandifolia Geranium sanguineum - nodosum ne sylvaticum ae lucidum Euonymus europzeus Vicia sylvatica Prunus communis Pyrus Aria Cornus sanguinea Galium boreale _» Mollugo Galium pusillum Solidago Virgaurea Centaurea nigra Vinca minor Origanum vulgare Mentha viridis Betula alba Salix fragilis » alba Populus alba = tremula Carex sylvatica Melica nutans » uniflora Juniperus communis Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum 3 richomanes PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 135 Dryburgh :— Aquilegia vulgaris Ligustrum vulgare Staphylea pinnata Polemonium czruleum Ononis arvensis Verbascum Thapsus Potentilla reptans Lilium Martagon Pyrus communis Banks of Tweed, near Dryburgh :— Ranunculus aquatilis Linaria vulgaris Symphytum officinale Mentha viridis Near Dryburgh :— Clematis Vitalba Anthemis arvensis Rosa spinosissima Plantago media s tomentosa Salix cinerea, var. aquatica », Tubiginosa _ Scirpus sylvaticus » canina | Bemersyde :— Meconopsis cambrica Buxus sempervirens Doronicum Pardalianches Polystichum aculeatum Mentha viridis Lastrea Filix-mas, var. incisa Near Melrose :— Lepidium Smithii | Anthemis arvensis Eildon Hills :-— Sinapis alba (fields near) Antennaria dioica Listera cordata Melrose Abbey :— Asplenium Ruta-muraria | Allosorus crispus Lycopodium Selago ee eet ’ Burntisland, Aberdour, Donibristle, St. Davids, Inverkeithing, North Queensferry. Saturday, 3rd July 1852. Party of about 50 met at Granton at 10 and proceeded to Burntisland. Dr. Christison and Dr. James Simpson were in the 136 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY boat. Walked by the shore to Starly Burn and Aberdour. Entered Donibristle gate (permission given), visited the garden, and then proceeded to St. Davids, Inverkeithing, and Queens- ferry, meeting the steamboat there at 6.30 p.m. Expenses, 2s. 6d. Amongst plants collected were :— At Donibristle :— Thalictrum minus Medicago maculata ; majus | Dipsacus sylvestris Sagina subulata Allium Scorodoprasum At North Queensferry :— Thalictrum minus Astragalus Glyciphyllos ss majus Spirza Filipendula At St. Davids :— Reseda lutea Haloscias scoticum Geranium pyrenaicum Matricaria Chamomilla (field Melilotus officinalis near Spirzea Filipendula Arundo epigejos Potentilla reptans At Inverkeithing :— Saponaria officinalis Suseda maritima Spirzea Filipendula Selerochloa maritima Haloscias scoticum ee distans Sambucus Ebulus In Aberdour Woods :— Circea lutetiana | © Rumex viridis At Aberdour :— e Lepigonum marinum Carex distans Solanum Dulcamara 3 ~ extensa Blysmus rufus At Burntisland :-— Sagina maritima Sclerochloa loliacea Sclerochloa maritima PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 137 Beattock, Garpol Linn, Beld Crag. Saturday, 10th July 1852. Party of about 40 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 7.30 a.m. and proceeded by train at 7.45 to Beattock. Return tickets, including the returning by the express train at night, 4s. (Some went by cheaper train for 2s. 6d., returning at 4.28 by another cheap train.) At Beattock Station met the Rev. Mr. Little of Kirkpatrick Juxta, who directed us on our way and accompanied us to the Garpol Linn, where we got many good plants. Then we walked across the country to the Beld Crag, a rich locality. On our way back to the station visited the Manse garden, where many good alpines are cultivated by Mr. Little. Reached the station about 6.45 p.m. in time for tea, and returned by express train at 7.44, reaching Edinburgh at 9.30. List of the plants got :— Garpol Linn :-— Aquilegia vulgaris Rubus carpinifolius » Saxatilis Vaccinium Oxycoccus (near) Gy mnadenia conopsea (near) o albida (near) At Beld Crag :— Pyrola secunda Carex sylvatica Near Beattock :— teed rubrum Genista ti ria Spirzea penned Jasione montana Ligustrum vulgare Rumex aquaticus Near Beld Crag :— Hypericum humifusum Veronica scutellata Hymenophyllum Wilsoni Cystopteris fragilis Lastrea Oreopteris Polypodium Dryopteris pe Phegopteris Holcus mollis Asplenium viride Potamogeton oblongus Carex palleseens » levigata fulva Ophioglossum vulgatum ycopodium clavatum Veronica Anagallis Allosorus crispus 138 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Mr. Little gave us a specimen of Woodsta tlvensis from the hills near Moffat. North Berwick, Canty Bay, Bass, Tantallon Castle, Dirleton. Saturday, 17th July 1852. Party of 46 met at North British Railway Station at 8 am. and proceeded by train to North Berwick. Return tickets, 2s. From North Berwick walked by Canty Bay. Some (about 34) went to the Bass in G. Adam’s boats. Twelve went to Tan- tallon Castle and walked by the shore and common to Dirleton, where the whole party met about 5.30 pm. Returned by train | at 6.23 p.m. Some of the plants gathered were :— At North Berwick :— Thalictrum minus Habenaria viridis - Papaver Argemone Phleum nodosum Eryngium maritimum Triticum repens Helosciadium repens = um Carduus Marianus junceum Leontodon levigatus Equisetum palustre, var. Thrincia hirta (common) procumbens Anagallis tenella Equisetum variegatum Listera ovata At and near Canty Bay :— Silene noctiflora Tragopogon minor Scabiosa Columbaria Hyoscyamus niger At and near Tantallon:— Lepidium latifolium | Sempervivum tectorum Dirleton :— Reseda lutea Centaurea Scabiosa Fumaria micrantha (near) . | Galium Mollugo Cerastium arvense Lamium intermedium PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 139 At Dirleton Castle :— Sedum album Smyrnium Olusatrum e- réeHexuni | Centranthus ruber Dirleton Common :-— Alyssum calycinum Calamintha Acinos Silene conica On the Bass :— Lavatera arborea | Beta maritima Arran, Largs, Wemyss Bay. Thursday, 22nd July 1852. Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Andrew Beatson Bell, George C. Bell, James N. Bennie, James S. Beveridge, George S. Blackie, William B. Boyd, James T. Brown, William Bryce, Philip Cockold, Alex. Cowan, Alex. Fraser, James Gardner, Frederick Gourlay, Alex. Johnston, W. Keddie, Chris. Kerr, junior, John Locking, James M‘Allum, James M. Gregor, Valentine M. M‘Master, James Alex. Menzies, Charles Popham Miles, Robert Osborne, James Peddie, junior, David Ross, John Ross, Robert Sharpe, Alex. R. Simpson, John Spittal, Robert L. Stuart, James G. Surenne, J. Sutherland, William B. Turner, E. W. Wakefield, George H. Wakefield, John E. Wakefield, Arch. Young, James Young, proceeded by train at 11 am. on Thursday, 22nd (after lecture), to Glasgow, third class. Return tickets, allowing party to return on Saturday or Monday, §s. Arrived at Glasgow at one, saw model of Arran in Andersonian. Joined boat at Broomielaw at two, along with Mr. Miles, Keddie, and Jardine. Mr. Connal had a cart waiting for the baggage. Evening fine. Reached Brodick about 8 p.m. : Some difficulty in getting beds, Mrs. Jamieson had been previously written to on the subject. She secured beds in various farm-houses and cottages. Walked along shore to Invercloy in the evening, picking Brassica monensts, Mertensiz maritima, Triticum mM. 140 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Friday, 23rd July 1852. Breakfasted before 7 a.m. and then started about 7.45 a.m. for Goatfell ; reached the top about 11, gathering :— Radiola Millegrana Lycopodium Selago Alchemilla alpina 3 alpinum Saxifraga stellaris ae selaginoides Drosera anglica Batrachospermum vagum Sedum Rhodiola Conferva alpina (below Oxyria reniformis mountain) Carex rigida Numerous lichens for analysis by Dr. George Wilson were picked. Descended by a very steep descent into Glen Sannox. Walked to the shore. Gathered :— Drosera anglica | Rhynchospora alba Also caught a viper. Bathed at Sannox and walked by shore to Corrie, visited lime-quarries, interesting from quantity of Productus, then proceeded by the shore to Brodick, which was reached about 7.30 p.m. Other plants gathered were :— Sagina apetala Erythrzea linarifolia Hypericum Androsemum Lycopus europzeus humifusum Scutellaria galericulata Parnassia palustris Stachys palustris Cotyledon Umbilicus : » ambigua Sedum anglicum Mentha sylvestris, var. velu- Lythrum Salicaria tina (near Brodick) Circza alpina Atriplex Babingtonii CEnanthe Lachenalii Juncus maritimus Pastinaca sativa (near Corrie) » supinus Petroselinum sativum (near Scolopendrium vulgare Corrie) Cystopteris fragilis Solidago Virgaurea Lastrea Foenisecii Anagallis tenella — Dryopteris Samolus Valerandi a Phegopteris Erythrea Centaurium Osmunda regalis PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 14! Saturday, 24th July 1852. Party left Brodick by steamboat at 6.30 a.m., reached Largs about 8.30. Dr. Greville met the party. Several went on to Glasgow and to other places on the Clyde. Thirty sat down along with Dr. G. in the Brisbane Arms to breakfast. Mr. Cunningham had kindly provided breakfast for the whole party. After breakfast the party walked by the shore to Wemyss Bay, gathering on the road the following specimens :— Lepidium Smithii Sueda maritima Raphanus maritimus Hippophaé rhamnoides Lepigonum marinum cirpus pauciflorus Hypericum dubium Blysmus compressus maculatum + rufus Malva moschata Rhynchospora alba Spirzea salicifolia Carex extensa Cotyledon Umbilicus (abun- Triticum repens dant at Wemyss Bay) a laxum Sedum anglicum ; Lythrum Salicaria Asplenium marinum (Wemyss Carum verticillatum ‘Ba Aster Tripolium Scolopendrium vulgare Anagallis tenella Osmunda regalis Samolus Valerandi Ceramium rubrum (various Erythrea linarifolia states Mertensia maritima Desmarestia aculeata Scutellaria galericulata Fucus ceranoides (fine speci- Beta maritima men On reaching Wemyss Bay, party went on board the steamboat and reached Glasgow about 6.30 p.m. Visited college, cathedral, and cemetery, and after getting tea went by train at 3.30 p.m. to Edinburgh. Ireland. Friday, 6th August 1852. A party consisting of J. H. Balfour, John Sutherland, Philip Cockell, Alexander Cowan, P. Neill Fraser, William John I 142 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Menzies, D. C. M‘Callum, John Sibbald, left Edinburgh this day by the train at 11 for Glasgow, provided with boxes, boards, and paper, and all the apparatus required for a botanical excursion. Reached Glasgow about one and proceeded to the Broomie- law to join the Dublin steamboat the “ Herald,” found that the boat had sailed and that they must join it at Greenock, sailed by Arran boat at 2 p.m., met Middleton and Alston and Hussey on board, landed at Greenock about four and got berths on board the “ Herald,” which sailed at 5.20. Had a good passage in the evening, but when opposite Ailsa Craig a squall came on with rain, and there was a good deal of pitching during the night. Lord and Lady Gough were on board. Saturday, 7th August 1852. The wind continued strong this morning, and very few of the party breakfasted on board. We reached Dublin about 9 a.m. and proceeded to the Gresham, where most of us breakfasted. Dr. Mackay called after breakfast and kindly accompanied us to Trinity College ; saw the buildings, chapel, dining hall, and then went to the museum, where we met Dr. Robert Ball and Professor Allman. The museum does great credit to Ball’sexertions. He gave me hints as to a plan of fastening bottles—viz., to fit a rim of indiarubber, such as that used for letters, to the mouth of the jar, and then put a round piece of glass above it so as to close the mouth, and to hold this firm by means of a bit of brass curved in the centre and worked into the rim on each side. Several preparations were shown well preserved in this way, — Visited Ball’s fernery at 3 Grange Road, saw many excellent ferns growing well. He gave a suggestion as to the mode of making diagrams and tables, by using oil paint (such as that contained in tin-tubes) with common naphtha (6d. or Is. per gallon), and lay it on the paper with a brush; the mixture dries soon. From Ball’s proceeded -with Dr. Mackay to Glasnevin Garden and visited the houses. Mr. Niven was unfortunately absent. During our visit a thunderstorm came on and we were detained long in the houses, The houses are new and well constructed and contain many good plants. Noticed particularly PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 143 the mode of growing bananas in the earth of the house in clusters. It gives a more tropical aspect and shows the habit - of the plant. Cycnoches Loddigesti was in flower. Victoria grown in a small tank, not sufficient to enable it to flower. Fine speci- men of Banksia in flower. Examined some 7viticum, one of which seemed to be Zyiticum laxum. After seeing Glasnevin, went down to the College Botanic Garden and saw a number of excellent plants, a fine specimen of Dracena Draco, some good orchids, many interesting plants in the open air. Afterwards went to the hotel with Dr. Mackay, who dined with the party. Visited various parts of Dublin in the evening and returned to tea, Monday, 9th August 1852. At 6.30 a.m. we walked to the Zoological Gardens at Phoenix Park, and saw the collection of animals, which is by no means extensive. Afterwards drove round the whole of the Phcenix Park, and had a fine view of Wicklow Court from the road near the Hibernian School for Soldiers. Gathered Linum angustifolium and Fentculum vulgare in abundance. Breakfasted at 9 at the hotel and then joined the ‘train for Howth at 9.45, accompanied by Professor Allman. Met Dr. Mackay and Mr. Bain at Howth, walked by the rocks to the lighthouse and then to Baldoyle, where Dr. Mackay gave us lunch. At Howth the plants gathered were -— Erodium moschatum Carlina vulgaris 5 maritimum Statice occidentalis Ulex nanus Erythreea littoralis Eryngium maritimum Beta maritima Sium nodiflorum Obione portulacoides Crithmum maritimum Euphorbia Paralias Inula dysenterica Many of the plants are those found round Edinburgh, such as:-— Malva sylvestris Echium vulgare » rotundifolia Salvia Verbenaca 144 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY From Baldoyle we sailed across the tongue of sea to Portmar- nock, wading a good part of the way. Plants :— Convolvulus Soldanella Orchis pyramidalis Euphorbia Paralias (abun- dant) Walked to Malahide, where we arrived about 7 p.m. Dined with Ball and returned by the train at 9.38. Tuesday, 10th August 1852. Breakfasted with Dr. Mackay at 8 and left at 9 in two cars for Bray, accompanied by Professor Allman, Dr. Mackay, and Mr. Bain. Visited the Dargle, gathering cut-leaved variety of Poly- podium vulgare, also Hymenophyllum Wilsont. Then proceeded to Powerscourt Waterfall, where I gathered Lastrea Foentseciz, and Hymenophyllum Wilsont. Dr. Mackay provided lunch, which was taken under the trees during a thunderstorm. After the storm the weather cleared, and we returned to Dublin by the beautiful village of Enniskerry and by the Scalp. Near Ennis- kerry grow :— Inula dysenterica Epipactis palustris Origanum vulgare * Ophrys apifera Malaxis paludosa Scirpus Savii Took tea with Professor Allman. He noticed a peculiar fact as to the proboscis of the fly sticking among the stamens of Apocynum androsemifolium; the flower thus acting as a fly- catcher, the animal dies. The hygroscopicity of Car/ina vulgaris was also noticed. Wednesday, 11th August 1852. Breakfasted at 6 and left by train at 7 a.m. for Cork, which was reached about 2.30. Visited the Exhibition at Cork, which is upon the whole creditable. Then went to Queen’s College, visited the halls and museum. _ Gathered Ceterach officinarum on the walls near the college, along with it were :— PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFOUR. 145 Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum Scolopendrium vulgare Trichomanes Polypodium vulgare 3 Ruta-muraria Visited different parts of Cork. Called on Dr. J. R. Harvey, who had known me in Edinburgh at the Plinian Society, got directions as to my route, also received a copy of the work on the famous Flora of Cork. Mr. Sibbald joined the party this evening. Thursday, 12th August 1852. Dr. Sutherland and I walked to Sommers Town about 6,30 a.m, to see a famous cork tree. The tree is of large dimensions and of great age. It is in an orchard belonging toa Mr. Jeffreys. In a loch near Sommers Town saw Cinanthe fistulosa, Bidens cernua, and Typha latifolia. On roadside Senebiera didyma. On walls at Cork Senecio squalidus. On wall near Sommers Town Ceterach offictnarum. Breakfasted at Cork at 9 a.m., and proceeded by steamboat at 10 to Queenstown. Walked along shore to point opposite Monks- town, gathering :— Sinapis nigra Dipsacus sylvestris Foeniculum vulgare (abun- Antirrhinum Orontium dant) Euphorbia portlandica Crossed to Monkstown; behind it there was abundance of Petasites fragrans, quite wild in its situation by a roadside. Walked from Monkstown to Passage, where the party had lunch. Then went by rail to Blackrock. From Blackrock crossed to Glanmire Glen, walked along the banks of the Glanmire Burn, On wall near the sea there was abundance of a_ peculiar Hypericum which seems new. On the walls also there was profusion of Ceterach officinarum. On the stones by water Apium graveolens. From Glanmire walked to Riverstown. Examined banks of water where 7richomanes was said to be found. From Riverstown to Cork in the evening. Friday, 13th August 1352. At 6 a.m. left Cork by railway for Bandon ; there we called on Professor Allman, who kindly visited some localities with us. 146 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY We gathered :— Hypericum elodes . Pinguicula lusitanica Linaria repens (on banks of Scutellaria galericulata andon Water ys minor Pinguicula grandiflora (in- troduced) After breakfast (the chief hotel is French’s) went by coach to Bantry and then walked partly by the shore to Glengariff, which was reached about 8.30 p.m. The inns were all crowded; we went to Rorke’s Hotel but could not be accommodated with beds ; slept on the floor of a farm-house near the inn. Picked on the ‘way Calamintha officinalis. Glengariff is beautifully situated, and requires a residence of a day or two to see its beauties. Saturday, 14th August 1852. At 6 a.m. went to bathe in Bantry Bay, and gathered in the woods :— Saxifraga umbrosa : Hymenophyllum __tun- Euphorbia hiberna bridgense After breakfast the party went in a car to Kenmare, sent . baggage by a separate car, passed along a curious road_ through tunnels, saw Euphorbia hiberna and Saxifraga umbrosa in abundance. re Attes reaching Kenmare the party divided in twine: Dr. ‘siaabaelatd. Mr. Cockell, Professor Allman, and Mr, Shaw went in. a.car, while Messrs. Cowan, Menzies, Sibbald, and Balfour Numerous interesting plants were seen, especially :— ’ Saxifraga umbrosa Lastrea Foenisecii Hymenophyllum —_tun- Osmunda regalis — bridgense _» Visited Turk Waterfall and saw some splendid Spec ens. oe ferns: ‘Reached Muckross Hotel about Zam. alba Set ee eve alt ot, =e an PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 147 Monday, 16th August 1852. This morning was very wet. In spite of it our party went in a two-horse car to the Gap of Dunloe, walked through the Gap, and visited the rocks in it. Gathered :-— Nuphar luteum Saxifraga umbrosa Nympheea alba Lobelia Dortmanna Saxifraga hirsuta Lastrea Foenisecii = serratifolia Leaving the Gap, walked to the Upper Lake, where the four- oared boat was waiting for us. On the way gathered :— Ilex Aquifolium Euphorbia hiberna Drosera longifolia Rhynchospora alba Hieracium prenanthoides Sailed through the Upper Lake and then through the Long Range, Eagles’ Nest, passing Turk Mountain. Passed through the Rapids under the bridge near the Middle Lake. Landed and had lunch. Picked abundance of Arbutus Unedo in fruit. One of the prettiest scenes was in the space between the Upper and Middle Lake. A race took place between four of our party in one boat and five of another party in another. Our party, consisting of Balfour, Menzies, Allman, and Sibbald, with Dr. Sutherland as cockswain, beat the other. Scotch reels and Irish jigs took place in the hall where \ we had lunch. Returned to the inn about 6 p.m. Z Tuesday, 17th August 1852. One of the boatmen having offered to show. me a station for Trichomanes brevisetum 1 started at 5 a.m. and went with him to a burn on Turk Mountain beyond the fall. After passing through very wet and entangled ground, thickly beset with thorns, brambles, and hollies, to the no small detriment of clothes and person, we reached the spot. The weather, which had been lowering all morning, now broke up, and by the time I got to the inn there was promise of a fine day. Accordingly at 148 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY 8.30 we started in a large car to visit M‘Gillicuddy’s Reeks; we reached the cottages near thé foot of the mountain about 12 and commenced our ascent, followed by guides of various kinds, none of whom were employed by us. On reaching a cottage on the ascent, milk and whisky were offered as usual. From the cottage several boys accompanied us, and were not a little astonished when, in place of taking the usual path, we diverged by the side of a rivulet, which we ascended, picked numerous specimens of Saxifraga umbrosa and its varieties, as well as Saxtfraga stellaris. We ascended by peculiar ragged peaks of red sandstone until we reached the most north-easterly summit, where we had a. fine view for a few minutes. Mist came on afterwards and we had only temporary glimpses of the scenery. All the party had followed me except Mr. Cockell, who went up by the beaten track. As the mist was now thick and there was some risk that Mr. Cockell might lose himself, I started with Mr. Menzies and a guide for the summit of Carran Tuohill, the highest point of the Reeks, and indeed the highest part in Ireland. The rest of the party descended under the guidance of a boy by a difficult ravine. Before getting to Carran Tuohill we saw Mr, Cockell attempting to come down by very dangerous cliffs, and we had some difficulty in directing him. After going to the top of Carran Tuohill and having a temporary glimpse towards the west and south, we descended by the usual trail to the bottom of the hill. On the way we gathered abundance of :— : Saxifraga hirta Aira ceespitosa 2 umbrosa “ oF vivipara and Solidago Virgaurea (very the alpine form “small Cystopteris fragilis Armeria maritima - On the summit :-— Sedum Rhodiola. | Asplenium viride | Hymenophyllum Wilsoni ~ On the lower ground :— Pinguicula lusitanica | Returned to the cottages at the foot of the hill about 6.30 and PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. I49 had lunch, which was brought in the car. Did not get back to the inn till about 10 p.m. owing to the darkness of the night. From Killarney to Muckross the rain descended in torrents, and the road was so dark that the driver had to lead the horses. Wednesday, 18th August 1852. This morning about 5.30 a.m. with Messrs. Sutherland, Menzies, and Sibbald, I started for Mangerton, and as the hill was rather misty we took a guide with us. On getting near the summit the mist began to clear off, and ultimately the party had a fine view of the whole lake scenery. The view was heightened by the fleecy clouds floating below and the mist clearing off at different points. Visited the Punch Bowl, the Bachelor’s Well, and the Horse Glen. Saw abundance of Saxifraga umbrosa in various states, and of Pinguzcula grandifiora. Near the base gathered Pimpinella majus, Verbena officinales, Calamintha officinalis. On returning to the inn about 10 had breakfast. I went with Mr. Sprott to visit the Misses Horsley, while the rest of the party went to Ross Castle and Muckross Demesne. Some of them gathered abundance of Orobanche. The Misses Horsley drove me to some stations for Tyricho- manes, one of which was that shown to me by the boatman. Along with it was Sarifraga Geum. The stations were on Turk Mountain. Almost all the streams coming from that mountain have 7richomanes on their banks. The fern grows in dark, shady places under the drip of water. The stations are difficult of access owing to the prevalence of brambles, and both Mr. Sprott and I suffered in the cause. It was astonishing, however, to see the enthusiasm with which Miss Horsley mastered all difficulties, and, in spite of wet, streams, brambles, hollies, and thorns, pointed out about five stations for the fern. The Misses Horsley are great collectors of ferns, and are anxious to get some of the rarer Scottish species, which were of course promised by me. After leaving the mountain we proceeded on the car to Ross Castle, where there is a fine view, then sailed across to Ross Island and saw great profusion of Lastrea Thelypfteris, barren and fertile fronds. From Ross Island sailed to Innisfallen and saw the remains of the old monastery, as well as several spots famous in story. The 150 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY herbage of the island is very nutritious, and it is said that sheep _ fatten very rapidly ; they are only kept on it for six weeks at a time. After walking round the island we sailed for O’Sullivan’s Waterfall, a very pretty one in a deep rocky chasm surrounded by ferns of all kinds. Lastrea Foenisecit was here, as in all other parts of Killarney, abundant. AMymenophyllum tunbridgense was also very luxuriant on the rocks. Found the character of the dark rhizome of Lastrea Foentsecit on making a longitudinal section to hold good, thus this plant seems to be distinguished from L. dilatata. From the waterfall sailed by Glena to the cottages of Lady Kenmare, which we visited, then sailed on to the point where the waters meet, near Dinish Cottage. Entered the Middle Lake, visited the Wine Cellars or hollowed caves under the limestone rocks, landed at Jack-a-Boys Bay, so called from the appearance of a rock like a boy in the bay. Near the bay, on marshy ground leading to the Muckross Offices, picked :— Athyrium Filix-foemina Lastrea Thelypteris irriguum Osmunda regalis Sipe vulgare The last mentioned is the common fern here, and is particularly beautiful near the Meeting of the Waters below the Rapids and ‘the Middle Lake. Near Jack-a-Boys Bay saw :— Euonymus europeus | Rhamnus Frangula Landed at Mr. Herbert’s Pier and walked by the Muckross Manor and its pretty garden to the Abbey. _Muckross Manor is prettily situated on a small eminence commanding a fine view of the Lower and Middle Lakes. The Abbey is very beautiful and tolerably perfect. In it there is an old yew growing. Reached the hotel about 6.30 p.m. to dinnef, and was occupied in arranging plants till near 12 p.m. Thursday, 19th August 185%: After settling Muckross Hotel bill, which was tolerably ‘moderate, we started at 6.30 a.m. for Killarney. Took our seats on the coach to Tralee. Mr. Sprott and Mr. Cockell accom- . panied us to that place. ‘Mr. Fraser was = at Muckross to go PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFouR. 151 to Dublin by Mallow. The coach was crowded with passengers and luggage. We had secured tickets for 11s. 6d. each, which took us to Tralee, Dingle, Tarbert and Limerick. Mr. Gallacher kindly granted us this favour. Got to Tralee to breakfast, and, leaving most of our heavy baggage there, proceeded by a car to Dingle by Connor Hill. The road over the hill is a remarkable one; it rises to a great height, not less than 1500 feet above level of sea, and crosses the summit of the mountains. We - had to walk a great part of the way. Gathered numerous speci- mens of Sarifraga umbrosa, S. hirsuta, S. stellaris. Reached Dingle about 4 p.m. and bathed in the bay. Were comfortably accommodated at Petrie’s Hotel. Mr. P. is a Scotchman and was glad to welcome his page cess, - Charges were moderate. Friday, 20th August 1852. After bathing and breakfast left in two cars for the foot of Brandon Mountain. Reached some miserable cottages at the foot of the hill, where we procured a guide, as the mountain-top was covered with mist. The mountain is easily ascended in an hour and a half, We had a good view on the way up, seeing Blasquet Islands, Skellig Rocks, Valentia, Kerry Head, the Atlantic, &c. On the top, however, mist prevailed, and we had no view. We gathered abundance of :— Ranunculus acris (alpine |. Saxifraga umbrosa form) Sedum Rhodiola Cystopteris fragilis Saxifraga affinis . hirta | Polystichum Lonchitis Waited in vain for a clear view. Descended and drove to the rocks near Ballinahow, where there is a lead mine. Rocks fine. Peculiar rocky bay, where the boats of the fishermen are kept. Proceeded along the shore of Smerwick harbour, where the ship “ Ben Nevis” was wrecked last Christmas. Saw the tower of Ballidavid, old castle called Galerus, and an ancient oratory said to be the most perfect in Ireland ; the stones were placed so as _to form a gothic arch, but it was not built on the principle of _thearch. Near Smerwick harbour gathered abundance of Althea officinalis, pie lunch started by our car about 7 p.m. _ for 152 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Tralee, going by the old road which avoids Connor Hill. It was so dark that we did not pick Szdthorpia, which grows along the road. Reached Tralee about 11 p.m. after a long and tiresome drive. The road winds in a remarkable way, and is by no means safe in a dark night ; it goes along the edges of many very steep banks, and the turns are often very rapid. The whole county of Kerry abounds in Cotyledon. Saturday, 21st August 1852. Left Tralee at 11 am., partly by coach and partly by car. Passed through a bleak, peaty, and uncultivated country to Listowel. Near Listowel there is a fine property of the Knight of Kerry (Fitzgerald). There is also one belonging to a Mr. Palmer called Banmore, which might be made very productive and beautiful. The fine river of the Fale passes Listowel, and we crossed it by a good bridge. At Listowel the car party got a new car and proceeded to Tarbert, where we had lunch, thence coach and car. Went to the moveable pier which conveys the passengers to a moored pier, whence they embark on board the steamers on the Shannon. The Shannon is a noble expanse of water below Limerick, but its banks are very tame and uninteresting. It does not exhibit the beautiful scenery of the Clyde. We reached Limerick about 8 p.m. and took up our quarters in Cruise’s Hotel, Grey Street. Monday, 23rd August 1852. At 6 a.m. party of five went by coach to Killaloe, distant 12 Irish miles from Limerick. Mr. Sibbald left the party here and returned home. Our drive was through an undulated country, and the roads were often steep and the turns sharp so that we were nearly overturned by our bad driver. Some of the baggage was shaken off, while we escaped. Another car which started at the same time with us and which was driven equally badly broke down at Ballina Lodge, so that we had to wait some time for the passengers and baggage at Killaloe. Went on board the steam- boat on the Shannon and sailed about 9. The scenery on this upper part of the Shannon, and especially of Lough Derg, is PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 153 interesting, and much less tame than that of the lower Shannon. We enjoyed our sail much. On board I met an old classfellow, Archibald Cockburn, from 60 Mark Lane, London; there was also Dr. Forbes and his brother. At Shannon harbour canal crosses to Ballinasloe. Shannon Bridge is a well fortified place; numerous troops are landed there. Near it _ are curious ruins of round towers and churches. One of the towers is very perfect. Reached Athlone about 5 p.m. Here Mr. Sutherland and Mr. M‘Allum left for Dublin by train at 6.3 p.m. Mr. Cowan, Mr. Menzies, and self dined at Haire’s Hotel, along with Dr. Forbes and his brother (Rourke’s Hotel seems to be the best and cleanest). Visited fortifications of Athlone before dinner. There is a beautiful railway bridge here. Left Athlone by train at 10.22 p.m. for Galway and took up our quarters at the Railway Hotel at 12.30. This hotel is on a splendid scale and has just been opened. During the cattle Show at Galway on the 2oth it was opened and received the Lord Lieutenant and the visitors. Tuesday, 24th August 1852. This morning visited part of Galway. Went to Queen’s College and heard that Dr. Melville was gone on a yacht to the island of Aran, and that another boat was about to follow him containing Mr. Bilston, the Curator. We accordingly, with Mr. Bilston’s permission, embarked on board this boat with certain part of our baggage and sailed down Galway Bay. The wind was rather adverse, but by tacking we got down about 20 or 25 miles ; after this the wind lulled and we were unable to make Aran, accordingly we proceeded, partly by sailing and partly by rowing, to Cortello Bay, where we arrived about 8 p.m. and took up our quarters in a small hut, where we got potatoes and milk, as well as some tea and bread, which the boatman provided for us, We contrived to pass the night tolerably well on beds provided for us, but we did not take off our “clothes. The cottagers were very attentive and did all in their power to promote our comfort, 154 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Wednesday, 25th August 1852. - As the wind was favourable and the day fine we started at 5 a.m. and proceeded to the boat, gathering on the way plants of Dabeocia polifolva, We sailed about 6. We hailed a fishing boat and got some crabs and lobsters, some of which we boiled on board. We also fished for mackerel and got about a dozen excellent fish, which served us for breakfast and dinner on the island. Landed at Kilronan, in the larger island of Aran, about g and went to the house of the boatman, Michael Gill, where we had breakfast. Afterwards proceeded with a guide called Pat Mullen to visit the island. It is a remarkable limestone island, literally paved with stone, with scanty vegetation here and there. Crevices between the rocks in which many good plants, especially ferns, grow. Walked towards the lighthouse and then went to a sandy bay, where we bathed in the Atlantic, crossed the island to visit splendid limestone cliffs, about 400 feet high, and the old fortification of Dunaengus. Limestone hollowed out in a remark- able way into caverns and deep pools. Visited the Seven Churches, the ruins of which are seen at a part about 6 miles from Kilronan. We had a fine view of County Clare, Galway Bay, Connemara, &c, Plants gathered were :-— Cerastium arvense Senecio Jacobea (without a Arenaria verna ray) | Malva sylvestris = Carlina vulgaris Geranium sanguineum Lycopus europzeus Ulex nanus Marrubium vulgare Poterium Sanguisorba Plantago Coronopus (hairy Saxifraga affinisP (in abun- var. dance on all the rocks) Neottia spiralis (abundant on Smyrnium Olusatrum turfy and sandy soil) . Haloscias scoticum Sesleria cerulea Torilis Anthriscus Juniperus nana » nodosa Ceterach officinarum Asperula cynanchica e _ Adiantum Capillus-Veneris | Asplenium marinum . ° | All these ferns : were in pro- ‘3 richomanes . h . : ” Ruta-muraria usion in the imestgne Scolopendrium vulgare crevices. Sambucus Ebulus PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 155 Ergot of rye was also abundant. Returned about 7 p.m. and partook of hot dinner consisting of mackerel, bream, and rock fish. Saw numerous patients, for whom I prescribed. Among the rest were the brother-in-law of our landlord, a person named Martin Hernan, and another, Michael Haharty. Visited a cottage near the Seven Churches, where we had milk and potheen, Thursday, 26th August 1852. This morning was very fine, and we rose at 5 a.m., but as there was not a breath of wind we had to delay our journey by boat. After breakfast a breeze began to spring up, and we started about 8 a.m. with a fair wind for Roundstone, which we reached in 34 hours. The distance is about 20 miles. The breeze sprang up very quickly, and the Atlantic waves were rather high to be comfortable for bad sailors. The strength of the breeze kept the boat tolerably steady. On reaching Roundstone we proceeded to the inn kept by Mr. Macaulay, the postmaster, the father of Wm. M‘Call, who died of cholera in 1849, and who did so much to promote our knowledge of Irish seaweeds ; his name is constantly mentioned by Harvey in his Phycologia, The father has taken the name of Macaulay, which he says is his correct family name. He is a Scotchman by birth, and was delighted to see Mr. Menzies in his kilt. The old man was constantly speaking of the merits of his son, to whose memory he has erected a monument in the churchyard of the Presby- terian Chapel. He took us to see it. We then walked over the gap in the hill behind Roundstone and gathered :— Nympheea alba Eriocaulon septangulare Erica mediterranea After lunch we went by car to Clifden, which we reached about 6.30 p.m. Mr. Macaulay accompanied us in the car about a mile to show us a station for Erica Mackaitz. On the road to Clifden we passed abundance of this heath, and at Craggiemore, in marshy ground on the left-hand side of the road, and in hollow ground, we gathered Erica ciliaris. 156 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY We took up our quarters in Hart’s Hotel, which does not, however, appear to be the best in Clifden. Kerr's Hotel seems to be the cleanest and most comfortable. We were occupied all evening putting our plants in paper. Friday, 27th August 1852. After breakfast left by a private car for Kylemore, where we gathered abundance of Dadeocia polifolia, both pink and white. The scenery here reminded us much of Scotland. Kylemore Lough is like one of those in our Highlands. The hills around are worthy of examination. We then proceeded to Leenane, where there is a high hill deserving notice. Near Leenane we picked Carduus pratensis. We then walked up the hill on the way to Maam, and after joining our car we reached the hotel about 2.30 pm. After bathing in the river, and lunching at Mr. Rourke’s inn, we pro- ceeded by the mail car to the point where we join the car for” Clifden, and we reached Galway about 8.30 p.m., passing through Oughterard. Mr. Rourke at Maam is an amusing man, and occupied our attention during lunch by tales of Irish and other botanists who had visited his hotel. We took up our quarters in the Railway Hotel, Galway. Met there Lord Oranmore, who seemed to be much interested in our account of our trip. Saturday, 28th August 1852. This day was the last botanising day of the party. After breakfast we visited Queen’s College, and then proceeded to the shore of Lough Corrib. Our time was very limited, as we had to start for Dublin in the afternoon. Hence we were not able to reach the station for Rhynchospora fusca and Eriocaulon septangulare, We gathered :— Nasturtium palustre Nepeta Cataria Bidens cernua Alisma ranunculoides » tripartita _ Ceterach officinarum along with numerous other ferns in the limestone rocks. A canal is being made, and communication between Lough Corrib and Galway is being fully opened up for vessels. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 157 At 4 p.m. we left by train for Dublin and arrived at Ander- son’s Hotel at 10.30 p.m. Here the botanical trip ended ; the parties who remained to the last being—J. H. Balfour, Alexander Cowan, William John Menzies. EXCURSIONS IN 1853. Granton, Cramond, Craigcrook. Saturday, 14th May 1853. Party of about 100 met at Granton at 11 and walked by shore to Cramond, up the Almond. Returned by Craigcrook, and reached Edinburgh about 5.30 p.m. Return ticket Is. Ordinary sea-side plants, gathered :— Cochlearia officinalis Symphytum officinale (not in Acer platanoides (plantations)| flower Vicia sativa Linaria Cymbalaria(Ravelston) », lathyroides (Cramond Euphorbia Lathyris (banks of Island) Almond Potentilla verna Convallaria multiflora (banks Armeria maritima of Almond) Primula vulgaris, var. Equisetum limosum Gorebridge, Arniston, Dalhousie. Saturday, 21st May 1853. Party of 128 met at North British Railway Station at 11 a.m. and proceeded to Gorebridge ; walked to Arniston, and then by the banks of the water to Dalhousie and met train there at 7.31 p.m. Return ticket, Is. Plants gathered :— Ranunculus auricomus Doronicum plantagineum = Ficaria Pulmonaria offici Aconitum Napellus Lathraea Squamaria Stellaria nemorum Neottia Nidus-avis (old spikes) Prunus Avium Arum maculatum Chrysosplenium alternifolium Scolopendrium vulgare Adoxa Moschatellina Equisetum Telmateia Asperula taurina Morchella esculenta K 158 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Specimen of stem of mountain ash, with twining honeysuckle much compressed. Dysart, Ravenscraig Castle, Wemyss. Saturday, 28th May 1853. Party of 126 met at the Northern Railway Station at 9.45 a.m. and proceeded to Dysart. Walked to Ravenscraig Castle, and gathered :-— Pyrus Malus Salvia Verbenaca Smyrnium Olusatrum Many sea-weeds along shore. Entered woods at Dysart and walked through them. Plants gathered :— Aconitum Napellus Doronicum plantagineum Berberis vulgaris Symphytum tuberosum Geum agrimonioides (natural- Lamium maculatum ised in woods) Conyallaria majalis Saxifraga Geum - Ruscus aculeatus »» umbrosa Ornithogalum umbellatum » granulata Lilium Martagon Viburnum Lantana Saw fine Rhododendrons, particularly a new species, &. salignum, from Sikkim. Also saw Fuchsia syringeflora. From Dysart walked by shore to Western and Eastern Wemyss amidst rain, which continued from 2.30 p.m. till evening. Near Wemyss Castle, gathered :— Lepidium latifolium Humulus Lupulus In caves at Wemyss :— Asplenium marinum | North Queensferry, Inverkeithing, Donibristle, Aberdour, Burnti . Saturday, 4th June 1853. Party of between 80 and go proceeded to Granton, went by steamboat to Queensferry—fares 4d. each, besides 2d. at Granton Pier. Landed at Queensferry for 3d. each, PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. . 159 Examined the Ferry hills on the eastern side. Picked :— Thlaspi arvense | Spirzea Filipendula (not in Vicia lutea flower Near Inverkeithing :— Sagina maritima | Sedum villosum Geranium sanguineum Anthriscus vulgaris From Inverkeithing walked to St. David’s and gathered :— Diplotaxis tenuifolia Leonurus Cardiaca Reseda lutea Entered Donibristle Woods, and were accompanied to the garden and grounds by Mr. Gavin and the under-keeper. Walked to Aberdour, picking :— Viola hirta (in fruit) Atropa Belladonna (not in Medicago maculata flower) Dipsacus sylvestris Hyoscyamus niger Cynoglossum officinale Listera ovata (not expanded) Allium Scorodoprasum Passed through Aberdour woods to Burntisland. At Burntisland, gathered :— Salvia Verbenaca | Sclerochloa maritima Parietaria officinalis “ loliacea Carex distans | Returned by boat at 6.15. Midcalder, Meadowbank, Dalmahoy, Ravelrig, Currie, Woodhall. Saturday, 11th June 1853. Morning very unpromising. A party of about 75 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 7.45 a.m. and proceeded to Mid- calder, thence walked to Meadowbank, Western Dalmahoy Hill, Ravelrig, Eastern Dalmahoy Hill, Currie, and Woodhall, and returned about 6 p.m. Return tickets 8d. The evening was so bad and the party so thoroughly drenched that the greater part walked home, 160 BOTANICAL #XCURSIONS MADE BY Plants gathered :— Meconopsis cambrica Hesperis matronalis Pyrola minor (in bud) Viola palustris Trientalis europaea Drosera rotundifolia | ‘ » canina | Myosotis palustris | », flavicornis Pinguicula vulgaris » sylvatica Corallorrhiza innata lutea Listera cordata Sein phzeum Arum maculatum a3 columbinum Carex filiformis Cockburnspath, Dunglass, Pease Dene. Saturday, 18th June 1853. Party of 84 met at the North British Railway Station at 8 a.m., and proceeded to Cockburnspath. Return tickets 2s. each. From Cockburnspath, after visiting the factor, Mr. Smith, pro- ceeded to Dunglass woods and there gathered :— Eranthis hyemalis Ribes alpinum Berberis vulgaris | Viburnum Lanfana Cardamine amara ) Ligustrum vulgare is sylvatica : Anchusa sempervirens Alliaria officinalis Veronica montana Hypericum calycinum Lamium Galeobdolon Geranium phzum Neottia Nidus-avis Chrysosplenium oppositi- | Carex pendula folium Equisetum Telmateia alternifolium | Procéeded towards the bon picking :— Malva sylvestris Artemisia Absinthium Potentilla reptans Walked along the shore to the opening of Pease Dene and gathered :— Glaucium luteum Carex vulpina Haloscias scoticum Psamma arenaria Hippophaé rhamnoides Triticum junceum Carex arenaria Equisetum Telmateia Walked up Pease Dene to the bridge, picking :— Geranium sylvaticum Polystichum angulare Digitalis purpurea Returned by train, passing Cockburnspath at 6 p.m. PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFOUR. 161 Kincardine, Tulliallan, Culross, Torryburn, Charleston. Saturday, 25th June 1853. Party of about 80 met at Granton Pier at 7 a.m. and proceeded by the Stirling boat to Kincardine. Fares, going and coming, Is. Breakfasted at Dewar’s Inn, then walked along the embank- ment, where good plants were gathered. Mr. Robert Carr picked Hordeum maritimum ; this plant is in great quantity on the embankment. Mr. John Cunningham gathered Hordeum pratense, which is less abundant. Festuca arundinacea was very luxuriant, and a number of common grasses. After leaving the embankment proceeded to station for Osmunda regalis, which was gathered partially in fruit. 4 On the shore there was abundance of Scirpus maritimus and Aster Tripolium (not in flower). In woods at Tulliallan, Dr. James Dewar gathered Corallorrhiza tnnata; did not find Parts guadrifolia. Also picked Pyrola minor, Aquilegia vulgaris, Rumex sanguineus. On the shore, between Kincardine and Culross, gathered :— Ranunculus aquatilis Aster Tripolium (with fasci- sceleratus (with | ated stem badcioted stem) | Matricaria Parthenium Lepigonum marinum | Hypocheeris glabra (Mr. Tate) Melilotus officinalis | Vinca major Rosa tomentosa | Lithospermum officinale | Echium vulgare (fasciated canina oy fist spicatum Hydrocotyle vulgaris | Apium graveolens | Helosciadium inundatum | stem) : Solanum Dulcamara Iris Pseudacorus Sparganium ramosum CEnanthe crocata Sa ce : Centranthus ruber Carex in mt aia In the woods at Torryburn :— Epipactis latifolia Holcus mollis Orchids (various) Ophioglossum vulgatum At Torryburn, kindly entertained by Dr. Dewar. 162 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Between Torryburn and Charleston :— Papaver Rhoeas Ethusa Cynapium is ubium Valerianella dentata , Argemone Dipsacus sylvestris Sinapis alba Hieracium vulgatum Viola palustris Erythreea Centaurium Saponaria officinalis Atropa Belladonna Lychnis Agrostemma Verbascum Thapsus Malva sylvestris Atriplex littoralis » rotundifolia Babingtonii Geranium pratense Habenatid bifolia Melilotus leucantha (vulgaris) 3 chlorantha Potentilla argentea (near Sclerochloa maritima Charleston) i istans Returned by boat from Charleston about 7 p.m. and reached Granton about 8 Lanark, Cora Linn, Bonnington, Cartland Crags. Saturday, 2nd July 1853. Party of 140 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 8 a.m. and proceeded to Lanark. Return tickets 2s.; pupils also allowed to return on Monday. On reaching the station walked to Lanark, gathering on the way :— Aconitum Napellus Carex aquatilis ? Epilobium angustifolium Equisetum palustre Carum Carui * limosum Rumex aquaticus Got five guides at the inn and went to Cora Linn and Bonnington. Plants gathered were :— Trollius europzeus Carex disticha Aquilegia vulgaris 3, paniculata Vicia Orobus » remota Orchis latifolia » . glauca » Maculata » sylvatica Caos dioica _ » binervis » _ ulicaris » fulva PROFESSOR JOHN Hutron BALFouR. 163 Carex flava Polypodium Phegopteris » ampullacea Equisetum arvense Polystichum aculeatum 7 umbrosum Polypodium Dryopteris ‘e sylvaticum Near Cora Linn :-— Aquilegia vulgaris Circzea alpina Rubus saxatilis | Asplenium viride Saxifraga oppositifolia At Bonnington :— Spirzea salicifolia | Poa nemoralis (and var. like Humulus Lupulus Balfourii On the road from Lanark to station, returning :— Antennaria dioica | Gymnadenia conopsea Mimulus luteus Habenaria chlorantha Some of the party picked at Stonebyres :— Solidago Virgaurea } Milium effusum At Cartland Crags :— Jasione montana | Returned by train at 3.45 and reached Edinburgh before 6 p.m. North Berwick, Canty Bay, Bass, Tantallon, Dirleton. Saturday, 9th July 1853. Party of 80 or 85 met at the North British Railway Station and proceeded by the 8.10 a.m. train to North Berwick. Return tickets 2s. each. On reaching N orth Berwick, walked by the shore to Canty Bay, gathering :— : Vicia sylvatica Habenaria viridis Eryngium maritimum” Alopecurus agrestis (in abund- Haloscias scoticum ance near the station): Scabiosa Columbaria : _ Visited the Bass i in four boats provided by Adams (6d. each person). 164 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Picked :— Lavatera arborea Beta maritima Hyoscyamus niger Narcissus biflorus On returning some visited Tantallon and got :— Lepidium latifolium | Silybum Marianum Others went to Berwick Law, others walked by road to North Berwick, and picked :— Silene noctiflora Convolvyulus sepium (not in flower) Hippophaé rhamnoides Abundance of Petasites fragrans in a wood close to North Berwick. Afterwards went to the Common and walked by it to Dirleton. Plants gathered were :— Ayssum calycinum Anagallis tenella Reseda lutea - Cynoglossum officinale Silene conica Calamintha Acinos - Galium Mollugo Equisetum variegatum Thrincia hirta Between Dirleton and railway station :— Fumaria parviflora And near the station :— Iberis amara Anthemis Cotula Returned by train, reaching Edinburgh at 7.45 p.m. Overtown, Wishaw. Saturday, 16th July 1853. Party of 24 met at Caledonian Railway Station—day very wet—and proceeded to Overtown. Return ticket from Wishaw 2s. 6d. On reaching Overtown the rain was falling very heavily, nevertheless the party visited the banks of Garrion Burn, which was much swollen. A number of ordinary plants were — Ferns and grasses large and abundant. PROFESSOR JOHN HvuTTON BALFOUR. 165 From the Garrion Burn went to banks of Clyde. Plants gathered were :— Hypericum perforatum Epilobium angustifolium a hirsutum Circzea lutetiana Tilia grandifolia » alpina ,»» parvifolia Campanula latifolia Geranium sylvaticum Scirpus sylvaticus pratense Followed banks of Clyde below Garrion Bridge, gathering :— Origanum vulgare Equisetum umbrosum (Mr. Calamintha Clinopodium Ross Went to Wemyss Hill Farm and were hospitably entertained by Mr. Paterson, the farmer. Returned by train, reaching Edinburgh at 5.30 pm. Cumberland Lakes. Thursday, 21st July 1853. Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Mohammed Badre, Thomas Barclay, Sheriff-Clerk of Fife, Claudius W. Bell, George C. Bell, George Birdwood, W. Weddel Bizzett, Patrick Blair, Frederick Cock, Philip Cockell, Francis Collins, Charles W. Cowan, Hugh Cowan, John Cowan, Emile W. Dubuc, William P. Falla, Robert Farquharson, Patrick Graham, M. A. Katib, Harold Hanson, Thomas Hardie, Wm. Henderson, T. H. James, C. Webster Kerr, James Landall, G. S. Lawson, George Lindsay, Frederick E. Martyn, John Matthews, Wm. John Menzies, David Milroy, William D. Murison, Albert C. Peggram, D. Pisani, Robert Pringle, William O. Roberts, David Ross, M. A. Soubki, Samuel Smith, James Tod, jun., J. B. Tuke, Walter Williamson, W. Blackburn Wood, James Young, left Edinburgh on Thursday, 21st July, by train at 12 noon, having received return tickets for Windermere for 15s. each. The party proceeded to Carlisle, which they reached about 4.18 p.m., then they went by train at 4.33 to Kendal Junction, where they met Mr. Wakefield, who regretted that his brother George could not accompany the party. At Kendal Ormskirk gingerbread had an extensive 166 BoTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY sale among the party. On reaching Kendal there was a deten- tion of more than half an hour, during which some of the party visited the town. Afterwards the party went to the Windermere station, where a cart, sent from Ambleside, was ready for the luggage. Some of the party walked, others rode, and others went by boat to Ambleside. On the way there was gathered abundance of :— Sanguisorba officinalis Stachys Betonica Lactuca muralis Reached Donaldson’s Salutation Hotel about Io p.m. Excellent arrangements made for the tea-dinner and for beds, so that all were well accommodated. Friday, 22nd July 1853. Some of the party were up this morning at 4.30 am. and visited Stock Gill. Fine waterfall. The plants picked were :— Impatiens Noli-me-tangere | Scolopendrium vulgare Campanula latifolia Polystichum aculeatum Festuca sylvatica Polypodium Dryopteris Hymenophyllum Wilsoni e Phegopteris The morning was misty and wet, the atmosphere being close and warm. After breakfast and paying the bill, amounting to 5s. 6d. each, 39 of the party started for Rydal. Six remained— Graham, Badre, Tuke, Roberts, Lawson, and Landall; they took boats, and resolved to come to Patterdale by coach. The walking party proceeded to Rydal, picking on the way :— Meconopsis cambrica Sedum album Tilia parvifolia | Sedum Telephium » reflexum Sempervivum tectorum _ Visited Rydal Waterfall and Rydal Mount, and gathered :— Carpinus Betulus | Lastrea Oreopteris Quercus sessiliflora and a variety of Lastrea Filiomes with singularly contorted fronds. In Rydal Lake :— _Nuphar luteum Lobelia Dortmanna | _ Nymphezea alba | Potamogeton natans | Myriophyllum spicatum = oblongus PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTon BALFOUR. 167 On banks of Rydal Lake :— Berberis vulgaris Rhynchospora alba Hypericum Androsemum Carex dioica Lythrum Salicaria » vesicaria | On the roadside :— Staphylea pinnata | Anagallis tenella Parnassia palustris Narthecium ossifragum Drosera rotundifolia On the hills near Rydal :— : Sedum anglicum | Allosorus crispus (the fern Jasione montana of the district) Walked to Grasmere; some visited Wordsworth’s tomb. Near Dunmail Raise Saxifraga umbrosa was seen, and near by the burn Solanum Dulcamara. Reached Wythburn a little after 12to lunch. Engaged a guide for 5s. to go to Helvellyn, as the hill was covered with mist. On the way up the hill the following plants were gathered :— Alchemilla alpina Lycopodium Selago Saxifraga stellaris _ clavatum » aizoides alpinum >» hypnoides i selaginoides Oxyria reniformis \ When a considerable height had been gained the party entered a thick cloud. It was cold and wet. When they reached the summit the cold was very intense. The party prepared to descend, and had proceeded a short way down Swirrel Edge, when the mist suddenly began to clear away; nearly all of them again ascended to the summit. The mist gradually rose like a curtain, displaying hill after hill, until the whole became beautifully clear, with scarcely a cloud in the sky. The view was splendid, and for at least an hour the party enjoyed it. Scawfell, Bowfell, Borrowdale, Honister Crag, Skiddaw, Saddleback, Windermere, Coniston, Esthwaite, Morecambe Bay and its islands, the Solway, the hills of Northumberland, &c., were distinctly clear. It was truly splendid, and the guide said that he had very rarely seen such a view from Helvellyn, The party next examined the rocks above the Red Tarn. 168 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY The following were some of the plants gathered :— Anemone nemorosa Hieracium alpinum Cochlearia officinalis = wsoni (Soubki) Viola sylvatica Vaccinium Vitis-Idza Cerastium alpinum Armeria maritima Malachium aquaticum Veronica serpyllifolia Alsine verna (Bizzet) “ umifusa Rubus saxatilis Polygonum viviparum Alchemilla alpina Oxyria reniformis Saxifraga oppositifolia Salix herbacea », nivalis (C. Cowan) Juniperus nana . Stellaris | Juncus triglumis »» aizoides Carex rigida (on the summit) » hypnoides Poa alpina Sedum Rhodiola Festuca ovina vivipara Solidago Virgaurea Polytrichum alpinum Saussurea alpina Splachnum mnioides Descended below Striding Edge in a fine evening to Patterdale, and were comfortably entertained at Guelderd’s Hotel, where everything was ready for us in the way of tea-dinner and beds. Sir Walter and Lady Trevelyan were staying at the hotel. Visited the son of a Mr. Mortimer from Manchester, who was in delicate health, and prescribed for him. The six who remained at Ambleside, finding that the day cleared up, had walked by Rydal and Grasmere and came over the lower part of Helvellyn, reaching Patterdale late in the evening. Mr. Soubki remained behind the party on Helvellyn and lost his way, but reached the inn late in the evening. The evening was remarkably fine, and it was with difficulty that the party was induced to retire to rest. Some continued boating and walking till 12 at night, others put their plants into paper. Saturday, 23rd July 1853. Breakfasted at Guelderd’s Inn at 7 a.m., and after paying the bill, 6s. 2d. each, started for the shores of Ulleswater. Many took to boats, others to the coach, only 19 walked by Gow- barrow i to Poa ae and Pose Fy ee 4 rh oe: | ae atv: a id > PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 169 Thalictrum majus Aquilegia vulgaris Papaver somniferum Hypericum perforatum * maculatum e humifusum = hirsutum Geranium nodosum (near a cottage) m Genista tinctoria Prunus Padus Spirzea salicifolia Galium Mollugo (near Pooley Bridge Senecio aquaticus Serratula tinctoria (near Pooley Bridge) Hieracium boreale Lactuca muralis Jasione mgntana Ligustrum vulgare Linaria vulgaris Mentha rotundifolia Calamintha Clinopodium Stachys Betonica Sanguisorba officinalis Quercus pedunculata Circzea lutetiana ,, sessiliflora (at Gow- Galium boreale barrow Park) The best plants were gathered between Gowbarrow Park and Pooley Bridge, within two miles from the latter place. In Ulleswater Vymphea alba occurs, Plantago media was gathered abundantly after passing Pooley Bridge. Between Pooley Bridge and Penrith:— Malva moschata Galium Mollugo Potentilla reptans Plantago media Walked by Brougham Hall to the Round Table, and reached Penrith about 3 p.m. At Penrith Castle Dzplotaxis tenutfolia was picked. Left Penrith by express train at 3.20, and reached Edinburgh at 7.15 pm. Mr. Barclay, Mr. Menzies, and C. Cowan remained at Carlisle; Claud Bell at Carstairs. The weather during this trip was upon the whole good, and all seemed to enjoy the excursion. ——$$ Clova. Thursday, 4th August 1853. A party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Thomas Barclay, George Bayley, Alexander Cowan, Charles W. Cowan, E. W. Cropper, John G. Cunningham, James Gilchrist, William M. Ogilvie, Charles Jenner, M. A. Katib, G. Lawson, Mostapha Mostapha, 170 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY David Ross, M. A. Soubki, William B. Wood, Peter Young, left Edinburgh on Thursday, 4th August, at 6.30 am. by the Northern Railway, having taken second-class return tickets for Glammis at the fare of gs. 2d. Proceeded by Perth to Glammis, and reached the latter place about 11.30 a.m., where Findlay’s cart was waiting for the baggage. Rev. W. Balfour of Holyrood and Master Harry White met the party there and walked with them to Kirriemuir, where they had lunch in Robb’s Commercial Inn. Walked thence to Cortachy and Clova, reaching the latter about 8 p.m. On the way picked the following plants :— Woods near Kirriemuir :— Pyrola minor | Listera cordata Trientalis europza Roadside, Clova :— Alchemilla alpina Saxifraga aizoides Meum athamanticum Pyrola media Plantago maritima Polygonum viviparum Were all accommodated in the inn a hall. Eleven slept in the hay in the hall, the rest at the in Friday, 5th August 1853. Mr. Bayley went to fish in the Esk, while the rest of the party, after bathing and breakfasting, crossed the Esk and walked past Ogilvy’s House towards Glen Dole. On the way gathered :— Meum athamanticum Tofieldia palustris Carduus heterophyllus Carex aquatilis (near the Malaxis paludosa bridge) Gymnadenia albida Afterwards went towards Craig Rennet, at the foot of Glen ee. Gathered :-— Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi | Pyrola media Cliffs on right side of Glen Fee yielded :— Draba incana _ Epilobium angustifolium Oxytropis campestris. _ Woodsia ilvensis PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 171 Crossed from these cliffs to opposite side and gathered abund- ance of :— Polypodium alpestre | At the upper part of Glen Fee :— Thalictrum alpinum Salix arbutifolia Silene acaulis Carex Vahlii Sibbaldia procumbens » . atrata Saxifraga oppositifolia << Epilobium alsinifolium » vaginata Gnaphalium supinum », capillaris Veronica alpina Polystichum Lonchitis Salix Myrsinites On reaching rocks at the top of Glen Fee, walked along the summit, gathering Azalea procumbens. Had a glorious view of all the mountains—plenty of snow on some, Reached Clova about 8 p.m. thoroughly tired. Saturday, 6th August 1853. This morning several of the party were knocked up and remained at home. George Bayley went up Glenesk to fish. The rest of the party went to Glen Dole, and visited the rocks near the top. There we picked :— : oe Dryas octopetala Veronica saxatilis Erigeron alpinus Poa Balfourii Vaccinium uliginosum Asplenum viride Could not get any Astragalus alpinus. Walked along the rocks towards the foot of Glen Dole, gathering :— Epilobium alpinum Veronica saxatilis Saussurea alpina Salix reticulata Veronica alpina ‘Returned to the inn about 6.30 p.m., and were engaged putting up plants in paper, 172 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Monday, 8th August 1853. This morning, after our usual bathe in the Esk and after breakfasting, proceeded about 8 a.m. up the glen to Glen Dole, and then up Jock’s Road to the summit of the hill. Near the White Waterfall found abundance of Polypodium alpestre in fine fructification. In all parts of the mountain here this fern is remarkably luxuriant. At Don’s original station for Sonchus it is very large, along with Athyrium Filix-femina; the two are usually associated together, and it does not seem to be the rule (as Backhouse states) that where the one begins the other ends. Along with these ferns Lastrea Oreopteris and L. dilatata are common. At the top of Jock’s Road also there is abundance of Rubus Chamemorus and Cornus suecica—some of them were still in flower, others in fruit. Saussurea alpina also was seen on the rocks near the falls. Proceeding along the White Water we looked in vain for Juncus castaneus, but we picked :— Sibbaldia procumbens Gnaphalium supinum Epilobium alsinifolium Veronica alpina a alpinum and many other alpine plants. Crossing the hills towards Little Gilrannoch we gathered :— Rubus Chamemorus (in fine Carex vaginata (in abund- flower) _ ance Epilobium alpinum Alopecurus alpinus Trientalis europzea (in flower) Phleum alpinum On the felspar rocks of Little Gilrannoch Lychnis alpina was found to be tolerably abundant. Only a small quantity was gathered. The party divided at this point after lunch, some returning to the inn, whilst Gilchrist, Soubki, Mostapha, Wood, A. and C. Cowan, Ross, and Balfour walked to Canlochan, descended into the glen and gathered :— Thlaspi alpestre Veronica saxatilis Saussurea alpina Luzula spicata Gentiana nivalis Poa alpina Veronica humifusa .. Balfourii pina - os PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 173 Returned to the inn at Clova about 9 p.m. after a long day’s work. Near Braedownie a green flowered var, of Galium verum was picked, and near Acharn Hiteracium denticulatum and reracium prenanthotdes. Tuesday, oth August 1853. After bathing and breakfast, left the inn about 8.30 a.m. and walked to the lower part of Glen Dole. Ascended the rocks of Craig Rennet, gathering :— Linnzea borealis (in fine Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi flower) Lycopodium annotinum Walked along the rocks towards the Astragalus cliff. Gathered the usual alpine plants, also :— Hieracium alpinum Salix arenaria nigrescens » reticulata Mulgedium alpinum (not flower) Ascended to the summit by a deep ravine, where the Mu/- gedium grew. Examined the station of the Astragalus cliff, but did not see any specimens. On the summit gathered Carex rarifiora in abundance. Walked towards the ravine which descends into Glen Fee and examined the rocks along the northern side, saw Epilobium angustifolium, and many alpine plants. No Woodsia. Returned to the inn about 7.30 p.m. Cunningham and Ogilvie left this morning. Wednesday, 10th August 1853. This day examined the rocks round Loch Brandy and the loch itself. The plants gathered were :— Subularia aquatica Sparganium natans Callitriche autumnalis (in a Isoétes lacustris pool close to loch) On the rocks Potentilla alpestris, and all the ordinary alpine species. Looked in vain for Potentilla tridentata. L 174 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Returned to the inn between 5 and 6 p.m. Gathered :— Lamium maculatum Carex aquatilis, var., on the : banks of the Esk Bayley left for Perth, Stirling and Dollar; Jenner and Wood for Braemar. Thursday, 11th August 1853. The party, now reduced to 12, after sending their baggage by ‘cart to Glammis, and breakfasting, left the inn about Io a.m. and walked to Dykehead, Kirriemuir and Glammis. On the way gathered :— Rosa villosa ~ Ligustrum vulgare (near Meum athamanticum ortachy) Lysimachia vulgaris Mentha viridis (?) (about one mile from Clova Inn) Reached Glammis Station about 4 p.m. and joined train at 4.50, arriving in Edinburgh about 9.30 p.m. EXCURSIONS IN 1854. Canal, Slateford, Colinton, Dreghorn, Pentlands. Saturday, 13th May 1854. Party of about 80 or 90 met, 10 am.,, at the Canal Basin, Port Hopetoun, and walked along the banks of the Canal to Slateford, and thence to Colinton, Dreghorn and the Pentlands, returning by Morningside about 5 p.m. Usual plants gathered. Among others :— Anemone nemorosa . Tussilago Farfara Corydalis lutea (Colinton Petasites vulgaris grounds) ~ Doronicum Pardalianches Cardamine amara Vinca major (Colinton) Lychnis diurna » Minor Geranium phzum Lilium Martagon Potentilla Fragariastrum Arum maculatum (near Antennaria dioica (Pent- — Dreghorn gate) lands) _ PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 175 Burntisland, Pettycur, Kinghorn. Saturday, 20th May 1854. Queen's Birthday. Party of 120 met at the Dundee and Perth Railway Station and at Scotland Street Station at 9.45 a.m., and proceeded to Burntisland. Return tickets, 9d. Visited the Island, gathering :— Salvia Verbenaca Sclerochloa maritima Parietaria officinalis bs loliacea Thence walked to hills to the east of Burntisland, where we got Botrychium Lunaria. Mr. David Philip Martyn picked Orobanche rubra. Mr. Lowe gathered Alyssum calycinum (on the bank near the roadside) and Reseda /utea was also found. Some shale plants, as Lepidodendron, and some coaly matter, in the trap tuff. Walked by the shore to Pettycur and then by Kinghorn and Kinghorn Loch to Burntisland, Picked on the way Fumaria micrantha, Thlaspi arvense, Littorella lacustris, Potamogeton lucens, Nostoc on stones in running water, and a peculiar kind of lichen on stones at Kinghorn Loch. Tynehead Borthwick Castle, Crichton Castle, Fushie Saturday, 27th May 1854. Party of 130 met at the North British Railway Station at Il am..and proceeded to Tynehead, thence they walked to Crichton Castle, Borthwick Castle, Fushie Bridge, and Gore- bridge, returning by the train which passes Gorebridge at 7.27 p.m. Return tickets, 1s. 2d. Near Tynehead Gentsta anglica was gathered in profusion, and also :— Hippophaé rhamnoides Botrychium Lunaria Gymnadenia albida (by Lycopodium Selago Mr. Fairbairn) ck clavatum 176 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY In woods on the bank of the stream :— Cardamine amara (near Crichton Castle) Alyssum calycinum Viola palustris 3 sylvatica Cerastium arvense Vicia Orobus Anthemis arvensis Pyrola media Near Borthwick Castle :— Cardamine amara Myrrhis odorata Anchusa sempervirens Listera cordata Carex paniculata 95 paludosa Polypodium Dryopteris Phegopteris Roster arvense - sylvaticum is palustre Humulus Lupulus Arum maculatum Potamogeton oblongus Valertana dioica was also gathered, but very sparingly, the chief station being destroyed by the draining of the marsh. It was also gathered by the side of a hedge to the west of Fushie Bridge. The station for Tvollzus europeus has been destroyed by cultivation. Burntisland, Starly Burn, Aberdour, Donibristle. Saturday, 3rd June 1854. Party of about 100 met at the Dundee and Perth Railway Station and at Scotland Street Station, and proceeded to Burntisland. Return tickets, 9d. Walked to Starly Burn, Aberdour, and Donibristle, and returned by the boat at 5.10 p.m. The aie plants were gathered :— halictrum majus Euonymus europzeus- "aberdon r) Medicago maculata Lepidium campestre (near (Donibristle) Aberdour) Dipsacus sylvestris (near Thlaspi arvense Donibristle) PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 177 Ornithogalum umbellatum Blysmus rufus Carex distans Primula elatior Anchusa sempervirens (Aberdour Castle) Solanum Dulcamara », extensa Atropa Belladonna aj tee vulgatum Hyoscyamus niger (near (Aberdour) Donibristle) i mekacd Lunaria Allium Scorodoprasum (Aberdour) Bathgate, Boghead, Torbane Hill, Kirkton, Woodcockdale, Linlithgow. Saturday, 10th June 1854. Party of about 80 met at the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Station at 8.15 a.m. and proceeded to Bathgate, thence walked to Boghead and Torbane Hill, Kirkton, Knock Hill, Woodcockdale, Lithgow Bridge, and Linlithgow. Return tickets, 1s. 6d. each. Visited Torbane Hill coal-pit ; about 40 of the party descended under the guidance of Mr. M‘Kinlay. Numerous fossils seen—Stigmaria, Sigillarta, Calamites. Many species of Carer picked in the boggy ground near, also Vaccinium Oxycoccus and Leontodon palustris, and near Kirkton Senecio savacenicus, Chara fiexilis. Near Bathgate Geranium lucidum. Near Bellside Sedum Telephium and Pyrethrum Parthenium. At and near Knock Hill :-— Hesperis matronalis Viola lutea Cerastium tetrandrum At Kipps :— Sisymbrium Thalianum In Woodcockdale :— Trollius europzeus Geranium sylvaticum Sedum villosum Symphytum tuberosum Botrychium Lunaria Sagina subulata Doronicum Pardalianches 178 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Near Linlithgow :— Fumaria micrantha Rumex obtusifolius (with Nasturtium palustre (the very large leaves like Loch) R. alpinus) Lilium Martagon Returned by train passing Linlithgow at 6.39 p.m. —— Cockburnspath, Dunglass Dene, Pease Dene. Saturday, 17th June 1854. The morning was very unpromising, but 55 met at the North British Railway Station at 7.45 am. and proceeded to Cockburnspath. Return tickets, 2s. The day turned out very wet, and the east wind was very cold. The ardour of a great number of the party was damped on reaching Cockburnspath, and they remained at the Inn all day or returned to Edinburgh. Nevertheless 15 or 20 ventured up Dunglass Dene; on coming to the bottom of the glen, on returning, several of the party left for the purpose of walking to Dunbar and Linton. About 12 still remained who proceeded along the coast, but by the time the party reached Pease Dene only nine remained, who continued to the last, and got back to Cockburnspath at 3 p.m., when they got their habiliments dried at Mrs. Wetherall’s kitchen fire ; the drying scene was not a little ludicrous. A number of good plants were gathered :— In Dunglass Dene, besides some good specimens of ferns, t Eranthis hyemalis | Anchusa sempervirens Cardamine amara Veronica montana Hypericum calycinum | Lamium Galeobdolon Acer campestre | Neottia Nidus-avis ~ Ribes alpinum > , | Carex pendula Campanula latifolia » levigata Pyrola minor Scolopendrium vulgare Lysimachia Nummularia Polystichum aculeatum Vinca major | Equisetum Telmateia » minor | PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFouR. 179 On the shore :— Glaucium luteum (Enanthe crocata Astragalus hypoglottis } In Pease Dene, Victa sativa, var. angustifolia and Poly- stichum angulare. The party returned by train passing Cockburnspath at 6 p.m. In Dunglass Dene a plant (not in flower), which plate to be Solidago altissima, was gathered. East Linton, Prestonkirk, Tynningham, Belhaven Sands, Dunbar. Saturday, 24th June 1854. Party of 50 met at the North British Railway Station at 8 a.m. and proceeded to East Linton; thence they walked to Prestonkirk, Tynningham, where they were met by Mr. Lees ; and then proceeded by the sands to Belhaven and Dunbar, returning by the train passing Dunbar at 625 p.m. Return tickets, 2s. Amongst the 140 species of plants gathered were-— Near Prestonkirk :— Fumaria capreolata _ Malva sylvestris micrantha | » rotundifolia officinalis Ballota foetida - 23 7 Near Tynningham and at the mouth of the Tyne :-— Hieracium aurantiacum Salicornia herbacea Suzeda maritima Lepigonum marinum Antennaria maritima, var. gallica 3 On Belhaven sands :— Reseda lutea Plantago mene (in a vivi- Onobrychis sativa | parous state) Poterium Sanguisorba 180 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Kincardine, Tulliallan. Saturday ist July 1854. Party of 66 went by train to Granton at 6.30 am. Return tickets, rail, 3d. each. Then by Stirling boat to Kincardine, paying 2d. at pier at Granton (2d. also returning). Return tickets by steamboat, Is, On reaching Kincardine, breakfasted at Dewar’s Unicorn Inn for 1s,3d.each. Then under the direction of a guide kindlysupplied | by Mr. Menzies, Count Flahault’s factor, we walked through Tulliallan woods and garden, and gained the shore near sands, returning by the embankment to Kincardine, and going on board the steamboat at 6.45 p.m. Among the best plants gathered were :— Corydalis claviculata Parietaria officinalis Fumaria capreolata Empetrum nigrum e. micrantha Habenaria viridis + Officinalis is bifolia Sagina maritima %» chlorantha Lepigonum rubrum Carex pulicaris % marinum 9: wave Geranium lucidum (old » Tiparia castle Milium effusum Genista anglica Molinia czrulea Rubus czesius? Glyceria aquatica Rosa arvensis ? Sclerochloa distans (nanthe crocata Festuca arundinacea Viburnum Opulus Hordeum pratense (on Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea embankment) Trientalis europza (abun- Hordeum maritimum dant in Tulliallan woods) Juniperus communis Ligustrum vulgare Lastrea Oreopteris Anchusa sempervirens Osmunda regalis (on sands) Solanum Dulcamara An abundance of Ranunculus hirsutus near Kincardine, eighteen inches high, and of the var. parvu/us on the shore. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 181 Inchkeith, Inchcolm. Saturday, 8th July 1854. Party of upwards of 200 went to Inchkeith and Inchcolm. Tickets, including railway to Leith and steamboat, 2s. 6d. The party met at the railway station at 7.45 a.m., and proceeded to Leith. The Stirling steamboat “Prince of Wales” had been hired and was waiting at the West Pier. Professor Edward Forbes and many of his pupils joined the trip. The party first went to Inchkeith, where they arrived about 9.30 a.m., and after spending three or four hours on the island they proceeded to Inchcolm, on which they remained for a couple of hours. The day was favourable, and lunch was supplied partly on deck. Among the interesting plants collected on Inchkeith were the following :— Sinapis nigra Hyoscyamus niger (very Conium maculatum (abun- t dant) | abundan | Marrubium vulgare Haloscias scoticum On Inchcolm Dépsacus sylvestris and Hyoscyamus niger were seen, and peculiar fasciated stems and heads of Carduus. a Longniddry, Gosford, Aberlady. Luffness, Gullan, Dirleton. Saturday, 15th July 1854. Party of about 50 met at the North British Railway Station at 8 am. and proceeded to Longniddry. Thence walked to Gosford, Aberlady, Luffness, Gullan, and Dirleton, and returned by train at 6.55 p.m. from Drem. Return tickets, Is. Amongst plants gathered were :— Silene anglica (near Luff- Trifolium fragiferum ness) Sedum album Silene noctiflora (Luffness, » reflexum undant) Hippuris vulgaris BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Smyrnium Olusatrum Helosciadium repens Sium angustifolium Centranthus ruber Carduus nutans Centaurea Scabiosa Thrincia hirta Campanula hybrida Anagallis arvensis 59 tenella Asperugo procumbens Utricularia vulgaris Hippophaé rhamnoides Habenaria viridis Scirpus Tabernzemontani » Maritimus Carex vulpina Lepturus filformis Triticum repens » laxum (near Luff- ness) Chara hispida » vulgaris Scrophularia vernalis stapes ae (Gullan and a St. Andrews, Guard Bridge, Leuchars. Saturday, 22nd July 1854. Party of 86 met at the Edinburgh, Perth,and Dundee Railway Station at 6.30 a.m. and proceeded to St. Andrews. Return tickets, 3s. 8d. Professor Edward Forbes and Dr. Greville were in the party. Reached St. Andrews about Io a.m., and breakfasted in the Town Hall (76 sat down to breakfast). Mr. Thomson of the Star Hotel provided breakfast at 1s. 6d. each. After breakfast, walked by Links to Guard Bridge and thence to Tents Muir, reaching Leuchars about 6 p.m. in time for the train. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Fumaria micrantha Anthemis Cotula + arvensis Anagallis tenella Rhinanthus major Littorella lacustris Euphorbia Esula Juncus balticus Carex incurva Lycopodium Selago ™ inundatum a clavatum selaginoides Diduiiodoa inclinatum Trichostomum rubellum Gymnostomum fasciculare Bryum trichodes PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 183 Loch Lomond. Wednesday, 26th July 1854. Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Edward Forbes, Thomas Barclay, George Coates Bell, H. M. Birdwood, Thomas M. Cage, M. Cowan, Henry Davidson, Robert Dean, Robert Farquharson, Patrick Graham, Thomas Hardie, John Hay, James Hector,Wm. R. Hill, Robert D. Horne, William F. Humphrey, William Johnston, Mohamid Ali Katib, James Landall, Henry Leach, James H. Lock, Stevenson Macadam, David P. Maclagan, Robert Maclagan, John Matthews, James Miller, R. Mutrikima, William Nichol, Alexander Nicolson, John Grant Nicolson, Alexander Peddie, James Peddie, junr., F. H. Richardson,William O. Roberts, Alexander R. Simpson, David Simpson, M. A. Soubki,P. Appleby Stephenson, Wm. R. Todd, J. B. Tuke, Thomas J. Walker, James Wardrop, John K. Wilson, left Edinburgh at 5 p.m. on Wednesday, 26th July, and proceeded to Glasgow. Were accommodated at the Queen’s Hotel. Return tickets to Inverarnan and back to Edinburgh, 7s. 6d. Thursday, 27th July 1854. Left by the steamboat at 7 a.m. for Bowling and Loch Lomond; reached Inverarnan about 11.30°am. Were all comfortably accommodated by M‘Lellan, the innkeeper. Pro- ceeded up Glen Falloch, picking Quercus pedunculata and Quercus sessilifiora, and ascended some of the lower hills about a mile and a half from Inverarnan. Gathered :— Saxifraga stellaris | Oxyria reniformis aizoides Hymenophyllum Wilsoni Sedum Rhodiola Returned by Glen Caorrunn, gathering a number of subalpine ferns. Friday, 28th July 1854. Started about 7.15 a.m. to visit Ben Laoigh, Ben Oss, and 184 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY other hills in the neighbourhood. On Ben Dubh Chraige picked the following plants :— Thalictrum alpinum Arabis petr Cochlearia groenlandica Silene acaulis Sagina subulata Rubus Chamzemorus Sibbaldia procumbens Saxifraga oppositifolia ‘s stellaris Fa aizoides hypnoides Epilobium alpinum Antennaria dioica (var. of Don Gnaphalium supinum Saussurea alpina Vaccinium uliginosum Armeria maritima Euphrasia officinalis Rhinanthus Crista-galli Plantago maritima Polygonum viviparum Oxyria reniformis Salix arenaria »» herbacea Malaxis paludosa Habenaria chlorantha Juncus trifidus » triglumis Luzula spicata Rhynchospora alba Carex pauciflora » Tigida » capillaris 5, Saxatilis Aira eeepnens vivipara Cystopteris - Poleabichet esis Polypodium Dryopteris . hegopteris Botrychium Lunaria Lycopodium Selago is alpinum ss selaginoides Andreza Hookeria Professor Forbes visited Ben Oss and gathered similar alpine species, and in addition A//osorus crispus. Saturday, 29th July 1854. Party, diminished by departure of some members, started about 8 am. and proceeded along banks of Falloch towards Ben Voirlich. Geological party under Professor Forbes proceeded by shore of lake. Botanical party ascended Ben Voirlich and descended to Loch Sloy, reaching Tarbet about 3 p.m. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 185 Among the plants gathered were the following :— Thalictrum alpinum Epilobium alpinum Ranunculus acris (alpine Carum verticillatum (near form Tarbet) Corydalis claviculata Gnaphalium supinum Cardamine pratensis Lysimachia vulgaris Cochlearia vars. Scutellaria galericulata Cerastium alpinum ( Lomond) Hypericum Androseemum Salix herbacea humifusum Listera cordata 2 has nitidus Juncus trifidus triglumis Lunde spicata Carex pauciflora Sibbaldia procumbens Alchemilla alpina Saxifraga oppositifolia or aris » . Tigida sa aizoides », saxatilis hypnoides Poa Balfourii ? Sedum Rhodiola Osmunda regalis Pm anglicum (near Lycopodium annotinum Tarbet) Isoétes lacustris Lythrum Salicaria Joined the steamboat at 4 p.m. and reached Glasgow at 8 p.m. Returned by train which left Glasgow at 9, and reached Edinburgh about 11 p.m. Braemar. Tuesday, 8th August 1854. Party composed of J. H. Balfour, M. A. Badre, Thomas Barclay, George Coates Bell, Herbert M. Birdwood, Edward W J. Earle, James Gilchrist, M. A. Katib, G, Lawson, G. S. Lawson, James Miller, David Ross, M. A. Soubki, J. G. Whitehead, left Edinburgh by the Edinburgh, Perth and Dundee Railway at 9.45 a.m.on Tuesday, 8th August 1854. Return tickets, available for 14 days, had been granted for 12s. 6d. Train reached Aberdeen much behind its time; in place of 4.23, being 5.30. ‘ Dined at Douglas Hotel close to the 186 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY station, and at 7 p.m. proceeded by train to Banchory. On our arrival there found all the inns occupied. The party had to hunt for beds in the village. Wednesday, 9th August 1854. Party breakfasted at the Burnett Arms, and after sending baggage by a cart to Aboyne and Ballater, started on their walk. Examined woods on the banks of the Dee. Gathered :— Rubus cordifolius | Plantago maritima Pyrola (several species) | Goodyera repens (abundant Trientalis europza in woods at Aboyne) Lunched at Aboyne, a very comfortable hotel. Visited Sus- pension Bridge, walked by south side of Dee to Ballater. Visited Pannanich Wells, near them there is abundance of Mimulus luteus. Near Ballater there is abundance of MJelam- pyrum sylvaticum. Were comfortably accommodated at the inn at Ballater. ; Thursday, 10th August 1854. Left Ballater at 8 a.m. after sending the baggage by cart to Castleton of Braemar. Walked along the banks of the Dee as far as the Balmoral Suspension Bridge, crossed the bridge to Balmoral, and were allowed by Dr. Robertson to see all parts of the grounds. Visited the old and new buildings under the guidance of Mr. Paterson, the gardener. The old building appears to be most in keeping with the situation. The new Palace is built of beautiful white granite from Glen Gelder ; the building is very chaste and elegant so far as it has been completed ; much remains to be done. It is proposed to have a square tower connected with it, 100 feet high. The flower- garden is well kept. Went by the private walks to the summit of a hill overlooking Balmoral, and had a fine view. . Picked :-— Vaccinium Vitis-Idza Melampyrum sylvaticum Pyrola secunda Neottia Nidus-avis The gardener informed us that the Queen oceasiene used Lycopodium clavatum as a wreath for her head, PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 187 Proceeded to Lochnagar, botanised in the corrie, gathered abundance of Polypodium alpestre, which commenced a. few hundred feet below the little tarn and extended up to the high cliffs. No Asplenium Filix-femina was seen. Among the plants gathered were :— Cerastium alpinum Hieracium alpinum (very Rubus Chamzemorus hairy) Sibbaldia procumbens Juncus trifidus Saxifraga oppositifolia », triglumis J stellaris Luzula spicata ‘9 aizoides Phleum alpinum a rivularis Poa alpina vivipara hypnoides » laxa Epilobigm alpinum Allosorus crispus Cornus suecica Lastrea dilatata (in various Antennaria dioica, var, forms) Gnaphalium sylvaticum, var. Lycopodium annotinum Gnaphalium supinum After reaching the top, descended by Ballochbuie, gathering on the way Splachnum mnioides growing on the jaw-bone of a dead sheep, and Betula nana. Reached Invercauld Arms, Braemar, about 9.30 p.m., after a long and fatiguing walk. Found all prepared for us by Mr. G. Clark. Friday, 11th August 1854. All were so tired with yesterday’s journey that we did not breakfast till about 9 a.m. At 1o started for Little Craigendal, going by the second valley on the right hand after crossing the Ben na Bourd burn by a wooden bridge. It is perhaps better to take the third valley on the right, and thus to come on the south- west corner of Little Craigendal, where Astragalus alpinus grows. Among the plants gathered, besides the Astragalus, on Little Craigendal were the following :— ilene acaulis Pyrola secunda Potentilla alpestris Carex capillaris Sibbaldia procumbens Bartramia fontana (male and Gnaphalium supinum female) 188 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY The Astragalus had flowered early, and only a few specimens were procured in blossom. Returned to the inn about 6.30 p.m. Saturday, 12th August 1854. Left the inn this morning at 8 o’clock in two carriages, and proceeded to the foot of Loch Callater, thence walked to rocks in Glen Callater and Glen Candlich (Cean-mohr?). The day became very wet and misty, and after spending three or four hours on the rocks, and being thoroughly wet, we returned to the inn about 4.30 p.m. The plants gathered were (besides lower cryptogams) :— Thalictrum alpinum Salix Lapponum Subularia aquatica », arbutifolia Saussurea alpina » reticulata Hieracium (many forms) Carex rupestris Lobelia Dortmanna "eon Salix venulosa | » Stictocarpa Monday, 14th August 1854. The morning being misty we postponed our trip to Ben na Mac Dhu. The whole party (with the exception of Mr. Bell, who went fishing) proceeded in a large car, accompanied by Mr. Esson, the accountant, to visit Canlochan. The car took the party a little beyond a bridge about eight miles from Castleton, on the Spital of Glenshee road. The party ascended the hill and visited the Canlochan rocks. In the Glen we picked the following plants :— Draba incana Hieracium forms Cochlearia forms Sonchus alpinus about 6 or Cerastium alpinum 8 specimens in flower) Dryas octopetala Pyrola peers Saxifraga nivalis » Minor »» _ Stellaris Gentiana nivalis (sparingly) es aizoides Veronica humifusa os hypnoides (with ” alpina large flower saxatilis (sparingly Erigeron alpinus “in flower er) ~ PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 189 * Carex vitilis Poa Balfourii » atrata 5, nemoralis » Trigida Asplenium viride » aquatilis Polystichum Lonchitis », stictocarpa Polypodium alpestre (in large »» capillaris quantity, and towards » binervis the east side of Canlochan Poa alpina very large) The rocks in the Glen are of a basalt or hypersthene nature. Visited Glas Maol and had a splendid view of all around as the day cleared up. Saw the Lomonds in Fife, Pentlands, and Edinburgh? Ochils, Ben Lawers, Ben Nevis, all the Braemar hills. _ Descended from Glas Maol, joined the road about three miles from the Spital of Glenshee, and joined the car at the bridge about 6 p.m. and returned to Castleton. Tuesday, 15th August 1854. The morning being fine we breakfasted at 6 a.m. and started at 7 by conveyance to the Linn of Dee, accompanied by Mr. Rathay and Mr. Esson (in all 15). Mr. Barclay had a horse and guide to meet him at the Linn of Dee and take him to Loch Etchachan. We walked by Glen Lui after seeing the Linn of Dee andthe Mar Forest. We gathered Avadzs petrea in stony places in the bed of the Linn. - Remarked particularly in all the old firs deprived of their bark the spiral arrangement of the wood. The trees were dead. Got a curious knot from one of the trees for the Museum. Walk up Glen Derry to Loch Etchachan and then to the top of Ben na Mac Dhu, which we reached between 1 and 2 ‘way gathered Luzula arcuata and some other rare plants n or about the summit among the plants seen were :— Silene acaulis Andrezea rupestris Gnaphalium supinum Polytrichum alpinum Salix herbacea Dicranum nigro-viride Luzula arcuata Trichostomum lanuginosum » ‘Spicata : Cetraria islandica Carex rigida nivalis Festuca ovina vivipara Lecidea geographica Lycopodium Selago M 190 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Lunched at the summit and had a fine view, descended towards the shelter and Loch Avon amidst a pretty severe shower. Gathered Carex leporina on the sides of a stream going to the corrie of the Avon, not far from patches of snow, also Séellaria cerastoides and many alpine plants. Polypodium alpestre abounds on the ascent to Loch Etchachan and on the descent to Loch Avon, also on the ascent to Cairngorm from Loch Avon. It is avery abundant fern. Reached the Shelter Stone by a steep and rugged descent about 4 pm. Our men had brought up plaids and provisions. They returned with the horses. Proceeded to make a fire of juniper. Kettle boiled and tea prepared. Mr. Rathay, alarmed at the dampness of the cave, left us at 7 p.m., and walked to Castleton, which he reached at 2 in the morning. We had a restless night in the cave. Some sat up all night and kept themselves warm by the fire outside. The stone is 40 feet long, on an average, 20 feet broad, and about 16 or 18 feet high. Wednesday, 16th August 1854. Mr. Esson returned this morning to Castleton ; the rest of the party after breakfast ascended to Cairngorm, gathering abun- dance of Polypodium alpestre, Luzula arcuata, and other alpine plants. Mist came on after the party reached the summit; the fine view was only seen for a few minutes. Descended from summit and visited cliffs looking to the Spey side. These cliffs seem worthy of examination. It is probable that the best way . of examining all the hill in this quarter is from the Spey side. Important to find accommodation on that side. Walked by back of Ben na Mac Dhu, picking numerous confervoid plants. Descended into the valley of the Dee; had beautiful view of the pass to Rothiemurchus. After reaching Glen Dee visited the Wells of Dee; near this there is abundance of Polypodium alpestre all the way, continuing till opposite Cairn Toul. On the descent from Ben na Mac Dhu, Asplenitum Filix-femina picked by Mr. G. Lawson, high up, above Polypodium alpestre. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. IQ! Among other plants were gathered :— Stellaria cerastoides Veronica alpina Hieracium alpinum Phleum alpinum Lunched at Wells of Dee. Rain came on and continued till about five. Met our conveyance near the Linn of Dee and returned about 7 p.m. Thursday, 17th August 1854. After paying bill and arranging for transmission of baggage to Dunkeld by a cart, the party left ina conveyance for the head of Glen Tilt (Mr. G. S. Lawson returned to Aberdeen) about 1r am. Walked through the Glen, picking alpine saxi- frages and :— Rubus saxatilis Asplenium viride Epilobium angustifolium Polystichum Lonchitis Near the Glen, in the woods :— Campanula latifolia | Melampyrum sylvaticum Dr. Gilchrist visited the Marble Quarry near the bridge about four or five miles from Blair. A bridge near the upper part of the Glen is broken down, so that it is almost impossible for an ordinary traveller to proceed without wading up to the knees; in a flood it must be quite impassable. Surely the Right of Way Society should see that the road is passable for travellers. Our party were not interrupted, although we went by the same route as my party in 1847 did. The gate at which we were stopped was at once opened to them by an old woman. Most of the party kept on the left side of the river after passing the lowest bridge and descended by what was the old road, keeping clear of the woods entirely, Reached the Bridge of Tilt Inn about 8 p.m. and were comfortably accommodated. Friday, 18th August 1854. This morning party breakfasted at 6 a.m. and at 7 commenced their walk. Mr. Barclay went by the mail to Dunkeld, Walk- 192 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY ing party II in number proceeded by Killiecrankie, gathering Lathyrus niger in the woods nearly opposite Mrs. Hay’s cottage. Attempt is now made to shut up the old Killiecrankie road and to allow visitors to enter by a small gate which is kept locked and only opened when parties request permission to go through. Our party were escorted by a Highlander. Spent about an hour in the wood. Reached Dunkeld about 1.30 p.m., when Mr. Barclay met the party. After lunch at Fisher’s Inn, proceeded by coach to Dunkeld Road Station, and joined the railway, reaching Edinburgh about 9 p.m. EXCURSIONS IN 1855. Granton, Caroline Park, Cramond Woods, Barnton. Craigcrook, Craigleith. Saturday, 12th May 1853. About 100 met at Granton Pier at 10a.m. Walked by shore to Caroline Park, Granton Woods, Cramond Woods, and returned by Barnton, Craigcrook, and Craigleith. Visited Granton Quarry and got a specimen of the fossil tree. Among the plants gathered were :— Anemone nemorosa Ranunculus Ficaria Oxalis Acetosella Prunus domestica Caltha palustris Eranthis hyemalis (at Caroline Park Aconitum Napellus (at Caroline Park) Fumaria capreolata Cochlearia officinalis Capsella Bursa-pastoris Viola odorata » hirta » sylvatica Geranium molle = lucidum Geum rivale Potentilla Fragariastrum - verna Saxifraga granulata Chrysospleniuin oppositi- folium Ribes Grossularia » alpinum » Yubrum » nhigrum Bunium flexuosum Valerianella olitoria Tussilago Farfara PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. Petasites vulgaris Doronicum Pardalianches Vinca minor Myosotis arvensis Veronica hedereefolia Mentha viridis Salix Smithiana Helix Stratiotes aloides Polygonatum multiflorum Luzula sylvatica Lemna trisulca Lamium purpureum » minor incisum Asplenium Trichomanes s maculatum Equisetum arvense = album limosum Polygonum Bistorta Polybeiohican piliferum Daphne Laureola Dicranum scoparium Mercurialis perennis Trichostomum lanuginosum Ulmus montana Bryum punctatum Salix triandra Didymodon purpureum alba Hypnum splendens Ramalina scopulorum Cetraria islandica 9? » Caprea viminalis ” Tynehead, Borthwick, Fushie Bridge, Gorebridge. Saturday, 19th May 1855. Party of 100 met at the North British Railway Station at 10.45 a.m. and proceeded to Tynehead, thence walked to Borth- wick and Fushie Bridge, and returned by train passing Gorebridge at 4.57 p.m. Return third-class tickets, 1s. 2d. Vegetation very far back, three weeks or a month behind. Observed colours in vegetation as they affected the eye, found that the yellow dandelion and green grass were very marked features. M‘Cosh talks of the red stalk of the dandelion, but in most cases they were green, and even when a reddish or brownish tinge was present it did not appear to the eye. The marked effect was produced by yellow and green, and these, although not complementary colours, were pleasing. So also in many places nothing seen but the yellow primroses and the green sward—without any other colour, no white nor red. Some of the party visited Arniston also. 194 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Some of the plants gathered were :— Ranunculus aquatilis Anchusa sempervirens Ficaria Myosotis sylvatica Caltha palustris FS arvensis Viola palustris (not in flower) Lathrzea Squamaria » tricolor Lamium amplexicaule arvensis Salix Caprea Gxatts Acetosella (with pink Empetrum nigrum the ) 5 S N = ae pS] > = fc) a rs) very beautiful) Genista anglica Lathyrus macrorrhizus Fragaria vesca Potentilla Fragariastrum Phalaris arundinacea Melica nutans Juniperus communis Equisetum arvense ; on + sylvaticum Chrysosplenium ss ne : STeent ae vulgaris folium ” flexilis Adoxa Moschatellina Polytrichum commune Doronicum plantagineum Dicranum heteromallum (scarcely in flower) Didymodon purpureum Pyrola media (not in flower) Bryum hornum ~ Primula vulgaris Hypnum cuspidatum eris Stereocaulon paschale Fraxinus excelsior Evernia prunastri Mid-Calder, Meadowbank, Dalmahoy Bis, Ravelrig, Balerno, Currie, Woodhall. Saturday, 26th May 1855. Party of 75 met at the Caledonian Railway Station, Lothian Road, at 8.30 a.m., and proceeded to Mid-Calder, thence walked to Meadowbank, Dalmahoy Hills, Ravelrig, Water of Leith, Balerno, Currie, and Woodhall. Returned from Currie by the train passing that place at 5.26 pm. Return tickets, $d. Vegetation was found to be far behind. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 195 Anemone nemorosa Ranunculus acris repens Ficaria Caltha palustris Meconopsis cambrica (in bud) Cardamine sylvatica Sisymbrium Thalianum Alliaria officinalis Viola palustris » sylvatica canina tricolor ‘g tlivea Arenaria serpyllifolia Montia fontana Oxalis Acetosella Acer platanoides Vicia sepium Lathyrus macrorrhizus Prunus insititia unis Potentilla Fragariastrum Saxifraga granulata is hypnoides (in bud) Ribes Grossularia 3 “ 2 “ Adoxa Moschatellina Antennaria dioica Vaccinium Myrtillus Primula vulgaris veris F aavinun excelsior Vinca minor, var. alba Menyanthes trifoliata Anchusa sempervirens Scrophularia vernalis Veronica serpyllifolia Pedicularis sylvatica Among the plants gathered were :-— Mentha viridis (not in flower) Nepeta Glechoma Lamium incisum Mercurialis perennis Imus montana Fagus sylvatica Salix fragilis » Caprea 5» vViminalis » Smithiana jo SIE Empetrum nigrum Orchis mascula Allium ursinum (not out) Tulipa sylvestris Paris quadrifolia (not in flower) Luzula pilosa : Arum maculatum (nearly out) Carex vulgaris glauca », pallescens Equisetum arvense palustre Poiysichut commune Didymodon purpureui Bartramia pomiformis tad Funaria hygrormetrica Lecanora tartarea Cladonia rangiferina Alectoria jubata Cetraria glauca Calicium chrysocephalum Beomyces rufus Scyphophorus pyxidatus bellidiflorus puuiephoron coralloides 196 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Burntisland, Aberdour, Donibristle, Humbie Woods, Pettycur, Kirkcaldy, Wemyss. Saturday, 2nd June 1855. Party of 60-70 proceeded at 9.45 a.m. by train to Burntisland, and returned by the trainat 5 p.m. Return tickets,9d. Walked from Burntisland to the Island, then by the shore all the way to Aberdour, thence to Humbie Woods, Grange Quarry, and Burntisland. Some of the party went to Donibristle, others to Wemyss, Dysart, and Kirkcaldy. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Ranunculus acris Smyrnium Olusatrum (near ” repens Kirkcaldy) a bulbosus Hedera Helix (in fruit) Ficaria Dipsacus sylvestris (not Matricaria Parthen Arabia Ste (old — Aberdowr, not in flow Silybum piseiciein (not in flower) Bertone sent? (near erdou Cardamine hirsuta Alyssum calycinum (near Pettycur) Ce Hieracium murorum Cochlearia officinalis vulgatum danica Lesaioden leevigatus Brackica Napus Vaccinium Myrtillus “i Rapa a ie cone Armeria maritima Lepidium campestre =e Sees Glaux maritima = Smithii Fraxinus excelsior Anchusa sempervirens Solanum Dulcamara (not in flower Linaria Cymbalaria Antirrhinum majus (old Thlaspi arvense Helianthemum vulgare Viola hirta Cerastium tetrandrum Geranium sanguineum molle Castle, Aberdour, not in Ilex “Aquifotinm flower) 5 Medicago maculata Veronica Chamzed Vicia lathyroides , . Beccabunga Prunus insititia Lamium amplexicaule » domestica se purpureum Saxifraga granulata » incisum PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 197 Lamium album Blysmus rufus Plantago Coronopus Carex preecox Rumex scutatus (Aberdour » distans Castle Avena pubescens Ulmus montana Sclerochloa loliacea (Burnt- Parietaria erecta island Pier) Quercus Robur Pinus sylvestris Orchis mascula Asplenium marinum *s a var. alba (Wemyss) Allium Scorodoprasum (not Ophioglossum vulgatum in flower) Botrychium Lunaria Tulipa sylvestris (Doni- Equisetum arvense bristle rf sylvaticum Triglochin maritimum Many sea-weeds. oo Linlithgow, Carriden, Blackness, Hopetoun. Saturday, 9th June 1855. Party of 74 met at the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Station, and proceeded to Linlithgow. Visited the Palace, walked to Carriden, Blackness, and Hopetoun, and returned from Winchburgh at 4.5 p.m. Return tickets, 1s. 6d. Among the plants collected were the following :— Ranunculus aquatilis Lychnis diurna ; sceleratus Moehringia trinervia Berberis vulgaris Tlex Aquifolium Nasturtium palustre Prunus Padus Arabis hirsuta Cratzgus Oxyacantha Cardamine sylvatica Saxifraga granulata Draba verna Petroselinum sativum (not Lepidium campestre in flower) Sinapis arvensis Myrrhis odorata alba Lonicera Caprifolium (not in flower Valeriana pyrenaica (Hopetoun Valerianella olitoria Viola sylvatica » tricolor » arvensis lutea BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Primula veris Orchis mascula Triglochin palustre Ligustrum vulgare (not in flower) Eleocharis palustris “ uniglumis multicaulis Siac rufus Alopecurus geniculatus Asplenium Ruta-muraria Filix-foemina Pokpattchitith aculeatum Lastrea Filix-mas Vinca minor Symphytum officinale Plantago maritima Coronopus Chenopodium Bonus- Henricu Quercus eb Salix fragilis, var. Rus- seliana ; hie » dilatata es otiinalis Botrychium Lunaria ” . . ee ungermannia bidentata » Smithiana J Agaricus campestris Listera ovata (not in flower) Cleghorn, Lanark, Cora Linn, Bonnington Falls. Saturday, 16th June 1855. Party of nearly 100 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 7 am., and proceeded to Cleghorn Station. Return tickets, 2s. 6d. Walked by the road to Lanark, thence proceeded to Cora Linn and Bonnington Falls, and returned by the banks of the Mouse to Cleghorn, joining the train at 4.8 p.m. r. M‘Kinley, the gardener at Bonnington, had made arrangements as to the guides. There were four guides, to whom we paid in all 6s. 8d., and to the woman at the gate 2s. Among the plants collected were the following :— Ranunculus auricomus Trollius europzeus Aquilegia vulgaris Aconitum Napellus (not in flower) Montia fontana Geranium sylvaticum ucidum Anthyilis Vulneraria Vicia Orobus Cardamine amara » sylvatica (not in Sisymbrium Thalianum flower) Viola palustris Rubus saxatilis rastium glomeratum Pyrus Aucuparia PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 199 Saxifraga oppcsitifolia Carex ampullacea Galium boreale Melica uniflora Carduus heterophyllus (not Briza media in flower) Asplenium Adiantum- Hieracium murorum nigrum Vaccinium Vitis-ldza (not “ viride in flower) 3 Trichomanes Filix-foemina Cyeenniede fragilis Polystichum aculeatum Lastrea Filix-mas Pyrola media? (not in flower Origanum vulgare (not in flower) Salix viminalis eer ; dilatat Neottia Nidus-avis as ok te : Orchis latifolia Polypodium Dryopteris : en Phegopteris Convallaria majalis BoP ° oe Reeisetiiih arvense Eriophorum latifolium Loar Geeaitt Carex disticha «Z Avie »» paniculata te oe ia ; s » aquatilis di agen » vulgaris on limosum ? glauca hyemale Rarhinin fontana Ramalina fraxinea Peltidea canina Newton, —— Gladswood, Eildon Hills, Melrose, assendean, Minto Crags. Saturday, 23rd June 1855. Party of about 100, including Mr. Christie of the School of Design and 15 of his pupils, met at the North British Railway Station at 7.30 a.m., and proceeded to Newton Station, thence walked to Dryburgh Abbey and along the banks of the Tweed by Gladswood to the Eildon Hills and Melrose. Visited the East and Middle Eildon Hills, ascending to the top of each. Return tickets 2s. 6d., besides 3d. at Dryburgh, 1d. at Ferry, and a few pence at Melrose. Messrs. Nichol and Sadler went to Hassendean and visited Minto Crags, where they got Asplenium germanicum (one specimen). 200 They also gathered :— Trollius europzeus Berberis vulgaris Viola canina Lychnis Viscaria Sanguisorba officinalis (not in flower) BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Valeriana dioica Typha latifolia Carex paludosa Asplenium septentrionale Lycopodium Selago Sticta scrobiculata The chief plants gathered by the rest of the party were :— Berberis vulgaris Nasturtium palustre? Arabis hirsuta Cochlearia officinalis (walls of Melrose Abbey) Hesperis matronalis (Glads wood) Sisymbrium Thalianum. Erysimum cheiranthoides (shore of Tweed near Dryburgh Lepidium Smithii Stellaria nemorum Moehringia trinervia Malva oo (not in flow Tilia noe Geranium sanguineum “a sylvaticum Euonymus europzeus Staphylea pinnata Anthyllis Vulneraria Vicia sylvatica (not in flower) Lathyrus pratensis Prunus Avium 5 eadus Rubus saxatilis Geum intermedium Fragaria elatior Potentilla reptans (not in flower) Rosa spinosissima » tomentosa Pyrus Aria Saxifraga umbrosa Sanicula europza Galium boreale Valeriana dioica (at foot of Middle Eildon Hill) Antennaria dioica Anthemis arvensis Matricaria Parthenium Doronicum Pardalianches Hieracium Pilosella ie vulgatum Apargia hispida Vaccinium Vitis-Idza _ Myrtillus Erica cinerea Lysimachia nemorum Symphytum officinale Echium vulgare maa = (not in fl Digitalis purpurea Lathrea Squamaria Mentha viridis Rumex sanguineus » viridis Buxus sempervirens (in fruit) Alnus glutinosa PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR 201 Salix fragilis, var. Rus- Briza media a Poa nemoralis » cinerea Nardus stricta 9 aquatica Taxus baccata arenas », Caprea at Dryburgh) Populus alba Allosorus crispus Neottia Nidus-avis Asplenium Adiantum- Scirpus sylvaticus nigrum Carex disticha i Trichomanes » glauca Polystichum aculeatum » pilulifera Lastrea Oreopteris » _panicea Equisetum palustre », binervis Lycopodium alpinum » fulva Andreea rupestris flava Trichostomum lanuginosum Melica nutans Grimmia ovata » uniflora | ene ne Falkland, Bishop Hill, West Lomond Hill, Glenvale, East Lomond Hill. Saturday, 30th June 1855. Party of upwards of 100, including Mr. Christie and about 12 pupils of the School of Design, started by the train from North Bridge Station and Scotland Street Station at 6.30 a.m., and proceeded to Falkland Road Station. Return tickets, 2s. Walked from Falkland Road Station to Falkland, where, through the kind attention of Mr. Barclay, breakfast was prepared. Mr. Howden, factor for Mr. Bruce, had arranged to allow the breakfast-table to be placed on the lawn in front of the old Palace. The party amounted to 114, including all our party and Mr. Christie’s, also Mr. Barclay, the Sheriff- Clerk of Cupar, Mr. Howden, the Rev. Mr. M‘Duff, minister of Falkland, Mr. Gulland, Mr. Cruikshank, the schoolmaster, and Mr. Laing, from Cupar. Dr. Balfour was chairman, and Mr. Barclay croupier. In front of the chairman was placed the huge tin kettle which had been used by the botanical party (of which Mr. Barclay was one) who visited Ben na Mac Dhu last year, and who slept for a night under the shelter-stone. The kettle 202 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY had an inscription on it to the following effect :—* Professor Balfour’s Botanical Party to Ben na Muich Dhui, August 1854.” After partaking of a very substantial breakfast, the party, under the guidance of Mr. Howden, visited the old Palace with its large Hall, John Knox’s pulpit. They then proceeded to the roof of the building, where they had an excellent view of the surrounding country. Visited the new church built by the late Mr. Tindal Bruce. Then walked to Falkland House, some visited the interior of the mansion. Thence proceeded towards the West Lomond Hill, at the foot of which lunch was provided by Mr. Barclay. After lunch the party went to the top of the hill, which is 1712 feet above the level of the sea. Had a fine view of Kinross-shire and Loch Leven. Descended -into Glenvale, and walked along the side of the stream. Proceeded to Balo and by the south side of the East Lomond to the Falkland Road Station, where the party arrived about 6.30 p.m., thoroughly wet by a heavy thunderstorm which commenced between 3 and 4 p.m. and lasted all evening. Some visited the Bishop Hill. Returned to Edinburgh by the train passing Falkland Road at 7.12 and reaching Edinburgh about 9 p.m. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Papaver Argemone Fumaria micrantha Cardamine amara Viola lutea Sagina subulata Geranium pusillum Oxytropis Halleri (on Bishop Hill Saxifraga umbrosa ypnoides Chrysosplenium alterni- folium Sedum villosum Hippuris vulgaris Epilobium presser ria nifolium (latter siadaa on West mond Hill) Conium maculatum Galium pusillum (in Glen- vale) Solidago Virgaurea Antennaria dioica Centaurea Cyanus Hieracium atratum Leontodon Taraxacum palustris Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea iho europea (in eat profusion in the. woods and on the hill) Myosotis repens Solanum Dulcamara Veronica scutellata Littorella lacustris PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 203 Chenopodium Bonus- Henricus Polygonum viviparum (abundant) Salix cinerea Ler | @ .b = & a6 be) Baca nigrum Listera cordata (in at wie sion) Orchis mascula » latifolia »» maculata Gymnadenia conopsea Habenaria bifolia Juncus supinus Luzula multiflora congesta Potariogetén oblongus heterophyllus Bicocharis palustris Scirpus pauciflorus Carex dioica “ ulicaris » stellulata » curt + Ovals » ampullacea vesicaria (in gerd on Airs flexuosa e hill) Briza media Poa nemoralis » montana Nardus stricta Pteris aquilina Allosorus crispus Blechnum boreale ——— Adiantum- “nigrum Filix-foemina Cyst opteris fragilis Polystichum aculeatum Lastrea Oreopteris » Filix-mas » dilatata Polypodium vulgare 4s Dryopteris Phegopteris Rouy shin Lunaria Equisetum arvense Lgcoseaiey Selago clavatum alpinum selaginoides Pilularia globulifera Andreea Rothii rupestris ecevunis fontana ; pomiformis Bryum punctatum Hypnum stramineum Polytrichum commune alpinum Sphagniunt acutifolium +P] >? Sptacheum sphericum Trichostomum canescens ; lanuginosum Cetraria glauca Cladonia rangiferina Peltidea canina Scyphophorus pyxidatus Spherophoron coralloides 204 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY North Berwick, Dirleton, Gullan, Luffness, Aberlady, osford, Longniddry Saturday, 7th July 1855. A party of about 60 or 70 met at the North British Railway Station and proceeded to North Berwick, thence walked by the Links to Dirleton and its Castle, then to Gullan and Gullan Links, Luffness, Aberlady, Gosford, and Longniddry, returning by the train reaching Edinburgh at 7.50 p.m. Return tickets, 1s.6d. Day remarkably fine, and many good plants procured. Among others, the following :— Papaver Argemone Alyssum calycinum (Dirleton) Reseda lutea Viola canina (Dirleton) Silene noctiflora Geranium pusillum Trifolium fragiferum Hippuris vulgaris Conium maculatum Smyrnium Olusatrum Galium Mollugo Centranthus ruber Pulicaria dysenterica Crepis biennis (Luffness) Thrincia hirta Campanula glomerata 3 Trachelium(Luff- ness) ° Anagallis arvensis = tenella Erythrzea pulchella psa yemrscat ceeruleum (Luffness) _ Cqangmaaad officinale Asperugo procumbens (Luft- Solanum Dulcamara Hyoscyamus niger (abundant near Luftness) Scrophularia vernalis (Gos- ford) Veronica Anagallis Utricularia vulgaris Calamintha Acinos Stachys ambigua Lamium intermedium (Luff- ness) Littorella lacustris (Gullan) Beta maritima Salicornia herbacea Hippophaé rhamnoides Listera ovata Epipactis latifolia Habenaria viridis Sparganium ramosum Potamogeton oblongus rufescens Ruppia maritima (Luffness) Scirpus pauciflorus Carex incurva (near Long- niddry Carex disticha » teretiuscula » paniculata »» vulpina ., distans ss CALeloG PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 205 Carex CHderi (abundant in Sclerochloa maritima Gullan Links between Lepturus filiformis the marshy ground and the sand hills) Carex hirta Phleum arenarium Trisetum flavescens Triodia decumbens Botrychium Lunaria Equisetum variegatum Lycopodium selaginoides Chara hispida » vulgaris Dunfermline, Knock Hill, Black Devon, Saline, Rumbling Bridge, Loch Leven, Benarty, Bishop Hill. Saturday, 14th July 1855. Party of 60-70 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway Station at 6.30 a.m. and proceeded to Dunfermline. Return tickets, 2s. Breakfasted at Melvie’s New Inn, Dun- fermline, about 9 a.m. for Is. 3d. each. Visited the Abbey— where two artists who accompanied the party remained to take measurements. Walked towards Cleghorn and Knock Hill, crossed over the western side of the hill and visited the banks of the Black Devon, and returned by the pass between the two Saline Hills to Dunfermline, which was reached about 6 p.m. Returned by train at 6.40 p.m., reaching Edinburgh about 9 p.m. Some of the party went the day previously to Loch Leven, Benarty, and met us, others went to Rumbling Bridge and joined us in the evening. Among the plants gathered by the various parties were the following :— Ranunculus hederaceus | Linum usitatissimum : ammula Trifolium medium ae reptans (Loch < striatum Fittie and Loch Leven) | Oxytropis Halleri (Bishop Trollius europzeus Hill) Nuphar luteum Vicia sylvatica ‘Nymphea alba Rubus saxatilis Nasturtium palustre Saxifraga hypnoides Viola lutea Sedum villosum Radiola Millegrana (near Sempervivum tectorum Loch Leven) 206 Joseph Bell, M. Cockram, W. H. Dewar BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Myriophyllum spicatum alterniflorum Callitriche platycarpa Helosciadium repens Cicuta virosa Carum Carui Meum sa. Viburnum Opu Galium boreale (Bishop Hill) » Witheringii uliginosum Contcbetiuns ruber Chrysanthemum segetum Carduus setosus Vaccinium Oxycoccus Erica Tetralix » cinerea Pyrola rotundifolia (Black Devon) » media » mino Veronica scutellata Calamintha Clinopodium Galeopsis versicolor Littorella lacustris Polygonum viviparum Rumex alpinus (near Rum bling Bridge) Euphorbia Cyparissias (near Rumbling Bridge) Myrica Gale Populus tremula Listera cordata a Gymnadenia conopsea fs albida Habenaria bifolia sy chlorantha Narthecium ossifragum Paris quadrifolia (near Rum- ing Bridge) Sparganium ramosum Alisma ranunculoides (Loch Leven Potamogeton natans 5 oblongus a perfoliatus(Loch Leven) as acutifolius " pusillus pectinatus Sirsa setaceus » lacustris » sylvaticus Eriophorum angustifolium Carex paniculata » filiformis Molinia czerulea Poa nemoralis 3 Montana Festuca bromoides Allosorus crispus (Saline Hills Polypodium Dryopteris Phegopteris Equiectin umbrosum Lycopodium Selago s clavatum i selaginoides Ayton, Eyemouth, St. Abb’s Head. Friday, 20th July 1855. Party consisting of Dr. Balfour, Zerub Baillie, George Blackie, , Alex. Dickson, George PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 207 Dods, Wm. Drysdale, E. W, Dubuc, J. A. Forbes, William Forbes, Adolphus Graham, William Grey, James Hay, J. Hector, A. B. Nieser, Joseph Perry, Wm. D. Singer, Francis Skae, V. E. Walker, M. Whitfield, M. Yellowlees, John A. Yule, met at the North British Railway Station at 4 p.m., and proceeded to Ayton. Mr. Hector had preceded us for the purpose of examining geo- logically Siccars Point and other rocks near the sea. He met the party near Eyemouth. — Return tickets, 2s. 6d. On reaching Ayton the party were met by the gardener to Mr. Mitchell Innes and conducted to Ayton Castle, where strawberries and cream were provided on the grass, After par- taking of them the party visited the Castle under the direction of Mr. Mitchell Innes. The party then walked through the grounds of Ayton Castle and Netherbyres under the guidance of the gardener, and reached Eyemouth between 8 and 9g p.m. They were accommodated at Mr. William Paterson’s Ship Inn; some had beds in other places. Saturday, 21st July 1855. Breakfasted at 7 a.m. and then walked by the coast to St. Abb’s Head, and reached the shore near Fast Castle about 3 in the afternoon. Observed the remarkable construction of the lower Silurian rocks—the old sandstone cliffs with the trap. Day was delightful, although oppressively hot. Among the plants gathered during the trip were the following :— Thalictrum minus ae Lychnis Githago | ‘s flexuosum(Nether-| Cerastium tetrandrum byres) Alsine verna (St. Abb’s Ranunculus aquatilis Head) yhirsutus (near Geranium pratense Dunlow Farm rm) Acer campestre(Netherbyres) Glaucium luteum Astragalus hypoglottis Fumaria capreolata Vicia sylvatica Sinapis alba Agrimonia Eupatoria Cakile maritima Sedum Rhodiola Dianthus deltoides Epilobium angustifolium Silene maritima Conium maculatum 208 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Listera ovata (Netherbyres) Gymnadenia conopsea 4Hthusa Cynapium Haloscias scoticum | Viburnum Opulus (Nether- Blysmus rufus byres Carex disticha Matricaria Parthenium »» arenaria Carlina vulgaris » vulpina Hieracium prenanthoides » ovalis ragopogon minor Triticum repens Anagallis arvensis = laxum Mertensia maritima » junceum Solanum Dulcamara Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum Linaria vulgaris | Trichomanes Atriplex Babingtonii | Botrychium Lunaria Neottia Nidus-avis (Nether- | Ramalina scopulorum byres) The total expenses at Eyemouth, including tea, beds, break- fast, and sandwiches, were 5s., which added to the railway fare makes the expense of the trip 7s. 6d. Ben Lawers. Friday, 3rd August 1855. A party consisting of J. H. Balfour, R. K. Greville, Thomas Barclay, Joseph Bell, James S. Candlish, P. Neill Fraser, James Gilchrist, James Hector, Charles W. Hope, J. Augustus Metcalfe, James Miller, William Nichol, William Ogle, Andrew Pow, James C. Rattray, William D. Singer, Mohamed Ali Soubki, Hugh G. Stewart, C. J. J. Terrot, V. E. D. Walker, left Edinburgh on Friday, 3rd August, at 6.30 a.m., and reached Stirling at 8.20. Met Dr. Gilchrist and Mr. Bell there. Nineteen breakfasted in Campbell’s Royal Hotel. Some of the party gathered Lactuca virosa and Linaria repens at Stirling Castle. After breakfast, left in a coach, hired for the purpose, whieh held six inside and thirteen out. On reaching Callander visited Bracklinn Bridge, where we found :— Vicia sylvatica Hieracium strictum Hieracium denticulatum Polypodium Dryopteris ” prenanthoides Equisetum umbrosum PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 209 Dr. Greville gathered Déatomella Balfouriana and other Diatomacez. Changed horses at Callander at Menzies’ Inn—Menzies had been a keeper at Braemar when Greville, Brand, and I visited that part of the country in 1847. Met Mr. Hill and his son at Callander. Proceeded by the Pass of Leny to Loch Lubnaig. Gathered :— Nuphar luteum Nymphea alba »» pumilum Lysimachia vulgaris Again changed horses at King’s House, near Lochearnhead. Walked from Lochearnhead to the summit of the Pass. On the way gathered many good mosses and diatoms :— Bryum elongatum Orthotrichum rupestre Didymodon capillaceum Blindia acuta Neckera crispa Hypnum myosuroides Bryum alpinum Sticta fuliginosa (Bracklinn » nutans Bridge) » julaceum (in abun- dant fructification) Reached Mrs. M‘Tavish’s Inn at Killin at 7 p.m., and were all comfortably accommodated. Met Mr. Rattray, who joined the party. Met also a Mr. Young, who was making a collection of ferns ; he was particularly interested in the ferns of Wales, and was engaged in publishing a work on the subject, illustrated by specimens. Saturday, 4th August 1855. Party numbering 21, including Mr. Young from Wales, proceeded at 8 a.m. to Craig Chailliach. In Finlarig woods gathered Linnea borealis and Habenaria chlorantha. Noticed particularly Watson’s regions in ascending, characterised by Rubus Chamemorus, Calluna vulgaris, Erica Tetralix, Pteris aquilina. On reaching the foot of the cleft on Craig Chailliach, gathered Polystichum Lonchitis, Polystichum lobatum and varieties. Ascended the hills and went along the foot of the high cliffs till we reached a deep ravine by which we ascended to the 210 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY summit. Had a fine view although the day was rather misty now and then, though beautiful glimpses were seen of the sur- rounding scenery. On the Ben Chailliach cliffs were gathered all the ordinary alpine plants. Some of the rarer species seen were :— Draba incana | Euphrasia officinalis, var. verna, var. inflata gracilis Cochlearis officinalis Oxyria reniformis alpina Salix nigricans, var. rupestris Gestion alpinum Carex atrata Sagina apetala », stictocarpa » subulata », capillaris Potentilla alpestris Sesleria cerulea Saxifraga nivalis Poa alpina vivipara Epilobium alpinum », Balfourii and vars. Vaccinium uliginosum Botrychium Lunaria Armeria maritima The ravine at the end of the cliffs was very productive of alpine plants :—-- as octopetala Juncus biglumis Alsine rubella Veronica saxatilis Drya | Potentilla alpestris Luzula spicata Rain came on and lasted for about an hour: Walked along the cliffs towards Ben-y-Cruiach Ben, and ascended the hill— reached the summit about 3 p.m. Gathered :— Sibbaldia procumbens | Carex atrata Saussurea alpina », pulla Dr. Greville saw a golden eagle to-day, and Messrs. Metcalfe and Walker saw two eagles with white tail feathers. Reached the inn about6p.m. - Craig Chailliach 2570 fest; Ben-y-Cruiach Ben 3070 . feet above Killin. Monday, 6th August 1855. Twenty started this morning at 7.30 a.m. for Ben Lawers. Morning tolerable, but the hills misty. In the course of the day PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 211 the mist became very thick and rain fell in quantity. Walked to the 434 mile-stone from Killin, and then began to ascend the hill. Proceeded first in the direction of Loch-na-gat, gathering on the way :— Rubus Chamzmorus Eriophorum latifolium Cornus suecica Splachnum sphzricum Visited the rocks above Loch-na-gat, and then walked round the corrie in the midst of mist—the effects of the late storms seen in the debris on the hills—appearance of the effects of water- spouts. Gathered :— Erigeron alpinus Poa Balfourii Myosotis suaveolens Woodsia hyperborea Juncus castaneus Polypodium alpestre » biglumis and all the ordinary alpine plants. Abundance of Cysdopieris montana on rocks to the west of Loch-na-gat. Ascended to the top of Ben Lawers, which was reached about 3p.m. Near the summit got Draba rupestris, Cetraria tslandica. The wind on the summit was very strong, accompanied with mist and rain. Descended from the summit by the aid of the compass, taking a S.W. direction. Reached the glen leading to len Lyon, and thence proceeded across the flanks of Cat- yaheaman to Loch Tay. Reached the inn about 6.30 p.m. thoroughly drenched. On our return home at night found Mr. Hugh Macmillan, who had arrived from Aberfeldy in the morning with the view of ascending Ben Lawers. Peltidea venosa is abundant on walls near Killin. Tuesday, 7th August 1855. This morning was wet, misty, and unpromising, and the party found it impossible to ascend any of the hills. Dr. Greville, on account of the weather, left for Edinburgh at 1 o'clock by the coach passing through Stirling. He took with him my packet of dried plants, including Cystopteris montana, also some roots of it as well as of Polypodium altestre, Woodsia hyperborea and Draba rupestris. 212 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY About 10 a.m. some of the party visited the Macnab Burying Ground and saw the peculiar fir in which a branch from another tree has fallen into a cleft and become grafted; the branch now hangs down from the plant to which it is attached. Some of the party then walked along the south side of Loch Tay and gathered numerous ferns in a fine state :-— Asplenium viride Polypodium Dryopteris s Trichomanes - Phegopteris (very large) Proceeded about six miles along the shore to a ferry, there crossed the loch, landing between one and two miles west of Lawers Inn. Returned by the road to Killin, visiting the upper part of Loch Tay and gathering :-— Arctium majus Carex vesicaria Calamintha Clinopodium Parmelia caperata Salix phylicifolia Mr. Nichol attempted the ascent of Meal Ghaordie, but failed on account of the mist. Mr. Macmillan left for Aberfeldy by coach. Wednesday, 8th August 1855. The morning was doubtful, mist hung over the hills, and there was a calm in the air. The wind, however, ultimately assumed a north-westerly direction, and part of the mist was cleared away, but the higher summits were covered all day. Captain Terrot, Mr. Rattray, and Mr. Singer left for the South. There remained, therefore, 16 of our party, of whom 13 went to Meal Ghaordie, while three remained fishing in the Dochart, and caught two dozen trout. The botanical party started about 7.30 a.m. and walked along the banks of the Lochay. At Lochay Inn met Mr. George Mann, who had been successful in getting Cystopteris montana on Chorrach Uachdar. Walked about three miles up the Lochay to a farm, near which was seen some common metamorphic limestone with mica slate alternating with it. At the lower part of the hill picked :-— Corydalis claviculata Malaxis paludosa Drosera anglica Gymnadenia albida Meum athamanticum PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 213 Ascended by the south-eastern side of the hill, gathering :— Rubus Chamzmorus | Vaccinium uliginosum Cornus suecica | Tofieldia palustris Then ascended to the summit amidst thick mist, gathering a number of alpine plants, especially mosses. and _ lichens. Descended to the northern side of the hill, and afterwards examined the rocks on the southern side. Among the plants gathered were (on the northern side by Mr. Nichol) :— Salix Lapponum Salix arbutifolia = Myrsinites kkhynchospora alba _ Also gathered :— Silene acaulis Poa Balfourii Cherleria sedoides Allosorus crispus Sibbaldia procumbens Polypodium alpestre (in fruit Epilobium alpinum on southern rocks) Gnaphalium supinum Cystopteris dentata Salix venulosa Polystichum Lonchitis » herbacea Lastrea dilatata », reticulata fs var. collina Juncus trifidus Sclachuued mnioides » biglumis Sphzrophoron coralloides » triglumis Stereocaulon paschale Carex pulla (some specimens very large on northern side by Mr. Nichol) Mr. Hector, by the aneroid, made height of hill 3124 feet, and height of Pzeris about 1200 or 1300 feet above Killin. Party returned to the inn about 6.30 p.m. Thursday, 9th August 1855. The morning was promising although there was still mist on the hills. A party of ten started for Ben Lawers about 7.30 a.m. The remainder went fishing and geologising. Mr. Hector examined the limestone quarry up the Lochay. The party to Ben Lawers walked by the road for about three miles, and then 214 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY turned up the hill. Ascended the back of the hill called Ben y Lassigh. By the time the party reached the summit there was still thick mist. Visited the cliffs on the west side of Ben Lawers and found abundance of :— Draba rupestris (which was Sedum villosum (which ex- also found lower down) tended to near the summit) Alsine rubella Erigeron alpinus Gentiana nivalis Ascended the south side of Ben Lawers and saw abundance of Saxifraga cernua, some in flower, some in fruit, some barren. Then reached the summit of the hill, which was gained about 2 p.m., where we had a splendid view of the country around. The view was very extensive—Ben Lomond, Ben More, Ben na Mac Dhu, Ben Nevis, Ben Cruachan, and Schiehallion were seen, Descended from the summit in the direction of Loch-na-gat. Gathered :— Cerastium alpinum and many Juncus castaneus alpine plants Phleum commutatum Alsine rubella Cystopteris montana The sides of the hills were furrowed with the effects of the rain of the 3rd August, apparently as if waterspouts had burst on the hills. Vast masses of debris were carried down to the valleys below, and deep furrows were made in the hill. Returned to the inn about 7 p.m. Friday, \oth August 1855. Many of the party were disposed to go directly to Inverarnan — to-day, and accordingly Mr. Barclay, Dr. Ogle, Messrs. Fraser, Candlish, Stewart, Walker, and Dr. Soubki went by coach to Inverarnan, carrying the baggage of the party. They left Killin about 8 am. The remainder, viz. Dr. Balfour, Messrs. Hope, Nichol, Pow, Bell, Miller, Hector, Metcalfe, and Dr. Gilchrist, after settling the bill at Killin, proceeded on foot up Glen Lochay as far as the slated farm-house, where they were hospitably entertained with milk and cakes. The morning was PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 215 dull, and there was some drizzling rain on the high grounds, while the tops of the hills were covered with heavy and thick mist. On leaving the farm-house the party walked directly up the hill- opposite the house, and finally reached the mountain called Chorrach Uachdar. The cliffs of this hill were carefully examined, and many alpine plants were seen, such as :— Sibbaldia procumbens ~~ | Oxyria reniformis Saxifraga oppositifolia | Salix herbacea stellaris | », reticulata Epilobium alsinifolium | Juncus biglumis alpinum » triglumis alp Crinphiniail supinum In a ravine on the hill there was abundance of Cystopteris montana; the spot had been apparently recently visited. Probably this was the spot where the plant was gathered by Mr. George Mann. Ina spot of difficult access, Mr. Nichol gathered a specimen with a stalk 7 inches long and blade 3% inches, making a total for the frond of 10} inches. On Chorrach Uachdar there is a large quantity of the Cystopteris in different spots, some of them not likely to be reached except by good alpine climbers. Near the summit of this high hill there was abundance of Tussilago Farfara as well as Bellis perennts. On leaving the cliffs, which are about 2400 feet above the level of the sea, the party ascended to the top of the hill (probably 1000 feet more) amidst thick mist; they required to guide themselves in their descent by the compass, directing their course S.W. On their way down Arctostaphylos Uva-ursit was gathered, also Hzeracium boreale. The party reached the Dochart, across which they waded. In Loch Dochart Lobelia Dortmanna was picked. They then proceeded to Crianlarich, where they had refreshments, and then walked amidst drizzling rain and mist to Inverarnan, which was reached (M‘Lellan’s Inn) about 8.30 p.m., after walking for twelve hours, and covering 32 or 34 miles, many of them over lofty hills. Two of the party (Fraser and Candlish), who had gone by coach in the morning to Inverarnan, and thence to Tarbet by steamer, and walked back, gathered on the way Osmunda regalis and Lythrum Salicaria, 216 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY The party at Inverarnan to the number of 14 were most comfortably accommodated at this inn. The Lochay Inn (John Cameron’s), close to the bridge over the Lochay, and about half a mile from Killin, is infinitely superior to M‘Tavish’s at Killin, and ought to be encouraged. Saturday, 11th August 1855. The morning was misty and drizzly as on former days. The mist reached to the very bottom of the mountains and com- pletely obscured the view of the beautiful scenery on Loch Lomond. After breakfast we left by the boat at 7.45 a.m. and reached Balloch, whence we proceeded by train to Bowling, and then to Glasgow, reached about 12.45, and Edinburgh reached at 2.45 p.m., thus ending the highland excursion for the season. EXCURSIONS IN 1856. Corstorphine, Almond Bridge, Cramond, Granton. Saturday, 1oth May 1856. About 120 pupils met at the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Station at 12 noon and proceeded by train at 12.15 to Corstorphine Station (tickets 3d. each), thence walked over the hill to the Almond Bridge, and by the banks of the river to Cramond and along the shore to Granton. Among the plants gathered were :— Anemone nemorosa Geranium lucidum Ranunculus Ficaria } i molle Caltha palustris Prunus communis Cochlearia officinalis » Avium Capsella Bursa-pastoris Fragaria vesca Viola hirta Potentilla Fragariastrum » sylvatica Saxifraga granulata Lychnis diurna Ribes Grossularia -Stellaria media » alpinum Holostea » rubrum PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 217 Galium Cruciata Orchis mascula Tussilago Farfara Endymion nutans Petasites vulgaris Luzula sylvatica Myosotis arvensis Carex vulgaris Linaria Cymbalaria Taxus baccata Nepeta Glechoma Pinus sylvestris Lamium purpureum Asplenium Trichomanes ‘ album m Ruta-muraria Mercurialis perennis Cystopteris fragilis Ulmus montana (in fruit) Lastrea Filix-mas Betula alba Equisetum arvense Salix (various) Some of the party visited Colinton and gathered :— Helleborus fcetidus Doronicum Paradalianches Berberis vulgaris Arum maculatum Gorebridge, Arniston, Dalhousie, Dalkeith. Saturday, 17th May 1856. Party of 110 met at the North British Railway Station at 11.20 and proceeded to Gorebridge, thence walked to Arniston, Dalhousie, and Dalkeith Station, returning about 8 p.m. Return tickets, 1s. The day was very showery. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Anemone nemorosa Prunus Avium Ranunculus cng, + eee ria Geum urbanum Acnieue — (in leaf) » Tivale Barbarea vulgaris Chrysosplenium oppositi- Viola sylvatica f Stellaria nemorosa ” alterni- Moehringia trinervia folium Oxalis Acetosella Ribes Grossularia Sarothamnus scoparius » alpinum Lathyrus macrorrhizus Myrrhis odorata Prunus communias: Adoxa Moschatellina ,» domestica Galium Cruciata 218 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Asperula odorata Valeriana pyrenaica (not in flower) Petasites vulgaris Doronicum plantagineum (not in ) Primula vulgaris veris Fraxinus excelsior Vinca minor Pulmonaria officinalis Myosotis sylvatica Salix Russeliana », Caprea Neottia Nidus-avis Orchis mascula Galanthus nivalis (in fruit) Allium ursinum Alopecurus pratensis Pinus sylvestris Equisetum Telmateia : arvense Lathrea Squamaria (abun Hraoecn dant) : piifpodtans vulgare Lamium purpureum : am Phegopteris 3? + Buxus sempervirens Ulmus montana Fagus sylvatica Xyloma acerinum Polyporus betulinus ? Burntisland, Starly Burn, Aberdour. Saturday, 2ath May 1856. Party of about go proceeded by train at 9.45 a.m. to Granton, thence to Burntisland. Return tickets, 9d. From Burntisland the party walked by the shore to Starly Burn and Aberdour, and returned by the boat leaving Burntisland at 5 p.m. Among the interesting plants gathered were the following :— Ranunculus auricomus Cheiranthus Cheiri Arabis hirsuta Cochlearia danica (Island) Sisymbrium Thalianum Helianthemum vulgare Viola sylvatica » tricolor, var. arvensis sy lutea Acer Pseudo-platanus Geranium sanguineum hzeum Medicago maculata Anthyllis Vulneraria Vicia hirsuta » lathyroides Spirea Filipendula Pyrus Malus Saxifraga granulata Myrrhis odorata PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFOUR. 219 #thusa Cynapium Asperula taurina (near Burntisland Valerianella olitoria Leontodon lzvigatus Primula caulescens yy elatior Anchusa sempervirens Myosotis collina Solanum Dulcamara Salvia Verbenaca Lamium incisum Asarum europzeum Ruscus aculeatus Scolopendrium vulgare Botrychium Lunaria Hypnum commutatum (en- crusted with carbonate of lime) Fucus ceranoides (an allowed form of Fucus vesiculosus, fresh - water shore at Aberdour where it joins the sea at Starly Burn) ; Exidia Auricula-Judz (on near Aberdour Castle, Mr. Park, in large quantity) Penicuik, Auchendinny, Roslin. Saturday, 31st May 1856, Party of about 80 met at the North British Railway Station at 8.40 a.m. and proceeded to Penicuik, then walked to Auchen- dinny and Roslin by banks of the Esk. Tickets to Penicuik and return from Roslin, Is. 3d. each. Among the plants collected were the following :— Montia fontana Geranium sylvaticum Anemone nemorosa Ranunculus auricomus Trollius europzeus molle Aquilegia oor (Auchen- Gxalia Acetscla (pink) dinn Prunus Pad ‘sediibed Napellus (Auchen- Pyrus p oaaaems dinny, not in flower) » Malus Cardamine amara Saxifraga granulata ” hirsuta Chrysosplenium alterni- - Ivatica folium Viola palustris Ribes Grossularia Cerastium glomeratum » rubrum Stellaria nemorum » nigrum Sanicula europza Myrrhis odorata pei uliginosa Moehringia trinervia 220 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Adoxa Moschatellina Polypodium Dryopteris Myosotis versicolor Phegopteris Veronica agrestis Eguteerci maximum = arvensis ey arvense montana sy umbrosum Betula ga (Auchendinny Salix fragi and Penicuik) cinerea sylvaticum Caprea si palustre Neottia Nidus-avis ” limosum Orchis mascula hyemale Bartransia fontana Agaricus fascicularis Morchella esculenta Luzula pilosa Carex precox Melica uniflora Polystichum aculeatum Mid-Calder, Meadowbank, Dalmahoy Hills, Ravelrig, Currie. Saturday, 7th June 1856. Party of 80 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 9.35 a.m. and proceeded to Mid-Calder, then walked to Meadowbank, Dalmahoy Hills, Ravelrig, Water of Leith, and Currie, returning from the latter place at 5.36 p.m. Return third-class tickets, 8d. Morning good, but afternoon very wet. Among the plants collected were the following :— Trollius europzeus Meconopsis cambrica Corydalis claviculata Draba verna Sisymbrium Thalianum Viola palustris » lutea Geranium sylvaticum columbinum Prunus insititia » domestica Geum intermedium Saxifraga 2 ee Myrrhis o Myosotis versicolor PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 221 Scrophularia vernalis (Meadowbank) Salix cinerea 9» aquatica > Caprea Corallorrhiza innata Listera ovata Narcissus poeticus Allium ursinum Tulipa sylvestris Arum maculatum Scirpus ceespitosus Carex vulgaris » glauca » binervis Pinus sylvestris Polypodium Phegopteris Botrychium Lunaria Equisetum arvense Tortula papillosa (at Balerno) Sticta crocata (and other lichens, Dalmahoy) Sticta scrobiculata Parmelia pulverulenta 7 pallescens Cockburnspath, Dunglass Dene, Pease Dene. Saturday, 21st June 1856. Party of between 80 and 90 met at the North British Railway Station at 8 am. and proceeded to Cockburnspath, visited Dunglass Dene, stones in the neighbourhood, and ease Dene, returning by train passing Cockburnspath at 6.3, and reaching Edinburgh about 8 p.m. Return tickets, 2s. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Ranunculus hederaceus Silene maritima Stellaria uliginosa Geranium pheum ; sylvaticum Trifolium arvense os striatum Anthyllis Vulneraria Astragalus hypoglottis O Vicia sepium oo Satin », lathyroides Chzrophyllum temulum (Enanthe crocata Valerianella olitoria Carduus acanthoides Pyrola minor Vinca major to BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Vinca minor Anchusa sempervirens Hyoscyamus niger Veronica montana Lamium Galeobdolon Chenopodium _ Bonus- Henricus Neottia Nidus-avis Carex pendula Briza media Polystichum aculeatum angulare Squid Telmateia is arvense . palustre limosum Weissia verticillata Plocamium coccineum Delesseria sanguinea ‘ limosa " alat Odonthalia dentata Alaria esculenta Ptilota plumosa Halidrys siliquosa Desmarestia aculeata Laminaria saccharina igitata Polysiphonia fastigiata Chylocladia articulata Corallina officinalis Rhodymenia palmata Hypnea purpurascens Enteromorpha intestinalis Polyporus versicolor North Queensferry, Inverkeithing, St. Davids. Saturday, 28th June 1856. Party of 50-60 met at Granton Pier at 6 am. and proceeded by steamboat to North Queensferry, thence walked to Inver- keithing and St. Davids, and returned to Queensferry by boat between 3 and 4 p.m. Return tickets—Queensferry, od. ; Granton Pier, 2d.; Ferry Pier, 6d. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Thalictrum flexuosum Thlaspi arvense ss majus Reseda lutea Ranunculus hederaceus Viola hirta Papaver Rhoeas » canina » dubium Saponaria officinalis Argemone Lychnis vespertina Fumaria micrantha Cerastium tetrandrum Draba verna . semidecandrum Brassica oleracea Sagina maritima Diplotaxis tenuifolia » subulata PROFESSOR JOHN Lepigonum marinum Linum usitatissimum Geranium sanguineum Melilotus officinalis Trifolium arvense i striatum MsGh aias Glyciphyllos Oxytropis Halleri Vicia lutea » Sativa Spirza Filipendula Rubus corylifolius Potentilla verna Comarum palustre Rosa spinosissima Sedum Telephium (not in flower) Sedum villosum Sempervivum tectorum (not in flower) Callitriche platycarpa Carum Carui Anthriscus vulgaris (Enanthe crocata Haloscias scoticum Pastinaca sativa (St. Davids) Daucus Carota Arran. HUTTON BALFOUR. Sambucus Ebulus (not flower Filago germanica Antennaria dioica Anthemis Cotula Carduus tenuiflorus ” i Campanula rotundifolia Erica cinerea Armeria maritima Anagallis arvensis Lithospermum arvense Echium vulgare Veronica agrestis Lamium intermedium ;; maculatum Scleranthus annuus useda maritima Orchis mascula 5» Maculata Scirpus pauciflorus Carex (numerous species) 223 in Arundo epigejos (St. Davids) Trisetum flavescens Koeleria cristata Sclerochloa maritima distans F cated arundinacea Nardus stricta Wednesday, 2nd July 1856. Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, George J. Allman, Alex. Abercrombie, Arthur Amys, J. W. A Bain, John B. Balfour, Thomas Barclay, John M nderson, Roderick Hope . Bell, Joseph Bell, M. Montgomerie Bell, William M. Black, James M. Brodie, E. B. Broxter, James Burn, George Calvert, James S, Candlish 224 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY T.S. Christie, R. H. Clay, John de la Condamine, Robert C. Cowan, Ric. John Will Dixon, James Dodd, George Dods, T. T. Douglass, Andrew Duncan, John Duncan, San Effendi, F. W. A. Fabeck, William Forbes, Thomas Fuller, Archibald W. Hamilton, Robert B. Hay, James Hector, George Hill, M. Horn, ee Howden, W. Jernanor, Henry Leach, W. Ward Lendam, William Lorimer, Alexander J. Macfarlan, William M(‘Neillie, Robert Maxwell, F. A. Morton, John R. Murray, William Nichol, Arthur Pearse, Andrew Pow, John Sandison, John Small, William D. Singer, Alex. D. Soutter, Wm. Hy. Stephenson, William Turnbull, Thomas James Walker, and George Williamson, met at the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Station at 8.20 p.m., and proceeded by the 8.30 train to Glasgow. Return tickets, available till 5th, 3s. 6d. Reached Glasgow at 10.30 p.m., and proceeded to the Queen’s Hotel, George Square (Mr. Macgregor), where accommodation was ready for us all. Thursday, 3rd July 1856. Party was roused at 6 am., and, after settling the bill, proceeded at 7 a.m. to the Broomielaw to the Arran steamboat “Jupiter.” Baggage was conveyed in a cart for a charge of 3s. Breakfasted on board the “Jupiter.” Reached Springbank about 1 pm. Here the botanical party landed with all the baggage, while Professor Allman with a party of about 12 proceeded by the steamboat to Holy Island. There Dr. Greville and Dr. Miles had boats ready for the party (dredging), who were very successful. The botanical party, after making arrangements at the inn for beds and tea-dinner, walked by the shore to Corriegills and Clachland Point. Crossing the trap without going round the point, they walked by the shore to Lamlash, meeting Dr. Greville, and afterwards went by the road to Springbank. The chief plants gathered were :— Hypericum Androsemum Samolus Valerandi Saxifraga Geum (wood near Pinguicula lusitanica Springbank) Juncus maritimus (not in Cotyledon Umbilicus flower Anagallis tenella Blysmus rufus PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 225 Hymenophyllum Wilsoni splenium marinum Lastrea Oreopteris Scheenus nigricans Carex lzvigata 2 Se oo? | Triticum laxum (near Lam- | lash) | Also on shore between Springbank and Brodick :— Brassica monensis Mertensia maritima Eryngium maritimum Fucus vesiculosus, vars. Returned for tea-dinner about 7 p.m. After putting plants in paper retired to rest, some to beds, others to mattresses on the floor of the court house, others to a bed of straw. One of the party slept in a sycomore-tree for three hours, and another lay on the grass plot. friday, 4th July 1856. All were roused at 6 a.m., and, after breakfasting in the open air, started about 7.30 for their destinations. About 12 went to dredge with Professor Allman, the rest went to Goatfell. The day was good at first and promised well, but ere we reached the summit of the mountain (which is 2875 feet high) mist and rain came on. We found it impossible to go along the ridge to Glen Sannox, and we therefore descended to the shore at Brodick, and walked towards Corrie. The plants gathered were :-— Sedum anglicum Lycopus europzus (not in CEnanthe Lachenalii (not in flower flower) ' Scutellaria galericulata Jasione montana ' Gymnadenia conopsea Anagallis tenella Habenaria chlorantha Erythrza littoralis (not in Juncus maritimus (not in flower flower) Linaria Cymbalaria Potamogeton plantagineus Pinguicula lusitanica Scheenus nigricans In woods on the Red Sandstone Cliffs :— Lythrum Salicaria (not in Lastrea dilatata flower) », Foenisecii Hymenophyllum Osmunda regalis tunbridgense 226 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY On Goatfell -— Alchemilla alpina Carex pilulifera Saxifraga stellaris », Ppallescens Peplis Portula Juniperus nana Vaccinium Vitis-Idza Lycopodium Selago Salix herbacea Batrachospermum vagum Carex pauciflora Returned to Springbank about 3.30 p.m. Dredging party did not return till 7.30 p.m. Mr. Nichol walked by Corrie to Loch Ranza, and did not return to Springbank till next day, when he brought back with him Pyrus fennica, Drosera anglica, Lobelia Dortmanna. Saturday, 5th July 1856. The morning was beautiful, and all breakfasted about 7 a.m. in the open air at Springbank. After breakfast the party divided into different sections, some going to dredge in Lamlash Bay, others boating and fishing, others going to Holy Island. The party for Holy Island proceeded to Lamlash and got a large boat to take them across and wait for them. They inspected Dr. Miles’ Vivarium which is admirably kept, and contains many beautiful specimens of marine animals. Dr. Miles and Dr. Greville left in the morning for Glasgow. The party next examined the vegetation of the island and gathered :— Sedum anglicum Zostera marina Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi Asplenium marinum ycopus europzeus Osmunda regalis Scutellaria galericulata ; Visited also St. Molio’s Cave ; some ascended to the top of the island. The day became overcast and some rain descended. It was not, however, till late in the afternoon that the mist, rain, and wind became great. On returning to Lamlash gathered fine specimens of Hypericum Androsemum and Cotyledon Umbilicus. Joined the boat at. 1.45 p-m., Our baggage having been put on board at Springbank. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 227 Dined on board the boat. Took up some of the party at Corrie in passing. The captain of the “Jupiter” made great efforts to _ take the party back to Glasgow in time for the 8 o’clock train to Edinburgh. He was much hindered by the parties coming on board at all the ports, owing to the day being set apart for Greenock Fair. In spite of this, we reached the Broomielaw at 7.45 p.m., and were in time for the train, reaching Edinburgh at 10 p.m. Dysart, Wemyss, MacDuff’s Castle, Leven Bridge, Thornton. 2 Saturday, 12th July 1856. Party of 70-80 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway Station at 9.45 a.m. and proceeded to Dysart, thence walked to Wemyss, MacDuff’s Castle, and Thornton Junction, where they joined the train at 8.10 p.m., and returned to Edinburgh about 10. Return tickets, 2s. Professor Allman with a geological party accompanied the botanists. At Dysart Station Mr. Barclay, Mr. Kerr, mining engineer, and the Messrs. Knight, sons of the Free Church minister of East Wemyss, met the party. Mr. Bywater also met them at his College, and exhibited his coal fossils and some diamonds. At Dysart the geological and botanical parties separated, the geological party guided by Mr. Kerr, the botanical by Messrs. Knight. The botanists walked near the shore to Wemyss, saw fossils on shore in shale. Visited Chapel Gardens under guidance of Mr. Bywater, the gardener. Went to Wemyss Castle—examined cliffs and garden, went by shore to East Wemyss, called at Mr. Knight’s and saw a beautiful collection of seaweeds and zoophytes, then walked to caves and gathered A splenium marinum. Visited the cave below MacDuff’s Castle, and lunched at the Castle about 3.30 or 4 p.m. Violent thunderstorm passed towards south-east, we only got a few drops of rain. Mr. Barclay kindly provided lunch for the whole party. Walked towards Leven Bridge, and then by banks of Leven and Ore to Thornton Junction. 228 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Among the plants collected were the following :— Thalictrum minus | Senecio viscosus Ranunculus aquatilis Brassica oleracea (Wemyss rocks Lepidium latifolium (Wemyss Castle rocks) Cerastium Ree Hypericum humifus Leven Hulwar faaks) Linum usitatissimum Geranium sylvaticum 7 pratense Acer campestre (hedges, MacDuff’s Castle) Pyrus Aria Circa lutetiana (Chapel woods) Conium maculatum Smyrnium Olusatrum (Wemyss es Sambucus nigra, va laciniata iorae ‘Chapet Valeriana pyrenai (woods at Wathijie Castle) Dipsacus sylvestris (near Wemyss) Knautia arvensis Matricaria Parthenium Cynoglossum officinale Anchusa die ie Hyoscyamus nig (Wemyss Castle veneer. Thap (MacDuff’s Castle) Galeopsis versicolor Atriplex Babingtonii Polygonum Raii (near West Wemyss) Rumex viridis Euphorbia exigua Listera ovata Lilium Martagon (from garden Scirpus setaceus (near Thornton) » sylvaticus (near Thornton) Carex levigata (near Thornton) Festuca arundinacea Triticum — Asplenium marinum (caves at Won Polyporus Moffat. friday, 18th July 1856. Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, A. Amys, J. Ballantyne, _ John Montgomerie Bell, Joseph Bell, M. Montgomerie Bell, James B. Carruthers, William Carruthers, John de la Condamine, Alexander Dickson, A. B. Duffin, Allan Duke, P. Neill Fraser, H. R. Handyside, Charles Wm. Hope, John A. Hudleston, PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 229 J. St. Johnston, William Johnston, Henry Leach, Alexander J. Macfarlan, David Philip Maclagan, Robert Craig Maclagan, W. M‘Neillie, Alex. C. Maingay, A. Murray, Robert Nicholson, John Orphoot, Ric. John Wil. Orton, James Sadler, John Sadler, William R. Sanders, Thomas James Walker, George Williamson, met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 5 p.m., and pro- ceeded to Beattock, which was reached about 8.30 p.m. Return ticket, 4s. Three of the party, Messrs. Leach, Walker, and Orton, missed the train, and came by one at 8.15 p.m. At Beattock met the Rev. Mr. Little, who had kindly made preparation for our accommodation at Moffat. Walked to Moffat and took up our quarters at the Annandale Arms Inn, Mrs. Cranstoun’s, where all were comfortably accommodated. Beds were provided for the most of the party in the town. Mr. Hope, Mr. Fraser,and Mr. Maingay had been in the district two days before us and brought a number of good. plants, among others Vicia Orobus and Allosorus crispus. Saturday, 19th July 1856. ' Breakfasted about 6.30 am. After settling bill proceeded by one omnibus with four horses and two carriages with two horses each to the Grey Mare’s Tail. There we dismissed our convey- ~ ances, and walked the rest of the day. Visited the waterfall and the rocks near it, gathering :-— Thalictrum minus Festuca ovina vivipara Epilobium alpinum Hymenophyllum Wilsoni Oxyria reniformis Allosorus crispus Thence, under the guidance of a shepherd provided by Mr. Little from Mr. Robert Johnstone, of Polmoodie, walked to Dobb’s Linn, picking Savrifraga stellaris and Sedum villosum on the way. On the rocks near the Linn Saztf/raga hypnotdes and Botrychium Lunaria. Thence walked to Loch Skene, gathering on the way Rubus Chamemorus and Melampyrum montanum, and in the Loch Lzttorella lacustris. Saw no TIsoétes. Some of the party visited the rocks round Loch Skene searching for Woodsia tlvensis, but did not find it. Mr. Sadler and his brother had started at about 3 a.m. with the view of getting this 230 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY fern, and Messrs. Hope, Maingay, and Fraser examined the Loch Skene rocks very carefully. They had previously searched for the fern unsuccessfully in the Beef Tub. Most of the party examined the rocks on White Coombe, which is said to be the highest hill in the south of Scotland. On the rocks were found :— Thalictrum alpinum Salix Lapponum Saxifraga stellaris » Myrsinites Sedum Rhodiola : », herbacea Epilobium angustifolium Carex rigida alpinum » pilulifera Seunkcris alpina Allosorus crispus Oxyria reniformis Ascended to the summit of the hill and had a splendid view all round, particularly in the direction of the Cumberland hills and the Solway. After this our guide left us, and we proceeded under the direction of Messrs. Carruthers (natives of Moffat) along the top of the hill towards Hartfell, lunching on the side of a stream between White Coombe and Hartfell. The road was. very fatiguing. Reached summit of Hartfell, and had again a splendid view. From this we descended by the Well Burn to the Mineral Well, and thence to Moffat, which was reached about 5 p.m. Some descended by a glen to the road, and Mr. Macfarlan got Woodsia ilvensis. After a cold collation we proceeded to Beattock and met the express train at 6.43, by which we returned to Edinburgh about 8.30 p.m. The following are some of the more interesting plants gathered by the party :— Ranunculus acris Saxifraga oppositifolia Trollius europeus (Dobb’s Linn) Cardamine pratensis bs stellaris Cochlearia officinalis eas Linn) Geranium sylvaticum ” hypnoide (Dobb's Linn) Sedum Rhodiola Rubus saxatilis », Villosum (Dobb’s » Chamemorus Linn) Vicia sylvatica (Grey Mare’s Tail) PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 231 Callitriche platycarpa - pedunculata Epilobium angustifolium alpinum Circeea alpina Viburnum Opulus Galium pusillum (Grey are’s Tail) Valeriana officinalis Solidago Virgaurea Antennaria dioica Saussurea alpina Vaccinium Vitis-Idea Pyrola minor » secunda Melampyrum montanum Oxyria reniformis Rumex aquaticus Narthecium ossifragum » Tigida » Ppilulifera » binervis Hymenophyllum Wilsoni Allosorus crispus Athyrium Filix-foemina Woodsia ilvensis Cystopteris fragilis Polystichum aculeatum Lastrea Oreopteris » Filix-mas », dilatata Marchantia androgyna Neckera crispa Salix Lapponum Cladonia rangiferina », Myrsinites , Sticta sylvatica », herbacea | », scrobiculata Empetrum nigrum », pulmonaria Haddington, Lennoxlove, Coalston, Eaglescarnie, anskine Loch, Yester. Saturday, 26th July 1856. Party of 35 met at the North British Railway Station and proceeded to Haddington. Return tickets, 1s. 6d. each. At the Haddington Station met Mr. Shearer, who kindly accom- panied us through the woods of Lennoxlove (where we visited the Tower by permission of Mr. Stuart), Coalston, and Eagles- carnie woods, visited Gothic Hall and cave, and walked to Yester, thence we walked to Danskine Loch and returned to Yester House about 3, where lunch was prepared for us by the Marquis of Tweeddale. Lord Arthur Hay and Lord Frederick Hay also joined the party. After luncheon walked by Gifford to Haddington, where the party joined the train at 6.50 p.m., and reached Edinburgh about 8 p.m. BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Among the plants collected may be noted the following :-— Ranunculus sceleratus Stellaria nemorum Hypericum quadrangulum hirsutum Tilia grandifolia »» parvifolia (Lennoxlove) », europea Geranium sylvaticum ef pratense Ononis arvensis Trifolium medium Rubus corylifolius Comarum palustre Agrimonia Eupatoria Rosa rubiginosa Saxifraga umbrosa (Lennox- love) Ribes Grossularia Sempervivum tectorum Epilobium angustifolium ‘3 hirsutum a parviflorum palustre Corea alpina Viburnum Opulus Doronicum Pardalianches (Lennoxlove Arctium minus Hieracium vulgatum Tragopogon minor Campanula latifolia Calluna vulgaris Erica Tetralix » cinerea Pyrola minor Lysimachia nemorum Anagallis arvensis Ligustrum vulgare Erythrza Centaurium Myosotis sylvatica (Yester) Lithospermum arvense Veronica polita AS scutellata (Danskine) Atriplex hastata Polygonum Convolvulus = aviculare we Persicaria Rumex sanguineus <5 viridis se a Laureola foaensk 1 Euphorbia exigua Quercus Robur sessiliflora (Lennoxlove) Listera ovata Juncus glaucus »,» | supinus (Danskine) Potamogeton natans (Danskine) compressus caitee setaceus Carex muricata (Lennox- love) ovalis sylvatica (Yester) hirta “ ~ ~ ~ riparia (Danskine) ampullacea Phalaris arundinacea Festuca arundinacea Brachypodium sylvaticum Triticum caninum Cystopteris fragilis (Yester) ~ “ PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 233 EXCURSIONS IN 1857. Craigleith, Corstorphine, Barnton, Banks of the Almond, Cramond, Granton. Saturday, 23rd May 1857. Party of upwards of 100 met at Dean Bridge at 10 am. and walked by Craigleith Quarry to Corstorphine Hill, crossed over the hill to the Queensferry road, and then proceeded by Barnton to the banks of the Almond and Cramond; Returned by shore of Firth of Forth to Granton, and reached Edinburgh about 5.30 p.m. Rain in the afternoon. Usual spring plants gathered :— Anemone nemorosa | Saxifraga granulata Ranunculus Ficaria Ribes Grossularia - Epimedium alpinum » alpinum Draba verna » nigrum Viola lutea Valeriana pyrenaica Geranium lucidu Doronicum Pardalianches (Caroline Park) (Corstorphine) Acer platanoides (near Vinca minor Almond) Lamium maculatum Prunus Avium Ruscus aculeatus ” Cerasus Allium ursinum ie Padus | Penicuik, Valleyfield, Auchendinny, Roslin. Saturday, 30th May 1857. Party of 74 met at the North British Railway Station at g a.m. and proceeded to Penicuik. Return tickets, 1s. 3d, Walked to Valleyfield, saw*the Paper Works, then walked by the banks of the North Esk to Auchendinny and Roslin. Visited Roslin Chapel. Returned by train passing Roslin Station at 5.29 p.m. 234 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Among the plants gathered were the following :— Ranunculus auricomus Carex vulgaris in Cheiranthus Cheiri Arabis hirsuta Cardamine amara Viola palustris Stellaria nemorum Trollius europzeus (scarcely » glauca flower) » _praecox Melica uniflora Asplenium Ruta-muraria Roslin) Scolopendrium vulgare Roslin) uliginosa Polypodium Dryopteris Oxalis Acetosella (pink) Phegopteris Prunus Avium Egetdut Telmateia adus ” arvense Rubus saxatilis ” umbrosum Chrysosplenium alterni- ” sylvaticum folium » palustre Adoxa Moschatellina “s limosum Valeriana pyrenaica hyemale Vaccinium Myrtillus Polytifehiiim commune Vinca minor Bryum hornum Veronica montana Hypnum undulatum Lamium incisum Bartramia fontana Salix alba Jungermannia albida » cinerea pe bidentata » Caprea pS epiphylla Burntisland, Pettycur, Kinghorn. Saturday, 6th June 1857. Party of about 100 met at Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway Station at 10 a.m. and proceeded to Burntisland. Return tickets, 9d. Walked by shore and rocks near it to Pettycur and Kinghorn, and — by Kinghorn Loch to Burntisland in time for boat at 5.10 p. ee ike chief plants gathered were the following :— Cheiranthus Cheiri Arabis hirsuta Ranunculus aquatilis Trollius europzeus (Glas- mount woods) PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. Alyssum calycinum (rail- way banks) Cochlearia officinalis Viola sylvatica », Canina Silene inflata » Maritima Lychnis vespertina Cerastium tetrandrum ” (Links near Pett and ttycu railway fee ks) Linum catharticum Geranium sanguineum Erodium cicutarium Trifolium repens procumbens minus filiforme Anthyllis Vulneraria Astragalus hypoglottis Glyciphyllos railwa 22 ”? ”? Vicia hirsuta arum Carui (near King- orn) Myrrhis odorata Scandix Pecten-Veneris Valerianella olitoria Anthemis arvensis Senecio viscosus Centaurea Cyanus Hieracium vulgatum Leontodon palustris Tragopogon minor Primula veris Cynoglossum officinale Thymus Serpyllum Salvia Verbenaca Lamium amplexicaule ie incisum Plantago maritima Parietaria erecta Orchis mascula Ruscus aculeatus Carex arenaria glauca » ampullacea Phleum arenarium Aira przecox Avena pratensis Koeleria cristata Sclerochloa maritima a loliacea genes vulgatu ssatnid) patejehia Lunaria Algze (many) red Lanark, Cora Linn, per eee Stonebyres, Cartland Saturday, 13th a 1857. Party of 100 met at Caledonian Railway Station at 6.45 a.m., and proceeded to Cleghorn Junction. Return tickets, 2s. 6d. 235 236 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Walked from the station to Lanark, thence to the Falls of Clyde, leaving Cleghorn at 4.37 p Cora Linn, and Bonnington, Cartland Crags, and back to Cleghorn. thence to Stonebyres, Returned by train Among the plants salt SEE were the following :— Trollius europzeus Aquilegia vulgaris Arabis hirsuta Draba muralis (rocks at ora Linn) Stellaria uliginosa Geranium sylvaticum lucidum Anthyilis Vulneraria Vicia Orobus Rubus saxatilis Solidago Virgaurea Antennaria dioica Doronicum Pardalianches Hieracium murorum Apargia hispida Pyrola minor Polemonium czruleum Melampyrum pratense Polygonum Bistorta Neottia Nidus-avis Orchis Jatifolia Eriophorum latifolium Carex disticha Asplenium viride Cystopteris fragilis Polystichum lobatum aculeatum Polypodinn Dryopteris Phegopteris Soutnten umbrosum Lycopodium selaginoides Newton, Dryburgh Abbey, Eildon Hills, Melrose, Minto Crags, Hassendean, Galt. Saturday, 20th June 1857. Party of 75 met at the North British Railway Station and proceeded to Newton, then walked to Dryburgh Abbey, banks of Tweed to Eildon Hills and Melrose. Return tickets, 2s. 6d. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 237 Some of the party went to Minto Crags by Hassendean, and gathered :— Lychnis Viscaria Asplenium septentrionale Asplenium germanicum and some good lichens, as :— Nephroma resupinata Sticta fuliginosa Parmelia glomulifera » limbata aquila ., Scrobiculata Calicium chrysocephalum Mr. Arnot examined Galtmede Moss and Cauldfield Loch, and got :— Sedum villosum Euphorbia Esula Valeriana dioica Carex limosa Among the plants gathered by the party may be noticed :— Thalictrum flexuosum Lonicera Caprifolium (Dry- (Tweedbank) burgh Eranthis hyemalis (in Galium boreale fruit, Dryburgh) » pusillum Aquilegia vulgaris (Dry- Valeriana dioica burgh Solidago Virgaurea Aconitum Napellus (Dry- AE RE : euren ‘ Anthemis arvensis Sisymbrium Thalianum SSEe: : Wee Matricaria Parthenium Sinapis alba D ‘ Sod [ionches Viola odorata (Dryburgh) "Se me — » lutea (Eildon) raxinus excelsior Menyanthes trifoliata Geranium sanguineum 3 sylvaticum (Tweedbank) a: ‘ pratense ‘ lucidum Euonymus europzeus ~ ‘ (Tweedbank) a —— Polygonum Bistorta Rumex sanguineus Padus ” viridis Rubus saxatilis Salix Eine i Geum intermedium 99 aquatica Caprea Saxifraga Geum (Dryburgh) ” F 238 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Neottia Nidus-avis Carex disticha Listera cordata 5 ntta Orchis latifolia Nardus stricta » Maculata Polystichum aculeatum Polygonatum multiflorum Lycopodium clavatum Convallaria majalis Mr. Gorrie states that he found Poterium Sanguisorba in the low part of the Eildon, in the spot where the great fair is usually held East Linton, Binny Wood, Tynningham, Belhaven, Dunbar. Saturday, 27th June 1857. Party of 35 met at North British Railway Station at 8 a.m. and proceeded to East Linton, thence walked to Binny Wood, Tynningham, Belhaven, and Dunbar, returning from Dunbar at 6.26 p.m. Return tickets, 2s Among the plants collected were the following :— Thalictrum minus Papaver Rheoeas » . dubium Argemone Cochieatia danica Cakile maritima Lepigonum marinum Malva sylvestris . rotundifolia Rhamnus Frangula Agrimonia Eupatoria Poterium Sanguisorba (near Belhaven) Conium maculatum Scandix Pecten-Veneris » Anthriscus Knautia arvensis Aster Tripolium Artemisia maritima, var. gallica Pyrola minor Cynoglossum officinale Solanum Dulcamara Hyoscyamus niger (Dunbar Castle) Salicornia herbacea Sueda maritima Hippophaé rhamnoides Parietaria erecta Juncus Gerardi Triglochin palustre = maritimum Carex arenaria ; distans » extensa Phalaris arundinacea Phleum arenarium Sclerochloa maritima i loliacea (Dunbar Castle) Triticum juaceum Lastrea Oreopteris Verrucaria maura (rocks near Dunbar) PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOuR. 239 Forteviot, Invermay Woods, Pitkeathly, Mca Hill, Kinnoul Hill, Perth. Saturday, 4th July 1857. Party of about 40 met at the Scottish Central Railway Station at 6.30 am. and proceeded to Forteviot, and returned from Perth at 6.27 p.m., reaching Edinburgh at 9 p.m. Return tickets, 3s. 11d. They were met by Dr. Lauder Lindsay, Dr. Stirling, Dr. Lyell. They first visited Invermay Woods, and then went to Pitkeathly, visited Moncrieff Hill, crossed the water to Kinnoul Hill, and returned to Perth. Among the more important plants gathered were the follow- ing :— Thalictrum minus Nasturtium sylvestre Hesperis matronalis Lepidium campestre Smithii Matra moschata Genista anglica Ornithopus perpusillus Rubus nitidus - Potentilla argentea Sedum Telephium (Enanthe crocata Dipsacus sylvestris Solidago Virgaurea Doronicum Pardalianches Lactuca virosa (Kinnoul) Vinca minor Cynoglossum sylvaticum Echium vulgare Solanum Dulcamara Sc ag Fae (spa wige De ofa (abundant) Listera are avis rs ovata Epipactis latifolia (sparingly) Habenaria viridis chlorantha Patis dunisldlia (sparingly) Carex hirta Aira cespitosa vivipara Bareooria pomiformis Cladonia rangiferina Perth, Methven. Saturday, t1th July 1857; No excursion to-day owing to illness, but Mr. Sadler with others went to Perth, visited Muirward Wood, in Highfield 240 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Farm, near New Scone, and gathered Moneses grandiflora and Trientalis europea, then proceeded 6 or 7 miles further to Methven Woods and Marsh. In the Almond Bank Marsh, at fourth milestone from Perth on way to Crieff, gathered :— Cicuta virosa Scheuchzeria palustris Vaccinium Oxycoccus Lastrea spinulosa Utricularia minor Kelso, Cornhill, Coldstream, Tweedmill, Twisel Castle, Norham, Berwick. Friday, 17th July 1857. The following party met at the North British Railway Station at 4.35 p.m. and proceeded to Kelso:—J. H. Balfour, Thomas Ainslie, J. Andrew, Robert Brown, Robert C. Cowan, Alex. Graham, Alex. Hutchison, Andrew Inglis, John Inglis, John C. Jones, John Linton, Alex. J. Macfarlan, John Menzies, William Mitchell, William Russell, Thomas G. Scott, P. A. Simpson, William D. Thomson, William Traill, George Williamson. Return tickets to Kelso on Friday and from Berwick on Saturday, 3s. 6d. On reaching Kelso the party proceeded by train to Ce cnbilt (paying 1s. each), and thence walked to Coldstream, where they met the Rev. Mr. Goldie. The party were accommodated partly at the Manse, partly in three different inns, Hardie’s, Horne’s, and the Black Bull. Saturday, 18th July 1857. After breakfasting at 6 a.m. proceeded along banks of Tweed to Tweedmill, then crossed to the Till, ascended that river to Twisel Castle and the old bridge over which the Earl of Surrey crossed with the English army to Flodden. Proceeded on English side of Tweed to point opposite Milnegraden, and then to Norham, which was reached between 1 and 2 pm. Had lunch partly at the inn and partly at Mr. Ainslie’s. Visited the old Castle of Norham, and then went by train to Berwick, reaching it about 3.20 p.m. Fares, 1s. 2d. each. Among the PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 241 Cheiranthus Cheiri (Twisel) Nasturtium sylvestre (Tweed bank) Sisymbrium Irio (Pier ate, Berwick) Diplotaxis tenuifolia (Berwick wall, North- east Bde near Pier) Lepidium latifolium (near Norham) Viola odorata (Norham) Saponaria officinalis (Twisel) Lychnis Githago Sagina maritima (Berwick walls Hypericum perforatum 35 irsutum Malva moschata (Tweed, Coldstream) Geranium pratense Melilotus officinalis Trifolium arvense Prunus Avium Rubus nemorosus ? Potentilla reptans Agrimonia Eupatoria Myriophyllum spicatum Lythrum Salicaria Epilobium angustifolium A irsutum & montanum a palustre Conium maculatum (Enanthe crocata #thusa Cynapium Torilis-Anthriscus Sambucus Ebulus (Twisel) Dipsacus sylvestris (Coldstream) Scabiosa maoredr Matricaria Parthenium Tanacetum vulgare plants gathered were the following :— Carduus acanthoides * lanceolatus », palustris = arvensis Hieracium vulgatum Lactuca virosa (8-10 feet high) Anagallis arvensis Ligustrum vulgare Anchusa sempervirens Lithospermum arvense Echium vulgare Convolvulus arvensis Hyoscyamus niger (near Railway Station, Ber- ick) Verbascum Thapsus Lamium se aaa albun Ballota eae Polygonum amphibium Humulus Lupulus Parietaria diffusa Salix aquatica » Helix Anacharis Alsinastrum (Whiteadder) Sparganium ramosum Potamogeton natans ‘ heterophyllus ‘3 lucens perfoliatus pectinatus Carex vadjiinil (near Cold- eam, far from sea) Holcus mollis Asplenium marinum (rocks near Milnegraden, 8 or 9 miles from sea 242 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Stirling, Inverarnan, Loch Lomond, Ben Voirlich, Tarbet. Thursday, 23rd July 1857. Party of 18, composed of J. H. Balfour, M‘Taggart Cowan, Robert C. Cowan, F. Deas, P. Neill Fraser, Alex. Graham, Edwin Grogan, John Inglis, John C. Jones, John Linton, Alex. J. Macfarlan, William Mitchell, David Robertson, William Russell, Thomas G. Scott, Offley B. Shore, P. A. Simpson, William D. Thomson, met at the Scottish Central Railway Station at 8 a.m. and proceeded to Stirling. After waiting about an hour and a half there, visiting the Castle, and gathering :— Sedum album Verbascum Lychnitis Lactuca virosa Linaria repens and other plants, the party proceeded by train to Balloch, and then by steamboat to Inverarnan, which was reached about 3-15 p.m. Return tickets to Stirling, available to 25th, 3s. Do., from Stirling to head of Loch Lomond, 5s. Total 8s. Rain came on after leaving Stirling, and the sail up the loch was very wet. Mr. Shore left the party at Tarbet and went to Lord Benholme’s. On reaching Inverarnan the party proceeded to M‘Lellan’s Inn, where beds had been provided. In spite of the rain the party took short walks in the vicinity, and gathered :—WMalaxis paludosa, Lycopodium inundatum, and other plants more common. After a tea-dinner the plants were examined and put into paper. Friday, 24th July 1857. Party breakfasted at 6.30 am. The day was wet and misty. Notwithstanding, the greater part walked to Ben Voirlich and examined the flora of the hill. Sleet and rain continued more or less until about 5 in the evening, when the sun broke out, and an exquisite view of the surrounding country was displayed. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. Among the plants gathered were :— Thalictrum alpinum Cochlearia, varieties Silene acaulis Rubus saxatilis Sibbaldia procumbens: Alchemilla alpina Saxifraga oppositifolia - stellaris » aizoides noides Gedincs Rhodiola Epilobium alpinum Galium boreale Antennaria dioica Gnaphalium supinum Saussurea alpina Armeria maritima Plantago maritima Polygonum viviparum On the lower grounds sets Corydalis claviculata Hypericum humifusum Drosera rotundifolia Lythrum Salicaria Lysimachia vulgaris Salix herbacea Juncus trifidus » triglumis Luzula spicata Carex rigida 5, ° pulla Aira czespitosa vivipara Poa Balfourii Juniperus nana Hymenophylium Wilsoni Cystopteris fragilis ntata = ’ Polystichum Lonchitis 5 Lycopodium Selago a annotinum re clavatum alpinum Tostes lacustris Stachys ambigua Quercus Robur i sessiliflora Narthecium ossifragum Carex vesicaria Saturday, 25th July 1857. 243 Breakfasted at 6.30 a.m., and then the majority of the party walked by shores of Loch Lomond to Tarbet and Loch Long, meeting the boat at Tarbet about 4.10 and reaching Edinburgh about 9 p.m. This day we gathered :— Hypericum Androsemum Drosera anglica Circza alpina Hieracium prenanthoides a denticulatum Day very windy and showery. Lobelia Dortmanna Littorella lacustris Scutellaria galericulata Polypodium Phegopteris Osmunda regalis 244 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Arran. Monday, 17th August 1857. On Monday, 17th August, the following botanical party met at Lamlash:—J. H. Balfour, Mr. M‘Taggart Cowan, Mr. Robert Cowan, Mr. Deas, Mr. Linton, Mr. Macfarlan. Tuesday, 18th August 1857. The party proceeded this morning by the steamboat at 5.45 to Corrie, and after breakfasting at Mrs. Jamieson’s Inn proceeded to Sannox, where they had a bathe before going up Glen Sannox. On the way saw a large adder, walked up on the northern side of the glen, and at the upper part near Caisteal Abhail gathered Alchemilla conjuncta. It seems to be a new variety of A. alpina, for plants were found in which the leaflets were seemingly adherent. Gathered also a number of common plants as well as Saxifraga stellaris and Oxyria reniformis. The Glen is very poor as regards species, and the heather and slippery rocks render a walk through it very toilsome. Ascended a difficult gully by south side of Caisteal Abhail and had some difficulty in reaching the top. The day was very fine, and the party had an excellent view from the summit of Goatfell. Some clouds rested now and then on the different summits, which marred the effect. Ben Lomond clearly seen, Jura, Ireland, Mull of Cantyre, Mull of Galloway. Many lichens were collected on the summit, also Salix herbacea and Carex rigida. Descended by the steep side from the summit to Brodick. On the shore collected Sinapis monensis, Mertensia maritima, Fucus vesiculosus, varieties. After refreshments at Springbank, reached Lamlash about 8 p.m. Wednesday, 19th August 1857. This day the party was joined by Mr. Stevenson, and ed about 9 a.m. along the Lamlash shore to Whiting Bay. Visited the Nameless Rill of Mr. Waller Paton. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 245 Gathered :-— Anagallis tenella Scirpus Savii Atriplex arenaria » Maritimus 5 abingtonii Hymenophyllum tunbridgense Salicornia herbacea Lastrea Foenisecii Salsola Kali Polypodium Phegopteris On the roadside to Whiting Bay there is abundance of Hypericum dubium. Near Whiting Bay Mr. Robert Cowan picked Cichorium Intybus. After bathing at Whiting Bay, party joined the “ Isle of Arran” steamer and proceeded round the island to Loch Ranza, where they landed about 5 p.m. On landing at Loch Ranza five took up their quarters at the inn, while the Messrs. Cowan went to Dr. Hannie’s house. The party went up the glen from Loch Ranza by the waterfall and gathered specimens of Pyrus fennica. Thursday, 20th August 1857. After breakfast, started about 8 a.m. from Loch Ranza and walked along the shore by Catacol Bay to Dugary, Imachar (where we rested), King’s Caves, Drumadoon, and Blackwater- foot, which was reached about 6.30 pm. The day was very warm and oppressive, and the party bathed three times on the way. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Crambe maritima (shore Asplenium marinum (rocks Imachar) at King’s Hill) Convolvulus Soldanella (shore Cystopteris fragilis (Loch at Blackwaterfoot) Ranza) Stachys arvensis Osmunda_ regalis (Loch Polygonum Raii (shore at Ranza) Blackwaterfoot) After resting at Blackwaterfoot and taking tea, the party started at 7.30 p.m. across the hill, and had some difficulty in reaching the Lag road, along which they proceeded to Lamlash, which was reached about II p.m. The distance accomplished this day was 40 miles, and all were very much knocked up. 246 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Friday, 21st August 1857. This day was spent chiefly in dredging off Holy Island in company with Dr. Carpenter. Many good animals were got as well as some sea-weeds. On the island abundance of Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi. In the evening occupied in fishing. Saturday, 22nd August 1857. The party broke up this day; most returned to Ayrshire or Glasgow, while Mr. M‘Taggart Cowan remained at Invercloy. Some plants were picked along the shore. I visited Dr. Carpenter at the island and examined the flora partially. Tuesday, 25th August 1857. Mr. Hugh Cowan, from Thornton, and Mr. M‘Taggart Cowan met me at Springbank, and, after picking some sand: plants at Brodick, walked up Glen Cloy, where we gathered :— Sedum Rhodiola Asplenium viride Galium boreale Cystopteris fragilis Hymenophyllum Wilsoni (in Polystichum aculeatum great abundance) Lastrea Foenisecii and several other less rare plants. Returned about 6 p.m. Mr. Robert Cowan gathered on Ben Gornic the following plants :— Viola palustris Galium saxatile Alchemilla alpina Vaccinium Vitis- Idea + . conjuncta Veronica officinalis Saxifraga stellaris Salix herbacea Sedum Rhodiola Juniperus nana Thursday, 17th. September 1857. Party consisting of Archibald and John Stevenson, William Carpenter, and J. H. Balfour left Lamlash at 3 p.m. and walked by Whiting Bay and Dippin to Kildonan and thence to Lag. Called on Mr. Macrae at East Kilmorie, near Pladda, at PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 247 whose manse we saw beautiful specimens of Lavatera arborea, a plant commonly cultivated in Arran, perhaps originally from Ailsa Craig, also Fuchsia, which forms hedges in many places. Hydrangea very vigorous. The following were some of the plants seen :— Montia fontana Verbascum Thapsus Hypericum Androsemum Scutellaria galericulata Geranium pratense Atriplex arenaria Agrimonia Eupatoria Suzeda maritima Cotyledon Umbilicus Carex vulpina Sedum anglicum Asplenium marinum Anthemis nobilis (near cot- Ramalina scopulorum tage door, Kildonan) (abundant on trap rocks at Dippin) Solanum Dulcamara Numerous mushrooms gathered. Remarkable red Salcornia herbacea near Whiting Bay. In the evening took up our quarters in Lag Inn, where we were well and cheaply accommodated. Reached Lag at 8.30 p.m. Met Mr. Spittal, who had been geologising in the district and who accompanied us during the rest of our trip. Friday, 18th September 1857. Breakfasted at Lag. Left Lag Inn about 8 a.m., and walked by the shore to Blackwaterfoot. On the way gathered a large quantity of :— Ranunculus hederaceus | Anagallis tenella Cakile maritima Mertensia maritima Silene maritima Convolvulus Soldanella Geranium pratense sola Kali Rosa spinosissima Polygonum Hydropiper Eryngium maritimum i ersi Apium graveolens © 5 lapathifolium Haloscias scoticum Scirpus maritimus Matricaria maritima Triticum laxum Anagallis arvensis Agaricus campestris Numerous Rwdz varying in the quality of fruit; Rabus discolor later in fruit than others, fruit highly-flavoured. At Blackwaterfoot went to the fine basaltic column at Drumadoon and thence to King’s Caves. 248 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Gathered :— Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum Osmunda regalis Ps marinum Ramalina scopulorum (cover- Trichomanes ing the basaltic rocks at Sculopeudetais vulgare Drumadoon) Returned to Blackwaterfoot. Most of the party returned by cars to Lamlash, while Dr. B., Mr. J. Stevenson, and Mr. Spittal walked to Shedog and Shisken Church, and then by the Clachan Glen to Glen Benlister, and thence to Lamlash, which was reached about 8 p.m. after three hours’ walking from Blackwaterfoot. Tuesday, 22nd September 1857. Walked by coast to Whiting Bay, Dippin, Kilmorie, Lag, getting the usual plants, Hypericum dubium being the rarest. From Lag walked in the evening by the shore back to Kilmorie, gathering on the way numerous specimens of Agaricus campestris. On the rocks near Bennan falas ase Silene maritima Pulicaria dysenterica Vicia sylvatica (still in flower, Armeria maritima as well as a in Plantago maritima fruit, eciall on 7 shingle of the shore) Reached Mr. Macrae’s house at Kilmorie Manse, where I remained for the night. Wednesday, 23rd September 1857: After breakfast visited Stracy rocks with Mr. Macrae and his son Donald. Gathered :— Geranium sanguineum Asplenium marinum (on Cotyledon Umbilicus trap rocks at Stracy) Carlina vulgaris Equisetum Telmateia rena a i : specimens ores ue and 7 feet high) This - _Babingtonii. plant very abundant in communis the district PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR, 249 Peculiar red matter on rocks at Bennan. Visited the island of Pladda in a boat, gathered Agaricus campestris and Anthemis nobilis, no other plants of interest. Visited the lighthouse. Joined the party for the steamer “ Isle of Arran,” and returned to Lamlash about 4 p.m. Sea rather rough and weather stormy. Friday, 26th September 1857. Visited the hill near Lamlash on the south of the road to Lag. Ascended by a mountain stream, reached the summit, whence a fine view was obtained, Goatfell and hills near it well seen, islands on Clyde, Ayrshire, Blackwaterfoot, Argyllshire. Descended by a deep ravine which joins the glen to south of Lag Road. This ravine very deep, steep sides, and yielded some good plants, as :— Cardamine hirsuta (6 stamens Athyrium Filix-foemina and long style) Cystopteris fragilis Saxifraga hypnoides (in pro- Lastrea Oreopteris fusion) ,», Filix-mas Festuca ovina vivipara » dilatata Hymenophyllum Wilsoni Polypodium vulgare Blechnum boreale se Dryopteris Asplenium Trichomanes (in Phegopteris great profusion) Ee Numerous lichens and mosses. On the hill was seen a peculiar form of Lastrea Filix-mas. Numerous diatoms in slimy: matter on the rocks. Nostoc also seen. EXCURSIONS IN 1858. Canal, Slateford, Colinton, Swanston. Saturday, 15th May 1858. Party of about 80-100 met at the Canal Basin at 10 a.m., and proceeded by the banks of the Canal to Slateford, Colinton, and Swanston, returning between 4 and 5 p.m. 250 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Among the plants gathered were the following :— Anemone nemorosa Ranunculus auricomus 3 Ficaria Caltha palustris Corydalis lutea Sisymbrium Thalianum Viola sylvatica Geranium pheum Staphylea pinnata Prunus communis Malus Ribes Grossularia » rubrum Myrrhis odorata Adoxa Moschatellina Tussilago Farfara Petasites vulgaris Doronicum plantagineum inca minor Lamium purpureum 3 album Daphne Laureola Carpinus Betulus Salix alba » cinerea » Helix Orchis mascula Allium ursinum Endymion nutans Lilium Martagon (not in flower) Arum maculatum Potamogeton crispus Carex vulgaris » glauca Polystichum aculeatum Equisetum arvense Grimmia pulvinata Lepraria flava Scyphophorus pyxidatus Polyporus versicolor Penicuik, Esk Mill, Auchindinny, Roslin. Saturday, 22nd May 1858. Party of about 90 met at the North British Railway Station at 9 am. and proceeded to Penicuik, thence to Valleyfield and visited Mr. Cowan’s paper works, thence went by banks of Esk to Esk Mill, Auchindinny, and Roslin, returning by train leaving Roslin at 5.29 p.m., and reaching Edinburgh at 6.15 p.m. Return third-class tickets, 1s. 3d. Among the plants collected were the following :— Ranunculus auricomus Prunus Avium Trollius europzus » Cerasus (between mine amara Powder Mill and Viola tricolor ; Oxalis Acetosella (pink) Staphylea pinnata (Roslin) Rubus saxatilis (Auchindinny) PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 251 Pyrus Aucuparia | Malus | Saxifraga granulata | Chrysosplenium alternifolium | Myrrhis odorata | Sanicula europza | Adoxa Moschatellina | Doronicum Pardalianches (Roslin) Vaccinium Myrtillus Primula veris Veronica montana Lamium amplexicaule Salix Helix » cinerea | »» aquatica | s;:-alba Caprea 3? Neottia Nidus-avis Carex paniculata »» preecox 5» sylvatica pendula aludosa Melign uniflora Polypodium Dryopteris Phegopteris Houicetis umbrosum $s arvense = sylvaticum s palustre Bryumn puctatum Polytrichum commune Dicranum scoparium Jungermannia asplenioides Evernia prunastri Calicium chrysocephalum Polyporus versicolor bf “ Burntisland, Aberdour, Donibristle, Kinghorn. Saturday, 29th May 1858. Party of about 60 met at 10 a.m. at station of Edinburgh, Perth and Dundee Railway, and proceeded to Burntisland. Walked by shore to Aberdour, and returned by road to Burntisland for boat. at 5 p.m., railway to Edinburgh at 6, Return ticket, 9d. Some went to Donibristle, others to Kinghorn Among the plants gathered were :— : Berberis vulgaris Armeria maritima Lepidium campestre | Cerastium trigynum | Sagina maritima | Geranium pheeum (Burnt- island) sanguineum ‘Larson hypoglottis Smyrnium Olusatrum (King- : horn Centranthus ruber Valerianella olitoria Primula veris Vinca major Solanum Dulcamara (scarcely in flower) Linaria Cymbalaria Antirrhinum majus (Aberdour Castle, scarcely in flower) -Veronica agrestis » arvensis » serpyllifolia » Chameedrys Veronica Beccabunga Salvia Verbenaca Plantago Coronopus Hippophaé rhamnoides Parietaria erecta Populus alba (leaf Ornithogalum umbellatum Tulipa sylvestris Carex arenaria », vulgaris BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Carex gluca 37 preecox » distans ~~ xterra Aira prec Scieachicn aliiden Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum es uta-muraria Botrychium Lunaria Exidia Auricula-Judz Mid-Calder, Meadowbank, Kames Hill, Dalmahoy Hill, Ravelrig, Currie. Saturday, 5th June 1858. Party of 90 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 10.30 am. and proceeded to Mid-Calder, thence walked to Meadowbank woods, Kames Hill, Dalmahoy Hill,’ Ravelrig, Water of Leith, and Currie, returning from Currie by train at 6.9 p.m. Return tickets, 1 The day was remarkably fine, and there was a splendid view from the top of Kames Hill. Among the plarits gathered were the following :-— Ranunculus aquatilis trichophyllus Trollius europzeus Draba verna Sisymbrium Thalianum Viola palustris » sylvatica canina Cerastium semidecandrum Stellaria uliginosa Moehringia trinervia Sagina subulata Geranium sylvaticum and var. (paler flower) . columbinum Vicia sativa, var. Bobartii Prunus Padus Geum intermedium Fragaria elatior Pyrus Aucuparia Ribes nigrum Adoxa Moschatellina Linnza borealis Antennaria dioica Pyrola minor Menyanthes trifoliata Anchusa sempervirens Myosotis palustris Pinguicula vulgaris Mentha viridis Lamium amplexicaule 2 intermedium Carpinus Betulus OFFICIAL COPY. 3 tee, oe ee Neber 1X PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 253 Orchis latifolia Ornithogalum umbellatum Arum maculatum Potamogeton oblongus e crispus Carex curta Carex riparia Trisetum flavescens Briza media Botrychium Lunaria Equisetum hyemale Many lichens collected by Mr. Sadler on Dalmahoy Hills. North Queensferry, Inverkeithing, St. Davids, Ferry Hill. Saturday, 12th June 1858. Party of between 60 and 7o met at Granton at Io a.m. and proceeded by steamboat to North Queensferry, thence walked to Inverkeithing, St. Davids, and returned by road to Ferry Hill about 6.30 p.m., meeting boat to Granton. Return ticket by boat, Is.; Granton Pier, 2d.; Ferry Pier, 6d.; total, 1s. 8d. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Ranunculus hederaceus : sceleratus Fumaria micrantha Brassica oleracea campestris Diplotaxis tenuifolia Thlaspi arvense Reseda lutea Cerastium semidecandrum Sagina maritima » subulata Malva sylvestris » rotundifolia Geranium pyrenaicum ” Inverkeithing) Melilotus officinalis Astragalus Glyciphyllos Spireea Filipendula Potentilla verna (Notes, R.B.G., Edin., No. IX., 1902 } Q columbinum (near Potentilla reptans Sedum Telephium » villosum Sambucus Ebulus Echium vulgare Convolvulus arvensis Stachys arvensis Leonurus Cardiaca Lamium incisum Salicornia herbacea Polygonum Bistorta Allium Scorodoprasum » vineale Scirpus pauciflorus Carex vulpina ovalis Triticum jumceum Nardus stricta 254 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Tynehead, Crichton Castle, Borthwick —— Fushie Bridge, Arniston, Dalhousie Saturday, 19th June 1858. Party of 60 met at the North British Railway Station and proceeded to Tynehead, walked to Crichton Castle by the glen, thence to Borthwick Castle, Fushie Bridge, Arniston, and Dalhousie, reaching Dalhousie Station about 5 p.m. Returned by train at 5.12 p.m. Return tickets, 1s. 2d. Among the plants gathered were the following :-— Thlaspi arvense Geranium sylvaticum | Genista anglica Saxifraga Geum? (Arniston) | ,, umbrosa | (Tynehead ; also in woods at Arniston) Sedum reflexum (near Tynehead) Antennaria dioica (Tynehead) Doronicum Pardalianches (Arniston) Pyrola media (glen near Crichton Castle) Ligustrum vulgare (near Fushie Bridge) Myosotis sylvatica (Arniston) Mimulus luteus (Arniston) Lathraea Squamaria Mentha sylvestris (at Tynehead) WITS Rumex sanguineus, var. viridis Salix pentandra Neottia Nidus-avis (woods near Tynehead) Orchis incarnata » latifolia Gymnadenia conopsea Sparganium ramosum (near ahisind Bridge) Arum maculatu (Borthwick ‘Castle) Potamogeton pusillus (near Fushie Bridge) Eriophorum latifolium (near Crichton) Carex remota » pendula (Arniston) » sylvatica (between Crichton and Borthwick) aludos Phalarts sentir var. variegata (near Tynehead) Lastrea Oreopteris (near Tynehead) Equisetum Telmateia (Arniston) - Lycopodium clavatum (near Tynehead) PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 255 Cockburnspath, Dunglass Dene, Pease Dene. Saturday, 26th June 1858. Party of about 60 or 70 met at the North British Railway Station at 8 am. and proceeded to Cockburnspath, thence walked through Dunglass Dene. Visited pond near the house, proceeded by the shore to Pease Dene, and then to Cockburns- path Town Dene, and returned by train at 6.3 p.m. Return tickets, 2s. Mr. Hardie of Penmanshiel accompanied the party. Mr. Smith, factor for Sir John Hall, sent a man to guide us. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Aquilegia vulgaris (Dunglass) Nuphar luteum (Dunglass) Papaver Argemone Cakile maritima Dianthus deltoides Sagina maritima Hypericum calycinum Malva rotundifolia Geranium pratense Acer campestre Rubus czesius foot of Pease Dene) Potentilla reptans Epilobium angustifolium Conium maculatum (Enanthe crocata Senecio saracenicus (woods at Dunglass) Silybum Marianum (near Cockburnspath Station, cultivated) Centaurea Cranus Tragopogon minor Campanula latifolia Pyrola minor Vinca major inor Anchusa sempervirens Hyoscyamus niger Mimulus luteus (cultivated) Veronica montana Mentha viridis (Pease Dene) », piperita Rumex viridis Anacharis Alsinastrum (Dunglass Pond) Neottia Nidus-avis Typha angustifolia Sparganium ramosum Carex arenaria vulpina » pendula Melica uniflora Scolopendrium vulgare Polystichum angulare ” 256 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Bridge of Allan, Keir, Kippenross, Wharrie Glen, Stirling. Saturday, 3rd July 1858. Party of between 60 and 70 met at the Scottish Central Railway Station at 6.20 a.m., and proceeded to Bridge of Allan. Break- fasted there, visited the Well, Dr. Paterson’s tree-fern, then proceeded to Keir and Kippenross, saw large sycamore here, then to Wharrie Glen and Stirling, examined Castle rocks and visited the Castle, and returned by train at 5.38 p.m. Return tickets, 3s. 3d. Breakfast, 1s. 6d. At breakfast in Philp’s Inn there were present Rev. Dr. Roger, Dr. Paterson, Dr. W. A. F. Brown, Mr. Girdwood, a Polish captain, and others from Bridge of Allan ; Mr. Buchan and Mr. Moir joined us. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Aquilegia vulgaris Lactuca virosa (roadside near Wharrie (Stirling Castle) Glen) | Anchusa sempervirens Brassica campestris | Echium vulgare (Stirling Castle) _ (Stirling Castle) Hypericum perforatum Atropa Belladonna . quadrangulum (Stirling Castle) o humifusum Linaria repens _ pulchrum (Stirling Castle) hirsutum Pinguicula vulgaris Goraniunt sylvaticum Neottia Nidus-avis ucidum Listera ovata ye fstian striatum Lotus major Agrimonia Eupatoria Paris quadrifolia Carex sylvatica Rosa tomentosa Melica uniflora , rubiginosa Triticum caninum , canina Cystopteris fragilis Sedum Telephium Polystichum aculeatum » anglicum Polypodium Dryopteris > acre Equisetum arvense Circeea lutetiana a umbrosum Conium maculatum a sylvaticum Smyrnium Olusatrum a palustre (Stirling Castle) PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 257 North Berwick, Canty Bay, Bass Rock, Tantallon Castle, Dirleton. Saturday, 10th July 1858. Party of about 60 met at the North British Railway Station at 8am. and proceeded to North Berwick. Walked to Canty Bay, visited the Bass Rock, Tantallon Castle, North Berwick Links, Dirleton Common and Castle, and returned by train at 6.22 p.m. Return tickets, 2s.; boat to Bass, Is. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Clematis Vitalba (Dirleton Castle) Thalictrum minus Lepidium latifolium (Tantallon Castle) Silybum Marianum Apargia hispida Anagallis tenella (North Berwick) | | | | | Ligustrum vulgare Reseda lutea Hyoscyamus niger Lavatera arborea (Bass) (Dirleton) Agrimonia Eupatoria (Dirleton) Sedum album Ballota foetida (Dirleton) (Dirleton Castle) Beta maritima (Bass) Smyrnium Olusatrum Salsola Kali | Geranium pusillum Calamintha Acinos { | | | Lonicera Xylosteum Narcissus biflorus (Tantallon) (Bass ; not in flower) Centranthus ruber Potamogeton densus Scabiosa Columbaria Phleum arenarium Filago germanica Triodia decumbens minima Parmelia parietina (Bass) gy | Ramalina scopulorum (Bass) Perth, Birnam, Stenton Crag, Dunkeld. Saturday, 17th July 1858. Party of between 40 and 50 met at the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Station at 6.20 a.m. and proceeded by Scottish Central to Perth, which was reached at 10. There breakfast was provided in the rooms at the station at Is. 9d. 258 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY each. At 11.15 a.m. the party proceeded to Birnam Station, | visited Birnam Hill, height 1500 feet, under the guidance of Dr. Lauder Lindsay, also visited slate quarries. Some of the party went to Stenton Crag, others to Dunkeld. Sergeant John Sim met the party at Perth, and gave them many rare plants mentioned in the following list. Dr. Stirling also accompanied the party. Returned from Dunkeld at 5.15 p.m. Return tickets, 5s. 2d. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Thalictrum minus Ranunculus aquatilis Aquilegia vulgaris Corydalis claviculata Arabis hirsuta -—Lepidium Smithii *Lepigonum rubrum _ Malva moschata (Stenton) | Geranium sanguineum ” Erodium cicutarium Genista anglica Prunus communis Agrimonia Eupatoria Saxifraga aizoides Circeea alpina Carum Carui Lonicera Periclymenum Solidago Virgaurea Antennaria dioica Gnaphalium uliginosum sylvaticum Cheysantheniien segetum Vaccinium Vitis-Jdzea Myrtillus Erica Tetralix ,» Cineres Trientalis europzea Erythrzea Centaurium Gentiana campestris Verbascum Thapsus (Stenton) | | | | | Origanum vulgare Calamintha Clinopodium Polygonum aviculare “i lapathifolium Rumex aquaticus Salix repens go SOSCR Empetrum nigrum Neottia Nidus-avis Gymnadenia conopsea ie albi Allium oleraceum Narthecium ossifragum Sparganium ramosum Carex irrigua » limosa » binervis Melica nutans Serrafalcus commutatus Nardus stricta Allosorus crispus Asplenium germanicum (Stenton Crag) Lastrea Oreopteris Polypodium Dryopteris at 7 Lycbpedinn Selag i aaa PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. Lycopodium alpinum selaginoides Cladouia rangiferina ‘5 pyxidata = gracilis ms bellidiflora digitata anomza traria glauca Peltidea canina » horizontalis Stereocaulon paschale Cornicularia aculeata Gyrophora pellita Mr. Sim’s list :-— Hesperis matronalis (Kinnoul Hill) Hypericum humifusum (Blairgowrie) Geranium pyrenaicum (roadside near Barn- hill) Potentilla hirta? (rocks near Kinnoul Church) % argentea(rocks near Kinnoul Church) Aremonia agrimonioides (wood of Scone) Sedum album (rocks near Barnhill) Sedum dasyphyllum | | | | Gyrophora polyphylla Lecanora ventosa = Parella er tartarea Parmelia saxatilis ‘s omphalodes i; conspersa ; olivacea - frigida Lecidea rivulosa ‘i geographica - icmadophila Evernia prunastri Sphzerophoron coralloides Moneses grandiflora (wood of Scone) Lysimachia Nummularia (banks of Tay) Cynoglossum sylvaticum (Kinfauns Toll-bar) Linaria repens (limestone wall, left bank of Tay, opposite Perth) Mimulus luteus (banks of Tay) Allium oleraceum (banks of Tay) Scheuchzeria palustris (Methven Bog) (Craigie, near Perth) | St. Andrews. Saturday, 24th July 1858. Party of about 40 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway Station at 6.30 a.m. and proceeded to St. Andrews. 260 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Breakfasted in the Town Hall. Breakfast provided by Mr. Thomson of Star Hotel for 1s. 6d. Met Mr. Barclay of Cupar, Dr. Day, Mr. Howie, Rev. Mr. Dickson of Cameron, and Mr. Laing. After breakfast saw the old buildings at St. Andrews, visited the harbour, and then went by banks of Eden to Tentsmuir. Reached Leuchars about 6 p.m., and returned to Edinburgh about 9 p.m. Return tickets, 3s. 8d. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Aconitum Napellus Euphorbia Esula Radiola Millegrana : Salix repens Rubus suberectus Juncus Gerardi Haloscias scoticum Scirpus maritimus Senecio sylvaticus Blysmus rufus Anagallis tenella Carex arenaria Borago officinalis » Vvulpina Solanum Dulcamara » distans Linaria vulgaris Sclerochloa maritima Scrophularia aquatica 5 loliacea Lycopus europeeus Triticum laxum arrubium vulgare Elymus arenarius Atriplex erecta Lycopodium inundatum angustifolia 7s selaginoides ” Polygonum lapathifolium Switzerland. Saturday, 7th August 1858. Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Thomas Barclay, Sheriff- Clerk, Cupar; J. M. Bell, Alexander Buchan, Dunblane; E. Dubuc, M.D.; J. Fayrer, Lucknow; P. Neill Fraser, Alexander Graham, Patrick Graham, surgeon ; James Hill, W. Johnston, John C. Jones, Texas, U.S.A. ; F. Lockwood Logan, David Philip Maclagan, Robert C. Maclagan, S. J. Meintjes, Sam Maverick, Texas, U.S.A.; Henry B. Radford, S. H. Ramsbotham, George Rodger, Gideon Colquhoun Sconce, William Soper, W. Turnbull, and G. Williamson met at the Docks at Leith at 11.30 this PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 261 morning. The day was remarkably fine, and all were in high spirits. Even those who dreaded a sea voyage in ordinary cir- cumstances felt less anxiety than usual, seeing that the barometer was very high and the sea as smooth as possible. The steamer which was to convey us to Rotterdam was the “ Ivanhoe,” com- manded by Mr. John Cairns, a very civil and obliging captain, although with a rough exterior. Monday, 9th August 1858. We reached the bar on the Dutch coast between 12 and 1 and Rotterdam about 4 p.m. The sail up the Meuse brought under our notice the novel Dutch scenery, the flat surface, marshy ground, willows, canals, windmills, &c. On landing at the quay some time was spent in getting the luggage examined. We started in a third-class carriage by the train at 6.40 p.m. and passed through the characteristic scenery of Holland, with “its ubiquitous canals, bowling-green flatness and swampy meadows.” We reached the University town of Utrecht about 9 p.m. and took up our quarters at the Hétel des Pays Bas, where we were all accommodated. Tuesday, 10th August 1858. Rose at 6 a.m. and went with a commissionaire to the Botanic Garden where we met Professor Bergsma, who is lecturer on Botany and has charge of the garden. He was most attentive and kind, and gave us a full description of the plants cultivated. The garden is small but contains some interesting plants, particularly those sent from the Dutch possessions in Java. The houses are not extensive. There did not seem to be a good arrangement of the plants for study. The number of pupils attending the lectures is about 40. The Professor’s house is connected with the garden. Among the plants which we noticed were the following :— _Amherstia nobilis Caladium pinnatifidum Angiopteris angustata Casuarina sumatrana Antiaris toxicaria 6 Cephalotus follicularis Araucaria Cunninghamii Chameerops conduplicatus ‘: excelsa ‘si humilis 262 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Cinchona Condaminea | Olea euro pubescens (sev eral acietics) ” Draceena elegans Oreodaphne Dracontium pertusum Pandanus furcatus Garcinia Mangostana Paulownia imperialis (in fruit) Hura crepitans Isonandra Gutta Laurus Sassafras Livistona chinensis Magnolia (in fruit) Marsilia zegyptiaca Nepenthes ampullacea Philodendron bipinnatifidum Polygonum perfoliatum Punica Granatum Salisburia adiantifolia (fine ceinr Ulmus american (fine species) It was too early in the day to visit any of the other Professors. Donders, the famous physiologist, was absent; we had the pleasure of meeting him afterwards in Paris. After breakfasting at the inn we started by raii for Cologne— leaving Utrecht at 8.50 and reaching Cologne about 5 p.m. On the way we noted buckwheat abundantly cultivated, also lettuce. Heather was seen in some spots and on higher ground Scots pine. At Cologne we took up our quarters at the Hétel Belle Vue. Met here the Rev. Dr. McCosh, who had reached Cologne on his return from a three and a half months’ tour. He had seen a great deal of the Continent and expected to accomplish a four months’ excursion for £70. Wednesday, 11th August 1858. Went on board the boat at 6 a.m. to sail up the Rhine. We reached Cassel about 8 p.m. Finally the party reached Frank- fort by fourth-class carriage about 10 p.m. and were distributed in two hotels—the Hotel de Russie and the Hétel de l’Empereur Romain. Thursday, 12th August 1858. Started by train at 12.25 for Heidelberg, which was reached about 4 p.m., and took np our quarters at the Hétel du Prince Charles. Friday, 13th August 1858. Some of us rose early and visited the magnificent Castle before PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFOUR. 263 breakfast and gathered a number of interesting plants. Amongst them :— Diplotaxis tenuifolia Centaurea Jacea } | Iberis amara Campanula Trachelium Dianthus Carthusianorum | a rotundifolia Geranium pratense Linaria Cymbalaria Circaea lutetiana | Lamium maculatum Gnaphalium arenarium After breakfast proceeded by the railway to Basle, which was reached at 2.30 pm. As our object was to get to the Swiss mountains as soon as possible we only remained in Basle for a short time, and joined the train for Berne at 4.55. We met here Mr. R. Anderson, architect, from Edinburgh, on his way to Berne. Reached Berne about 9.30 p.m. Party divided; the greater part were accommodated at the Hdétel des Gentils- hommes, while some had to go to the Hétel du More. Saturday, 14th August 1858. Astir early this morning ; visited the platform 108 feet above the Aar, and had a splendid view of the Bernese Alps. Called on Shuttleworth but found that he was in Britain. Saw M. Guthnick, the pharmacien, who gave us important hints as to our route. Met Professor Meissner, who accompanied us to the Botanic Garden—small; some good alpine plants. Promised to send plants and Botanical Society’s Transactions to Guthnick and Meissner. Paper and pasteboard purchased, maps, Koch’s abbreviated Synopsis, &c. Sent heavy baggage by post to Geneva and got it booked. Started at 5.15 by diligence and carriages of various sorts for Thun. Reached Thun about 8 p.m., took up our quarters at the Hétel du Freienhof (M. Stahli, a friend of Guthnick’s). Monday, 16th August 1858. We left Thun at 8.30 a.m. and sailed up the beautiful lake to Neuhaus. From Neuhaus the whole party walked, carrying their knapsacks and bundles of paper by relays, to Interlaken, through a beautiful valley shaded by walnut trees. At Inter- laken the greater number of the party purchased their alpen- 264 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY stocks, some plain, others with horn, false or real chamois. Passing through the English village of Interlaken and Unter- seen we reached the Lake of Brienz, where we joined the steamer. Landed below the Giessbach waterfall. wooded banks and rocks in this vicinity there are numerous excellent lowland plants. At the Giessbach and near Thun the following plants were observed by different members of the party :— Aconitum Lycoctonum . pyrenzeum Hepatica triloba Dentaria pentaphyllos Moehringia muscosa Tamarix gallica Hypericum montanum Althzea officinalis Geranium pyrenaicum ms columbinum Robertianum Impatiens Noli-me-tangere Melilotus leucantha Onobrychis sativa Spirzea Aruncus _ Rubus ceesius Potentilla reptans Alchemilla vulgaris alpina Saxifraga aizoides Ribes petrazeum Sedum album Lythrum Salicaria Astrantia minor Silaus pratensis Scabiosa Columbaria Erigeron canadensis Cacalia alpina Carduus pratensis Cichorium Intybus Hieracium przaltum Prenanthes purpurea Campanula barbata Campanula pumila ? 3 rachelium Pyrola secunda Monotropa Hypopitys Echium vulgare Solanum Dulcamara nigrum Digitalis lutea Veronica urticifolia Melampyrum sylvaticum Lycopus europzeus Salvia pratensis Prunella grandiflora Galeopsis Ladanum Teucrium Chameedrys Hippophaé rhamnoides Listera ovata Goodyera repens Epipogum Gmelini Epipactis rubra Paris quadrifolia Carex sylvatica Setaria glauca Oplismenus Crus-Galli Molinia czerulea Poa Balfourii Festuca calamaria Brachypodium pinnatum Asplenium viride Lastrea dilatata Polypodium Dryopteris calcareum In the PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 265 Leaving the Giessbach with reluctance we joined our rowing- boats and reached the upper part of the lake, meeting some of the party who had gone by steamer to Brienz. The party, driving and walking, reached Meiringen in the afternoon. Meiringen is a large village of the Oberland at the upper extremity of the Obere Hasli-Thal. We went to the Pension Ruof, kept by M. Fluchs, but found that he had only six beds to spare. M. Guthnick had recommended us to this person. It is a good place for a small party. We then went to the Hétel du Sauvage, where we found ample accommoda- tion. After table d’héte, arranged our plants on paper. Tuesday, 17th August 1858. At 7 a.m., after breakfast, we left for Grimsel—porter to carry baggage and a person who engaged to be guide for three days. Saw the Reichenbach Waterfall near Meiringen. Proceeded up the valley and gradually ascended to Guttannen. Rested at the Chalet of Handeck, about one and a half hours’ walk beyond this, After a fatiguing walk we reached the Hospice of the Grimsel at 4.30 p.m. Wednesday, 18th August 1858. At 8.30 a.m., after breakfast at the Hospice, we started on our alpine ramble with Fluk Melgior and his brother as guides. Passing the end of the little lake called Kleinensee, near the Hospice, we proceeded in full botanical equipment to ascend the Sidelhorn. The boxes and field books were soon replenished with specimens. Roots were taken of some of the rarer and more beautiful plants ; and some of them, I hope, will ere long flourish in the Botanic Garden as memorials of our trip. Our movements up the mountain were slow, owing both to the botanising and the heat of the day. On reaching the summit of the Sidelhorn we had a magnificent view of the Alps; the valley of the Grimsel on the one side and the valley of the Rhone on the other. The height of the mountain is about 8650 French feet. We then descended towards the valley with the view of visiting the Aar glaciers, On the part of the mountain nearest the smaller glacier we 266 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY gathered the best plants, and were detained there a long time. Some of the party in place of botanising proceeded at once to the Ober-Aar Glacier. This glacier wants the extensive moraines of the Unter-Aar Glacier. It is distinctly icy throughout. We crossed the river on a rustic bridge near a chalet, the inhabitant of which, a shepherd boy, joined us in our exploration of the hill. Proceeding on the opposite bank of the stream we gathered many good plants, and then reached the side of the Unter-Aar Glacier. Here we had a good opportunity of seeing an extensive glacier with an enormous moraine country of masses of rock of all sizes covering the ice so thoroughly as to make one believe that there was nothing below but a mass of stones. The rocks were very sharp and angular. On walking on the glacier we found remarkable inequalities. In some places there were deep hollows which concealed some of the party from the rest and led to an unexpected separation. In these hollows we could see the icy nature of the glacier, and here and there were deep holes full of water with clear streams flowing. In other parts there were large hummocks covered with debris. In some instances we saw stones of small size which had formed cavities by the melting of the ice around them under the sun’s influence. Leaves carried up by birds occasion- ally produce similar results. Sometimes when the debris is accumulated in these cavities a reverse process takes place and then the debris becomes raised up, forming a mound or hummock supported on ice. We were enabled to see the course of the glacier and to observe some of the phenomena which had led to Professor Forbes’ valuable observations regarding the nature of glaciers and their movements. We returned to the Hospice about 7 p.m. tolerably fatigued. Some of the plants seen near Grimsel were -— Astrantia minor Erigeron acris | canadensis Carlina acaulis Rumex alpinus (abundant Carduus defloratus round Grimsel Hospice) Phyteuma orbiculare Veratrum album ss icatum Asplenium septentrionale Asclepias Vincetoxicum Erythreea Centaurium Gentiana pannonica punctata PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. Ranunculus aconitifolius glacialis 5 pyrenaicus Arabis alpina bellidifolia ceerulea SS etdamine resedifolia Viola biflora Silene quadridentata 5, Tupestris Cerastium alpinum Arenaria ciliata Cherleria sedoides Linum tenuifolium Trifolium agrarium e alpestre Geum montanum Potentilla aurea minima ns ” repta Alchemilla alpina ” ” ” pentaphyllea ” Saxifraga aizoides androsacea crustata cuneifolia muscoides oppositifolia rotundifolia stellaris Sachin rubens Sempervivum arachnoideum | montanum ites minor Galium helveticum Bellidiastrum Aster alpinus Some of the Sidelhorn sige were :— Gnaphalium supinum Achillea serrata enn oe ty Chrysanthemum alpinum Arnica montana »» scorpioides Apargia autumnalis Campanula barbata cenisia Anal procumbens Primula longiflora villosa Anidrbeace alpina obtusifolia villosa Gentian acaulis alpina bavarica brachyphylla campestris ” ” ,9 yy 6 verna Veronica alpina bellidifolia a saxatilis Euphrasia alpina Pedicularis cenisia ie rostrata Teucrium montanum Polygonum viviparum Salix reticulata » retusa Juncus trifidus Luzula nivea spadicea ” capillaris 268 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Carex firma Agrostis alpina » foetida is rupestris » montana Allosorus crispus » higra Asplenium septentrionale Phleum alpinum Pseudathyrium alpestre » Boehmeri Polystichum Lonchitis » commutatum Polypodium rhceticum 5 Michelii Some of the plants of the mountainous part near Ober-Aar Glacier :— Myagrum saxatile Euphrasia minima Gypsophila repens Tozzia alpina Silene acaulis Thymus alpinus Plantago alpina Salix herbacea » Lapponum »» prunifolia Orchis nigra Lloydia serotina Juncus Jacquini Epilobium alpinum a alsinifolium Galium sylvestre Valeriana montana = tripteris Scabiosa lucida Gnaphalium norvegicum Hyoseris foetida Tussilago alpina Sesleria czerulea Phyteuma hemispheericum " disticha Vaccinium uliginosum Poa alpina > itis-Idzea » Balfourii Primula farinosa yy AREA Soldanella alpina 5, Nemoralis On the low ground below the glacier we found Epz/obiuim vosmarintfolium. Thursday, toth August 1858. The morning was wet and mist y. After paying our bill at the Hospice, we started at 8. escended by a very rough and slippery path to the valley of the Rhone. We visited the famous glacier whence comes the arrowy Rhone, which here is PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 269 very turbid—unlike its blue colour when issuing from the Lake of Geneva. We mounted on the glacier for a short way, saw some small crevasses, examined the beautiful vault of deep blue ice where the Rhone issues—some large pieces of ice had just fallen. Soon after our visit the rain began to cease and ere long the sun broke forth. We walked by the Valais to Obergestelen, where we rested for lunch, and thence to Miinster, where we took up our quarters. Many good plants were gathered on the way :— Erysimum helveticum Gaya simplex Ononis Natrix | Artemisia campestris Bupleurum falcatum | Hieracium blattarioides BS graminifolium _ Hypocheeris uniflora 3 ranunculoides — Campanula thrysoides Athamanta cretensis | Bromus gracilis Laserpitium Siler | Melica ciliata We had some difficulty in getting accommodation at Miinster. Our host at the Croix d’Or, Jean Baptiste Guntren, however, was very attentive and polite. Our plants were put into paper and prepared so as to be sent to the care of M. Guthnick at Berne, who had kindly offered to take care of them and transmit to Edinburgh. Friday, 20th August 1858. Miinster was left, after breakfast, this morning at 8.30. We reached Viesch, famous for its glacier, and remained there till 1.30. Left Viesch in five char-a-bancs holding five each besides the driver. Passed Lax, the Massa, Aletsch (celebrated for its glacier). We reached Brigue in the evening. Our quarters were taken up in the Hétel d’Angleterre. Despatched a parcel of plants to Guthnick at Berne. Saturday, 21st August 1858. Left Brigue at 6 a.m. in two large char-a-bancs, and travelled by the valley of the Rhone through a beautiful country to Visp or Vispach. The ing was fine and the viewcharming. Near R 270 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Visp noticed a large straight avenue of poplars, a mile or two in length. Stopped at the Hétel du Soleil to breakfast. After breakfast the party proceeded up the river Visp to Stalden ; this took about one and a half hours or more. ‘Here the valleys of the Saas and St. Niklaus separate. The latter, which goes to the right, led us to Zermatt. We picked many interesting lower country plants on the way :— Biscutella levigata | Salvia viscosa Erigeron canadensis Herminium Monorchis Monotropa Hypopitys Colchicum autumnale Digitalis grandiflora Stipa pennata Hyssopus officinalis Leaving Stalden we walked to St. Niklaus, which usually takes two and a half hours more walking. In this part of the journey the Weisshorn is a conspicuous snowy mountain. Fir woods here and there and snowy patches seen. We rested at St. Niklaus for some time to take lunch. We reached Zermatt between 6 and 7 p.m., passing along an interesting valley. We were thoroughly wet, and as our baggage had not arrived we had no alternative but to go to bed fora time. Nine of the party remained at the Hétel du Mont Cervin, while the remaining 12 (3 being left at Visp) were accommodated at the Hétel du Mont Rose, Seiler Fréres. Sunday, 22nd August 1858. When we awoke in the morning we found the whole ground covered with newly-fallen snow to the depth of 3 or 4 inches, It was a remarkable sight at this time of the year. The sun broke out in the course of the morning and the snow began to melt rapidly, so that the ground became very disagreeable. The curé is a good naturalist and has made a collection of the plants of the mountains. The collection can be purchased... At the hotel there were two volumes of botanical specimens laid out for the inspection of travellers. Monday, 23rd August 1858. Day fine, sun shining and snow melting ; still much snow covering the ground ; notwithstanding, we resolved to start for PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 271 alpine botanising. We started after breakfast, about 9, with an excellent guide, Joseph Zum Taugwald, who knew something about the plants in the district. On going up the valley, not far from Zermatt, marks of polishing and striation are seen on some of the rocks. We made our way gradually through the wood and up the mountain to the Riffel Hétel, kept by a brother of M. Seiler, who was also very kind and attentive. On rocks during the ascent to Riffel and near Zermatt gathered Gentiana nivalis and Oxytropis campestris. On reaching the hotel we arranged for beds, table d’héte, &c., and then started on our way to the alpine heights. We walked through snow sometimes more than a foot deep up to the Gorner Grat, seeing only now and then a plant on some bare rock where the snow had melted ; we were most annoyed at our inability to procure speci- mens, for we had all along looked to the hills in this quarter as - our best botanical district. After lunching on the Gorner Grat we prepared to descend. The greater number returned from the Gorner Grat to the Riffel, while Messrs. Buchan, A. Graham, self, and guide made an ex- cursion to some rocks by the side of the Great Glacier, where the snow had melted more fully on the south and west. Mr Turn- bull also accompanied us during part of the time. Here we gathered our best alpine plants :— Phaca astragalina Senecio uniflorus Oxytropis campestris Campanula cenisia * ceerulea Gentiana nivalis e: montana r glacialis Valeriana celtica Veronica saxatilis Artemisia glacialis | » alpina ata Pinus Cembra (near Zer- I Arnica scorpioides matt) We returned to the hotel about 6 for table d’héte. The effects of the sun’s reflection from the snow was now visible on all our faces ; some of us suffered very severely. We had intended to take another day’s botanising here, visiting the Furggen glacier, close under the Matterhorn precipices, and the Zmutt glacier; but the effects of our adventure to-day were such as to make the party resolve to return to Zermatt. All were discouraged by the 272 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY want of success in the way of plant gathering, and the smarting of faces, necks, and eyes was not easily got over. Moreover, the guide said he could not conduct the party on the route we preposed without extra assistance, for the glaciers were not always safe. We accordingly sent our guide to M. Seiler at Zermatt to arrange for our breakfasting next day, while we slept at the Riffel. Tuesday, 24th August 1858. At 6.15 a.m. wedescended to Zermatt to breakfast, getting a few plants on the way. Some of the party descended from the Riffel to Zermatt in one and a half hours. M. Seiler received us with his usual kindness. We paid a visit to the curé’s house for the sake of seeing his plants, but found that he was not at home. About 9 we left Zermatt and walked down the valley. The melting of the snow had caused an increase in the streams, and in several instances the rude bridges required for the passage of horses were carried away. These rapid torrents carry down debris and trees with them and often render the roads impassable. At one point of our journey the repair of a bridge became necessary. This was accomplished by the party with the aid of guides and under the direction of Dr. Fayrer, whose experience in the crossing of rivers in India was most useful. To the astonishment of the guides a most effective bridge was made in a better style than they had ever seen before. We rested at St. Niklaus for lunch. There we met Dr. Sanderson and his wife. The Doctor, an old pupil,zealous physiologist, wrote article, “ Vegetable Embryology,” in Todd’s Cyclopedia. Con- tinued our walk to Visp, which was reached in the evening. To- day we were on foot 12 hours. The walk was about 34 or 36 miles. Took up our quarters at the Hétel du Soleil. Wednesday, 25th August 1858. After breakfast, started at 9 in four voitures of different kinds for Martigny. Morning fine, allowing a good view of the valley of the Rhone. x We travelled by the Valais along the banks of the Rhone. Rested at Leuk, Gemmi Pass. We reached Sion in the after- PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 273 noon for lunch. We remained there two hours. This is the chief town of the Valais. We had a long drive to Martigny. Some time before we reached Martigny rain came on. The night was dark and stormy, with thunder and lightning, and did not promise well for a mountain trip next day. We took up our quarters at the Hétel Clerc about 6.45, where we were well attended to and very comfortable. Put up our plants and despatched them to Guthnick at Berne. Thursday, 26th August 1858. Wind, rain and mist prevented us from attempting to cross the Téte Noire to Chamounix as we had intended. After some delay in the hope that the day might clear, we at last left Martigny about 10.30, some driving in the omnibus and some walking in the direction of Bex, where we meant to join the railway. The day was very wet, heavy showers every now and then. A number of plants were gathered, especially Athyrium fontanum by Mr. Fraser. We proceeded by rail to Villeneuve, where we joined the steamer on the Lake of Geneva. We left Villeneuve at 12.30 and reached Geneva about 7 p.m. At first we proceeded to the Hétel Couronne, but did not find sufficient accommodation there. Mr. Bell and Mr. Sconce got beds there. The rest went to the Hétel de la Métropole—large and fine new hotel; abund- ance of beds ; rather expensive. friday, 27th August 1858. After breakfast, went to Rue du Rhone for a photograph. Found that Messrs. Artaria & Carini, who were recommended as the best photographers, were not at home ; and accordingly, as our time was limited, we were compelled to take some other. Accidentally went to the rooms of a person near Artaria & Carini, M. Poncy. He took three photographs of the party, for which 81 francs were charged. These we brought home and they have since been used by Bryson for printing, but none have turned out good. Messrs. Bell & Sconce, who were at another hotel and whose residence we could not ascertain, missed us and got their photographs taken separately by the same artist. That 274 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY of Mr. Sconce is excellent. Called on De Candolle, 100 Cour St. Pierre. M. Alphonse de Candolle was not at home. Saw his son, who showed us the Candollean Library and the Herbarium superintended by Dr. Mueller. Interesting to see the mode in which the plants mentioned in the Prodromus were marked. De Candolle and Mueller accompanied us to the Botanic Garden, which is no longer superintended by Alphonse de Candolle, but in which there are many plants of interest. P. Maclagan, P. Graham, Williamson, Bell, and Sconce remained at Geneva. Dined at our hotel and left Geneva at 4.15 p.m. for Paris, 3rd class. Saturday, 28th August 1858. After a very uncomfortable night reached Paris about 12 noon, after twenty hours’ travel. Took up quarters at Hotel du Louvre ; all accommodated. Monday, 30th August 1858. Left Paris at 6.30 for London. Twelve of party returned to London—five had been left in Geneva and seven in Paris. Reached Dover about 5 a.m. and London about 8 am. on 31st August 1858. Fayrer and Hill started for Edinburgh by 9 train, and reached it at 8 p.m.—thus going from Paris to Edinburgh in twenty-five and a half hours. Rest of party dispersed, and with two others I left by train at 7.30 p.m., third class, and after an uncomfortable journey reached Edinburgh at 7.30 a.m. on Wednesday, 1st September 1858. List of PLants CoLLECTED DURING THE EXCURSION. DicoTYLEDONES. RANUNCULACEZ. | Aquilegia alpina Aconitum Lycoctonum ” vulgaris = apellus Caltha palustris paniculatum Clematis virginiana Vitalba Acteea spicata ” Hepatica triloba Anemone alpina “ baldensis Ranunculus aconiti- a Halleri folius - vernalis “ acris PROFESSOR JOHN Ranunculus aquatilis Flammula glacialis montanus philonotis ‘ pyrenzeus Thalictrum majus ; minus Trollius europeeus BERBERIDE. Berberis vulgaris NYMPHAACE. Nuphar luteum Nympheea alba PAPAVERACEZ. Chelidonium majus Papaver Decaisnei ? FUMARIACE&. Corydalis claviculata Fumaria officinalis CRUCIFER. Ethionema saxatile Alyssum calycinum 9 campestre Arabis alpina arenosa bellidifolia ” ” , ceerulea Biscutella coronopifolia levigata saxatilis, var. Bunias Erucago Camelina sativa . Cardamine hirsuta resedifolia ” ” HUTTON BALFOUR. Dentaria dentata Diplotaxis tenuifolia Draba frigida Erysimum cheiran- thoides J ochroleucum Iberis amara Malcolmia maritima Nasturtium officinale palustre (near St. Niklaus) Raphanus Landra ? Sinapis alba Sisymbrium officinale pyrenaicum Sophia Thlaspi arvense sylvium ” RESEDACEZ. Reseda lutea oy yteuma CISTACE. Helianthemum obscurum 1 ; vulgare VIOLACEZ. Viola Allionii arenaria arvensis biflora calcarata lutea mirabilis tricolor POLYGALACEZ. Polygala vulgaris and vars. 276 ” Silene acaulis BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Agrostemma Flos-Jovis | Alsine fastigiata rostrata sedoides 9, setacea Arenaria biflora ciliata fasciculata laricifolia norvegica ’) ” curva serpyllifolia verna (A. Ger- ardi) Cerastium alpinum ” arvense campanu- latum latifolium ” ” re triviale Cherleria sedoides Dianthus actinopetalus ; arthusian- ” Y Gypsophila repens * Saxifraga Lychnis alpina diurna Flos-cuculi Moehringia muscosa Sagina apetala a” » Sp. ? (vivip.) Saponaria officinalis accaria } Silene inflata muscipula nocturna ” ~~ ~ ” ? 99 Stellaria cerastoides graminea nemorum yy ” PORTULACACES. Montia fontana TTAMARICACER. Myricaria germanica HYPERICACEZ. Hypericum montanum MALVACEz. Althzea officinalis Malva rotundifolia LINACEZ&. Linum angustifolium tenuifolium usitatissimum Lad BA GERANIACE&. Erodium cicutarium Geranium cinereum columbinum pratense Robertianum corniculata yy ” gD Oxalis BALSAMINACE. Impatiens Noli-me- tangere PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. SAPINDACEZ. Acer campestre LEGUMINOS&. Astragalus chionophilus ‘i icer o dasyglottis 2) depressus rf leontinus +s monspessu- anus Onobrychis eSronma Emerus and vars. Genista germanica 5 sagittalis tinctoria ” Hippocrepis comosa Lotus majo Medicago denticulata ri alcata , sativa Onobrychis sativa Ononis arachnoidea i: atrix Oxytropis campestris * cyanea Phaca alpina » astragalina fetragonolobus sili- quosus Trifolium agrarium alpinum ochroleucum vias Cracca RoOSAcEz, Agrimonia Eupatoria Alchemilla alpina is pentaphyllea vulgaris Cotoneaster vulgaris Dryas octopetala Geum montanum 5, reptans Potentilla ambigua argentea aurea cinerea andiflora Poterium Sanguisorba Prunus Cerasus Rosa spinulifolia Rubus czesius Sanguisorba officinalis Sibbaldia procumbens Spireea Aruncus SAXIFRAGACE. Saxifraga aizoides Aizoon androsacea cuneifolia avurica hypnoides oppositifolia rotundifolia stellaris umbrosa ? GROSSULARIACE&. Ribes petrzeum 278 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY CRASSULACE. Crassula rubens Sedum album Sempervivum arachnoi- deum a montanum he tectorum LYTHRACEZ. Lythrum Salicaria ONAGRACEA. Circzea lutetiana Epilobium alpinum ‘i alsinifolium i angustifolium Bt Dodonezi es Fleischeri + palustre y rosmarini- folium CUCURBITACEZ. Bryonia dioica UMBELLIFERZ. Astrantia minor Athamanta cretensis Bupleurum caricifolium 5 alcatum Bs pyrenaicum stellatum Daucus Carota Gaya simplex Laserpitium hirsutum a. eer Ligusticum acteeifolium Meum Mutellina Myrrhis odorata Silaus pratensis CAPRIFOLIACE. Linnzea borealis St. Niklaus) Lonicera alpigena RUBIACE&. Asperula aristata . cynanchica na irta 2 taurina Galium Bocconi » rubrum » sylvestre » verum VALERIANACEA. Valeriana celtica 4 montana iy tripteris DipsacE&. Asterocephalus Colum- aria Scabiosa pyrenaica Composit. Achillea atrata y, macrophylla » Millefolium 4. Rane is tomentosa Achyrophorus maculatus Antennaria alpina PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR 279 Anthemis montana | | Arnica montana 5, scorpioides Aronicum glaciale Artemisia Absinthium campestris glacialis Mutellina Ales alpinus » Amellus Bellidiastrum Michelii Carduus acaulis defloratus Carling acaulis vulgaris Centdures alba acea paniculata Scabiosa Chrysunthemtiin alpinum, coronopi- olium frutescens | Cichoriuin Intybus Cirsium oleraceum Crepis aurea osa ? Dovonteiis Pardali- anches Echinops sphzero- cephalus ” yy ” ’) ” Erigeron acris alpinus canadensis uniflorus Villarsii Pubaorkun cannabinum | Filago arvensis Gnaphalium dioicum | Gnaphalium norvegicum illum sylvaticum Hieracium angustifolium auhini blattarioides dentatum grandiflorum Halleri montanum ” piloselloides prenanth - oides rigidum staticifolium final germanica Lactuca perennis ‘ cariola i virosa Leontodon Taraxacum Prenanthes muralis purpurea Secip carniolicus erucifolius Solidago Virgaurea Tussilago alpina CAMPANULACE&. Campanula barbata ceespitosa linifolia BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Campanula persicifolia Primula farinosa ‘i Raineri e latifolia 5 rapuncu- s viscosa loides Soldanella alpina 7 rhomboidalis 3 Scheuchzeri OLEACE&. % speciosa Fraxinus excelsior ; Trachelium Jasione montana ASCLEPIADACE&. Phyteuma betonicifolium Cynanchum Vincetoxi- . hemispheeri- cum cum 7 humile GENTIANACEZ. is orbiculare Erythraea Centaurium % pauciflorum | Gentiana acaulis a spicatum | - alpina % asclepiadea VACCINIACEE. bavarica Vaccinium uliginosum | = brachyphylla | me campestris ERICACE&. | * ciliata Arbutus Uva-ursi | 8 glacialis Azalea procumbens nivalis Calluna vulgaris ” obtusifolia Erica carnea . neumonanthe Pyrola secunda 5 punctata Rhododendron ferru- ” purpurea gineum te tenella a verna MoNOTROPE. BoRAGINACEZ. Monotropa H itys pated hs Cynoglossum ea PLUMBAGINE&. Statice pubescens Echinospe rum Lap me Echium vulgare Eritrichium nanum Myosotis alpestris Onosma echioides PRIMULACEZ. Androsace carnea ” amzjasme glacialis CONVOLVULACEE. obtusifolia Convolvulus arvensis pennina ‘ sepium PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 281 SOLANACES. Hyoscyamus niger Physalis Alkekengi Solanum nigrum SCROPHULARIACES. Anarrhinum bellidi- olium Bartsia alpina Digitalis grandiflora ‘i lutea Euphrasia lutea minima S Odontites salisburgensis ithaite alpina genistifolia minor ‘i vulgaris Melampyrum sylvaticum Pedicularis recutita rostrata Riinanthus Crista-galli major | Veebuscum nigrum Thapsus ” ” ” Veronica alpina a bellidioides fruticulosa repens saxatilis spicata urticeefolia Verbena officinalis LaBIAT&. Ajuga genevensis | | | | VERBENACES. | | Calamintha alpina Galeopsis Ladanum Hyssopus officinalis Lamium maculatum Leonurus cardiaca Lycopus europzeus Mentha sylvestris Prunella grandiflora hyssopifolia Sata glutinosa Sideritis scordioides spinosa ? Teidriuri Chameedrys montanum Scordium Thymus alpinus ”) PLANTAGINE. Plantago alpina PARONYCHIACE. Herniaria alpina = glabra Scleranthus annuus a perennis CHENOPODIACES. Chenopodium album Scleranthus annuus we perennis POLYGONACE. . Oxyria reniformis Polygonum Fagopyrum viviparum Raisin Acetosella » alpinus BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY EL#AGNACEZ. | | | Hippophaé rhamnoides | SANTALACER. Thesium alpinum EUPHORBIACE. Euphorbia Cyparissias ” ” Mercurialis annua URTICACER. Humulus Lupulus | PLATANACE. Platanus orientalis CUPULIFERA. Betula alba Fagus sylvatica Quercus Robur MoNOcOTYLEDONES. ORCHIDACES. Epipactis latifolia rubra ” Epipogum Gmelini Goodyera repens Habenaria rey ridis Hephiniin Mékorbis Listera ovata Orchis nigra » odoratissima LILIACE. Allium fallax » sochoenoprasum Anthericum ramosum Convallaria bifolia Lloydia serotina ASPARAGES, Maianthemum bifolium Paris quadrifolia MELANTHACES. Colchicum alpinum ; autumnale AMENTIFER&. Salix arenaria » herbacea » pyrenaica » reticulata yy Fetusa Tofieldia glacialis - palustris Veratrum album JUNCACEA. Juncus alpinus » bufonius yy nivea » pediformis » Spadicea » Spicata ALISMACEA. Butomus umbellatus Sagittaria sagittifolia POTAME. Potamogetones PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 283 CYPERACEA. Carex atrata », brachystachys sc czespitosa : » capillaris » chordorrhiza tenuis iniyna spicata Eriophorum angusti- folium capitatum Scippad alpinus Beeothryon GRAMINE&. Achnatherum Calama- grostis Agrostis alpina rupestris setacea ; stolonifera Avena Scheuchzeri sempervirens ” ” ” , tenuis : Brachypodium pinnatum Bromus arvensis p grossus ? tectorum Cytdbil Dactylon Digitaria ciliaris Festuca calamaria heterophylla bagunke ovatus Melica ciliata Panicum miliaceum Phleum alpinum Boehmeri commutatum Michelii Poa alpina Balfourii ? cenisia , nemoralis Sesleria ceerulea disticha Setaria glauca verticillata viridis Stipa ete ” ” ” nata 9 Trisetum diadictophyk lum ConiIFERA. Juniperus Sabina Pinus Cembra y sylvestris 284 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY ACOTYLEDONES. FILIcEs. Hypnum tenellum Asplenium septentrionale i virid Athyrium fontanum Botrychium Lunaria Ceterach officinarum Cystopteris fragilis Lastrea dilatata Polypodium calcareum Polystichum aculeatum Lonchitis Peeudathyrium alpestre Allosorus crispus Asplenium lanceolatum LyYcoPpoDIACE#. Lycopodium annotinum . helveticum Musc1. Aulacomnion androgy- num Bartramia pomiformis Bryum Wahlenbergii Dicranum scoparium Funaria hygrometrica Gymnostomum curvi- rostrum Hedwigia ciliata Hypnum Crista-cas- trense m cupressiforme triquetrum iceaken subrufa Leucodon sciuroides Mnium serratum Neckera crispa Orthotrichum Pogonatum alpinum urnigerum Polytrichum commune sexangulare Racomitrium aciculare canescens Sphagnam cymbifolium Tortula ruralis 4 tortuosa Zygodon Mougeotii LICHENES. Alectoria jubata Borrera furfuracea Cetraria islandica Cladonia rangiferina Cornicularia vulpina Parmelia caperata % conspersa saxatilis Peltidea polydactyla Scyphophorus deformis Stereocaulon paschale EXCURSIONS IN 18509. Holyrood, Arthur’s Seat, Duddingston Loch. Saturday, 14th May 1859. Party of about 120 met at Holyrood Palace at 10.30 a.m., thence walked to Arthur’s Seat, Hunters’ Bog, Samson’s Ribs, PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFouR. 285 Duddingston Loch. Returned by Dunsappie, top of Arthur’s Seat, St. Anthony’s Chapel, and reached Holyrood a little after 4 p.m. Plants collected :— Ranunculus aquatilis - sceleratus a Ficaria Draba verna Sisymbrium Thalianum Helianthemum vulgare Lychnis Viscaria Stellaria Holostea Alsine verna Geranium sanguineum Oxalis Acetosella Anthyllis Vulneraria Lathyrus macrorrhizus Potentilla verna Crateegus Oxyacantha (early in flower) Saxifraga granulata Hippuris vulgaris Anthriscus vulgaris sylvestris Valerianella olitoria Petasites vulgaris | | Vaccinium Myrtillus Myosotis collina j versicolor Veronica hedereefolia yy arvensis serpyllifolia yy Chameedrys Lamium purpureum » album Mercurialis perennis Salix alba Carex vulgaris yy praecox » Tiparia Anthoxanthum odoratum Asplenium Adiantum- nigrum i Trichomanes = Ruta-muraria s septentrionale Polypodium vulgare Equisetum limosum Penicuik, Auchendinny, Roslin. Saturday, 21st May 1859. Party of about 100 met at North British Railway Station at 8.45 a.m. and proceeded to Penicuik Station. Visited glen near Station. Saw Paper Mills at Valleyfield, walked by the banks of the Esk to Auchendinny and Roslin, which was reached about 4.30 p.m. Returned by train leaving Roslin Station at 5.30. Return tickets, 1s. 3d. Numerous plants gathered, among which may be noticed :— Cheiranthus Cheiri : Cardamine amara | 7 sylvatica } Sisymbrium Thalianum Stellaria uliginosa Moehringia trinervia S Party of about 130 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway Station, and proceeded to Burntisland. Island, anc walked by hills and shore to Pettycur, thence to Kinghorn and Kinghorn Loch, and returned by boat from BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Prunus Padus Ribes alpinum Carum Carui Myrrhis odorata Adoxa Moschatellina Vaccinium Myrtillus Fraxinus excelsior Veronica montana Pedicularis sylvatica Ulmus suberosa Salix fragilis Allium ursinum Luzula pilosa Carex sylvatica Polypodium Dryopteris ‘s hegopteris Equisetum umbrosum Burntisland, Pettycur, Kinghorn. Saturday, 28th May 1859. Burntisland at 4.50 p.m. Return third class fare, gd. Among the plants collected were the following :— Ranunculus aquatilis fe hederaceus Cheiranthus Cheiri Cochlearia officinalis Thlaspi arvense Reseda lutea 4... palteola Viola canina Cerastium glomeratum arvense Malva sylvestris », rotundifolia Geranium sanguineum Astragalus hypoglottis Vicia lathyroides (on Island) Rosa spinosissima Myrrhis odorata | #Ethusa Cynapium Sambucus nigra Asperula taurina Centranthus ruber (near Aberdour) Valerianella olitoria Anthemis arvensis Tragopogon minor Cynoglossum officinale Lithospermum arvense Linaria Cymbalaria Veronica polita arvensis = Anagallis Plantago Coronopus Rumex aquaticus (near Kinghorn Loch) Hippophaé rhamnoides Bd Visited the PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 287 Orchis mascula Parmelia parietina Allium vineale fr aquila Pinus sylvestris Lecanora Parella Botrychium Lunaria Ramalina scopulorum Equisetum palustre Acidium senecionidis Hypnum rutabulum Lycoperdon Bovista Prestonpans, Tranent, Elphinston, Melville Hall, Cousland, Prestonhall, Crichton, Tynehead. Saturday, 4th June 1859. Morning rather unpromising. Party of 40 met at the North British Railway Station at 8 a.m. and proceeded to Prestonpans, thence walked to Tranent, Elphinston, Melville Hall, Cousland, Prestonhall, where Mr. Gorrie joined the party and Mr. Campbell from Glasgow; thence to Crichton and Tynehead. Return tickets, 2s. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Silaus pratensis (Cousiand and near Melville Hall; not in flower) Tragopogon minor Vinca minor Villarsia nymphzoides (pond at Prestonhall) Anchusa sempervirens Ranunculus arvensis (Cousland) Berberis vulgaris Nuphar luteum Nympheea alba nd at Prestonhall) Papaver Rhoeas dubium { yy i Argemone Fumaria micrantha Sinapis alba Stellaria uliginosa Malva moschata (not in flower) Geranium sylvaticum Staphylea pinnata Genista anglica (T ynehead) Fragaria elatior (Prestonhall) Agrimonia Eupatoria Solanum Dulcamara Veronica montana Ajuga reptans white, at Prestonhall) Plantago media (Cousland) Hippophaé rhamnoides (at Tynehead) Salix aurita ” Neottia Nidus-avis Orchis latifolia 288 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Ornithogalum umbellatum Carex remota (Prestonhall) Nardus stricta Luzula pilosa Juniperus communis » sylvatica Ophioglossum vulgatum Alisma Plantago_ (Prestonhall) Eriophorum latifolium . Botrychium Lunaria Lanark, Cora Linn, Bonnington Falls, Cartland Crags, Banks of Mouse, Cleghorn. Saturday, 11th June 1859. Party of 143 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 6.30 a.m. and proceeded to Lanark. Breakfasted at the Clydesdale Hotel (Irving). Walked with two guides to Cora Linn and Bonnington Falls, thence to Cartland Crags and the banks of the Mouse. Some of the party went to Stonebyres and walked by banks of Mouse to Cleghorn Junction. The greater part returned by train from Lanark at 4.35 p.m. Return tickets, 2s. 6d.; breakfast, 1s. 9d.: guides, 2d. Among the plants collected were the following :— Thalictrum flexuosum Saxifraga oppositifolia (woods, Cora Linn) o Geum Trollius europzeus (woods, Cora Linn) Aquilegia vulgaris (in pro- | Viburnum Opulus fusion in woods near | (Mouse River) Cora Linn) Galium boreale Aconitum Napellus | " ,, pusillum Nasturtium palustre (Clyde | (Cora Linn) banks near Lanark) Antennaria dioica Cardamine amara | Doronicum Pardalianches Hesperis matronalis | Carduus heterophyllus (banks of Mouse) | Hieracium Pilosella Vicia Orobus 9 murorum » sylvatica ss vulgatum Spirzea salicifolia Jasione montana (Bonnington) Pyrola minor Rubus corylifolius Rumex aquaticus Pyrus Aucuparia (near Lanark) PROFESSOR JOUN HUTTON BALFOUR. : Neottia Nidus-avis (Mouse) Listera ovata Orchis mascula 5» incarnata » latifolia » maculata Gymnadenia conopsea Convallaria majalis Scirpus sylvaticus Eriophorum latifolium Carex ampullacea Milium effusum Avena pratensis Melica nutans » .Uhiflorg Poa nemoralis Asplenium viride Scolopendrium vulgare Cystopteris fragilis Polypodium vulgare Carex remota A Dryopteris » aquatilis Phegopteris (banks of Mouse) | Equisetum arvense » glauca ; umbrosum » vulgaris | sylvaticum 4» panicea i palustre ws LUlva | - limosum ~ © ae 7 hyemale a ert Lycopodium _ selaginoides »» paludosa (Cora Linn) Ladybank, Strathmiglo, Balvaird Castle, Glenfarg, Abernethy. Saturday, 18th June 1859. Party of between 50 and 60 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway Station at 6 a.m. and proceeded to Ladybank and Strathmiglo. Breakfasted there at Mr. Senior’s Inn in two rooms. Met Mr. Barclay of Cupar, Dr. Lyall of Newburgh, Dr. Troup of Auchtermuchty, Mr. Henderson (a gardener) and his son. Walked to Balvaird Castle and Glenfarg. Met Mr. Barclay at the Bein Inn. Examined Glenfarg Woods, visited castle, and had a fine view of the Carse, the Earn, the Tay, Moncrieff Hill, Kinnoul Hill, and the Highland mountains. Reached Abernethy in time for the train at 3.15 p.m., and came to Edinburgh about 5.50 p.m. Return tickets, 3s. 3d.; break- fast, 1s. 6d. BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Ranunculus Flammula Papaver Argemone Arabis hirsuta Viola tricolor is teen Dianthus deltoides Lychnis Viscaria (abundant in Glenfarg) Cerastium arvense (near Strathmiglo) Malva moschata (Glenfarg) Geranium sanguineum ‘ heeum is sylvaticum lucidum Genista anglica (near Ladybank) ‘Prunus insititia Comarum palustre Sedum reflexum (Balvaird Castle) Anthemis arvensis Matricaria Parthenium Pyrola minor Anagallis arvensis Solanum Dulcamara Antirrhinum majus (Abernethy) Scrophularia vernalis (at Baivaird Castle) i | | | | Among the plants gathered were the following :— Mentha viridis and var. (in Glenfarg) Origanum vulgare Rumex sanguineus » viridis (in Glenfarg) Salix repens », fusca Listera cordata (hill near Abernethy) Gymnadenia conopsea Habenaria bifolia Scirpus setaceus Carex binervis po: ES , paludosa (Glenfarg) Poa nemoralis Nardus stricta Asplenium Adiantum- nigrum - Trichomanes Ruta-muraria thyetuii Filix-foemina Cystopteris fragilis Polystichum lobatum aculeatum Lastres Oreopteris Polypodium Dryopteris Lycopodium Selago Forteviot, Invermay, Muckersie Falls. Saturday, 25th June 1859. Party of between 50 and 60 met at Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Station at 6.30 a.m. and proceeded by Scottish Central line to Forteviot. Breakfasted at Rutherford’s Inn in two rooms. Met Dr. Stirling from Perth, Dr. Lorimer, and others, the latter PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 291 accompanied the party. Walked by banks of May to Invermay —met the gardener who showed the party through the grounds. Walked up the side of the river to the Muckersie Falls—then visited Clevage Hill, Clevage Loch, returned to Forteviot at 4.29, and reached Edinburgh at 7.50 p.m. Return tickets, 3s. 11d. Breakfast, 2s. Among the plants collected were the following :— Lepidium Smithii Viola canina Stellaria nemorum Hypericum humifusum Geranium sylvaticum pratense Genista anglica Trifolium medium Spirzea salicifolia Rubus saxatilis Potentilla fruticosa Circeea lutetiana Sanicula europzea Sambucus nigra Viburnum Opulus Solidago Virgaurea Filago germanica Antennaria dioica Matricaria Parthenium Erica Tetralix Pyrola minor Anagallis arvensis Solanum Dulcamara Mimulus luteus Stachys Betonica Littorella lacustris Polygonum viviparum Salix repens Listera ovata Epipactis latifolia Orchis latifolia » maculata Gymnadenia conopsea albida Habeniars ia bifolia i chlorantha Narthecium ossifragum Scirpus lacustris Carex sylvatica Poa nemoraiis Scolopendrium vulgare Cystopteris fragilis Equisetum umbrosuin Lycopodium clavaturn alpinum ” Grant’s House, Cockburn Law, &c. Saturday, 2nd July 1859. Party of 45 met at North British Railway Station at 8 a.m. and proceeded to Grant’s House—met Mr. James Hardy of Penmanshiel along with two of the schoolmasters in the neigh- bourhood, and walked by Butterdean across the Eye by 292 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Quixwood to the Abbey St. Bathan’s and the Whitadder. Crossed the river by bridge and proceeded to Cockburn Law, 1049 feet above level of the sea. Visited Edin’s Hold, an old Pictish or Saxon building, then crossed the Whitadder to the Retreat (belonging to Lord Wemyss) and walked through the woods to an old copper mine near the Straight Leap, and then by the road and moor to Grant’s House, returning by train at 5.51 p.m. Return tickets, 2s. 6d. Among the plants collected were the following :— Ranunculus aquatilis ‘ss hederaceus ‘6 Flammula Papaver somniferum Cardamine amara Hesperis matronalis Viola palustris » canina Cerastium arvense Stellaria nemorum Geranium sylvaticum " pratense ¥ dissectum lucidum Cake anglica Trifolium medium " hybridum Lotus major Rubus suberectus nitidus Potentilla reptans Ribes rubrum Sedum Telephium Myriophyllum spicatum Callitriche platycarpa Sanicula europea Conium maculatum Pimpinella Saxifraga Galium palustre | Solidago Virgaurea Antennaria dioica Senecio sylvaticus viscosus Pyrola media Verbascum Thapsus Veronica scutellata Melampyrum pratense Salix pentandra 4 aquatica Empetrum nigrum Listera cordata Gymnadenia conopsea Scirpus setaceus Blysmus compressus Carex pulicaris » remota » pilulifera » leevigata , binervis Phalaris arundinacea Lolium italicum Juniperus communis Allosorus crispus Lastrea Oreopteris Polypodium Dryopteris egopteris Lpnofodinnl clavatum m alpinum PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 293 Beattock, Garpol Linn, Beld Crag, Moffat. Saturday, 9th July 1859. Party of 66 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 6.30 a.m. and proceeded to Beattock—breakfasted at the Beattock Inn (Miss Ramsay). Met the Rev. Mr. Little and proceeded with him to Garpol Linn. Also met the Rev. Dr. MacVicar. After visiting the Linn, went to the manse of Kirkpatrick-Juxta and saw Mr. Little’s collection of living ferns. Then walked to the Beld Crag—Mr. Little met us there ; afterwards proceeded to Moffat, visited the Well, and reached Beattock in time for the train at 5.22 p.m. Return tickets, 4s. Breakfast, 1s. 6d. Some of the party visited the hills near Moffat, going to the district on Friday, 8th. Among the plants collected were the following :— Ranunculus hederaceus Cardamine Impatiens (Kirkpatrick-Juxta) Viola hirta | Symphytum officinale | i | Stellaria nemorum , levigata Linaria vulgaris Habenaria chlorantha Carex remota Lepigonum rubrum , binervis Tilia grandifolia | Milium effusum Genista tinctoria | Melica nutans Saxifraga stellaris » uniflora Sedum Rhodiola | Hymenophyllum Wilsoni » villosum Allosorus crispus Jasione montana | (Moffat Hills) Pyrola secunda Asplenium viride Lysimachia Nummularia (Kirkpatrick-Juxta) Kilconquhar, Balcarres, Elie, Largo. Saturday, 16th July 1859. Party of between 40 and 50 met at Edinburgh Perth and Dundee Railway Station at 9.30 am. and proceeded to Kilconquhar, where we met the Rev. Mr. Milligan minister of 204 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY the parish, who acted as our guide; met also Mr. Barclay from Cupar, who accompanied us from Thornton Junction, and Mr. A. Wilkie of Leven. Visited Kilconquhar Loch and then walked to Balcarres ; visited the Den and the high rock—whence we had a fine view. Passed Balcarres House and proceeded by Elie to Largo Links. Reached Largo in time for train at 6.39 p-m. Detained long at Thornton Junction, and did not reach Edinburgh till near 10 p.m. Among the plants collected were the following :— Ranunculus sceleratus Nuphar luteum (near St. Monans) Arabis hirsuta Crambe maritima (near Elie) Viola canina (Largo Links) Lychnis Githago Sagina nodosa Hypericum calycinum + quadrangulum hirsutum Euonymus europzeus Medicago sativa Melilotus officinalis Comarum palustre Rosa rubiginosa Ribes nigrum Hippuris vulgaris Epilobium hirsutum 3 sages ontanum Beecuenned sativum Sium angustifolium Pimpinella Saxifraga Foeniculum vulgare (Enanthe crocata Bidens cernua Centaurea Scabiosa Campanula rapunculoides Ligustrum vulgare Cynoglossum officinale Solanum Dulcamara Linaria vulgaris Veronica Anagallis Atriplex angustifolia » Babingtonii Polygonum amphibium Daphne Laureola Habenaria viridis Sparganium ramosum Alisma Plantago Scirpus lacustris Carex disticha » arenaria , teretiuscula »» paniculata » vulpina » Re ampullacea Holeus mollis Phragmites communis Glyceria aquatica Triticum repens # junceum Asplenium marinum (near Elie) PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 295 Cathcart, Busby. Saturday, 23rd July 1859. Party of 20 met at the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Station at 7 a.m. and proceeded to Glasgow. Thence went by omnibus to Cathcart, met Mr. Keddie, also Mr. Crum’s gardener, and the Cathcart schoolmaster, and walked by banks of the Cart through various properties, for which permission had been ob- tained. Visited Cathcart Castle. Crossed the Cart at different points. Walked along the banks of the Kethock and reached Busby about 2 p.m. Dined at Mr Crum’s. Met the minister of Busby, Free Church Minister of East Kilbride, Dr. Ross of Busby, and others. Visited Mr. Crum’s garden and _ houses. Left about 4 p.m. by omnibus for Glasgow, reaching Edinburgh by train at 5.30 p.m. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Trifolium medium Verbascum Thapsus Vicia sylvatica | Veronica montana Rubus carpinifolius Plantago maritima (on rock Fragaria elatior on banks of Cart) Agrimonia Eupatoria Atriplex erecta Rosa villosa Polygonum Bistorta »» canina, var. Epipactis latifolia arvensis Ruscus aculeatus Sachin Telephium Alisma Plantago acre (var., in woods) Milium effusum Editisa Cynapium Poa nemoralis (a peculiar Arctium majus form like Poa Balfourii) Hieracium denticulatum Bromus asper Pyrola secunda Triticum caninum (said to be got in woods Polypodium Dryopteris near Busby) Phegopteris Campanula latifolia Dehiticloneisil vulgatum (chiefly white) (Cathcart woods) Symphytum officinale 296 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Clova. Friday, 12th August 1859. J. H. Balfour, Thomas Barclay, William Bell, William Brand, J. B. Corbett, Alexander Graham, J. Labonté, Arthur Le Deant, John Linton, James M‘Nab, T. Pougnet. The above party of 11 left Edinburgh on Friday, 12th August, at 6 a.m. They travelled by the Edinburgh, Perth, » and Dundee Railway, reached Perth about 9 a.m. and breakfasted there, arrangements having been made for them by Dr. Lauder Lindsay. They left Perth at 10.18 for Kirriemuir where they arrived about 1 p.m., the train being late. The party had return 3rd class tickets available for 14 days, price 7s. 8d. At Kirriemuir young Findlay met the party with a cart and took charge of the baggage along with provisions for the Milltown of Clova. The party walked by Cortachy to Dykehead, where they rested for lunch. There is a great improvement in the place of late. In the woods on starting gathered Pyrola media, Trientalis europea, Listera cordata. From Dykehead walked up the glen to Clova, which was reached about 7 p.m. Collected on the way Saxifraga aizoides, Meum athamanticum, Gymnadenia aliida, Lycopodium alpinum, and a_ peculiar white-flowered variety of Carduus heterophyllus. On arriving at Clova they were accommodated in the hall, where straw-beds were made up for the party, the forms, tables, and boards for the Clova festivities being called into requisition. Mr. M‘Nab and Dr. Balfour had beds in the inn in consequence of the non-arrival of Lord Cranston and his keepers, who had secured, all the accommodation at the inn for his shooting quarters. Found old Charles Findlay in good health, though older look- ing than formerly and somewhat deaf. Mary, his daughter, still takes an active charge in the inn. On our way up the glen met the Rev. Mr. Smith, the clergyman of the place. Clova is now to be made a parish extending about three miles below Milltown and about four miles above it. Saturday, 13th August 1859. Party started between 8 and 9 am. for Glen Dole. Went on the south side of the Esk. Met old John Ogilvy, PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 297 who knew George Don and had also met Drummond. He is over 80 years of age. Picked on the way J/alaxis paludosa and Gymnadenia albida. Botanised on the north side of Glen Dole. Kain came on and continued all day. The party were thoroughly wet. Several returned early. The party examined Glen Dole ully and gathered :— Silene acaulis Gnaphalium supinum Astragalus alpinus Saussurea alpina Rubus saxatilis Hieracium alpinum Dryas octopetala Lawsoni Sibbaldia procumbens Sdneiue alpinus Saxifraga oppositifolia Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi ‘5 stellaris Pyrola media noides, var. Veronica saxatilis Epilobiink anpausttoidrn Salix reticulata pA alsinifolium Carex atrata alpinum Poa Balfourii Linmees borealis Festuca vivipara Erigeron alpinus Monday, 15th August 18 59. Several of the party this day were unable to take much exercise in the way of walking. The rest of the party started about 8.30 a.m. and crossed the bridge of Clova and then walked along the side of the Esk as far as the cottage where Isabella M‘Kenzie lives, a person who has neither hands nor feet. The deformity is congenital. The arms end in rounded extremities without hands. The arm on the right side is shorter than that on the left. The legs are deficient from above the knees. She is intelligent, reads well, and is able to write by hoiding a pen in her teeth. She was 38 on Sunday, 14th August 1859. In the house where she resided I met the daughter of the former game- keeper (now dead) at Loch Callater, in whose house I once stayed for a night and whom I often visited on botanical excur- sions. We then went on to Glen Fee, gathering in Glen Clova Malaxis paludosa and Hieracium denticulatum. Visited the Oxytropis cliff and gathered Oxy/ropis campestris in fruit and flower, Epilobium angustifolium, Woodsia hyperborea, This fern 298 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY seems to occur sparsely from the Oxytropis cliff up to the water- fall at the head of the glen. We got also variety of TZofteldta palustris and Cystopterts fragilis, Crossed over to the opposite side of the glen and endeavoured to get Carex Grahami, but did not succeed. The station of this plant seems to be lost. Gathered :— Rubus Chamzemorus Luzula spicata Sibbaldia procumbens Carex pulicaris Cornus suecica », Wahlii Gnaphalium supinum » atrata Veronica alpina » rigida Salix lanata » Vaginata , Lapponum , pulicaris » Myrsinites,var. arbuti- Asplenium viride folia Pseudathyrium alpestre, » herbacea | var. flexile Juncus trifidus Polystichum Lonchitis » triglumis On our way home about 6 visited Robert Welsh at Acharn. His sister kindly gave us milk. The day was fine, very clear views, beautiful sunset. Tuesday, 16th August 1850. The morning was bright and seemed to promise well. Six of the party—Dr. Balfour, M‘Nab, Graham, Bell, Linton, and Rutherford —started about 8.30 a.m., walked to Acharn, thence proceeded directly on the eastern side of Glen Dole to Jock’s Road. Visited falls of White Water, and then walked along its banks for about a quarter of a mile, and turned to the west over the hills on the left at the place where there is a depression in the ridge, and reached at once Little Gilrannoch. Picked Cochlearia sranlandica, Lychnis alpina (mostly in fruit), Cherleria sedotdes, and Armeria maritima. On the stream coming from the hill the party gathered Epzlobium alsinifolium, Carex aquatilis, Alope- curus alpinus, Phleum alpinum, and Pseudathyrium alpestre, vat. Rain and mist had set in, and we were thoroughly drenched an very cold. Guided ourselves by compass. Returned to White Water, and walked along the banks in a northerly direction, PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 299 gathering Szbbaldia procumbens, Epilobium alpinum, Gnaphalium supinum, Juncus castaneus. \n returning crossed to the Dole to join Jock’s Road. Gathered Rubus Chamemorus (sparingly in fruit), Cornus suecica, Pseudathyrium alpestre (in abundance) and some forms apparently flexz/e, also varieties of Athyrium Filix-femina and of Lastrea dilatata. On full-grown specimens of Pseudathyrium alpestre saw some fronds rather contracted bearing fructifications. Others were expanded and rounded in the fzwue bearing no sporangia. \t is probable that P. flexz/e is merely a barren state of the plant with the fzzz@ more rounded and scattered. Plants of all varieties were taken for the Botanic Garden so as to enable us to determine them. Returned by Glen Dole and reached Clova about 6.30 p.m. Wednesday, 17th August 1859. This morning was very fine and warm, sun shone beautifully, and the views all around were splendid. Ten of the party started at 9.30 for Loch Brandy ; Messrs. Le Deant and Labonté remained at home. The party visited Loch Brandy and ascended to the summit of the mountain, whence we had a splendid view of Lochnagar and al] the mountains around. The distant views were particularly clear. Among the plants gathered were :— Thalictrum alpinum Azalea procumbens Subularia aquatica _* Littorella lacustris Cerastium alpinum | Salix herbacea Potentilla alpestris | Sparganium natans Sibbaldia procumbens Pseudathyrium alpestre Gnaphalium supinum Polystichum Lonchitis Saussurea alpina Isoétes lacustris Lobelia Dortmanna | Polytrichum alpinum On our return went to the Esk and gathered specimens of Carduus heterophyllus, Hieractum denticulatum, and Carex aqua- tilts. Dined at 5.30. About 6 p.m. Mr. Barclay appeared, having been detained at Cupar longer than he intended. Thursday, 18th August 1859. The party broke up to-day. Mr. M‘Nab took charge of the party to Kirriemuir, while Dr, Balfour, Mr, Graham, and Mr, 300 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Linton went to Ballater. Of the Kirriemuir party, Mr. Barclay and Mr. Pougnet went to Aberdeen and Peterhead, Mr. Le Deant and Mr. Labonté went to Perth, the rest to Edinburgh. The Ballater party left Clova at 6.15 a.m. and ascended by Ben Driesh to the west of Loch Brandy. The hills were covered with mist. The party required the compass to guidethem. The direction taken was N.N.E. The road was very rough, and the journey fatiguing. After three hours’ travelling there was a partial clearance of the mist and part of Lochnagar was seen, which helped to direct the party. We joined the Glen Muick road between 4 and 5 miles from Ballater and reached the latter place about 12.45. On the way we gathered :— Pyrola media Melampyrum sylvaticum Trientalis europzea Betula nana Linaria repens On 19th August Mr. Graham and Mr. Linton visited Balmoral. On 22nd August Dr. Balfour visited Lochnagar. EXCURSIONS IN 1860. Penicuik, Auchendinny, Roslin. Saturday, 12th May 1860. Party of 120 met at the North British Railway Station at 9 a.m. and proceeded to Penicuik, thence walked by banks of Esk to Auchendinny and Roslin and returned from Roslin Station at 5-30 p.m. Return tickets, 1s. 3d. Vegetation very far behind its usual state at this season. Collected :— Polypodium Dryopteris _ Equisetum umbrosum Gi Phegopteris | (with scarcely a | leaf expanded) : 50 or 60 species of flowering plants were gathered, besides many mosses and lichens, also J/orchella esculenta. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 301 Gorebridge, Arniston, Dalhousie. Saturday, 19th May 1860. Party of 110 met at the North British Railway Station at 11.25 a.m. and proceeded to Gorebridge, thence walked to Arniston, having permission from Mr. Dundas to visit his grounds. Walked along banks of Esk and reached Dalhousie at 5.16 p.m., returning to Edinburgh at 5.41 p.m. Return tickets, Is. Gathered the usual Arniston plants, amongst them :— Aconitum Napellus Doronicum plantagineum Draba muralis Pulmonaria officinalis (near the garden) Arum maculatum Chrysosplenium alterni- folium North Queensferry, Inverkeithing, St Davids. Saturday, 26th May 1860. Party of 100 met at Granton Pier at 8 a.m. and proceeded to Queensferry by steamboat, thence walked to Inverkeithing and St. Davids, and returned to Queensferry, joining the boat about 6 p.m. Return tickets, Is.; Granton Pier, 2d.; Queensferry Pier, 6d.—in all, 1s. 8d. Much thunder and lightning with heavy showers—rain and hail. Among the plants gathered were :— Erysimum orientale Viola canina (near Queensferry) Sedum villosum Camelina sativa Allium Schoenoprasum (near St. Davids) (on shore near Inver- Diplotaxis tenuifolia keithing) Many sea-weeds. In all about 160 specimens collected, 3 302 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Mid-Calder, Meadowbank, Dalmahoy, Ravelrig, Water of Leith, Currie. Saturday, 2nd June 1860. Party of 80 met at the Caledonian Station at 10.20 a.m. and proceeded to Mid-Calder, thence walked by Meadowbank to Dalmahoy, Ravelrig, Water of Leith, and Currie. Returned from Currie by train at 6.11 p.m. Fare, ts. Among the plants gathered were :— Trollius europzeus Listera cordata Corydalis formosa | Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus Viola canina Tulipa sylvestris » lutea Equisetum hyemale Geranium columbinum Agaricus campestris Linnzea borealis ;j fascicularis Pyrola minor Polyporus squamosus Trientalis europzea Lycoperdon Bovista Scrophularia vernalis Boldside, Abbotsford, Rymer’s Glen, Eildon Hills, Melrose. Saturday, 9th June 1860. Party of 110 met at North British Railway Station at 7.30 a.m. and proceeded to Abbotsford Ferry, Boldside. Crossed the ferry, walked through the woods to Abbotsford—saw house and garden—(Jeffreys and his wife showing the former and the gardener showing the latter). Walked under direction of Robert Young, the gamekeeper, to Rymer’s Glen, thence proceeded to the Eildon Hills, and walked to Melrose. Saw the Abbey, and returned by train at 3.53 p.m., reaching Edinburgh before 6 p.m. Return tickets, 2s. 6d. At Abbotsford Ferry only ten were taken over each time in the boat, and this made us very late. The visit to Abbots- ford House also consumed much time. The excursion was therefore much curtailed. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 303 Among the plants gathered were the following :— Sinapis alba Myosotis sylvatica Geranium sylvaticum | (blue and white, in Pyrus Aria | Abbotsford woods) . », Aucuparia | Veronica montana ‘5 alus | Pinguicula vulgaris (very large, in beautiful | Polygonum Bistorta flower, near Eildons) | Listera cordata Antennaria dioica Juniperus communis Anthemis arvensis Allosorus crispus (Eildons) Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea | Polypodium Dryopteris Symphytum officinale | Botrychium Lunaria (Abbotsford) Lycopodium alpinum Valeriana dioica (Eildons) | Poa nemoralis Bridge of Earn, Moncrieff Hill, Orchardneuk, Kinfauns, Kinnoul Hill, Perth. Saturday, 16th June 1860. Party of 160 met at Edinburgh, Perth and Dundee Railway Station at 6 a.m. and proceeded to the Bridge of Earn, where the greater part breakfasted at Mrs. Hill’s Inn and on the verandah; then the party walked to Moncrieff Hill conducted by Mr. Bisset, factor to Mr. Thomas Moncrieff, and accompanied by the gamekeeper; then proceeded to banks of the Tay at Orchardneuk, crossed the river in the fishing-boats, and walked to Kinfauns under the direction of the factor, Mr. Bell. i Mere Myrrhis odorata (Enanthe crocata Peucedanum Ostruthium (near Ochardneuk) Cornus sanguinea (Moncrieff) Lonicera Xylosteum Valerianella olitoria (Quarry at Perth) PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. Dipsacus sylvestris (Kinnoul) Antennaria dioica (Moncrieff Hill) Inula Helenium Anthemis arvensis Tanacetum vulgare Doronicum Pardalianches Hieracium Pilosella Vaccinium Oxycoccus (Methven) Erica cinerea Pyrola minor Moneses grandiflora (woods at Scone) Trientalis europea (Methven) Cynoglossum officinale sylvaticum (near Perth) Anchusa sempervirens Scrophularia vernalis (in great quantity on wall on Moncrieff Hill) Veronica hederzfolia arvensis serpyllifolia officinalis Chameedrys Beccabunga peregrina (natur- alised near Perth) Mentha sylvestris ” Origanum vulgare 395 Lamium maculatum (Barnhill Toll) Scleranthus annuus Chenopodium Bonus- Henricus Rumex sanguineus (Moncrieff Hill) Carpinus Betulus Salix fragilis, var. Russel- liana » Caprea Populus nigra Epipactis latifolia Orchis latifolia Narcissus poeticus (Moncrieff) Narthecium ossifragum Lemna trisulca Aira preecox » flexuosa Glyceria aquatica (Moncrieff Hill) Asplenium Adiantum- nigrum ; Trichomanes Ceterach officinarum (Kinnoul) Lastrea spinulosa (Methven) Polypodium Dryopteris Equisetum arvense palustre - limosum Lycopodium clavatum (Moncrieff Hill) ” Drem, Gullan, Luffness, Aberlady, Gosford, Longniddry. Saturday, 23rd June 1860. Party of 50 or 60 met at the North British Railway Station at 8 a.m. and proceeded to Drem, thence walked to Gullan, Luffness, 306 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Aberlady, Gosford, and returned from Longniddry at 3.6 p.m. Return tickets, Is. 4d. Gathered many good plants :— Cerastium arvense Geranium sanguineum pusillum Saxifraga tridactylites (wall near Gosford) Anagallis coerulea Cynoglossum officinale | | | | | Hyoscyamus niger Utricularia vulgaris Hippophaé rhamnoides Listera ovata Potamogeton rufescens obtusifolius Botrychium Lunaria Kincardine, Culross, Torryburn, Charlestown. Saturday, 30th June 1860. Party of 50 met at Granton at 8 a.m.and proceeded by the Stirling” steamboat to Kincardine, thence walked by the shore to Culross, Torryburn, aid Charlestown, where they joined the boat at 4.30 p.m. Return tickets—boat, 1s.; pier (Granton), 2d.; pier (Kin- cardine), 2d. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Corydalis claviculata Lepidium Smithii Lepigonum marinum Circzea lutetiana Conium maculatum Apium graveolens Dipsacus sylvestris Matricaria Parthenium Solanum Dulcamara Rumex aquaticus Populus alba Gymnadenia conopsea Scirpus maritimus Carex vulpina Hordeum pratense maritimum Osmunda regalis Kinross, Loch Leven, Benarty, Navity, Lochore, Lochgelly. Saturday, 7th July 1860. Party of about 100 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway Station at 6 a.m. and proceeded to Kinross by Thornton and Cowdenbeath. Reached Kinross about 9 and met Mr. Barclay (who had joined us at Thornton), the Rev. Mr. Peters, Mr. Little, Mr. Williamson, factor for Kinross Estate; as well as Messrs. A. Dickson, Ramsbotham, and Bell, who had been at the PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 307 Rumbling Bridge. Breakfasted in the Town Hall, which had been secured by Mrs. Archer of the Salutation Hotel, and after breakfast visited Kinross grounds and house. Had a fine view from top of house (Sir Graham Montgomery’s). Visited the Island and Loch Leven Castle in boats. Landed at Kinross House pier and walked by the north and east shore of loch to Benarty. Went over the hill to Navity and Lochore, and joined the train at Lochgelly Station about 6.57 p.m. Return tickets, 2s. 10d.; breakfast, 1s. 6d. ; share of boats, 3d.—in all, 4s. 7d. Among the plants collected were the following :— Ranunculus Flammula reptans acris Bd ” ii repens Cheiranthus Cheiri Cardamine pratensis Helianthemum vulgare Viola lutea Silene inflata Lychnis diurna Arenaria serpyllifolia Radiola Millegrana Geranium sylvaticum Anthyllis Vulneraria Lotus corniculatus Vicia hirsuta » sativa Lathyrus macrorrhizus Comarum palustre Crateegus Oxyacantha (in full flower) Parnassia palustris Sedum acre Drosera rotundifolia Conium maculatum Bunium flexuosum Cheerophyllum temulum Anthriscus sylvestris Torilis Anthriscus Galium Cruciata » 7 werent Galium saxatile » palustre Valeriana officinalis Antennaria dioica Pyrola minor Trientalis europzea Pedicularis palustris sylvatica Pangea vulgaris Scleranthus annuus Polygonum Convolvulus Persicaria viviparum Salix repens Listera ovata Gymnadenia conopsea Habenaria bifolia chlorantha Iris Pseudacorus Potamogeton gramineus Carex disticha ovalis 5) uta Triticum caninum ” 2) » repen Asplenium’ Adiantum- nigrum Ruta-muraria Cystopteris fragilis Lycopodium clavatum 308 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Canal, Slateford, Colinton, Bonaly, Pentlands, Habbie’s Howe, Currie. Saturday, 14th July 1860. Party of between 25 and 30 met at the Canal Basin, Port Hopetoun, at 9 a.m., and walked by banks of Canal to Slateford, Colinton, Bonaly, Pentlands, Compensation Ponds, and Habbie’s Howe, and returned towards Currie and Colinton, reaching Edin- burgh about 6.15 p.m. Among the plants collected were the following :— Ranunculus aquatilis Arabis hirsuta Habenaria viridis Potamogeton crispus Geranium pheeum es sylvaticum 3 pratense Trifolium medium Rosa rubiginosa » lutetiana Sedum villosum Epilobium angustifolium Galium pusillum Valeriana pyrenaica Solidago Virgaurea Matricaria Parthenium Hieracium prenanthoides Rumex. viridis Empetrum nigrum pusillus Carex stellulata » pilulifera , binervis » fulva Poa nemoralis Festuca gigantea =i arundinacea Triticum caninum Juniperus communis Cystopteris fragilis Polystichum aculeatum Lastrea Oreopteris Lycopodium clavatum Mr. C. Cowan stated that Al/osorus crispus grows on Carnethy ' Hill, and Rubus Chamemorus on the hills between Carnethy and the Black Hill. Callander, Ben Ledi. Saturday, 21st July 1860. Party of about 100 met at the Scottish Central Railway Station at 6.30 a.m. and proceeded to Callander. Breakfasted ere at M‘Gowan’s Inn, and then walked to Ben Ledi, and re- PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 309 turned by train at 6.25 p.m. Return tickets, 4s. 4d.; breakfast, Is. 6d. Some of the party (12 or 15) went by a coach to the Trossachs and returned. The day was favourable, and many good plants were collected. Mr. Buchan, from Dunblane, ac- companied the party, also several gardeners from the district. Mr. Skinner met us at Callander. He had arranged the break- fast with the innkeeper. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Thalictrum alpinum Epilobium alpinum Caltha minor, var. Circeea alpina Trollius europzeus Pimpinella magna Nuphar luteum } (loch (Leny avenue) Nymphza alba Cassar) CEnanthe crocata Corydalis claviculata Meum athamanticum Draba incana Cornus suecica Cochlearia officinalis, var. Galium boreale Subularia aquatica » Mollugo (Loch Lubnaig) Solidago Virgaurea Viola lutea, var. purpurea Antennaria dioica Silene acaulis Chrysanthemum segetum Stellaria uliginosa Saussurea alpina Hypericum Androsemum . Hieracium alpinum (Leny) Apargia autumnalis humifusum Lobelia Dortmanna Tilia parsiolls (Loch Lubnaig) Vicia sylvatica Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea Prunus insititia 4 uliginosum Rubus saxatilis - Oxycoccus », Chameemorus Armeria maritima Alchemilla alpina (Ben Ledi) Sibbaldia procumbens Lysimachia vulgaris Saxifraga oppositifolia (Loch Lubnaig) re nivalis Nummularia - stellaris Gentiana campestris - aizoides . Utricularia intermedia hypnoides Scutellaria galericulata Sedhuin Telephium (Trossachs) » anglicum Polygonum viviparum Lythrum Salicaria Oxyria reniformis Epilobium alsinifolium Myrica Gale BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Quercus sessiliflora Salix herbacea Populus. nigra Empetrum nigrum Listera cordata Gymnadenia albida Habenaria chlorantha Narthecium ossifragum Tofieldia palustris Juncus trifidus 7 supinus t mis Potadkbetod obtusifolius Rhynchospora alba Carex dioica » Stellulata 3 Ovaus WS » Vulgaris to be the irrigua) »y preecox ‘5 pallescens ae ampullacea glauca | » irrigua? (Mr. A. Bell; | something like c limosa, but seems Milium effusum Holcus mollis Triodia decumbens Poa montana Triticum caninum Nardus stricta Hymenophyllum Wilsoni Pteris aquilina Allosorus crispus Blechnum boreale Asplenium viride Trichomanes Athyriiih Filix-foemina Cystopteris oe ntata Polystichiith fonchids . aculeatum Lastrea Oreopteris Filix-mas ,» dilatata Polypodium vulgare Dryopteris Phegopteris Rotrychian Lunaria Lycopodium Selago e clavatum ‘ alpinum selaginoides Isoétes lacitris (Loch Lubnaig) ” Mr. A. Bell was of great assistance in showing us localities for rare plants. He picked Carer trrigua and Vaccinium Oxycoccus. Aberfeldy, Moness. August and September 1860. Plants found near Aberfeldy, at Moness, and on hills near these places :— PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFoUR. 311 Moness :— Trollius europzeus (woods) | Berberis vulgaris (woods) | Hypericum humifusum Agrimonia Eupatoria Rosa villosa Saxifraga aizoides (hills above) Circeea alpina Galium boreale Solidago Virgaurea Antennaria dioica Carduus heterophyllus Hieracium prenanthoides Campanula latifolia Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi (hills above) Trientalis europzea (Falls) Melampyrum sylvaticum (abundant Calamintha Clinopodium Listera ovata (above) Near Aberfeldy :— Corydalis claviculata | (top of cottages) Prunus Padus Fergan :— Sagina subulata Alchemilla alpina Saxifraga gees zoides Calljtriche oiitaeniall Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi Near Dull:— Lamium album Carex remota » Ppallescens » sylvatica » binervis Milium effusum Melica uniflora Pteris aquilina Blechnum boreale Athyrium Filix-foemina var. con- vexum Polystichum aculeatum Lastrea Oreopteris Filix-mas ” ” ” » dilatata Polypodium vulgare ryopteris Phegopteris Dauiaweu umbrosum Lycopodium selaginoides (above) ” Rubus suberectus Pyrus Malus Sparganium natans Carex pauciflora , pilulifera Asplenium viride Lycopodium Selago clavatum alpinum ” ” 42 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY = Weem :— Calamintha Clinopodium Asplenium Adiantum- Melica uniflora Poa nemoralis (woods) Pteris aquilina ei Trichomanes Cystopteris fragilis Polystichum aculeatum In grounds at Taymouth :— Nuphar luteum Antennaria margaritacea Nymphea alba Botrychium Lunaria Spirzea salicifolia ———— Ben Lawers. Tuesday, 4th September 1860. Party, consisting of J. H. Balfour, W. Keddie, and W. Bell, left Aberfeldy at 7 a.m. for Lawers Inn, where they remained until Wednesday evening. On 4th September, visited Ben Lawers. Examined the rocks in the corrie, and returned to the inn about 7 pm. The inn kept by W. Anderson and _his daughter is very comfortable, there is a public room, a single- bedded and a double-bedded room. The following are some of the plants collected on Ben Lawers :— Thalictrum alpinum Montia fontana Anemone nemorosa Oxalis Acetosella Ranunculus acris Anthyllis Vulneraria Caltha palustris Rubus saxatilis Trollius europzeus ‘ amzemorus Draba incana Potentilla alpestris 3 Verna Sibbaldia procumbens Cochlearia officinalis Alchemilla alpina s alpi Saxifraga oppositifolia Viola lutea Xs nivalis Silene acaulis - aizoides Cerastium alpinum - hypnoides, var. Cherleria sedoides Parnassia palustris Sagina subulata Sedum Rhodiola PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 313 Epilobium alsinifolium i inum Angelica sylvestris (peculiar form) Heracleum Sphondylium (high up) Cornus suecica Galium boreale Solidago Virgaurea Erigeron alpinus Antennaria dioica, var. Gnaphalium pusillum Saussurea alpina Hieracium alpinum awsoni Apargie autumnalis, var. Taraxaci Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi Armeria maritima, var. pina Veronica serpyllifolia ” i saxatilis Polygonum see ans Oxyria reniform Salix fusca, var. aoe » reticulata Empetrum nigrum Tofieldia palustris Juncus triglumis Luzula spicata Potamogeton oblongus Carex pulicaris ovalis atrata rigida vulgaris glauca pilulifera pallescens ” p a Phleum commutatum ? Agrostis vulgaris Triodia decumbens Poa alpina » Balfourii Festuca vivipara Juniperus communis Woodsia hyperborea (in considerable quantity on steep cliffs, very diffi- cult of access) Polystichum Lonchitis Lastrea dilatata, var. Polypodium alpestre The station for Cystopterts montana was examined. No specimens were seen. Wednesday, 5th September 1860. This day again ascended Ben Lawers and went direct to the summit; fine view; clouds and sunshine; strong wind on top. After visiting summit and gathering Saxifraga cernua, Draba rupestris,ard Cochlearta alpina, the party descended to the rocks below, where two large patches of snow were lying, one 314 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY of them 34 feet thick. Saussurea alpina was seen and Woodsza, also Erigeron alpinus and Draba incana. Returned to the inn about § p.m. and reached Aberfeldy by coach about 9.30 p.m. Schiehallion. Friday, 7th September 1860. Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, W. Keddie, and W. Bell, visited Schiehallion. Went by Weem, Dull, Coshieville, and Garth Castle to a farmhouse at the foot of the hill, where we ascended, Hill very precipitous; covered with quartz rocks, porphyry, and trap-dyke through it. Dry, barren hill about 3600 feet high. Among the plants collected were the following :— Thalictrum alpinum Genista anglica Rubus Chamzemorus | Polygonum viviparum Saxifraga aizoides | Salix arbutifolia = stellaris | Listera cordata | I Cornus suecica Pyrola media hypnoides Tofieldia palustris Eippuris vulgaris (near Loch of Kinnaird) l A specimen of Polystichum Lonchitis was gathered with 130 fronds on it. Plants seen on the summit were :— Rubus Chamzemorus (very high) Vaccinium Myrtillus Empetrum nigrum Carex rigida | Festuca ovina vivipara Lycopodium Selago and the usual mosses and lichens, such as species of Andreea Polytrichum, Hypnum denticulatum, Cladonia rangiferina, Cetraria tslandica, Lecidea, Scyphophorus bellidifiorus, Trichostomum lanuginosum. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 315 EXCURSIONS IN 1861. Canal, Slateford, Water of Leith, Colinton, Woodhall. Saturday, 11th May 1861. Party of about 120 met at the Canal Basin, Port Hopetoun, at II a.m., and proceeded by Canal banks to Slateford, then by banks of Water of Leith to Colinton and by road to Woodhall ; returned about 5 p.m. to Edinburgh. Among the plants collected were the following :— Anemone nemorosa Ranunculus auricomus > Ficaria Berberis vulgaris Corydalis solida (walls near Slateford) Pe utea Barbarea vulgaris Arabis hirsuta Cardamine amara pratensis sylvatica Draba verna Viola sylvatica Lychnis diurna Stellaria Holostea Mcehringia trinervia Geranium pheum e molle Prunus communis, var. ” Geum rivale Pyrus Aucuparia Saxifraga granulata Myrrhis odorata Galium Cruciata Valerianella olitoria Doronicum Pardalianches Primula vulgaris Symphytum tuberosum Veronica hedereefolia Lamium, amplexicaule purpureum » album Orchis mascula Allium ursinum Lilium Martagon Arum maculatum (woods near Slateford) Scolopendrium vulgare (Colinton) Cystopteris fragilis (near Woodhall) Bryum capillare Hypnum commutatum striatum ruscifolium cupressiforme rugosum ” 316 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Burntisland, Aberdour. Saturday, 18th May 1861. Party of about 130 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway Station at 9.30 a.m. and proceeded to Burntisland, thence walked to Aberdour and returned to Burntisland for train at 4.50, reaching Edinburgh at 5.50 pm. Return tickets, 8d. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Ranunculus auricomus - Primula elatior Cochlearia officinalis Pulmonaria officinalis =e danica Solanum Dulcamara Sisymbrium Thalianum Veronica hedereefolia Lepidium Smithii Lamium amplexicaule Thlaspi arvense » incisum Viola hirta » purpureum » sylvatica ‘ album » canina Plantago Coronopus Silene maritima Rumex scutatus Geranium sanguineum Daphne Laureola . pheeum Mercurialis perennis (Aberdour Castle and (both dicecious and churchyard) moncecious Medicago maculata Allium Scorodoprasum (Aberdour Castle, » vineale below the churchyard) Arum maculatum Poterium Sanguisorba Blysmus rufus (not in flower) Carex preecox #Ethusa Cynapium Sclerochloa loliacea Valerianella olitoria Scolopendrium vulgare Armeria maritima Botrychium Lunaria Primula veris Linlithgow, Carriden, Blackness Castle, Hopetoun, Niddrie Castle, Winchburgh. Saturday, 25th May 1861. Party of 80 met at the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Station at 7 am. and proceeded to Linlithgow. Visited the PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. ka Palace and Loch. Walked to Carriden, thence to Blackness Castle and Hopetoun Woods. Mr. M‘Laren, the forester, accompanied the party through the woods, and Mr. Garvie, the gardener, conducted the party through the gardens and plant- houses. Walked to Niddrie Castle and Winchburgh, met train at 4.2 and reached Edinburgh about 5 p.m. Return tickets, Is. 6d. Among the plants collected were the following :— Ranunculus aquatilis Fraxinus excelsior me ammula Symphytum officinale Berberis vulgaris (Carriden) Chelidonium majus Linaria Cymbalaria Draba verna (Blackness) (Hopetoun) Sisymbrium Thalianum Brassica Rapa Lepidium Smithii Viola lutea Cerastium glomeratum Acer campestre (near Hopetoun) Rosa rubiginosa Pyrus Malus Saxifraga tridactylites (Blackness Castle) Myriophyllum spicatum Listera ovata (barely in flower) Epipactis latifolia (not in flower) Scirpus uniglumis (Blackness) Asplenium Ruta-muraria Scolopendrium vulgare (Carriden) Ophioglossum vulgatum (Hopetoun) Lanark, Cora Linn, Bonnington Falls, Stonebyres, artland Crags. Saturday, ist June 1861. Party of about 120 met at Caledonian Station at 6.30 a.m. and proceeded to Lanark, thence walked to Cora Linn and Bonnington Falls, as well as to Stonebyres and Cartland Crags, and returned by train leaving Lanark at 4.35 p.m. Return tickets, 2s. 6d. v BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Trollius europzeus Aquilegia vulgaris Aconitum Napellus Arabis hirsuta Cardamine amara Draba (Cora Linn) Hesperis matronalis Sisymbrium Thalianum Geranium sylvaticum lucidum Teitalinns filiforme Fragaria elatior Pyrus Aucuparia ” Saxifraga Geum = umbrosa, var. punctata 5 granulata Ribes alpinum Sedum acre Circzea lutetiana Sanicula europza Adoxa Moschatellina Galium boreale Antennaria dioica Doronicum plantagineum Campanula rotundifolia Pyrola minor Vinca minor Melampyrum pratense Salix Caprea Neottia Nidus-avis Listera ovata Convallaria majalis Luzula pilosa Eriophorum latifolium Among the plants gathered were the following :— Carex paniculata » paludosa Melica nutans » uniflora Briza media Pteris aquilina Blechnum boreale Asplenium viride Trichomanes Adtipeium Filix-foemina Cystopteris fragilis Polystichum lobatum aculeatum Lastres Filix-mas » dilatata Polypodium vulgare iv Dryopteris Phegopteris Hapisntanh arvense iyccpadnan ane Tortula tortuo mu Orthotrichum: crispum Funaria hygrometrica Leskea sericea Isothecium alpecuroides Hypnum striatum os commutatum - triquetrum Ps oreum lustre os pseudotriquetrum yi undulatum PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 319 Alectoria jubata Ramalina farinacea Usnea barbata Evernia prunastri Peltidea aphthosa Hypnum dendroides Bartramia fontana | Ceratodon purpurascens Fegatella conica Lepraria flava East Linton, Prestonkirk, Tynningham, Belhaven, Dunbar. Saturday, 8th June 1861. Party of 82 met at the North British Railway Station at 8 a.m. and proceeded to East Linton, thence walked by Preston- kirk to Tynningham, where they met Mr. Lees, the gardener. Examined woods at Tynningham. Walked to Whitbery Point and mouth of Tyne. Crossed the river and walked by Sandy Bent to Belhaven, and then to Dunbar. Returned by train leaving Dunbar at 6.17 p.m. Return tickets, 2s. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Berberis vulgaris (Tynningham) Papaver Rheeas dubium » Argemone Fumaria capreolata micrantha iy officinalis Arabis hirsuta Sinapis alba (near. Tynningham) Cakile maritima Viola canina (Whitbery Point) Cerastium arvense (Whitbery) Lepigonum marinum Astragalus hypoglottis Onobrychis sativa (near Belhaven) Vicia sativa Potentilla reptans ” ” Poterium Sanguisorba (Belhaven Links) Saxifraga tridactylites (Belhaven ) Sempervivum tectorum (Tynningham) Petroselinum sativum Haloscias scoticum Lonicera Caprifolium (Prestonkirk) Artemisia maritima ‘ ica (mouth of Tyne) Anagallis arvensis Erythreea Centaurium Cynoglossum officinale Solanum Dulcamara (Tynningham) Hyoscyamus niger Hippophaé rhamnoides Neottia Nidus-avis (woods, Tynningham) 320 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Listera ovata Scirpus maritimus Epipactis latifolia Carex vulpina (not in flower) Sclerochloa distans Orchis incarnata Ophioglossum vulgatum » latifolia, var. (Whitbery) » maculata Botrychium Lunaria Habenaria chlorantha | (Belhaven Links) Strathmiglo, West Lomond Law, Carlan Crags, Loch Leven, Lochgelly. Saturday, 15th June 1861. Party of about 90 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway Station at 6 a.m. and proceeded to Strathmiglo, arriving at 8.40. Breakfasted at Senior’s Inn. He had secured a large hall for breakfast. Met Mr. Barclay and Mr. Ritchie from Cupar, Dr. Troup, Mr. Rutherford (the gardener at Falkland), and his son. Return tickets--Strathmiglo and Lochgelly, 2s. 6d. ; breakfast, Is. 4d. After breakfast walked to West Lomond Law, ascended by stony ravine. Saw abundance of Hymenophyllum Wailsont, Sagina subulata, Saxifraga hypnoides, and Epilobium angustifolium. Ascended to flat ground above and examined a pool there; got Pilularia globulifera and Littorella lacustris, also on the hill Viola lutea,and Trientalis europea. Proceeded west to side of the West Law for Allosorus crispus. Descended into Glen Vale and ascended to Carlan Crags where Oxytropis Halleri was gathered. On the steep side saw Eguzsetum umbrosum and Cystopteris fragilis. Walked to shore of Loch Leven and gathered Alyssum calycinum, then walked to Lochgelly, which was reached at 3.40, in time for train at 3.42 p.m. Day oppressively hot, walk very long (about 18 or 20 miles) ; too much attempted in a short space of time. The examination of Lomonds, Benarty, and Loch Leven require four trips, PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFOUR. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Viola palustris - utea Sagina subulata (W. Lomond) Lepigonum rubrum Genista anglica (at Ladybank Station) Oxytropis Halleri (Carlan Crags) Comarum palustre Saxifraga granulata hypnoides Sedum villosum Myriophyllum spicatum Epilobium angustifolium (W. Lomond) Galium boreale W. Lomond) Asperula taurina (Mr. Barclay, near Cupar) Filago germanica Antennaria dioica (W. Lomond) Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea is Myrtillus Trientalis europeea Myosotis repens (W. Lomond) Lamium Galeobdolon (near Lochgelly) Polygonum Bistorta ie; viviparum Empetrum nigrum Listera cordata (W. Lomond) Gymnadenia albida (Lomonds) Potamogeton perfoliatus crispus Carex pilulifers binervis Avena pratensis Hymenophyllum Wilsoni (W. Lomond) Allosorus crispus (W. Lomond) Cystopteris fragilis Polypodium Phegopteris (W. Lomond Botrychium Lunaria Equisetum umbrosum (Carlan Hill) Lycopodium Selago (W. Lomond) clavatum Puatarin globulifera (W. Lomond) Perth, Methven, Almond Bank, Bridge End, Scone, Kinnoul. Saturday, 29th June 1861. Party of 110 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway Station at 6am. Dr. Leycock with about 12 pupils joined the party with the view of visiting the Asylum at Perth. The party was thus partly botanical and partly psychological. They proceeded to Perth, where breakfast was provided by Mr. 322 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Pople at the station. Afterwards they went by rail to Almond Bank, where the forester of Mr. J. Smythe of Methven met them. They visited Methven Bog and Methven Woods, Bank of Almond, and returned to Perth in time for the train at 3 p.m Some of the party waited till 6.20 p.m. and examined Bridge End, Kinnoul Hill, and Scone Woods. Return tickets, 3s. 6d. ; rail to Almond Bank, 3d.; breakfast, 1s. 6d—total, 5s. 3d. Mr. White, son of Dr. F. J. White, accompanied the party and acted as guide. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Papaver somniferum Pyrola minor (Almond Bank) Moneses grandiflora (Scone) Fumaria micrantha Trientalis europza Almond Bank) (Methven) Cerastium arvense Vinca minor (Almond Bank) Myosotis czespitosa Lepigonum rubrum er palustris Hypericum humifusum Solanum Dulcamara (near Almond Bank) Linaria vulgaris Malva moschata Mimulus luteus (near Perth) (near Perth) Mentha sylvestris Geranium pyrenaicum (near Perth) (Bridge End) Utricularia minor Trifolium hybridum (Methven Bog) (between Almond Bank Humulus Lupulus and Perth) (Almond Bank) Anthyllis Vulneraria Neottia Nidus-avis Ornithopus perpusillus (Methven) (Near Methven Bog) Paris quadrifolia (Methven) Rubus saxatilis Sparganium ramosum (Methven Woods) Scheuchzeria palustris Potentilla argentea (Methven Bog) (Bridge End) Carex irrigua Poterium Sanguisorba (Methven Bog) (Bridge End) » limosa Sedum Telephium (Methven Bog) Circeea alpina Lastrea spinulosa Cicuta virosa (Methven Bog) (Methven Bog) Viburnum Opulus Polypodium Dryopteris Gnaphalium sylvaticum . Phegopteris Matricaria Parthenium (Methven) PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 323 St. Andrews. Saturday, 6th July 1861. Party of 80 or 90 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway Station at 6 a.m. and proceeded to St. Andrews, which was reached about 9.30 a.m. The Provost of St. Andrews, Mr. Ireland, Mr. C. Howie, Mr. Barclay, Dr. Watson Wemyss, Mr. Blair, teacher, Cupar, and Mr. Wallace, a student, met us. Breakfasted in the old Town Hall, breakfast being provided by Mr. Davidson of the Star Hotel. Return tickets, 3s. 3d. Breakfast, 1s. 6d. After breakfast, visited the United College, then went to Castle and Kirkhill, Harbour, Kirkhill rocks and Cave, and the Rock and Spindle. Returned to St. Andrews in time for the 3.20 train, reaching Edinburgh about 6.40 p.m. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Thalictrum minus Gymnadenia conopsea Papaver Argemone Carex vulpina Fumaria micrantha Sclerochloa maritima Silene noctiflora (on wall at Harbour) Lychnis Githago Sclerochloa loliacea (on wall at Harbour) Sagina maritima Hordeum pratense Lepigonum marinum Trifolium striatum Elymus arenarius Haloscias scoticum Equisetum These by Anthemis Cotula variegatum {Mr. Howie Centaurea Scabiosa Lycopodium from Solanum nigrum selaginoides / Tentsmuir Scrophularia aquatica iocaemmemamenaaa North Berwick, Dirleton, Gullan, Luffness, Drem. Saturday, 13th July 1861. Party of about 30 met at the North British Railway Station at 10.15 am. and proceeded by train to North Berwick, thence walked by the Links to Dirleton, Gullan, Luffness, and Drem, Returned by train from Drem at6.50 p.m. Return tickets, Is. od. 324 BOTANICAL ExCURSIONS MADE BY Among the plants gathered were the following :— Fumaria micrantha Arabis hirsuta Reseda lutea Silene conica », nhoctiflora Geranium pusillum Melilotus officinalis Trifolium arvense Sedum album Hippuris vulgaris Callitriche platycarpa Smyrnium Olusatrum Helosciadium repens Carduus nutans Onopordon Acanthium (Gullan) Thrincia hirta Anagallis tenella Convolvulus arvensis Solanum Dulcamara Hyoscyamus niger Veronica Anagallis Utricularia vulgaris Calamintha Acinos Marrubium vulgare (Gullan) Ballota foetida Rumex conglomeratus Hippophaé rhamnoides Listera ovata Habenaria viridis Scirpus lacustris Carex disticha » arenaria » teretiuscula », paniculata Triodia decumbens Equisetum variegatum Lycopodium selaginoides Chara hispida Uredo segetum Cladonia rangiferina Limosella aquatica ——_—_——__ Bridge of Allan, Keir, Kippenross, Kippendavie, arrie Glen, Stirling. Saturday, 20th July 1861. Party of 70 met at the Edinburgh and Stirling Railway Station at 6.25 a.m. and proceeded to the Bridge of Allan to breakfast (Philps’ Inn). Visited the Wells and Mr. Macfarlane’s Museum. Then walked to Keir with Mr. Niven, the gardener. Then to Kippenross, Kippendavie, Wharrie Glen and Bridge and Stirling Castle. Returned from Stirling by train at 5.48 p.m. Dr. Browne and the Rev. Mr. Morrell from Henley, with Mr. Wylie, accompanied us. Dr. Paterson and Major Hay met us at Bridge of Allan. Dr. Wilson also went with us. Return tickets, 3s. 3d. Breakfast, 1s. 11d. PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFoUurR. 325 The following were some of the plants gathered :— Aquilegia vulgaris (Stirling Castle) Chelidonium majus (near Dunblane) Brassica Rapa Trifolium hybridum Ornithopus perpusillus (Dunblane) Rubus rhamnifolius Agrimonia Eupatoria Sedum Telephium album (Stirling Castle) Circeea lutetiana » alpina Conium maculatum Petroselinum sativum #Ethusa Cynapium ” Silybum Marianum (Stirling Castle) Lactuca virosa Trientalis europea (near Dunblane) Atropa Belladonna Hyoscyamus niger Verbascum Thapsus ; Lychnitis Linaria repens Calamintha Clinopodium Stachys arvensis Rumex viridis Listera Nidus-avis cordata (near Dunblane) Paris quadrifolia ”) EAGCURSIONS IN: 1562. Merchiston, Colinton, Slateford, Canal. Saturday, 10th May 1862. Party of about 120 met at the Middle Walk of the Meadows at If a.m. and proceeded to Merchiston and Colinton. Visited the woods and returned by Slateford and the banks of the anal. The usual plants were gathered. Among others may be noticed :— Anemone nemorosa Ranunculus auricomus Cardamine amara Euonymus europzeus Saxifraga umbrosa mi granulata Adoxa Moschatellina Lonicera Xylosteum Valeriana pyrenaica Valerianella olitoria Chenopodium Bonus-Hen- ricus Orchis mascula Equisetum arvense Also specimens of St#igmaria ficotdes. 326 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Penicuik, Auchendinny, Roslin. Saturday, 17th May 1862. Party of about 100 met at the North British Railway Station at 11.45 a.m. and proceeded to Penicuik. Visited Mr. Cowan’s Paper Mills. Walked by banks of Esk to Auchendinny and Roslin, and returned by train at 6.42 p.m. Tickets, Is. 3d. Among the plants gathered were :— Ranunculus auricomus Salix alba Arabis hirsuta or cinerea Cardamine amara e+, -aDrea ‘ pratensis Neottia Nidus-avis = hirsuta Orchis mascula ‘ sylvatica Carex pendula Viola palustris Melica nutans » sylvatica » uniflora , tricolor Polypodium Dryopteris Stellaria uliginosa Phegopteris Lathyrus macrorrhizus Equisetum arvense Chrysosplenium alterni- si umbrosum olium “ sylvaticum Pyrola minor = palustre Linaria vulgaris a hyemale Daphne Laureola In all about 100 species. Mid-Calder, Kaimes Hill, Dalmahoy, Ravelrig, Water of Leith, Balerno, Currie. Saturday, 24th May 1862. Party of about 80 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 10.20 and proceeded to Mid-Calder, then walked by Meadowbank to Kaimes Hill and Dalmahoy, Ravelrig, Water of Leith, Balerno, and Currie, whence they returned at 6.11 p.m. Return tickets, Is. PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFOUR. 32 Ranunculus hederaceus auricomus ‘Prowins europzeus Aquilegia vulgaris (banks of Water of Leith) Aconitum Napellus Viola palustris sylvatica ” Sagina subulata Geranium columbinum Saxifraga Geum (banks of Water of Leith) =F Among the plants collected were :— Saxifraga hypnoides Linnzea borealis Galium Mollugo Valeriana pyrenaica Antennaria dioica Trientalis europzea Anchusa sempervirens Polygonum Bistorta Salix Russelliana Arum maculatum Carex curta Equisetum hyemale Kinghorn, Burntisland. Saturday, 31st May 1862. Party of 80 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway Station at 9.30 and proceeded to Kinghorn, then walked by the shore to Burntisland, and returned from Burntisland by boat at 4.50 p.m. Return tickets, Is. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Senecio viscosus Anagallis arvensis Cynoglossum officinale Scrophularia vernalis Plantago maritima i Coronopus Hippophaé rhamnoides Carex arenaria Papaver Argemone Cardamine hirsuta Alyssum calycinum Cochlearia danica Lepidium Smithii Thlaspi arvense Reseda lutea Geranium sanguineum Astragalus hypoglottis Phleum arenarium . Glyciphyllos Sclerochloa maritima Saxifraga umbrosa an rigida Sambucus nigra loliacea Centhranthus ruber F estuca bromoides Valerianella olitoria 328 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Dalkeith, Musselburgh. Saturday, 7th June 1862. Party of 60 met at Narth British Railway Station at 10.35 a.m. and proceeded to Dalkeith. Visited gardens and grounds under direction of Mr. Prentice, and then walked by banks of Esk to Musselburgh. Returned by train at 3.40 p.m. Return tickets, 1s. Id. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Aconitum Napellus Cochlearia officinalis Stellaria nemorum Honckenya peploides Geum intermedium Ilex Aquifolium Sanicula europza Cornus sanguinea Adoxa Moschatellina Petasites albus (Inveresk) Armeria maritima Lysimachia nemorum Fraxinus excelsior Myosotis sylvatica Lathraea Squamaria Polygonum Bistorta Rumex sanguineus Rumex viridis Humulus Lupulus (Inveresk) Salix Russelliana ” a a » omithiana ten Populus alba Listera Nidus-avis Luzula nivea Carex muricata (Dalkeith grounds) » pendula wo wane Milium effusum Poa nemoralis North Queensferry, Ferry Hills, Inverkeithing. Saturday, 14th June 1862. Party of about 36 met at Newhaven at 11 a.m. and proceeded to Queensferry, examined Ferry Hills, walked to Inverkeithing, and returned by boat about 5 p.m. Return tickets, 9d.; Granton pier, 2d. ; ferry-boat, 6d. Among the plants gathered were :— Thalictrum majus Sagina maritima Trifolium striatum Astragalus Glyciphyllos Vicia lutea (abundant) Spirzea Filipendula Sedum villosum Sambucus Ebulus Allium Scorodoprasum PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFourR. 329 Cockburnspath, Dunglass, Pease Dene. Saturday, 21st June 1862. Party of 70 met at North British Railway Station at 8 a.m. and proceeded to Cockburnspath. Visited Dunglass by per- mission of Sir James Hall, walked by shore to the Cove and Pease Dene, and returned from Cockburnspath at 5.58. Return tickets, 2s. Among the plants eee were :— Glaucium luteum Neottia Nidus-avis Hypericum calycinum Carex pendula Mertensia maritima Polystichum angulare Lamium Galeobdolon Numerous seaweeds. Perth, Kinnoul Hill, Kinfauns, Orchardneuk, Moncrieff ; Hill, Bridge of Earn. Saturday, 28th June 1862. Party of about 90 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway Station at 6 a.m. and proceeded to Perth. Breaktasted at John Dunbar’s Railway Station Refreshment Rooms. Walked to Kinnoul Hill, Kinfauns, crossed the Tay to Orchardneuk, and then walked over Moncrieff Hill to Bridge of Earn. Left the station at Bridge of Earn at 3.10 pm. Return tickets, 3s. 6d. Breakfast, 1s. 6d. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Malva moschata Chelidonium majus Geranium pheeum Fumaria micrantha Nasturtium officinale pratense (4-5 feet long) os pyrenaicum columbinum Hesperis matronalis (in great quantity on Erodium cicutarium Moncrieff Hill) Euonymus europzeus Reseda Luteola Vicia lathyroides (one specimen 7 feet high) Potentilla hirta Sagina subulata » argentea 330 Rosa rubiginosa Cornus sanguinea Viburnum Opulus Dipsacus sylvestris Inula Helenium Chrysanthemum Leucan- themum (with white tubular florets of the ray) Doronicum Pardalianches Sonchus asper (6 ft. high) Campanula rapunculoides BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Moneses grandiflora (Scone) Cynoglossum montanum Antirrhinum majus Scrophularia vernalis Mimulus luteus (shore of Tay near Kinfauns) Lamium maculatum (Kinfauns) Euphorbia Lathyris (Orchardneuk) Humulus Lupulus (Orchardneuk) Listera cordata Habenaria chlorantha Ceterach officinarum Lastrea Oreopteris Beattock, Garpol Linn, Beld Crag, Moffat. Saturday, 5th July 1862. Party of about 80 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 6.20 a.m. and proceeded to Beattock. Breakfasted there, then walked to Garpol Linn, thence to Beld Crag and Moffat. Returned by train at 4.52 p.m. Return tickets, 4s. Breakfast, 1s. 6d. Among the plants collected were the following :— On hillside on way to Garpol :— Geranium sylvaticum Drosera rotundifolia Galium palustre Valeriana dioica Antennaria dioica Myosotis caespitosa Myrica Gale Listera cordata a Orchis latifolia, var. incar- nata Gymnadenia conopsea Gymnadenia albida Habenaria bifolia Narthecium ossifragum Scirpus czespitosus Carex stellulata » remota » pilulifera Lastrea Oreopteris Lycopodium clavatum me alpinum = selaginoides Splachnum ampullaceum PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 331 In Garpol Linn :— Aquilegia vulgaris Geranium lucidum Rubus saxatilis Jasione montana (in great profusion by roadsides about Beattock) Pyrola minor » | secunda Melampyrum pratense Veronica scutellata Habenaria bifolia 2 chlorantha Carex lzvigata Melica nutans » uniflora Hymenophyllum Wilsoni Allosorus crispus Asplenium viride Athyrium Filix-foemina, var. convexum Cystopteris fragilis Lastrea Oreopteris Polypodium Dryopteris a Phegopteris Lycopodium Selago Blindia acuta Orthotrichum Drummondii Bartramia fontana Zygodon Mougeotii Tortula tortuosa Neckera crispa Sticta fuliginosa Nephroma resupinata Alectoria jubata Dunfermline, Town Wood, Loch Fittie, Black Loch, Carnack Loch. Saturday, 12th July 1862. Party of 26 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway Station at 6 a.m. and proceeded to Dunfermline. Breakfasted at Milne’s Hotel. Visited Mr. Hunt’s place at Pittencross ; saw ruins, also old abbey, and Robert Bruce’s grave. Walked to Town Wood, then to Loch Fittie, Black Loch at Hillhead, and Carnack Loch. Returned by train at 4.32 p.m. Return tickets, 2s. Breakfast, Is. 6d. Among the plants collected were the following :— At Loch Fittie :— Nuphar luteum Drosera rotundifolia Vaccinium Oxycoccus Trientalis europzea Alisma Plantago Scirpus lacustris sylvaticus Carex aquatilis (in very great quantity. This is the first time it has been observed within twenty miles of Edin- burgh) Lastrea spinulosa ” 332 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY At Black Loch :— Nuphar luteum | Veronica scutellata Nympheea alba Carex teretiuscula Cicuta virosa In Loch Carnack :— Potamogeton pectinatus | Chara flexilis On roadside, about one mile from Dunfermline :-— Pyrola media Drem, Gullan, Luffness, Aberlady, Gosford, Longniddry. Saturday, 19th July 1862. Party of 20 met at the North British Railway Station at 10.15 a.m. Proceeded to Drem, then walked to Gullan, Luffness, Aberlady, Gosford, and Longniddry—returning by train at 7.2 p.m. Messrs. White and James proceeded to North Berwick and Tantallon. Return tickets, 2s. Among the plants gathered were the following :-— Ranunculus circinatus Erythrea Centaurium Nasturtium palustre pulchella Lepidium latifolium Yooete aquatica Silene noctiflora Utricularia vulgaris Cerastium arvense Atriplex littoralis Sagina nodosa Salicornia herbacea Geranium pusillum Suzeda maritima Trifolium fragiferum Lemna trisulca Potentilla reptans Potamogeton densus Saxifraga tridactylites a pusillus Hippuris vulgaris Scirpus lacustris Helosciadium repens » Maritimus Pulicaria dysenterica Blysmus rufus Centaurea Scabiosa Carex extensa Specularia hybrida Chara hispida Anagallis tenella » Vulgaris PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 333 Callander, Ben Ledi. Saturday, 26th July 1862. Party of about 45 met at Glasgow Railway Station at 6.25 a.m. Proceeded to Callander. Breakfasted at M‘Gowan’s Hotel, then walked to Ben Ledi. Left Callander at 7.15 p.m. The following plants were collected :— Thalictrum alpinum Ranunculus acris Caltha palustris, var. minor Trollius europzus Corydalis claviculata Draba incana Silene acaulis Vicia sylvatica Rubus saxatilis Chamezemorus Alchemilia alpina Saxifraga oppositifolia nivalis stellaris aizoides hypnoides Bodum Rhodiola Circeea alpina Pimpinella magna Angelica sylvestris Cornus suecica Lonicera Periclymenum Galium boreale Scabiosa succisa Solidago Virgaurea Gnaphalium sylvaticum " supinum Carduus heterophyllus Vaccinium Vitis-Idgea xycoccus Melampyrum montanum Polygonum viviparum Oxyria reniformis Myrica Gale Gymnadenia albida Juncus triglumis Luzula spicata Carex rigida irri Triodia decumbens Juniperus communis Hymenophyllum Wilsoni Allosorus crispus Asplenium viride Cystopteris dentata Polystichum Lonchitis Botrychium Lunaria Lycopodium alpinum EXCURSIONS IN 1863. Tynehead, Borthwick, Gorebridge. Saturday, 16th May 1863. Party of 100 met at the North British Railway Station at 11.40 a.m. Proceeded to Tynehead, thence walked to Borth- wick, and returned from Gorebridge at 5.27 p.m. Return tickets, 1s, 2d. Ww 334 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Among the plants collected were :— Anemone nemorosa Caltha minor Viola palustris Genista anglica Geum rivale (white) Myrrhis odorata Vaccinium Myrtillus Anchusa sempervirens Empetrum nigrum Listera cordata Arum maculatum | Carex paniculata | » . paludosa Lastrea Oreopteris Polypodium Dryopteris egopteris iyeipechuw clavatum Equisetum arvense ; sylvaticum i. palustre 4 limosum Cladonia rangiferina ——— Kinghorn and Burntisland. Saturday, 23rd May 1863. Party of 83 met at the Princes Street Station of the Edinburgh Perth, and Dundee Railway at 9.40 a.m. Proceeded to King- horn, thence walked to Burntisland. Returned from Burnt- island by boat at 4.39 p.m. Return tickets, Is. Among the plants collected were :— Clematis Vitalba (hills above Burntisland) Papaver Argemone Cheiranthus Cheiri Barbarea vulgaris Cochlearia danica Armoracia rusticana Hesperis matronalis (near Kinghorn) Thlaspi arvense Helianthemum vulgare Viola hirta Cerastium tetrandrum Malva rotundifolia | Geranium sanguineum Astragalus hypoglottis i Glyciphyllos | Vicia lathyroides Fragaria elatior (Kinghorn) | arum Haloscias scoticum Centranthus ruber Leontodon levigatus Tragopogon pratensis (be- tween Kinghorn and Pettycur, Mr. Rodger) is semidecandrum-| = Polemonium czruleum arvense (Kinghorn and Petty- t avaters arborea (Kinghorn) cur, in quantity) Auehuas Wisaes ech PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 335 Euphorbia Helioscopia Parietaria officinalis Endymion nutans Carex ampullacea Sclerochloa maritima . loliacea . Myosotis collina Echium vulgare Linaria Cymbalaria Veronica polita (Kinghorn) | Salvia Verbenaca | ; Lamium amplexicaule ‘ intermedium Penicuik, Auchendinny Woods, The Esk, Roslin. Saturday, 30th May 1863. Party of 38 met at the North British Railway Station, Edin- burgh, at 11.45 a.m. Proceeded to Penicuik. Walked through Penicuik Glen and Auchendinny Woods by the banks of the Esk to Roslin Station. Returned by train passing Roslin at 6.42 p.m. Return tickets, Is. 3d. Among the plants collected were:— Anemone nemorosa Ranunculus auricomus Trollius europzeus Aquilegia vulgaris Aconitum Napellus Cardamine amara Brassica Rapa Lychnis dioica Stellaria. Holostea a uliginosa Geranium sylvaticum pratense Gxalis Acetosella Acer campestre Vicia sepium Geum intermedium Fragaria elatior Saxifraga umbrosa granulata Chrysosplenium alterni- Sanicula europzea Asperula odorata Centaurea montana Pyrola minor Vinea minor Symphytum tuberosum Humulus Lupulus (behind Greenlaw Barracks) Neottia Nidus-avis Endymion nutans Scirpus sylvaticus Carex remota pendula sylvatica » ampullacea Melica uniflora Blechnum boreale Athyrium Filix-foemina Polystichum aculeatum Lastrea Oreopteris Polypodium vulgare ” ” ” Equisetum umbrosum Tortula nivalis 6 tortuosa 330 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Currie, Water of Leith, Colinton. Saturday, 6th June 1863. A party of 30 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 10 am. We intended to have visited Kavelrig and Dalmahoy, but as the day was wet and unpromising proceeded to Currie and walked back to Edinburgh, following the banks of the Water of Leith to Colinton. Reached Edinburgh about 4 p.m. _ Rail- way ticket to Currie, 53d. The following were among the plants collected :— Anemone nemorosa Fragaria elatior Ranunculus fluitans Saxifraga umbrosa Aquilegia vulgaris 3 granulata Aconitum Napellus hypnoides Berberis vulgaris Myriophyllum spicatum Meconopsis cambrica Sanicula europzea Corydalis lutea Valeriana pyrenaica Barbarea vulgaris Matricaria Parthenium Cardamine amara Petasites fragrans Alliaria officinalis Doronicum Pardalianches Silene inflata Polemonium czeruleum Stellaria Holostea Symphytum tuberosum Geranium pheeum Polygonum Bistorta mA sylvaticum Rumex viridis ee dissectum Populus alba - lucidum ‘5 tremula Euonymus europzeus Melica uniflora Geum intermedium Scolopendrium vulgare Kilconquhar, Elie, Earl’s Ferry. Saturday, 13th June 1863. Party of 53 proceeded by the train leaving Edinburgh at 9.40. Met Rev. Mr. Wood, of Elie. Visited Kilconquhar Loch, thence walked towards the shore east of Elie and along the coast to that town, and as far as Earl’s Ferry. Returned by train leaving Kil- conquhar at 4.45 p.m., reaching Edinburgh about 7.20 p.m. Return tickets, 2s. 6d. Mr, Barclay, Cupar, joined the party. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 337 The chief plants collected were:— Thalictrum minus Diplotaxis tenuifolia Cakile maritima Cerastium semidecandrum Lepigonum marinum Astragalus hypoglottis Saxifraga tridactylites Symphytum officinale (Elie) Lithospermum arvense Lamium amplexicaule intermedium Beta maritima (Elie) Listera ovata Orchis latifolia, var. incar- (Kilconquhar) — (E£nanthe crocata Carex disticha Haloscias scoticum » vulpina (shore of Kil- Vib Lant iburnum Lantana conquhar Loch) (woods, Kilconquhar) Silybum Marianum (railway banks) ; distans Alopecurus agrestis (Elie) Newtown, Dryburgh Abbey, Banks of Tweed, Melrose. Ls Saturday, 20th June 1863. Party of 83 met at the North British Railway Station at 9.45 a.m. and proceeded to Newtown. Visited Dryburgh Abbey Banks of Tweed, and Melrose Abbey. Returned by train leaving Melrose at 4.19 p.m. Return ticket, 2s. 6d. The following were some of the principal plants collected:— Clematis Vitalba Thalictrum minus flexuosum Rantheain: auricomus Aquilegia vulgaris Papaver dubium Cheiranthus Cheiri Barbarea vulgaris Cochlearia officinalis Hesperis matronalis Viola odorata Dianthus barbatus Stellaria nemorum Malva moschata Geranium sanguineum 3 sylvaticum Vicia sylvatica Geum intermedium Poterium Sanguisorba Sanicula europzea Hedera Helix Lonicera Xylosteum Valeriana dioica Dipsacus sylvestris Solidago Virgaurea Matricaria Parthenium Doronicum Pardalianches Pyrola media 338 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Pyrola minor Ligustrum vulgare Vinca minor Anchusa sempervirens Myosotis sylvatica Echium vulgare Verbascum Thapsus Melampyrum pratense Lathreea Squamaria Mentha viridis Plantago media Rumex viridis Populus tremula Convallaria majalis Cryptogramme crispa Polystichum lobatum Bridge of Earn, Glenfarg, Ochil Hills (Castle Law), Ramsheugh. Saturday, 27th June 1863. Party of 100 met at the Princes Street Station of the Edin- burgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway at 6 a.m. Proceeded to Bridge of Earn. After breakfast at Hill’s Hotel, visited Glen- farg, Ochil Hills (Castle Law), Ramsheugh. Returned from Bridge of Earn by train passing at 4.40 pm. Mr. Barclay and Mr. Bowmont from Cupar, and Rev. Mr. Kirkwood and Dr. Laing, Bridge of Earn, joined the party. Return tickets, 3s. Breakfast, 1s. 6d. The following were among the plants collected :— Papaver dubium Cardamine amara Viola lutea Lychnis Viscaria Montia fontana Hypericum humifusum Malva moschata Geranium sylvaticum re ucidum Anthyllis Vulneraria Vicia sativa Saxifraga granulata | Sedum villosum Lonicera Periclymenum Antennaria dioica Matricaria Parthenium Campanula latifolia Ligustrum vulgare Gentiana campestris Myosotis czespitosa Solanum Dulcamara Pedicularis sylvatica Pinguicula vulgaris Polygonum viviparum Rumex sanguineus, var. viridis Salix repens Gymnadenia conopsea “: albida Habenaria bifolia 7 chlorantha Iris Pseudacorus Allium ursinum Lemna minor Carex panicea © PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 339 Carex CEderi . Alopecurus geniculatus Melica uniflora Blechnum boreale Cystopteris fragilis Cystopteris dentata Polystichum lobatum pa aculeatum ; angulare Botrychium Lunaria Mr. White, who proceeded to Perth, collected the following additional species :— Euonymus europzeus Sedum album Cynoglossum sylvaticum Linaria repens Mimulus luteus Carex remota Ceterach officinarum Kielder Castle, Dead Water Fell. Saturday, 4th July 1863. Party of 80 met at North British Railway Station at 6.40 a.m. Proceeded to Kielder (Northumberland). Breakfast at Kielder Castle. Visited the woods in the neighbourhood of the Castle, Dead Water Fell (a hill of between 1600 and 1800 feet altitude), and the mineral well. Returned by train passing Kielder at 7.13, and reached Edinburgh about 10.30 p.m. Return tickets, 3s. 6d. Breakfast, 2s. The following were among the plants collected :— Trollius europzeus Aquilegia vulgaris Corydalis claviculata Cardamine amara Cerastium glomeratum Montia fontana Geranium sylvaticum Spirzea salicifolia Rubus Chameemorus Sedum villosum Drosera rotundifolia Senecio aquaticus Carduus heterophyllus ~ Vaccinium. Vitis-Idzea Erica Tetralix Myosotis czespitosa Veronica scutellata Pedicularis sylvatica Melampyrum pratense, var. montanum Pinguicula vulgaris Salix herbacea Empetrum nigrum Listera cordata 5 ovata Orchis latifolia Gymnadenia conopsea Habenaria viridis 340 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Lemna minor Hymenophyllum Wilsoni Eriophorum vaginatum Cryptogramme crispa - a angustifolium Blechnum boreale Carex pulicaris Scolopendrium vulgare » Stellulata Lastrea Oreopteris » pilulifera ‘ spinulosa » pallescens Botrychium Lunaria » binervis Equisetum maximum Alopecurus geniculatus Lycopodium Selago North Berwick, Bass Rock, Tantallon Castle, North Berwick Links, Dirleton. * » Saturday, 11th July 1863. Party of 46 met at the North British Railway Station at a.m. Proceeded to North Berwick, visited the Bass Rock, Tantallon Castle, North Berwick Links, and Dirleton, and returned by train reaching Edinburgh at 7.45 p.m. Return tickets, 1s. gd.; boat to Bass, Is. The following were among the plants collected :— Thalictrum minus Conium maculatum Fumaria micrantha Smyrnium Olusatrum a arviflora Helosciadium repens (Dirleton) Haloscias scoticum Lepidium latifolium Scabiosa Columbaria (Tantallon) (Canty Bay) Reseda lutea (Dirleton) Filago germanica Silene noctiflora (Dirleton) Senecio viscosus Lavatera arborea (Bass) Centaurea Scabiosa Trifolium arvense - Thrincia hirta - hybridum Tragopogon minor Astragalus hypoglottis Campanula glomerata Vicia sylvatica Ligustrum vulgare Potentilla reptans _ (Tantallon) Agrimonia Eupatoria Erythreea Centaurium Rosa rubiginosa Gentiana Amarella Sedum album » campestris (Dirleton Castle) Cynoglossum officinale PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 341 Echium vulgare . Convolvulus sepium Hyoscyamus niger Veronica Anagallis Beta maritima (Bass) Polygonum Convolvulus ‘is aviculare, var. littorale Parietaria erecta Habenaria viridis Sclerochloa rigida Festuca Myuros Elymus arenarius Equisetum variegatum Rumbling Bridge, Devil’s Mills, Cauldron Linn. Saturday, 18th July 1863. Party of about 60 met at Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway Station at 6.15 a.m. and proceeded to Rumbling Bridge. Breakfasted at Rumbling Hotel. Visited Devil’s Mills, Rumbling Bridge, then Cauldron Linn. Returned from Rumbling Bridge at 4,and reached Edinburgh about 8 p.m. Return tickets, 2s. 6d. Breakfast, 1s. 6d. The following were among the plants collected :-— Trollius europzeus Cardamine amara Dianthus barbatus Stellaria nemorum Geranium lucidum Trifolium medium Lotus major Vicia sylvatica Prunus communis » domestica Spirzea salicifolia Rubus saxatilis Saxifraga umbrosa i hypnoides Epilobium angustifolium Circzea alpina Pimpinella Saxifraga Angelica sylvestris Archangelica officinalis Viburnum Opulus Lonicera Periclymenum Galium palustre Petasites fragrans Campanula latifolia Ligustrum vulgare Symphytum officinale Mentha velutina » sylvestris Calamintha Clinopodium Galeopsis versicolor Rumex sanguineus viridis aquaticus Neottia Nidus-avis Listera ovata Paris quadrifolia Carex remota » sylvatica Milium effusum Blechnum boreale Asplenium Trichomanes , Cystopteris fragilis Lastrea Oreopteris Polypodium Dryopteris Phegopteris ” ” 342 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Pitlochry, Killiecrankie. Saturday, 25th July 1863. Party of 52 met at Princes Street Station of the Edinburgh Perth, and Dundee Railway at 6.15 a.m. Proceeded to Pitlochry. Breakfasted at Perth Railway Station ; arrived at Pitlochry about 11.30. Returned from Pitlochry about 5.20, and reached Edinburgh about Io p.m. Return tickets, 5s. Breakfast, 1s. 6d. Dr. Irvine acted as guide to the party. Among the plants collected at Killiecrankie, &c., were the following :— Thalictrum flexuosum Sagina nodosa Geranium pratense Trifolium medium Vicia sylvatica Rubus saxatilis Agrimonia Eupatoria Saxifraga aizoides Parnassia palustris Drosera rotundifolia Circzea alpina Angelica sylvestris Galium boreale Scabiosa succisa Solidago Virgaurea Gnaphalium sylvaticum Senecio sylvaticus Carduus heterophyllus Hieracium boreale Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea Erica Tetralix Gentiana campestris Echium vulgare Myrica Gale Quercus sessiliflora Salix repens Populus tremula Empetrum nigrum Gymnadenia albida Narthecium ossifragum Juncus supinus Juniperus communis Cystopteris fragilis Lastrea Oreopteris Polypodium Dryopteris egopteris Centaurea Cyanus Lycopodium Selago Hieracium cerinthoides fe selaginoides ie prenanthoides Clova. Monday, 3rd August 1863. Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Thomas L. Brunton, R. Cadell, Frederick Churchill, K. M. Downie, J. A. Dunsmure, L. Dunsmure, P. Neill Fraser, H. M. Harvey, J. Irving, R. Light- foot, James M‘Grigor, Harrison Mitchell, F. Naylor, Charles P. PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFOUR. 343 Nicolson, George A. Panton, John Rankine, James Thomson, and William Thomson, met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway Station on Monday, 3rd August, at 9.40 am. and proceeded to Perth, and then by the North Eastern Railway. They intended to go to Kirriemuir, for which they had return tickets for 7s. 6d. The party were carried on by the train to Forfar. They were astonished to find themselves at Forfar, and on asking an explanation they were told that the train did not stop at Kirriemuir Junction. Ultimately Kirriemuir was reached about 5 p.m. After taking lunch in the Commércial Inn, the party started in a brake with two horses, a carriage and pair, and two dog- carts. Reached the inn at Clova about 7.15, having taken about two hours in coming from Kirriemuir. The inn at Clova is now kept by Mr. Barnes and his wife, and is a nice building, much improved and with plenty of beds. We were all accommodated in six rooms, most of them with double beds and four of the rooms with two in each. We dined on arrival, and in the evening walked to the bridge and gathered Carex aguatilis and Carduus heterophyllus. On the way we all picked Meum anthamanticum, and near the inn Anchusa sempervirens. Tuesday, 4th August 1863. Started this morning at 8, and walked on the western side of the Esk to Glen Dole gathering : Aetlteola Helianthemum vulgare Sagina maritima Lepigonum marinum Malva rotundifolia Geranium sanguineum Acer campestre Medicago sativa Trifolium hybridum Vicia lutea 380 Spireea salicifolia » Filipendula Geum intermedium Potentilla reptans Ribes alpinum Sedum villosum Hydrocotyle vulgaris Pimpinella Saxifraga Anthriscus vulgaris (Enanthe crocata Lonicera Periclymenum Aster Tripolium Doronicum Pardalianches Carduus tenuiflorus » acanthoides Campanula rotundifolia Erica cinerea Pyrola minor Armeria maritima BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Glaux maritima Echium vulgare Linaria Cymbalaria Digitalis purpurea Plantago maritima = Coronopus Hippophaé rhamnoides Euphorbia Helioscopia Neottia Nidus-avis Listera ovata Goodyera repens, Epipactis latifolia Orchis latifolia » maculata Allium vineale Lemna minor Triglochin maritimum Asplenium viride, var. varians Largo, Elie. Saturday, \st July 1865. Party of 46 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway Station at 6.25 a.m. and proceeded to Largo. Met Mr. Howie, who had made arrangements for breakfast in the Schoolhouse of Upper Largo (or the Kirkton of Largo). Mrs. Ireland, baker in the village, provided the breakfast. The arrangements were most satisfactory. After breakfast walked by shore to Elie and gathered very good plants. Return tickets, 2s. 6d.; breakfast, Is. 6d Among the plants gathered were the following :— Thalictrum minus Ranunculus sceleratus Papaver Argemone Sinapis nigra Diplotaxis tenuilelia . Pa muralis Senebiera didyma “oronopus Thlaspi arvense Reseda lutea Lepigonum marinum ‘Malva rotundifolia - PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFouR. Linum usitatissimum Geranium sanguineum Melilotus officinalis Trifolium arvense bridum Astragalus hypoglottis Glyciphyllos Aprimonin Eupatoria Sedum reflexum Hydrocotyle vulgaris (Enanthe crocata Valerianella dentata Matricaria inodora, var. maritima Centaurea Scabiosa Anagallis tenella Mertensia maritima Echium vulgare Lycium barbarum Atriplex littoralis Salsola Kali Listera ovata Orchis incarnata Habenaria viridis Sparganium ramosum Scirpus maritimus Blysmus rufus Schoenus nigricans Carex pulicaris » incurva Phalaris arundinacea Psamma arenaria Triodia decumbens Koeleria cristata Sclerochloa distans Asplenium marinum Botrychium Lunaria Equisetum variegatum Chara vulgaris Hypnum giganteum lycopodoides ” Leslie, Prinilaws, West Lomond Hill, Bishop Hill, Glen Vale, Loch Leven. Saturday, 8th July 1865. Party of 50 met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Station at 6.25 a.m. and proceeded to Leslie. Mr. Wylie of Prinlaws met the party and entertained them to breakfast in the School- room at Prinlaws. Mr. Barclay from Cupar was there. Dr. Grainger-Stewart and Rev. Mr. Colvin were of the party. After breakfast the party walked to the West Lomond Hill and the Bishop Hill, Glen Vale, and Loch Leven. Return tickets, 2s. Among the plants collected were the following :— Vicia sepium Rosa tomentosa Saxifraga hypnoides Sedum villosum Hypericum pulchrum Trifolium medium Lotus major Vicia Cracca vA 382 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Drosera rotundifolia Epilobium alsinifolium Pimpinella Saxifraga Galium saxatile Scabiosa Succisa Antennaria dioica Achillea Ptarmica Anthemis arvensis Carduus heterophyllus Crepis paludosa Campanula rotundifolia Vaccinium Vitis-Idzea Linaria vulgaris Scrophularia nodosa Digitalis purpurea Polygonum Persicaria Rumex aquaticus Euphorbia Helioscopia Corylus Avellana Empetrum nigrum Listera cordata Habenaria viridis ifolia = chlorantha Narthecium ossifragum Juncus acutiflorus Luzula multiflora, var. con- gesta Triglochin palustre Carex pauciflora ” Agrostis pumila Molinia czerulea Cryptogramme crispa Blechnum boreale Cystopteris fragilis Lastrea Oreopteris Lochmaben. Saturday, 15th July 1865. Party of 44 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 7.45 a.m. and proceeded to Lochmaben, which was reached about 11. Met Sir Wm. Jardine, the Rev. Dr. Liddell of Lochmaben, Dr. Gil- christ and friend from Dumfries, Dr. Grierson from Thornhill, and Mr. Gray from Dumfries. _The Rev. Wm. Graham and the Rev. R. Colvin were in the party. Forty-four sat down to breakfast in John White’s Commercial Hotel. Afterwards walked round Castle Loch to Bruce’s Castle and then by Kirk Loch and Loch- maben. Railway tickets, 5s.; breakfast, 1s. 6d. The following were among the plants collected :— Ranunculus circinatus Corydalis claviculata Viola palustris Hypericum maculatum Nympheza alba pulchrum Nuphar lutea Malva rotundifolia PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFouR. Rubus suberectus Sempervivum tectorum ~ Hippuris vulgaris Myriophyllum-spicatum Callitriche autumnalis Peplis Portula Lythrum Salicaria Cicuta virosa Carum verticillatum Sambucus Ebulus Vaccinium Oxycoccus Andromeda polifolia Myosotis caespitosa Veronica scutellata Scutellaria galericulata Stachys ambigua Littorella lacustris Myrica Gale Typha angustifolia 383 Alisma Plantago Gnaphalium sylvaticum » ranunculoides Bidens cernua Scirpus lacustris » tripartita Carex (deri Senecio sylvaticus Phalaris arundinacea » erucifolius Asplenium Adiantum- » aquaticus nigrum Jasione montana Chara flexilis Aberfeldy and Ben Lawers. Friday, 21st July 1865. Party, consisting of John Archibald, J. H. Balfour, C. B. Black, James G. Black, M.A., T. L. Brunton, J. W. Burman, Alex. Craig Christie, Edward Clondsley, Robert P. Colvin, William Craig, Jas. H. Cunningham, John Drysdale, John K. Duncanson, James J. Fulton, Alexander Glendinning, George Low, William Boydell Lowe, John Murray, J. F. Naylor, Robert Pouget, Gilbert C. A. Stuart, James Thomson, G. A. Tibson, James Watters, George Waugh, and J. T. Wightman, met at the Edin- burgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway Station at 1.10 p.m. and proceeded by train to Aberfeldy. Return ticket, 6s.6d. Went to Mackenzie’s Breadalbane Arms Inn. Visited the Falls of Moness, and gathered— Hymenophyllum Wilsoni Asplenium viride Campanula latifolia Trientalis europea Melampyrum sylvaticum. Took tea at the inn. Mr. Naylor, Mr. G. Stuart, Mr. R. Black, and Mr. Duncanson started in a drosky at 12 p.m., and pro- 384 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY ceeded to Ben Lawers to see the sun rise and to meet the remainder of the party in the morning. Saturday, 22nd July 1865. Party rose at 3 a.m., and at 4 proceeded by stage coach (holding twenty-two) to Lawers Inn. Botanised on Ben Lawers and returned to Lawers Inn about 2 p.m., whence they returned to Aberfeldy about 4. After tea returned by train at 4.40, reaching Edinburgh about 10 p.m. The weather was excellent, although very hot. The following are some of the plants collected :— Draba incana rupestris Cochtediia alpina Silene acaulis Cerastium alpinum agina saxatilis » _Nivalis Hypericum calycinum | Rubus saxatilis _ » Chamzemorus Sibbaldia procumbens Saxifraga oppositifolia stellaris pe cernua Epilobium alsinifolium alpinum Gant boreale Gnaphalium sylvaticum - * supinum Carduus heterophyllus Saussurea alpina Apargia Taraxaci Campanula latifolia Trientalis europzea Myosotis alpestris Veronica humifusa Calamintha Clinopodium Polygonum viviparum Oxyria reniformis Salix Lapponum » herbacea » reticulata Narthecium ossifragum Tofieldia palustris Juncus biglumis triglumis Luzuia spicata Carex dioica » Tigida Milium effusum Aira alpina Holcus mollis Poa alpina Hymenophyllum Wilsoni Pteris aquilina Cryptogramme crispa Asplenium viride Trichomanes PoRy pullin alpestre hegopteris Cystopteris fragilis Polystichum Lonchitis Botrychium Lunaria Lycopodium Selago 3 clavatum ree alpinum ae selaginoides PROFESSOk JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 385 Clova. Wednesday, 2nd August 18635. Party, consisting of J. H. Balfour; John K. Duncanson, W. R. M‘Nab, F. Naylor, Gilbert C. A. Stuart, and M. Watson, met at the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway Station on Wednes- day, 2nd August, at 9.45 a.m., and proceeded to Kirriemuir. Return tickets, 7s. 6d. From Kirriemuir the whole party went in conveyances, leaving Kirriemuir about 3 and reaching Clova about 6 p.m. They were accommodated at Mr. Barnes’ inn— the Ogilvy Arms. Thursday, 3rd August 1865. Started at 8 a.m. in two conveyances for Acharn (Robert Welsh). Thence walked up Glen Dole and by Jock’s Road along the banks of the White Water to a point not far from Canness. Visited Little Gilrannoch, and returned by the Astra- galus cliff and Glen Dole to Clova, which was reached about 7pm. The party intended to go to Canlochan, but they found the distance too great. All the ordinary alpine plants were collected, and among special plants were the following :— Cochlearia officinalis alpina Armeria maritima (alpine ; form) Lychnis alpina Veronica alpina Cherleria sedoides Sibbaldia procumbens Dryas octopetala Epilobium alsinifolium i alpinum Cornus suecica Erigeron alpinus Gnaphalium supinum Mulgedium alpinum (in full flower, below the water- fall in a river not far from the Astragalus cliff) Juncus castaneus Carex aquatilis » capillaris Alopecurus alpinus Phleum alpinum Asplenium viride Polypodium alpestre (in various states) 386 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Friday, 4th August 1865. At 8 a.m. the party started for Canlochan, carrying with them knapsacks and some provisions, with the intention of remaining at Canlochan during the night. They were compelled to do this on account of not being able to procure a man at. Clova to take baggage and provisions over to Canlochan. The day being warm and sunny the progress of the party was much impeded by the load which they had to carry. The party first went by cart to Acharn, thence they went to the Ma/axzis station and gathered the plant; next they went to Glen Fee, and picked Oxytropis campestris, Arctostaphylos Uva- urst, Galium pustllum, and many alpine plants. Went to the upper end of Glen Fee, and thus crossed by the table-land to Canness. Descended into the glen, and reached the sheiling at the foot of Canlochan. There was no one init. The party deposited their baggage, along with tea, sugar, and butter, and then proceeded to botanise in Canlochan Glen. Went round the glen and examined specially the rocks at the upper part marked by the streaks of quartz. Among the plants gathered were Carex vaginata, Juncus castaneus, and Mulgedium alpinum in two places ; in one there were seventy-seven specimens in full flower ; in the other only one in flower. Among other plants seen may be noticed :— Dryas octopetala Gentiana campestris (alpine Potentilla alpestris form) Sibbaldia procumbens Veronica humifusa Saxifraga nivalis i alpina Erigeron alpinus i saxatilis Gentiana nivalis Juncus triglumis Carex atrata Returned to the sheiling about 8 p.m. Lighted a camp fire and cooked our evening meal. The night was cold, and the fire had to be kept up all night. Saturday, 5th August 1865. Rose at 5, made breakfast, and at 7 ‘started for the rock of Canness. Several alpine plants were gathered, such as PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 387 Veronica alpina, Poa alpina, and Polypodium alpestre (in various forms). On reaching top of Canness, the party went by Little Gilrannoch to the head of Glen Dole, gathering Lychnis alpina and Carex rariflora near it, as well as at the head of Glen Dole. Mr. Stuart and Mr. Watson visited the Astragalus cliff, but failed to get the plant. All then proceeded by Glen Dole to Acharn, where they met the dogcart, which, however, broke down near Braedownie, and a cart was substituted. Reached Clova about 5 p.m. to dinner. Monday, 7th August 1865. About 9 a.m. party went to climb hill opposite the hotel, gathering Tofieldia palustris, Lycopodium annotinum, Azalea procumbens, and walked along top of the mountain towards Glen Fee, but did not find Arctostaphylos alpina. Mist and rain came on. The weather was changeable—fair and sunny at one time and raining at another. Visited corrie at entrance of Glen Fee, also large corrie further up, and gathered Carex vaginata, C. Vahlii, Salix Lapponum, Azalea procumbens. Failed to get Carex Grahamt. Saw Polypodtum alpestre and many alpine plants. Returned to Clova by cart from Acharn about 7. Tuesday, 8th August 1865. This morning at 9, Dr. Balfour, Messrs. Naylor, Stuart, and Duncanson left in a cart for Bachnagairn with the view of visiting Lochnagar. Mr. M‘Nab and Mr. Watson went to Loch Brandy and gathered J/soétes lacustris, Subularia aquatica, Lobelia Dortmanna, Sparganium natans, Juncus supinus, var. The Lochnagar party visited the beautiful waterfall at Bachnagairn, and then walked across the hills to Glen Muick. Passing between Loch Muick and Dhu Loch, they ascended the hill and walked towards Lochnagar. Reached the top of the mountain before 3. Found a party there along with a game- keeper. Déscended the ravine near the summit and botanised at the foot of the cliffs, and were rewarded with specimens of Cerastium latifolium, Saxifraga rtvularis, Aira alpina (vivi- 388 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY parous), Poa alpina, Cryptogramme crispa, Polypodium alpestre (in various forms). Rain descended heavily and continued to do so all the after- noon ; the mist also was so thick that the party had to use a compass for their guidance. Ascended the mountain and proceeded along the road made lately for the Royal visitors to the Dhu Loch. The walk back to Loch Muick was wet and dreary, then the party ascended the hill and reached the glen of the Esk about one mile above Bachnagairn, and had to proceed through wet woods beside the swollen and roaring Esk with its waterfalls. At the shooting-lodge of Mr. Donald Ogilvy they got some bread and cheese, and returned by the cart, amidst rain and mist, thoroughly drenched, to Clova, which was reached about 10 p.m. The journey was a long and fatiguing one. The view from Lochnagar was very fine; the party enjoyed it before the mist and rain came on. Wednesday, 9th August 1865. This morning, about 7, Mr. Naylor and Mr. Stuart went to Loch Brandy, bathed in it, and gathered the usual plants. All breakfasted together at 10 a.m. Day was dull, but norain. All went to the cave near Braedownie, which was visited with lighted candles. A photograph was taken of the cave and the rocks around it. Dr. Balfour, Messrs. Stuart, Duncanson, and Watson crossed the Esk at Braedownie and visited Isabella Mackenzie, the woman without hands and feet. Gathered Sparganium simplex and Gymnadenia albida. Returned to the inn at 5.30 p.m. for dinner. Arranged plants and packed up roots for Botanic Garden. The evening cleared and the moonlight was beautiful. Thursday, 10th August 1865. Breakfasted about 8 a.m., and Messrs. Naylor, Stuart, M‘Nab, Watson, and Duncanson left in two dogcarts at 9 a.m. for Kirriemuir on their way to Edinburgh, whilst Dr. Ral remained at Clova. PROFESSOR JOHN HuTTON BALFOUR. 389 Wednesday, 16th August 1865. Dr. Balfour and A. F. Balfour left the inn at Clova in order to visit the head of Glen Prosen. They walked up Glen Clova as far as the gamekeeper’s house, and then ascended the mountain called Driesch, whence they walked by the head of Glen Fee to rocks at the head of Prosen. At the top of the glen there are two divisions, one to the east, nearest Glen Fee, and the other to the west. The latter seems to be the proper head of the glen, although the stream in the former is larger and seems to be more properly Prosen Water. Both of the small glens were visited ; in that on the east all the ordinary alpine plants were gathered :— Sibbaldia procumbens | Saxifraga oppositifolia Saxifraga aizoides Gnaphalium supinum stellaris Juncus triglumis ” Large specimens of Angelica sylvestris and of Valeriana officinalis were seen in flower. On rocks on west of the glen there was abundance of Carex vaginata and Saussurea alpina. Few ferns in the glen. In the glen to the west, and specially on the rocks on its western side, there was great profusion of Polystichum Lonchitis, Lastrea dilatata in all its forms, Lastrea spinulosa and Polypodium alpestre in various forms. Looked for Polypodium fiexile, but could not see any distinct specimens, although some varieties seemed to approach it. This little glen seems to be worthy of careful examination ; the time allowed was too short. Returned to Clova in a direct line over the hills ; a fatiguing walk. Friday 18th August 1865. On Craig Bruich, the saddle-backed mountain above Acharn, I gathered to-day :— Saxifraga oppositifolia Carex vaginata Gnaphalium supinum Polypodium alpestre (in Azalea procumbens forms) Tofieldia palustris and the ordinary alpine plants. 390 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY EXCURSIONS: IN..1866. Ratho, Kirkliston, and Dalmeny Park. Saturday, 12th May 1866. Party of 92 met at the North British Railway Station (Waverley Bridge) at 11.30 a.m. to Kirkliston and Dalmeny Park. Proceeded to Ratho, walked Returned from Dalmeny Station by train at 5.55 p.m. Return tickets, Is. The following were among the plants collected :— Anemone nemorosa Cheiranthus Cheiri Draba verna Alliaria officinalis Brassica Rapa Lunaria biennis Viola odorata Oxalis Acetosella Acer platanoides Prunus domestica Pyrus Malus Saxifraga granulata Ribes nigrum Myrrhis odorata Asperula odorata Valerianella olitoria Doronicum plantagineum Primula caulescens Vinca minor Anchusa sempervirens Omphalodes verna Linaria Cymbalaria Lamium amplexicaule . incisum Polygonum Bistorta Daphne Laureola Carpinus Betulus Listera ovata Orchis mascula Allium vineale Lilium Martagon Luzula sylvatica Arum maculatum Ophioglossum vulgatum Some of the party visited Cramond Bridge and collected :— Asplenium Adiantum-nig- rum Asplenium Ruta-muraria Scolopendrium vulgare Cystopteris fragilis Burntisland and Aberdour. Saturday, 26th May 1866. Party of 110 met at Scotland Street Station at 9.45 a.m. and proceeded to Burntisland, thence walked to Aberdour by the PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 391 shore. Returned by boat lea tickets, Is. ving Burntisland 3.3 p.m. Return The following were among the plants collected :— Ranunculus auricomus Berberis vulgaris Fumaria pallidiflora Cheiranthus Cheiri Barbarea vulgaris Sisymbrium Thalianum Alliaria officinalis Brassica campestris Lepidium Draba Thlaspi arvense Reseda Luteola Helianthemum vulgare Viola tricolor Silene maritima Cerastium trigynum Arenaria trinervia Geranium sanguineum ‘ dissectum Ilex Aquifolium Anthyllis Vulneraria Astragalus hypoglottis Vicia hirsuta Geum rivale Fragaria elatior Pyrus Malus Saxifraga granulata Ribes rubrum Adoxa Moschatellina Leontodon levigatus Armeria maritima Glaux maritima Anchusa sempervirens Myosotis collina Echium vulgare Antirrhinum majus Plantago Coronopus Rumex sanguineus » viridis Daphne Laureola Parietaria diffusa Blysmus rufus Carex distans Asplenium Adiantum- nigrum Botrychium Lunaria Equisetum palustre Exidia Auricula-Judze Some of the party visited Dunearn hill and collected :— Viola lutea Scutellaria galericulata Salix repens _ Lycopodium clavatum Gorebridge, Arniston, Dalhousie. Saturday, and June 1866. Party of 35 met at the Waverley Station at 12.30 p.m. Proceeded to Gorebridge, thence walked to Arn iston and Dal- housie. Returned from Dalhousie at 7.1 7pm. Return tickets, Ts, BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Aquilegia vulgaris Aconitum Napellus Berberis vulgaris Barbarea vulgaris Brassica campestris Reseda Luteola Stellaria nemorum » Holostea Arenaria trinervia Geranium sylvaticum Oxalis Acetosella Ilex Aquifolium Euonymus europzeus Acer campestre Sarothamnus scoparius Prunus Avium » Padus Rubus Idzeus Geum urbanum » intermedium Potentilla Tormentilla Pyrus Aucufaria » Malus Saxifraga umbrosa Chrysosplenium alterni- folium Ribes alpinum » Trubrum The following were among the plants collected :-— Ribes nigrum Sanicula europzea Scandix Pecten-veneris Hedera Helix Asperula odorata Valeriana pyrenaica Petasites vulgaris Doronicum plantagineum Vaccinium Myrtillus Lysimachia nemorum Ligustrum vulgare Vinca minor Symphytum tuberosum Anchusa sempervirens Pulmonaria officinalis Myosotis sylvatica Verbascum Thapsus Veronica montana Lathrzea Squamaria Buxus sempervirens Allium ursinum Carex pendula », paludosa Milium effusum Taxus baccata Scolopendrium vulgare Equisetum maximum East Linton, Tynningham, Whitberry Point, Ravensheugh, Binny Woods. Saturday, 9th June 1866. Party of 66 met at the Waverley Station at 7a.m. Proceeded to East Linton, visited Tynningham garden and* grounds, PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 393 Whitberry Point, Ravensheugh and Binny Woods, returning to East Linton by the Rhododendron Walk. The party was accompanied by Dr. Crombie and a guide from Tynningham. Left East Linton for Edinburgh by the train passing at 3.10 p.m. Return tickets, 1s. 6d. The following were among the plants gathered :— Berberis vulgaris Papaver dubium » Argemone Cardamine amara Sinapis alba Viola hirta Cerastium glomeratum . arvense Sagina maritima Malva rotundifolia Geranium sanguineum Conium maculatum Anthriscus vulgaris Lycopsis arvensis Hyoscyamus niger Rhinanthus Crista-galli Plantago maritima Chenopodium Bonus- Henricus Salicornia herbacea Rumex obtusifolius Euphorbia Helioscopia Parietaria diffusa Neottia Nidus-avis Listera ovata Orchis latifolia Ruscus aculeatus Blysmus rufus Nardus stricta Asplenium Adiantum- Cornus sanguinea Sambucus laciniata Lonicera Periclymenum Doronicum Pardalianches Leontodon palustris Arbutus Unedo Glaux maritima o pinulo Vinca major Ophioglossum vulgatum Erythrzea Centaurium Botrychium Lunaria Cynoglossum officinale Equisetum palustre Symphytum officinale nigrum Lastrea Oreopteris Grant’s House, Renton, Pease Dene, Pease Bridge, Cockburnspath. Saturday, 16th June 1866. Party of 74 met at the Waverley Station (N.B. Rail.) at 7 a.m. Proceeded to Grant’s House, visited Renton, thence walked by 3904 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Pease Dene and Bridge to Cockburnspath. Returned by train passing Cockburnspath at 2.33 p.m. Return tickets, 2s. 6d. The party was accompanied by Mr. Hardy (Grant’s House) and Professor Liston, Edinburgh. The following were among the plants collected :— Berberis vulgaris Cerastium glomeratum Malva rotundifolia Geranium sylvaticum Astragalus hypoglottis Vicia Orobus » sylvatica Rubus saxatilis Ribes alpinum Sanicula europea Scandix Pecten-veneris C£nanthe crocata Asperula odorata Armeria maritima Trientalis europzea Veronica montana Plantago maritima Empetrum nigrum Orchis maculata Iris Pseudacorus Triglochin palustre Asplenium Adiantumnig- rum Ceterach officinarum (wall ‘at Renton) Scolopendrium vulgare Polystichum angulare Lastrea Oreopteris Polypodium Dryopteris i egopteris Blechnum boreale Kincardine, Culross, Crombie Point, Charlestown, Limekilns. Saturday, 23+d June 1866. Party of about 70 met at Granton Pier at 8.30 a.m. Proceeded by Stirling steamer to Kincardine. Crombie Point, Charlestown, and Limekilns. passing Limekilns at 5.30 p.m. Thence walked to Culross, Returned by boat The party was accompanied by Professor Liston, and Mr. Giles Munby from Algiers. Return tickets, 1s. 6d. Pier dues, 5d. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. Ranunculus sceleratus Chelidonium majus Corydalis claviculata Reseda Luteola Sagina maritima Lepigonum marinum Malva rotundifolia Geranium phzeum Acer campestre Trifolium hybridum 4 procumbens Vicia sativa Drosera rotundifolia Myriophyllum spicatum Hydrocotyle vulgare Helosciadium inundatum (Enanthe crocata Viburnum Opulus Galium palustre Dipsacus sylvestris Tanacetum vulgare Senecio sylvaticus Carduus acanthoides arvensis » ceetosus Vinca major Anchusa sempervirens Myosotis czespitosa Lithospermum officinale LB The following were among the plants collected :— Echium vulgare Lycium barbarum Atropa Belladonna Rhinanthus Crista-galli Mentha viridis Plantago maritima “a oronopus Littorella lacustris Atriplex littoralis s Babingtonii Rumex conglomeratus » Sanguineus Corallorrhiza innata Alisma Plantago Triglochin maritimum Scirpus maritimus Carex paniculata remota curta pallescens leevigata » ampullacea Alopecurus geniculatus Milium effusum Glyceria aquatica Festuca arundinacea Nardus stricta Osmunda regalis Hypnum giganteum ” ” ” ’) Dolphinton. Saturday, 30th June \ 866. Party of about 63 met at the Waverley Station at 8a.m. Pro- ceeded to Dolphinton. Returned by train leaving Dolphinton at 2.20 p.m. Mr. Mackenzie of Dolphinton provided the party with luncheon. The party was joined by Mr. Munby, Mr. Brand, Mr. M‘Nab, and Professor Liston. Return tickets, 1s. 9d. 396 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY The following were among the plants collected :— Meconopsis cambrica Cochlearia alpina Viola lutea Linum catharticum Comarum palustre Saxifraga Hirculus Parnassia palustris edum villosum Drosera rotundifolia Galium palustre Valeriana dioica Senecio aquaticus Vaccinium Oxycoccus Erica Tetralix Pyrola minor Primula farinosa Myosotis palustris Veronica scutellata Pedicularis sylvatica Pinguicula vulgaris Galeopsis Tetrahit Rumex aquaticus Empetrum nigrum Orchis incarnata Juncus supinus Luzula congesta Triglochin palustre Scirpus setaceus Eriophorum vaginatum si polystachyon latifolium Carex pulicaris = isticha »» paniculata » muricata — » Stellulata oo carte » oOvalis » glauca »» preecox 4 | panicea » fulva » flava » CEderi » ampullacea Alopecurus geniculatus Glyceria fluitans Botrychium Lunaria Equisetum limosum Chara vulgaris Hypnum cordifolium 5 nitens mn aduncum a lycopodioides Forteviot, Invermay Woods and Grounds. Saturday, 7th July 1866. Party of about 40 met at the Waverley Station at 6.1 5 a.m. and proceeded to Forteviot. Breakfasted at Station Hotel (Mr. W. Wood). Visited Invermay woods and grounds. Party was joined by Dr. Laing and his son, Dr. Lauder Lindsay, Dr. Alex. Dickson, Dr. Traquair. Entertained to lunch at Invermay woods by Mr. and Mrs. Brown Douglas—the former accompanied the party during the day. Sheriff Jamieson also joined the PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOoUR. 307 party at lunch. Returned by train passing Forteviot at 4.32 p-m. Return tickets, 4s. Breakfast, 1s. 6d. Some of the party visited Scone. The following were among the plants collected :— Ranunculus hirsutus Carduus tenuiflorus Papaver Argemone Pyrola minor Corydalis lutea (near Perth) Moneses grandiflora (Scone Hesperis matronalis woods) Iberis amara Trientalis europeea (Scone Cerastium glomeratum woods) ‘“ arvense Ligustrum vulgare Stellaria nemorum Vinca minor Lepigonum rubrum Polemonium czeruleum Hypericum hirsutum Myosotis palustris Geranium sylvaticum Veronica montana Trifolium medium Melampyrum pratense yi strictum Stachys Betonica ; hybridum Lamium amplexicaule Anthyllis Vulneraria Polygonum Bistorta Astragalus hypoglottis Neottia Nidus-avis Vicia sylvatica Listera ovata Rubus saxatilis Iris Pseudacorus Potentilla reptans Juncus glaucus Chrysosplenium alterni- Koeleria cristata folium Asplenium Adiantum- Circzea lutetiana nigrum Sanicula europzea Scolopendrium vulgare Viburnum Opulus Cystopteris fragilis Lonicera Caprifolium Polystichum angulare Galium Mollugo Polypodium Dryopteris . Asperula odorata Botrychium Lunaria Filago germanica Equisetum umbrosum Senecio aquaticus Sticta pulmonaria Beattock, Garpol Linn. Saturday, 14th July 1866. Party of 40 met at the Caledonian Railway Station at 7.4c¢ a.m. Proceeded to Beattock. Breakfasted at Beattock Bridge Hotel aw re a : 398 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY (Sinclair’s). Visited Garpol Linn and hills beyond. The party was accompanied by Sir William and Miss Jardine, Miss Gould, Rev. Mr. Colvin, Kirkpatrick; Rev. Mr. Williamson, Moffat; Mr. William Carruthers (British Museum), Dr. Dickson, Dr. Traquair, Dr. Grainger-Stewart, Professor Liston. Returned by train leav- ing Beattock at 5.2 p.m. Return tickets, 4s. Breakfast, 1s. 6d. The following were among the plants collected :— Viola palustris Lepigonum rubrum Hypericum humifusum a pulchrum Geranium sylvaticum Genista tinctoria Trifolium arvense Astragalus hypoglottis Rubus saxatilis Drosera rotundifolia Epilobium palustre Hydrocotyle vulgaris Sanicula europza Antennaria dioica Apargia autumnalis Jasione montana Vaccinium Oxycoccus Pyrola minor Myosotis repens Verbascum Thapsus Veronica montana Pinguicula vulgaris Some of the party proceeded to Beattock on Friday afternoon and visited Beld Crag and the hills in Moffatdale, and collected:— Saxifraga stellaris Sedum Rhodiola { | Myrica Gale Empetrum nigrum Listera cordata Orchis maculata Gymnadenia conopsea Narthecium ossifragum Juncus acutiflorus Carex pulicaris » levigata » binervis Holcus mollis Melica nutans » uniflora Cryptogramme crispa Cystopteris fragilis Lastrea Oreopteris Polypodium Dryopteris i Phegopteris Botrychium Lunaria Lycopodium clavatum is alpinum Pyrola secunda Asplenium viride Rothesay, Ascog, Mount Stuart. Saturday, 21st July 1860, Party of about 50 met at the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Station at 6.15 a.m. Proceeded to Rothesay, walked to Ascog and Mount Stuart. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 399 Returned by boat passing Rothesay at 4.40 p-m., and reached Edinburgh about 10.15 p.m. Return tickets, Breakfast on board, 1s. 6d. Pier at Helensburgh, 1d. Party accompanied by Dr. Dickson, Dr. Traquair, Professor Liston, Mr. Lowe, and several ladies. The following plants were collected :— Chelidonium majus Sinapis alba Sagina nodosa Hypericum Androseemum e humifusum pulehrum Liki usitatissimum Rubus carpinifolius Potentilla Tormentilla procumbens Cotyléedén Umbilicus Sedum angulare Lythrum Salicaria Epilobium hirsutum Helosciadium inundatum (Enanthe Lachenalii Pastinaca sativa Torilis Anthriscus Eupatorium cannabinum Jasione montana Lysimachia vulgaris Erythreea Centaurium Symphytum officinale Pinguicula lusitanica Stachys ambigua Polygonum lapathifolium _ Habenaria viridis chlorantha Juncus Gerardi maritimus », acutiflorus Sparganium ramosum Alisma Plantago » ranunculoides Blysmus rufus Carex distans yy extenes Asplenium Adiantumnig- rum Lastrea Oreopteris » emula (Feenisecii) Polypodium Phegopteris Chara flexilis Sticta scrobiculata » pulmonaria Parmelia perlata ” Loch Lomond, Inverarnan, Ben Voirlich. Friday, 27th July 1866. Party, consisting of J. H. Balfour, John Archibald, W. H. Carruthers, Alex. Craig Christie, Rev. R. F. Colvin, William Craig, Walter Dixon, John K. Duncanson, James W. Edmond, Alexander Irvine, Alexander E. Keith, William John Kennedy, Professor D. Liston, James H. Lowe, J. R. Marrian, Wm. 400 _ BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Stephen Mitchell, F. Naylor, John Wilson Paton, V. R. Pran- kerd, Andrea Rabagliati, James Richardson, John Sadler, Wm. Stokes Shaw, Francis E. Smart, J. Stiell, James Watters, J. T. Wightman, met at the Waverley Station at 2 p.m. on Friday, 27th, and proceeded to head of Loch Lomond vzé Balloch, thence walked to Inverarnan Hotel, which was reached about g o'clock. Some of the party (Messrs. Sadler, Duncanson, Smart, Mitchell, Edmond, Dixon, and Craig), left the steamer in the evening at Tarbet, and walked to Inverarnan, Slept at the hotel. Return tickets, 5s. 5d. Hotel and other expenses, 10s. 6 Saturday, 28th July 1866. Breakfasted at 6 a.m. and started for Ben Voirlich about 7. Returned to head of loch about 4 p.m. Left head of loch about 4.20, and reached Edinburgh about 10 p.m. The following were among the plants collected :— Thalictrum alpinum Corydalis claviculata Cochlearia alpina Hypericum Androsemum Rubus saxatilis Alchemilla alpina Saxifraga oppositifolia - stellaris = aizoides Sedum Rhodiola Drosera anglica Peplis Portula Lythrum Salicaria Epilobium alpinum Carum verticillatum Cornus suecica Galium boreale . Solidago Virgaurea Gnaphalium supinum Carduus heterophyllus Saussurea alpina Hieracium Lawsoni Lobelia Dortmanna Vaccinium uliginosum Euphrasia officinalis, var. pina Plantago maritima Littorella lacustris Oxyria reniformis Myrica Gale Salix venulosa » herbacea Empetrum nigrum Malaxis paludosa Listera cordata Juncus trifidus triglumis Ligue spicata Rhynchospora alba Carex rigida ata ” gu - Hymenophyllum tunbridg- ense Wilsoni Cryptogramme crispa Blechnum boreale PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 401 Asplenium viride Osmunda regalis Cystopteris fragilis Lycopodium Selago Lastrea Oreopteris i annotinum és zemula ‘i clavatum Polypodium Dryopteris os alpinum ve Phegopteris - selaginoides besides many alpine Musci and Lichens. Braemar Friday, 3rd August 1866. Party, consisting of J. H. Balfour, Thomas Barclay, Robert P. Colvin, Alfred T. Coore, Walter Dixon, P. Neill Fraser, F. Naylor, Orlando R. Prankerd, Wm. Stokes Shaw, Francis G. Smart, and James Thomson, met at the Scotland Street Station of the N.B. Railway, and proceeded by train at 6.25 a.m. to Perth and Aberdeen—having return tickets to Aberdeen avail- able for three weeks for 12s. 6d. Reached Aberdeen at 12.35 p.m., and met Professors Struthers and Dickie, who, after lunch, - proceeded with us to see the town and Marischal College. Had a fine view from the tower of the College; the arrangements in the College are excellent. Saw the hall, library, examination room, and Anatomical and Natural History lecture rooms. Left by train at 2.40 for Aboyne. Return ticket, available for three weeks, 2s. Reached Aboyne at 4.49. Took up our quarters at the hotel (Cook’s). The evening being fine, we visited the Suspension Bridge and the grounds about Aboyne Castle. Gathered Campanula rapunculoides on the roadside. It was in considerable quantity. Had tea-dinner on return. Saturday, 4th August 1866. After breakfast, left about 8 a.m. in an omnibus for Ballater. Gathered Melampyrum sylvaticum there, then went by hired omnibus to Balmoral and visited the grounds under the direction of Mr. Paterson, the gardener. Then proceeded to Braemar, and took up our quarters at the Fife Arms Hotel (Hunter). 402 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Were all comfortably accommodated. Afternoon was very wet and windy, and we were prevented from walking. I ascertained one important fact to-day—that there was no smoking man in the party. The day became windy and wet. Monday, 6th August 1866. Breakfasted at 7 a.m., and about 8 left by drag for Glen Callater. Went to the gamekeeper’s house (Michie), then examined the glen, beginning with rocks on the left side of the glen immediately at the south end of Loch Callater, and then walked round all the rocks in the glen and in Glen Kandor, returning to the gamekeeper’s house about 5, where we met the drag and returned to inn about 6 p.m. The day was very wet, and we were all thoroughly drenched. _ We gathered many good plants. Among others :— Silene acaulis Salix Lapponum Rubus saxatilis » Myrsinites Chamzemorus » herbacea Sibbaldia procumbens » reticulata Saxifraga oppositifolia Habenaria viridis J hypnoides Tofieldia palustris Epilobium angustifolium Juncus trifidus . alsinifolium » triglumis i alpinum Carex rupestris Gnaphalium supinum » Tigida Saussurea alpina » vaginata Azalea procumbens » capillaris Pyrola media Cryptogramme crispa Veronica humifusa Asplenium viride 9 alpina Polypodium alpestre Salix arbutifolia Polystichum Lonchitis Mr. Banley joined the party to-day. He arrived by coach from Ballater. Tuesday, 7th August 1866. The day was very wet and unpromising. Party, consisting of Dr. Balfour ard Messrs. Fraser, Coore and Dixon, proceeded to the Falls of Corriemulzie and to the Linn of Dee, and returned by Mr. Gray Clark’s Allanagavit, crossing the Dee in his boat. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 403 At Corriemulzie they gathered :— Arabis petra (in the Carduus heterophyllus gravelly bed of the Me}ica nutans Stream near Allana- Poa nemoralis gavit) Triticum caninum (fear Epilobium angustifolium Allanagavit) Wednesday, 8th August 1866. Rev. Mr. Shaw left this morning for England. The morning was fine and sunny. Party numbering eight left at 7.45 a.m., and crossed in Angus Macintosh’s boat, as the ferry has been abolished by Colonel Farquharson. Macintosh is head-keeper to Lord Holmesdale, who has the Ben Avon shootings. From the point where we crossed the river we walked to Little Craigendal, taking two turns to the right on the Ben-na-Bourd road. Found abundance of Astragalus alpinus low down on the west side of the hill. Plenty of it in flower. Examined the hill fully, and then descended on the Ben Avon side. Went up to the natural cairns of Ben Avon; on one we ascended there is a large rocking- stone. From Ben Avon walked to Ben-na-Bourd and descended into the glen, walked by the river to Angus Macintosh’s, and reached the hotel about 6.30. Mr. Naylor and Mr. Prankerd reached Braemar to-day, thus making our party ten. A letter was received from Dickie as to Cystopterts montana. He says that Croall found it on the south side of Glen Callater under large rocks below the cliffs. It was also found by Dr. Ogilvy on rocks at head of Canlochan below table-land leading to Glen Callater. Among the plants collected to-day were the following :— Cerastium alpinum Armeria alpina Astragalus alpinus Trientalis europza (in Epilobium alsinifolium flower) S alpinum Tofieldia palustris Meum athamanticum Aira czespitosa (alpine form) Cornus suecica Polypodium alpestre (various forms) Lycopodium annotinum Equisetum umbrosum Gnaphalium supinum Saussurea alpina Pyrola secunda Armeria maritima 404 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Thursday, 9th August 1866. This morning the party, with the exception of Mr. Barclay, proceeded at 8 a.m. by’car to the back of Canlochan, ascended the hill, and spent all day in the glen. The following plants were gathered :— Cochlearia groenlandica Veronica saxatilis (in flower) Silene acaulis Juncus castaneus Cerastium alpinum , triglumis Potentilla maculata Carex Persoonii Sibbaldia procumbens » atrata Saxifraga nivalis » rariflora rm hypnoides » Vvaginata . Epilobium alsinifolium » capillaris ‘5 alpinum Alopecurus alpinus Erigeron alpinus Phleum alpinum Mulgedium alpinum Aira alpina Gentiana nivalis Poa alpina Veronica humifusa » Balfourii ie alpina The day was fine with the exception of about half an hour, when a severe storm, accompanied with mist, came on. The party returned by car, which met them at 5 p.m. Friday, 10th August 1866. The morning was rather promising. The party went to Lochnagar, leaving at 8 am. by car for Callater, and then walking. Had a fine view as they ascended, and saw the summit of the mountain clear, but before they reached it rain and mist came on and continued all day. Examined cliffs round the little loch to the west of Lochnagar. Abundance of snow seen, many feet deep, some patches several hundred feet in extent. Had a glissade of 100 feet on the snow. Went to top of the mountain. Descended by ravine so as to get Saxrifraga rivularis. Went along part of the cliffs and ascended by a gravelly ravine, thence returned amidst mist, sleet, and wind tothe lower cairns. From this the party (consisting at this time of Dr. Balfour, Coore, Prankerd, Dixon, and Thomson) descended to the keeper’s lodge PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 405 at Callater to meet the car and get a change of clothes. Mr. Fraser spent the whole day at Glen Callater looking for Cystopteris montana, but was unsuccessful. Mr. Colvin, Mr. Barclay, and Mr. Stuart returned early. Mr. Naylor lost his way in the mist and did not reach the hotel till late, having walked by the Invercauld side of the mountain. Among the plants collected to-day were :— Cerastium alpinum Aira alpina vivipara Saxifraga rivularis Alopecurus alpinus Phleum alpinum Poa alpina vivipara Cryptogramme crispa Polypodium alpestre Looked at the old station for Mulgedium alpinum, but could not Se€€ any specimens of the plant. The day was one of the wettest and coldest we had experienced during our trip. Thermometer on summit, 38°. Saturday, 11th August 1866. This morning was very fine. Mr. Colvin and Mr. Banley left for Edinburgh, by Blairgowrie, along with Dr. Burton of Walsall. The rest of the party (eight in number) left by drag for Linn of Dee, and proceeded beyond it as far as the twopenny bridge over the Dee. Thence walked to Cairn Toul. The day was warm and sunny and the walk was fatiguing. Owing to the swollen state of the streams we had to tord one of them which joins the Dee about two miles from Cairn Toul. Mr. Prankerd went to the top of Ben na Mac Dhu. The rest went to Cairn Toul. We did not return from Cairn Toul until 10 p.m., having walked some twenty-two miles and driven above twenty. | Among the plants gathered were :— Arabis petraea Luzula arcuata Cochlearia greenlandica Carex pauciflora Silene acaulis , lagopina Cerastium ee Aira alpina vivipara num Poa alpina vivipara Sibbaldia iva goat Cryptogramme crispa (in flower) Polypodium alpestre Drosera anglica , 406 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Monday, 13th August 1866. This day the party broke up. At 9 a.m. most of them left by conveyance for Blairgowrie and Coupar Angus, which they left at 3.5 p.m. for Perth, and then by train at 4.10 for Edinburgh, which was reached about 7 p.m. Mr. Fraser went with the party as far as Glen Callater road, and proceeded to the glen to endeavour to find Cystopteris montana. EACURSIONS IN- 13867 $ Roslin, Polton, and Hawthornden. Saturday, 18th May 1867. Party of 85 met at the North British Railway Station at 10.50 a.m. Proceeded to Roslin, thence walked to Hawthornden and Polton. Returned from Hawthornden at 3.17 p.m. Return tickets, 1s. 2d. Among the plants collected were the following :— Anemone nemorosa Fragaria vesca Ranunculus auricomus Pyrus Malus Caltha palustris Saxifraga granulata Cheiranthus Cheiri Chrysosplenium alterni- Cardamine pratensis folium Draba verna Ribes nigrum Alliaria officinalis Sanicula europzea Viola sylvatica Myrrhis odorata Cerastium glomeratum Adoxa Moschatellina trigynum Asperula odorata Stellaria Holostea Petasites fragrans Arenaria trinervia Leontodon palustris Oxalis Acetosella Myosotis sylvatica Lathyrus macrorrhizus Veronica montana Prunus Padus Nepeta Glechoma » Avium Allium ursinum Geum rivale Equisetum maximum » intermedium i hyemale PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 407 Burntisland and Kinghorn. Saturday, 25th May 1867. A party of 86 met at Scotland Street Station at 9.45 a.m. and proceeded to Kinghorn. Walked along the coast to Burntisland and returned to Edinburgh by boat leaving Burntisland at 3-3 p.m. Return tickets, 1s. td. Day fine. The following were among the plants collected :— Cheiranthus Cheiri Saxifraga umbrosa Barbarea vulgaris Carum Carui Arabis hirsuta Haloscias scoticum Alyssum calycinum Centranthus ruber Papaver Argemone | Fragaria elatior | Draba verna | Leontodon palustris Cochlearia danica Veronica agrestis Armoracia rusticana Salvia Verbenaca Sisymbrium Thalianum Lamium amplexicaule Sinapis alba » incisum Lepidium Draba Plantago maritima Viola hirta » Coronopus » Canina Orchis mascula Cerastium arvense Botrychium Lunaria Vicia hirsuta » lathyroides Gorebridge, Borthwick Castle, and Tynehead. Saturday, 1st June 1867. A party met at the Waverley Station at 12.30 p.m. and proceeded to Gorebridge, thence walked by Borthwick Castle to Tynehead. Returned from Tynehead by train passing at 6.55 p.m. Return tickets, 1s. 2d. Day fine, very hot. 408 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY The following were among the plants collected :— Cardamine amara Cerastium arvense Montia fontana Geranium pheum sylvaticum Lina catharticum Genista anglica Vicia sativa Geum intermedium Fragaria elatior Saxifraga hypnoides Ribes nigrum Myrrhis odorata Viburnum Lantana Antennaria dioica Pyrola minor Vinea minor Menyanthes trifoliata Anchusa sempervirens Veronica agrestis Humulus Lupulus Alnus glutinosa Empetrum nigrum Neottia Nidus-avis Orchis mascula Luzula sylvatica » multiflora congesta Arum maculatum Eriophorum polystachyon Juniperus communis Scolopendrium vulgare Lastrea Oreopteris Polypodium Dryopteris Phegopteris Ophioglossini vulgatum Equisetum palustre limosum Lycopodium clavatum Midcalder, Meadowbank, Dalmahoy, and Currie. Saturday, 8th June 1867. A party of 75 met at the Caledonian Railway Station, Lothian Road, at 10.20 a.m. and proceeded to Midcalder, thence walked by Meadowbank and Dalmahoy to Currie. Returned by train passing Currie at 3.13 p.m. Return tickets, Is. During the day, which was wet, the following plants were collected :— Aquilegia vulgaris Aconitum Napellus Cardamine pratensis(double) Viola palustris yy canina » aiten Sagina subulata Geranium columbinum ys lucidum Saxifraga hypnoides PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 409 Myriophyllum spicatum Pinguicula vulgaris Cornus sanguinea | Chenopodium Bonus- Galium Mollugo Henricus Valeriana pyrenaica Populus tremula Antennaria dioica Empetrum nigrum Leontodon lzevigatus Anacharis Alsinastrum Pyrola minor Listera ovata Pedicularis sylvatica Lastrea spinulosa Many good lichens were gathered on Dalmahoy Hill. St. Andrews, Denbrae, and Tentsmuir. Saturday, 15th June 1867. Party of 81 met at Scotland Street Station at 6.25 a.m. and proceeded to St. Andrews. Breakfasted in Davidson’s Royal Hotel there. - After breakfast visited the old Castle and Pier, thence walked to Denbrae, where the party were served with luncheon by the proprietor, Dr. Watson Wemyss. Returned to St. Andrews by the Links. At breakfast we were joined by Mr. Jas. G. Black, who acted as guide during the day. Dr. Watson Wemyss, Professor Oswald Bell, Professor Fisher, Dr. William Traill and Mr. Traill, Mr. Howie (Largo), Rev. Mr. Astley (Edin- burgh), Dr. White (Edinburgh). Return tickets, 3s. 3d. Breakfast, 1s. gd. The following were among the plants collected :— Aquilegia vulgaris Scrophularia aquatica Alyssum calycinum Scleranthus annuus Cerastium arvense Listera ovata Geranium sanguineum Convallaria majalis Astragalus hypoglottis Koeleria cristata Saxifraga umbrosa Elymus arenarius i tridactylites Botrychium Lunaria Glaux maritima 410 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Some of the party visited Tentsmuir and collected :— Mimulus luteus Euphorbia Esula Listera cordata Carex incurva Lycopodium inundatum besides many interesting and rare Musci. Others visited the rocks by the sea-shore east of the town and picked Asplenium marinum. Perth, Kinnoul, Orchardneuk, Moncrieff, Bridge of Earn. Saturday, 22nd June 1867. Party of 70 left Scotland Street Station at 6.20 a.m. and pro- ceeded to Perth. Breakfasted in the Station Refreshment Rooms (M‘Donald’s). Visited Kinnoul, ferried the Tay to Orchard- neuk, visited Moncrieff, and walked to Bridge of Earn, which they left for Edinburgh by the train passing at 4.20, and arrived in Edinburgh about 7.15. At Perth the party were joined by Dr, Lauder Lindsay, Dr. Stirling, Dr. Bramwell, Mr. John Sim, Mr. Ramsay, Mr. M‘Farlane, Mr. Stewart, and Mr. Dawson, who acted as guide, and who also furnished refreshments in the way of beer at Orchardneuk. Return tickets, 3s. 6d. Breakfast, Is, 6d. Ferry, 2d. The day was fine and many good plants were collected, including ;—- Ranunculus hirsutus Erodium cicutarium Chelidonium majus Trifolium striatum Cheiranthus Cheiri Anthyllis Vulneraria Hesperis matronalis Astragalus hypoglottis Helianthemum vulgare Potentilla argentea Viola canina z hirta Silene maritima Poterium Sanguisorba Sagina subulata Rosa alpina Malva moschata Sedum Telephium Geranium sanguineum » reflexum me pheeum Hippuris vulgaris . pyrenaicum Conium maculatum " columbinum Petroselinum sativum PROFESSOR JOHN HuTToNn BALFOUR. 4! Cornus sanguinea Asperula odorata Lactuca virosa Cynoglossum officinale Anchusa sempervirens Myosotis caespitosa Echium vulgare Antirrhinum majus Veronica agrestis Rhinanthus Crista-galli Chenopodium Bonus- Henricus Anacharis Alsinastrum Listera ovata Alisma Plantago Koeleria cristata Pinus sylvestris Ceterach officinarum Mr. Christie, who visited Scone Woods, picked :-— Moneses grandiflora Trientalis europzea Corallorrhiza innata Listera cordata Lastrea spinulosa Burntisland, Kirkcaldy, Raith, Balmuto, Auchtertool. Saturday, 29th June 1867. Party of 63 left Scotland Street Station at 6.20 a.m. and proceeded to Kirkcaldy, where they were provided with break- fast in the Town Hall by Provost Swan. After breakfast, they botanised over the estate of Raith (the seat of Col. Ferguson). They returned by train passing Kirkcaldy at 2.46 p.m. Return tickets, Is. 2d. The following were among the plants collected :— Ranunculus hederaceus Aconitum Napellus Berberis vulgaris Nuphar luteum Meconopsis cambrica (Auchtertool) Potentilla fruticosa Valeriana pyrenaica Doronicum Pardalianches Tragopogon porrifolius (Cupar) Anchusa sempervirens Rumex sanguineus Daphne Laureola Salix purpurea Ruscus aculeatus Typha latifolia Lemna minor Cystopteris fragilis Al2 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Some of the party proceeded to Balmuto and Auchtertool and collected :— Meconopsis cambrica - Ophioglossum vulgatum Gymnadenia conopsea Others visited Burntisland and collected :— Sedum anglicum Carduus Marianus Echium vulgare Sclerochloa loliacea Lepidium Draba Thlaspi arvense Geranium sanguineum Trifolium striatum Mr. Barclay (Cupar), Dr. Stodart (Kirkcaldy), Mr. Douglas, and other gentlemen joined the party at breakfast. Linlithgow, Hiltly, Cuckold le Roi, Kipps, Lochcote, the Avon, Woodcockdale. Saturday, 6th July 1867. Party of 45 left the Waverley Station at 9.45 am. for Linlithgow. They visited the Castle and then proceeded by Hiltly to the hill called Cuckold le Roi (Cockle Roy), thence to Kipps, Lochcote, the banks of the Avon, and Woodcockdale. The party returned by train leaving Linlithgow at 2.6 p.m. Return tickets, Is. 3d, The following plants were collected :— Gymnadenia conopsea Habenaria viridis as chlorantha Allium Schcenoprasum Potamogeton perfoliatus pusillus Nasturtium palustre Hieracium prenanthoides Pyrola minor Lysimachia thyrsiflora Veronica scutellata Anacharis Alsinastrum “i Epipactis latifolia PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 413 Heriot, Borthwick Hall, Camp Hill, Moorfoot Hills, Green Neck, Gorebridge. Saturday, 13th July 1867. A party of 60 left Edinburgh at 6.40 a.m. for Heriot, thence they walked to Borthwick Hall, where they were met by Charles Lawson, Esq., and M. Vilmorin, from Paris. They were entertained to breakfast in a large tent on the lawn. After breakfast they visited the Camp Hill, &c, and returned to Borthwick Hall to lunch at one o’clock. Charles Lawson, sen., occupied the chair and gave the party a most hearty welcome. Lunch finished, they then proceeded across the Moorfoot Hills by the Green Neck to Gorebridge, which they left for Edinburgh by train at 7.8 p.m. Return tickets, 1s. 3d. The day was fine, and a good many plants were collected, such as :— Ranunculus hederaceus Parnassia palustris Trollius europzeus Sedum villosum Camelina feetida Epilobium angustfolium Viola lutea : Listera cordata Montia fontana Allosorus crispus Tilia grandiflora North Berwick, Dirleton, Gullan. Saturday, 20th July 1867. A party of about 40 left the Waverley Station for Dirleton at 10.30 a.m. They visited Dirleton Castle and Common, thence proceeded to North Berwick, where they were entertained to lunch by Mr. Stevenson, and left for Edinburgh by train at 6.40 p-m. The party was accompanied by Professor Liston, Professor Alex. Dickson, and Dr. Traquair. The day was fine, and many good git were collected, including :— IR 414 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Thalictrum minus Ranunculus floribundus Fumaria micrantha Alyssum calycinum Reseda lutea Dianthus deltoides Silene noctiflora Sagina nodosa Geranium pusillum Trifolium incarnatum Astragalus hypoglottis Saxifraga tridactylites Parnassia palustris Sedum album Hydrocotyle vulgaris Smyrnium Olusatrum Helosciadium repens Centranthus ruber Scabiosa Columbaria Filago germanica » minima Carduus acanthoides Centaurea Scabiosa r Cyanus Thrincia hirta Apargia autumnalis Tragopogon minor Anagallis tenella Erythrea Centaurium Gentiana campestris Cynoglossum officinale Lithospermum arvense Echium vulgare Solanum Dulcamara Hyoscyamus niger Antirrhinum majus Veronica polita ; Anagallis Euphrasia Odontites. Calamintha Acinos Stachys sylvatica Galeopsis versicolor Lamium intermedium Ballota foetida Habenaria viridis Apera interrupta (new to the flora, on the way to Dirleton Common in great profusion) Psamma arenaria Equisetum variegatum Lycopodium selaginoides Mr. Dickson and Mr. Christie visited Gullan, and picked :— Silene anglica Cerastium arvense Malva rotundifolia Samolus Valerandi Littorella lacustris Callander, Loch Lubnaig, Ben Ledi, Stank Burn. Saturday, 27th July 1867. Party of 45 left the Waverley Station at 615 am. and proceeded to Callander. Breakfasted there in the Dreadnought PROFESSOR, JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR, 415 Hotel, visited Loch Lubnaig and Ben Ledi by the Stank Burn, and returned to Callander about 6 p.m. Partook of tea in Macgregor’s Hotel, and left Callander at 7.20 for Edinburgh, which they reached about 10 o'clock. The day was fine and a magnificent view was obtained from the top of Ben Ledi. The party was accompanied by Dr, Lauder Lindsay, Dr. Clay, the Rev. Mr. Colvin, &c. The following plants were collected ;— Thalictrum alpinum Nympheea alba Draba incana Subularia aquatica Silene acaulis Hypericum Androseemum Vicia sylvatica Rubus Chamzemorus Saxifraga oppositifolia nivalis stellaris hypnoides Sediain Rhodiola ” ” Pimpinella magna Cornus suecica Gnaphalium supinum Hieracium boreale Lobelia Dortmanna Vaccinium Oxycoccus Littorella lacustris (Loch Lubnaig) Polygonum viviparum Oxyria reniformis Rumex alpinus Salix herbacea Malaxis paludosa Listera cordata Habenaria chlorantha Juncus biglumis » triglumis Luzula spicata Carex rigida » Irrigua »». Vaginata Hymenophyllum Wilsoni Allosorus crispus Asplenium viride Lycopodium Selago alpinum Isoétes cies Splachnum ampullaceum ‘. mnioides Dalwhinnie. Monday, 5th August 1867. Party consisting of J. H. Balfour, Charles P. Astley, Alex. Craig Christie, Robert P. Colvin, Alfred Coore, Walter Dixon, 416 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Jas. W. Edmond, P. Neill Fraser, Arthur Abbott Green, Thomas Jackson, W. John Kennedy, W. L. Lindsay, left Edinburgh on Monday, 5th August, at 9.45 for Perth and Dalwhinnie. Return tickets, available for fourteen days, 8s. Reached Dalwhinnie between 3 and 4 p.m., where they met Dr. Lauder Lindsay. In the course of the evening the following plants were gathered near Dalwhinnie :— Genista anglica Pyrola secunda Utricularia minor Rumex aquaticus Cryptogramme crispa Tuesday, 6th August 1867. Party started at 10.8 a.m. for Dalnaspidal by train, ascended the Sow of Athole and also visited the Boar of Badenoch. Among the plants collected were :— Rubus Chamzemorus Sibbaldia procumbens Epilobium alpinum Azalea procumbens Listera cordata Carex rigida Gnaphalium supinum Cryptogramme crispa Hieracium alpinum | Lycopodium Selago awsoni = clavatum Vaccuime Vitis-Ideea alpinum Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi Phyllodoce caerulea (some large plants were seen) x selaginoides There was a fine view from the summit of the mountain. The Boar of Badenoch was found to be much less productive than the Sow of Athole. In the evening there was some rain. The party walked back to the hotel by the road from Dalnaspidal. Wednesday, 7th August 1867. This morning the members of the party rose at 4 a.m., and after breakfast went in two boats on Loch Ericht with two .boatmen, Donald Kennedy and Donald Wilson.. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 417 The morning was very fine, and the scenery on Loch Ericht was charming. We rowed first to Lord Henry Bentinck’s shooting-lodge, and then on towards the head of the loch for about six or seven miles. In all we went about thirteen miles down the loch. The whole length of the loch is seventeen miles. On landing about 10 a.m. we had lunch and then proceeded to ascend Ben Alder, about 3700 feet. Went to the top of the hill, visited various snow patches, some of them six feet thick. Saw fine herd of deer twice in the course of the day, After reaching the summit we remained for some time at the cairn and had a splendid view of the following mountains, Schiehallion, Ben Nevis, Ben Lawers, Ben na Mac Dhu, and snowy summits of the hills at Loch Laggan. Mr. Astley, Mr. Coore, and myself descended from the summit into the large corrie. Saw abundance of snow, and gathered many alpine plants. Came down to the lake and joined the boats. Reached Dalwhinnie about 10 p.m. Had a good glissade in a snow wreath on the eastern side of the hill. Among the plants gathered were the following :— Trollius europzeus Veronica humifusa Cochlearia groenlandica » alpina Silene acaulis Salix Lapponum herbacea Cerastium trigynum Sibbaldia procumbens Rubus Chameemorus Drosera anglica Epilobium angustifolium ef alpinum Cornus suecica Solidago cambrica Gnaphalium supinum Carduus heterophyllus Saussurea alpina Vaccinium uliginosum Azalea procumbens Gentiana campestris In Loch Ericht :— Subularia aquatica Tofieldia palustris Juncus trifidus , triglumis Luzula spicata Carex vaginata » pulla Cryptogramme crispa Polypodium alpestre flexile vulgare Dryopteris Phegopteris Isoétes lacustris 418 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY The best part of Ben Alder is the great corrie or tarn above Loch Alder. The way to go to it is to land a few miles above the shooting-lodge and then walk up by the side of Ben Alder ; the rocks near the snow should also be examined. This station on Ben Alder is the best now known for Polypodium frexile. Lord Henry Bentinck is very particular about the deer- forest. We had permission from him. His forester, Mr. Clark, was very obliging, and gave us assistance in our work. This was a very fatiguing day, eighteen or nineteen hours being occupied. Thursday, 8th August 1867. The weather was not very promising to-day, alternate showers and sunshine. The party did not breakfast till 9, and spent some time putting their plants in order. They then divided into groups and went to different places. Fraser and Christie went to the rocks on the side of Loch Ericht, Astley and myself walked to Cat Lodge to see Mr. and Mrs, Armitstead, but they had gone fishing to Loch Laggan. We took lunch at Cat Lodge and then returned, thus walking twelve miles. Mr. Coore examined a corrie two or three miles from Dalwhinnie on the right hand of the road going to Dalnaspidal, and it seems to be worthy of further examination. He found :— Silene acaulis Pyrola media Dryas octopetala (in flower) Salix arbutifolia Sibbaldia procumbens » herbacea Saxifraga oppositifolia Habenaria viridis pnoides Tofieldia palustris Hieractim alpinum Juncus trifidus ee Lawsoni Luzula spicata Messrs. Fraser and Christie visited the rocks on the left side of Loch Ericht going over, called Black Rock, and found Poly- stichum Lonchitis, Botrychium Lunaria, Littorella lacustris, Asplenium viride, Carex vagtnata. Dr. Lauder Lindsay left for Perth at 1 o'clock, and Mr. Astley for Edinburgh at 4.30. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 419 Mr. Kennedy and Mr. W. Dixon went to Killiecrankie and Pitlochry by train and returned in the evening. Friday, 9th August 1867. This day the party divided into two. Mr. Fraser and Mr. Edmond again visited the great corrie of Ben Alder along with Donald Kennedy ; they rowed in a boat to the shooting-lodge and met Mr. Clark, who accompanied them during the day, and then walked seven or eight miles by the west side of Loch Alder to the corrie. They gathered in the loch Littorella lacustris, Subularia aquatica, [soétes lacustris (very fine). In the corrie they collected abundance of Polypodium flexile, Cryptogramme crispa, Carex pulla, as wellas Polypodium alpestre, Veronica alpina, and returned about 8.30 p.m. The remainder of the party, now numbering eight, proceeded at 7 a.m. by a drag, calling at Cat Lodge on the way and meeting Mr. and Mrs. Armitstead, passed the inn at Loch Laggan, and went about 34 miles along the side of the loch. They then proceeded under the guidance of Donald Fraser, keeper to Captain Edwards, to Corryarder, a high hill, probably 3600 feet, the summit being distant about seven or eight miles by the road taken by the party. The party went by the side of the Spean to the foot. of the steep cliffs covered with snow. Patches were several hundred feet in length, one of these patches arched so as to form a vaulted passage about two hundred or more feet long. The height of the arch was about seven feet throughout, and the snow very hard. Under the arch the party took shelter from a severe shower. The rocks are in great part inaccessible on account of their steepness: they were promising, but they did not seem to be so productive as was expected. The party went along the foot of the cliffs to the large gap called “the window of Corryarder,” and intended to visit other corries on the opposite side, but too much time was occupied on the first cliffs, and a severe shower of hail and rain arrested their progress, To examine the rest of the mountain fully would require several rsh It is an excursion worthy of attention. ‘ BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Cochlearia groenlandica Cerastium alpinum m trigynum (in fine patches at the “window of Corry- arder ”) Rubus Chamzemorus (in fruit Sibbaldia procumbens Saxifraga oppositifolia es stellaris 9 hypnoides (in large patches, and with very large flowers) Epilobium alpinum Cornus suecica Gnaphalium supinum Saussurea alpina (not in flower) Among the plants collected were the following :— Armeria maritima Veronica humifusa ; alpina Gymnadenia albida Juncus trifidus » triglumis Carex pauciflora » atrata 5 Vaginata Aira alpina vivipara Poa Balfourii (two states) Cryptogramme crispa Blechnum boreale Cystopteris fragilis Polystichum Lonchitis Lastrea Filix-mas, vars. » dilatata, vars. Polypodium alpestre, vars. Dryopteris Hieracium alpinum - Phegopteris Vaccinium uliginosum The characteristics of the mountain may be said to be the ferns mentioned and Cerastium alpinum and trigynum. The party returned about 6 p.m. to the Inn of Loch Laggan, where they had tea. They found that Sir W. Elliot and Dr. Skae and party were located at the inn. From the inn they returned by the drag to Dalwhinnie, reaching that place after 9 p.m. very wet and fatigued. There seem to be many mountains on both sides of Loch Laggan worthy of careful examination. A party might take up their residence at Loch Laggan Inn and thus be near the scene of their labours. Another station for a party might be Kingussie, where Cairngorm and Ben na Mac Dhu might be visited. Saturday, 1oth August 1867. The party left Dalwhinnie at 10.8 a.m. by train. Mr. Coore went to Aberfeldy with the view of visiting Ben Lawers. PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 421 Messrs. Fraser, Christie, and Edmond went to Dunkeld in order to examine Stenton Crag for Asplentum germanicum. The rest of the party, six in number, proceeded to Edinburgh, which was reached about 4.10 p.m. EXCURSIONS IN 1868. Gorebridge, Arniston, Kirkhill, Dalhousie. Saturday, 16th May 1868. Party of 96 met at the North British Railway Station at 12.30 p.m. and proceeded to Gorebridge, thence walked to Arniston, and along the banks of the Esk to Kirkhill. Reached Dalhousie about 7 p.m. and returned to Edinburgh at 8 p.m. Return tickets, Is. Plants collected :— Anemone nemorosa Ranunculus auricomus Aconitum Napellus Berberis vulgaris Viola palustris Stellaria media Rhamnus catharticus Prunus Avium 5 feos Cratzegus coccinea Saxifraga umbrosa Chrysosplenium alterni- folium Ribes nigrum Philadelphus coronarius Viburnum Lantana Doronicum Pardalianches Anchusa sempervirens Veronica montana Lathraea Squamaria Listera ovata Orchis mascula Allium paradoxum Milium effusum Scolopendrium vulgare Ophioglossum vulgatum Equisetum maximum Bryum capillare » ceespiticium Dicranum majus a squarrosum Hypnum denticulatum cupressiforme Schreberi undulatum a squarrosum Neckera complanata Hookeria lucens Marchantia polymorpha Uredo Alchemillze Polyporus squamosus Ramalina farinacea BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY Burntisland, Aberdour. Saturday, 23rd May 1868. Party of 80 met at Scotland Street Station at 9.30 a.m. and proceeded to Burntisland, thence walked to Aberdour. Returned by boat leaving Burntisland at 6.3 p.m. tickets, Is. Return The following were among the plants collected :— Thalictrum flexuosum Berberis vulgaris Cheiranthus Cheiri Cochlearia danica Lepidium Draba Viola odorata “ irta » canina Cerastium tetrandrum Sagina maritima Geranium sanguineum Y pheeum - pyrenaicum Rhamnus catharticus Astragalus hypoglottis Fragaria elatior Anthriscus vulgaris Centranthus ruber Hieracium Pilosella Anchusa sempervirens Solanum Dulcamara Salvia Verbenaca Plantago maritima Hippophaé rhamnoides Urtica urens Parietaria diffusa | Ruscus aculeatus Triglochin maritimum Blysmus rufus Sclerochloa loliacea Scolopendrium vulgare Botrychium Lunaria Ophioglossum vulgatum Bryum ceespiticium Anomodon viticulosus Didymodon rubellus Ceratodon purpureus Orthotrichum anomalum Jungermannia dilatata Ramalina scopulorum Parmelia aquila Fucus serratus » nodosus » vesiculosus » canaliculatus Chondrus crispus Odonthalia pinnata Delesseria sanguinea Ptilota plumosa Polysiphonia fastigata Corallina officinalis Prestonpans, Cockenzie, Longniddry. Saturday, 30th May 1868. Party of 84 met at the North British Railway Station at 10.30 a.m. and proceeded to Prestonpans, thence walked by PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. Cockenzie to Longniddry. Ranunculus hederaceus Berberis vulgaris Chelidonium majus Viola canina Cerastium arvense Stellaria graminea Honckenya peploides Geranium sanguineum 3 dissectum Medicago sativa Astragalus hypoglottis Vicia sativa ,, lathyroides Potentilla verna Saxifraga tridactylites - Sempervivum tectorum 423 Returned by train passing Long- niddry at 3.36 p.m. Return tickets, Is. The following plants were collected :— Helosciadium repens (Enanthe crocata Carduus nutans Leontodon lzvigatus Cynoglossum officinale Orchis incarnata Triglochin maritimum Lemna minor Scirpus maritimus Blysmus rufus Sclerochloa rigida Botrychium Lunaria Tortula muralis Hypnum albicans ms dendroides East Linton, Prestonkirk, Tynningham, Whitbery Point, the Tyne. Saturday, 6th June 1868. Party of 40 met at the North British Railway Station at 7 a.m. Proceeded to East Linton, thence walked by Prestonkirk to Tynningham, where they were met by a gardener, who acted as guide. Visited the garden along with Mr. Lees, saw some fine Orchids. Thence proceeded through the woods to Whitbery Point, where a fine view was had of the Isle of May, Bass Rock, Berwick Law, Trapraine Law, Lammermuir Hills, Dunbar, &c. Thence by the north of the Tyne, visiting the salt-marshes, Returned by train from East Linton at 3.10 p.m. — 424 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS MADE BY The following were among the plants collected :— Thalictrum minus Sinapis alba Lepigonum marinum Malva rotundifolia Geranium sanguineum Trifolium medium Astragalus hypoglottis Sempervivum tectorum Lonicera Caprifolium Valeriana officinalis Tanacetum vulgare Artemisia maritima ; allica Leontodon lzvigatus Glaux maritima Erythrzea Centaurium Cynoglossum officinale Symphytum tuberosum Hyoscyamus niger (large quantity) Antirrhinum majus Plantago maritima Salicornia herbacea Neottia Nidus-avis Ruscus aculeatus Triglochin maritimum Scirpus maritimus Botrychium Lunaria Ophioglossum vulgatum Polytrichum juniperinum Winchburgh, Niddry Castle, Ecclesmachan, Binny Crag, Uphall. Saturday, 13th June 1868. Party of 41 met at the North British Railway Station at 11.30 a.m. and proceeded to Winchburgh, thence walked to Niddry Castle, Ecclesmachan, Binny Crag, and Uphall. Returned from Uphall by train at 5.51 p.m. Return tickets, 1s. The following plants were collected :— Aconitum Napellus Fumaria pallidiflora Viola lutea Geranium pratense Anchusa sempervirens Myosotis czespitosa Convolvulus sepium Rhinanthus Crista-galli re ssectum Mentha velutina nodosum Lamium levigatum Saxifraga granulata Habenaria chlorantha 4thusa Cynapium Convallaria majalis Asperula odorata Allium paradoxum Carduus acanthoides _ Several garden plants were found in the wood, including :— Spirzea rubella Omphalodes verna . Symphoricarpus racemosus Nepeta longiflora Lysimachia tomentosa PROFESSOR JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR. 425 Jedburgh, Arlarly Well, the Jed, Ferniehurst Castle. Saturday, 20th June 1868. Party of 74 met at the North British Railway Station at 6.40a.m. Proceeded to Jedburgh. Met Mr. E. Jardin at St. Bos- wells, who accompanied the party and acted as guide during the day. Breakfasted at the Spread Eagle Hotel (Scate). Met the Rev. George Ritchie, minister of the parish, who breakfasted with the party, also Sheriff Rutherford Russel and Mr. Adam Water- son. After breakfast, visited the Abbey, under the direction of Rev. Mr. Ritchie. Walked past Arlarly Well and along the banks of the Jed to Ferniehurst Castle, the old seat of the Lothians. 453» 466, 473. Driesch, 389. EAGLESCARNIE, 231. Drumodune, 245, 247, 248, 449. Eagle’s Nest, 147 Drumore, 432, 435+ Earl’s Ferry, 3 Dryburgh, 85, 135, 199, 200, 201, 237, Earlsferry, 471. 3i/- arm, 2 # Dryburgh Abbey, 134, 199, 236, 337. East Fortune, 466. Dubh Loch, 47, 100, 387, 388. East Kilbride, age ~ Dublin, 142, 143, 144, 151, 153, 156, 157- | East Kilmorie, 24 Dublin, College Botanic Garden, 143. East Linton, 179, ae 319, 361, 392, 393, - Dublin, Trinity College, 1 Dublin, Zoological Gardens, 143. Dubton, Royal Asylum, 429. Dubton Station, 429. 423, 4 East Lomond Hill, 201, 202. Easter Sui ohos Hill, 39, 159. Eastern Wemyss, 158, 227. 488 Ecclesmachan, 424. Eden, banks of, 260. Edinample, 352. Edinburgh Se School, 433. Edin’s Hold, 2 Eildon Hills, 84, 134, 199, 236, 302, 303, 377; : Elie, 293, 294, 336, 337, 365, 366, 380, Elie Harbour, 366. Elphinston, 287. Enniskerry, 1 Esk, 32, 91, 115, 170, 172, 219, 250, 285, 296, 297, 299, 300, 301, 328, 335: - 343, 354, 388, 421, 438, 462 Esk Mill, 250. Ettrick banks, 427, 428. Eye, 291. Eyemouth, 206, 207, 208. FALDONSIDE, 84. 52. * €, 201, 202, 203. Falkland Boe Station, 201, 202. Falloch, 184. Falls of Acharn, 59. Falls of Clyde, 67, 236. Falls of Corriemulzie, 402. Falls of Leny, 350. Falls of Moness, 383. Falls of the Muick, 47. Falls of the Teith, 71. Falls of White Water, 172, 298. Farrichar, 432. Farrichar Quarry, 430, 431. Faskally Grounds, 373. Fast Castle, 40, 108, 207. ergan, 311 Ferniehurst Gouic. ca Ferry Hills, 35, 68, 125, 159, 253, 328, 379, 470. Fife, 445. INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES. Fife Hills, 481. Foal Bridge, 466, 467. Foineven, 61. at ge 81, 83, 107. Forfar, 110, 113, 115, 343, 346, 481, 445, 477- Forret, 465, 466. Forteviot, ads a ees ical 397- Se is Frankfort Furggen tae OF: Fushiebridge, 24, 41, 104, 106, 175, 193, 254. GALASHIELS, 84, 474. Galerus (castle), 151. t,2 Galtmede Moss, 237. Galway, 153, 156 Galway Bay, 153, 15 Galway, Queen’s College, 153, 156. Gallowshall, 91, 106. on ap unloe, 147. Garpol Linn, sats 293, 330, 331, 397, 398. Garrion Bridge, 165. Gatehouse, 432, 434, 435, 4306. Gemmi Pass, 272. Geneva, 263, 273. Geneva, Botanic Garden, 274. Geneva, Cour St. Pierre, 274. 27 Glasgow, 24, 30, 31, 42, 44, 60, 76, 77: 128, 129, 139, 141, 142, 183, 185, 216, 224, 226, 227, 246, 287, 295, 449, 454, 455> 4. 456. Glasgow, Andersonian Museum, 42, 139. INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES. Glasgow Cathedral, 128. Glasgow College, 30. CEBEOW, Hunterian Museum, 128. in, Glasnevin Canes 142. Glena, nB 353- Glen Cale, 57, 101, 188, 402, 403, 405, 406, Glen Candlich, 56, 188. Glen Caorrunn, 183. Glen Clova, 100, 297. Glen Cloy, 246. 89 ole, 57, 101, .114,. 170, 171; 172, 173, 296, 297, 298, 299, 343, 344, 385; 446, 477, 479. 171, 439. Glen Falloch, 60, 76, 128, 183, 368. Glen Farn, 43 Glen Fee, 57, 101, 114, 170, I71, 173, 297, 345, 386, 387, 389, 437, 446, 478, 480. Glen Fiadh, 343- n Sannox, 43, 118, ane 140, 225, 244. Glen of Tillicoultry, 37- Glen Tilt, 46, 54, 58, 59, 191, 373- 489 Glen Vale, 320, 381. Goatfell, 43, 119, 120, 122, 140, 225, 226, » 448. 244, 249, 44 Gogar, 37. Gorebridge, 63, 78, -103, 106, 123, 129, 157, 175; 193, 217, 301, 333, 354, 391, 407. 413, ee 69. Gorner Grat, 2 Gosford, 33, ia 86, 126, 127, 181, 204, 395, 3 ge Gothic Ha il, Gowbarrow Bui. 168, 169, Grange Qua 196. Granite Wak Aberdeen, rit. Granton, 23, 31, 35, 36, 37, 87; sie 109, TiO, 1375 12, 125, 135. 857; 80, 192,216,276, 233, 203, 3 son Granton Pier, 25, 161, 192, 222, 301, 328, 394- Granton Quarry, eS Granton Woods, 1 Grant’s House, ae 291, 292, 393, 394. Grasmere, 167, 168. Great Glacier, 271. Greenlaw Barracks, 335. Green Neck, Greenock, 42, 142, 227, 44 Grey Mare’s Tail, 229, 230. Grimsel, 265. Grimsel Hospice, 266. Guard Bridge, 182. Gullan, 27, 33, 66, 85, 87, 111, 112, 126, 181, 182, 204, 305, 323, 324, 332, 357; ES oo sy > — 2 Guttannen, 265. Hapssik’s Howe, 31, 90, 308. Haddington, 231. Haining, 426, 427, 428. Hise ; 360. awthornden, 406 Som Iberg, 2 262. Heidelberg Castle, 262. Helensburgh, 399. 490 INDEX OF Helvellyn, 167, 168. € 32: age, 441. Highfield Farm, 239. Hillhead, ee Hiltly, Holy isan, 224, 226, 246, 447. Holy Is F Holyr =a sy - 92, 116, 284, 285. Honister Crag, 167, Hopetoun, 26, 105, 106, 127, 197, 316, 317- Hopetoun aes 26, 317. Horse Glen, Hospice of acy Click 265, 208. Howth, 143. Humbie Woods, 196. Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, 128. Hunter’s Bog, 284. Huntly Burn, 84. IMACHAR, 245. Inchcolm, 181. Inchkeith, 181. India, 272. Innisfallen, 149. In seslatien: 263, 264. scl 30, 60, 76, 77, 18, 183, 214, 215, 216, 242, ass 379; 371, 399, 400. foo. 54, 96, 405. Invercloy, 44, = ie 246, 448. Inverkeithing, 35, 68, 88, 125, 126, 135, 36, 158, 159, 222, 253, 301, 328, 379, 439, 470. ea as Bay, 87. 290, 291, 396. fvermay Woods, 239, 396. s, 348 Isle of May, 423. Jack-a-Boys Bay, 150. Jed, 425. NAMES OF PLACES. Jedburgh, 425. Jedburgh Abbey, 4 Jock’s Road, 101, 172, 298, 299, 344, 385, 479. Jura, 244. KaIMEs Hill, 252, 326. Keir, 256, 324. Kelso, 240, 443, 444- Kendal, we fey Kenmare Kenmore, Be 348, 373» 374. Ker er, 339. eines Castle, 339. Kilconquhar, 293, 336, 337, 471. Kilconquhar Loch, 294, 336, 337, 471. 47, 448. ‘illarney, 149, 150. Killiecrankie, 58, 192, 342, 373, 419, 432. illin, 46, 59, 60, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216 » 347; 348, 369, 456, 457, 458, wages Killin rbtheet Kilmorie, 117, eee 448. Kilronan, 154. Kincardine, 109, 161, 180, 306, 394. 39 > 80, I 103, 175; 234, 23 35> 251, 286, 327, 334, 335, 374, 407, 439, 462. Kinghorn Loch, 175, 234 286, 374. King’s Caves, cy King’s Coll King’s Cross Point, 117. King’s Hill, King’s House, 455, 349, 353- King’s Seat, 443.. Kingussie, 420. Kinnoul, 321, 410, 453. Kin noul Church, 259. oul Hill, 239, 259, 289, 303, 304, 305, 322, 329, 453. Kinnoul Quarry, 428. INDEX > ae 306. 433 Kirkcudbright, 432, 434. Kirkcudbright, mountains of, 435. Kirkdale, 433. Kirkdale Glen, 433. Kirkhill, 63, 79, 323, 421. Kirkliston, 3 Kirriemuir, 100, 170, 174, 296, 299, 300, 343, 345, 346, 385, 388, 437, 445, 446, 477, 481. Kleinensee, 265. Knock Hill, 68, 69, 132, Hp: 177,205. Knox’s soe John, 202 Kylemore, 156. ie yiedae Lough, 156. LADYBANK, 289, 290, 321. Ladykirk, 443. Lady kirk House, 443. Lag, 117, 118, 120, 121, 246, 247, 248, 249, 448. Lag road, 245. Lake of Brienz, 264. Lake of Geneva, 269, 27 Lamlash, 44, 116, 117, is 119, 120, 123, 224, 225, 226, 244, 245, 246, 248, 249, 447, 448. Lamlash Bay, 120, ys 447. Lammermuir Hills, Lanark, 67, 162, 163, an 235, 236, 288, Lancefield Spinning Co., Glasgow, 30. OF NAMES OF PLACES. Larbert, 2 Largo, oe Se 380, 400, 471. 94. Lax, 269. Lednaltrie, 437. Leenane Leith, 455; 260. Lenno dine: Fab pee Leny, 309. Leny, Falls of, 350. 381, 475+ eslie Waterworks, 475. Leuchars, 125, 182, 260, 465, 466. Leuk, 272. a 3 o “— T es a a — Lindores Loch, 362, 364. Lin fae 26, nite 127; ie 178, 197, 316, 412, 440, 441, 467, 4 Fialltheew Loch, ee 127, ae ye Linlithgow Palace, 127, 197, 317, 4 Linn of Dee, 51, 52, 54, 98, IOI, 102, he 177. Little Craigendal, 49, 50, 52, 94, 95, 187, 403. Little Gilrannoch, 56, 172, 298, 344, 385, » 369, 457. andy, 115, 173, 299, 390, 344, 387, 388, 4 i, 446, 480, 481. Loch Callater, 48, 6, 58, 95, 96, 99, 188, 297, 402. Loch Candlich, 48, 49. Lo arnack, 332 Lochcote, 412, 472. 492 Loch Dochart, 215. Loch Doyne, 349. Loch Earn, 349 Lochearnhead, i 72, 209. Lochend, 27, 132. Loch Ericht, — 416, 417, 418. Loch Etchachan, 52, IoI, 102, 189, 190. Loch of Kinnaird, 314. Loch Laggan, 417, 418, 419, 420. Loch Lee, 480. Lochgelly 306, 307, 320, 321. och Leven, 202, 205, 206, 306, 307, 320, gern 475- Loch Leven Castle, 307. Loch Lomond, 30, 46, 60, 76, 77, 128, 183, 185, 216, 242, 243, 368, 371, 399, 400, 455 Loch Long, 243. Loch Lubnaig, 71, 209, 309, 310, 346, 349, 352, 366, 367, 414, 415, 454. Lochmaben, 382, 432 Loch Malong, 465. Lochmill, 362, 363, 364. Loch Muick, 47, 100, 387, 388. Lochnagar, 47, 51, 52, 54, 63, 96, 99, 101, 187, 299, 300, 387, 388, 404, 458, 481. Loch-na-gat (Lochan-a-Chait), 59, 211, 214, 348, 4 Lochore Loch Ranza, 122, 226, 245, 448. Loch Skene, 229, 230. Loch Sloy, 77, 184. Logie, 465. Lomonds, 189, 320, 321, 481. London, 274. Longniddry, 33, 66, 85, 127, 181, 204, 305, 306, 332, 357, 422, 423, 454, 463, 3- Lough Corrib, 156. INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES. Lough Derg, 1 - 60. Luffness, 27, 33, 85, 86, 127, 181, 182, 204, 395, 323, 332. Lumsdaine, 40. Lumsden Bay, 108. Lunan, 69. MacDurr’s Castle, 227, 228, 363. Macfarlane’s Museum, Bridge of Allan, 407. M‘Gillicuddy’s Reeks, 1 Macnab Burying Ground, 212. Maa, 156. Malahide, 144. Mallow, 151. Masceriea, 149. anuel, 440. Manuel Mill, 440. e Quarry, 191. are’s Crag, 362, 363, 364. Mar rgay, 435- M st lit 272, 273- | Massa, 260. | Matterhorn, 271. | May, banks of, 201. | Mayfield, & pe meais 559, 194, 220, 227;°2452,; 302, 326, 356, Meall Chandi: 212, 347, 459: Meeting of the Waters, 150. Meiringen, 265. Melrose, 84, 85, 134, 135, 199, 236, 302, 337 377, 4 Melrose Abbey, 134, 200, 302, 337, 378. Melville Hall, 287. Methven, 239, 303, “405; 321 Methven Bog, 240, . 322, eon “453 Methven Woods, 240, 3 - Midcalder, 131, 159, 194, 220, 252, 302, 9. 326, 356, 408, 449. Middle Eildon Hill, 200. INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES. Middle Lake, 147, Middle Walk ees 325. Milltown of Clova, 296. Milnegraden, 240, 241, 443. Minto Crags, a 236, 237, 360. Moffat, 138, 228, 229, 230, 293, 330, 398. | Mofiatdale, 98 Mo Moncrieff Hill, Moncrieff House, 304. Moness, 310, 311, 432. Moness Falls, 311, 430, 431. Monkstown, I Morayshire, coast of, IOI. Morecambe Bay, 16 Morningside, 123, 124, 174, 474. 59 88 Muckersie Falls, 290, 2 M Muckross ihe 150. Muckross Demesne, 149. Muick, 47. Miron, 472. Muirward Wood, 239, 428. Mull oe Canbpre 244. Mull of Galloway, 244. unster, 2 Murthly, 258, 373, 476. Murthly Asylum, 476. Musselburgh Links, 92. __ NAMELESS Rill, 244. Navity, 306, 307. Sesion 207, 208. Neuhaus, 26. Newa ae 27, 428. Newark Castle, 426, 473- Newburgh, 289, 362, 363. Newhaven, 34, 79, 328. 239, 289, 303, 304, 305, 493 New Scone, 240. FS Newton Station, 199. Newtown, 84, 85, 337 | Niddrie Castle, 26, 105, 127, 316, 317, “‘Nith, he. 436. Norham, Fis 241, 443, 444. | achacts Castle, 240. North Berwick, 29, 45, 89, 90, III, 112, 126, 138, 163, 2 BOA, 257,325, 332, 349, 375, 413, 4 North Berwick Se 376, 440. | Wonk Berwick Links, 112, 204, 257, [ee | North Esk, 233. North Ferry, 32. North Queensferry, 35, 68, 87, 135, pa 22, 253, 301, 328, 379, 439, Nadbona, 330. Northumberland Hills, 167. OsBER-AAR Glacier, 266, 268. Obere Hasli- so oi so Lea | Oberland, 265. | Ochils, 8, 359, 362, 363, 443- 338. 170. Orchardneuk, aA 304, 329, 330, 410. Ore, 227. Ormiston, 81, Ormiston Hall wdeds, 81. O’Sullivan’s oe 150. a Overtow ities fons (Clova), 297, 298. PANNANICH Wells, 186. Paris, 262, 274, 413- Parson’s Green, 27. Pass of Leny, 71, 209, 454. Passage, I Pathhead, 80. Patterdale, 166, 168. Paxton, 443, 444. | Pease Bridge, 376, 393, 394- 494 INDEX OF Pease Burn, 132. Pease Dene, 64, 65, 132, 160, 178, 179, 221, 255, 329, 376, 393, 394. Penicuik, 219, 220, 233, 250, 326, 335; ap 438, 451, 462. Penicuik Glen, 335, 438, 451. Penicuik, Paper Mills, 326, 374. Penicuik, Valleyfield, 233, 250. Penmanshiel, 107, 133, 255, 201. 168, 169, 285, 300, tlands, 31, 90, 123, 124, 174, 189, 308. Perth, 93, 110, 113, 170, 174, 239, 240, 257, 258, 259, 290, 296, 300, 303, 304, 395, 321, 322, 329, 339, 343, 346, 397, 401, 406, 410, 416, eo. 428, 429, 444, ead Pettycur, fas 3 76, 80, 103, 175, 196, 234, 235, 286, 334, 439. ta, nin 426, 427, 428, 473. heenix Park, 143. te Field, 453. Pitkeathly, 239, 363. Pitlochry, 342, 373, 419. tencross, 331. Polton, 406, 468. Pooley Bridge, 168, 169. or Hopetoun, 37, 66, 129, 315, 451. Portmarnock, 144. Portobello, 91, Powerscourt Waterfall, 144. S, 87, 422, 463, 464. ' : Prosen Water, 389. Punch Bowl, 149. 174, 308, NAMES OF PLACES. (QUARRY Mill Den, 428. eSuer eh 32, 35, 68, 87, 88, 125, 136, 301, ee 379- Gaede Reed Queenstown, 145. Quixwood, 292. | RAITH, 34, 411, 452. Pevertes: 338. t | Ratho, 2 pes ae. Be 38, 66, 77, 78, 112, 131, 302, 326, 336. 157. ivelindesic Castle, 34, 65, 66, 79, 103, 58. oper 1, venshall Point, 433. pe the 392, 393. Ravenscroft Castle, 124. 433- Red Tarn, 167. Reker Waterfall, 265. Xenton, 393, 394. | esta 49, 41, 107, 109 Retreat, the, 292. | Rhine, 262. | Rhone, 268, bites 272. _ Rhone Valley, 265. Riffel, 272, Rosiin, 219, 233, 234. 250, 251, 285, 300, = 335» 406, 438, 462, 468 Xoslin Chapel, 233. aaa Powder Mill, 250. Roslin Woods, 468. Rotterda Roundstone, 155. Round Table Rowardennan, 30, 129. Rumbling Bridge, 205, 206, 307, 341, 444, 467, 476. INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES. Rutton Loch, 429, 430. Rydal, 166, 167, 168. Rydal am 166, 167. Rydal Mount, 166. Rydal ecelh 166. Rymer’s Glen, 302. SAAS, 270. Saddleback, 167. t. Abb’s Head, 40, 107, 108, 206, 207. St. Andrews, 125, 182, 259, 260, 323, 409, 433- St. Andrews Castle, 323. St. Andrews United ee 323- St. Anthony’s Chapel, 285. St. Baldred’s, 361. St. Boswell 134,377, 425: St; "s, 35, 87, 83, 125, 126, 135, | 136, ie ahs ns 253, 301, 470. ae Leonar Saline, 205. Saline Hills, 68, 132, 133, 205, 206. Salisbury Crags, 275-30,.02, TT Scawfell, 167. Schiehallion, 214, 314, 417. Scone, 259, 393, 3905, 321, 339, 397, 453- Scone Woods, 322, 397, 411. Seafield, 25, 65, I Shannon, 152, 153. asics Bridge, 153. Shean, 433. Shedog, 248. 28, 495 Shelter Stone, ror, 190. Shetland 93 _ Sidelhorn, o6<, 267. | Sikkim, 158. | Sion AB feos | Sir W. Scott’s tomb, 85. | Skellig Rocks, 151. Skiddaw, 167. | Slateford, 26, 37, 38, 66, 112, 123, 129, 174, 249, 308, 315, 225, 451, 463. 51. ahaa Esk Stakign on, 24. | uth Queensferry, 32, 379, 439, 464, 470. = sehr of igs 372, 416. Spean, 4 ‘Spe et 3h TOI, 190. Spital Bridg | | Spital of rps 97, 102, 188, 189. | Springbank, 224, 225, 226, 244, 246. | Springfield, 453. | Springs of the Dee, 54. | Stalden, 270. ' Stank, 454. - Stank Burn, 367, 414, 415 | Starly Burn, 25, 35, 136, 176, 218, 2109. t ars : Stirling, 71, 93, 102, 174, 208, 211, 242, 250, 324, 325, 359, 368, 371, 443, 452, 466, 46 7: Stirling Castle, is y aA 256, 325- Stirling Castle Rock, 467. Stock Gill, 166. St ie ces, 163, 235, 236, 288, 317, 442. Stoneriach, 459. | Storsdale, 2, 322. Stracy, 248. Straight ange the, 292. Strath Braa | Stra’ ie pony oo. 320. | Strathspey, 53. Strathyre, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 352, 353. Striding Edge, 168. Stronvar, 353. 496 Stuc-a- — 20 Suspension Bridge, 114. Sai Gi taice 61. Swanston, 249, 474. Swirrel Edge, 167. yee daa. ai TANNA river, 12 Tantallon, 163, e 332. Tantallon Castle, 28, 45, 89, 138, 257, 340, 375, 376. Tarbert, 151, 1 Tarbet, 184, ne 242, 243, 370, 371, 400, Hn) 55 Tarff, 432, 436. Tay, 59, 289, 393; 329; 339, 410, 444, 453- Tay, banks of, 259. Taymouth, 312. Phrecoie Castle, 59. eith, 71. Tent 182, 260, 323, 409, 410. Thornton Junctio: Thun, 263, 264 ill, 240. Tillicoultry, Tillicoultry Glen, 37 Tongueland Torbane Hill, 177. Torraline Water, 121. Feiss 10) Torryburn, oe 134, 161, 162,°306. Town Wood, 331. Tralee, 150, 151, 152. 7 Tulliallan, 109, 161, 180. T 1, 59. urk Mountain, be 149. Turk Waterfall, Tweed, a 134, ie 199, 200, 236, 240, 377; eo: 237, 241. Tweedmill, 240. Twizel Cast . on 241, Tyne, 83, 179, 319, pee: 423. INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES. Tynehead, 81, 83, 175, 193, 254, 287, 333, 407. uc eohaal Bs 179, 238, 393, 423, 4 319, 361, 392, ULLESWATER, 168, Unter-Aar Glacier, wee Utrecht Botanic Garden: 261. Sas 268, 269, 272, 273. Valentia, 151. ie Paper Mills, 233, 285. 269. Vispac WALES Walsall ot Water of Leith, 78, 194, 220, 252, 302, 3S: a ck 336, 356, 463 » 312 Wells of Dee, 53, 190, Wemyss, oe 158, an an 227, 228. Wemyss Bay, 139, 141. Wemyss aie 227, 225. Wemyss Hill Farm Western Dalmahoy Hill, 77, 155. Western Wemyss, 158, 228. Westerton, 466, 467. on, 471 Lomond Hill, 201, 202, 320, 321, 381, 475. Wharrie Bridge, 324. harrie Burn, 466. Ww Wharrie Glen, 256, 324. Whitadder, 241, 292. White Coombe, 2 Whitekirk, 28. itbery Point, 319, 392, 393, 423. 230. INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES. 497 White Water, 57, 101, 172, 298, 344, 385, | \Wolflee, 36 68. - 479. Woo Seotiblalé: 177, 412, 440 Whiting Bay, 120, 121, 244, 245, 246, 247, Woodhall, 26, 37, 38, 66, 78, 112, 129 248, 448, 449. 159, 194, 315- Whittingham, 107. Wordsworth’s tomb, 167. icklow Court, 143. Wytheburn, 167. Wigton n Bay, 433- Wi ana 20; 32, 108, 127, 107, 310, YARROW, 426, 473. Sits 474 | Yester, 231, 232. larga 165, 166, 167. ee House, 231. w of Eorryandees 419, 420. | Pie Calas, 150. Wishaw Witch olny, 444. Zermatt, 270, 271, 272. Zmutt glacier, 271.