THE PHILIPPINE

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

EDITED BY

PAUL C. FREER, M. D., Ph. D.

WITH THE COOPERATION OF

E. D. MERRILL, M. S.; F. W. FOXWORTHY, Ph. D.
C. B. ROBINSON Ph. D.; H. N. WHITFORD, Ph. D.

PUBLISHED BY

THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE

OF THE

GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

C. Botany

Volume IV

1909

With 39 Plates, and 26 Text Figures

MANILA

BUREAU OF PRINTING
91262 1909

607. GAR DEM
1910

DATES OF ISSUE.

No. 1, pages 1 to 105, May 20, 1909.

No. 2, pages 106 to 200, June 26, 1909.

No. 3, pages 201 to 408, August 26, 1909.
No. 4, pages 409 to 592, December 6, 1909.
No. 5, pages 593 to 662, December 3, 1909.
No. 6, pages 663 to 747, January 10, 1910.
TT

CONTENTS.

No. 1, April (May), 1909.

I. Copeland, Edwin Bingham. The Ferns of the Malay- Asiatic Region,

Part I

II. Ostenfeld, C. H. On Halophila ovata Gaudichaud, a neglected species..

III. Robinson, C. B. Philippine Chloranthaceae

IV. Robinson, C. B. Philippine Phyllanthinae

No. 2, June, 1909.

I. Brand, A. Additional Philippine Symplocaceae, I

II. Copeland, Edwin Bingham. New or Interesting Philippine Ferns, 1\ ....

III. Merrill, E. D. A Revision of Philippine Connaraceae

IV. Merrill, E. D. A Revision of Philippine Lorantliaceae

V. Ridley, H. N. The Scitamineae of the Philippine Islands

No. 3. August, 1909.

I. Leavitt, Robert Greenleaf. The Genus Eria in the Philippine Islands.—

II. Merrill, E. D. New or Noteworthy Philippine Plants, VII

III. Robinson, C. B. A Preliminary Revision of Philippine Myrtaceae

No. 4, October (December), 1909.

I. Foxworthy, Fred W. Indo-Malayan Woods

No. 5, November (December), 1909.

I. Ames, Oakes. Notes on Philippine Orchids with Descriptions of New

Species, I -

II. Beccari, O. Notes on Philippine Palms, II

III. Merrill, E. D. A Preliminary Revision of Philippine Oombretaceae

IV. Wainio, E. A. Lichenes insularum Philippinarum, I

No. 6, December, 1909.

I. Ames, Oakes. Notes on Philippine Orchids with Descriptions of New

Species, II

II. Merrill, E. D. Index to Philippine Botanical Literature, V

III. Robinson, C. B. Philippine Boraginaceae -----

IV. Whitford, H. N. Studies in the Vegetation of the Philippines. I. The

Composition and Volume of the Dipterocarp Forests of the Philip-
pines

in

Page.

1

67

69

71

107

111

117

129

155

201

247

331

409

593

601

641

651

663

677

687

699

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

[Prices in United States currency.]

Bureau of Government Laboratories (now Bureau of Science) Bulletins 1 to 36.

Manual oK Philippine Birds, by R. C. McGregor, (two parts) ; $4, order No. 103.

Mining Bureau (now Division of Mines, Bureau of Science) ; bulletins 1 to 5.

Mineral Resources ok the Philippine Islands for 1907 ; free; order No. 301.

Mineral Resources ok the Philippine Islands for 1908; free; order No. 302.

The Bontoc Igorot, by A. E. Jenks; 265 pages; illustrated by 165 photographic
reproductions; price $1; order No. 401.

The Negritos ok Zambales, by W. A. Reed; $0.25; order No. 402.

The Nabaloi Dialect, by Otto Scheerer, and The Bataks of Palawan, by E. \ .
Miller; price $0.25; 100 pages; 35 photographic illustrations; order No. 403.

Studies in Moro History, Law, and Religion by N. M. Saleeby; price $0.25;
order No. 405.

History of Sulu, by N. M. Saleeby; price $0.75; order No. 406.

The Batan Dialect as a Member of the Philippine Group of Languages,
by O. Scheerer, and “F” and “V” in Philippine Languages, by C. E. Conant ;
price $0.80; order No. 407.

A Vocabulary ok the Igorot Language as Spoken by the Bontok Igorots,
by W. C. Clapp; price $0.75; order No. 408.

IN PRESS.

A Check-List of Philippine Fishes, by David Starr Jordan and Robert
Earl Richardson.

The Subanuns of Sindangan Bay, by E. B. Christie.

Any of the above-announced publications may. be ordered from the
Business Manager, Philippine Journal of Science, Manila, P. I., or from
any of the agents listed on the cover of this Journal. Please give order
number.

APRIL, 1909

THE PHILIPPINE

’ 7 1

No. 1

JOURNAL OP SCIENCE

EDITED BY

PAUL C. FREER, M. D., Ph. D.

CO-EDITOR

RICHARD P. STRONG, Ph. B., M. D.'

WITH THE COOPERATION OF

E. D. MERRILL, M. S.; F. W. FOXWORTHY, Ph. D.
C. B. ROBINSON, Ph. D.; H. N. WHITFORD, Ph. D.

PUBLISHED BY

THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE

OF THE

GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

C. BOTANY

MANILA

BUREAU OF PRINTING
1909

PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS.

Bureau of Government Laboratories.

* No. 1, 1902 , to No. 11,, 1901,.

15. No. 15, 1901,, Biological and Serum Laboratories. — Report on Bacillus Violaceous Ma-
nilse : A Pathogenic Micro-Organism. By Paul G. Woolley, M. D.

* No. 16, 1901,, Biological Laboratory. — Protective Inoculation against Asiatic Cholera :
An Experimental Study. By Richard P. Strong, M. D.

17. No. 17, 1901,. — New or Noteworthy Philippine Plants, II. By Elmer D. Merrill,

* Biological Laboratory. — I. Amebas : Their Cultivation and Etiologic
Significance. By W. E. Musgrave, M. D., and Moses T. Clegg. II. The Treatment
of Intestinal Amcebiasis (Amoebic Dysentery) in the Tropics. By W. E. Mus-

graVe J)

19. No. 19 ’ 1901,, Biological Laboratory. — Some Observations on the Biology of the Chol-

era Spirillum. By W. B. Wherry, M. D. _ . ™ +

20. No. 20, 1901,. — Biological Laboratory: I. Does Latent or Dormant Plague Exist

Where the Disease is Endemic? By Maximilian Herzog, M. D., and Charles B.
Hare. Serum Laboratory : II. Broncho-Pneumonia of Cattle : Its Association with
B. Bovisepticus. By Paul G. Woolley, M. D., and Walter Sorrell, D V. S- HI.
Pinto (Pano Blanco). By Paul G. Woolley, M. D. Chemical Laboratory .
IV. Notes on Analysis of the Water from the Manila Water Supply. By Charles
L. Bliss M S. Scrum Laboratory: V. Frambcesia : Its Occurrence in Natives in
the Philippine Islands. By Paul G. Woolley, M. D.

21. No 21, 1904, Biological Laboratory. — Some Questions Relating to the Virulence ot

Micro-Organisms with Particular Reference to Their Immunizing Powers. By

22. NO^C^2T^190 if, ^Bureau of Government Laboratories. — I. A Description of the New

Buildings of the Bureau of Government Laboratories. By Paul C. Freer, M. D-,
Ph. D. II. A Catalogue of the Library of the Bureau of Government Laboratories.

* No. ^23, ^1904, ’Biological Laboratory. — Plague: Bacteriology, Morbid Anatomy, and

Histopathology (Including a Consideration of Insects as Plague Carriers). By
Maximilian Herzog, M. D. _

24. No. 24, 1904, Biological Laboratory. — Glanders: Its Diagnosis and Prevention (To-
gether with a Report on Two Cases of Human Glanders Occurring in Manila and
Some Notes on the Bacteriology and Polymorphism of Bacterium Mallei). By

25 ATo^ ' 2 L 90 4 .— B i r d s from the Islands of Romblon, Sihuyan, and Cresta de' Gallo.

By Richard C. McGregor. ( For first four bulletins of the ornithological series, see
Philippine Museum below.) _ .. , . , „. ._ „„„ .

26 No 26 1904, Biological Laboratory. — The Clinical and Pathological Significance of

Balantidium Coli. By Richard P. Strong, M. D.

27. No. 27 1901,.— -A Review of the Identification of the Species Described in Blanco s

Flora de Filipinas. By Elmer D. Merrill, Botanist. ~

28. No. 28, 1904- — I. The Polypodiacese of the Philippine Islands. II. Edible Philip

pine Fungi. By Edwin B. Copeland, Ph. D. , „ .

29. No. 29, 1904 ■ — I. New or Noteworthy Philippine Plants, III. II. The Source of

Manila Elemi. By Elmer D. Merrill, Botanist. ... . _ . _

30. No 30, 1905, Chemical Laboratory. — I. Autocatalytic Decomposition of Silver Oxide.

II. Hydration in Solution. By Gilbert N. Lewis, Ph. D.

31. No. 31, 1905, Biological Laboratory. — I. Notes on a Case of Haematochyluria f To-

gether with Some Observations on the Morphology of the Embryo > Nematode Filaria
Nocturna) By William B. Wherry, M. D., and John R. McDill, M. D., Manila, P I.

II. A Search into the Nitrate and Nitrite Content of Wittes Peptone, with

Special Reference to Its Influence on the Demonstration of the Indol and Cholera-
Rpd Reactions. Bv William B. Wherry M. D. „ , , „

32. No 32, 1905. — Biological Laboratory: I. Intestinal Haemorrhage as a Fatal Com-

plication in Amoebic Dysentery and Its Association with Liver Abscess. By Richard
P Strong M. D. II. The Action of Various Chemical Substances upon Cultures
of Amoebae. By J. B. Thomas, M. D., Baguio, Benguet. Biological and_ Serum
Laboratories: III. The Pathology of Intestinal Amcebiasis. By Paul G. Woolley,

33 NO ' S3 ! 19 OsTBiological Laboratory. — Further Observations on Fibrin Thrombosis in
the Glomerular and in Other Renal Vessels in Bubonic Plague. By Maximilian

* NoJ^sf ', 1905.- — I. Birds from Mindoro and Small Adjacent Islands. II. Notes on

Three Rare Luzon Birds. By Richard C. McGregor. • „ „ „ , ^ . ,

35 No 35 1905. — I. New or Noteworthy Philippine Plants, IV. II. Notes on Cuming s
Philippine Plants in the Herbarium of the Bureau of Government Laboratories.

III. Hackel, “Notes on Philippine Grasses. IV. Ridley, Scitiminese Philippinen-
sis. V. Clarke, “Philippine Acanthacem.’ By Elmer D. Merrill, Botanist.

36. No. 36, 1905. — A Hand-List of the Birds of the Philippine Islands. By Richard C.

* ReportSof *the ^uTeHntenden^of’ Government Laboratories for the Year Ending
August 31, 1902. (Appendix M of Third Annual Report of the Philippine

* Report ^ Sof °the Superintendent of Government Laboratories in the Philippine Islands
forthe Year Ending September 1, 1903. (Appendix G of the Fourth Annual Report

39. ThifrdhAnnSal1PRiport of the ' Superintendent of the Bureau of Government Laboratories

40 Fourth* Anrnfal Report of the Superintendent of the Bureau of Government Laboratories
' for the Year Ending August 31, 1905.

Bureau of Science — Publications.

101. Price and Exchange List of Philippine Bird Skins in the Collection of the Bureau of

102. ATo.C!f,ni9'o^— A ^h^ck^-List^i^Ph^'Bpphi^Flshes. 1 By 'David Starr Jordan and Robert

103 No&T2 RSr— An'Ma7nuaFof' Philippine Birds. By Richard C. McGregon Parts I
and II. A systematic index to the orders, families, and genera. Paper, f*8 for the

two parts.

• Out of print.

(Concluded on third page of cover.)

THE PHILIPPINE

Journal of Science

C. Botany

Vol. IV APRIL, 1909 No. 1

THE FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASI ATIC REGION. PART I.

By Edwin Bingham Copeland.

(From the Bureau of Education. Manila, P. I.)

The fern flora of the Malay Archipelago is the richest in the world,
in species, in genera, and in families. In recent geological times this
region has evidently been a center for the diffusion of species, in every
direction in which no impassable barriers prevent it. The study of this
flora has therefore a very special bionomic interest; but a thorough
floristic study is an indispensable prerequisite to any valuable bionomic
work. I have devoted a number of years to this field, and am presenting
this “flora” in the expectation that it will make this work easier for others.

In this Part I, including all familes except Hymenophyllaceac and Pohj-
podiaceae, the genera are almost all so striking in appearance that tbe
photograph of one species in each will permit their immediate recogni-
tion by a beginner. However, the subjects for tbe photographs have
been chosen from species the illustration of which will be useful to special-
ists in pteridology.

The greater part of the material used in this work is in the herbarium
of tbe writer and in that of the Bureau of Science, in Manila. The
plants in these families in the Hongkong herbarium were kindly loaned
by tbe Director of that institution, Mr. S. T. Dunn; and the veteran
missionary and botanist, Urbain Faurie, of Aomori, Japan, has helped
me with his complete material in the same families. Grateful acknowl-
edgment is made to these gentlemen.

While this part is in press, the large volume “Malayan Ferns” by
Captain C. It. W. K. van Alderwerelt van Roseburg came to hand. I am
fortunately still able to make such corrections in this paper as do not
break into paragraphs, and can therefore use van Alderwerelt’s previously
unpublished information as to tbe range of various species.

80915

2

COPELAND.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF F1LICALES.

Sporangium derived from a group of cells, wall more than 1 cell thick (Euspor-

ANOIATAE) .

Sporangia solitary, marginal on reduced segments 1. Ophioglossaceae

Sporangia in sori, dorsal, on normal fronds 2. Marattiaceae

Sporangium derived from a single cell; wall 1 cell thick (Leptosporangiatae) .
Spores of two kinds; aquatic plants ( Hydropteridineae ) .

Leaves cruciform 3. M arsileaceac

Leaves not cruciform, plants floating 4. Salviniaceae

Spores of one kind, mostly terrestrial (Eufilicineae) .

Leaves with the usual leaf tissues.

Sporangium opening by a longitudinal slit.

Annulus rudimentary 5. Osmundaceae

Annulus subapical 6. Schizaeaceae

Annulus medial 7. Gleicheniaceae

Sporangium opening by a more or less transverse slit.

Annulus oblique.

Aquatic 8. Parkeriaceac

Not aquatic, rhizome creeping 0. Matoniaceae

Not aquatic, caudex erect, mostly tree ferns 10. Cyathcaccac

Annulus longitudinal, incomplete 12. Polypodiaceae

Leaves without stomata, usually without parenchyma.. 11. HymenophyUaccae

artificial key.

Aquatic, leaves cruciform Marsilea, p. 12

Aquatic, leaves simple, floating plants.

Midrib present, hut no veinlets Azolla, p. 14

Yeinlets present Salvinia, p. 14

Aquatic, leaves pinnately compound Ceratopteris, p. 20

Terrestrial, stipules present Marattiaceae, p. 8

Terrestrial, stipules wanting.

Frond forked into a sterile segment and a fertile one arising from it or below it.

Ophioglossace.e, p. 3

Frond not forked into a sterile and a fertile segment.

Leaves mostly very thin, sori terminal, inclosed by two equal thin valves
( Hymenophyllace.e ) .

Leaves mostly thicker, sori not inclosed by two equal thin valves.

Rachis scandent, monopodial (dichotomous) Lygodium, p. 17

Frond grass- or rush-like, digitate or dichotomous at top Schizaea, p. 20

Fronds monopodial, pendent . Phanerosorus, p. 28

Fronds not monopodial, nor grass-like with digitate or dichotomous apex.

Frond fan-shaped, with pinnate divisions Matonia, p. 27

Frond not fan-shapped with pinnate divisions.

Ultimate diyisions pinnate, frond equally dichotomous below these.

Gleichenia, p. 22

Frond not dichotomous and then pinnate.

Sporangia large, opening by a slit across the apex Osmunda, p. 15

Sporangia not opening by a slit across the apex.

Tree-ferns with oblique annulus Cyatiieace.e, p. 28

Not tree-ferns with oblique annulus.

Annulus oblique, frond at least tripinnate Balantium, p. G1

Annuls not oblique, or frond but once pinnate ( Polypoihace.e ) .

FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASIATIC REGION.

3

1. OPHIOGLOSSACEiE.

Rhizome usually underground, small, usually erect, of very slow growth,
producing one or two leaves annually; fronds small or of moderate size,
without stipules, straight or folded in vernation (not circinate) ; fertile
segment very contracted, springing from the ventral face of the sterile
frond or of its stipe; sporangia large, formed each from a group of
superficial cells and having a wall several layers of cells thick, without
any annulus.

A small family of three genera. These are perhaps the most primitive living
Pteridophyta. The origin of the sporangium, the vernation, and the structure
of the stomata recall Anthoceros ; and these characters and the occurrence of
collateral bundles with secondary thickening indicate a close affinity to what must

have been the ancestors of the flowering plants.

Veins reticulate !• Ophioglossum

Veins free:

Sterile segment pinnate in plan 2. Botrychium

Sterile segment trifid, its divisions sparingly pinnate 3. Helminthostachys

1. OPHIOGLOSSUM Linnaeus.

Sterile segment entire or sparingly forked, with anastomosing veins;
fertile segment likewise simple or rarely forked, fleshy, linear; sporangia
immersed in the sides of the segment and opening by a slit transverse
to it. A genus of at most 43 known species, chiefly tropical.

Fertile and sterile segments separating at or below the base of sterile blade.

Sterile blade with an apparently stout midrib 1. O.fibrosum

Without apparently stout midrib.

Sterile blade linear or lanceolate.

Segments separating well above ground 2. 0. gramineum

Common stipe hardly reaching above ground.

Fertile segment rising from base of sterile 3. 0. japonicum

Sterile segment stalked 4. 0. braunii

Sterile blade ovate or elliptic.

Base cuneate or truncate 5- 0. pcdunculosum

Base cordate - fi- t). reticulatum

Sterile blade obovate 7. 0. obovatum

Fertile segment rising from sterile blade.

Terrestrial 0. intermedium

Epiphytic 9- 0. pendulum

Sterile blade practically none 19- 0. simplex

1. Ophioglossum fibrosum Sebum.

Rhizome large and globose with numerous fibrous roots ; common stipe
very short; sterile segment 4 to 5 cm long, lanceolate or oblong, acute
or obtuse, thick and opaque; venation very dense next the costa, giving
the appearance of a broad midrib ; fertile segment 3 to 5 cm long, on a
stipe of 10 to 12 cm ; sporangia up to 50 on a side.

Southern India, Sumatra, tropical Africa.

4

COPELAND.

2. Ophioglossum gramineum Willd.

Common stipe rising well above the ground; sterile lamina 10 to 15
mm long; 1 to 2 mm broad, fertile segment arising from base of sterile,
the spike up to 9 mm long, with 4 to 9 sporangia on a side ; whole plant
not over 4.5 cm high.

Lidia, New Guinea, western Africa.

.3. Ophioglossum japonicum Prantl.

Rhizome cylindrical; common stipe hardly reaching above the ground ;
sterile lamina about 4.5 cm long, lanceolate, somewhat fleshy; fertile seg-
ment rising from the base of the sterile, and 3 to 4 times as high, sporan-
gia up to 50 on a side.

Japan.

4. Ophioglossum braunii Prantl.

Common stipe not reaching above the ground; sterile blade lanceolate,
typically thin but in the only reported collection from this part of the
world said to be thicker, free veinlets few, and the midvein not branched ;
fertile segment arising below the base of the sterile.

Yunnan (?) ; Cape Verde Islands.

5. Ophioglossum pedunculosum Desv. (Plate I, B. C.)

Rhizome cylindrical or globose, with copious fleshy roots; common
stipe arising 1 to 5 cm or more above the ground; sterile blade ovate,
usually acute, subentire, narrowed abruptly to a c-uneate base, com-
monly 3 to 4 cm long, the extremes in the Philippines being 1 cm and
7 cm; fertile segment arising from the base of the sterile or just below
it; stipe of fertile segment 1 to 4 times exceeding the sterile one. A
common and exceedingly variable species, which has therefore received
many names. 1 am unable to distinguish 0. timorense Miq.

Two plants described as varieties of this species by Raciborski are raised to
specific rank by van Alderwerelt (p. 774) : O. inconspicuum of Java and New
Guinea, and O. pumilum of Java.

Japan to India and New Zealand.

0. Ophioglossum reticulatum L.

Similar to 0. pedunculosum, but the sterile blade cordate above the
short cuneate base; a less variable species here, without very small forms.

Luzon, Mount Mariveles; in the tropics from the Carolines eastward to the
Mascarenes.

7. Ophioglossum obovatum Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat, 4 (1868) 93.

Sterile segment 5 cm long, 12 mm broad, with a stipe one-third as long,
oblong-obovate or more rarely broadly obovate, apex broadly rounded,

FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASIATIG REGION.

O

base gradually narrowed to a broad petiole, subcoriaceous, green, margin
crisped when dried, areolae with a secondary interior network; stipe of
fertile segment far exceeding the sterile, commonly 10 cm high, “spike"
narrow, 2.5 cm long, mucronate, sporangia 40 on a side.

Timor.

The preceding 7 species constitute with us the subgenus Eu-ophioglossum;
there is no general agreement as to the limitations of the species in this group.
Besides those here enumerated, Christensen cites 0. parvifolium Grew & Hook.,
from Malacca and India ; it is not improbably a form of 0. pedunculosum , as
stated by Matsumura and Hayata. There seems to be another species in Minda-
nao, but my material does not justify describing it. 0. macrorhizum Kze., a
South American plant, has been ascribed doubtfully to the Philippines.

8. Ophioglossum intermedium Hooker. (Plate I, A.)

Ehizome terrestrial and on rotten logs; stipe erect, about 10 cm high,
merging into the blade; sterile blade about 10 cm high, oblanceolate,
entire or lobed near the apex, obtuse, veins reticulate without free in-
cluded veinlets; fertile segment arising from the sterile and equaling
or somewhat overtopping it.

Borneo, Java, Mindoro, New Guinea.

9. Ophioglossum pendulum L.

Rhizome epiphytic, giving rise to a number of pendent fronds; stipe
up to 10 cm long, merging into the blade; sterile blade 20 to 100 or
even 150 cm long, 2 to G cm broad, simple or more often forked, usually
sinuate, fleshy-coriaceous but drying thin, veins reticulate with large
areoles and no included veinlets; fertile segments one or often a pair,
springing from below the middle of the sterile blade, short-stalked, with
a fleshy spike 3 to 10 cm or more long.

Mauritius to India, Formosa, Yakusliima, New South Wales, and Hawaii.

10. Ophioglossum simplex Ridley.

Terrestrial, rhizome short and tuberous, with few roots; fertile fronds
solitary, or two together, slender, flattened, with a blunt apex, 10 to 20
cm long, 3 mm wide, dark green; sterile division represented by a very
small lateral process, or quite absent; fertile portion of frond about 3
cm long, with a stipe of less than this length above the sterile rudiment.

Sumatra, Siak, wet forests on the Ivelantan River.

2. BOTRYCH I U M Swartz.

Frond pinnate in plan, in most species several times pinnate and
deltoid, the fertile segment as much branched as the sterile, or more so;
sporangia globose, not immersed, opening by a transverse slit. A genus

6

COPELAND.

of at most 34 known species, cosmopolitan, but with a boreal center of
distribution.

Pinnae flabellate rather than pinnate.

Sterile and fertile segments separating just below sterile blade 1. B. lunar ia

Common stalk very short 2. B. simplex

Fronds at least tripinnatifid.

Fertile segment arising below the base of the sterile.

Sterile frond fleshy, typically with a hyaline margin.

Segments widened on both sides above base 3. B. matricariac

Segments not widened on both sides 4. B. nbliquum

Sterile frond without hyaline margin.

Frond fleshy 3. B. ternatum

Frond thin, herbaceous.

Fertile segment arising above middle of the petiole G. B. dauci folium

Fertile segment arising lower down 7. B. japonicum

Fertile segment arising from base of sterile 8. B. virginianum

Fertile segment arising from raeliis of sterile — !). B. lanuginosum

1. Botrychium lunaria (L.) Swtz.

Stipe stout, fleshy, 3 to 10 cm high; sterile segment 2 to 6 cm long,
about 2 cm broad, pinnate, raeliis flattened rather than winged; pinnae
usually equal, broader than long, sessile or nearly so, subcuneate, entire
or variously incised on the outer side, fleshy, glabrous, the lowest pair
sometimes enlarged and doubly incised; fertile segment arising from
(or just below) the base of the sterile, its stalk 3 to 7 cm long, the
blade (panicle) lanceolate deltoid, pinnae stalked, the lowest pair pinnate.

Himalayas to Europe and Siberia; North America, Patagonia, New Zealand,
southern Australia.

2. Botrychium simplex llitchc.

Like B. Lunaria. but decidedly smaller and more simple, and the stalks
of the two segments separating well below the base of the sterile one.

Japan, North America, northern Europe.

3. Botrychium matricariae (Schrank) Spr.

Stipe separating less than halfway up to the base of the sterile
segment; young frond hairy; sterile blade deltoid, in Chinese specimens
5 cm long, 4 cm broad, tripinnate, the lobes small, oval, widening abruptly
on both sides above the base, or even cordate, margin hyaline because of
thick epidermis; veins spreading above the base; stipe of the ample fertile
segment 10 cm long. The plant grows larger elsewhere.

Central China, northern Asia. Europe and America.

4. Botrychium obliquum Miihl.

Like the preceding, but the common stipe very short — only 1 cm long
in Chinese specimens — the sterile segments broader than long, its ulti-
mate divisions more ample (i. e., less cut), and oblique, usually not much
widened above the base on the upper side, and the veins less spreading.

Su-Cliuen ; eastern North America.

FERNS OF THE M A LAY- ASIATIC REGION.

/

5. Botrychium ternatum (Thunb.) Swartz.

Similar to the two preceding species but thinner in texture, without a
hyaline border, and with the margin linely toothed ; fronds about 10 cm
broad, nearly as long, usually quinquepinnatifid : total height of fertile
segment 30 cm.

Japan to the Himalayas.

6. Botrychium daucifolium Wall.

Axes permanently more or less hairy; common stipe 10 to 17 cm high,
fleshy, special stipe of sterile segment 2 to 5 cm long, blade 10 to 30 cm
each way, deltoid, tripinnatifid, or sometimes tripinnate; segments lan-
ceolate-oblong, 7 mm more or less broad, sharply irregularly toothed,
herbaceous; fertile segments equaling or exceeding the sterile.

India to Java, Mindanao, and Negros.

7. Botrychium japonicum (Prantl) Und. (Plate J 1 . )

Very like B. daucifolium , the stipe forking about halfway from the
base of the sterile blade to the stem, the sterile margin more finely and
regularly toothed, and the fertile segment far overtopping the sterile.

Japan.

8. Botrychium virginianum (L.) Swartz.

Mature frond practically glabrous, stipe about 20 cm high; sterile
segment deltoid, 15-30 cm each way, usually quadripinnatifid and the
larger lobes then incised at the apex, with sharp uniform teeth about 0.7
mm broad, herbaceous or membranaceous ; fertile segment ample, arising
from the base of the sterile, and its stipe usually surpassing the latter.

Yunnan and the Himalayas, Japan, Europe, America south to Brazil.

Botrychium strictum Underw. is a Japanese plant with very strict fertile
segment, otherwise essentially like B. virginianum.

9. Botrychium lanuginosum Wall.

Similar to B. virginianum, but the main axes permanently pubescent,
the texture not so thin, the secondary or tertiary pinnules more flabellate,
and the fertile segment arising from the rachis of the sterile and the
whole fertile segment usually not equaling the sterile.

Following most recent authors, I have split the species in this genus more
finely than I am at all sure is justified; but the last two are certainly distinct.

India, Ceylon, Luzon.

,3. HELM I NT HOST AC HYS Kaulfuss.

Sterile segment trifid, the three divisions pinnatifid into a few large
lobes, veins curved, free; fertile segment erect from the base of the
sterile, stalked, very compact, with very short, close branches ; sporangium
opening by a longitudinal slit. A single species.

8

COPELAND.

Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hooker. (Plate 111.)

Rhizome stout, creeping underground; stipes 20 to 35 cm high; sterile
segment 18 to 35 cm each way, cut to the base into 3 parts each of
which is pinnatifid or pinnate with 1 to 5 pinnae, which are lanceolate,
2 to 3 cm broad, herbaceous, entire or irregularly sinuate-toothed; stipe of
fertile segment about ID cm high, the spike-like panicle rather shorter.

India to New Caledonia and northern Australia, northward to Formosa.

2. MAKATTIACEzE.

Stem usually large and globose, rarely creeping; fronds circinate in
vernation, provided with persistent, more or less fleshy stipules; sori borne
on the backs of veins; sporangia large, formed from a group of cells,
with a wall more than one cell thick, opening by a longitudinal slit
(which rarely shortens to a pore).

A small and isolated family of ferns of striking aspect, including only Danaca,
of tropical America, and the following five genera:

Sporangia of each sorus not fused together ( Angiopteridcae )

Fronds at least bipinnate p Angiopteris

Fronds simply pinnate.

Sori on the specialized border of the pinna 2. Macroglossum

Sori midway between costa and margin 3. Archangiopteris

Sporangia in each sorus fused together.

Sori elongate, veins free 4. Marattia

Sori round, veins anastomosing 5. Ohristensenia

ANGIOPTERIS Hoffmann.

\ cry large ferns with thick, globose, or rarely trunk-like stems, covered
with leaf-scars and large, fleshy stipules; stipe stout, with an enlarged
pulvinus at the base; frond usually bipinnate, rarely more divided, pinnae
attached to rachis by pulvini; sori marginal or submarginal; sporangia
usually 6 to 14, at most about 20, in contact but not fused into a
synangium.

A genus of majestic ferns, most abundant in the Malay region, extending to
1 oh nesia, the Himalaya, and tropical Africa. Hooker and Baker, and most
other recent writers reduce all to a single species; at the other extreme is the
monograph of De Vriese & Hartig, describing GO species. The number of tenable
species is certainly large, but the task of determining which of De Vriese &
Hartig’s species are such, and of describing not a few others, must be left for
another monographer.

1 give separate mention here only to the Philippine species recently distin-
guished by Christ.

Angiopteris evecta (Forst.) Hoffm.

. . . Pinnae opposite, oblong, with linear-acuminate apex, serrate, sori
in a continuous submarginal series. Between the real veinlets are
hyaline pseudo-veins of sclerenchyma, recurrent from the margin almost
to the costa ; up to 20 sporangia in a sorus.

rah i t i ; and commonly treated as covering the whole range of the genus, and
including all the forms.

V

FERNS OF THE MALAY- ASIATIC REGION.

9

Angiopteris august ifolia Presl is the commonest Philippine species. Fronds
up to .3 m long, the pinnules green on both surfaces, typically about 13 cm long,
less than 1 cm broad, apex finely serrate; recurrent veinlets evident; sori of .3
or 6 sporangia. A. caudata de Vr., does not seem to be more than a form of
this, with especially pubescent axes.

Angiopteris pruinosa Kze. (as construed by Christ) is a beautiful plant
with fronds dark green above and bluish-white beneath, sori of about 8 sporangia
close to the margin, and the fine apex obscurely toothed, t lie base not cordate.
It is found in the Visayas and north to central Luzon; -it does not seem to me
identical with the Javan plant of Ixunze.

Angiopteris similis Presl, described from Java and recently found in Minda-
nao, has pinnules up to 18 cm long and 21 mm broad, serrate only on the sterile
tip, pale green beneath, with very fine recurrent veinlets and dark brown sori.

Angiopteris cart ilagidens Christ (Plate IV) is a Benguet plant, with the
pinnules everywhere prominently and usually very sharply toothed, recurrent
veinlets conspicuous but short, and sori of 8 to 12 sporangia well inside the

margin.

A. crassipes Wall, is an example of the species without recurrent veinlets.
It extends from Nepal and Burma to Japan.

2. MACROGLOSSUM Copeland.

Caudex globose; fronds very large, simply pinnate; recurrent veinlets
none; sori about 40; sporangia borne on the specialized, convex margin of
the pinnae. A single species.

Macroglossum alidae Copel. Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 3 (1908) 343. (Plate

V.)

Fronds suberect, about 3 m high; pinnae attached to rachis by a pul-
vinus, up to 50 cm long, 6 cm wide, abruptly narrowed to the caudate
tip, base rounded, coriaceous, glabrous.

Borneo ( Sarawak, Bidi ) .

3. ARCHANGIOPTERIS Christ et Gies.

Frond simply pinnate, pinnae with swollen pulvini, few ; veins free :
sori long, midway between costa and margin ; sporangia very small (for
this family) and numerous; scales of the indusium persisting as a white
line along the middle of each sorus. A single species.

Archang iopter is henryi Christ et Gies. (Plate \ I.)

Stipe and stalks of pinnae finely scaly; pinnae 5 to 12, stalked above the
pulvini, about 20 cm long by 4 cm broad, acuminate, serrate toward the
apex, glabrous, herbaceous; sori on most veins except at base and apex
of pinna; sporangia up to 160 in a sorus.

Yunnan, in forest, alt. 1,500 m.

10

COPELAND.

4. MARATTIA Swartz.

Fronds large, at least bipinnate; pinnae attached by pulvini; sori below
the apices of the free veins, in a row parallel to each margin, the sporangia
of each sorus fused together forming a synangium. Christensen recog-
nizes 28 species, in the tropics of both hemispheres and south to the Cape
of Good Hope. Our species are too near together.

Synangia usually of 8 or less pairs of sporangia.

Main rachis smooth.

Pinnules broadly lanceolate, acuminate 1. M.fraxinca

Pinnules narrowly lanceolate, caudate 2. M. pellucida

Main rachis rough 3. M. sambucin a

Synangia usually of 10 or more pairs of sporangia.

Coarsely serrate 4. M.silvatica

Obscurely serrate, except at apex 5. If. term ten

1. Marattia fraxinea Smith.

The original plant, from Bourbon, has bipinnate fronds, naked axes,
almost sessile pinnules 5 to 8 cm long, serrate, lanceolate, acuminate:
sori submarginal, sporangia about 6 on each side.

Various modern writers have included under this name all the related forms,
of Malaya, Asia, Africa, and tropical Australia. I mention here those regarded
as distinct by Diels, Christ or Christensen.

2. Marattia pellucida Presl.

Similar to M. fraxinea , but the pinnules narrower and longer (10 cm
long), decidedly caudate, pale beneath, the sori shorter (usually about
1 mm long). The two species should probably be united; M. vcstita
Christ is probably identical with M. 'pellucida.

Philippines; New Caledonia.

3. Marattia sambucina Bl.

Main rachis rough, rachises of pinnae winged; pinnules sessile, hardly
0 cm long, oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate with appressed teeth; vein-
lets simple ; sori two-fifths of the way from the margin to the costa ;
sporangia 8, more or less, on a side.

Java, Celebes; Luzon, teste Christ.

4. Marattia silvatica Blume.

Described as differing from M. sambucina in being coarsely serrate
and tripinnate. The Luzon plant referred here is very coarsely serrate,
sometimes tripinnate but not normally so, has pinnules up to 9 cm long,
usually stalked, and large synangia of 12 or more pairs of synangia.

Java, New Guinea; Luzon.

ferns of the malay-asiatic region.

11

5. Marattia ternatea de Vriese. (Plate VII.)

Pinnules 10 to 20 cm long, 1.5 to 2.5 cm wide, abruptly narrowed at
the base, margin obscurely serrate and usually detlexed, more sharply
serrate at the apex, texture coriaceous; sori remote from the margin, 3
mm long; sporangia about 15 pairs.

Moluccas, Luzon.

5. CHRISTENSENIA Maxon. (Kaulfussia Bl.)

Ehizome creeping, fleshy; fronds simple or palmate; veinlets anas-
tomosing but without free included veinlets; sori irregularly scattered,
round, the sporangia fused into synangia. Usually treated as a single
species.

Christensen ia aesculifolia (Bl.) Maxon.

Stipe 20 to 45 cm high; leaflets 3 to 5, stalked or the lateral ones ses-
sile, middle one the largest, 22 to 40 cm long. Eight to 12 cm broad;
synangia of 10 to 15 sporangia.

Malaya to northern India.

Christensen ia cumingiana Christ Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 2 (1907) 186.
(Plate VIII.)

Stipe up to 11 cm high; frond most often simple, and up to 16 cm
long and 10 cm wide, cordate, obtuse; sometimes with three leaflets, the
middle one not over 15 cm long, sometimes whitish beneath. Soii of <
to 15 sporangia. Hardly distinct from C. aesculifolia,

Mindanao, Negros, Luzon.

HYDKOPTERIDINEiE.

Spores of two kinds in distinct sporangia : macrosporangia, each con-
taining 1 macrospore in which the female prothallium develops, and
microsporangia, each containing numerous microspores which develop
the male prothallia ; sporangia borne in inclosed sori, close to the stem,
on very reduced leaves or parts of leaves. Aquatic plants, very distinct
in appearance from other ferns.

3. MARSILEACEJS.

Aquatics with stems creeping on the bottom and leaves which are
without blade, or with blades floating on the surface or rising above it,
circinate in vernation (like the true ferns) ; macrospores and micio-
spores borne in the same sori.

Three genera — Pilularia, whose leaves are destitute of lamina, wanting in this
part of the world; Regnellidium, with one Brazilian species; and the following:

12

COPELAND.

M A RSI LEA Linnaeus.

Normal leaves long-stalked, the blade cruciform. Fifty-six recognized
species, in tropical, subtropical and temperate countries. The species
vary exceedingly with the habitat and those listed here are probably not

all distinct.

Pedicels branched or clustered.

Pedicel adnate to base of stipe 1. M . quadri folia

Pedicel not adnate to base of stipe.

Pedicel longer than the fruit.

Three fruits at the base of each leaf o. .1/. minuta

Two fruits at the base of each leaf.

Fruit longer than broad, 3 mm long •}. ,1/. crcnata

Fruit as broad as long, very small 4. M. brachycarpa

Pedicel shorter than the fruit 5. j/. brachypus

Pedicels not branched, one at base of each leaf.

Leaves without pellucid streaks.

Sporocarps nearly round, densely silky <j. M.condensata

Nporocarps nearly square, glabrescent.... 7. M.quadrata

Leaves with pellucid streaks 8. .1/. coromandelica

1. Marsilea quadrifolia L.

Rhizome wide-creeping under water; stipe 8-15 cm long; leaflets ob-
dcltoid, 15 mm more or less long, entire, outer side rounded, glabrous;
pedicels in all 15 to 30 mm long, attached halfway more or less to the
stipe, forked above this and bearing 2 to 4 sporocarps; sporocarps 3 to 4
mm long, round-oblong, glabrescent, not bordered, with two minute basal
teetb ; sori 16 to 20 in each sporocarp.

Europe to northern India and Japan; Connecticut.

2. Marsilea minuta L.

Stipe 5 cm more or less high; leaflets cuneate-obdeltoid, glabrous or
nearly so, 1 cm more or less long, outer edge toothed or almost entire;
pedicels 3 to 5 mm high, usually 3 together, distinct unless at the very
base; sporocarps about 3 mm long, not quite so broad, with distinct
border and ribs, and two basal teeth of which the lower is obscure, silky
when young, but more or less glabrous at maturity.

India, Java.

3. Marsilea crenata Presl. (Plate IX.)

Stipes 10 cm more or less high, leaflets 12 to 18 mm long, or much
smaller when terrestrial, glabrous; sporocarps normally 2,. but one of
the.se sometimes abortive, and at the base of several clustered, upper
tooth sharp and prominent, margin not well developed, and ribs none;
otherwise like 4/. minuta. M. Mearnsii Christ in Philip. Journ. Sci.
Rot. 3 (1908) 276, is exactly this species; both Presl and Christ mention
pellucid streaks, but 1 can not see them.

Philippines, from Ilocos, Luzon, to Davao.

FERNS OF THE MALAY- ASIATIC REGION.

13

4. Marsilea brachycarpa A. Br.

Leaflets minute, incised, firm in texture; sporoearps very small, as
broad as long, bordered but not ribbed, with only three sori on each side;
otherwise like the preceding species.

Pegu.

5. Marsilea brachypus A. Br.

Leaves silky; pedicles shorter than the fruit, 2 or 3 together; sporo-
carps silky at maturity, ribbed.

Neilgherries.

M. gracilenta A. Br., from the Concan is like M. brachypus, but with less silky
leaves, and without visible ribs on the sporoearps.

All of the preceding plants except M . quadrifolia seem closely related, and are
united under M. minuta by Baker.

G. Marsilea condensata Baker.

“Subterrestrial, densely tufted; stipes 12 to 33 mm long; leaflets trian-
gular, firm in texture, thinly silky, 6 to 8 mm long, crenate on the outer
edge; pedicels in a tuft with the leaves, free to the base, 3 to 6 mm long,
stiffly erect, adnate to the whole base of the sporocarp) ; sporocarp horizon-
tal, suborbicular, densely silky, 3 mm long; basal teeth none or very
obscure; sori about 10 in all.”

India (Scinde).

7. Marsilea quadrata A. Br.

Similar to M. condensata, but the leaves slightly larger; pedicels 6 to
8 cm long ; sporoearps nearly square, glabreseent, 2 mm long, basal teeth
distinct, the upper one prominent, sori 5 or 6 in all.

Borneo.

8. Marsilea coromandel ica Burnt.

A small plant, aquatic or subterrestrial, glabrous throughout ; stipe
up to 7 cm long, leaflets 2 to 8 mm long, entire, with false veinlets of
sclerenchyma showing as hyaline streaks between the real veinlets; pedi-
cels 12 to 18 mm long, free, inserted in the middle of the case of the
sporocarp; sporocarp oblong, erect, 4 mm long, bordered and ribbed,
teeth distinct, sori 4 to 6 on a side.

India.

4. RA LVINT ACIL1L

Small plants, floating on the water; fronds folded in the bud, simple;
macrospores and microspores in separate sori. Two genera.

Roots none, normal leaves not lobed 1. Salvinia

Roots present, leaves lobed 2. Azolla

14

COPELAND.

1. SALVINIA (Micheli) Adanson.

Leaves borne in whorls of 3, of which two are normal undivided leaves,
borne on the dorsal side, and the other, ventral, one, called the “water-
leaf” is dissected, metamorphosed to replace the roots, which are wanting ;
normal frond with costa and veinlets; sori borne on the basal segments
of the water-leaves. Thirteen species, chiefly tropical.

Leaves horizontal, flat, oblong 1. S. imtans

Leaves suberect, wider than long 2. S. cucullata

1. Salvinia natans (L.) All. (Plate X, A.)

Fronds stalked, horizontal, oblong, about 1 cm long, half as broad,
rounded at both ends or the base cordate, veinlets 17 to 20 on a side,
each with 6 to 8 tufts of fine bristles on the upper surface; nether sur-
face and stem brownish-pubescent.

Plains of India, China south to Fokien, Japan; northern Asia and Europe.

2. Salvinia cucullata Roxb.

Fronds sessile, congested, nearly or quite erect, with indexed margins,
12 to 15 mm broad, not so long; venation lax, veins 10 to 12 on a side;
upper surface bearing minute papillae, nether surface nearly naked.

India; western Australia.

2. AZOLLA Lamarck.

Fronds very small, borne in two dorsal rows, deeply bilobed, each lobe
with a midrib but no veinlets; fine roots borne on the under side of the
stem. Five species.

Azolla africana Desv. (Plate X, B.)

Plant 1 cm more or less long and wide, branching freely and rather
irregularly; leaf-lobes obovate, rather more than 1 mm long; roots, at
least usually, not clustered*; not feathery; macrospores with 9 floats.
(A. pinnata K. Br. of Australia is a larger plant, regularly branched,
with very feathery roots.)

Tropical Africa to the Philippines and Nippon.

EUFIUCINKE.

5. OSMUNDACEiE.

Bhizome mostly erect, stout; fronds pinnate to tripinnatifid, veins free;
sporangia on specialized fronds or parts of fronds, or the backs of
normal fronds, annulus reduced to a cluster of thick-walled cells, slit
extending from this cluster across the apex to the other side of the
sporangium; indusia wanting.

A small family related to the Gleicheniaceae and Schizaeaceae, and probably
to the eusporangiate ferns. Three genera: Leptopteris (7 species) in Austral-
asia; Todea (1 species) from New Zealand to S. Africa; and Osmunda.

FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASIATIC REGION.

15

OSMUNDA Linnaeus.

Sporangia entirely covering very reduced segments which may make
up certain pinna;, or whole fronds, the fertile pinnae more compound
than the sterile; fronds pinnate or bipinnate, pinnae and pinnules ar-
ticulate to racliises. Ten species, one in Brazil, beside the following.
The three species of the eastern United States all reappear in eastern
Asia, but afe wanting in the western United States.

Sterile fronds bipinnate (Eu-Osxiunda) .

Pinnules not acute at base.

Pinnules oblong or lanceolate, not adnate L 0. regalis

Pinnules almost round, mostly adnate 2. 0. tmldei

Pinnules acute at base 3. 0. lancea

Sterile fronds deeply bipinnatifid (Osmundastrum) .

Fertile and sterile fronds distinct 4. 0. cinnamomea

Fertile and sterile pinnules on same frond 5. 0. claytoniana

Sterile pinna; not deeply pinnatifid (Plenasicm).

Pinnae narrowly linear d. 0. bromeliifolia

Pinnae lanceolate or linear-lanceolate.

Pinnae with salient teeth 7. 0. banksiifolia

Pinnae with appressed teeth or entire.

Larger pinnae more than 25 cm long 8. 0. javamca

Larger pinnae less than 20 cm long 0. 0. vachelii

1. Osmunda regalis L.

Stipes tufted, usually more than 30 cm high; frond, excluding stipe
50 to 120 cm high, 30 cm or more broad, bipinnate, a few apical pinna;
fertile; pinnae approximately opposite, sliort-stalked; pinnules subsessile,
3-5 cm long, about 1 cm broad, the sides parallel, obtuse, unequally trun-
cate at the base, finely serrulate, subcoriaceous, glabrous ; fertile pinnules
reduced, cylindrical, lobed or pinnate.

Var. japonica Thunb. (Plate XI.)

Usually smaller than the typical form, sterile and fertile fronds dis-
tinct; the sterile pinnules gradually narrowed upward from a broad base.

Cosmopolitan, but unknown in the Philippines, Malaya and Australia; the
variety japonica is the common form from Japan to India.

2. Osmunda mildei C. Clir. (0. bipinndta TIoolc.)

A rather smaller fern than 0. regalis, upper sterile pinnae entire, the
others with an entire distal segment about 3 cm long and 10 to 14 mm
broad with rounded apex, lobed below this, and below the lobes bearing
pinnules 10 to 17 mm long, about 9 mm broad, entire, rounded at both
ends and adnate to the winged rachis, fertile pinna; typically at base of
frond, but often found elsewhere, or almost the whole frond fertile.

Hongkong and adjacent mainland.

COPELAND.

16

3. Osmunda lancea Thunb.

Like 0. regal is var. japonica except for the sterile pinnules, which are
3.5 to 4 cm long, at most 7 mm broad, acute at both ends, serrulate only
above the middle, and borne on stalks 1 to 3 mm long.

Japan.

4. Osmunda cinnamomea L.

Stipes densely tufted, 30 to 60 cm high, those of the fertile frond the
higher and more densely woolly: sterile frond 50 to 100 cm high, about
20 cm wide, abruptly contracted at the top : pinnae sessile, close, 10 to
13 cm long, about 25 mm broad; acuminate, cut almost to the costa:
lobes close, subfalcate, and traversed obliquely by the main vein in (typ-
ical) American plants, more remote and straighter in Japanese specimen®,
oblong, subcoriaceous, glabrescent; fertile frond 20-35 cm high, hardly
3 cm wide, dense, bipinnate, transient.

Eastern Asia south to China; America.

Var. fokienense Copel.

Fronds less than 1 m high including stipe, about 10 cm broad, when
very young ciliate, especially in the sinuses, otherwise practically glabrous,
coriaceous; segments almost straight, oblong, rounded.

Collected by Mr. Dunn in Fokien, No. 3763.

5. Osmunda claytoniana L.

Frond less woolly when young; pinnae obtuse; segments rounded, the
vein hardly oblique, texture herbaceous; fertile pinnae borne midway, with
upper and basal parts of frond sterile; otherwise like O. cinnamomea.

The Himalayas and western China; eastern United States.

6. Osmunda bromeliifolia (Pres!) Copel. Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 2 (1907)
147.

Stipe 25-10 cm high, slender; frond including stipe usually less than
1 m high; pinnae borne at an acute angle, the larger ones up to 23 cm
long, 7 to 9 mm broad, on stalks more than 1 cm long with acuminate
base and long-acuminate apex, sharply serrate except near the base with
teeth about 5 mm long and 0.5 to 1 mm deep, glabrous, hard-coriaceous,
veinlets mostly simple; fertile pinnae medial, considerably shorter than the
sterile, pinnate and the pinnules lohed.

Luzon, Mindoro.

7. Osmunda banksiifolia (Presl) Kuhn.

Caudex sometimes 60 cm high and 15 cm thick, stipe stout; frond
including stipe 1.5 to 2 m high ; pinnae about as long as in the preceding
species and more than twice as broad, short-stalked, acuminate, acute at
base, serrate with prominent teeth as long as in the preceding species

FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASIATIC REGION.

17

and 2 or 3 times as deep; veinlets mostly forked; otherwise like 0.
bromeliifolia. A form found in Benguet, has teeth 6 mm deep.

Philippines, Moluccas and southern China, Japan; Kamtchatka.

8. Osmunda javanica Bl.

Stipe and rachis very stout; frond sometimes 3 m high and 00 cm
wide; larger pinnae 30 cm or more long, 2 to 3 cm broad, on stalks more
than 1 cm long, acuminate, cuneate at base, sinuate or entire, coriaceous;
veins not pinnate but dichotomous, veinlets parallel, straight ; fertile 1 rond
irregularly lobed, but rarely to the costa, sporangia massed on the maigin.

Malay Islands.

9. Osmunda vachelii Hooker.

Stipes 15 to 30 cm high, stouter than in 0. bromeliifolia ; frond 40 to
90 cm high; pinna 10 to 15 cm, rarely more, long, not quite one-tenth
as broad, on stalks 3 to 5 mm long, acute or acuminate, acute at base,
subcoriaceous or coriaceous, entire or shallowly serrate with long, flat
teeth; fertile pinna reduced, pinnate with round or lobed pinnules.
Entire and serrate pinna can be found on the same fronds.

China, India.

Note. The proper definition of the species of the § Plenasium has always

been a puzzle. Various botanists have reduced them to a single one. If this
can be done, its name must be O. bromeliifolia , but O. javanica is very different.

I have not much fear of having made two species where I should have recognized
but one; but do suspect that what I have called O. vachelii will some day be
divided.

6. SCHIZAEACEiE

Sporangia borne singly (not in sori), each derived from a single cell,
opening by a lengthwise slit ; annulus a complete transverse ring at or
just below the apex of the sporangium; fertile teeth or segments of the
frond very contracted ; stems terrestrial ; fronds erect or with scandent
rachis. Beside the following two, there are two genera in America and
in and near Africa. There are about 120 known species.

Frond scandent L Lygodium

Frond small, erect Schizaea

1. LYGODIUM Swartz.

Rhizome underground; leaves with scandent rachis of indefinite growth,
constantly dichotomous, but alternate branches on the right and lelt
almost dwarfed, and bearing a single pair of pinna?, while except at the
base of young leaves the main rachis or preferred branch bears no
pinnae; pinnae dichotomous or pinnate; sporangia borne on special teeth
or spikes, each with only enough lamina to cover the sporangia, in catli
spike the veinlet is sympodially branched, the alternate branches bearing

80915 2

18

COPELAND.

cadi one very oblique sporangium and its indusium. A genus of about

do species, in the tropics of both hemispheres, and reaching to Xew
Zealand, Japan and Xew England.

Veins free.

Pinnae dichotomous or palmate.

Pinnules cuneate at base ]. L. circinnatum

Pinnules aurieulate on the outer side 2. L. semiha station

Pinnae pinnate.

Ultimate pinnules articulate to stalks 3. /.. ftcanilcns

Ultimate pinnules not articulate.

Fertile fronds not more compound than sterile.

Dwarf-branch short or obsolete.

Ultimate pinnules regularly pinnately lobed 4. L. {toly slack yum

Ultimate pinnules not regularly pinnately lobed j. L.ftexuosum

Dwarf-branch long 6. L. mearnsn

Fertile fronds more compound than sterile 7. L. japonicmn

Venation reticulate.

Terminal segments about (j g. /,. tnattheici

Terminal segments usually 2 9 /, tnerriUi

1. Lygodium circinnatum (Burin.) Sw.

Dwarf-branches 0 mm long; pinna* with stalks 5 cm long, more or less,
the sterile ones then dichotomouslv palmate but simple, or once or twice*
dichotomous and each division cut almost to the base into 2 or 3 lobes,
( uneate at the base and sligbtlv decurrent; lobes lanceolate, acuminate,
entire, 10 to 30 (usually about 15) cm long, 1.5 to 3 cm wide, herbaceous
or subcoriaceous, young tips hairy; veins free, close; fertile pinna* usually
twice dichotomous and the ultimate division cleft verv nearly to the
base; lobes linear, lamina sometimes slightly, sometimes verv much
reduced, venation lax; spikes continuous along the margin, 2-5 mm long,
lu-own. I suspect that L. basilanieum Christ is a dwarfed foirn of this
species. Van Alderwerelt reports from Banea a plant seemingly inter-
mediate between L. circinatuin and L. trifurcatum Baker. L. digitatum
Presl can not be distinguished as a species.

Queensland to northern India, southern China, and the Butanes Islands.

L. trifurcatum Baker, a Melanesian plant reported from Celebes by van
Alderwerelt, lias the spikes in groups of two or three.

2. Lygodium semihastatum (Cav.) Desv.

Like L. circinnatum in plan, but usually larger throughout, the final
pinnules auricled on one side (sometimes on both sides) at the base, the
lobes less acuminate, and the sterile margins almost always finely crenate-
serrate. L. teijsmannii v. A. v. R. is, judging by the description, very
like this species; in Philippine /,. semihastatum the pinna* are often
twice forked.

1, 11/011 to Mindanao and Borneo; Mariannes (?).

FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASIATIC REGION.

19

3. Lygodium scandens (L. ) Sw.

Dwarf-branch hairy, about 5 mm long, with a small terminal bud
buried in crinite hairlike brown scales; pinnae usually 10-15 cm long,
pinnate ; pinnules 3 to 5 on a side, alternate, simple, deltoid-lanceolate,
acute or obtuse, minutely crenulate, cordate or truncate at the base and
articulate to a very narrowly winged stalk about 5 mm long; terminal
pinnule usually palmately lobed ; fertile pinnules usually smaller and
rounder than the sterile. From both India and Xew Guinea 1 have
mixtures of sterile pinnae of this species with fertile ones of L. flexuosum.

Africa to Polynesia, north to Formosa and southern China.

4. Lygodium polystachyum Wall.

llaehises hairy; dwarf-branch almost obsolete, with a small scaly ter-
minal bud; pinnae about 20 cm long, pinnate; pinnules short-stalked,
3-5 cm long, deltoid-lanceolate, regularly pinnatifid more than halfway
to the costa into oblong, rounded segments, thinly herbaceous, glandular-
hairy on the veins; fertile segments contracted, each to one spike.

Birina and the Malay Peninsula.

5. Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw.

Dwarf-branch 0 to 2 mm long ; pinnae pinnate, 20 cm more or less long,
often hairy throughout, raehis usually very narrowly winged ; lower pin-
nules long-stalked, upper ones almost sessile, stalks winged; pinnules
entire and narrowly deltoid-lanceolate, or with basal lobes on one side or
both (usual form), or pinnate with one pinnule on each side and each
of them with a short, broad lobe on the basal side; ultimate pinnules or
divisions usually 3 to 7 cm long, sometimes longer, lanceolate, usually
acute or acuminate, truncate or cordate at base, the sterile margin finely
serrate.

This is the most variable species of Lygodium. Hooker and Baker in Synopsis
Filicum state that L. salicifolium is a “form with small neat long-stalked seg-
ments.” I can not distinguish the “L. salicifolium Pr.” collected at Chittagong
by Hooker and Thompson from typical L. flexuosum.

Queensland to India, southern China, and Luzon.

6. Lygodium mearnsii Copel. Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 3 (1908) 37.

Dwarf-branch 5 to 9 mm long; sterile pinnae 15 cm more or less long,

often wider than long; pinnules 2 or 3 on a side, tbe lowest with a stalk
1 cm or more long, pinnate, raehis winged; pinnules 11 usually 1 on a side,
lobed on each side at the base, and the lobe on tbe lower side in its turn
lobed on one side, terminal segments lanceolate, mostly obtuse, crenate-
serrate into broad, shallow, denticulate teeth, herbaceous, glabrous; suc-
ceeding pinnules smaller and more simple; fertile pinnules smaller,
broader, and less cut, tbe spikes broad and flat.

Batanes Islands.

‘20

COPELAND.

7. Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Swtz.

Dwarf-branches 2 to 4 mm long; pinnae up to 25 cm long, and 15 cm
broad, usually about two-thirds this size, racliis very narrowly winged;
pinnules decreasing upward in size and complexity, the lowest long-
stalked, pinnate ; pinnules 11 1 or 2 on a side, the lower stalked, lobed at
the base and the lobes often auricled on one side, end segments longest,
linear, obtuse, herbaceous, usually somewhat hairy, margin finely toothed;
fertile pinnae sometimes tripinnate, with small and numerous ultimate
pinnules of which lateral ones are as broad as long, lamina reduced and
sometimes almost wanting; spikes usually 3 or 4 mm long. This also is a
very variable species. Specimens with partially fertile pinnae are some-
times hard to distinguish from L. flexuosum : but as a rule the linear
sterile segments and strong dimorphism make this species very easily
recognized. Korean plants have most finely dissected sterile fronds.
Specimens from India and Java have the sterile segments narrow hut too
short to be linear. The Philippine plants have most ample and least
compound fertile pinnae. A specimen from Negros has spikes reaching
a length of 2 cm.

Japan and Korea to India and Australia.

8. Lygodium matthewi Copel. Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 3 (1908) 36.

The giant of the genus with rachis 5 mm thick, and pinnae more than
50 cm long; dwarf branch 0 mm long, with very large terminal bud;
pinnules 1 or 2 on a side, long-stalked, cordate, dichotomously forked or
palmate; terminal pinnules cuneate-cordate, dichotomously palmate with
5 or G segments which arc 20 to 30 cm long, 3 to 4 cm wide, acuminate,
irregularly serrate, herbaceous, venation copiously reticulate, fertile
pinnae unknown.

Luzon, Mount Maquiling, alt. 300 in.

9. Lygodium merrilli Copel. Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 2 (1907) 146, PI. IV.
(Plate XII.)

Rachis 1.5 mm thick, hairy or glabrescent; dwarf-branch 0 mm long;
pinnae up to 35 cm long: pinnules 2 or 3 on a side, the lower long-stalked,
forked or rarely dichotomously palmate, decurrent-truncate, terminal
pinnule forked or rarely twice forked, segments up to 15 cm long and
17 mm broad, obscurely serrate, membranaceous, glabrous; spikes about
5 mm long and 1.5 mm broad, on the tips of rather prominent teeth,
which do not appear in the cut with the original description; venation
reticulate.

Mindoro, alt. 300 m.

2. SCHIZAEA Smith.

Rhizome under or on the ground; fronds crowded, erect, sterile parts
terete, or simple and grass-like, or dichotomous: sterile segments or spike
born at the top; sporangia in a row along each side of the unbranched
vein, protected by the reflexed margin. A genus of about 25 species,

FERNS OF THE MALAY -ASIATIC REGION. 21

widely scattered, but chiefly in the tropics ; there are a number of species
peculiar to New Guinea.

Fertile spikes pinnately arranged.

Frond terete.

Spikes 4 to C on each side !• malaccana

Spikes 10 to 20 on each side 2. 8. fistulosa

Frond flattened - 4 dichotoma

Fertile spikes digitately arranged 4- digitata

1. Schizaea malaccana Baker.

Stipes dense, not distinguishable from the frond, which is 10 to 30
cm long, weak, flexuose, subterete, simply channeled in front, not more
than 0.3 mm thick, the sterile and fertile ones similar; fertile segment
erect, often bilateral, 6 mm deep, with 3 to G slender spreading spikes
on each side, the lowest 4 to 5 mm long.

Malaya to Birina; Philippines (?).

2. Schizaea fistulosa Labill.

Frond 10-30 cm high, rigid, rush-like; fertile segment suberect, about
20 mm long with 10 to 30 rather erect spikes on each side, the lowest

3 mm long ; otherwise like the preceding.

Borneo, teste Christ: Madagascar eastward to Chile.

3. Schizaea dichotoma (L.) Smith. (Plate XIII, A.)

Ehizome deep-seated; stipes very crowded, not distinct from blade of
frond, 10 to 30 cm up to the lowest fork, channeled in front, upper part
and branches narrowly winged, branches 1 to 3 mm wide, repeatedly
dichotomous; fertile segment terminal, dense, with usually 5 to 8 spread-
ing hairy spikes on each side. A dwarfed form grows on the bases of
coconuts.

Madagascar to Polynesia, northward to southern India and Luzon.

4. Schizaea digitata (L.) Sw. (Plate XIII, B.)

Stipes densely clustered brownish 3-5 cm high according to depth of
rhizome, merging into the green frond which is up to 40 cm high and 4
mm broad, unbranched, coriaceous, the costa very salient beneath ; fertile
segment apical, so short that the spikes appear whorled; spikes 3.5 to

4 cm long, 1 mm broad, brown.

Malaya to Fiji, the Bonin Islands and the Himalayas: Madagascar ( ?).

7. GLEICHENIACE2E.

Terrestrial ferns; last divisions of the axes of the fronds bearing pin-
nately arranged leaflets or segments; venation free; sori on the backs
of ordinary fronds, made of a few sporangia visible to the naked eye,
indusia wanting; annulus transverse, not much above the middle; dehis-
cence by a longitudinal slit. Two genera : Stromatopteris, with a single
New Caledonian species; and Gleichenia.

22

COPELAND.

GLEICHENIA Smith.

IJhizome creeping; frond erect or subscandent, with a terminal bud,
and one or few pairs of pinna? below it, the succeeding few divisions
usually dichotomous. Nearly 80 recognized species, chiefly tropical.

Subgenus I. Eugi.kichknia. Segments very small and round.

Largest scales hardly 1 mm long, very lacerate 1. O. circinngta

Pubescence including pa lea* 1.5 to 2 mm long 2. d. vulcaniea

Subgenus II. Dicbanoptkbis. Segments larger, oblong to linear.

Fronds pinnatifid or pinnate above the upmost fork.

No special leaflets borne at the forks.

Segments crenate 3. Q. amboinensis

Segments serrulate near apex only 4. (}. hirta

Segments entire.

Segments distinct and separate , 5. (/, hispida

Segments contingent or confluent.

Segments coriaceous.

Segments not horizontal.

Segments obtuse 6. O.vestita

Segments acute 7. G. loheri

Segments horizontal H. d. laevigata

Segments not coriaceous.

Segments descending along several internodes.

Segments horizontal 8. (1. laevigata

Segments not horizontal 9. d. oceanica

Segments on only 1 or 2 internodes 10. d. hailieri

Each fork bearing a pair of special leaflets.

Segments rigidly coriaceous, bullate 11. G. crassifolia

Segments not rigid, usually plane 12. d. linearis

Fronds bipinnatifid above any fork.

Segments not at nearly a right angle 13. d . laevissima

Segments standing at almost right angles.

Segments clothed beneath with dense pubescence 14. d.bullata

Segments not densely pubescent.

Pinnules stalked, lower segments reduced 15. d. norrisii

Lower segments not reduced 16. d. japonica

I. Gleichenia circinnata Swtz.

Khizome stout, creeping, woody; well-developed fronds more than 50
cm high, once or twice forked at the top with 1 to 3 pairs of pinnae below
the lower fork, the pinnae once or twice forked, and the lowest sometimes
with a paii* of lateral pinnae; axes brown, clothed with minute, rather
deciduous, dark brown, deeply lacerate scales; pinnules linear, some-
times 55 mm long, about 1.5 mm wide except at the base, borne on all
axes except the main rachis, cut to almost the costa into roundish, strongly
bullate, entire coriaceous lobes or segments, the lowest pair of which
are usually much enlarged, costa naked above, lacerate-squamulose be-
neath ; sori of 2 to 4 sporangia.

Malacca, Borneo, and Palawan to New Zealand; on mountain tops.

The var. borneensis Baker of Mount Kinabalu is described as having more
naked axes, longer pinnae, and more bullate segments.

FERNS OF THE MALA Y-ASIATIO REGION.

23

2. Gleichenia vulcanica HI.

Like the preceding, hut more alpine in habit, more densely pubescent,
the larger scales 1.5 to 2 mm long, ciliate rather than deeply lacerate,
and usually reddish- or greyish-brown. Stunted specimens are not at
all forked, bearing the “pinnules” directly on the unbranched main axis
of the frond.

.lava, Celebes, Philippines.

3. Gleichenia amboinensis v.A.v.R. Hull. Dep. Agr. Ind. Neerl. 18 (1008) 3.

Fronds 50 to 100 cm high, dichotomous at the apex, otherwise pinnate;

rachis clothed with deciduous, tomentose or furfuraceous pubescence;
pinnae 2 or 3 pairs, erecto-patent, the upper ones dichotomous, the lowest
pinnate, dichotomous at the apex ; pinnules dichotomous, all their branches
foliaceous, deeply pinnatifid; segments linear-oblong, obtuse, crenate,
subcoriacous, usually glacous beneath, 1 to 2 cm long, about 2 mm wide,
the lowest ones usually reduced and suborbicular ; the ultimate branches
acuminate, with coarselv toothed apex : costae with a deciduous pubescence.

Amboyna, Burn.

4. Gleichenia hirta HI. (G. ilolosa Copel.)

Frond, including stipe, often 1.5 m or more high; stipe very stout,
brown-scaly at the base, younger axes bearing a pale scurf and ciliate,
lanceolate, brownish scales 1.5 nun long; rachis forked at the top but
with a terminal bud of apparently indeterminate growth, and below this
usually 2 to 4 pairs of pinna1, which are 3 or 4 times forked and foliaceous
above the second fork from the bottom; ultimate branches up to 25 cm
long; segments up to 13 mm long and 2.5 wide, not quite horizontal,
just in contact at the base, serrulate at the apex and rather obtuse,
herbaceous, glabrous above but not beneath, usually very glaucous beneath ;
sori of 3 or 4 sporangia. A beautiful plant.

Philippines, Moluccas: Java?

5. Gleichenia hispida Mett.

Fronds 50 to 100 cm high, stipe very stout and brittle, younger axes
densely ferruginous-felty, and the growing tips buried in felt, the paleae
sparsely long-ciliate; rachis forked at apex, and below this bearing 1 to
3 pairs of pinna? which are usually 3 times forked and foliaceous through-
out; segments not quite horizontal, mostly straight, up to 22 mm long,
about 1.5 mm wide, acute, moderately revolute, distinct and separated by
their own width, coriaceous, glabrous above; sori mostly of 4 sporangia.
G. koordersi Christ seems to be a rather depauperate form of this species.

Java, Celebes, Ternate and Luzon, on mountain tops.

<i. Gleichenia vestita HI.

Fronds 50 to 100 cm high, the axes clothed with brown scales 3 to 5
mm long, 1 mm wide; rachis light brown, forked at the apex, and below
this hearing one or more pairs of pinme which are 1 to 3 times forked

24

COPELAND.

and everywhere foliaceous, the final branches up to 25 cm long; segments
10 to 14 nun long, 3 min wide, confluent, obtuse, falcate or not horizontal,
revolute when dried, coriaceous, glabrous unless at the base of the costa
beneath, more or less glaucous beneath : sporangia 3 or 4 in a sorus.

Malaya, on high mountains.

7. Gleichenia loheri Christ.

Creeping stem and bases of stipes clothed with dark-brown, lanceolate,
entire palese 5 mm long, stipes about 30 cm high; raeliis bearing paired
pinnae, and the lowest of these, in well-developed specimens, also with 1
or 2 pairs below the final fork, the axes everywhere foliaceous or bearing
segments only down to the lowest fork, clothed with tawny, lanceolate,
subulate, lacerate-ciliate spreading scales; branches finally twice forked
at an acute angle, the ultimate branches up to 20 cm long; segments not
horizontal, barely confluent, deltoid-lanceolate, acute, 2.5 to 3 mm wide
at the base, 12 mm long, revolute in drying, coriaceous, dark-brownish-
green above, paler beneath but not glaucous, glabrous except on the cos-
tules beneath.

Luzon, Mount Banajao.

8. Gleichenia laevigata (Willd) Hook.

Ithizome naked, woody; frond up to 150 cm or more high, stipe and
raeliis brown, slender, naked, smooth, marked above by two sharp lines,
forked at the top, and below this bearing 0 to 5 pairs of pinnae, in whose
axils and at the apex some small, congested, green bracts are sometimes
found; pinnie 2 to 5 times forked, everywhere foliaceous, widety divar-
icate, ultimate branches up to 20 cm long, axes glabrous or bearing very
minute, spreading scales; segments at right angles, connected by a narrow
wing, up to 4 cm long, 2 mm wide, straight, entire, obtuse, herbaceous or
fairly coriaceous, more or less glaucous beneath, glabrous unless on the
costa beneath; sori of 3 or 4 sporangia, sometimes subtended by lacerate
squamules.

Malaya, widespread at mean altitudes.

0. Gleichenia oceanica Kuhn.

Frond up to 2 m high ; pinnae in small plants a single pair at the top,
but in large specimens several pairs lower down, several times dicho-
tomous at an acute angle, ultimate branches 10 cm or more long, deeply
pinnatifid, rachises densely clothed with lanceolate, ferruginous, fimbriate
scales; segments on all (or all but the lowest) axes of the pinnae, standing
at an acute angle, close, short, 2 mm wide, acute, abruptly reduced toward
the apex of the branch, membranaceous, glaucous beneath ; sori medial.

I have followed Christ in framing this diagnosis, as the species is known in
Malaya only by the Celebes plant determined by him. Kuhn says explicitly that
the segments stand at a right angle, and are obtuse, and lip to 24 mm long.

Celebes, Polynesia.

FERNS OF THE M ALAY- ASIATIC REGION.

25

10. Gleichenia hallieri Christ.

Rachis stout, chestnut, bearing a few brown subulate hairs, subnitent,
bearing paired lateral pinnae below the apex ; pinnae about 3 times forked,
the lower “internodes” about 3 cm long, 2 cm wide, acuminate; segments
only above the second fork from the apex, and deciduous except on the
ultimate branches, crowded but not imbricate, 1 cm long, 2 mm wide,
entire, rather obtuse, thin-herbaceous, not glaucous beneath, very slightly
hairy; sori fugacious.

Borneo.

11. Gleichenia crassifolia (Presl) Copel.

Frond very small or up to 40 cm high and broad, very hard and rigid
throughout, glabrous except the youngest part but the base of the stipe
rough; axis once forked and the branches pinnatifid into segments, or
forked and each branch once or twice forked, or, in the best-developed
specimens, forked at the apex and with a pair of twice-forked pinnae
lower down; a simple or pinnatifid foliaceous bract is borne stipule-like
at each forking of naked axes ; ultimate branches linear-lanceolate, obtuse,
entire toward the apex; segments oblong, obtuse, bullate; sori of 4 to 9
sporangia.

Luzon, Mindanao, on the highest mountains.

12. Gleichenia linearis (Burm.) Clarke.

Fronds with stipule-like leaflets at the forks, beside these only the
ultimate branches foliaceous, the segments linear or linear-oblong. One
of the most variable of ferns, as here construed. It is usually glabrous,
and glaucous beneath; and subcoriaceous, but varies to herbaceous and
to decidedly hard ; mature, fertile fronds vary from 40 cm to 6 m in
height ; they may be once forked, or several times forked or forked at the
top with paired lateral leaflets lower down, and these leaflets may aFo bcai
paired leaflets below the fork; sporangia up to 14 in each sorus. An
exceedingly variable species, construed here as including G. Warburgii
Christ.

Japan and Korea to New Zealand, and throughout the tropics.

13. Gleichenia laevissima Christ. (Plate XIV.)

Stipe stout, up to 60 cm high, 6 mm in diameter, scaly and verrucose
at the base, otherwise smooth, forking once, terminal bud of stramineous,
scarious scales; branches (pinnae) ascending, 40 to 60 cm long, bipin-
natifid, their axes all naked, stramineous or brown; pinnules alternate,
borne at acute angles, short-stalked, up to 17 cm or more long, acuminate ;
segments linear, borne at acute angles, up to 18 mm long, 1.5 to 2 mm
wide, subacute, entire, bullate, glabrous, not glaucous, coriaceous; sori of
3 to 5 sporangia, almost covering the surface.

China, Luzon.

26

COPELAND.

14. Gleichenia bullata Moore ( 0 . arachnoides Mett.)

Liko (}. japomca, hut the segments rigidly coriaceous, bullate, clothed
beneath with dense, cobwebby, ferruginous pubescence; and the costa1,
at least near the base, bearing lanceolate, apiculate, dark-chestnut scales,

mm long, with whitish ciliate margins.

Java, on summits of high mountains.

15. Gleichenia norrisii Mett.

I in me a single pair at the top of the stipe, GO— 90 cm long; pinnules
lanceolate, the lower distinctly stalked, 15— "23 cm long, cut to a narrow
wing into close, entire, ligulate, obtuse segments, rigidly coriaceous,
glabrous on both surfaces, green or glaucous beneath; sori medial, 1*2 to
20 to a segment.

Malacca.

Hi. Gleichenia japonica Spr. (G. longissima Bl. ( 1 . glauca (Thunb.) Hook.,
non Swartz).

Stipe stout, in large plants 1 to 2 cm high, usually forked only at the
top, but not rarely bearing pairs of pinnae lower down, terminal bud of
foliaceous bracts; pinnae more or less horizontal, 1 to 2 m long, almost
hi pinnate, rachises winged by narrow ridges, glabrous or more or less
beset with tawny, entire or somewhat ciliate scales beneath and on the
sides, sometimes white-cobwebby on top; pinnules up to 20 cm or more
long, standing mostly at right angles to the rachis, acuminate, sessile or
nearly so, linear-lanceolate, cut almost to the chaffy or glabrescent costa-
segments standing at almost a right angle, close, broadly linear, obtuse,
entire, herbaceous to coriaceous, dark-green and glabrous above, almost
glabrous or with scaly eostules beneath, and paler, and usually glaucous.

The typical Japanese plant is of moderate size, the pinnules not quite at right
angles to the rachis, comparatively thin in texture, and conspicuously glaucous.

G. gigantea Wall, is a large form, the bases of whose segments form raised
lines along the costae.

G. excclsa J. Sm. is the very large coriaceous form common in the Philippines,
the lowest segments often lacerate on the side toward the rachis.

Japan to India and Polynesia and Australia.

8. PAliKERIACE.E.

Rhizome in mud: fronds clustered, usually tripinnatifid, dimorphous;
veins reticulate without free included veinlets; sporangia scattered, not in
sori, opening by a transverse slit, annulus of very numerous cells or rudi-
mentary. A single genus.

CERATOPTERIS Brongniart.

Characters those of the family. A single species.

FERNS OF THE MALAY- ASIATIC REGION.

Ceratopteris thal ictroides (L.) Brongn. (Plate XV.)

Stipes 5 to 30 cm high, fleshy; frond deltoid-ovate; raehises flattened
and winged; pinnules few and their segments very few; sterile segments
oblong or lanceolate, usually obtuse, entire, fleshy or membranaceous;
fertile segments narrowly linear, acute, often deficient in chlorophyll, the
margin folded over the sporangia. This fern is common in wet meadows
and along ditches. The fronds normally stand above the water, but the
sterile are not rarely immersed.

Pantropic, and north to Japan.

1). MATON1ACE.E.

Rhizome creeping hairy; fronds dichotomous but with unequal develop-
ment of the branches; sori dorsal, of few (up to 14) sporangia borne on
or at the base of a raised receptacle, which also bears the umbrella-shaped
peltate indusium; sporangia opening almost transversely; annulus only
oblique enough to be complete. Two genera and only three known
species. Perhaps the remnant of a primitive group ancestral to Poh/-

ftodiaceae and Cyathenceae.

Frond erect, pedate or fan-shaped I- Matoma

Frond pendent, sympodial, elongate Phanerosorus

1. M ATOM A R. Brown.

Fronds erect stout, rachis forked at the apex, each branch giving off
pinnatifid pinnae on the upper (inner) side; veins free except that the
sori are borne where a number of veinlets converge; indusium curved

back under the sporangia almost to the receptacle.

Segments oblique, acute I- M.pectinata

Segments at a right angle, obtuse 2. .1/. Foxworthyi

1. Matonia pectinata R. Br.

Stipe rigid, about 2 m high when well developed ; longer pinna?

(to 60?) cm long, linear, hard-coriaceous, brownish above, more or less
glaucous beneath, glabrous; segments borne at an acute angle, falcate,
narrowed from the base, acute; sori borne at the bases of the segments;
sporangia about 7.

Malacca, Mount Ophir; Amboyna?

*2. Matonia foxworthyi Copel. Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 3 (1908) 343. (Plate
XVI.)

Like the preceding species, but the segments horizontal, straight, ob-
tuse, truncate, or retuse, linear, up to 35 mm long, often bearing more
than one sorus on a side.

Borneo, Sarawak, Mount Poe. alt. 1,700 m.

28

COPELAND.

2. PHANEROSORUS Copeland.

Fronds pendent with slender stipe and rachis, sympodially branched
as in Lyg odium, each dwarf branch bearing a pair of one to three times
dichotomous pinnae; veins free or forming costal areolae; sori usually
just outside these areolae; indusium but slightly curved under the sporan-
gia ; sporangia 10 to 14. Only one species known.

Phanerosorus sarmentosus (Baker) Copel. Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 3 (1908)
344. (Plate XVII.)

Fronds up to 1 m. long; ultimate divisions up to 14 cm long, 3 to 4
mm wide, more or less sinuate, obtuse, coriaceous, ash-green ; sori some-
times copious, 2 mm in diameter.

Borneo, Sarawak, around limestone caves at Niah and Bidi.

10. CYATHEACEiE.

Caudex erect and almost always arborescent; fronds usually twice or
more pinnate; sori dorsal or marginal, globose, with more or less prom-
inent receptacle; sporangia opening by a transverse slit, the annulus
(except exceptionally in Balantium ) oblique enough to be a complete
ring. A family including one or two small genera besides those in this
region. Through Balantium, at least a part of the genera included here
are closely related to the Polypodiaceae.

Sori dorsal 1. Cyathea

Sori marginal.

Fertile tooth slightly modified.

Ultimate divisions oblique 2. Balantium

Ultimate divisions not oblique 3. Dicksonia

Fertile tooth greatly modified 4. Cibotium

1. CVATHEA Smith.

Tree ferns (with rare exceptions), often very large; sori on the backs
or in the forks of the fertile veinlets. These ferns are usually separated
artificially into three genera. Cyathea, Hemitelia or Amphicosmia, and
Alsophila. As construed here, Cyathea includes about 400 species, chiefly
tropical.

1. Frond simple 1. C.sinuata

1. Pinnae not lobed, not cordate 2. C. moluccana

1. Pinnae lobed or almost entire, cordate 3. C. hookeri

1. Pinnules not lobed.

2. Pinnules less than 2 cm long 4. C. dulitensis

2. Pinnules more than 3 cm long.

3. Rachises glabrous 5. C. alternans

3. Rachises finely hairy above.

4. Sori not costular.... 6. C. podophylla

4. Sori costular, crowded 7. C. rhcosora

FERNS OF THE MALAY- ASIATIC REGION.

29

1. Pinnules at least lobed, dimorphous.

2. Veinlets simple 8. G. dimorpha

2. Veinlets forked.

3. Fertile pinnules 11 deeply eremite 9. G. fructuosa

3. Fertile pinnules 11 uot deeply crenate 10. C. mindanaensis

1. Pinnules at least lobed, not dimorphous, lobes not twice as long as broad.

2. Indusium evident and persistent.

3. Rachises clothed with copious hairy chaff 11. G. philippinensis

3. Rachises glabrous or bearing minute scales.

4. Racliis unarmed 12. G. polypoda

4. Racliis bearing spines or prickles.

5. Squamulae lacerate 13. G. Integra

5. Squamulae bullate, not evidently lacerate 14. G. suluensis

2. Indusium inconspicuous or wanting.

3. Axes black or purple.

4. Sori medial.

5. Racliis of pinna glabrous 15. G. formosana

5. Racliis of pinna pubescent above 16. G. glabra ( A.dubia )

4. Sori costular.

5. Pinnules pinnate 17. G. atropurpurea

5. Pinnules only lobed.

6. Frond thin or subcoriaceous, green.

7. Sori costular 18. G. ramispina

7. Sori medial 19. G. ridleyi

6. Frond hard-coriaceous, brown when dry 20. G. recommutata

3. Axes brown or stramineous.

4. Segments separated by a rounded sinus.

5. Wing narrow, veinlets simple 21. G. sangirensis

5. Wing broad, veinlets mostly forked 22. G. obscura

4. Segments crowded or close together.

5. Frond hardly 50 cm long 23. G. hancockii

5. Frond 1 m or more in length.

6. Sori medial, 1 mm in diameter.

7. Lamina glabrous 24. G. squamulata

7. Lamina bearing white hairs beneath 25. G. margarethae

6. Sori costular, 0.25 mm in diameter 26. G. boninsimensis

1. Pinnules at least lobed, not dimorphous, lobes narrow.

2. Rachis black or purplish-black.

3. Indusium wanting, axes shining.

4. Pinnules cut three-fourths to costa 27. G. henryi

4. Pinnules cut to costa 28. G. melanorachis

4. Pinnules 11 stalked 29. G. truncata

3. Indusium evident, frond tripinnatifid 30. G. aneitensis

3. Indusium evident, frond tripinnate, axes dull.

4. Rachis unarmed 46. G. schizochlamys

4. Rachis muricate.

5. Pinnules 11 6 mm long, sori medial 31. G. arachnoidea

5. Pinnules 11 12 mm long, sori costular 32. G. tripinnata

2. Rachis not nearly black.

3. Rachis of frond or pinna bearing pubescence of two or more kinds mixed.

4. Rachis nodulose, pustulose or verrucose.

5. Pubescence all white or grey.

COPELAND.

I). Indusium wanting.

7. Long hairs on secondary racliis copious 33. C. tomentosa

7. Long hairs on secondary racliis very sparse.

8. Long paleae without dark marginal seta* 34. C. lepifern

8. Long paleae bearing dark marginal seta* 35. C. crinita

(>. Indusium evident 36. C. strigom

5. Pubescence partly or wholly reddish.

6. Larger scales sparse.

7. Indusium symmetrical.

8. Prominent “aerophores” on racliis at bases of pinna*.

37. C. zollingeriam

8. \\ ithout prominent aerophores 38. V. rufo-pannosa

7. Indusium false or one-sided.

8. Pinnules 11 entire , 39. C. heterochlamydea

8. Pinnules I[ crenate or lobed 40. C. mitral a

(i. Larger scales copious.

7. Indusium evident 41. C. loheri

7. Indusium wanting or inconspicuous 42. C. fuliginosa

3. Racliis unarmed or merely bristly.

4. Indusium present.

5. Pubescence. of two kinds of scales 43. C. inquimms

5. Pubescence of hairs and scales.

6. Segments crenate into bullate lobes 44. C. oinops

6. Segments entire or crenulate at apex.

7. Frond tripinnatifid 45. C. javanica

7. Frond tripinnate.

8. Rachis densely pubescent, scales large 46. C. schizochlamys

8. Rachis sparsely pubescent, scales small 47. C. sumatrana

4. Indusium rudimentary, rachis aliove hirsute, without palea*.

48. C. raciborskii

4. Indusium wanting, palea* on rachis above 49. C. lurida

Rachises of frond or pinnae pubescent, but not with two kinds of pubescence
mixed.

3. Pinnae 8-15 cm long.

4. Indusium none, sori medial.

5. Frond about 1 m long 59. ('. batjancnsis

5. Frond about 45 cm long 23. C. hancockii

4. Indusium persistent, sori costular 51. C.havilandii

3. Pinnae much longer.

4. Costae scaly beneath or glabrous.

5. Segments glandular-ciliate 52. (’. subglandulona

5. Segments not glandular-ciliate.

6. Pinnules nowhere cut to the costa.

7. Sori costular.

8. Indusium breaking irregularly.

9. Sides of segments crenate 53. C. crenulata

9. Segments serrulate throughout.

10. Pinnae and pinnules sessile. 54. C.foxworthyi

10. Pinnae and pinnules stalked 63. C.ferruginea

9. Segments nearly or quite entire.

10. Scales on costae dark.

11. Long hairs beneath costae none 55. C.lanatnsis

FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASIATIC REGION.

31

11. Sparse long hairs on cost* beneath 56. G.korthalsii

10. Scales on cost* light 57. G. hymenodes

8. Indusium opening to form a cnp with entire rim.

58. G. orient alis

8. Indusium forming a low cup from the start 50. G. loalkerae

8. Indusium wanting.

0. Rachis unarmed. 60. G. modesta

9. Rachis asperulous.

10. Lamina glabrous 61. G.melanopus

10. Lamina ciliate beneath 62. (7. wallacei

7. Sori medial.

8. Segments not coarsely toothed 63. C. ferruginea

8. Segments coarsely toothed 64. G. assimilis

6. Lowest segments free but adnate.

7. Pale* on costae fairly copious.

8. Costal pale* pale, bullate 65. G. negrosiana

8. Costal pale* fulvous or rufous.

0. Pinnules 5-7 cm long 66. C. christii

9. Pinnules 8-12 cm long 67. G. alderwereltii

7. Pale* on cost* very sparse or none.

8. Indusium a low cup 59. G. walkerac

8. Indusium evident and at first complete.

9. Segments crowded 68. G. callosa

9. Segments not at all crowded 69. G. halconensis

6. Lowest segments free and contracted at base.

7. Lamina lacerate-scaly beneath 70. G.celebica

7. Lamina minutely paleaceous or glabrescent; indusium evanescent.

71. G. teysamnnii

7. Lamina glabrous; indusium persistent 40. G.mitrata

7. Lamina glabrous or sparsely hairy; indusium wanting or incon-
spicuous.

8. Lowest pinnules deflexed 72. G. pustulosa

8. Pinn* short-stalked, pinnules not deflexed.

9. Costa without setiferous scales.

10. Secondary rachises visibly spiny.

11. Base of stipe without whitish pale*.

12. Cost* scaly beneath 73. G. lalebrosa

12. Cost* glabrous beneath 74. G. curranii

11. Base of stipe with broad white and narrow brown pale*.

75. G. calocoma

10. Secondary rachises not visibly rough 76. G. caudata

9. Costa With setiferous as well as bullate scales.... 77. G. elmeri

4. Costa hairy beneath.

5. Indusium persistent and glandular 78. G. adenochlamys

5. Indusium thin, not glandular.

6. Pinnules cut to the costa 79. G. leucotricha

6. Pinnules cut to a narrow wing 80. G. burbidgei

5. Indusium evanescent or none.

7. Secondary rachises very scaly. 81. G. albosetacea

7. Secondary rachises not very scaly.

8. Lamina glabrous, sori costular 82. G. chinensis

8. Lamina hairy, sori medial 83. G. trichodesma

32

COPELAND.

2. Rachis glabrous beneath.

3. Cost* strigose beneath.

4. Segments 2 to 3 mm apart 84. G. cyclodonta

4. Segments close 85. C. andersoni

3. Cost* very scaly beneath 86. C. kingii

3. Cost* glabrous beneath or slightly scaly.

4. Tndusium at first evident and complete.

5. Cost* subscaly beneath, sori costular.

6. Segments entire, lamina somewhat glaucous beneath.

' 87. G. brunoniana

G. Segments serrate.

7. Rachis spiny.

8. Tndusium promptly evanescent 88. C. decipiens

8. Indusium more persistent 89. G.spinvlosa

7. Rachises not spiny 90. G. mearnsii

5. Cost* glabrous beneath, sori medial.

6. Dried fronds dark-green above.

7. Pinnules pinnate 91. C.saccata

7. Pinnules pinnatifid 92. O.runensis

6. Dried fronds whitish above 93. G. leucophaes

4. Indusium a ring around base of sorus 94. G. junghuhniana

4. Indusium wanting.

5. Cost* glabrous above 95. C. mertensiana

5. Cost* more or less hairy above.

6. Rachises unarmed 96. C.ornata

6. Rachises pustulose or spiny.

7- Pinnules not more than 9 cm long.

8. Dried frond brown above 97. G. dementis

8. Dried frond dark-green above.

9. Cost* glabrous beneath 98. G. fauriei

9. Cost* sparsely scaly beneath 99. C. confucii

7. Pinnules 10 cm or more long.

8. Pale* at base of stipe white 100. G. contaminans

8. Pale* at base of stipe brown 101. C.fenicis

1. Cyathea sinuata Hook. & Grev.

Caudex 1 m high; fronds undivided, 60 to 90 cm long, 3 to 6 cm
broad, sinuate, short-stipitate.

Ceylon, known in a single forest.

2. Cyathea moluccana R. Br. (C. lirunonis Wall., Hook.).

Trunk short; stipe 30 to 60 cm or more long; fronds 60 cm long, or
sometimes much larger; pinna? entire or nearly so, 15 to 35 cm long,
caudate-acuminate, oblique at base and short-stalked.

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, at low altitudes; unknown in the Philippines.

3. Cyathea hookeri Thwaites.

Small but arborescent, trunk 3 to 4 cm thick ; stipe short, black,
murieate at base and subpaleaceous ; frond 60 to 90 cm long, 10 to 13
cm broad, pinnate; pinnae with broad base auricled on both sides, nar-

FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASIATIC REGION.

33

rowly lanceolate, acuminate, subsessile, coarsely dentate-pinnatifid, more
or less entire toward the apex; veinlets pinnate; sori dorsal on the veins
or in the lower axils ; indusium breaking into irregular lobes.

Ceylon, with C. sinuata.

4. Cyathea dulitensis Baker.

Trunk short, 30 cm high ; stipe 45 cm long, brown, clothed at the base
with large linear-subulate, membranaceous, brown scales, naked upward;
frond 30 cm long, 12 to 15 cm broad, thick-coriaceous, green and glabrous
on both sides, bipinnate ; pinna; 24 mm wide, lowest reduced and deflexed,
the lower ones stalked ; pinnules 4 mm wide ; linear-oblong, subentire,
margin deflexed, the lowest free but adnate; veinlets forked, immeised,
sori medial, indusia campanulate, glabrous, persistent, breaking irregularly.

Borneo (Sarawak, Mount Dulit, alt. 1,200 m.)

5. Cyathea alternans (Wall.) Presl.

Trunk 3 to 4 m high; frond bipinnate at base; pinnae up to 45 cm
long, 15 cm broad, sometimes much smaller, stalked; pinnules entire
or serrate, acuminate; rachis smooth and glabrous, tawny-brown; veinlets
once or twice forked; sori more or less biseriate; indusium thin and
fragile.

Penang, Borneo.

6. Cyathea podophylla (Hooker) Copel. (Alsophila podophylla Hooker in
Journ. Bot. 9 (1857) 334).

Frond typically simply pinnate, but sometimes bipinnate with almost
entire lobes, or even tripinnate ; rachises hairy above, dark purplish ; sori
minute, globose, in one to several rows parallel to the costa, those nearest
the costa medial on their veinlets, but those nearest the apex almost cos-
tular ; indusium none.

This is a variable fern, and not always distinct from C. glabra.

Hongkong, Chusan, ( ? ) Liu Iviu.

Alsophila dubia Beddome in Journ. Bot. 2G (1888) 1, is intermediate
between C. glabra and C. podophylla, but said to be nearer the latter.
It is described as follows: Rachises purple-brown, slightly furfuraceous
above, glabrous beneath; frond subcoriaceo-membranaceous ; pinna1 40 to
50 cm long, pinnate, apex pinnatifid; pinnules 10 cm long, 15 mm bioad,
on petioles 2 to 3 mm long, very acuminate, more or less truncate at
base, pinnatifid only about one-sixth of the way to the costa, lobes rather
truncate; costa? scaly beneath or at length glabrous, furfuraceous above;
veinlets simple; sori large, usually on the lowest 1 or 2 veinlets, some-
times on 3 or 4 veinlets, then costular and not forming an inverted Y
as in C. glabra.

Perak, alt. 1,200 m, Borneo, Java.

80915 3

34

COPELAND.

7. Cyathea rheosora (Baker) Copel. ( Alsophila rheosora Baker in Journ.
Bot. 28 (1890) 262).

Trunk 1 m high; frond ample, deltoid, bipinnate, moderately firm in
texture, green and glabrous on both surfaces; rachises brown, without
scales or prickles; pinnas oblong-lanceolate 45 to 60 by 17 to 20 cm;
pinnules lanceolate, deeply crenate, 15 to 18 mm broad, truncate at base,
the lower distinctly stalked; main veins 3 mm apart; veinlets 4 or 5 on
a side, simple; sori costular, crowded, exindusiate. Related to C. glabra
and C. podophylla.

Tonkin.

8. Cyathea dimorpha (Christ) Copel. ( Alsophila dimorpha Christ in Ann.
Jard. Bot. Buiten. II 4 (1904) 41).

Trunk 4 m high; Stipe and rachis chestnut, unarmed but rough,
clothed with obscure furfuraceous scales; pinnae dimorphous, the fertile
occupying the middle of the frond; sterile pinnules shallowly lobed with
crenulate lobes, fertile pinnules deeply pinnatifid; veinlets simple, about
3 on a side; sori large, exindusiate.

Celebes.

9. Cyathea fructuosa Copel. in Elmer’s Leaflets, 2 (1908) 419.

Trunk 3 to 5 m high, 10 cm thick; frond almost sessile, 2 m long,
60 to 90 cm broad, tripinnate; rachis setose-paleaceous above, furfuraceous
beneath, rough, rachises of pinnae clothed beneath with minute fur-
furaceous squamules and large rufo-stramineous scales 5 mm long; costae
clothed beneath with smaller paleae of the same color; secondary pin-
nules distinct and separate, 12 mm long, 2 to 2.5 mm broad, dimorphous,
the sterile entire or nearly so, the fertile deeply crenate; sori round,
crowded; indusium rust-color.

Negros Island, on Horn of Negros Mountain.

10. Cyathea mindanaensis (Christ) Copel. (Alsophila mindanaensis Christ
in Monsunia 1 (1900) 90).

Trond hard-coriaceous; pinnae 40 cm long, ovate, dimorphous; sterile
parts apparently tripinnatifid, the fertile tripinnate; rachis clothed with
long, wooly, rufous fibrils, not spiny; veinlets forked; sori minute, cos-
tular, exindusiate.

Mindanao, district of Davao.

11. Cyathea philippinensis Baker.

Trunk short, slender; frond 1 m long, 30 cm broad; stipe short,
very scaly; rachises all densely paleaceous with gray and brown scales,
unarmed; larger medial pinnae bipinnate at the base; pinnules sessile,
acute, costae sparsely hairy above, scaly beneath; segments 4 mm long,
3 mm broad, entire or crenulate, obtuse, lamina glabrous, coriaceous;

FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASIATIC REGION.

35

veinlets about 3 on a side, simple or forked; sori medial, indusium per-
sistent in large fragments.

Described from a Philippine plant in cultivation at Kew, and since collected
on Mount Banajao, Luzon.

12. Cyathea polypoda Baker.

Frond ample, green on both, sides, glabrous except for copious whitish,
convex, ovate scales, especially on the veinlets beneath; rachis glabrous,
unarmed; pinnae oblong or lanceolate, 45 cm long, 10 to 12 cm wide;
pinnules lanceolate, mostly petiolate, lowest 6 cm long, 12 mm broad, cut
almost to the costa; segments oblong, obtuse, entire, 3 to 4 mm broad;
veinlets 7 or 8 on a side, forked; sori medial, indusium cup-shaped, small,
glabrous. Near C. Integra.

Borneo (Mount Kinabalu, alt. 2,100 m).

13. Cyathea integra J. Sm.

Trunk 2.5 to 7 m high; fronds 2 m long; rachises brown, beset with
sharp spines and sparsely scurfy with minute scales, a few of which are
also on the under side of the costae and costules, costa hairy above; pin-
nae 45 cm long, the lower ones somewhat reduced; pinnules 13 cm long
or less, 24 mm wide, the lower ones reduced, stalked, cut two-third of the
way to the costa into broad, subfalcate, subacute or obtuse, usually entire,
thinly coriaceous segments; sori medial, indusium brown, very persistent.

Luzon to Mindanao, Amboy na.

14. Cyathea suluensis Baker.

Like C. integra, but the rachises less spiny and more scaly, the scales
larger and more entire, and more or less bullate, and the frond greener.

Jolo and Mindanao, alt. about 600 m.

15. Cyathea formosana (Baker) Copel. (Alsophila formosana Baker in Ann.
Bot. 5 (1891) 190).

“Frond ample, tripinnatifid, moderately firm, glabrous, green on both
surfaces, rachis of pinnae naked, castaneous. Pinnae oblong-lanceolate,
30 to 45 cm long, 12 to 15 cm broad. Pinnules sessile, lanceolate, nearly
24 mm broad, cut down to a broad wing into oblong lobes 4 mm broad :
Veins 6- to 8-jugate. Sori medial.” A very variable plant, which is
probably not distinct from C. glabra.

Formosa.

16. Cyathea glabra (Bluine) Copel. (Gymnosphaera glabra Blume, Enumer-
ate (1828) 242).

Trunk 1 to 2 m high, slender ; stipe rough, scaly at the base, upward,
like the rachises, glabrescent, shining, dark purple; pinnae usually 45 to
60 cm long, stalked; pinnules 5 to 9 cm long, 8 to 15 mm broad, mostly
stalked and truncate at the base, acuminate, cut one-fourth to one-half
of the way to the rachis, rarely deeper, the lobes triangular, rounded or

36

COPELAND.

ovate, serrate; veinlets simple; sori medial or above the middle of the
lowest veinlets, but the upper ones close to the costa, indusium wanting.
Nearly related to this species are C. formosana, A. dubia, C. at ro purpurea,
G. ramispina, C. podophylla, C. recommutada , and C. Hancochii. The
Celebes plant is larger than that found elsewhere in Malaya, but even it is
smaller than most tree ferns; a confusion of species is probably respon-
sible for the report of trunks 18 m high in India.

Malaya, India, China, Formosa.

17. Cyathea atropurpurea Copel. in Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 3 (1908) 354.
(Plate XVIII.)

Trunk 2 m high, 4 cm in diameter; frond 150 cm long, 60 cm wide;
stipe and rachis purple, unarmed, the base of the stipe clothed with long,
rigid, appressed palese with pale margins, and bearing some very reduced
pinnae almost without lamina, but not spine-like; rachises bearing purple
hairs above and very sparse squamulae beneath ; pinnules 7 cm long, cau-
date, at the base cut to the rachis and the secondary pinnules contracted
at the base, margins serrate, costae hairy above, beneath bearing bullate
scales, as do also the costules, lamina smooth, purplish-green; veinlets
simple, about 5 on a side; sori costular, indusium wanting.

Mount Halcon, Mindoro, alt. 750 to 1,050 m, common on ridges.

18. Cyathea ramispina (Hooker) Copel. (Alsophila ramispina Hooker, Syn.
Fil. (1866) 42).

Frond dark-green above, paler beneath; stipe subasperous, ebeneous, as
are also the rachises and costae, scaly at base and bearing 3 to 5 branched,
black spines 4 cm long; pinnules 6 cm long, 12 mm wide, cut two-thirds
to the costa, costa beneath bearing minute, brown, bullate scales; lobes
oval-oblong, obtuse, serrate toward the apex; veinlets mostly simple; sori
small, costular, exindusiate.

Borneo (Sarawak, alt. 900 m).

19. Cyathea ridleyi (Baker) Copel. (Alsophila ridleyi Baker in Ann. Bot. 8
(1894) 122).

Fronds ample, deltoid, tripinnatifid, somewhat rigid, green and glab-
rous on both sides; rachis naked, dark-chestnut, unarmed; pinnae 30 cm
long, oblong-lanceolate; pinnules 3 to 5 cm long, 8 to 12 mm wide,
sessile, linear, subobtuse, base truncate, the lower ones cut halfway to the
costa; segments oblong, entire; veinlets 4 to G on a side, evident, curved,
simple or the lowest forked; sori medial, exindusiate. Related to C.
recommutata and C. squamulata,

Singapore.

20. Cyathea recommutata Copel. nomen novum (Alsophila .commutata Mett.
1863, not C. commutata Spr. ).

Frond hard-coriaceous, brown when dry ; stipe scaly, rough at base, and,
like the rachises, dark-purple, subulate-squamulose ; pinnae stalked, 40
cm long; pinnules about 8 cm long, broadest above the middle, stipi-

FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASIATIC REGION.

37

tate, pinnatifid less than halfway to the costa, serrate, the fertile, at least
sometimes, reduced ; veinlets about 5 on a side, simple ; sori costular,
exindusiate.

Malacca; Batjan (fide Christ in Monsunia 90).

21. Cyathea sangirensis (Christ) Copel. ( Alsophila sangirensis Christ in
Monsunia 1 (1900) 90).

Frond 70 cm long, broadly ovate-deltoid; stipe stramineous, unarmed,
but like the racliis rough with black pustules and hair-like scales; pinnae
10 to 15 on a side, ovate, their rachises strigose-pilose ; pinnules 4 cm
long, 1 cm wide, cut to a narrow wing; lobes ovate, obtuse, crenulate,
separated by rounded sinuses; veinlets simple; sori 4 on each side,

crowded, exindusiate.

Sanguir.

22. Cyathea obscura (Scort.) Copel. ( Alsophila obscuva Scoit.; Bcdd. in
Journ. Bot. 25 (1887) 321, pi. 27 8, f. 2).

Caudex 2 m high; stipes 30-60 cm long, densely clothed toward the
base with long lanceolate, sharply serrate scales; fronds 120 to 150 cm
long, 60 cm broad, bipinnate; rachis scaly above, naked beneath; pinnae,
middle ones 30 to 45 cm long, 8 to 15 cm broad, smaller toward ends of
frond, their rachises hairy above, naked beneath ; pinnules 4 to 7 cm long,
12 mm broad, truncate at base, apex obtuse, subcoriaceous, glabrous except
for hairs on costa and bullate scales on costules beneath, cut halfway to
the costa into broad, obtuse segments ; veinlets 4 or 5 on a side, simple or
more often forked ; sori medial on the lower veinlets, mixed with hyaline,
moniliform hairs.

Perak.

23. Cyathea hancockii Copel. (Alsophila denticulata Baker in Journ. Bot.
23 (1885) 102, not Cyathea, Goldm.).

Trunk short; stipe 30 cm long, brown, the base clothed with light-
brown lanceolate palese 1 cm long, the rachis brown, sparsely scaly, glabres-
cent; frond 45 cm long, moderately green on both surfaces, hairy on the
ribs above, the lamina glabrous, but the costules beneath bearing minute,
ovate, bullate scales, tripinnatifid but fertile in bipinnate and bipinnatifid
forms as well; lower pinnae largest, lanceolate-deltoid, 10 to 15 cm long,
3 to 5 cm broad, stalked; lower pinnules distinct, sessile, lanceolate, pin-
natifid; segments oblong, 2 to 2.5 mm broad, inciso-crenate ; veinlets
simple or forked ; sori medial, superficial, brown, receptacle low, indusium
none. Named for its first collector.

Formosa, south China.

24. Cyathea squamulata (Blume) Copel. ( Gymnosphaera squamulata Blume
Enumeratio 243).

Trunk 2 m high, 8 cm thick; stipe 30 cm long, unarmed or slightly
muricate, bearing broad paleae 2.5 cm long, bright-brown with darker
margins; rachises hirsute above, hairy or slightly scaly beneath; frond

38

COPELAND.

1 to 2 m long, half as wide, narrowed below, herbaceous; pinnae short-
stalked, the middle ones up to 17 cm broad; pinnules short-stalked,
close or imbricate, 13 to 16 mm wide, acuminate, cut to a broad wing,
costa scaly at' base with fuscous, lanceolate ciliate, deciduous scales ; seg-
ments 4 mm broad, obtuse or truncate, subfalcate, entire or crenulate,
costules beneath bearing a few minute lacerate squamules; veinlets 6 or
7 on a side, forked or simple; sori medial, exindusiate.

Malaya (at least, in Java).

25. Cyathea margarethae (Schroter) Copel. (Alsophila margarethae Schr.
ex Christ in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit. II 5 (1905) 136).

Frond ample, bipinnate; pinnae 40 cm long, 15 cm wide; pinnules 7
cm long, lanceolate, cut two-thirds to the costa; segments almost im- .
bricate, 4 mm long, 3 mm wide, truncate, entire, the under surface and
margin bearing long white hairs and a few minute scales, herbaceous;
rachis tawny-brown, unarmed, bearing short chestnut hairs, and pale
subulate paleae 1 cm long; veinlets 5 to 8 on a side, the upper ones forked;
sori medial, brown, hardly 1 mm in diameter, mixed with hairs, exin-
dusiate. Conspicuous among Malayan species for its hairyness.

Borneo.

26. Cyathea boninsimensis (Christ) Copel. ( Alsophila boninsimensis Christ
in Monsunia 1 (1900) 90; Hemitelia, Diels).

Stipe fulvo-stramineous, glabrous, asperulous; rachis minutely rough,
glabrous; pinnae 1 m long, 10 cm wide; pinnules 5 cm long, 15 mm wide,
lanceolate, acuminate, cut so as to have exactly the appearance of Dryop-
teris filix-mas par allelo gramma, costae pubescent above; veinlets 7 or 8
on a side, all forked, conspicuous; sori minute, 0.25 mm wide, costular,
surrounded by scales but without evident indusium.

Bonin Islands.

27. Cyathea henryi (Baker) Copel. ( Alsophila henryi Baker in Kew Bull.
(1898) 229).

Trunk 2 to 6 m high; frond ample, tripinnatifid, fairly firm, green
on both sides but paler beneath, glabrous; rachis purplish, scurfy with
minute, irregular, stellate scales, unarmed; pinnae 60 to 75 cm long, 22
to 25 cm broad, their rachises chestnut, shining, hairy above; larger pin-
nules 13. cm long, 26 mm broad, cut to a broad wing; segments 10 mm
long, 4 mm broad, obtuse, subfalcate, serrulate toward the apex with
rounded teeth, sinuses narrow; veinlets about 9 on a side, some forked,
but the fertile ones simple; sori nearer the margin than to the costule,
marked by slight depressions on the upper surface, indusium none.

Yunnan, alt. 1,200 m.

28. Cyathea melanorachis Copel. ( Alsophila melanorachis Copel. in Philip.
Journ. Sci. Bot. 2 (1907) 146).

Trunk 2 to 3 m high, 5 cm thick, its apex and the bases of the stipes
clothed with rigid, chestnut scales 1 cm long, with pale margins; stipe

FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASIATIC REGION.

39

60 cm long, like the rachises, black, somewhat rough, and sparsely clothed
with tawny, crinite scales; frond 150 cm long, tripinnate; pinnae about
12 on a side, the longest ones 50 cm long, 13 cm broad, short-stalked;
distinct pinnules about 30 on a side, not quite sessile, 7 cm long, 1 cm
broad, acuminate, the lower part cut to the costa, costa velvety above,
beneath densely covered with scales of two kinds ; secondary pinnules
narrowly obovate, obtuse, adnate, crenate-serrate, thinly coriaceous, glab-
rous except for ciliate, bullate scales on the costule beneath, almost black
above, the nether surface dark-olive; lower veinlets usually forked, but
the fertile ones simple ; sori costular, covering the surface of the somewhat
contracted fertile pinnules, exindusiate.

Mindoro (Mount Halcon), in mossy woods, alt. 1,800 m.

29. Cyathea truncata (Brack.) Copel. (Alsophila truncata Brack, in Wilkes
U. S. Expl. Exp. 16 (1854) 289).

Rachises dark-purple, shining, sharply muricate, deciduously furfu-
raceous-tomentose, as are also the costae, and the costules beneath , pin-
nse 25 to 40 cm long, 10 to 12 cm broad, acuminate; pinnules 5 to 7 cm
long, 6 to 12 mm broad, sessile, pinnate except at the apex; secondary
pinnules very small, the lower ones stalked, linear-oblong, acute, the
margin recurved, sinuate-lobate ; veinlets forked near the base; sori cos-
tular, small, dark-orange, exindusiate.

Celebes to Samoa; Japan (?).

30. Cyathea aneitensis Hooker.

Rachises unarmed, ebeneous, purple-black, smooth; pinnae 30 to 45
cm 'long, 10 to 12 cm broad, sessile or nearly so, shortly acuminate ;
pinnules cut almost to the costae, which are clothed with narrow, bul-
late, pale scales; segments rather distant, oblong, acute, subserrate, cori-
aceous-membranaceous ; veinlets forked ; sori copious, medial ; indusium
thin, usually splitting first down one side.

Aneitium, Ternate.

31. Cyathea arachnoidea Hooker.

Frond tripinnate, firm-coriaceous, glabrous above, cobwebby beneath;
axes dark, muricate with short, black, sharp spines, clothed with a rusty
tomentum ; pinnules 5 to 10 cm long, 12 mm broad, pinnate almost
throughout; secondary pinnules 6 mm long, linear, acute, subf alcate ;
veinlets inconspicuous; sori medial, indusium thin, white, and delicate,
breaking into irregular, laciniate segments.

Ternate, Queensland; Java?

32. Cyathea tripinnata Copel. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 Suppl. (1906) 251.

Trunk 2 to 3.5 m high, 10 cm thick, its apex and the bases of the

stipes buried in whitish scales 3 to 5 cm long and 1 mm wide , stipe
60 cm long, like the rachis, dull-purplish-black, scurfy with fine tawny
squamules, sparsely beset with sharp spines 1 mm long; frond 2 m long,

40

COPELAND.

1.5 in broad, tripinnate; middle pinna? the largest, 80 cm long; pinnules
12 cm long, 20 to 25 mm broad, abruptly acuminate; secondary pinnules
12 mm long, 3 mm broad, sessile, cordate or the upper ones adnate,
subacute, serrulate, herbaceous, glabrous except for straw-colored scales
on the costae and sometimes on the veins; veinlets forked at the base;
sori costular, 1.5 mm wide; indusium almost white, very thin, breaking
early into persistent, silky fragments.

Luzon, Mindoro, Negros.

33. Cyathea tomentosa (Bl.) Zoll. & Moritz.

Trunk 8 m high, 20 cm in diameter, densely clothed at the top with
light-brown scales 2 to 5 cm long, as are also the bases of the stipes ; fronds
up to 2.5 m long, 1.4 m broad, tripinnate; pinnae subsessile, up to 25 cm
broad; rachis of pinna densely hairy above, beneath spinulose, densely
clothed with minute lacerate squamules, and bearing copious linear,
sparsely ciliate, rufous-fulvous scales almost 2 cm long; pinnules sessile,
broadest (15 mm) at the base, gradually acuminate, costae hairy above,
densely clothed beneath with very hairy tawny scales; secondary pinnules
adnate, only the lowest ones free, subentire, obtuse, falcate, coriaceous,
convex, glabrous above, eostule scaly and hairy beneath and the veinlets
sparsely hairy; veinlets 8 to 12 on a side, mostly forked; sori costular,
covered by scales, exindusiate.

Java.

34. Cyathea lepifera (J. Sm.) Copel. ( Alsophila lepifera J. Sm. in Hook.
Journ. Bot. 3 (1841) 419).

This fern has been collected only by Cuming, and has been reduced to
C. tomentosa, from which it is very distinct. It is much nearer to the
next species, C. crinita, but has narrower pinnules, cut almost throughout
to the costa, the costa less scaly, the secondary pinnules somewhat glau-
cous beneath, and the long scales on the rachises with few pale marginal
setae.

Luzon (Camarines Sur).

35. Cyathea crinita (Hook.) Copel. (Alsophila crinita Hooker, leones (1844)
pi. 671).

A tall tree; stipe and flexuose main rachis stramineous, rough with
minute points and with many black-tipped small spines; rachises pilose
above, clothed beneath with lacerate squamulae and rather deciduous,
tawny, acicular scales 1 mm long, more or less, with dark marginal setae ;
pinnae 60 cm long, 25 cm broad ; pinnules sessile, 25 mm broad at the
base, acuminate, cut to the costa at the very base, elsewhere to a narrow
wing; costa and costules hairy above, densely clothed beneath with
lacerate scales larger than the small ones on the rachis; segments obtuse,
falcate, the lowest crenate-lobed, becoming entire upward, coriaceous;

FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASIATIC REGION.

41

veinlets forked, sparsely hairy beneath; sori inframedial, exindusiate.
Beddome calls this “By far the most beautiful of all tree ferns."

India, Ceylon, Java.

36. Cyathea strigosa Christ.

Stipe 45 cm long; frond 65 cm long, 40 cm broad, coriaceous; axes
aculeate, orange-red, hairy and bearing pale, bullate scales; pinnae 10 to
12, 20 cm long, the lowest not reduced, sessile ; pinnules sessile, acute but
not caudate, cut almost to the costa; segments long-triangular, falcate,
entire, the margin involute, usually glabrous above ; veinlets densely scaly
and hairy beneath, forked ; sori small, costular, indusium white-scarious.
Decidedly alpine in aspect.

Celebes (Wawa Karaeng, from 2,000 in alt. to the summit).

37. Cyathea zoll ingeriana Mett.

Frond coriaceous, dark-green above, pale beneath ; rachises above ferru-
gineous-liirsute and paleaceous; the secondary rachises and costae beset
beneath with fugacious, lanceolate, acuminate scales and persistent,
smaller, ovate, denticulate ones; stipe and rachis dark-purple, nodulose
beneath, rachis above the base of each pinna bearing a prominent
“aerophore;" pinnules 6 cm long, 14 mm wide; segments close, connected
by a narrow wing, elongate-oblong, serrate throughout, obtuse, subfalcate,
with forked veinlets, and one costular sorus on each side at the base;
indusium rigid-membranaceous, ferrugineous-fuscous, at first opening
by a small pore, then irregularly torn.

Java.

38. Cyathea rufo-pannosa Christ.

Trunk 2 m high, 4 cm in diameter, the upper part covered by a matting
of roots, leaf-scars about 13 mm wide and 15 to 22 mm long; bases of
stipes and crown of trunk clothed with appressed, narrow, scarious, opaque,
chestnut scales, 13 to 14 mm long; stipe up to 55 cm long, red-brown,
bearing fine, sharp, black prickles, and covered with a fine rufous scurf,
as is the rachis; frond very variable in size, up to 150 cm long and 60 cm
or more broad, the lowest pinnae reduced and deflexed ; middle pinnae up
to 37 cm long, 11 cm broad, sessile, the rachis very hairy above, beneath
densely clothed with fine, pale, squarrose scales like those on the main
axis, and sparse, entire, linear-lanceolate, chestnut ones 4 mm long ;
pinnules sessile, 55 mm long, 13 mm wide at the base, acute, cut to the
costae for half their length; costae clothed above with brown hairs, and
beneath with copious pale-brown, lanceolate scales 1.5 to 2 mm long; seg-
ments (or secondary pinnules) hardly 2 mm wide, 5 mm long, obtuse,
adnate (except usually the lowest), serrulate toward the apex, glabrous
above with salient, wavy costule, beneath bearing pale, bullate scales, and
sometimes such as clothe the costa; veinlets about 8 on a side, forked;

42

COPELAND.

sori small ; costular ; indusium dark, fragile, soon disappearing unless for
an irregular base. Fronds whose largest pinnules are less than 3 cm
long are sometimes fertile.

Mindanao (Mount Balabac, alt. 1,200 m).

39. Cyathea heterochlamydea Copel. in Elmer’s Leaflets 2 (1908) 418.

Trunk 3 to 5 m high, 5 to 7.5 cm thick; frond sessile, 1.5 m long,

rachis clear-brown, almost glabrous, rough with small pustules; largest
pinnse 30 to 35 cm long, abruptly narrowed below the acuminate apex,
rachises chestnut, mottled, asperulous, clothed with minute bullate scales
and lanceolate, chestnut ones 2.5 mm long, with dilated bases, both kinds
rather deciduous; pinnules subsessile, 7 cm long, 15 mm wide at the base,
acuminate, pinnate, costa bearing a few hairs above, and sparse, broadly
lanceolate scales 1.5 mm long beneath; segments coriaceous, acute, sub-
falcate, serrulate toward the apex, 2 to 3 mm wide, separated by sharp
sinuses, the lowest segments free and contracted at the base, and a few
succeeding ones free but adnate; lamina dark-green above, pale beneath,
glabrous; veinlets up to 9 on a side, the lower ones forked, black beneath,
pale above; sori costular, on the lower half or two-thirds of the segment,
indusium consisting of a single large scale fastened beneath the sorus,
and inclosing on the costular side half or more of the sorus. Probably
related to C. Christii and C. negrosiana.

Negros (Horn of Negros, alt. 1,800 m).

40. Cyathea mitrata Copel. in Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 3 (1908) 354.

Known only from a pinna and part of the rachis. Kachis brown,

almost glabrous, minutely scabrous, bearing scar-like aerophores at the
bases of the pinnae and along the angles of the rachis; pinnae 40 cm
long, 15 cm wide, sessile, their rachises sparsely clothed beneath with a
scurf of minute scales, and a very few lanceolate ones 2 mm long;
pinnules 7 cm long, 15 mm wide, acuminate, cut almost throughout into
distinct secondary pinnules; costae hairy above, bearing two kinds of
scales beneath; secondary pinnules linear-oblong, obtuse, the lower ones
stalked and deeply lobed, the upper ones crenate, coriaceous, lamina
glabrous, black above, brownish-green beneath, margin deflexed; veinlets
forked; sori costular, indusium very large and globose, then split like a
mitre, or to the base, and very persistent, covering the nether surface.

Mindanao (Mount Malindang, alt. 2,800 m).

41. Cyathea loheri Christ in Bull. Herb. Boiss. II 6 (1906) 1007.

Trunk 5 m high; frond 1 m long, 40 cm broad, with pinnse down to
the base of the stipe; middle pinnse 30 cm long, the lowest reduced to
hardly 6 cm; stipe chestnut, rough with minute pustules; rachises and
costse rufous-hairy above, densely scaly beneath, with large, whitish, fim-
briate scales and minute, bullate, rufous ones; pinnules 7 cm long, 13 mm

FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASIATIC REGION.

43

wide, cut to the costa, secondary pinnules rarely contracted at base; 20
pairs of segments and secondary pinnules, 5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide,
entire or crenulate; veinlets about 8 pairs, forked at the base; sori large,
covering the whole surface, indusium thin.

Luzon (Mounts Banajao and Maquiling).

42. Cyathea fuliginosa (Christ) Copel. ( Alsophila fuliginosa Christ in Bull.
Herb. Boiss. 6 (1898) 138. C. loheri tonglonensis Christ in Philip. Journ. Sci.
Bot. 2 (1907) 180).

Trunk 2 to 5 m high, stout; frond 1 m, more or less, long, about half
as wide, varying greatly in size according to exposure; pinnae sessile, the
lower normal ones reduced, and beside these several pairs 4 to 6 cm
long near the base of the “stipe;” “stipe” brownish-purple, verrucose,
clothed with fine furfuraceous squamules and with dense, harsh, shining,
dark-brownish-purple scales, 1.5 to 3 cm long, 1 mm wide at the base,
twisted above the middle; rachis brown, beneath verrucose and clothed
with a fine scurf and with crinite brown paleae, above scurfy and bearing
lanceolate palae 1 cm or less long, which are sometimes a uniform brown,
sometimes pale-brown with a dark-brown border, sometimes almost white
with a brown border; rachises of pinnaa more densely scaly, with (1)
minute, bullate scales, (2) larger, usually pale, broadly lanceolate ones,
and (3) at least near the base with still larger ones which are dark or
have dark borders; pinnules sessile, the largest on a plant varying in
length (with the size of the frond) from less than 5 cm' to 8 cm,
broadest at the base, acuminate, pinnate at least at the base ; costae hairy
above, with purplish or whitish hairs, clothed beneath with scales with
bullate bases but otherwise variable in form; segments falcate, usually
obtuse, varying from entire to crenate-lobed, dark-green above, pale
beneath, coriaceous, glabrous except on the costules beneath; veinlets
usually about 9 on a side in the largest segments, mostly forked; sori
subcostular, small, crowded, but leaving the apices of the segments free;
indusium questionable.

The two plants, as recognized by Christ, which are united here, are distinguished
by such characters as among tree ferns in general are quite sufficient; but in this
case I am satisfied that they are forms of one very plastic species.

Luzon (mountains of Benguet, alt. 1,400 to 2,000 m).

43. Cyathea inquinans Christ.

Frond deltoid, very coriaceous, rust-colored; axes unarmed, bearing
rust-brown scales of two kinds : — minute, furfuraceous, stellate ones,
which extend to the costules, and linear-lanceolate ones 15 mm long,
which, reduced in size, extend to the bases of the pinnules ; pinnules 6 cm
long, cut to the costa, segments serrate; veinlets forked at the base; sori
large, rust-red; indusium yellowish, lax, transient. Alpine in aspect.

Celebes ( Lompo-Battang, alt. 2,000 m and upward).

44

COPELAND.

44. Cyathea oinops Hassk.

Trunk reaching a height of 12 m, 12 to 15 cm thick; stipe 50 cm
long, rough, scaly at the base, elsewhere like the rachis, chestnut, clothed
with a dense, stellate, wine-colored tom en turn, the secondary rachises
and costae bearing this tomentum and also shining, rust-colored scales;
frond 140 cm long, 70 cm broad, acute at both ends, tripinnate; pinnae
oblong, acute; pinnules linear-oblong, very acuminate; secondary pinnules
linear-oblong, acute, deeply crenate-serrate, bullate, rigid ; veinlets forked,
sometimes twice; sori in the forks, 12 to 16 to a segment, rust-brown,
large, finally confluent and covering all but the apex of the segment;
indusium very thin, soon bifid, then lacerate and vanishing.

Java, at altitudes above 2,300 m.

45. Cyathea javanica Blume.

Trunk 10 m high; frond 190 cm long, 120 cm broad ; rachises rufescent,
glabrous or tomentose above, unarmed but the primary rachis rough with
minute bristles, secondary rachises paleaceous-tomentose beneath; pinnae
stalked; pinnules lanceolate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid, costae bullate-
scaly beneath at base; segments linear-subfalcate, obtusely crenulate or
entire; veinlets about 8 on a side, mostly forked; sori few, the lowest
medial, the upper ones costular; indusium thin, evanescent except for
a saucer-shaped base.

Java, Sumatra, commonest below 1,500 m.

46. Cyathea schizochlamys Baker.

Fronds ample, tripinnate, firm and subrigid, green on both sides ; rachis
unarmed, thinly tomentose and clothed with small, linear, acuminate
scales; pinnae 45 cm long, 12 to 15 cm broad, oblong-lanceolate, their
rachises densely clothed with small, ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate scales
which extend to the costae and costules beneath; pinnules lanceolate,
sessile, 15 to 18 mm broad, narrowed from the middle to the apex, cut
to the costa into linear, entire or rarely crenulate secondary pinnules
about 2 mm broad, with a distinct space between them; veinlets 9 or 10
on a side, forked at the base ; sori costular ; indusium membranous, fragile,
soon splitting to the base.

Sumatra (Mount Singal an ) .

47. Cyathea sumatrana Baker.

Frond tripinnate; rachises not spiny, but densely clothed with fer-
ruginous tomentum and large, linear, acuminate, red-brown, membrana-
ceous scales; pinnae 45 to 60 cm long, 12 to 15 cm broad, texture firm,
both surfaces green; pinnules lanceolate, sessile, 16 to 18 mm broad, cut
to the costa into ligulate, obtuse secondary pinnules 3 mm broad; veinlets
8 to 10 on a side, all but the uppermost once or twice forked ; sori crowded;

FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASIATIC REGION.

45

almost covering the basal part of the secondary pinnules; indusium large,
very fragile, breaking up irregularly.

Sumatra (Mount Singalan, above 1,700 m alt.), Java.

48. Cyathea raciborskii Copel. nom. nov. (Hemitelia crenulata Mett., non
Cyathea, Blume).

Trunk up to 3 m high, 5 cm thick; frond 140 cm long, 70 cm broad,
axes unarmed ; pinnae up to 45 cm long, lanceolate, the lower ones reduced
(beside some very reduced ones at the base of the stipe), the rachises
straw-yellow or subfuscous, densely hirsute above, beneath beset with
fine hairs and sparse, minute, fuscous, subulate paleae; pinnules cut to
the costa, 6 to 10 cm long, the costae hairy above, beneath bearing minute,
bullate scales; segments or secondary pinnules close, oblong or elongate-
oblong, subfalcate, obtuse, crenulate or entire, thin, bright green, paler
beneath; veinlets evident, 0 to 9 on a side, the lower forked, the upper
simple; sori 2 to 4 on a side, costular.

Java, common at middle altitudes about Buitenzorg; ascribed also to Sumatra
and the Philippines.

49. Cyathea lurida (Blume) Copel. (Chnoophora lurida Blume Enumeratio
(1828) 244).

Stipe and rachis unarmed hut roughish, purplish, densely tomentose
above and scaly with thin, ciliate, subulate paleae, beneath bearing sparse,
crisped, lanceolate scales, brown with light margins; pinnae 30 cm long,
short-stalked; pinnules 5 cm long, 10 mm wide, cut almost or quite to
the costa into numerous linear-oblong, almost entire, coriaceous segments,
costa hairy above, beset beneath with dentate, ovate-lanceolate, imbricate,
dull-ferruginous scales, which become shorter and more bullate toward
the apices and on the costules; veinlets 5 or 6 on a side, simple or the
lowest forked, mostly fertile; sori subcostular, cinnamon-red, indusium
none.

Java, Celebes.

50. Cyathea batjanensis (Christ) Copel. ( Alsophila batjanensis Christ in
Monsunia 1 (1900) 90).

Trunk 3 m high; frond 1 m or more long; stipe strongly aculeate,
glabrous ; rachis rough with minute scales, fusco-stramineous ; pinnae 8 to
10 on a side, remote, stalked, 8 to 10 cm long, 6 cm wide, short-acuminate;
pinnules remote, cut deeply but not to the costa; segments G to 8 mm
long, 3 mm wide, serrate, obtuse, coriaceous ; veinlets simple, conspicuous ;
sori small, medial, separate, indusium none.

Batjan (Mount Sibella, up to 750 m alt.).

51. Cyathea havilandi Baker.

Stipe stout, bearing copious crisped, brown scales; frond 60 cm long,
22 to 30 cm broad, oblong-lanceolate, tripinnatifid, the lamina sub-
coriaceous, glabrous; rachis stout, scaly; pinnae sessile, the lowest not

46

COPELAND.

reduced, 12 to 15 cm long, 5 cm wide; pinnules crowded, lanceolate,
sessile, the lowest ones deeply pinnatifid, costules densely scaly beneath;
segments linear-oblong, erecto-patent ; veinlets 4 or 5 on a side, simple;
sori costular, indusium firm, persistent, smooth, with truncate mouth.

Borneo (Mount Kinabalu, alt. 3,200 m).

52. Cyathea subglandulosa (Hance) Copel. (Alsophila subglandulosa Hance
in Ann. Sci. Nat. V 5 (1866) 253).

Frond ample, herbaceous, tripinnate; base of stipe buried in long,
flaccid, linear, light-brown scales, the rachises densely clothed with small,
linear, dark-colored scales; lower pinnae 30 cm long; pinnules lanceolate,
pinnatifid, the lower secondary pinnules cut nearly to the costule, ciliate
with glandular hairs; veinlets forked; sori copious, indusium none.

Formosa.

53. Cyathea crenulata Blume.

Stipe not spiny; frond tripinnatifid or tripinnate, coriaceous; rachis
slightly nodulose beneath and bearing a deciduous, yellowish, furfuraceous
tomentum; pinnae almost sessile, up to 50 cm long, 18 cm wide; pinnules
mostly 5 to 7 cm long, lanceolate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid, costae
minutely chaffy ; segments linear-falcate, crenulate or subentire, apex
obtuse and entire; sori costular, subconfluent, indusium membranaceous,
brown, breaking very irregularly.

Java.

54. Cyathea foxworthyi Copel. in Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 3 (1908) 355.

Trunk 2 m high; frond 150 cm long, bearing reduced pinnae almost
down to the trunk; stipe and lower end of the rachis beset on the under
side with close, short, sharp spines, and finely scurfy, on the upper side
with very narrow, dark paleae 0.15 mm long, and bearing scar-like linear-
oblong aerophores along the two ridges ; rachises of the upper part of the
frond and the pinnae light-brown, beneath almost glabrous and bearing
sparse, minute tubercles, above dark- velvety ; middle pinnae 45 cm long,
sessile, abruptly narrowed to a pinnatifid apex; pinnules sessile, about
10 cm long, 16 mm broad, narrowed gradually from a base 16 mm wide
to the caudate tip, cut almost to the costa; costa hairy above, beneath
dark-purple and bearing a few small scales ; segments 3 mm wide, linear-
oblong, obtuse, the margin everywhere minutely but sharply serrulate;
lamina subcoriaceous, glabrous, dark-green above, pale beneath; veinlets
about 11 on a side, forked; sori costular, about 0.8 mm in diameter;
indusium dark-straw-color, at first complete, then with a small irregular
mouth, finally all breaking away.

Luzon (Mount Banajao, alt. 1,200 m).

FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASIATIC REGION.

47

55. Cyathea lanaensis Christ in Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 3 (1908) 271.

Frond 65 cm long, 45 cm broad, tripinnatifid, stipe rough with

minute tubercles; rachis glabrescent, reddish-brown; middle pinnae 30
cm long, 8 cm wide, sessile, the lower ones reduced and deflexed ;
pinnules 6 cm long, 12 mm wide, about 20 on a side, crowded, sessile,
cut to a narrow wing, sinuses acute, costae beneath bearing red-brown,
bullate squamules; segments close, about 15 on a side, entire, acute,
glabrous, papyraceous, green, paler beneath; veinlets 6 on a side, forked
at the base; sori costular, indusium breaking down early to an irregular,
spread-out base, receptacle large, globose.

Mindanao ( Lake Lanao ) .

56. Cyathea korthalsii Mett.

Pinna 45 cm or less long ; primary rachis yellow-reddish beneath, with
short, ferruginous tomentum above, secondary rachises bearing a few long,
flaccid paleae beneath; pinnules sessile, 5 to 6 cm long, 12 mm wide,
oblong, acuminate, costae beneath bearing sparse, bullate, fuscous scales;
segments narrowly oblong, obtuse, subfalcate, scarcely serrate, connected
by a narrow wing; sori costular, indusium firmly membranaceous, break-
ing at the top first, then irregularly.

Sumatra, Java, Mindanao, Celebes.

57. Cyathea hymenodes Mett.

Frond broadly lanceolate, membranaceous; stipe 17 cm long, densely
beset with short spines; rachis subasperous, dark-purple-brown, tomen-
tellous above; middle pinnae up to 60 cm long; pinnules about 7.5 cm
long, oblong, acuminate, sessile, costae minutely scaly beneath, densely
tomentellous above ; segments close, oblong-falcate, obtuse, obscurely
serrate, 10 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, confluent; veinlets about 9 on a side,
mostly forked ; sori costular, indusium thin and all but the base transient.

Sumatra.

58. Cyathea oriental is Moore.

Trunk 7 m more or less high, 13 cm thick; fronds up to 2.5 m long
and 1.3 m broad; stipe short-muricate, bearing long scales at the base;
pinnae on stalks 2 to 4 cm long; pinnules sessile or nearly so, 8 to 10 cm
long, 13 mm broad, abruptly caudate-acuminate, pinnatifid almost to the
costa, clothed beneath with ferruginous scales; segments linear-oblong,
subfalcate, serrate; veinlets 8 to 12 on a side, mostly forked; sori costular,
copious; indusium at first globose, after opening cup-shaped, slightly
contracted at the top, with an even rim, chestnut-brown.

Java, Celebes.

59. Cyathea walkerae (Presl) Hooker.

Stipe unarmed or slightly muricate; frond ample, bi- or tripinnate,
thick, very coriaceous ; rachises and costae hairy above, scaly or glabrescent

48

COPELAND.

beneath; pinnae 45 cm long; pinnules rather remote, 8 to 10 cm long,
acuminate, cut nearly or quite to the costa ; segments oblong, obtuse, entire
or crenulate or slightly lobed; veinlets forked; sori costular, indusium
cup-shaped with irregular margin.

Ceylon (center of the island, at the higher altitudes).

60. Cyathea modesta (Baker) Copel. (Alsophila modesta Baker in Journ.
Bot. 18 (1880) 210).

Stipe less than 30 cm long, bearing dark-brown, linear scales 12 mm
long; frond 75 to 90 cm long, tripinnate, moderately firm, green and
nearly glabrous on both surfaces, except for a few lanceolate scales on
the costae beneath; rachises pubescent but without prickles or scales;
pinnae oblong-lanceolate, the middle ones the largest, 22 to 30 cm long,
5 to 7.5 cm broad, short-stalked, the lowest reduced and longer-stalked;
pinnules lanceolate, sessile, 9 to 12 mm broad, cut in the lower part to
the costa, above to a narrow wing, into close, ligulate, entire, obtuse
segments less than 2 mm broad; veinlets G to 9 on a side, simple or
forked; sori costular, not reaching the margin, indusium wanting.

Sumatra (Mount Singalan, alt. 1,800 m).

61. Cyathea melanopus (Hasskarl) Copel. ( Alsophila melanopus Hassk. in
Hook. Journ. Bot. 7 (1855) 325).

Trunk 2 to 5 m high, its apex and the bases of the stipes bearing large,
copious but deciduous, dark-colored paleae; stipes strongly aculeate at
the base, above, like the rachis, slightly rough ; frond tripinnatifid, ovate-
oblong, acute, membranaceous, slightly glaucous beneath, rachis sub-
glabrous ; pinnffi elongate-oblong and acute or oblong-lanceolate and
acuminate; pinnules linear-oblong, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid ; seg-
ments linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute, subfalcate, obscurely crenate-
serrate; sori costular in the forks of the veinlets, covering one-half to
three-fourths of each segment, finally confluent.

Java (Gedeli, alt. 1,200 to 2,400 m).

62. Cyathea wallacei (Mett.) Copel. ( Alsophila wallacei Mett. ex Kuhn in
Linnaea 36 (1869) 153).

Frond ample, tripinnatifid, subcoriaceous, green on both sides ; rachises
stramineous, densely pubescent; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, 30 to 3G cm
long; pinnules stalked, ligulate, 4 to 5 cm long, 9 mm broad, cut to a
narrow wing; segments close, ligulate, obtuse, 2 mm broad, obscurely
toothed, densely pilose beneath and with a few bullate scales on the ribs ;
veinlets 4 or 5 on a side, simple; sori costular, indusia none.

Borneo.

63. Cyathea ferruginea Christ in Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 2 (1907) 181.

Trunk obsolete or up to 2.5 m high, 6 cm in diameter ; stipe in

acaulescent plants 150 cm long, with a few scales at the base, sparsely
spinulose, decidedly spiny in arborescent specimens, upward glabrescent,

FERNS OF THE MALAY- ASIATIC REGION.

49

shining, chestnut, like the main rachis; fronds of adult (arboreous)
plants almost 2 m long, narrowly deltoid ; pinnae 40 cm long, stalks 2 to 3
cm long, remote, acuminate, not reduced at the base, their rachises
paleaceous beneath, with not very persistent, rather polymorphous, tawny
scales up to 15 mm long, above hairy; pinnules remote, stalked, up to 7
to 10 cm long, and 20 mm wide at the base, long-acuminate with serrate
tips, cut to a narrow wing, or in most ample specimens the single lowest
segments free and adnate, costae hairy above, beneath bearing copious,
more or less persistent, pale-tawny, ovate scales 1.5 mm long; segments
falcate, linear-oblong or oblong, usually obtuse, serrulate, thinly her-
baceous, glabrous except on the costule beneath, where the scales are
smaller, darker, and more bullate than on the costae; veinlets 6 to 9 on a
side mostly forked; sori inframedial or almost costular, hardly 1 mm
wide; indusium brown or purplish-brown, soon breaking into large,
irregular, persistent fragments.

Palawan (Paragua), alt. 600 to 1,300 m.

64. Cyathea assimilis Hooker.

Trunk 6 m high; stipe bright-chestnut, slightly muricate; rachises
scaly above, costae so beneath ; frond ample, coriaceous-membranaceous ;
pinnae 30 cm long, 10 to 13 cm broad, acuminate, stalked ; pinnules cut
almost to the rachis; segments 8 to 10 mm long, oblong, obtuse, sub-
falcate, coarsely toothed ; veinlets usually forked ; sori medial ; indusium
complete, very thin, breaking irregularly.

Borneo, alt. 600 m, Celebes.

65. Cyathea negrosiana Christ in Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 2 (1907) 181.

Trunk 2 to 4 m high; stipe up to 40 cm long, almost black at the

base and bearing a few linear-setaceous, brown paleae 2 cm long, spiny ;
rachis brown, glabrous or nearly so, rough with sparse, sharp, fine
prickles; frond over 1 in long, 50 cm wide; lowest pinnae reduced, sub-
medial ones largest, more than 30 cm long, remote, sessile, rachises
minutely rough, and scurfy or glabrescent beneath ; pinnules sessile,
remote, acuminate, 7 cm long, 15 mm wide, cut to a narrow wing and
at the base to the costa, the secondary pinnules adnate, costae hairy above,
clothed beneath with minute, pale, ovate scales, the costules bearing still
smaller ones; segments 2.5 mm wide, 7 mm long, subfalcate or straight,
subacute, obscurely crenulate, herbaceous, glabrous, dark-green above, pale
beneath; veinlets 8 to 12 on a side, mostly forked near the base; sori
costular, small, indusium transient except for basal fragments.

Negros (Mount Silay, alt. 1,000 m to summit).

66. Cyathea christii Copel. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 Suppl. (1906) 144.

Trunk 3 to 4 m high, 7 cm thick, its apex and the bases of the stipes

clothed with dense, harsh, setaceous, dirty-brown scales 15 mm long;
stipes bearing a fine deciduous scurf, and sparse prickles 1 to 2 mm long;

80915 4

mu. BOT. GARDEN
1910

50

COPELAND.

rachis roughish and glabrescent beneath; frond 1.5 to 2 m long, barely
tripinnate ; lowest pinna} reduced and deflexed, sometimes running down
almost to the trunk, the middle ones the largest, 50 cm long, 12 to 14 cm
wide, acuminate, horizontal, subsessile, their raehises very felty above,
beneath scurfy with minute, pale, bullate, rather deciduous squamules;
pinnules subsessile, lanceolate, acuminate, 7 cm long, cut mostly to a
narrow wing, but at the base to the costa, the secondary pinnules adnate,
costae clothed above with dark hairs, beneath with partly deciduous,
minute, pale, bullate squamules, which extend to the costules; segments
more or less remote but never very close, linear-oblong, subfalcate,
denticulate, mostly obtuse, the lamina subcoriaceous, glabrous, dark-
green above, paler beneath ; veinlets 7 to 9 on a side, mostly forked ; sori
costular, crowded ; indusium breaking at first into large pieces, finally
breaking down to a saucer-shaped remnant.

Mindanao, alt. 1,000 to 1,800 m.

67. Cyathea alderwereltii Copel. nomen novum (Hemitelia sumatrana v.A.v.R.
in Bull. Dept. Agr. Ind. Neerl. 18 (1908) 2, not G. sumatrana Baker).

Frond subtripinnate, chartaceous; rachis muricate with short, acute
warts black at the apex; pinnae 55 cm more or less long, stalked; pinnules
8 to 12 cm long, about 2 cm wide, linear-oblong short-acuminate, cut
at the base to the costa; costae hairy above, beneath densely scaly, as
are the costules, scales ferrugineous ; segments linear-oblong, subacute,
crenate-dentate ; veinlets once or twice forked ; sori 1 to 4 on a side, sub-
costular, indusium brown, incomplete.

Sumatra.

68. Cyathea callosa Christ (Alsophila extensa J. Sm. in Hook. Journ. Bot.
3 (1841) 419, non Desv. nec Blume).

Trunk 1 m high, 8 cm in diameter; stipe stout, dark purple, densely
spiny, furfuraceous like the lower part of the rachis, and bearing harsh,
shining, dark, narrow paleae 15 to 20 cm long, the stipe very short
because of numerous very reduced pinnaa running down almost to the
trunk; rachis glabrescent upward, brown, the spines becoming small and
sparse but not quite disappearing; pinnae up to 50 or 60 cm long, and
20 cm wide, short-stalked, with a small aerophore subtending the attach-
ment of each to the main rachis, raehises beneath like the main rachis,
above hairy, as are the slender costae; pinnules up to 11 cm long and 2.5
cm wide, acuminate or caudate, sessile or subsessile, cut at the base to
the costa, the free segments more or less adnate, costa typically with a
few small scales beneath, sometimes naked; segments crowded, falcate
or subfalcate, linear-oblong, obtuse, serrulate toward the apex, costules
usually with a few scales beneath, naked above, lamina glabrous,
coriaceous, dark above, pale beneath; veinlets about 11 on a side, forked;
sori strictly costular, 1 mm wide, indusium persistent. I have identified
this plant from an authentic specimen, rather than by description : it

FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASIATIG REGION.

51

is perhaps too near to C. caudata, the rachis being rougher, the costae
more glabrous, and the indusium constant and persistent.

Luzon (Province of La Laguna, alt. 700 to 1,000 m).

69. Cyathea halconensis Christ in Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 3 (1908) 270.

Trunk 3 m high ; stipe short or almost none because of reduced pinnae

at the base, chestnut, spiny, scurfy, and scaly with dark, harsh, narrow
paleae 1 cm long; rachis shading upward to a rather light reddish-brown,
there almost glabrous and the spines reduced to sparse, minute prickles ;
frond 1 m or more long, hardly half as wide; pinnae 30 cm long, 13 cm
wide, sessile, acuminate, rachises smooth and almost glabrous, light-
brown; pinnules up to 7 cm long and 22 mm wide, sessile or subsessile,
cut near the base to the costa and the lowest secondary pinnules sessile
but usually not adnate, costa hairy above, beneath, like the costules and
veinlets, black and glabrous except for a very few lanceolate scales; seg-
ments 3 mm wide, obtuse or subacute, serrulate, glabrous, membranaceous,
very dark above, pale and almost glaucous beneath; veinlets 7 to 10 on
a side, forked near the base ; sori in the forks, 1 mm wide, indusium thin,
shining-brown, splitting irregularly into large pieces, persistent.

Mindoro, alt. 1,600 to 2,000 m.

70. Cyathea celebica Blume.

Frond silky-glaucous beneath, membranaceous; rachis purplish, muri-
cate, furf uraceous ; pinnae more than 30 cm long; pinnules linear-
lanceolate, acuminate ; secondary pinnules linear-subfalcate, obtuse,
crenulate at the apex, truncate and sessile at base; veinlets 10 on a side,
forked at the base.

Celebes, Ternate, Batjan.

71. Cyathea teysmannii Copel nomen novum (Cyathea celebica v.A.v.R. in
Bull. Dept. Agr. Ind. N€er. 18 (1908) 2).

Rachis beset with acute spines, furf uraceous ; frond ample, tripinnate,
subcoriaceous, glabrous, or minutely paleaceous beneath; pinnae stalked,
50 to 60 cm long, about 20 cm wide; pinnules sessile or the lowest
stalked, about 2 cm wide, cut at the base to the costa ; secondary pinnules
subfalcate, obtuse, crenate, the lowest ones stalked and lobed toward the
base, the lobes small, the lowest ones free; lowest veinlets two or three
times forked and sterile, middle ones once forked and fertile, upper ones
simple and sterile; sori many, covering the segments except at base and
apex, indusium thin and evanescent.

Celebes.

72. Cyathea pustulosa (Christ) Copel. (Alsophila pustulosa Christ in Bull.
Herb. Boiss. II 1 (1901) 1019).

Trunk 3 to 4 m high; stipe stout, yellowish, clothed at the base with
thin, whitish, subulate scales 1.5 cm long, and, like the rachis, rough
with dense, minute prickles; frond 150 cm long, tripinnate; pinnas up

52

COPELAND.

to 40 cm long, 16 cm wide, long-stalked, their rachises asperous and
bearing sparse, minute, lacerate squamules; pinnules crowded, sessile,
acuminate, 10 cm long, 12 mm wide, pinnate almost throughout, costa?
beneath bearing a few minute, lacerate, whitish scales, glabrous or nearly
so above; secondary pinnules 6 mm long, 2 mm wide, separate, mostly
adnate, obtuse, subfalcate, crenulate, often with involute margin, sub-
coriaceous, dull-green, darker above, glabrous above, costule beneath bear-
ing rather large whitish scales; veinlets about 10 on a side, mostly forked;
sori infra-medial, on most of the veinlets, covering the lamina, no
indusium seen.

Liu Kiu.

73. Cyathea latebrosa (Wall.) Copel. (Alsophila latebrosa Wall, in Hooker,
Sp. Fil. 1 (1844) 37).

A lofty tree; stipes dark-brown, very spiny, scurfy, and bearing at the
base a few linear, harsh, brown scales about 3 cm long; frond very large,
lowest pinnae somewhat reduced and deflexed ; rachis maroon, muricate,
scurfy with deciduous and very minute squamules; pi nine up to 60 cm or
more long, sessile or nearly so, acuminate, rachises from brownish-yellow
to almost maroon, glabrous or minutely scaly, rough with sparse, fine
prickles; pinnules sessile, up to 10 cm long, very acuminate, cut to a
narrow wing throughout or the lowest segments free, and adnate or not
so, costa? sparsely hairy above, bearing small, more or less bullate, some-
times irregular scales beneath; segments subfalcate, obtuse or acute,
serrulate or subentire, glabrous except for scales beneath on the costules,
subcoriaceous, bright-green above, somewhat paler beneath ; veinlets about
11 on a side, forked; sori infra-medial, distinct or finally confluent,
each subtended by a brown scale. This is a species originally inadequately
described from a Penang fern; Beddome’s figure (F. S. I., pi. 58) does
not agree completely with the description ; and my only Penang specimen
under this name seems to be C. contaminans.

India to Formosa and Celebes.

C. latebrosa var. major Christ in Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 2 (1907) 183, has
a straw-vellow rachis, and the type collection had the trunk 120 cm high.

74. Cyathea curran ii Copel. in Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 3 (1908) 356.

Trunk 3 m high, 20 cm thick, the leaf-scars 5 by 3 cm ; stipe about

35 cm long, maroon, tuberculate, bearing thin, soft, tawny scales which
are up to 63 mm long, entire unless at the tip, long-attenuate, 4 mm
wide at the base, cordate, or rounded and peltate ; frond about 1 m long,
half as wide; rachis bearing sparse, small, deciduous, lanceolate paleae,
rough with small but numerous, usually very blunt tubercles, brown,
dorsal surface hairy, secondary rachises similar but less tuberculate, and
dark-maroon in color; lowest pinnae long-stalked, reduced and deflexed;
median ones 35 cm long, 17 cm wide, short-stalked; pinnules sessile, 9 cm
long, 1 cm wide, long-attenuate, pinnate, costa naked on both sides, almost

FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASIATIC REGION.

53

black; lowest secondary pinnules deflexed over the rachis and not adnate,
the others adnate, crowded, narrowly oblong, obtuse, entire or nearly so,
bullate, coriaceous, glabrous and brownish-green above, apparently
glaucous beneath, with occasionally a scale on a costule and very minute
whitish hairs on the veinlets; veinlets about 10 on a side, simple or
forked near the costules; sori subcostular, soon confluent and covering
the whole surface, without indusium or subtending scale.

Luzon (Mount Banajao, alt. 2,000 m).

75. Cyathea calocoma (Christ) Copel. (Alsophila calocoma Christ in Philip.
Journ. Sci. Bot. 2 (1907) 182).

Trunk 6 m high; frond 4 m long; stipe densely clothed at the base
with straw-white scales up to 4 cm long and 6 mm wide, which are brown
at the tip, with ciliate, acicular, brown palese about 1 cm long, and with
every intermediate form, white with brown borders; rachis stout, dark-
or light-brown, spiny beneath, scurfy, especially above; pinnae 75 cm long,
short-stalked, abruptly acuminate, rachises like the main rachis but with
a distinct hairy line above; pinnules crowded, sessile or the lower ones
stalked, long-acuminate, up to 15 cm long, 15 to 25 mm wide, pinnate
in the lower part, and the lowest secondary pinnules short-stalked, costae
with a narrow hairy line above, dark beneath and bearing very few fine,
pale scales; segments 2 to 3 mm wide, falcate, rather obtuse, usually
entire, glabrous except for a few white squamules and rather long hairs
on the nether side of the costules, herbaceous, deep-green above, sub-
glaucous beneath; veinlets about 12 on a side, forked; sori medial, 1 mm
wide, not reaching the apex, indusium none.

Luzon, Mindoro.

0\ calocoma var. congcsta Christ ibidem, has a more densely and finely spiny
rachis, and more coriaceous and very crowded pinnules and segments.

Luzon.

76. Cyathea caudata (J. Sm.) Copel. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 Suppl. (1906)
144.

Trunk 2 to 3 m high, 4 to 7 cm in diameter; stipe very short because
of reduced pinnae coming down almost to the trunk, almost black,
minutely scurfy and bearing harsh, acicular, dark scales, such as extend
some 30 cm up the upper face of the rachis, densely spiny; rachis spiny
only near the base, very minutely and sparsely roughened above, brown,
bearing a deciduous scurf beneath; frond 1.5 m long; middle pinnae
about 35 cm long, subsessile, abruptly acuminate, rachises like the main
rachis, but the furfuraceous squamules more persistent; pinnules 7 to 11
cm long, about 2 cm wide, sessile, acuminate or caudate, cut at the base
to the costa, elsewhere to a narrow wing, costa dark-hairy above, purplish
beneath and minutely and deciduously scaly; lowest secondary pinnules
sessile but not adnate; segments serrulate and subfalcate at apex, obtuse,
about 3 mm Avide, costules naked above, scaly beneath, lamina coriaceous,

54

COPELAND.

glabrous, very dark above, pale beneath; veinlets up to 13 on a side, nearly
all forked ; sori strictly costular, small, indusium usually represented by a
scale, as in C. latebrosa.

Luzon, alt. 700 to 1,300 m.

77. Cyathea elmeri Copel. ( Alsophila elmeri Copel. in Elmer’s Leaflets 2
(1908) 419).

Trunk 5 to 10 m high, 10 to 15 cm thick; stipe short, densely covered
with dark-brown, minutely ciliate-serrate, seta-like scales 25 to 30 mm
long and 0.5 mm wide, which also persist on the trunk around the leaf-
scars ; frond, including stipe, 2 to 3 m long ; rachis stramineous beneath,
beset with small, sharp spines with black, mammiform bases, scurfy with
minute, rather deciduous squamules; pinna 60 cm long, 25 cm wide,
subsessile, acuminate, rachises tawny beneath, finely prickly and
deciduously squamulose; pinnules 13 cm long, 25 mm wide, acuminate,
sessile, close, pinnate near the base and the lowest secondary pinnules not
adnate, costae bearing pale hairs above, and beneath two kinds of stram-
ineous scales : minute, bullate ones, ciliate or subentire, and larger,
lanceolate ones, strongly lacerate into brown setae (the latter scales very
characteristic) ; segments subfalcate, obtuse, 3.5 mm wide, serrulate,
separated by narrow sinuses, costules beneath bearing sparse, pale, bullate
squamules and hairs, lamina glabrous, herbaceous-coriaceous, green on
both sides; veinlets 10 to 12 on a side, mostly forked below the middle,
with the sori in the 'forks; sori two-thirds to 1 mm wide, exindusiate.
Very like C. latebrosa except for the lacerate scales.

Negros (Horn of Negros Mountain, alt. 1,200 m).

78. Cyathea adenochlamys Christ in Bull. Herb. Boiss. II 6 (1906) 1008.

Frond coriaceous, pale beneath, 100 cm long by 60 cm wide, or larger ;

pinnae subpetiolate, articulate to main rachis, 40 cm long; pinnules 7 cm
long, 14 mm wide, cut to the costa, segments about 17 on a side, obtuse
or subacute ; rachis unarmed, rufous- or fulvous-stramineous, covered with
a short pubescence; costae reddish -pubescent on both sides; veinlets 10
to 12 on a side, black, the lower ones forked, the others simple; sori 5
or 6 on a side, 1 mm wide, costular; indusium pale-green, persistent,
densely covered with pale, sessile glands.

Luzon (Rizal Province, Angilog).

79. Cyathea leucotricha Christ.

Eachis glabrous, brownish-rufescent, secondary ones beneath bearing
long, white hairs; pinna crowded, sessile or subsessile, 50 cm long, 18 cm
wide, acuminate; pinnules 9 cm long, 18 mm wide, acuminate, cut to
the costa, sinuses narrow and acute; segments 10 mm long, 2.5 mm wide,
pectinate, falcate, entire or crenulate at the apex, acute, coriaceous, pale
beneath but not glaucous; costa and costules rough with minute,
appressed hairs ; veinlets forked midway or below ; sori in the forks, 1 mm

FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASIATIC REGION.

55

wide, indusium thinly membranaceous. Near C. contaminans in ap-
pearance.

Borneo.

80. Cyathea burbidgei (Baker) Copel. ( Alsophila burbidgei Baker in Journ.
Bot. 17 (1879) 38).

Rachises smooth and without scales, but those of the pinnae hairy ;
pinnules cut to a narrow wing, into ligulate, subentire, obtuse segments
2 mm wide, costae strongly ciliate beneath ; veinlets 4 or 5 on a side, simple
or forked; sori medial, indusium wanting. Allied to G. latebrosa, C.
Oldhami and G. Wallacei.

North Borneo.

81. Cyathea albosetacea (Bedd.) Copel. ( Alsophila, albosetacea Beddoine,
Suppl. (1876) 2).

Main rachis purplish, muricate, and (in age) only slightly scaly;
pinnae long-petioled, their rachises very scaly ; pinnules with the one or
two lowest segments free, elsewhere cut nearly to the costa; segments
oblong, subfalcate, slightly crenate; costae sparingly clothed beneath with
long, white, setaceous hairs, which are also present in a less degree on
the costa and costules above, costules beneath furnished with deciduous,
bullate scales which often have a hyaline, setaceous point at the apex
(resembling the indusium of Cystopteris fragilis ) ; veinlets all forked near
the base, one branch often and both very rarely again forked ; sori copious,
indusium wanting. The position of this plant is uncertain because of
incomplete diagnosis; it is reduced by Diels to C. latebrosa.

Nicobar Islands.

82. Cyathea chinensis Copel. in Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 3 (1908) 355.

Trunk 6 m high; rachis almost glabrous, not prickly; pinna of type

specimen 42 cm long, 13 cm wide, sessile, acuminate, its rachis stram-
ineous, clothed above with purplish-brown hairs and beneath with sparse
hyaline hairs; costae similarly pubescent, but more densely beneath, and
toward the tip with a few irregular squamules; pinnules sessile, 7 cm
long, 14 mm wide, caudate with the apex serrate, cut almost to the costa ;
segments obtuse, subfalcate, 3 mm wide, serrulate, herbaceous, green on
both sides, but somewhat paler beneath, the lamina glabrous but the
costule bearing some hairs and squamules beneath; veinlets 7 to 9 on
a side, mostly forked, inconspicuous; sori costular at the bases of the
segments, small, each subtended by one or two brown scales.

China (Yunnan, in the Szemao forest, alt. 1,800 m).

83. Cyathea trichodesma (Scort.) Copel. ( Alsophila trichodesma Schort. ex
Bedd. in Journ. Bot. 25 (1887) 321).

Trunk of moderate size, slender; stipes scaly at the base; frond 120
to 180 cm long, bipinnate; rachis rough above, clothed with appressed,
spreading, semi-viscous, copious, jointed hairs; pinnae lanceolate, 60 to 75

56

COPELAND.

cm long, 35 to 20 cm broad, their rachises stramineous, clothed like the
main rachis; pinnules 8 cm long, 18 mm wide, thinly herbaceous, the
lamina, costa and veinlets clothed on both sides with the same hairs as the
rachis, cut nearly to the costa into linear, obtuse, crenulate, rather
distant segments; veinlets 7 or 8 on a side, forked; son 5 or 6 on a side,
medial, indusium none. Near C. Andersoni, of Sikkim.

Perak.

84. Cyathea cyclodonta (Christ) v. A. v. R. in Bull. Dept. Agr. Inch N4erl.
18 (1908) 1.

liachis naked, brownish-green, shiny; primary pinnules 10 cm long,
25 mm wide, about 35 pairs, cut to the costa, costa finely puberulous
above, strigose beneath ; secondary pinnules 2 to 3 nun apart, decurrent or
subauriculate on both sides, linear, 12 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, coarsely
crenate with about 12 lobes on a side, coriaceous, glabrous, dark -green on
both sides; veinlets forked at the base; sori in the forks, about 8 on each
side, over 1 mm wide; indusium membranaceous, breaking down to an
irregular brown cup.

Borneo.

85. Cyathea andersoni (Scott) C'opel. ( Alsophila andersoni Scott: Bedd.
Ferns. Brit. Ind. (1869) 310).

.Stipe ebeneous, muricate, clothed especially near the base with lanceo-
late, deciduous scales ; rachises dark-chestnut, naked beneath and rouuh
with raised points, tawny-villous above ; pinna? oblong-lanceolate, 45 to 60
cm long; pinnules lanceolate-ligulate, 10 to 15 cm long, about 2 cm wide,
subsessile, cut nearly or quite to the costa, costa bristly, especially beneath,
not scaly ; segments close, 3 to 4 mm wide, lanceolate, bluntish, toothed,
green on both sides, texture thin but firm; veinlets 9 to 12 on a side,
forked ; sori infra-medial, minute, exindusiate.

Sikkim, alt. 300 to 650 m.

86. Cyathea kingii (Clarke) Copel. (Alsophila kingii Clarke in Bedd. Hand-
book, Addenda ) .

1 runk 3 m high ; main rachis purplish, shining, glabrous, rachises of
pinnte purplish, glabrous, and somewhat glaucous; pinna? 45 to 60 cm
long; pinnules about 7 cm long, 12 mm wide, coriaceous, of a bluish-
glaucous tint, the costa very scaly beneath and hairy above, pinnules cut
nearly to the costa into oblong, crenate segments; costules much raised
and very prominent (particularly in the fertile pinnules) and scaly;
veinlets once forked a little above the base, or more rarely simple ;
receptacle very prominent, indusium wanting. Baker puts this species
near C. latebrosa, and says .4. Bakeri Zeiller is probably a synonym.

Perak (Larut), alt. 1,500 m.

FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASIATIC REGION.

57

87. Cyathea brunoniana (Wall.) Clarke & Baker.

A large tree; main racliis prickly; secondary racliises slightly prickly
or smooth and glabrous ; costa sparsely and deciduously crisped-pubescent
beneath, naked or nearly so above; segments minutely hairy on the
veinlets, the fertile ones not contracted, 15 to 18 mm long, 3 mm wide,
entire, obtuse, coriaceous, glabrous, somewhat glaucous beneath; veinlets
about 13 on a side, forked, nearly all fertile; sori costular; indusium
at first globose and complete, soon breaking down to an irregular cup.

Northern India.

88. Cyathea decipiens (Scott) Clarke & Baker.

Trunk 15 m high; stipes spiny, mahogan3'-brown and scaly at the base,
pale-brown and furfuraceous upward ; racliises very prickly ; pinnae sessile,
ample, acuminate; pinnules 10 to 12.5 cm long, 2 cm wide, sessile,
acuminate, cut nearly or quite to the costa, costae and costules bearing
bullate scales ; segments not close, 2 mm wide, acute, subfalcate, serrate,
subcoriaceous, dark-green above, gray-green beneath but not glaucous;
veinlets 10 to 12 on a side, two to four times forked; sori qostular, small;
indusium at first complete and spherical, fragile. Specimens in cultiva-
tion have been mistaken for C. spinulosa, and Beddome implies that he
can distinguish them only by the indusium.

Northern India, alt. 600 m.

89. Cyathea spinulosa Wall.

A tall tree-fern; stipe and rachis purple, very spiny beneath, rachises
rusty above; frond 3 m long; pinnae stalked, abruptly acuminate; pinnules
subsessile, 8 cm long, acuminate, cut almost to the costa; costa hairy
above, beneath bearing small bullate scales, as do the costules, which
are glabrous above ; segments close, acute, subfalcate, serrulate, the
lamina glabrous, thin; veinlets 8 to 10 on a side, forked; sori costular,
small, numerous, but not reaching the ends of the segments; indusia at
first complete, breaking into large pieces, finally disappearing.

India (altitude up to 1,000 m), to Malaya and Japan.

90. Cyathea mearnsii Copel. in Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 3 (1908) 356.

Trunk 5 cm thick, thinly clothed at the top with black roots; bases of

stipes bearing thin, gray-brown, narrow scales 15 mm long; rachis 1 cm
thick, tawny, everywhere glabrous, unarmed; pinnae up to 60 cm long, 25
cm wide, sessile, their rachises smooth beneath, above clothed, like the
costae, with a dark, close pubescence; pinnules sessile, very acuminate,
horizontal, up to 29 mm wide at the base, cut at the base to the costa, else-
where to a narrow wing, costa reddish beneath, bearing some fine furfura-
ceous scales; segments falcate-acute, serrate, 3 to 4 mm wide, glabrous
except for occasional squamules on the costules beneath pale beneath and

58

COPELAND.

not very dark above, coriaceous, lowest secondary pinnule often dilated and
pinnatifid; veinlets about 13 on a side, forked; sori costular, crowded
but not reaching the apices of the segments, 1 mm or less wide, indusium
splitting into large pieces and only the lower part persistent.

Luzon (in the mountains of Benguet).

91. Cyathea saccata Christ.

An alpine dwarf; frond 115 cm long, 80 cm wide, stipe 25 cm long;
stipe and rachis minutely verrucous, glabrous, rufous-stramineous, shin-
ing; pinnae remote, stalked, 30 to 40 cm long, 12 cm wide, caudate,
narrowed at base; pinnules remote, 6 cm long, 15 mm wide, lanceolate,
pinnate, costae black, beset above with minute brown scales; secondary
pinnules 13 or 14 on a side, separate, 2.5 mm wide, dentate; veinlets 9
to 12 on a side, forked, conspicuous ; sori medial, indusium pellucid.

Celebes (Mount Topapu, alt. 1,300 to 1,700 m).

92. Cyathea runensis v.A.v.R. in Bull. Dept. Agr. Ind. N6erl. 18 (1908) 1.

Bachis unarmed, setaceous above; pinnae about 55 cm long, 22 to 25

cm broad; pinnules sessile, acuminate, 2 to 2.5 cm wide at the base,
pinnatifid; segments oblong, subfalcate, subobtuse, crenate, margin
slightly decurved ; veinlets about 8 on a side, the lower ones forked ; sori
medial, numerous, indusium breaking into irregular fragments; frond
ample, coriaceous, glabrous. The proper place of this species is un-
certain because of incomplete description.

Pulo Run.

93. Cyathea leucophaes Hassk.

Trunk 3 to 5 m high; stipe and rachis spiny; frond tripinnatifid,
coriaceous, glabrous, becoming whitish above as it dries; pinnae oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, mostly stalked; pinnules linear-oblong, acuminate,
unequally truncate at the base, deeply pinnatifid ; segments linear-oblong,
acute, serrate-crenate at the apex and the margin reflexed ; veinlets forked,
with the globose sori in the forks; indusium membranaceous, hyaline,
globose, soon irregularly torn, and finally vanishing.

Java.

94. Cyathea junghuhniana (Kze.) Copel. (Alsophila junghuhniana Kze. in
Bot. Zeit. 6 (1848) 284).

Frond bright-green above, pale beneath, axes unarmed ; rachises
stramineous or fuscous, hirsute above as are also the costae, beneath smooth
or minutely nodulose; pinnules 11 cm long, 16 to 20 mm wide; segments
close, connected by a narrow wing, linear-oblong, subfalcate, obtuse,
repand or serrulate; costae beneath bearing sparse, minute, ovate, ap-
pressed, pale-ferruginous scales, glabrescent; veinlets evident, lax, 6 to 9

FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASIATIC REGION.

59

on a side, forked at the base ; sori costular ; indusium scale-like, minute.
Hemitelia manilensis Presl is described as a species resembling this,
found in Luzon.

Java, Sumatra.

95. Cyathea mertensiana (Kze.) Copel. (Alsophila mertensiana Kze. in Bot.
Zeit. 6 (1848) 586).

Eachis glabrescent, verrucous with shining, brown warts; pinnaa long-
stalked; pinnules approximate, short-stalked, oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, deeply pinnatifid, costas glabrous above, at base beneath bearing
sparse, white, bullate scales; segments falcate, rather obtuse, margin
reflexed and obscurely serrulate, the fertile segments contracted and the
lowest free but adnate; veinlets forked, usually twice, white-hairy; sori
minute, crowded, occupying the entire segments; indusium a cup-shaped
basal scale.

Bonin.

96. Cyathea ornata (Scott) Copel. ( Alsophila ornata Scott in Bedd. Ferns
Brit. Ind. (1870) 342).

Frond ample, tripinnate, moderately firm in texture; racliises castane-
ous, smooth, naked beneath; pinnae stalked, oblong-lanceolate, 45 to 60
cm long; pinnules sessile, lanceolate, 8 to 10 cm long, 18 to 24 mm wide,
costae scaly, especially beneath; segments close, ligulate, obtuse, denticu-
late, 2 mm wide, green on both sides, without scales or hairs; veinlets 8
to 13 on a side, forked; sori minute, subcostular, exindusiate. Alsophila
Oldhami Bedd. is usually regarded as this species; but as figured by
Beddome it differs in having long-stalked pinnae and the costules scaly
beneath.

Sikkim, alt. 750 m.

97. Cyathea dementis Copel. (Alsophila dementis Copel. in Philip. Journ.
Sci. 1 Suppl. (1906) 143).

Trunk 9 m high, stout ; stipe brown at the base, shading to stramineous
in the rachis, clothed at the base with linear, whitish scales 5 to 15 mm
long, exceedingly rough with blackish, stout, sharp spines 4 to 5 mm
long; rachis glabrous, beset with smaller spines; frond 100 to 150 cm long,
ovate; middle pinnae 30 to 40 cm long, their rachises rough; pinnules 6
to 8 cm long, 15 mm wide cut at the base to the costa, elsewhere to a
narrow wing, cost® above bearing dirty-white hairs or nearly naked,
beneath naked or sparsely f urfuraceous-squamulose ; segments subfalcate,
entire, obtuse, coriaceous, glabrous, greenish-brown above, paler beneath
but not glaucous; veinlets forked, about 10 on a side; sori infra-medial,
naked, receptacles evidently paraphysate.

Mindanao ( Lanao ) .

60

COPELAND.

98. Cyathea fauriei (Christ) Copel. (Alsophila fauriei Christ in Bull. Herb.
Boiss. II 1 (1901) 1019).

Bachises bearing short, sharp pustules, main rachis pale-brown, plant
smooth; pinnae sessile (at least the upper ones), 40 cm long, 16 cm wide,
ovate-oblong, acuminate; pinnules sessile, about 18 below the pinnatifkl
apex, acuminate, 9 cm long, 2 cm wide, not cut to the costa; segments
subfalcate, broadly linear, obtuse or apiculate, almost in contact, 2.5 to
3 mm wide, evidently serrate, dark-green above, olive beneath, herbaceous;
veinlets conspicuous, 12 or more on a side, black, two or three times
forked ; sori costular at bases of segments, large and few, brown, naked,
receptacle small and naked.

Liu Kiu (Oshima, common at foot of mountain).

99. Cyathea confucii (Christ) Copel. (Alsophila confucii Christ in Ac. Geog.
Bot. 15 (1906) 102).

Trunk hardly 2 m high; frond 150 cm long, half as wide; rachises
glabrous, beneath prickly, light-brown; pinnae sessile, 45 cm long, 15 cm
wide, acuminate, hardly narrowed at the base; pinnules sessile, caudate
with serrate tip, 8 cm long, 17 mm wide, cut almost to the costa, costa
bearing dark, appressed hairs above, and very sparse hyaline squamules
beneath, the latter being also on the costules; segments acute, falcate at
the tip, serrulate, 3 mm wide, dark-green above, pale beneath, herbaceous,
the lamina glabrous; veinlets 8 to 12 on a side, mostly forked; sori
costular, subtended by a minute, whitish, scale-like membrane.

China (Sze Chuen, Mount Omi, alt. 2,000 m).

100. Cyathea contaminans (Wall.) Copel. ( Alsophila contaminans Wall.
Cat. (1829) no. 320; Chnoophora glanca Bl. 1828, not Cyathea glauca Bory).

Trunk up to 15 m high, 15 cm in diameter; fronds up to 3 m long or
even longer, 150 cm wide; stipe 50 to 100 cm long, at the base scurfy
and densely clothed with shiny-white, linear scales 2 to 3 cm long, which
diminish upward and soon disappear, stipe reddish, shading upward to
tawny or almost stramineous on the rachises, like which it is spiny and
glabrous ; pinnae up to 85 cm long, stalked, abruptly acuminate ; pinnules
sessile, usually 11 to 13 cm long, gradually long-acuminate, cut at the base
to the costa (and the secondary pinnules contracted at base), elsewhere to
a narrow wing, costa glabrous beneath, above bearing whitish hairs, at
least near the base ; segments linear-oblong, subfalcate, subacute, entire or
nearly so, herbaceous, glabrous, more or less glaucous beneath; veinlets
9 to 12 on a side, forked; sori medial or infra-medial, not reaching the
apices of the segments, indusium none.

India and Malaya. The commonest and largest tree-fern in this part of the
world.

FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASIATIC REGION.

61

101. Cyathea fenicis Copel. Philip, Journ. Sci. Bot. 3 (1908) 354.

Trunk 9 cm thicks said to be but 1 m high; stipe 60 cm long, dark-
brown, prickly with short, sharp spines, bearing two small, simply pinnate
pinnse just above the base, and clothed at the base with a few narrow,
brown scales 15 mm long, otherwise glabrous, as are the slightly roughish
racliises; largest pinnae 35 to 40 cm long, 20 cm wide, abruptly narrowed
to a pinnatifid apex; pinnules about 10 cm long, hardly 2 cm broad,
sessile, cut at the base to the costa, elsewhere to a wing, costa hairy above,
mostly glabrous beneath ; segments 4 mm broad, obtuse, obscurely serru-
late, costules bearing a few small scales beneath, lamina glabrous, thin,
dark-green above, olive beneath; veinlets forked; sori globose, less than 1
mm wide, pale, costular, exindusiate.

Batanes Islands (Santo Domingo de Basco).

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

Alsophila saparuensis v.A.v.R. in Bull. Dept. Agr. Ind. N6erl. 18 (1908) 2.

Fronds ample, tripinnatifid, firm but not rigid; stipe prickly, clothed
with deciduous yellow or brown indument; rachis rough beneath, fibrillose
above; middle pinnae the largest, about 45 cm long, 12 to 16 cm wide,
lanceolate, acuminate; pinnules sessile, the lowest ones horizontal, the
middle ones the largest, about' 15 mm wide; segments crowded, obtuse,
crenate or dentate at the apex; sori medial; indusia false, of minute,
round, flat scales.

Saparua.

Alsophila bongardiana Mett.

Ditfers from C. extensa in having the “segments broader, entire, rather
glaucous below, with copious scattered scales, veins more distant and
obscure.” It has the aspect of C. contaminans.

Bonin.

Alsophila khasyana Moore.

Khasya.

Alsophila xantholepis Christ.

Batjan.

Hemitelia capensis R. Br.

Reported in Java by Blume, Enumeratio 247, probably by mistake.

2. BALANTIUM Kaulfuss.

Caudex erect, but usually not rising much above the ground ; fronds 3
or 4 times pinnate, deltoid, the ultimate pinnules oblique, more developed
at the base on the acroscopic side; fertile and sterile pinnules alike, the
fertile teeth not coriaceous; annulus usually oblique and uninterrupted.
A small genus with one species in Polynesia, one in Australia, two in this

62

COPELAND.

region, one in the Azores, etc., and one in tropical America. It is very
nearly related to Dennstaedtia and Dick sonia — so nearly that they would
all as well be included in Polypodiacece. The discontinuous distribution
and its intermediate position between two families mark it as a very old
genus.

Sori in the sinuses 1. B. javanicum

Sori on the teeth 2. B. copeland i

1. Balantium javanicum (Bl.) Copel. (Dicksonia javanica Bl. Enum. 240).

Caudex arborescent (teste Eaeiborski) ; frond quadripinnate, up to

1.5 m long and 60 cm wide, axes densely appressed-pubescent, pinnae and
pinnules ovate-oblong, very acuminate ; secondary pinnules short-stalked ;
tertiary pinnules sessile with cuneate base, up to 1 cm long and half as
wide, deeply cut into segments 1 to 2 mm wide, hairy beneath with white
hairs, sparsely hairy above; sori small, in the sinuses, submarginal. Van
Alderverelt states that the annules is vertical; which is not an unknown
condition elsewhere in Balantium.

Java, at middle elevations.

Dennstaedtia Formosae Christ is similar to B. javanicum, but the stem of the
plant is unknown.

2. Balantium copelandi Christ in Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 3 (1908) 301.
(Plate XIX.)

Similar to the preceding species, but the sori placed on minor teeth,
and marginal, and the tertiary pinnules usually narrower. The caudex
usually does not rise above the ground, but may reach at height of 60 cm
the fronds, exclusive of stipe, are 50 cm to 3 m long.

Luzon, Negros.

3. DICKSONIA L’Hgritier.

Tree-ferns, with 2 or 3 times pinnate fronds ; pinnules equal-sided, the
sterile ones in our species decidedly reduced ; indusium and corresponding
leaf-margin more or less coriaceous. A genus of 17 recognized species,
chiefly in the southern hemisphere. Dicksonia is properly the name of the
preceding genus. I should have used it in that way except that this genus
has no tenable name.

Dicksonia blumei (Kze.) Moore. (Plate XX.)

Trunk up to 6 m high and 20 cm in diameter; its crown and the bases
of the stipes densely clothed with golden acicular scales, becoming brown
on the stipes; stipes up to 80 cm long; fronds up to 3 m long, usually
less, tripinnate; rachises densely pubescent; pinnae up to 80 cm long;
pinnules up to 12 cm long, about 2 cm wide almost horizontal; secondary
pinnae adnate, narrowly oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, the sterile ones toothed,
dark green and shining above, paler beneath, and hairy on the costa;

FERNS OF THE MALAY-ASIATIC REGION. 63

fertile pinnae lobed almost to the costa ; lobes about four on a side/ each
almost entirely occupied by a large sorus.

Java, Celebes, Mindanao, Negros, Mindoro, at middle elevations (1,000 to 2,000

m).

4. CIBOTIUM Ivaulfuss.

Caudex stout and erect, sometimes arborescent, the apex densely
imbedded in brown or golden chaff; fronds large, tripinnatifid or tripin-
nate; sori marginal on the lower part of the segments, at the apices of
veins, the fertile tooth like the indusium, brown and coriaceous, the two
inclosing the young sorus; annulus complete, but with a stomium of
distinct cells. About 12 recognized species, in and near Central America,
in the Hawaiian Islands, and here. I follow Dr. Christ in the treatment
of our species.

Sori 2 or more on each side of the segments.

Pinnules 2 cm or more wide.

Sori 2 to 4 on a side, not prominent 1. C. baranetz

Sori 5 or 6 on a side, prominent 2. C. assamicum

Pinnules 8 mm wide 3. C. sumatranum

Sori 1 on each side of the segments 4. C. cumingii

1. Cibotium baranetz (L.) J. Sm.

Larger pinnules 2 cm wide; stalked, narrowly lanceolate, long-acu-
minate at the base cut very nearly or quite to the costa, costa more or
less hairy; segments lanceolate, falcate, acute, about 1 cm long, subentire
or somewhat serrate, decidedly glaucous beneath, separated by narrow
sinuses ; veinlets mostly simple ; sori usually 2, sometimes 3 or 4 on each
side, not prominent, 1 mm wide, the lowest oblique, the others parallel
to the segment, the outer valve of the indusium the larger and more
convex. The caudex is erect and stout but usually not arborescent.

Liu Kiu across China to Malacca and northeastern India; Java ( ?).

2. Cibotium assamicum Hook.

Pinnules up to 25 mm wide; larger segments 15 mm long, evidently
serrate; sori prominent, borne on teeth, up to 6 on a side; valves more
unequal, and texture of whole plant rather thinner than in C. Baranetz,
which it resembles except as just noted. A plant in cultivation at Buiten-
zorg agrees perfectly with this species as described, except in not being
glaucous beneath.

Assam, Tonkin.

3. Cibotium sumatranum Christ in Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 2 (1907) 118.

Fertile pinnules only 8 mm wide, cut to a wing 1 mm wide; segments

3 mm long, obtuse, denticulate, separated by obtuse sinuses; sori 2 or
rarely 3 on a side, 0.5 to 0.7 mm wide, not prominent, valves subequal;
plant glabrous or nearly so.

64

COPELAND.

C., Baranetz var. setosum v.A.v.K. lias the axes densely clothed with
spreading bristles which in falling off, leave them roughish; sori 1 or 2
on a side; indusium fulvous.

Sumatra (Linggalang volcano).

4. Cibotium cumingii Kunze. (Plate XXI.)

Like C. Baranetz, but the pinnae usually narrower, the segments shorter
and proportionally broader, the veinlets forked, with but one sorus on
each side. From Formosa and Fokien I have intermediate forms. C.
Baranetz var. lampongense v.A.v.K., of Sumatra, seems to be like some
of the Philippine specimens.

Luzon, Mindoro.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

[Photographs by E. Cortes.]

Plate I. A, Ophioglossum intermedium Hook. B, C, Ophioglossuni pedunculosum
Desf.

II. Botrychium japonicum (Prantl) Underw.

III. Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook.

IV. Angiopteris cartilagidens Christ.

V. Macroglossum alidae Copel.

VI. Archangiopteris henryi Christ.

VII. Marattia ternatea deVriese.

VIII. Christensenia cumingiana Christ.

IX. Marsilea crenata Presl.

X. A, Salvinia natans (L.) All. B, Azolla africana Desv.

XI. Osmunda regalis L., var. japonica (Thunb.).

XII. Lygodium merrillii Copel.

XIII. A, Schizaea dichotoma (L.) Smith. B, Schizaea digitata (L.) Sw.

XIV. Gleichenia laevissima Christ.

XV. Ceratopteris thalictroides (L. ) Brongn.

XVI. Matonia foxioorthyi Copel.

XVII. Phanerosorus sarmentosus (Baker) Copel.

XVIII. Cyathea atropurpurea Copel.

XIX. Balantium copelandi Christ.

XX. Dicksonia blumei (Kze.) Moore.

XXI. Cibotium cumingii Kze.

80915 5

65

Copeland: Ferns of the Malay-Asiatic Region.] [Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 1.

Plate I. A, OPHIOGLOSSUM INTERMEDIUM Hook. B, C, OPHIOGLOSSUM
PEDUNCULOSUM Desf.

■LU T> CZ

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 1.

Copeland : Ferns of the Malay-Asiatic Region.]

. BOTRYCHIUM JAPONICUM (Prantl.) Unoerw.

Plate II

Copeland: Ferns of the Malay-Asiatic Region.] [Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 1.

Plate III. HELMINTHOSTACHYS ZEYLANICA (L.) Hooker.

Copeland : Ferns op the

Malay-Asiatic Region.]

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 1

Plate IV. ANGIOPTERIS CARTILAGIDENS Christ.

Copeland: Ferns of the Malay-Asiatic Region.] LPhil. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 1.

Plate V. MACROGLOSSUM ALIDAE Copel.

Copeland : Ferns of the Malay-Asiatic Region. |

[Pair.. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 1.

Plate VI. ARCHANGIOPTERIS HENRYI Christ.

CopeXjAnd : Ferns of the Malay-Asiatic Region.] [Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 1.

Plate VII. MARATTIA TERNATEA de Vriese.

Copeland : Perns of the Malay-Asiatic Region.] [Phil. .Tourn. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 1.

Plate VIII.

CHRISTENSENIA CUMINGIANA Christ.

Copeland: Ferns of the Malay-Asiatic Region.] [Phil. .Ioern. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 1.

Plate IX. MARSILEA CRENATA Presl.

Copeland: Ferns of the Malay-Asiatic Region.]

[Phil. Joitrn. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 1.

Plate X.

A, SALVINIA NATANS (L.) All. B, AZOLLA AFRICANA Desv.

Copeland: Ferns of the Malay-Asiatic Region. 1 [Phil. Jol’rn. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 1.

Plate XI. OSMUNDA REGALIS L., var. JAPONICA (Thunb.).

Copeland : Ferns of the Malay-Asiatic Region.] [Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 1.

Plate XII. LYGODIUM MERRILLII Copel.

Copeland: Perns of the Malay- Asiatic Region.] [Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 1.

Plate XIII. A, SCHI2AE A DICHOTOMA (L.) Smith. B, SCHIZAEA DIGITATA (L.) Sw.

10 cm.

v

Copeland : Perns of the Malay-Asiatic Region.] [Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 1.

Plate XIV.

GLEICHENIA LAEVISSIMA Christ.

Copeland: Ferns of the Malay-Asiatxc Region.] LPhil. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 1.

Plate XV. CERATOPTE.RIS THALICTROIDES (L.) Brongn.

Copeland: Perns of the Malay-Asiatic Region.] [Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No.

Plate XVI. MATONIA FOXWORTHYI Copel.

Copeland: Perns of the Malay-Asiatic Region.] [Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 1.

Plate XVII. PHANEROSORUS SARMENTOSUS (Baker) Copel.

Copeland : Ferns of the Malay-Asiatic Region.] [Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 1.

Plate XVIII. CYATHEA ATRUPURPUREA Copel.

Copeland : Ferns of the Malay- Asiatic Region.]

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 1.

Plate XIX. BALANTIUM COPELANDI Christ.

Copeland: Ferns of the Malay-Akiatic Region.] [Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 1.

Plate XX.

DICKSONIA BLUM El (Kze.) Moore.

Copeland : Ferns of the Malay-Asiatic Region.] [Phil. Joiirn. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 1.

Plate XXI. CIBOTIUM CUMINGII Kze.

ON HALOPHILA OVATA GAUDICHAUD, A NEGLECTED

SPECIES.

By C. H. OSTENFELD.
(Copenhagen, Denmark.)

In 1906, while studying the genus Halophila and other marine
phanerogams in the Kew Herbarium, I observed a specimen from the
Philippine Islands which was labeled “ Halophila ovalis Herb. Philip-
pinense, 1595, Luzon (5-’92) leg. A. Loher.” Although it seemed to be
closely allied to Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook, f., I felt sure that it was
a distinct species and noted on the label “nov. sp.,” but published nothing
regarding it. My note was later seen by Mr. Merrill, while he was work-
ing at Kew in 1907, and on his return to Manila, he sent me a Halophila
collected by himself in Manila Bay in April, 1905, with flowers and fruits,
which he supposed to be the same as Loher’s plant. This specimen is
undoubtedly the same species as that collected by Mr. Loher, and is
distinct from Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook. f. At first I considered
it undescribed, but on closer examination of the material and literature
at my disposal and my notes on the species of the genus made in various
European herbaria, I found that it is the species described by Gaudichaud
in Freycinet’s “Voyage autour du monde” as Halophila ovata, the type of
which was collected in the Marianne Islands, and now in the herbarium of
the Museum d’ Histoire Naturelle in Paris. Some years ago I examined
Gaudichaud’s plant, and noted that it differed considerably from H. ovalis ,
with which it has been identified by all later botanists working on the
genus. Gaudichaud himself quotes Caulinia ovalis R. Br., as a synonym
of his II. ovata , and was undoubtedly of the opinion that the two were
identical. It seems to have been a mere chance that he altered the name
“ovalis” to “ovata” when transferring the species from Caulinia to
Halophila. I think, however, that it is correct to maintain Gaudichaud’s
name, and accordingly for the two species we have Halophila ovalis
(R. Br.) Hook, f., and H. ovata Gaudichaud (not of later authors).

Halophila ovalis is a species of wide distribution in the Indian and
Pacific oceans, while H. ovata is at present known from but two regions —
the Mariannes and the Philippines. Gaudichaud’s description is wrong in
many points with regard to the more minute characters of the flowers,

67

68

OSTENFELD.

and to the morphology of the plant, but apart from these errors, which
are but natural in such early botanical work, there is no doubt as to the
identity of the Philippine plant with Gaudichaud’s type; moreover
Gaudichaud’s figure is excellent. Below is given a diagnosis of the
species, as far as the material allows, the male flowers being unknown
to me.

Halophila ovata Gaudichaud in Freycinet’s Voy. Bot. (1826) 430, pi. 40, f. 1.,
non H. ovata auctt., nec H. ovalis (R. Br.) Hook. f. a ovata J. B. Balfour in Trans.
Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 13 (1878) 335.

Gracilis; caulis horizontaliter repens; internodia gracilia, 1-3 cm
longa; rami erecti nulli ; nodi foliis duobus, squamis duabus radiceque una
instructi; foliorum lamina late ovato-elliptica, obtusa, circiter 9-10 mm
longa et 4—5 mm lata, glabra, integerrima, trinervia; nervi secundarii
3-7 inter nervum medium et nervos submarginales suspensi; foliorum
petioli laminis equilongi vel paullo longiores. Plores dioeci ( ?), solitarii,
spatha diphylla membranacea suffulti; masculus (sec. Gaudichaud)
pedunculatus ; stamina 3, unilocularia ( ?) ; femineus sessilis, perianthium
minimum, triphyllum ; ovarium ovoideum, longe rostratum, circiter 2 mm
longum ; styli 3, filiformes, circiter G mm longi ; fructus maturus mem-
branaceus, globosus, 2-2.5 mm diametro; semina subglobosa, pallida,
0.5 mm.

Species II. ovali affinis, praecipue differt omnibus partibus multo minor
graciliorque, nervis secundariis 3-7, nec pluribus (in H. ovali 12-25),
staminibus unilocularibus (?).

Besides its small size, the above species is most easily distinguished by the
arrangement of the secondary nerves. In H. ovalis the number varies from 12
to 25, being most often 17 or 18, forming a very acute angle with the median
nerve, and the area limited by two secondary nerves is much longer than broad.
In H. ovata the number of secondary nerves varies from 3 to 7, the most common
numbers being from 4 to 6, and they form nearly a right angle with the median
nerve, while the area between two secondary nerves is nearly as long as broad,
that is, rhomboidal.

In Gaudichaud’s figure the leaves are drawn with emarginate tips, but this
is incorrect, as I have found upon examination of the type material. In other
respects his figure gives an excellent idea of the habit of the plant. In habit it
is quite different from H. ovalis, and much more like H. baillonii Aschers. and
H. dccipiens Ostf., but nevertheless the other characters point to H. ovalis as the
most closely allied species. As mentioned above, I have not found any male
flowers in the material at hand, and it would be very interesting to have them,
as Gaudichaud’s description of them seems to be incorrect in some important
points.

H. ovata Gaudich., has been found only in the following places: Marianne
Islands, Gaudichaud, specimens in Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris; and the Philippines,
Luzon, Loher 1595, May, 1892, in Herb. Kew. ; Manila Bay, Merrill J{112, April,
1905. According to Mr. Merrill the species is very abundant in shallow water
along the shore near Manila in April and May, but disappears later in the season.

PHILIPPINE CHLORANTHACE/E.

By C. B. Robinson.

( From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,

Manila, P. I.)

The main purpose of this article is to call attention to the presence in
the Philippines of the genus Ascarina, though still known here from
only one collection. It has hitherto been reported from New Caledonia,
Polynesia, and New Zealand, but from none of the regions the flora of
which is closely allied to that of the Philippines. The one remaining
genus of the family is exclusively American.

KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE GENERA OF CHLORANTHACE/E.

Undershrubs with hermaphrodite flowers 1. Chloranthus

Small tree with dioecious flowers 2. Ascarina

1. CHLORANTHUS Sw.

KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF CHLORANTHUS.

Stamens 3, fruit white, leaf-serrations short 1. C. officinalis

Stamen 1, fruit red, leaf-serrations long 2. C. brachystachys

1. Chloranthus officinalis Blume Enum. PI. Jav. (1827) 79.

(7. salicifolius Presl Epim. Bot. (1851) 231.

C. inconspicuus Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 54; non Sw. in Phil. Trans. 78
(1787) 359.

Luzon, Province of Pampanga, Mount Abu, Bur. Sci. 1995 Foxworthy : Province
of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, Williams 1,13, Elmer 6885, Leiberg
6129, 6136, For. Bur. 1769 Borden; Limay, Bur. Sci. 6185 Robinson: Province of
Laguna, Calauan, Cuming 521,: Province of Tayabas, Mount Banajao, Whitford
972: Province of Albay, Mount Mayon, Bur. Sci. 61,70 Robinson. Mindoro, Baco,
Merrill 121/1, 1/036; Mount Iialcon, Merrill 5571/; Banos, For. Bur. 6207 Merritt.
Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 68, 197 : District of Zam-
boanga, Sax River, Williams 2191,, 21/11/. Basilan, Hallier s. n.

2. Chloranthus brachystachys Blume FI. Jav. Chloranth. (1828) 13, pi. 2.
Luzon, Province of Ilocos Sur, For. Bur. 561,5 Klemme: Province of Benguet,

Pauai, Bur. Sci. 1,371,, 1,381, M earns; Pauai to Baguio, Merrill 1,785; Baguio,
Elmer 5853, Williams 1362; Mount Tonglon, Bur. Sci. 51,22 Ramos, For. Bur.
5001, Curran; without further locality, Bur. Sci. 2800, 2809, 31,91 M earns:
Province of Nueva Ecija, Cuming 1392 : Province of Pampanga, Mount Arayat,
Merrill 3828: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, Merrill 2511,,

69

70

ROBINSON.

3254, Whit ford 103, Williams 4-i@, 715, Elmer 6640, For. Bur. 12,14 Borden, For.
Bur. 2215 Meyer, Leiberg 6050, Merrill Dec. Philip. For. FI. 188 Borden. Mindoro,
Mount Halcon, Merrill 5644, For. Bur. 4380, 4416 Merritt ; Mount Poloug, For.
Bur. 9963 Merritt; without further locality, For. Bur. 12122 Merritt. Negros,
Mount Silay, Whitford 1553. Mindanao, Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang,
For. Bur. 4551, 4682 M earns & Hutchinson; District of Davao, Mount Apo,,
Copeland 1064, s • n-: Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens s. n. Basiean,
Santa Isabela to Tipu, For. Bur. 3996 Hutchinson.

It is extremely doubtful if the specific names here used are really the oldest,
although generally accepted, but the earlier names are at least in some cases of
doubtful identity and it is not possible here to form any opinion upon them.
There might also be difficulty over the generic name. Chlorantlius, as such, dates
from 1787. Nigrina of Thunberg is at least in part cogeneric with it, but con-
siderable doubt exists regarding his original species, the only one published before
1787. There is an older genus Nigrina of Linnaeus, published in 1767, but
usually reduced to Melasma of Bergius, published in the same year, and the name
would therefore be available under the Vienna code, though not under the
American, for use instead of Chlorantlius, if Thunberg’s genus is really identical
with the latter.

2. ASC ARINA Forst.

Ascarina ph ilippinensis sp. nov.

Inflorescentioe spicatae in paniculis fasciculatis dispositse, bracteatae,
foliis multo breviores; floribus femineis in rhachide admodum immersis,
ovario sessili subgloboso uniloculari, semen unicum pendulum continente;
foliis oppositis, basi acutis decurrentibusque apice breviter acuminatis,
margine basi excepta serratis, petiolis caulem vaginantibus, caule nodoso.

Flowers sessile, borne in fascicled panicles, bracts at the nodes of the
inflorescence unequal, the uppermost usually much the longest, even folia-
ceous; female flowers alone found, with no true perianth, but encircled
at the base by a shallow enlargement of the rachis, ovary sessile, globose,
2.5 mm in diameter, stigma subterminal, sessile, surrounded by a flattened
triangular expansion, 0.6 mm wide ; ovary 1-celled, with one subterminal
pendulous ovule.

A small tree 6 m high, with a nodose stem 12 cm in diameter, the
young branches terete or somewhat quadrangular, their bark gray or
reddish, striate; leaves papyraceous, elliptic or oblong, 6.5-9 cm long,
3-3.8 cm wide, borne on stipulate petioles 4—9 mm long, which are connate
at the base and sheath the stem, acute and somewhat decurrent at the
base, at the apex somewhat abruptly contracted into a rounded or retuse
mucronate acumen, the margins more or less revolute, glandular-serrate
except along the basal fourth, dull-bluish-green on the upper surface,
beneath densely brown-lepidote.

Type collected at an elevation of 1950 m on Mount Apo, District of Davao,
Mindanao, by R. S. Williams, no. 2541, March 31, 1905. N. v., (Bogobo) maidong.

Through the courtesy of Lieut.-Col. D. Prain, director of the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, a portion of this collection was compared with the material there,
and confirmed as “a species of Ascarina quite distinct from any at Kew, but
neaiest to A. polystachya Forst., differing by the much shorter spikes and less
tapering base of the leaf.”

PHILIPPINE PHYLLANTHINyE.

By C. B. Robinson.

( From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,

Manila, P. I.)

There are herein enumerated as Philippine some 55 species, belonging
to 7 genera, as compared with 35 species in 4 genera credited to the
Archipelago by Fernandez-Villar. The increase in genera is due to the
separation from Phyllantlius of Glochidion and Cicca ; the former now so
generally recognized as distinct that it is not here discussed, the reasons
for segregating the latter are explained at length under that genus;
Securinega, with the limits now accepted, is a real addition. The dis-
position of the species is quite different from that of Villar.

It has been possible to identify nearly all of the material in this her-
barium, leaving probably three species of Glochidion and two of
Phyllantlius represented by insufficiently complete specimens to justify
description. Cuming’s collections are represented here, at least by frag-
ments, but those of Vidal and Loher are wanting, except in a few un-
important instances.

The recorded distribution in related regions of the species of this sec-
tion of the Euphorhiacece is as follows.

India, Cey-
lon, and
Malay
Peninsula.*

Malay
Peninsula,
Archipel-
ago and
New
Guinea. b

China,

with

Formosa. c

Japan,

with

Formosa. d

Philippine

Islands.

1

1

1

Breynia __

0

12

3

4

3

Fluggea

2

2

2

1

2

Glochidion

59

62

12

6

27

Phyllanthus including- Cicca

56

31

11

8

20

15

7

2

2

Securinega

2

1

1

Total . _ ______

139

115

33

20

55

“Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1887 ) 285-336.
bBoerl. Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1900 ) 272-277.

c Forbes & Hemsley in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 36 (1894 ) 420-428 & SuppL
11 Hayata in Jour. Coll. Sci. Tokyo 20:1 (1904 ) 3-24.

71

72

ROBINSON.

Considering the extent of the two first of these areas it becomes evident
that the Philippines have a rich representation of the species of this
group. The most recent collections have so added to our list of species,
that it is probable that it may still have to be considerably enlarged.

A nomenclatural difficulty has arisen through the publication since the
beginning of 1908 of several Philippine species without an accompanying
Latin diagnosis. To avoid misunderstanding, it may be said that they
are here accepted as published, though to add certainty, such a diagnosis
has been added where the species has been accepted as valid, and that
when the limits here assigned to such species differ from those of the
original author, that his type is in all cases to be considered as that of
the species.

KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE GENERA OF PHYLLANTHINH:.

Calyx greatly thickened at base by union with disk 1. Sauropus

Calyx not so thickened.

Rudiment of ovary present in male flower.

Fruit a capsule, seed-coat not hollow on back 2. Securinega

Fruit a berry, seed-coat hollow on back 3. Fluggea

Rudiment of ovary not present in male flower, or in a few species of Phyllanthus

very minute.

Disk present.

Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry 4. Phyllanthus

Fruit a drupe 5. Cicca

Disk entirely wanting.

Fruit a capsule 6. Olochidion

Fruit a berry 7. Breynia

1. SAUROPUS Blume.

Styles terminal 1. 8. androgynus

Styles from the margin of the ovary 2. S. scandens

1. Sauropus androgynus Merr. in For. Bur. Bull. (Philip.) 1 (1903) 30.

Cluytia androgyna Linn. Mant. (1767) 128.

8. albicans Blume Bijdr. (1825) 596.

S. macranthus F.-Villar Noviss. App. (1883) 187, non Hassk. Retzia 1 (1855)
165.

Luzon, Province of Camarines, Pasacao, Ahern 288. Mindoro, Puerto Gal era,
Merrill 3329.

The former collection seems clearly of this species, the latter is identical
vegetatively, but the calyx of the male flowers varies in length from 1 to 8 mm,
presumably with age, and the lobes are not emarginate. This genus being usually
divided by the size of the calyx, the second specimen would appear distinct, but
it is thought best not to separate it, at least until more complete material can be
secured.

India, China, and Java.

2. Sauropus scandens sp. nov.

Andrachne sp. ( ?) Merr. in Philip. Jour. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 74.

Scandens: floribus monoicis, solitariis vel subsolitariis, pedicellatis :
periantliio masculino subrotato, breviter 6-lobato, 2.5-3 mm diametro,

PHILIPPINE PHYLLANTHINiE.

73

glandulis conspicuis vel periantliio coalitis, filamentis connatis, antheris
3, horizontalibus ; perianthio femineo 6-partito, 4-5 mm longo, ovario
valde depresso, apice truncato, stylis 3, marginalibus, cito bilobatis :
ramulis levissime angulatis ; foliis breviter petiolatis, lanceolatis, oblongo-
lanceolatis vel ellipticis, apice brevissime acuminatis.

Flowers axillary, solitary or perhaps sometimes paired, scattered along
the branchlets, those of both sexes borne on pedicels 8—10 mm long and
slightly dilated upward : male perianth subrotate, 2.5-3 mm long, the
margin forming lobes for a depth of about 0.5 mm only, the lobes broad,
rounded, truncate, or usually somewhat retuse ; disk-glands 6, opposite
the perianth-lobes, oblong-orbicular, about 1 mm in diameter, very con-
spicuous or more or less coalesced with the perianth ; filaments united,
0.3 mm long, anthers 3, horizontal, extrorse, 0.5 mm long: female
perianth cut almost to the extreme base into 6 oblanceolate segments,
4-5 mm long, rounded at the apex, contracted at the base; no glands
seen; ovary very shortly stalked, 1 mm in diameter, in cross-section
rounded-triangular, strongly depressed, the apex truncate and disk-like,
styles 3, projecting from the margins of the ovary, at once divided into
2 fleshy lobes, the latter widely spreading and more or less outwardly
recurved, about 0.7 mm long, the apices entire or rarely slightly 3-lobed:
fruiting perianth hardly increased, fruit succulent, red, about 1 cm in
diameter.

Described by the collector as a vine, and appearing to be so : branches
and branchlets yellowish, the latter slender and slightly angled: leaves
borne on petioles about 2 mm long, the lamina membranaceous, lanceolate,
oblong-lanceolate, or elliptic, 2-3.5 cm long, 1-1.7 cm wide, the base
rounded or acute, the apex forming a very short acumen, which is obtuse
or sometimes mucronate, described as very dark in color, apparently
glaucous on the under surface ; stipules persistent, lanceolate, about 1 mm
long.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, For. Bur. 1931f
Borden, growing as a vine upon Pithecolobium scutiferum (Blanco) Benth., at an
elevation of 300 m, and apparently rare.

Very similar in many ways to 8. brevipes Muell-Arg., but that species has
racemed flowers. Apparently very distinct in its habit.

2. SECURINEGA Commerson.

1. Securinega acum inatissima comb. nov.

Phyllanthus acuminatissimus C. B. Robinson in Philip. Jour. Sci. 3 (1908)
Bot. 200.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Atimonan, Whitford 676: Province of Camarines,
Ragay, For. Bur. 10788 Curran ; Pasacao, Ahern 280. Cebu, Toledo, Bur. Sci.
1739 McGregor. Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Surigao, Ahern 351; Gibon
River, north of Las Navas, For. Bur. 7569 Hutchinson: Rio Grande Valley,
Sabacon, For. Bur. 65 W Hutchinson: District of Davao, Santa Cruz, Williams
2706, 2807.

This species is not a Phyllanthus, as shown by the original description of the

74

ROBINSON.

male flowers, which is therein correct, with the addition of the fact that the
rudiment of the ovary is sometimes 3-parted. It is less certain that it is not
a Fluggea, as the fruit is not truly capsular, but slightly fleshy, and it is
doubtful whether or not it is dehiscent. The embryo is straight, the testa is not
lacunose and much thinner than in Fluggea virosa, and the disk of the female
flower is not lobed. The style-arms are recumbent upon the ovary, spreading or
somewhat ascending.

In some parts of Mindanao, this species is of economic importance, being
according to Hutchinson, the species in most common use for posts.

N. v. Anislag, Vis., Manobo, Surigao; Tras, Moro, Rio Grande.

3. FLUGGEA Willd.

Branchlets terete, leaves distinctly acuminate 1. F. flexuosa

Branchlets 4-angled, leaves not or very shortly acuminate 2. F. virosa

1. Fluggea flexuosa Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 34 (1865) 76.

Securinega flexuosa Muell.-Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15 2 (1866) 450.

Boiiol (probably), Cuming 1855. If this is the correct locality, it lessens
the surprise that we have no further collections of this species, as this island
is as yet little explored botanically. The solitary leaf, which represents Cuming’s
type in this herbarium, is often perfectly matched by leaves of other species,
especially Glochidion rubrum.

Endemic.

2. Fluggea virosa Baill. £tud. Gen. Euph. (1858) 593.

Phyllanthus virosus Roxb. ex Willd. Sp. PI. 4 (1805) 578.

Xylophylla obovata Willd. Enum. PI. Hort. Berol. (1809) 329.

Fluggea obovata (Ham. in) Wall, ex F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1883) 189.

Fluggea microcar pa Blume Bijdr. (1825) 580.

Securinega microcarpa Muell.-Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15 2 (1866) 434.

Securinega obovata Muell.-Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15 2 (1866) 449.

Cicca pentandra Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 701.

Fluggea Icucopyrus F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1883) 189, non Willd. Sp. PI. 4
(1805) 757.

Securinega ovata Vidal Cat. PI. Prov. Manila (1880) 44, nomen.

Babuyanes Islands, Camiguin Island, Bur. Sci. 4011 Fenix. Luzon, Province
of llocos Norte, Cape Bojeador, For. Bur. 13826 Merritt £ Darling ; Bangui, For.
Bur. 13882, 13896 Merritt £ Darling: Province of llocos Sur, Cuming 1169;
Santiago, For. Bur. 14067, 15658 Merritt £ Darling: Province of Benguet, Sugpon,
For. Bur. 14120, 14117 Merritt £ Darling ; Twin Peaks, Elmer 6404; Baguio, For.
Bur. 10817 Curran: Province of Nueva Vizcaya, Bambang, For. Bur. 15815, 15821
Curran £ Merritt: Province of Pampanga, Mount Arayat, Bolster 52: Province of
Bulacan, Norzagaray, For. Bur. 7205, 7210 Curran: Province of Bataan, Mount
Mariveles, Lamao River, Whitford 390, 534, s. n., For. Bur. 775 Borden, Leiberg
6025; Moron, Bur. Sci. 91/9 Mangubat : Province of Rizal, San Mateo, For. Bur.
1123 Ahern's collector; Bosoboso, Merrill 2648; Antipolo, Merrill 1714; Malapad-
nabato, Merrill 2732, 27 43; Tanay, Bur. Sci. 3341 Ramos: Province of Laguna,
Los Banos, Elmer s. n.: Province of Tayabas, Gumaca, Whitford 863: Province of
Camarines, Maagnas, Bur. Sci. 6319 Robinson. Masbate, Merrill 3056. Min-
danao, Lake Lanao, Camp Iveithley, Mrs. Clemens s. n.

This species is referred to in the Pflanzenfamilien as F. obovata (L. ) Wall.
Repeated search has not enabled me to find any Linnaean species referable here,
and the citation is probably a mere slip. The combination Fluggea obovata was

PHILIPPINE PHYLLANTHIK®.

75

first made by Hamilton in Wallich’s catalogue, but does not seem to have been
published till 1883. Failure to find any older name has compelled the use of
Willdenow’s Phyllanthus virosus, although it was he who also originated the
other specific name as Xylophylla obovata.

Cicca pentandra Blanco has been reduced here by Mueller, Merrill, and Villar,
and there can be no doubt that they were correct, although the description is not
exact in some details. It will be noted that this species has been recently collected
at what is practically Blanco’s type locality. The reduction of F. leucopyrus F.-
Villar is pure guesswork, based on the fact that it has not appeared in any recent
collection.

Securinega ovata Muell. is merely listed by Yidal; there is no such species, but
he elsewhere cites S. obovata as a synonym of F. obovata, which is correct, and it
is probable that the earlier name is only a misprint.

N. v. Botolan, Tag., Baiset, Tag., Bataan: Granatang gubat, Tag., Rizal;
Tulitangalung, Masbate.

India, China, Malaysia, Australia, and Tropical Africa.

4. PHYLLANTHUS Linn.

Styles simple or very slightly 2-lobed.

Stamens 3, dehiscing vertically 1. P. cordatulus

Stamens 2, dehiscing horizontally.

Leaves 3 mm or more in width 2. P. lamprophyllus

Leaves not exceeding 2 mm in width 3. P. curranii

Styles 2-lobed or 2-parted.

Stamens 5, fruit fleshy 4. P. reticulatus

Stamens 4-2.

Male calyx 6-parted.

Anthers dehiscing vertically.

Capsules smooth.

Testa with anastomosing ridges 5. P. benguetensis

Testa nearly smooth 6. P. tenuipes

Capsules muricate, testa with free ridges 7. P. urinaria

Anthers dehiscing horizontally.

Filaments free or nearly so.

Branchlets not winged.

Stipules hastate 8. P. samarensis

Stipules not hastate 9. P. dumosus

Branchlets narrowly winged.

Leaves 6-9 mm wide 10. P. everettii

Leaves 2-5 mm wide 11. P. simplex

Filaments united 12. P. niruri

Male calyx 4-parted ; ovary 3-celled.

Perianth-segments with entire margins.

Leaves strongly 3-nerved 13. P. triphlebius

Leaves pinnately veined only 14. P. stipularis

Perianth-segments lacerate-dentate 15. P. mindorensis

Perianth-segments fimbriate.

Perianth-segments linear- lanceolate 16. P. blancoanus

Perianth-segments ovate.

Leaves broadest near base 17. P. laciniatus

Leaves broadest beyond middle 18. P. leytensis

Stigmas, sessile; ovary more than 3-celled 19. P. buxifolius

76

ROBINSON.

1. Phyllanthus cordatulus sp. nov. § Gomphidium.

Arbuscula monoica : floribus fasciculatis, mediocriter pedicellatis, mas-
culini perianthii segmentis 6, biseriatis, exterioribus paullo longioribus
angustioribusque, disci glandulis 6, liberis, patellif onnibus ; perianthio
femineo 6-partito, biseriato, segmentis interioribus longioribus latiori-
busque, disco piano, ovario pedicellato, 3-lobato, 3-loculari, stylis 3, usque
ad medium coalitis, supra patentibus, non lobatis: foliis subcoriaceis,
ellipticis vel ovalibus, basi cordatulis, inaequilateralibus, breviter petio-
latis ; stipulis parvis, lanceolatis.

Flowers monoecious; the male and female on pedicels of about the
same length, 6-11 mm, usually 3 in a fascicle: male flowers with the
6 perianth-segments in two rows, lanceolate to ovate, 1.2-1. 5 mm long,
0.5-0. 8 mm wide, the 3 of the outer row slightly longer and narrower
than those of the inner; disk-glands 6, patelliform, separate, 0.3-0.4 mm
in diameter; filaments 3, free, 0.2-0. 3 mm long, comparatively stout;
anthers slightly longer than the filaments, dehiscing vertically: female
flowers also with a biseriate perianth, the outer 3 sepals 2.7 mm long,
1.6-1. 7 mm wide, the inner 3 slightly exceeding 3 mm in length and
usually 2 mm in width, somewhat foliose; disk flattened, occupying the
base of the calyx; ovary short-stalked, at anthesis 0.7 mm in diameter,
3-grooved, 3-celled; styles 3, united for 1.3 mm, and then for about the
same distance spreading and at the apices reflexed, entire or very obscurely
2-lobed : capsules depressed-globose, 3.5 mm in dhimeter, at least when dry
brownish, 3-grooved, with an intei mediate line, 3-celled; the seeds (im-
mature) oval, 1.5 mm long, the testa inconspicuously minutely punctate.

A bush 1 m high, its stems purplish-brown, lenticellate, glabrous in all
its parts : leaves borne on petioles not exceeding 1 mm in length, alternate,
subcoriaceous, the lamina elliptic or oval, 15-24 mm long, 9-13 mm
wide, or some leaves smaller, the margins entire, revolute, the base
inequilateral, shallowly cordate or obtuse on at least one side, the apex
rounded, often slightly mucronate or emarginate; lateral veins on each
side of the midrib 4-8, arched-anastomosing, secondary reticulations few
near the midvein but conspicuous near the margin; stipules lanceolate,
1 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Zambales, Bur. Sci. 5106 Ramos, with flowers and fruit,
December 14, 1907.

2. Phyllanthus lamprophyllus Muell.-Arg. in DC. Prodr. 1 5 2 (1866) 324.

Palawan, Iwahig River, For. Bur. 1/156 Curran.

The Philippine specimen referred here agrees in almost every respect with the
original description, except that the leaves are slightly longer but proportionally
of equal width, sharply acuminate at the apex. Flowers of both sexes are present,
and certainly place the specimen in the section Emblicastrum.

Previously reported by F.-Villar from the Philippines, otherwise only known
from Java.

PHILIPPINE PHYLLANTHINiE.

77

3. Phyllanthus curranii sp. nov. § Emblicastrum .

Floribus solitariis., breviter pedicellatis ; perianthii masoulini segmentis
4, exterioribus majoribus, disci glandulis liberis, minutis; filamentis
coalitis, antheris 2, transverse deliiscentibus : perianthii feminei segmentis
4 vel 5, disco angusto, annulari, ovario globoso, stylis 3 integris, apice
liberis: foliis subsessilibus, lineari-rhomboideis, parvis; stipulis lineari-
lanceolatis, acutis, deciduis.

Flowers glabrous, solitary, borne on pedicels 0.5-1 mm long, the male
with 4 perianth-segments arranged in two rows, the outer 1-1.2 mm long,
nearly orbicular, the inner lanceolate; disk glands free, minute, situated
at the sinuses of the perianth-segments; staminal column in all 0.5 mm
long, the filaments united, anthers 2, . dehiscing transversely : perianth-
segments of female flowers 4 or 5, oblong-ovate, slightly exceeding 1 mm
in length, their apices rounded; disk very narrow, annular with a lobed
margin; ovary globose, 0.6 mm in diameter, 3-celled; styles 3, free at the
rounded and undivided pale-colored apex, nearly as long as the ovary :
capsules 3 mm in diameter, 3-celled, the testa of the young seeds smooth.

A small tree or shrub 3 m high, its grayish stems 3 cm in diameter, the
grayish or reddish branches terete or the upper conspicuously angled:
leaves subsessile, linear-rhomboid, 3.5-7 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, the base
usually inequilateral and at least on one side rounded, the margins
re volute, below the thickened apex rounded, the upper surface shining,
the under paler; lateral veins slender, 10-12 on each side of the midrib;
stipules linear-lanceolate, acutely-aeuminate, 1-1.5 mm long, deciduous.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Vizcaya, Santa F€, For. Bur. 10889 Curran (type),
For. Bur. 18027 Merritt: Province of Pampanga, Mount Arayat, Loher 1/77 0, our
specimen sterile, but doubtless tbe same species.

4. Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Encycl. M6th. 5 (1804) 298.

P. chamissonis Klotzsch in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 19 (1843) Suppl. 1 : 420.

Cicca decandra Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 701.

P. microcarpus Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 3 2 (1863) 51.

Babuyanes Islands, Camiguin Island, Bur. Sci. 3967 Fdnix. Luzon, Province
of Ilocos Norte, Bangui, For. Bur. 13897, 15535 Merritt & Darling: Province of
Ilocos Sur, Santiago, For. Bur. 15659 Merritt & Darling: Province of Union,
Bauang, Elmer 561/7, 5717 : Province of Benguet, Sugpon, For. Bur. U/120a Merritt
& Darling ; Itogon to Dilopirip, For. Bur. 15880 Bacani; Mount Pulog, For. Bur.
18181 Merritt: Province of Tarlac, O’Donnell, For. Bur. 5151/ Curran: Province
of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, For. Bur. 2715 Borden, For. Bur.
631/8 Curran, Williams 521, Elmer 6702: Province of Rizal, Manila, Merrill 372;
near Mariquina, Bur. Sci. 6521/ Robinson: Province of Laguna, Los Banos, Hallier
s. n. Cebu, Cebu, Hallier s. n. Mindoro, Calapan, Merrill 905. Mindanao,
District of Zamboanga, Sax River, Williams 2351/: Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley,
Mrs. Clemens s. n.

The specimens cited above include representatives of both of the varieties into
which the species was divided by Mueller.

N. v. Bagbagutot, II., Camiguin; Tinatinan, Tag., Manila; Tintatintahan,
Malatinta, Tag.

Malaysia, tropical Asia and Africa, reported doubtfully from Australia.

78

ROBINSON.

5. Phyllanthus benguetensis sp. nov. § Paraphyllanthus.

Floribus monoids, solitariis, glabris, brevissime pedicellatis, perianthii
segmentis 6, obtusis, masculinis lanceolatis, femineis oblongis ; staminibus
3, filamentis usque ad medium connatis, antheris longitudinaliter dehis-
centibus; ovario glabro, 6-sulcato, 3-loculari, stylis 3, basi liberis, supra
medium bifurcatis ; disco femineo cupulari, masculino 6 glandulas patelli-
formes efformantibus : foliis distichis, oblongis, ellipticis, vel oblongo-
obovatis, basi subsequalibus, apice brevissime acute acuminatis; stipulis
lanceolatis, acutissimis.

Flowers solitary or very rarely paired, glabrous, those of both sexes
on very short pedicels; perianth-segments of the male flowers 6, slightly
exceeding 1 mm in length, lanceolate, obtuse at the apex; disk-glands 6,
separate, patelliform, about 0.2 mm in diameter; filaments 3, connate to
about the middle, 0.3 mm long, anthers 0.2 mm long, dehiscing verti-
cally: female flowers with a similar perianth, but the segments oblong;
disk cupular, the upper margin nearly entire but showing 6 slight rounded
elevations alternating with the perianth-segments; ovary 0.6 mm in
diameter, 6-lobed ; styles 3, free and for 0.2— 0.3 mm entire, with a median
groove, then forking for a somewhat shorter distance into 2 slender
widely spreading lobes : capsules depressed-globose, 2.5 mm in diameter,
3-celled; the seeds 1.2 mm long, the testa yellowish, on the back strongly
marked by reticulate ridges, giving somewhat of a honeycomb effect, the
markings showing also near the margins on the sides.

A branching undershrub, 30—50 cm high, the stems woody, purplish
below, passing into grayish above, terete, lightly striate, glabrous through-
out or the youngest parts puberulent ; leaves distichous, borne on petioles
0.5 mm long, the lamina membranaceous, oblong, elliptic, or oblong-
obovate, 9-13 mm long, 5-8.5 mm wide, the base equilateral or some-
what inequilateral, subcuneate or rounded, the apex rounded and abruptly
contracted into a very short but conspicuous acute acumen ; lateral veins
on each side of the midrib 5-7, or with some of the intervening ones nearly
as prominent; stipules 1.5 mm long, lanceolate, at the apex very acute.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, B&guio, Williams 966 (type), 1081, Elmer 6632
in part; Rio Trinidad, Bur. Sci. 5520 Ramos.

Closely related to P. urinaria Linn., but distinguished at once by its seeds
and capsules, its broader leaves not pubescent on the margins, and its woody
stem.

6. Phyllanthus tenuipes sp. nov. § Paraphyllanthus.

Floribus monoicis, longiter pedicellatis, solitariis, perianthio 6-partito;
florum masculinorum glandulis 6, liberis, patelliformibus, staminibus 3,
filamentis liberis, antheris longitudinaliter dehiscentibus ; florum fem-
ineorum glandulis fere liberis, ovario glabro, pedicellato, stylis 3, con-
natis dein liberis bifurcatis: foliis ovalibus vel ellipticis, basi saspius
angustatis ibique truncatis.

PHILIPPIN B PH YLLA N TIIINiE .

79

Male flowers borne on very slender pedicels attaining 14 mm in length,
solitary; perianth-segments 6, varying in outline from lanceolate to
obovate, slightly exceeding 1 mm in length, acuminate at the apex ; discal
glands 6, patelliform; filaments 3, free, comparatively stout, 0.2 mm
long; anthers still shorter, dehiscing vertically or somewhat obliquely:
female flowers on slightly stouter pedicels attaining a length of 3 cm;
perianth-segments 6, oblanceolate or obovate, 2 mm long, the apex rounded
or very shortly acuminate ; glands nearly separate, forming an undulating
ring, curving inward opposite the perianth-segments and outward alter-
nately with them, about 4 glands to each segment ; ovary raised on a short
stout pedicel, depressed-globose, 0.4 mm in diameter, glabrous; styles
united for about 0.6 mm and then forming 3 lobes, wrhich almost im-
mediately bifurcate, the lobes in all only 0.1 mm long, stellately arranged :
capsules depressed-globose, glabrous, 3 mm in diameter; young seeds 1.3
mm long, the testa yellowish, inconspicuously minutely tuberculate.

An undershrub about 30 cm high, branching near the base, and spar-
ingly above, the stems purplish, terete or slightly angled, finely striate,
puberulent or glabrescent: leaves distichous, borne on petioles less than
1 mm in length, the lamina chartaceous, elliptic, oblong, oval or rarely
ovate, variable in size, the larger 10-15 mm long, 6.5—11 mm wide,
rounded or mucronate at the apex, usually contracted near the base and
there truncate or very slightly cordate, the margins revolute ; lateral veins
on each side of the midrib 4—6 ; upper surface of the lamina olivaceous,
under surface glaucous.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Daklan to Kabayan, Merrill 4419 (type) ; Itogon,
Bur. Sci. 5158 Kamos; Itogon to Dilopirip, For. Bur. 15879 Bacani.

In general appearance resembling P. cordatulus, but separated at once by the
very different styles.

7. Phyllanthus urinaria Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 982.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, Elmer 6632 pte. : Province of Bataan,
Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, Merrill 3157, Williams 97: Province of Rizal,
San Francisco del Monte, Loher 47 61. Mindoro, Calapan, Bur. Sci. 944 Mangubat.
Cebu, Cebu, Barrow 17. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens
7. Basilan, Santa Isabela, DeVore & Hoover 11.

N.v. Minuh-minuh, Moro, Basilan.

Cosmopolitan in the Tropics.

8. Phyllanthus samarensis Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 34 (1865) 73.

Samar, Jagor s. n.

This species is still unknown except from the original specimens, which bore
neither female flowers nor capsules.

9. Phyllanthus dumosus sp. nov. § Euphyllanthus.

Frutex dumosus, floribus axillaribus, solitariis vel subsolitariis, medio-
criter pedicellatis, perianthio 6-partito; utriusque sexus disci glandulis
liberis ; floribus masculinis staminibus 3, filamentis brevibus, liberis ;
floribus femineis ovario 6-lobato, 3-loculari : foliis parvis, ellipticis, ovatis,

80

ROBINSON.

ovalibus, vel subrotundis, apice leviter cordatis, margine revolutis, apice
apiculatis ; stipulis parvis, lanceolatis, apice acumine deciduo instructis.

Flowers axillary, solitary or rarely in pairs, the male borne on pedicels

5- 7 mm long, their perianth-segments 6, somewhat exceeding 1 mm in
length, varying in outline in the same flower from lanceolate to oval,
obtuse or rounded at the apex; disk-glands 6, free, about 0.2 mm long;
stamens 3, the filaments free, about 0.3 mm long, the anthers equally
long, their cells oval, dehiscing horizontally: female flowers often on
shorter pedicels than the male, but these in fruit attaining 15 mm,
perianth-segments 6, oblanceolate to obovate, 1 mm long, their apices
acute or somewhat acuminate; disk-glands 6, free, small; ovary glabrous,

6- lobed, 3-celled; styles 3, forked almost to the base, the arms about 0.4
mm long, nearly flat upon the ovary : capsules 3 mm in diameter,
G-grooved, 3-celled, the seeds about 1.7 mm long, the testa densely verru-
cose-tuberculate along longitudinal lines.

A shrub 1 m high, usually much branched, the branches and terete
branchlets covered with gray bark, the latter more or less pubescent
especially on the youngest shoots : leaves deciduous when dried, borne on
petioles 0.5 mm long, the lamina chartaceous, elliptic, oval, ovate, or
nearly orbicular, 2-7 mm long, 1.7-4. 5 mm wide, the base equilateral* or
inequilateral, slightly cordate, the margins revolute, the apex rounded or
slightly refuse, apiculate, the upper surface shining; veins on each side
of the midrib 4-7; stipules lanceolate, not hastate, with an acute acumen
at the apex, but this deciduous, older stipules appearing ovate, those on
either side of the petiole often contiguous beneath it.

Luzon, Province of Ilocos Norte, Mount Piao, at 1,100 ni elevation, For. Bur.
1397 (type), 13978 Merritt <£- Darling.

10. Phyllanthus everettii sp. nov. § Euphyllanthus.

Frutex vel arbuscula : floribus masculinis fasciculatis, mediocriter pedi-
cellatis, perianthii segmentis 6, ovatis vel lanceolatis, disci glandulis subor-
bicularibus, staminibus 3, liberis, antheris transverse dehiscentibus ; flori-
bus femineis longius pedicellatis, solitariis; capsulis parvis, 3-locularibus;
seminum testa brunnea, minutissimis papillis lineatim dispositis obtecta:
ramulis anguste bialatis, intra alas minute sed dense pubescentibus ;
foliis distichis, lanceolatis vel rarius ellipticis, apice rotundatis; stipulis
hastatis, apice acuminatissimis, basi productis.

Monoecious, the female flowers apparently much fewer and opening
earlier: male flowers in fascicles usually of 3, borne on slender pedicels
2-12 mm long; perianth-segments 6, white, ovate or lanceolate, 1-1.2 mm
long, 0. 6-0.7 mm wide, obtuse and sometimes very shortly mucronate at
the apex, with a conspicuous mid-vein; disk composed of 6 nearly orbi-
cular minutely papillose free glands 0.4 mm in diameter and alternate
with the perianth-segments; filaments 3, free, 0.7-0. 8 mm long; anthers
less than 0.3 mm long, dehiscing transversely: female flowers solitary,
borne on pedicels 12-22 long, perianth as in the male; disk annular, its

. 1

PHILIPPINE PHYLLANTHINiE.

81

upper margin with 6 lobes alternating with the perianth-segments, in all
1.5 mm in diameter ; styles 3, 2-forked almost to the base, the arms slender,
over 1 mm long: capsule brown, depressed-globose, 3 mm in diameter,
3- or less evidently 6-grooved, 3-celled, with 2 seeds in each cell, testa
brown, covered with minute papillae disposed in longitudinal lines.

A small shrub 3 m high, the branchlets narrowly 2-winged and the
smaller ones slightly compressed, between the wings densely but minutely
pubescent: leaves alternate, distichous, borne on minutely pubescent
petioles less than 1 mm long, the lamina chartaceous, glabrous, lanceolate
or elliptic, 2—3.5 cm long, 6-9 mm wide, the margins revolute, the apex
obtuse, usually mucronulate, toward the base narrowed, at the extreme
base rounded and often slightly inequilateral ; primary lateral veins on
each side of the midrib 9-11 ; stipules membranaceous, 2 mm long, hastate
and produced below the base of the petiole, the apices very acute.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Viscaya, Cordon, Merrill 164: Province of Tayabas,
Lucena, Merrill 2885. Negros, Gimagaan River, For. Bur. 4301 Everett (type).

Allied to P. simplex Retz. Male flowers of this species greatly resemble those
of P. satnarensis Muell.-Arg., of which a portion of the original collection is in
this herbarium, but it seems to be distinguishable not only by its winged stems
but also by the wider stipules (1 mm at the fork), which are also more strongly
produced downward; the leaves are larger and somewhat different in shape,
though similar at the base. It is also close to P. myrtifolius Wight, but differs
in the same characters as just noted.

N. v. Miagos, Vis., Negros.

11. Phyllanthus simplex Retz. Obs. Bot. 5 (1789) 29.

Luzon, Province of Pangasinan, Bur. Sci. 4831 Ramos: Province of Bulacan,
Norzagaray, Yoder 195: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 1182 Ramos;
Manila, Merrill 3433, Philip. Normal School 68 Arcehal, Hallier s. n.; Diliman,
Marave 100. Mindoro, Puerto Galera, Merrill 3343. Mindanao, District of
Davao, Davao, Copeland 605 ; Darong, Williams 2611 A.

Manchuria to India and Polynesia.

12. Phyllanthus niruri Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 981.

P. carolinianus Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 691.

P. kirganelia Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 480, non Willd. Sp. PL 4 (1805)

Bataxes Islands, Batan Island, Santo Domingo de Basco, Bur. Sci. 3722 Fenix.
Luzon, Province of Pampanga, Bacolor, Parker 18: Province of Bulacan, Mey-
cauayan, Marave 48: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 1048 Ramos; Manila,
Merrill 12, 356, 3419, Philip. Normal School 121 Pineda: Province of Cavite,
Cavite, Bur. Sci. 153 Foxworthy : Province of Laguna, Calauan, Cuming 111:
Province of Tayabas, Atimonan, Gregory 30. Panay, Iloilo, Copeland s. n.
Palawan, Puerto Princesa, For. Bur. 4118 Curran. Mindanao, Lake Lanao,
Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens s. n. : District of Davao, Davao, Copeland 511;
Santa Cruz, Williams 2154-

Blanco’s species, the specific name changed in the second edition, has been
generally reduced to P. niruri. The description does not entirely fit, but is
nearer to that of this species than of any other.

N.v. Sampasampalucan, Tag., Manila, Rizal: Iba-iba-an, Tag., Bulacan.
Cosmopolitan in the Tropics, except of Australia.

80915 6

587.

82

ROBINSON.

13. Phyllanthus triphlebius sp. nov, § Eriococcus.

Floribus solitariis vel rarius geminatis, brevissime pedicellatis; mascu-
linis perianthio biseriato, 4-partito, disci glandulis minimis, liberis, fila-
mentis 2, connatis, antheris transverse dehiscentibus; femineis perianthio
6-partito, disco cupulari, continuo, ovario glabro, stylis 3, supra medium
bifurcatis: foliis distichis, oblique oblongo-lanceolatis, parvis, valde
trinerviis ; -stipulis lanceolatis, apice acutissimis.

Monoecious : the flowers solitary or paired, the male borne on pedicels
slightly more than 1 mm long, their perianth-segments 4, 1.5 nun long,
obtuse at the apex, the margins entire, the outer lanceolate, the inner
linear-oblong; glands 4, minute, separate; staminal column in all 0.5
mm long, the filaments united throughout their length, anthers 2,
dehiscing horizontally: female flowers on comparatively thick pedicels 0.5
mm long, their perianth-segments 6, about 1 mm long, obovate, the
margins entire, the apex rounded or very shortly acuminate; disk con-
tinuous, somewhat G-lobed; ovary glabrous, hemispherical, 0.3 mm in
diameter ; styles 3, free almost from the base and entire for about 0.4 mm,
then forming two slightly shorter slender lobes with outwardly curved
tips: capsules red, glabrous, depressed-globose, 2 mm in diameter, 6-
grooved, 3-celled, each cell containing 2 seeds with a yellowish-brown testa
marked dorsally by comparatively coarse longitudinal bands.

An undershrub 10-40 cm high, its woody stems branching at the base,
in older plants not again till the middle or near the apex, striate, some-
what angled, minutely pubescent or glabrescent : leaves subsessile, the
lamina glaucous on the under surface, oblong-lanceolate, 5.5-8 mm long,
1.5—2 mm wide, at the inequilateral base rounded or the lower margin
nearly straight, at the apex acute, mucronate; the margins revolute, from
the base strongly 3-nerved, lateral veins inconspicuous, 5 or G; stipules
1.5—2 mm long, lanceolate, their bases truncate or subhastate, their apices
very slenderly acute.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Viscaya, Bagabag, Merrill 110: Province of Rizal,
Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 1001 Ramos: Province of Laguna, Pagsanjan, Topping 510
(type).

14. Phyllanthus stipularis Merr. Philip. Jour. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 75.

§ Eriococcus.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, Whitford 282,
1102, Williams 608, Copeland s. «., Elmer 680 If, For. Bur. 2081 Borden, For. Bur.
281fl Meyer, For. Bur. 6280 Curran.

15. Phyllanthus mindorensis sp. nov. § Eriococcus.

Floribus masculinis fasciculatis, mediocriter pedicellatis, perianthii
segmentis 4, lanceolatis, lacero-dentatis vel rarius fimbriato-laciniatis ;
glandulis 4, liberis; filamentis connatis, brevissimis, antheris 2, horizon-
taliter dehiscentibus : floribus femineis saepius solitariis, longiter pedicel-
latis; perianthii segmentis 6, lanceolatis vel ovatis, lacero-dentatis; disco

PHILIPPINE PHYLLANTHINiE.

83

annulari, 6-lobato; ovario sparse pubescente, 3-loculari: f oliis brevissime
petiolatis, rhomboideo-oblongis, basi inaequilateralibus, acutis.

Male flowers few in a fascicle, borne on pedicels 2-10 mm long;
perianth-segments 4, broadly lanceolate, the margins merely lacerate-
dentate or somewhat fimbriate; glands 4, slightly shorter than wide, 0.5
mm long, obscurely tuberculate but not near the margin ; staminal column
very short, bearing on its apical margin 4 horizontally dehiscing anther-
cells surrounding a small but definite rudiment of the ovary: female
flowers usually solitary, sometimes in the same fascicles with the male,
borne on pedicels 2-3 cm long, slender at the base but conspicuously
thickened near the flower; perianth-segments 6 or rarely 5, lanceolate-
ovate, 2-3 mm long including the long slender acumen, lacerate-dentate ;
disk shallowly annular, its upper margin forming as many oblong lobes
as the perianth has segments, the lobes usually notched and glandular at
the apex; ovary with scattered hairs, subglobose, 2 mm in diameter (flower
rather old), styles 3, bifid, with short slender lobes, at the base more or'
less united: capsules subglobose, 4 mm in diameter, glabrous; no mature
seeds found.

A woody bush 1 m high, its numerous branches crowded near the apex,
the older parts of the stem covered with gray bark, the branches more
or less densely pubescent: leaves distichous, borne on petioles less than
0.5 mm long, the lamina membranaceous, rhomboid-oblong, 17-22 mm
long, 7. 5-8. 5 mm wide, the base strongly inequilateral, acute or nearly
so on both margins, the apex rounded, mucronate; the upper surface
green, glabrous, the under glaucous and minutely pubescent ; lateral veins
on each side of the midrib 4-7, obscure; stipules linear-lanceolate, 2.5
mm long, pubescent.

Mindoro, Pinamalayan, For. Bur. 5370 Merritt (type); Calausan, For. Bur.
8789 Merritt; without further locality, For. Bur. 8606 Merritt.

16. Phyllanthus blancoanus Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 32 (1863) 49, prob.;
Merr. in Philip. Jour. Sei. 1 (1906) Suppl. 74, certe.

P. niruri Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 690; non Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 981.

P. tetrander Blanco 1. c. ed. 2 (1845) 480; non P. tetrandrus Roxb. FI. Ind.
3 (1832) 674.

Luzon, Province of Pampanga, Mount Arayat, Merrill 3830, Bolster 98:
Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, For. Bur. 2698 Ahern’s collector: Province of Bataan,
Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, Merrill 3179, 3751, Whitford 237, Williams 1/23.

Phyllanthus tetrander Blanco is merely his own correction of his identification
of P. niruri in the first edition, the description being unchanged. Mueller, con-
sidering that this also was wrong, renamed the species, basing P. blancoanus
entirely upon Blanco’s descriptions, with some suggested corrections. He placed
the species in the section Eriococcus, where the present plants belong. Unless
perhaps by F.-Villar, the species was first identified with herbarium material by
Merrill in the “Lamao Flora,” and it is the species so identified by him that is
here accepted, after careful reexamination of the material. There is one important
difficulty: Blanco describes the leaves, called by him leaflets, as linear, which

84

ROBINSON.

does not at all agree with those of this species. An explanation may be that
Blanco, having decided that his plant was P. niruri, described the leaves as they
are in the latter, a procedure which he sometimes adopted: conversely, it would
be difficult to see how he could have called this species P. niruri when the leaves
were so different, had he not subsequently changed the name to P. tetrander,
presumably believing that he had Roxburgh’s species, whose leaves are described

as “broad-lanceolar, 2 to 4 inches long.” In every other respect, the

species markedly agrees with Blanco’s description, as interpreted by Mueller; and
the other Philippine species closely approaching it, to which the description
might almost equally well apply, are ones which Blanco can hardly have seen.
In one respect Mueller wrongly described this species, in saying that the ovary
is glabrous, a pure assumption on his part, as Blanco makes no reference to the
point. It is accordingly thought desirable to append a partial description,
especially of the flowers and leaves.

Male flowers toward the base of the brandies, borne on pedicels 2-4 mm
long; perianth-segments 4, lanceolate or sagittate, fimbriate, about 2 mm
long; disk-glands 4, separate, shallow, discoid; filaments short, united,
anther-cells (not anthers) 4, dehiscing transversely; rudiment of the ovary
present but minute : female flowers in fascicles of 2 or 3, not seen near the
bases of the branchlets, the pedicels about 1 cm long, conspicuously
thickened near the apex; perianth-segments 6, united, at the extreme base
with a rounded sinus, linear-lanceolate, 3.5 mm long, the margins dentate-
fimbriat’e except toward the somewhat narrowed base ; disk thin, annular,
but with G projections alternating with the perianth-segments, these
projections shortly but widely stalked, suborbicular or notched, thickened
at the apex; ovary villose, globose, 1—1.5 mm in diameter, 3- and less
conspicuously 6-grooved, 3-celled, each cell containing 2 ovules, which
are nearly oval in outline, about O.G mm long, with a brown testa; styles 3,
bifid nearly to the base, the style-arms linear, about 0.5 mm long: leaves
rhombic-oblong, usually broadest opposite the base, strongly inequilateral,
those near the base of the branches the smaller, the rest 13—21 mm long,
4. 5-8. 5 mm wide, the lower margin nearly straight or at the extreme base
slightly convex, the upper margin forming nearly a right angle witli it,
the apex of the leaf rounded, apiculate.

17. Phyllanthus laciniatus sp. nov. § Eriococcus.

Floribus masculinis mediocriter pedicellatis, fasciculatis ; perianthii
segmentis 4, laciniato-fimbriatis ; filamentis brevissimis, connatis, antlieris
2, horizontaliter dehiscentibus : floribus femineis solitariis vel geminatis,
longiter pedicellatis; perianthii segmentis 6, masculinis similibus; gland-
ulis 6, subliberis; ovario obscure pubescente, 3-loculari: foliis breviter
petiolatis, rliombeo-ovoideis vel ellipticis, basi acutis vel rotundatis, apice
mucronatis.

Male flowers in fascicles of 4—8, borne on slender glabrous pedicels 4—7
mm long; perianth-segments 4, ovate, 2 mm long, the margins laciniate-
fimbriate; glands 4, free, flattened, 1 mm wide at the outer margin,

PHILIPPINE PHYLLANTHINJE .

85

minutely tuberculate; staminal column extremely short, the filaments
united, the 4 anther-cells forming a broken ring around the apex and
dehiscing horizontally, surrounding a minute rudiment of the ovary :
female flowers solitary or paired, borne on pedicels 12-28 mm long;
perianth-segments G, similar to those of the male, 3 mm long; glands 6,
oblong or oblanceolate, 1 mm long, almost free but united at the base to
a very shallow ring which completely surrounds the ovary ; ovary globose,
very obscurely pubescent, 1 mm in diameter, 6-lobed, 3-celled; styles 3,
free, forking into 2 slender lobes about 0.5 mm long almost immediately
above the ovary : capsule white, depressed-globose, 8 mm in diameter,
glabrous, horny in texture, 6-lobed, 3-celled; seeds 4 mm long, outer wall
of the testa composed of horizontal fibres, easily ruptured and giving
the appearance of brownish pubescence or minute tubercles.

A shrub 1-3 m high, the branches grayish or brownish, terete, some-
what striate, more or less pubescent : leaves borne on pubescent petioles
less than 1 mm long, the lamina chartaceous, rhombic-ovate to elliptic,
2.5-4 cm long, 1.3-1. 8 cm wide, or some of the leaves smaller, equilateral
or strongly inequilateral and acute or rounded at the base, the margins
slightly recurved and ciliate, the apex mucronate, the upper surface
green, glabrous, the under glaucous, pubescent especially on the veins;
lateral veins on each side of the midrib 4—6, anastomosing well within
the margins; stipules lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2 mm long, acumi-
nate, pubescent.

Luzon, Province of Albay, Batan Island, Batan, Bur. Sci. 6230 Robinson.

This species forms with P. blancoanus, P. stipularis, P. mindorensis and P.
leytensis, a very natural group, all showing the same arrangement of stamens
and styles, and having a minute rudiment of the ovary at the apex of the column
formed by the short united filaments.

18. Phyllanthus leytensis Elmer Lead. 1 (1908) 307.

Monoicus : fioribus masculinis pedicellis gracilibus 4—6 mm longis
suffultis, perianthii segmentis 4, triangulari-ovatis, fimbriatis; disci lobis
4; filamentis tota longitudine connatis; antheris 2 (loculis 4), transver-
saliter dehiscentibus : fioribus femineis in pedicellis gracilibus apice in-
crassatis circiter 2-3 cm longis suffultis; perianthii segmentis 6, ovatis,
fimbriatis; disco annulari, superiori margine 6-lobato; ovario minute
papilloso-pubescenti, 3-loculari : foliis brevissime petiolatis, rhomboideo-
oblongis, apicem versus latioribus, valde inaequilateralibus, margine in-
feriori incurvatis, apice rotundatis apieulatisque, circiter 2 cm longis,
7-12.5 mm latis, inferioribus minoribus.

Leyte, Palo, Elmer 7267.

19. Phyllanthus buxifolius Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 32 (1863) 50.

Scepasma buxifolia Blume Bijdr. (1825) 583.

Luzon, Province of Zambales, Subig, Hallier s. n. : Province of Bataan, Mount
Mariveles, Lamao River, Merrill 2532, Whitford ,)5, Williams J)3, Bur. Sci. 16)9

86

ROBINSON.

Foxworthy, For. Bur. 1501 Ahern’s collector, For. Bur. 2932 Borden, For. Bur.
3010 Meyer: Province of Rizal, Bur. Bci. 2077 Ramos: Province of Tayabas,
(Infanta) Tinuan River, Whitford 765; Pagbilao, Merrill 1912. Cebu, Toledo,
Bur. Sci. 1721 McGregor.

N. v. Cahoy cahoyan, Tag., Bataan; Agaooyoy, Tag., Tayabas.

Java.

SPECIES VALDE DUBI^E.

Phyllanthus nigrescens Muell.-Arg. in DC. Prodr. 1 5 2 (1866) 348.

Kirganelia nigrescens Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 712.

Nothing nearly answering the description of this species can be found, even
if the points on which errors might easily be made are treated very loosely. The
two most likely identifications seem to be with Breynia cernua and Glochidion
urophylloidcs, neither quite impossible. Assuming what is probable, that the
species is represented in our collections, the former is perhaps the species in
which a writer could be most easily forgiven for counting the 6 perianth-segments
as 4, his 6-cell ed berry with one seed in each cell may be the 3-celled berry with
2 seeds in each, the anthers are 3 not 5, the fruit is black in the herbarium,
though red in nature, and his specimen might have been dry. G. urophylloides
answers the description better, but not nearly, and he is unlikely to have had it.
Fernandez-Villar reduced it to Glochidion molle Bl., which is certainly wrong,
and would in any case lose much of its value as there is great reason to believe
that Villar misinterpreted the latter species.

Phyllanthus pumilus Muell.-Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15 2 (1866) 349.

Kirganelia pumila Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 713.

Previous suggestions for the reduction of this species have been P. urinaria,
P. simplex, and P. niruri, these well fitting the specific name, but not the descrip-
tion. If it be a Phyllanthus at all, these have probability in the order given:
Blanco is believed to have described the last under another name. He apparently
considered the present species to be a Glochidion, but the difficulties in this genus
are ever greater. It may belong altogether outside of this group. Mueller’s
names for this and the preceding were merely transfers of Blanco’s, and by him
both were considered very doubtful.

SPECIES EXCLUDENDJE.

Phyllanthus phillyreaefolius Poir. Encycl. 5 (1804) 299.

According to Mueller, erroneously credited to the Philippines on some sheets
of Perrottet’s collections, and actually known only from the Mascarenes.

The following, the majority belonging to Glochidion, were enumerated among
Philippine species by Fernandez-Villar,1 but have not been found by other collect-
ors, and were probably wrongly interpreted.

P. compressicaulis Muell.-Arg. in Flora 48 (1865) 376.

P. ebiocarpus Muell.-Arg. in Flora 48 (1865) 387.-

P. G audich audii mari anus Muell.-Arg. in Flora 48 (1865) 379.

P. insulanus Muell.-Arg. in Flora 48 (1865) 387.

P. leucogynus Muell.-Arg. in Flora 48 (1865) 75.

P. marianus Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 32 (1863) 17.

P. multilocularis Muell.-Arg. in Flora 48 (1865) 370.

P. pulcher Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 32 (1863) 49.

Noviss. App. (1883) 187-189.

PHILIPPINE PHYLLANTHINJE.

87

5. Cl CCA Linn.

Cicca disticha Linn. Mant. (1767) 124.

Phyllanthus distichus Muell.-Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15 2 (1866) 413.

Cicca acidissima Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 700.

Phyllanthus acidissimus Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 32 (1863) 50, non Noronh.
in Verh. Batav. Gen. 5* (1790) 22.

Phyllanthus acidus Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 8 (1903) 41, sphalm.

Luzon, Province of Ilocos Norte, Bur. Sci. 2281 Hearns: Province of Union,
Bauang, Elmer 5641: Province of Kizal, Manila, Loher ^753, Ahern 109, Merrill
3804, For. Bur. 12464 Curran: Province of Tayabas, Pagbilao, Merrill 1909.
Mindoro, Mamburao, For. Bur. 8612 Merritt ; without further locality, For. Bur.
8558 Merritt.

The fruits of this species are fleshy externally, containing a 6- or 8-grooved
bony endocarp, firmly united, and not separable by pressure, showing however
by traces of the original carpellary walls on its exterior that it represents either
3 or 4 carpels, and containing 3 or 4 cells each with one seed. It is well repre-
sented by the figure of Lamarck,2 and less distinctly by that of Vidal.3 Further,
Blanco’s description of Cicca acidissima is unusually good.

Although this species, along with others later described as cogeneric with it,
was placed by Mueller in Phyllanthus, it seems clearly separable from that genus,
by the structure of its fruit. Blanco described it as dioecious, and that is the
testimony of all recent Philippine collections. From Mueller’s description it would
seem that he had male flowers, with which female flowers were occasionally
found, for he implies that the latter are very few, and only found at the bases of
the branches. In our material, they are exceedingly numerous. Hooker 4 * says
that he had not seen the fruit; the statements of Roxburgh and Kurz, cited by
him, agree well with the views here maintained.

Kurz 8 has already revived this Linnaean genus, but with wider limits than
here, where it is restricted to such species ordinarily placed in Phyllanthus as
have drupaceous fruit, and of these there is but one known in the Philippines.
His other species of Cicca are here either in Fluggea or Phyllanthus (P.
reticulatus ) .

N.v. Iba, Tag., Pamp.; Banquilin, Tag.; Carmay, Tag., Mindoro; Poras, Layo-
han, Caguindi, Vis.

India, Malaysia, and Madagascar.

6. GLOCH I DION Forst.

This genus is a very unsatisfactory one, nearly every species showing
wide variation, and at the same closely paralleling others, so that it is
necessary to place together collections which markedly differ in characters
considered to be nonessential in Glochidion, though often highly signifi-
cant elsewhere, while others nearly identical with them in these respects
are treated as widely separated. In Philippine material this is especially
the case with the series of forms here placed as G. album and G. trichogy-
num, but in less degree the same is true of many others. The division

2 Lam. Encycl. M6th. pi. 151.

3 Vidal Synopsis Atlas pi. LXXX1I, f. D.

4 Hooker f. FI. Br. Ind. 5 (1887) 305.

3 For. FI. Br. Burma 2 (1877) 351.

88

ROBINSON.

into sections, although based upon so variable a character as stamens 2—4,
and stamens 4— (i, seems to hold good. As elsewhere stated, no plant has
been found with both 3-anthered and 5-anthered flowers, and no flowers
have been found with 4 anthers except on plants which had also flowers
with either 3 or 5. Further division is a matter of great difficulty, and
is based upon the styles, the most natural character available. In use, its
drawbacks are that by the growth of the ovary, the stylar column re-
maining nearly unchanged or withering, the proportions become greatly
changed ; further, that very slight differences at the apex make it subconic,
cylindric, or clavate, changes not unlikely to be produced by pressure in
drying or otherwise. It is difficult to resist the conviction that such
species as G. album , G. trichogynum, and G. latistylum , which have nearly
as great a stylar variation as that of the genus, have nevertheless had a
comparatively recent common ancestry. The entire series seems to show
that it is emerging from a state of great instability, the species tending
to differentiation by means of the styles, and from that standpoint the
present attempt at classification has been made.

KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF GLOCHIDION.0

Anthers 4-0, usually 5, never 3. (§ Euglochidion.)

Styles free, longer than the ovary 1. G. quinquestylum

Styles often becoming free, shorter than the glabrous ovary.. 2. 0. urophylloides
Styles forming a definite column.

Stylar column thicker above, ovary glabrous 3. G. lancifolium

Stylar column not thicker above, ovary pubescent.

Ovary 4- or 5-celled 4. G. angulatum

Ovary 10-12-celled 5. G. littorale

Anthers 2-4, usually 3, never 5. (§ Hemiglochidion. )

Styles free.

Styles narrowed upward 6. G. triandrum

Styles slightly dilated upward 7. G. psidioides

Styles forming a lobed or almost entire column.

Stylar column as broad as ovary, strongly constricted at base.

Leaf-bases shallowly cordate 8. G. latistylum

Leaf-bases acute 9. G. coronulatum

Stylar column at base as broad as ovary, not or only slightly constricted.
(See also Nos. 19 and 26, if the flowers are very young.)

Stylar column nearly same length as ovary.

Stylar column wider at apex, deeply lobed.

Ovary glabrous 10. G. llanosii

Ovary densely pubescent 11. G. molle

Stylar column narrowed above.

Capsule greatly depressed, the styles forming an apical disk.

12. G. williamsii

Capsule slightly depressed, the styles forming an apical point.

13. G. breynioides

8 G. reticulatum is not here included, as its female flowers and capsules are
unknown.

PHILIPPINE PHYLLANTHINJ3.

89

Stylar column much longer than ovary.

Stylar column deeply lobed 14. G. longistylum

Stylar column inconspicuously lobed 15. G. trichogynum

Stylar column at base narrower than ovary.

Stylar column wider at apex.

Stylar column at least twice as long as ovary.

Capsules less than 1 cm in diameter 16. G. benguetense

Capsules 2 cm or more in diameter 17. G. subfalcatum

Stylar column about same length as ovary.

Capsules small, 4-celled 18. G. mindorense

Capsules large, at least 8-celled 19. G. album

Stylar column not wider at apex.

Stylar column 3 times length of ovary 20. G. luzonense

Stylar column little or not longer than ovary.

Ovary glabrous.

Ovary 5-celled 21. G. camiguinense

Ovary 7- or 8-celled 22. G. merrillii

Ovary pubescent.

Capsules about 6-sulcate.

Ovary 3-5-cel led.

Female perianth-lobes not exceeding 2.5 mm 23. G. rubrum

Female perianth-lobes 3.5—4 mm 24. G. malindangense

Ovary 6-celled 25. G. curranii

Capsules 10 or more sulcate 26. G. philippicum

1. Glochidion qu inquestylum Elmer Leall. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 303.

Arbor: floribus breviter pedicellatis, fasciculatis ; perianthii masculini
segmentis 6, antlieris 5 ; perianthii feminei segmentis niagis coalitis,
ovario glabro vel apice minute pubescente, stylis 5 vel rarius 3, 2 mm
longis, fere liberis vel liberis, conicis : capsulis depresso-globosis, 8 mm
diametro, 5-locularibus ; seminibus 3 mm longis: foliis subdistichis,
breviter petiolatis, anguste ellipticis vel anguste oblongis, saepius 7 cm
longis, 2.5 cm latis, basi valde inaequilateralibus, altero margine recto,
altero incurvato, apice acutis vel obtusis; stipulis crassis, persistentibus,
acute acuminatis, 2 mm longis.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, Elmer 8916. This species presents a
most puzzling problem, as it is an almost perfect match for G. triandrum, both
in its vegetative and floral aspects, except that it has 5 stamens. It was originally
so described, and the single male flower upon the specimen in this herbarium
confirms the statement. In an examination of a very large number of flowers of
this genus, belonging to many species, plants have been found with either 3 or 4
stamens in different flowers, others with either 4 or 5, the former set sometimes
also with 2, the latter with 6, but in no single instance have 3-anthered and
5-anthered flowers been found on the same plant. This is the basis for the
separation of the sections Euglochidion and Hemiglochidion, and the distinction
elsewhere holds well for Philippine material. As between G. quinquestylum and
G. triandrum, I can not find a single other character, unless that of the pubescence
of the ovary and branchlets; in size, shape, texture, pubescence, petioles, and
venation of the leaves, perianth, styles, capsules, seeds, no difference can be
detected. The ovary is described as glabrous, all those on the specimen here have
passed the early stages and the youngest of them are slightly pubescent, as are

90

ROBINSON.

often those of G. triandrum at a similar stage; the stipules in G. triandrum are
variable in prominence, and those of G. quinquestylum come well within the limits
of their variation, the branchlets of G. quinquestylum are less pubescent than is
usual in G. triandrum, but come within the limits of variation in 3-anthered
plants. A majority of the collections cited under the latter have male flowers;
the others, all fertile, might just as well be placed here, except on grounds of
probability.

N. v. Shimey, Ig., Benguet.

2. Glochidion urophylloides Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 300.

G. fenicis Merr. Philip. Jour. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 414.

Batanes Islands, Batan Island, Santo Domingo de Basco, Bur. Sci. 3696 F6nix.
Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Aparri, For Bur. 11278 Klemme: Province of
Isabela, Casiguran, Bur. Sci. 3113 Mearns: Province of Benguet, Baguio, Elmer
8677, 8758/ Province of Rizal, Montalban, For. Bur. 3^08 Ahern's collector.

The type of G. urophylloides is represented in this herbarium by a leaf-bearing
branch with a single female flower, but agrees well with the other Benguet
specimen, originally distributed under a different name. The species had been
already placed by me in the section Euglochidion, on account of the peduncled
inflorescence of the latter specimen, which is indicated rather than present in
the type, before their identity was suspected with the other specimens here cited,
each of which has flowers with 4 or 5 anthers. At this time G. fenicis was held
distinct, and of our specimens it has the largest leaves, but it was subsequently
agreed that it was cospecific, though the description had gone too far in type to
be withheld. If presence of a Latin diagnosis be insisted upon, it takes precedence
of the older name.

The identity of this species with G. lanceolatum Hayata being suspected,
material of the numbers which seemed to me to approach most nearly the descrip-
tion of the latter was sent to Dr. Hayata, who has courteously compared it with
the type, and believes that in spite of the similarity the species are distinct, the
Formosan plant having larger capsules, less clustered flowers and much smaller
leaves.

The leaf variation of the species as here interpreted is considerable, the length
varying from 5 to 16 cm, and the width from 2 to 6 cm.

N. v. Annam, Batanes Islands; Cangil, Neg., Cagayan.

3. Glochidion lancifolium sp. nov. § Euglochidion.

Floribus pedunculatis, pedicellatis, perianthii segmentis 6, biseriatis:
florum masculinorum antheris 4-6 ; floram femineorum ovariis 5-loculari-
bus, columnis stylaribus basi angustatis apice incrassatis ovaria juniora
aequantibus, mox eis conspicue angustioribus ; arbor parva, glabra, foliis
oblongis vel lanceolatis, apice breviter acuminatis.

Flowers of both sexes in the same or different fascicles, borne on short
thickened peduncles usually arising 2-10 mm above the axils, the pedicels
of the male flowers about 1 cm long, those of the female flowers 3-5 mm
long: perianth of the male flowers 6-parted, the segments of the outer
row slightly larger than those of the inner, 2.3 mm long, ovate, rounded
at the apex; anthers 5, more rarely 4 or 6, 0.6 mm long, the connective
produced about 0.2 mm: perianth-segments of the female flowers 6,
biseriate, lanceolate to ovate, 1.3-1. 5 mm long, rounded and often apicu-
late at the apex, ovary glabrous, strongly 10-grooved, in the youngest

PHILIPPINE PHYLLANTHINjE.

91

flowers subglobose, 1 mm in diameter, the stylar column then almost
equal to it, crown-shaped, soon by the widening of the ovary much
narrower than it and often subhemispherical, 0.8 mm long, 5-grooved:
capsules depressed-globose, 4 mm long, 8 mm in diameter, 10-grooved,
5-celled, the seeds 3 mm long.

A tree attaining a height of 8 m with a trunk 20 cm in diameter,
glabrous throughout, the ultimate branchlets purplish or blackish, angled
or very narrowly winged : leaves borne on petioles 4—5 mm long, the
lamina subcoriaceous, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 8.5-12.5 cm long,
3.5-5 cm wide, at the apex abruptly contracted into a narrow acumen
1 cm long or less, at the equilateral or slightly inequilateral base acute,
truncate, or slightly cordate, and when viewed from the upper surface seen
to wing the petiole very narrowly, usually to its insertion, the upper
surface bluish-green, the under surface usually more or less brownish
when dry; primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib 7—10.

Luzon, Province of IIocos Norte, For. Bur. 13831 Merritt <6 Darling: Province
of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, For. Bur. 2716 Borden: Province of
Rizal, Bosoboso, For. Bur. 2006 Ahern’s collector ; Bosoboso-Tanay trail, For. Bur.
100Jtl Curran: Province of Tayabas, Pagbilao, Merrill 1973: Province of Cama-
nnes, Nueva Caceres, For. Bur. 101/27 Curran; Pasacao, Ahern 202. Guimaras,
Nagaba, For. Bur. 297 Gammill (type). Mindoro, Iriron, For. Bur. 8852 Merritt.

Closely allied to G. zeylanicum (Gaertn.) A. Juss., of which I have no material
for comparison. To W. W. Smith, Esq., of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta,
I am greatly indebted for the following note. “For. Bur. 297 Gammill does not
agree with our (3) types of this (S. India, Perrottet’s collection), it has quite
a different facies and all ours are besides very pubescent. G. nitidum Dalz. &
Gibs., (considered a glabrous state of G. zeylanicum by Hooker but not by King),
is still more distinct.”

N.v. Dampul, Tag., Tayabas; Cacana, Tag., Rizal; Mamhulao or Sibulao, Y is.,
Guimaras.

4. Glochidion angulatum sp. nov. § Euglochidion.

Arbor parva vel frutex pubescens: floribus numerosis, pedicellatis,
pedunculis extra-axillaribus suffultis ; masculinis pedicellis 8-10 mm
longis suffultis, antheris 4 vel 5 ; femineis pedicellis brevioribus cras-
sioribus suffultis, ovario depresso-globoso, pubescente, 4- vel 5-loculari,
columna stylari subovoidea : foliis lanceolatis vel ellipticis, basi rotundatis
vel acutis, apice breviter acuminatis.

Flowers in subumbellate fascicles, borne on peduncles 5—7.5 mm long,
inserted above the leaf-axils, a few fascicled male flowers rarely interven-
ing, both sexes often in the same fascicle : male flowers borne on slender
pedicels 8-10 mm long, perianth-segments 6, in two rows, ovate or elliptic,
the apex rounded or acuminate, those of the outer 2—2.5 mm long, the
inner somewhat smaller; anthers 4 or 5, 1 mm long, the connectives
shortly produced : female flowers on stouter pedicels 2.5—3 mm long,
perianth-segments 6, in two rows, similar to those of the male; ovary
depressed-globose, 1.5-2 mm in diameter, pubescent, 4- or 5-celled; stylar

92

ROBINSON.

column broadly ovate in outline, 0.5-1 mm long, 1 mm in diameter at
the base, obscurely lobed : capsules thick-walled, depressed-globose, slightly
grooved, 4 mm long, attaining a diameter of 7.5 mm, 4- or 5-celled,
pubescent.

A shrub or small tree, more or less densely covered with short pub-
escence in all its parts, its branchlets angled; leaves borne on petioles 4-7
mm long, the lamina chartaceous, lanceolate or elliptic, 10-14 cm long,
3. 5-6. 5 cm wide, the nearly equilateral base acute or rounded, the apex
obtusely acuminate, the under surface nearly glabrous except on the
principal veins; primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib 6-9;
stipules thick, lanceolate, falcate, 2 mm long.

Leyte, Palo, Elmer 7279. Mindanao, District of Davao, Davao, De Vore
Hoover 213: Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens, s. n.: District of Zam-
boanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 9^87 Whitford d Hutchinson (type). Basilan,
Santa Isabela, DeVore d Hoover 21.

Probably most closely allied to G. hirsutum Muell.-Arg.

5. Glochidion littorale Blume Bijdr. (1825) 585.

Phyllanthus littoralis Muell.-Arg. in Flora 48 (1865) 370.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Lucena, Whitford 596 ; Gumaca, Whitford 895.
Mindoro, Baco, Merrill 1230 ; Pola, Merrill 2391; Bongabong River, For. Bur.
4115 Merritt ; Selonay River, For. Bur. 5319 Merritt. Panay, Capiz, Copeland
127. Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Surigao, Ahern 502, 526 ; Placer, Ahern
402.

The Philippine specimens agree well one with another, and almost as well with
the descriptions of Blume and Mueller. The anthers on different plants run 4
or 5, 5, 5 or 6, 6.

N.v. Sagasa, Bugnay, Cayongcong, Vis., Surigao.

India and Malaysia.

6. Glochidion triandrum comb. nov.

Kirganelia triandra Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 711.

Phyllanthus triandrus Muell.-Arg. in Flora 48 (1865) 379.

Glochidion eleutherostylum Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 32 (1863) 69.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, For. Bur. 1^27
Ahern’s collector, Leiberg 6106: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Merrill 1882:
Province of Laguna, Calauan, Cuming 509 : Province of Tayabas, Gumaca,
Whitford 885; Malicboi, For. Bur. 10751 Curran, Ritchie 8 M; Guinayangan,
Merrill 2058: Province of Camarines, Pasacao, Ahern 161: Province of Albay,
Batan Island, Batan, Bur. Sci. 6229 Robinson. Guimabas, Nagaba, For. Bur.
318 Gammill. Negros, Namunbon, For. Bur. 11232 Everett. Mindoro, Mount
Teluto, For. Bur. UJ/Sl Merritt.

N.v. Bagna, Tag., Bataan, Rizal; Alipote, Dampol, Tag., Tayabas.

7. Glochidion psidioides sp. nov. § Hemiglochidion.

Frutex, ramulis dense pubescentibus ; floribus axillaribus, dense con-
gests; floribus masculinis pedicellis hirsutis 3-4 mm longis suffultis,
perianthii lobis elliptico-lanceolatis, 2 mm longis, antheris 3 ; floribus
femineis subsessilibus, perianthii lobis 6, valde imbricatis, oblanceolatis
vel lineari-oblanceolatis, 2 mm longis, ovario 0.5 mm longo, apice excepto
glabro, stylis 5, liberis, basi ovarium latitudine aequantibus, supra paullo

1*111 LIPPIN E PH YLLANTH I >LE.

93

latioribus, 1 mm longis; foliis ellipticis, elliptico-lanceolatis vel ovatis,
2-5 cm longis, 15—22 mm latis.

Flowers of both sexes somewhat crowded in the leaf-axils : male flowers
borne on comparatively stout hirsute pedicels 3-4 mm long; perianth-
segments 6, elliptic-lanceolate, 2 mm long, hirsute on the outer surface,
obtuse or shortly acuminate at the apex; anthers 3, 1 mm long: female
flowers subsessile, perianth-segments 6, strongly imbricate, oblanceolate or
linear-oblanceolate, 2 mm long, hirsute on both surfaces but only slightly
on the inner; ovary glabrous except at the apex, 0.5 mm long, 10-sulcate;
styles 5, free but close together, leaving an opening at the somewhat
thickened apex, together equaling the ovary in width, 1 mm long, densely
hirsute.

A shrub 2 m high, its branchlets somewhat flexuose, densely fer-
ruginous-pubescent; leaves resembling those of Psidium guajava, borne on
short petioles, the lamina coriaceous, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, rarely
ovate, 2-5 cm long, 15-22 mm wide, usually inequilateral, at both ex-
tremes acute or obtuse, both surfaces more or less pubescent; stipules
lanceolate, subacute, nearly 2 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, For. Bur. J/856 Curran.

A very distinct species, allied to Gr. malabaricum Bedd.

N.v. Anam, Ig., Benguet.

8. Glochidion latistylum sp. nov. § Hemiglochidion.

Floribus axillaribus, fasciculatis, masculinis pedicellis usque ad 2.5 cm
longis suffultis; perianthii segmentis 6, 2 mm longis, oblanceolatis rarius
ellipticis, antheris 3; floribus femineis pedicellis 6 mm longis suffultis,
perianthii segmentis G, anguste lanceolatis vel oblanceolatis, ovario
depresso-globoso, 1.3 mm diametro, columa stylari basi valde constricta,
ovario aequilata sed dimidio longiore, apice sulcata, umbilicata; capsulis
magnis, umbilicatis, 7-11-locularibus : foliis oblongo-lanceolatis, magnis.

Male flowers borne on slender pedicels which attain a length of 2.5 cm
and are pubescent except near their base; perianth-segments G, thick,
somewhat exceeding 2 mm in length, oblanceolate or rarely elliptic, the
base acuminate, the apex cuspidate, pubescent on tbe outer surafce;
anthers 3, 1 mm long, not including the produced connectives: female
flowers on stouter pubescent pedicels attaining 6 mm in length, the
perianth-segments 6, narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate, 2.5-3 mm long,
pubescent on both surfaces; ovary densety but inconspicuously pubescent,
0.8 mm long, 1.3 mm in diameter, stylar column as wide as the ovary
but one-and-a-half times as long, strongly constricted at the base, globose-
ovate in outline, pubescent except at the glabrous truncate umbilicate
obscurely many-notched apex: capsules densely short-pubescent, 1.5 cm
long, exceeding 2 cm in diameter, 7-11-angled with corresponding inter-
vening grooves, 7-11-celled, umbilicate at the apex; seeds 7 mm long,
the testa dark- red, minutely granular.

94

ROBINSON.

Probably a shrub, the branchlets more or less angled, striate, fer-
ruginous-pubescent: leaves borne on petioles 3-4 mm long, the lamina
coriaceous, oblong-elliptic, attaining a length of at least 17 cm, 6-8 cm
wide, the more or less inequilateral base shallowly cordate, the upper
surface glabrous except on the midrib, the under surface pubescent;
lateral veins about 10; stipules obliquely linear-lanceolate, 6 mm long,
pubescent.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 31^0.

In general appearance similar to G. album and G. trichogynum, but distin-
guished by the very striking character of the stylar column.

9. Glochidion coronulatum sp. nov. § Hemiglochidion.

Floribus breviter pedicellatis, perianthii segmentis 6, staminibus 3,
ovario depresso-globoso, minute puberulo, columna stylari ovario simili,
6-lobata : foliis ellipticis vel ovalibus, basi acutis, apice breviter obtuseque
acuminatis.

Flowers few in a fascicle, borne on pedicels about 1 mm long : perianth-
segments of the male flowers 6, in two rows, ovate or broadly ovate, the
apex very shortly obtusely acuminate, the largest about 1 mm long;
stamens 3, with the produced connective 0.8 mm long: perianth-segments
of the female flowers also 6, in two rows, ovate, the apex obtusely acum-
inate, attaining 2 mm in length; ovary depressed-globose, at anthesis
about 1 mm in diameter, stylar column similar to the ovary in size and
outline or very slightly longer, constricted at the junction, separable for
a variable distance from the apex into usually 6 slightly notched lobes,
umbilicate, its base and the ovary minutely pubescent: capsules red,
minutely pubescent or glabrescent, deeply 5-7-lobed, 5-7-celled, the style
persisting in the umbilicate apex ; seeds 4 mm long.

A shrub or tree, 3 m high, its terete or somewhat angled branches
covered with grayish-brown or brown bark, more or less striate and lenti-
cellate, the vegetative parts glabrous at least when mature: leaves borne
on petioles 2-4 mm long, the lamina subcoriaceous, elliptic or oval, 4-8
cm long, 2-4 cm wide, the base acute, the apex shortly and obtusely
acuminate ; primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib 6-8 ; stipules
lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, 1 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Ilocos Norte, Vintar, For. Bur. 13937 (type), 12^98 Merritt
& Darling: Province of Benguet, Sablan River, Baguio, Bur. Sci. 5830 Ramos.

Similar in general appearance to G. rubrum and G. merrillii, but distinguished
by the stylar colum.

10. Glochidion llanosii Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 32 (1863) 68.

Phyllanthus llanosii Muell.-Arg. in Flora 48 (1865) 387.

Kirganelia villosa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 712, nec Glochidion villosum Miq.
FI. Ind. Bat. V (1859) 376, nec Phyllanthus villosus Poir. Encycl. 5 (1804) 297.

Phyllanthus pubescens Ivlotzsch in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 19 Suppl. 1 (1843)
420, non Moon Cat. PI. Ceyl. (1824) 65.

Glochidion molle Merr. For. Bur. Bull. (Philip.) 1 (1903) 29, non Blume

Bijdr. (1825) 586.

PHILIPPINE PHYLLANTHINJE.

95

Phyllanthus mollis F.-Vill. Noviss. App. FI. Philip. (1883) 188, quoad syn-
onyma saltern, non Muell.-Arg. in Flora 48 (1865) 387.

Luzon, Province of Ilocos Norte, Nagpartian, For. Bur. 15523 Merritt cC-
Darling : Province of Zambales, Subig, Hallier s. n .: Province of Bataan, Mount
Mariveles, Lamao River, Merrill 3131, Elmer 6860, For. Bur. 1174 Borden, For.
Bur. 2289 Meyer: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, For. Bur. 3349 Ahern’s collector,
Bur. Sci. 1014 Ramos: Province of Camarines, Pasacao, Ahern 13 (not 113).
Bohol, Guindulman, Bur. Sci. 1236 McGregor.

Very closely allied to G. molle Blume, distinguished not only by the glabrous
ovary, but by the shorter, less deeply cut, and wider perianth-segments.

N. v. Camias camiasan, Tag., Rizal; Banitan, Talicud, Tag., Bataan.

11. Glochidion molle Blume Bijdr. (1825) 586.

Phyllanthus mollis Muell.-Arg. in Flora 48 (1865) 387.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 9161 Whitford &
Hutchinson. Basilan, Santa Isabela, DeVore & Hoover 63, Hallier s. n. Mala-
maui, Moseley (Challenger Expedition) s. n.

N. v. Bugna, Moro, Basilan.

Java, Celebes.

12. Glochidion williamsii C. B. Robinson in Philip. Jour. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot.
199.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, Williams 953, For. Bur. 4921 Curran:
Province of Zambales, Mount Tapulao, Bur. Sci. 5091 Ramos: Province of Bataan,
Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, Whitford 1172, 1321, s. n.

The stylar column forms a continuation of the ovary, the styles curving
inward and usually downward at the apex, leaving a central depression; the
capsules are strongly depressed, 8—9 mm in diameter, 4-6-celled, 8— 12-lobed, at
the apex with a circular disk, concave at least near its margins, formed from the
stylar column. It has been a matter of doubt whether this was really a normal
state, but the capsules mature, and the same structure has been found in different
localities. The original description of the capsules does not apply, having been
taken from a plant now referred to a different species.

N. v. Sangk, Ig., Benguet.

13. Glochidion breynioides sp. nov. § Hemiglochidion.

Floribus fasciculatis, axillaribus, pedicellis superne dilatatis suffultis,
perianthii segmentis utriusque sexus lanceolatis vel oblongo-lanceolatis,
antheris 3 ; ovario glabro, columna stylari ei subsequilata, ovoidea ; foliis
lanceolatis vel ellipticis, basi insequilateralibus, obtusis vel acutis, apice
acuminatis.

Flowers usually few in a fascicle, those of both sexes borne on pedicels
3-4.5 mm long, those of the female conspicuously thicker above, usually
on very short axillary peduncles ; perianth-segments of the male flowers 6,
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1.2-1. 5 mm long, obtuse at the apex;
anthers 3, 1 mm long including the connectives : female flowers with
perianth like the males; ovary glabrous, depressed-globose, stylar column
at the base slightly wider or slightly narrower than the ovary, nearly
ovate in outline, truncate above, about the same length as the ovary, 5- or
6-grooved, with as many inconspicuous intervening grooves: capsules
depressed-globose, glabrous, 7 mm in diameter, 5- or 6-celled, the outer
walls thin.

96

ROBINSON.

A tree attaining a height of 15 m and a trunk diameter of 25 cm, its
branchlets covered with yellowish-brown bark, terete, only slightly striale :
leaves borne on petioles 3-5 mm long, the lamina chartaceous, lanceolate
or elliptic, often oblique, 3. 5-7. 5 cm long, 1.5-3. 5 cm wide, the base in-
equilateral, usually strongly, rounded on one or both sides, the apex acum-
inate, the under surface paler than the upper, often glaucous; primary
lateral veins on each side of the midrib 6 or 7.

Luzon, Province of Ilocos Sur, Balitny River, For. Bur. UiOJ/2 Merritt cC-
Darling: Province of Pangasinan, Eguia, For. Bur. 82!)0 Curran tfc Merritt:
Province of Rizal, Mount Santander, Bur. Sci. 3285 Ramos: Province of Bataan,
For. Bur. 2772 Meyer: Province of Sorsogon, For. Bur. 10528 Curran. Mindoro,
Mountain southeast of Abra de Hog, For. Bur. 8781 Merritt (type) ; near Naujan,
For. Bur. 8781 Rosenbluth.

Very similar in general appearance to G. triandrum, but at once distinguished
by the styles; much more closely allied to G. mindorense, which seems to differ
by having larger very nearly equilateral leaves borne on thicker petioles, by
having a slightly pubescent ovary, styles thicker at the apex than at the base,
and pedicels of equal diameter throughout; it is sufficiently separated from
G. camiguinense by its capsules.

N. v. Baguiroro, Bic., Sorsogon.

14. Gloch idion long istyl urn sp. nov. § Hemiglochidion.

Frutex, ramulis substrigosis : floribus breviter pedicellatis ; perianthii
masculini segmentis 6, lanceolatis vel ovatis, 1.5 mm longis, antheris 3;
perianthii feminei lobis 6, lanceolatis, 2.5 mm longis, ovario parvo, sub-
globoso, glabro, 4-loculari, in columnam stylarem 4 mm longam, 4-fklam
vix angustato: foliis elliptico-lanceolatis, 7-10 cm longis, 3 cm latis, venis
utrjnque 7 vel 8; stipulis lineari-lanceolatis, 4 mm longis.

Flowers axillary, fascicled, the male borne on pedicels not exceeding
1.5 mm in length, the female subsessile: perianth-segments of the male
flowers 6, ovate to lanceolate, 1.5 mm long, obtuse at the apex; anthers 3 :
perianth-segments of the female flowers 6, 2.5 mm long, lanceolate, obtuse
or subacute at the apex, their outer surface hirsute especially on or near
the midvein, and the outer often ciliate on the margins; ovary subglobose,
0.6 mm in diameter, 8-grooved, 4-celled, passing with hardly any constric-
tion into a stylar column of almost equal diameter, 4 mm long, its lower
half or more entire, then forming 4 lobes, all or some of which are again
2-lobed for nearly 0.5 mm at the apex, the ovary glabrous but the basal
third of the stylar column tomentellose.

A shrub 3 m high, its branchlets dark-gray, striate, the younger sub-
strigose, the older subglabrous: leaves borne on rather stout petioles 3—4
mm long, the lamina coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, 7-10 cm long, about
3 cm wide, the base subacute and slightly decurrent, the margins often
revolute and when dry wavy, at the apex narrowed into an acute acumen
about 1 cm long, the upper surface plumbeous, the under when dry brown,
both surfaces glabrescent or with scattered hairs; primary lateral veins

PHILIPPINE PHYLLANTHINJE.

97

on each side of the midrib 7 or 8, those in the middle of the leaf about
1.5 cm apart, forming a definite lateral vein about 3 mm from the margin;
stipules acicular-lanceolate, 4 mm long, substrigose.

Luzon; Province of Zambales, Balimbraya, Bur. Sci. 5057 Ramos.

Allied to G. triandrum, but differing in the stylar column, the pedicels, the
shape, texture and venation of the leaves.

15. Glochidion trichogynum Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 32 (1863) 66.

Phyllanthus trichogynus Muell.-Arg. in Flora 48 (1865) 380.

Mindoro, Baco, Merrill 1235, McGregor 134, 208 ; Pola, Merrill 2204; Bonga-
hong River, For. Bur. 3621, 3624, 3645, 3744 Merritt. Mindanao, Province of
Misamis, Cuming 1610: Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 302, s. n . :
District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 90.09 Whitford <C- Hutchinson; Sax
River, Williams 2199. Palawan, Mount Pulgar, Bur. 8ci. 600 Foxworthy.

The leaf of Cuming’s number, which represents the type collection in this
herbarium, is more pubescent than those of any of the others here cited, they
being glabrous with one exception which approaches the type in this respect.
All agree well in the character of the style, and while the leaves are variable in
size and shape, they have a strong general likeness, which would be more satisfying
if those of G. album did not parallel them. These two species can not possibly
he united without abandoning the last hope of separating Hemiglochidion into
subsections.

N. v. Tabangan, Tagb., Palawan.

16. Glochidion benguetense Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 304.

G. sablanense Elmer l. c. 306.

Frutex, ramulis griseis plus minusve luteo-pubescentibus ; floribus
axillaribus fasciculatis vel solitariis, masculinis pedicellis 6-8 mm longis
suffultis, perianthii segmentis 6, antheris 3 ; floribus femineis subsessilibus
vel breviter pedicellatis, perianthii segmentis 6, lanceolatis, pubescentibus,
ovario dense pubescente, columna stylari 2 mm longa, ovario bis aequante,
media inferiore parte cylindracea, pubescente, superiore media parte
dilatata, glabra, 4 sulcos conspicuos et 4 sulcos intermedios inconspicuos
possidente, 4-apiculata; capsula depresso-globosa, 7-8 mm diametro:
foliis chartaceis, oblique lanceolatis vel ellipticis, 1-7 cm longis, 0.6-2. 5
cm latis, basi saepius inaequilateralibus, apice conspicue acuminatis vel
fere acutis, mucronatis, venis utrinque 5-7.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, Elmer 8665, 8770; Sablan, Williams
1380; Trinidad to Tabio, For. Bur. 15941 Bacani: Province of Tayabas, Mount
Banahao, Whitford 996.

It seems impossible to separate the two series of plants here considered,
although at first sight they seem to differ in the size petioles texture and apices
of the leaves. The flowers are quite the same, and the additional collections here
enumerated unite the types in every particular. The description suggests close
alliance with G. velutinum Wight, of India, and I am further indebted to Mr.
Smith for the following. “Of the 4 allied specimens forwarded none come near
typical G. velutinum (nepalense) . The type specimens of Wight and Wallich
of this species are quite distinct from these Philippine ones, larger and very
pubescent.”

N. v., Sangke, Ig., Benguet.

80915 7

98

ROBINSON.

17. Glochidion subfalcatum Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 305.

Arbor ramosa, divaricata: floribus axillaribus, fasciculatis, mascu-
J inis pedicel lis pubescentibus usque ad 6 mm longis suffultis, perianthii
segmentis 6, biseriatis, subaequalibus, ovalibus vel ellipticis, 1.5 mm
longis, extus pubescentibus, apice rotundatis vel breviter acuminatis,
antheris 3, 0.7 mm longis; floribus femineis pedicellis pubescentibus usque
ad 3 mm longis suffultis, perianthio circiter 3 mm longo, irregulariter
G-lobato, ovario dense pubescente, depresso-globoso, baud sulcato, 1 mm
longo, 1.5 mm diametro, columna stylari pubescente, 2.5 mm longa,
clavata, apice 0.7 mm lata, 3-fida, infra tertiam superiorem partem ad 0.5
mm angustata, basi non constricta: capsulis glabris vel subglabris, 7-8
mm longis, 2—3 cm diametro, apice foveolatis, 5-locularibus, circiter
10-sulcatis, apice plus minus alte dehiscentibus, valvis liberatis ascenden-
tibus : foliis petiolis 3—5 mm longis suffultis, laminis subcoriaceis vel
coriaceis, lanceolatis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, 10-15 cm longis, 3. 5-4.5 cm
latis, basi valde inaequilateralibus, altero latere acutis, altero rotundatis
truncatis vel subcordatis, apice breviter acuminatis, saepius subfalcatis.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, Elmer 8915; Sablan, Elmer 6189, 6221:
Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, Williams 115.

18. Glochidion mindorense sp. nov. § Hemiglochidion.

Arbor glabra, ovariis exceptis: floribus axillaribus, fasciculatis, mascu-
linis pedicellis brevibus suffultis, perianthii segmentis G, ellipticis, obtusis,
antheris 3 : floribus femineis pedicellis brevibus suffultis vel subsessilibus,
perianthii segmentis oblongis vel lanceolatis, ovario minute pubescente,
columna stylari breviter clavata, ovario aequilonga sed angustiore : foliis
breviter petiolatis, chartaceis, ellipticis vel ovatis, basi acutis, apice acu-
minatis; stipulis lanceolatis.

Flowers axillary, few in a fascicle, the sexes often intermixed, the male
borne on pedicels 2-3 mm long, the female nearly sessile or on pedicels
attaining 4 mm : perianth-segments of the male flowers G, biseriate, obtuse
at the apex, elliptic, 1.5 mm long, the inner narrower; anthers 3, 0.6 mm
including the very shortly produced connectives : perianth-segments
of the female flowers 6, biseriate, those of the outer row oblong, those
of the inner lanceolate, 2.5 mm long; ovary depressed-globose, 1.5 mm in
diameter, minutely pubescent, stylar column shortly clavate, like the ovary
1 mm in length, but narrower than it, minutely pubescent at the base,
glabrous at the obscurely 4-grooved slightly umbilicate apex: capsules
glabrous or nearly so, depressed-globose, 6 mm in diameter, 4-celled.

A tree attaining a height of 4 m, with a trunk 10 cm in diameter, the
■vegetative paits glalnous; leaves borne on petioles 2 — 4 mm long, the
lamina chartaceous, elliptic to ovate, 7-11 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, some-
what decurrent at the acute base, acuminate and mucronate at the apex;

PHILIPPINE PHYLLANTHINiE.

99

primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib 5-7 ; stipules lanceolate,
1 mm long.

Mindoro, Magasauantubig River, For. Bur. 12031 Merritt (type); without
locality, For. Bur. 12223 Rosenbluth.

19. Glochidion album Boerl. Handl. FI. Ned. Ind. 3 (1900) 275.

Kirganelia alba Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 713.

Phyllanthus albus Muell.-Arg. in Flora 48 (1865) 387.

Zarcoa philippics Llanos in Bot. Zeit. 15 (1857) 423; Mem. Real Ac. Ci.
Madrid 4 (1858) 501, pi.

Glochidion cuminghii Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 32 (1863) 61.

Phyllanthus cumingii Muell.-Arg. in Flora 48 (1865) 371.

Phyllanthus gigantifolius Vidal Revis.-Pl. Vase. Filip. (1886) 236.

Glochidion leytense Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 303.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Twin Peaks, Elmer 6448: Province of Zambales,
Subig, Uallier s. n.: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, Merrill
3162, 3191, 3813, Williams 113, 482, Elmer 6663, Whit ford 33, For. Bur. 121
Barnes, For. Bur. 1165 Borden, For. Bur. 2224, 2818 Meyer: Province of Rizal,
Montalban, Loher 4~54; Bosoboso, For. Bur. 3314 Ahern’s collector ; Antipolo,
Merrill 1329, 1681: Province of Laguna, Calauan, Cuming 521 ; Los Banos,
Uallier s. n., Alberto s. n.: Province of Tayabas, Atimonan, Gregory 67: Province
of Camarines, Pasacao, Ahern 162, 211. Negros, Gimagaan River, For. Bur. 5220
Aspillera. Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Sax River, Williams 2352. Basi-
lan, Uallier s. n.

The more glabrous forms have the following distribution :

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, Elmer 8915: Province of Laguna, Los
Banos, Elmer s. n.: Province of Camarines, Pasacao, Ahern 149, 185, 825: Prov-
ince* of Albay, Batan Island, Calanaga Bay, Bur. Sci. 6288 Robinson ; Batan, Bur.
Sci. 6266 Robinson. Leyte, Palo, Elmer 1311a; Mount Cabalauan, For. Bur.
12425 Danao. Dinagat, Ahern 460. Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Surigao,
Ahern 323, 343.

After repeatedly examining the flowers of all available material, it has seemed
necessary to reduce to one species the variable series of forms here represented.
The two main types are represented by G. cumingii and G. leytense, the former
pubescent, the latter nearly glabrous, but the differences seem little more serious
than the similar ones in G. philippicum. The styles of one extreme are covered
at the base by pubescence to such an extent that their real form is obscured,
in G.. leytense they are shortly cylindrical and somewhat narrowed at the apex.
It is possible to separate the collections not only into two, but perhaps into
•six or seven series which grade gradually the one into the other. G. leytense has
nearly the same range of leaf variation as G. cumingii, but its type has the most
ovate leaves of any here cited. A specimen not previously cited, For. Bur. 6496
Klemme, from Cagayan Province, Luzon, has similar habit, but the styles are
more slender, approaching those of G. trichogynum , but too short for that species.

There is further difficulty. Kirganelia alba was said to have leaves 3 inches
long, but in other respects the description fits this species reasonably well, and
as Blanco did not otherwise describe this very common species, the identification,
first made by Merrill,7 is very reasonable. Blanco also omitted G. philippicum,
equally widely distributed, and he may possibly have confused these two, and

7 Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 75.

I

100 ROBINSON.

described under this name the flowers of the one and the leaves of the other:
if so, it is to the present species that his name chiefly belongs.

Zarcoa philippica was reduced by F.-Villar to G. philippinense, but it is much
better placed here.

Mueller’s plant had no male flowers, and owing probably to the large leaves
(usually about 8 inches long), he placed G. cumingii in the section Euglochidion.
But none of the specimens which best match his type have more than 4 anthers,
and the number is nearly always 3. It is curious that Boerlage, in transferring
lllanco’s specific name to Glochidion, placed the species in the subsection Holo-
glochidion, corresponding to Euglochidion of Mueller. He can therefore hardly
have had the same species, but as he cited Kirganelia alba as the original name
of the species, his transfer will stand. G. leytense is to me the extreme variation
in the direction of least pubescence, and the most distinct form of the species.
There is a further great resemblance in habit to G. trichogynum , but the styles
are so very dissimilar that the species can not be united. Yet, even here, there
are intermediates, not, however, bridging the gap.

N.v. Asanasan, Cag., Cagayan; Kahoy dalaga, Tag., Bataan; Bixia, Pamp.,
Bataan; Calnag, Malaates, Tag., Rizal; Polopinon, Vis., Negros. More glabrous
forms, Bugna, Vis., Dinagat, Surigao; Bagang bagang, Uan-una na puti, Bic.,
Camarines.

20. Glochidion luzonense Elmer Leaf!. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 301.

Frutex, ramulis striatis, dense pubescentibus ; floribus solitariis — terms,
axillaribus; masculinis pedicellis 5-12 mm longis, gracilibus, pubescen-
tibus suffultis; perianthii segmentis 6, valde imbricatis, lanceolatis, apice
obtuse acuminatis, hirsutis, antheris 3, 1 mm longis; floribus femineis sub
sessilibus, perianthii segmentis (5, lineari-lanceolatis, 2 mm longis, sub-
acutis, hirsutis, ovario depresso-globoso, 1 mm diametro, hirsuto, columna
stylari cylindraeeo-conica, supra paullo angustata, hirsuta, apice triloba,
ovarium ter aequante; capsulis minus eonspicue pubescentibus, 1 cm dia-
metro, 3-locularibus : foliis petiolis brevibus pubescentibus suffultis,
laminis junioribus membranaceis, senioribus chartaceis vel subcoriaceis,
ovatis, subrotundatis, vel ellipticis, 1-6 cm longis, 1—4.5 cm latis, basi
truncatis vel lente cordatis, marginibus plus minusve revolutis, apice
rotundatis, obtusis, vel breviter acuminatis, superiore pagina plus minusve
puberulis, senioribus saepe scabridis, pagina inferiore sericeis, sub basi
3-7-nerviis, his inelusis venis reticulatis utrinque 4-9; stipulis lineari-
lanceolatis, 2 mm longis.

Luzon, Province of Ilocos Norte, Mount Piao, For. Bur. 13993 Merritt tC-
Darling: Province of Ilocos Sur, Baranas, For. Bur. 11/081/ Merritt <£ Darling:
Province of Benguet, Baguio, Elmer 891/7 (type collection) : Province of Union,
Bauang, Elmer 5631: Province of Zambales, Subig, Hallier s. n. : Province of
Tarlac, Concepcion, Merrill 3633: Province of Bataan, Dinalupijan, Merrill 1581.

N.v. Pidpid, 11.: Bntpat, Ig., Benguet: Cacadli, Tag., Bataan.

21. Glochidion camiguinense Merr. in Philip. Jour. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 414.

Babuyanes Islands, Camiguin Island, Bur. Sci. 1/026, 1/108 F6nix.

22. Glochidion merrillii sp. nov. § Hemiglochidion.

Floribus axillaribus, fasciculatis, breviter pedicellatis ; masculini
perianthii segmentis 6, biseriatis, circiter 2 mm longis, oval is vel ovatis,

PHILIPPINE 1»H YLI , A NTH I NA3.

101

antheris 3: perianthii feminei segmentis fi, brevioribus, ovario glabro,
columna stylari ovario angustiore sed longiore, cylindracea ; capsulis 7- vel
8-locularibus : foliis ell iptic-is vel lanceolatis, saepe falcatis, basi acutis,
apice acuminatis.

Fascicles axillary , few-flowered, the sexes together or separate, tbe male
flowers on pedicels attaining a length of 5 mm, perianth-segments 6,
biseriate, the outer ovate or oval, exceeding 2 mm in length, the apex
rounded or shortly acuminate, tbe inner shorter and narrower, usually
conspicuously clawed at tbe base; anthers 3, 1.3 mm long, including the
very shortly produced connectives: female flowers on shorter pedicels or
Bubsessile, the perianth-segments shorter than in the male, lanceolate or
ovate, the apex acuminate; ovary depressed-globose, nearly 1 mm in
diameter, stylar column about one and a half times as long as tbe ovary
but narrower, cylindric, deeply concave at the apex: capsules 7- or
8-celled, 1.5 cm in diameter and about half that length, the thin valves
widely spreading on dehiscence, the apex slightly umbi licate.

A small tree or shrub, glabrous throughout, attaining a height of 7.5 m,
its branches somewhat angled, covered with gray striate lenticellate bark :
leaves borne on petioles 3 mm long, tbe lamina chartaceous, lanceolate or
elliptic, often somewhat falcate, 5-9 cm long, 2-4.2 cm wide, the base
usually strongly inequilateral, acute, the apex acuminate; primary lateral
veins on each side of the midrib 7-9 ; stipules lanceolate to ovate, withering
persistent, 1. 5-2.5 mm long, acuminate.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Tonglon (Santo Tomas), Williams 1356
(type) ; Pauai to Baguio, Merrill 1/801/.

23. Glochidion rubrum Bl. Bijdr. (1825) 586.

Phyllanthus diversifolius Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1861) 448.

Glochidion diversifolium Merr. in For. Bur. Bull. (Philip.) 1 (1905) 29.

Luzon, Province of Uocos Norte (also given as Province of Albay), Cuming

1 191/ ; Pasuquin, For. Bur. 13618 Merritt t£- Darling: Province of Benguet, Twin
Peaks, Elmer 6361/: Province of Zambales, Rio Baquilis, For. Bur. 6998 Curran ;
Subig, Hallier s. n., For. Bur. 371/ Maulc, Merrill 2106: Province of Bataan,
Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, Whit ford 1216: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso,
Merrill 1810; Malapadnabato, Merrill 277/7 : Province of Tayabas, Pagbilao, Merrill
21/25. Ticao, Pandan, For. Bur. 2535 Clark. Bohol, Guindulman, Bur. Sci.
121/0 McGregor. Mindoro, Mangarin, For. Bur. 9803 Merritt. Mindanao, Dis-
trict of Zamboanga, Lunsugan, Ahern till. 616.

N. v. Carmay, Gagang haquiro, Tag., Zambales; Dampol, Tag., Tayabas;
Malacapi, Tag., Rizal; Malatumbaga, Tag., Bataan; Bugnd, Vis., Ticao.

Malaysia.

24. Glochidion malindangense Merr. sp. nov. § Hemiylochidion.

Frutex, ramulis pubescentibus : inflorescentiis pedunculatis;. floribus

masculinis mediocriter pedicellatis, pubescentibus, perianthii segmentis (>,
laneeolatis, 1.5 mm longis, antheris 3; floribus femineis brevissiine pedi-
cellatis, pubescentibus, perianthii segmentis 6, lineari-lanceolatis, 4 mm
longis, ovario dense hirsuto, 4- vel 5-loculari, columna stylari su bey I in-

102

ROBINSON.

ft

dracea, ovarium longitudine aequante seel angustiore, apice 8- vel lO-lo-
bata; capsulis circiter 1 cm diametro: foliis lanceolatis vel ellipticis, apice
gradatim acuminatis.

Inllorescence nearly always borne on short pubescent peduncles, the
male flowers on pedicels 4—7 mm long, the female nearly sessile, rarely
the male flowers racemed on the lower part of the peduncle and the female
forming glomerules above: perianth-segments of the male flowers 6,
lanceolate, 1.5 mm long, hirsute without, obtuse; anthers 3, the connective
produced : perianth-segments of the female flowers conspicuously longer
than those of the male, usually 4 mm, hirsute on both surfaces, lanceolate,
subacute; ovary densely pubescent, 1-2 mm in diameter, 4- or 5-sulcate;
stylar column about as long as the ovary, but narrower, short cylindric,
the basal half hirsute, the upper glabrous and therefore appearing
narrower, 8- or 10-lobed : capsules about 1 cm in diameter, depressed-
globose and at the apex somewhat umbilicate, slightly pubescent, 4- or
5-cellcd, only one ovule usually maturing, the seeds 3.5 mm long.

A shrub 2 m high, its branch lets terete or slightly angled, densely
pubescent or the older glabrescent ; leaves borne on petioles 2 mm long,
the lamina chartaceous, lanceolate or elliptic, 2.5-8 cm long, 1.5-3 cm
wide, at the acute or obtuse base somewhat inequilateral, the apex
gradually acuminate, mucronate, the upper surface more or less puberu-
lent, the lower lepidote, and on the veins hirsute; stipules 2 mm long,
.lanceolate, acute, pubescent.

Mindanao, Province of Misamis, Mount Libo near Mount Malindang, at an
elevation of 1,650 m, For. Bur. J/696 Mearns d Hutchinson.

25. Glochidion curranii sp. nov. § Hemiglochidion.

Arbor vel arbuscula, floribus axillaribus, pedicellatis, femineis brevis-
sime: floribus masculinis perianthio 6-partito, segmentis ovalibus, ex-
terioribus 3 mm longis, interioribus 1.5 mm longis; antheris 3: floribus
femineis perianthio 6-partito; ovario depresso-globoso, dense pubescente,
columna stylari cylindracea, 0.5-0. 8 mm longa, capsulis depresso-globosis,
minute pubescentibus, 12-14 mm diametro: foliis petiolis 4-5 mm longis
suffultis, laminis coriaceis, glabris, ellipticis, ovalibus, ovatis, vel sub-
rotundis, basi decurrentibus, apice obtuse acuminatis.

Flowers of both sexes in axillary fascicles: male flowers borne on
pedicels attaining 7 mm in length ; the perianth 6-parted, in 2 series, the
segments oval, those of the outer series 3 mm long, those of the inner 1.5
mm long, the latter hooded when young; anthers 3, 1 mm long, the con-
nective distinctly produced: pedicels of female flowers very short but
stout, perianth 6-parted but not as deeply as in the male, 2-3 mm long,
the inner segments somewhat shorter than those of the outer row, broadly
ovate, at the apex obtusely acuminate; ovary depressed-globose, densely
pubescent, 1 mm long, 1.5 mm in diameter; the stylar column 0.5-0. 8
mm long, cylindric, 6-lobed, the lobes emarginatc: capsules depressed-

PH ILIPPINK PHYLLANTHINA3.

103

globose, light-brown, 5 mm long, 12-14 mm in diameter, minutely pubes-
cent, 12-grooved, 6-celled; seeds 4—5 mm long.

A tree or bush attaining 10 m in height, the branchlets covered with
grayish or brownish, striate, lenticellate bark, the ultimate branchlets
usually strongly angled; glabrous or nearly so except the pedicels,
perianth, and ovary: leaves borne on petioles 4-5 mm long, the lamina
coriaceous, oval, elliptic, ovate, or nearly round, 6-12 cm long, 3-5 cm
wide, the base acuminate and narrowly winging tbc petioles sometimes to
their insertions, the apices obtusely acuminate; pairs of lateral veins on
each side of the midrib 6-9.

Similar in general appearance to G. rubrum, most easily distinguished by the
larger flowers.

Palawan, Puerto Princesa and vicinity, For. Bur. 3502 (type) Curran, 3} 7}
Curran, Bur. Sci. 235 Mangubat ; Iwahig River, Merrill 696, Bur. Sci. 7 83
Foxworthy ; Malatgao River, Bur. Sci. 906 Foxworthy.

26. Glochidion philippicum Bentli. FI. Hongkong. (1861) 314. (G. philip-

pinense. )

Bradleia philippica Cav. Ic. 4 (1797) 48, pi. 371.

Bradleja philippensis Willd. Sp. PI. 4 (1805) 592.

Gyrostemon blancoi Llanos Frag. Alg. PI. Filip. (1851) 74.

Phyllanthus philippinensis Muell.-Arg. in Flora 48 (1865) 376.

Luzon, Province of Ilocos Norte, Bangui, For. Bur. 13919 Merritt cC- Darling:
Province of Benguet, Twin Peaks, Elmer 6366 ; Sugpon, For. Bur. 11(115 Merritt
& Darling: Province of Nueva Vizcaya, Bambang, For. Bur. 10885 Curran:
Province of Pangasinan, Villasis, Alberto 1(2: Province of Zambales, Aglao, For.
Bur. 6087 Aguilar; Olangapo trail, For. Bur. 5806 Curran; between Castellejos
and Aglao, For. Bur. 584 7 Curran: Province of Bulacan, Angat, For. Bur. 11192
Aguilar ; Norzagaray, Yoder 66: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, For. Bur. 10027
Curran ; Antipolo, For. Bur. 405 Ahern’s collector ; Montalban, Bur. Sci. 5201
Ramos: Province of Laguna, Calauan, Cuming 459; Los Banos, Elmer s. n.:
Province of Tayabas, Atimonan, Whitford 661 : Province of Camarines, Pasacao,
Ahern 160, 27 4- Masbate, Masbate, Merrill 3069. Negros, Province of Negros
Occidental, Gimagaan River, For. Bur. 1(314 Everett ; Paglamgan River, For. Bur.
4315 Everett. Mindoro, Mompong, For. Bur. 9691 Merritt; Baco, Merrill 1236;
Calapan, Merrill 907 ; Pola, Merrill 221(6 ; Bongabong River, For. Bur. 1(076 Merritt,
Whitford 1393 ; Mansalay, Merrill 910. Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Surigao,
Ahern 31(2: District of Davao, Santa Cruz, Williams 2707: Lake Lanao, Camp
Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 470, 600, s. n.: District of Cotabato, Malabang, Mrs.
Clemens s. n.: District of Zamboanga, Sax River, Williams 2348. Basilan,
Hallier s. n.

In spite of its formation, it seems desirable to restore the original spelling of
the specific name of this species, and it may fairly be credited to Bentham, who
first made the necessary transfer, though with a changed ending.

The reduction of Llanos’ species is made on his own authority, and his descrip-
tion makes it plausible. Zarcoa philippensis Llanos, reduced to this species by
F.-Villar, certainly belongs elsewhere. Blanco appears not to have described it.

N. v. Bagna, Tag., Rizal; Bugna, Vis., Surigao; Malaysa, Baringcocoron, Zam-
bales; Matang hipon, Tag., Rizal; Calian, Antobanag, Tag., Mindoro; Yamog-
yamog, Taquinis, Vis., Negros.

Hongkong, Sumatra.

104

ROBINSON.

27. Glochidion reticulatum Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 302.

Frutex, ramulis teneris, striatis, plus minusve pubescentibus; floribus
masculinis solitariis vel rarius binis, pedicellis circiter 1 cm longis graci-
libus sparse pubescentibus suffultis; perianthii lobis G, lanceolatis, breviter
obtuse acuminatis, extus sparse hirsutis, margine membranaceis ; antheris
3, 1 mm longis, connectivo conspicue protracto; floribus femineis ct cap-
sulis ignotis; foliis petiolis 1-2 mm longis suffultis, laminis ovatis vel
ellipticis, 3-8.5 cm longis, 2-4 cm latis, aequilateralibus vel subaequi-
lateralibus, basi rotundatis vel breviter acuminatis, apice plus minusve
abrupte acuminatis; venis utrinque 6-8, subtus conspicuis; stipulis lanceo-
latis plus quam 1 mm longis.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Los Banos, Elmer 81X8, Alberto s. n.

7. BREYNIA Forst.

Calyx not or very slightly increasing in fruit.

Leaves elliptic or oval, rounded at the apex, 4- or 5-veined 1. 11. rhamnoides

Leaves ovate, acuminate, 6- or 7-veined 2. li. acuminata

Calyx distinctly increasing in fruit - 3. B. cernua

1. Breynia rhamnoides Muell.-Arg. in DC. l’rodr. 15 2 (18(50) 440.

Phyllanthus rhamnoides Retz. Ohs. Bot. 5 (1791) 30.

Luzon, Province of Bulacan, Malinta, Bur. Sci. 6114 Robinson tC- Merritt:
Province of Rizal, Manila, Loher J/T37: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles,
Lamao River, Williams 187, For. Bur. 1600 Borden: Province of Batangas, Ma-
sambong, Mara re DO. Apo Island, Mindoro Strait, Merrill 430. Negros, Prov-
ince of Occidental Negros, Gimagaan River, For. Bur. 4188 Everett. Cebu,
Toledo, Bur. Sci. 1707 McGregor. Mindanao, District of Davao, Davao, Copeland
412, DeVore tf Hoover 107. Basilan, Santa Isabela, DeYore t€ Hoover 62.

N. v. Tulugtulug, Vis., Negros; Sauting, Moro, Basilan.

Tropical India, China, and Malaysia.

2. Breynia acuminata Muell.-Arg. in DC. Prodr. 1 5 2 ( 18(5(5) 442.

Melanthesa acuminata Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 32 (1863) 74.

Luzon, Province of 1 locos Norte, Laoag, For. Bur. 13803 Merritt cC Darling ;
Badoc, For. Bur. 13033 Merritt c£ Darling: Province of lloeos Sur, Mount Bula-
gao. For. Bur. 14062 Merritt <£ Darling; Santiago, For. Bur. 1)068, 15631 Merritt
d- Darling: Province of Benguet, Twin Peaks, Elmer 6)22, 63)3: Province of
Zambales, Mount Iba, Bur. Sci. )707 Ramos; Subig, Hallier s. n. : Province of
Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, Elmer 6753, Williams 77, B hitford 300,
For. Bur. 1485 Ahern's collector, For. Bur. 2180, 3000 Mcger, For. Bur. 10707
Curran, Leibcrg 6107; Cabcaben, For. Bur. 5301 Curran; Dinalupijan, Merrill
1520. Mindoro, Cuming 15)3 (type collection) ; Malatero, For. Bur. 8550 Merritt :
Mount Teluto, For. Bur. 11)32 Merritt.

N. v. Malabatimbing, Lanuti, Tag., Bataan; Botonbotones, Mindoro.

Endemic.

PHILIPPINE PHYLLANTHINiE.

105

3. Breynia cernua Muell.-Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15 2 (1866) 439.

? Phyllanthus cernuus Poir. Encycl. 5 (1804) 298.

Melanthesa cernua Decne. in Nouv. Ann. Mus. 3 (1834) 483.

B. cernua acutifolia Muell.-Arg. loc. cit.

Melanthesa cernua acutifolia Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 3 2 (1863) 74.

Phyllanthus reticulatus Merr. in For. Bur. Bull. (Philip.) 1 (1903) 29, non
Poir. Encycl. 5 (1804) 298.

Babuyanes Islands, Camiguin Island, Bur. Sci. 399 7 F6nix. Batanes Is-
lands, Batan Island, Santo Domingo de Basco, Bur. Sci. 3718 F4nix. Luzon,
Province of Union, Bauang, Elmer 5587: Province of Benguet, Pauai, Bur. Sci.
4421 Mearns; Baguio, Elmer 5957, Williams 1058 ; Cayapa, For. Bur. 10886
Curran; Loakan, For. Bur. 932 Barnes; Itogon, Bur. Sci. 5756 Ramos: Province
of Zambales, Botolan, Merrill 2918; Subig, Hallier s. n.: Province of Bataan,
Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, Whitford 391, For. Bur. 1357 Borden, Topping
534; Olangapo trail, For. Bur. 5809 Curran: Province of Isabela, Merrill 1114:
Province of Laguna, Calauan, Cuming 540; Los BaBos, Elmer s. n.: Province of
Tayabas, Sariaya, Whitford 565; Lucena, Merrill 2886, Bur. Sci. 2365 Mearns;
Atimonan, Gregory 124; San Isidro, For. Bur. 6595 Kobbt; Malicboi, Ritchie
36n: Province of Camarines, Pasacao, Ahern 197, 803 bis: Province of Sorsogon,
Sorsogon, For. Bur. 10529 Curran: without definite locality, Cuming 1103.
Mindoro, Baco River, McGregor 262, Merrill 1198; Balete, For. Bur. 5398 Merritt ;
Bongabong River, For. Bur. 3633 Merritt. Pan ay, Iloilo, Copeland 126. Negros,
Province of Occidental Negros, Gimagaan River, Whitford 1631. Culion, Halsey
Harbor, Merrill 511. Palawan, Puerto Princesa, Bur. Sci. 237 Bermejos ; Iwahig,
Bur. Sci. 811 Foxworthy. Mindanao, District of Davao, Santa Cruz, Williams
2688: Lake Lanao. Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 181, 410 bis, s. n.: District of
Zamboanga, Sax River, Williams 2149 ; Tetuan, Ahern 560. Basilan, Hallier s. n.

This species is with difficulty distinguished from B. rhamnoides except by the
calyx, and specimens without mature fruit are best told by the leaves, which are
nearly always ovate in the present species, but elliptic, oblong, or oval in B.
rhamnoides.

Timor to northern Australia.

80915 8

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201. Fifth Annual Report of the Director of the Bureau of Science for the Year Ending

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203. Seventh Annual Report of the Director of the Bureau of Science for the Year Ending

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Philippine Museum.

(Now Section of Ornithology.)

* No. 1, 1903. — On Birds from Luzon, Mindoro, Masbate, Ticao, Cuyo, Culion, Caga-
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49. 1901. — The Coal Measures of the Philippines. Charles H. Burritt.

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52. 1903. — Report of the Chief of the Mining Bureau of the Philippine Islands. Charles

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CONTENTS.

Page.

COPELAND, EDWIN BINGHAM. The Ferns of the

Malay-Asiatic Region, Part I i

OSTENFELD, C. H. On Halophila ovata Gaudichaud,

a neglected Species 67

ROBINSON, C. B. Philippine Chloranthaceae 69

ROBINSON, C. B. Philippine Phyllanthinae 71

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83264— ONE.

Vol. IV JUNE, 1909 No. 2

THE PHILIPPINE

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

EDITED BY

PAUL C. FREER, M. D., Ph. D.

CO-EDITOR

RICHARD P. STRONG, Ph. B., M. D.

WITH THE COOPERATION OF

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* No. 1, 1902, to No. 11,, 1901,.

15. No. 15, 1901,, Biological and Serum Laboratories. — Report on Bacillus Violacevus Ma-
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No. 16, 1901,, Biological Laboratory. — Protective Inoculation against Asiatic Cholera :
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17 • No. P>. — New or Noteworthy Philippine Plants, II. By Elmer D. Merrill,

Botanist.

*No. 18, 1901,, Biological Laboratory. — I. Amebas: Their Cultivation and Etiologic
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19. No. 19, 1901,, Biological Laboratory.— Some Observations on the Biology of the Chol-
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20- No. 20, 1901,. — Biological Laboratory: I. Does Latent or Dormant Plague Exist
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.^a®° Blanco). By Paul G. Woolley, M. D. Chemical Laboratory:
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ft M/ sv Scrum Laboratory: V. Frambcesia : Its Occurrence In Natives in

the Philippine Islands. By Paul G. Woolley, M. D.

21. No . 21, 1901,, Biological Laboratory. — Some Questions Relating to the Virulence of

Micro-Organisms with Particular Reference to Their Immunizing Powers. Bv
Richard P. Strong, M. D.

22. No. 22, 1901,, Bureau of Government Laboratories. — I. A Description of the New

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* ,23’ biological Laboratory. — Plague : Bacteriology, Morbid Anatomy, and

Histopathology (Including a Consideration of Insects as Plague Carriers). By
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24. No. 21,, 1901,, Biological Laboratory. — Glanders : Its Diagnosis and Prevention (To-

gether with a Report on Two Cases of Human Glanders Occurring in Manila and
Some Notes on the Bacteriology and Polymorphism of Bacterium Mallei). By
William B. Wherry, M. D.

25. No. 25, 1901,. — Birds from the Islands of Romblon, Sibuyan, and Cresta de Gallo.

v icbard C. McGregor. ( For first four bulletins of the ornithological series, see
Philippine Museum below.)

26. No. 26, 1901,, Biological Laboratory. — The Clinical and Pathological Significance of

Balantidium Coli. By Richard P. Strong, M. D.

27. No. 27, 1901,. — A Review of the Identification of the Species Described in Blanco’s

Flora de Filipinas. By Elmer D. Merrill, Botanist.

28. No. 28, 1901,. — I. The Polypodiaceae of the Philippine Islands. II. Edible Philip-

pine Fungi. By Edwin B. Copeland, Ph. D.

29. No. 29, 1901,. — I. New or Noteworthy Philippine Plants, III. II. The Source of

Manila Elemi. By Elmer D. Merrill, Botanist.

30. No. 80, 1905, Chemical Laboratory. — I. Autocatalytic Decomposition of Silver Oxide

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31. No. 31, 1905, Biological Laboratory. — I. Notes on a Case of Haematochyluria (To-

gether with Some Observations on the Morphology of the Embryo Nematode, Filaria
Nocturnal. By William B. Wherry, M. D., and John R. McDill, M. D., Manila, P I

II. A Search Into the Nitrate and Nitrite Content of Witte’s "Peptone,” with
Special Reference to Its Influence on the Demonstration of the Indol and Cholera-
Red Reactions. By William B. Wherry M. D.

32. No 32, 1905.— Biological Laboratory: I. Intestinal Haemorrhage as a Fatal Com-

plication in Amoebic Dysentery and Its Association with Liver Abscess. By Richard
P. Strong, M. D. II. The Action of Various Chemical Substances upon Cultures
of Amoebae. By J. B. Thomas, M. D„ Baguio, Benguet. Biological and Serum
Laboratories: III. The Pathology of Intestinal Amoeblasis. By Paul G. Woolley.
M. D., and W. E. Musgrave, M. D.

33. No. 88, 1905, Biological Laboratory. — Further Observations on Fibrin Thrombosis in

the Glomerular and in Other Renal Vessels in Bubonic Plague. By Maximilian
Herzog, M. D.

•No. 31,, 1905. — I. Birds from Mindoro and Small Adjacent Islands. II. Notes on
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35. No. 85, 1905. — I. New or Noteworthy Philippine Plants, IV. II. Notes on Cuming’s

Philippine Plants in the Herbarium of the Bureau of Government Laboratories

III. Hackel, "Notes on Philippine Grasses.” IV. Ridley, "Scitaminese Philippinen-
ses. V. Clarke, “Philippine Acanthaceae.” By Elmer D. Merrill, Botanist.

36. No. 36, 1905. — A Hand-List of the Birds of the Philippine Islands. By Richard C.

McGregor and Dean C. Worcester.

•Report of the Superintendent of Government Laboratories for the Year Ending
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Commission.)

• Report of the Superintendent of Government Laboratories In the Philippine Islands
for the Year Ending September 1, 1903. (Appendix G of the Fourth Annual Report
of the Philippine Commission.)

39. Third Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Bureau of Government Laboratories

for the Year Ending August 31, 1904.

40. Fourth Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Bureau of Government Laboratories

for the Year Ending August 31, 1905.

Bureau of Science — Publications.

101. Price and Exchange List of Philippine Bird Skins in the Collection of the Bureau of

Science, Manila, P. I. (Effective January 1, 1908.)

102. No. 1, 1909. — A Check-List of Philippine Fishes. By David Starr Jordan and Robert

Earl Richardson. In press.

103. No. 2. 1909 ■ — A Manual of Philippine Birds. By Richard C. McGregor, Parts I

and II. A systematic index to the orders, families, and genera. Paper, f*8 for the
two parts.

• Out of print.

(Concluded on third page of cover.)

THE PHILIPPINE

Journal of Science

C. Botany

Vol. IV JUNE, 1909 No. 2

ADDITIONAL PHILIPPINE SYMPLOCACE^E, I.

By A. Brand.

( Frankfurt a. d. Oder, Germany.)

Among the Symplocos material collected in the Philippines during
the years 1907 and 1908, submitted to me by Mr. E. D. Merrill for
identification, I have found no less than five new species and one new
variety, so that the number of Philippine species of the genus known to
me has now been increased to twenty-one.1 Two of the species previously
described, S. floridissima and S. Cumingiana , have been rediscovered
for the first time by the American botanists. The new species all belong
to the section Bobua , and accordingly the key to the species given in my

previous paper 2 must be changed as follows :

1. Inflorescentiae compositae.

• 2. Folia ramis adpressa, imbricata 3. 8. imbricata

2. Folia patentia, baud imbricata.

3. Corolla extus sericea.

4. Stamina ca. 100; folia basi valde angustata 4. 8. patens

4. Stamina ca. 60; folia basi plerumque rotundata 5. 8. floridissima

3. Corolla extus glabra.

4. Stamina ca. 100 6. 8. polyandra

4. Stamina 25-50.

5. Inflorescentiae glabrae 7. 8. Eutchinsonii

5. Inflorescentiae pilosae.

6. Fructus globosus.

7. Inflorescentiae axillares 8. 8. ferruginea

7. Inflorescentiae terminales 9. 8. Ahernii

6. Fructus ellipsoideus 10. 8. adenophylla

1 Three species, Symplocos fragrans, 8. curtiflora, and 8. angularis, recently
described by Mr. Elmer in bis Leaflets of Philippine Botany, 2 (1908) 508—510,
are at present known to me only by description.

2 This Journal, 3 (1908) Botany 4.

83264 107

108

BRAND.

1. Inflorescentiae simplices.

2. Flores sub foliis prominentes 11. 8. oblongifolia

2. Flores in axillis foliorum.

3. Inflorescentiae terminates 12. S. imperialis

3. Inflorescentiae axi Hares.

4. Ramuli glabri.

5. Folia chartacea 13. 8. betula

5. Folia coriacea.

6. Flores racemosi ' 14. 8. peninsularis

6. Flores spicati.

7. Folia 6-11 cm longa 15. 8. Cumingiana

7. Folia 3-5.5 cm longa 16. 8. Whitfordii

4. Ramuli ferruginei vel pilosi.

5. Fructus inconspicuus, vix 2.5 mm in diametro 17. 8. inconspicua

5. Fructus 4-5 mm longus.

6. Folia pleraque plus quam 4 cm longa.

7. Folia coriacea 18. 8. luzoniensis

7. Folia chartacea 19. 8 . M crrilliana

6. Folia pleraque minus quam 4 cm longa.

7. Folia utrinque glaberrima 20. S. palawanensis

7. Folia plus minus pilosa 21. 8. depauperata

3. S. imbricata Brand sp. nov.

Arbor ramulis purpureis vel atro-purpureis, glabris. Folia crasse
coriacea, ramulis adpressa et imbricata, 5-6 cm longa, 2.5-4 cm lata,
ovata vel late ovata, serrato-dentata, utrinque glaberrima, in apicem
brevem subito producta, basi leviter cuneata vel truncata, costa supra
impressa; petiolus 5-10 mm longus. Spicae terminales et subterminales,
compositae, glabriusculae, laxiflorae, petiolo multo longiores, fructiferae
incrassatae et elongatae; bracteae 3, ovato-rotundatae, sericeae, calycem
occultantes; calycis tubus brevissimus, glaber, lobi rotundati, obtusi,
sericei, tubo multo longiores, post deflorationem supra ovarium glabrum
convergentes ; stylus glaber, calyce duplo longior ; corolla mihi non visa.
Fructus niger, ovato-ampulliformis, 10-12 mm longus, valde rugosus,
glaber, trilocularis, sed loculis binis plus minus abortientibus ; lobi
calycini discum comose superantes.

Luzon, Province of Zambales, Mount Tapulao, Bur. Sci. JflOl Ramos, December,
1907: Province of Benguet, Pauai, Bur. Sci. J/Jf76 Mearns, August, 1907, with
mature fruit, altitude 2,200 m.

5. S. floridissima Brand in Pflanzenreich 6 (1901) 35, var. serrata var. nov.

Arbor ramulis atro-purpureis glabris. Folia tenuiter coriacea, 10-13
cm longa, 4-7 cm lata, ovalia vel elliptica, grosse serrata, utrinque
glabra, in apicem brevem subito producta, basi nunc rotundata, nunc
cuneata; petiolus ca. 2 cm longus. Paniculae puberulae, petiolo 4— 6-plo
longiores, pedicellis calycem aequantibus vel superantibus; bracteae mini-
mae; calyx dense ferrugineus, lobis rotundato-triangularibus tubum
aequantibus ; corolla calyce duplo longior, 5-partita, extus sericea ; stamina

109

ADDITIONAL PHILIPPINE SYMPLOCACEiE, I.

ca. 60; stylus glaber, calyce triplo longior; ovarium dense sericeum.
Fructus mihi non visus.

Luzon, Province of Bulacan, Angat, For. Bur. 1111ft Aguilar, March, April,
1908.

This variety is an intermediate form connecting Symplocos patens and 8.
floridissima.

6. S. polyandra Brand in Pflanzenreich 6 (1901) 36.

Additional material : Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. 2181 Kamos, March,
1907.

7. Symplocos Hutchinsonii Brand sp. nov.

Arbor 6 m alta, ramulis glabris, atro-purpureis, rugoso-striatis, niten-
tibus. Folia chartacea, 7—9 cm longa, 3—4 cm lata, elliptica, repando-
serrata, utrinque glaberrima et opaea, supra (in sicco) atrato-, subtus
incano-viridia, breviter et obtuse apiculata, basi cuneata, costa supra
impressa; petiolus 10-14 mm longus, saepe curvatus. Faniculae glabrae,
divaricatae, petiolo ca. 6-plo longiores, terminales et subterminales,
pedicellis calycem subaequantibus ; calyx glaber, lobis ovalibus, flavescen-
tibus, tubo duplo longioribus ; corolla glabra, 5-partita, calyce duplo
longior ; stamina ca. 50 ; stylus glaber, calyce subduplo longior ; ovarium
glabrum. Fructus mihi non visus.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, For. Bur. 6551 Hutchinson, March, 1907,
altitude about 5 m above sea level.

8. S. ferruginea Roxb. var. philippinensis Brand in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3
(1908) Bot. 6.

Additional material : Luzon, Province of Laguna, For. Bur. 10167 Curran,
March, 1908.

9. S. Ahernii Brand 1. c.

Additional material : Luzon, Province of Benguet, Bur. Sci. 31/1(2 Mearns, July,
1907. Mindoro, Mount Malasumbu, For. Bur. 8590 Merritt, January, 1908.

11. S. oblongifolia (C. Presl) Rolfe in Journ. Bot. 23 (1885) 214.

Additional material : Luzon, Province of Pangasinan, For. Bur. 831/0 Curran

<£ Merritt, December, 1907.

12. Symplocos imperial is Brand sp. nov.

Arbor, ramulis glabris, purpureo-brunneis, rugoso-striatis. Folia ad
apices ramulorum comose congesta, tenuiter coriacea, 5-7 cm longa, 2-3
cm lata, oblongo-elliptica, leviter serrulato-undulata, utrinque glaberrima
et (in sicco) viridia, in apicem longiusculum subito producta, basi
cuneata, costa supra leviter impressa; petiolus recurvatus, 15-20 mm
longus, colore ramulorum. Flores mihi non visi. Inflorescentiae fruc-
tiferae terminales, congestae, glabrae, petiolo 3— 1-plo longiores, pedicellis
fructu brevioribus. Fructus laete brunneus, ovoideus, glaber, ca. 7 mm
longus, trilocularis, lobis calycinis brevibus, rotundato-triangularibus,
parce sericeis coronatus.

Babuyanes Islands, Camiguin, Bur. Sci. 1/133 Ftnix, June-July, 1907.

110

BRAND.

14. Symplocos pen insular is Brand sp. nov.

Arbor, ramulis .glabris, purpureo-brunneis, angulatis, striatis. Folia
juniora chartacea, vetustiora coriacea, 6-7 cm longa, 3-4 cm lata, obovata,
crenato-serrata, utrinque glaberrima, supra in sicco atro-viridia et (vetus-
tiora) nitentia, subtus viridia vel albida, opaca, breviter apiculata, subito
in petiolum contracta; costa supra impressa; petiolus subalatus, 6-10
mm longus, colore ferrugineo. Flores mihi non. visi. Inflorescentiae
fructiferae axillares, petiolo 2-3-plo longiores, fructus paucos gerentes;
pedicelli fructibus longiores. Fructus dilute brunneus, ovoideo-globosus,
glaber, ca. 7 mm longus, trilocularis, lobis calycinis rotundatis glabris
comose coronatus.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, For. Bur. 9188 Whitford & Hutchinson,
January, 1908, in dipterocarp forests at 50 m above sea level.

15. S. Cumingiana Brand in Pilanzenreich 6 (1901) 58.

A tree 5 m high and not uncommon in Luzon, now rediscovered by the American
botanists for the first time on Mount Tapulao, Province of Zambales, Luzon, For.
Bur. 8251f Curran & Merritt, December, 1907, altitude 1,500 m.

16. S. Whitfordii Brand in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 8.

Additional material: Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Banajao, Bur. Sci.

6067 Robinson, March, 1908; For. Bur. 7 890 Curran d) Merritt, November, 1907,
altitude 2,250 m.

17. Symplocos inconspicua Brand sp. nov.

Frutex 4 m alta, ramis atratis, glabris, ramulis ad basin sordide-, ad
apicem ferrugineo-hirsutis. Folia chartacea (vetustissima tenuiter coria-
cea), 5-7 cm longa, 1.5-2. 5 cm lata, oblongo-elliptica, serrato-dentata,
supra glabra, subtus ad costam pilosa, utrinque (in sicco) viridia, in
apicem mucronatum sensim producta, basi subrotundata vel leviter
cuneata; costa supra impressa; petiolus 2—3 mm longus, ferrugineo-hirsu-
tus. Spicae axillares, breves, simplices, petiolo ca. 5-plo longiores, aureo-
sericae, ca. 7-florae; bracteae rotundato-acutae, sericeae; calyx glaber,
lobis rotundatis, glabris, flavidis, tubum aequantibus ; corolla glabra,
calyce plus duplo longior, 5-partita; stamina 20 (ex unico flore), corollam
aequantia vel vix superantia ; ovarium circum styli basin sericeum, stylus
interne parce sericeus, superne glaber, calyce plus duplo longior. Fruc-
tus inconspicuus, vix 2.5 mm in diametro, globosus, glaber, viridi-brun-
neus, abortu unilocularis, monospermus, bracteis persistentibus suffultus,
lobis calycinis pro fructu magnis comose coronatus.

Luzon, Province of Zambales, Mount Tapulao, Bur. Sci. 5022 Ramos, December,
1907 (type) ; same locality, For. Bur. 8093 Curran cG Merritt, December, 1907,
altitude 1,400 to 1,700 m.

19. S. Merrill iana Brand in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 9.

Additional material : Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Banajao, Bur. Sci.
6081 Robinson, March, 1908; For. Bur. 7867 Curran d Merritt, November, 1907.
The color of the ripe fruit in the latter specimen is black, not “brunneo-flaves-
cens;” the black exocarp is so deciduous that it is rarely preserved in dried
specimens.

NEW OR INTERESTING PHILIPPINE FERNS, IV.

By Edwin Bingham Copeland.

( From the Bureau of Education, Manila, P. I.)

CYATHEA Smith.

Cyathea philippinensis Baker, var. nuda var. nov.

Costis plerisque glaberrimis, aliis rhachin versus paleis spares vestitis,
rhachibus omnibus infra mox glabrescentibus.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Atip, For. Bur. 10859 Curran, For. Bur.
18011 Merritt, altitude 1,400 m.

PERANEMA Don.

Peranema luzonica sp. nov.

Stipite circiter 30 cm alto, ubique sat dense pedem versus densissime
paleaceo, paleis brunneis diversis, majoribus lanceolato-ovatis valde api-
culatis, 3 mm latis ; fronde usque ad 60 cm alta, anguste deltoidea, quadri-
pinnatifida, rhachibus omnibus paleaceis ; pinnulis 1 stipitatis, oblongo-
lanceolatis, obtusis, usque ad 7 cm longis; pinnulis 11 majoribus brevistipi-
tatis 13 mm longis, obtusis, oblongis, fere ad costam pinnatifidis, coriaceis,
pubescentibus ; soris brevipedicellatis, 1.2— 1.5 mm latis, saepius oblatis,
indusiis glaucis, irregulariter fissis; cellulis annuli 16-19; sporis tuber-
culatis.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 16280 Curran, Merritt,
tf- Zschoklce, from an altitude of 2,500 m to the summit, Copeland.

Very near the Indian species, P. cyatheoides Don, but differing from that as
described and figured, in the broader paleae, more dissected frond, and nowhere
glabrous pinnules, and the sori much larger in proportion to the fertile pinnae.
Specimens from western China, leg. Wilson 53Uf are referable to the Indian
species.

DR YOPTERIS Adanson.

Dryopteris tenerrima sp. nov.

Ithizomate erecto, circiter 7 mm crasso; stipitibus circiter 20 cm altis,
confertis, ad baseos in vivo incrassatis, succulentibus, siccis gracilibus,
nigricantibus, apud baseos squamulis parvis laete brunneis ciliatis ornatis,
tota planta aliter glabra; fronde usque ad 25 cm alta, 15 cm lata, subdel-
toidea, tripinnatifida ; pinnis inf erioribus brevissime stipitatis, acuminatis ;
pinnulis sessilibus, plerisque obtusis, pinnae infimae basiscopicis majoribus,

111

112

COPELAND.

ad alam angustam pinnatifidis ; segmentis oblongis, inciso-serratis, obtusis,
tenuiter membranaceis, atroviridibus (siccis) ; venulis simplicibus; soris
medialibus, parvis, nudis, subglobosis; cellulis annuli 10—12.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Banajao, Copeland 21^2, in a very damp
gorge at an altitude of 1,600 m.

A species of unknown affinity. It has rather the aspect of Atliyrium; but I
do not know any species of that genus to which it seems to he very near, and
so have been constrained by the form of the sori to describe it as Dryopteris.
It suggests Monachosorum in the small sori, blackish dried fronds, and swollen
succulent bases of the stipes. It is more primitive and generalized than any
other fern, known to me, with naked sori.

ATHYRIUM Roth.

Athyrium macrocarpum (Bl.) Bedd. Ferns South. Ind. (1863) t. 152, 153.

A. halconense Christ in Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 3 (1908) 273.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Banajao, Copeland 2120, altitude 2,200 m.

The plaut called Athyrium halconense is a form with exceptionally uniform
and entire pinnae. Although recognizing its affinity1 I did not doubt its distinct-
ness until I collected on Mount Banajao specimens bearing on the same stem
fronds of typical A. macrocarpum, and less adult, but fertile ones, referable to
A. halconense, and found with these, less adult plants altogether identical with
typical A. halconense. Typical A. macrocarpum has also come in from Mount
Pulog, Province of Benguet, Luzon, For. Bur. 16276 Curran, Merritt, it Zschokke.
Athyrium anisoptcron Christ is very near this, but is, up to the present time,
recognizable by its crowded sori.

CURRAN I A genus novum.

Rhizomate late repente, palearum cellularum lumine fusco; stipitibus
non articulatis; fronde deltoidea, pinnatifida, glabra; venulae inflmae
acroscopicae ramis saepe anastomosantibus ; soris dorsalibus elongatis,
nudis, paraphysibus carentibus.

Currania gracilipes sp. nov.

Rhizomate 1 mm crasso, versus apicem paleis sordidis 1.5 mm longis
lanceolato-ovatis vestito; stipitibus viridibus stramineisque, filiformibus,
usque ad 20 cm altis, glabris; fronde 5-9 cm alta, 3-5.5 cm lata, cordata,
ad alam 4 mm latam pinnatifida ; segmentis late oblongis, infimis falcatis,
aliis rectis, obtusis, serratis, siccis papyraceis, utrinque viridibus; venulis
furcatis, ramo inferiore saepius iterum furcato, liberis vel ramis 2 venulae
inflmae acroscopicae sursum coadunatis; soris utroque latere uni- vel bi-
seriatis, oblongis vel linearibus, 1-3 mm longis.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 16302 Curran, Merritt,
d Zschokke, in rock-crevices of open grass land, altitude 2,900 m, Copeland P. P. E.
112 ; Pauai, alt. 2,300 m, Copeland.

This fern is in all probability derived from Athyrium. The paleae have
reasonably thin cell-walls and dark contents. The epidermal cells of the frond

1 This Journal, Botany 3 (1908) 291.

PHILIPPINE FERNS, IV.

113

are very sinuous in outline, as in “Diplazium.” In outline of frond Athyrium
crenato-serratum suggests Currania, but no near relative of the former has
simple fronds. I have included in Athyrium several species with naked sori,
but in these cases the intermediate relationships were quite clear. Currania,
beside having no indusia, is so distinct in aspect and in various characters from
any group in Athyrium that its generic separation seems necessary. Fresh fronds
have a fine odor of cumarin.

ASPLENIUM Linn.

Asplenium epiphyticum Copel.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Copeland, altitude 500 m.
Hitherto known only from Mindanao.

The spores are beset with long spine- or horn-like projections, usually curved,
making them look like miniature burrs. The spores of A. scolopendroides J. Sm.,
and A. trifoliatum Copel., of Borneo, are similar. I have examined the spores
of various species of Stenochlaena, to which genus Christ 2 would reduce A.
epiphyticum, and have found nothing at all similar, although several species-
have rough spores. I also believe this fern and Stenochlaena to be related, and
nearly so; but this is none the less an Asplenium for that reason.

Asplenium tenuifolium Don Prodr. FI. Nepal. (1825) 8.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, exact locality not stated, For. Bur. 15729 Merritt
& Curran, exactly like small specimens from Sikkim; Mt. Pulog, 2,300 m. alt.,
Copeland.

Hitherto known only from British India, including Burma.

Asplenium gracilifol ium sp. nov.

Rhizomate breve, 1.5-2 mm crasso, paleis castaneis 2 mm longis angustis
tenuissimis vestito; stipitibus confertis usque ad 10 cm longis, 0.8 mm
crassis, castaneis, nitidis, primo paleis conformibus vestitis, glabrescen-
tibus; fronde 15-25 cm alta, 2. 5-3.5 cm lata, acuminata, bipinnata, rhachi
deorsum castanea sursum alata et viridescente, interdum in alis pinnarum
prolifera; pinnis stipitatis, ovatis, obtusis, glabris, herbaceis; pinnulis
pinnarum maximarum acroscopicis 1—2, basiscopicis 1, flabellato-cuneatis,
usque ad 8 mm longis et 6 mm latis, apice rotundatis, leviter inciso-
crenatis, lobis obtusis; venatione laxa; soris brevibus, margine haud
approximatis, indusiis latis, pallidis.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Banajao, Copeland 2123, epiphytic on
mossy trunks, 1,700 to 2,250 m altitude.

This seems to be most nearly related to Asplenium laserpitiifolium, from
which, and from the other allied species of the same difficult group, it differs in
the very narrow fronds. Asplenium Elmeri is more finely cut, and has the
ultimate divisions much narrower, with longer sori. A. gracile F6e, judging
from a specimen of Cuming’s, may be this species, although F6e’s figure, of a
presumably juvenile form, represents the sori as longer and the teeth as sharp;
at any rate Fee’s name is invalid. I have seen this fern only from Mount
Banajao, but from this locality have twelve sheets of very uniform specimens.

2 Biologishe und systematische Bedeutung des Dimorphisus und der Missbild-
ung bei epiphytischen Farkrautern, besonders Stenochlaena. Verhandl. Schw.
Naturforsch. Oesellschaft (1907).

114

COPELAND.

PLAGIOGYRIA Mettenius.

Plagiogyria nana sp. nov.

Plagiogyria gregis P. glaucae Mett. qua statura reducta, pinnis rigidis
confertis obtusis conspicue differ! Stipite frondis sterilis 3-5 cm alto,
frondis fertilis circiter 15 cm, aerophoris paucis; fronde sterile 10-13 cm
alta, 5-6 cm lata; pinnis approximatis vel infimis paullo remotis, fere
omnibus liberis, sessilibus, circiter 6 mm latis, obtusis, minute serrulatis,
rigide coriaceis, infra glaucis; fronde fertile circiter 10 cm alta, sat con-
densata, pinnis 25-35 mm longis, linearibus, falcatis.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 16306 Curran, Merritt,
d Zschokke, common in grass lands, altitude 2,850 m, Copeland P. P. F. 113.

This is conceivably a form of P. glauca, due to the very unusual environment,
but is distinct in various respects beside the stature. Specimens growing in
brush are of course decidedly les9 dwarfed, but they are still far from typical
P. glauca.

POLYPODIUM Linn.

Polypodium subpi nnatifidum Blume Enum. (1828) 129.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 16293 Curran, Merritt,
<C- Zschokke, mixed with plants of the mossy forest, altitude probably 2,800 m,
Copeland.

The stipes are less hairy than figured by Blume, and in one specimen are 5
cm long, but the identification is unmistakable. The plant is already known
from Java and Perak ; new to the Philippines.

Polypodium subsecundo-d issectum Zoll. Syst. Verz. (1854) 38, 48.

P. gedcanum Racib. Pterid. Buit. (1898) 96.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Banajao, Copeland 2136, found once on
a mossy trunk, altitude 2,250 m.

Known from Java and New Caledonia; new to the Philippines.

This has been described as a relative of Polypodium minutum and P. sub-
falcatum. It is really nearly related to P. tenuisectum Bl., and is a link,
hitherto needed, between the few species with dissected fronds and the body of
the genus. The stipes are not articulate.

Polypodium curran ii sp. nov.

Species P. tenuilori Kze., et P. dolichoptero Copel. affinis, fronde
pseudo-furcata ; rhizomate 3 mm crasso, paleis atro-fuscis angustatis 3 mm
longis vestito; stipite obscure articulato, nudo, circiter 1 cm alto vel usque
ad furcam infimam frondis circiter 15 cm alto alato, ala sursum 2-3 mm
lata; fronde furcato-pinnata, ramis paucis, ultimis 5-15 cm longis plus
minus divergentibus 3-7 cm latis, acuminatis, omnino glabra, herbacea,
venatione gracile, inconspicua ; soris multis, irregularibus, saepius elonga-
tis, minutis.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mosquito Creek, For. Bur. 15728 Curran, altitude

2,000 m.

This is decidedly more slender throughout than Polypodium dolichopterum,
and the lateral segments are so strongly developed that the lower ones almost
rival the main axis, and many fronds look monopodial rather than pinnatifid.
P. tenuilore has a simple and entire frond, but is like this group in texture,
venation, and sori.

PHILIPPINE FERNS, IV.

115

PROSAPTIA Presl.

Prosaptia linearis Copel. sp. nov.

Species distinctissima ; rhizomate subrepente, ad apicem paleis angustis
cancellatis atro-fuscis ciliatis vestito; stipitibus confertis, exarticulatis,
brevibus; fronde usque ad 40 cm longa, circiter 16 mm lata, pinnata, rhachi
tenue, nigra, ubique glabra ; pinnis late adnatis non confluentibus, acutis,
integris, coriaceis, inferioribus sensim in dentes diminutis; soro in pinna
quaque uno, costa orto, profunde immerso, apud vel ad marginem acrosco-
picum aperto, annulo inaequale ciliato circumdato.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 16303 Curran, Merritt,
<£ Zscholcke, on mossy trees, altitude 2,700 m, Copeland.

A bizarre fern, resembling Loxoscaphe in the appearance of the fruit. The
solitary sori and the very narrow fronds strongly suggest Acrosorus, but the
origin of the protection of the sorus is very essentially different. Small fronds
are so similar to those of Polypodium decorum that I at first regarded it as
derived from that species, and therefore to be treated as generically new, rather
than included in Prosaptia. However the paleae are like those of Prosaptia,
while those of Polypodium decorum have thinner walls and are not ciliate.

The tip of the pinna is produced as a sharp point beyond the sorus, and bent
toward the tip of the frond. As the fronds are pendent these tips serve to
drain off water and protect the sori from wetting. The ecological significance
of the movement of the sori to the margin, found independently in many groups
of ferns, I have before interpreted; as also the value of the rim, and the circle
of hairs around the sori.

A REVISION OF PHILIPPINE CONNARACE/E.

By E. D. Merrill.

( From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,

Manila, P. I.)

This family is a small one so far as the Philippine flora is concerned,
but like most groups of plants found in the Archipelago, has long been in
need of revision. Our herbarium contained numerous unclassified speci-
mens, and there was considerable doubt as to the proper specific name to
use in the case of several identified species. Blanco’s imperfect descrip-
tions have always been the cause of more or less doubt as to the identity
of his species, and F.-Villar’s erroneous identifications of these have
added to the confusion. In the case of extant herbarium material, no
less than three specific names have been published by as many different
authors, all based on a single number of Cuming’s Philippine collection,
No. 851, while Cuming 1172 has had two specific names applied to it.

Blanco described the first Philippine representatives of the family, five
species, all of which he placed under the genus Cnestis. Two of them are
properly referable to this genus, although reducible to a single species,
but the other three are referable to Connarus and Rourea.

F.-Villar, in the Novissima Appendix to the third edition of Blanco’s
Flora de Filipinas, enumerates twelve species in four genera, but only
five of these actually occur in the Philippines, so far as the study of
material now available shows. Most of Blanco’s species were erroneously
reduced to species that do not extend to the Philippines.

In the present paper five genera and seventeen species are recognized
as occurring in the Philippines, but the list of both genera and species
will undoubtedly be considerably increased as botanical exploration of the
Archipelago progresses. With the exception of two, or possibly three
species, all of those enumerated below are endemic in the Philippines.
There are apparently also two or three additional species of Connarus,
probably undescribed, but so far represented in our herbarium by im-
perfect material, so that it is not deemed advisable to consider them at the
present time.

117

118

MERRILL.

Table of distribution of Indo-Malayan, Philippine and Chinese Connaracece.

Genera.

India.1

Malay

Peninsula.2

Malay Ar-
chipelago.3

China.4

Philip-

pines.

Aqclaca _ _

2

4

2

0

2

Connarus __ ... _

13

9

17

0

10

Cnestis __

1

1

1

0

1

Ellipanthus _ _ ... .

5

5

2

0

2

Rourea

12

9

14

2

2

Roureopsis _

1

2

1

0

0

Tirniochlaena

1

i

2

0

0

Troostwyckia _ _ __ _ .....

0

0

1

0

0

Total . ...

35 | 31

40

2

17

KEY TO TIIE GENERA.

1. Pistils solitary; follicles with a distinct stipe.

2. Leaves pinnate, the leaflets 3 to 7 ; scandent shrubs 1. Connarus

2. Leallet solitary; small trees 2. Ellipanthus

1. Pistils 2 to 7 ; follicles sessile.

2. Pistils 5, but usually only 1 perfect; follicle not rugose; seeds exalbuminous;

leaves pinnate 3. llourea

2. Pistils 2 to 5, perfect; follicles rugose or tubercled; seeds exalbuminous;

leaves trifoliolate 4. Agelaea

2. Pistils 5 to 7 ; follicles densely pubescent; seeds albuminous, the aril thin.

5. Cnestis

1. CONNARUS Linn.

1. Leaflets 3; follicles large, woody, horned 1. C. trifoliatus

1. Leaflets usually more than three, or if three, the follicles coriaceous, not horned.

2. Indumentum stellate-plumose 2. C. stellatus

2. Indumentum not stellate.

3. Bracts and bracteoles linear-cyclindric, the former frequently 1 cm long

and exceeding the flowers 3. C. bracteatus

3. Bracts and bracteoles not prominent.

4. Leaflets glabrous; follicles small, coriaceous or subcoriaceous.

5. Leaflets rounded, acute, or only broadly and obscurely acuminate, not
prominently glandular-punctate beneath.

6. Margins of the petals adherent above the ovary, forming a short
tube above the inflated base; follicles glabrous inside.

4. C. culionensis

6. Petals free throughout; follicles more or less pubescent inside.

7. Base of the leaflets broad, rounded or subcordate, the apex broad,

rounded, entire 5. C. obtusifolius

7. Base of the leaflets narrowed, acute or obtuse, the apex usually
shortly and obscurely acuminate, slightly retuse.

6. C. neurocalyx

5. Leaflets strongly acuminate, usually prominently glandular-punctate
beneath.

1 Hooker f. PI. Brit. Ind. 2 (1870) 46-56.

2 King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 662 (1897) 1-21.

3 Boerlage Hand!. FI. Ned. Ind. 1 (1890) 313-321.

4 Forbes & Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23 (1886) 149-150.

PHILIPPINE CONNARACEJE.

119

6. Follicles subcylindric, usually straight, not or but slightly inflated,

about 4 cm long 7. C. hallieri

6. Follicles inflated, 2.5 cm long or less.

7. Petals free throughout 8. C. mindanaensis

7. Petals free below, inflated, but above the ovary their margins

adherent, forming a narrow short tube 9. C. whitfordii

4. Leaflets more or less ferruginous-pubescent beneath ; follicles large,
woody, 5 cm long 10. C. subinaequifolius

1. Connarus trifoliatus (Turcz.) Rolfe in Journ. Bot. 23 (1885) 212 (tri-
foliolatus) ; Vidal Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. (1886) 103; Ceron Cat. PI. Herb. (Manila)
(1892) 59.

Anisostemon trifoliatus Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 201 (1847) 152.

Connarus polyanthus Planch, in Linnaea 23 (1850) 428; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. V
(1859) 665; Walp. Ann. 2 (1851) 300.

Connarus rolfei Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 106.

Luzon, Province of Albay, Cuming 851, type collection of Anisostemon trifolia-
tus, Connarus polyanthus, and C. rolfei. Negros, Gimugaan River, For. Bur.
\299 Everett. Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Bolster 316; Lake Lanao, Camp
Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 332.

This species has received three distinct specific names, all based on the same
number of Cuming’s Philippine collection, the oldest being Anisostemon trifoliatus
Turcz., which is here retained. Vidal 5 erroneously refers to Connarus polyanthus
Planch. Cuming lJf65, and this species is so written up in the Kew Herbarium.
The specimen is however not at all like Planchon’s species, nor is it cited by that
author.

Endemic.

2. Connarus stellatus sp. nov.

Frutex scandens, ramulis, foliis junioribus, paniculisque densissime
pubescentia stellato-plumosa obtectis; foliis circiter 20 cm longis, impari-
pinnatis, foliolis 7, lanceolatis, subcoriaeeis, nitidis, basi acutis, apice
acuminatis ; paniculis terminalibus, folia aequantibus, pyramidatis ; sepalis
densissime stellato-tomentosis ; petalis obtusis, plus minus punetatis, extus
puberulis; staminibus 10, inaequalibus ; carpellis dense pubescentibus ;
stylo 4 mm longo.

A scandent shrub, the young branches, leaves, and the inflorescence
densely covered with brown-stellate-plumose indumentum, the leaflets ulti-
mately glabrous or nearly so. Branches light-yellowish-gray, lenticellate,
glabrous. Leaves about 20 cm long, the rachis and petiolules densely
brown-stellate-plumose; leaflets 7, the lower ones alternate, the upper
opposite, lanceolate, subcoriaceous, brown, shining, in age glabrous or
nearly so, 6 to 10 cm long, 2 to 3 cm wide, base acute, apex slightly
acuminate, acumen blunt; nerves 6 or 7 on each side of the midrib, not
prominent, ascending, the reticulations rather close ; petiolules 2 to 3 mm
long. Panicle terminal, pyramidal, about as long as the leaves, very
densely covered with brown stellate-tomentose indumentum. Sepals lan-
ceolate, acuminate, about 3 mm long, densely stellate-pubescent. Petals

5 Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 106, Rev. PI. Vase. (1886) 103.

120

MERRILL.

narrowly oblong, obtuse, about 5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, glandular-
punctate, puberulous on the back. Stamens 10, unequal, the longer 5
filaments puberulous, 2.5 mm long, the shorter 5 glabrous, 1 mm long.
Carpel 1, obliquely ovoid, densely pubescent; style 4 mm long, slightly
puberulent.

Balabac, Bur. Sci. 520 Mangubat, March-April, 1906.

A species at once recognizable by its dense brown-stellate-plumose indumentum.

3. Connarus bracteatus sp. nov.

Frutex scandens, foliis junioribus paniculisque plus minus ferrugineo-
tomentosis; foliis alternis, imparipinnatis, circiter 15 cm longis, foliolis
5 vel 7, oblongis, submembranaceis, breviter acuminatis; paniculis termi-
nalibus, foliis multo longioribus, usque ad 40 cm longis, pubescentibus ;
floribus in ramulis densissime racemoso-dispositis ; bracteis linearibus,
usque ad 1 cm longis; petalis utrinque pubescentibus; staminibus 10,
inaequalibus ; carpellis densissime pubescentibus.

A scandent shrub, the young branches, leaves and the inflorescence
more or less ferruginous-tomentose. Branches brown, somewhat lenticel-
late, terete. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, about 15 cm long; leaflets
5 or 7, oblong, 6 to 10 cm long, 2 to 3.5 cm wide, submembranaceous,
slightly tomentose when young, base acute, apex shortly acuminate,
shining, brown ; nerves 5 or 6 on each side of the midrib, distinct, faintly
anastomosing, the reticulations rather dense; petiolules densely pubes-
cent, 5 to 8 mm long. Panicles terminal, very large, at least 40 cm
long, ferruginous-pubescent, pyramidal, the lower branches sometimes
20 cm in length. Flowers densely racemosely disposed on the ultimate
branchlets, each subtended by a narrow, linear, cylindric, pubescent bract,
and by one or two similar but shorter bracteoles. Pedicels 2 to 3 mm
long, the bracteoles 2, about the same length, the bracts frequently 1 cm
in length and exceeding the flowers. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
3.5 to 4 mm long, glandular-punctate, densely pubescent outside, slightly
so within. Petals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, strongly glandular-punc-
tate, slightly puberulent on both surfaces, 6 mm long, 2 mm wide.
Stamens 10, unequal, the five longer filaments slightly glandular-puber-
ulent, 3 mm long, the five shorter glabrous, 1 mm long. Carpel 1, ovoid,
densely pubescent; style pubescent, 1.5 mm long. Follicle unknown.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, San Vicente, For. Bur. 11308 Klemme, April,
1908, in dense level forests at about 5 m altitude.

A species at once recognizable by its large panicles and prominent bracts and
bracteoles. Allied to Connarus neurocalyx Planch.

4. Connarus culionensis sp. nov.

Frutex erectus vel scandens, ramulis, petiolis, paniculisque densissime
ferrugineo-tomentosis ; foliis brevibus, circiter 10 cm longis, imparipin-
natis, foliolis 5 vel 7, oblongis, subcoriaceis, acutis vel obscure acuminatis;

PHILIPPINE CONNARACEzE.

121

paniculis terminalibus, diffusis, 20 cm longis; sepalis coriaceis, carinatis;
petalis supra glanduloso-punctatis, extus pubescentibus, basi angustatis;
staminibus 10, inaequalibus ; carpellis globosis, dense pubescentibus; folli-
culis 2.5 cm longis, compressis, apice rotundatis, extus pubescentibus
striatisque, intus glabris.

An erect, or in favorable habitat probably a scandent shrub. Branches
brown, terete, glabrous or nearly so, the young branchlets very densely
ferruginous-tomentose. Leaves alternate, about 10 cm long, the petiole,
rachis and petiolules densely ferruginous-tomentose ; leaflets 5 or 7, oblong,
subeoriaceous, brown, shining, glabrous, or when young with few hairs,
especially at the base, 4 to 7 cm long, 1 to 2.5 cm wide, base usually
rounded, apex acute or obscurely acuminate; nerves about 5 on each side
of the midrib, curved-ascending, anastomosing, distinct, the reticulations
lax; petiolules about 2 mm long. Panicles terminal, ample, pyramidal,
20 cm long, densely ferruginous-tomentose. Sepals coriaceous, 3.5 mm
long, 1.5 mm wide, densely pubescent, keeled, the margins thinner than
the median portion. Petals 7 mm long, 1 mm wide, densely pubescent
outside in the upper portion and glandular -punctate, base narrowed, the
lower portions free, but above the ovary adherent, forming a narrow tube,
the upper portion entirely free. Stamens 10, unequal, the longer five
glandular-puberulous, 4 to 4.5 mm long, the shorter five glabrous, 1.2 mm
long. Carpel 1, globose, densely pubescent; style 2 mm long, somewhat
pubescent. Follicle oblong-ovoid, 2.5 cm long, somewhat compressed, apex
rounded, base narrowed into the short stipe, coriaceous, inside glabrous,
outside pubescent when young, diagonally striate.

Culion, Merrill J/50, December, 1902, on dry open grassy hillsides.

The alliance of this species is with Connarus neurocalyx Planch., but it is
readily distinguished by its much denser indumentum, short leaves, relatively
much longer panicle, its petals adherent by their margins above the ovary, and
its follicles glabrous within.

5. Connarus obtusifolius Planch, in Linnaea 23 (1850) 428; Walp. Ann.
2 (1851) 301; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I2 (1859) 665; Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip.
(1885) 106, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 103; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 57.

The type of this species is Cuming 959, from the Province of Pampanga, Luzon.
It appears to me, from the description, and the fragment of Cuming’s specimen
before me, to be very closely allied to and perhaps not distinct from C. neurocalyx
Planch. For. Bur. 5J{J{6 Curran, from the Province of Bataan, Luzon, may be
referable to it.

Endemic.

6. Connarus neurocalyx Planch. Linnaea 23 (1850) 248; Walp. Ann. 2
(1851) 300; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I2 ( 1859) 665; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 56;
Vid. Sinopsis Atlas (1883) t. 39, f. E., Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 106, Rev.
PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 103; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 61.

Luzon, without locality, Loher 2096: Province of Bataan, For. Bur. 2030
Borden, Williams 562, Bur. Sci. 1516 F or worthy : Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci.
38 Foxworthy, Merrill 1105, 1881f, Bur. Sci. 2685 Ramos, For. Bur. 391 Ahern’s
collector: Province of Pampanga, Merrill 1388: Province of Laguna, Elmer 8309,

122

MERRILL.

For. Bur. 8868 Curran: Province of Bulacan, For. Bur. 7200 Curran : Province of
Camarines Sur, Ahern 218. Negros, For. Bur. 7309 Everett.

The type of this species is Cuming 1762, from the island of Cebu. F.-Villar
erroneously reduces to it Cnestis volubilis Blanco, which appears to me to be
referable to Rourea, rather than to Connarus.

Endemic.

7. Connarus hallieri sp. nov.

Frutex scandens inflorescentiis exceptis glaber; foliis imparipinnatis,
12 ad 20 cm longis, foliolis 5, oblongo-ovatis vel elliptico-ovatis, sub-
coriaceis, nitidis, basi acutis vel subrotundatis, apice subcaudato-acumi-
natis, utrinque plus minus glanduloso-punctatis, nervis utroque latere 5
ad 7, subtus prominentibus, ascendentibus; sepalis petalisque pubescen-
tibus; staminibus 10, inaequalibus, filamentis pubescentibus; carpellis
ellipsoideis, pubescentibus, stylo 4 mm longo; folliculis anguste cylindra-
ceis, leviter falcatis vel rectis, basi angustatis, apice acutis, extus glabris,
leviter longitudinal iter striatis, intus villosis, circiter 4 cm longis.

A scandent shrub, glabrous except the inflorescence. Branches brown,
lenticellate. Leaves odd-pinnate, alternate, 12 to 20 cm long, the leaflets
5, oblong-ovate to elliptic-ovate, subcoriaceous, base rounded or acute,
apex subcaudate-acuminate, acumen obtuse, 6 to 10 cm long, 3 to 4
cm wide, shining, both surfaces rather prominently and densely glandular-
punctate; nerves 5 to 7 on each side of the midrib, rather distinct beneath,
ascending, curved, obscurely anastomosing, the reticulations rather fine
and dense; petiolules 2 to 3 mm long. Panicles terminal and axillary,
pubescent, somewhat diffuse, many flowered, about 10 cm long, the
peduncle and rachis stout. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, pubescent. Petals
narrowly oblong, about 6 mm long, 1.5 to 2 mm wide, pubescent, glan-
dular-dotted. Stamens 10, alternating long and short, the filaments
slightly pubescent. Carpel 1, pubescent; style stout, pubescent, 4 mm
long. Follicle narrowly cylindric, slightly falcate or straight, base
narrowed, apex acute, about 4 cm long, less than 1 cm thick, coriaceous,
outside glabrous and, at least when young, slightly longitudinally striate,
villous inside. Seed immature, arillate.

Basilan, Hallier s. n., January, 1904.

A species closely allied to Connarus monocarpus Linn., but distinct. Elmer
7268 is very closely allied if not identical.

8. Connarus mindanaensis sp. nov.

Scandens, inflorescentiis exceptis glaber; foliis imparipinnatis, usque
ad 25 cm longis, foliolis 5, ovato-ellipticis vel oblongo-ellipticis, subco-
riaceis, nitidis, basi acutis vel subacutis, rariter subrotundatis, apice valde
acuminatis, nervis utrinque 4 vel 5, ascendentibus, subtus prominentibus;
paniculis axillaribus terminalibusque, ferrugineo-pubescentibus, folia
subaequantibus, multifloris; sepalis petalisque glanduloso-punctatis, sub-
aequalibus ; staminibus 10 ; carpellis anguste ovoideis, dense pubescenti-
bus; folliculis aurantiacis, 2.5 cm longis, firmiter coriaceis, nitidis,
inflatis, extus glabris, vix striatis, intus tomentosis.

PHILIPPINE CON N ARACE JE.

123

A scandent shrub, glabrous except the inflorescence. Branches dark-
brown or grayish, somewhat lenticellate. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate,
15 to 25 cm long, the rachis swollen at the base; leaflets 5, the lateral ones
opposite and smaller than the terminal one, subcoriaceous, glabrous,
shining, ovate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 6 to 11 cm long, 2.5 to 5 cm
wide, base acute or subacute, rarely somewhat rounded, margins entire,
sometimes recurved, apex strongly acuminate, the acumen blunt; nerves

1 or 5 on each side of the midrib, ascending, curved, laxly anastomosing,
prominent beneath, the reticulations very lax, the finer ones obsolete;
petiolules about 4 mm long. Panicles terminal and axillary, as long as
the leaves, densely ferruginous-pubescent, many-flowered. Sepals free,
oblong, obtuse or acute, pubescent, distinctly glandular-punctate, 4 to 5
mm long. Petals about the same length as the sepals, glabrous or sub-
glabrous, glandular-punctate, elliptic-ovate, obtuse. Stamens 10, alter-
nating long and short, glabrous, the longer filaments 1.5 mm in length.
Carpels 1, narrowly ovoid, densely pubescent; style very short, 0.5 mm
long, glabrous or nearly so. Follicles orange-yellow, somewhat obovoid,
2.5 cm long, inflated, firmly coriaceous, obtuse, the stipe short, outside
shining, glabrous, not striate, inside somewhat tomentose.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 7 51f, September-October,
1906, and without number (type), March, 1907.

9. Connarus whitfordii sp. nov.

Frutex scandens, infiorescentiis exceptis glaber; foliis imparipinnatis,
10 ad 15 cm longis, foliolis 5, lateralibus suboppositis vel al terms,
oblongo-ellipticis vel oblongo-ovatis, firmiter membranaceis, nitidis, apice
sensim acuminatis, obtusis, basi subrotundatis, nervis utrinque 3 ad 5 ;
paniculis axillaribus terminalibusque, folia aequantibus vel multo longio-
ribus, dense brunneo-pubescentibus ; sepalis coriaceis, arcuatis, dense
pubescentibus ; petalis oblongo-linearibus, utrinque plus minus pubes-
centibus, glanduloso-punctatis ; staminibus 10, inaequalibus, filamentis
pubescentibus; carpellis ovoideis, pubescentibus; folliculis 2.5 cm longis,
inflatis, ellipsoideis, extus glabris, obscure reticulato-striatis, intus pubes-
centibus.

A scandent shrub, glabrous except the inflorescence. Branches grayish-
brown, terete, lenticellate. Leaves alternate, 10 to 15 cm long, the
leaflets 5, the lateral ones subopposite or alternate, oblong-elliptic or
oblong-ovate, firmly membranaceous, shining, 4 to 7 cm long, 2 to 3 cm
wide, base usually rounded, apex gradually and prominently acuminate,
acumen obtuse, margins entire, recurved ; nerves 3 to 5 on each side of the
midrib, rather distinct beneath, the reticulations faint; petiolules about

2 mm long. Panicles axillary and terminal, equaling or much exceeding
the leaves, densely brown-pubescent, the buds densely congested on the
ultimate branchlets. Sepals coriaceous, arched, oblong, 3 mm long,
pubescent, opaque. Petals linear-oblong, obtuse, somewhat pubescent on
both surfaces, glandular-punctate, 5.5 to 6 mm long, 1.2 mm wide, the

83264 2

124

MERRILL.

basal portion inflated, the margins just above the carpels adherent into
a narrow tube, above entirely free. Stamens 10, alternating long and
short, the filaments somewhat pubescent, the longer ones 4 mm, the
shorter 1 mm in length. Carpels 1, ovoid, pubescent; style 1.5 mm long,
slightly pubescent. Follicle firmly coriaceous, ellipsoid, inflated, 2.5 cm
long, outside glabrous, shining, faintly diagonally reticulate-striate,
inside pubescent, the stipe very short.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 9185 Whitford &
Hutchinson, January, 1908, in dipterocarp forests at an altitude of about 20 m.

10. Connarus subinaequifolius Elm. Lead. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 297.

Scandens; foliis usque ad 35 cm longis, imparipinnatis, foliolis 7,
eirciter 12 cm longis, 4.5 cm latis, oblongis, breviter abrupte acuminatis,
basi rotundatis, fimiiter membranaceis vel subcoriaceis, supra glabris,
nitidis, subtus plus minus ferrugineo-pubescentibus, nervis utrinque 4
ad 6, prominentibus. Folliculis sublignosis, obovoideis, compressis, 5 cm
longis, 3.5 cm latis, eirciter 2.5 cm crassis, extus plus minus ferrugineo-
tomentosis, subglabrescentibus, vix striatis, intus f errugineo-tomentosis ;
seminibus oblongis, basi arillatis.

The type of this species is Elmer 9422 from Mount Banajao, Province of
Tayabas, Luzon, which I have not seen. Elmer 9341 from the same locality is
referable here, and also Elmer 6208 from Sablan, Province of Benguet, Luzon, the
latter being mentioned in the original description but without citation of the
number. The flowers are unknown.

Endemic.

2. ELLIPANTHUS Hook. f.

1. Petioles 10 to 15 mm long, the leaf-base subacute, not peltate.... 1. E. luzoniensis
1. Petioles 3 to 4 mm long, the leaf-base broad, rounded or subcordate, minutely
peltate 2. E. mindanaensis

1. Ellipanthus luzoniensis Vid. Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 104; Merr. in
Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 61.

E. helferi Vid. Sinopsis Atlas (1883) t. 39, f. B, non Hook. f.

E. calophyllus F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 351 (probably), non Kurz.

E. tomentosus F.-Vill. 1. c., non Kurz.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, For. Bur. 1998, 2900, 2141 Ahern’s collector:
Province of Bulacan, For. Bur. 7 446 Curran, For. Bur. 12305 Maule: Province of
Bataan, For. Bur. 2200, 2239 Meyer, Whitford 1051, For. Bur. 6407 Curran, For.
Bur. 1426, 1505 Ahern’s collector, Elmer 6692, 6883, 6889, For. Bur. 812, 17)2,
1909, 2074, 2107, 2926 Borden. Leyte, Elmer 7164-

Endemic.

2. Ellipanthus mindanaensis sp. nov.

Arbor parva, ramulis junioribus fructibusque ferrugineo-pubescenti-
bus; foliis oblongo-ellipticis vel ovato-ellipticis, subcoriaceis, usque ad 14
cm longis, apice acuminatis, basi late rotundatis vel leviter cordatis, levis-
sime peltatis, integris, nitidis, supra glabris vel ad nervos minute pubes-
centibus, subtus ad costam nervosque pubescentibus, nervis 7 vel 8 utrin-
que; folliculis solitariis, longe pedicellatis, compressis, 3 cm longis, sub-
falcatis, acuminato-rostratis.

PHILIPPINE CONNARACE^E.

125

A small tree, the trunk about 4 cm in diameter. Branches reddish-
brown, glabrous, the branchlets, especially the growing shoots, densely
ferruginous-pubescent. Leaves oblong-elliptic or ovate-elliptic, subco-
riaceous, 10 to 14 cm long, 5 to 6 cm wide, entire, the apex acuminate,
the base broad, rounded or subcordate, very minutely subpeltate, shining,
the upper surface glabrous, or the midrib and nerves minutely pubescent,
beneath pubescent on the midrib and lateral nerves; nerves 7 or 8 on
each side of the midrib, prominent, distant, curved, anastomosing, the
reticulations lax, distinct; petioles pubescent, 3 to 4 mm long, jointed
with the leaflet. Follicle densely ferruginous-pubescent, 3 cm long, 2 cm
wide, compressed, subfalcate, base acute, apex acuminate-rostrate, the
stalk 1.5 cm long. Seed subellipsoid, somewhat compressed, dark-
colored, shining, 2.3 cm long, the aril very short.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 9276 Whitford &
Hutchinson, January, 1908.

A species allied to Ellipanthus luzoniensis Vid. but readily distinguished by
its very short petioles, subpeltate, broad, rounded or cordate leaf-base, prominent
reticulations, and larger follicles.

3. ROUREA Aubl.

1. Leaflets 1 to 5 1. R.volubilis

1. Leaflets 11 to 15 2. R. erecta

1. Rourea volubilis (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905)
36; Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 61.

Cnestis volubilis Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 385.

Cnestis trifolia Blanco 1. c. ed. 2 (1845) 270, ed. 3, 2: 136, non Lam.

Rourea heterophylla Planch, in Linnaea 23 (1850) 419; Walp. Ann. 2 (1851)
297; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 1= (1859) 658; Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 106,
Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 103.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, For. Bur. 14129 Merritt & Darling: Province of
Tayabas, Cuming 752, type collection of Rourea heterophylla Planch.: Province of
Zambales, Bur. Sci. 5064 Ramos: Province of Rizal, Merrill 1678, Loher 5139, Bur.
Sci. 2657 Ramos: Province of Bataan, For. Bur. 1967 Borden. Mindoro, For. Bur.
4118 Merritt. Balabac, Bur. Sci. 450 Mangubat. Mindanao, Lake Lanao,
Camp Keitbley, Mrs. Clemens 280: District of Zamboanga, For. Bur. 9307 Whit-
ford & Hutchinson.

In vegetative characters this species is exceedingly variable, the leaflets varying
from one to seven, and on some specimens the same branches bearing 1-3- and
5-foliolate leaves. The flower and fruit characters appear to be rather constant.

This species has been reported from the Feejee Islands by A. Gray,6 but possibly
on an erroneous identification, or on a wrongly localized plant. Otherwise not
reported from outside the Philippines.

2. Rourea erecta (Blanco) comb. nov.

Cnestis erecta Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 387.

Omphalobium pictum Blanco 1. c. ed. 2 (1845) 271; ed. 3, 2: 139.

Cnestis glabra Blanco 1. cc. 387, 271, 138, non Lam.

Rourea multiflora Planch, in Linnaea 23 (1850) 418; Walp. Ann. 2 (1851)
297; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. V (1859) 658; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 56; Naves in

6 Bot. Wilkes’ U. S. Explor. Exped. (1854) 375.

126

MERRILL.

Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 3, t. lJjfO; Vid. Sinopsis Atlas (1883) t. 39, f. A, Phan.
Cuming. Philip. (1885) 106, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 102; Merr. in Philip.
Journ. Sci. 1 (1006) Suppl. 61.

Omphalobium obliquum Presl Epim. Bot. (1851) 207.

Connarus obliquus Walp. Ann. 3 (1851) 844; Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip.
(1885) 106.

Connarus paniculatus F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 57, ex syn. Blanco, non Roxb.

C. monocarpus F.-Vill. 1. c. 57, ex syn. Blanco, non Linn.

Luzon, Province of Abra, Bur. Sci. 7 088 Ramos: Province of Ilocos Norte,
For. Bur. 13801 , 1 3828 Merritt cC- Darling: Province of Pangasinan, Cuming 91/9:
Province of Ilocos Sur, Cuming 1172: Province of Rizal, Merrill 1859, 261/5,
2723, 2828, Topping 7 51, For. Bur. 2655 Ahern’s collector, Guerrero 1/2: Province
of Bataan, Lcibcrg 6017, Merrill 2520, Whitford 323: Province of Laguna, Elmer.
Lubanq, Merrill 97’/. Leyte, For. Bur. 121/21/ Danao. Baxtayan, Bur. Sci.
1697 McGregor.

Blanco’s description of Cnestis erecta applies exactly to the specimens above
cited, and accordingly his specific name is here adopted, being the earliest valid
one for the species. The name erecta is not particularly applicable, as only
comparatively young plants are erect, mature ones being more or less procumbent
or subscandent. However, the description can apply to no other Philippine species,
as the five carpels mentioned by Blanco and the aril entirely covering the seed
are characteristic of llourea, and not of Connarus. Presl’s Omphalobium obliquum
has also been a somewhat doubtful species, it having been based on a specimen
collected in Luzon by Haenke, and “Cuming 1171.” The latter is undoubtedly
an error for Cuming 1172, for 1171 in all herbaria that I have examined is
Mallotus muricatus Muell. Arg., while Cuming 1172, specimens of which are
before me, answers Presl’s description perfectly. The date of Presl’s “Epimeliae
botanicae” is given on the title page as 1849. but it seems quite evident that
the work did not appear until 1851 or 1852. Hooker 7 states regarding the work
in question “although it bears on the title-page the date of 1849, it does not
appear to have been in the hands of booksellers till the commencement of 1852.”
This is confirmed by the fact that it was not reviewed in the Botanische Zeitung
until September, 1852. As Blanco’s specific name for the plant under discussion
is undoubtedly the oldest one, the question of actual date of publication of Presl’s
work is of no importance in the present case, but if Blanco’s name be not
accepted, there would be some doubt as to whether Presl’s or Planchon’s name
had priority.

A common and widely distributed endemic species.

4. AGE LAE A Soland.

1. Glabrous except the inflorescence, the follicles not or but very slightly rugose,

scarcely beaked 1. A. wallichii

1. All parts more or less pubescent, the follicles strongly tuberculate-rugose,
prominently beaked 2. A. everettii

1. Agelaea wallichii Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 2 (1876) 47; King in Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. 66- (1897) 18; Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1905) 19;
Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 61.

.4. vestita Vid. Sinopsis Atlas (1883) t. 39, f. D, non Hook.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Merrill 2895: Province of Bataan, Lciberg 6001/,
For. Bur. 3025 Meyer, Whitford 29, For. Bur. 301/3 Borden.

Malay Peninsula to Singapore and Sumatra.

7 Journ. Bot. & Kew Miscel. 4 (1852) 286.

PHILIPPINE CONNARACEJE.

127

2. Agelaea everettii sp. nov.

Frutex scandens, ramulis, petiolis, foliolis subtus, inflorescentiisque
plus minus ferrugineo-pubescentibus ; foliis altemis, trifoliolatis, racemis
axillaribus vel extra-axillaribus, fasciculatis, circiter 2 cm longis; stami-
nibus 10 ; folliculis solitariis, oblongis, 1.5 ad 2 cm longis, valde rostratis,
extus tuberculato-rugosis, pubescentibus.

A scandent shrub more or less pubescent. Branches and branchlets
terete, brownish, ferruginous-pubescent. Leaves alternate, trifoliolate,
15 to 20 cm long, the petiole pubescent, 5 to 6 cm long; leaflets charta-
ceous, the upper surface glabrous except the somewhat pubescent midrib
and nerves, the lower surface paler, ferruginous-pubescent, ultimately
subglabrous, the lateral ones inequilateral at the base, the terminal one
equilateral, 7 to 15 cm long, 2.5 to 7 cm wide, entire, apex acuminate,
acumen blunt; nerves 4 or 5 on each side of the midrib, prominent,
ascending, anastomosing, the reticulations rather lax, distinct; petiolules
densely pubescent, about 3 mm long. Racemes axillary or extra-axillary,
about 2 cm long, fascicled, densely pubescent, the pedicels slender, pubes-
cent, 1 to 2 mm long, the bracteoles densely pubescent, 1 to 1.5 mm
long. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, pubescent, 3 mm long. Petals glabrous,
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 5 mm long, 1 mm wide. Carpels usually 5,
narrowly lanceolate, pilose, 3 to 3.5 mm long including the styles.
Stamens usually 10, sometimes fewer, unequal, 1 to 1.5 mm long. Fol-
licles solitary, oblong, 1.5 to 2 cm long, apex strongly rostrate, the outside
strongly tuberculate-rugose, densely ferruginous-pubescent; seed ellipsoid
or narrowly obovoid, blaok, about 1 cm long.

Type specimen collected by H. D. Everett, For. Bur. Jf300, Negros, June, 1906;
also represented by For. Bur. Jf2S6, 5570 Everett, May and June, 1906, the former
from the Guimagaan River, the latter from Cadiz, Negros. Material collected by
Cuming, no. 907, from the Province of Albay, Luzon, is probably the same, but
no specimen is available here, although the one in the Kew Herbarium has been
examined by me.

Agelaea everettii is apparently closely allied to Agelaea borneensis (Hook,
f. ) ( Hemiandrina borneensis Hook, f., Agelaea vestita Hook. f. ) of the Malay

Peninsula and Borneo, but is distinguished by its 10 stamens, and less dense
pubescence, although in the latter character the species seems to vary considerably,
if all our Singapore specimens are correctly named. In regard to A. borneensis.
Hooker’s specific name under Hemiandrina is the oldest, and hence must be
accepted, for the Wallicliian name Cnestis vestita was not published until 1876,
and then only as a synonym. Gilg and Boerlage maintain Troostwyckia Miq.,
as a distinct genus, although Hooker f. reduced T. singularis Miq., on which the
genus was based, to Aeglaea vestita Hook. f.

5. CNESTIS Juss.

1. Cnestis diffusa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 386.

Cnestis polyphylla Blanco 1. c. ed. 2 (1845) 270; ed. 3. 2: 137, non Lam.

Cnestis corniculata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 386, ed. 2 (1845) 270, ed. 3, 2:
138, non Lam.

Cnestis ramiflora Griff. Not. 4 (1854) 432; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
452 (1876) 216; Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 2 (1876) 54; Vid. Sinopsis Atlas (1883)

128

MERRILL.

t. 39, f. C; Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 106; Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 103;
F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 57; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 61;
King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 662 (1897) 21.

Rourea dasyphylla Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1861) 528.

Connarus foliosus Jack in Wall. Cat. (1828) no. 8529, nomen.

Connarus igneus Wall. 1. c. no. 8528, nomen.

Rourea rugosa F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 56, non Planch.

Connarus ferrugineus F.-Vill. 1. c. 57, non Jack.

Luzon, Province of Ilocos Sur, Tagudin, Ouerrero s. n. : Province of Union,
Elmer 551/ 1/: Province of Pangasinan, Cuming 951: Province of Bataan, Topping
529, For. Bur. 2592 Meyer, For. Bur. 2561 Borden: Province of Rizal, Merrill
1321, 231/1, For. Bur. 2656 Ahern’s collector: Province of Laguna, Elmer. Lu-
bang, Merrill 965. Burias, For. Bur. 1126 Clark.

Burma to the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.

Blanco’s name for this species is the oldest valid one that I have been able to
find, and it is here accordingly adopted. He describes the fruits as “without
hairs” which hardly applies to the above species, but in spite of this discrepancy
I am of the opinion that the plant he had in mind was really the above, as in
other characters his description applies perfectly, and does not at all apply to
any other species of Connaraceae known to me. The species is moreover common
in the regions from which Blanco received most of his material, and would hardly
have been overlooked by him. F.-Villar erroneously reduced Cnestis diffusa
Blanco to Rourea rugosa Planch., a species that does not extend to the Philippines,
and one to which Blanco’s description does not at all apply. Cnestis corniculata
Blanco, non Lam., is certainly referable here. I had suspected this from Blanco’s
description, and to verify it, Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero kindly secured for me from
Blanco’s type locality, Tagudin, specimens of the plant known there as Sal-laday;
these specimens prove to be the same as C. diffusa Blanco. C. corniculata Blanco
was erroneously reduced by F.-Villar to Connarus ferrugineus Jack, a species that
does not extend to the Philippines. .

EXCLUDED SPECIES.

Rourea santaloides W. & A.; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 56.

Rourea commutata Planch.; F.-Vill. 1. c.

The above two species were credited to the Philippines by F.-Villar, but probably
do not extend to the Archipelago.

A REVISION OF PHILIPPINE LORANTHACE/E.

By E. D. Merrill.

(From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,

Manila, P. I.)

The greatest difficulty in dealing with this family is in connection
with the generic limits of Loranthus, to determine whether or not to
follow Bentham and refer all the forms to one great genus with numerous
sections, or to follow Van Tieghem, recognizing a great number of small,
more or less closely allied genera, or to follow Engler, who chooses a
middle course, recognizing a few genera, several of them large and with
numerous subgenera. After considerable preliminary work on the group,
I decided to follow Bentham, excluding, however, the species with versa-
tile anthers, of which we have a single representative in the Philippines,
as his arrangement on the whole seemed to me to be the most logical and
simple one. The difficulty with Van Tieghem’s system is that his work
is not sufficiently amplified, his generic and specific descriptions being too
short, and frequently almost wanting, so that it is quite difficult, if not
impossible, to follow him closely, unless one has access to the specimens
cited by him. After a careful study of the material available here, I am
now rather firmly convinced that there is no middle ground to be taken
in the matter, and that one must refer most of the species to a single,
or at most two or three large and small genera, or one must follow Van
Tieghem, and recognize numerous small and more or less closely allied
genera, only in the latter case it will be necessary to establish a consider-
able number of new genera to accommodate numerous Philippine and
Malayan species that can not be fitted into any of those proposed by him.

It is fortunate that there is in the herbarium of this Bureau a nearly
complete set of Cuming’s Philippine Lorantliacece, so that it has been
possible for me accurately to identify most of the species established by
Van Tieghem based on this collection; without these specimens it is
quite impossible to identify the species on account of the short descrip-
tions. The other material cited is entirely of recent collection.

Six genera have been recognized, of which the largest is Loranthus ,
with forty-three species, although specimens not in proper condition for
complete descriptions, at present in our herbarium, would bring this list
up to about fifty. When material available has not allowed me to place
the species in its proper section, I have refrained from describing such
plants, and a number of these, at present represented by incomplete

130

MERRILL.

material, will have to be considered at a later date, when more complete
specimens are available. Phrygilanthus, included by Bentham in Lor-
anthus, but distinguished primarily by its versatile anthers, is here
retained as a genus, and is represented in the Archipelago by a single
species, which must be considered as an Australian type. Cleistoloran-
thus, remarkable for its cylindric corolla-tube entirely closed at the apex
by the inward projecting and connate basal portions of the lobes, and by
its very short, spreading, irregularly toothed, external portions of the
lobes which are broader than long, is described as a new genus. Viscum
is represented by four species, all of wide distribution; Notothixos by
three endemic species, and Ginalloa by a single endemic species. The
table below gives some idea of the distribution in this part of the world
of the genera and species, the latter being much more strongly* developed
in the Malay region than to the north and south. Arceuthobium, with .
one species in the Himalayan region, and Nuytsia and Atkinsonia ( Gaia -
dendron ) with one species each in Australia, are not included in the table.

Genera.

India, in-
cluding
the Malay
Peninsula,1

Malay
Archi-
pelago and
Peninsula.2

China.3

Australia.4

Philip-

pines.

Loranthus

69“

96

16

16

43

Cleistoloranthus

0

0

0

0

1

Phrygilanthus

0

0

0

3b

1

Viscum

11

6

4

3

4

Notothixos .......

2

1

0

3

3

Ginalloa

3

4

0

0

1

Total .

85

107

20

25

53

“Including additional species described by King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 66 2 (1888)
89—100.

b Included in Loranthus.

KEY' TO THE PHILIPPINE GENERA OF LORANTHACEyE.

1. Flowers 2-sexual.

2. Anthers basifixed.

3. ( orolla-tube open, variously cleft or divided, the lobes often entirely free,

linear, reflexed or erect 1. Loranthus

3. Corolla-tube cyclindric, closed at the top by inward projecting processes of
the four very short broad, spreading lobes, the flowers cleistogamous.

2. Cleistoloranthus

2. Anthers versatile 3. Phrygilanthus

1. Flowers 1-sexual.

2. Anthers adnate to the petals, opening by pores; plants glabrous.... 4. Viscum
2. Anthers at the base of the petals, many-celled ; plants, or at least the young
parts, densely yellowish- or grayish-puberulent, often mealy-glandular.

5. Notothixos

2. Anthers at the base of the petals, 2-celled; plants glabrous 6. Gimlloa

1 Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 5 (1886) 203-228.

2 Boerlage Handl. FI. Nederl. Ind. 3* (1900) 162-167.

* Hemsley in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26 (1894) 405-408.

‘Bentham FI. Austral. 3 (1866) 387-397.

PHILIPPINE LORA NTH ACELE.

131

1. LORANTHUS Linn.

1. Petals entirely free; flowers subtended by a single bract.

2. Flowers small, less than 1 cm long, 5-merous, arranged in axillary spikes or
racemes; buds strongly constricted in the median portion, base and apex
inflated. § Phoenicanthemum.

3. Flowers racemose 1. L. pentapetalus

3. Flowers spicate 2. L. sessiliflorus

2. Flowers medium, 1 to 4 cm long, rarely smaller, 4- to 6-merous, arranged in
axillary fascicles, cymes or racemes; buds not constricted in the median
portion. § Heteranthus.

3. Leaves whorled.

4. Flowers 5-merous.

5. Leaves petioled.

6. Leaves oblong-ovate to elliptic-ovate, apex blunt-acuminate or acute,

8 cm long or more 3. L. basilanensis

6. Leaves narrowly obovate-elliptic, rounded at the apex, 7 cm long or

less 4. L. merrittii

5. Leaves sessile 5. L. benguetensis

4. Flowers 4-merous.

5. Leaves sessile 6. L. luzonensis

5. Leaves petioled.

G. Inflorescences scattered along the branches 7. L. mirabilis

6. Inflorescences at the nodes only 8. L. acutus

3. Leaves opposite, subopposite or alternate.

4. Flowers 4-merous.

5. Flowers less than 1 cm long; leaves lanceolate 9. L. tenuis

5. Flowers nearly 2.5 cm long; leaves elliptic-ovate to elliptic-obovate.

10. L. mearnsii

4. Flowers 5-merous.

5. Leaves all petioled.

6. Leaves acute or acuminate at the apex.

7. Flowers all sessile, arranged in groups of threes along one side of

the branches 11. L. cauliflorus

7. Flowers all pedicelled, arranged in slender, few-flowered cymes.

8. Leaves about 20 cm long, prominently acuminate; flowers 3.5

cm long 12. L. lanaensis

8. Leaves 14 cm long or less, blunt, acute, or only slightly acumi-
nate; flowers 3 cm long 13. L. bicoloratus

7. Flowers in triads, all sessile, two triads on a short common

peduncle 14. L. hexanthus

6. Leaves broad and rounded at their apices; flowers in pairs, which

are fasciculate at the nodes 15. L. hutchinsonii

5. Leaves sessile 16. L. cuernosensis

1. Corolla-lobes more or less united, forming a short or long tube.

2. Flowers 4-merous, small or medium, each subtended by a single small bract;
corolla straight or curved, outside very densely tomentose or farinose.
§ ClCHLANTHUS.

3. Leaves usually less than 2 cm in width.

4. Fruit ellipsoid, not at all narrowed at the base 17. L. estipitatus

4. Fruit narrowly obovoid, gradually narrowed to the base.

18. L. sphenoideus

132

MERRILL.

3. Leaves 2 to 5 cm wide.

4. Flowers, young leaves and branches densely covered with a rather pale,

yellowish-brown tomentum 19. L. philippensis

4. Tomentum dark-rusty-brown 20. L. ferrugineus

2. Flowers 4- to 6-merous, usually 5-merous, each subtended by a single small
bract, arranged in fascicles, cymes, or racemes; corolla straight or curved,
glabrous or only slightly pubescent. § Dendkopiithoe.

3. Inflorescence of axillary, solitary or fascicled, often very short, simple
racemes.

4. Leaves sessile and strongly cordate at the base 21. L. hallieri

4. Leaves distinctly petioled, acute or acuminate at the base.

5. Flowers more or less curved, 3 to 4 cm long.

6. Leaves prominently 5-plinerved, obtuse; racemes very short, fas-
cicled 22. L. dementis

6. Leaves not 5-plinerved; racemes solitary, in pairs, or fasciculate,
elongated.

7. Leaves lanceolate, about 15 cm long; racemes fascicled.

23. L. copelandii

7. Leaves elliptic-ovate to elliptic-oblong, less than 10 cm long;

racemes solitary or in pairs 24. L. loheri

5. Flowers straight, about 1.5 cm long 25. L. pentandrus

3. Inflorescence of racemosely disposed triads.

4. Flowers all sessile.

5. Petioles 1 to 1.5 cm long.

6. Corolla about 1.5 cm long, somewhat inflated.. 26. L. subalternifolius
6. Corolla 2 cm long, very slender, not at all inflated.. 27. L. boholensis

5. Petioles 3 mm long or less or the leaves sessile.

6. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, sessile, the lateral nerves 6 to 8, obscure;

corolla about 2 cm long 28. L. secundiflorus

C. Leaves ovate to elliptic-ovate, short-petioled, the lateral nerves 3
or 4, rather distinct, the reticulations lax; corolla 1.5 cm long.

29. L. mindanaensis

4. Central flower of each triad sessile, the two lateral ones short- or long-
pedicelled.

5. Leaves rounded or acute at the base, the petioles elongated.

6. Inflorescence cauline; pedicels of the lateral flowers very short, 1

mm long or less 30. L. revolutus

6. Inflorescence axillary and terminal, lax; pedicels of the lateral
flowers elongated.

7. Inflorescence lepidote; leaves acute or slightly acuminate.

31. L.ahernianus

7. Inflorescence glabrous; leaves strongly caudate-acuminate.

32. L. acuminatissimus

5. Leaves strongly cordate at the base, short-petioled ; pedicels of the

lateral flowers short 33. L. ovatifolius

3. Inflorescence of umbellately disposed triads.

4. Leaves whorled 34. L. halconensis

4. Leaves opposite or alternate.

5. Flowers 5- and 6-merous in the same umbels 35. L. haenkeanus

5. Flowers 4-merous «... 36. L. curranii

3. Inflorescence of terminal and axillary cymes; flowers 6-merous.

37. L. viridis

$. Inflorescence of sessile fascicled flowers, axillary or at the nodes.

4. Leaves sessile; flowers 5-merous 16. L. cuernosensis

PHILIPPINE LORANTHACEJE. 133

4. Leaves petioled; flowers 6-merous 38. L. banahaensis

2. Each flower subtended by a bract, and by an additional pair of similar,
usually smaller bracteoles, these bracteoles free or united into a single
retuse one. § Macrosolen.

3. Flowers in simple racemes, each flower subtended by a small bract and

two smaller, free bracteoles 39. L. ampullaceus

3. Flowers in triads, each peduncle bearing two triads, the flowers 5-merous,

all sessile 40. L. macgregorii

3. Flowers in pairs, each peduncle bearing two sessile, 6-merous flowers.

41. M. geminatus

2. Flowers in axillary, sessile fascicles, which are surrounded by large, ovate
to elliptic, imbricated, deciduous bracts, entirely inclosing the young
inflorescence. § Lepiostegeres.

3. Flowers about 30 in each head 42. L. congestiflorus

3. Flowers 4 in each head 43. L. williamsii

§ Phoenicanthemum.

1. Loranthus pentapetalus Roxb. FI. Ind. 1 (1820) 190; DC. Prodr. 4

(1830) 295; Blume FI. Jav. Loranth. (1828) 39, t. 11/, 23A ; Hook. f. FI. Brit.
Ind. 5 (1886) 206; Forbes & Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26 (1894) 406;
Rolfe in Journ. Bot. 23 (1885) 215; Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 140,
Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 231; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 50.

Lanthorus spicifer Presl Epim. Bot. (1851) 257; Walp. Ann. 2: 727; Van
Tiegh. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 41 (1894) 487.

Phoenicanthemum pentapetalum Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I1 (1856) 823.
Dendrophthoe pentapetala G. Don Gen. Hist. 3 (1832) 419.

Loranthus spicifer F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 183; Vid. Rev. PI. Vase. Filip.
(1886) 231.

Lanthorus blumeanus Van Tiegh. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 41 (1894) 488.
Lanthorus pentasepalus Van Tiegh. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 41 (1894) 488.
Lanthorus cumingii Van Tiegh. 1. c.

Loranthus cumingii Engl. Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. 1 (1897) 128.

Loranthus blumeanus Engl. 1. c.

Philippines, without locality, Cuming 191/9, type number of the genus Lan-
thorus Presl; Cuming 1915, type number of Lanthorus cumingii Van Tiegh.
Babuyanes Islands, Camiguin, Bur. Sci. 1/111 Fenix. Luzon, Province of Benguet,
Ambuklao to Daklan, Merrill 1/1/02 ; Baguio, For. Bur. 1/901 Curran, Elmer 81/93;
Kias Hill, Williams 932: Province of Pampanga, Mount Abu, Bur. Sci. 1993
Foxworthy : Province of Bataan, Lamao River, Whitford 1219, For. Bur. 221/3
Meyer, Elmer 6891, For. Bur. 80 Barnes: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Merrill
1832, For. Bur. 2131/ Ahern’s collector, Bur. Sci. 11/99 Ramos: Province of Tayabas,
Elmer 9111/: Province of Camarines, For. Bur. 12291 Curran.

Nepal to Burma and southern China, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java,
and Borneo.

A widely distributed species, with rather constant characters, considering its
range. I am unable to distinguish any constant characters by which the four
species recognized by Van Tieghem, Lanthorus pentapetalus, L. spicifer, L. cumingii,
and L. blumeanus, can be separated from Loranthus pentapetalus Roxb.

2. Loranthus sessil iflorus Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 188.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, Elmer 6051: Province of Bataan, Lamao

River, Whitford 1111 : Province of Tayabas, Lucban, Elmer 181/5. Mindoro, Baco,
Merrill 121/2, 1/01/1, McGregor 125; Aglubang River, For. Bur. 111/99 Merritt.
Endemic.

134

MERRILL.

§ Hetekanthus.

3. Loranthus basilanensis sp. nov.

Glaber ; foliis verticillatis, coriaceis, elliptico-ovatis vel oblongo-ovatis,
usque ad 11 cm longis, utrinque acutis, vel apice leviter acuminatis, basi
interdum rotundatis, petiolatis, nervis utrinque 3 vel 4, subobsoletis ;
floribus 5-meris, in cymis brevibus axillaribus solitariis binis vel fas-
ciculatis dispositis; petalis liberis, circiter 1.5 cm longis.

Glabrous throughout. Branches terete, grayish or brownish, smooth,
Leaves three or four at each node, verticillate, elliptic-ovate to oblong-
ovate, 6 to 11 cm long, 2.5 to 5 cm wide, brown when dry, dull, acute at
both ends, or the apex sometimes slightly acuminate and the base
rounded ; nerves 3 or 4 on each side of the midrib, very obscure, the
reticulations obsolete; petioles 5 to 10 mm long. Cymes axillary, soli-
tary, in pairs, or fascicled at the nodes, the rachis less than 1 cm long.
Flowers yellow, pedicelled, each subtended by a single small bracteole.
Calyx cup-shaped, 3 mm long, the limb produced, truncate. Petals 5,
about 15 cm long, 1 mm wide, free, the portion above the insertion of
the stamens reflexed; filaments 2 mm long; anthers continuous, 3 mm
long.

Basilan, Matangal Point, For. Bur. 34)7 Hutchinson, December, 1907. An
unnumbered specimen collected on Basilan by Hallier, in January, 1904, is probably
referable here, as well as Copeland 316, from Davao, Mindanao.

4. Loranthus merrittii nom. nov.

Loranthus nodosus Engl. Nat. Pflanzenfam. Naclitr. 1 (1897) 128, non Desr.

Stemmatophyllum nodosum Van Tiegh. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 41 (1894)
506.

Philippines, without locality, Cuming 1952, 1958, the former the type number.
Luzon, near Manila, Merrill 349%, Loher 4463: Province of Pangasinan, For. Bur.
8348 Curran <£ Merritt: Province of Bataan, near Bagac, For. Bur. 5917 Curran.
Lubang, Merrill 960. Mindoro, Cauayan, For. Bur. 9893 Merritt.

Endemic.

5. Loranthus benguetensis sp. nov.

Glaber; foliis verticillatis, temis vel quaternis, oblongo-elliptieis vel
lanceolato-ellipticis, obtusis, sessilibus, crasse coriaceis, uitidis, usque ad
4 cm longis; floribus 5-meris, glabris, in triadibus dispositis, omnibus
breviter pedicellatis ; triadibus umbellatim dispositis, pedunculis axillari-
bus, solitariis.

Glabrous throughout. Branches stout, terete, dark-colored and almost
black when dry, somewhat shining. Leaves verticillate, three or four at
each node, sessile, oblong-elliptic to lanceolate-elliptic, obtuse, the base
acute, thickly coriaceous, shining, 3 to 4 cm long, 1 to 1.3 cm wide, the
midrib faint, the lateral nerves and reticulations obsolete. Inflorescence
axillary, solitary, the peduncles slender, about 1 cm long, each with about
four short branches umbellately disposed at the apex, these branches about

PHILIPPINE LORA NTHACEyE.

135

4 mm long and each in turn bearing a single triad of flowers, all the
flowers shortly pedicelled, the pedicels 1 to 1.5 mm long. Calyx narrowly
funnel-shaped, 3 mm long, the limb produced, truncate or minutely
toothed, each subtended by a small bract. Petals 5, free, glabrous, about
2.2 cm long, 1.5 mm wide, the reflexed portion 5 to 6 mm long. Fila-
ments 1 to 2 mm long ; anthers continuous, obtuse, 3 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 1606 1/ Curran, Merritt,
(£• Zschokke, January, 1909, parasitic on Pinus insularis, altitude about 1,200 m.
Apparently also represented by immature specimens from the same province,
Bur. Sci. 2112 Mearns, April, 1907.

Manifestly closely allied to Loranthus luzonensis, but with smaller, shining
leaves, and 5-merous, quite glabrous flowers.

6. Loranthus luzonensis Presl ex Schultes f. Syst. Veg. 7 (1829) 104; Vid.
Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 140, Rev. PI. Vase. Philip. (1886) 232; F.-Vill.
Nov. App. (1883) 183.

Dendrophthoe luzonensis G. Don Gen. Hist. 3 (1834) 421; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat.
I1 (1857) 818.

Stemmatophyllum luzonense Van Tiegh. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 41 (1894)
505.

Loranthus forsterianus Llanos in Mem. Ac. Cienc. Madr. 4 (1858) 501; Blanco
FI. Filip, ed. 3, 4: 102, non Schultes, fide F.-Villar.

Philippines, without locality, Cuming 1961} : Province of Union, Bauang, Elmer
5693: Province of Abra, Bur. Sci. 1250 Ramos: Province of Benguet, For. Bur.
10922 Curran, For. Bur. 15893 Bacani: Province of Zambales, For. Bur. 5921
Curran, For. Bur. 11050 Zschokke.

Endemic.

From the meager description given by Van Tieghem, and the fragment of
Cuming 1956 before me, on which Stemmatophyllum sessilifolium Van Tiegh.
( Loranthus sessilifolius Engl.) was based, I can not distinguish the species from
the above.

7. Loranthus mirabilis Van Huerck & Muell. Arg. in Act. Soc. Helv. Sci.
Nat. 55 (1872) 47; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 187.

Stemmatophyllum cumingii Van Tiegh. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 41 (1894)
505.

Loranthus cumingianus Engl. Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. 1 (1897) 128, non
L. cumingii Engl. 1. c.

Philippines, without locality, Cuming 1966, type number: Luzon, Province
of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Copeland s. n., April, 1906.

In my previous consideration of Loranthus mirabilis 6 the specimens cited,
other than Cuming 1966, do not belong to this species.

Endemic.

8. Loranthus acutus (Van Tiegh.) Engl. Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. 1 (1897)
128.

Stemmatophyllum acutum Van Tiegh. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 41 (1894) 546.

Philippines, without locality, Cuming 1913, type number. Luzon, Province
of Benguet, Williams 1021, 1319, Elmer 5809, Merrill 1/311, For. Bur. 15982 Bacani.

Endemic.

This Journal 1 (1906) Suppl. 187.

136

MERRILL.

9. Loranthus tenuis sp. nov.

Glaber, ramulis juvenilibus inflorescentiisque exceptis; ramis ramu-
lisque tenuibus, griseo-brunneis, teretibus, lenticellatis ; foliis oppositis,
suboppositis vel alternis, lanceolatis, usque ad 6 cm longis, utrinque
angustatis, apice acuminatis, petiolatis, nervis utrinque circiter 5, sub-
obsoletis; cymis axillaribus, solitariis, vix 1.5 cm longis, 3-floris; floribus
leviter ferrugineo-puberulis, 4-meris; petalis liberis, 5 mm longis.

Glabrous except the young branchlets and inflorescence. Branches
slender, brownish-gray, terete, lenticellate, glabrous, the young branchlets
slightly ferruginous-puberulent, Leaves opposite, subopposite or alter-
nate, coriaceous, glabrous, dull, lanceolate, 3.5 to 6 cm long, 0.8 to 1.8
cm wide, narrowed at both ends, the apex acuminate, acumen blunt, base
acute or acuminate; nerves 4 or 5 on each side of the midrib, very
obscure, the reticulations obsolete; petioles slender, 5 mm long or less.
Cymes axillary, solitary, less than 1.5 cm long, 3-flowered, each therefore
a simple triad with pedicelled flowers, the pedicels about 2 mm long.
Calyx cup-shaped, 1.8 to 2 mm long, obscurely 4-toothed or subtruncate,
the limb slightly produced, ferruginous-puberulent, subtended by a single,
ovate, obtuse bract about 1 mm long. Petals 4, free, linear or oblong-
linear, ferruginous-puberulent outside, obtuse, about 5 mm long, 0.5 to
0.7 mm wide. Anthers erect, continuous. Style 6 mm long; stigma
capitate.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao River, Mount Mariveles, parasitic on
Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco in forests at an altitude of about 800 m, For. Bur.
6287 Curran, February, 1907.

A species well characterized by its slender branches, narrow, lanceolate leaves,
and simple, solitary triads.

10. Loranthus mearnsii Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 271.

Mindoro, Mount Halcon, Merrill 5733, November, 1906.

Endemic.

11. Loranthus cauliflorus Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 185.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 55, and two sheets

without number, January, March, May, 1906.

Endemic.

12. Loranthus lanaensis sp. nov.

Glaber; foliis suboppositis, coriaceis, lanceolatis vel late lanceolatis,
in sicco brunneis, opacis, circiter 20 cm longis, basi acutis, apice valde
acute acuminatis, petiolatis, nervis utrinque circiter 7, obscuris; cymis
ad nodos solitariis vel fasciculatis, trichotomis, 9-floris; floribus omnibus
pedicellatis, 5-meris; petalis liberis, 3 ad 3.5 cm longis.

Glabrous throughout. Branches stout, terete, gray or brown. Leaves
subopposite, lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 18 to 20 cm long, 4.5 to 6
cm wide, thickly coriaceous, brown when dry, dull, the base acute, the
apex strongly and sharply acuminate, often somewhat falcate; nerves

PHILIPPINE LORANTHACEiE.

137

about 8 on each side of the midrib, obscure; petioles stout, 2 to 3 cm
long. Cymes solitary or few at the nodes, rarely additional ones scattered
along the branches, the racliis less than 1 cm long, bearing at its apex
three short branches, each branch in turn bearing three pedicelled yellow
flowers, so that the cyme is made up of three triads. Pedicels 2 to 3 mm
long, slender. Calyx 4.5 mm long, narrowed below, the limb produced,
truncate, each subtended by a single, ovate, 1.2 mm long bract. Petals 5,
free, 3 to 3.5 cm long, about 1.7 mm wide. Filaments 2 mm long;
anthers continuous, 5 mm long.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 777, November, 1906,
on trees overhanging the lake.

A species closely allied to Loranthus bicoloratus Elmer, but with much larger,
differently shaped leaves, longer flowers and anthers.

13. Loranthus bicoloratus Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 2 (1908) 470.

Glaber; foliis coriaceis, in sicco brunneis, opacis, oblongis vel late

oblongo-lanceolatis, oppositis, petiolatis, 7 ad 14 cm longis, circiter 5 cm
latis, basi acutis vel obtusis, apice acutis, obtusis, vel leviter acuminatis,
nervis utrinque 3 ad 5, obscuris; cymis ad nodos solitariis vel 2 vel 3
fasciculatis ; floribus omnibus pedicellatis, in triadibus 3 vel 4 dispositis ;
petalis 5, liberis, circiter 3 cm longis.

Negkos, Cuernos Mountains, near Dumaguete, Elmer 9950, type number,
collected on Leucosyke, in densely thicketed ravines at an altitude of about 760 m.

From the original description of the species, one would infer that it belongs
in the section Dendrophthoe, hut examination of type material shows that the
petals are entirely free.

Endemic.

14. Loranthus hexanthus sp. nov.

Glaber; foliis oppositis, petiolatis, opacis, oblongo-ovatis, usque ad 10
cm longis, basi acutis vel acuminatis, apice obtusis, acutis vel acuminatis,
rectis vel leviter falcatis, nervis utrinque circiter 3, obscuris, subobsoletis ;
pedunculis axillaribus, brevibus, 6-floris, floribus omnibus sessilibus, in
triadibus 2 dispositis; petalis liberis, circiter 1.7 mm longis.

Glabrous throughout. Branches grayish-brown or dark-colored, terete.
Leaves opposite, oblong-ovate, straight or slightly falcate, 8 to 10 cm
long, 3 to 5 cm wide, thickly-coriaceous, brittle and dull when dry,
brown, base acute or acuminate, apex obtuse, acute, or acuminate; nerves
about 3 on each side of the midrib, very obscure, the reticulations often
obsolete; petioles 1 cm long or less. Inflorescence axillary and at the
nodes, the peduncles solitary or few at each node, 8 mm long or less,
each peduncle bearing at its apex six sessile flowers, arranged in two
triads, each flower subtended by a broadly ovate, obtuse bract about
2.5 mm long. Calyx 4 mm long, the limb produced, truncate or
irregularly and obscurely toothed. Petals 5, free, about 1.7 cm long,
the buds slightly angled, and a little enlarged at the apex, the portion

138

MERRILL.

of the petals above the insertion of the stamens about 6 mm long.
Anther 2.5 mm long, continuous; filament short.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, \ickers’ Landing, Mrs. Clemens s. n., September-Octo-
ber, 1906: District of Davao, Mount Apo, Williams 2565, April, 1905.

A species well characterized by its 6-flowered peduncles, the ilowers all sessile
and arranged in two triads at the apex of the peduncle.

15. Loranthus hutchinsonii sp. nov.

Glaber; foliis coriaceis, nitidis, brunneis, elliptico-ovatis, basi acutis,
apice late rotundatis, oppositis vel subverticillatis, usque ad 8 cm longis,
petiolatis, nervis utrinque 2 vel 3, subobsoletis ; floribus ad nodos fascicu-
latis, breviter pedicellatis, 5-meris ; petal is liberis, circiter 2 cm longis.

Glabrous throughout. Branches stout, terete, smooth, dark-reddish-
brown, the internodes 3 to 5 cm long. Leaves opposite or subverticillate,
thickly coriaceous, brown and somewhat shining when dry, elliptic-ovate,
5 to 8 cm long, 3.5 to 6 cm wide, the base acute, the apex broad,
rounded, margins somewhat revolute ; nerves two or three on each side of
the midrib, indistinct, the reticulations obsolete, the midrib prominent;
petioles 1 to 1.5 cm long. Mowers red, 2.2 cm long, the buds cylin-
dric, fasciculate in the axils and at the nodes, three to ten or more
flowers at each node, pedicellate, the pedicels about 2 mm long. Calyx
about 4 mm long, cylindric, the limb produced, truncate, each subtended
by a single, orbicular-ovate, obtuse, 1.5 mm long bracteole. Petals 5,
free, linear, about 2 cm long, 2 mm wide, the portion above the inser-
tion of the stamens 6 mm long. Stamens 6 mm long, the antheriferous
portion continuous, 3 mm long.

Mindanao, Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang, For. Bur. J/554 Mearns &
Hutchinson, May, 1906, on trees in forests at an altitude of about 1,100 m.

16. Loranthus cuernosensis Elmer Lead. Philip. Pot. 2 (1908) 469.

Glaber; foliis oppositis, sessilibus, coriaceis, usque ad 15 cm longis,

5 cm latis, in sicco brunneis, opacis, ovato-lanceolatis vel oblongis, basi
late rotundatis vel obtusis, interdum inaequilateralibus, supra sensim
angustatis, apice acutis vel acuminatis, nervis utrinque 3 ad 5, obscuris,
reticulis obsoletis; floribus axillaribus, fasciculatis, 5-meris, circiter 2
cm longis.

Negros, Cuernos Mountains, near Dumaguete, Elmer 9525, March, 1908, in
forests at an altitude of about 1,060 m.

The relationships of this species are not clear to me, as it is impossible to
determine from the original description to which section the plant really belongs,
while the material of the type collection before me shows neither the attachment
of the inflorescence nor flowers. I found, however, a single petal, which appears
to me to have been free, and have accordingly placed the species in the section
Heteranthus ; for the sake of convenience I have included it in the key, also in
the section Dendrophthoe.

In vegetative characters the type collection is rather closely matched by a
specimen from Zamboanga, Mindanao, Aliern 519, with very immature flowers,
and one from Mount Mayon, Luzon, Bur. Sci. 6^82 Robinson, with fruit only.

PHILIPPINE L0RANTHACEH3.

139

Both of these have opposite sessile leaves similar in size, shape, and texture to
Elmer 9525, but on both the inflorescence is composed of very shortly peduncled,
fascicled triads, while Mr. Elmer distinctly states that the flowers on his species
are in small, axillary, sessile clusters.

Endemic.

§ ClCHLANTHUS.

17. Loranthus estipitatus Stapf in Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. II 4 (1894) 221;
Forbes & Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26 (1894) 405.

Philippines, without locality, Cuming 1910. Luzon, Province of Tayabas,
Elmer 1911: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Merrill 1826.

Southern China to Tonkin, Perak, and Borneo.

18. Loranthus sphenoideus Blume FI. Jav. Loranth. (1828) 23, t. 1/; Vid.
Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 140, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 231; F.-Vill.
Nov. App. (1883) 184.

Philippines, without locality, Cuming 1)90. Luzon, Province of Benguet,
For. Bur. 1/880, 10903 Curran, Williams 981/: Province of Zambales, For. Bur.
5928 Curran: Province of Bulacan, Yoder 201: Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. 110
Foxworthy. Mindoro, For. Bur. 8192 Merritt. Guimaras, For. Bur. 21/9 Gam-
mill. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 1/59.

A form in many respects resembling Loranthus fuscus Blume, differing chiefly
from the above specimens by its narrower leaves and paler pubescence, but which
I am not disposed to consider specifically distinct from Loranthus sphenoideus
Blume, is represented by the following specimens: Philippines, without locality,
Cuming 1959. Luzon, Province of Union, Bauang, Elmer 5111: Province of
Tarlac, Merrill s. n.: Province of Pangasinan, Bur. Sci. 1/911 Ramos; Alberto 35.

Miquel has reduced Loranthus sphenoideus Blume to L. repandus Blume, as a
variety, to which it is undoubtedly allied. The type of L. sphenoideus was from
Celebes, and Blume reports the species from Java; I am not sure of its other
distribution, but it is probably more or less widely distributed in the Malay region.

19. Loranthus philippensis Cham. & Schlecht. in Linnaea 3 (1828) 204;
Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 164; A. Gray Bot. Wilkes U. S. Explor. Exped.
(1854) 741; Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 140, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886)
231; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 84; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 183.

Scurrula philippensis G. Don Gen. Hist. 3 (1834) 423.

Dendrophthoe philippensis Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I1 (1856) 817; Vid. Cat. PI. Prov.
Manila (1880) 40.

Lonicera symphoricarpos Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 161.

Cichlanthus philippensis Van Tiegli. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 42 (1895) 243.

Philippines, without locality, Cuming 1/91, 1911. Luzon, Province of Benguet,
Elmer 5911, Williams 1319: Province of Nueva Vizcaya, For. Bur. 15183 Curran

Merritt: Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. 128 Foxworthy, Merrill 1688, For. Bur.
3169 Ahern’s collector: Province of Bataan, For. Bur. 5190 Curran, Merrill 1585:
Province of Laguna, Bur. Sci . 6013 Robinson, Hallicr s. n. : Province of Bulacan,
Yoder 21/1: Province of Pangasinan, Bur. Sci. 1/912 Ramos: Province of Tayabas,
Whitford 590. Mindoro, For. Bur. 3681/ Merritt, Whitford 11/21. Ticao, For.
Bur. 2532 Clark. Mindanao, Mrs. Clemens s. n.

A widely distributed endemic species, apparently the Philippine representative
of Loranthus scurrula Linn., and certainly closely allied to it. Typical forms
are very distinct from the preceding and the next, but it is frequently very
difficult to distinguish some small forms from the former.

83264 3

140

MERRILL.

20. Loranthus ferrugineus Roxb. FI. Ind. 2 (1824) 188; DC. Prodr. 4
(1830) 299; Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 5 (1886) 210; Usteri Beitr. Ken. Philip. Veg.
(1905) 125.

Palawan, Merrill 105 ; Bur. Sci. 203 Bermejos; Bur. tici. 823 Foxworthy.

Malay Peninsula to Java and Sumatra.

§ Dendropiithoe.

21. Loranthus hallieri sp. nov.

Glaber; foliis sessilibus, oppositis, ovatis, basi valde cordatis, apice
acuminatis, usque ad 10 cm longis, coriaceis, 5- vel 7-plinerviis ; floribus
5-meris, in racemis brevibus axillaribus fasciculatis dispositis.

Glabrous throughout, or the inflorescence very slightly pubescent.
Branches terete, reddish-brown, not lenticellate. Leaves opposite, ovate,
coriaceous, sessile, 7 to 10 cm long, 3 to 5.5 cm wide, dull and brown
when dry, the base very strongly cordate and half surrounding the stems,
the apex acuminate; nerves 5 to 7 from just above the base, ascending,
curved, rather distinct, the reticulations obsolete or nearly so. Racemes
fascicled, axillary, the rachis less than 1 cm long, the pedicels about 2 mm
long. Calyx cylindric, 3 mm long, the limb slightly produced, truncate
or obscurely toothed, each subtended by an ovate, concave, acute or
acuminate, 1.5 mm long bracteole. Corolla somewhat curved, 3 to 3.5
cm long, in bud somewhat narrowed at both base and apex to a diameter
of 1 mm, the median portion slightly inflated and 3 mm in diameter,
the tube 1.5 to 1.8 mm long, the lobes 5, about 1.7 mm wide, the portions
above the insertion of the stamens linear, 8 mm long, recurved. Fila-
ments 4 mm long; anthers continuous, linear, 3 mm long.

Basilan, Hallier s. n., February, 1904.

A species at once recognizable by its opposite, sessile, strongly cordate leaves,
and short, axillary, fascicled racemes.

22. Loranthus dementis Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 185.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, .1/rs. Clemens s. n., March, 1906.

Endemic.

23. Loranthus copelandii Merr. 1. c. 186.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Daklan to Kabayan, Merrill 1/1/01 ; Mount Pulog,
For. Bur. 18116, 16232 Curran, Merritt, iG Zschokke.

Endemic.

24. Loranthus ioheri sp. nov.

Loranthus curvatus Vid. Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 230; Phan. Cuming.
Philip. (1885) 141 ; F.-Vill. Nov. App. ( 1883 ) 184, non Blume.

Glaber, inflorescentiis exceptis; foliis alternis, petiolatis, coriaceis,
oblongo-ellipticis vel anguste ovato-ellipticis, in sicco brunneis, opacis,
basi acutis, apice obtusis vel late obtuse acuminatis, usque ad 10 cm
longis, nervis utrinque 3, ascendentibus ; floribus rubris, leviter curvatis,
circiter 3 cm longis, 5-meris, in racemis simplicibus, solitariis, axillaribus
dispositis.

PHILIPPINE LORA NTH ACEiE.

141

Glabrous except the inflorescence. Branches terete, smooth, grayish-
■or reddish-brown. Leaves alternate, oblong-elliptic to narrowly ovate-
elliptic, 4 to 10 cm long, 1.5 to 4.5 cm wide, the base acute or acuminate,
the apex blunt or very obscurely blunt-acuminate, brown and dull when
dry, thickly coriaceous, brittle; nerves three on each side of the midrib,
ascending, the reticulations obsolete or nearly so; petioles about 1 cm
long. Racemes axillary, solitary, simple, the racliis 3 cm long or less,
the pedicels about 3 mm long. Calyx densely grayish-puberulent, 2.5
to 3 mm long, the limb produced, obscurely 5-toothed, each subtended
by a broadly ovate, 2 mm long bracteole. Corolla red, somewhat curved,

3 to 3.3 cm long, in bud slightly inflated above the middle, the apex
narrowed; lobes 5, linear, about 8 mm long and 1 mm wide. Filaments

4 mm long; anthers continuous, 2.5 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, San Francisco del Monte, Loher 4^81 (type) : Prov-
ince of Ilocos Norte, Bur. Sci. 2288 M earns: without locality, Cuming 1955, 1965,
and a sheet in the herbarium of this Bureau without number.

A species manifestly allied to Loranthus curvatus Blume, but with much smaller
flowers.

25. Loranthus pentandrus Linn. Mant. (1767) 63; DC. Prodr. 4 (1830)
305; Blume FI. Jav. Loranth. (1828) 33, t. 10; Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 5 (1886)
216; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 184.

Palawan, Merrill 692, Bur. Sci. 283 Bermejos.

India to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.

26. Loranthus subalternifolius Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl.
188, excl. syn. Loranthus cumingii Engl.

Amylotheca cumingii Van Tiegh. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 41 (1894) 264.

Elytranthe cumingii Engl. Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. 1 (1897) 126.

Philippines, without locality, Cuming 1969 (type number of Amylotheca
cumingii Van Tiegh.). Luzon, Province of Benguet, Elmer 6191.

The original specific name is invalidated in Loranthus by Loranthus cumingii
Engl, and L. cumingianus Engl.

Endemic.

27. Loranthus boholensis sp. nov.

Glaber; foliis oppositis, coriaceis, petiolatis, lanceolatis vel late lanceo-
latis, usque ad 15 cm longis, basi rotundatis vel abrupte decurrenti-
acuminatis, apice gradatim acuminatis, nervis utrinque 3 vel 4, obscuris,
curvato-ascendentibus ; inflorescentiis axillaribus, solitariis vel fascicu-
latis, floribus omnibus sessilibus, tenuibus, 6-meris, falcatis, in triadibus
breviter pedunculatis, racemose dispositis.

Glabrous throughout. Branches terete, grayish, lenticellate. Leaves
opposite, lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, coriaceous, dark-colored or
brown, and somewhat shining on the upper surface when dry, 11 to 15
cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide, broadest in the lower part, the base rounded
•or abruptly and slightly decurrent-acuminate, gradually narrowed up-
wards to the acuminate apex, which is straight or slightly falcate; nerves

142

MERRILL.

3 or 4 on each side of the midrib, indistinct, curved-ascending; petioles

1 to. 1.5 cm long. Inflorescence axillary, solitary or fascicled, rachis 2
cm long or less, the flowers all sessile, greenish-yellow, red at the base,
secund, arranged in triads which are very shortly peduncled, the triads
racemosely arranged, their peduncles 2 to 2.5 mm long. Calyx cylindric,

2 to 2.5 mm long, each subtended by an ovate, 1.4 mm long bract.
Corolla very slender, 6-cleft, about 2.5 cm long, 1.5 mm in diameter, the
tube 4 to 5 mm long. Filaments 3 mm long; anthers continuous, 3.5 mm
long.

Bohol, Tagbilaran, parasitic on trees near the seashore, Bur. Sci. 1211 McGreqor,
July 12, 1900.

Allied to the preceding and to the next species, but characterized by its very
slender and elongated flowers and its lanceolate, petioled leaves.

28. Loranthus secundiflorus Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 187.

Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Surigao, Bolster 231, February, 1906, and

without number, May-June, 1906: Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens
s. 7i., March, 1906: District of Davao, Williams 2695.

Endemic.

29. Loranthus mindanaensis Merr. 1. c. 186.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Copeland 31/1, DeYore d Hoover 285, Williams
2580. Specimens from Guimaras, For. Bur. 101 Oammill, and from Negros,
Whitford 1Ji89, are probably referable here, differing from the type in some minor
characters.

Endemic.

The above four species form a group of closely allied forms which are often
diflicult to distinguish. Additional material may lead to the reduction of some
of them.

30. Loranthus revolutus sp. nov.

Glaber; foliis oppositis, ellipticis vel oblongo-ellipticis, coriaceis, in
sicco nitidis, usque ad 7 cm longis, petiolatis, apice late rotundatis vel
obtusis, basi decurrenti-acuminatis, margine revolutis, nervis utrinque

4 ad 6, vix distinctis; inflorescentiis in ramis vetustioribus, solitariis,
floribus 5-meris, in triadibus racemose dispositis, floribus lateralibus
brevissime pedicellatis, intermedio sessile.

Glabrous throughout. Branches stout, gray, terete, the branchlets
brownish, obscurely angled. Leaves opposite, elliptic to oblong-elliptic,
thickly coriaceous, brown and somewhat shining when dry, 5 to 7 cm
long, 2 to 3.5 cm wide, the margins rather strongly recurved, the apex
broad, rounded or obtuse, the base decurrent-acuminate ; nerves 4 to 6 on
each side of the midrib, not distinct; petioles nearly 1 cm long. In-
florescence from the larger branches below the leaves, solitary, the rachis
2 to 2.5 cm long, flower-bearing only above the middle, the flowers
arranged in triads, the middle one of each triad sessile, the two lateral
ones very shortly (1 mm) pedicelled, the triads in turn racemosely dis-
posed, the peduncles 2 to 3 mm long. Calyx cylindric, about 4 mm long,
obscurely toothed. Corolla yellow, red at the tip, 2.5 cm long, 5-cleft

PHILIPPINE LORANTHACEhE.

143

nearly to the base, the tube about 1 mm long, the lobes 1.8 mm wide,
the reflexed portion above the insertion of the anthers 7 mm long.
Filaments 2 mm long; anthers continuous, 4 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Zambales, Mount Tapulao, Bur. Sci. 1/785 Ramos, For. Bur.
8252 Curran <£- Merritt, December, 1907, altitude 2,100 m.

31. Loranthus ahernianus Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 184.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, For. Bur. 211/0 Ahern’s collector: Province

of Zambales, Bur. Sci. 5115 Ramos.

Endemic.

32. Loranthus acum inatissimus sp. nov.

Glaber; foliis oppositis, petiolatis, elliptico-lanceolatis vel late lanceo-
latis, usque ad 13 cm longis, coriaceis, nitidis, in sicco pallidis, apice valde
caudato-acuminatis, basi acutis; floribus 6-meris, 3.5 ad 4 cm longis, in
triadibus dispositis, lateralibus longe pedicellatis, intermedio sessile;
triadibus racemose dispositis, longe pedunculatis.

Glabrous throughout. Branches terete, grayish, lenticellate, rather
slender. Leaves rather pale and shining when dry, opposite, elliptic-
lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 8 to 13 cm long, 2 to 4.5 cm wide, the
base acute, the apex strongly caudate-acuminate, the acumen straight or
slightly falcate, blunt or acute ; nerves 7 or 8 on each side of the midrib,
evident on both surfaces but scarcely more distinct than are the secondary
ones and reticulations; petioles 5 to 8 mm long. Inflorescence axillary,
glabrous, solitary, in the uppermost axils only, the rachis 5 to 6 cm long,
each subtended by three or four broadly triangular-ovate, 2 to 3 mm
long bracts. Flowers in triads, the middle one sessile, subtended by a
broadly ovate, sharply and abruptly acuminate bract, 4 mm long, the
lateral ones with pedicels 9 to 10 mm long; the triads racemosely dis-
posed, their peduncles about 1 cm long. Calyx cylindric, 4.5 mm long,
the limb produced about 1 mm, truncate or minutely denticulate.
Corolla-tube short, slightly inflated, about 4 mm in diameter, 2 to 3.5
mm long, the lobes 2 mm wide at the base, the portion above the insertion
of the anthers about 18 mm long. Filaments 11 mm long; anthers con-
tinuous, 7 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, Bur. Sci. 5700 Ramos, December, 1908.

Manifestly closely allied to the preceding species, differing chiefly in its
entirely glabrous inflorescence and very strongly caudate-acuminate leaves.

33. Loranthus ovatifolius Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 133.

Mindanao, along the seashore, but with no definite locality, Mrs. Clemens

1195, September, 1907.

Endemic.

34. Loranthus halconensis Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 271.

Mindoko, Alag River, Merrill 5661/, November, 1906, parasitic on Ficus mina-

hassae Miq., altitude about 100 m. Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Pulog,
For. Bur. 16230 Curran, Merritt & Zochokke.

Endemic.

144

MERRILL.

35. Loranthus haenkeanus Presl ex Schultes Syst. 7 (1829) 113; DC. Prodrv
4 (1830) 304; Vid. Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 231, Phan. Cuming. Philip.
(1885) 140; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 184.

Loranthus malifolius Presl 1. c. ; DC. 1. c.; Vid. I. cc., Sinopsis Atlas (1883)
t. 81, f. B.; F.-Vill. 1. c.; Naves in Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 3, pi. 1/59.

Scurrula haenkcana et 8. malifolia G. Don Gen. Hist. 3 (1834) 423.

Dendrophthoe heankeana et D. malifolia Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I1 (1856) 822.

Candollina haenkeana et C. malifolia Van Tiegh. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 42
(1895) 269.

Candollina barthei Van Tiegh. 1. c. ?

Loranthus barthei Engl. Nat. Pflanzenfam. Naclitr. 1 (1897) 129?

Philippines, without locality, Cuming 191/7, 1957. Luzon, Province of Ilocos
Sur, For. Bur. 5657 Klemme: Province of Benguet, For. Bur. 15892 Bacani:
Province of Union, Elmer 5537 : Province of Pangasinan, For. Bur. 18032 Merritt :
Province of Tarlac, Hall s. n. : Province of Nueva Ecija, Bur. Sci. 5271 McGregor :
Province of Pampanga, Bur. Sci. 1929 Foxworthy : Province of Bulacan, Yoder
251: Manila, Lyon s. n.: Province of Bataan, Bur. Sci. 1618, 1891/ Foxworthy,
For. Bur. 90 Barnes. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Mrs. Clemens s. n.

A very characteristic, but rather variable species. I have not seen the types
of the two species described by Presl, based on Heanke’s Philippine material, but
the two have been distinguished by later authors by the erect and terminal in-
florescence of L. haenkeanus, and the lateral and refracted inflorescence of L.
malifolius, but these characters do not appear to me to be constant, and I can
detect no other specific differences either in the material before me or in the
original descriptions of the two species. The only description given by Van
Tieghem for the third species, Candollina barthei, is “ombelle terminate et
r6fract6e,” and I suspect that it, too, is only a form of L. haenkeanus Presl. On
most of the specimens above cited, including both numbers of Cuming’s collection,
5- and 6-merous flowers are to be found in the same umbel.

Endemic.

36. Loranthus curranii sp. nov.

Glaber, inflorescentiis exceptis ; foliis alternis vel suboppositis, petio-
latis, coriaceis, oblongo-lanceolatis, usque ad 15 cm longis, basi rotundatis
vel acutis, apice acutis vel breviter acute acuminatis, nervis utrinque cir-
citer 7, supra distinctis, subtus subobsoletis ; floribus 4-meris, circiter 3 cm
longis, in triadibus dispositis, lateralibus breviter pedicellatis, intermedia
sessile, triadibus umbellatim dispositis, pedunculis reflexis vel patulis, in
ramis vetustioribus.

Glabrous except the inflorescence. Branches terete, light-gray or
brownish, stout. Leaves alternate or subopposite, coriaceous, brown when
dry and somewhat shining, oblong-lanceolate, 11 to 15 cm long, 4 to 5
cm wide, the base rounded or acute, the apex acute or shortly and sharply
acuminate; nerves about 7 on each side of the midrib, nearly obsolete
on the lower surface, on the upper rather distinct, anastomosing, curved,
the reticulations lax; petioles 1 to 1.5 cm long, stout. Umbels solitary,
the peduncles, pedicels and calyces densely ferruginous-puberulent, the
corolla slightly so, the peduncles spreading or recurved, about 1 cm long,
from the larger branches below the leaves, the flowers 4-merous, in
crowded triads which are umbellately arranged, their peduncles 3 to 4

PHILIPPI NE LORA NTH ACELE.

145

min long, the middle flower of each triad sessile, the lateral ones with
pedicels about 1.5 mm long. Calyx densely ferruginous-puberulent, 5
mm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, 4-toothed, each subtended by a brac-
teole about 2 mm long. Corolla 2.5 cm long, slightly ferruginous-puber-
ulent, red, split down one side, the tube 2.5 mm long, the lobes above
the insertion of the stamens about 6 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, reflexed,
acute. Filament 3 mm long; anther continuous, nearly 3 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Tonglon, For. Bur. 5035 Curran, August,
1906, parasitic on Fodocarpus at an altitude of about 2,250 m, (type) ; Mount
Pulog, For. Bur. 181 43 Curran, Merritt , & Zschoklce.

A species manifestly allied to the preceding, but distinguished by its constantly
4-merous flowers.

37. Loranthus viridis Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 189.

Philippines, without locality, Cuming 1953. Luzon, Province of Bataan, For.

Bur. 816, 1811/, 2938 Borden, For. Bur. 6318 Curran.

Endemic.

38. Loranthus banahaensis Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 288,

Glaber; foliis oppositis vel suboppositis, petiolatis, crasse coriaeeis,

obovatis vel subellipticis, c-irciter 10 cm longis, 5 cm latis, apice obtusis
vel rotundatis, basi acutis vel subcuneatis, in sicco supra olivaceis, nitidis,
subtus brunneis, nervis utrinque 5 ad 7, obscuris, anastomosantibus ;
petiolo crasso, 1 ad 2 cm longo; floribus 6-meris, sessilibus, fasciculatis,
axillaribus; circiter 1.7 cm longis; antheris sessilibus, basifixis.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Mount Banajao, altitude 750 m, Elmer 9115,
May, 1907, type number.

There is considerable doubt as to its alliances, due to discrepancies between the
original description and the material distributed under the type number. The
specimen before me has 6-merous flowers, and sessile, basiftxed, not versatile
anthers, but in other respects agrees closely with Mr. Elmer’s description, and it
seems to be quite evident that he was in error in ascribing 4-merous flowers and
versatile anthers to Loranthus banahaensis, unless the species was based on a
mixture, which my specimen does not show, and accordingly I have emended the
diagnosis above. It is barely possible that Loranthus banahaensis should be
referred to the section Lepiostegeres, as the fascicles of flowers are described as
being surrounded by involucral bracts, although no measurements are given, and the
buds are said to be covered with a calyptrate hood which soon falls olT. The
specimen before me shows only a single inflorescence, with opened flowers, and the
“involucral bracts” are represented only by the small bracteoles subtending the
flowers. It is entirely different from the only other Philippine species of the
section Lepiostegeres known to me.

Endemic.

§ Macrosolen.

39. Loranthus ampullaceus Roxb. FI. Ind. 2 (1820) 189; DC. Prodr. 4
(1830) 296; Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 5 (1886) 220; Forbes & Hemsl. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. 26 (1894) 405; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 184; Vidal Phan.
Cuming. Philip. (1885) 141.

Hillia longiflora Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 235; ed. 2 (1845) 165; ed. 3, 1: 297.

Loranthus tomentosus Naves in Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 3, pi. l/l/li, non Blanco.

146

MERRILL.

Loranthus formosus F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 164, non Bluine.

Loranthus globosus Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1886) 230, non Roxb.

Elytranthe ampullacea Engl. Nat. Pflanzenfani. 31 (1889) 188; Merr. in Philip.
Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 50.

Philippines, without locality, Cuming 1951, 1963. Luzon, Province of Nueva
Ecija, For. Bur. 81/59 Curran Province of Zambales, For. Bur. 69 1/4 Curran :
Province of Bataan, Whitford 86: Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. 979 Ramos, For.
Bur. 1/79 Ahern’s collector. Palawan, For. Bur. 3581 Curran.

India to southern China, and the Malay Peninsula, south to Celebes.

40. Loranthus macgregorii sp. nov.

Glaber ; foliis oppositis, coriaceis, oblongis, rectis vel leviter falcatis,
usque ad 10 cm longis, apjce obtusis, basi acutis vel obtusis, sessilibus,
nervis utrinque circiter 4, subobsoletis, ascendentibus ; inflorescentiis
axillaribus, solitariis vel binis; floribus sessilibus subcapitatis, 5-meris;
corolla 16 mm longa.

Glabrous throughout. Branches gray or brown, terete, rather slender.
Leaves opposite, sessile, oblong, 6 to 10 cm long, 2 to 3 cm wide, coriace-
ous, dull when dry, the apex blunt, the base acute or blunt; nerves about

4 on each side of the midrib, very slender and obscure, ascending.
Flowers three to six at the apex of each peduncle, sessile, not in triads,
subcapitately arranged, the peduncles about 5 mm long, solitary or two
in each axil. Calyx cylindric, slightly enlarged upwards, 5 mm long,
the limb slightly produced, truncate, each subtended by an ovate, obtuse,
2 mm long bract, and a wider bracteole of about the same length which
is retuse, apparently formed of two connate bracteoles. Flowers 5-
merous, yellow. Corolla 16 mm long, the buds angular, inflated below
and slightly so at the apex, in an thesis about 5 mm in diameter below
the middle, the tube about 5 mm long; lobes 4 mm wide at the base,
narrowed to 1 mm in the median portion, the part above the insertion of
the anthers reflexed, thick, fleshy, 5 mm long. Anthers sessile, 3.5 mm
long. Style 14 mm long; stigma capitate.

Bohol, Guindulman, Bur. Sci. 1266 McGregor, June, 1906.

A species well characterized by its sessile subcapitate flowers which are
congested and sessile at the ends of the short peduncles, each subtended by two
bracts.

41. Loranthus geminatus sp. nov.

Glaber; foliis oppositis, petiolatis, coriaceis, anguste ovatis vel ovato-
lanceolatis, usque ad 10 cm longis, acutis vel acuminatis, nervis utrinque

5 ad 7, tenuibus, obscuris; inflorescentiis axillaribus, solitariis vel fascicu-
latis, floribus 6-meris, sessilibus, geminatis; corolla 1.5 cm longa.

Glabrous throughout. Branches dark-colored, terete, not lenticellate,
the branchlets slightly compressed. Leaves coriaceous, very dark-brown
or nearly black and slightly shining when dry, opposite, narrowly lanceo-
late to ovate-lanceolate, 8 to 10 cm long, 3.5 to 5 cm wide, the base
acute, the apex acute or acuminate; nerves 5 to 7 on each side of the
midrib, slender, curved, obscure; petioles 5 mm long. Peduncles axil-

PHILIPPINE LORANTHACE^E.

147

lary one to three in each axil, about 4 mm long, each bearing at its apex
two sessile flowers. Calyx 6 mm long, cylindric, the limb produced about
1.5 mm, somewhat spreading, obscurely toothed, each subtended by one
broadly ovate, obtuse, 2.5 to 3 mm long bract, and a second similar
one as long, but wider, which is retuse at the apex, apparently formed
of two connate bracteoles. Corolla 1.5 cm long, inflated below, angled,
in anthesis about G mm in diameter, narrowed to 3.5 mm at the apex,
the tube 3 to 4 mm long, the lobes 6, 4 mm wide below, narrowed to 2
mm above, the reflexed portion above the insertion of the stamens 5 to
6 mm long. Filament about 2 mm long ; anthers continuous, 3 mm long.

Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Catel, Merrill October 5, 1906, parasitic

on various shrubs along the river slightly above the influence of tide-water.

A species well characterized by its short, 2-flowered peduncles, the flowers
sessile, G-merous, each subtended by two bracteoles.

§ Lepiostegeres.

42. Loranthus congestiflorus sp. nov.

Glaber; foliis oppositis, petiolatis, crasse coriaceis, oblongo-ovatis vel
ovato-ellipticis, usque ad 9 cm longis, apice acutis, leviter acuminatis,
vel obtusis, basi acutis, nervis utrinque circiter 4, obscuris, vel obsoletis;
capitulis axillaribus terminalibusque, sessilibus, circiter oO-floris, bracteis
6 ad 10 arete imbricatis involucratis, interioribus circiter 2.5 cm longis,
exterioribus minoribus, deciduis; floribus brevissime pedicellatis, 6-moiis,
3 cm longis.

Glabrous throughout. Branches stout, terete, gray, the younger ones
smooth, reddish-brown. Leaves opposite, oblong-ovate to ovate-elliptic,
5 to 9 cm long, 2 to 3.5 cm wide, thickly coriaceous, brown or olivaceous
when dry, dull or very slightly shining, the apex acute, slightly acuminate
or obtuse, the base acute ; nerves about 4 on each side of the midrib, \eiy
obscure or entirely wanting; petioles 0.5 to 1.5 cm long, stout. In-
florescence of sessile, axillary and terminal, many-flowered, globose heads,
before anthesis entirely inclosed by 6 to 10, coriaceous, imbricated
bracts, the inner ones at the time of anthesis elliptic-ovate, 2.5 cm long,
the outer ones suborbicular, smaller, all coriaceous, brown, shining, decid-
uous; in immature specimens the bracts are much smaller, and the heads
are globose, but with the increase in size of the heads, the bracts also
increase in size. Flowers about 30 in each head, very shortly pedicelled,
racemosely arranged on a very stout, short rachis. C alyx about 4 mm
long, somewhat angled. Corolla 2.6 to 2.8 cm long, greenish-white to
greenish-yellow, the tube about 3 mm long, the lobes 2 mm wide below,
gradually narrowed upwards, the reflexed portion above the insertion of
the anthers 8 mm long. Filaments 2 mm long ; anthers continuous, o
mm long.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Tonglon, For. Bur. 5031 Curran, August,
1906 (type), For. Bur. 10833 Curran, December, 1908, For. Bur. 11093 Whitford,

148

MERRILL.

For. Bur. 11,183 Merritt ; Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 1801,5, 18081, Curran, Merritt,
& Zschokke ; Mount Ugo, Bur. Sci. 5180 Kamos; without locality, Loher 1,1,59.
Mindoro, Mount Halcon, For. Bur. 1,1,31, Merritt. Mindanao, Mount Malindang,
For. Bur. 1,769 Mearns tC Hutchinson.

43. Loranthus williamsii sp. nov.

Glaber ; foliis oppositis, petiolatis, oblongis vel oblongo-lanceolatis,
obtusis, basi acutis, usque ad 7 cm longis, nervis lateralibus tenuibus,
obscuris, utrinque 5 vel 6 ; capitulis axillaribus, solitariis, 4-floris, in
alabastro globosis, bracteis circiter 6 arete imbricatis involucratis, in-
terioribus circiter 1.4 cm longis, exterioribus minoribus, deciduis; flori-
bus sessilibus, 5- vel 6-meris, 3 cm longis.

Glabrous throughout. Branches terete, grayish-brown, rather densely
lenticellate. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, dull-green when dry, not or but
slightly shining, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, the apex obtuse, base acute,
5 to 7 cm long, 1.5 to 2.5 cm wide; nerves 5 or 6 on each side of the
midrib, very slender, obscure; petioles about 3 mm long. Heads axillary,
when young globose, solitary, sessile, surrounded by about 6 strongly im-
bricated, brown, shining, coriaceous, elliptic to elliptic-ovate, rounded
deciduous bracts, the inner ones about 1.4 cm long, the outer gradually
smaller, the outermost ones about 8 mm long. Flowers 5- and 6-merous,
four in each head, sessile, the peduncle very stout, about 2 mm long, 3 mm
in diameter, marked by the bract-scars. Calyx 2.5 mm long, about 3 mm
in diameter, the limb produced, truncate. Corolla 27 mm long, the tube
3 to 4 mm in length, the lobes 5 or 6, 2 mm wide below, narrowed some-
what above, the reflexed portion above the insertion of the stamens 8 to
0 mm long. Anther sessile, linear, 7 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, Williams 913, September 21, 1904. Cum-
ing 1911, is probably referable here but my specimen is too fragmentary for certain
identification.

A species well characterized by its 4-flowered, sessile, axillary, solitary heads,
the flowers sessile, 5- and 6-merous.

DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES.

Loranthus blancoanus F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 355.

Brabejum ? caliculatum Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 39; ed. 3, 1: 72.

F.-Villar’s species was based on Blanco’s Brabejum ? caliculatum, but if the
latter’s description is correct in all particulars, the species can not be referred
to the Loranthaceae . I have therefore excluded it, although I have not been
able to make out the identity of Brabejum ? caliculatum, or to which family it
really belongs.

Loranthus hetehantiius Wall.; Vid. Sinopsis Atlas (1883) t. 81, f. A.

Undoubtedly an erroneous identification, as the species has not been found
in the Philippines; I can not determine to which species Vidal’s figure really
belongs.

Dendrophthoe incarnata Blume; Vid. Cat. PL Prov. Manila (1880) 40
( =Loranthus incarnatus Jack).

PHILIPPINE LORA NTH ACEiE .

149

Undoubtedly an erroneous identification; the species has not as yet been found
in the Philippines.

Loranthus retusus Jack; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 184; Vidal Rev. PL
Vase. Filip. (1886) 232.

This species was credited to the Philippines by Vidal on the strength of a
specimen in the Kew Herbarium, collected by Lobb, and so localized; however,
there are two sheets of Lobb’s collection at Kew, one labeled Philippines, and
the other Java. It is a well known fact that Lobb’s specimens were distributed
with erroneous localizations, the same number in some herbaria bearing the
locality “Philippine,” in others “Singapore,” and in others “Java.” A number
of species have been credited to the Philippines only on the strength of Lobb's
specimens so labeled, which have not been discovered in the Archipelago by any
later collectors, and which undoubtedly do not extend to the Philippines; among
these are Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Archytaea vahlii Choisy, Medinilla luzo-
niensis Hook, f., Leucopogon malayanus Jack, Embelia myrtillas Kurz, Fagraea
ligustrina Blume, and Loranthus retusus Jack. Until the above species are
actually discovered in the Philippines, they should not be considered as repre-
sentatives of the Philippine flora.

Loranthus scurrula Linn.; Schultes Syst. Veg. 7 (1829) 90.

Credited to the Philippines by citation of Camel], Luzon, n. 30. The species
has not been found in the Archipelago, and Camell’s plant was undoubtedly the
allied Loranthus philippensis C. & S.

Loranthus pauciflorus Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 235; F.-Vill. Nov. App.
(1883) 184, non Sw.

Loranthus tomentosus Blanco 1. c. ed. 2 (1845) 104; ed. 3, 1 : 290, non Ileyne.

I have not been able to find any specimens that agree exactly with Blanco’s
description, which is not sufficiently complete to make out the relationships of
the species. The description calls for a plant with opposite, nearly lanceolate
leaves, obtuse at the apex, the margins and both surfaces stellate-pubescent or
tomentose. Flowers G-merous, three or four grouped in each axil. The only Phil-
ippine specimens that agree with the above in vegetative characters are forms of
L. philippensis and L. sphenoideus, but neither of these has G-merous flowers. It
is barely possible that Blanco’s description was based on a mixture of material.
F.-Villar considered it to be a distinct valid species, and retained it under Blanco’s
first specific name. Neither name is valid, and as the species is a very doubtful
one I do not consider it advisable to coin a new name for it at this time.

Loranthus coccineus Jack.

Loranthus wallichianus Schult.

Loranthus pulcher DC.

Loranthus fasciculatus Bl.

Loranthus- fuscus Bl.

Loranthus bicolor Roxb.

Loranthus globosus Roxb.

Loranthus fallens Wall.

Loranthus carinatulus Wall.

Loranths sphaerocarpus Bl.

The above ten species were credited to the Philippines by F.-Villar in the
Novissima Appendix to the third edition of Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas (1883)
183, 184. It is very doubtful if any of them actually occur in the Philippines,
and they were apparently credited to the Archipelago on the part of F.-Villar by
misconceptions of the species and erroneous identifications.

150

MERRILL.

2. CLEISTOLORANTHUS gen. nov.

Differt Lorantho corollae tubo apice corollae limborum interioribus
partibus coalitis clauso, corollae limborum exterioribus partibus 4,
liberis, late triangulari-obovatis, brevibus, patulis, apice subtruncatis,
irregulariter dentatis.

1. Cleistoloranthus verticillatus sp. nov.

Glaber; foliis verticillatis, quatemis, petiolatis, oblongo-lanceolatis,
coriaceis, usque ad 8 cm longis, basi acutis, apice acuminatis, nervis
utrinque 2, subobsoletis ; inflorescentiis axillaribus, solitariis, floribus
4-meris, in triadibus paucis, umbellatim dispositis, lateralibus breviter
pedicellatis, intermedio sessile; corolla cylindracea, 4.5 mm longa, apice
clausa.

Glabrous throughout. Branches terete, brown or gray, slender, slightly
lenticellate, shining. Leaves whorled, four at each node, oblong-lanceo-
late, coriaceous, slightly shining when dry, 4 to 8 cm long, 1 to 2.5 cm
wide, the base acute, the apex acuminate, acumen blunt or acute; nerves
about 2 on each side of the midrib, very obscure; petioles 3 to 7 cm long.
Inflorescence axillary, solitary, of depauperate umbellately disposed triads,
the common peduncle about 1.5 cm long, slender, bearing at its apex three
or four umbellately disposed branches, each branch in turn bearing a single
triad of flowers, the branches about 6 mm long, the middle flower of each
triad sessile, the lateral ones with pedicels about 2 mm in length. Flowers
pink or red, 4-merous, each subtended by a single, ovate, acuminate
bract about 1.5 mm long. Calyx 2 mm long, somewhat narrowly ovoid,
its limb obscurely 4-toothed, slightly produced. Corolla 4.5 mm long,
cylindric, 1 mm in diameter, the throat closed by inward projections of
the corolla-limb, which are united and form a conical body closing the
top of the corolla-tube, the exterior part of the limb consisting of four
short, broadly triangular-obovate lobes, 2 to 2.3 mm wide, 1 to 2 mm long,
their apices truncate and irregularly toothed. Stamens 4, included; fila-
ments inserted near the base of the corolla-tube, opposite the lobes, 2.5
mm long; anthers continuous, oblong, 2-celled, introrse, obtuse, 1.5 mm
long. Ovary 1-celled; style 3 mm long; stigma minute. Fruit* narrowly
ellipsoid, 8 mm long, with a single seed.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 16229 Curran, Merritt,
d Zschokke, January 5, 1909, on trees in hardwood forests at an altitude of about
2,500 m.

A peculiar plant, with the habit, vegetative and many floral characters of
Loranthus, remarkable for its cleistogamous flowers, the throat of the corolla-
tube being closed by a conical body formed of inward projecting and united portions
of the limb. It differs from Loranthus also in its very short, broadly triangular-
obovate, subtruncate and irregularly toothed, spreading corolla-lobes.

PHILIPPINE LORANTHACE^E.

151

3. PHRYGILANTHUS Eichl.

I. Phrygilanthus obtusifolius Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl.
189.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Whitford 131f, 1081, May, 1904,
February, 1905, For. Bur. 1813 Borden, September, 1904, For. Bur. 6286 Curran,
February, 1907.

Endemic.

4. VI SCUM Linn.

1. Branches leafy !• V . orientale

1. Branches leafiess, terete or compressed.

2. Branches terete or angled 2. V.angulatum

2. Branches compressed.

3. Internodes 1.5 to 6 cm long; plant diffuse, pendulous or spreading, dicho-

tomously branched, 20 to 80 cm long 3. V. articulatum

3. Internodes 2 or 3 to 15 mm long; plant erect, strict, less than 10 cm long.

4. V. opuntia

1. Viscum orientale Willd. Sp. PI. 4 (1805) 224; DC. Prodr. 4 (1830) 278;
Blume FI. Jav. Loranth. (1828) t. 2k, 25; Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 5 (1886) 224;
Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 141, Rev. PI. Yasc. Filip. (1886) 232; F.-Vill.
Nov. App. (1883) 184; Forbes & Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26 (1894) 408.

Fusanus f parasitus Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 53; ed. 3, 1 : 100.

Viscum monoicum Presl Epim. (1851) 251, non Roxb.

Viscum opuniioides Cav. Icon. 6 (1801) 3, in note, probably, non L.
Philippines, without locality, Cuming 19k8, 1950, 195k, 1961. Luzon, Prov-
ince of Nueva Ecija, For. Bur. 8k5k Curran: Province of Bataan, Lamao, For.
Bur. 7230 Curran: Province of Pangasinan, Alberto 2. Lubang, Merrill 961.
Palawan, For. Bur. 381k Curran.

India and Ceylon to southern China, through Malaya to New Guinea and
northern Australia.

2. Viscum angulatum Heyne ex DC. Prodr. 4 (1830) 283; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat.
I1 (1856) 806; Hook. f. FI. Brit, 'Ind. 5 (1886) 225; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 184.

Viscum ramosissimum Wight Icon. t. 1017.

Viscum capense Llanos Fragm. (1851) 53; FI. Filip, ed. 3, 4: 38, non Linn. f.
fide F.-Villar.

Viscum oxycedri Llanos Mem. Ac. Cienc. Madr. 4 (1858) 501; hi. P il ip. 1. c.
102, non DC., fide F.-Vill.

Luzon, Province of Zambales, For. Bur. 69k3 Curran, May, 1907, parasitic on
Casuarina equisetifolia Forst.

India to Java and northern Australia.

3. Viscum articulatum Burm. FI. Ind. (1768) 311; DC. Prodr. 4 (1830)
284; Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 5 (1886) 226; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 185.

Viscum compressum Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 2 (1812) 861; Blume FI.
Jav. Loranth. (1828) t. 26.

Viscum philippense Llanos Fragm. (1851) 53, FI. Filip, ed. 3, 4: 38, fide F.-
Villar.

Viscum falcatum Llanos in Mem. Ac. Cienc. Madr. 4 (1858) 501, FI. Filip. 1. c.
102, non Wall., fide F.-Villar.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Williams 1009, For. Bur. 1589k Bacani, For. Bur.
10923 Curran, For. Bur. 162k3 Curran, Merritt, & Zschokke: Province of Union,

152

MERRILL.

Elmer 5554: Province of Zambales, For. llur. 11051 Zschokke: Province of Pan-
gasinan, For. Bur. 8347 Curran cf Merritt: Province of Rizal, Lohcr 4482: Province
of Bataan, For. Bur. 7 230 bis Curran. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Mrs. Clemens 564.
India to Formosa, the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

4. Viscum opuntia Thunb. FI. Jap. (1784) G4.

Viscum japonicum Thunb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 3 (1794) 329; Hook. f. FI. Brit.
Ind. 5 (1886) 228.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 16074 Curran, Merritt
& Zschokke: Province of Zambales, Mount Tapulao, For. Bur. 8080 Curran rf
Merritt.

India to Japan, south to Mauritius, Malaya, and Australia; not previously
reported from the Philippines.

5. NOTOTHIXOS Oliver.

1. Inflorescence of simple spikes.

2. Leaves 2 cm long or less . I. N.curranii

2. Leaves 4 to 5 cm long . 2. N. sulphurous

1. Inflorescence cymose 3. N. philippinensis

1. Notothixos curranii sp. nov.

Ramulis foliis junioribus inflorescentiisque densissime pallide grisco-
puberulis; foliis oppositis, petiolatis, ovato-lanceolatis vel elliptico-lanceo-
latis, 1.5 ad 2 cm longis, trinerviis, apice obtusis vel leviter obtuse
acuminatis, basi acuminatis, supra glabris, nitidis, subtus dense pallide
puberulis ; floribus 4-meris, oppositis, in spicis simplicibus terminalibus
axillaribusque solitariis dispositis.

Blanches terete, dark-brown or nearly black, glabrous, the youngest
branchlets, inflorescences and young leaves densely pale-grayish-puber-
ulent. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 1.5 to 2
cm long, 8 to 10 mm wide, subcoriaceous, the apex obtuse or obscurely and
broadly acuminate, base acuminate, margins entire, the upper surface
glabrous, brown and shining when dry, the lower surface densely pale-
grayish-puberulent ; nerves 3, slender, extending from the base nearly to
the apex, rather distinct on the upper surface, nearly obsolete beneath;
petioles 3 to 4 mm long, puberulent. Spikes terminal and axillary,
solitaiy, about 1 cm long. Flowers 4-merous, sessile, opposite, each sub-
tended by a small, broadly ovate, obtuse bract less than 1 mm long.
Perianth-lobes 4, ovate, acute, 0.5 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Liinay, For. Bur. 12402 Merritt & Curran August
1908.

Distinguished among the Philippine species by its small leaves and pale,
scarcely yellow, and not glandular puberulence.

2. Notothixos sulphureus sp. nov.

Ramulis foliis junioribus inflorescentiisque densissime sulphureo-
glanduloso-puberulis ; foliis oppositis, petiolatis, late ovatis, vel late ellip-
ticis, usque ad 5 cm longis, subcoriaceis, basi apieeque late rotundatis,
supra glabris, subtus pallide glanduloso-puberulis nitidisque, trinerviis;

PHILIPPINE LORANTHACEiE.

153

floi'ibus 4-meris, verticillatis, in spicis simplicibus axillaribus terminali-
busque solitaries, usque ad 3 cm longis dispositis.

Branches terete, brown, glabrous. Leaves opposite, broadly ovate or
broadly elliptic, subcoriaceous, broad and rounded at both base and apex,
3 to 5 cm long, 2 to 3.5 cm wide, the younger leaves like the branchlets
and inflorescence densely yellow-glandular-puberulent, the adult leaves
glabrous and often shining on the upper surface, beneath densely pale-
glandular-puberulent and somewhat shining; nerves 3 from the base,
extending nearly to the apex, slender, not prominent, the reticulations
very lax; petioles 3 to 5 mm long, ultimately glabrous. Spikes axillary
and terminal, solitary, 3 cm long or less, the flowers 4-merous, sessile,
whorled, each flower subtended by a small, ovate, acute, 1 mm long
bract. Perianth-lobes narrowly ovate, acute, about 1 mm long.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. {>132 Whit ford cC-
Hutchinson, January, 1 !)08.

A species well characterized by its broadly ovate or broadly elliptic leaves
which are rounded at both ends, and its simple spikes.

3. Notothixos philippinensis Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 2 (1908) 471 (phil-
ippinense) .

Ramulis foliisque j unioribus inflorescentiisque densissime aureo-
glanduloso-puberulis ; folds oppositis, petiolatis, subcoriaceis, supra gla-
bris, subtus dense aureo- vel griseo-glanduloso-puberulis, ovatis, ovato-
lanceolatis vel snbellipticis, basi acutis vel obtusis, supra angustatis, apice
acutis vel acuminatis, 4 ad 6 cm longis, cireiter 2.5 cm latis, trinerviis;
infloreseentiis axillaribus terminalibusque, cymosis, 2 ad 5 cm longis;
floribus 4-meris, ad apices ramulorum subcapitato-congestis.

Negros, Cuernos Mountains, near Dumaguete, Elmer 1011^, May, 1908, para-
sitic on Canarium at an altitude of about 300 m. Readily distinguished among
the Philippine species by its cymose inflorescence.

The genus has three species in Australia, one in Ceylon, one in Penang, and
the above three in the Philippines.

6. GIN ALLOA North.

1. Ginalloa cumingiana (Presl) F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 185; Vid. Phan.
Cuming. Philip. (1885) 141, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 232.

Viscum cumingianum Presl Epim. (1851) 255; Walp. Ann. 2: 729.

Philippines, without locality, Cuming 1968, type number.

Endemic.

Var. angustifolia var. nov.

Differt a typo foliis multo minoribus angustioribusque, 2 ad 4 cm
longis, 2 ad 4 mm latis.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 1621(2 Curran, Merritt,
& Zscholcke. Negros, Canlaon Volcano, Bur. Sci. 1139 Banks, June, 1906.

THE SC1T AMINE/E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

By H. N. Ridley.

( Director , Botanic Garden , Singapore, Straits Settlements.)

This account of the Scitaminece of the Philippine Islands is based on
the whole series of specimens in the herbarium of the Bureau of Science,
Manila, kindly placed in my hands by Mr. Elmer D. Merrill, which
contains a very fine series of specimens of this group collected by many
botanists in different islands of the Archipelago, and also collections
made by Mr. A. D. E. Elmer.

Among the earlier collectors in the Philippines were Haenke, Cuming,
and Blanco. The first of these collected a good number of species which
were described and figured by Presl in “Reliquiae Haenkeanae.” The
types of Presl’s species I have not seen; nearly all have been re-collected,
but one or two do not seem to have been met with again. Cuming seems
to have obtained comparatively few species of the order. Blanco described
a small number, chiefly cultivated species, in the first and second edition
of his “Flora de Filipinas,” some of which are figured by Naves in the
third edition. Warburg also made extensive collections in the Archi-
pelago, and several of the species described by Iv. Schumann in the
“Pflanzenreich,” based on material collected by the former, I have not
been able to identify with any of the plants collected by the American
botanists, and to complete this account I have had to copy Schumann’s
descriptions.

The area does not seem to be so rich in this group of plants as are the
Malay Islands farther west, or the Malay Peninsula. The number of
genera, twenty-one, is not quite so large and the number of species is
much smaller than in the Malay Peninsula. Of the indigenous genera
we have Globba , Hedychium, Gastrochilus , Zingiber, Hornstedtia, Amo-
mum, Plagiostachys, Alpinia, and Costus in Zingiberacece, and Phrynium,
Phacelophrynium , and Donax in Marantacece, with the endemic genera
Kolowratia , Leptosolena and Adelmeria (Z ingib eraceas) , and Mono-
phrynium (Marantacece) . Of the genera found in the Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago, not yet met with in the Philippines, are Odontychium,
Camptandra, Haplochorema, Conamomum, FAettanopsis, Geostachys,
83264 — —4 155

156

RIDLEY.

Geocharis and Lowia, and, except a,s introduced plants. Curcuma, Kaemp-
feria and Phaeomeria.

Some notes on the distribution of the sections of the genera represented
may he of interest. It is noticeable that in the genus Globba nearly all
the species are white-flowered with but few yellow, while in India and
the Malay Peninsula yellow-flowered ones predominate. In Borneo yellow
ones become rare and white preponderate, and this is further accentuated
in the Philippines. Ilcdychium is a genus of two groups, the terrestrial
ones whose headquarters is in India, and the epiphytic ones of the
tropical forests from Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula to the Philip-
pines. I[. coroharium , the only terrestrial species in the Philippines, is
widely distributed throughout the eastern islands, but perhaps only in-
troduced from the west. Zingiber is one of the genera of which her-
barium specimens, unless specially carefully prepared and selected, are
generally unidentifiable. It is usually necessary to take the flowers from
the water-saturated spike and dry them separately in the field, as they
perish or become unrecognizable often before one reaches camp. It is
therefore often difficult to get a clear idea of the number of species and
their relationships when one has to deal with material dried roughly
and without special preparation, such as is found in ordinary collections.
Hornstedtia is abundant in the Malay Peninsula, and in Sumatra, Borneo
and Java; it thins out towards New Guinea, and as yet but two species
have been found in the Philippines. A mo m um does not appear to be
strongly represented, but as these plants are often not very free-flowered
we shall probably get more species later as collecting goes on. Two of
the species described by Schumann under the section Bintalua appear
from the descriptions to be species of Plagiosiachys.

Plagiostachys, a genus of but few known species, seems to be better
represented here than elsewhere, as there appear to be three Philippine
species. It ranges from the Malay Peninsula eastwards. Costus,
typically an American genus, is represented by a few species in the East
Indies, and in the Philippines by two, one widely distributed throughout
the East, another endemic and allied to a Malayan species. Alpinia is
the most strongly represented genns in the Philippines; it is a typical
eastern Asiatic one, ranging to Japan and Polynesia, beyond the region
of most of the tropical Asiatic genera.

The Marantacece all belong to Malayan genera and are all allied to
species of the Malay Peninsula except the endemic genus Monoplirynium.
The Cannacece are represented only by introduced species. Lowiacea ?
are absent. The M usacece are represented by the introduced Ravenala
madagascariensis, some distinct species of Musa, and many forms of
Musa sapienium Linn, and M. paradisiaca Linn. Material in this group
has not as yet been collected by the American botanists, and there are
no specimens in the collection sent to me.

THE SCITAMINEiE OF THE PHILIPPINES.

157

Synopsis of the genera.

Genus.

Species of
the Malay
Peninsula.

Species of
the Philip-
pines.

Endemic
in the Phil-
ippines.

Introduced

into

the Philip-
pines.

Philippine j
species
extending
to other
islands.

i Globba

16

10

7

0

3

Hedychium -

4

2

i

1

0

Kaempferia

2

1

0

1

0

Gastrochilus .

18

1

1

0

0

Curcuma . . - _

4

2

0

2

0

i Costus . .

4

2

1

0

1

1 Zingiber _

11

5

4

0

1

Amomum . ---

11

8

8

0

0

Hornstedtia

13

4

4

0

0

i Phaeomeria . - .

4

1

0

1

0

Adelmeria »_ .. -

0

2

2

0

0 I

Plagiostachys

2

3

3

0

0

Alpinia _ _ .

18

16

15

0

1

Kolowratia » .. . ..

0

2

2

0

0

i Leptosolena • - - _

0

2

2

0

0

Donax . ... - -

3

1

0

0

1

Phryniam _

3

1

1

0

0

I Phacclophrynium - .

1

2

2

0

0

Monophrynium » . __

0

3

3

0

0

Total

114

68

56

5

7

a Genera endemic in the Philippines.

SCITAMINEjE.

| 1. Zingiberace/E. Aromatic plants. Fertile stamen one, 2-celled.

Staminodes 2, broad and petaloid.

Spike or panicle terminal on a leafy stem.

Filament long, slender, exceeding the corolla.

Lip adnate to the filament above the corolla 1. Globba

Lip free 2. Hedychium

Filament shorter than the corolla, broad.

Anther-cells on a broad thin connective 3. Kaempferia

Anther-cells .thick, fleshy 4. Gastrochilus

Spike radical, cone-like 5. Curcuma

Staminodes small or absent.

Leafy stems not spiral; ligule oblong.
Spikes radical.

Anther with a long, curved beak 0. Zingiber

Anther with two curved arms; lip broad 7. Amomum

Anther crestless; lip narrow.

Spike obconic or cylindric 8. Hornstedtia

Spike on a tall peduncle, hemispheric 9. Phaeomeria

Spikes lateral from a leafy stem 10. Plagiostachys

Inflorescence terminal on the leafy stem.

Inflorescence dense, subglobose, with large bracts 11. Adelmeria

Inflorescence lax, or of several spikes.

Corolla-tube long, slender 12. Leptosolena

158

RIDLEY.

Corolla-tube short, thick.

Panicle-branches spicatc, with close-set bracts 13. Koloioratia

Panicle-branches lax, the bracts small, caducous 14. Alpinio

Leafy stem spiral; ligule annular; spike terminal or radical 15. Costus

§ 2. Marantace.e. Non-aromatic. Fertile stamen one, with a single cell on
the edge, the three others petaloid, irregular.

Stems erect, shrubby, branched 1C. Donax

Stemless plants.

Inflorescence panicled, from the side of a petiole, spikes elongate.

17. Phacelophrynium

Spikes in a dense lateral head 18. Phrynium

Spikes in small heads; flowers solitary in the bracts 19. Monophrynium

§3. Cannace.e. Non-aromatic. Panicle terminal. Stamens regular, petaloid,

one with a lateral anther-cell 20. Canna

§4. Musace^. Stamens five, non-petaloid ; petals and sepals each connate into
one organ 21. Musa

1. GLOBBA L.

Slender herbs with a short rhizome. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, thin,
sheathing, with a small ligule. Inflorescence terminal, panicled, lax.
Flowers small, yellow, white, or violet. Calyx tubular, 3-toothed, regular
or irregular. Corolla-tube longer, 3-lobed, lobes boat-shaped, deflexed.
Staminodes similar. Lip-base adnate by its edges to the stamen, forming
a tube, the limb narrow, deflexed, usually bilobed, rarely entire, the fila-
ment much longer, erect, slender. Anther small; connective prolonged
laterally into a simple margin, or with two to four triangular spurs.
Style longer, slender; stigma very small, cup-shaped. Ovary 1-celled, the
placentas 3, parietal. Capsule globose, smooth or warted, succulent,
dehiscing irregularly. Seeds small, with a white aril.

Species about 80, extending from India to Siam, southern China, and the

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

§ Ceratanthera. Anther-spurs one on each side.

Flowers yellow.

A tall stout plant, the panicle pyramidal 1. Q. pyramidata

A weak small plant, the panicle slender 2. G. parviflora

Flowers white.

Leaves glabrous.

Anther-spurs linear, acuminate 3. G. campsophylla

Anther-spurs triangular.

Calyx turbinate 4. G. brevifolia

Calyx cylindrical 5. G. Merrillii

Leaves pubescent beneath.

Sheaths pubescent.

Staminodes lanceolate, acute G. G. gracilis

Staminodes oblong, blunt 7. G. latifolia

Sheaths glabrous 8. G. leucocarpa

§ Marantelea. Antber-spurs two on each side.

Flowers yellow 9. G. marantina

Flowers black or violet 10. G. ustulata

1. G. pyramidata Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France IV 1 (1901) 204„
pi. f. 7-10; K. Schum. in Pflanzenreicli 20 (1904) 146.

THE SCITAMINEiE OF THE PHILIPPINES.

159

A tall plant 70 to 90 cm tall, glabrous. Lower sheaths narrow, obtuse,
apiculate. Leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate,
with a long tail, the base acute, glabrous except for the tip, sometimes
ciliolate and hairy, 10 to 25 cm long, 1.5 to 3.5 cm wide; ligule 2 mm
long, truncate, glabrous. Panicle pyramidal, somewhat nodding, 8 to
10 cm long. Flowers yellow, sessile and on peduncles 2 to 3 cm long.
Calyx shortly toothed, 4 mm long, turbinate. Corolla-tube 1.2 to 1.3 cm
long. Staminodes lanceolate, acute. Lip short, broad, shortly bilobed.
Anther with two short lunulate wings.

Bunuan Island, near Mindanao (Montayio 203 1), in Herb. Mus. Paris. Also
found in Cambodia.

The figure resembles G. Merrillii, but that species has white, not yellow flowers.

2. G. parviflora Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1827) 115; K. Schum. in Engl. Bot.
Jahrb. 27 (1899) 330; Pflanzenreich 1. c. 146.

Stem slender, about 40 cm tall. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
attenuate, the base acute or rounded, glabrous, 30 cm long, 2 to 3 cm
wide. Panicle weak and lax, 8 to 9 cm long, the branches few, slender,
the lower ones 3 cm long. Bracts linear-oblong, obtuse, 1 to 3 mm long,
persistent. Calyx funnel-shaped, 3-toothed, one tooth blunt, the other
two mucronate. Corolla-tube slender, thrice as long, the lobes oblong,
4 mm long, concave, yellow. Staminodes widely linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, a little longer. Lip subcuneate, bilobed, 5 mm long. Anther-
spurs rising from a little above the base, subulate, curved.

Luzon, Province of Sorsogon, (Haenke) : Province of Albay, Mount Mayon,
Bur. Sci. 2910 M earns: Province of Tayabas, Sampaloc, (Warburg) : Province of
Rizal, Bosoboso, Merrill 21 82, 2183.

A small weak plant remarkable for its yellow flowers. It has a tendency to
have all the flowers secund, that is, turned upwards on one side. Endemic.

3. G. campsophylla K. Schum. in Pflanzenreich 1. c. 145.

G. parviflora Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 152; K. Schum. in Engl. Bot.
jahrb. 27 (1899) 330, non Presl.

A slender plant about 50 to 60 cm tall. Leaves narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, with a long point, glabrous, narrowed a little abruptly at the
base and shortly petioled, 9 to 15 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide ; petiole about
3 mm long; ligule very short, rounded, truncate, quite glabrous. Panicle
9 cm long, lax, with slender branches 3 cm long. Bracts linear-oblong,
rounded, glandular-dotted, 2 mm long. Flowers white, on short articula-
tions. Calyx funnel-shaped, with three, equal, ovate lobes, keefed and
shortly mucronate, glandular-dotted. Corolla-tube slender, three times
as long as the calyx, the lobes oblong, the upper one hooded, all glandular-
dotted. Staminodes linear, longer, obtuse, glandular-dotted and pubes-
cent. Lip rather deeply bilobed, the lobes linear, obtuse, glandular-
dotted. Anther strongly glandular-dotted on the back, the spurs linear,
acuminate, curved, much longer than the anther. Fruit rather large,

1 Specimens cited in parenthesis not seen.

160

RIDLEY.

globose or oblong, about 1 cm long, glandular-dotted. Seeds numerous,
covered with a white silky pubescence, and with a finely cut aril at the
base.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Ecija, Cuming 1390: Province of Cavite, Maragon-
dong, Merrill J/177 : Province of Bataan, Lamao River, For. Bur. 1461 Ahern’s
collector: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 1110 Ramos: Province of Bulacan,
For. Bur. 7208 Curran. Samar, Catubig River, Merrill 5207. Mindanao, Lake
Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 417: Province of Surigao, Bolster 338:
District of Zamboanga, Copeland s. n.: District of Davao, Malita, Copeland 662.

Endemic.

4. G. brevifolia K. Sebum, in Pflanzenreich 1. c. 145.

0. par vi folia Presl var. brevifolia K. Schum. in Engl. Bot. Jalirb. 27 (1899)
330.

A slender plant with stems 10 to 20 cm long. Leaves four or five only,
sessile or very shortly petioled, lanceolate or suboblong-lanceolate, rather
long attenuate-acuminate, hardly caudate, the base rounded, sometimes
subcordate, quite glabrous except for a few scattered hairs especially at
the tip, 5 to 6 cm long, 1.3 to 2 cm wide; ligule very short, scarcely
0.5 mm long, ciliolate as is also the sheath. Panicle 4 to 6 cm long, lax.
Lower bracts minute, scarcely 1 mm long, suborbicular, rounded at the
tip, the upper ones twice as long, ovate or acuminate, persistent.
Branches capillary, 1 to 2 cm long, glabrous. Flowers long-pedicelled.
Bracteoles resembling the bracts, persistent. Ovary ellipsoid, 2 mm long,
glabrous, smooth. Calyx turbinate, with three obtuse lobes. Corolla
not described. Anther with a triangular wing on each side.

Luzon, Province of Zambales, near Palauig, ( Warburg 11,066), in Herb. Berol.

Endemic.

5. G. Merrillii Ridl. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1905) 83.

A rather stout plant with long woolly tufted roots, the stem 60 to 90
cm tall. Leaves broadly lanceolate, long and very gradually acuminate,
12 to 20 cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide, the base rounded, inequilateral; petiole
2 to 3 mm long; ligule very short, truncate; all glabrous, except occa-
sionally the lower leaves which are pubescent at the base. Panicle lax,
15 cm long, with remote 2 cm long branches. Bracts lanceolate, acute,
caducous. Flowers white. Calyx-tube cylindric, very shortly and equally
toothed. Corolla-tube slender, more than twice as long as the calyx, the
lobes oblong-obovate, glandular-dotted. Staminodes smaller. Lip linear-
oblong, entire, rounded at the tip, spoon-shaped, short. Filament short
and broad. Anther elliptic, the spurs elongate, triangular, longer than
the anther.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Merrill 3869, Whitford 481,
Leiberg 6158, For. Bur. 1598 Borden.

Endemic.

THE SCITAMINE.H OF THE PHILIPPINES.

161

6. G. gracilis K. Sebum, in Pflanzenreich 1. c. 145.

Slender, stems 25 to 35 cm tall, the five lowest sheaths narrow,
acute, pilose and ciliate. Leaves 7 or 8, sessile or very shortly (2 mm)
petioled, lanceolate or suboblong-lanceolate, acuminate, not distinctly
caudate, the upper surface papillose rather than pilose, beneath pilose,
3.5 to 9 cm long, 1.2 to 2.5 cm wide; ligule scarcely 1 mm long, truncate,
pilose. Panicle 4.5 to 6.5 cm long, minutely pilose, the lower branches
3.5 cm long, with 4 or 5, rarely 6, flowers. Bracts very caducous. Brac-
teoles minute, 1 to 1.5 mm long, oblong-ovate, obtuse, caducous. Ovary
glabrous, scarcely 1 mm long. Calyx 3 mm long, very shortly toothed.
Corolla-tube very slender, 1.7 cm long, the lobes 3 mm long. Staminodes
lanceolate, acute, 4 mm long. Lip 5 mm long, bilobed. Anther oblong,
the spurs curved upwards, acuminate.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Mount Dagatpan, (Warburg 15480), in forests,
300 to 1,000 m altitude: Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang, For. Bur. 4572
M earns & Hutchinson. Negros, Elmer 10033.

Endemic.

7. Globba latifolia sp. nov.

Stem about 90 cm tall, the lower 30 cm covered with sheaths only,
which are oblong, rounded at the tip, mucronate, pubescent. Leaves
oblong-lanceolate, attenuate, acuminate, acute, not caudate, the base
cuneate, the upper surface glabrous, the lower pubescent, 20 to 24 cm
long, 3 to 4 cm wide; petiole very short; ligule short, rounded, ciliate;
sheath strongly ribbed, the margins pubescent. Panicles 15 cm long, the
branches spreading, remote, 3 to 4 cm long. Flowers sessile, white.
Bracts caducous. Bracteoles ovate, acute, pallid, glandular-dotted.
Calyx cylindric, slightly dilated upwards, the lobes equal, one-third the
length of the calyx, oblong, obtuse, glandular-dotted. Corolla-tube twice
as long as the calyx, rather thick, the lobes one-half as long as the tube,
oblong, blunt. Staminodes very similar, obtuse, linear-oblong. Lip
short, bifid to the base and with two elliptic-ovate rounded lobes, the
adnate portion of the lip deeply grooved and with two very distinct
processes at the upper angle. Filament slender, 1 cm long. Anther
oblong, with a pair of falcate, acuminate, appendages rising from the
center of the side and longer than the anther. Fruit elliptic, 1 cm long,
smooth. Seeds numerous.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, San Ramon, Copeland s. n., Sax River,
Williams 2324. Mindoro, Baco River, Merrill 4064-

Very distinct among the Philippine species on account of its broad leaves, short
flowers and short, deeply lobed lip.

8. G. leucocarpa sp. nov.

Whole plant 1 m tall, the sheaths glabrous. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate
or lanceolate, acuminate, hardly caudate, the base rounded or shortly

162

RIDLEY.

narrowed, the upper surface glabrous, the lower thickly and minutely
pubescent, more hairy along the midrib, 13 cm long, 2 to 3 cm wide;
petiole very short; ligule short, glabrous. Panicle lax, 11 cm long, with
numerous, remote, slender, spreading, 4 cm long branches. Bracts cadu-
cous, linear-oblong, obtuse, 3 mm long. Flowers white, nearly sessile,
on short articulations. Bracteoles lanceolate, obtuse. Calyx infundi-
buliform, with three, unequal, ovate lobes which are keeled and mucro-
nate, glandular-dotted. Corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx, slender,
the lobes reflexed, boat-shaped, the upper one hooded, mucronulate.
Staminodes longer, linear, obtuse, thinner. Lip narrow, deeply bifid and
with narrow blunt linear lobes. Anther-cells rather narrow, linear, the
spurs lanceolate, acuminate, rather narrow, curved. Fruit white.

Luzon, I tovince of Benguet, Twin Peaks, Elmer 6^65, on cliffs and stream
banks. Mindoro, Baco River, Merrill 1789, J,061,a ; McGregor 201, in humid forests.
Leyte, Palo, Elmer 7298.

This species is distinguished by its quite glabrous sheaths and ligules, while
the lower surface of the leaves is pubescent. It differs from G. gracilis K. Sebum.,
not only in its glabrous sheaths, but also in its linear obtuse staminodes.

9. G. marantina Linn. Mant. 2 (1771) 170; Rose, in Trans. Linn. Soc. 8
(1807) 356; Monan. PI. (1828) t. Ill ; Smith. Exot. Bot. 2 (1804) 85, t. 103;
Roxb. FI. Ind. 1 (1820) 77; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 561; Baker in Hook,
f. FI. Brit. Ind. 6 (1890) 206; Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1827) 115; K. Schum. in
Pflanzenreich 1. c. 156.

G. ectobolus K. Schum. in Pflanzenreich 1. c. 156.

G. llarthci Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France IV 1 (1901) 208; K Schum
1. c. 169.

Q. heterobractea K. Schum. 1. c. 159.

A stout or slender plant 30 to 45 cm tall, the basal sheaths more or
less hairy, always ciliate on the edge. Leaves lanceolate to ovate or
elliptic-ovate, acuminate, 15 cm long, G cm wide, the base cuneate, the
upper surface glabrous, the lower hairy; petiole very short and hardly
distinct; ligule very short, rounded, hairy, ciliate on the edge. Panicle
dense, very shortly peduncled, 4 cm long, at first fusiform, later dilated
and almost oblong, the rachis hairy. Bracts persistent, ovate, rounded,
glandular-dotted, ciliate on the edge and often pubescent all over, the
lowest ones 1 cm long and containing bulbils, frequently all the bracts
bulbiferous and flowerless. Bulbils conic, acuminate, green, warty when
dry? frequently produced also in the axils of the leaves. Flowers yellow,
on short branches, unilateral. Floral bracts oblong, cuspidate, glandular-
dotted. Ovary warted, glabrous. Calyx tubular, hardly dilated upward,
3-toothed, two teeth mucronulate, one shorter, lanceolate, not mucronu-
late, all glandular-dotted. Corolla-tube three times as long, glandular
and subpubescent, the lobes ovate, minutely pubescent, glandular-dotted.

THE SCITAMINE.E OF THE PHILIPPINES.

163

Staminodes similar but more elliptic. Lip short, oblong, cuneate, widely
retuse, the terminal points obtuse. Filament fairly stout. Anther-spurs
4, triangular, acuminate, equal.

Luzon, Province of Cavite, Mendez Nunez, Bur. Sci, 1455 Mangubat; Mara-
gondong, Merrill 4168: Province of Rizal, San Mateo, For. Bur. 1846, 8259 Ahern's
collector ; Bosoboso, Merrill 2844 : Province of Pampanga, Mount Arayat, (Warburg
14069, fide Schumann sub G. heterobractea) , Merrill 4232: Province of Laguna,
Jalajala, ( Meyen , fide Schumann sub G. ectobolus) : near Manila, (Barthc, fide
Gagnepain sub G. Barthei) : Province of Pangasinan, Merrill 2874 • Panay, San
Jose, Yoder 14 .

Amboina, Celebes, Batchian, New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago; also
as a weed of cultivation in Penang, Singapore and Java.

It is quite impossible to break up this species into the various “species”
founded by Schumann and Gagnepain. I can not find a reliable character in any
of the Philippine plants that I have seen, which justifies separating specifically
any of the forms. G. ectobolus Schum. has for its chief character the production
of bulbils in the axils of the stem leaves, a character which I have also seen in
typical G. marantina introduced by Javanese from Java into Penang. G. Barthei
Gagnepain, which I take to be the typical Philippine form, has broader leaves
and a stouter stem than has the form that occurs occasionally as a weed in
the Straits Settlements.

There is a considerable degree of variability in the pubescence of the various
parts of the specimens. In some, at least, short processes arise on the corolla -
tube and lobes, hardly long enough to be called pubescence. I have long ago
pointed out the valueless character of the production or nonproduction of bulbils,
for I have hardly met with any Globba in any abundance which does not oc-
casionally produce them. G. marantina, which was for many years a weed in the
Botanic Gardens in Singapore, and of which Schumann says that he had never
seen flowers, eventually produced a few flowers, although almost every plant
produced bulbils only for a number of years. Probably G. strobilifera Zoll.
(G. Zollingeri Gagnep.) of Java is the same species.

10. G. ustulata Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France IV 1 (1901) 208, pi.
7, f. 5-7 ; K. Schum. in Pflanzenreich 1. c. 158.

An herb 40 cm tall, with ciliate sheaths. Leaves lanceolate, acumi-
nate, petioled, slightly pilose, velvety beneath, ciliolate, 15 cm long, 4 cm
wide; ligule 1.5 to 2 mm long, the margins villous. Panicle sessile,
dense, 5 cm long. Bracts orbicular or elliptic, 1.2 cm long, black at the
tips, bulbiliferous. Flowers two or three together on a short peduncle,
black or purple. Ovary smooth, glabrous. Calyx 7 mm long, 3-toothed,
the teeth mucronate. Corolla-tube 1.2 to 1.4 cm long, upper lobe with
a long mucro 1 mm long. Anther 4-spurred, spurs acuminate.

Busuanga, Calamianes Islands, (Marche 227 B), in Herb. Mus. Paris.

Indo-China.

I should reduce this species also to G. marantina L. from the description, for
I have seen no specimens, were it not for the statement that the flowers are
black or purple, a most unusual, if not unique character in the genus, and for the
mucronate upper petal.

164

RIDLEY.

2. HEDYCHIUM Koenig.

Terrestrial or epiphytic herbs. Steins elongate, leafy. Leaves oblong
or lanceolate. Inflorescence a terminal spike. Bracts oblong or lanceo-
late, subcoriaceous. Flowers one or more to each bract, showy. Calyx
tubular, 3-toothed. Corolla-tube long, slender, the lobes linear, spread-
ing or reflexed. Staminodes linear. Filament long, slender; connec-
tive not prolonged. Lip large, bifid. Ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled.
Style long, filiform; stigma small. Capsule globose or oblong, 3-valved.
Seeds many, small, with a colored aril.

Species about 40, Indo-Malayan.

Terrestrial; flowers large, white 1. H. coronarium

Epiphytic; flowers red 2. H. philippinense

1. H. coronarium Koen. in Retz. Ohs. 3 (1783) 73; Rose, in Trans. Linn.
Soc. 8 (1807) 343, 1. 20, f. 6; Monan'dr. PI. (1828) t. 51; Sims in Bot. Mag.
t. 708; Smith Exot. Bot. 2 (1805) t. 107; Wight Icon. t. 2010 ; Horan. Monogr.
(1862) 24; Baker in Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 6 (1892) 225; K. Sebum, in
Pflanzenreich 20 (1904) 44.

H. gandasulium, II. prophetae & II. album Ham. ex Wall, in Hook. Kew
Journ. Bot. 5 (1853) 325.

H. lingulatum Hassk. PI. Jav. Rar. (1848) 135; Horan. Monogr. (1862) 25.

Stems 1 to 2 m tall. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, acumi-
nate, base acute, the upper surface glabrous, the lower pubescent or
glabrous, 8 to 60 cm long, 3 to 11 cm wide; ligule 2 to 3 cm long,
membranous, obtuse. Spike ellipsoid, 5 to 12 cm long, 4 to 8 cm thick.
Bracts ovate, obtuse, green with a pale margin, 2- or 3-fiowered, 4 to 5.5
cm long, 2 to 3 cm wide. Ovary silky, 5 mm long. Calyx tubular,
cleft on one side, 4 cm long. Corolla white, the tube cylindric, 8 cm
long, the lobes narrow, lanceolate. Lip obcordate or obovate, more or less
deeply bilobed, white with a yellow median line. Staminodes broad,
oblong-lanceolate, blunt, 4 cm long. Stamen shorter than or equaling
the lip, 3.5 cm long, white; anther 12 mm long. Capsule oblong. Seed
angled, with a lacerate aril.

Samar, Catubig, Merrill 5226. Mindanao, Like Lanao, Camp Keitbley, Mrs.
Clemens 77.

Probably a native of the Himalayan region but now spread as an alien or
garden escape over most of the tropics.

2. H. philippinense K. Schum. in Pflanzenreich 1. c. 47.

An epiphytic herb 0.5 to 1 m tall. Stems solitary or two or three in
a cluster. Leaves lanceolate, petiolate, 23 to 45 cm long, 7 to 8 cm
wide, glabrous, the apex acute, the base narrowed to the petiole, pale
beneath; petiole about 2 cm long; ligule large, membranous, acute.
Spike subterminal, cylindric, nearly sessile, 9 cm long, 2 cm thick.
Bracts elliptic or lanceolate, subacute or obtuse, coriaceous, punctate,
ribbed, closely imbricate, 1 to 1.5 cm wide, pubescent at the apex, the
margins scarious. Bracteoles tubular, split on one side, pubescent. Flow-
ers in threes, yellow. Ovary glabrous. Calyx tubular, slender, 4 to 6

THE SCITAMINEHS OF THE PHILIPPINES.

165

cm long, pubescent, split on one side. Corolla-tube slender, twice as long
as the calyx, the lobes linear, 3 cm long. Staminodes wider, linear-
oblanceolate. Lip obovate, bilobed, 2 cm long, glandular-dotted, the
margins crisped. Stamen as long as the lip. Capsule triquetrous, 3 cm
long, orange-yellow. Seeds dark-red, elliptic, 5 mm long, ribbed, the aril
fibrillose, red.

Sulu Archipelago, (Vidal 3924). Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley,
Mrs. Clemens 7.'/ 7. Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Lucban, Elmer 7 909.

Allied to H. borneense Ridl. Endemic.

3. KAEM PFERI A Linn.

Small herbs with tuberous aromatic rhizomes, the stems short.
Leaves ovate or lanceolate. Inflorescence spicate, very shortly peduncled,
with a few lanceolate bracts. Flowers fugacious, thin-textured, produced
singly, white or violet. Calyx short, cylindric. Corolla-tube slender,
the lobes narrow, linear. Staminodes very large, rounded, clawed, spread-
ing. Lip similar, bilobed. Stamen thin, flat, not exserted; anther
narrow, crested. Capsule oblong, thin-walled.

Species about 20, Indian and Siamese, one or two Malayan.

1. K. galanga Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 2; Hort. Cliff. 2 (1837) t. 3; Blume Enum.
PI. Jav. (1827) 47; Rose. Monandr. PI. (1828) t. 92; Roxb. As. Research. 11
(1810) 327; FI. Ind. 1 (1820) 15; Wight. Icon. (1844) t. 899; Horan. Monog.
(1862) 2; Baker in Hook. f. Brit. Ind. 6 (1890) 219; K. Schum. in Pflanzenreich
20 (1904) 77.

K. sessilis Koenig in Retz. Obs. 3 (1783) 67.

K. humilis Salisb. Prodr. (1796) 6.

K. plantaginifolia Salisb. in Trans. Hort. Soc. 1 (1812) 286.

Stemless, with a tuberous rhizome. Leaves two, horizontal, orbicular,
subacute, the base rounded, 7 to 13 cm long, 4 to 9 cm wide. Flowers 6
to 12, fragrant, white. Bracts short, lanceolate, green. Calyx short.
Corolla-tube 2.5 cm long, the lobes lanceolate. Staminodes cuneate,
obovate, 1.2 cm long. Lip 2.5 cm long and nearly as wide, bilobed, the
base spotted, violet, the rest white. Stamen thin, the crest quadrate,
bilobed.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 1181, 1560 Ramos: Province of
Cagayan, (Cuming 1331) : Province of Tayabas, near Lucban, Elmer 7408. Native
names, Cusol, Guisol, Dusol, Dusog.

A commonly cultivated plant of Indian origin, occurring all over the East as a
garden escape.

4. GASTROCHILUS Wallich.

Low herbs with a creeping aromatic rhizome, the stems short or none.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate, petioled, solitary or in tufts of from two
to four. Spike axillary, central, or from the rhizome. Bracts large or
of moderate size, thin. Flowers thin, opening singly, white, yellow, or
red. Calyx tubular, spathaceous. Corolla-tube long, slender, the lobes
oblong or lanceolate. Staminodes similar, petaloid. Lip oblong or
obovate, saccate or convolute, entire or more or less lobed at the apex.

166

RIDLEY.

Stamen-filament thick, fleshy. Anther oblong, crest small, sometimes
absent.

Species about 30, Indo-Malayan or Siamese.

G. longipetiolata sp. nov.

Khizome not seen. Leaves two, elongate, linear-lanceolate, obtuse,
thin, glabrous on the upper surface, beneath sparingly pubescent, 14 cm
long, 2 cm wide, the keel elevated at the rounded base ; petiole 5 to 9 cm
long. Spike central, 4 cm long, subcylindric. Bracts lanceolate, acumi-
nate, pubescent especially on the edges. Calyx spathaceous, short.
Corolla-tube slender, 4 cm long, the lobes lanceolate, acute, 8 mm long.
Lip a little longer, obovate, the margins crisped. Stamen half as long;
anther linear, the crest long, oblong, apex rounded, ovate.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 9110 Whitford &
Hutchinson.

The first representative of the genus recorded from the Philippines, only one
specimen with a single flower seen. It belongs to the section Mesantha, and is
allied to G. longipes King & Prain.

Species of this genus are comparatively seldom met with in flower in forests
owing to the fugacity of their flowers, and these plants are seldom obtained by
collectors of herbarium specimens. There are probably more species in the
Philippines, but the only way to obtain satisfactory material is to bring in the
living plants and cultivate them.

5. CURCUMA Linn.

Herbs with aromatic rhizomes and tuberous or fibrous roots. Leaves
oblong or obovate, usually tufted, rarely solitary. Spikes peduncled,
from the rhizome, with the leaves or not. Bracts persistent, forming a
cone, usually brightly colored, the uppermost ones often empty, longer
and of a different color. Flowers several in each bract, with several
bracteoles, short-lived. Calyx short, cylindric, toothed. Corolla-tube
broad, funnel-shaped, the lobes ovate or oblong. Stamen oblong, peta-
loid. Lip orbicular or obovate. Filament of stamen short, broad.
Anther-cells parallel, sometimes spurred at the base, crested or not.
Style filiform. Ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled. Capsule membranous,
globose, 3-valved. Seeds arillate, ovoid or oblong.

Species about 35, India to Siam, Malaya, and Australia.

The greater part of the genus is Indian and Burmese, and of these species
several have been widely distributed in the East in cultivation, and have there
occasionally established themselves in and near villages, or persisted long after
the villages have disappeared. Such are the species occurring in the Philippines.

1. C. Zedoaria Rose. Monandr. PI. (1828) t. 109; Horan. Monog. (1802) 23;
Baker in Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 6 (1890) 210; K. Schum. Pflanzenreich 20
(1904) 110; Ridl. Mater. FI. Malay. Penin. 2 (1907) 21.

C. Zcrumbet Roxb. PI. Coromandel 2 (1798) t. 101; As. Research. 11 (1810)
333; FI. Ind. 1 (1820) 23.

C. longiflora Salisb. in Trans. Hort. Soc. 1 (1812) 285.

C. speciosa Link Enum. 1 (1821) 3.

Amomum Zerumbeth Koenig in Retz. Obs. 2 (1783) 55.

A. latifolium Lam. Encycl. 1 (1783) 134.

THE SCITAMINEJS OP THE PHILIPPINES.

167

Rhizome large, fleshy, with oblong rounded tubers, orange-colored
inside. Leaves in pairs, lanceolate, cuspidate, glabrous, thin, bright
green, with usually a central purple-brown bar, 25 to 60 cm long, 8 to
15 cm wide. Scape from the rhizome, not from the leaf-tuft, often
appearing without the leaves, the peduncle 15 cm long, the spike as long
as the peduncle, of about 20 bracts, the lower ones green, more or less
tipped with pink, the upper ones lanceolate, deep-crimson. Flowers four
to each bract. Bracteoles thin, transparent, 2 cm long, lanceolate.
Calyx small, bifid, hairy. Corolla-tube 2 cm long, funnel-shaped, yellow-
ish-white, the lobes 1 cm long. Staminodes oblong, obtuse, erect. Lip
oblong-obovate, bilobed, yellowish. Stamen-filament adnate to the stami-
nodes, short, broad. Anther spurred. Capsule ovoid, trigonous, straw-
colored, dehiscing irregularly. Seeds ellipsoid, the aril white, lacerate.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Antipolo, For. Bur. 7046 Curran ; Malapadnabato,
Merrill 2113: Province of Bataan, Lamao River, Whitford 1267, Leiberg 611$:
Province of Benguet, Sablan, Elmer 6110: Province of Zambales, For. Bur. 6924
Curran: Province of Pampanga, Bolster 26. Negros, For. Bur. 11235 Everett.
Guimaras, Ritchie 26. Mindoro, Pola, Merrill 2404; Man sal ay, Merrill 908.
Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Mrs. Clemens 425.

The zedoary is said to be wild in the eastern Himalayas, and is now spread
all over the tropics of the East, being cultivated for curry stuff and as medicine.
It readily establishes itself and remains long after the disappearance of the
garden in which it was formerly cultivated.

Mr. Ritchie gives the native name Lampoyang for it. This word is the
Malay one for Zingiber Cassumunar and is wrongly affixed to the zedoary.

2. C. longa Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 2; Koenig in Retz. Obs. 3 (1783) 71; Roxb.
As. Research. 11 (1810) 340; FI. Ind. 1 (1820) 32; Horan. Monog. (1802) 23;
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 88b; Bentley & Trimen Med. PI. t. 269; Baker in Hook. f.
FI. Brit. Ind. 6 (1890) 214; K. Schum. in Pflanzenreich 1. c. 108.

C. domestica Lour. FI. Cochinch. (1790) 10.

Amomum curcuma Jacq. Hort. Vindob. 3 (1776) t. 4-

Rhizome large, with elliptic or cylindric tubers, the interior deep-
orange-red. Leaves 5 or 6, thin, lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, acuminate,
cuspidate, glabrous, pale-green, 45 cm long, 12 to 18 cm wide; petiole
channeled, 20 cm long. Spike 10 to 20 cm long, on a peduncle of about
the same length. Bracts oblong to lanceolate, 2 to 3 cm long, spreading,
recurved, pale-green, the terminal ones sometimes rosy. Calyx tubular,
with three short points. Corolla-tube longer, the lobes oblong, obtuse,
creamy-white. Lip oblong, the sides curved upward and the tip
deflexed, apex truncate, white with a deep-yellow central bar. Stami-
nodes as long as the petals. Stamen- filament broad ; anther small, ovate,
with two rather long decurved horn-like processes, the connective not
prolonged.

Palawan, For. Bur. 7457 Curran, near the seashore.

The turmeric is a native of India, and here is obviously an escape from
cultivation.

168

ItIDLEY.

G. ZINGIBER Adans.

Herbs with short, thick, more or less aromatic rhizomes. Stems leafy,
the leaves lanceolate or elliptic. Spike from the rhizome, rarely on the
leafy stem, sessile or usually peduncled, cylindric, conic, or fusiform,
with large, dense, yellow, red, or green bracts inclosing one or more
flowers. Calyx tubular, three-lobed,* short. Corolla-tube rather longer
than the bract, with oblong or lanceolate lobes, usually white, or creamy,
sometimes marbled black. Staminodes wanting. Lip 3-lobed, median
lobe longer. Stamen-filament linear ; anther-cells linear, the connective
prolonged into a long curved beak. Style as long. Capsule thin-walled,
splitting into three valves. Seed black, angled, arillate.

Species about 30, Indo-Malaya to northern Australia.

There are two or three species, perhaps more, in the material submitted, too
incomplete to describe. These plants have the spikes so full of water that they
require the flowers to be separately dried, or they quickly rot.

Spikes terminal on the leafy stem; bracts narrow, oblong 1. Z. mollis

Spikes radical.

Spikes glabrous, cylindric, blunt 2. Z. Zerumbet

Spikes pubescent, acute 3. Z. pubisquama,

1. Z. mollis sp. now

Stems solitary, slender, about GO cm tall, the rhizome short. Leaves
narrowly lanceolate, 12 to 15 cm long, 2 cm wide, acuminate, caudate,
narrowed at the base, not petioled, the upper surface glabrous, beneath
sprinkled with white hairs; ligule papery, rounded, entire, glabrous;
sbeath sparingly hairy. Spike terminal, cylindric, 6 cm long. Bracts
yellow, narrowly oblong, apex rounded, 2 cm long and nearly 1 cm wide
at the base. Bracteoles narrower, oblong, glandular-dotted on the edge.
Ovary glabrous. Calyx thinly spathaceous, tubular, bifid into two lan-
ceolate lobes, 2 cm long. Corolla-tube cylindric, 2.5 cm long, the lobes
lanceolate, acuminate, acute, 1.5 cm long. Lip trilobed, rather large, the
lateral lobes nearly as long as the middle one, which is entire and blunt.
Stamen-connective beak-like, slender, curved. Capsule oblong, red,
dehiscing, yellow7 inside. Seeds black.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, For. Bur. .’/8S6, 491-i Curran ; Mount
Tonglon, Merrill 1/843: Province of Pampanga, Mount Abu, Bur. Sci. 1985 Fox-
worthy, altitude 1,330 m. Xf.gros, Elmer 981/3.

var. /?. Leaves more elliptic in outline; ligule and sheath densely
pubescent. Spike on a leafless peduncle from the rhizome. Peduncle
10 to 15 cm long, with distant tubular sheaths.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Mount Banajao, Elmer 8133: Province of Pam-
panga, Mount Abu, Bur. Sci. 1991 Foxworthy. One of the rarest gingers in this
locality, growing in loose soil in shaded ravines at 700 meters, inflorescence red
(Elmer) ; forested slopes in ravines at 1,3G0 meters (Foxworthv).

This ginger seems to be allied to Z. officinale as much as to any other species,
and like it has the spike sometimes borne on the top of the leafy stem and also
on the rhizome like the majority of the species of the genus.

THE SCITAMINEiE OF THE PHILIPPINES.

169

2. Z. Zerumbet Sm. Exot. Bot. 2 (1804) 103, t. 112; Roscoe in Trans. Linn.
Soc. 6 (1807) 348; Monandr. PI. (1828) t. 8 1; Horan. Monogr. (1862) 27; Bot.
Mag. t. 2000; Wight Icon. (1853) t. 2002; Baker in Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 6
(1890) 247; Ridl. Mater. FI. Malay. Benin. 2 (1907) 27; K. Schum. in Pflanzen-
reich 20 (1904) 172.

Z. Blancoi Hassk. in Flora 47 (1864) 20.

Z. amaricans Blume Enum. PI. Jav. 1 (1827) 43.

Z. spurium Ivoen. in Retz. Obs. 3 (1783) 60.

Z. ovoideum Blume 1. c. 43.

Z. truncatum Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 1 (1848) 68e.

Amomum Zerumbet Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1; Jacq. Hort. Yindob. 3 (1776)
t. 51.

A. spurium Gmel. Syst. 2 (1792) 6.

A. sylvestre Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 5 (1817) 548.

Zerumbet zingiber Lestib. Ann. Sci. Nat. II 15 (1891) 329.

Amomum zingiber Naves in Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 3, pi. 131, non Linn.

Rhizome thick, yellow, becoming white inside. Stems fairly stout, 30
to 45 cm tall. Leaves lanceolate, broad, glabrous except along the
midrib which is hairy, 12 to 15 cm long, 5 to 7 cm wide; ligule papery,
brown, 1 cm long. Spikes globose at first, becoming cylindric, blunt, as
long or longer than the peduncle. Bracts broad, rounded, green turning
red, the edges paler, hairy. Calyx spathaceous, 1 cm long, white.
Corolla-tube twice as long, the lobes lanceolate, acute, white. Lip broad
and short, the lateral lobes rounded, the middle one orbicular to ovate,
retuse, pale-yellow and with an orange bar or faintly mottled with pink.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao River, Whitford 1361, Lciberg 6089, Elmer
7 028: Province of Cavite, Bur. Sci. 1151 Mangubat: Manila, Merrill 3110.
Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens. Native names Lumbong
usa; Layang usa ; Lampuyang.

This is a widely distributed village plant all over the eastern islands; its
original home seems to be unknown.

3. Z. pubisquama sp. nov.

Leafy stem tall and stout, 1 cm thick. Leaves narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, acute, the upper surface glabrous, finely ribbed, the back
glabrous except the ribbed keel which is covered with pale hairs, 22 cm
long, 3 to 4 cm wide ; ligule very short, oblong, the edges ciliate ; sheaths
nearly glabrous. Inflorescence elongate, cylindric, acute, 14 to 15 cm long,
4 cm thick, on a stout peduncle 16 cm long, covered laxly with oblong
sheaths 5 cm long, hairy, apex truncate. Bracts narrowly oblong, blunt,
3 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, closely appressed, hairy ; inner bract linear-oblong,
tip rounded, hairy, 3 cm long, 1 cm wide; floral bract thin, papery.
Calyx thin, tubular, apex 3-lobed, 1.5 cm long. Corolla-tube slender,
3 cm long, glabrous, the lobes oblong, acute, hooded at the tip, 1 cm
long, 3 mm wide. Lip broad, more fleshy. Anther narrowly oblong,
the connective-beak 6 mm long. Style a little longer, cup-shaped.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 1163a.

Allied to Z. Cassumunar Roxb.

170

RIDLEY.

INCOMPLETE SPECIES.

4. Z. sp.

Leaves not seen. Spike stout, 30 cm long, 6 cm wide, cylindric, obtuse,
the peduncle 7 cm long, covered with lax sheaths. Bracts large, oblong,
narrowed a little at the base, the upper margin truncate, rounded,
involute, 4 cm long, 2 cm wide, finely ribbed, glabrous. Bracteole
tubular, spathaceous, the limb lanceolate, hairy, 4 cm long. Calyx thin,
glabrous, tubular, apex rounded. Corolla-tube 2 cm long, the lobes as
long, lanceolate, acute. Connective of the anther 1 cm long, grooved.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens.

A fine species, allied to Z. spectabile Griff. Unfortunately no leaves were
collected, nor was any description given of the habit or color, and I had only one
poorly preserved flower to examine. The specimen is therefore insufficient for
a proper description.

5. Z. sp.

Stem 2.4 in tall. Leaves lanceolate, petioled, the base narrowed grad-
ually to the petiole, apex acute, 38 cm long, 7 cm wide, the petiole 2 cm
long, glabrous; ligule large, 1 cm long, rounded. Spike subterminal on
the leafy stem, deilexed, cylindric, 8 cm long, 3 cm thick. Bracts obovate,
rounded, white, 1 cm wide, glabrous except for a few hairs on the
edges, strongly ribbed.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Sablan, Elmer 6255, very rare, on precipitous
slopes in deeply shaded ravines.

There are no flowers on the specimen, which is therefore unidentifiable, but
it is very distinct from any other Philippine species.

7. AMOMUM L.

lfhizome usually long. Leafy stems tall. Leaves lanceolate, oblong,
or linear. Inflorescence obconic, or elongate, on a short peduncle from
the rhizome. Bracts lanceolate or ovate, containing one or more flowers
inclosed in thin bracteoles. Calyx as long as the corolla-tube. Corolla-
lobes oblong or lanceolate. Staminodes absent or small. Lip large often
convolute. Stamen broad, crest rounded, entire, or usually 3-lobed.
Style shorter. Capsule globose or oblong, sometimes covered with short
processes. Seeds numerous.

Species numerous, African and Indo-Malayan.

Anthers crested.

Inflorescence elongate, slender 1. A. fusiforme

Inflorescence obconic, thick.

Anther-crest entire 2. A. Warburgii

Anther-crest 3-lobed.

Staminodes absent 3. A. Loheri

Staminodes present.

Lip entire.

Leaves broad 4. A. propinquum

Leaves narrow 5. A. elegans

Lip 3-lobed.

Middle lobe entire (3. A. deuteramomum

Middle lobe bifid 7. A. trilobum

Anthers crestless 8. A. lepicarpum

THE SC IT AM I N EJE OF THE PHILIPPINES.

171

1. A. fusiforme sp. nov.

Stem 1.5 in tall. Leaves narrowly elliptic, acuminate, cuspidate,
the upper surface glabrous, beneath minutely velvety-pubescent, pale,
glaucous on the lower surface, 30 cm long, 9 cm wide ; petiole 1 cm long ;
ligule oblong, truncate, pubescent; sheath glabrous, ribbed. Spike basal,
prostrate, slender, 15 to 45 cm long, the base with short ovate bracts.
Flowers in pairs, in distant bracts which are hardly imbricate. Bracts
linear-oblong, 5 cm long, ribbed and dotted between the ribs, obtuse.
Bracteole spathaceous, 3 cm long, split on one side, and with two ciliate
points. Calyx tubular, hairy, 3 cm long ; lobes lanceolate. Corolla-
tube short, lobes long, lanceolate, hooded at the tip. Lip bifid, with
linear obtuse lobes, elongate but shorter than the stamen and adnate to
the side of the filament. Filament short, thick, strongly winged. Anther
6 mm long, linear, hairy. Crest long, oblong, shortly trilobed at the
base. Style as long as the anther-cells. Stigma triangular, hairy.
Ovary elongate. Fruit fusiform, glabrous, ribbed, 4 cm long, d mm thick,
terminated by the hairy 1 cm long style.

Mindanao, Surigao, Biga Creek, Bolster 331, 2 2-i, in forests 150 to 350 ft. alt.,
flower yellow, or yellowish-white, native name “ Loya-loya Negros, Elmer 9509.

Apparently allied to the genus Geocharis, but I am not sure about the lip for
what I take to be the lip looks more like staminodes. Altogether a very curious
plant which may prove to be the type of a new genus, here provisionally placed
under Amomum.

2. A. Warburgii K. Schum. Pflanzenreich 20 (1904) 257.

Costus Warburgii K. Schum. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 27 (1899) 240.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, the base narrowed but
rounded and suboblique, glabrous on the upper surface except at the
extreme base, subtomentose beneath, the midrib pilose, coriaceous, 20 to
25 cm long, 5 to 7 cm wide; ligule short, truncate, hardly 1 mm long;
petiole subtomentose, about 1 mm long. Spike dense, short-ped uncled.
Bracts lanceolate, acute, subsilky, 1 to 8 cm long. Bracteoles tubular,
silky, 2-toothed. Ovary silky. Calyx 4 cm long, deeply cleft on one
side and with three subulate lobes. Corolla-tube one-third shorter than
the calyx, the lobes spathulate, obtuse, 2 cm long. Lip obovate, 1.6 cm
long. Filament oblong. Connective-crest truncate, a little wider than
the anther, tomentose.

Southern Mindanao, ( Warburg) .

Endemic.

3. A. Loheri K. Schum. 1. c. 247.

A fairly tall plant. Stems 5 mm in diameter. Leaves linear-lanceo-
late, attenuate-acuminate, the base narrowed, glabrous, 30 to 35 cm long,
3 to 4 cm wide; petiole 1 to 3 mm long; ligule 5 mm long, truncate,
coriaceous. Spike ellipsoid, 3 to 5 cm long, the peduncle as long as the
spike, white-pubescent, with a few ovate, glabrous, 0.8 to 1.2 cm long
bracts, the outer ones soon disappearing. Bracteoles tubular, 2-lobed,

83264 5

172

RIDLEY.

pilose. Flowers pedicelled, the pedicel 2 mm long. Ovary silky. Calyx
tubular, 2-lobed, one lobe 2-toothed, minutely pubescent, 2 cm long.
Corolla-tube hardly longer than the calyx, the lobes 2 cm long. Lip
obovate, entire, 3 cm long. Staminodes none. Filament linear. Anther-
cells pubescent. Connective-crest three-lobed.

Luzon, (Lohcr 675).

This endemic species, in habit and in many other characters, resembles A.
trilobum, but differs, according to the description, by its entire lip and the
absence of staminodes.

4. A. propinquum Ridl. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1905) 84.

Stems stout, about 2 m tall. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
cuspidate, 32 cm long, 8 cm wide, glabrous, drying dark, paler beneath,
the petiole very short; ligule oblong, truncate, 5 mm long. Capitulum
obconic, on a 7 cm long peduncle. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, pubes-
cent. Bracteole tubular, 1 cm long, pubescent, trifid, two lobes connate
nearly to the tip. Calyx-tube 1 cm long, glabrous, trifid, the lobes
mucronate, keeled, setulose. Corolla-tube trumpet-shaped, pubescent,
the lobes oblong, obtuse, rounded, 1 cm long, yellow marked with red.
Lip obovate, 2 cm wide, the central bar elevate-papillose. Anther oblong,
the edges setose, the crest 3-lobed, upper lobe rounded, the lateral ones
large, recurved, broadly oblong, obtuse. Filament thin, broadly linear.
Staminodes very short, subulate. Fruit subglobose or elliptic, red,
covered with short simple or forked processes.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, Elmer 628!,, For. Bur. 5098 Curran;
Bugias, Merrill 1,656: Province of Cavite, For. Bur. 7682 Curran: Province of
Laguna, Mount Banajao, For. Bur. 8030 Curran & Merritt: Province of Tayabas,
For. Bur. 7828 Curran & Merritt. Mindanao, District of Davao, Todaya, Copeland
1293. Masbate, For. Bur. 1701, Clark.

Native name Tugis, the fruit eaten. Endemic.

This species is allied to Amomum. flavum Ridl. of the Malay Peninsula. Nearly
all the specimens cited above have no leaf specimens with them, but on two or
three distribution numbers fragments of Hornstedtia philippinensis were mixed
with the Amomum, so much so that, abnormal as it appeared, I referred the
fruit of the Amomum to the Hornstedtia. A better series of specimens showed
that this was an error.

5. A. elegans Ridl. 1. c. 84.

Ehizome long, slender, covered with brown papery sheaths 1 cm long.
Stems slender, distant, CO cm tall. Leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate,
cuspidate, 15 to 20 cm long, 1 to 1.5 cm wide, the upper surface
glabrous, beneath silky-hairy, shortly petioled; ligule small, truncate,
the petiole, sheath and ligule hairy. Inflorescence obconic, 1 cm long,
nearly sessile or distinctly stalked, on long stolons, covered with oblong-
ovate, truncate sheaths. Bracts oblong, obtuse, pubescent, with about 10
elevated nerves. Bracteole tubular, silky-hairy. Calyx tubular, silky-
hairv, 1 cm long, 2-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, silky, as long

THE SCITAMINE^E OF THE PHILIPPINES.

173

as the tube. Corolla yellow or white, the tube as long as the calyx,
pubescent, the lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, glabrous, 1.5 cm long. Stami-
nodes subulate. Lip 2 cm long, the base narrowed, the limb broad,
obovate, rounded, entire. Stamen-filament slender. Anther narrowly
oblong, the crest trifid, central lobe small, oblong, the lateral ones from
the upper angle of the anther, longer, linear, curved. Ovary silky-hairy.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, For. Bur. 3303 Borden, Whitford
207, 300.

6. A. deuteramomum K. Schum. in Engl. Bot. Jalirb. 27 (1899) 313; Pflan-
zenreicli 1. c. 237.

Leaves shortly petioled, linear-lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, nar-
rowed at the base, quite glabrous, 30 cm long, 3.5 cm wide; ligule hardly
5 mm long, obtuse, glabrous. Flowering stem 12 cm long. Spike
ellipsoid, 8 cm long, the peduncle covered with ovate, obtuse, glabrous
sheaths. Outer bracts ovate, acute, glabrous, pale straw-colored, 3 cm
long. Bracteoles 1.5 cm long, tubular, glabrous, 3-toothed. Ovary
pilose at the top. Calyx 1.3 cm long, tubular, 3-toothed, glabrous.
Corolla-tube 10 mm long, the lobes obtuse, 8 mm long. Lip subovate,
clawed, the apex 3-lobed, 10 mm long, the median portion callose and
puberulous. Filament concave, 5 mm long. Anther shorter. Crest
3-lobed, 3 mm long. Stylodes 2, subulate.

Mindanao, in forests near Bujong, (Warburg 15735).

Endemic.

Allied to A. cardamon Linn.

7. A. trilobum Ridl. 1. c. 85.

Ehizome slender, long, covered with loose sheaths. Stems fairly
stout, 1 to 2.5 m tall. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, caudate-acuminate,
the base narrowed to the petiole, 20 cm long, 3 cm wide, glabrous ; petiole
5 mm long; sheaths narrow, the edge and the short, bifid ligule silky-
pubescent. Inflorescence on long creeping stolons, covered with sheaths,
obconic, 2 cm long, on a 1 cm long peduncle. Bracts ovate, obtuse,
ribbed, glabrous. Calyx tubular, pubescent, the lobes 3, oblong, rounded.
Corolla-tube as long as the calyx-tube, 1 cm long, the lobes oblong-linear,
obtuse. Staminodes linear, obtuse, fleshy. Lip obovate, rounded, 1 cm
long, white with a central yellow bar, the tip undulate, 3-lobed, the
lateral lobes rounded, the middle one bifid, narrowed. Stamen-filament
linear, fleshy, grooved. Anther linear, glabrous. Crest 3-lobed, the
middle one flat, quadrate, oblong, refuse, the two side arms linear,
subacute, curved.

Luzon, Province of Pampanga, Mount Arayat, Bolster 67: Province of Bula-
can, For. Bur. 7218 Curran: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 1/655 Ramos.

On shaded slopes; flowers fragrant.

Endemic.

174

RIDLEY.

8. A. lepicarpum Ridl. in Elm. Leaf!. Philip. Bot. 2 (1909) 604.

Stems 3 to 5 m tall, 3 cm in diameter at the bulbous base. Leaves
about 12 to 14 cm apart, coriaceous, dark-olive-green, polished above,
paler beneath, linear-oblong, base rounded, apex acute, 60 cm long, 10
cm wide, quite glabrous; petiole 2 cm long, channeled above, the back
rounded; ligule 1 cm long, oblong, truncate. Inflorescence radical, on
a 9 cm long peduncle, with rather distant, lanceolate, bracts. Bracts
narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, ribbed, glabrous. Bracteoles narrowly
lanceolate, acuminate, ribbed, 2.5 cm long, 4 mm wide, inner bracteole
shorter, strongly ribbed, pungent-mucronate, all glabrous. Ovary spar-
ingly pubescent. Calyx tubular, with three, lanceolate, mucronate-
pungent lobes, the tube pubescent, 2 cm long. Corolla-tube a little longer,
hairy, lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, 7 mm long. Lip entire, horizontal,
linear, gradually dilated at the tip into a rounded, emarginate limb, 1
cm long, 5 mm wide. Anther linear-oblong, apex retuse, crestless.
Inflorescence ovoid or subglobose, 8 cm long and about 6 cm thick. Fruit
globose, reddish, 1.5 cm long, ferruginous-tomentose, with short, erect,
scattered, warty processes at the tip, the calyx-tube long-persistent.

Negros, Cuernos Mountains, near Dumaguete, Elmer lOOlflf, in wooded ravines
on the edge of the river at an altitude of about 830 m. The form of the flowers
is like that of a Ilornsteiltia, but the inflorescence, fruit, and bracts that of an
Amomum.

Endemic.

A. lepicarpum var. pubescens Ridl. 1. c. 605.

Leaves larger and more narrowed to the base, their margins distinctly
undulate; sheaths and petioles pubescent. Bracts wider. Fruit more
rufous-tomentose.

Negros, Cuernos Mountains, near Dumaguete, Elmer 1038J/, in moist fertile
soil of dense shrubberies at an altitude of about 1,050 m; it may be a distinct
species, but is very closely allied to the type. The flowers are in a bad state for
dissection.

8. HORNSTEDTIA Retz.

Tall plants with a stout rhizome. Leaves oblong. Spikes peduncled,
from the rhizome, subcylindric or obconic. Outer bracts large, usually
red, ovate to oblong, forming a cup. Bracteoles thin, tubular. Flowers
numerous, sessile, red. Calyx spathaceous, thin. Corolla-tube long, the
lobes narrow, connivent. Lip narrow, linear-oblong, often much longer,
sides at the base erect, curved over the stamen. Starninodes none.
Stamen thick, short. Anther thick, bent at an angle with the filament,
crest small or none. Capsule oblong, with thin cartilaginous walls.
Seeds numerous, black.

About 40 known species ranging from India through the Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago to northern Australia, headquarters in the Malay Peninsula and
Borneo. I here separate from this genus as laid down in my Materials for a
Flora of the Malay Peninsula 2 (1907) 34, the genus Nicolaia or Phaeomeria, as
Schumann does.

THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE PHILIPPINES.

175

1. H. philippinensis Ridl. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1905) 86.

Stems 2 m tall and fairly thick. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, caudate,

glabrous, narrowed at the base, pale beneath, 45 cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide ;
petiole 1 to 2 cm long; ligule bilobed, oblong, obtuse, 1 cm long.
Inflorescence borne on a long rhizome-branch 15 cm long, covered with
lanceolate acute sheaths. Spikes 4 to 6 cm long on peduncles covered
with sheaths 2 to 8 cm long. Bracts thin, lanceolate, ribbed, hairy at
the tip, the largest about 2 cm long. Flowers scarlet. Bracteole oblong-
lanceolate, strongly nerved, the margins ciliate. Calyx tubular, with
three acute lobes 3 cm long. Corolla- tube 4 cm long, slender, the lobes
narrow, linear-oblong, obtuse, 1 cm long. Lip 4 cm long, fleshy, linear-
oblong, the apex dilated, rounded, entire. Stamen crestless, 1 cm long,
the apex retuse.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 11109 Curran. Mindoro, Bongabong
River, For. Bur. 3737 Merritt. Palawan, Bur. Sci. 801, Foxworthy. Negros,
For. Bur. 11203 Everett, Elmer 10270. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Mrs. Clemens 76:
District of Davao, Copeland 1,16, DeVore & Hoover 111, Williams 2888 : Province
of Surigao, Bolster 221.

By some mistake in several of the sheets, the fruits of Amomum propinquum
were distributed as the fruit of this plant, hence my error in describing the fruit
in the original description. The fruit of this species has not yet been collected.
It belongs to the group to which Griffith gave the generic name Achasma, being
allied to H. megalocheila Ridl.

Endemic.

2. H. conoidea Ridl. in Elm. Lead. Philip. Bot. 2 (1909) 605.

Stems clustered, 3 m high, 3 cm in diameter at the swollen base.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, shortly cuspidate, base very shortly rounded,
narrowed, 45 to 55 cm long, 8 to 14 cm wide, glabrous on the upper
surface, beneath sprinkled with silky hairs which are more abundant on
the midrib and margins; petiole very short (1 cm on some parts of
the stem), pubescent; ligule truncate, densely hairy; sheath reticulate,
sparingly hairy above. Spike subsessile, red, ovoid-conic, 7 to 8 cm long.
Bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, rather softly coriaceous, red, finely
ribbed, and white-silky at the base, 4 cm long, 1.5 cm wide. Flowers

7.5 cm long. Calyx red, tubular, silky-hairy at the base, becoming
glabrous upward, 5 .cm long, split on one side, the lobes acute, tipped
with hairs. Corolla red, tube 7 cm long, slender, the lobes oblong, obtuse,

1.5 cm long, rather narrow, the lip entire, fleshy, 2 cm long, blunt,
margins white, upcurved. Anther hairy, with a thin, rounded, short
crest.

Negros, Cuernos Mountains, near Dumaguete, Elmer 1021,6, in fertile soil in
damp ravines at an altitude of about 600 m. Native name Tagbac. Mindanao,
Lake Lanao, Mrs. Clemens, July, 1906. Closely allied to Hornstedtia conica Ridl.,
of the Malay Peninsula, differing in its pubescent ligule and petiole.

Endemic.

170

IlIDLEY.

3. H. microcheila Ridl. 1. c. 60G.

Stems from 1 to 3 m tall, several in a somewhat scattered cluster,
recurved or drooping, yellowish-green, rigid, less than 1.5 cm thick,
except the reddish, very much enlarged bulbous bases. Leaves subcoria-
ceous, linear-oblong, cuspidate, 20 to 24 cm long, 5 cm tvide, glabrous on
the upper surface, the midrib pubescent beneath, margins glabrous,
reddish-brown; petiole 1 cm long, puberulous; ligule oblong, rounded,
half as long as the petiole; sheath pubescent above, reticulate. In-
florescence small, ovoid, 4 cm long, on a peduncle about as long, which
is covered with ovate, ribbed, pubescent bracts. Inflorescence-bracts few,
ovate, the largest 3 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, coriaceous, ribbed, pubescent,
red, mucronulate, the margins thinner, ciliate. Ovary glabrous, with a
tuft of silky hairs at the top. Calyx tubular, 4 cm long, with a few silky
hairs at the base, glabrous above except for the two acuminate lobes which
bear tufts of hairs. Corolla pink, the tube 5 cm long, the upper lobe
ovate-oblong, obtuse, 7 mm long, the lower ones narrower, linear-oblong.
Lip creamy-white, 1 cm long, with two short narrow lobes, as long as the
anther, base narrow, the sides upcurved and terminated by a rounded
crisped limb; disk at base sparingly silky-hairy. Anther very short,
glabrous, retuse at the tip. Stigma large, club-shaped.

Negros, Cuernos Mountains, near Dumaguete, Elmer .10279, near the river at
an altitude of about 900 m. The smallest-flowered species of the section, and
remarkable for its white lip, which is unusual in the genus.

Endemic.

4. H. lophophora Ridl. 1. c. 007.

Stems 6 m tall, 3 cm thick, the bulbous base 12 cm in diameter.
Leaves lanceolate, oblong, slightly narrowed at the broad base, 69 cm long,
15 cm wide, glabrous on the upper surface, beneath silky- velvety, the
midrib prominent, silky; petiole 2 cm long, but the blade decurrent to the
base; ligule 1 cm long, covered with tufts of silky hairs, arranged in
transverse lines. Sheath striate, with small, round or linear pustules,
each bearing a tuft of silky hairs. Inflorescence clustered, scarlet, on
peduncles 1 cm thick, co.vered with silky hairs. Spike 4 to 5 cm long,
ovoid. Bracts ovate, acute, pungent, glabrous, red, longitudinally striate
with rather high narrow ridges, with a line of pustules or transverse
bars between each rib, the inner bracts lanceolate. Flowers not seen.
Fruits glabrous, 2 cm long, flattened, elliptic, beaked, bearing the remains
of the calyx, finely ribbed, thin-walled, with numerous oblong to pyriform
seeds which are irregular in form, but usually truncate, 2 mm long.

Negros, Cuernos Mountains, near Dumaguete, Elmer 10365, in fertile glens at
an altitude of about 1200 m.

As a rule it is not advisable to describe a Eornstedtia as new, without seeing
the flowers, but an exception may be made in the case of this curious species.
The peculiar sheath and ligule, as well as the small flattened fruit, is quite
unique in the genus. In some of the islands of the Eastern Archipelago, species
are found in which the leaf-sheaths are not only ribbed longitudinally, but also

THE SCITAMINEiE OF THE PHILIPPINES.

177

have transverse bars at intervals, giving them a reticulated appearance. In the
above species the transverse bars are sometimes reduced to round pustules bearing
tufts of silky hairs, so that the sheaths appear spotted with white tufts ; these tufts
run into transverse lines on the ligule.

Endemic.

9. PHAEOM ERI A Lindl.

Tall herbs with lanceolate leaves. Capitula obconic or globose on tall
peduncles from the rhizome. Outer bracts large, usually spreading,
involucral. Floral bracts linear-oblong, colored. Bracteoles tubular,
spathaceous. Calyx bifid. Corolla erect, lobes lorate. Lip narrow,
short. Stamen- filament linear. Anther oblong, crestless. Fruits ob-
conic, the top rounded or flat, half-woody. Seeds numerous.

Species about 10, Indo-Malayan.

1. P. imperial is Lindl. Introd. Nat. Hist. ed. 2 (1836) 446.

Alpinia magnified Rose. Monandr. PI. (1828) t. 15.

Nicolaia imperialis Horan. Monogr. (1862) 32, t. 1.

Hornstedtia imperialis Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Branch 32 (1899)
148; Mat. FI. Malay Penin. 1 (1907) 40.

Rhizome short and stout. Stems 4 m tall, 3 cm thick. Leaves oblong,
acute, glabrous, 66 cm long, 18 cm wide ; ligule ovate, blunt, nearly 3 cm
long. Peduncle 1 m tall. Spikes cone-shaped, 12 cm long. Outer
bracts ovate-oblong, spreading, 12 cm long, pink. Floral bracts pink-
edged, white, linear-oblong. Calyx 1 cm long, deeply bifid. Corolla-
tube 3 cm long, the lobes lorate, thin, obtuse, pink. Lip longer, oblong,
obtuse, the sides convolute, pink-edged, white. Filament pubescent.
Anther emarginate. Fruits obconic, green, hairy.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Williams 291f3.

Malay region; often cultivated and probably only so in the Philippines.

10. PLAGIOSTACHYS Ridl.

Stems tall, with lanceolate leaves. Spike or panicle from the side of
the leafy stalk, on a short peduncle with sheathing leaves. Flowers
small, very densely crowded, with oblong-ovate, laciniate bracts. Calyx
spathaceous, short. Corolla-tube short and thick, the lobes oblong,
fleshy. Lip flat, oblong. Staminodes two, short, subulate processes.
Stamen short and thick. Anther oblong, emarginate, crestless or crested.
Capsule ovoid or oblong, crustaceous, 3-celled. Seeds 3 or 4 in each cell.

Species 5, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

1. P. philippinensis Ridl. in Elm. Lead. Philip. Bot. 2 (1909) 572.

Stems 1 to 2 m tall. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at the
base, 20 cm long, 8 cm wide, glabrous on the upper surface, more or
less pubescent beneath; ligule truncate; sheath hairy; petiole winged
in adult leaves. Inflorescence lateral, near the base, simple, or 3-branched,
cone-shaped, 6 cm long, the branches 4 to 6 cm long, the peduncle stout,
covered with ovate sheaths, the rachis and bracts felted-pubescent. Bracts
lanceolate, acuminate, woolly. Flowers pale-red. Calyx tubular, bilobed

178

RIDLEY.

at the tip, woolly, 1 cm long. Corolla-tube a little longer, the lobes
linear-oblong, hooded, all hairy, white with red streaks. Lip obovate,
glabrous, with a narrow, bifid, terminal portion, the central bar elevated,
fleshy and warty, ending in two short warty elevated arms at the base
of the terminal lobe. Staminodes flat, spathulate, as long as the short
filament. Anther thick, the crest rounded, distinct. Ovary silky.
Capsule obconic, the tip broad, rounded, 1 cm.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Lucban, Elmer 7915: Province of Laguna, For.
liar. 9567 bis Curran. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keitblev, Mrs. Clemens 855:
Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang, For. liar. Jt57’f Mearns & Hutchinson:
District of Davao, Mount Apo, Copeland 1202.

Both Mrs. Clemens and Mr. Elmer state that the species is common. It is
rather remarkable for the wooliness of its inflorescence and for the distinct pro-
longation of the anther-connective which extends beyond the anther-cells, and
also for the shape of the lip.

Endemic.

2. P. elegans sp. nov.

Stems 40 cm tall, glabrous. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate,
caudate, the base acuminate, epetiolate, glabrous, 23 cm long, 2 cm
wide; sheath ribbed, glabrous; ligule short, truncate, bifid. Spike less
than half-way, protruding from the stem, 2 cm long and thick, simple,
obovoid, dense. Bracts broad, wrapping the base of the flower, oblong-
ovate, cuspidate, pubescent. Calyx urceolate, ampliate, 5 mm longer
than the corolla-tube, the lobes 3, ovate, rather large, all hairy. Corolla-
tube short and thick, the lobes lanceolate, the upper one hooded, with
a conic mucro, the others blunt. Lip short, broad, quadrate, oblong,
bilobed at the apex, base pubescent. Staminodes .subulate. Anther
oblong, pubescent along the cells which are divaricate at the apex, the
connective truncate, not projecting beyond the cells.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens. July, 1907.

A very distinct species, the smallest known one in the genus.

3. P. ? parviflora comb. nov.

Amomum parviflorum Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1827) 112, 1. 19.

Alpinia parviflora Rolfe; Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 152, partim; K.
Schum. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 27 (1899) 299; Pflanzenreich 20 (1904) 308.

A slender herb from a horizontal tuberous rhizome. Stems 50 cm
tall. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate and
cuspidate, narrowed at the base, quite glabrous, 30 cm long, 2 cm wide;
petiole distinct, 2 cm long; ligule very short, truncate, glabrous. Spike
emerging from a leaf-axil shortly above the rhizome, erect, short-
peduncled, dense or very dense, looser below, cylindric, obtuse, 5 cm
long, 2.5 cm thick. Bracts ovate, acuminate, membranaceous, densely
silky-tomentose, 10 mm long. Bracteoles tubular-campanulate, trilo-
bulate, white, glabrous. Ovary glabrous. Calyx 3-lobed, the lobes 5
mm long, triangular, acute, glabrous. Corolla-tube 1 cm long, glabrous.
Upper lobe cucullate, 3 mm long, lateral lobe shorter and wider. Lip

THE SCITAMINEiE OF THE PHILIPPINES.

179

oblong, subpanduriform, above and at the lip warty-crested. Stami-
nodes subglobose. Stamen-filament linear, the connective prolonged,
tridentate. Anther 2 mm long.

Luzon, (Haenlce ) .

I have seen nothing corresponding to this description, nor have I seen Presl’s
figure quoted above. Schumann makes it to be an Alpinia of the section Bintalua,
which includes this and the next species and a Bornean plant (from Bintulan,
whence the name) . It is pretty clear from the description that the two Philippine
plants are not Alpinias, but are probably Plagiostachys.

4. P.? Rolfei comb. nov.

Alpinia parviflora Rolfe in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21 (1884) 316, partim, nomen
nudum.

A. Rolfei K. Schum. in Pflanzenreicli 20 (1904) 368.

Stem fairly stout. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, caudate,
narrowed at the base, glabrous on both sides, 45 cm long, 8 cm wide;
petiole 4 cm long; ligule short, glabrous. Spike projected from a leaf-
sheath above the rhizome, cylindric, very dense, the base laxer, obtuse.
Bracts at the apex subcomose, 10 cm long, the peduncle with rather large
ovate bracts. Bracts clavate, apiculate, 12 mm long, obliquely truncate,
the apex only minutely pilose. Ovary glabrous. Calyx cylindric, 12
mm long, 3-toothed, glabrous. Corolla-tube 10 mm long, the upper
lobe cucullate, 6 mm long. Filament linear, 3 mm long, crestless. Lip
obovate, bilobed, 5 mm long.

Luzon, (Cuming 132 7, Albay Province, fide Rolfe; Cagayan Province fide
Cuming’s own list of localities ) .

I have seen no specimens answering to this description, which is translated from
Schumann. It can not be an Alpinia, and I think it is probably a Plagiostachys.

11. ADELMERIA Ridl. in Elm. Leaf!. Philip. Bot. 2 (1909) 603.

(Elmeria Ridl. 1. c. 569, non Elmera Rydb. 1905.)

Herbs with few or solitary stems of moderate height. Leaves lan-
ceolate or elliptic. Inflorescence a terminal capitulum. Bracts large,
ovate, persistent. Bracteoles utricular, with three acute lobes, ciliate at
the tip, the nerves of the bracts and bracteoles anastomosing. Calyx
tubular, trifid. Corolla-tube longer, fleshy, the lobes thin, rounded. Lip
fleshy, adnate to the stamen. Anther quite entire or bifid, short. Sta-
minodes none. Stamen-filament broad, linear. Anther-cells linear,
pubescent, the crest small or none. Style short, slender, filiform. Cap-
sule subglobose, terminated by the calyx-tube, few-seeded.

Philippines; endemic.

Lip bifid L A. bifida

Lip entire 2. A. pinetorum

1. A. bifida Ridl. 1. c.

Hornstedtia paradoxa Ridl. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1905) 85.

Elmeria bifida Ridl. in Elmer’s Leafl. Philip. Bot. 2 (1909) 568.

Stems solitary, erect or drooping, 1 to 3 m tall, slender. Leaves
lanceolate, acuminate, caudate, glabrous, 30 to 45 cm long, 2 to 7 cm

180

RIDLEY.

wide, narrowed at the base to a short petiole; ligule oblong, truncate,
bilobed, glabrous or nearly so; sheath-margins pubescent. Capitulum
ovoid, rounded, nodding, 7 cm long, yellowish-red. Outer bracts ovate,
rounded, margins sparingly ciliate, the nerves elevated, anastomosing.
Bracteole utricular, inclosing two flowers, tip 3-pointed, ciliate. Calyx
tubular, 3-lobed, the lobes acute, ciliate at the tip. Corolla fleshy, tube
moderately long, the lobes oblong, the upper one oblong-ovate. Lip
adnate at the base to the corolla-tube and stamen, thick, fleshy, deeply
bilobed into two linear excurved lobes, convolute when dry. Stamen-
fllament broad. Anther cells linear, pubescent, appendage small, ovate.
Capsule glabrous, subglobose, with few seeds.

Luzon, Mount Banajao, Province of Tayabas, Elmer 7396; Lucban, Elmer 7706:
Province of Benguet, Mount Santo Tomas, Elmer 6629 ; Pauai to Baguio, Merrill
4786. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 1210.

Endemic, in dense woods at 1,000 to 2,100 m altitude. Margins of the sheaths
purplish-red. Cone dark-red. Bracts reddish, with green margins. Flowers
yellowish. Complete specimens show that this plant is no Hornstedtia or rather
Nicolaia, but a distinct genus.

2. A. pinetorum comb. nov.

Elmeria pinetorum Ridl. 1. e. 569.

Plant 2 m tall, all the stems much reclining or recurved. Leaves
elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, except on the midrib,
beneath pubescent and above shortly hairy, the margins ciliate-hairy,
15 cm long, 4 cm wide, base subcuneate, dark-green; petiole very short;
ligule 2 mm long, thickly white-ciliate; sheath 7 cm long, edged with
stifl white hairs. Capitulum terminal, nodding, globose, 6 cm long,
the outer bracts ovate, rounded at the tip, finely striate, glabrous except
the white-ciliate edge, dull-red. Bracteole utricular, with three acute
lobes, white-hairy at the tip, inclosing two flowers. Calyx tubular,
a little longer, with three acute points with tufts of hair at the tips.
Corolla-tube cylindric, glabrous, 2 cm long, dilated above, the lobes short,
oblong, yellow. Lip fleshy, entire, base saccate, oblong, limb triangular,
acute. Stamen shorter, the anther broad, apex deeply excavate. Style
slender, shorter. Stigma small, red.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, Elmer 8548, in small tufts on limestone
formation in the pine region at 5,000 ft. altitude, rare, native (Igorot) name
Barapat.

12. LEPTOSOLENA Presl.

Tall herbs with linear or lanceolate leaves. Inflorescence terminal,
paniculate. Flowers sessile or pedicelled, large. Calyx tubular, 3-lobed,
split on one side. Corolla-tube longer, lobes linear or lanceolate. Lip
entire, oblong, convolute. Staminodes linear-oblong. Stamen short;
anther oblong, crested or not.

Referred by Schumann to Alpinia, but certainly quite distinct and perhaps
allied to Hedychium. Species two, endemic.

Flowers pedicelled, 7 cm long 1. L. Ilaenkei

Flowers sessile, 12 cm long 2. L. insignis

THE SCITAMINE2E OF THE PHILIPPINES.

181

1. L. Haenkei Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1827) 111, t. 18.

Alpinia leptosolenia K. Schum. in Pflanzenreich 20 (1904) 312.

Stem fairly tall. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate,
caudate, base acute, glabrous, 30 cm long, 2.2 cm wide; ligule 2 mm
long, retuse, glabrous. Panicle erect, 7 cm long, ovate, many-flowered,
rachis glabrous, with usually four bracts at the base. Flowers pedicelled,
the pedicels 2.5 cm long. Ovary glabrous. Calyx tubular, 1.5 cm long,
tip shortly 2-lobed. Corolla-tube 7 cm long, narrowly tubular, glabrous,
the lobes 1.2 cm long, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse. Lip twice as long,
oblong, obtuse, recurved. Stamen-filament very short. Anther 5 mm
long, connective not prolonged.

Luzon, ( Haenke ) .

2. L. insignis Ridl. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1905) 84.

Stem 1 to 2 m tall. Leaves linear, acuminate, glabrous, narrowed
to the base, tip caudate, 25 cm long, 1 cm wide, midrib stout; sheaths
15 cm long, with the ligule as an erect pair of auricles oblong and
rounded at the tip. Bracts at the base of the inflorescence 3, papery,
lanceolate, caudate, 15 cm long, 2 cm wide. Panicle 7 cm long, with
distant, 2 cm long branches, each bearing two or three flowers. Flowers
sessile, white. Calyx tubular, 6 cm long, bilobed, the lobes short, ovate,
the tube split down one side. Corolla-tube slender, 12 cm long, the
lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, 2 cm long. Staminodes linear-oblong,
shorter and narrower. Lip fleshy, elongate, 2 cm long, rolled up when
withered. Stamen short. Anther oblong, the crest -broader, large,
rounded, entire. Style longer. Stigma cup-shaped, hairy.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Twin Peaks, Elmer 61/28, on gravelly land-slides
in the pine region.

13. KOLOWRATIA Presl.

Tall herbs. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, petioled, the ligule
entire. Inflorescence terminal, branched, rachis flexuous. Spikes alter-
nate, distant, with linear-oblong bracts, densely arranged. Calyx spatha-
ceous, cleft on one side, apex trifid. Corolla-tube short, the lobes broad,
hooded. Staminodes subulate. Lip small, obovate, with trilobed
apex. Stamen-filament broad, fleshjr, adnate to the corolla-tube.
Anther linear, elongate, with a short prolongation of the connective.
Capsule woody.

Species two, endemic.

1. K. elegans Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1827) 113, t. 20.

Renealmia gracilis Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 1.

Renealmia exaltata Blanco 1. c. ed. 2 (1845) 1.

Alpinia gracilis Rolfe in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21 (1884) 316.

Alpinia gigantea F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 225.

Alpinia elegans K. Sclium. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 27 (1899) 288; Pflanzenreich
20 (1904) 352.

182

RIDLEY.

A tall stout herb 2 to 4 m tall, with a stout rhizome, the bases of
the stems swollen. Leaves coriaceous, usually reflexed, glabrous, oblong-
lanceolate, the apex acute, cuspidate, base rounded, nearly or quite
sessile, 30 cm long, 8 cm wide; ligule rounded, entire, reticulate, hairy,
8 mm long; sheath ribbed, hairy above. Inflorescence terminal, 30
cm long, the base of the peduncle covered with a long, papery, linear-
lanceolate bract 15 cm long, the rachis above flexuous. Flower-spikes
about 8, distant, alternate, sessile, 5 cm long. Bracts linear-oblong, as
long as the spike, 1 cm wide, pubescent, the margins ciliate. Flowers
5 or 6 on stout peduncles. Inner bracts keeled. Calyx spathaceous,
stiff, 5 cm long, reddish, split to the base on one side, apex with three
short, silky points, pubescent. Corolla creamy, as long as the calyx,
the tube cylindric, hairy, dilate at the apex, 3 cm long, the upper lobe
hooded, lanceolate, mucronulate, 3 cm long, the lateral ones oblong,
obtuse, keeled at the tips, mucronate. Lip shorter, obovate, subtrilobed
at the apex, blunt. Stamen nearly as long as the upper sepal. Anther
linear, curved, 2 cm long, the connective shortly prolonged above the
anther-cells, rounded, entire. Style slender, filiform. Capsule woody,
ovoid, dehiscing into three segments, 4 cm long; each segment 2 cm
wide, yellow, glabrous.

’ Luzon, Province of Sorsogon, Sorsogon, (Haenke) : Province of Bataan, Laraao
River, Mount Mariveles, Whit ford 73, Williams 309: Province of Bulacan, For.
Bur. 7217 Curran : Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. 35 Foxworthy, Merrill 1695:
Province of Nueva Ecija, Carranglang, Merrill 239: Province of Pampanga, Mount
Arayat, Merrill U{13, Bolster 18: Province of Tayabas, Atimonan, Gregory 1 j:
Province of Benguet, Baguio, Elmer 8610. Mindoro, Baco, Merrill 1271. Leyte,
Palo, Elmer 7 258, 7287.

Endemic; very common in thickets along streams in ravines etc.

In some specimens the leaves are very much larger, oblong, and distinctly
petioled, CO cm long, 15 cm wide, with a terminal filiform point 10 cm long, and
a petiole nearly 2 cm long, probably the lower or middle leaves on the stem, or
perhaps a large form. The leaves on the growing plant are reflexed.

Schumann puts this striking plant under the genus Alpinia, which I can not
indorse. The genus, however, as he limits it is so wide that it contains many
other plants at least as distinct as are most of the genera of Scitamineae.

2. K. erucaeformis sp. nov.

Stem 3 m tall, reed-like, with distichous, rather coriaceous leaves,
which are linear, acuminate, glabrous, 34 cm long, 4 cm wide, the base
broad; petiole none; ligule very short, rounded, glabrous. Panicle ter-
minal, 10 cm long, with (5 branches. Branches cylindric, over 5 mm
thick, covered with ovate, acute, keeled, ribbed, gray sheaths, pubescent
when young. Pedicels short. Calyx spathaceous, with three small
points, glabrous, 2 cm long. Corolla-tube shorter, the upper lobe ovate,
2 cm long, the lower ones connate, oblong, ovate, rounded, thinner. Lip
shorter, obovate, trilobed, lobes rounded, terminal one entire, thin-tex-

THE SCITAMINEiE OF THE PHILIPPINES.

183

lured, the central bar thickened. Staminodes connate, forming an
excavate, rather fleshy, pubescent organ with two thick subulate points
at the tip, and one on each side below. Stamen-filament extremely short.
Anther long, oblong, pubescent, the crest oblong, truncate, obscurely
3-lobed, with four nerves. Stigma very large, triangular, excavate in
front, hairy. Fruit subglobose, glabrous.

Bucas Island, (northeast coast of Mindanao), Merrill 5258, dry slopes at 15
in altitude along the borders of forests. Calyx red, corolla white, fruit reddish-
yellow.

A very curious plant, remarkable for the completely connate lower petals, and
connate staminodes.

14. ALP1NIA Linn.

(Rhizome short or fairly long, aromatic. Stems tall, leafy. Leaves
lanceolate, shortly petiolate; ligule short. Panicles terminal, the flowers
numerous, often showy. Bracts caducous, often petaloid. Calyx-tube
short, tubular. Corolla-tube thick, little longer, the lobes linear or oblong.
Lip large, convolute, or small, narrow, lobed or entire. Staminodes broad
and spathulate or reduced to narrow subulate processes or absent.
Stamen-filament thick. Anther broad, the crest usually absent. Fruit
globose or cylindric, yellow to black. Seeds numerous, angled, black,
inclosed in a sweet aril.

Species about 60, Indo-Malayan, Siamese, Chinese and Australian.

§ Catimbium. Flowers large, the lip entire or subentire, convolute.

Leaves slightly pubescent; staminodes short, oblong 1. A. Haenkei

Leaves densely velvety beneath; staminodes linear, glabrous.... 2. A. Copelandii

Leaves tomentose on both sides; staminodes hairy 3. A. trachyascus

Leaves thickly pubescent beneath; staminodes ovate, hairy 4. A.illustris

Leaves glabrous.

Plant 1 to 2 m tall; staminodes two low crests, silky-hairy at the base.

5. A. glabrescens

Plant 6 m tall; staminodes linear-oblong, glabrous 6. A. musaefolia

§ Hellenia. Flowers small, lip clawed, usually bifid, often 4-fid, not convolute;
panicle lax.

Panicle large, spreading.

Corolla pubescent 7. A. pyramidata

Corolla glabrous 8. A. Cumingii

Panicle long, dense, pendulous 9. A. penduliflora

Panicle slender, branches 2 or 3, or short.

Inflorescence pubescent 10. A. pubiflora

Inflorescence glabrous.

Lip fan-shaped, not lobed 11. A. flabellata

Lip doubly bifid.

Staminodes bifid 12. A. pulchella

Staminodes entire.

Leaves very narrow 13. A. graminea

Leaves lanceolate.

Stamen crested - 14. A. Foxworthyi

Stamen not crested 15. A. brevilabris

§ Oligocincinnus. Panicle-branches spiciform 15. A. rufa

184

RIDLEY.

§ Catimbium.

1. A. Haenkei Presl Svmb. Bot. (1832) 66, t. 1/3; K. Schum. in Pflanzonreich
20 (1904) 341.

A. malacccnsis Presl Bel. Haenk. 1 (1827) 110, non Roscoe.

A. philippinensis Ridl. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1905) 86.

Stem 1 to 2 m tall. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate,
base rounded or acuminate, 33 to 55 cm long, 5 to 9 cm wide, hairy on
both surfaces or glabrescent above, the edges thickly ciliate-hairy ; petiole
3 cm long; ligule bifid, the lobes rounded at the tip, hairy, especially at
the tip; sheath hairy. Inflorescence simple or shortly paniculate, 15 to
30 cm long, rachis, branches and pedicels closely silky-hairy. Bracts
ovate-oblong or elliptic, 1.5 to 2 cm long, usually hairy, especially at the
tip. Calyx short, broadly campanulate, 3-lobed, lobes ovate, acute, hairy.
1 cm long. Corolla-tube shorter, hairy, the lobes white or pink, oblong,
obtuse, hairy, 2 cm long, the upper one hooded. Lip broadly ovate, the
lateral lobes hardly distinct, 1 cm. long, apex oblong, truncate, narrower,
crisped and more or less bifid, all glabrous, orange-yellow with red spots
and streaks, except in the mouth of the tube, where there is on either side
a line of silky hairs leading from the curved, short, oblong staminodes.
Filament linear, hairy. Anther rather short, broad, glabrous. Ovary
silky. Capsule globose, 2 cm long, sprinkled with hairs or more hairy
when young, red.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, For. Bur. 1203, 1777, 21/77, 2729 Borden, For. Bur.
1U Barnes, For. Bur. 21/96 Meyer, Whitford 1058: Province of Pampanga, Mount
Abu, Bur. Sci. 191/2 Foxworthy : Province of Benguet, Sablan, Elmer 6089: Prov-
ince of Zambales, For. Bur. 6008 Curran: Province of Laguna, For. Bur. 8901/
Curran. Mindoro, Baco River, Merrill 1/01/7, McGregor 158. Negros, Canlaon
Volcano, Bur. Sci. 111/3 Banks • Gimagaan River, Whitford 1570. Leyte, Palo,
Elmer 7290. Negros, Elmer 1021/1/. Palawan, San Antonio Bay, Merrill 858.
Balabac, Bur. Sci. 1/08 Manguhat. In shady damp forests near watercourses,
endemic.

Alpinia Haenkei is certainly closely allied to A. malaccensis Roxb. chiefly
differing in its smaller size in all parts. A. malacccnsis Roxb. is a native of
Chittagong, and does not occur, except as a garden plant, in the Malay region.
A. malaccensis Roscoe, the original species of that name, is based on a figure and
description of Rumphius in Herbarium Amboinense, and is indeterminable. The
fine series of specimens cited above, leaves me with very little doubt that ray
A. philippinensis is only a form of A. Haenkei, which is widely distributed in
the Philippines.

2. A. Copelandii sp. nov.

Stem 2 m tall. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, long-cuspidate, the base
unequal, cuneate, the upper surface glabrous, except the hairy channeled
midrib and edge, the lower surface velvety silky-pubescent, 5G cm long,
10 cm wide; petiole stout, 7 mm long, hairy; ligule 1 cm, bilobed, the
lobes subacute, velvety; sheaths pubescent. Baceme stout, peduncle
stout, 10 cm long, densely yellow-hairy, the inflorescence 15 cm long,
crowded, the pedicels short, yellow-hairy. Bracts oblong, 2 cm long,
sparsely pubescent. Calyx broad, 1 cm longer than the corolla-tube,

THE SCITAMINEiE OF THE PHILIPPINES.

185

bilobed. Corolla-tube short, the lobes oblong, truncate, 2 cm long, silky-
hairy. Lip broadly rhomboidal, 4 cm wide, 3.5 cm long, lateral lobes very
large, the apex (terminal lobe) quadrate, shortly bilobed, the disk at
the base of the middle lobe regularly pustular. Staminodes linear, 1-
veined, glabrous. Stamen-filament glabrous. Anther short.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Copeland, February, 1905.

3. A. trachyascus K. Sclium. in Pflanzenreich 20 (1904) 336.

Moderately tall. Leaves lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate and caudate.

the base acute, both surfaces subtomentose, especially the lower one, the
edges shortly and densely subgolden-ciliolate, 60 to 65 cm long, 6 to 7
cm wide; sheaths striate, tip and upper edge golden-tomentose ; petiole
8 cm long; ligule acute, nearly 1 cm long, coriaceous, subtomentose.
Raceme-rachis glabrous. Pedicels 6 to 7 cm long, golden-tomentose.
Bracts fusiform before opening, 3 to 3.2 cm long, scabrid with dense,
rigid, very short hairs. Ovary silky. Calyx before flowering 2.2 cm
long, tridentate, the two posterior teeth longer. Corolla silky outside.
Staminodes golden-hairy.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Sibulan, in forests, ( Warburg 14581/), in Herb.
Berol.

Endemic.

The lip is not described, but the distinctive characters of the plant are given
as the rough bracts and the rather lax raceme which is also said to be glabrous.

4. A. illustris sp. nov.

Stem 3 m tall. Leaves large, 65 cm long or more, 6 to 9 cm wide,
oblong, petioled, cuspidate, the lamina sparingly pubescent on the upper
surface, thickly pubescent beneath ; petiole 4 cm long, densely pubescent ;
ligule short, densely hairy; sheath very sparsely pubescent. Panicle
dense and large, over 30 cm long, the rachis thick hairy. Branches
short, 2- or 1-flowered, densely hairy. Bract large, oblong, hairy, 3 cm
long. Corolla-tube short. Petals oblong, obtuse, the upper one hooded,
2 cm long, 5 mm wide, hairy. Lip 4 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, rhomboid
when spread out, the lateral lobes subacute and narrow, apex crisped,
denticulate. Staminodes a pair of ovate, rounded lobes, densely hairy
at the base, rather large, attached to the lip. The lip has a central
channel with two side ribs and is bullate along the outside of the ribs.
Stamen-filament densely hairy, 1.5 cm long, the anther nearly as long.

Palawan, Bur. Sci. 51 4 Foxworthy.

Allied to A. nobilis Ridl. but the flowei’s are smaller and the lip narrower and
more distinctly lobed.

5. A. glabrescens sp. nov.

Stems 1 to 2 m tall. Leaves almost completely glabrous, subcoriaceous,
oblong, acuminate with a long cusp, 30 cm long, 10 cm wide, the cusp
4 cm long, the base narrowed to a short, 1 cm long, stout, glabrous petiole ;
ligule longer, entire, hairy on the back; sheath strongly ribbed, glabrous.
Panicle over 15 cm long, on a peduncle equally long covered with close.

186

RIDLEY.

stiff, short, rusty hairs. Branches of the inflorescence usually 2-flowered.
Bracts oblong, cuspidate, 2 cm long, glabrous except the pubescent tip
and cusp. Ovary globose, scabrid. Calyx campanulate, 1.5 cm long,
3-lobed, the lobes acute, deeply split on one side, scabrid-pubescent.
Corolla-tube shorter, glabrous, the lobes broadly oblong, truncate, the
upper one 2 cm long, 1 cm wide. Lip 3 cm long, ovate, acuminate, the
apex rounded, crisped, retuse, a central keel near the base, apparently
yellow, blotched with red. Staminodes two low rounded crests covered
at the base with silky hairs, the mouth of the corolla-tube also silky-
hairy. Filament long, glabrous. Anther short. Capsule 2 cm long,
nearly glabrous, a few hairs at the base, strongly ribbed.

Batanes Islands, Santo Domingo de Basco, Bur, Sci. 3679 Fenix, Bur. Sci.
SV/l Mearns. Hillsides; flowers yellow.

6. A. musaefolia Ridl. in Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 2 (1909) 004.

Stems two or three together, about 6 m tall, 14 cm in diameter at
the base. Leaves three to five on a stem, 14 to 20 cm apart, oblong,
glabrous, subherbaceous, 1.2 to 2.1 m long, 24 cm wide, midrib stout,
dark green above, paler beneath; petiole 10 cm long. Inflorescence
terminal, glabrous, spicate, the peduncle 30 cm long, 2 cm thick, the
rachis about 60 cm long. Flowers subsessile, pedicels thick, 3 mm long.
Calyx campanulate, broad, 1 cm long, the lobes short, rounded, glabrous,
green. Corolla-tube as long as the calyx, thick, the lobes broad, oblong,
thick-textured, succulent, the upper one hooded, 1 cm long, white, the
lip a little longer and with thinner edges, lanceolate, boat-shaped, entire,
the apex blunt, entire. Staminodes rather large, linear-oblong, fleshy,
glabrous, obtuse. Anther linear-oblong, the connective slightly prolonged
and emarginate. Fruit obovoid, glabrous, smooth.

Negros, Cuernos Mountains, near Dumaguete, Elmer 9539, at an altitude of
about 1200 m. A remarkable plant on account of its banana like size and
habit, and absolutely glabrous in all parts. Its nearest affinity is with A. gla-
brescens Ridl.

Endemic.

§ IIellenia.

7. A. pyramidata Blume Enum. PI. Jav. 1 (1827) 58.

A. galanga Sw. var. pyramidata (Blume) K. Sebum.; Pflanzenreich 20 (1904)
316.

Stem tall and stout. Leaves lanceolate, acute, the base acuminate, 45
cm long, 8 cm wide, the upper surface glabrous, beneath hairy; petiole
hardly distinct, 1 cm long ; ligule nearly as long. Panicle dense, many-
flowered, 35 cm long, the rachis below very stout, densely pubescent,
branches 2 cm long. Bracts lanceolate, deflexed, 5 mm long. Flowers
3 cm long, the pedicel 8 mm. Calyx short, tubular, equally 3-lobed, the
lobes triangular, acute, pubescent, 1 cm long. Corolla-tube a little
longer, thick, the lobes linear-oblong, the upper one hooded, all pubescent.
Lip spathulate, the claw straight, the limb triangular, base cuneate, apex

THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE PHILIPPINES.

187

deeply bifid, the lobes again retuse, almost bilobed, margins toothed.
Staminodes rather large, fleshy, subulate. Stamen-filament linear, chan-
neled. Anther linear-oblong, the connective much broader than the
narrow cells.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 612. Negros, Elmer
lOSllt.

Java and Borneo.

Schumann makes this only a variety of the commonly cultivated A. galanga
Sw. but apart from its hairiness the lip and staminodes are very different.

8. A. cumingii K. Schum. in Pflanzenreich 20 (1904) 315.

Not a stout plant in proportion to its inflorescence. Leaves subsessile,
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, attenuate, subfiliform-caudate, glabrous
except for the puberulous edge and tip, 45 cm long, 5.5 cm wide;
petiole 5 mm long; ligule coriaceous, 5 mm long, the edge ciliate.
Panicle long, narrowly eylindric, 40 cm long; branches 6-flowered,
crowded, the rachis pilose. Bracts small, oblong, 2 mm long, caducous.
Pedicels 2 cm long. Ovary glabrous, 2.5 mm long, elliptic. Calyx
tubular, 1 cm long, puberulous, shoitly 3-lobed, the lobes ovate, hairy
on the edges. Corolla-tube distinctly longer, glabrous, the lobes linear-
oblong, hooded. Lip shorter, deeply bifid, the lobes again shortly divided,
the outer lobule ovate, the inner linear, eylindric, blunt. Staminodes
linear-subulate, shorter than the claw of the limb. Stamen-filament a
little longer than the lip ; anther nearly as long, glabrous, crestless.

Luzon, Province of Albay, (Cuming 859).

Endemic.

9. A. penduliflora Ridl. in Elm. Leaf!. Philip. Bot. 2 (1909) 571.

A tufted plant 3 to 4 m tall. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute, acumi-
nate, base rounded, glabrous, 35 cm long, 1G cm wide, the midrib stout,
the petiole very short ; ligule as long as the petiole, truncate, entire ; sheath
broad, glabrous. Inflorescence 45 cm to 1 m long, terminal, pendulous;
peduncle short, the rachis stout; branches very numerous, puberulous,
2 cm long, clustered, with short, lateral, erect branchlets. Bracts small,
ovate, puberulous. Calyx tubular, about 1 cm long, trifid, with three
pubescent, subacute, lanceolate lobes. Corolla-tube barely as long, the
lobes white, the upper one linear-oblong, obtuse, the lateral ones broader,
oblong, rounded. Lip broadly obcuneate, bilobed, lobes crisped and
rounded.. Stamen- filament rather short and thick; anther-cells large,
the crest ovate, rounded. Capsule globose, about 1 cm long, glabrous,
ribbed, many-seeded.

Leyte, Palo, Elmer 7288.

Perhaps most closely allied to A. galanga Sw.

An allied plant with similar foliage and fruit, but with a very dense raceme,
with shorter, very crowded, silky branches, is represented by For. Bur. 9't 7 Barnes,
from Mount Santo Tomas, Province of Benguet, Luzon, but there are no flowers on
the specimen.

Endemic.

83264 6

188

RIDLEY.

10. A. pubiflora K. Schum. in Pflanzenreich 20 (1904) 313.

Hellenia pubiflora Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 2 (1843) 235.

Stem 1 to 2 m tall, slender. Leaves narrow, linear-lanceolate, atten-
uate, very acuminate, glabrous, 30 cm long, 3 cm wide, narrowed to the
base, hardly petioled ; ligule 5 mm long, ovate, edge white-ciliate. Pani-
cle 20 cm long, the peduncle about 10 cm long, inclosed in the upper
leaf-sheaths, the two lower branches distant, 5 to 10 cm long, the upper
part fairly dense, with short branchlets each carrying 3 or 4 flowers,
the rachis and branches pubescent. Bracts caducous. Flowers white,
nearly 2 cm long. Calyx tubular, gradually dilated upward, 3-lobed,
the lobes obtuse, ovate, all pubescent. Corolla-tube hardly longer, the
lobes oblong, rounded at the tip, glabrous. Lip fleshy, base narrowed,
channeled, limb bifid into two unequal, linear-oblong lobes much shorter
then the petals. Stamen glabrous; filament nearly twice as long as the
lobes; anther half as long as the filament, crestless. Staminodes short,
tooth-like, from the tube of the lip. Fruit globose, glabrous, 1 cm long,
4-seedcd.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Elmer 6268. Guimaras, Ritchie 34- Mindanao,
Taumo, (Warburg 11/586): District of Davao, Copeland 319: District of Zam-
boanga, For. Bur. 9100 Whit ford & Hutchinson: Province of Surigao, Bolster 213.

Endemic.

41. A. flabellata sp. nov.

Stem slender, about 1 m tall. Leaves narrow, lanceolate, acuminate,
with a long point, glabrous, margins denticulate at the tip, 30 cm long,
2 cm wide; petiole short, or sometimes 1 cm long; ligule ovate, entire, the
margins minutely white-pubescent. Panicle rather strict, with two or
three densely flowered ascending branches, glabrous, the peduncle 15 cm
long, the panicle as long. Bracts minute. Calyx cylindric, tubular, the
lobes 3, short, ovate, obtuse, ribbed, all glabrous, 8 mm long. Corolla-
tube a little longer, the upper lobe oblong, hooded, mucronulate, the
lower lobes obovate-oblong, rounded. Lip nearly as long, fan-shaped, not
bifid, with a short claw, then expanding abruptly into a subreniform
4-lobed limb, the lobes subequal, the lower ones broadest, all rounded
and strongly veined. Staminodes nearly as long as the claw of the lip,
linear from a broad base. Stamen-filament short, linear, glabrous.
Anther oblong, shorter, crestless.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Bur. Sci. 2718, 2871 Meants: Province of Rizal,
Bosoboso, Merrill 1878. Mindoro, Pola, Merrill 2226.

Yar. major var. nov.

A stout plant 6 m tall. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous,
16 to 30 cm long, 5 to 7.5 cm wide, the base broad; petiole short or none;

THE SCITAMINEl® OF THE PHILIPPINES.

189

ligule 1 cm long or less. Panicle 15 to 35 cm long. Corolla-tube hardly
longer than the calyx. Flowers yellow, otherwise as in the species.

Mindanao, Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang, For. Bur. 457Sf Mearns &
Hutchinson. Mindoro, Mount Halcon, For. Bur. I//f58 Merritt. Camiguin, Babu-
yanes Islands, Bur. Sci. Jf086 Fenix.

12. A. pulchella K. Schum. in Engl. Bot. Jalirb. 27 (1899) 276, t. 2, f. E;
Pflanzenreich 1. c. 315.

Globba 'pulchella K. Schum. FI. Kais.-Wilhelmsl. (1889) 26.

Stem slender, 2 m tall. Leaves lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate at
both ends, glabrous, 32 cm long, 6 cm wide; petiole 2.5 cm long; ligule
truncate, 1 cm long. Panicle elongate, 25 cm long, with one or rarely
two primary branches, glabrous. Flowers pedicelled, the pedicels 2 mm
long. Bracts minute. Ovary glabrous. Calyx 5 to 6 mm long, shortly
toothed. Corolla red, the tube 7 mm long, the lobes 5 mm long, blunt.
Lip bilobed, the lobes bifid, white, rosy-streaked, 5 mm long. Stamen 6
mm long, crestless. Staminodes short, bifid. Capsule red, 1.2 cm in
diameter, 2- or 3-seeded, the seeds 7 mm thick.

Mindanao, near Taumo, (Warburg) , in Herb. Berol. New Guinea.

This species differs from Alpinia brevilabris in its much larger capsule, and
in its “staminodia bicruria”. I have seen no species of Alpinia with lobed stami-
nodes, and I do not understand Schumann’s figure in the Pflanzenreich.

13. A. graminea sp. nov.

Stem 1.5 m tall, slender. Leaves very long and narrow, linear, acumi-
nate, 30 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide, glabrous, sessile; ligule lanceolate,
adnate to the base of the leaf by its back, margins sparingly ciliate.
Inflorescence very slender, 15 cm long. Flowers pink, in pairs or threes
on very short, 2 mm long branchlets, glabrous, 2 cm long. Calyx long,
tubular, above a little dilated, the lobes broad, ovate, rounded, mucro-
nulate, minutely ciliate, one narrower than the others. Corolla-tube
barely longer, lobes thin, oblong, obtuse, hooded. Lip deeply bifid,
shorter than the corolla-lobes, fleshy, the lobes bifid, inner lobule linear,
truncate, the outer rounded, ovate-oblong. Staminodes as long as the
claw of the lip, fleshy, terete, subulate. Stamen-filament as long as the
lip. Anther nearly as long, crestless.

Negros, Mount Silay, at 600 in altitude, For. Bur. 7267 Everett.

The flowers resemble those of Alpinia alba Teysm. and still more those of A.
Cumingii, from which this differs in its narrow leaves and glabrous calyx.

14. A. Foxworthyi sp. nov.

Stem 1 m tall, slender. Leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
narrowed at the base to a very short petiole, 13 cm long, 1 cm wide,
glabrous, margins at the apex armed with small brown thorns, the petiole
5 mm long; ligule small, entire, ovate, glabrous. Peduncle slender, 15

190

RIDLEY.

cm long or more. Panicle dense, 7 to 10 cm long, with short, 2-flowered
branches. Bracts very small, caducous. Calyx short, ampliate, urceolar,
5 mm long, glabrous, the lobes very short and broadly ovate. Corolla-tube
a little longer, the upper lobe oblong, hooded, the lateral ones oblong,
blunt. Lip flabellate, 4-lobed, the claw thick, rather short, the two
lateral lobes of the limb broad, rounded, the middle one bifid, the lobules
narrow, triangular-lanceolate, limb strongly nerved. Staminodes short,
subulate. Anther very short, crested, the crest large, oblong, truncate;
filament short.

Palawan, near Iwahig, Bur. Sci. 772 Foxworthy. Flowers white.

Allied to A. conchigera and to A. rosella Ridl.

15. A. brevilabris Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1827) 110, t. 17; Schura. in Pflanzen-
reich 1 c. 314.

Stem 2 to 3 m tall. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 18 to 30 cm long,
3 to 8 cm wide, glabrous, denticulate on the edge near the tip; petiole
5 mm long; ligule ovate, rounded, entire, minutely white-ciliate at the
tip; sheath glabrous, striate. Panicle 25 cm long, the peduncle nearly
the same length, glabrous, branches two, 8 cm long, the terminal portion
with short branchlets, each with 3 or 4 flowers. Bracts caducous. Calyx
tubular, 1 cm long, 3-lobed, the lobes ovate, short, glabrous. Corolla-
tube one-fourth longer than the calyx, the lobes short, broad, oblong-
ovate, blunt, rounded at the tip. Lip short, broadly and shortly bilobed,
the lobes bilobed, the lobules oblong, truncate, divaricate. Staminodes
simple, linear, fleshy, half as long as the filament, which is hardly longer
than the 1 cm long crestless anther. Fruit globose, glabrous, bright-red,
5 mm in diameter.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Whitford 58, For. Bur. 6520 Curran, For. Bur. 2203
Meyer, Elmer 6859, 6853, For. Bur. 1202, 2931 Borden, Merrill 5193: Province of
Benguet, Elmer 6268: Province of Zambales, Merrill 2073: Province of Tayabas,
Whitford 655, Gregory 55. Batan, Batanes Islands, Santo Domingo de Basco,
Bur. Sci. 3580 F6nix. Mindoro, Baco River, McGregor 162, 181/, For. Bur. 5253,
51/89 Merritt. Masbate, For. Bur. 1703 Clark. Basilan, For. Bur. 3999 Hut-
chinson. Negros, Elmer 9501, 9531.

Alpinia brevilabris seems to be a rather abundant species, as well as widely
distributed in the Philippines. Most of the collectors give the color of the flowers
as white with pink veining.

§ Oligocincinnus.

16. A. rufa K. Schum. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 27 (1899) 293; Pflanzenreich
1. c. 361.

Hellenia rufa Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1827) 114, t. 21.

Stems 1.5 m tall, rather slender. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate or lanceo-
late, rather abruptly cuspidate, sessile, 25 to 30 cm long, 4 to 6 cm wide,
hairy all over with long appressed hairs; ligule oblong, obtuse, densely

THE SCITAMINEiE OF THE PHILIPPINES.

191

villous-hairy; sheath villous especially on the keel and edges. Panicle
5 to 8 cm long, with a short villous rachis and 5 to 8 branches from 3 to
7 cm long, covered with short, ovate, ribbed, persistent bracts. Basal
bracts linear-lanceolate, 1 cm long, villous. Flowers shortly pedicelled,
14 mm long. Calyx cylindric, 3-toothed, villous. Corolla-tube exceed-
ing the calyx, 14 mm long, the lobes linear-oblong, the upper one largest,
hooded, the other two with a kind of terminal boss, all hairy, the two
lateral ones only near the tip. Lip short, bifid to the mouth of the tube,
the lobes linear-oblong, truncate, glabrous, adnate to the linear, acute
staminodes which are nearly as long, and to the stamen-filament which
is linear, glabrous and rather short. Anther oblong, with a small semi-
ovate crest. Capsule globose, 1.2 cm in diameter, red, sprinkled with
scattered hairs. Seeds 5 mm long, subtrigonous, smooth.

Luzon, Province of Sorsogon, (Haenke) : Province of Tayabas, (Warburg),
Elmer 9078. Negros, Gimagaan River, Copeland, Whitford 16//9 ; Talaban River,
For. Bur. 5590 Everett; Cuernos Mountains, Elmer 9578. Mindanao, Dagatpan,
(Warburg) . Bucas, Merrill 5273.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

A. mollis Presl Rel. Haenk 1 (1827) 110; K. Sebum. 1. c. 309.

A slender herb, the stems 30 cm long. Sheaths glabrous, striate.'
Leaves shortly petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed into a
petiole, the uper surface glabrous, beneath silky-tomentose, soft, 13 to 16
cm long, 2.3 cm wide; ligule 4 mm long, obtuse, villous. Panicle erect,
terminal, with sometimes a longer branch at the base. Rachis velvety.
Flowers very shortly pedicelled, unknown. Capsule globose, 6 to 10 mm
in diameter, yellowish, subtomentose, few-seeded.

Luzon, (Haenke).

Schumann was unable to find the type of this species, and the description is too
imperfect to identify it.

15. COSTUS Linn.

Tall herbs, the stems often spiral, sometimes branched. Leaves lan-
ceolate, shortly petioled, the ligule forming a complete ring. Flower-
spike terminal or basal. Bracts stiff, often spiny. Calyx tubular, 3-
lobed. Corolla-tube broad-funnel-shaped, as long as the calyx-tube, the
lobes large, lanceolate or oblong. Lip large, obovate, usually entire,
broadly trumpet-shaped. Staminodes absent. Stamen very broad and
thin, the connective large, acute or curved upward. Anther-cells linear.
Fruit a woody capsule splitting on one side. Seeds numerous, angled.

Species about 40, chiefly South American and African ; a few Indo-Malayan.

Spike terminal on the leafy stem 1. C. speciosus

Spike radical 2. C. clemensae

192

RIDLEY.

1. C. speciosus Sm. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 1 (1800) 249; Roxb. FI. Ind. 1
(1820) 58; Blume Enum. PI. Jav. 1 (1827) 61; Wight Icon. t. 2014;. Horan.
Monogr. (1862) 37; Baker in Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 6 (1892) 249; K. Schum.
in Pfianzenreich 20 (1904) 398; Ridl. Mater. FI. Malay Penin. 2 (1907) 24.

C. arabicus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 2, in part.

C. crispiflorus Stokes Mat. Med. 1 (1812) 75.

C. glabratus Reichb. f. in Moessl. Handb. ed. 2, 1 : 8, non Sw.

C. vaginalis Salisb. in Trans. Ilort. Soc. 1 (1812) 277.

G. Loureiri Horan. Monog. ( 1862) 39.

C. foeniculaceus Noronha in Verh. Bataav. Genootseh. 5 (1795) 12.

C. nipalensis Rose. Monandr. PI. (1828) t. 80; Horan. Monog. (1862) 37 ; Regel
Gartenfl. 4 (1855) 341, t. 139.

Banksia speciosa Koen. in Retz. Obs. 3 (1783) 75.

Amomum hirsutum Lam. 111. Gen. 1 (1791) t. 3.

A. arboreum Lour. FI. Cochinch. 1 (1790) 9.

Hellenia grandi flora Retz. Obs. 5 (1786) 18.

Stems 2 to 3 m tall, 1 to 2.5 cm thick, covered with dull-brown
sheaths, often branched above and spiral. Leaves oblong or lanceolate,
acuminate, 15 to 20 cm long, 6 to 7 cm wide, the upper surface glabrous,
dark-green, beneath more or less pubescent; petiole 3 to G mm long; ligule
short, annular, reddish. Spike terminal, ovate or oblong, 7 to 13 cm
long. Bracts ovate, mucronate, not pungent, red, 2 cm long, glabrous
or pubescent. Bracteole shorter, lanceolate, acute. Calyx short, cartila-
ginous, red, the lobes very short. Corolla-tube short, the lobes equal,
mucronate, white, often rose-tinted. Lip very large, obovate, convolute,
9 cm long and wide, white with usually a longitudinal central yellow bar.
Stamen 4.5 cm long, the filament broad, hairy on the back, the crest
oblong, acuminate, orange beneath. Capsule 1.3 cm long, woody, red.
Seeds small, black, with a white aril, 4 or 5 in each cell.

Luzon, Province of Cavite-Batangas, For. Bur. 7 61/6 Merritt; Province of Bataan,
For. Bur. 196 Barnes, Elmer 6707, For. Bur. 2771 Meyer, Williams 312, For.
Bur. 21/60 Borden: Province of Rizal, For. Bur. 31/26 Ahern’s collector: Province
of Tayabas, Gregory 80, Whitford 830: Province of Batangas, Cuzner 21. Leyte.
Elmer 7363. Masbate, Merrill 3393, For. Bur. 1696 Clark. Cebu, Bur. Sci.
1727 McGregor. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Mrs. Clemens. Basilan, llallier s. n.

Var. argyrophyllus Wall. Cat. 6555; Baker in Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 6 (1890)
250; Ridley Mater. FI. Malay Penin. 2 (1907) 24.

Costus sericeus Blume Enum. PI. Jav. 1 (1827) 62.

A more slender woodland form, with more branched stems, the leaves
more pubescent, often silky on the back. Bracts and calyx less brightly
colored. Flower-spikes and flowers smaller. Lip without the yellow
central bar. AVhole flower usually more distinctly pink-tinted.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Copeland 1/1/8. Basilan, DeVore & Hoover 27.
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Bur. Sci. 1588 Foxworthy. Negbos, For. Bur. 5592
Everett.

India to Ceylon, Pegu, Tonkin, Formosa, the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago
to New Guinea.

Considering the wide distribution of this conspicuous plant, it seems to vary
but little, though Schumann describes six varieties, of which the woodland form of

THE SCIT AM I N OF THE PHILIPPINES.

193

the plant, var. argyrophyllus, is the only at all distinct one, and there are interme-
diate forms between the large typical form and that. The chief variations in the
plant lie in the amount of pubescence, the size of the flowers and of the spike, the
amount of rose-tinting of the corolla, and the amount of yellow in the lip.

2. C. Clemensae sp. nov.

Khizome woody. Stem 1 ni or more tall, thick. Leaves oblanceolate,
acuminate, narrowed at the base, 12 cm long, 4 cm wide, the upper sur-
face glabrous except the midrib, the lower surface covered with appressed,
silky hairs; sheath 2 to 4 cm long, ribbed, thickly hairy; ligule ciliate;
petiole densely hairy. Inflorescence from the rhizome, the peduncle thick,
about 3 cm long, covered with sheathing bracts, hairy. Spike 8 to 10 cm
long, 7 cm thick, red. Bracts lanceolate, closely ribbed, silky-hairy, 3
cm long, 1 cm wide, with a stout thorn-like mucro 5 mm long. Inner
bract similar but narrower, 2.5 cm long, 4 mm wide. Calyx tubular,
with three short, ovate, mucronate, pungent lobes, densely hairy, 3 cm
long, 1 cm thick. Corolla white, the tube shorter than the calyx, hairy,
the lobes linear-oblong, acuminate, acute, densely hairy outside, glabrous
within, 2 cm long, nearly 1 cm wide. Lip 3 cm long, the center fleshy-
papillose, the margin undulate, crisped, glabrous. Stamen shorter, the
anther linear-oblong, the connective linear-oblong, the apex subacute, 1
cm long. Stigma very large, flabellate, reniform, the margins ciliate.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 1113.

A very striking plant with the habit of Costus globosus Blume, but distinct in
its pubescent white corolla, very long connective-crest, and large reniform stigma.

MARANTACEiE.

16. DONAX Lour.

Stems tall, shjubby, much branched. Leaves ovate or oblong, the
petiole short; ligule none; sheaths long. Panicles erect or pendulous,
lax. Bracts narrow-lanceolate. Flowers small, white. Corolla-tube
usually long. Staminodes obovate, unequal. Ovary 3-celled, the cells
1-ovuled. Style stout, incurved. Fruit usually indehiscent, 1- to 3-
seeded, globose or trigonous. Seeds globose or hemispheric.

Species 5, Indo-Malayan.

1. Donax cannaeformis Rolfe in Journ. Bot. 45 (1907) 243.

Thalia cannaeformis Forst, f. FI. Ins. Austr. Prodr. (1790) 1.

llythuria cannaeformis Raf. FI. Tellur. 4 (1836) 51.

Actoplanes cannaeformis K. Sclium. in Pflanzenreich 11 (1902) 34.

Donax arundastrum K. Sclium. in Pflanzenreich 1 1 (1902) 33, quoad philip-
pinense, non Lour.

Stems 2 to 3 m tall. Leaves ovate, thin, glabrous, 15 to 18 cm long,
9 cm wide; petiole 1 cm long. Panicles 15 cm long or less, few-branched,
the nodes hairy. Bracts papery, lanceolate, acute, 3 cm long. Flowers
white, 3 cm long. Calyx-tube 1 cm long, the lobes lanceolate, acute,
ribbed. Corolla-lobes linear-oblong, longer than the tube. Staminodes

194

RIDLEY.

obovate, large. Lip smaller, entire, obovate, clawed. Anther linear, the
filament and lobe linear, the lobe long, linear, obtuse. Ovary silky.
Fruit sparingly hairy, globose, 1 cm thick, 1-seeded. Seed oblong, rather
strongly wrinkled.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Cuming )65 : Province of Isabela, Casiguran, Bur
Sci. 2988 Mcarns: Province of Cavite, For. Bur. 7 619 Rosenbluth: Province of
Laguna, Bur. Sci. 6022 Robinson: Province of Benguet, Sablan, Elmer 610):
Province of Pampanga, Arayat, Merrill 1)12: Province of Bataan, Merrill 15)6,
AVhit ford 59, Williams ) : Province of Nueva Viscaya, Merrill 280: Province of
Tayabas, Gregory 100. Mindoro, For. Bur. 3690 Merritt; Paluan, Merrill 91/5;
Pola, Merrill 2)53. Culion, Merrill 660. Palawan, Bur. Sci. 7 63 Foxworthy,
Bur. Sci. 303 Bermejos. Balabac, Bur. Sci. )5) Mangubat. Camiguin, Babu-
yanes Islands, Bur. Sci. 3983 Fcnix. Mindanao, Davao, Copeland ))5, De Yore
tt Hoover 198, 2)0: District of Zamboanga, Copeland s. n. : Province of Misamis,
For. Bur. )!)) M earns & Hutchinson : Lake Lanao, Mrs. Clemens 90.

Java and Celebes to New Guinea.

D. cannaeformis Rolfe most closely resembles D. grandis Ridl. in its size and
fruit, but is easily distinguished by its larger flowers, its stamen with a long-
linear lateral lobe, its silky-pubescent ovary, and its fruit covered thinly with
hairs. The seed is more oblong and wrinkled.

K. Schumann in Pflanzenreich 11 has made a sad mixup in this simple genus.
At present only four species are known, as follows:

D. arundastrum Lour., a dwarf plant with larger flowers than the others, and
a turbinate 3-seeded fruit. It is abundant on river banks from Siam, Cochinchina
and India to the Malay Peninsula.

D. parviflora Ridl., a native of the Malay Peninsula.

D. grandis Ridl., a very large plant, with globose, glabrous, 1-seeded fruits and
smaller flowers, ranging from Siam to Singapore.

I). cannaeformis Rolfe, ranging from Java to New Guinea and the Eastern
Archipelago, an often tall plant with larger flowers than D. grandis, and 1-seeded
hairy fruit.

17. PH ACELOPH RYN I U M K. Schumann.

Tufted herbs with long-petioled leaves. Inflorescence a dense or
interrupted panicle of spikes, with distichous bracts, from a leaf-petiole.
Flowers in pairs or threes, pedicellate. Bracteoles two to each flower.
Sepals linear or subovate. Corolla-tube short or very short, the lobes
oblong. Lip with an oblique villous ridge. Petaloid stamen spathu-
late or ovate, cucullate, short. Ovary 3-celled. Capsule 3-angled, 3-,
rarely 2-seeded. Seed 3-angled.

Species 7, Nicobar Islands, the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

1. P. interruptum K. Schum. in Pflanzenreich 11 (1902) 121.

Stems 2 to 3 m tall. Leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 30 cm
long, 9 to 11 cm wide, glabrous; petiole 3 to 5 cm long; sheath glabrous.
Inflorescences usually three, interruptedly panicled, 12 to 20 cm long,
the internodes about 8 cm long, the racemes fascicled, fairly dense,
four together, 5 cm long. Primary bracts oblong-lanceolate or ovate,
4 cm long or less. Floral bracts about 8, oblong, obtuse, fleshy, 1 cm
long. Flowers yellow, in pairs on pedicels 5 mm long. Ovary triquet-

THE SCITAMINE^E OF THE PHILIPPINES.

195

rous, pear-shaped, glabrous, trilocnlar. Sepals ovate-oblong, acuminate,
4 mm long. Corolla-tube hardly 2 mm long, the lobes oblong. Outer
staminode 3 mm long. Lip with a villous callus. Capsule trigonous,
faintly wrinkled, 3-seeded, apex depressed. Seeds chestnut, transversely
furrowed, with a short bilobed aril.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Enrile, (Warburg 12160) : Province of Laguna.
Hallier: Province of Rizal, Santander, Bur. Sci. 3282 Ramos ; Montalban, Merrill
5058; (Warburg 121/95) ; Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 101/1 Ramos ; Tanay, Merrill 2263:
Province of Tayabas, Merrill 1/014: Province of Benguet, Elmer 8955: Province
of Sorsogon, Elmer 7310. Negros, Copeland. Samar, Merrill 5231. Leyte,
Elmer 7297. Mindanao, District of Davao, (Warburg 11/585), Copeland 1/69.

Endemic.

2. P. bracteosum K. Schum. 1. c. 123.

A small loosely tufted plant 1 m tall. Leaves glabrous, long-pet-
ioled, the petiole 40 cm long, the knee 4 cm long, the lamina ovate or
elliptic, subacute, 30 cm long, 15 cm wide. Peduncle 30 to 45 cm
long. Spikes three or four, oblong, 5 cm long or more, about 3 cm
apart. Bracts linear-oblong, 3 to 4 cm long, pale. Flowers in pairs,
shortly pedicelled. Bracteoles keeled and hairy. Ovary trilocular,
thickly hairy. Sepals very narrow, linear-lanceolate, acute, 10 mm lqng.
Corolla-tube rather thick, '1.5 cm long, hairy, the lobes short, rounded.
Capsule 1- to 3-seeded, obliquely ellipsoid or rounded, 3-angled, ap-
pressed-villous. Seeds 7 mm long, smooth, yellow, the aril bilobed.

Luzon, Province of Camarines, (Cuming 11/66) : Province of Albay, (Vidal
3976). Mindanao, District of Davao, (Warburg 11/615): Lake Lanao, Mrs.
Clemens 1/23. Samar, Merrill 5206, 5232. Leyte, Elmer 7291/; (Cuming 1756).

Endemic.

18. PHRYNIUM Willd.

Tufted herbs with long-petioled ovate or oblong leaves. Inflorescence
capitate, produced from the side of the petiole, with a few large outer
bracts and containing numerous flowers, solitary or in pairs or threes on
short peduncles. Sepals linear or oblong. Corolla-tube a little longer,
the lobes oblong or ovate. Lip usually shorter, with a transverse callus,
cucullate, short. Ovary trilocular. Seeds 1 to 3, ellipsoid, triangular,
with a thin dry aril.

Species 12, Indo-Malayan.

1. P. philippinense Ridl. in Elm. Lead. Philip. Bot. 2 (1909) 570.

Whole plant about 1 m tall, the rhizome thick, with stout roots emitting
many fibrils. Base of sheaths silky, the leaf-stalk to the flower head up
to 50 cm long, stout, hairy, above the inflorescence 20 cm long, the
lamina 30 to 40 cm long, 15 cm wide, glabrous, oblong-elliptic. Capit-
ulum large, 3 cm thick in flower, 5 cm in fruit. Bracts oblong, ribbed,
soon breaking into fibrils at the tip. Bracteoles similar. Flowers white
and pink, in pairs, shortly (1 mm) stalked. Ovary silky. Sepals linear,
acute, closely ribbed, hairy only at the tip, longer than the corolla-tube.

196

RIDLEY.

Corolla-tube dilated upward, the lobes obovate, spathulate, hairy at the
tip. Staminodes thin, rounded, obtuse. Cucullus small, side-lobe linear-
oblong. Anther very short, the connective wing large, subtriangular.
Lip small, oblong, truncate, almost quadrate, the crest large, semiovate,
the longitudinal ridge silky. Capsule oblong, red, 1 cm long, hairy.
Seeds nearly 1 cm long, obscurely rugose-tubercled.

Leyte, Palo, Elmer 7 289. Negros, Gimagaan River, Whitford 1658. Min-
danao, District of Davao, Todaya, Copeland 121f8. Mindoro, Alag River, Merrill
6132; Baco River, McGregor Silt, For. Bur. 6780, 12103 Merritt. Batan, Bur.
Sci. 6260 Robinson. Luzon, Province of Isabela, Casiguran, Bur. Sci. 3100
M earns: Province of Tayabas, Whitford 631f. Camiquin, Babuyanes Islands, Bur.
Sci. 3936 F6nix.

This species is most nearly allied to P. malaccense Ridl. of the Malay Peninsula,
differing in its more glabrous leaves, nearly glabrous sepals, and in the form
of the lip. It has been confused with P. capitatum Willd., a Chittagong plant
which has purple, sessile flowers.

Endemic.

19. MONOPHRYNIUM K. Schum.

Tall herbs, the leaves long-petioled. Panicles numerous, from a leaf-
sheath, peduncled. Spikes narrow, fascicled, densely imbricate. Bracts
small. Flowers solitary in each bract, with a two-keeled prophyll and
mesophyll. Sepals small, lanceolate. Corolla-tube as long, the lobes
lanceolate. Outer staminodes 2, obovate, a little longer than the corolla-
lobes. Cucullus much shorter, with a subauricled appendage. Ovary
3-locular, with ovules in all the loculi.

Species 3, endemic.

1. M. fasciculatum K. Schum. in Pflanzenreich 1 1 (1902) 68.

Calathea fasciculata Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1827) 108, t. 16, f. 1.

Phrynium fasciculatum Horan. Monogr. (1862) 11.

Two meters tall. Leaves oblong or subovate-lanceolate, attenuate-
acuminate, base rounded, glabrous on both sides, 30 cm long, 8 cm wide ;
petiole 20 cm long, the upper part 4 cm long, flattened, glabrous.
Panicles 3 or 4, subsessile, or with an 8 cm long peduncle, the racemes
narrow, 6 cm long. Bracts 10, ovate-oblong, obtuse, 9 mm long, gla-
brous. Ovary silky. Sepals lanceolate, 4 mm long. Corolla-tube 3.5
mm long, the lobes 5 mm long.

Luzon, (Haenke) ; (Warburg 1^068) : Province of Tayabas, (Warburg 12921) ,
Elmer 911f8.

Halmalieira.

2. M. simplex Elmer Leaf!. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 276.

A tufted plant 1 to 1.5 m tall, glabrous. Leaves thin, elliptic,
cuspidate, 18 to 20 cm long, 7 cm wide, base cuneate, the upper surface
glabrous, beneath strigose on the nerves, knee 1 cm long, the petiole 50

THE SCITAMINE^E OF THE PHILIPPINES.

197

cm long, rather slender above. Inflorescence of two or three 9 to 12 cm
long branches on a peduncle about 15 cm long, yellowish- or grayish-
hairy when young, becoming subglabrous. Bracts 1 to 2 cm long, lan-
ceolate, obtuse. Flower spikes remote, 4 to 6 on a branch, the outer
bracts lanceolate, 1 cm long, glabrous. Peduncle short, at first erect,
afterwards decurved, pubescent. Calyx 3-lobed, lanceolate, acuminate,
tip blunt, pubescent. Corolla white, longer, segments ligulate. Stam-
inodes obovate, petaloid, obliquely truncate, a little longer, spotted.
Cucullus short, rigid. Capsule 8 mm, roundly triangular, apex truncate,
3-celled, 3-seeded, the seeds angled, truncate, with a thin aril.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Lucban, Elmer 91^7, 7 611.

3. M. congestion sp. nov.

About 1 m tall, tufted. Leaves thin, lanceolate, acuminate, cuspidate,
base cuneate, glabrous on the upper surface, hairy beneath, 30 cm long,
6 cm wide; petiole slender above, 55 cm long including the sheathing
portion, pubescent. Inflorescence extruded at two-thirds the distance
from the base, a dense head of small spikes about 2 cm in diameter.
Peduncles 1 cm long, slender, angled. Bracts lanceolate, hairy, with a
tuft of long hairs at the tip. Inner bracts short, oblong, obtuse. Sepals
oblong-lanceolate, blunt, ciliate at the tip, half as long as the corolla-tube.
Corolla- tube cylindric, the .lobes as long, linear-oblong, obtuse. Lip
obovate, clawed, the limb oblong-obovate, rounded, entire, with a rather
large, semiovate, transverse ridge. Cucullus subspathulate, side lobe
decurved, blunt, spotted. Stamen spathulate, the apex dilated into two
wings. Style thick, the apex bent an angle and with a thick process at
the bend.

Luzon, Provinces of Laguna-Tayabas, from Paete to Piapi, For. Bur. 95Jf8
Curran.

Easily distinguished by its inflorescence, and allied to a Bornean species.

MARANTA Linn.

Maranta arundinacea Linn., the arrow-root, is cultivated in the Philippines,
being locally known as Arourou.

CANNACEiE.

20. CANNA Linn.

Rhizome perennial. Stems simple, leafy. Leaves large, ovate or
lanceolate, acute. Raceme terminal, simple or branched. Bracts small,
ovate. Flowers in pairs. Sepals three, lanceolate to oblong. Corolla-
tube cylindric, short, the lobes 3, equal, lanceolate. Staminal-tube
cylindric, short, the segments petaloid, unequal, a one-celled anther
attached to one lobe. Ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled. Style adnate at the

198

ItlDLEY.

base to the staminal tube, free above, linear-oblong. Capsule oblong or
globose, echinate. Seeds large, globose, exarillate.

Species 20 or 30, tropical American, a few species now widely dispersed in
the tropics of the World in a half-wild condition. I doubt if any of the species
of the genus are indigenous to the Old World. Canna indica Linn, occurs all
over the tropics near villages, and similarly met with, but less abundant, are
Canna edulis, C. glauca, and C. Warszewiezii.

1. C. indica Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1, in part: Roxb. As. Research. 9: 322;
FI. Ind. 1 (1820) 1.

C. orientalis Rose. Monandr. PI. (1828) t. 12.

Stems 1 to 2 m tall. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, broad, acute or
acuminate. Racemes 15 to 25 cm long, the flowers red, in pairs, the
pedicels short. Bract thin, oblong, white, truncate, 1 cm long. Brac-
teoles two, smaller, ovate, acute, thin, white. Calyx lobes three, lan-
ceolate, acute, greenish. Corolla-tube as long. Petals lanceolate, acute,
red, about 4 cm long. Staminodes spathulate, unequal, bright-red, 5
cm long, nearly 1 cm wide. Lip recurved, linear-oblong, emarginate
or not, 3.5 cm long, red, or with a central yellow band with red streaks.
Stamen linear, shorter, about 2 cm long. Style linear, oblong. Capsule
oblong.

Luzon, Province of Pampanga, Bolster IfG : Province of Tayabas, Whitford 551:
Province of Bataan, For. Bur. 2012 Borden: Manila, Merrill 60. Batanes Islands,
Bur. Sci. 3115 Fenix. Negros, For. Bur. 5231 Everett. Palawan, Bur. Sci.
.231 Bermejos. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Mrs. Clemens 188.

2. C. glauca Rose. Monandr. PI. (1828) t. 13.

Stem 1.5 to 2 m tall. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, margined with
white. Inflorescence branched, with long glaucous sheaths on the
branches. Bracts glaucous, broadly ovate, thin. Calyx-lobes oblong,
rounded, 1 cm long. Corolla-tube as long, the lobes linear, acute, nearly
5 cm long, yellow. Staminodes oblong, dilated a little upward. Lip
oblong, cuneate, retuse, G cm long, 1 cm wide, yellow, with faint reddish
splashes. Stamen linear, nearly 3 cm long. Style linear, equally long.
All yellow.

Manila, Merrill s. n., with C. indica, but rarer.

MUSACE.E.

21. MUSA Linn.

'Pall herbs with broad, oblong leaves of great size; sheaths very large,
enwrapping each other. Inflorescence terminal, racemose, with large,
ovate bracts. Flowers unisexual, the females at the base, the males at
the apex, in short half-circles on a stout rachis. Calyx tubular, 3- to
5-toothed, split down one side. Corolla as long, tubular. Stamens 5,
perfect, the sixth rudimentary or absent. Filaments filiform. Anthers

THE SCITAMINE^E OF THE PHILIPPINES.

199

erect, linear, 2-celled. Style filiform. Stigma capitate, 6-lobed. Fruit
an oblong, fleshy, trigonous or cylindrical many seeded berry.

Species 35, tropics of the world.

There are no specimens of any species in the collection I have received, although
many forms of Musa sapientum Linn, and M. paradisiaca Linn., occur in the Phil-
ippines in cultivation, and doubtless some endemic species other than the follow-
ing, the well-known Manila Hemp plant, Musa textilis, which I here describe from
plants cultivated under that name in the Botanic Gardens at Singapore.

M. textilis N6e Ann. Cienc. Nat. 4 (1801) 123; K. Sebum. Pflanzenreich 1
(1900) 19.

M. mindanensis Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 3 (1855) 588.

M. sylvestris Colla M6m. Gen. Musa (1820) 58.

M. troglodytarum var. textoria Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 247.

M. abaca Perr. M6m. Soc. Linn. Par. 3 (1824) 130.

Stems tufted, cylindric, about 6 m tall, and 19 cm in girth. Leaves
narrowly linear-oblong, cuspidate, 3 m long, 30 cm wide, nerves con-
spicuous, parallel, light green on both sides; petiole long. Spike pen-
dulous. Bracts lanceolate, obtuse, 20 cm long, 8 cm wide at the base,
coriaceous, dull-brownish-red. Bud acute. Female flowers in three or
four half-whorls, two rows in each whorl. Male flowers very numerous,
in double whorls, 6 flowers in one series, 3 in the other, white; outer
perianth-lobe 3 cm long, stiff, yellowish-white, base yellow, with three
cuspidate teeth, recurved ; inner thinner, saccate, pure white, 2 cm long,
apex truncate, with two denticulate lobes at the corners. Stamen-
filaments linear, white, 2 cm long. Anther a little shorter, linear, cells
brownish. Fruit subcylindric, narrowed at both ends. Seeds globose,
flattened, small.

Philippines.

Musa cocci nea Andr. is cultivated as an ornamental plant the entire inflo-
rescence cardinal-red, (Negros, Dumaguete, Elmer 7 836), a native of southern
China and Coehincliina.

Ravenala madagascariensis J. F. Gmel. the “traveller’s palm” is cultivated
for ornamental purposes in Manila.

1

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406.

407.

408.

409.

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CONTENTS

Page.

BRAND, A. Additional Philippine Symplocaceae, I 107

COPELAND, EDWIN BINGHAM. New or Interest-
ing Philippine Ferns, IV m

MERRILL, E. D. A Revision of Philippine Connaraceae_ 117
MERRILL, E. D. A Revision of Philippine Loranth-

aceae 129

RIDLEY, H. N. The Scitamineae of the Philippine

Islands icc

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Vol. IV

AUGUST, 1909

THE PHILIPPINE

No. 3 1

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

EDITED BY

PAUL C. FREER, M. D., Ph. D.

CO-EDITOR

RICHARD P. STRONG, Ph. B., M. D.

WITH THE COOPERATION OF

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C. Botany

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1909

PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS.

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(Concluded on third page of cover.)

THE PHILIPPINE

Journal of Science

C. Botany

Yol. IV AUGUST, 1909 No. 3.

THE GENUS ERIA IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.*

By Robert Greexleaf Leavitt.

(From the Ames Botanical Laboratory, North Easton, Mass., U. 8. -1.)

Forty species of Eria , all but six of which are thought to be endemic,
have thus far been discovered in the Philippine Islands and are described
below. They are distributed in seven sections, § Urostachya being most
fully represented, with § Hymeneria second in number of species.

Only thirteen of these Erias were known to science when, within a
decade or so, the present botanical activity began, the remaining twenty-
seven being, therefore, all recent or new. Thirteen species are described
for the first time in the present account. These facts arouse the expecta-
tion that in the immediate future a large number of new species will be
brought to light in the extensive districts which, botanically, are as yet
virgin territory. Many exotic kinds will also doubtless be found. With
the increase of material and the more enlightened study which it will
permit, groups now thought to be integral species will reveal a definite
multiplicity. As a result of these several modifying causes, the genus of
only a few years hence will doubtless wear a quite different aspect from
that of the Philippine Etna of to-day ; and the present summary will very
shortly appear fragmentary and out of date. Without doubt it embodies
mistakes incidental to a paucity of materials. It is attempted with the
purpose of promoting the study of the group by collectors, and is prepared
in view of the fact that, at the moment of writing, there is in existence
no general treatment of the genus Eria. I have hoped to lighten the

* Contributions from the Ames Botanical Laboratory, No. 10.

85754 201

202

LEAVITT.

labor of identifying new collections in a group of some hundreds of
species, whose descriptions are widely scattered in literature, in which
identification has ordinarily been very difficult or even, except under
favorable conditions as regards library and herbarium, impossible.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, DIAGNOSES OF NEW SPECIES, ETC.

Before undertaking the consecutive description of the species, I may
enter certain notes which have been made in my study of the genus; here,
also, I have placed the required Latin characterizations of new species,
citations of specimens, original descriptions, the bibliography of old
species, etc.

Measurements in diagnoses of new species are taken from dried specimens.
When single measurements are given they are maxima rather than averages.
Leaf-lengths do not include sheathing bases. Lengths of racemes are exclusive
of the peduncle. The height of the column is generally taken without the anther-
cap. Drawings are invariably from the camera lucida.

ERIA Lindley.

“Perianthiurn lanatum, connivens. Labellum trilobum, articulatum
cum processu unguiformi columnae cujus lateribus sepala antica adnas-
cuntur. Pollinia octo.” Lindley Bot. Keg. (1825) t. 904.

Sepala, subaequalia, posticum liberum v. basi breviter rarius alte cum
caeteris connatum, lateralia saepius latiora basi pedi columnae adnata,
mentum breve v. rarius calcariforme formantia, superne libera v. rarius
altius connata. Petala sepalo postico subconformia. Labellum ad api-
cem pedis columnae basi contractual, rarius articulatum, incumbens,
superne patens, integrum v. utrinque lobo laterali auctum. Columna
bievis, lata, antice cava saepeque anguste 2-alata, basi in pedem producta;
clinandrium margine integrum v. vix antice 2-angulatum et postice 1-
dentatum. Anthera terminalis, opercularis, incumbens, interdum valde
convexa v. obtuse conica, loculis 2 distinctis imperfecte 4-locellatis ;
pollinia 8, cerea, in quoque loculo 4, pyriformia v. late ovoidea, parum
compressa, acutiuseula v. acuminata, in fasciculos 2 visco parco cohaer-
entia. ( apsula oblonga v. linearis, erostris. — Jlerbae epiphyticae v. rarius
terrestres, caulibus seeus rhizoma saepius confertis pseudobulbosis, v.
longiusculis saepe carnosis 2-oo-foliatis, v. rarius 1-foliatis. Pedun-
cuh v. scapi pseudoterminales v. laterales, nec directe rhizomati affixi,
simplices, racemiferi v. interdum 1-flori. Flores parvi mediocres v.
rarius majusculi, secus rhachin racemi sparsi v. rarissime distichi. Brac-
teae parvae v. angustae.” Bentham & Hooker Gen. PI. 3 (1883) 509.

S UROSTACHYA Lindley in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3 (1859) GO; Bentham
I- c. 18 (1881) 303; Bentham & Hooker Gen. PI. 3: 510; Pfitzer in Engler &
Prantl Nat. Pflanzenfam. 26 (1889) 175; J. J. Smith Orch. Java 398.

4 he caulescent species with numerous leaves, and long racemes or
panicles of flowers, without the woolly lip-appendages of § Eriura, form

THE GENUS ERIA IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

203

a natural group which may be conveniently placed apart from others.
The flowers, with the exception of E. bambusi folia, are very small and
densely arranged.” Lindley, l. c.

This section is perhaps not strictly separable from § Hymeneria, to which,
indeed, Hooker f., for the Indian flora, joins it; but in the Philippines the
division is a convenient one, since it quickly indicates the general nature of the
species embraced, which in these Islands are relatively numerous.

E. polyura Lindley Pot. Peg. (1841) Misc. 55; Ames Orchidaceae 1 (1905)
95; 2 (1908) 196.

“Caule elongato folioso, foliis lanceolatis acutis patentibus striatis,
spiels oppositifoliis multifloris nutantibus foliis aequalibus v. brevioribus,
bracteis ovario duplo brevioribus adpressis, sepalis petalisque ovatis acutis
erectis laevibus, labello cordato ovato acuto basi bicarinato.” Lindley, 1. c.

The type in Lindley’s herbarium is labeled “Loddiges June 1841.” It was
originally from the Philippines. It consists of two racemes merely. The accom-
panying camera lucida drawing (fig. 2, below) represents a rather poor, but
sufficiently serviceable flower from one of these racemes. The dotted lines restore
the true outline of shriveled or defective parts. On the same sheet with the
type is- a Cuming specimen (for which Mr. Polfe suggests the number 2128, the
type number of E. ringens Reichb. f.) from the Philippines, marked “E. polyura”
in Lindley’s hand, which in reality is a very different plant indeed. The flowers
have no resemblance to those of E. polyura — the lip is trilobed, the perianth-
segments very narrow and acuminate— nor do the stem and its sheaths partic-
ularly recall those of this species.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Mount Banajao, Elmer 7393, May, 1906, epiphytic,
in open ravines at 600 m altitude: Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 11320 Klemme,
April, 1908.

E. Copelandii sp. nov.

E. II ut chins onianae affinis. Sympodium productum. Caulis in sicco
2—4 mm in diametro, vaginis laxis instructus. Folia prope apices caulium
conferta, in caule florigero 5, lanceolata, acuta, 9-13 cm longa, 7-12 mm
lata. Infiorcscentiae 2, plus minus 7 cm longae, pedunculo plus minus
1 cm longo, racemo dense plurifloro, plus minus 1 cm in diametro, bracteis
ovatis vix 2 mm longis. Flores parvi, sessiles. Ovarium, pubescens, 1—2
mm longum. Sepala 3—1 mm longa; dorsale ellipticum, concavum;
lateralia impariter ovata obtusa, 2.5 mm lata. Fetala oblonga vel ovata,
obtusa, eoncava, plus minus 3 mm longa. Labellum integrum, saccatum,
explanation semiorbiculare, vix 3 mm longum. Columna crassa, 1 mm
alta; pes aequilongus. (Fig. 3.)

The small globose flowers with entire saccate or scoop-like smooth-margined
lip are distinctive.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Mount Apo, Copeland 11,23 (type, part in
Manila, part in herb. Ames), epiphytic, flowers rose-colored, with faint odor.
For. Bur. 1,600 M earns d Hutchinson, collected at an altitude of 2,800 m on
Mount Malindang, Province of Misamis, Mindanao, May, 1906, has leaves and
inflorescence shorter than in the type, but the floral structure is the same; For.
Bur. 1,596 from the same locality, the “flowers yellow,” specimens in fruit, may
be the same.

204

LEAVITT.

I may or may not be right in combining with the several specimens cited
above the following which is of an aberrant habit, yet has the flowers of the
species. Its most noticeable peculiarity is the pseudobulbous thickening of the
stem, that is of the extremity of each member of the sympodium.

Var. fusiform is var. nov.

Apices caulium per internodia plurima incrassati, pseudobulbos form-
antes fusiformes, 3—4 cm longos, plus minus 1 cm crassos, vaginis imbric-
atis acuminatis vestitos, florigeros, et ad apicem foliosos ; racemi densiores.

Luzox, Province of Benguet, Mount Tonglon, For. Bur. 5061 Curran, (type),
August 8, 1906, epiphytic in top of tree, flowers white with pink center. Merrill
.1/590, from an altitude of 2,100 m on Mount Data, District of Lepanto, Luzon,
November, 1905, is somewhat peculiar, but at present is to be placed here.

E. H utch inson iana Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 330.

‘‘Allied to E. tenuifolia Ridl. Rhizomes woody, about 5 mm in
diameter. Pseudobulbs 5 cm-1 dm apart, abbreviated, 1.5—3 cm long,
clothed with scarious sheaths, leafy at the summit. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, about 1 dm long, about 8 mm wide, acute, tapering gradually
toward both ends. Inflorescence few-flowered, about 6 cm long, near the
summit of the pseudobulbs. Flowers white and purple. Peduncle ,
pedicels, and ovaries covered with rufous or dark yellowish hairs. Bracts
lanceolate, acute, about 4 mm long, about 1.5 mm wide. Lateral sepals
triangular-lanceolate, acute, slightly protuberant anteriorly at base near
the apex of the column foot,’ about 8 mm long, 2.5 mm wide near the
middle, broader below. Upper sepal lanceolate, acute, about 9 mm long,
narrower than the laterals. Petals linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong,
subobtuse, 3-nerved, about 8 mm long, 2 mm wide near the middle.
Labellum ecallose, smooth, 5 mm long, basal half with the sides erect
(conduplicate when dry), apical half oblong, rounded at the apex, 2
mm wide.”

E. phil ippinensis Ames Orchidaceae 1 (1905) 94.

“Rliizoma repens. Pseudobulbi remoti, foliati. Folia lineari-oblonga
s. lineari-lanceolata, acuta, 12 cm longa, approximate. Raccmus nutans.
Rhachis puberulus. Sepala lateralia oblonga, acuta. Sepalum dorsale
oblongum. Pctala oblonga sub-acuta. Ijabellum integer, ovatum, ob-
tusum, ecallosum. Ovarium tomentosum. Flores glabri.

“Rhizome woody, stout, creeping, bracteate. Bracts tubular, loosely
imbricating, obtuse. Leaves about 5, linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate,
acute, about 12 cm long, 11 mm wide, approximate upon remote, declined,
pseudobulbous, contracted, thickened stems ; each pseudobulbous stem
subtended by a leaf. Racemes several from the summit of the short
stems, about 1 dm long, loosely many-flowered, tomentose. Bracts longer
than the tomentose pedicels, smooth. Flowers exceeding 1 cm in length,
smooth. Lateral sepals oblong, acute, about 1.5 cm long, 4 mm wide.
Upper sepal narrower than the laterals, about 1.5 cm long. Petals oblong,

THE GENUS ERIA IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

205

sub-acute, 1.4 mm long, 4 mm wide. Lip entire, ovate, obtuse, ecallose,
7 mm long. Column 2.5 mm high. Ovary tomentose hairy.'

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, For. Bur. 2206 Meyer, Novem-
ber 22, 1904, terrestrial, flowers odorless, petals cream-color, lip dark-red, common,
altitude 760 m; For. Bur. 2322 Borden, December, 1904: District of Lepanto,
Mount Data, Merrill Jt859, October 29, 1905, epiphytic in the mossy forest, altitude
2,125 m, flowers pale-dull-purple; trail to Balbalasan, For. Bur. 5129 Klemme,
November 19, 1906, flowers pink; same place and date, flowers white, For. Bur.
5132 Klemme: Province of Benguet, Pauai, Bur. Sci. JfSlS Mearns, July, 1907,
altitude 2,100 m.

E. Woodiana Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 332.

“Allied to E. ovata Lindl. Stems about 18 cm long, leafy at the
summit, closely sheathed. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, up to 3 dm long,
3-4.5 cm wide, acute. Inflorescence racemose, much shorter than the
leaves. Flowers pale yellow. Peduncles about 1 dm long, floriferous
nearly to the base, breaking forth from the leafy summit of the pseudo-
bulbs. Bracts ligulate, acute, about 5 mm long. Lateral sepals oblong-
lanceolate, acute, 6 mm long, 2 mm wide. Upper sepal narrowly lance-
olate, 6.5 mm long. Petals narrowly lanceolate, subacute, 5.5 mm long,
1.5 mm wide. Labellum 3-nerved, about 4 mm long, orbicular at base,
contracted at about the middle into the oblong, obtuse, apical half, mono-
callose at base in front of the claw.”

E. longicruris sp. nov.

Caules cylindracei, vaginis tubularibus vestiti, ad 30 cm alti, in sicco
2 mm in diametro, ad summum per distantiam 3-5 cm foliosi. Folia
lanceolata, acuminata, acuta, lamina ad 15 cm longa, 1-1.5 cm (rarissime
2 cm) lata. Inflorescentiae 2 vel 3, oppositifoliae, lax i florae, 5-9 cm
longae; pedunculus brevis, cum rhachide glabro pergracilis. Bracteae
acuminatae, acutae, plus minus 6 mm longae. Flores plus minus 15,
glabri. Ovarium cum pedicello pergracile, ad 15 mm longum. Sepalum
dorsale a basi regulariter fastigatum, vel aliquantum lanceolatum, acutum,
11-13 mm longum, 2-3 mm latum ad basim. Sepala lateralia similia,
parum falcata, intermedio aequilonga. Petala ligulato-lanceolata, acuta,
sepalis aliquanto breviora et angustiora. Labellum brevissime unguicu-
latum, 3-lobatum, plus minus 6 mm longum; pars basilaris rotundata,
plus minus 4 mm lata, carinis tribus, medio crasso, canaliculato ; lobi
laterales incurvati, breves, obtusi; lobus medius oblongo-obovatus, plus
minus 3 mm longus, 1.5-2 mm latus. Columna gracilis, ferme 3 mm
alta; pes 2 mm longus. (Fig. 6.)

Mindanao, Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang, For. Bur. Jf609 Mearns t£
Hutchinson, June 4, 1906, part in Manila, part in herb. Ames. Altitude 2,800 m.
Flowers yellow-white.

E. graciliscapa Rolfe ex Ames Orchidaceae 1 (1905) 93; 2 (1908) 193; 3
(1908) 88, t. 57.

“Pseudobulbs terete, slender, 5-6 inches long. Leaves 3 or 4, terminal,
lanceolate-oblong, subcoriaceous, 2|-3^ inches long, 6-8 lines broad.

206

LEAVITT.

Scapes axillary near the summit of the steins, slender, arcuate, many-
flowered, 2|-3 inches long. Bracts oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
1-1^ lin. long. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, lin. long. Petals
lanceolate-linear, acuminate, 1^ lin. long. Lip entire, ovate-lanceolate,
acute, strongly 3-nerved, 1 lin. long. Column rather stout, about f lin.
long. Mentum very short.” Rolfe l. c.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Mount Banajao, Elmer 77/05, May, 1906, a tufted
epiphyte, flowers yellowish, altitude 600 m.

The following species is described from a single plant, originally confused
with E. longicruris on one of the sheets above cited :

E. racemosa sp. nov.

Caulis cylindraceus, in sicco plus minus 5 mm in diametro, vaginis
papyraceis laxis tubularihus aliquid oblique truncatis 5 cm longis vestitus.
Folia 7, ad summum caulem conferta, laminis lanceolatis, ad 12 cm longis
et 1.7 cm latis, obtusiusculis. Inflorcscentiae 4, oppositifoliae, ad 14 cm
longae, pedunculo breve, validiusculo, racemo laxe plurifloro, plus minus
2 cm in diametro, bracteis 5 mm longis. Ovarium cum pedicello per-
gracile, pubcscens pilis rufis, plus minus 7 mm longum. Mentum breve.
Sepala ligulata, obtusa, 8-9 mm longa, dorsale aliquid lanceolatum, 2
mm latum, lateralia falcata, 2.5 mm lata. Petala ligulata, obtusa, 7—8
mm longa, 1.5 mm lata. Labellum ovato-oblongum, plus minus 4 mm
longum, 2 mm latum ad basim rotundatum; calli 3, carinati, duo prom-
inentes 1 mm a basi labelli, inter eos unus humilis super venam mediam.
Columna gracilis, 1.5 mm alta, pedi aequilonga.

Type specimen found upon sheet with Eria longicruris, collected by Mearns &
Hutchinson on Mount Malindang, Province of Misamis, Mindanao, May, 1906,
For. Bur. 4609.

Cuming’s collections in the Philippines gave in the hands of Reichenbach f.
and of Lindley two or perhaps three species in this section. The descriptions
are highly inadequate. What Reichenbach’s Eria ringens is, can not certainly
be known until his type can be seen, if it is still in existence when his herbarium
is opened. Cuming’s no. 2128 is to be found in several herbaria, but it may
possibly have been originally a mixture, since confusion is easy in a group like
this. Reichenbach says1 that his species is repeated in Lindley’s Eria retroflexa.

E. retroflexa Lindley in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3 (1859) 60; Ames Orchidaceae
2 (1908) 197.

“Foliis anguste oblongis spicis tenuibus duplo longioribus, bracteis
oblongis glabris retroflexis, flonbus glabris, sepalis petalis labelloque
subaequalibus ovatis acutis.” Lindley l. c.

Fortunately the type of this species is accessible in the Lindley herbarium.

I have taken a careful camera lucida drawing from a flower, which is reproduced
below (fig. 7). The floral structure disagrees very essentially with Lindley’s
drawing on the sheet, and with the original description, which was written, I
suspect, at second hand, that is from the erroneous drawing rather than from
the flowers of the plant itself. Such a labellum as Lindley ascribes to Eria

1 Linnaea 41:87.

207

THE GENUS EKIA IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

rctroftera (scarcely distinguishable from the other perianth-segments ) would be
wholly anomalous in the alliance. In reality, the lip, compared with the other
segments, is very small. The following are approximately the dimensions of the
parts of the flower examined by me: sepals 8-8.6 mm long, 2 mm broad; petals
. mm long, 1.7 mm broad; lip 3.4 mm long, 2 mm broad. The lip is thick and
apparent y callose on the sides near the base. The specimen, accompanied by
the usual Cuming label but without number, consists of a single stem (about 1
cm in diameter near the top, in the dry state) bearing up and down its sides
5 inflorescences, the longest about 9 cm long and near the summit two leaves
the largest about 17 cm long, and 1.8 cm wide.

°f Tayaba8' Wki,f0rd SeP‘emb«- H. >904, epiphytic,

o Eua/in9?nS ReiChb‘ ^ in BonPIandia 3 (1855) 222; Lindley in Journ. Linn.

8 L Hook f pi B Rrfb' f' 111 Walp- Ann- 6:275 and in Linnaea 41 (1876)

, ook. f. I 1. But. Ind. 5:793; Grant Orch. Burma 148.

“Ail Eriae pubescenti Wight, glabra, bracteis ovatis acutis, labelli
ungue brevissimo, lamina oblonga acuminata basi rotundata, gynostemii
androclimo utrmque semiovato brachiato, angulis anticis medio omnino
muticis. Vaults carnosus bulbosus (cylindraceus ? planus ?), siccus
lmidium pollicem Jatus. Folia oblongoligulata basi cuneata, apice in-
aequah acuta, tres quatuorve pollices longa, unum pollicem lata. Spicae
oppositifoliae duos tresve pollices longae, pluriflorae. Bracteae duas
resve lmeas longae apiculatae reflexae ovariis pedicellatis subaequales
Pengoma longiuscula (tres lineas longa) ; glaberrima. Mentum ob-
tusum. bepala et tepala lancea acuta ! 2128. Cuming. Phil.” Eeichb
f. in Bonplandia l. c.

E. merrittii Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 331.

“Pseudobulbs rather stout, cylindrical from a stout rhizome, 7-10
cm long, about 5 mm thick, 2-3-leaved at the summit. Leaves linear-
lanceolate about 12 cm long, about 1.5 cm wide, acuminate, acute.
Peduncle short, about 4 cm long, breaking forth from the upper part of
the pseudobulbs. Bracts lanceolate, acute. Flowers white. Lateral
sepals linear-lanceolate, acute, about 6-7 mm long, 1.5 mm wide at base.
Upper sepal lmear-lanceolate, about equal to the laterals. Petals narrowly
lanceolate, acute, about 6.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-nerved, acute.
Labellum lanceolate, ecallose, smooth, 4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide at base.”
This species very much resembles Eria retroflcxa Lindl.

140E' Li™Ie^' BOt‘ Reg’ (1844)’ 9ub 29 ’ Vidal P^n. Cuming. Philip.

. D ev‘ ’ ^ asc- lilip. 268; Ames Orchidaceae 2 (1908) 195 (excl
specimen cited which belongs to E. Elmeri, I think.).

"Folns oblongis obtusis basi angustatis, racemis pubescentibus multi-
Horis, bracteis parvis ovalibus reflexis, sepalis petalisqne acuminatis, labelto
ovato-oblongo mdiviso basi bicalloso.” Lindley l. c.

The type in Lindley s herbarium at Kew is an unnumbered Cuming specimen
from the Philippines, consisting of three leaves and one inflorescence. There is a
drawing of the lip by Lindley showing the two short carinate calli very near

208

LEAVITT.

the base which my camera drawing from the type, reproduced below (fig- 8),
Tes not show. The longest leaf is 9 cm long by 2 cm broad, and the raceme
L 14 cm long. The sepals are 1 cm long by 4-4.5 mm broadband the petals are
of the same dimensions; the Up is 6 mm long, 3.5 mm broad; the column excluding
the anther is 2 mm high, its foot 2.3 mm long, and the ovary and pedicel cm
Iona- ■ the floral bracts are broadly lanceolate, acute, the lower about 5 mm long.
Mv* notes say that all parts of the lip are thin and veiny. The ovary is rather
densely pubescent with short brownish or tawny hairs. My camera drawing is
from Lindlev’s type.

E. Elmeri Ames Orchidaceae 1 (1905) 93; 2 (1908) 190.

“Caulcs elongati, 2 dm longi. Folia coriacea, elliptico-oblonga, obtusa,
5-8 cm longa. Racemus nutans, rhachis puberulus. Sepala smnlia,
oblonga, obtusa, trinervia. Petala oblonga, obtusa. Labellum ovato-
lanceolatum, sub-acutum s. obtusum, ad basim bicallosum. Flores gla ri.

“Plants about 2 dm high ? Stems rather stout, leafy above, 5-7 mm
thick. Roots branching, villose-pubescent. Leaves about 7 m number,
approximate near the summit of the stem, coriaceous, elliptic- oblong,
obtuse, 5-8 cm long, up to 3 cm wide, many-nerved, shortly petiolate
Racemes several, slender, flexuous, about 1 dm long, from the summi o
the stems many-flowered. Rhachis sparsely pubescent. Floral bracts
conspicuous, oblong, sub-acute, about 6 mm long. Pedicels about 5 mm
Ion0-, slender. Sepals similar, oblong, obtuse, 6 mm long, 3-nerve .
Petals shorter than the sepals, oblong, obtuse. Lip 3-nerved, articulated
with the foot of the column by a short oblong claw, purplish, narrow \
ovate, subacute or obtuse, 3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide just above the claw,
with two short, keel-like intramarginal calli, one on each side near the
base of the expanded limb. Column 1.5 mm long, produced into a dis-
tinct foot. Pollinia 8. Flowers yellowish or whitish with a purple-
stained lip.” Ames Orchidaceae 1 (1905) 93.

Luzon* Province of Bataan, Lamao River, Mount Mariveles, Whitford 161,
1111, May, 1904, March 3, 1905. Epiphyte, flowers yellow, common on ridges,

altitude 1,000-1,500 m.

E. compacta Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 329.

“Roots elongated, much branched. Pseudobulbs approximate, elong-
ated-pyriform, about 5 cm long, about 1 cm in diameter at ba, c, bifoliate.
Leaves rigid, coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 4.5 5.5 cm ona,
mm wide. Inflorescence about 3 cm long. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, 5
mm long, about 2 mm wide, acute, equaling or exceeding the pedicels cr
the flowers. Lateral sepals triangular-lanceolate, acute, 6 mm long, 2.5
mm wide at base. Upper sepal lanceolate, slightly broader than the
laterals. Petals lanceolate, acute or subacute, about 6 mm long, 2 mm
wide, 3-nerved. Labellum ovate-lanceolate, subobtuse, cordate at base, 4
mm long, 1.75 mm wide near the base.”

The verv broad column is distinctive.

THE GENUS ERIA IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

209

E. floribunda Lindley in Wall. Cat. (1832) no. 7408; Bot. Reg. (1843)
Misc. 43; (1844) t. 20; Paxton’s Mag. Bot. 1 1 (1844) 91; Journ. Hort. Soc. 3
(1848) 15; Josst Besclir. u. Cult. Orch. 91; Paxton’s FI. Gard. 3:116, fig. 288
(var. leucostachya) ; Beer Orchideen 247; Miquel FI. Ind. Bat. 3:661; Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. 3 (1859) 60; Walp. Ann. 6:276; Gard. Chron. N. S. 18 (1882)
-468; Hooker f. FI. Brit. Ind. 5: 792; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. II 3 (1893)
366; Grant Orch. Burma 140; Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1896) 281, 282 and
32 (1896) 290; Bull. Herb. Boiss. II 4 (1904) 368; J. J. Smith Orch. Java 400.

Pinalia floribunda 0. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. 2 (1891) 678.

“Caulibus carnosis subllexuosis teretibus, foliis lanceolatis acuminatis,
racemis oppositifoliis patulis multifloris pubescentibus foliis brevioribus,
bracteis defloratis ovatis concavis retrorsis, sepalis petalis 3-plo latioribus,
labello angnsto rmdo basi saccato: laciniis lateralibus ascendentibtis ab-
breviatis intermedia cuneata tridentata.

“A caulescent species, with lanceolate leaves seven or eight inches long.
The flowers are small, pink, smooth in close spreading racemes much
shorter than the leaves. The column is dark purple at the top.'’ Lindley
Bot. Reg. (1843) Misc. 43.

Palawan, Balsajan River, Mount Pulgar, Bur. Sci. 550 Foxworthy, March 1,
1906, plant 8 dm high, flowers white, on trees on river hank; Mount Victoria,
Bur. Sci. 633 Foxworthy, April, 1906, epiphyte, flowers white, altitude exceeding
1,000 m above the sea.

§ HYMENERIA Lindley in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3 (1859) 52; Bentliam l. c.
18 (1881) 303; Bentham & Hooker f. Gen. PI. 3:510; Hooker f. FI. Brit. Ind.
5:785; Pfltzer in Engler & Prantl Nat. Pflzenfam. 2° (1889) 175; J. J. Smith
Orch. Java 406.

‘‘This name is proposed for all those species which, to a fleshy some-
what shapeless stem with few thin leaves, add a many-flowered inflores-
cence that is smooth or nearly so. Possibly it might be subdivided into
those with a dense inflorescence like E. convallanoides and pumila, and
such as have the thin racemes of E. bractescens.” Lindley l. c.

E. bractescens Lindley Bot. Reg. (1841) Misc. 18; (1844) t. 29; Paxton’s
Mag. Bot. 8 (1841) 118; 11 (1844) 116; Gard. Chron. (1841) 231 and N. S.
18 (1882) 468; Walp. Ann. 6:277; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. II 3 (1893)
366; Grant Orch. Burma 135; Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 32 (1896) 293; King &
Pantling Orch. Sik. -Himalaya 120, t. 166; Williams in Bull. Herb. Boiss II 4
(1904) 368; J. J. Smith Orch. Amboin. 74; Ames Orchidaceae 2 (1908) 189.

E. Dillwynii Hooker bot. Mag. (1845) t. !,163 ; Bot. Reg. (1845) Misc. 63;
Paxton’s Mag. Bot. 12 (1846) 140; Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3 (1859) 55.

"Pseudobulbis brevibus ovatis apice subdiphyllis, foliis oblongis un-
dulatis racemis subaequalibus, bracteis margine revolutis superioribus
linearibus reflexis, racemis erectis, labelli trilobi lamellis duabus abbre-
viate intermedia producta lobo medio truncato rugoso obtuse apiculato.”
Lindley l. c.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Whitford 1082, February 13,
1905, epiphyte, flowers creamy-white, odorless, altitude 900 meters. Mindanao,

210

LEAVITT.

Province of Zamboanga, For. Bur. 5172 Hutchinson , February 20, 1900, epiphyte,
near the sea coast, flowers yellowish-white.

Var. latipetala var. nov.

Petala illis speciei latiora, rubro- vel purpureo-tincta. Lobi laterales
labelli lobo medio majores, rotundati, truncati. (Fig- 12.)

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Mountains back of Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 3000 Ramos,
flowering in orchid house at Manila, April 9, 1907.

E. longilabris Lindley Bot. Reg. (1841) Misc. 38; (1842) t. 29, f. 3.

“Eriae bradescentis facie sed scpalis petalisque magis acuminatis,
labelli trilobi lamellis tribus ad apicem fere productis aequalibus latera-
libus abbreviatis lobo medio ovato acuminato.

“A native of Panay in the Philippines, whence it was sent to Messrs.
Loddiges by Mr. Cuming. It is very like Eria bractescens, but is a liner
species, and bears more flowers ; and is distinguished at once by its lip,
which is not truncate, and has three equal wavy ridges prolonged almost
as far as the tip of the middle lobe, which is long and acuminated.”
Lindley Bot. Beg. (1841), Misc. 38.

In view of the variability of Eria bractescens it is doubtful whether E. longi-
labris can be considered to be more than a variety of the former species.

E. Curran ii sp. nov.

Affinis E. bradesccnti sed minor. Pseudobulbus cauliformis, cylindra-
ceus, 6 cm longus, in sicco 1 cm crassus. Folia 2, lanceolato-oblonga,

■ obtusa, 10 cm longa, 2 cm lata. Inflorescentia foliis longior, plus minus
15 cm longa. Pedunculus brevis, gracilis. Racemus laxiflorus, rhachide
sparse pubescente. Bractcae plus minus G mm longae, amplae. Pedicel-
lus cum ovario 1 cm longus, sparse pubescens, pergracilis. Mentum
conspicuum, oblongum vel conicum, angulum acutum cum ovario for-
mans. Sepalum dorsale ovatum plus minus 5 mm longum, plus minus
2.5 mm latum. Sepala lateralia triangulari-falcata, acuta, plus minus
5 mm longa, 4 mm lata ad basim. Petala oblonga, acuta vel obtusa,
4—5 mm longa, 1.7 mm lata. Labellum unguiculatum (ungue curvato),
cuneato-obcordatum, lobo medio obcordato, 3 mm lato; lobi laterales
rotundati ; totum labellum plus minus 6 mm longum, 4.5 mm ad apices
loborum lateralium, fere 4 mm latum, carinis duabus majusculis in disco,
media minore. Columna 2 mm alta, pes 4 mm longus. (Fig. 13.)

Palawan, For. Bur. 3901/ Curran, March, 1906.

E. profusa Lindley Bot. Reg. (1842) Misc. 2.

“Pseudobulbis ovalibus apice diphyllis, foliis oblongis striatis raccmis
pubescentibus multifloris brevioribus, bradeis squamaeformibus pedicellis
brevioribus, sepalis tomentosis, petalis lineari-oblongis obtusis, labello
trilobo laciniis lateralibus erectis laevibus intermedia subrotunda rugosa
apice tuberculato solitario oblongo cristata.” Lindley l. c.

Lindley attributed this species at first to Ceylon. In Paxton’s Magazine 12:46,

THE GENUS EKIA IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

211

however, the plant is said to be a “product of Manila.” The type in Lindley’s
herbarium consists of a bulb, three leaves, and two inflorescences, and is accom-
panied by Lindley’s drawing of the lip and column. A note remarks that the
tubercle of the lip does not seem to be present in all cases. I find no record
of this plant since the reference in Paxton’s Magazine.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. 3019 Ramos, flowering in orchid house,
Manila, February, 1908, flowers pale, with markings of purple and yellow: without
locality, Lyon, flowers yellow, common at 300-600 m alt. Negros, For. Bur.
11237 Everett , April, 1908.

E. cyl indrostachya Ames Orchidaceae 2 (1908) 190.

“Pseudobulbi 3-7 cm longi, ovoidei, di- vel. triphylli ad apicem. Folia
cum petiolis gracilibus sulcatis 20-36 cm longa, 1-2 cm lata., lineari-
lanceolata. Pedunculus cum rhachide 9-20 cm longus, aliquid crassus,
sparse pubescens, prope apicem pseudobulbi ortus. Racemus spicatus,
cylindraceus, usque ad 17 cm longus. Bracteae ovatae vel ovato-lanee-
olatae, pedicdlo ovarioque breviores. Ovarium tomentosum tomento rufo.
Sepala lateralia 7 mm longa, 5 mm lata, late ovata, acuta, pubescentia,
mentum obtusum formantia. Sepalum dorsale 6 mm longum, 3.5 mm
latum, elliptico-oblongum, obtusum. Pctala 5-6 cm longa, supra medium
3 mm lata, obovata, cuneata. Labellum 5-7 mm longum, 3-lobatum
ultra medium, ungui 4.5 mm longo, cuneato-oblongo, bicalloso prope
basim; lobi laterales parvi, quadrati, obtusi, 1.5 mm longi a basi lobi
medii; lobus medius rotundus, 2 mm longus, 3 mm latus, ad basim
bituberculatus, ad apicem incrassatus et rugoso-nervius.”

Mindanao, District of Davao, Mount Apo, Copeland 1421/, October 23, 1904,
epiphyte, flowers yellowish-white: Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang, For.
Bur. 4612 Mearns d Hutchinson, May, 1906. Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount
Mariveles, Merrill (herb. Ames no. 81/78).

E. ventricosa sp. nov.

Pseudobulbi fere cylindracei, infra aliquanto incrassati, circiter 3 cm
longi, vaginis ovatis equitantibus ad 3 cm longis vestiti. Folia 2, lanceo-
lata, oblanceolata, vel elliptico-lanceolata, brevipetiolata, ad 14 cm longa,
circiter 1.5 cm lata. Inflorescentiue 1 vel 2, 5.5 cm longae, pubescentes;
pedunculus plus minus 2 cm longus, pergracilis, bracteis 2 vel 3 latis
amplectantibus instructus, sparse albido-pubescens. Flores circiter 12,
in axillis bractearum ovatarum, acutarum, eucullatarum, ciliaio-margina-
tarum, ovario aequalium. Pedicellus subnullus. Ovarium albido-pubes-
cens, circiter 3 mm longum. Mentum in sicco oblongum, circiter 4 mm
longum. Sepalum dorsale obovatum, cucullatum, extus sparse pubescens,
5 mm longum, 2.5-3 mm latum. Sepala lateralia extus pubescentia,
inflata, triangulari-oblonga, margine anteriore et nervis sigmoideis, 4 mm
longa, 6 mm lata. Petala obovata-oblonga, acuta vel obtusa, aliquid
falcata, plus minus 4 mm longa, 1.5-2 mm lata. Labellum 5 mm longum,
prope basim ventricosum (pars ventricosa 2 mm longa), limbo flabellato-
trilobo, 4 mm lato; lobi laterales erecti, triangulari-oblongi, ad apicem

212

LEAVITT.

rotundati; lobus medius reflexus, late triangulari-semiovatus. Pes col-
umnae cireiter 4 nun longus, rectus, ferine linearis, apice dilatato cum
labello ubi conjugit. Columna vix 2 mm alta. (Fig. 16.)

Type specimen collected by T. E. Borden, For. Bur. 7 98, May, 1904, L&mao
River, Province of Bataan, Luzon, part in Manila, part in herb. Ames, flowers
very delicate, cream-white; same locality, Whitford 388, 133 1/, May, 1904, May,
1905, flowers white, leaves 26 cm long. Mindoro, Mount Halcon (living plant,
flowered at North Easton, herb. Ames 10608).

Two or three other collections show deviations from the above-described con-
dition. While there is not an absolute separation of characters, of such a nature
as to allow of specific distinction, a varietal difference should be pointed out.

Var. benguetensis var. nov.

Flores majores, bracteis longioribus, petalis angustioribus.

Luzon, District of Lepanto, Bagnen, Merrill 1/81/9 (type), November 4, 1905,
terrestrial in mossy forest, flowers white: Province of Benguet, Suyoc to Pauai,
Merrill 1/853, November 7, 1905, epiphytic in mossy forest, flowers white, altitude
1,950 m; Mount Tonglon, For. Bur. 1/986 Curran, August 8, 1906, flowers white.

Mr. W. S. Lyon, a horticulturist in Manila, has recently brought to light a
new species in this section, for whom the following is named:

E. Lyonii sp. nov.

Rhizoma in sicco 5 mm crassum. Pseudobulbi 2-5 cm distantes, plus
minus 2.5 cm longi, plus minus 1.5 cm in diametro in sicco, ovoidei.
Folia 2, lanceolata vel oblanceolata, acuminata, ad 24 cm longa, 2.5 cm
lata. Infloresceniia erecta, ex axilla folii prope apicem pseudobulbi orta,
omnino plus quam 10 cm longa; pedunculus pubescens, aliquid crassus;
rhachis angulatus. Flores (probabiliter ±15) baud conferti, mediocres,
extus pubeseentes, sessiles, habete flavidi, limitibus rubidis, labello albo,
basi pure flava. Ovarium plus minus 5 mm longum, breviter tomcntosum,
pilis rufescentibus. Sepalum dorsale lanceolato-ligulatum, acutum, 1 cm
longum, 3.5 mm latum. Sepala lateralia triangulari-falcata, acuta, 1 cm
longa, ad basim 5 mm lata, mentum conicum fere 3 mm longum aliquanto
acutum formantia. Pctala lanceolato-ovata, acuta, ± 1 cm longa, plus
minus 4 mm lata, aliquid falcata. Labellum ovatum, trilobatum, ± 8
mm longum, plus minus 4 mm latum; lobi laterales ad medium labelli,
rotundati ; lobus medius obovato-oblongus, aeutus, plus minus 4 mm
longus ; in disco linea tria elevata, ad basim lobi medii extendentia, duo
lateralia furcata. Columna crassa, plus minus 2 mm alta. Pes columnae
latus excavatus. (Fig. 17.)

“Probably terrestrial, odor faint cinnamon, flowers dull-yellow clearly lined
with red, lip white, unmarked, with yellow base, sea level, Province of Tarlac,
Luzon, September, 1907,” Lyon.

E. rugosa Lindley Orcli. PI. (1830) 66; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 3:661; Gard.
Chron. N. S. 18 (1882) 500; J. J. Smith Orch. Java 378, Orcli. Amboin. 73;
Ames Orchidaceae 2 (1908) 193, sub E. javanica.

Dendrolirium rugosum Bl. Bijdr. (July, 1825) 345.

Eria stellata Lindley Bot. Reg. (August, 1825) t. 901/, and Orch. PI. 67;
Paxton’s Mag. Bot. 2 (1836) 137, 4 (1838) 234; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3605;

THE GENUS ERIA IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

213

Miquel FI. Ind. Bat. 3:661; Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6:269; Naves in Nov. App.
FI. Filip. (1883) 236; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. II 3 (1893) 366, Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1896) 285, 32 (1896) 304; Kranzlin in Schumann & Lauter-
baeh FI. Deutsch. Schutzg. Siidsee 248.

Octomeria stellata Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4 Cur. Post. (1827) 310.

“Bulbis oblongis triquetris apice 1-2-phyllis, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis
nervosis, spicis erectis sepalisque exterioribus tenuiter fusco-tomentosis,
bracteis membranaceis, labello intus membranaceo-crispato, limbo lobo
medio ovato acuto.” Blume l. c.

Luzon, Province of Albay, Loher 6003, flowering in Manila June 6, 1905:
Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. 3036 Ramos, July 31, 1907, flowers reddish-purple
with markings of pure yellow.

E. Merrillii Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 331.

“Pseudobulbs about 1 dm long, very stout, compressed, 3 cm or more
in diameter; diphyllous (sometimes bearing more than 2 leaves).
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, about 3 dm long (up to 6 dm), 4-7 cm wide.
Peduncle comparatively stout, arising from near the summit of a pseu-
dobulb (erect? or drooping?) bearing numerous very large, nearly white,
somewhat purple-tinged flowers in a dense, elongated raceme. Raceme
about 3 dm long. Bracts triangular-lanceolate, acute, 1.5-2 cm long,
about 4 mm wide at base. Ovary very strongly winged, distantly re-
sembling an auger on account of the spiral turnings of the wings.
Lateral sepals 1.5 cm long, linear-falcate, tapering to an acute apex
from a 6 mm broad base. Upper sepal linear, 1.9 cm long, 3 mm wide,
tapering gradually to an obtuse tip. Petals similar to the lateral sepals,
1.6 cm long, about 4 mm wide at base. Labellum 11-11.5 mm long,
3-lobed; lateral lobes comparatively small, curved, about 1 mm long, 1
nrm wide, obtuse, 5.5 mm from the base of the labellum; middle lobe 7
mm long, 2.5 mm wide, oblong, acute. Through the disc of the labellum
extend 5 prominent nerves or carinae.”

§ Aeridostachya Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 5 (1890) 786 (§ Aeridostachya Hook,
f., 1. c., apparently by adoption of Bentham’s typographical error, Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. 18:303) ; J. J. Smith Orch. Java 402.

“Pseudobulb very short, 1-leafed, sheathed as in Xiphosium. Scape
from the base of the pseudobulb, stout, erect. Flowers minute, in dense
rusty-tomentose spikes; sepals very short; mentum long, spur-like.”
Hooker f. 1. c.

E. Aeridostachya Reichb. f. ex Lindl.i and its allies.

Lindley applied the name Eria Aeridostachya Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3 (1859)
48, as of Reichenbach’s creation (“Reichb. f. in litt.”), to a garden specimen of
Loddiges, originally derived from Batavia. The description is short and from the
present standpoint inadequate, though in Lindley’s time it may have amply
specified the plant for which it was drawn. Nine years later (1868) Reichenbach
described one of Seemann’s Fiji plants (Seem. FI. Vit. 301) as answering to this
name, which he had first given to a Javan plant of Zollinger and had then
communicated to Lindley. Reichenbach’s description is fuller, yet does not serve

214

LEAVITT.

to distinguish between several closely related species which now present them-
selves in Java and the Philippines. J. J. Smith (Orch. Java 402) therefore
discards the species, provisionally, with the remark: “Was E. aeridostachya
anbelangt, welche auch in diese Section gehdrt, so is die Bieschreibung so
oberflachlich, das sie fast alle Arten der Section passt.” He distinguishes three
Javan species, one of which he surmises is the same as the original E. Aeri-
dostachya of Lindley.

The type of the species, if in existence and well preserved, should identify
this species even in default of verbal description. Lindley’s Loddiges plant is
the type. This specimen is in the Lindley herbarium at Kew and is perfectly
serviceable. Through the kindness of the curator I was permitted to hoil out a
flower and to make camera lucida drawings, which are reproduced herewith.

(Fig. 1.) The following notes and measure-
ments may help to improve the definition of
the species:

Type in the Lindley herbarium at Kew,
marked “Batavia, Loddiges,” consisting of a
single leaf and a not fully developed inflores-
cence. A drawing of the lip, evidently from
the living flower, by Lindley, is attached to
the sheet. Length of oblanceolate leaf (not
entire) 27 cm, width 2.7 cm. Inflorescence
with peduncle 20.5 cm long. Raceme (not
fully expanded) 12 cm long, up to 2.7 cm in
diameter. Peduncle 3 mm thick. The whole
inflorescence short-woolly pubescent, or tomen-
tose. Pedicel and ovary , from rhachis to base
of mentum, 9 mm in fully developed flowers.
Mentum making a large angle (up to 90°)
with ovary, 4 mm long. Dorsal sepal concave,
ovate, nearly 4 mm long, 2.5 mm broad
when spread out. Lateral sepals 3 mm long
measured perpendicularly from column foot to
blunt apex. Petals Hgulate, curved, round at
apex, 3.5 mm long, 1.25 nun wide. Lip oblong
when spread, scarcely acute, 5 mm long, 2
mm wide. Column-foot 5.5 mm long, nearly
straight, lanceolate, the upper half concave,
with raised edges which meet below and above run up on sides of column.
Column scarcely 1 mm high, at right-angles with foot.

Inasmuch as the appellative Aeridostachya is attributed by Lindley to Reichen-
bach, it is of interest to know what this author meant by the designation. In
the Gray Herbarium at Cambridge, Massachusetts, there is a Seemann specimen
of the number cited in the Flora Vitiensis, and labeled E. Aeridostachya in
Reichenbach’s hand. The flowers are rather old, but the specimen throughout
agrees very well with Lindley’s: and thus again we escape ambiguity.

There would now seem to be no reason for discarding E. Aeridostachya.

The species of this section are often very close together. Indeed, several of
the species, though doubtless very distinct in life, are separated by differences of
such a nature that the published descriptions suffice to distinguish them, in the
dried state, only with difficulty. The description of E. falcata J. J. Smith (Orch.
Java 404) fits almost perfectly the representations which I have of E. Aeri-
dostachya, and Smith is very likely right in thinking that E. falcata is the species

Fin. 1. — Erin Aeridostachya, from
Lindley’s type.

THE GENUS ERIA IN TIIE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

215

which Lindley had. Yet the description of E. Junghuhnii J. J. Smith (op. cit.
405) almost equally fits E. Aeridostachya, as far as the material of the latter
goes. In the Leiden herbarium I was puzzled to find any satisfactory difference
between the type of E. Junghuhnii and my camera drawings from the type of
E. Aeridostachya. Reproductions of a flower from the type of the former species
show the lip to be of somewhat different proportions from that of the latter
species. The photograph of E. Junghuhnii shows some slight differences also.
There is no reason to doubt that Smith, who has cultivated the three Javan
species, is right in his distinctions. I wish to point the truth, that while the
closely similar species are probably distinct, descriptions and even drawings are
barely if at all sufficient to separate the plants in their dried state. It will
be necessary for the successful monographer of the genus to compare type speci-
mens and perhaps living plants.

In characterizing a Philippine species which I regard as distinct from E.
Aeridostachya and from the Javan species, I encountered the above noted descrip-
tive difficulty. Placed side by side with flowers of E. Aeridostachya at Kew,» the
flowers of this Philippine Eria were seen to depart from the type, yet in such
manner that specification was difficult. The deviations pertained to pubescence,
texture, color of the dried specimen, heaviness of veining and to little differences
of proportion throughout. I propose, as a new species

E. Whitfordii sp. nov.

Ilerba robusta, epiphytic-a, E. A'endostacliyae similis. Pseudobulbi
usque ad 10 cm longi, omnino tecti vaginis magnis laxisque, in sicco
divaricatis, imis 2-3 cm longis, supremis usque ad 12 cm longis; pseudo-
bulbus cum vaginis in sicco 5-7 cm latus. Folia oblanceolata, 37 cm
longa, 3-5 cm lata. Pedunculus circiter 17 cm longus, 2 mm in diametro,
breviter pubescens. Rhachis inflorescentiae plus minus 14 cm longus,
dense pubescens tomento brunneo perbrevi, etiam, oculo nudo ut videtur,
fere pulvereo. Racemus dense multiflorus, cylindraceus, arcuatus, vix 2
cm in diametro. Bracteae flores subtendentes late ovatae, cucullatae,
circiter 1 mm longae. Flores extus dense pubescentes tomento perbrevi,
brunneo seu ferrugineo. Ovarium cum pedicello comparate crassum,
5-6 mm longum ad basim menti. Mentum 3 mm longum, 2.7 mm in
diametro, ad apicem rotundatum, cum ovario angulum acutum formans.
Sepalum dorsale ovato-oblongum, cucullatum, 3-nervium, 4.5 mm longum,
2.6 mm latum. Sepala lateralia lata, obtusa, falcata, infra multo pro-
ducta secundum pedem columnae, valde 3-nervia (vel nervi 5), 11.8 mm
in diametro maximo. Petala ligulata, curvata, apicibus rotundatis, 3-
nervja, 3.8 mm longa, 1.6 mm lata. Labellum integrum aliquid ineras-
satum, explanation oblongo-ovatum margine c-rispata, 3-5-nervium, ad
basim paulo angustatum, 6 mm longum, usque ad 4 mm latum, infra ad
apicem cuspide minuto munitum, margine c-rispata. Columna sine oper-
culo antherae 1.5 mm alta. Pes columnae sigmoideus, clavatus, antice
sulcatus, 5 mm longus.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, I Vhitford 1119 (type), March,
1905, spikes of tan and yellow, Merrill (hh. Ames. tio. 7225).

E. 11 hitfordii differs from E. Aeridostachya in its slenderer raceme, shorter and

216

LEAVITT.

browner pubescence on the inflorescence, shorter ovary and pedicel, shorter men-
turn and narrower angle between inentum and ovary, more fleshy consistence of
the flower, heavier veining of the! perianth (the veins especially deeply stained
in the lateral sepals), somewhat wider petals, and larger lip. Dried, the interior
of the sepals and petals appears very dark.

A third specimen from Mount Mariveles (Lamao River, March, 1905, For.
Bur. 2752 Borden ) perhaps belongs to the above species, though the peduncle
is very slender, the consistence of the floral parts is much less firm than in
typical E. Whitfordii, the petals are shorter, the lip much smaller and propor-
tionally broader distally, tapering toward the base, and the column smaller and
straighter with the foot. The floral parts are described by the collector as
yellow with purple center. It remains to be seen whether this is a distinct
species, or whether all the specimens cited (with Whitford 330, from the same
region, the flowers too old for determination, but the lip apparently acuminate)
belong to a single fluctuating species.

In Mindanao, Major E. A. Mearns and Mr. W. I. Hutchinson collected seven
specimens of an Erin belonging to this section, which I have no hesitation in
describing as a new species.

E. Mearnsii sp. nov.

Jlerba epiphytica, habitu E. A'eridostachyae, sed in membris omnibus
minor. Pseudobulbi usque ad 7 cm longi, vaginis strictis vestiti, infra
comparate parvis, supra usque ad 8 cm longis; pseudobulbus cum bracteis
in sicco plus minus 2 cm latus. Folia 2, oblanceolata, 18-25 cm longa,
2. 5-3. 5 cm lata. Inflorcscentiae 2, usque ad 21 cm longae, pedunculus
ad 13 cm longus. Pedunculus , rhachis, et flores dense pubescentes, pilis
perbrevibus, fulvis vel brunneo-fulvis. Racemus dense multiflorus, 1.6
cm in diametro, in anthesi recurvatus. Flores reclinati. Pedicellus
ovariumque graciles, 4-5 mm longi. Mentum angulum acutum cum
ovario formans, aliquid scrotiforme, 3 mm longum. Sepalum dorsals
cucullatum ovatum, obtusum, 3-nervium, 3.7 mm longum, 2 mm latum.
Sepala latcralia ut in specie praecedente, sed minoria, 10 mm in diametro
maximo. Petala valde curvata, ad basim aliquid latiora (et colorata?),
3-nervia, 3 mm longa, prope basim circiter 1.6 mm lata, 4.5 mm longa.
Labelhim 3-lobatum, euneato-obovatum, vel obovatum, 4.5 mm longum,
circiter 3 mm latum, basi excavata; lobi laterales baud conspicui, denti-
formes, obtusi; lobus medius magnus, late ovatus sive semiorbicularis,
margine crispato, apice acuto. Pes columnae sigmoideus, apud columnam
latissimus, ad apicem fastigatus, antice sulcatus, 3 mm longus. Columna
cum ovario c-ontinua (i. e. erecta), parva et humilis, vix 1 mm alta.

Mindanao, Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang, For. Bur. J/729 (type),
60Jf M earns 4 Hutchinson, May 26, 1906, altitude 1,700 m, flowers reddish.

§ DENDROLIRIUM Lindley in Journ. Linn. Soc. Pot. 3 (1859) 48; Bentham
1. c. 18 (1881) 303; Bentham & Hook. f. Gen. PI. 3:510; Hooker f. FI. Brit. Ind.
5:786; Pfitzer in Engl. & Prantl. Nat. Pflanzenfani. 2": 176; ,T. J. Smith Oreh.
Java 380.

f>If we collect into one group all the large-flowered woolly species with
pseudobulbs only, an assemblage will be formed both natural and obvious,

THE GENUS ERIA IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

217

to which Blnme’s happy name of Dendrolirium may he applied. Some
terete-leaved plants can hardly indeed be said to form pseudobulbs; but
their leaves fall eventually from the summit of very short stems altogether
analogous to pseudobulbs, although unlike in form. Two divisions are
affected hv taking into account the form of the leaves.” Lindley l. c.

E. ornata Lindley Orcli. PI. (1830) 66; de Vriese 111. Orch. t. 13; Iieicdib. f.
in Bon pi. 5 (1857) 54; Miquel FI. Ind. Bat. 3:660; Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip.
(1885) 78, 149, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 268; Ridley in Journ. Linn. Soc.
Bot. 32 (1896) 302; Schlechter in Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. 43; J. J. Smith Orch.
Java 380; Ames Orchidaceae 1 (1905) 94, 2 (1908) 195.

Dendrolirium ornatum Blume Bijdr. (1825) 345.

Erin armeniaca Lindley Bot. Reg. (1841) Misc. 38, and t. }2.

“Bulbis ovalibus compressiusculis sub-3 phyllis, joins oblongo-lanceo-
latis rigidis nervosis, spica radical! vaginata sepalisque exterioribus t'usco-
tomentosis, bracteis coriaceis margine recurvis, labello intus crispato-
cristato, limbi lobo medio acuminato. (Bracteae rubrae, denium auran-
tiacae. Species pulcherrima.) Blume /. c.

Having seen E. armeniaca Lindl. at Kew and E. ornata Lindl. at Leiden, that
is, Dendrolirium ornatum Bl., the type, with both of which the Philippine material
has been compared, I agree with J. J. Smith in combining them under the older
name. If there is any difference between the Javan and the Philippine plants,
this difference is lost in the dried state, and is too small to be considered
specific.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Tanay, Merrill 2361, May 20. 1903: Province of Ben-
guet, Sablan, Elmer 6236, April 11, 1904: Province of Zambales, For. Bur. 1390
Curran, May 13, 1907, epiphytic, flowers dull-purple. Negros, For. Bur. 1120J(
Everett, April, 1908.

§ MYCARANTHES Reichb. f. in Bonplandia 5 (1857) 55; Blume ex J. J. Smith
Orch. Java 391. 8 Eriura Lindley in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3 (1859) 55;

Benthain I. c. 18 (1881) 303; Bentham & Hook. f. Gen. PI. 3: 510; Hooker f. FI.
Brit. Ind. 5: 785; Pfitzer in Engl. & Prantl Nat. Pflanzenfam. 2°: 175. Not
§ Mycaranthes Lindley in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3 (1859) 51, Hook. f. 1. c.,
Pfitzer l. c., not § Mycaranthus Blume ex Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18
(1881) 303; Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. PI. 3: 510.

Blume merely suggested the addition of his genus to Eria (Mus. Bot. Lugd.-
Bat. 2: 182) ; but in the absence of definite decision his “si levior videatur vegeta-
tionis character,” can hardly be regarded as effecting the union. On the other
hand Reichenbach uses the name definitely as a sectional designation and his
transference of all Blume’s Mycaranthes species severally, with proper credit, to
Eria under this section, is satisfactory reference to the origin and sufficient
indication of the limits of the section. Lindley mistook the original genus, and
applied the name to Erias of quite another kind, making a new section (§ Eriura)
for species properly belonging to Reichenbach’s section Mycaranthes ; in which
error he has been followed by several authors. The small group of species with
woolly flowers in secund spikes ( Eria stricta Lindl., etc.) characterized by Lindley
in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3: 51, and further defined by Hooker f. in FI. Brit.
Ind. 5: 785, by both authors under the appellation § Mycaranthes, is therefore
without a name. I propose the designation § Secundae, nom. nov.

The section Mycaranthes embraces thus far in the Philippines five species.
E. gigantea Ames is much like E. bidens Ridley, E. iridifolia Hook, f., and E.

85754 2

218

LEAVITT.

tricuspidata Kolfe. Flowers placed beside those of these three species at Kew, by
myself, were seen to be very similar; though the lip of E. gigantea does not
agree at all well with Hooker’s figure for E. iridifolia (Ic. PI. t. 2067), nor
with Ridley’s published description of E. bidens (Journ. Linn. Soc. Rot. 32: 289).
Mr. Rolfe’s E. tricuspidata is a much weaker plant than the others. E. gigantea
is at times extremely robust. According to the Kew and our own specimens,
which indeed are typical, the four species form a very close group within this
section.

E. gigantea Ames Orchidaceae 2 (1908) 192.

“Caulis circa 6 dm altus, ad basim circa 3 cm crassitudine. Folia
disticha, approximate, oblonga vel lineari-oblonga, acuta, circa 2 dm
longa, circa 2 cm lata. Bracteae pedunculos 3-4, fasciculatos subtenden-
tes, 5 cm longae, conduplicatae. Pedunculus rhachisqm sericeo-pubes-
cens. Racemus densiflorus, circa 15 cm longus, ad 2.5 cm in diametro.
Bracieae 3 mm longae, pallide flavae, crassae, rigidae, ovatae, obtusae,
pedicellis breviores. Flores flavi, caduci, sparsim maculati purpura ru-
bida opacaque, emittentes odorem olei Iticini. Pedicellus et ovarium
pubescentia. Sepala patentia, externe pubescentia. Sepala lateralia 6
mm longa, ovato-lanceolata, obtusa vel subacuta. Sepalum dorsale 5
mm longum, oblongum, subacutum. Petala 4 mm longa, lineari-oblonga,
obtusa. Labellum (3 mm longum, 3-lobatum; lobi Morales 2 mm lati,
ovato-oblongi, falcati, obtusi ; lobus medius 2 mm longus, suborbicularis,
deflexus, margine irregulari dentato; ad basim labelli 3 tubercula, quorum
medium longius; prope apicem labelli tuberculum permagnum, subpyra-
midale, post quod papilla multo minor, vel callus; utroque in disco callus
carinatus lobis lateralibus parallelus; tubercula basis et apicis et linea
media disci copiose cerosa.”

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Merrill JfllO, May 25, 1905,
altitude 600 in, flowers yellow with small dark-purple dots: Province of Rizal,
Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 3J,30 Ramos, May, 1907. Mindanao, Province of Misamis,
Mount Malindang, For. Bur. Jf606 Mearns t£ Hutchinson, June 4, 1906, flowers
yellow, altitude 1,200 m: Lake Lanao, Camp Keithlev, Mrs. Clemens Jf3 7, March,
1906, like corn-stalk in height.

A second Philippine species agrees well with the representations and descrip-
tions of E. major Ridley (E. Kingii Hook. f. Ic. PI. t. 2066), although my
material has not been compared directly with the type.

E. major Ridley ex Stapf in Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. II 4 (1894) 237, in
synonymy.

E. Scortechinii Stapf 1. c., not Hook. f.

E. Kingii Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 5 (1890) 790; Ic. PI. t. 2066, not E. Kingii
F. Muell.

Stem stout, leaves 4—7 in. linear-lanceolate unilaterally acuminate
much, shorter than the 1-3 scapes , bracts minute reflexed, pedicels slender,
lip suborbicular, side lobes falcately oblong with a tooth at the sinus,
mid-lobe subrenitorm, axis with a thick woolly ridge leading from 1 or 2
small papillae at the base to a woolly knob on the midlobe.

THE GENUS ElilA IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

219

“ Stems 2-3 ft., as thick as a swan-quill. Leaves coriaceous, nerved.
Racemes 8—12 in.; bracts in.; flowers blue within; mentum cylindric;

petals oblanceolate, 3-nerved. Capsule | in., linear.” Hooker f. FI.
Brit. Ind. 1. c.

Mindanao, Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang, For. ltur. Jf595 Mearns &
Hutchinson, May, 1906, altitude 1,750 m, flowers with a purplish tinge.

The three remaining species appear to be undescribed, and I will characterize
them here. Between two of them the floral differences in the dried state are not
great, but the vegetative differences are more pronounced. In both the floral
conformation is very like that of E. major Ridl. The third is easily separated
from any of the heretofore described species.

E. longibracteata sp. nov.

Caules foliosi, graciles, vaginis foliorum tecti, in sicco 4 mm diametro,
ad 45 cm longi ; internodii circiter 4 cm longi. Folia anguste lanceolata
vel etiam graminea, longe attenuata, acutissima; laminae disarticulatae
nunc 14 cm longae, 1 cm latae, nunc 21 cm longae, 6 mm latae, vel
saepius breviores; vaginae cylindraceae, circiter 5 cm longae. Racemi
2-4, ad summum caulem orti, pedunculati; inflorescentia omnis ad 23 cm
longa; pedunculus ad 6-7 cm longus, lanugine alba, vix densa, bracteas
conspicuas (interdum foliaceas) lanceolatas vel lineatas 1.5-6 cm longas
et 4 mm latas gerens; rhachis lanuginosus; bracteae flores subtcndentes
lanceolatae, acuminatae, acutissimae, 4-20 mm longae. Pedicellus cum
ovario 5 mm longus, vel longior, lanuginosus, ovario celeriter crescente,
post anthesim longitudinem 28 mm attingente. Flores extus lanugine
albida vestiti. Sepala 3.6 mm longa; dorsale cymbiformi-ovatum, ex-
planatum vix 2 mm latum; lateralia triangularia, aliquid falcata, acuta,
extus apicem versus carinata, circiter 3 mm lata ad basim. Petala fere
elliptica, aliquid asymmetrica, ad apicem rotundata, 3-3.5 mm longa,
1.5-1. 9 mm lata. Labellum 3—4 mm longum, 3-3.5 mm latum, triloba-
tum, obovatum, basi breviter unguiculato, aliquid cuneato; lobi laterales
ferme semiovati, interdum apicibus recurvatis; lobus medius bilobulatus,
0.8 mm longus, 2 mm latus, ad apicem dente marginale obtuso ; ad basim
labelli tuberculum bifurcatum, erectum, farinosum, atque tubercula duo
minuta; in disco utrinque callus carinatus, dentiformis, a sinubus latera-
libus remotus; e medio lobi terminalis tuberculum permagnum, erectum,
conicum, farinosum. Pes columnae angulum rectum cum ovario f ormans,
2 mm longus. Columna brevissima. (Fig. 19.)

Mindanao, Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang, For. Bur. Jp28 Mearns &
Hutchinson, May 25, 1906, altitude 1,700 m, flowers purplish.

E. an ceps sp. nov.

Caules ad 30 cm alti; internodia ad 4-5 cm longa. Folia lanceolata
vel ligulato-lanceolata, lamina ad 20 cm longa et 3 cm lata, acuta, vagina
ad 5 cm longa, aliquid ut videtur complanata, tergo subcarinato. Racemi
2 vel 3, sparse lanuginosi, ad 17 cm longi, pedunculo circiter 3 cm longo.

220

LEAVITT.

Bracteae lanceolatae, acuminatissimae, retroflexae, 2-3 mm longae. Pedi-
cellus cum ovario 7-9 mm longus. Ovarium lanugine brevi densa albida
vestitum. Sepala extus sparse pubescentia; dorsale cymbiformi-ovatum
vel -oblongum, 3.5 mm longum, explanatum 2.5 mm latum; lateralia
late ovata, asymmetrical obtusa, 4-5 mm longa, 4 mm lata ad basim.
Petala obtusa, obovato-spathulata, interdum obovata, 3.5-4 mm longa,
1. 5-1.8 mm lata. Labellum perlate obovatum, trilobatum, vix unguicu-
latum plus minus 4 mm longum, 5 mm latum; lobi laterales oblongi,
apicibus rotundatis; lobus medius subquadratus vel reniformis, margine
crenulato; tubercula (calli) 7, 3 ad basim labelli (quorum 2 lateralia
minuta), unum lineare prope sinum utrimque, 2 in lobo medio, quorum
maximum a centro ortum subulatum vel clavatum, fere 2 mm altum,
copiose farinosum. Pes columnae 3 mm longus, angulum cum ovario
obliquuni formans. Columna subnulla. (Fig. 18.)

Palawan, Mount Victoria, Bur. Sci. 656 Foxworthy, March-April, 1906, alti-
tude 250 in, epiphytic, flowers yellow (type, part in herb. Manila, part in herb.
Ames). Whitford 1601 (flowers white) from the Gimagaan River, and For. Bur.
7275 Everett, Occidental Negros (flowers yellow), are very similar to E. anceps
and may be the same, but the material is too scanty.

E. Clemensiae sp. nov.

Caules foliosi ad 45 cm alti, validi, internodiis ad 5 cm longis. Vagi-
nae foliorum cylimlraceae, ad 5 cm longae, circiter 8 mm in diametro;
laminae ligulato-lanceolatae, acuminatae, acutae, ad 22 cm longae, 1.8-4
cm latae. Racemi 3 vel 4; pedunculi plus minus 15 cm longi, sparse
albido-lanuginosi, bracteis distantibus, ovatis, acutis, subglabris; racemi
ad 37 cm longi, rhachtdi pubescente, floribus reflexis, bracteis ovatis vel
ovato-lanceolatis, acuminatis, 3-5 mm longis. Ovarium lanugine albida
dense vestitum. Sepala extus sparse stellato-pubescentia ; dorsale cuculla-
tum, oblongum, 4—5 mm longum, circiter 2 mm latum; lateralia oblonga,
falcata, obtusa, obliqua, ab extremitate pedis columnae ad apicem sepali
6-7 mm longa, circiter 5 mm lata, secundum columnae pedem 2.5-3 mm
longum. Mentum comparate angustum, conicum, cum ovario angulum
valde acutum formans. Petala lineari-oblanceolata, acuta, 5 mm longa,
1-1.5 mm lata. Labellum trilobum; lobi laterales a basi labelli divaricati
ligulati, ad apicem rotundati, 5 mm longi, ad basim 2 mm lati ; lobus
medius unguiculatus, flabellatus vel obscure 2-lobulatus, margine ante-
riore irregulariter dentato, 2 mm longus, 4 mm latus; calli 4, unus ad
basim labelli farinosus, duo subulati prope sinus loborum, unus magnus
rostriformis copiose farinosus in lobo medio, limbum lobi medii excedens,
carinae crassae farinosae per medium labellum currenti-conjunctus. Pes
columnae 3.5 mm longus. (Fig. 20.)

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 602, June, 1906 (part
in herb. Manila, part in herb. Ames).

THE GENUS ERIA IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

221

§ CYLINDROLOBUS Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1850) 182; Lindlev in
Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3 (1859) 58; Bentham l. c. 18 (1881) 303; Bentham &
Hook. f. Gen. PI. 3:510; Ptitzer in Engl. & Prantl Nat. Pflanzenfam. 28:175; J. J.
Smith Oreh. Java 389.

“I. Subgen. Cylindrolobus. Labellum gynostemii pedi ima in cristulam
v. tuberculum protuberanti elastice affixiim, limbo subfornicato. Gynos-
temium androclinio obtuse-biauriculato. Pollinia inaequalia. — Herbae
caulescentes, glabrae; caulibus in caudice superficiali subfasciculatis, sim-
plicibus; foliis sessilibus, distichis, coriaceis; racetnis oppositifoliis latera-
libusve, solitariis, paucifloris; capsulis elongatis, siliquaeformibus.”
Blume, l. c.

This section, first described as a genus, was by its author subsequently joined
to Eria as a subgenus. Since by this categorical term Blume meant to designate
one of several coordinate divisions of the genus, and meant precisely what present
writers intend by the word section , the section Cylindrolobus is properly ascribed
to Blume, neither the group of plants designated nor the relative categorical rank
of the name being thereby altered. This is a matter of interpretation rather
than of technicality.

E. fastigatifolia Ames Orchidaceae 2 (1908) 191.

“Habitu E. brachystacheae Reichb. f. hand dissimilis. Cauhs ± 5 dm
longus, 0.5-1 cm crassus, foliosus. Folia acuta, acuminata, sublinearia
vel a basi lato, vaginante, persistente, in sicco amplo ad apicem paulatim
fastigata, 10-15 cm longa, ad basim ± 0 mm lata. Antliemia oppositi-
folia cum pedunculo 2-3 cm longa, circa 10-flora. Bracteae inflorescen-
tiae oblongae, circa 6 mm latae. Pedicellus 2 mm longus, ovario brevior.
Sepala lateralia oblonga, subacuta vel obtusa, subfalcata, 5.5 mm longa,
3 mm lata, 5-nervia. Scpalum dorsale simile, 5 mm longum, obtusum.
Petala lineari-spathulata, 1 mm longa, supra medium 1.25 mm lata.
Labellum 4.5-5 mm longum, bilobatum ad apicem, ad basim cuneatum,
prope apicem nervis incrassatis.’’

E. brachystachya Reichb. f. in Bonplandia 3 (1855) 223; Ames Orchidaceae
2 (1908) 188.

“Caule ac foliis prope Eriae paniculatae Lindl., spicis oppositifoliis
plurimis abbreviatis, bracteis lanceolatis acutis ovaria glabra aequantibus
superantibusve, labello cuneato, flabellato, antice trilobo, lobo medio semi-
ovato acutiusculo, lobis lateralibus obtusangulis, carinulis geminis curvato
divergentibus a basi in medium, carina per discum lobi medii tomentosi. —
Caulis adest spithamaeus. Folia linearilanceolata acuminata, subcoriacea
a])ice inaequaliter bilobula, quatuor sive quinque pollices longa, quatuor
lineae lata. Pedunculi semipoll icares tenues, quadri-quinqueflori. Brac-
teae pergameneae. Flores illis Eriae profusae duplo majores, glabrae.
Mentum modicum obtusum. Sepala ovato lanceolata. Tepala duplo an-
gustiora. Labellum sepalis brevius. Gynosternium brevissimum apice
antice trilobum. 2063 Cuming. Phil.” Reichb. f., 1. c.

Camiouin, Babuyanes Islands, Bur. Sri. J/136 Fenix, July 16, 1907, epiphyte,
summit of the highest mountain. Mindanao, Lyon “H”, December, 1907.

222

LEAVITT.

§ TRICHOTOSIA Blurae Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1856) 183; Reichb. f. in Bon-
plandia 5 (1857) 55; Lindley in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3 (1859) 56; Benth.
1. c. 18 (1881) 303; Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. PI. 3:510; Pfitzer in Engl. & Prantl
Nat. Pflanzenfam. 2°: 175; J. J. Smith Orch. Java 383.

“II- Subgen. Trichotosia. Labellum subunguiculatum, limbo erecto v.
patente. Gynostemium obtusum. Pollinia aequalia v. inaequalia. — Her-
bae caulesccntes, pilosiusculae ; caulibus simplicibus rarius ramosis, ple-
r unique fasciculatis ; foliis sessilibus rarissime brevissime petiolatis,
distichis, carnosis s. coriaceis, apice saepe inaequalibus ; spicis oppositi-
foliis, solitariis, pauci- v. multifloris ; bracteatis.” Blume, l. c.

The commonest representative of this well-marked section in the Philippines
seems to be E. vulpina Reichb. f. This and E. fnsca Bl. were the only Tricho-
tosias credibly reported from the Islands before the American occupation. Recent
collections have added four species before unknown, two of them herein described
for the first time. In proposing fresh additions to the section, it must he con-
fessed that the elimination of such older species as have never been pictured, or
of which some representation other than verbal has not been available, has often
been difficult. The descriptions of the earlier botanists are now inadequate; more-
over, even the very detailed diagnoses of present writers have sometimes proved
ambiguous, owing no doubt to the comparative characterlessness of the species
of this section. It is imperative that authors of new species of § Trichotosia
publish figures exhibiting distinctive characters.

E. vulpina Reichb. f. in Bonplandia 3 (1855) 222; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 3:660;
Lindley Bot. Reg. (1845) t. 2, in part; Naves Nov. App. 236; Vidal Phan. Cuming.
Philip. (1885) 149, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 268; Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci.
2 (1907) Bot. 332, Orchidaceae 2 (1908) 198.

“Aff. E. vestitae Lindl., labelli ungue lineari lamina longiori, lamina
obtuse quadrata basi utrimque unidentata, tuberculo in basi ante unguem.
Caulis calamum anatinum crassus. Vaginae uti folia. Bracteae, pedun-
culus, ovarium , sepala rufo pilosa. Folium oblongum acutatum nervosum
quinque pollices longum, duos latum. Pedunculus ultra bipollicaris.
Bracteae oblongae acutiusculae (cymbiflores ?), ovariis tertia breviores.
Sepala in saccum obtusum elongata. Tepala lineari falcata. Labelli
unguis supra apicem pedis gynostemii brevissimi adnatus. 2071. Cuming.
Phil.” Reichb. f., 1. c.

Luzox, Province of Rizal, Mount Bantay, Loher 601/,: Province of Pampanga,
Mount Arayat, Merrill 3823, May, 1904: Province of Tayabas, Mount Banajao,
Elmer 739/,, May, 1906. Negros, Canlaon Volcano, Bur. Sci. 1161 Banks, June,
1906. Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, San Ramon, Copeland 1570, February,
1905.

? E. fusca Blume MuJ. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1856) 183; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat.
3:658; Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 149, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886)
268; Rolfe in Journ. Bot. 23 (1885) 215; J. J. Smith Orch. Java 388.

u Caulibus f uscescenti-tomentosis ; foliis carnosis lanceolatis acuminatis
supra glabriusculis subtus tomentosis; spicis brevibus densifloris; labello
spathulato intus lineis tribus, lateralibus subnudis, intermedia papillosa
apice interrupta, limbi breviter trilobi lobo medio erecto emarginato
undid ato.” Blume, l. c.

THE GENUS ERIA IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

223

Negros, For. Bur. 5582 Everett, epiphytic, flowers reddish, altitude 50 m,
October 31, 1906; Gimagaan River, Copeland 138, January 5, 1904, on fallen
branches in forests.

E. fusca may include the following species, which nevertheless for the present
may be left standing. The inflorescence here is more open, the bracts being
relatively slenderer and further apart. In E. binabayensis the bracts on the type
are very round and crowded, and are not so hairy.

E. binabayensis Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 329.

“Allied to E. oligantha Hook. f. Plants rather stout, 4-5 dm tall.
Stems about 5 mm in diameter. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering grad-
ually toward the point, about 1 dm long, 1-2 cm wide, rigid, coriaceous,
pubescent. Inflorescence leaf-opposed, clothed with dense, cinnabar-red
tomentum. Bracts about 1 cm long. Raceme short, 3 cm long, probably
becoming longer as the bowers develop. Lateral sepals triangular-lance-
olate, densely tomentose externally, 1 cm long, about 8 mm wide at base.
Upper sepal oblong, narrower than the laterals. Petals linear-spathulate,
subobtuse, 7-8.5 mm long, 2 mm wide above the middle. Labellum 1
cm long, narrowly cuneate at base, then gradually dilated to within 2 mm
of the tip, where it is constricted and about 4 mm wide ; above the constric-
tion it is again dilated into a transversely oblong, 6-7 mm wide plate;
disc bicarinate.”

E. odorifera sp. nov.

Herba epiphytica, aspectu E. annulatae Bl., atque, ut videtur, affinis
E. phaeotrichae Schlechter. Caulis plus quam 25 cm longus, aliquid
gracilis, internodiis 2.5-3 cm longis, circiter 4 mm diametro. Foliorum
vaginae artae, cylindraceae, supra paulo dilatatae, internodiis aequilongae,
hirsutae, pilis sparsis rubs; laminae lanceolatae (interdum oblanceolatae),
vel ligulato-lanceolatae, longe acuminatae, aeutae, sparse hirsutae pilis
rufis vel brunneis, ad 14 cm longae et 1.5 cm latae. Inflorescentiae breves,
paucidorae, pilis xanthieis vestitae, circiter 2 cm longae, bracteis plus
minus 6, suborbicularibus, acuminatis, circiter 8 mm longis. Sepalum
dorsale hirsutum, oblongum, acutum, extus apud apicem carinatum, 8 mm
longum, 3 mm latum. Sepala lateralia ovario parallela, ferme oblonga,
paulo falcata, extus hirsuta et ad apicem carinata, acuta, mentum ovario
aequale oblongum plus minus 5 mm longum formantia, ±12 mm longa
ab apice menti ad apicem sepali, limbo libero 4 mm lato. Petala linearia,
paulo spathulata, obtusa, aliquid falcata, sepalo dorsal i ferme aequilonga,
1.5-2 mm lata. Labellum extus intusque pubescens, unguiculato-cunea-
tum, prope apicem 3-lobatum; lobi laterales recti, parvi, oblongi, rotun-
dati; lob us medius 2-lobulatus, lobulis ovatis seu orbicularibus ; sinus
inter lobos laterales et lobum medium inclusi triangulares; labellum
totum 12 mm longum (10 mm ad apices loborum lateralium), 5 mm
latum. Columna cum operculo et pede ± 1 cm longa.'’ (Big. 24.)

Mindanao, District of Davao, trail to Mount Apo, altitude 1,500 m, Copeland
1182, April 24, 1904, an epiphyte with peculiar odor.

224

LEAVITT.

E. halconensis Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 330; Orcliidaceae 3
(1908) 85, t. 56.

'‘Plant comparatively slender, about 5 dm tall. Stems about 7 mm
in diameter near the base, tapering gradually upwards. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, acute, pubescent, about 1 dm long, 7-11 mm wide.
Racemes leaf -opposed, shorter than the leaves, about 5 cm long, somewhat
flexuosc, densely covered with reddish yellow hairs. Bracts broadly ovate
or suborbicular, 4-6 mm long, hairy, abruptly acuminate. Lateral sepals
triangular, externally hairy, subacute, 7 mm long, about 4 mm wide at
base. I'pper sepal oblong, externally hairy. Petals linear, subspathu-
late, tapering to a subacute or subobtuse apex, 6 mm long, 1.5 mm wide.
Label! am 7 mm long, linear-cuncate at the base, dilated above, then
constricted within 2 mm of the tip, 3-lobed; lateral lobes minute, obtuse,
formed by the constriction; middle lobe subquadrate, apiculate, 3-4 mm
wide, disc with a prominent mid-nerve. Mentum about 3 mm long.”
Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 1. c.

Eria Ramosii sp. nov.

Plant ala habitu E. microphyllae Bl., dense hirsuta, pilis flavis! Syni-
podium longe repens. Membra florigera sympodii ad 5 cm alta, erecta
( ■ ^ aulis pergracilis, in sicco circiter 0.7 mm in diametro, internodiis

ad 7 mm longis. Bases persistentes foliorum aliquid infundibuli formes
internodiis aequilongi, vel saepe longiores, in sicco 1-2 mm diametro;
laminae ellipticae, oblongae, vel late lanceolatae, acuminatae, circiter 8
mm longae, circiter 3 mm latae. Flos solitarius, prope apicem caulis
ortus, hirsutus. Sepalum dorsalc oblongum, acuminatum, plus minus 5
mm longum, plus minus 2 mm latum. Sepala lateralia triangula, acuta,
circiter 7 mm longa, ad basim circiter 6 mm lata. Petala extus pilosa.
oblonga, acuminata, acuta, 4-5 mm longa, vix 2 mm lata. Labellum
integrum, ovatum, extus pilosum, 6 mm longum, 3.5 mm latum, tergo
aliquid carinato, carina in apiculum producta. Columna (sine opercu-
lo), circiter 2 mm alta, crassa, pilosa. Pollinia 4, rotundata, subangulata.
(Fig. 25.)

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. 1775 Ramos , January, 1907, epiphyte,
flowers purplish.

This is a curious little species on the borders of the section, named for the
assiduous collector, Maximo Ramos.

The following species can not he legitimately assigned to an established section.
In habit it faintly suggests § Alycaranthes, but the flower is quite different from
that of this section.

E. cymbiformis .1. ,T. Smith Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 1 (1904) 152; Ames in
Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 330.

Pseudobulbi breves, circ. 4foliati. Folia el on gata, linearia, inaequal-
iter acuta, basi conduplicata, nervis 7 subtus prominentibus, circ. 54 cm
ionga, 2.20 cm lata; vaginae erectae, conduplicatae, equitantes, nitidae,
circ. 11 cm longae. Inftorescentiae vaginas ad basim perforates, foliis
breviores, multiflorae, paulum lanuginosae, basi vaginis paucis, circ. 30

THE GENUS ERIA IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

225

cm longae. Pedunculus circ. 18 cm longus, bracteis paucis adpressis.
Bract eae reflexae, lineari-lanceolatae, acutae, circ. 0.40 cm longae. Flores
patentes, circ. 0.80 cm longi. Sepalum dor sale ■ oblongum, obtusum,
valde eoncavum, 5nervium, circ. 0.45 cm longum, 0.25 cm latum, extus
disperse pilosuin. Sepala lateralia ad pedem gynostemii decurrentia,
mentum magnum, latum, saccatum, obtusum formantia, late oblique
ovato-2angularia, obtusa, 5 nervia, circ. 0.40 cm longa, 0.50 cm lata,
extus disperse pilosa. Petala oblonga, obtusa, Snervia, circ. 0.46 cm
longa, 0.23 cm lata. Labellum erectum, concavo-cymbiforme, basi fere
saccatum, apice breviter fere aequaliter 31obatum, intus costis 3 alaeform-
ibus, media duplici apicem versus evanescenti, lateralibus ad basim lobi
medii in lobulum brevem, obtusum, liberum terminantibus, expansum
fere quadrangulum, circ. 0.47 cm longum, 0.425 cm latum; lobi laterales
anguli, obtusi, convexi, vix 1.10 cm longi; lob as medius paulo brevior,
late 3angulus, obtusus, concavus, marginibus reflexis. Gynostemium
breve. Stigma magnum, profundum, rotundum. Pcs gynostemii cum
ovario angulum acutum, fere rectum formans, rectum, circ. 0.30 cm
longum. Ovarium pedicellatum circ. 0.60 cm longum.” Smith, /. c.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Merrill 3731, January 1, 1904.
Mindoro, Mount Halcon, Merrill 5847, November 20, 1906, epiphytic in ravine
forest, altitude 1,200 m.

SYNOPSIS OP SPECIES.

In a large genus the forming of distinct sections is often difficult.
Yet with a local treatment, the number of species being limited and
the confusing species absent, the matter is arranged much more readily.
This is but saying that the rule for comprehensive treatises may be
different from the rule for provincial floras. It is permitted to draw
lines rather more sharply in the latter than in the former. And in fact
it is necessary, if one is to be guided by practical rather than theoretical
considerations, to draw them somewhat differently in the local case.
With the definitions of sections in the present conspectus I have had
regard to the Philippine species alone, feeling free to modify, for the
convenience of the student of the Philippine flora in especial, the form
given the groups by their authors.

As to the arrangement of the sections, it is obvious that no linear
arrangement will represent the natural affinities. Hymeneria (in a
restricted sense) seems to me to be the most generalized, or central form,
introduced perhaps by Urostachya — with which it merges — and giving off
directly or indirectly Aeridostachya and Dendrolirium. Mycaranthes,
Cylindrolobus , and Trichotosia are evidently allied, but the exact con-
nection with the rest of the genus is not clear.

Measurements in the following descriptions are taken from dried specimens,
and when single measurements are given they are the maxima rather than the
averages. Lengths of leaves are taken from the disarticulation and do not include
sheathing bases. Length of racemes are exclusive of the peduncle. The height

226

LEAVITT.

of the column is taken with the operculum removed. Drawings are invariably
from the camera lucida.

§ UROSTACHYS Lindley in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3 (1859) 60.

Stems long and cylindric, not bulbous, though sometimes more or less
thickened at base or summit, the sympodium sometimes rliizomatose,
clothed with several or numerous papery or scarious and sometimes
evanescent sheaths below the leaves; leaves near the summit, glabrous,
usually about 6 or 7 ; racemes several, long, many-flowered ; flowers and
rachis often glabrous, never extensively woolly-pubescent; labellum
usually entire.

A. Sympodium widely creeping, new shoots arising high on the shoots next
preceding, near the leafy crown (at least not near the foot). Cauline
sheaths conspicuous, spreading and papery. Leaf-blades tapering evenly
from about the middle totvard both ends. Lip entire.

1. E. polyura Lindley Bot. Reg. (1841) Misc. 55; supra 203.

Fig. 2 ,—Eria polyura, from Lindley’s
type.

Flowers reddish.
Luzon, Mindoro.

Stems stout, 1 cm and, upward in dia-
meter. Members of the sympodium up
to 29 cm long, sometimes clavate by
thickening toward the apex; new growth
arising 15-18 cm beloiv the end of the
old. Leaves 18 cm long, 3.5 cm wide.
Inflorescences 10-25 cm long, pubescent
the scattered tomentum whitish. Floral
bracts reflexed, ovate, 4 mm long. Ovary
2-3 mm long. Perianth 5 mm long.
Dorsal sepal and petals ovate-lanceolate.
Lateral sepals strongly falcate. Lip cor-
date-ovate to nearly orbicular, scarcely 3
mm long, with 3 calli. Column-foot
about equaling the column. (Fig. 2.)

2. E. Copeland ii Leavitt supra 203.

Fig. 3 ,—Eria Copelandii,
from the type.

Stem slender, 1+ mm in diameter when dry.
Members of the sympodium 10-14 cm long, new
growth arising 4 cm below the tip of the old.
Leaves 13 cm long, 1.2 cm wide. Inflorescence
many-flowered, 7 cm long, the scattered tomentum
reddish. Floral bracts 2 mm long. Flowers small,
globose. Ovary 1-2 mm long. Perianth 4 mm
long. Lip concave and scoop-like, semiorbicular
when spread out, scarcely 3 mm long. Column
and foot about equal. (Fig. 3.)

Flowers rose-colored.
Mindanao.

THE GENUS ERIA IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

227

Var. fusiform is Leavitt supra 204.

Apical portions of the stem thickened through several internodes,
forming fusiform pseudobulbs 3-4 cm long, clothed with imbricating
acuminate sheaths; racemes denser.

Flowers white with pink center.

Luzon.

3. E. H utch inson iana Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 330;

supra 204.

Very like the last. Inflorescence
few-flowered. Floral segments nar-
rower in proportion to their length.
Dorsal sepal 1 cm long, 2.5 mm
wide. Lateral sepals triangular fal-
cate, somewhat acuminate, acutish,
3.5 mm wide at the base, 8 mm
long. Petals lance-oblong, 8 mm
long, 2.5 mm wide. Lip in general
outline ovate, the base rounded and
somewhat dilated, the forward por-
tion oblong, obtuse, total length 5
mm, width 3 mm. (Fig 4-)

Flowers white, purple at the base inside.

Mindoro.

Fig. 4. — Erin Hutchinsoniana, from the type.

4. E. ph il ippi nensis Ames Orchidaceae 1 (1905) 94; supra 204.

Stem not bulbous, 5 mm in diameter when
dry. Members of the sympodium 12-15 cm
long, new growth arising 2-3 cm below the
extremity of the old. Leaves 9 cm long,
1.4 cm wide. Inflorescences 13 cm long.
Floral bracts lanceolate, 1—1.5 cm long.
Ovary reddish-tomentose, 1 cm long. Pe-
rianth l.lf cm or more long. Sepals and
petals oblong, reddish when dry. Lip
broadly ovate, scarcely 5 mm long. Foot as
long as, or longer than, the column.
(Fig. 5.)

Flowers white or pale-tinted, the lip red.

Luzon.

Fig. S.—Eria phiiippinensis, from
the type.

228

LEAVITT.

B. Sympodium not tony-creeping, slender or somewhat stout, cylindric, leaf-
hearing stems relatively near together, new shoots arising near the bases
of the old, and clothed by elongated , tubular sheaths (sometimes evanescent ) .

* Inflorescences near the summit, opposite the leaves .*
f Leaves up to 30 cm long.

5. E. Woodiana Ames in Philip. Journ. Sei. 2 (1897) Bot. 332; supra 205.

Stems 25 cm tall, stout, clothed with long loose thin acuminate sheaths.
Leaves oblanceolate, acuminate, acute, J+ cm wide. Inflorescences and
leaves ±5, the former up to 15 cm long. Bracts narrow, acute, 5-8 mm
long. Ovary very slender, 5-7 mm long. Dorsal sepal narrowly lan-
ceolate, 6.5 mm long. Laterals oblong-lanceolate, acute, G mm long,
2 mm wide. Petals narrowly lanceolate, 5.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide.
Lip ±4 mm long , orbicular at base, contracted at about the middle, apical
half oblong, obtuse.

Flowers pale-yellow.

Mindoro.

tt Leaves up to 15 cm long, lip 3-lobed, flowers glabrous.

d. E. longicruris Leavitt supra 205.

Stems 30 cm tall, 2—3 mm in diameter when dry,
clothed by about G long thin sheaths below the leaves.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 15 cm long, 1.5 cm wide.
Inflorescences 9 cm long. Bracts lanceolate or
ligulate, G mm long. Ovary very slender, 15 mm
long. Perianth 13 mm long, the segments slender.
Lip 3-lobed. 6 mm long, the basal part rotundate, 4
mm broad, with 3 elevated ridges , the middle one
thick and canaliculate; lateral lobes short, incurved,
obtuse. Column 3 mm, foot 2 mm long. (Fig. 6.)

Flowers v
Mindanao.

ellowish-wliite.

Fig. 6. — Eria longicruris,
lip and petal from type.

f ff Leaves up to 9 cm long, lip entire, flowers glabrous.

7. E. graciliscapa ltolfe in Ames Orchidaceae 1 (1905) 93; supra 205.

Stems clustered, slender, 21 cm tall, 2-3 mm in diameter when dry.
Sheaths evanescent. Jjcaves broadly lanceolate, acuminate from near the
middle, 9 cm long, 2 cm wide. Inflorescences 9 cm long, the rachis
very slender. Bracts narrow, 3 mm long. Ovary very slender , 5 mm
long. Perianth 4 mm long. Lateral sepals nearly ligulate, scarcely 1

* This division may be found to break down when more specimens are studied.
It holds for those in hand; but too much reliance should not be placed upon it.

THE GENUS ERIA IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

229

mm wide. Petals ligulate-lanceolate. Lip entire, ovate-lanceolate, 2
mm long. Column much longer than foot, which is very short.

Flowers yellowish.

Luzon.

tttt Leaves not above 15 cm long, lip entire, flowers (especially the ovary)

pubescent.

8. E. racemosa Leavitt supra 200.

In habit very similar to the preceding. Stem somewhat stouter.
Sheaths of the stern firmer, papery. Leaves lanceolate to lance-ligulate,
12 cm long, 1.7 cm wide. Inflorescences 14 cm long, the rhachis com-
paratively stout. Bracts 5 mm long. Ovary 7 mm long, pubescent with
reddish hairs. Sepals ligulate, obtuse, 9 mm long, the lateral falcate.
Lip ovate-oblong, 4 mm long, 2 mm wide at the rounded base, with 3
carinate calli, the middle one lowest. Column and foot equal.

Mindanao.

** Inflorescences below the leaves as well as with them.

9. E. retroflexa Lindley Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3 (1859) 60; supra 206.

Stems stout. Leaves ligulate or
oblong, acutish, but not long-tapering,
up to 17 cm long and 1.8 cm wide.

Inflorescences about 10 cm long, with
many reflexed broadly lanceolate acu-
minate bracts. Sepals 8.G mm long,

2 mm broad, the dorsal lanceolate,
acute, the laterals triangular-falcate,
acute. Petals lanceolate, acute, G.4
mm long, 1.7 mm broad. Lip ovate,
acuminate, acute, 3.4 mm long, 2 mm
broad, thick and apparently eallose
on the sides near the base. This and
E. Mernttii are very much alike.

(Fig. 7.)

Flowers white.

Luzon.

E. r ingens Reichb. f. Bonplandia 3 (1855) 222. Described by Reichbenbacli
as follows: Stem fleshy, bulbous (cylindraceous? flattened?), when dry a half inch
broad. Leaves oblong- ligulate from a cuneate base, at apex unsymmetrical. acute,
three or four inches long, one inch wide. Spikes many-flowered, two or three
inches long, the bracts two or three lines long, apiculate, reflexed, almost equaling
the pedicellate ovary, ovate. Perianth three lines long, smooth. Sepals and
petals lanceolate, acute. Lip very shortly clawed, the blade oblong, acuminate,
rounded at base. Mentum obtuse. The identity of this species is doubtful.

230

LEAVITT.

JO. E. Merrittii Ames in Pliilip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 331; supra 207.

Stems 13 cm tall. Leaves about 4, close to the summit, lanceolate,
strongly tapering, up to 14 cm long, 1.5 cm wide. Lateral sepals ligulate,
acute, 7 mm long, 1.5 mm wide. Upper sepal similar. Petals lanceolate,
acuminate, 6.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide near the middle. Lip lanceolate,
dilated and broadest at one-third the length from the base, acuminate,
acute, nearly 4 mm long, 1.3 mm wide. Column and foot about equal.

Flowers white.

Mindoro.

11. E. ovata Bindley Bot. Reg. (1844) sub t. 29; supra 207.

Fig. 8. — Erin ovata, from the type.

Leaves oblong to slightly
lanceolate, obtuse, 9 cm
long, 2 cm wide. Inflores-
cences 14 cm long. Floral
bracts broadly lanceolate,
the lower about 5 mm
long. Ovary and pedicel
1 cm long, ovary rather
densely tomentose, tomen-
tum brownish or tawny.
Perianth-segments ovate.
Sepals 1 cm long, 4-4.5
mm wide. Petals equal to
sepals. Lip ovate, 6 mni
long, 3.5 mm wide. (Fig.
8.)

12. E. Elmer i Ames Orcliidaceae 1 (1905) 93; supra 208.

Stems 18 cm tall, rather stout, the sheaths evanescent. Leaves very
near the summit, elliptic or oblong, up to 8 cm long and 3 cm wide.

Inflorescences several, 10 cm
long. Bracts oblong, acute 6
mm long. Ovary and pedicel

5 mm long, slender. Dorsal
sepal oblong-lanceolate, obtuse,

6 mm long. Laterals oblong,
slightly falcate. Petals shorter,
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse. Lip
narrowly ovate, 3 mm long, 1.5
mm wide with two calli. Col-
umn and foot about equal, the
former enlarged above. Flow-
ers often larger than as stated
above. (Fig. 9.)

Flowers yellowish or white with
n purple-stained lip.

Luzon.

THE GENUS ERIA IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

231

t

13. E. com pacta Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 329; supra 208.

Stems close together, thickened at base, 5 cm high. Leaves at summit,
3, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, 5.5 cm long, 1.5 cm wide. Bracts
ovate, 4-5 mm long, half as broad. Ovary sparsely pubescent when
young, 4 mm long. Perianth 6 mm long. Lateral sepals triangular-
acute, concav^ and 2.5 mm wide at base. Petals broadly lanceolate, acute,
nearly equaling sepals, 2 mm wide. Lip ovate, inclining to cordate at
base, 4 mm long, nearly 2 mm wide at base. Column distinctive ; ivide
throughout , concave, 2 mm high and nearly as broad, plainly exceeding
the upturned foot. Mentum rounded. Like E. Elmeri but smaller, the
floral parts slightly, and the column quite different.

Mindoro.

14. E. floribunda Lindley Bot. Reg. (1843) Misc. 43; (1844) t. 20; supra
209.

A robust plant, the stems stout and 30 cm or more high. Leaves about
7, lanceolate, evenly tapering to base and apex from near the middle,
acute, up to 22 cm long and 3 cm wide. Inflorescences about 3, pubes-
cent, about 6 cm long, densely flowered. Bracts broad, concave, blunt,
about 2 mm long. Ovary pubescent, 2 mm long. Flowers not exceeding
4 mm in greatest diameter, roundish with a pronounced chin. Sepals
rounded, the dorsal strongly cucullate, 3 mm long and as
broad, the laterals broadly and unsymmetrically ovate,
blunt, 4 mm long and nearly as broad at base. Petals
oblong-falcate, acutish, about 3 mm long. Lip peculiar,
concave at base, by the elevation of the sides, which are
produced forward into angles or short horns, connected by
a cross-wall ; the basal portion of the lip thus forming a
sort of scoop with 2 forward-projecting corners ; in front,
as from the floor of this concave basal portion, the lip is
continued by a narrow, somewhat thickned isthmus shortly expanding
into a flabellate limb. Lip about 4 mm long. The limb above 2 mm
wide. Column short, thick, much exceeded by the foot. (Fig. 10.)

Flowers white.

Palawan: Malay Archipelago to India.

Fig. 10 ,—Eria flori-
bunda, lip.

§ HYMENERIA Lindley in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3 (1859) 52.

Not strictly separable from § Urostachya, but stems typically stout
and pseudobulbous, clustered, with few leaves ; inflorescences 1 or 2, stout,
produced from the pseudobulbs; flowers often larger and fewer than in
§ Urostachya, not densely and extremely woolly as in § Dendrolirium;
lip generally 3-lobed.

15. E. bractescens Lindley Bot. Reg. (1841) Misc. 18, and (1844) t. 29;
Ames Orchidaceae 2 (1908) 189; supra 209.

Pseudobulbs various, short and bulbous or up to 18 cm long and stem-
like. Leaves about 3 at the summit, broadly oblanceolate, up to 25 cm

23 ‘2

LEAVITT.

long and 4 cm wide. Inflorescence mostly 1, up to 20
cm long, conspicuous for the oblong bracts (sometimes
broadened toward the apex), which are up to 2.5
cm long and Jf-8 mm wide. Ovary and pedicel thin,
up to 2.5 cm long. Dorsal sepal 1 cm long, 2.5 mm
wide, lance-ligulate. Laterals strongly falcate, taper-
ing from the base, or nearly oblong, about 1 cm long,
3 mm wide. Petals nearly equal to sepals, lance-
ligulate, slightly falcate, obtuse, 2.5 mm wide. Lip
3-lobed, 9 mm long, (5 mm wide, ovate to cuneate-
obovate in general outline; carina? 3, the middle ex-
tending into the middle lobe, the laterals ending below
m<;. li— Ena bractexeens, f]ie 8inuses, or extended to the middle lobe; papilla?

scattered and in lines on the middle lobe; lateral lobes
obtuse, slightly incurved, oblong or ovate; middle lobe much larger, oblong
to obovate, rounded or truncate at the extremity. Column and foot nearly
equal. (Fig. 11.)

Flowers creamy white. *

Luzon, Mindanao, Basilan.

Var. latipetala Leavitt supra 210.

The petals somewhat broader than in the species,
deeply stained with red or purple, visibly shorter
than the dorsal sepal; the lip approaching orbicular
in general outline, 8 mm long, 7 mm wide, shortly
clawed, the lateral lobes larger than the middle,
rounded, truncate, tinged with red. (Fig. 13.)
Pseudobulbs short and stout.

Flowers white, the petals deeply stained with red or
purple.

Fio. 12. — Eria bractencen j uzon
var. latipetala, lip from
the type.

10. E. longilabris Lindlev Bot. Reg. (1841) Misc. 38, and (1844) t. 2.9, f. 3;
supra 210.

With the appearance of E. bractescens, but with petals and sepals more
acuminate, and the mid-lobe of the lip longer, acuminate, the lateral
lamellae produced nearly to the apex.

Panay.

THE GENUS ERIA IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

233

17. E. Curranii Leavitt supra 210.

Pseudobulbs cylindraceous, 6 cm high. Leaves 2, lance-oblong, obtuse,
10 cm long, 2 cm broad. Inflorescence 15 cm long. Raceme loosely
flowered, the rhachis sparsely pubescent. Bracts broad, G
mm long. Ovary and -pedicel very slender, 1 cm long,
pubescent. Mentum conspicuous, conical or oblong,
making an acute angle with the ovary. Dorsal sepal
ovate, 5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide. Laterals triangular-
falcate, acute, 5 mm long, 4 mm wide at base. Petals
oblong, 5 mm long, 1.7 mm broad. Lip unguiculate,
the claw curved, cuneate-obcordate ; mid-lobe obcordate,

3 mm broad ; lateral lobes rounded ; entire lip 6 mm long,
nearly 4 mm broad; earinae on disc 3, the middle one
least. Column 2 mm high, foot 4 mm long. '(Fig. 13.)

Palawan.

18. E. profusa Lindley Bot. Reg. (1842) Misc. 2; supra 210.

Pseudobulbs clustered, spindle-ovate, up to 7 cm long and 3 cm in

diameter (dry), of a few internodes, imperfectly clothed with broad
papery or scarious sheaths, the uppermost
foliaceous. Leaves 4, oblong-lanceolate,
acutish, up to 20 cm long, 3 cm wide. In-
florescences 2 or 3, erect, with soft downy
brown pubescence throughout, up to 30 cm
tall, exceeding the leaves, the rather stout
peduncle about two-fifths the length of the
whole, bearing a few small ovate bracts;
raceme not extremely dense, about 2.5 cm in
diameter. Ovary with pedicel 7 mm long.

Dorsal sepal 5 mm long, elliptic-oblong, ob-
tuse, 3 mm wide. Laterals unsymmetrically
ovate, obtuse, 5 mm long, 5 mm broad along
the foot. Petals oblong, obtuse, 5 mm long,

, _ T. , ... Fig. 14. — Ena pro/usa.

not 2 mm wide. Lip in general outline cune-

ate-obovate, strongly three-lobed, 6 mm long, 4 mm wide across the lateral
lobes; lateral lobes erect, oblong, slightly curved; middle lobe recurved,
semiorbicular to reniform, with a large tubercle near the apex. (Fig. 14.)

Flowers pale, with markings of yellow and purple.

Luzon, Negros Oriental.

85754 3

Fig. 13.— Eria Cur-
ranii, lip from
the type.

234

LEAVITT.

19. E. cylindrostachya Ames Orchidaceae 2 ( ] !MLS ) 100; supra 211.

Fig. 15. — Eria cylindrostachya, lip
Hnd petal from the type.

Very much like the last. Inflorescence
shorter than the leaves, the down not so long
nor so dense, the raceme much denser-flowered
and shorter-ped uncled. Leaves longer-petioled
and proportionately narrower than in the last,
up to 37 cm long and 2 cm wide. Petals wider,
obovate. Lip narrower (hut variable). (Fig.
15.)

Flowers yellowish- white.

Mindanao.

20. E. ventricosa Leavitt supra 211.

Pseudobulbs nearly cvlindrie, somewhat thickened below, about 3 cm
long; sheaths several, ovate, 3 cm long, entirely concealing the stem.
Leaves 2, lanceolate to oblanceolate, short-petioled, up to 14 cm long and

1.5 cm wide. Inflorescences 1 or 2, 5.5 cm long,
pubescent; peduncle 2 cm long, very slender,
with 2 or 3 amplexicaul sheaths, sparsely white-
tomentose. Flowers about 12, subtended by
ovate, concave, ciliate-margined bracts, as long as
the ovary and pedicel, which is white-tomentose,
about 3 mm long. Dorsal sepal obovate, sparsely

fig.16. Eria ventricosa, lip pubescent, 5 mm long, about 3 mm wide.

and petal from the type. i

Laterals pubescent, inflated, triangular-oblong,
4 mm long, 2 mm broad, the anterior margin sigmoid. Petals oblong-
obovate, somewhat falcate, 4 mm long by 2 mm wide. Lip 5 mm long,
ventricose at base (2 mm), the limb flabellate-trilobed, 4 mm broad;
lateral lobes erect, triangular-oblong, apex rounded ; mid-lobe reflexed,
broadly triangular-semiovate. Foot of column straight, nearly linear,
expanded where it joins the lip, 4 mm long, the column scarcely 2 mm
long. For variations see discussion of this species above. (Fig. lfi.)

Flowers cream-white.

Luzon, Negros Occidental.

Yar. benguetensis Leavitt supra 212.

Differs from the type in its larger flowers, longer bracts, and narrower
petals.

Luzon.

21. E. Lyonii Leavitt supra 212.

Phizomatose portions of the sympodium stout and woody, when dry
5 mm in diameter. Pseudobulbs 2-5 cm distant, ovoid, 2.5 cm high,

THE GENUS EH I A IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

235

1.5 cm in diameter when drv. Leaves 2, lanceolate to oblanceolate,
acuminate, 24 cm long, 2.5 cm broad.

Inflorescence arising near summit of
pseudobulb, erect, more than 10 cm
long, the peduncle stout, the rhachis
angled. Flowers 15 (?), sessile, not
crowded, pubescent. Ovary 5 mm
long, covered with short rufous to-
mentum. Dorsal sepal lance-ligu-
late, acute. 1 cm long, 3.5 mm broad.

Laterals triangular-falcate, acute, 1
cm long, 3.5 mm broad. Mentum
conical, somewhat acute, nearly 3
mm long. Petals lance-ovate, some-
what falcate, acute, 1 cm long, 4 mm
broad. Lip ovate, 3-lobed, ,8 mm
long, 4 mm broad ; mid-lobe obovate-
oblong, acute, 4 mm long ; side lobes
at about the middle, rounded ; on the
disc 3 raised carinae Column stout,

2 mm high, the foot long, broad and Fig. n.—Eria Ly<mii, from the type,
concave. (Fig. 17.)

Flowers dull-yellow clearly lined with red, the lip clear white with yellow
base.

Luzon.

22. E. rugosa Lindley Orch. PI. (1830) 66; Ames Orchidaceae 2 (1908) 193
in svn. ; supra 212.

E. stellata Lindley Hot. Reg. (1825) t. 90 P

Pseudobulb small, up to 5 cm long, clothed and exceeded bv 2 or 3
large ovate acuminate bracts springing from the base. Leaves 2 from
the summit, oblanceolate, acuminate, acute, up to 30 cm long and 2 cm
ivide. Inflorescences 1 or 2, stout, up to 45 cm long, long-pedunculate,
bracts broadly lanceolate, acuminate, acute, up to 1.5 cm long. Ovary
and pedicel tomentose, not winged, 7-b mm long. Flowers large, the
sepals pubescent, sepals and petals narrow, acuminate from the base, the
dorsal sepal up to 1.8 cm long. Mentum 3 mm long, pointed. Lip 12
mm long, 4-5 mm wide, constricted at the middle so as to appear weakly
3-lobed. with 3 carinae nearly the entire length, the basal half obovate,
the apical oblong, acuminate, acute.

Luzon : New Guinea to Malay Peninsula.

23. E. Merrillii Ames Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Hot. 331; supra 213.

Very like the preceding. Pseudobulb large and stout, up to 13 cm

long, not concealed by the several large acuminate sheaths springing

236

LEAVITT.

from the base. Leaves 2 or 3, up to GJf. cm long and 7 cm wide. In-
florescence 36 cm long. Ovary tomentose, strongly winged and twisted.
Lip strongly 3-lobed, the laterals obtuse and somewhat incurved, the
middle lobe somewhat expanded, acute; carinae prominent, 5.

Flowers nearly white, purple-tinged.

Mindoro.

§ AERIDOSTACHYA Hooker f. FI. Brit. Ind. 5 (1890) 786.

Pseudobulb cylindric to conical, covered by several large coarse im-
bricating sheaths; leaves few, at the summit; inflorescences 1 or 2, from
near the summit of the pseudobulb, stout-peduncled, the raceme cylindric,
recurved, with extremely numerous dense rusty flowers; dorsal sepal
and column very short; the foot prolonged, the mentum therefore very
conspicuous, cylindric or inflated at apex. (Fig. 1.)

24. E. Whitfordii Leavitt supra 215.

Very similar to E. A'eridostachya. Plant robust. Pseudobulbs up to
10 cm long, the coarse sheaths large, ovate below, the upper up to 12
cm long; when dry and pressed the bulbs with sheaths 7 cm wide.
Leaves 2 or 3, up to 37 cm long and 5 cm broad. Peduncle up to 17
cm long, 2 mm in diameter (dry). Rachis 14 cm long, densely short-
brown-tomentose, appearing pulverulent. Raceme scarcely 2 cm in
diameter. Bracts broadly ovate, cucullate, 1 mm long. Flowers ex-
ternally densely short -tomentose or pulverulent, tomentum ferrugineous.
Ovary with pedicel G mpi long. Mentum 3 mm long, making an acute
angle with the ovary. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong, cucullate, 4.5 mm
long, 2.6 mm wide. Laterals broad, obtuse, falcate, produced along the
foot, 12 mm in greatest extent. Petals ligulate, curved, apices rounded,
3.8 mm long, 1.6 mm broad. Lip thickish, entire, when spread out
oblong-ovate, the margin crisped, 6 mm long and 4 mm broad, with a
minute cusp at the apex. Foot of column curved.

Flowers yellow.

Luzon, Negros Occidental.

25. E. Mearnsii Leavitt supra 216.

Much like the preceding, but not so robust. Sheaths closer, the
whole when dry about 2 cm in diameter. Leaves 2, up to 25 cm long
and 3.5 cm broad. Inflorescences 2, up to 21 cm long, the raceme 1.6
cm in diameter. Ovary with pedicel 4—5 mm long. Mentum forming
an acute angle with ovary, 3 mm long. Dorsal sepal 3.7 mm long,
2 mm broad. Laterals 10 mm in greatest extent. Petals considerably
curved, at base broader. Lip 3-lobed, cuneate-obovate or obovate, 4.5
mm long, 3 mm broad, concave at base; lateral lobes small and tooth-like,
obtuse ; .mid-lobe large, broadly ovate or semi orbicular, acute, the margin

THE GENUS EIUA IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

237

crisped. Foot curved, 3 mm long. Column (exclusive of anther-cap)
scarcely 1 mm high.

Flowers reddish.

Mindanao.

§ DENDROLIRIUM Lindley Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3 (1859) 48.

Coarse pseudobulbous plants, with thick leathery leaves, and rather
large woolly flowers, the large stout inflorescence arising from beneath
the pseudobulb.

26. E. ornata Lindley Orch. PL (1830) 66; supra 217.

Pseudobulbs connected by stout woody stems 6 mm in diameter, the
bulbs flattened, sheathed below, 4-8 cm long, 2-3 cm broad when dry.
Leaves about 3, very thick and stiff, lanceolate, elliptic or oblong, usually
about 16 cm long and 3 cm wide, up to 23 cm long and 5 cm wide.
Inflorescence upright, rigid, up to 34 cm tall, the peduncle with coriaceous
sheaths at base, longer than the raceme. Floral bracts broadly lanceolate
to ovate, up to 3 cm long, very pointed, thinly woolly-pubescent, brilliantly
colored. Ovary and pedicel up to 3.5 cm long, densely tomentose. Sepals
about 12 mm long, blunt, the dorsal lance-ligulate, 3 mm wide, the
laterals triangular-falcate, 7 mm wide along the column-foot. Petals
nearly as long, narrowly lanceolate, 2 mm wide. Lip 13 mm long, 5 mm
wide, weakly lobed by abrupt constriction below the middle, the terminal
lobe with oblong isthmus 5 mm long, expanded, crispate and pointed;
the disk with lamellae.

Flowers salmon without, velvety white inside; the bracts orange.

Luzon, Negros Occidental: Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

§ MYCARANTHES Pveichb. f. in Bonplandia 5 (1857) 55.

Plants tall, leafy throughout, the stem concealed by the persistent
bases of the leaves, which are glabrous; inflorescences several, from the
summit, long, many-flowered, very pubescent; flowers small, the ovary
and at least the base of the perianth densely woolly-white-tomentose ;
lip 3-lobed with abundantly farinose calli ; foot much exceeding the
column.

27. E. anceps Leavitt supra 219.

Stems up to 25 cm high, internodes 4-5 cm long. Sheathing bases
of leaves 5 cm long, someivhat compressed and slightly carinate on the
back ; the lamina lanceolate or lance-ligulate, up to 18 cm long and 3
cm wide , acute. Racemes 2 or 3, sparsely lanuginose, up to 17 cm long;
peduncle 3 cm long. Bracts lanceolate, very acuminate, reflexed, 2—3
mm long. Pedicel and ovary 7-9 mm long. Dorsal sepal ovate-
cymbiform or oblong, 3.5 mm long, 2.5 mm broad when spread.
Laterals broadly ovate, asymmetrical, obtuse, 4-5 mm long, 4 mm wide

238

LEAVITT.

type.

at hast*. Petals oblong, obovate, or spathu-
late, 4 mm long, 1.8 nun wide. Lip verv
broadly obovate, 3-lobed, 4 mm long, 5 mm
board ; lateral lobes oblong, the apices round-
ed ; middle lobe subquadrate or reniform, the
margin crenulate; tubercles or calli 7, 3 at
the base, 1 linear near the end of each sinus,
2 on the mid-lobe, the largest subulate or
clavate, copiously farinose, almost 2 mm high
from the middle of the lobe. Foot of the
column 3 mm long, making an obligue angle
with the ovary. Column almost none. (Fig.
18.)

Flowers yellow.

Palawan, ? Negros.

28. E. long ibracteata Leavitt supra 219.

stem up to 45 cm tall, internodes 4 cm long. Leaves narrowly
lanceolate or gramineous, long attenuate, very acute, lamina up to 21
cm long and l cm wide. Racemes 2-4, pedunculate, the whole up to

23 cm long. Bracts conspicuous, the lower
sometimes foliaceous, lance-linear, up to 6
cm long and 4 mm wide; floral bracts
narrow and very acute, up to 20 cm long.
Ovary and pedicel 5 mm long and over, the
ovary rapidly growing, soon after anthesis
attaining a length of 28 mm. Sepals 3.6
mm long, the dorsal cymbiform-ovate, the
laterals triangular, somewhat falcate, acute,
3 mm wide at base. Petals almost elliptic,

Fio. 19 —Eria long ibracteata, from somewhat asymmetrical, obtuse, 3.5 mm
Ult typt' long, 1.9 mm broad. Lip 3-lobed, obovate,

short-clawed, and somewhat cuneate, 4 mm long, 3.5 nun broad. Lateral
lobes almost semiovate; mid-lobe bilobulate, 0.8 mm long, 2 mm broad;
at base of lip 1 erect bifurcate, farinose callus, and 2 small ones; on
either side of the disc, remote from the sinus, a carinate dentiform callus;
and fiom the centei of the mid-lobe a very large erect conical farinose
callus. Foot making a right angle with the ovary, 2 mm long. Column
very short. (Fig. 19.)

Flowers purplish.

Mindanao.

29. E. Clemensiae Leavitt supra 220.

Stems up to 45 cm tall, the internodes 5 cm long. Sheaths of the
leaves cylindraceous, 5 cm long, 8 mm in diameter when dry; lamina

THE GENUS ERIA IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

239

ligulate-lanceolate, acuminate, acute, up to 22 cm long, and ^ cm broad.
Inflorescences 3 or 4, peduncles 15 cm long, sparsely white-woolly;
racemes up to 87 cm long, the rachis pubescent, the reflexed bracts ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 8—5 mm
long. Sepals outwardly sparsely stellate-
pubescent; the dorsal cucullate, oblong,
lf-5 mm long, 2 mm wide ; laterals oblong,
falcate, oblique, obtuse, 0-7 mm long from
end of foot to apex of sepal, 5 mm wide.

3 mm wide on the column-foot. Lip with
lateral lobes ligulate, divaricate from the
base of the lip, obtuse, 5 mm long, 2 mm
wide at base; mid-lobe clawed, ftabellate or
obscurely 2-lobulate, 2 mm long, 4 mm
broad ; calli 4, one at base of lip farinose, 2 subulate near each sinus,
1 large, rostriform, copiously farinose, protruding beyond the mid-lobe,
terminating a fleshy farinose median carina. Foot of column 3.5 mm
long. (Fig. 20.)

Mindanao.

Fig. 20. — Krin Clemensiae, lip and
petal from the type.

30. E. major Ridley ex Stapf in Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. II 4 (1894) 237, in
synonymy; supra 218.

Stem 40 cm or more tall. Leaves lance-ligulate, up to 17 cm long
and 1.6 cm wide. Inflorescences 5, rather densely white-tomentose, the
flowers crowded, woolly; bracts very narrow and sharp, 5-15 mm long.
Ovary and pedicel 8 mm long. Dorsal sepal oblong, cucullate, 5 mm
long, 2 mm broad, obtuse. Lateral sepals unsymmetrically ovate, 5 mm
long, 4 mm broad, blunt, densely hairy to the apex. Petals spathulate-
oblong, scarcely 5 mm long and 2 mm wide, blunt. Tup in general
outline nearly orbicular, deeply 3-lobed at about the middle, the lateral
lobes triangular-falcate, pointed; the middle lobe reniform or bilobulate,
apiculate, extending as widely as the lateral lobes. Farinose calli 2,
one at the base of the lip, small and 3-lobed, one very large and bluntly
boat-shaped, nearly 2 mm high from the middle of the mid-lobe, one
smooth pointed callus near each sinus; entire lip 4 mm long, 5 mm wide.

Flowers purplish tinged.

Mindanao: Borneo, India.

31. E. gigantea Ames Orchidaceae 2 (1908) 192; supra 218.

Stems often extremely robust, up to 60 cm tall, 2 cm in dm meter at
the base. Internodes 3 to 4 cm long. Leaves rather crowded, linear or
slightly lanceolate, acuminate, up to 80 cm long, 3 ciWwide. (A form
has leaves up to 32 cm long and less than 2 cm wide.) Inflorescences 3
or 4, up to 20 cm long, peduncle and rachis stout, not very densely
white-tomentose. Bracts oblong or ovate, obtuse or apiculate, fleshy, up

240

LEAVITT.

to 3 mm long. Dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, acutish, 5 mm long. Laterals

triangular-ovate, 5 mm long, 3 mm wide at base,
4 mm broad, somewhat acuminate, the pubes-
cence much denser at the base, sparse toward
the thickened tip. Petals linear or sometimes
lanceolate, obtuse or acute, 4 mm long, 1 mm
wide. Lip broadly obovate in general outline;
the lateral lobes broadly rounded, somewhat
pointed, their inner margins nearly straight,
extending much more widely than the mid-lobe;
mid-lobe semicircular, erose-margined, thin and
soon shriveling; farinose calli at base (3) and
on the middle of the mid-lobe (2) ; a smooth,
pointed callus near each sinus. Lip 5 mm
long, about as broad. (Fig. 21.)

Flowers yellowish-green, the sides of the column and foot tinged, the sepals
and lip spotted with brown-purple.

Luzon, Mindanao.

§ CYLINDROLOBUS Blunie Mgs. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1856) 182.

Stem tall and relatively slender, the internodes 2—3 cm long, leafy
(and sheathed by leaf-bases) throughout most of its length ; leaves slender,
glabrous; inflorescences from the sides of the stem, short, few-flowered
and glabrous throughout.

32. E. fast igat ifol ia Ames Orchidaceae 2 (1908) 191; supra 221.

Stetns up to 185 cm tall and 7 mm in diameter
when dry. Leaves gramineous, pointed, up to 25 cm
long, 0.8 cm wide. Inflorescences more or less than
If cm long, the peduncle about one-third of the whole.
Bracts lanceolate to ligulate, acuminate, acute, up to

8 mm long. Flowers up to 9 or 10. Ovary and pedicel

9 mm long. Mentum making an acute angle with
the ovary. Flower 8 mm in extent from end of
mentum to tip of dorsal sepal. Dorsal sepal elliptic-
oblong, 5 mm long, 3 mm wide. Laterals unsym-
metrically ovate-oblong, 5 mm long, 3 mm broad.
Petals oblong-spathulate, 4 mm long, less than 2 mm
wide. Lip cuneate at the base, weakly 3-lob ed near
the middle; the lateral lobes triangular, pointed; the
middle lobe somewhat bilobulate, erose-margined;

Fiu. 22 .—Eria fasti- several papillae in oblique lines below the middle.

<jatijoiia, from the Column exceeding the foot. (Fig 22 )

type, after Ames. ° v

Flowers white and pink, petals and labellum with marginal pinkish streaks.
Luzon, Mindanao.

Fig. 21. — Eria gigantca, from the
type, drawing by Ames.

THE GENUS ERIA IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

241

33. E. brachystachya lieichb. f. Bonplandia 3 (1855) 223; supra 221.

Stem up to 60 cm high, 4 mm in diameter when dry, leafy through
three-fifths or more of its extent. Leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate,
about 10 cm long, 0.8 cm wide, obtuse. Peduncle 1 cm or less long, 4-
or 5-bracteate, bracts linear, about 1 cm long. Flower solitary. Ovary
with pedicel 7 mm long. Mentum making a right angle with ovary.
Perianth nearly 10 mm long. Dorsal sepal oblong, 4 mm wide, obtuse.
Laterals triangular-falcate, 5 mm broad at base. Petals oblong-falcate,
obtuse, 9 mm long, 4 mm broad. Lip somewhat cuneate at base, strongly
3-lobed in front, the side lobes curved and exceeding the mid-lobe, the
latter rounded, broader than long; the disc and mid-lobe thickened and
papillose; entire lip 6 mm long and wide. Column and foot about equal.

Flowers white, the middle of the lip yellow.

Mindanao, Camiguin (Babuyanes).

34. E. vulpina Reiehb. f. in Bonplandia 3 (1855) 222; supra 222.

Stems up to 80 cm high, 0.6 cm in diameter when dry. Internodes
3-4 cm long. Leaves oblong to lanceolate, unsymmetrically acuminate,
up to 14 cm long and 2.8 cm wide. Inflorescence 10-20 cm long. Bracts
broadly cordate, 1.2 cm long, nearly as wide,
acuminate, 1-2 cm distant. Dorsal sepal
oblong, 13 mm long. Laterals triangular-
falcate, acute, 10 mm long, 8 mm wide along
the foot. Petals curved, oblong to spathu-
late, rounded at the tip, 7 mm long, 2 mm
or more wide, externally pubescent. Foot
7 mm long. Lip 9 mm long, unguiculate,
dilated into a somewhat quadrate blade
which is weakly 3-lobed. Mentum rounded,
strongly outstanding. (Fig. 23.)

Fig. 23 .—Eria vulpina , lip.

Flowers flesh-color.

Luzon, Mindoro, Mindanao.

35. E. fusca Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1852) 183; supra 222.

Stems up to 80 cm tall, 0.5 cm in diameter when dry, the internodes
2-3.5 cm long. Tomentum on leaf-bases dark, dense, fine, short and
somewhat appressed. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, acute, up to 10 cm
long, up to 1.8 cm wide, clothed when young with a short, dark-reddish
pubescence. Inflorescence 4 cm long, the ovate acuminate bracts 8 mm
long, 5 mm wide, 0.5 cm distant. Dorsal sepal oblong, 8 mm long, 3
mm wide. Laterals triangular-falcate, 7 mm long on the margin next to
the dorsal, 8 mm broad along the foot, acute, somewhat carinate. Petals
linear or spathulate, 7 mm long, less than 2 mm wide. Foot 6 mm long.
Mentum cylindraceous, curved and standing out. Lip 11 mm long, 7
mm broad across the terminal lobe, unguiculate, 3-lobed by a sharp
constriction 3.5 mm from the end, the middle lobe widest, broadly
flabellate or somewhat reniform, retuse; elevated lines of the disc 3.

Negros: Java.

242

LEAVITT.

3<>. E. binabayensis Ames in Phi Ip. Journ. Sci. 2 ( 1 1)07 ) hot. 329; supra 223.

Plants up to 5 dm tall. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 1 dm
long, 2 cm wide. Inflorescence 3 cm or more long, the bracts about 1
cm long. Dorsal sepal oblong. Lateral sepals triangular-lanceolate, 1
cm long, 8 mm wide at base. Petals linear-spathulate, obtusish, 8.5 mm
long, 2 mm wide about the middle. Lip 10 mm long, narrowly cuneate
at base, then dilated to within 2 mm of the tip where it is about 4 mm
wide and constricted. Beyond the constriction it is again dilated into
a transversely oblong limb 7 mm wide. Disc bicarinate.

Flowers flesh -colored, the petals white, the lip with “yellow- purple” spots.

Mindoro.

37. E. odorifera Leavitt supra 223.

Aspect of E. annul aia Bl. Internodes of the stem 2.5 to 3 cm long,
0.4 cm in diameter. Sheathing bases of the leaves rather sparsely hairy,
the hairs long, red and divaricate. Leaf-blades sparingly hairy, lance-

somewhat falcate, nearly equaling the dorsal sepal, 1.5-2 mm wide. Lip
pubescent externally and internally, unguiculate, cuneate, 3-lobed near
the apex; lateral lobes small, straight, oblong, rounded; middle lobe
bilolmlate, the lobules ovate or orbicular; sinus between the lateral lobes
and the middle lobe triangular; entire lip 12 mm long (10 mm to the
apices of the lateral lobes), 5 mm wide, (’olumn including anther-cap
and foot 1 cm long. (Fig. 24.)

Mindanao.

38. E. halconensis Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Lot. 330; supra 224.

Plant up to S) dm tall. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, acute, 1
dm long, up to 1 cm wide. Inflorescence 5 cm long, the bracts broadly
ovate to suborbicular, (i mm long, acuminate. Dorsal sepal oblong.
Laterals triangular, aeutish, 7 mm long, 4 mm wide at base. Petals
linear to spathulate, tapering to tin* apex, (i mm long, 1.5. mm wide. Lip

Fig. 2-4. — Eria oilorifcra, from the type.

date to oblanceolate, long
acuminate, acute, up to 14 cm
long and 1.5 wide. Inflores-
cence 2 cm long, few-flowered,
the bracts about G, suborbi-
cular, acuminate, 8 mm long.
Dorsal sepal oblong, acute,
somewhat carinate, 8 mm long,

3 mm wide. Lateral sepals
almost oblong, their greatest
diameter parallel to the ovary,
slightly falcate, somewhat car-
inate, acute, 12 mm long from
the apex of the mentum to the
tip of the sepal, the free limb

4 mm wide. Petals linear,
slightly spathulate, obtuse,

THE GENUS EH I A IX THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

243

7 mm long, linear-cnneate at base, dilated above, constricted within 2
mm of the tip, 3-lobed; lateral lobes minute, obtuse; mid-lobe sub-
quadrate, apiculate, 4 mm wide; disc with a prominent mid-nerve.
Mentum about 3 mm long.

Flowers pink-purple.

Mindoro.

39. E. Ramosii Leavitt supra 224.

.4 dwarf creeping species, densely hirsute with yellow hairs.

X ew

members of the sympodium arising 3 to 4 cm
from the bases of the old, the erect leafy por-
tions up to 4 cm long. Stem when dry less
than 1 in in in diameter; internodes 7 mm Jong.

Persistent bases of the leaves somewhat funnel-
form ; lamina elliptic, oblong, or broadly lance-
olate, acuminate, 8 mm long, 3 mm wide.

Flower solitary, sessile near the end of the
stem. Dorsal sepal oblong, acuminate, 5 mm
long, 2 mm wide. Laterals triangular, acute,

7 mm long, 6 mm wide at base. Petals ex-
ternally pilose, oblong, acuminate, acute, 4-5
mm long, scarcely 2 mm wide. Lip entire, ' ovate, externally pilose,
carinate on the back and apiculate, (5 mm long, 3.5 mm broad. Column
thick and pilose. Pollinia 4. (Fig. 25.)

Flower purplish.

Luzon.

mm

O'/i
{Phi j

Of

Fig. 25. — Kria Samosii, from
the type.

40.

224.

E. cymbiformis .T. J. Smith Itec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 1 (1904) 152; supra

Stems up to 12 cm long, wholly concealed by the closely imbricated
bases of the crowded leaves. Leaves 10 or more, ensiform from a broad,
sheathing base, up to 70 cm long
and 2 cm wide. Inflorescence 25 cm
or more long, erect, with scattered
short white tomentum ; bracts nar-
row, 2 mm long; raceme cylindric,

2 cm in diameter. Ovary with
pedicel 5 mm long, pubescent.

Dorsal sepal obovate, 5 mm long, 3
mm broad, obtuse; laterals broadly
and unsymmetrieally ovate, 5 mm
long, 7 mm broad, obtuse. Petals
rhombic-obovate, 4 mm long, 3 mm
wide, obtuse. Lip saccate, truncate,
acute-angled on the sides in front.

(Fig. 26.)

Flowers white.

Luzon, Mindoro: Sumatra.

Fig. 2ti. — Kria cymbiformis

244

LEAVITT.

LIST OF NEW SPECIES AND VARIETIES PROPOSED IN THIS PAPER.

Eria Copelandii Leavitt, 203; var. fusiformis Leavitt 204; E. longi-
cruris Leavitt, 205; E. racemosa Leavitt, 206; E. bractescens, var. latipc-
tala Leavitt, 210; E. Curranii Leavitt, 210; E. ventricosa Leavitt, 211;
var. benguetensis Leavitt, 212; E. Whitfordii Leavitt, 215; E. Mearnsii
Leavitt, 216; E. anceps Leavitt, 219; E. longibracteata Leavitt, 219; E.
Clemensiae Leavitt, 220 ; E. odorifera Leavitt, 223 ; E. Ramosii Leavitt,
224.

The section of Eria heretofore often known as § Mycaranthes has above
(217) been given the designation § Secundae.

ILLUSTRATIONS,

[All text figures.]

Fig. 1. Eria Aeridostachya Lindl., from Lindley’s type.

2. E. polyura Lindl., from Lindley’s type.

3. E. Copelandii Leavitt, from the type.

4. E. Hutchinsoniana Ames, from the type.

5. E. philippinensis Ames, from the type.

6. E. longicruris Leavitt, from the type.

7. E. retroflexa Lindley, from Lindley’s type.

8. E. ovata Lindley, from Lindley’s type.

9. E. Elmeri Ames, from the type.

10. E. floribunda Lindley, lip, from Lindley’s type.

11. E. bractescens Lindley, lip, from Lindley’s type.

12. E. bractescens var. latipetada Leavitt, lip, from the type.

13. E. Curranii Leavitt, lip, from the type.

14. E. profusa Lindl.

15. E. cylindrostachya Ames, lip and petal from the type.

16. E. ventricosa Leavitt, lip and petal from the type.

17. E. Lyonii Leavitt, from the type.

18. E. anceps Leavitt, from the type.

19. E. longibracteata Leavitt, from the type.

20. E. Clemensiae Leavitt, lip and petal from the type.

21. E. gigantea Ames, from the type, drawing by Ames.

22. E. fastigatifolia Ames, from the type, after Ames.

23. E. vulpina Reichb. f., lip.

24. E. odorifera Leavitt, from the type.

25. E. Ramosii Leavitt, from the type.

26. E. cymbiformis J. J. Smith.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VIL

By E. D. Merrill.

( From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,

Manila, P. I.)

The present contribution is, like the preceding papers of the series,
composed of miscellaneous diagnoses of apparently previously undescribed
species in various families, and records of various species previously
described and now found for the first time in the Philippines. A number
of nomenelatural changes are included, in accordance with the rules of
priority, and notes are added on some previously obscure or little-known
species. Four genera, Embolanthera , Everettiodendron, Greeniopsis, and
Aliernia are proposed as new, while the representatives of no less than
twenty-one genera, previously unrecorded from the Philippines are enu-
merated, Boottia, Anacolosa, Illicium, Erythrophloeum, Kingiodendron ,
Azadiraclita, Heynea, Blaehia, Galearia, Microdesmis, Ostodes, Stro-
phioblachia , Pleiogynium, Lepionycliia, Trichadenia, Ochrosia, Willough-
bya, Coptosapelta, Damnacanthus, Greened, and Litosanthes. Twenty-
five species previously described bv various authors from extra-Philippine
material are here recorded from the Archipelago for the first time, while
eightv-five species are described as new. On account of the rule adopted
by the Vienna Botanical Congress, requiring Latin diagnoses of all
species proposed after January 1, 1908, short diagnoses have been
added, and in cases where it has been necessary to consider species
proposed since that date, but which were without the required diagnosis,
this has been added.

A LI SM ACE LE.

BOOTTIA Wallicli.

Boottia renifolia sp. nov.

Planta aquatica, glabra; foliis reniformibus, longe petiolatis, apice
late rotundatis, basi cordatis, circiter 8 cm latis, nervis 7 ad 9 ; spathis
unisexualibus, tubulosis; floribus masculinis vulgo binis, exsertis, antheris
9, pistilli rudimentiis pulviformibus ; floribus femineis circiter 2.5 cm
diametro, solitariis, pedicellatis ; stvlis 6, bifidis; staminodiis 9 quorum
0 linearibus, 3 capitatis.

247

248

MERRILL.

An aquatic glabrous plant. Leaves tufted, their petioles 10 to 25 cm
long, the blades reniform, 4.5 to G cm long, about 8 cm wide, papyraceous,
the apex broadly rounded, the base cordate; primary nerves 7 to 9, the
cross reticulations lax, indistinct. Male flowers one, or commonly two,
from tubular, linear spathes which are very slightly cleft at the apex
and not keeled or ribbed, exserted in anthesis, the pedicels very slender;
sepals and petals as in the pistillate flowers ; stamens 9, the filaments
flattened, 1.5 to 2 mm long; anthers basifixed, oblong, 1.5 mm long;
rudimentary pistil represented by a sessile, 1.5 mm long, cushion-like
body, the styles none. Pistillate flowers white, solitary, their pedicels
5 cm long or less; sepals 3, elliptic-oblong, about 7 mm long, 3.5 to 4
mm wide, about 12-nerved; petals obovate, 12 mm long; styles 6, cleft
two-thirds to the base, the arms glandular-hairy; staminodes of two
kinds, 6 linear, 2.5 to 3 mm long, and 3 subsessile, capitate, 1 mm in
diameter. Ovary several-celled, cylindric, smooth. Fruit unknown.

Luzon, Province of Camarines, Bicol River, Bula, For. Bur. 12274 Outran,
June 5, 1908.

An interesting addition to our knowledge of the Philippine flora, the first
representative of the genus to be found in the Philippines. It is allied to Boottia
cordata Wall., of British India, but differs in many characters, notably in its
reniform leaves, linear, tubular spathes which contain but one or two flowers, the
staminate flowers without rudimentary styles, and the pistillate flowers with two
kinds of staminodes, six; linear and three capitate. The genus contains about 15
species, in tropical Africa and Asia.

GEAMINE^E.

PANICUM Linn.

Panicum malabaricum (Linn.) comb. nov.

Boa malabarica Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 69.

Panicum arnottianum Nees in Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. (1854) 59.

Panicum nodosum Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 7 (1897) 43, excl. syn., non Kunth.

Hooker f.1 referred Poa malabarica Linn, to Centotheca lappacea (Linn.) Desv.,
but gave no reason for this. Considering that he was correct I transferred the
name to Centotheca as C. malabarica (Linn.) Merr. It seems, however, that
Hooker f. was in error in citing Poa malabarica Linn, as a synonym of Cento-
theca lappacea. Munro in his paper on the grasses of the Linnean herbarium
states regarding Poa malabarica “P{oa) malabarica is Panicum arnottianum
Nees. The reference to Rheede is correct; it is a very fair drawing.” 2 Linnaeus’
species is manifestly based on Tsjama-pullu of Rheede, Hortus Malabaricus 12:83,
t. 4^. Through the kindness of Mrs. Agnes Chase of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, I have received a tracing of the above plate, and although
the plate is crude, it seems to be well matched by several specimens in our her-
barium determined as Panicum nodosum Kunth. Three specimens from Singa-
pore, collected by Ridley resemble it very closely.

'FI. Brit. Ind. 7 (1897) 332.

2Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 6 (1862) 43.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

249

Panicum nodosum Kunth, which is closely allied, differs mainly in being much
smaller, with shorter, narrower leaves, and much smaller panicles. The type of
Kunth’s species was from the Philippines, P. nodosum being based on P. multinode
Presl, non Lam. Balansa, apparently assuming the Indian form to be typical
Panicum nodosum Kunth, has distinguished the smaller form, apparently typical
P. nodosum Kunth, as P. ouonbiense.

I am disposed to refer to Panicum malabaricum (Linn.) Merr., two specimens
from the Philippines, Palmas Island, Merrill 5367, and For. Bur. 5349 Merritt,
from Mindoro. The former was previously referred by me to P. nodosum Kunth.

In a broad sense Panicum malabaricum might include P. nodosum Kunth, but
I am disposed to consider the small form described by Kunth as worthy of specific
rank.

Panicum cordatum Biise in Miq. PI. Jungh. (1854) 376.

P. luxurious Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 359, cum syn., non
Willd.

Luzon, Province of Union, Bauang, Elmer 5595: Province of Bataan, Lamao
River, Williams 134, Elmer 6735: Province of Bulacan, Norzagaray, Yoder 1, 163.
Culion, Merrill 554-

This species was previously determined by me as Panicum luxurious Willd.,
but is apparently not that species. I have examined the material in the Will-
denow Herbarium so named, there being two specimens, one marked “Klein Ind.
1799” which is apparently a form of Panicum prostratum Lam.=P. reptans Linn.,
the other from St. Vincent, collected by Bory, which may be the same as P.
caespitosum Sw. Willdenow, Enum. 1 (1833) 109, gives as the only locality for
the species “Luzonia,” an apparent error on his part.

The specimens cited above closely resemble Panicum montanum Roxb., but can
be readily distinguished from that species by the first glume being as long as the
spikelet. The Philippine material differs from Javan cordatum in its relatively
narrower and less prominently cordate leaves, but does not seem to be specifically
distinct from that species.

Panicum reptans Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2 (1759) 871; Hitchc. in Contr.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 12 (1908) 119.

Panicum prostratum Lam., 111. 1 (1791) 171; Kunth Enum. 1 (1833) 89;
Steud. Syn. 1 (1854) 61; Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 7 (1897) 33; Merr. in Philip.
Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 355.

The oldest name for this common and widely distributed species is Panicum
reptans Linn., as shown by A. S. Hitchcock 1. c., who has examined the type in
the Linnean herbarium.

Panicum paludosum Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) 6, nomen ; FI. Ind. 1 (1820)
307.

Panicum proliferum Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 7 (1897) 50; Merr. in Philip.
Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 359, non Lam.

Mr. A. S. Hitchcock has examined the type of Lamarck’s Panicum proliferum
in the Paris Herbarium, and finds it to be identical with Panicum miliare Lam.,3
and has accepted P. dichotomiflorum Michx. as the earliest valid name for the
species, commonly identified by American authors as P. prostratum Lam. I am
now of the opinion that the species of tropical Asia and Malaya is distinct from
the American form, and have here adopted Roxburgh’s specific name for the
oriental form, as it seems to be the earliest valid one.

3 Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12 (1908) 147.

85754 4

MERRILL.

250

NEYRAUDIA Hook. f.

Neyraudia madagascarensis (Kunth) Hook. f. ; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci.

1 (1000) Suppl. 381.

This species was admitted on the strength of identifications made by Vidal,
and Ceron, based on Cuming 623, and Vidal 4017. I have examined both in the
Kew Herbarium, and find them to be referable to Phragmites karka (Retz. ) Trim
Neyraudia madagascarensis must therefore be excluded from the Philippine flora.

ANDROPOGON I finn.

Andropogon leptos Steud. Syn. 1 (1855) 397; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1
(1900) Suppl. 337.

Gamotiella philippinensis Stapf in Hook. 1c. PI. IV 5 (1890) pi. 2494; Merr.
1. c. 374.

Here enumerated to all attention to the reduction of the monotypic genus
Gamotiella. The type of Gamotiella philippinensis in the Kew Herbarium, is
identical with Andropogon leptos, and is a true Andropogon. Ur. Stapf, to whose
attention 1 called the matter, concurs in this reduction. To be sure of the identity
of the Philippine plant with Andropogon leptos Steud., 1 later examined the type
of Steudel’s species in the Berlin Herbarium, and found the determination to be
correct.

OYPERACEiE.

FI M BRISTYLIS Vahl.

Fimbristylis cymosa R. Br. ; Clarke in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 97.

This species must be excluded from the Philippine flora, as the specimen in
the Kew Herbarium, on which the record was based, bears a printed label with
the date 1831, and is from Cuming’s first collection from the southern Pacific,
and not from the Philippines. Cuming’s Philippine plants were distributed ten
years later.

BURMANNIACEyE.

BURMANNIA L inn.

B. coelestis D. Don Prodr. FI. Nepal. (1802-03) 44; Ridley Materials FI.
Malay. Penin. 2 (1907) 71.

B. azurea Griff. Notul. 3 (1851) 236; Ic. PI. As. 1. 272, f. 1; Becc. Malesia

2 (1878) 242, t. 15, f. 1-3.

Luzon, Province of Pangasinan, Infanta, Bur. Sci. 4913 Ramos, December, 1907.

The fourth species of the genus to be found in the Philippines. Widely
distributed from India to the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Labuan and the Caroline
Islands.

FAGACEyE.

QUERCUS Linn.

Quercus obi iqu inervia sp. nov. § Cyclobalanus.

Arbor 20 m alta, cupulis exceptis glabra; ramis ramulisque griseis;
foliis oblongo-lanoeolatis vel late lanceolatis, integris, crasse coriaceis,
usque ad 11 cm longis, valde acuminatis, nervis utrinque 8, valde obliquis,
reticulis obscuris ; cupulis 2 cm diametro, intus glabris, extus pubescen-

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

251

tibus; glandibus oblongo-ovoideis, 2.3 cm longis apice rotundatis, breviter
apiculatis.

A tree about 20 m high, glabrous throughout, except the cups (in-
florescence unknown), branches terete, lenticellate, light-gray. Leaves
thickly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 7 to 11 cm
long, 2.5 to 4 cm wide, entire, the apex strongly acuminate, acumen
blunt, often slightly falcate, base decnrrent-acuminate, both surfaces shin-
ing, the lower slightly paler than the upper; nerves 8 on each side of
the midrib, oblique, rather distinct beneath, nearly straight, more or
less curved near the margins, not anastomosing, the reticulations fine,
indistinct; petioles 1.5 to 2 cm long. Flowers unknown. Cup including
the stout stipe 1.5 cm high, inclosing only about the lower one-fourth
of the glans, 2 cm in diameter, glabrous and shining inside, outside
cinereous-pubescent, lamellae about 5 the low'er ones distant, the upper
close, denticulate. Gians oblong-ovoid, 2.3 cm long, about 1.8 cm in
diameter, glabrous, apex rounded, apiculate.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Pauai, For. Bur. 18380 Alvarez, January, 1909:
Province of Abra, For. Bur. 14605 Darling, February, 1909, altitude 1,400 to 2,000
m. in forests; known in Benguet as Ticlick, and in Abra as Bultioc.

A species well characterized by its very obliquely nerved leaves, probably most
closely allied to Quercus merrittii Merr., among the Philippine forms, but very
different from that.

ULMACEAd.

GIRONNIERA Gaudich.

Gironniera curranii sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 15 m alta, glabra; foliis ovato-lanceolatis vel elliptico-
lanceolatis, glabris, nitidis, 8 ad 12 cm longis, basi rotundatis, apice
caudato-acuminatis, margine integris vel supeme pauce irregulariter
serratis; nervis utrinque 13 ad 15, prominentibus ; floribus femineis
axillaribus, solitariis, longe pedicellatis, 5-meris.

A tree about 15 m high, glabrous throughout. Branches slender,
terete, gray or brownish, the branchlets somewhat angled, sometimes with
very few appressed hairs. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate,
subcoriaceous, shining, 8 to 12 cm long, 3.5 to 5 cm wide, paler beneath,
the base rounded, the apex caudate-acuminate, the acumen 2 cm long or
less, 3 to 4 mm wide, abruptly acute or apiculate, margins entire, or
with few prominent, irregular teeth at the apex just below the acumen;
nerves 13 to 15 on each side of the midrib, prominent, curved-ascending;
petioles 6 to 8 mm long. Pistillate flowers axillary, solitary, the calyx
lobes (in fruit) 5, ovate, acute or obtuse, about 2 mm long, the margins
somewhat ciliate, the fruit (immature) ovoid or elliptic-ovoid, 1.3 cm
long, 3 mm thick, glabrous, shining; style arms 2, stout, about 3 mm
long; pedicels about 1.5 cm long, slender.

252

MKRRILL.

Luzon, Province of C'amarines, Mount Isarog, For. Bur. 10498 Curran, May 25,
1908, in forests on the lower slopes at an altitude of about 100 m.

A species well characterized by being glabrous throughout, and its smooth
shining leaves which are entire or with but few irregular teeth at the apex only.

MORACE^E.

FICUS Linn.

Ficus merrittii sp. nov. § Covellia.

Arbor usque ad 12 in alta, ramulis petiolis, foliis subtus et inflores-
centiis plus minus ferrugineo-liirsutis ; foliis obovato-oblongis vol obovatis,
cliartaceis, 18 ad 25 cm longis, integris vel obscure dentatis, apice breviter
acuminatis, basi inaequilateraliter cordatis; nervis utrinque 8 ad 10,
prominentibus ; stipulis caducis, lanceolatis, acuminatis, brunneis, 2.5 ad
3 cm longis; inflorescentiis caulinis, 10 ad 25 cm longis, ramosis, plus
minus ferrugineo-liirsutis ; receptaculis obovoideis, 1.5 ad 2 cm longis,
plus minus ferrugineo-liirsutis, basi 3-bracteolatis ; pedunculis hirsutis,
usque ad 2 cm longis; ovario oblongo-ovoideo ; perigonibus nullis.

. A tree 12 m high or less. Branches reddish-brown, terete, more or
less ferruginous-hirsute. Leaves opposite, obovate to oblong-obovate,
18 to 25 cm long, 9 to 13 cm wide, chartaceous, somewhat shining, the
midrib and nerves on both surfaces with few or many, long, pale or
ferruginous hairs, the upper surface ultimately glabrous, margins entire
or obscurely dentate, the apex shortly and abruptly acuminate, somewhat
narrowed below to the slightly inequilateral and cordate base; the lower
surface minutely punctate; nerves 8 to 10 on each side of the midrib,
prominent, anastomosing, the reticulations lax, distinct; petioles ferru-
ginous-hirsute, G cm long or less ; stipules caducous, lanceolate, acuminate,
brown, ferruginous-hirsute at the base only, otherwise glabrous, 2.5 to
3 cm long. Inflorescence from the trunk, few or many branched, 10
to 25 cm long, reddish-brown, more or less ferrugineous-hirsute at the
nodes and on the bracts and bracteoles, the bracts ovate, acuminate, 8
mm long or less, deciduous. Receptacles usually at the ends of the
branchlets, few or many, obovoid, 1.5 to 2 cm long, brown, purplish or
greenish, with few or many pale or ferruginous hairs, the base with three
small narrowly-ovate bracteoles 2 to 3 mm long; peduncles more or less
ferruginous-hirsute, 2 cm long or less. Staminate flowers not seen.
Fertile female flowers pedicellate, glabrous, the ovaries ovoid to oblong-
ovoid, about 1.5 mm long; styles slender, about 2 mm long. Perianth
none, or present in very young flowers as minute scales.

Mindoro, For. Bur. 11 466 Merritt, May, 1908 (type). Also represented by the
two following specimens from the same Island For. Bur. 6852, 11477 Merritt,
April, 1907 and May, 1908. N.‘ v., Tibig.

A species closely allied to Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr., differing especially in
the long ferruginous hairs on the leaves, petioles, inflorescence and receptacles.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

253

SAN TALACEiE.

EXOCARPUS Lab.

Exocarpus rolfeanus (O. Kuntze) comb. nov.

Xylophyllos rolfeana O. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 589, (rolfsiana) .

Palawan, Vidal 361/1, type in Herb. Kew.; Victoria Peak, For. Bur. 3852
Curran, March, 1906, altitude 300 m.

A curious endemic species, known only from the above two collections. Curran’s
specimen is sterile, and is described by him as a 3 m high shrub.

OLACACEJE.

ANACOLOSA Blume.

Anacolosa luzoniensis sp. nov.

Arbor glabra, inflorescentiis exceptis, usque ad 15 m alta; foliis
chartaceis vel subcoriaceis, ovato-oblongis, elliptico-oblongis, vel oblongis,
8 ad 12 cm longis, basi acutis, apice obtusis vel obscure acuminatis,
nervis utrinque cireiter 5; floribus axillaribus, congestis, griseo-puberulis,
stipitatis, G-meris; petalis intus in partibus inferioribus glabris, carinatis,
supra crassis, subtrigonis, dense pubescentibus ; filamentis latis, glabris,
connective indumento denso coronato; ovario 2-loculare; fructibus ellip-
soideis, 2 cm longis, disco accrescenti.

A tree reaching a height of 15 m, glabrous except the inflorescence.
Branches slender, terete, reddish-brown. Leaves alternate, oblong, ovate-
oblong, or elliptic-oblong, 8 to 12 cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide, chartaceous
to subcoriaeeous, dark or pale when dry, sligtly shining, the base acute,
the apex obtuse, rarely obscurely and broadly acuminate; nerves about 5
on each side of the midrib, anastomosing, the reticulations lax; petioles
5 to 8 mm long. Flowers pale-green, gray-pubcrulent, densely congested,
axillary, the stipes 2 to 3 mm long. Calyx 3 mm in diameter, sub-
truncate and with G minute teeth. Petals G, valvate, pubescent, lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate, 4 mm long, 1.8 mm wide, acute or somewhat
acuminate, the lower half, inside, glabrous and keeled, the upper portion
thickened, 3-sided, and densely pubescent in the central portion. Stamens
6, opposite the petals; filaments broad, about 1 mm long and broad,
flattened, glabrous, the antheriferous portion as broad as the filament and
crowned with copious hairs. Ovary superior, 2-celled, each cell with
a single pendulous ovule; style narrowly conical, 1 to 1.5 mm long.
Fruit fleshy, ellipsoid, about 2 cm long, 1 -celled, entirely inclosed in the
accrescent disk.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, For. Bur. 2830 Meyer, March,
1905 (type), For. Bur. 1190 Borden, June, 1904, For. Bur. 1222 Curran, June,
1907, Bur. Sci. 5165 Ramos, February, 1908. Mindoko, For. Bur. 8650, 11363
Merritt, January, April, 1908. Masbatk, For. Bur. 12601 Rosenbluth, January,
1909.

MERRILL.

254

The first representative of the genus to be found in the Philippines and ap-
parently distinct from the few other species of the genus. On Mount Mariveles
it is found at altitudes of from 700 to 850 m, but in Mindoro it occurs at lower
elevations.

MAGN OLIACE2E.

ILLICIUM Linn.

Illicium phil ippinense sp. nov.

Arbor parva vel arbuscula, glabra; foliis congestis, alternis vel sub-
verticillatis, coriaeeis, integris, acuminatis, oblongo-ellipticis vel elliptico-
lanceolatis, 5 ad 8 cm longis, nervis lateralibus obsoletis; floribus axilla-
ribus, solitariis, albis; staminibus circiter 15; carpellis circiter 8, 3 mm
longis.

A small tree or a shrub 4 in high or less, glabrous. Branches rather
stout, dark-colored, wrinkled when dry, the branchlets somewhat oliva-
ceous. Leaves crowded near the tips of the branchlets, alternate, sub-
verticillate, coriaceous, oblong-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 5 to 8 cm
long, 1.5 to 3.5 cm wide, coriaceous, the upper surface shining, the
lower dull, acuminate at both ends; lateral nerves obsolete, the midrib
prominent ; petioles 5 to 10 mm long. Flowers solitary, axillary, white,
fragrant, about 1 cm long. Sepals four or five, elliptic-oblong, 10 mm
long, 5.5 mm wide, obtuse, nerved. Petals 2-seriate, the inner ones
narrower than the outer, as long as the sepals but much narrower,
narrowly oblong, obtuse, 2.5 to 3 mm wide. Stamens about 15; filaments
stout, swollen, 2 mm long; anthers about 1 mm long. Carpels about 8,
glabrous, 3 mm long including the recurved style. Mature fruit about
2 cm in diameter, consisting of from 5 to 8 carpels which are narrowly
ovate, rostrate, wrinkled when dry. Seed pale, shining.

Luzon, Province of Zambales, Mount Tapulao, For. Bur. 9515 Curran & Merritt
(type); Bur. Sci. 5078 Ramos, December, 1907, on exposed mountain top in the
elfinwood, altitude about 2,100 m. Mindoro, Mount Halcon, For. Bur. J^tl
Merritt, June, 1906.

The only representative of the genus known from the Philippines, apparently
well characterized by its small leaves which are without evident lateral nerves.
It has previously been recorded by me from Mindoro as Illicium sp.4 It is
probably most closely allied to I. evenium King, of the Malay Peninsula.

LAURACEiE.

CRYPTOCARYA R. Br.

Cryptocarya lauriflora (Blanco) comb. nov.

Salyada lauriflora Blanco Fl. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 221, ed. 3, 2:50; Merr. in
Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 73.

Eusideroxylon borneense F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 179, non T. & B.

Cryptocarya luzoniensis Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 222; Ceron Cat.
PI. Herb. (Manila) (1892) 141; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 58.

4 Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 272.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

255

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Cardona, Vidal 1680 (type, of C. luzoniensis, in
Herb. Kew.) ; Antipolo and Bosoboso, For. Bur. IfOl, 2663 Ahern’s collector, Feb-
ruary, 1904, and January, 1905: Province of Pampanga, Mount Arayat, Vidal
1686, in Herb. Kew.: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles Whitford 1050, 101$,
January, 1905, December, 1904, For. Bur. 626 If, 627 Jh 7372 Curran, February and
July, 1907: Province of Camarines, Pasacao, Ahern 32, 183, January, February,
1902. Mindoro, For. Bur. 8609 Merritt, January, 1908.

Blanco’s monotypic genus Salgada, lias not previously been satisfactorily
identified, although it was referred by Fernandez-Villar 5 without question and
without discussion, to the Bornean genus Eusideroxylon Teysm. & Binn., but a
cursory examination of Blanco’s description shows at once that his species can not
be referred to Eusideroxylon. It does, however, apply closely to Cryptocarya,
and morover his specific description applies to Cryptocarya luzoniensis \ idal.

I have accordingly here reduced Salgada to Cryptocarya, and in making this
reduction, have adopted the earliest specific name for the species, reducing Vidal’s
Cryptocarya luzoniensis. Blanco’s description very clearly states that his genus
has nine fertile stamens, of which the outer six have introrse anthers, and the
inner three have extrorse ones; moreover he describes the anthers as 1-celled, his
expression “cuerpecillos laterales” certainly applying to the valves of the anther-
cells. Blanco describes the ovary as inferior, probably because it is immersed in
the calyx-tube, and later states that the fruit is inferior, the latter being ap-
parently an error in his description, or due to a mixture of material. There seems
to be absolutely no doubt as to the identity of Salgada with Cryptocarya, in spite
of the above discrepancies in Blanco’s description.

Cryptocarya bicolor sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 25 m alta; foliis alternis, elliptico-oblongis vel late
oblongo-lanceolatis, subcoriaceis, supra glabris, nitidis, subtus albo-glau-
ceseentibus, 10 ad 20 cm longis, usque ad 7 cm latis, apice breviter
obtuseque acuminatis, basi acutis; nervis utrinque circiter 10, subtus
prominentibus, ferrugineo-pubescentibus, tenuiter anastomosantibus,
reticulis densis, obscuris; paniculis pubescentibus, axillaribus terminali-
busque, quam folia brevioribus ; floribus sessilibus vel breviter pedicellatis,
circiter 3 mm longis.

A tree about 25 m high, more or less pubescent. Branches slender,
brown, terete, somewhat pubescent, the young branchlets rather densely
pubescent. Leaves alternate, elliptic-oblong or broadly oblong-lance-
olate, 10 to 20 cm long, 4 to 7 cm wide, subcoriaceous, the apex shortly
acuminate, the acumen obtuse, the base acute, the upper surface glabrous,
shining, somewhat olivaceous, the midrib sometimes pubescent, the lower
surface very pale, glaucous, nearly white, sparingly pubescent, the midrib
and lateral nerves ferruginous; nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib,
obscure on the upper surface, very distinct on the lower, slightly curved,
spreading-ascending, attenuate and obscurely anastomosing near the
margins, the reticulations rather dense, not distinct; petioles pubescent,
about 8 mm long. Panicles axillary and terminal, 10 cm long or less,
pubescent, many-flowered, somewhat diffuse. Flowers yellow, fragrant,

5 Nov. App. (1880) 179.

MERRILL,

256

about 3 mm long, sessile or short pedicellate, the bracteoles small. Calyx-
tube about 1.5 mm long, pubescent, cylindric; perianth-lobes pubescent
on the outside, subequal, oblong, about 2 mm long, acute or blunt.
Stamens as in other species of the genus, the filaments short, glabrous.
Staminodes 1.5 mm long, stipitate, acuminate. Fruit unknown.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga ( ?), For. liitr. 65.^8 Hutchinson, March, 1907.
N. v., Ducatan, Masagcunadug.

A species well characterized by its leaves which are shining and glabrous above,
and nearly white beneath, the midrib and lateral veins ferruginous, the reticula-
tions not distinct, and its panicles which are about one-half as long as the leaves.
The timber is used for house-posts.

Cryptocarya palawanensis sp. nov.

Aibuscula circiter 3 m alta; foliis chartaceis, oblongis, usque ad 35
cm longis, 10 cm latis, apice acuminatis, basi acutis, utrinque glabris,
costa nervisque exceptis; nervis utrinque circiter 15; paniculis axillaribus,
fohis multo brevioribus, pubescentibus ; perianthiis segmentis subaequali-
bus, pubescentibus, 2.5 mm longis; fructibus ovoideis, 1.5 cm longis,
nigris, nitidis, glabris.

A shrub about 3 m high. Branchlete ferruginous-pubescent. Leaves
chartaceous, oblong, up to 35 cm long, 10 cm wide, the apex rather
strongly acuminate, the base acute, somewhat shining and glabrous on
both surfaces except the midrib and lateral nerves which are somewhat
pubescent, the upper surface olivaceous, the lower brownish; nerves about
15 on each side ol the midrib, beneath very distinct, obscurely anastomos-
ing, the primary reticulations lax, the ultimate ones dense; petioles
pubescent, about 1 cm long. Panicles axillary, pubescent, 8 to 10 cm
long, the branches 3 cm long or less. Flowers pedicellate or sessile,
pubescent, the tube cylindric, quickly inflated, somewhat longitudinally
striate, the perianth-lobes 6, subequal, pubescent, 2.5 mm long. Fruit
ovoid, black, shining, glabrous, 1.3 cm long.

Palawan, near the Iwahig Penal Settlement, For. Bur. Curran, April,

1906, along the banks of tidal streams.

A species characterized by its rather large leaves and comparatively short
panicles.

Cryptocarya pallida sp. nov.

Arbor vel arbuscula; ramis teretibus nigricantibus, glabris, ramulis
plus minus pubescentibus; foliis ovatis vel elliptico-ovatis, chartaceis, 8 ad
11 cm longis, 3 ad 5 cm latis, apice acuminatis, basi acutis vel rotundatis,
supra olivaceis, glabris, nitidis, subtus subalbidis, parce pubescentibus,
costa nervis reticulisque brunneis ; paniculis axillaribus, plus minus pubes-
centibus; fructibus ellipsoideis, 2.5 cm longis, 1.5 cm diametro, glabris,
nitidis, utrinque apiculatis.

A shrub or tree, nearly glabrous. Branches terete, dark-colored, glab-
rous, the branchlets somewhat pubescent. Leaves alternate, chartaceous,
ovate to elliptic-ovate, 8 to 11 cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide, the apex rather

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII. 257

sharply acuminate, the base acute or rounded, the upper surface oliva-
ceous, glabrous, shining, the lower surface nearly white, slightly pubescent,
the midrib nerves and primary reticulations brown ; nerves 5 on each side
of the midrib, distinct beneath, anastomosing, the reticulations lax;
petioles about 5 mm long, slightly pubescent. Panicles axillary, in fruit
10 cm long or less, slightly pubescent. Flowers unknown. Fruits ellip-
soid about 1.5 cm in diameter, 2.5 cm long, dark-colored, glabrous,
shining, apiculate at both ends, obscurely longitudinally striate.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Tetuan, Ahern 594, 566, February to June,
1901, N. v., Ponit.

Characterized by its relatively large fruits which are apiculate at both ends,
and by its leaves which are nearly white beneath.

Cryptocarya everettii sp. nov.

Arbor, 10 ad 18 m alta ; foliis alternis, oblongo-ellipticis, elliptieis,
vel oblongo-lanceolatis, subcoriaceis, 10 ad 20 cm longis, acuminatis,
supra nitidis, glabris, brunneis, subtus glaucescentibus, valde pulcher-
rime reticulato-venosis ; paniculis pubescentibus, 8 ad 10 cm longis,
axillaribus terminalibusque; floribus albis, circiter 4 mm longis, pedicel-
latis vel subsessilibus ; fructibus oblongis, glabris, circiter 3 cm longis.

A tree 10 to 18 m high, nearly glabrous throughout except the in-
florescence. Branches slender, light-gray, glabrous, the young branchlets
somewhat pubescent. Leaves alternate, oblong-elliptic, elliptic or oblong-
lanceolate, 10 to 20 cm long, 4 to 7 cm, rarely 9 cm wide, subcoriaceous,
the upper surface glabrous, or sometimes slightly pubescent along the
midrib, shining, brown, ^ the lower surface glaucous, the nerves and
reticulations prominent, brown, slightly pubescent, the apex abruptly
and sharply acuminate, the base acute; nerves about 10 on each side of
the midrib, beneath very prominent, anastomosing, the reticulations
rather lax, very distinct, the brown midrib, nerves and reticulations in
strong contrast to the glaucous under surface of the leaf; petioles 5 to
10 mm long, somewhat pubescent. Panicles axillary and terminal, 8 to
10 cm long, pubescent, the flowers white, pedicellate or subsessile, about
4 mm long, the bracteoles deciduous, about 2.5 mm long. Calyx-tube
densely pubescent, 2 mm long, the perianth segments subequal, 2.5 mm
long, elliptic-ovate, obtuse, pubescent. Fertile stamens 9, the filaments
somewhat pubescent, the anthers of the outer two series introrse, those
of the inner series extrorse; staminodes ovate, short-stipitate, somewhat
pubescent, acute. Ovary narrowly oblong, glabrous; style 1.5 mm long.
Fruit black when dry, glabrous, smooth, oblong or narrowly oblong,
about 3 cm long, 1 cm thick, narrowed upwards, not striate.

Negros, For. Bur. J/236, J{311, 7288 , 7311 Everett, April-June, 1900-07, For.
Bur. 71f09 Danao, June, 1907, Whitford 1614, May, 1900.

A species common in the dipterocarp forests in northern Negros, well charac-
terized by its leaves being glaucous beneath, and strongly reticulate, the midrib,
nerves, and reticulations on the lower surface of the leaf being brown, in sharp
contrast to the glacous surface. V., Balit, Putian.

258

MERRILL.

Cryptocarya ampla sp. nov.

Arbor alta, inflorescentiis exceptis glabra; foliis oblongis, coriaceis,
nitidis, IS ad 25 cm longis, 5 ad 9 cm latis, apice late acuminatis, basi
cuiieatis vel rotunda t is, concoloribus vel subtus brtinneis; nervis utrinque
8 ad 10, proininentibus, obscure anastomosantibus, reticulis validis, densis;
paniculis axillaribus terminalibusque, foliis subaequalibus, pubescentibus;
floribus numerosis, pedicellatis, 4 mm longis; fructibus ellipsoideis vel
obovoideis, parce pubescentibus, longitudinaliter striatis, circiter 12 mm
longis.

A tall tree, glabrous throughout except the infloresence. Branches
terete, lenticellate, brownish. Leaves alternate, oblong, 18 to 25 cm
long, 5 to 9 cm wide, coriaceous, shining, the apex rather broadly
acuminate, the base acute or rounded, about the same color on both
surfaces; nerves 8 to 10 on each side of the midrib, rather prominent,
curved-ascending, obscurely anastomosing, the reticulations beneath dense,
distinct; petioles 1 to 1.5 cm long. Panicles axillary and terminal,
about as long as the leaves, many flowered, the rachis and branches
somewhat pubescent. Flowers white, 4 mm long, pedicellate, the pedicels
pubescent, 1 to 2 mm long, with three small bracteoles at the apex.
Calyx-tube cylindric, sulcate, pubescent, 1.5 to 2 mm long, the perianth-
lobes 6, subequal, pubescent, oblong-obovate, acute or obtuse, 2 mm long.
Fertile stamens 9 ; anthers all 2-celled, those of the two outer series
introrse, those of the inner series extrorse, the filaments short ; staminodes
acuminate, about 1 mm long. Style 1 mm long. Fruit ellipsoid or
obovoid, obtuse, somewhat narrowed at both ends, slightly pubescent,
longitudinally striate, about 12 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Antipolo and Montalban, For Bur. ^63, 3!)7, 2^38
Ahern's collector, February and April, 1904, and January, 1905. T., Bagarilao.

A species well characterized by its large leaves and panicles.

Cryptocarya glauca sp. nov.

Arbor; foliis alternis, coriaceis, oblongo-ovatis vel elliptico-lanceolatis,
usque ad 13 cm longis, 5 cm latis, supra brunneis, glabris, nitidis, subtus
plus minus pubescentibus, glaucis; nervis subtus proininentibus, brunneis,
circiter 8 utrinque; paniculis axillaribus terminalibusque, ferrugineo-
pubescentibus, foliis aequalibus vel longioribus vel interdum brevioribus.

A tree, more or less pubescent. Branches terete, reddish-brown
glabrous, lenticellate, the branchlets ferruginous-pubescent. Leaves
alternate, coriaceous, oblong-ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, the apex shortly
and obtusely acuminate, the base acute, 7 to 13 cm long, 2 to 5 cm wide,
the upper surface dark- or pale-brown, glabrous, shining, the lower surface
glaucous, somewhat ferruginous-pubescent, ultimately glabrous or nearly
so; nerves prominent on the lower surface, brown, about 8 on each side
of the midrib, obscurely anastomosing, the reticulations not very distinct,
rather lax; petioles pubescent, 1 to 1.5 cm long. Panicles axillary and

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

259

terminal, ferruginous-pubescent, about as long as the leaves, sometimes
longer, sometimes shorter. Flowers subsessile or shortly pedicellate,
pubescent, 3 to 3.5 mm long, the bracteoles small, pubescent. Calyx-tube
cylindric, 1.5 mm long. Perianth-lobes 6, equal, pubescent outside,
elliptic-ovate, obtuse or acute, 2 to 2.5 mm long, 1 to 1.3 mm wide.
Stamens as in other species of the genus.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, For. Bur. 2981 Ahern’s collector, April,
1905 (type). Apparently the same species, but with small panicles, is repre-
sented by Merrill 2337, from Tanay, the same Province.

Allied to Cryptocarya lauri flora (Blanco) Merr., but differing in many char-
acters, notably in its leaves being very glacous beneath.

LITSEA Lam.

Litsea bicolor sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 8 m alta; ramis griseis, teretibus, glabris, ramulis junior-
ibus dense ferrugineo-pubescentibus ; foliis verticillatis, elliptico-obovatis,
usque ad 35 cm longis, coriaceis, supra glabris, brunneis, nitidis, subtus
albo-glaucescentibus, costa nervisque ferrugineis, plus minus tomentosis,
apice breviter abrupteque acuminatis, basi acutis ; fructibus f asciculatis,
ellipsoideis, nigris, nitidis, circiter 2 cm longis, obtusis; calycibus auctis,
disciformibus, circiter 1 cm diametro.

A tree about 8 m high. Branches terete, gray, glabrous, the young
branchlets densely ferruginous-pubescent. Leaves verticillate, usually 5
in each whorl, elliptic-obovate, 25 to 35 cm long, 12 to 17 cm wide, the
apex shortly and abruptly acuminate, the base acute, coriaceous, the upper
surface glabrous, shining, dark-brown when dry, the lower surface pale,
glaucous, nearly white, somewhat deciduous-tomentose, the nerves and
midrib ferruginous-pubescent; nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib,
very prominent beneath, curved-ascending, obscurely or not anastomos-
ing, the reticulations lax; petioles ferruginous-pubescent, 3.5 cm long,
stout. Flowers unknown. Fruit fascicled on the branches below the
leaves, the pedicels stout, short, the calyx accrescent, disciform, about 1
cm in diameter, glabrous, the fruit ellipsoid, black, shining, glabrous,
obtuse, about 2 cm long.

Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Surigao, Bolster 318, April, 1906. N. v.,
Hindang.

A species will characterized by its large, verticillate leaves, which are very
pale beneath.

Litsea hutchinsonii sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 10 m alta; ramis teretibus, glabris, ramulis junioribus
dense ferrugineo-tomentosis ; foliis oppositis vel suboppositis, oblongis,
coriaceis, 10 ad 20 cm longis, 5 ad 8 cm latis, concoloribus vel subtus
brunneis, supra glabris, nitidis, subtus parce pubescentibus, nervis utrin-
que circiter 12; inflorescentiis axillaribus, f asciculatis vel glomeratis,
floribus umbellulatis, involucro biseriali, 4-phyllo; staminibus fertilibus
9, antheris omnibus introrsis, 4-locellatis.

260

MERRILL.

A tree about 10 m high, nearly glabrous except the young branchlets
and inflorescence. Branches terete, reddish-brown, glabrous, the young
branchlets rather densely ferruginous-tomentose. Leaves opposite or sub-
opposite, oblong, 10 to 20 cm long, 5 to 8 cm wide, coriaceous, of the
same color on both surfaces, or the lower surface brownish, the upper
surface glabrous, shining, the lower very sparingly pubescent, the apex
acute, obtuse, or very obscurely acuminate, the base acute; nerves about
12 on each side of the midrib, beneath very prominent, obscurely anasto-
mosing; petioles subglabrous, about 1 cm long. Flowers umbellate, the
umbels involucrate, crowded in the leaf-axils, sessile or short-pedunculate,
the involucral scales 4, concave, orbicular or obovoid, 4 to 5 mm long,
outside ferruginous-pubescent. Staminate flowers 3 in each umbel, sessile
or subsessile, the tube very short, ferruginous-pubescent outside, the
segments 6, oblong, obtuse, subequal, 3 to 3.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide,
glabrous or nearly so. Fertile stamens 3, the longer filaments 2.5 mm
long, glabrous or nearly so; anthers all introrse, all 4-locellate.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 91J/8 Whitford <0
Hutchinson, January, 1908.

A species apparently allied to Litsea luzonica (Bl.) F.-Vill., but with much
larger, differently shaped leaves. As the genera in this group are defined in the
Nat. Pflanzenfamilien, this species, having 9 fertile stamens, might be referred to
Actinodaphne.

Litsea philippinensis sp. nov.

Arbor usque ad 20 m alta; foliis alternis, coriaceis, nitidis, glabris vel
subglabris, oblongo-ellipticis, 10 ad 20 cm longis, apice rotundatis vel
acutis, basi acutis; nervis utrinque 12 ad 15, prominentibus, reticulis
validis subparallelis ; petiolis 1 ad 2.5 cm longis; floribus capitulatis,
capitulis globosis, fasciculatis vel in raeemis brevibus axillaribus disposi-
tis; calycis lobis 6, pubescentibus ; staminibus fertilibus 12, filamentis
villosis; fructibus oblongo-ovoideis, glabris, obtusis, circiter 3.5 cm longis,
tubis auctis, cupulatis, circiter 2 cm diametro.

A tree 15 to 20 m high. Branches terete, stout, brown, glabrous, the
branchlets somewdiat ferruginous-pubescent. Leaves alternate, elliptic-
oblong, 10 to 20 cm long, 5 to 10 cm wide, coriaceous, somewhat shining,
usually brownish when dry, at least the nerves, not at all glaucous, the
upper surface glabrous, or the midrib sometimes pubescent, the lowrer
surface glabrous or the midrib and nerves usually more or less pubescent,
the apex rounded or acute, the base usually acute; nerves 12 to 15 on
each side of the midrib, very prominent, parallel, obscurely anastomosing
near the margin of the leaf, the reticulations very distinct, subparallel ;
petioles pubescent, 1 to 2.5 cm long. Flowers in heads, axillary, fascicled
or in short racemes, mostly from the branches below the leaves, in the
axils of fallen leaves, the rachis, when present, stout, not exceeding 1

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

261

cm in length. Involucral bracts 4 or 5, pubescent, concave, orbicular or
obovoid, the inner ones thinner, their margins ciliate, strongly imbricate,
6 to 8 flowers in each head. Calyx-tube slender, tubular, 2 mm long,
cylindric, the lobes 6, 3 mm long, pubescent. Fertile stamens 12, their
filaments slender, 3 mm long, clothed with long weak hairs. F ruit oblong-
ovoid, glabrous, obtuse, about 3.5 mm long, the calyx- tube accrescent,
persistent, cup-shaped, about 2 cm in diameter.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao River, For. Bur. 7 503 Curran, September,
1907 (type), For. Bur. 1363, 1794 Borden, July, September, 1904, Whit ford 4~%>
July, 1904, Williams 619, February, 1904: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, For.
Bur. 3171 Ahern’s collector, July, 1905. Mindoro, Bongabong River, Whitford
Vt13, April, 1906; Balete, For. Bur. 6161 Merritt, January, 1907. Mindanao,
Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 298, February, 1906.

This species is well represented in our herbarium, especially in material from
the Mount Mariveles region, but the specimen collected by Curran in September,
1907, is the first one secured with mature flowers, thus allowing accurate generic
identification. The specimen from Mindanao, Clemens 298, is immature, being
much more pubescent than the type, and may possibly represent a different species.
It is well characterized by its oblong-elliptic, usually obtuse, strongly nerved
leaves. Apparently allied to Litsea grandis Hook. f.

N EOLITSE A (Benth.) Merr.

Neolitsea villosa (Blume) comb. nov.

Litsea villosa Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 1 (1851) 349; Vidal Rev. PI. Vase.
Filip. (1886) 226; Ceron Cat. PI. Herb. (Manila) (1892) 143; Rendle in Journ.
Bot. 34 (1896) 355. Meissn. in DC. Prodr. 15 (1864) 221.

Neolitsea zeylanica Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 57; non

Litsea zeylanica C. & Fr. Nees.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Santo Tomas, Williams 1986, November,
1904; Loher 4521; Suyoc to Panai, Merrill 47 61, November, 1905: Province of
Rizal, Bosoboso, For. Bur. 2674 Ahern’s collector, January, 1905: Province of
Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Whitford 119, 458, May, July, 1904, Elmer 6806
November, 1904, Merrill 3204, October, 1903, For. Bur. 1337, 1586 Borden, 1503
Ahern’s collector, 2617 Meyer, 6262 Curran: Province of Pampanga, Mount Abu.
Bur. Sci. 1958, 1959 Foxworthy, December, 1906: Province of Zambales, Mount
Tapulao, For. Bur. 8073 Curran; Candelaria, For. Bur. 8250 Curran d' Merritt,
December, 1907. Mindoro, Mount Halcon, For. Bur. 4969 Merritt, Merrill 5666;
Mount Malasumbu, For. Bur. 87)7 Merritt. Mindanao, Province of Misamis,
Mount Malindang, For. Bur. 4681, 4695 M earns d- Hutchinson, May, 1906.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, but is never found at low
altitudes. It was previously confused by me with Litsea zeylanica C. & Fr. Nees,
but appears not to be that species, but rather Blmne’s L. villosa, as identified by
Vidal and Rendle. The specimens cited above show considerable variation, some
of them having the leaves decidedly ferruginous-pilose beneath, but this indument
is deciduous; pubescent and glabrous leaves can frequently be found on the same
specimen. This densely villous form has been identified by Vidal as Litsea
cinnamomea Blume, but whether correctly so or not, the Luzon form so named
appears to me to be the same as L. villosa=N eolitsea villosa. This is doubtless
the form approximately identified by Stepf, in his paper on the flora of Mount
Kinabalu, as Litsea zeylanica, so far as his Philippine reference goes.

262

MERRILL.

MACHILUS Nees.

Machilus nervosa sp. nov.

Arbor glabra circiter G m alta; foliis ovato-ellipticis, usque ad 12 cm
longis, eoriaceis, nitidis, subtus subglaucescentibus, grosse et pulcherrime
reticulatis, nervis urtinque G vel 7, prominentibus, elevatis, anastomo-
santfbus; paniculis axillaribus terminalibusque, circiter 7 cm longis;
fructibus obovoideis, in sicco nigris, lev iter angulatis, circiter 12 mm
longis, perianthii lobis late ovatis, acutis, persistentibus, patulis.

A glabrous tree about 6 m high. Branches terete, lenticellate,
grayish- or reddish-brown. Leaves ovate-elliptic, coriaceous, 7 to 12
cm long, 2.5 to 5 cm wide, base and apex acute, the upper surface
shining, the lower, at. least when young, subglaucous, nerves G or 7
on each side of the midrib, beneath very prominent, elevated, darker-
colored than the surface of the leaf, curved-ascending, anastomosing, the
primary reticulations lax, distinct; petioles 2 to 3 cm long. Panicles
axillary and glabrous in fruit, about 7 cm long. Flowers unknown. Fruit
obovoid, red when fresh, black and shining when dry, about 12 mm long,
somewhat keeled or angled and obscurely reticulate, the persistent
perianth-lobes broadly ovate, acute, 1.5 mm long, glabrous or their
margins slightly pubescent, spreading.

Luzox, Province of Benguet Mount Ugo, For. Bur. 108J/6 Curran, For. Bur.
18009 Merritt, December, 1908, in hardwood forests in ravines at an altitude of
about 2,000 m.

PHOEBE Nees.

Phoebe sterculioides (Elmer) comb. nov. § Euphoebe.

Persca sterculioides Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 295.

Arbor 7 ad 18 m alta ; foliis subcoriaceis, obovatis vel oblanceolatis,
circiter 18 cm longis, 8 cm latis, integris, apice breviter acuminatis,
rariter acutis, basi sensim angustatis, supra glabris, subtus plus minus
glaucescentibus, ferrugineo-pubescentibus ; nervis utrinque 9 ad 11; pani-
culis axillaribus, ferrugineo-pubescentibus, angustis, usque ad 20 cm
longis; c-alvcis lobis 6, subaequalibus vel exterioribus admodum minoribus,
pubescentibus, plus minus accrescentibus, persistentibus, erectis; stami-
nibus fertilibus 9, 3-seriatis, antheris 4-locellatis, ordinis primi et
secundi introrsis, ordinis tertii extrorsis.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Lucban, Elmer 9121 (cotype), May 1907. Min-
doro, near Lake Naujan, For. Bur. 6793a, 682J,, 6859 Merritt, March-April, 1907.
Negros, 7273, 72S7, 7327 Everett, May, 1907. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp
Keithley Mrs. Clemens 518, April-May, 1906, and six sheets without numbers.

This species appears to be not uncommon in the Philippines, and extends from
central Luzon to Mindanao. Tn Mindoro it is know as Baticulin, a name applied
to many different species of Lauraceae, in various genera. Specimens of this
plant with young fruit show accrescent, persistent, and appressed calyx segments,
which throws the species into Phoebe, as defined by Pax in Engler & Prantl’s

NEW OB NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

263

Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien, although Bentham & Hooker reduce Phoebe to
Persea. In the original description of the species the outer series of stamens are
described as having extrorse anthers, and the other series to have introrse anthers.

1 have reexamined the type number and the reverse seems to be the case,, the
outer two series having introrse anthers, and the inner series having extrorse
anthers. Apparently allied to the Malayan Phoebe opaca Blume.

DRO SE RACE2E.

DROSERA Linn.

Drosera burmanni Valil Svmb. 3 ( 1704) 50; Clarke in Hook. f. hi. Biit. 1ml.

2 (1878) 424; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 78, Diels in Pflanzenreirh 26 (1006) 75.
Luzox, District of Hontoc, For. Bur. 10095 Curran, January, 1900, altitude

about 700 m.

The fourth species of the genus for the Philippines, previously recorded from
Panay by F.-Villar, but his record as to its occurring in the Archipelago not
before verified.

India and Ceylon to southern Japan, south to Malaya and northern Australia.

HAMAMELIDACE2E.

EMBOLANTHERA gen. nov.

Calycis tubus ovario adnatus, limbus irregulariter 2- vel 3-fidus, demum
circumscisso-deciduus. Petala 5. lineari-e'ongata, basi utrinque valde
auriculata vel alata. Stamina 5, petalis alternantia, filamentis brevis-
simis; antherae basifixae, loculis in valvis 2 verticaliter dehiscentibus,
connectivo longe producto. Ovarium inferum, 2-loculare; styli 2, sub-
ulati, stigmatibus simplicibus ; ovula in loculis solitaria, pendula. Arbor.
Folia alterna, integra vel subintegra, persistentia, ovata vel oblonga,
acuminata. Stipulae lanceolatae, membranaceae, deciduae, pectintae.
Flores in spicas terminales densissime dispositi, calyce stellato-pubescente.
Embolanthera spicata sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 10 m alta, glabra, inflorescentiis exceptis. Ramis
ramulisque tenuibus, griseis vel brunneis ; foliis alternis firmiter clrar-
taceis, ovatis vel oblongis, usque ad 10 cm longis, apice breviter acuminatis,
basi rotundatis, acutis vel acuminatis, leviter inaequilateralibus, nitidis.
Spicis foliis aequantibns vel subaequantibus, densis; floribus albis,
5-meris ; petalis circiter 2 cm longis, 2 mm latis, basi utrinque valde
auriculatis vel alatis; staminibus 5, connectivo longe producto.

A tree about 10 m high, glabrous or nearly so except the infloresence.
Branches and branchlets terete, slender, gray or brown, slightly lenti-
cellate. Leaves alternate, ovate to oblong, firmly chartaceous, shining,
7 to 10 cm long, 2 to 5 cm wide, gradually narrowed upward to the
short-acuminate apex, the base rounded, acute, or slightly acuminate,
usually somewhat inequilateral, the margins entire, recurved, some-
times slightly aculeate-denticulate near the apex ; nerves » or 8 on

264

MERRILL.

each side of the midrib, prominent beneath, anastomosing, the retic-
ulations lax; petioles 5 to 10 mm long. Stipules deciduous, mem-
branaceous, usually lanceolate, acuminate, 5 mm long or less, somewhat
appressed-pubescent on the back, the margins below prominently pectinate,
the tips of the teeth glandular. Spikes as long as the leaves or some-
times shorter, about 2.5 cm in diameter, densely in any- flowered, the
rachis somewhat pubescent, the bracteoles linear, pubescent, 1.5 mm long.
Flowers white, sessile. Calyx-tube short, adnate to the ovary, pale-
stellate-pubescent outside, the limb splitting irregularly into two or
three ovate, acute or acuminate lobes, 4 to 5 mm long, membranaceous,
somewhat reticulate-veined, stellate-pubescent outside, finally circumscis-
sile and deciduous. Petals 5, about 2 cm long, 1.8 to 2 mm wide, the basal
<1 mm strongly auricled, including the auricles 3 mm wide, narrowed
above the auricles to 1 mm, incurved, and then linear-elongate, mem-
branous, nerved, about 2 mm wide, acuminate. Staminodes none, unless
represented by the auricles to the petals. Stamens 5, alternate with the
petals, and inserted with them; filaments adnate to the corolla and falling
with it, stout, about 1 mm long; anthers ovoid, about 1 mm long, the
cells opening laterally each by two valves, the connective produced as a
straight, 2 mm long, awn. Ovary inferior, 2-celled, each cell with a
single pendulous ovule, the top of the ovary pubescent; styles 2, less
than 1 mm long, slender; stigmas minute. Fruit unknown.

Palawan, Victoria Peak, Bur. Sci. 739 Foxworthy, March 24, 1906. A spread-
ing tree about 10 m high, with a trunk 15 to 20 cm in diameter growing on the
river bank at an altitude of about 250 m above the Sea.

The genus above proposed is allied to Maingaya Oliver, of Penang and Perak,
and to Loropetalum R. Br., of India and China, differing from both in its spicate
infloresence, and in the strongly auriculate bases of the petals, from the former
also in its different calyx and absence of staminodes, and from the latter also
in its 4-merous flowers. It is apparently more closely allied to Maingaya than
to Loropetalum, but seems to be distinct from both, and from all other hitherto
desciibed genera. But one genus of the family, M lycopsis, was previously known
from the Philippines.

ROSACEA.

PARINARIUM Aubl.

Parinarium curranii nom. nov.

Parinarium racemosum Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 19;
non Vidal Cat. PI. Prov. Manila (1880) 29.

Masbatk, Merrill 2blJf, May, 1903 (type). Luzon, Province of Albay, For.
Bur. 10575 Curran, June, 1908.

the original name of this species is invalidated by Parinarium racemosum
\ idal, and accordingly the above new name is proposed for it. Vidal’s species
is not enumerated in Index Kewensis.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

265

LEGUMINOSiE.

ALBIZZIA Durazz.

Albizzia scandens sp. nov.

Frutex scandens, subglabra, usque ad 10 m alta; foliis bipinnatis,
circiter 20 cm longis 4- vel 5-jugatis; foliolis oblongis vel elliptico-
oblongis, 1 ad 2 cm longis, acutis vel apiculatis, lev iter inequilateralibus ;
paniculis circiter 20 cm longis, parce pubescentilms ; floribus sessilibus,
capitulatis, extus parce pubescentibus ; staminibus circiter 20, filamentis
liberis.

A scandent shrub about 10 m high, subglabrous. Branches dark-
colored when dry, terete, lenticellate. Leaves alternate, about 20 cm
long, evenly 4- or 5- jugate, the common rachis slightly pubescent, 12 to
15 cm long, with a single large gland on the upper surface near the base,
the stipules, if any, caducous, the base of the petiole subtended by a stout,
somewhat recurved, thickened puvinus about 4 mm long; leaflets 8 to 12
pairs, crowded, oblong or elliptic-oblong, 1 to 2 cm long, 5 to 7 mm
wide, chartaceous, somewhat inequilateral, the base broad, acute, the apex
acute or apiculate, the lower surface paler than the upper, slightly pubes-
cent. Panicles axillary and terminal, 20 cm long or less, slightly pubes-
cent. Flowers white, sessile, in small capitate heads at the ends of the
ultimate branchlets. Calyx about 1.5 mm long, slightly cinereous-pubes-
cent outside, obscurely 5-toothed. Corolla slightly cinereous-pubescent
outside, 4.5 mm long, the tube very slender below, widened above, the
lobes oblong-ovate, acute, about 1.5 mm long, 1.2 mm wide. Stamens 20
or more; filaments about 12 mm long, free; anthers 0.2 mm long.

Palawan, Iwahig, Bur, Sci. 829 Foxworthy, May, 1906.

A species growing near the sea, climbing over Xylocarpus, allied to Albizzia
myriophylla Roxb., of the Malay Peninsula, but with much fewer jugate leaves,
less numerous and differently shaped leaflets, and free filaments.

BAUHINIA 1 Ann.

Bauhinia monandra Ivurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 42- (1873) 73; Forest
FI. Brit. Burma 1 (1877) 395.

Bauhinia richardiana Wall, in Voigt. Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. (1845) 255, non
DC. fide Prain.

Phanera maculata Rich, ex Teysm. & Binn. Cat. Hort. Bog. (18(>(i) 268, non
Bauhinia maculata Tenore.

Bauhinia krugii Urban in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 3 (1885) 83.

Bauhinia kappleri Sagot in Ann. Sci. Nat. VI 1 3 (1882) 317; Urban Symb.
Antill. 1 (1899) 83; Perk. Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 13; Merr. in Govt. Lab.
Publ. (Philip.) 29 (1905) 17.

Luzon, Manila, Merrill a. n. November, 1903: Province of Pampanga, Arayat,
Warburg, in Herb. Berol., Merrill 393 Jj, October, 1904, Bolster 51, May, 1905:
85754 5

266

MERRILL.

Province of Rizal, For. Bur. 32^8 Ahern's collector, August, 1905: Province of
Bataan, Laniao, For. Bur. 7 350 Curran, June, 1907. Bohol, Bur. Sci. 1230 Mc-
Gregor, May, 1906.

There is no doubt but that Bauhinia monandra Ivurz is the oldest valid name
for this widely distributed species, and it is accordingly here adopted. Material
supplied me by Mr. Craib of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, as representing
Kurz’s species is unquestionably the same as our Philippine specimens. In order
to verify this I wrote to Dr. Prain, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, who has kindly examined all the material in the Kew herbarium, and
who informs me that Bauhinia krugii, and B. kappleri are unquestionably iden-
tical with B. monandra of Kurz, the reductions being also verified by Mr. W. B.
Hemsley, and Mr. N. E. Brown. My reduction of Phanera maculata Rich., is
based on a specimen so named received from Buitenzorg, taken from a tree in
the botanic garden so labelled, and said to have been received from Bourbon
under that name. I suspected that it might be the same as B. maculata Tenore,
but this is not the case, as Tenore’s description does not at all apply to the
present species, although Dr. R. Pampanini of Florence, who kindly supplied
me with a copy of the original description, informs me that Tenore’s type does
not appear to be extant. The species is now widely distributed in the tropics
of the World, and is probably a native of tropical America; it is certainly an
introduced species in the Philippines.

CYNOMETRA Linn.

Cynometra luzoniensis sp. nov.

Arbor glabra, circiter 15 m alta; foliis unifoliolatis, foliolis coriaceis
vel subcoriaceis, in sicco brnnneis, nitidis, oblongis, usque ad 13 cm longis,
reticulatis, apice acute acuminatis, basi late rotundatis vel subcordatis;
fructibus axillaribus, racemosis, compressis, brunneis, circiter 3 cm longis,
verrucoso-lenticellatis, obtusis.

A glabrous tree about 15 m high. Branches light-brown, terete, lenti-
cellate. Leaves alternate, unifoliolate, the petiole stout, rugose, 3 to 4
mm long, the single leaflet sessile, oblong, coriaceous or subcoriaceous,
brown and shining when dry, 5 to 13 cm long, 3 to 4.5 cm wide, the apex
sharply acuminate, the base rather broad, rounded or slightly cordate;
primary nerves about 8 on each side of the midrib, anastomosing, the
secondary ones and reticulations nearly as distinct, the latter netted,
rather close, distinct on both surfaces. Flowers unknown. Infrutesceuce
of axillary, solitary racemes, the rachis about 1 cm long, marked by
numerous pedicel-scars, the pedicels about 8 mm in length. Fruits
(immature) compressed, inequilateral, the dorsal suture nearly straight,
the ventral semicircular, about 3 cm long, 11 to 13 mm wide, brown,
lenticellate-verrucose, apex and base rounded.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Laguimanoc, Merrill 2128, April, 1903.

A species closely allied to Cynometra simplicifolia Harms, but with larger
much more sharply acuminate leaves which are broad and rounded or subcordate
at the base and with quite different, much more prominent venation and retic-
ulation. The inflorescence of C. simplicifolia is fasciculate and the fruits are
usually somewhat falcate, the dorsal suture being frequently incurved.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

FLEMINGIA Roxb.

207

Flemingia lineata (Linn.) Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) 56; FI. Ind. 3:341;
Baker in Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 2 (1876) 228; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 67.

Hedysarum Uneatum Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1054.

Flemingia blancoana Llanos Fragm. (1851) 80; Blanco FL Filip, ed. 3, 41:62.

Luzon, Province of Bulacan, near Malolos, Mrs. Templeton, February, 1909.

A species previously known from the Philippines only by F.-Villar’s record,
and to which he reduced, and apparently correctly so, Flemingia blancoana Llanos.

India to Siam, the Malay Archipelago and northern Australia.

DESMODIUM Desv.

Desmodium retroflexum (Linn.) DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 336; Baker in Hook,
f. FI. Brit. Ind. 2 (1876) 170; Forbes & Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23
(1887) 176.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Ecija, Cabanatuan, Bur. Sci. 5278 McGregor, Sep-
tember, 1908.

Himalayan region to Tenasserim and southern China; new to the Philippines.

ERYTHROPHLOEUM Afzel.

Erythrophloeum densiflorum (Elm.) comb. nov.
y Cynometra densiflora Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1 (1907) 222.

Arbor glabra, infloreseentiis exceptis, usque ad 25 m alta; foliis alternis
abrupte bipinnatis, pinnis 1- vel 2-jugatis; foliolis oppositis, abrupte
pinnatis, 3- ad 5-jugatis, subcoriaceis, nitidis, in sicco brunneis vel
pallidis, usque ad 15 cm longis, valde acuminatis, basi rotundatis vel
acutis, leviter inaequalibus ; floribus parvis, spicatis, spicis pubescentibus,
in paniculis terminalibus vel subterminalibus dispositis; petalis 5, im-
bricatis, circiter 4 mm longis; ovarium stipitatum, 4-ovulatum; legumi-
nibus ligneis, oblongis vel anguste oblongo-obovatis, obtusis, compressis,
basi angustatis, longitudinaliter laxe reticulato-striatis, rectis vel leviter
falcatis, dehiscentibus, usque ad 18 cm longis, 4.5 cm latis; seminibus 1
ad 4, compressis, orbicularibus, circiter 3 cm diametro.

The type of this species was collected by Mr. Elmer No. 0013, near Lucban,
Province of Tayabas, Luzon, in flower, and described by him as Cynometra, densi-
flora. It is represented by the following additional material; Luzon, Province of
Tayabas, Bulin, For. Bur. 10272 Curran, with nearly mature fruit; Guinayangan,
For. Bur. 12507 Rosenbluth ; Dugatan, For. Bur. 10215 Curran ; Apad, For. Bur.
11513 Whitford. A sterile specimen from Mindanao, For. Bur. 9163 Whitford t£-
Hutchinson, may be referable here. Locally known to the Tagalogs as Camatog
or Calamantao.

A most interesting addition to our knowledge of the Philippine flora, the genus,
up to the present time consisting of about six species, mostly in Africa and
Madagascar, one in Australia and one in China.

KINGIODENDRON Harms.

K ingiodendron alternifolium * (Elmer) Merrill & Rolfe, comb. nov.

Cynometra alternifolia Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1 (1907) 223.

Hardwickia alternifolia Elmer 1. c. (1908) 362.

Arbor magna, glabra; foliis imparipinnatis, alternis, rariter oppositis,

268

MERRILL.

foliolis 3 ad 5, coriaceis, elliptico-ovatis vel oblongo-ellipticis, alternis,
valde glanduloso-punetatis, plus minus inaequilateralibus, apice acu-
minatis, basi acutis vel obtusis; paniculis axillaribus; calvcibus 5-
vel 4-meris, lobis valde imbricatis, glanduloso-punctatis ; ovario sessile,
dense villoso; fructibus suborbieularibus, elliptieis vel obovoideis, crassis,
leviter eompressis, brunneis, ligneis, 3 ad 1 era longis, circiter 3 cm latis,
2.5 cm crassis, indeliiscentibus; semimbus solitariis, albumine ruminato.

The type of this species is Elmer 7366 from Leyte, the specimens with im-
mature fruits and without flowers, which perhaps accounts for its originally being
described as Cynometra. Later Mr. Elmer transferred it to Hardwickia, follow-
ing the conception of that genus as defined by Bentham and Hooker. Harms has
however proposed the new genus Kingiodendron, based on Hardwickia pinnata
Roxb., to which the present species is allied. As we consider Kingiodendron
to be a valid genus, the Philippine species is here transferred as the second species
of the genus.

In addition to the type, cited above, the species is represented by the following
specimens: Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Guinayangan, Hath s. n., May, 1904
(fruit), Mulanaw and San Narciso, For. Bur. 16327, 10354 Curran, April. 1908
(fruit): Province of ('amarines, For. Bur. 16671 Curran (sterile): Province of
Sorsogon, For. Bur. .16624 Curran (sterile). Masbate, Merrill 27 61, June, 1903
(fruit), Whitford 1679, October, 1900 (sterile). Ticao, For. Bur. 1084 Clark,
May, 1904 (fruit). Panay, Miagao, Vidal 2J/68 in Herb. Kew. Mindanao, Dis-
trict of Zamboanga, For. Bur. 6567 Hutchinson, March, 1907 (immature fruit) ;
Port Banga, For. Bur. 9301, 9667, 11036 Whitford d Hutchinson (in flower).

The present species is a timber tree of considerable importance, being com-
mercially known as liatete. The wood structure has been considered by Fox-
worthy 8 who states that it is much like that of Sindora supa Merr., in structure,
but is darker and with a greater amount of oil. It is widely distributed in the
central and southern Philippines, and is known hv the following native names
V., Batete; T., Dangay; B., 8a I a lan gin; in Zamboanga as Palo ' Maria and
Bitanhol, but these two names belong properly to Calophyllum.

MEZONEURUM Desf.

Mezoneurum latisiliquum (Cav.) comb, now

Bauhinia ? latisliqua Cav. Icon. 5 (1799) 5, t. 408, in part, excluding descrip-
tion and figure of leaves.

Mezoneurum glabrum Desf. in M4m. Mus. Paris 4 (1818) 245, t. 10; DC.
Prodr. 2 (1825) 484; Baker in Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 2 (1878) 258; F.-Vill.
Nov. App. (1880) 70; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I1 (1855) 103; Vidal Phan. Cuming.
Philip. (1885) 110, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (188(5) 114; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci.
1 (1906) Suppl. 64.

Caesalpinia torquata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 336.

Mezoneurum procumbcns Blanco 1. c. ed. 2 (1845) 235, ed. 3, 2:73.

Luzon, Province of Pampanga, Arayat, Merrill 1438: Province of Rizal,
Merrill 1711: Province of Bataan, For. Bur. 5958 Curran; Whitford s. n.; Wil-
liams 701: Province of Laguna, Los Banos, Elmer ; Bur. Sci. 6095 Robinson.
Mindoro, Palnan. Merrill 956; For. Bur. 9748 Merritt. Negros, For. Bur. 7 315
Everett. Basilan, For. Bur. 3978 Hutchinson; Hallier. Mindanao, Province of

8 This Journal, 2 (1907) Botany 376.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

269

Surigao, Bolster 366; Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 262; District of
Davao, Copeland J/.70.

A common and widely distributed species in the Philippines, for which the
earliest specific name is here adopted. Cavanilles’ Bauhinia ? latisiliqua is a
mixture, the leaves being those of a true Bauhinia, but the fruit manifestly a
Mezoneurum. It was based on material collected in the Philippines by Nde, the
fruit, at least, coming from the town of Cavinti in Laguna Province, Luzon. As
the specific name was taken from fruit characters, and as the fruit as figured and
described is manifestly Mezoneurum, 1 consider that Bauhinia f latisiliqua is
typified by the fruit, and that it should be considered as Mezoneurum. Local
names, T., Gamut pusa, Gamut cabag, Cabit cabag, Sagnit, Sapnit; V., Tugabang,
Ugabang, Bampinit ; in Basilan Bo kit, 8ampin.it.

Timor, and according to Baker, in Tenasserim.

SESBANIA Pers.

Sesbania roxburghii nom. nov.

Aeschynomene paludosa Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) 5(5, nomen, FI. lnd. 3 (1832)
333.

Sesbania paludosa Plain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 6- (1897) 82, non Jacq.,
1825.

Sesbania grandiflora Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I1 (1855) 333, non Pers.

Sesbania cochinchinensis Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 452 (1876) 271, non DC.

Sesbania aculeata var. paludosa Baker in Hook. f. FI. Brit. lnd. 2 (1876) 115,
in part, and excluding the synonym Aeschynomene uliginosa.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Siniloan, Bur. Sci. 6530 Robinson; Santa Maria
Mavitac, For. Bur. 10098 Curran, in shallow water in Lake Bay, T., Balakla.

Bengal to Burma, southern China and Java.

As there appears to be no valid specific name for this species, the above is
here proposed.

RUTACEiE.

EVODIA Foist.

Evodia monophylla sp. nov.

Arbuscula glabra circiter 3 m alta; foliis oppositis, unifoliolatis,
foliolis 6 ad 13 cm longis, elliptieo-lanceolatis, firm iter chartaceis,
utrinque pallidis nitidisque, apice acuminatis, basi acuti's; cymis pedun-
culatis, circiter 1 cm longis ; floribus 4-meris, ovario obtuse 4-angulato.

A glabrous shrub about 3 m high. Branches terete, slender, grayish
or grayish-brown, shining, striate when dry. Leaves opposite, unifolio-
late, the petiole 0.8 to 3 cm long, the petiolule short; leaflet firmly
chartaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, pale and shining on both surfaces, G to
13 cm long, 2 to 4.5 cm wide, entire, glabrous, the apex acuminate,
acumen blunt, the base acute; primary nerves 10 to 13 on each side of
the midrib, rather distant, anastomosing, the secondary nerves and rather
lax reticulations almost as prominent. Cymes axillary, solitary, ped-
uncled, about 1 cm long, when young slightly puberulent. Pedicels
about 2 mm long. Calyx-lobes 4, ovate, 1 mm long. Petals 4, oblong-
elliptic, acute, punctate, 2.5 mm long, 1.3 mm wide. Stamens 4, al-
ternating witli the petals; filaments 1.7 mm long; anthers 0.8 mm long.

270

MERRILL.

Disk prominent, obtusely 4-angled, somewhat undulate. Ovary with
four obtuse lobes, sunk in the disk; style very short, simple. Immature
carples glabrous.

Mindoro, Mount Halcon, Merrill 6169, November 9, 1906, in forests at about
750 m altitude; flowers pink.

A species readily recognizable by its unifoliolate leaves, pale, shining, elliptic-
lanceolate, acuminate leaflets, and very short axillary cymes.

MELIACE2E.

AGLAIA Lour.

Aglaia badia sp. nov. § Euaglaia.

Arbor 20 ad 25 m alta, ramulis paniculisque densissime badio-lepidotis,
subnitentibus ; foliis alternis, imparipinnatis, 4- vel 5-jugatis, 20 ad 25
cm longis; foliolis oppositis, in sicco brunneis, utrinque decidue brunneo-
lepidotis; paniculis axillaribus, folia subaequantibus, pedunculatis ; flor-
ibus racemoso-dispositis, minutis, 5-meris.

A tree 20 to 25 m high the branches, petioles and infioresence
somewhat shining, minutely and very densely brown-lepidote. Leaves
alternate, odd-pinnate, 4- or 5-jugate, 20 to 25 cm long, the rachis and
petiolules minutely and densely lepidote; leaflets opposite, brown when
dry, chartaceous, oblong to elliptic-oblong, somewhat shining, deciduously
lepidote on both surfaces, 5 to 10 cm long, 2.5 to 4.5 cm wide, the
terminal one sometimes larger, equilateral, the lateral ones somewhat
inequilateral ; nerves 10 to 12 on each side of the midrib, not prominent,
the reticulations fine, rather lax; petiolules 8 mm long or less. Panicles
axillary, peduncled, nearly as long as the leaves, branched in the upper
two-thirds, the rachis, branches, branchlets and calyces minutely and
densely brown-lepidote, shining, the lower primary branches 7 cm long,
the upper ones shorter. Flowers minute, racemosety arranged on the
ultimate branchlets, their pedicels 1 to 2 mm long. Calyx about 1 mm
long, densely lepidote, its teeth broad, rounded. Petals about 1 mm long,
glabrous. Staminal tube 0.5 mm long, truncate or obscurely toothed
free, glabrous ; anthers 5, borne on the upper part of the tube, included.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, San Vicente, For. Bur. 7082, 11305 Klemme, May,
1907, April, 1908, in dense flat- and hill-forests, altitude 5 to 30 m. Cag., Salotoij
Neg., Masaleng.

A species in the group with Aglaia hexandra Turcz., but not closely allied to
it, well characterized by its brownish color and densely disposed, minute, some-
what shining, lepidote scales.

Aglaia bicolor sp. nov. § Euaglaia.

Arbor 15 ad 25 m alta, ramulis foliolis subtus inflorescentiisque den-
sissime cupreo-lepidotis, nitidis; foliis alternis, imparipinnatis, 30 ad 45
cm longis, foliolis 9 ad 11, alternis firmiter chartaceis vel subcoriaceis,
elliptico-oblongis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, utrinque acuminatis, base valde

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

271

inaequaliteralibus, supra glabris; paniculis folia subaequantibus, multi-
floris; floribus minutis, 5-meris, pedicellatis, in ramulis ultimis racemoso-
dispositis; fructibus ellipsoideis vel anguste obovoideis, circiter 1.5 cm
longis, 1-locellatis.

A tree 15 to 25 m high, the branchlets, inflorescence, rachis of the
leaves, petiolules and under surfaces of the leaflets very densely cupreous-
lepidote, shining. Branches rather stout, lepidote, brownish, striate,
glabrous. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, 30 to 45 cm long, the petiole
and rachis cupreous-lepidote, terete; leaflets 9 to 11, alternate, petiolate,
firmly chartaceous or subcoriaceous, elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
8 to 15 cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide, the apex rather abruptly acuminate, the
base very strongly inequilateral, acuminate, the upper surface glabrous,
rarely with very few scattered scales, shining, grayish-green when dry,
the lower very densely cupreous-lepidote, also shining ; nerves 10 to 12
on each side of the midrib, straight, rather distinct, obscurely anastomos-
ing, the reticulations obsolete; petiolules 1 to 1.5 cm long. Panicles
axillary, about as long as the leaves in anthesis, shorter in bud, all parts
very densely cupreous-lepidote, shining, many-flowered, the lower primary
branches often 20 cm in length. Flowers minute, pedicellate, race-
moselv disposed on the idtimate branchlets, their pedicels 1 mm long
or less. Calyx obscurely toothed, densely lepidote. Petals 5, orbicular,
glabrous, 0.6 mm in diameter or less. Staminal tube obovoid, 0.7 mm
long, glabrous, free from the petals, slightly toothed. Anthers 5, in-
serted near the apex of the tube, sessile, inflexed, 0.2 mm long. Fruits
ellipsoid or narrowly obovoid, 1.5 cm long, densely cupreous-lepidote,
shining, 1— celled, 1— seeded.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, San Vicente, For. Bur. 4%88 Klemme, June,
1906, (type) : Province of Ilocos Sur, San Quintin, For. Bur. 7117 Klemme,
April, 1907: Province of Rizal, Antipolo, Merrill 1659, March, 1903, For. Bur.
413 Ahern’s collector, February, 1904.

A species manifestly allied to Aglaia denticulata Turcz., but distinguished by
its more numerous leaflets, which are very much more densely lepidote beneath,
longer panicles and much smaller flowers. Tagalog (Rizal) Salamongay ; Ne-
grito (Cagayan) Matanaota ; Ilocano, Sal-lapugud.

Aglaia everettii sp. nov. § Hearnia.

Arbor 10 ad 20 m alta; foliis alternis, circiter 30 cm longis, im-
paripinnatis, 2-jugatis, glabris ; foliolis oppositis, ehartaceis vel sub-
membranaceis, in sicco pallidis, nitidis, late ellipticis vel elliptico-obovatis,
usque ad 20 cm longis, apice breviter acuminatis, basi rotundatis vel
acutis, nervis utrinque 10 ad 14 ; paniculis axillaribus, foliis longioribus,
multifloris, plus minus ferrugineo-lepidotis, pubescentibus ; floribus 5-
meris, pedicellatis, in ramulis ultimis dense racemose dispositis.

A tree 10 to 20 m high, glabrous except the inflorescence. Branches
terete, light-grav, shining, lenticellate. Leaves alternate, about 30 cm

272 MERRILL.

long, odd-pinnate, --jugate ; leaflets opposite, chartaceous to submembra-
naceous, when dry pale and shining, glabrous, broadly elli})tic to elliptic-
obovate, 12 to 20 cm long, 7 to 10 cm wide; nerves 10 to 14 on each
side oi the midrib, distinct, anastomosing near the margin, the reticula-
tions fine, distinct; petiolules stout, 1 to 1.4 cm long. Panicles axillary,
equaling or longer than the leaves, 50 cm long or less, ferruginous-lepidote
and somewhat ciliate-pubescent, the lower branches frequently 20 cm
in length. Flowers rather densely racemosely arranged on the ultimate
branch] ets, the pedicels about 1 mm long. Sepals 5, free or nearly
so, orbicular-ovate, obtuse, 1 mm long, their margins ci 1 i ate. Petals
o, ovate or orbicular-ovate, glabrous, obtuse, 2 mm long. Staniinal tube
depressed-globose, glabrous, free from the petals, truncate. Stamens 5,
inserted on the edge of the tube, indexed. Fruit narrowly ellipsoid,
rounded at the apex, brown, 3 to 4 cm long, 1- or 2-celled, each cell
with a single seed.

Negros, Province of Negros Occidental, Painguion River, For. Bur. 7319
Everett, March, 1907 (type) ; Cadiz, For. Bur. 1,1035 Danao, March, 1908. Cebu,
Mount Licos, For. Bur. 0)52 Everett, February, 1907. Visayan Bubua, Bunguas.

AZADIRACHTA A. Juss.

Azadirachta integrifoliola sp. nov.

Arbor glabra, circiter 30 m alta; foliolis 12 ad 16, inferioribus alternis,
superioribus suboppositis, ovato-lanceolatis, integris, membranaceis, acu-
minatis vel acutis, basi inaequilateralibus, rotundatis; paniculis foliis
longioribus, anguste pyramidatis, circiter 45 cm longis; floribus pedicel-
latis, circiter 7 mm longis; ovario glabro, 3-loculari.

A tree about 30 m high, glabrous. Leaves equally pinnate, about
30 cm long, glabrous: leaflets 12 to 16, ovate-lanceolate, the lower ones
alternate, the upper opposite or subopposite, membranaceous, glabrous,
shining above, 6 to 9 cm long, 2.5 to 3.5 cm wide, entire, the apex acute
or somewhat acuminate, the base rather strongly inequilateral, broad and
rounded on one side of the midrib, narrower and usually acute on the
other; nerves 6 to 8 on each side of the midrib, distinct beneath, ob-
scurely anastomosing, the reticulations lax, obscure; petiolules very
short, the leaflets almost sessile. Panicles longer than the leaves, about
45 cm long, glabrous, narrowly pyramidal, many flowered. Sepals ovate,
acuminate, about 1 mm long, the margins slightly ciliate. Petals free,
oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, about 7 mm long, 1.8 to 2 mm wide,
recurved, nearly glabrous outside, inside puberulent, the margins slightly
puberulent-ciliate. Staniinal tube cylindric, 6 mm long, glabrous out-
side, slightly narrowed in the middle, somewhat hairy in the upper
half inside, the apex with 10 small teeth. Stamens 10, inserted opposite
the teeth, the anthers sessile, 0.8 mm long, their apices slightly exserted.
Disk none. Ovary ovoid, glabrous, 3-celled, each cell with two collateral
ovules; style 4 mm long; stigma slightly 3-lobed.

NEW Oil NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

273

Palawan, Malcampo, For. Bur. 1121/8 Manalo, March, 1908, said by the col-
lector to be common in old clearings, and locally known as Marango. The height
is given as 30 m and the diameter of the trunk as 90 cm, while the timber is
said to be used for construction purposes.

Azadirachta A. Juss. has previously been a monotypic genus, consisting of
the one species A. indica A. Juss. extending from India to Java. The species
above described can at once be distinguished by its entire leaflets, its panicles
much longer than the leaves, not shorter as in A. indica, and its longer flowers.

HEYNEA Iloxb.

Heynea sumatrana Miq. Ann. Mus. Hot. 4 (1808) 60; C. DC. Monog. Phan.
1 (1878) 714.

Scutinanthe engleri Elm. Lead. Philip. Hot. 1 (1908) 298.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Lucban, Elmer 9179; Atimonan, For. Bur. 6702
Kobbe. Basilan, Hallier s. n.

The first representative of the genus to be found in the Philippines, for
Trichilia rimosa Blanco, although reduced to Heynea trijuga Roxb., by C. De-
Candole, is, I feel certain, not a Heynea. The type of Scutinanthe engleri Elm.,
is a specimen with very young fruits, mature fruits or flowers not present, and
is manifestly referable to Heynea and not a Burseraceous plant, where it was
placed by Mr. Elmer. The Philippine specimens agree closely with those of
H. sumatrana Miq., taken from cultivated trees in the Buitenzorg Botanical
Garden, and there seems to be little doubt as to their specific identity. Miquel’s
species has, however, been reduced by King to Heynea trijuga var. multi juga
C. DC., but a specimen of Wallich 1259 from Penang, the type number of this
variety, is in our herbarium and does not agree with our material of H. sumatrana,
nor with Miquel’s description, and it seems that while Heynea sumatrana Miq.,
is not the same as H. trijuga var. multijuga, still it may not be specifically distinct
from H. trijuga Roxb.

Sumatra.

DYSOXYLUM Blume.

Dysoxylum klemmei sp. nov. § Eudysoxylum.

Arbor subglabra, circiter 1G m alta; foliis alternis, imparipinnatis, 40
ad 45 cm longis, rhachidibus densissime ferrugineo-puberulis ; foliolis
circiter 15 cm longis, alternis vel suboppositis, circiter 17, glabris, nitidis,
brunneis, apice acuminatis, basi acutis, valde inaequilateralibus, leticul is
obsoletis; paniculis axillaribus folia subaequantibus, densissime ferrugi-
neo-puberulis ; floribus 4-meris, circiter 5 mm longis.

A tree, nearly glabrous except the petioles, young branches and in-
floresence. Leaves alternate, 40 to 50 cm long, odd-pinnate, the leaflets
about 17, the rachis densely ferruginous-puberulent ; leaflets alternate or
subopposite, oblong, about 15 cm long, 4 to 5 cm wide, subcoriaceous,
shining, dark-brown when dry, glabrous, the apex acuminate, the base
very strongly inequilateral, one side much narrower than the other and
always acute or acuminate, the other side often rounded, sometimes acute
and extending farther down the midrib; nerves 8 to 13 on each side of
the midrib, not prominent, the reticulations obsolete; petiolules about 1
cm long, glabrous or somewhat puberulent. Panicles axillary, about as

274

MERRILL.

long as the leaves, densely ferruginous-puberulent, peduncled, the lower
branches about 7 cm long, the upper ones shorter. Flowers pedicelled,
glabrous. Calyx about 2.5 mm in diameter, short, obscurely 4-toothed.
Petals 4, oblong, 4 to 5 mm long, about 1.4 mm wide, glabrous. Staminal
tube cyclindric, 3 mm long, irregularly toothed at the apex; anthers 8,
oblong, 1 mm long, borne at the top of the tube, included. Disk cylindric,
1 mm long, free, the apex densely ferragi nous-hirsute. Ovary somewhat
ferruginous-hirsute; style 2.5 mm long, glabrous.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, San Vicente, For. Bur. 7079 Klemme, May, 1907,
in dense hill-forests at an altitude of about 30 ra. Neg., Tibungao,

A species in the group with Dysoxylum thyrsoideum Hiern., but very different
from that species and apparently also from all other allied forms.

EUPHORBIACE^E.

AG ROST I ST ACH YS Dalz.

Agrostistachys pubescens sp. nov.

Arbor parva, ramulis, subtus foliis, inflorescentiisque plus minus pubes-
centibus ; foliis oblongo-obovatis, membranaceis vel chartaceis, circiter
22 cm longis, apice acuminatis, basi angustatis, cuneatis, minute irre-
gulariter glanduloso-serratis vel subintegris, supra glabris, subtus ad
costain nervosque plus minus villosis; inflorescentiis foliis longioribus;
fructibus dense pubescentibus.

A small tree, the branchlets, inflorescence and the under surface of the
leaves more or less pubescent. Branches terete, grayish-brown, pubescent,
sparingly lenticellate. Leaves membranaceous or chartaceous, 18 to 25
cm long, 9 to 11 cm wide, oblong-obovate, the apex rather abruptly
acuminate, gradually narrowed from just below the middle to the cuneate
base, subentire or slightly and distantly irregularly glandular-serrate, the
upper surface glabrous, shining, the lower more or less villous on the
midrib and lateral nerves; nerves prominent, parallel, 25 to 30 on each
side of the midrib, the reticulations distinct, parallel; petioles stout,
pubescent, less than 5 mm long. Inflorescence axillary, solitary, exceed-
ing the leaves, incipient spikes very short, composed of numerous imbri-
cate, ovate, acuminate, more or less pubescent bracts mostly less than 1
mm in length, not distichous; mature inflorescence slightly pubescent,
the rachis 40 to 60 cm long. Flowers unknown. Fruits dry, subglobose,
dehiscent, 3-celled, about 8 or 9 mm in diameter, outside densely oliva-
ceous- or yellowish-pubescent; seeds subglobose, about 5 mm in diameter,
shining.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mabayo, For. Bur. 59^0 Curran, January, 1907,
in bamboo thickets along streams.

A species readily recognizable in the genus by its pubescence, the second one to
be found in the Philippines.

NEW Oil NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

275

ANTIDESMA Burm.

Antidesma cordato-stipulaceum sp. nov.

Arbuscula glabra 2 ad 3 m alta; foliis oblongis, chartaceis vel sub-
coriaceis, nitidis, prominente acuminatis, apiculatis, usque ad 20 cm
longis, nervis utrinque 12 ad 14; stipulis persistentibus, foliaceis, late
ovatis vel suborbicularibus, basi cordatis, 1 ad 2.5 cm longis; floribus
masculinis spicatis, 4- vel 3-meris, calycibus subtruncatis ; staminibus 3,
rariter 4 ; floribus femineis racemosis, calycibus breviter obscureque
5-dentatis, stigmatibus subterminalibus ; fructibus in sicco compressis,
1 cm longis, basi rotundatis, apice obscure acuminatis.

A glabrous shrub 2 to 3 m high. Branches slender, terete, glabrous,
light-gray. Leaves oblong, chartaceous or subcoriaceous, shining, 12 to
20 cm long, 4 to 8 cm wide, entire, the apex rather prominently acuminate,
the acumen blunt, apiculate, base rounded or acute; nerves 12 to 14 on
each side of the midrib, prominent beneath, curved-spreading, anas-
tomosing; petioles about 1 cm long; stipules foliaceous, broadly ovate to
suborbicular, 1 to 2.5 cm long, 1.5 cm wide or less, apex acute, rounded,
or sometimes somewhat acuminate, base broad, cordate, usually clasping
the stem. Staminate inflorescence very slender, of 5 to 10 cm long more
or less fascicled spikes from the leaf axils, or from axils below the leaves ;
flowers minute, about 1.2 mm in diameter, glabrous, sessile, solitary,
more or less scattered, the calyx somewhat saucer-shaped, subtruncate or
very obscurely toothed; stamens usually 3, rarely 4, their filaments 0.5
mm long. Pistillate inflorescence of slender, axillary, solitary racemes,
15 cm long or less; flowers more or less scattered in the lower portion,
somewhat crowded above, their pedicels 1 mm long or less, each subtended
by a minute, oblong, 0.5 mm long bracteole; calyx somewhat cupshaped,
obscurely 5-toothed, the margins minutely pubescent; ovary glabrous,
ovoid; styles terminal or subterminal. Fruit, when dry, compressed,
narrowly ovate, somewhat inequilateral, base rounded, apex somewhat
acuminate, 1 cm long, reticulate, reddish, crowned by the somewhat
falcate styles. x

Mindoro, Baco River, Merrill 1807, 4043, the former with pistillate flowers,
the latter with staminate ones, McQregor 179, 311, the former with pistillate
flowers, the latter with fruits; Subaan, For. Bur. 679 4 Merritt, with staminate
flowers.

A very characteristic species, readily recognized by its comparatively large,
persistent, ovate, cordate, foliaceous stipules, as well as by its very slender
inflorescence, the staminate being spicate, and the pistillate racemose.

Antidesma subcordatum sp. nov.

Arbor 10 ad 15 m alta, ramulis, inflorescentiis, foliisque plus minus
pubescentibus ; foliis oblongis vel ovato-oblongis, usque ad 12 cm longis,
membranaceis vel chartaceis, plus minus nitidis, utrinque dense molli-
terque pubescentibus, apice acuminatis, basi cordatis, subcordatis vel

MERRILL.

276

rariter rotundatis, norvis utrinque circiter 8; inflorescentiis masculinis
spicatis, spicis densis, densissime pubescentibus, solitariis vel fasciculatis,
terminalibus, 3 ad 7 cm longis, circiter 3 mm diametro, floribus 5- rariter
6-ineris, calycis lobis brevibus, densissime pubescentibus; inflorescentiis
femineis spicatis, spicis terminalibus, solitariis; stigmatibus terminalibus.

A tree more or less pubescent in all parts, 10 to 15 m high. Branches
terete, reddish- or grayish-brown, nearly glabrous, lenticellate, the younger
branchlets densely and softly pubescent. Leaves oblong to ovate-oblong,
6 to 12 cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide, membranaceous or subehartaceous, more
or less shining, in the typical form densely and softly pubescent on both
surfaces, entire, the apex rather abruptly and somewhat broadly acu-
minate, the acumen apiculate, base rather broad, cordate or subcordate,
sometimes rounded; nerves about 8 on each side of the midrib, distinct,
somewhat ascending, laxly anastomosing; petioles softly pubescent, 5 to
10 mm long. Staminate inflorescence spicate, spikes solitary or fascicled,
usually terminating tbe short lateral branchlets, very dense, cylindric,
very densely pubescent, 3 to 7 cm long, about 3 mm in diameter; calyx
lobes 5, short, narrowly ovate, acute or obtuse, about 0.G mm long, very
densely pubescent. Stamens 4 to 6; filaments glabrous, 1.5 to 2 mm
long. Budimentary ovary densely lanate. Pistillate inflorescence race-
mose, the racemes terminating the short lateral branches, solitary, 4 to 6
cm long, the rachis, calyces and bracteoles densely pubescent, the pedicels
nearly glabrous; bracteoles narrowly ovate, more or less acuminate, 1 mm
long; pedicels glabrous or nearly so, 1 to 1.5 mm long. Calyx cylindric-
cupshaped, 1 mm in diameter, pubescent, obscurely 5-toothed. Ovary
narrowly elliptic, equilateral, with few scattered hairs; styles terminal,
each cleft, and the arms also cleft.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. Ill}, }56} Ramos, the former
with staminate, the latter with pistillate flowers; from the same province also
Merrill 2813, and For. Bur. 3160 Ahern's collector.

A species well characterized by its very dense cylindric staminate spikes
which are very densely pubescent, its more lax racemose pistillate spikes, and
its softly pubescent leaves which are acuminate, the base cordate or subcordate
and usually oblong or ovate-oblong. Probably as closely allied to A. ghaesembilla
Gaertn., as to any other species, but very different in vegetative characters.

ACTEPHILA B.l ume.

Actephila dispersa (Elmer) comb. nov.

Pimelodendron dispersum Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 308.

Arbuscula glabra, circiter 3 m alta; foliis submembranaceis, oblongis
vel obovatis, integris, nitidis, 15 ad 30 cm longis, apice acntis, vel obscure
acuminatis, vel obtusis, basi subacutis vel abrupte obtusis, nervis utrinque
9 ad 13; peti-olo 2 ad 4 cm longo; floribus ignotis; fructibus axillaribus,
longe pedunculatis, pendulis, depresso-globosis, circiter 2 cm diametro,
obscure trigonis, trilocularibus, loculidiee dehiscentibus ; seminibus in
loculis 2.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

277

Leyte, Palo, Elmer 72^5, January, 1906, type number.

This species was originally described by Mr. Elmer as a Pimelodendron, but the
presence of two seeds in each cell of the mature fruit excludes it at once iioni
that genus and all allied ones. It seems, however, to be referable to Actephila,
and to be closely allied to Actephila gigantifolia Koorders of Celebes, but the
latter species is described as having the leaves abruptly long-acuminate. The
five small calyx-segments described by Mr. Elmer are the squamiform petals, the
sepals and petals persisting on the mature fruit.

BACCAUREA Lour.

B. lanceolata (Miq.) Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. 1 52 (1862) 457.

Hedycarpus lanceolatus Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 1" (1859) 359.

Palawan, San Antonio Bay, Merrill 873, February, 1903.

Java and Borneo.

* The above specimen has somewhat larger leaves than the plants described by

Muller- Arg., but seems to be the same species. New to the Philippines.

BLACHIA Baill.

Blachia philippinensis sp. now

Arbor glabra, monoica, cireiter 5 m alta ; foliis alternis, chartaceis vel
submembranaceis, oblongo-ovatis, usque ad 13 ent loitgis, acuminatis, basi
acutis vel obtusis, nervis utrinque cireiter 6; floribus umbellatis, umbellis
axillaribus terminalibusque ; petalis obovatis, hyalinis et glandulis aequi-
longis; staminibus 20, liberis; stylis revolutis.

A glabrous monoecious tree about 5 m high. Branches slender, terete,
brownish, the branchlets reddish-brown. Leaves alternate, chartaceous
or submembranaceous, oblong-ovate, 7 to 13 cm long, 2.5 to 4.5 cm wide,
brown or greenish when dry, shining, the apex rather prominently
acuminate, the base acute or obtuse ; nerves about 6 on each side ol the
midrib, the reticulations lax; petioles 5 mm long or less. Inflorescence
axillary and terminal, the staminate umbels long-ped uncled, the peduncles
slender, 2 to 3 cm long, each bearing about 12 flowers, the pedicels about 8
mm long. Sepals 5, obovate to elliptic-obovate, 2 mm long, thin, obtuse,
imbricate. Petals 5, hyaline, obovate, 1 mm long, broadly rounded at
• the apex or slightly retuse, not longer than the disk-glands. Stamens
20; filaments 2 mm long, slender; anthers obovoid, 0.3 mm long. Disk-
glands quadrangular, truncate. Pistillate flowers in subsessile umbels at
the base of the staminate inflorescence. Sepals 5, free, lanceolate, some-
what acuminate, 2 mm long, more or less accrescent. Ovary narrow,
subglabrous, 3-celled, each cell 1-ovuled ; styles three, elongated, cleft, the
style-arms revolute.

Palawan, near Puerto Princesa, For. Bur. J/128 Curran, April, 1906. Luzon,
Province of Pangasinan, For. Bur. 8369 Curran <t- Merritt, December, 1907:
Province of llocos Norte, Cape Bojeador, For. Bur. 13829 Merritt J- Darling,
November, 1908.

The first representative of the genus to be found in the Philippines, and ap-
parently distinct from all previously described forms.

278

MERRILL.

CROTON Linn.

Croton argyratus Blume Bidjdr. (1825) 602; Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr.
1 52 (1862) 526.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 9Jf21 Whitford &
Hutchinson, February, 1908, in dipterocarp forests at 300 m altitude.

Burma to the Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, and Borneo; new to the Philip-
pines.

Croton ardisioides Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 5 (1887) 393.

Palawan, For. Bur. 3831, Jfl59 Curran, Bur. Sci. 857 Foxworthy, March and
May, 1906.

Malay Peninsula and Borneo; new to the Philippines.

DIMORPHOCALYX Thwaites.

Dimorphocalyx denticulatus sp. nov.

Arbor parva, monoica, glabra ; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis vel lanceolatis,
utrinque angustatis, apice tenuiter gradatim acuminatis, usque ad 15 cm
longis, margine glanduloso-denticulatis ; inflorescentiis axillaribus, mas-
culinis cymosis, cymis brevibus, congestis, floribus femineis solitariis vel
fasciculatis, petalis sepalis brevioribus.

A small glabrous monoecious tree. Branches grayish-brown, terete,
slender. Leaves alternate, firmly chartaceous or subcoriaceous, oblong-
lanceolate to lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, 7 to 15 cm long, 2 to 4
cm wide, the apex gradually and slenderly acuminate, the base acute, the
margins rather distantly and irregularly glandular-denticulate, grayish-
brown when dry, shining; nerves 10 or 11 on each side of the midrib,
spreading, anastomosing and forming a distinct, submarginal nerve, the
secondary nerves rather distinct, the reticulations lax, obscure; petioles
2 to 3 mm long. Staminate inflorescence axillary, of short, dense, 1 to

2 cm long cymes, each subtended by two ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3.5
mm long bracts. Male flowers short-pedicelled. Calyx-lobes 5, elliptic,
obtuse, imbricate, about 1.5 mm long. Petals elliptic, obtuse, glabrous,

3 mm long. Stamens about 15, the outer 5 larger than the others, the
filaments short, the inner ones more or less united. Pistillate flowers on
the same plant, axillary, solitary or fascicled, stipitate, and subtended by
several, imbricate, ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate bracteoles. Calyx
somewhat urceolate, the lobes elliptic, 6 mm long, 3 mm wide, obtuse, in
bud much exceeding the petals. Petals, in bud, imbricate, glabrous,
elliptic, 3 mm long, obtuse. Ovary ellipsoid or ovoid, obscurely 3-sulcate,
glabrous, 3-celled, each cell 1-ovuled; styles 3, more or less united below,
cleft, in bud recurved.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 9033 Whitford d
Hutchinson, December, 1907, in dipterocarp forests at an altitude of about 30 m.

A species well characterized by its glandular-denticulate leaves.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

EVERETTIODEN DRON gen. nov.

279

Flores dioici, apetali. Discus nullus. FI. $ : Sepala 4, valvata
Petala 0. Stamina 4, filanientia subnullis; antherae erectae, basifixae,
minutae, subglobosae, loculis longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarii rudi-
mentum 0. FI. $ : Ovarium 3-loculare, ovula in loculis geminata,
angulo centrali loculorum affix a, collaterals, raphe ventrali; styli 3, erecti
patentes vel curvati, incrassati, integri, a basi papilloso-stigmatosi. F ruc-
tus ovoideus vel depresso-globosus, exocarpio suberoso, endocarpio duro,
fere osseo, 3-loculari, loculicide 3-valvato. Arbor ramulis inflorescentiis
ovarioque dense ferrugineo-pubescentibus. Folia alterna, longe petiolata,
penninervia, integra, coriacea. Inflorescentia axillaria, flores 9 numerosi,
paniculati, bracteolati, $ solitarii vel (?) racemosi, pauci.

Everettiodendron philippinense sp. nov.

Arbor 15 ad 20 m alta; foliis alternis, coriaceis, oblong-ovatis vel
oblongo-lanceolatis, integris, coriaceis, usque ad 18 cm longis, in sicco
brunneis, nitidis, glabris vel subtus ad nervos parce pubescentibus, nervis
utrinque 5 ad 7, distinctis, ascendentibus, anastomosantibus, reticulis
laxis; petiolo 2 ad 5 cm longo; floribus masculinis in paniculis angustis
axillaribus dispositis, minutis, 4-meris, bractcolatis, congestis, dense ferru-
gineo-pubescentibus j floribus femineis ignotis, ut videtur solitaiiis \cl
breviter racemosis, ex fructibus immaturis ovario dense ferrugineo-pubes-
centi, 3-loculari, loculis 2-ovulatis; fructibus axillaribus, solitariis, ovoi-
deis vel depresso-globosis, circiter 3 cm diametro.

A tree 15 to 20 m high, the young branches and inflorescence densely
ferruginous-pubescent. Branches terete, brown or reddish-brown, glab-
rous. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
entire, coriaceous, 9 to 18 cm long, 4.5 to 8 cm wide, brown and shining
when dry, entire, glabrous or somewhat pubescent on the midrib and
lateral nerves beneath, the apex usually prominently and sharply acumi-
nate, the acumen sometimes subfalcate, the base acute, rarely somewhat
rounded; nerves 5 to 7 on each side of the midrib, prominent beneath,
ascending, slightly curved, anastomosing near the margin, the reticula-
tions lax; petioles often ferruginous-pubescent ultimately subglabrous,
3 to 5 cm long, slightly thickened at the apex and sometimes a little
geniculate. Staminate inflorescence in the upper axils, of narrow, 3 to
5 cm long, racemose panicles, all parts of it densely ferruginous-pubescent,
the branches short, each one subtended by an ovate bract about 3 mm
long, the flowers minute, sessile, congested, subtended by bracteoles similar
to but smaller than the bracts. Sepals 4, free, valvate, acute or slightly'
acuminate, ovate, pubescent, 2 mm long. Petals none. Stamens 4, in
the center of the flower, with no staminodes and no disk; filaments very
short or subobsolete; anthers globose, basifixed, minute, about 0.2 mm in

280

MERRILL.

diameter, 2-celled, apparently longitudinally dehiscent. Rudimentary
ovary none. Pistillate flowers unknown, but from the fruiting specimens
axillary, solitary or (?) shortly racemose, the sepals from immature
1 1 n its lanceolate, acuminate, densely pubescent, 7 mm long, deciduous.
Ovary ovoid, densely pubescent, 3-celled, each cell with two pendulous
ovules in the upper inner angle; styles 3, simple, free or slightly united
at the base, erect, spreading or incurved, thickened, their backs ferrugi-
nous-pubescent, their inner surfaces papillose-stigmatose from base to
apex, kin it, when young, ovoid, densely pubescent, when nearly mature
depressed-globose, glabrous or nearly so, 3 cm in diameter, the exocarp
corky, the endocarp hard, almost bone-like in texture, 3-celled, loculicid-
ally 3-valved ; seeds (immature) ellipsoid-ovoid, glabrous.

Negros, Himugaan River, For. Bur. 7282 Everett, May 22, 1 <>07, with stami-
nate flowers, in dense forests at 60 m altitude; same locality, For. Bur. 7316
Everett, March, 1907, sterile. Luzon, Province of Pangasinan, Salasa, For. Bur.
!)6S3 / schokke , December, 1907, in forested stream-depressions, sterile: Province

Zambales, Bolet River, near Santa Cruz, For. Bur. 8230 Curran t£ Merritt,
December 4, 1907, with immature fruits, on forested slopes at an altitude of
270 m: Province of Cagayan, Calainaniugan, For. Bur. 11311 Klemme, November
14, 1907, with nearly mature fruits, in forests at 15 m altitude. Local names,
Pangasinan Ebnel ; Cagayan Maraculilem.

Mr. Zschokke notes that the tree is cut for lumber; Messrs. Curran & Merritt
that the tree has a very thin brick-red bark which is red inside, and that the
tree is subject to heart-decay, while the native ranger accompanying Mr. Klemme
states that the fruit is used as a condiment in the preparation of food.

The affinities of this new genus are not clear to me, although following
Bentham and Hooker, and Pax in Engler and Prantl, it apparently falls in the
Phyllantheae of the former, and in the Platylobeae-Phyllanthoideae-Brideliae of
the latter, except in the latter case the petals are wanting, and moreover the
present genus does not resemble any of those placed here by Pax. The sepals
aie not in the least imbricate, so far as I can determine, but assuming that
they are slightly so, or that the above form is anomalous in this respect, it
would then fall into the Platylobeae-Phyllanthoideae-Phyllanthineae, and under
this into the Drypetinae, near Putranjiva Wall., and Petalostigma F. Mtill.; it
is however very different from both these genera, although its affinity may be
liere. I here is a possibility that it does not really belong in the Euphorbiaceae,
but I have been unable to place it elsewhere.

The above new genus is dedicated to Mr. H. D. Everett, one of the collectors,
and formerly a forester in the Philippine Forestry Bureau, who lost his life at
the hands of members of the wild tribe inhabiting the interior of southern Negros,
while prosecuting field work there in May, 1908.

GALEARIA Zoll. & Mor.

Galearia filiformis (Blume) Boerl. Handl. FI. Nederl. Ind. 3' (1899) 282.

Antidesma filiforme Blume Bijdr. (182G) 1124.

Bennett ia filiformis Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15= (1862) 1038.

Bennettia javanica R. Br. PI. Jav. Rar. (1852) 249, pi. 50.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Mies. Clemens s. n. May, June, 1906-7.

NEW OU NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

281

The Mindanao specimens do not agree perfectly with Galearia filiformis as
described by Robert Brown and Mueller-Arg., but in the absence of authentic
material for comparison, I can do no better, at the present time, than refer them
here. The chief point of difference seems to be that the petals of the Philippine
specimens are not strongly cucullate. Hooker f.7 states that the sections founded
by Mueller-Arg. on the hooded petals are not tenable. The genus is new to the
Philippines.

Java.

GELONIUM Roxb.

Gelonium racemulosum sp. nov.

Arbuscula glabra circiter 1 m alta; foliis oblongis vel lanceolatc-
oblongis, pallidis, nitidis, glanduloso-punctatis, usque ad 20 cm longis,
versus apicem grosse irregulariter repando-dentatis, basi acutis vel acu-
minatis; inflorescentiis masculinis oppositifoliis, racemulis binis, pauci-
floris, brevibus, petiolo vix longioribus; sepalis obtusis, plus minus
cucullatis; staminibus circiter 16; fructibus depresso-globosis, circiter
1 cm diametro, plus minus trigonis, loculicide dehiscentibus.

A shrub or undershrub about 1 m high, glabrous throughout. Branches
grayish, slender, the ultimate ones slightly angled. Leaves alternate,
glabrous, pale when dry, glandular-punctate, shining, oblong to lanceo-
late-oblong, 9 to 20 cm long, 2.5 to 4 cm wide, cliartaceous, the apex
acuminate, the apical portion very coarsely and irregularly repand-
dentate, otherwise entire, the base acute or slightly acuminate ; nerves
about 12 on each side of the midrib, anastomosing, the reticulations
distinct; petioles stout, 3 to 4 mm long. Staminate flowers racemose,
leaf-opposed, the racemes in pairs, scarcely as long as the petioles, few-
flowered, flowering from the base to the apex, the lowrer flowers opening
first and falling, so that there is usually but two or three flowers on a
raceme, the rachis slender, the pedicel-scars prominent. Sepals elliptic
or elliptic-ovate, obtuse, 3 mm long, 2 mm wide, more or less cucullate,
imbricate. Stamens about 16 ; filaments free, 2 mm long ; anthers oblong,
0.8 mm long. Disk-glands small. Rudimentary ovary none. Pistillate
flowers unknown, but the calyx, from the fruit, as in the staminate ones.
Fruit depressed-globose, glabrous, about 1 cm in diameter, obtusely
trigonous, 3-celled, loculicidallv 3-valved, each cell 1-seeded ; styles per-
sistent, free, each shortly cleft, the arms very short, recurved.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 9260, 9349 B hitford
& Hutchinson, January, 1908, in dipterocarp forests 20 to 30 m above sea level.

A species well characterized by its leaves being coarsely repand in the apical
portion, and especially by its paired, short racemes, the staminate flowers of most
species of the genus being glomerate.

7 El. Brit. Ind. 5 (1887) 377.

85754 6

282

MERRILL.

HOMALANTHUS A. Juss.

Homalanthus bicolor sp. nov.

Arbuscula glabra, circiter 2 m afta ; foliis longissime petiolatis, cordato-
ovatis, breviter acuminatis, basi latis, leviter cordatis, interduin leviter
peltatis, glabris, chartaceis, supra olivaceis, subtus glauco-pallidis, nervis
utrinque 31 ad 15, petiolo 8 ad 20 cm longo; floribus ignotis; fructibus
in racemis congestis, obovoideis vel obovoideo-orbicularibus, compressis,
griseo-brunneis, loculicide 2-valvatis.

A glabrous shrub about 2 m high. Young brandies dark-brown,
glabrous. Leaves alternate, very long-petioled, cordate-ovate or subor-
bicular-ovate, the base broad, cordate, the apex shortly acuminate, entire,
? to 13 cm long and nearly as wide, chartaceous, glabrous, the upper
surface olivaceous, the lower very pale, subglaucescent ; petiole 8 to 20
cm long, glabrous, with two more or less prominent glands at the apex,
sometimes peltately inserted about 5 mm from the margin of the leaf,
more often marginally inserted; stipules caducous, thin, brown, lanceo-
late, sharply acuminate, about 7 cm long. Flowers unknown. Fruit
crowded, racemose, the racemes about 4 cm long; pedicels spreading or
somewhat reflexed, about 8 mm long; fruit obovoid or orbicular-obovoid.
compressed, about 8 mm long, grayish-brown, 2-cel led compressed at
right angles to the dehiscence, loculicidally 2-valved, crowned by the style
which is nearly as long, and which is cleft nearly to the base.

Mindanao, Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang, For. Bur. 22 Mearns
d Hutchinson, altitude about 350 m. Moro Topi.

A species allied to Homalanthus populneus Pax, and to H. fastuosus F.-Vil.,
and somewhat intermediate between the two, distinguishable from the former by
its much larger leaves and larger fruits, and from the latter by its non- or but
slightly peltate leaves.

MACARANGA Thouars.

Macaranga congestiflora sp. nov. § Pachystcmon.

Arbor parva circiter 4 m alta; foliis suborbicularibus, subintegris vel
leviter trilobatis, apice breviter acuminatis, basi late peltatis, supra nitidis,
subtus parce hirsutis, glandulosis, radiato 8-nerviis; petiolo 30 ad 15 cm
longo; inflorescentiis axillaribus caulinisquc, 1 ad 3 cm longis, femineis
racemosis, masculinis breviter racemoso-paniculatis, congestis, bracteis
pectinato-laciniatis, ceraceo-glandulosis, pubescentibus ; ovario 2-4-loc-
ulare.

A small tree about 4 m high. Branches dark-brown, glabrous or more
or less pubescent, the young branchlets slightly brownish-pubescent.
Leaves alternate, long-petiolate, broadly peltate, suborbicular, subentire
or slightly and broadly 3-lobed, the apex slightly acuminate, base rounded,
10 to 20 cm in diameter, subcoriaceous, rather pale when dry, the upper
surface glabrous, shining, the lower somewhat hirsute, especially on the
nerves, and with numerous scattered waxy glands; nerves radiate, the

283

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

basal ones 8, prominent; nerves leaving the midrib above the base about
G on each side, the reticulations distinct; petioles 10 to 15 cm long,
terete, pubescent. Inflorescence axillary and from the stems below the
leaves, the staminate fasciculate, dense, of very short racemose panicles
2 cm long or less, their branches 1 cm long or less, gray-pubescent;
bracteoles cuneate, pubescent, yellow-glandular, about 5 mm long, lacerate-
pectinate ; stamens few : pistillate inflorescence axillary and from the
axils below the leaves, racemose, usually solitary 3 cm long or less,
pubescent, each raceme few-flowered ; pedicels stout, pubescent, 2 mm
long; calyx pubescent, cup-shaped, truncate; about 2.5 mm long; ovary
globose, densely yellowish waxy-glandular, 2- to 4-celled; styles recurved,
more or less pectinate ; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, lacerate-pectinate,
more or less pubescent, 6 to 8 mm long.

Palawan, near Puerto Princesa, For. Bur. 3590, 3591 Curran, January, 1906,
in old clearings at about 20 m above sea level, the former with staminate flowers,
the latter with pistillate ones.

This species probably belongs in the section Pachystemon, although 2-, 3-, and
4-celled ovaries were found on the same plant. It is well characterized by its
suborbieular, nearly entire or slightly 3-lobed leaves, and especially by its short,
congested, axillary and cauline inflorescences, the staminate being paniculate, and
the pistillate racemose.

M ALLOT US Lour.

Mallotus korthalsii Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. 1 53 (1862) 976.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Aparri, For. Bur. 17072 Curran, February, 1909.
Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 9017 Whitford <£•
Hutchinson, November, 1907.

New to the Philippines; previously known only from Borneo and Celebes.

MICRODESMIS Planch.

Microdesmis caseariaefolia Planch, in Hook. Ic. PI. (1844) sub. t. 7 58;
Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. 1 52 (1862) 1041.

Palawan, near Puerto Princesa, Bur. Sci. 2^9 Bermejos, December, 1905;
Mount Victoria, For. Bur. Ifl38 Curran, Bur. Sci. 7 32 Foxworthy, March, 1906.
Balabac, Merrill 5380, Qctober, 1906.

Burma to southern China, the Malay Peninsula, and Borneo. The genus is
new to the Philippines except for a single specimen collected in Palawan by Vidal
and reported without specific name by Ceron;8 Vidal’s specimen in the Kew
herbarium, is apparently identical with the material here referred to Planchon’s
species.

OSTODES Blume.

Ostodes serrato-crenata sp. nov.

Arbor subglabra 8 ad 12 m alta ; foliis chartaceis vel subcoriaceis, in
sicco brunneis, nitidis, oblongis vel elliptico-oblongis, usque ad 30 cm
longis, basi acutis vel acuminatis, apice breviter acuminatis, margine
gross irregulariter crenato-serratis, dentibus glanduliferis ; nervis utrinque

8 Cat. PI. Herb. (Manila) (1892) 151.

‘284

MERRILL.

circiter 17, prominentibus ; inflorescentiis masculinis axillaribus vel pseud-
oterminal ibus, elongatis, fioribus in glomerulis congestis, plus minus
stellato-ferrugineo-pubescentibus ; staminibus circiter 12.

A subglabrous tree 8 to 12 m high. Branches light-gray or brownish-
gray, glabrous, striate, lenticellate, the young branchlets ferruginous-
stellate-pubescent. Leaves alternate, oblong or elliptic-oblong, 15 to 30
cm long, G to 13 cm wide, brownish and shining when dry, glabrous or
with very few scattered stellate hairs beneath, the base acute or some-
what acuminate, the apex short-acuminate, margins coarsely and irreg-
ularly crenate-serrate, the teeth bearing glands at their apices; nerves
about 17 on each side of the midrib, prominent, the primary reticulations
rather distinct, the ultimate ones faint; petioles 4 to 7 cm long, glabrous
or with few, scattered, stellate hairs, frequently slightly geniculate at
the apex. Staminate inflorescence axillary and pseudoterminal, slender,
elongated, 20 to 40 cm long, the branches few, short, the flowers densely
crowded in reduced, scattered cymes, glomerate, the rachis and branches
ultimately glabrous or nearly so, the younger parts more or less stellate-
or furfuraceous-pubescent. Buds more or less trigonous; sepals (in bud)
orbicular-ovate, obtuse, 3 mm long, strongly imbricate, the exposed por-
tions densely stellate-pubescent. Petals similar but glabrous, and in
bud somewhat smaller. Stamens about 12. Pistillate flowers and fruit
unknown.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Aparri, For. Bur. 11211, April 1908; San Vicente,
For. Bur. 7018 Klemme, May, 1907. In dense forests 20 to 05 m above sea-level,
known to the Negritos as Tagalipa and Aguindulong.

The genus is new to the Philippines.

STROPHIOBLACHI A Boerl.

Strophioblachia fimbricalyx Boerl. Handl. FI. Nederl. Ind. 31 (1900) 230.

Palawan, For. Bur. IfSOlf, 11(58 Curran, June, 1905, 1900, Bur. Sci. 21(1 Bcr-
mejos, near the seashore. Mindanao, district of Zamboanga, Mearns 111/, Jan-
uary, 1904.

An interesting addition to the Philippine flora, and especially to the long
list of species known only from the Philippines and Celebes. A monotypic genus
known previously only from Celebes.

AN ACA RD I ACE JE.

PLEIOGYNIUM Engl.

P. solanderi (Benth.) Engl, in DC. Monog. Phan. 4 (1883) 255.

Spomdias solanderi Benth. FI. Austral. 1 (1803) 492.

Spondias pleiogyna F. Muell. Fragm. 4:78.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, For. Bur. 2168, 3162 Ahern’s collector, December,
1904, and June, 1905, the former, with mature fruits, from Tanay, the latter,
with staminate flowers from Antipolo.

A monotypic genus, previously known only from northern Australia, and its

NEW Oil NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

285

discovery in Luzon is a striking addition to the list of Australian types in the
Philippine flora. The Philippine form was at first considered hy me to be an
undescribed species, but after a careful examination of the description, and
comparison with material from the Port Jackson District, Australia, coll. J. II.
Camfield, December, 1907, I am at loss to discover any character by which the
Philippine plant can be distinguished from the Australian except the unscientific
one of geographical distribution. It is possible that a revision of the genus will
lead to the characterization of more than one species, for Bentham, in the
original description, states that it is quite glabrous in all of its parts, while
Engler describes the young branches and leaves as densely pilose, the Philippine
specimens and the one Australian specimen before me agreeing with the latter.

ACE RACEME.

ACER Linn.

Acer curranii spv nov. § Integrifolia.

Arbor glabra usque ad 25 m alta ; foliis concoloribus, nitidis, glabris,
integris, coriaceis, reticulatis, ovatis vel elliptico-ovatis, breviter obtuse
acuminatis, basi rotundatis vel obtusis, 3- vel 5-nerviis, usque ad 13
cm longis; floribus masculinis corymbosis, corymbis axillaribus, brevibus,
glabris; fructibus 4 cm longis, alis angulo acuto divergentibus, paullo
introssum falcatis.

A glabrous tree 25 m high or less, the trunk reaching a diameter of
110 cm. Branches terete, smooth, glabrous, reddish-brown, with few
scattered lenticels. Leaves ovate to elliptic-ovate, coriaceous or sub-
coriaceous, shining, glabrous, of the same color on both surfaces, distinctly
reticulate, 9 to 13 cm long, 5 to 6.5 cm wide, entire, the apex shortly
and obtusely acuminate, the base usually broad and rounded, sometimes
blunt, rarely acute; basal nerves one or two pairs, the outer pair, when
present, short, the lateral nerves above the basal ones usually 4 on each
side of the midrib, distant, very prominent, the primary reticulations
very prominent, rather lax, the ultimate ones fine ; petioles 2 to 5 cm
long. Male inflorescence axillary, corymbose, about 2 cm long, glabrous,
the branches few, short; pedicels 2 to 5 mm long. Sepals 4, free, oblong-
ovate, 2 to 3.5 mm long, about 2 mm wide. Petals 4, similar to the
sepals but narrower. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted in the disk on its outer
side; filaments 2 to 3 mm long; anthers about 1 mm in length. Disk
lobed, fleshy, glabrous, very thick; bracts subtending the inflorescence
numerous, ovate, coriaceous, closely imbricated, 3 mm long, their upper
margins pubescent, deciduous, leaving a thickened, rough base to the
inflorescence 2 to 3 mm long and 2 thick, strongly and densely marked
by the bract-scars. Pistillate flowers unkown. Infrutescence corymbose,
10 cm long or less, glabrous, with few branches, the fruit, including the
wing, 4 cm long, the wings diverging at an acute angle, slightly falcate,
10 to 13 mm wide.

286

MERRILL.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, For. Bur. 6254 Curran, Feb-
ruary, 1907, with nearly mature fruit, in forests at an altitude of about 550 m
(type) : Province of Benguet, Mount Ugo, Bur. 8ci. 5708 Ramos, December, 1908,
staminate flowers: Province of Abra, Tue, For. Bur. 14582 Darling, February,
1909, sterile, altitude 1,000 m. Known to the Igorots in Abra as Baleag.

A species manifestly allied to the Asiatic Acer laevigatum Wall., but with
different leaves which are usually broad and rounded at the base, and with 4-
merous staminate flowers. It is quite different from the only other species of the
genus known from the Philippines, A. philippinum Merr., that species having the
leaves very glaucous beneath, and the staminate inflorescence racemose. The
latter species is a shrub or small tree, while the present one is a large tree.

A third species is possibly represented by sterile material, For. Bur. 10948
Curran, Mount Data, District of Lepanto, Luzon, the young leaves being densely
tomentose beneath.

SABIACE2E.

MELIOSMA Blume.

Meliosma monophylla sp. nov.

Arbor parva; foliis simplicibus, alternis, oblanceolatis, integris, brun-
neis, nitidis, usque ad 35 cm longis, 7 cm latis, apicc acuminatis, basi
sensim decurrento-acuminatis ; nervis utrinque circiter 20, prominentibus,
ascendentibus, anastomosantibus ; paniculis terminalibus axillaribusquc,
dense ferrugineo-pubescentibus, 15 ad 20 cm longis; floribus numcrosis,
minutis, ad apices ramulorum congestis.

A small tree, more or less ferruginous-pubescent. Branches terete,
lenticellate, somewhat ferrugineous-pubescent. Leaves simple, oblanceo-
late, 20 to 35 m long, 5 to 7 cm wide, subcoriaceous, brownish when dry,
shining, entire or with few irregular and obscure teeth above, the apex
acuminate, the base long and slenderly decurrent-acuminate, glabrous
on the upper surface, except on the somewhat pubescent midrib, beneath
with scattered hairs especially on the midrib and lateral nerves; nerves
about 20, prominent, ascending, anastomosing, the reticulations distinct;
petioles pubescent, 2 to 2.5 cm long. Panicles terminal and in the upper
axils, 15 to 20 cm long, densely ferruginous-pubescent, the lower branches
spreading. Flowers small, crowded on the ultimate branchlets, sessile,
the bracts more or less pubescent. Outer three petals orbicular, 1.5 to
1.8 mm long, the inner two linear, cleft, about 1 mm long. Stamens 2,
about 1 mm long. Ovary compressed, glabrous, 2-celled, the style short,
simple.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Tanay, Merrill 2339, May, 1903; Antipolo, For. Bur.
431 Ahern’s collector, February, 1904; Montalban, For. Bur. 3406 Ahern’s col-
lector, November, 1905, distributed as Semecarpus perrottetii March, which they
remotely resemble. T., Malaligas.

The first simple leaved form to be found in the Philippines, manifestly allied
to Meliosma lancifolia Hook, f., of the Malay Peninsula, but apparently sufficiently
distinct.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

287

KHAMNACB^E.

VENTILAGO Gaertn.

Ventilago dichotoma (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27
(1905) 32, excl. syn. V. luzoniensis Vid.

Enrila dichotoma Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 709.

Ventilago monoica Blanco 1. c. ed. 2 (1845) 124; ed. 3, 1:223.

Ventilago maderaspatana F.-Vill. Nov. App. '(1880) 48, ex syn. Blanco, non
Gaertn.

Kurrimia gracilis Vid. Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 89.

Ventilago gracilis Merr. & Rolfe in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 110.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, San Mateo, Vidal 1122 in Herb. Kew., type of
Kurrimia gracilis Vid.; Bosoboso, For. Bur. 3073 Ahern’s collector, May, 1905,
in flower; Pilea, Bur. Sci. 3303 Ramos, June, 1907, in fruit; Montalban, Lohcr
'lf685, lt686, in Herb. Kew. sub Galeairia.

Endemic.

The type of Blanco’s new genus and species, Enrila dichotoma, was from San
Mateo, Province of Rizal, Luzon, and all the above specimens are from the same
province, and agree with his description. The genus Enrila was placed by
Bentham in the Anacardiaceae, as a doubtful one, but Blanco properly localized
it, in the second edition of his Flora de Filipinas, although in reducing Enrila to
Ventilago, he changed the specific name. It was reduced by F.-Villar to Ven-
tilago maderaspatana Gaertn., which is certainly an error. Having only flowering
specimens, Vidal redescribed the species as Kurrimia gracilis, of the Celastraceae,
but failed to connect Blanco’s species with it, and later in looking over Vidal’s
specimens in the Kew Herbarium, Mr. Rolfe and myself found Vidal’s type to
be a Ventilago, rather than a Kurrimia, and accordingly transferred the species
to the former genus. In making the original transfer of Ventilago dichotoma,
I cited as a synonym, Ventilago luzoniensis Vid., but this is an error, as an exami-
nation of Vidal’s type shows that this species is quite distinct from the one here
considered, and one to which Blanco’s description does not apply.

Ventilago oblongifolia Blume Bijdr. (1826) 1144; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I1
(1855) 640.

Palawan, Puerto Princesa, Bur. Sci. 264 Bermejos, December, 1905. Luzon,
Province of Bulacan, near Norzagaray, Yoder 105, December, 1906.

New to the Philippines; previously reported only from Java.

Ventilago luzoniensis Vid. Rev. PL Vase. Filip. (1886) 90.

V. maderaspatana Vid. Sinopsis Atlas (1883) t. 32, f. D., non Gaertn.

Luzon, Province of Tarlac, La Paz, Vidal 198, in Herb. Kew.

This endemic species somewhat resembles the preceding one, but is distinguish-
able by its much smaller leaves.

Ventilago lucens Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1860) 330.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas (Principe), Baler, Merrill 1105, August, 1902.

This species has previously not been reported from the Philippines, but so far
as I can determine at present the specimens well represent Miquel’s species,
although I have not seen the type. King9 states that Ventilago lucens Miq.
must be very near, if not identical with V. leiocarpa Benth., but the specimen
above referred to V. lucens Miq., is quite distinct from material in our herbarium
from Hongkong and from Singapore, supposedly representing Bentham’s species.

Sumatra.

Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 652 (1896) 380.

288

MERRILL.

ZIZYPHUS Juss.

Zizyphus hutchinsonii sp. nov.

Arbor glabra vel subglabra, inermis; foliis coriaeeis vel subcoriaceis,
ovatis vel oblongo-ovatis, acuminatis, minute crenulatis, basi valde ina-
equilateralibus, supra nitidis, subtus plus minus glaucis, trinerviis, reti-
culis tenuibus, obscuris; fructibus globosis, circiter 1.5 cm diametro,
earnosis, glabris, in sicco nigris.

A tree 15 to 25 m high, glabrous or nearly so throughout, spineless.
Branches terete, slender, minutely lenticellate, black or nearly so when
dry, glabrous, the growing parts sometimes slightly pubescent. Leaves
ovate to oblong-ovate, coriaceous or subcoriaceous, 7 to 11 cm long, 3 to
5 cm wide, glabrous, the upper surface greenish or brownish when dry,
shining, the lower surface more or less glaucous, the margins minutely
crenulate, the apex slightly acuminate, acumen obtuse or acute, the base
strongly inequilateral, rounded on both sides of the midrib, or rounded
on one side and acute on the other; nerves three, prominent, the nervules
and reticulations very fine, obscure, more prominent on the upper surface
than on the lower; petioles 6 to 8 mm long, sometimes slightly pubescent.
Mowers unknown. Fruits globose, glabrous, black and shining when dry,
about 1.5 cm in diameter, the pericarp fleshy, the stone bony, two- or
three-celled ; seeds brown, shining, compressed, 5 mm long.

Basilan, Matangal Point, For. Bur. 8444 Hutchinson, December, 1905, in
forests at about 10 m altitude, said to be abundant locally and known to the
Yacans as Toncud langit. It is also represented by For. Bur. 9265 Whitford tC-
Hutchinson, from Port Banga, District of Zamboanga, Mindanao, January, 1908.

ELAEOCAIiPACEvE.

ELAEOCARPUS Linn.

Elaeocarpus curranii sp. nov. § Dicera.

Arbor 15 ad 30 m alta, ramulis inflorescentiisque exceptis, glabra;
foliis anguste obovatis vel oblongo-obovatis, usque ad 10 cm longis, apice
obtuse acuminatis apiculatisque, basi cuneatis, margine valde crenato-
serratis; racemis numerosis e axillis defoliatis, folia subaequantibus vel
brevioribus; petalis laceratis, basi agustatis, subglabris; staminibus cir-
citer 12, cellulis antherae aequalibus obtusis; ovario glabro; fructibus
ellipsoideis, circiter 2 cm longis, 1-locellatis.

A tree 15 to 30 m high glabrous or nearly so except the young branch-
lets and inflorescence. Branches terete, gray or brown, lenticellate, the
young branchlets, as well as the petioles and sometimes the young leaves
appressed-pubescent, obovate, rarely oblanceolate, 5 to 10 cm long, 1.5
to 4 cm wide, firmly ehartaceous to subcoriaceous, usually brownish and
somewhat shining when dry, the apex acuminate, acumen usually short,
blunt, apiculate, sometimes minutely retuse, the base narrowed, cuneate,
the margins strongly crenate-serrate, when young sometimes slightly

NEW Oil NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

289

hairy, ultimately glabrous ; nerves 6 on each side of the midrib, distinct,
spreading-ascending, slightly curved, their axils not glandular, the re-
ticulations indistinct; petioles 1 to 2 cm long, when young pubescent,
ultimately glabrous. Bacemes numerous, 5 to 7 cm long, on the branches
below the leaves, the rachis and pedicels more or less pubescent, in fruit
becoming quite glabrous; pedicels about 5 mm long. Sepals lanceolate,
acuminate, 5 mm long, 1.2 mm wide, with very few scattered hairs on
the back or glabrous, the margins densely pubescent. Petals as long as
the sepals, the upper one-third or one-half lacerate, base narrowed,
glabrous or with few scattered hairs on the back and especially at the
base. Stamens about 12; anthers 1.8 mm long, cells equal, blunt, not
apiculate or ciliate. Ovary ovoid, glabrous, 3-celled; style 2 mm long,
glabrous. Disk pubescent. Fruit ellipsoid about 2 cm long, 1-celled,
the endocarp osseous, rugose.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Aparri, For. Bur. 1131 If Klernme , in flower,
April, 1908; Province of Zambales, Subic, For. Bur. Sli-7,918 Maule, April, June,
1904, in fruit: Province of Bataan, Lamao, For. Bur. 1506 Curran, September,
1907, in flower: Province of Tayabas, Lagumanoc, For. Bur. Ware, in flower,
September, 1903, (type) : Province of Camarines, Sipocot, For. Bur. 705 Van
Wickle, May, 1904, in fruit. Local names, Cagayan Cumao; Zambales Tagatoy,
Malacadios ; Tayabas Camay saltan ; Camarines Maloc-maloc.

A species allied to Elaeocarpus cumingii Turzc. but readily distinguished by its
glabrous ovaries and vegetative characters.

Elaeocarpus luzonicus sp. nov. § Monocera.

Arbor circiter 15 m alta, glabra, racemis exceptis; foliis subeoriaceis,
oblongo-lanceolatis, usque ad 7 cm longis, nitidis, apice acuminatis, basi
cuneatis, margine crenatis, subtus in axillis glandulosis; racemis axil-
laribus, pubescentibus, folia aequantibus vel longioribus; petalis oblongo-
obovatis, supra simpliciter fimbriatis, extus leviter argenteo-pubescentibus ;
staminibus circiter 24, cellulis antherae inaequalibus, posticis apiculatis,
vix ciliatis; ovarium 2-loculare.

A tree about 15 m high, glabrous throughout except the inflorescence.
Branches terete, brown or grayish, not or but obscurely lenticellate.
Leaves subcoriaceous oblong-lanceolate, or sometimes elliptic-lanceolate.
5 to 7 cm long, 1.5 to 3 cm wide, shining, beneath sometimes subglaucous,
the apex shortly, or sometimes rather long-acuminate, acumen obtuse,
base cuneate, margins crenate; nerves about 6 on each side of the midrib,
distinct, the axils beneath mostly prominently glandular; petioles 1 to
1.4 cm long. Bacemes axillary, solitary, 6 to 8 cm long, the rachis and
pedicels appressed-pubescent with pale, often shining hairs, the pedicels
5 to 6 mm long. Sepals lanceolate, 5 to 6 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, thin,
sparingly appressed-silvery-pubescent outside, the keel within, and the
margins white-villous. Petals thin, oblong-obovate the upper one-third
simply fimbriate, 6 to 7 mm long, the back appressed-silvery-pubescent,
the margins and lower part of the inner surface white-villous. Stamens
about 24; anthers scabrid, 2 to 2.5 mm long, one cell slightly longer than

MERRILL.

‘290

the other, apiculate, not ciliate. Ovary pubescent, ovoid, 2-celled; style
glabrous, about 5 mm long. Disk pubescent.

Luzon, Province of Camarmes, Mount Isarog, For. Bur. 10488 Curran, May,
1908, in forests at about 1,000 m altitude. A specimen collected by Rosenbluth,
For. Bur. 12220, from either Mindoro or Lubang is possibly referable here, but it
lias more strongly acuminate leaves, and no axillary glands.

Probably most closely allied to Elacocarpus multiflorus (Turcz. ) F.-Vill., but
quite distinct from that species.

Elaeocarpus subglobosus sp. nov. § Ganitrus.

Arbor 10 ad 20 m alta glabra, partibus junioribus inflorescentiisque
exceptis; foliis oblongis, firmiter chartaceis, usque ad 12 cm longis, apice
breviter obtuseque acuminatis, basi acutis, margine leviter crenatis, nervis
utrinque 10 ad 12; racemis axillaribus, pubescentibus, foliis multo
brevioribus ; floribus 5-meris, petalis laciniatis; staminibus circiter 25;
ovario 5-loeulare; fructibus subglobosis 5- vel 4-locellatis, circiter 12 mm
diametro.

A tree 10 to 20 m high. Branches terete, dark-grayish-brown, gla-
brous, the younger branchlets, petioles and young leaves rather densely
pubescent with appressed, pale, often shining hairs. Leaves oblong,
firmly chartaceous, 7 to 12 cm long, 3 to 4.5 cm wide, not or but
slightly shining, glabrous except the very youngest ones, apex shortly
and obtusely acuminate, base acute, margins slightly crenate; nerves, 10
to 12 on each side of the midrib, distinct, forked, obscurely anastomosing,
the axils of the primary nerves and of the larger reticulations glandular;
petioles 1 to 2 cm long, at first appressed-pubescent, ultimately, glabrous.
Kacemes axillary, solitary, 2 to 4 cm long, appressed-pubescent, the
pedicels about 5 mm. long. Sepals 5, lanceolate, acuminate, 6 mm. long,
1.5 mm wide, pubescent outside, keeled within. Petals as long as the
sepals, lacinate • to the middle, slightly hairy on the margins below.
Stamens about 25 ; anthers linear, scabrid, one cell slightly longer than
the other and ciliate at its apex. Ovary ovoid, pubescent, 5-celled; style
5 mm long, glabrous. Fruits purple, globose to obscurely globose-ellip-
soid, about 12 mm in diameter, 5-rarely 4-celled, the endocarp bony.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, For. Bur. 18317 Alvarez, December, 1908;
Williams 1036, October, 1904.

Allied to Elacocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) K. Sch., but quite distinct.

MALVACEAE.

KOSTELETZKYA Presl.

Kosteletzkya batacensis (Blanco) F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 24.

Hibiscus batacensis Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 544, ed. 2 (1845) 380, ed. 3,
2:334.

Luzon, Province of IIocos Norte, Bur. Sci. 3315 Mearns, January, 1907 : Prov-
ince of Rizal, Pasay, F. de la Liana, February, 1908, Normal School distribu-
tion 327.

The rediscovery of Hibiscus batacensis is considered worthy of record, as the
species has not otherwise been collected since Blanco’s time. F.-Villar gives a

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

291

description in Latin, taken entirely from Blanco’s original description, and states
that he had seen no specimens. An examination of Blanco's description shows
that it applies unmistakably to Kosteletzkya, and F.-Villar was quite correct in
making the transfer to the latter genus. On studying the above specimens, I
found that they agreed with none of the descriptions of the various species of
Kosteletzkya, other than Blanco’s but thinking that the species might be an
introduced one here, I sent specimens to Kew for comparison, and received the
following communication: “The specimen of Kosteletzkya batacensis does not
match any of the species in the Kew Herbarium, from America or elsewhere,
and in view of the wide distribution of the genus, America, Mediterranean region,
Tropical Africa and Madagascar, the existence of an endemic Philippine species
is not theoretically improbable.” Blanco’s type was from the town of Batac, Prov-
ince of Ilocos Norte, Luzon, and the species is probably endemic in the Philip-
pines.

STERCULIACE2E.

LEPTONYCHIA Turcz.

Leptonychia banahaensis (Elmer) comb. nov.

Grewia banahaensis Elmer Lead. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 319.

Arbuscula glabra vel subglabra, circiter 3 m alta; foliis alternis,
glabris vel subglabris, lanceolatis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, 7 ad 13 cm
longis, nitidis, membranaceis vel submembranaceis, apice caudato-acu-
minatis, ■ basi obtusis vel subrotundatis, minute glanduloso-punctatis,
subtus in axillis glandulosis ; nervis utrinque 5, ascendentibus, prominen-
tibus; floribus axillaribus, solitariis, pedicellatis ; petalis orbicularibus
vel ovato-orbicularibus, pubescentibus, circiter 2 mm longis, liberis;
staminibus 10, 5-adelpbis, basi in annulo connatis; staminoideis ex-
terioribus nullis, interioribus 5, brevibus, phalangibus alternantibus ;
ovario 3-loculare; fructibus ovoideis vel obovoideis, glabris, rugosis, 3- vel
abortu 2- vel 1-locularibus, loculicide debiscentibus, loculis 1-spermis;
seminibus ovoideis, glabris, leviter compressis, nitidis, circiter 1.3 cm
longis, arillatis.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Lucban, Elmer 7569, May, 1906, type number:
Province of Laguna, Santa Maria Mavitac, For. Bur. 10069 Curran, February,
1908; Mabalucbaluc Pass, Bur. Sci. 601/Jf Robinson, March, 1908.

The first representative of the genus to be found in the Philippines, and
erroneously described by Mr. Elmer as a Grewia, of the Tilaceae. The species
strongly resembles the Malayan Leptonychia heteroclita (Roxb.) Kurz., but differs
in the total absence of the external row of staminodes.

GUTTIFEEJE.

CALOPHYLLUM Linn.

Calophyllum auriculatum sp. nov. § Apetalum.

Arbor circiter 20 m alta, glabra, gemmis ferrugineo-puberulis exceptis,
ramis teretibus, griseis, ramulis crassiusculis, in sicco valde angulatis sul-
catisque; foliis subsessilibus vel breviter petiolatis, coriaceis, nitidis,
oblongo-ellipticis vel oblongo-obovatis, apice obtusis vel rotundatis, rariter
subacutis, basi distincte auriculatis. Inflorescentiis axillaribus, solitariis

292

MERRILL.

vel binis, glabris, folia multo brevioribus, floribus paucis, umbellato-
raeemosis, longe pedicellatis; fructibus ellipsoideis vel ovoideis, circiter
2 cm longis, in sicco rugosis.

A tree about 20 m high, glabrous throughout except the terminal buds
which are densely femiginous-puberulent. Branches terete, light-gray,
the branchlets stout, gray or yellowish, strongly angled and sulcate.
Leaves subsessile or very shortly petioled, coriaceous, shining, oblong-
elliptic to oblong-obovate, 14 to 18 cm long, 4 to 7 cm wide, the apex
obtuse, rounded, or rarely subacute, the base distinctly auricled, the lower
surface paler than the upper, the midrib impressed on the upper surface,
very prominent beneath, the lateral nerves very numerous, more distinct
on the upper surface than on the lower; petioles none, or very stout and
less than 3 mm long. Inflorescence axillary, solitary or in pairs, rarely
more than 3-flowered, the flowers umbellately disposed at the apex of the
peduncle which is 1 to 1.5 cm long or less, the pedicels slender, 1 to
2 cm long, elongated in fruit. Buds globose. Sepals 4. Petals none.
Stamens indefinite. Fruit ovoid or ellipsoid, about 2 cm long, rugose
when dry, the pedicels in fruit frequently 4 cm in length.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Sax River, Williams 2339 (type), February
20, 1905, Copeland 161 7, February, 1905: Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs.
Clemens 1019, May, 1907. Basilan, For. Bur. 6126 Hutchinson, July, 1906.

A species much resembling Calophyllum venulosum Zoll. of Java, differing
especially in its shorter petioles, the auriculate bases of the leaves, and the
terminal buds only puberulent, not sericeous.

CRATOXYLON Blume.

1. Petals inappendiculate § Ancistrolobus.

2. Flowers in axillary, short, few-flowered cymes 1. C. chinense

2. Flowers in terminal, often leafy panicles.

3. Leaves distinctly petioled, lanceolate or rarely oblong-lanceolate, gradually

narrowed at both ends ; panicles ample 2. C. celebicum

3. Leaves shortly petioled or subsessile; oval to elliptic, or oblong-ovate,
base usually broad, rounded, often subcordate; panicles usually small.

3. C. blancoi

1. Petals with a basal squamule; flowers in few-flowered, axillary cymes. § Tui-
desmis 4. C. formosum ,

1. Cratoxylon chinense (Retz.) comb. nov.

Hypericum chinense Retz. Obs. 5 (1789) 27.

Hypericum cochinchinensc Lour. FI. Cochinch. (1790) 472.

Hypericum biflorum Lam. Encycl. 4 (1797) 170.

Ancistrolobus liyistrinus Spach Suit. Buff. 5 (1836) 358.

Cratoxylon polyanthum Korth. Verhandl. Nat. Geschied. Bot. (1839-42) 175,
t. 36; Dyer in Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 1 (1874) 257; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 1- (1859)
516; Forbes & Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23 (1886) 74.

Cratoxylon Jiyustrinum Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1852) 16.

Cratoxylon biflorum Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 361 (1863) 580.

Culion, Merrill Jj54.

Southern China to Burma, the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

NEW OK NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

293

This species is rather variable, and is apparently rare in the Philippines,
although it has previously been reported from the Archipelago by both A idal and
F.-Villar. What is apparently the earliest valid name is here adopted, as Britten 10
shows that the part of the volume of Lamack’s work containing the description of
Hypericum biflorum really appeared in the year 1797, and not in 1789, the date
given on the title page.

2. Cratoxylon celebicum Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1852) 16; Merr.
in For. Bur. (Philip.) Bull. 1 (1903) 39.

Ancistrolobus floribundus Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 3 11 (1858) 382.

Cratoxylon floribundum F.-A ill. Nov. App. (1880) 10; V id. Phan. Cuming.
Philip. (1885) 95, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 92; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci.

1 (1900) Suppl. 96.

Cratoxylon polyanthum F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 15, non North.

Cratoxylon sumatranum Naves in Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 3, pi. 308, non Blume.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 521,6, .11316, 11312, 12210 Klemme:
Province of Ilocos Norte, Cuming 1221, type number of Ancistrolobus floribundus
Turcz.: Province of Benguet, Elmer 6061: Province of Pangasinan, Cuming 965,
Merrill s. n. : Province of Nueva Ecija, For. Bur. 81/34 Curran: Province of Zam-
bales, Merrill 2111, 2928, Bur. Sci. 2593 Foxworthy, For. Bur. 6922 Curran,
For. Bur. 857 Maule: Province of Laguna, Hallier, Elmer: Province of llizal,
For. Bur. 1157 Ahern’s collector, Merrill 1689, 2823: Province of Bataan, For.
Bur. 6292 Curran, For. Bur. 1601, 2713, 3035 Borden, Whitford 27, Merrill 3152,
Williams 102: Province of Bulacan, For. Bur. 7183 Curran, Yoder 209, For. Bur.
11173 Aguilar: Manila, Ahern 728: Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 6039 Kobbe,
Merrill 2609, For. Bur. 107 1,1, Curran: Province of Albay, For. Bur. 1056S Curran.
Mindoro, For. Bur. 1,071, 11390 Merritt. Mindanao, District of Davao, Williams
2790, DeVore d Hoover 165, 169, Copeland 883: Province of Surigao, Ahern 358:
Agusan Valley, For. Bur. 7591, Hutchinson.

A species widely distributed in the Philippines, and somewhat variable, in
some forms approaching Cratoxylon blancoi Blume, but usually readily distin-
guished from that species by its much narrower, ditferently shaped leaves, and
larger panicles. It is well represented by Naves’ plate, cited above. Cratoxylon
floribundum (Turcz.) F.-Vill., appears to be in all respects identical with G.
celebicum Blume, and is accordingly here reduced. The wood is considerably
utilized in the manufacture of charcoal, the common name for charcoal, uling,
appearing in most of the native names. Common names: T., Guyong-guyong ;
Cag., Uttu; Zamb., Panagulingon ; V. (Surigao), Ulingon; Manobo (Agusan
Valley), TJlingun.

Celebes.

3. Cratoxylon blancoi Blume Mus. Bat. Ludg.-Bat. 2 (1852) 17; \ id. Phan.
Cuming. Philip. (1885) 95, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 51; Merr. in Philip.
Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 96.

Hypericum olympicum Blanco FI. Filip. (1837 ) 613; ed. 2 (1845) 429, ed. 3,
2:416, non Linn.

Ancistrolobus micradenius Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 3 11 (1858) 382.

Cratoxylon micradenium F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 16.

Cratoxylon arborescens Vid. Cat. PI. Prov. Manila (1880) 17, Sinopsis Atlas
(1883) t. 10, f. A.; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 16, non Blume.

Cratoxylon sumatranum F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 16, non Blume.

Cratoxylon hornschuchii Naves in Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 3, pi. 251,, non North.

I# Journ. Bot. 44 (1906) 319.

294

MERRILL.

Luzox, Province of Ilocos Sur, For. Bur. 7107 Klemmc : Province of Benguet,
Elmer 61,55: Province of Pangasinan, Merrill 2866, small form: Province of Bu-
lacan, For. Bur. 7165 Curran : Province of Rizal, For. Bur. 5192 Curran: Prov-
ince of Bataan, For. Bur. 11,78 Ahern’s collector: Province of Tayabas, Cuming
700: Province of Camarines, Ahern 31, 828, For. Bur. 101,22: Province of Albay,
For. Bur. 10582 Curran. Bohol, Cuming 1822, type number of Ancistrolobus
micradcnius Turcz. Masrate, For. Bur. 991 Clark. Negros, For. Bur. 12339
Everett. -Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Ahern 655; Lake Lanao, Mrs. Clem-
ens 1,61,. Basilan, Hallier s. n.

Like the preceding species widely distributed in the Philippines, and even
more variable than that, approaching it in some forms. The extreme form can,
however, be readily distinguished by its broader, differently shaped leaves, which
are broad, rounded, and biauriculate at the base, and very short petioled. It
is unquestionably the form described by Blanco as Hypericum olympicum , on
which Blume based his Cratoxylon blancoi, although it is probable that Blanco
included both this, and the more common C. celcbicum in his species. Cratoxylon
blancoi Blume is undoubtedly very closely allied to C. hornschuchii Blume.
Common names: T., Guyong-guyong, Cansilay; II., Pang., Baringcocoron ; B.,
Saling-gogon; V., Oringon, Pagalingan.

Endemic.

Aar. apiculatum var. nov.

Differt a typo foliis minoribus, 4 ad G cm longis, anguste obovatis, basi
angustatis, apice latis, abrupte breviter apiculato-acuminatis.

Guimaras, Buena Vista, For. Bur. 31 Gammill, August, 1903, V., Cansilay.

4. Cratoxylon formosum (Jack) Dyer in Ilook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 1 (1874)
258; Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 95, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 52,
Sinopsis Atlas (1883) t. 10, f. B; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 16.

Elodea formosa Jack in Hook. Journ. Bot. 1 (1834) 374.

Tridesmis ochnoides Spach Suit. Buff. 5 (1836) 358.

Hypericum aegyptium Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 615; ed. 2 (1845) 430; ed.
3, 2:418, non Linn.

Luzon, Province of Zambales, For. Bur. 6959 Curran, Merrill 2115, 2950:
Province of Bulacan, For. Bur. 11169 Aguilar: Province of Laguna, Bur. Sci.
2385 Foxworthy: Province of Rizal, For. Bur. 1,81, 2879 Ahern’s collector,
Merrill 1710, 2638: Province of Tayabas, Elmer 9109, For. Bur. 10276 Curran,
Me> till 399). Culion, Merrill 581,. Guimaras, For. Bur. 283 Gammill. Leyte,
Cuming 1751,. Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, For. Bur. 9339 Whitford <C-
Hutchinson.

Common names: T., Aligogon, Banga, Apang; Zarnb., Cayantol; V., Camon-
tayo.

Siam to the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

HYPERICUM Linn.

Hypericum loheri sp. nov.

Abuscula glabra circiter 1 m alta; foliis oblongis vel elliptico-oblongis,
cliartaceis vel subcoriaceis, circiter 3 cm longis, glanduloso-punctatis,
subtus subglaucis, subsessilibus, apice acutis vel brevissime acuminatis,
nervis tenuibus, utrinque 5 ad 7; floribus axillaribus solitariis, longe
pedicellatis, circiter 2 cm diametro; stylis coalitis; ovario 5-loculare.

A glabrous shrub about 2 m high. Branches slender terete, reddish-

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

295

brown rarely somewhat grayish. Leaves opposite, oblong or elliptic-
oblong, 2.5 to 3 cm long, 7 to 12 mm wide, firmly chartaceous or sub-
coriaceous, shining, narrowed and acute at both ends or the apex very
shortly apiculate-acuminate, glandular-punctate, beneath slightly glau-
cous; nerves 5 to 7 on each side of the midrib, slender, obscure, the
reticulations obsolete; petioles very short or none. Flowers white, axi-
llary, solitary, about 2 cm in diameter, their pedicels about 1 cm long,
with three or four pairs of short imbricate bracteoles at the base. Sepals
ovate, acute or obscurely acuminate, 1.5 mm long. Petals oblong-obovate,
inequilateral, 10 to 12 mm long, 6 to 7 mm wide, apex more or less
obliquely subtruncate or rounded. Stamens 5-adelphous ; filaments 5 to
9 mm long. Ovary and style 11 mm long, the former narrowly oblong-
ovoid, 5-celled, the latter consisting of five entirely united styles. Cap-
sules about 10 mm long, 3 mm in diameter, crowned by the style, septici-
dally 5-valved ; seeds 1 mm long, thick-spindle-shaped.

Luzox, Province of Benguet, Ambuklao, Loher 66 in Herb. Kew. ; Mount Ugo,
Bur. Bci. 5716 Ramos, December, 1908: Province of Zambales, Mount Pinatubo,
Bur. Sci. 2562 Foxworthy, April, 1907.

A species apparently most closely allied to Hypericum formosanum Maxim.,
and H. giraldii Keller.

FLACOURTIACE2E.

AHERN I A gen. nov.

Flores hermaphroditi. Sepala 4 vel 5, imbricata, in petala transeuntes.
Petala 10 ad 15, sepalis gonsimilia sed interiora gradatim angustiora.
Stamina indefinita, epipetala vel perigyna, filamentis filiform ibus, elonga-
tis; antherae parvae, abbreviatae, loculis longitudinaliter dehiscentibus.
Ovarium ovoideum vel ellipsoideum, 1-loculare, placentae 5, oo-ovulatae;
stylus simplex; stigmate minuto, obscure 3-lobato vel subdisciforme.
Fructus ovoideus vel ellipsoideus, oo-spermus, pericarpio crustaceo,
obscure longitudinaliter sulcato, indehiscente. Semina obovoidea, plus
minus compressa. Arbor subglabra. Folia alterna, chartacea vel sub-
membranacea, acuminata, integra vel supra obscure repando-crenata, basi
5-nervia vel 5-plinervia, 2-glandulosa. Flores mediocres in racemis sim-
plicibus axillaribus dispositi.

Ahernia glandulosa sp. nov.

Arbor subglabra 8 ad 15 m alta; foliis alternis, ovatis vel oblongo-
ovatis, usque ad 15 cm longis, chartaceis vel submembranaceis, acuminatis,
basi obtusis, rotundatis vel subtruncatis, 2-glandulosis, 5-nerviis vel 5-
plinerviis; floribus circiter 1 cm longis, in racemis axillaribus solitariis
dispositis, hermaphroditis.

A tree 8 to 15 m high, glabrous except the infloresence and fruits.
Branches terete, brownish-gray, glabrous, obscurely lenticellate. Leaves
alternate, estipulate, ovate or oblong-ovate, chartaceous or submembra-
naceous, 9 to 15 cm long, 4 to 8 cm wide, glabrous, shining and nearly

‘296

MKRRILL.

the same color on botli surfaces, entire or obscurely repand above, the
apex rather abruptly acuminate, the base usually broad, rounded or sub-
truncate, and with two glands either on the margins at the juncture with
the petiole, or on the petiole itself; basal nerves 5, the outer shorter pair
from the very base of the leaf, the inner and longer more prominent pair
leaving the midrib a short distance above the base and extending to
beyond the middle, the lateral nerves above the basal ones two or three
on each side of the midrib, ascending, prominent, anastomosing, the
reticulations distinct, rather lax; petioles 2.5 to 4.5 cm long, llacemes
in the upper axils, solitary, in flower 2.5 to 3.5 cm long, few-flowered, in
fruit somewhat longer, densely gray-pubescent, the pedicels 5 to 8 mm
long, longer in fruit. Petals and sepals scarcely distinct, and irregularly
arranged, the sepals 4 or 5, ovate, acute or slightly acuminate, 10 mm
long, 0 mm wide, densely pubescent outside, strongly imbricate, the outer
two or three entirely free, the inner two or three more or less united
with the petals and usually staminiferous ; petals 10 to 15, similar to the
sepals, and like them densely gray-pubescent, of equal length but narrower,
gradually narrower inwards, the innermost ones linear and only 1 to 1.5
mm wide, all more or less imbricate and all connate below. Stamens
indefinite, inserted on the base of the petals and on the inner sepals;
filaments very slender, elongated, very slightly united at the base, 6 to
10 mm long; anthers minute, longitudinally dehiscing, less than 0.5 mm
long. Ovary free, densely gray-pubescent, slightly stipitate, ovoid or
ellipsoid, narrowed at both ends, 1-celled, with 5 parietal placentae, each
bearing numerous ovules; style simple, terminal, glabrous or slightly
pubescent at the base, 2 to 4 mm long; stigma minute, subdisciform or
obscurely 3-lobed, not larger than the style. Fruit crustaceous, indehis-
eent, ovoid or ellipsoid, 1.5 to 2 cm long, apiculate, densely gray-pubes-
cent, obscurely longitudinally ribbed; seeds many, obovoid, often irreg-
ularly compressed, black, shining, the testa crustaceous, the albumen
fleshy. Barely flowers are found with an imperfect ovary which is nearly
glabrous, and contains no ovules.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Mount Banajao, For. Bur. 8039 Curran Merritt,
November, 1907, in forests at an altitude of about 600 in, in flower: Province
of Rizal, Bosoboso, For. Bur. 2005 Ahern’s collector, November, 1904, with nearly
mature fruits: Province of Bataan, Lamao River, Williams 531, January, 1903,
with mature fruits, in forests at an altitude of about 110 m.

This new genus is somewhat anomalous, but seems to be most closely allied
to Oncoba Forsk., differing in its hermaphrodite flowers, its inner perianth lobes
smaller than the outer ones, the stamens slightly united and inserted on the
petals and sepals, its racemose inflorescence, etc. In its perianth characters
it seems also to approach Pyramidocarpus Oliver, of Africa, but is quite different
from that genus in other floral characters.

The above new genus is dedicated to Major George P. Ahern, Director of
Forestry for the Philippine Islands, in commemoration of his active interest in,
and strong support of botanical investigations in the Archipelago during the
past nine years.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII. 297
HOMALIUM Jacq.

Homalium curranii sp. nov. § Myriantheia.

Arbor circiter 1(5 m alta, glabra, inflorescentiis except is; foliis oblongo-
ellipticis, coriaceis, nitidis, usque ad 20 cm longis, aeutis, margine leviter
erenatis, nervis utrinque 8; inliorescentiis axillaribus terminal ibusque,
paniculatis, folia aequantibus, dense pubescent i bus ; floribus 4- vel 5-
meris ; sepalis anguste oblongis, 5 mm longis, pubescentibus ; petal is
sepalis aequilongis, oblongo-spatulatis ; staminibus brevibus, 12 vel 15.

A tree about 10 m high, glabrous except the inflorescence. Branches
brown, terete, lenticellate. Leaves oblong-elliptic, 18 to 20 cm long,
7 to 9 cm wide, coriaceous, shining, acute at both ends, margins slightly
crenate; nerves 8 on each side of the midrib; rather distinct beneath,
the reticulations rather close; petioles stout, rugose, 1 cm long, Panicles
terminal and axillary, as long as the leaves, densely pale-pubescent, the
branches scattered, spreading, few, the lowest ones often 10 to 12 cm
long, bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, pubescent 4 to 5 mm long, the
bracteoles similar but much smaller. Flowers greenish-white, very
shortly pedicelled, racemosely disposed, the buds densely pale-pubescent.
Sepals four or five, narrowly oblong, obtuse, densely pubescent, 5 mm
long, 1.5 mm wide. Petals as long as the sepals, less pubescent, oblongo-
spatulate, obtuse, 1.8 mm wide, base narrowed. Stamens in groups of
threes opposite each petal ; filaments glabrous, about 1 mm long. Ovary
villous; styles usually four, glabrous, short.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, near Twin Peaks, For. Bur. 10H11 Curran, De-
cember, 1908, on river banks.

A species allied to Homalium lueoniense F.-Vill., and to H. villarianum Vid.,
but quite distinct from both- in its floral characters.

HYDNOCARPUS Gaertn.

Hydnocarpus subfalcata sp. nov.

Arbor subglabra 5 ad 15 m alta, dioica ; foliis subcoriaceis vel coriaceis,
oblongo-ovatis vel oblongo-lanceolatis rec-tis vel leviter subfalcatis, glabris,
nitidis, valde caudato-acuminatis, basi aeutis vel rariter obtusis, integris,
nervis utrinque 5, obliquis, prom inenti bus ; floribus axillaribus, femineis
sol itariis, pedicellatis. masculinis paniculato-raeemosis, sepalis petalis
staminibusque 5; fruetibus pyriformibus, usque ad <i cm longis, dense
ferrugineo-pubescentibus, basi valde angustatis.

A subglabrous dioecious tree 5 to 15 in high. Branches terete, slender,
gray, the younger branehlets often brown, the growing tips more or less
ferruginous-pubescent. Leaves alternate, oblong-ovate to oblong-lan-
ceolate or lanceolate, 8 to 15 cm long, 3 to (i cm wide, coriaceous or
subeoriaceous, straight or slightly subfalcate, shining, usually brownish
when dry and paler beneath, the margins entire, the apex strongly
caudate-acuminate usually falcate, the acumen blunt, the base acute, rarely

85754 7

298

MERRILL.

obtuse; nerves 5 on each side of the midrib, prominent, sharply ascend-
ing, slightly curved, obscurely anastomosing, usually brown when dry in
contrast to the pale lower surface of the leaf, the reticulations fine,
distinct; petioles 5 to 10 mm long, often slightly pubescent. Flowers
small, 5-merous, the pistillate ones solitary, axillary, on 3 to 4 mm long
pedicels; sepals free, imbricate, ovate, 2 to 4.5 mm long, the inner two
much larger than the outer ones, pubescent ; petals suborbicular, 3 mm
in diameter, membranaceous, rounded, ciliate; ovary ovoid, 2 mm in
diameter, densely pubescent, 1-celled with three parietal placentae, the
ovules numerous; stigmas 3, spreading, flattened, 2 mm long. Staminate
flowers small, in very short paniculate racemes, the inflorescence slightly
pubescent, axillary, solitary, about as long as the petioles; sepals 5,
free, ovate, acute or acuminate, the two inner ones larger than the outer,
about 3 mm long in bud, outside ferruginous-pubescent ; petals 5, ovate
or rounded, membranaceous, ciliate, each with a large orbicular, ciliate
scale at the base, about 1 mm in diameter; rudimentary ovary none;
stamens 5; filaments stout, tapering upwards, 1 mm long, glabrous;
anthers 1 mm long, about 0.6 mm long, the connective rather broad.
Fruit pyriform, indehiscent, the pericarp crustaceous, rather brittle when
dry, densely brown- or ferruginous-pubescent, when mature about 6
cm long, the base much narrowed; seeds about 8 in each fruit, ellipsoid
to narrowly ovoid, often irregularly compressed, 1.5 to 2 cm long.

Luzon, Province of Zambales, For. Bur. 5906 (type), 599 ^ Curran, January,
1907, with staminate flowers and fruit, For. Bur. 379, 917 Maule, March, June,
1904, the former with pistillate flowers, the latter with fruit; Merrill 2931f,
Hallier s. n. : Province of Tayabas (Principe), Baler, Merrill 1006. Common
names given in Zambales are Mala usa, Dalinias, Binting dalaga, and Putian ,
in Baler Ngeret.

This species is closely allied to H. venenata Gaertn. of Ceylon, but differs in
its less numerously nerved and entire leaves, and in its fruit being strongly
narrowed at the base, and pyriform in shape.

Although the Ceylon flora is not especially closely allied to that of the Philip-
pines, and although the Flacourtiaceae is not strongly represented in either region,
this family contains a striking series of species peculiar to the two, including
the above which is manifestly closely allied to Hydnocarpus venenata Gaertn., a
species confined to Ceylon; the genus Osmelia with but four known species, two
closely allied ones confined to the Philippines, one in Celebes, and one in Ceylon;
and the genus Trichadenia, previously a monotypic one and confined to Ceylon,
but of which a second species has now been found in Luzon.

TRICHADENIA Thwaites.

Trichadenia ph il ippinensis sp. nov.

Arbor dioica, subglabra, 15 ad 20 m alta; foliis longe petiolatis, coria-
ceis vel subcoriaceis, elliptico-oblongis vel oblongis, nitidis, glabris, 14
ad 30 cm longis, integris vel supra obscure repandis, acuminatis, basi
rotundatis; nervis utrinque 10 ad 12, prominentibus ; racemis axilla-
ribus, solitariis, usque ad 10 cm longis, ferrugineo-puberulis, calycibus
irregulariter 2- vel 3-lobatis.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

299

A dioecious subglabrous tree 15 to 20 m high. Branches stout, brown
or grayish, glabrous, terete, with very large leaf-scars, the ultimate
branchlets densely ferruginous-pubescent; stipules linear-lanceolate, pubes-
cent, decidous, about 6 mm long. Leaves alternate, coriaceous or sub-
coriaceous, shining, elliptic-oblong or oblong, 14 to 30 cm long, 6 to
15 cm wide, glabrous, entire, or the margins in the upper portion slightly
and obscurely repand, the apex rather abruptly and sharply acuminate,
the base broad, rounded; nerves 10 to 12 on each side of the midrib,
prominent, anastomosing, the reticulations distinct, rather lax; petioles
3 to 8 cm long, when young ferruginous-puberulent, ultimately glabrous.
Flowers in axillary, solitary, ferruginous-puberulent racemes which are
10 cm long or less : pistillate flowers pedicillate, the calyx glabrous,
splitting from the top into two or three irregular lobes; petals 5, free,
ovate to elliptic-ovate, obtuse, about 4 mm long, 2.5 to 3 mm wide,
glabrous except the oblong-lanceolate, densely pubescent scale on the
inside, which is nearly 3 mm long; ovary ovoid, pubescent, 1-celled, with
three parietal placentae, each with one ovule ; styles three, short ; stigmas
three, thick, large, subpeltate, irregularly lobed : staminate flowers similar
to the pistillate, the irregular calyx divisions reflexed in anthesis ; stamens
5; filaments 2.5 mm long; anthers 2 mm long, 2-locellate. Fruit
(immature) subglobose, glabrous, 2 cm in diameter, 1-seeded, the pericarp
crustaceous when dry.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Tanay, Merrill 2280 pistillate llowers; Bosoboso,
For. Bur. 2982 Ahern’s collector, staminate flowers, Bur. Sci. 26 1$ Ramos,
staminate flowers: Province of Laguna, Santa Maria Mavitac, For. Bur. 10065
Curran, February, 1908, sterile: Province of Tayabas, Lagumanoc, For. Bur. 9
Ware, immature fruit. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keitbley, Mrs. Clemens
695, with detached fruit.

A species closely allied to Trichadenia zeylanica Thwaites, the type of the
genus, but is readily distinguished by its more numerously nerved, entire or
nearly entire, glabrous leaves, as well as by its smaller flowers, the calyx splitting
irregularly from the top. A most interesting discovery, the genus previously
consisting of the single species T. zeylanica Thwaites, confined to Ceylon. Local
Tagalog names are given by Ramos as Tadong or Tandong, and by Ware as
Malapingan.

LECYTHIDACE2E.

BARRINGTON I A Forst.

Barringtonia balabacensis sp. nov. § Stravidium.

Arbor circiter 10 m alta, glabra; foliis chartaceis, oblongis, nitidis,
25 ad 40 cm longis, basi acuminatis, apice breviter abrupteque acumi-
natis, margine minute crenato-serratis, nervis utrinque 1G ad 18, pro-
minentibus; spicis axillaribus, usque ad 40 cm longis; fructibus anguste
oblongis, circiter 10 cm longis, 2.5 cm diametro, plus minus quadran-
gulatis.

A tree about 10 m high, glabrous throughout. Leaves oblong, charta-
ceous, shining, 25 to 40 cm long, 8 to 12 cm wide, the base somewhat

300

MERRILL.

acuminate, the apex sharply and abruptly acuminate, the acumen about
1 cm long, the margins rather finely crenate-serrate or in the lower part
subentire; petioles 3 to (5 cm long; nerves 1G to 18 on each side of the
midrib, prominent beneath, anastomosing, the reticulations distinct.
Spikes axillary, many-flowered, in anthesis 10 to 15 cm long, in fruit
uj) to 40 cm in length and somewhat thickened. Flower-buds sessile,
each subtended by three bracteoles, a lanceolate, acuminate middle one
about 5 mm long, and two lateral, much smaller ones. Calyx-tube 5
mm long, somewhat quadrangular, the lobes three, one of which is some-
times split at the apex, ovate, obtuse, about 6 mm long. Petals 4,
elliptic, 1.3 cm long. Mature flowers not seen. Fruit narrowly oblong,
about 10 cm long, 2.5 cm thick, somewhat quadrangular, the angles
rounded, the style persistent in young fruits, slender, 5 cm long.

Balabac, Bur. Sci. $22 Mangubat, March, 1906.

A species said by the collector to be rare, growing in forests, and used by
the natives to poison fish. X. v. (Moro), Ulam.

( 'OMBRETACEyE.

COMBRETUM Linn.

Combretum extensum Roxb. llort. Beng. ( 1 S 1 4 ) 2H ; FI. Ind. 2 (1824) 229;
King in Journ. As. Soc. beng. 66-' ( 1897) 337.

Palawan’, Mount Pulgar, Bur. 8ei. 51,7 Foxworthy, March, 1906. Mindoro,
Madrugo River, For. Bur. 1,07', Merritt, April. 1906.

British India to the Malay Peninsula, Andaman Islands, and Java; new to the
Philippines.

TERMINALIA Linn.

Terminalia comintana (Blanco) comb. nov.

Bucida comintana Blanco FI. Filip. ( 1837) 856, ed. 2 (1845) 265, ed. 3, 2:48.

Terminalia chebula F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 80, non Retz.

Terminalia multiflora Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 34.

Terminalia polyantha Presl F.pim. Bot. (1851) 213?

Luzon, Province of Zambales, Canad, For. Bur. .',897 Curran: Province of
Pangasinan, Cape Bolinao, For. Bur. 8881 Curran <(• Merritt: Province of Rizal.
Bosoboso, Merrill 2790 (type of Terminalia multiflora Merr.), 26', 7, For. Bur.
298',, 2009 Ahern’s collector, For. Bur. 1008.5 Curran, Bur. Sci. 3265 Ramos:
Province of Batangas, San Jose, Guerrero s. n. (topotype of Bucida comintana
Blanco): Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Elmer 6990, Whit ford 1257:

1 iovince of lavabas (Infanta), Tinuan River, 11 liitford 767: Province of Cama-
rines,. Mount Isarog, For. Bur. 10!, .',8 Curran. Mindoro, For. Bur. 6198, 8708
Merritt, For. Bur. 12211 Rosenbluth. Ticao, For. Bur. 1080 Clark. Mindanao,
District of Zamboanga, For. Bur. 9068 Whitford <£■ Hutchinson. Local names;
Zambales ltingas, Batitinan ; Pangasinan Magtalopoi ; Rizal Naghubo, Palauag,
Saplungan ; Batangas Ding las Tayabas (Infanta) Bangias ,■ Camarines Tiroon ;
Mindoro Bangias; I icao Batitinan-babaye ; Zamboanga Malatagum, Batitinan.

Blanco s Bucida comintana has previously been considered as a doubtful species,
and I have expressed the opinion " that it was referable to the genus Calycopteris,
and that F.-Villar was wrong in transferring it to the genus Terminalia. While

11 Govt. Pah. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 34.

NEW OK NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

301

F.-Villar was certainly in error in transferring Blanco’s species to Terminalia
chebula Retz., I am now of the opinion that he was correct as to the genus, and
that Bucida comintana Blanco is identical with the species previously described
by me as Terminalia multiflora. Through the kindness of Dr. Leon Guerrero,
member of the Philippine Assembly, we have been able to secure specimens of the
tree locally known as Dinglas in the town of San dose, Province of Batangas,
which native name was cited by Blanco in his original description and from
which town Blanco secured his specimens. A similar name occurs on speci-
mens from Zambales, Bingas, while Bingias is applied to the same species in the
Province of Tayabas, and in Minfloro. Blanco did not have mature fruits when
he described the species, and apparently assumed that the calyx was persistent
in ripe fruits; the calyx-rim is, however, very early deciduous. The specific
name is from an old name of the Province of Batangas, according to Blanco.

Terminalia polyantha Presl is probably not specifically distinct from the above
species, but there are slight differences in the leaves. I previously reduced Presl’s
species to Terminalia catappa Linn., from the abridged description given by
Miquel, to which species it is not at all allied; a specimen of Cuming 1516, on
which the species was based, is now in our herbarium.

A specimen from Celebes in the Kew Herbarium, collected by Beecari, is
probably referable to Terminalia comintana (Blanco) Merr., which species is
otherwise not known from outside of the Philippines.

Terminalia quadrialata sp. nov.

Arbor glabra, 15 ad 35 in alta ; foliis oblongo-obovatis vel elliptico-
obovatis, subcoriaceis, nitidis, usque ad ’20 cm longis, apice breviter acu-
minatis, basi sensim angustatis, decurrento-alatis, nervis utrinque 15 ad
20, distinctis, reticulis obscuris ; paniculis terminalibus, raniis patulis;
fructibus 2 ad 3 cm longis, apice retusis, regulariter 4-alatis, alis tenuiter
coriaceis vel submembranaceis, 1 ad 1.3 cm latis.

A tree, glabrous throughout, 15 to 35 m high. Branches rather stout,
grayish or reddish-brown, lenticellate. Leaves somewhat crowded to-
wards the apices of the branches, oblong-obovate to elliptic-obovate, 15
to 25 cm long, 4 to 10 cm wide, subcoriaceous, shining, glabrous, of about
the same color on both surfaces when dry, the apex shortly acuminate,
rarely subobtuse, gradually narrowed towards the base which is somewhat
decurrent; nerves 15 to 20 on each side of the midrib, distinct, parallel,
anastomosing, the reticulations lax, obscure; petioles stout, usually 5
mm long or less, but the lamina sometimes decurrent to the branch, so
that the leaves often appear to be sessile or subsessile. Flowers unknown.
Fruiting panicles terminal, 20 cm long or less, the branches spreading,
sometimes reflexed, the lower ones sometimes 8 cm long, with few
secondary branches, or unbranclied, the upper ones gradually shorter,
scattered, more or less thickened towards their apices, and in the apical
portions bearing many pedicel-scars. Fruit? including the wings, ellip-
soid or suborbicular in outline, 2 to 3 cm long, nearly as wide, retuse at
the apex, rounded at the base, the seed-bearing portion very narrow,
thin-walled, usually but 5 mm thick; wings four, equal, thinly coriaceous
or submembranaeeous, 1 to 1.3 cm wide, transversely nerved ; seeds
oblong, 6 to 7 mm long.

302

MERRILL.

Luzon, Province of Sorsogon, Sua, For. Bur. 4526 Zschokke. Masbate, For.
Bur. 12562, 12558 (type), 12583, 12597, 12814 Rosenbluth. Samar, For. Bur.
12617, 12874 Rosenbluth. In forests up to 100 ni altitude.

A species well characterized by its four-winged fruits, the wings all the same
width, very thin, and the seed-bearing portion very narrow. All the specimens
cited bear the native name Toog.

MELASTOMATACEiE.

MEDINILLA Gaudich.

Medinilla curranii sp. nov.

Frutex scandens, glabra; ramis ramulisque teretibus; foliis verticillatis,
quaternis, elliptico-ovatis, acutis vel breviter acuminatis, circiter 14 cm
longis, chartaceis vel subcoriaceis, 5-plinerviis, petiolatis; cymis axilla-
ribus, brevibus, paucifloris ; floribiis 4-meris, circiter 3 cm longis.

A scandent shrub, glabrous throughout. Branches and branchlets
terete, gray. Leaves verticillate, quaternate, elliptic-ovate, about 14 cm
long, 6 to 7 cm wide, chartaceous, or subcoriaceous, shining, the base
acute, the apex acute or very shortly acuminate; nerves 5, the middle
one prominent, the lowest pair leaving the midrib near the base, the
upper pair at 2 or 3 cm above the base, reticulations obsolete; petioles
about 1.5 cm long. Cymes from the branches, in the axils of fallen
leaves, usually solitary, few-flowered, the peduncles about 1 cm long.
Flowers white and pink, nearly 3 cm long. Calyx cup-shaped, about
11 cm long, truncate. Petals 4, about 20 mm long, 9 mm wide above,
narrowly obovate, narrowed below. Stamens 8, unequal; filaments about
7 mm long; four anthers about 18 mm long, and four 10 to 12 mm
long, the anterior lobes two, about 1.5 mm long, the posterior one
club-shaped, 2 to 3 mm long, the short anthers relatively stouter than
the long ones. Style 11 mm long.

Luzon, Province of Camarines, Caramoan, For. Bur. 12289 Curran, June 27,
1908.

A species allied to Medinilla verticillata Merr., differing in its much larger
and 4-merous flowers.

Medinilla mindorensis sp. nov.

Frutex scandens, glabra; ramis ramulisque tenuibus, teretibus; foliis
oppositis, petiolatis, ovatis, ellipticis, vel obovatis, acuminatis, subcoriaceis,
7 ad 11 cm longis, 3- vel 5-plinerviis, reticulis obsoletis; paniculis
terminalibus, 15 ad 20 cm longis, diffusis, pedunculatis ; fioribus 4-meris ;
bracteis membranaeeis, reticulatis, obovatis, 8 ad 10 mm longis, per-
sistentibus.

A scandent shrub glabrous throughout. Branches and branchlets
slender, terete, light-gray. Leaves opposite, ovate to elliptic, rarely
obovate, 7 to 11 cm long, 3.5 to 6 cm wide, subcoriaceous, shining, the
base acute or acuminate, the apex rather strongly acuminate; nerves three,
sometimes five, the additional pair, if present, faint, the lateral ones

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

303

leaving the midrib slightl}' above the base of the leaf, reaching the apex,
or evanescent, the reticulations obsolete; petioles 0.5 to 2 cm long.
Panicles terminal, 15 to 20 cm long, rather diffuse, the peduncles 7 to
10 cm long, the lower branches 5 to 6 cm long, spreading, opposite,
few-flowered. Pedicels slender, 3 to 10 mm long, the bracts persistent,
obovate, about 1 cm long. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx urceolate, 3 mm
long, truncate. Petals 4, broadly obovate, 4 mm long. Stamens 8,
their anthers about 4 mm long, the filaments of four about 4 mm long,
and of the other four 3 mm long, the spur and appendages small.
Bracteoles persistent, obovate, reticulate, 8 to 10 mm long, white or
pink, two for each flower.

Mindoro, Ibalo River, For. Bur. 11489 Merritt) May, 1908; Mount Halcon,
For. Bur. 4368 Merritt, June, 190G.

Well characterized by its diffuse panicles, rather small flowers and prominent,
persistent, reticulate bracts and bracteoles.

Medinilla ovalis sp. nov.

Frutex erecta vel scandens, subglabra; ramis ramulisque teretibus,
minute stellato-lepidotis ; foliis oppositis, petiolatis, ovalibus, 5 ad 8 cm
longis, subcoriaceis, apice breviter abrupteque acuminatis, basi obscure
5- vel 7-plinerviis ; inflorescentiis terminalibus, paniculatis, pedunculatis,
10 ad 12 cm longis, minute stellato-lepidotis ; floribus 4-meris, circiter
1 cm longis.

An erect or scandent shrub, the younger branchlets, petioles, midrib of
the leaves on the lower surface, and panicles minutely brown-stellate-
lepidote, the indumentum scarcely visible without a lens. Branches
grayish-brown, terete, nearly glabrous, the branchlets sometimes slightly
angled; nodes smooth. Leaves opposite, oval, subcoriaceous, 5 to 8 cm
long, 3.5 to 6 cm wide, the base broad, rounded or subtruncate, the apex
shortly and abruptly acuminate, shining on both surfaces, the lower one
paler than the upper, the midrib prominent beneath, minutely lepidote,
the surface with scattered, minute, obscure glands ; nerves from near the
base 5 or 7, obscure, except the midrib, reticulations obsolete; petioles 1
to 2 cm long. Panicles terminal, 10 to 12 cm long, branched above the
middle, the branches verticillate, the lower ones about 3 cm long,
the bracts oblong, about 6 mm long, the bracteoles minute. Flowers
purplish, about 1 cm long, the pedicels 4 mm long or less. Calyx some-
what urceolate, truncate, 4 mm long. Petals 4, 5 mm long. Stamens 8,
subequal, the filaments 4 mm long; anthers lanceolate, acuminate, 5
mm long.

Luzon, Province of Albay or Sorsogon, Adlumoy Hills, For. Bur. 12387 Curran,
June 17, 1908.

A very characteristic species, readily distinguishable by its opposite, oval,
obscurely nerved leaves, peduncled terminal panicles, and minute lepidote-stellate
indumentum.

304

MERRILL.

MEM ECYLON Linn.

Memecylon oligoneuron Blume Mas. Bot. 1 (1851) 353; Miq. FI. Iml. Bat.
I1 (1855) 574; Cogn. in DC. Monog. Phan. 7 (18511) 1132; King, in Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. 69- (11)00) 73.

Rhodamnia glabra Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 129; Ceron Cat PI Herb
(1892) 79.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Guinayangan, Vidal 782, in Herb. Kew (type of
Rhodamnia glabra Vid.) : Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. 3314 Ramos, June, 1907:
Province of Laguna, For. Bur. 10111 Curran, February, 1908.

Rhodamnia glabra Vid., was described from fruiting specimens, and in the
absence of flowers was placed by \ idal in the Myrtaceae. Additional material
shows it to be Memecylon, and identical with M. oligoneuron Blume. The genus
Rhodamnia must therefore be excluded from the Philippines.

Perak, Penang, Java and Borneo; not previously reported from the Philippines
under its correct name.

ERICACEAE.

VACCINIUM Linn.

Vaccinium alvarezii sp. nov.

Abuscula glabra circiter 3 m alta; foliis oblongo-obovatis vel elliptico-
oblongis, coriaceis nitidis, integris, usque ad 10 cm longis, breviter obtuse
acuminatis, nervis utrinque 5 vel 6, ascendent i bus, tenuibus ; racemis
axillaribus, solitariis vel binis, foliis bevioribus; corolla cylindracea,
leviter inflata, circiter 1 cm longa; staininibus 10, antheris scaberulis,
dorso vix aristatis, apice breviter productis appendicibus infundibuli-
formibus, divaricatis, poris apicaliter dehiscentibus.

A glabrous shrub about 3 m high. Branches reddish-brawn, some-
what mottled with gray, terete. Leaves oblong-ovate to elliptic-oblong,
(> to 10 cm long, 2.5 to 5.5 cm wide, entire, the apex shortly and obtusely
acuminate, the base acute, margins slightly recurved, shining on both
sui laces, nerves 5 or (> on each side ot the midrib, slender, not prominent,
ascending, anastomosing, the reticulations lax; petioles 4 to (5 mm long.
Racemes axillary, solitary or in pairs, 3 to 5 cm long, the pedicels about
1.5 cm long, articulated with the calyx. Calyx-tube short, the lobes
broadly ovate, obtuse, 1.5 to 2 mm long, each lobe gland-tipped. Corolla
pink, cylindric, 10 to 11 mm long, about 5 mm. in diameter, slightly
inflated in the midle, the lobes erect, ovate, obtuse, 1.5 to 2 mm long.
Stamens 10; filaments 4 to 5 mm long, white-villous; anthers 3 mm long,
scaberulous, not awned, the apex produced into two short, broad, funnel-
shaped divergent tubes, opening by terminal, orbicular pores. Disk
prominent eremite-undulate ; style 1 cm long.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Dali say River, For. Bur. 18466 Alvarez, March.
1909, in forests, altitude about 650 in.

Probably most closely allied to Vaccinium barandanum Vid, and V. benguetense
Vid., but quite distinct from both.

NEW Oil NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

305

EBENAOE.il

DIOSPYROS Linn.

Diospyros ahernii sp. nov.

Arbor glabra inflorescentiis fructibusque exceptis; ramis pallidis,
griseis vol brunneis; foliis subcoriaceis, oblongis, 1(5 ad 20 cm longis,
a])ice acuminatis, basi aeutis vel leviter acuminatis, in sicco brunneis,
utrinque nitidis, nervis utrinque circiter 8, prominentibus, anastomosan-
tilms, nervis reticulisque densis, validis; inflorescentiis femineis axilla-
ribus, racemosis, pubescentibus ; fructibus ut videtur globosis, circiter 5 cm
diametro, obtusis vel apiculatis, extus densissime ferrugineo-velutinis vel
pubescentibus, calycis lobis 4, accrescentibus, plus minus connatis, dense
ferrugineo-pubescentibus, patulis vel reflexis, vix imbricatis, acuminatis,
1 ad 1.5 cm longis.

A tree, glabrous except the infloresence. Branches usually pale, light-
gray or brownish, glabrous, the ultimate branchlets sometimes somewhat
ferruginous-pubescent. Leaves subcoriaceous, oblong, 1C> to 20 cm long,
4.5 to 7 cm wide, glabrous and shining on both surfaces, usually brown
when dry, the apex distinctly acuminate, base acute or somewhat acu-
minate; nerves about 8 on each side of the midrib, distinct, anastomosing,
the secondary nerves and reticulations distinct, close. Flowers unknown,
but the pistillate inflorescence axillary, racemose, densely pubescent, the
racemes in fruit 1.5 to 3 cm long, usually bearing but one or two fruits,
the pedicels stout, about 5 mm long. Fruit apparently globose, about
5 cm in diameter, rounded or apiculate, outside densely ferruginous-
velvety when young, pubescent when old, about 5-cel led. Calyx per-
sistent, accrescent, spreading in young fruits, reflexed in mature ones,
3 to 4 cm in diameter, 4-lobed, the lobes united for the lower third, ovate,
coriaceous, acuminate, 1 to 1.5 cm long, densely ferruginous-pubescent.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, For. Bur. 3071 Ahern's collector. May,
1905; Pilea, Bur. Bci. 3208 Ramos, June, 1907, both with immature fruits:
Province of Tayabas, Lucban, Elmer 0110, May, 1907, distributed as Diospyros
discolor Willd.

A very distinct species, possibly allied to D. discolor Willd., but at once distin-
guished by its glabrous leaves and its connate acuminate calyx-lobes which are
not at all imbricate but spreading or reflexed, while its geneial appearance is
quite different from Wildenow’s species. The specimen collected by Elmer prob-
ably had nearly mature fruits, but the sheet before me has only some fragments
of the fruit, so that it is impossible to give a full description at the present
time. It is known in Rizal Province as Talon g-guhat.

Diospyros buxifolia (Blume) Hiern Monog. Eben. (1873) 218.

Leucoxylum buxifolium • Blume Bijdr. (1826) 1169; Choisy Mem. Ternstr.

(1855) 43, t. 2; Miq. FI. Tnd. Bat. 2 (1858) 1050.

Diospyros microphylla Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. (1871) 27, t. 133; Clarke in Hook,
f. FI. Brit. Ind. 3 (1882) 559; King & Gamble in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 74-’
(1905) 210.

306

MERRILL.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 9435 Whitford tC-
Hutchinson, February, 1908.

The specimen is sterile but agrees closely with the description, with material
from Java, and fairly well with specimens from Singapore. New to the Philip-
pines.

Southern India to the Malay Peninsula, Andaman Islands, Sumatra, Java,
and Borneo.

Diospyros curran ii nom. nov. § Paralea.

Diospyros reticulata Elm. Lead. Philip. Bot. 2 (1908) 506, non Willd. nec.
Sieber, nec Wall.

Arbor glabra vel subglabra, 7 ad 20 m alta; ramis teretibus, griseis
vel brunneis, glabris, vel junioribus plus minus pubescentibus; foliis
glabris, lanceolatis, elliptico-lanceolatis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, 10 ad 18
cm longis, 2.5 ad 5 cm latis, basi acutis vel acuminatis, apice acuminatis,
subcoriaceis, nervis utrinque 9 ad 15, anastomosantibus, nervulis reticulis-
que prominentibus; floribus masculinis 4- rariter 5-meris, in cymulis
brevibus axillaribus dispositis, staminibus circiter 18; floribus femineis
axillaribus, solitariis vel fasciculatis, 4- meris, pubescentibus, calycis lobis
ovatis, reflexis, accrescentibus ; ovario 3- vel 4-loculare; fructibus ovoideis,
1.5 cm longis.

A tree 7 to 20 m high, glabrous or nearly so. Branches glabrous,
terete, brownish or grayish, the branchlets sometimes somewhat ferrugi-
nous-pubescent. Leaves lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lance-
olate, 10 to 18 cm long, 2.5 to 5 cm wide, chartaceous to subcoriaceous,
shining, pale, greenish or yellowish when dry, entire, the base acute or
somewhat acuminate, eglandular, the apex acuminate; nerves 9 to 15
on each side of the midrib, anastomosing, rather distinct but scarcely
more prominent than are the secondary nerves and rather dense reticula-
tions; petioles 1.5 cm long or less, sometimes as short as 0.5 cm. Stami-
nate flowers in short, axillary, solitary or fascicled, 1 to 2 cm long cymes,
which are slightly pubescent. Calyx lobes 4, rarely 5, ovate to broadly
ovate, acute or acuminate, about 1.5 mm long, with short, appressed,
scattered, black hairs; stamens about 18, 2-seriate, inserted on the base
of the corolla; filaments 1 to 1.5 mm long; anthers lanceolate, acuminate,
glabrous, nearly 2 mm long; corolla (immature) 5 mm long, the outside
with black appressed hairs. Pistillate flowers axillary, solitary or fasci-
cled, shortly pedicellate, the pedicels and calyx somewhat ferruginous-
pubescent : calyx-lobes 4, nearly free, ovate, about 7 mm long, 5 mm wide,
obtuse, subfoliaceous, the margins reflexed, the base subcordate, somewhat
accrescent and persistent in fruit; corolla about 6 m long, the lobes ovate,
3 mm wide, slightly united below; staminodes about 10; ovary narrowly
ovoid, ferruginous-pubescent; style short, 2-cleft. Fruit ovoid, 1.5 cm
long, when young more or less ferruginous-pubescent, ultimately glabrous,
the calyx-lobes somewhat accrescent, their margins reflexed.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, For. Bur. 10034 Curran, February, 1908;
Antipolo, Merrill 1654, 2675 March, June, 1903, For. Bur. 443 Ahern’s collector,

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

307

April, 1904, Bur. Sci. 2192 Ramos, March, 1907: Province of Tayabas, Guina-
yangan, Merrill 2029 ; Lucban, Elmer 92^1 (type) ; Atimonan, For. Bur. 6623
Reyes, For. Bur. 1029 4, 10662 Curran: Province of Camarines, Mount Isarog,
For. Bur. 101f52 Curran: Province of Sorsogon, For. Bur. 5165 Bridges. Marin-
duque, For. Bur. 12182 Rosenbluth. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley,
Mrs. Clemens, June, 1906: District of Davao, Santa Cruz, Williams 2861.

In the above description the chief additions to that given by Mr. Elmer are
of the staminate and pistillate flowers, as the type of the species, Elmer 92^1,
was with fruit only, although nearly all the above specimens have long been
available for description. Many of the specimens cited above have abnormal,
much-branched, often leafy inflorescences, probably due to the work of some
insect : these abnormal inflorescences apparently never bear normal flowers.
Similar ones are found in Canarium , the form of G. villosum described by Engler
as C. luxurians var. monstrosum, and in some species of Eugenia.

Local names given for this species are Malagaitmon, Alinao, Anang, Bolongeta,
Panigilman, and Bagnito, many of which are also applied to other species of the
genus, although of the above, Malagaitmon seems to be rather consistently applied
to the present species.

Diospyros everettii sp. nov.

Arbor glabra vel subglabra; foliis oblongis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, sub-
coriaceis, in sicco brunneis, usque ad 15 cm longis, apice acuminatis, basi
late rotundatis subcordatisque, nervis utrinque cireiter 10, ascendentibus,
anastomosantibus, reticulis laxis ; floribus femineis fasciculatis, axillari-
bus, sessilibus, 4-meris, cireiter 22 mm longis, calycis lobis lanceolatis;
staminodeis glabris, 4; ovario dense hirsuto.

A tree glabrous or subglabrous. Branches dark-colored, glabrous.
Leaves alternate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, subcoriaceous, brownish
when dry especially beneath, the upper surface dull, the lower slightly
shining, glabrous, the apex acuminate, the base rather broad, rounded
and subcordate, 8 to 15 cm long, 2.5 to 4.5 cm wide; nerves about 10 on
each side of the midrib, ascending, attenuate-anastomosing, the reticula-
tions lax; petioles stout, about 3 mm long. Pistillate flowers axillary,
sessile, fascicled, just before opening 22 mm long. Calyx cleft nearly to
the base into four, lanceolate, spreading, acute or acuminate lobes 7 to 8
mm long, 2.5 mm wide, their margins slightly ciliate. Corolla salver-
shaped, the tube cylindric, 9 mm long, 4 mm thick below and slightly
contracted above, inside glabrous, outside with very few long hairs ; lobes
4, spreading, elliptic-oblong, 12 mm long, 6 mm wide. Staminodes 4,
their filaments 2.5 mm long, the anther-like portion 1.5 mm long,
glabrous. Ovary densely covered with very stiff, 2 to 3 mm long, brown-
ish hairs; style stout, cylindric, 6 mm long, pubescent, 4-cleft at the apex.
The ovary is apparently 8- or 10-celled.

Negros, Mount Silay, For. Bur. 7 261 Everett, May 9, 1907, in ridge forests at
an altitude of about 650 m.

A species apparently belonging to the section Ermellinus, and is well charac-
terized by its leaves being rounded and subcordate at the base, and by its
comparatively large, axillary, fascicled, 4-merous flowers, and the very numerous,
stiff, brown hairs that entirely cover the ovary.

MERRILL.

308

Diospyros foveo-reticulata sp. nov.

Arbor inflorescentiis fructibusque exceptis glabra, circiter 20 m alta;
loliis subcoriaceis vel coriaceis, oblongis, elliptico-oblongis vel oblongo-
lanceolatis, usque ad 30 cm longis, utrinque nitidis, dense foveo-reticu-
latis, subtus pallidioribus, basi 2-glandulosis, acuminatis, basi acutis,
rariter rotundatis; fructibus axillaribus, solitariis, pedunculatis, ovoideis
vol subglobosis, 8- vel 10-locellatis junioribus 2 ad 2.5 cm diametro, palli-
dis, ferrugineo-pubescentibus, pericarpio coriaceo; calycis lobis 4, reflexis,
ovatis, crasBis, acutis vel obtusis, utrinque ferrugineo-pubescentibus,
circiter 8 mm longis.

A glabrous tree, except the inflorescence and fruits, about 20 m high.
Branches dark-colored, terete, the branchlets paler, sometimes yellowish,
glabrous or minutely puberulent. Leaves alternate, subcoriaceous or
coriaceous, oblong, elliptic-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, rather pale when
dry, frequently yellowish, 15 to 30 cm long, 4 to 9 cm wide, glabrous,
shining on both surfaces and densely foveolate-reticulate, file apex short-
acuminate, the base acute, sometimes rounded, the lower surface near,
the base with a rather prominent gland on each side of the midrib;
primary lateral nerves 1(> to 12 on each side of the midrib, indistinct,
faintly anastomosing; petioles 1 to 1.5 cm long. Fruit (immature)
axillary, solitary, ovoid or subglobose, 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter, pale, the
pericarp crustaceous, thin, deciduouslv ferruginous-pubescent, 8- or 10-
celled, the calyx persistent, accrescent, 4-lobed, the tube very short, the
lobes ver\ thick, crustaceo-coriaceous, ovate, reflexed, about 8 mm long
and nearly as wide, acute or obtuse, densely ferruginous-pubescent on
both sides.

Luzon, Province of Camarines, Pasacao, Ahern 29, 278 (type), 790, January
to .Line, 1 1)02, the last two with immature fruits; Lupi, For. Bur. 107X0 Curran,
July, i908, sterile. Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur.
90(12 Whit ford 4 Hutchinson. December, 1907; San Ramon, Hallier s. n., Feb-
ruary, 1904, with immature fruits.

this species is well characterized by its densely foveolate-reticulate leaves
which are prominently 2-gIandular on the lower surface near the base, and by
its thickned, ovate, reflexed, 4-lobed calyx which is densely ferruginous-pubescent,
as are the young fruits. The plants under Ahern’s name, cited above, were
erroneously distributed as Diospyros discolor, to which the present species is not
closely allied. It is known in the Camarines as Alahan, and at Port Banga as
Palo negro. The section is undeterminable from the material available.

Diospyros inclusa sp. nov.

Arbor glabra, circiter 15 m alta; foliis coriaceis vel subcoriaceis,
oblongis vel elliptico-oblongis, glabris, nitidis, apice breviter obtuse acumi-
natis, basi acutis, circiter 9 cm longis, eglandulosis, nervis utrinque
circiter 7, vix distinctis, reticulato-anastomosantibus; fructibus axillari-
bus, solitariis, pedunculatis, depresso-globosis, nigris, apiculatis, glabris
vel parce adpresso-hirsutis, 1 cm diametro, circiter 8-locellatis, ealyce
accrescente, ellipsoideo, crasso, lenticellato, nigro, glabro, breviter 4- vel
5-lobato inclusis.

NEW Oil NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

309

A glabrous tree about 15 m high. Branches terete, light-gray, glab-
rous, shining, somewhat striate when dry, the hranchlets dark-colored,
their tips slightly pubescent. Leaves coriaceous or subcoriaceous, oblong
or elliptic-oblong, glabrous, shining on both surfaces, 7 to 1<> cm long,
3 to 4.5 cm wide, the apex shortly and obtusely acuminate, the base acute,
eglandular; primary lateral nerves about 7 on each side of the midrib,
not very distinct, irregular, anastomosing, tbe secondary ones and reticula-
tions nearly as prominent; petioles black, glabrous, about 6 mm long.
Flowers unknown. Fruits axillary, solitary, on stout, 3 to 4 mm long
peduncles which are usually spreading, sometimes recurved, quite inclosed
by the accrescent calyx, including the calyx ellipsoid or ovoid, 1.5 to 2
cm long. Calyx black, glabrous, shining, lenticellate, thickly crustaceous,
inside pubescent, the apex shortly and obscurely 4- or 5-lobed, the opening
at the top about 6 mm in diameter. Fruit free from the calyx except at
the base, depressed-globose, black, shining, glabrous or with few appressed
hairs, -about 1 cm in diameter, apex apiculate, usually 8-celled.

Masbate, Aroroy, Whitford 1682, October, 1900, on hillsides at an altitude of
about 240 m. Locally known as Bantolinao.

A most characteristic species, recognizable by its accrescent, ellipsoid or
ovoid, crustaceous, lenticellate calyx which entirely incloses the fruit, except for
the small opening at the apex. The section is uncertain, as flowers are necessary
to determine it.

Diospyros mindanaensis sp. nov. § Melonia.

Arbor glabra 15 ad 25 m alta ; foliis oblongis vel oblongo-laneeolatis,
coriaceis vel subcoriaceis, glabris, nitidis, apice acuminatis, basi rotun-
datis, acutis vel leviter acuminatis, usque ad 25 cm longis; floribus
femineis racemosis, racemis axillaribus, paucifloris, calycibus breviter
4-dentatis; fructibus globosis, vel depresso-globosis, eireiter 4 cm diametro,
4-locellatis, glabris, nitidis, calycibus accrescent i bus persistentibus, crasse
coriaceis, reflexis, tubo acuminate 4-angulato, breviter 4-dentato ; semini-
bus osseis, albumine ruminato.

A glabrous or subglabrous tree, 15 to 25 m high. Branches terete,
glabrous, dark-gray. Leaves alternate, coriaceous or subcoriaceous, oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, 10 to 25 cm long, 4 to 8 cm wide, glabrous, the
upper surface shining, the lower somewhat paler, dull, apex acuminate,
base rounded, acute or sometimes slightly acuminate, eglandular; nerves
10 to 13 on each side of the midrib, rather distinct beneath, somewhat
arched-ascending, anastomosing, the secondary nerves distinct, the re-
ticulations fairly dense; petioles stout, 1 to 1.5 cm long. Pistillate
flowers 4-merous, in axillary, solitary, few-flowered racemes, the racemes
(when young), about 2 cm long, glabrous or with few, scattered, appressed
hairs. Calyx cup-shaped, shortly 4-toothed. Fruit globose or depressed-
globose, 3 to 4.5 cm in diameter, glabrous, shining, yellowish wdten
mature, the pericarp crustaceous, thick, 8-celled, 8-seeded, the seeds
ellipsoid, somewhat compressed, 2 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, brown outside,

310

MERRILL.

the albumen bony, ruminate. The persistent calyx is accrescent, thickly
coriaceous, glabrous, reflexed, forming an acuminately 4-angled tube 1
to 1.5 cm long, and diagonally 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter, with four short,
acute or acuminate teeth, one at each corner. The side-walls of the
calyx-tube are concave, so that the apex of the reflexed calyx-tube is
formed of four lobes radiating from the center to the corners of the
tube. The peduncle is about 2 cm long in mature fruits.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 91,53 (type), 9115
Whitford d Hutchinson, January, February, 1908, with mature fruits. Basilan,
San Rafael, For. Bur. 6098 Hutchinson, January, 1907, with mature fruits. Ne-
gros, Gimagaan River, For. Bur. 1,21,3, 1,269 Everett, April, May, 1906, the
former with abnormal inflorescence, the latter with immature flowers; Cadiz,
For. Bur. 1,309 Everett, For. Bur. 11,01 Danao, June 1906, 1907, the former with
abnormal inflorescence, the latter sterile. Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Guina-
yangan, Merrill 2001 March, 1903, with immature fruits.

This species is well characterized by its comparatively large, 8-celled, 8-seeded
fruits, its ruminated albumen, and especially by its persistent calyx which forms
an acuminately 4-angled, reflexed tube. It is apparently allied to the Bornean
Diospyros korthalsiana Hiern, but lias much larger leaves, and a quite different
calyx-tube. In some respects it resembles D. subrigida Hochr., but is quite
distinct from that species. Like D. curranii Merr. this species frequently has an
abnormal, densely much branched inflorescence, apparently due to the work of
insects. It is known in Negros as Ata-ata, in Tayabas as Anang, and in Basilan
as Bolongita.

Diospyros montana Roxb. PI. Coromend. 1 (1795) 37, t. 1,8 ; Hiern Monog.
Eben. (1873) 220.

Luzon, Province of Nueva Ecija, near Cabanatuan, Bur. Sci. 5266 McGregor,
September, 1908.

A species not previously found in the Philippines, the above specimen agreeing
rather closely with the form considered by Hiern as the variety cordifolia, except
that the leaves are not cordate.

India to the Moluccas and northern Australia.

Var. parva var. nov.

Differt a typo foliis multo minor i bus, 1 ad 2.5 cm longis, subtus dense
molliter pubescentibus ; fructibus globosis, junioribus 8 mm diametro,
glabris, nigris, apiculatis, 8-locellatis ; calycis lobis accrescentibus, re-
trorsis.

Luzon, Province of Ilocos Norte, Badoc, For. Bur. 13953 Merritt d Darling,
November, 1908, on rocky hillsides at an altitude of about 65 m. II., Antinagam.

Well characterized by its small densely pubescent leaves; additional material
may show it to be worthy of specific rank.

Diospyros phanerophlebia sp. nov.

Arbor 5 ad 10 m alta, glabra, inflorescentiis exceptiis ; foliis crasse
coriaceis, oblongis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, nitidis, basi acutis, subtus
2-glandulosis, apice obtusis vel leviter obtuso-acuminatis, usque ad 20
cm longis; nervis utrinque 8 ad 10, subtus prominentibus, elevatis.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

311

curvato-ascendentibus, anastomosantibus, reticulis laxis, prominentibus,
elevatis; petiolo crasso, 1 ad 1.5 cm longo ; fructibus ovoideis vel depresso-
globosis, solitariis vel binis in axillis defoliatis, in sicco nigris, glabris,
nitidis, 1.5 ad 1.8 cm diametro, 8-locellatis, locellis monospermis.

A tree 5 to 10 m high, glabrous except the inflorescence. Branches
terete, grayish, the younger ones slender, black, dark-brown, or oliva-
ceous, smooth. Leaves thickly coriaceous, oblong, oblong-lanceolate,
rarely lanceolate, 15 to 20 cm long, 4 to 8 cm wide, of about the same
color on both surfaces or the lower slightly paler, the upper shining, the
apex obtuse or slightly and obtusely acuminate, the base acute, margins
often slightly revolute, the lower surface with a distinct gland at the
base on each side of the petiole; primary nerves 8 to 10 on each side of
the midrib, very prominent on the lower surface, elevated, curved-
ascending, anastomosing, the primary reticulations lax, nearly as prom-
inent as the nerves, the ultimate reticulations less distinct; petioles
stout, black when dry, 1 to 1.5 cm long. Flowers unknown. Fruit
solitary or in pairs in the axils of fallen leaves, subsessile, numerous,
ovoid or depressed-globose, 1.5 to 1.8 cm in diameter, black and shining
when dry, glabrous, the apex slightly apiculate, 8-celled, each cell with
a single seed. Calyx accrescent, closely appressed to the base of the
fruit, more or less pubescent outside, densely so within, nearly square
and subtruncate, or with four short, broad teeth, 1.2 to 1.5 cm wide at
the top. Seeds about 8 mm long, 5 mm wide, compressed, brown, shining,
smooth, the albumen not ruminate.

Type specimen collected by II. M. Curran, For. Bur. 10993, District of Bon toe,
Luzon, January, 1909, locally known as Aliuac. I am disposed to refer to it
also the following specimens, all from Luzon: Province of Bulacan, For. Bur. 7172
Curran, June, 1907 : Province of Bizal, San Mateo, For. Bur. 181/7 Ahern’s col-
lector; Merrill 236, Decades Philippine Forest Flora: Province of Laguna, Santa
Maria Mavitac, For. Bur. 10052 Curran, locally known in the last three provinces
as Canomoi.

A species well characterized by its very prominent veins and reticulations,
manifestly allied to Diospyros maritima Blume, and to D. canomoi A. DC.,
differing especially from the former in its much thicker leaves and very prominent
nerves, and from the latter in being nearly glabrous throughout.

Diospyros whitfordii sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 18 m alta; ramulis junioribus densissime ferrugineo-
pubescentibus ; foliis coriaceis vel subcoriaceis, oblongis vel elliptico-
oblongis, 8 ad 18 cm longis, breviter acuminatis, basi rotundatis vel
obtusis, utrinque nitidis, supra glabris, subtus glabris vel ad costa pubes-
centibus; fructibus globoso-ovoideis, 5 cm diametro, extus nigris, plus
minus pruinosis, glabris, in sicco plus minus reticulato-rugosis, pericarpio
osseo vel ligneo; calycibus persistentibus, accrescentibus, 5-lobatis, 4.5
ad 5 cm diametro, crasse coriaceis, lobis triangulari-ovatis, acutis, vix
reflexis, utrinque densissime ferrugineo-pubescentibus.

MERRILL.

312

A tree about 1-8 m high. Branches glabrous, grayish-brown, some-
times pruinose, the younger branehlets densely ferruginous-pubeseent.
Leaves coriaceous or subcoriaceous, oblong or elliptic-oblong, 8 to 18 cm
long, 3 to (> cm wide, the apex shortly acuminate, the base rounded or
obtuse, both surfaces shining, the upper one glabrous, the lower glabrous
or more or less pubescent on the midrib; nerves 6 to 8 on each side of
the midrib, not very prominent, anastomosing, the secondary ones and
the reticulations distinct on the lower surface, rather close; petioles S
to 10 cm long, more or less pubescent. Fruit ovoid-globose, about 5 cm
in diameter, the pericarp bony or woody, outside black, more or less
pruinose, reticulate-rugose when drv, glabrous, the persistent, 5-lobed
calyx appreseed to the base of the fruit, 4.5 to 5 cm in diameter, the
lobes united for half their length, triangular-ovate, spreading, acute,
thickly coriaceous or almost woody, both sides densely ferruginous-
pubescent. The central portion of the calyx is depressed, the depression
extending along the median portions of the lobes, while there are five
prominent protuberances at the juncture of the lobes.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. liur. !)01!) Whitford,
November, 1907, in fruit; Avala. For. liur. J,H1t Hutchinson, July, 1906, sterile.
On forested ridges at an altitude of about 30 m, locally known as Camagon. The
fruit is immature and is described by Whitford as green.

OLACACE^E.

LI NOCI ERA Swartz.

Linociera acuminatissima sp. nov.

Arbor glabra, circiter 9 m alta, ramis ramulisque teretibus, pallidis ;
foliis coriaceis, nitidis, oblongo-ellipticis, basi acuminatis, apice valde
caudato-acuminatis, margine plus minus recurvatis; inflorescentiis raee-
mosis, axillaribus, racemis solitariis, paucifloris, 2 ad 3 cm longis; floribus
circiter 4 mm longis.

A tree, glabrous throughout, about 9 m high. Branches and branehlets
slender, terete, pale-gray, sparingly lenticellate. Leaves opposite, coria-
ceous, somewhat shining, oblong-elliptic, 8 to 12 cni long, 2.5 to 4 cm
wide, olivaceous above when dry, brownish and paler beneath, the base
somewhat acuminate, the apex rather strongly caudate-acuminate, the
acumen 1.5 to 2 cm long, slender, narrowed upward, blunt, the margins
somewhat recurved ; nerves about 7 on each side of the midrib, indistinct,
distant, obscurely anastomosing, the reticulations obsolete; petioles 1 to
1.5 cm long. Kacemes axillary, solitary, 2 to 3 cm long, few-flowered,
the pedicels stout, 1 to 4 mm long, the bracteoles narrowly oblong or
lanceolate, obtuse or rarely acuminate, about 2 mm long. Calyx-lobes
broadly ovate, acute, 1 mm long. Corolla-lobes lanceolate, obtuse, 4 mm
long, somewhat connate below. Stamens 2, the filaments broad, short ;
anthers elliptic, l mm long.

Palawan, Ma lam pay a Bay, For. Bur. } 506, 7 Curran. June 21, 190G.

Well characterized by its caudate-acuminate leaves.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

313

Linociera philippinensis nom. nov.

Mayepea pallida Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 58.

Linociera pallida Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 116, non K. Sell.
Olea sp. Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 125; Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886)
181.

The above change of name is necessitated because of the previous use of the
name pallida for a different species of the same genus, by K. Schumann. I also
include under this species the specimens referred by Vidal to Olea sp. in Phan.
Cuming. Philip. (1885) 125; Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 181, as the specimens
cited appear to me to be Linociera and not Olea. Linociera philippinensis is
represented by the following specimens:

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, For. Bur. 2792 Meyer, For. Bur.
2939 Borden, Whitford 11)2, Williams 569: Province of Rizal, Merrill 1835,
2670, For. Bur. 287 Jf Ahern’s collector, Bur. Sci. 1)57, 3356 Ramos: Province of
Camarines Sur, Pasacao, Ahern U- Province of Zambales, For. Bur. 69 1/2 Curran.
Mindoro, Pola, Merrill 2255. Guimaras, For. Bur. 26i, 280, 309 Gammill.
Native names, T., Anatao, Malabocboc, Pul at ; V., Magubay, Cabating.

APOCYNACE2E.

A LI XI A Banks.

Alyxia luzoniensis sp. nov.

Frutex scandens, glabra; foliis oppositis, ternis, vel rariter quarternis,
oblongis, ovato-oblongis, vel elliptico-oblongis, coriaceis, nitidis, usque ad
5 cm longis, apice breviter obtuse ac-uminatis, basi acutis, nervis laterali-
bus subobsoletis ; cymis axillaribus, paucifloris, pedunculatis ; fructibus
ellipsoideis, obtusis vel apiculatis, 1 ad 1.4 cm longis.

A scandent shrub, glabrous throughout. Branches terete or slightly
angled, brownish, rather slender. Leaves opposite, mostly ternate, or
rarely quaternate, oblong, ovate-oblong, or elliptic-oblong, coriaceous, shin-
ing, 2 to 5 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide, the apex shortly and obscurely blunt-
acuminate, the base acute, margins slightly recurved ; midrib prominent,
the lateral nerves nearly obsolete, very slender ; petioles 1 to 2 mm long.
Cymes axillary, solitary, few-flowered, the peduncles 1 to 1.5 cm long,
the buds congested, calyx-segments about 1 mm long. Flowers unknown.
Fruits ellipsoid, glabrous, obtuse or apiculate, 1 to 1.4 cm long, about
8 mm thick, very rarely the carpel is constricted in a moniliform manner,
bearing above the constriction a second seed-bearing portion.

Luzon, Province of llocos Norte, Mount Piao, For. Bur. 139 17, 13988 Merritt
d Darling, altitude 1,000 m; Vintar, For. Bur. 139^5 Merritt & Darling: District
of Bontoc, Bur. Sci. 7007 Ramos (type) : Province of Zambales, Mount Tapulao,
For. Bur. 8069 Curran & Merritt, Bur. Sci. 5107 Ramos, altitude 2,000 m.

This species is apparently most closely allied to Alyxia sinensis ( hamp., of
southern China, but seems to be quite distinct from that, as well as from the
previously described Philippine forms. It is apparently also closely allied to
Alyxia parvifolia ( Gynopogon parvifolia Merr.), but has much larger and
differently shaped leaves. It is at once distinguishable from A. monilifera Vidal
by its very different fruit, and practically nerveless leaves. Like the other
Philippine species of the genus dried specimens have a strong odor of cumarin.

85754 8

314

MERRILL.

CHONEMORPHA G. Don.

Chonemorpha elastica sp. nov.

Frutex alte scandens, ramis ramulisque rubro-brunneis, glabris; fol i is
membranaceis vel submembranaceis ovato-ellipticis vel obovato-ellipticis,
15 ad 20 cm longis, breviter acuminatis, basi rotundatis, subtus plus
minus pilosis ; floribus albis, 2.5 ad 3 cm diametro; calycibus 5-partitis.

A scandent shrub of large size. Branches and branchlets reddish-
brown, glabrous, usually shining. Leaves opposite, membranaceous or
submembranaceous, ovate-elliptic or obovate-elliptic, 15 to 20 cm long, 8
to 15 cm wide, entire, the base rather broad, rounded, the apex shortly
acuminate, the upper surface glabrous, slightly shining, the lower surface
slightly paler and somewhat pilose; petioles rather slender, 2.5 to 4 cm
long; nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib, distinct on both surfaces,
the reticulations very distinct beneath. Cymes terminal, few-flowered,
about 6 cm long, glabrous or nearly so, the bracteoles more or less pubes-
cent, about 3 mm long. Flowers white, fragrant, their pedicels slender,
1 cm long or less. Calyx 5-partite, the lobes oblong, somewhat acuminate,
the margins above somewhat ciliate, about 5 mm long, 2 mm wide, united
below. Corolla-tube 9 to 10 mm long, swollen and about 3 mm in diam-
eter in the lower third, contracted above, glabrous outside, inside with
reflexed hairs below the insertion of the stamens; lobes 5, obliquely
obovate, spreading, about 15 cm long, 12 mm wide. Stamens 5, the fila-
ments short, inserted at about the lower one-fourth of the tube; anthers
narrowly-lanceolate, acuminate, 4 mm long, sagittate at the base. Disk
entire, truncate, 1 mm high. Ovaries and style 4 mm long, the ovaries
two, free, united by the style ; ovules many. Fruit unknown.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Dumanquilas Bay, Tigbalubu, For. liur.
12851 Hutchinson, May, 1908, in forests at an altitude of about 40 m: District
of Davao, H. 8. Peabody , July, 1900, leaves only. Basilan, P. L. Sherman, July,
1903, leaves only; also reported from Mindanao and from Tawi-Tawi by Sherman.

So far as is known at present this is the most important rubber producing
vine in the Philippines. It is one of the two species considered by P. L. Sherman
in his paper on “Gutta-Percha and Rubber in the Philippine Islands,” 12 and an
illustration is given by him, 1. c. fig. 88, of leaf specimens collected on Basilan
Island, this specimen, as well as the one collected by Mr. Peabody, cited above,
were previously provisionally identified as Chonemorpha, but the determination
could not be verified until flowering specimens were received. Mr. Sherman
reports this vine from Mindanao, Basilan, and Tawi-Tawi, but states that only
the natives of Tawi-Tawi understand the commercial value of the product, and
that they gather the latex and mix it with gutta-percha. No information is at
hand as to the amount exported, but it is probably very small. According to Mr.
Sherman’s notes, the vine attains a length of from 150 to 200 feet, and a diameter
of from 6 to 8 inches.

Apparently allied to Chonemorpha griffithii Hook, f., of British India, especially
in its deeply cleft calyx, but the branches not hispid. Without comparison with
the type of Hooker’s species, it is impossible to give other differential characters,
as Hooker’s description is too short and imperfect.

12 Publications of the Bureau of Government Laboratories, 7 (1903), 36-39.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

315

KICKXIA Blume.

Kickxia merrittii sp. nov.

Arbor glabra, 18 ad 20 m alta; foliis oppositis, subcoriaceis, oblongo-
vel elliptico-lanceolatis, utrinque acuminatis, 7 ad 12 cm longis, usque
ad 3.5 cm latis; floribus albis, axillaribus, solitariis vel binis, pedicellatis,
7 cm longis, corollae tubo 2.5 cm longo.

A tree 18 to 20 m high, glabrous throughout. Branches terete, lenti-
cellate, dark-reddish-brown, the branchlets slightly compressed. Leaves
opposite, subc-oriaceous, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 7 to 12 cm
long, 2 to 3.5 cm wide, entire, shining, the apex acuminate, acumen
blunt, the base acuminate; nerves about 7 on each side of the midrib,
beneath rather distinct and often reddish-brown; petioles 1 cm long or
less. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, white, about 7 cm long, the
pedicels 2 cm long or less. Calyx-lobes oblong-ovate, acuminate, keeled,
5 mm long, 3 mm wide. Corolla-tube 2.5 cm long, narrow below, some-
what inflated above, the lobes 5, about 4 cm long, 1.3 cm wide. Anthers
about 7 mm long. Disk 2 mm long, truncate. Ovaries elongated, united
by the style, the latter 8 mm long. Follicles (immature) cylindric, 8
cm long, about 2 cm thick, seeds spindle-shaped, long acuminate, about
4 cm long, the hairs brownish, 4 cm long.

Mindoro, Ibalo River, For. Bur. IU188 Merritt, May 9, 1908, in mountain
forests at 600 m altitude. Mang., Ayete.

The second species of the genus to be found in the Philippines, distinguished
from Kickxia blancoi Rolfe by its elongated corolla tube, and more acuminate
leaves.

OCHROSI A Juss.

Ochrosia littoralis sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 10 m alta, glabra; foliis ternis vel quaternis, membrana-
ceis, late oblanceolatis, breviter obtuseque acuminatis, basi cuneatis, usque
ad 8 cm longis; cymis axillaribus terminalibusque, 2 ad 3 cm longis;
floribus circiter 1 cm longis; drupis 2.5 ad 4 cm longis, divergentibus,
acuminatis, subcylindraceis, basi connatis.

A tree about 10 m high, glabrous throughout. Branches slender,
terete, reddish-brown. Leaves usually ternate, rarely quaternate, mem-
branaceous, broadly oblanceolate, 6 to 8 cm long, 2 to 2.5 cm wide,
shining, the apex shortly and obtusely acuminate, the base cuneate;
nerves very numerous, parallel, not prominent; petioles 4 to 5 mm long,
sometimes shorter. Cymes axillary and terminal, 2 to 3 cm long, the
bracts and bracteoles ovate, 1 to 1.5 mm long. Flowers mostly at the
apices of the branchlets, usually crowded. Calyx-lobes ovate to oblong-
ovate, obtuse or acute, imbricate, about 2 mm long. Corolla-tube cylin-
dric, slender, about 6 mm long, 1.5 mm in diameter, glabrous throughout,
the lobes 5, narrow, about 4 mm long, overlapping to the right. Stamens
inserted just above the middle of the tube; anthers lanceolate, acuminate,
1.3 mm long. Ovaries two, united at the base, and at the apex by the 2

316

MERRILL.

mm long style; ovules 6 to 8 in each. Drupes united at the base, divari-
cate, the pericarp bony, the mesocarp corky, subcylindric, 2.5 to 4 cm
long, 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter, somewhat acuminate; seeds 6 to 8 in each
drupe, 3 or 4 on each side of the placenta, compressed, orbicular, 4 to 6
mm in diameter.

Luzon, Province of Batangas, Malabrigo, For. Bur. 775) Curran if- Merritt,
November, 1907, along the seashore.

A species well characterized by its ternate leaves, short cymes, and subcylindric,
somewhat acuminate drupes, which are not flattened on the inner surface, and
by its unusually large number of seeds. The first species of the genus to be
found in the Philippines.

RAU WOLFIA Linn.

Rauwolfia samarensis sp. nov.

Arbor glabra, circiter 8 m alta; foliis quarternis, oblougo-ellipticis,
breviter acuteque acuminatis vel acutis, chartaceis, circiter 20 cm longis,
6 cm latis, nervis utrinque 30 ad 35; pedunculis e axillis terminalibus,
superne umbellatis; baccis ellipsoideis, atropurpureis, circiter 1.5 cm
longis, pericarpio carnoso.

A tree about 8 m high, glabrous throughout. Branches light-gray,
stout, the leaf-scars very prominent. Leaves in whorls of four, oblong-
elliptic, 13 to 20 cm long, 4 to 7 cm wide, the apex shortly and sharply
acuminate or acute, the base acute or slightly decurrcnt-acuminate, char-
taceous, shining, the lower surface paler than the upper; primary nerves
30 to 35 on each side of the midrib, distinct, the intermediate secondary
ones evident; petioles 1.5 to 3 cm long. Inflorescence from the terminal
axils, the peduncles in anthesis about 5 cm long, in fruit elongated and
the panicle ultimately about as long as the leaves, the branches umbellately
arranged at the apex of the peduncle. Flowers white, umbellately dis-
posed, the pedicles 1 to 2 mm long. Calyx 3 mm long, the lobes obtuse.
Corolla 5 min long, cylindric, the lobes orbicular-ovate, 2 mm long, the
throat hirsute. Anthers lanceolate, 1.3 mm long. Style about 1.5 mm
long. Fruit ellipsoid, dark-purple when mature, the pericarp fleshy.

Samar, Laming, Merrill 5233, October 3, 1906, in thickets on bluff's along the
seashore at an altitude of about 10 m.

A species allied to Rauwolfia spectabilis (Miq.) Boerl., R. javanica Koord. &
Valet., and to R. sumatrana Jack., of Malaya, but .apparently distinct from all.
Well characterized by its many-nerved leaves and rather fleshy fruits.

TABERNAEMONTANA Linn.

Tabernaemontana caudata sp. nov.

Arbuscula circiter 2 m alta, glabra ; ramis rainulisque gracilibus,
pallidis; foliis ovato-lanceolatis vel elliptico-ovatis, usque ad 4 cm longis,
basi acutis vel acuminatis, apice valde caudato-acuminatis; floribus paucis
axillaribus, cymosis, albis, circiter 12 mm longis, calycis lobis ovatis,
0.5 mm longis.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

317

A shrub about 2 m high, glabrous throughout. Branches and
branchlets slender, terete, pale-gray, somewhat shining. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 2.5 to 4 cm long, 1 to 1.5 cm wide,
chartaceous or submembranaceous, shining, the base acute or acuminate,
sometimes slightly inequilateral, the apex strongly caudate-acuminate,
the acumen about one-third as long as the blade, blunt; nerves 6 to 8
on each side of the midrib, faint, spreading, anastomosing, the reticula-
tions very obscure ; petioles very slender, about 5 mm long. Flowers in
few-flowered, axillary, solitary cymes, but two or three flowers in a
cyme, the peduncles very short, the pedicels slender, 1 cm long. Calyx-
teeth ovate, blunt, 0.5 mm long. Corolla-tube 12 mm long, slender,
the lobes narrowly oblong, 1 mm long, 3 mm wide. Anthers 2 mm long.
Carpels narrow, about 2 mm long; styles 10 mm in length. Fruit
unknown.

Luzon, Province of llocos Sur, Mount Bulangao, For . Bur. lJf025 Merritt d
Darling, November, 1908, in forests at an altitude of about 1,150 m.

A species well characterized by its small, very strongly caudate-acuminate
leaves, which do not exceed 4 cm in length, and its few-flowered cymes.

Tabernaemontana linearifolia sp. nov.

Arbuscula glabra, circiter 4 m alta; foliis chartaceis, linearibus vel
anguste lanceolato-linearibus, utrinque angustatis, apice gradatim acum-
inatis, usque ad 7 cm longis, 5 ad 8 mm latis ; floribus axillaribus,
solitariis, longe pedicellatis ; folliculis oblongis, utrinque angustatis acum-
inatisque, circiter 2.5 cm longis.

A glabrous shrub about 4 m high. Branches and branchlets slender,
terete, gray, shining. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate-linear, 3 to

7 cm long, 5 to 8 mm wide, chartaceous, somewhat shining, olivaceous
above when dry, the lower surface paler and somewhat brownish, nar-
rowed at both ends, the apex gradually acuminate, the base acute ; lateral
nerves distant, indistinct, spreading, the reticulations obsolete; petioles

2 to 4 mm long. Flowers axillary, solitary, white, their peduncles often

3 cm long, frequently much shorter. Calyx-teeth ovate, acute or obtuse,
1.5 mm long. Corolla-tube 13 mm long, slender, the lobes oblique, acute,
about 7 mm long, 3 mm wide. Carpels lanceolate, narrowed above,
3 mm long; styles 6 to 7 mm long. Follicle oblong, orange-yellow,
nearly 2.5 cm long, 8 mm in diameter in the middle, acuminately
narrowed at both ends, with three faint ridges extending the whole length,
the apical portion with five faint ridges ; seed solitary, narrowly ellipsoid,

8 mm long, the groove not prominent.

Luzon, District of Lepanto, Mancayan, For. Bur. 109S/5 Curran, January, 1909,
in open grass-lands in thin pine forests, altitude 1,600 111 ■

A species well characterized by its very arrow, elongated, lineal or lineal -
lanceolate leaves, its solitary, frequently long-pediceled flowers, and its one-
seeded follicles which are acuminately narrowed at both ends.

318

ME HR ILL.

Tabernaemontana megacarpa sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 10 m alta, glabra; foliis ellipticis, oblongo-ellipticis,
vel obovato-elliptici s, apice rotund atis, basi acutis vel obtusis, 15 ad 35
cm longis, nervis utrinque 20 ad 24, prominentibus ; paniculis termina-
libus, circiter 20 cm longis; fioribus circiter 3.5 cm diametro; fructibus
carnosis, laevibus, rubris, in sicco rugosis, griseis, circiter 8 cm longis,
4 cm latis, vix costatis.

A tree about 10 m high, glabrous throughout. Branches and branch-
lets light-gray, glabrous, stout. Leaves opposite, firmly chartaceous to
subcoriaceous, somewhat shining above, dull beneath, elliptic, oblong-
elliptic or obovate-elliptic, 15 to 30 cm long, 9 to 15 cm wide, the apex
broad, rounded, the base acute or obtuse; nerves 20 to 24 on each side
of the midrib, very prominent, the reticulations obsolete or nearly so;
petioles about 2 cm long,, the base inflated and somewhat clasping the
branches. Panicles terminal, about 20 cm long. Calyx-lobes broadly
ovate, about 5 mm long. Corolla-tube 2 cm long, the limb spreading, 3
to 3.5 cm in diameter. Follicles smooth and red when fresh, fleshy,
when dry strongly wrinkled, gray or brownish, somewhat curved, not
costate, about 8 cm long, 4 to 5 cm wide and 3 cm thick. Seeds nu-
merous, 10 to 12 mm long.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens s. n., June, April, and
September, 1906: Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang, For. Bur. // 781 M earns
iC- Hutchinson, May, 1906: District of Zamboanga, Copeland s. n., April, 1905;
Sax River, Williams 2179, February, 1905. Basilan, For. Bur. 396// Hutchinson,
January, 1906; Hullier s. n., January, 1904.

This species is allied to Vocanga plumeriaefolia Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1
(1908) 33.3, but has relatively broader leaves, and more numerous nerves. The
type of Voacanga plumeriaefolia Elm., is a fruiting specimen, anti so far as I
can determine from the material before me, is a Tabernaemontana, but flowers are
necessary to determine exactly to which genus it really belongs.

Tabernaemontana mucronata sp. nov.

Arbor parva, circiter 6 m alta, glabra; ramis griseis, teretibus, ramulis
plus minus angulatis; foliis membra naceis, oblongo-ellipticis, apice
acuminatis, acuminibus apieulatis, 6 ad 10 cm longis, 2 ad 4 cm latis,
nervis utrinque 9 vel 10; cymes axillaribus, brevibus, solitariis vel fas-
ciculate, circiter 2 cm longis; fioribus gracilibus, circiter 12 mm longis.

A small tree about G m high, glabrous thioughout. Branches terete,
gray, the branchlets somewhat angled. Leaves membranaceous, oblong-
elliptic, 6 to 10 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide, the apex rather prominently
acuminate, the acumen apiculate, the base somewhat decurrent-acuminate,
ihe upper surface brownish when dry, dull, the lower slightly paler;
nerves 9 or 10 on each side of the midrib, not prominent, the reticula-
tions lax, obscure ; petioles about 3 mm long. Cymes axillary, solitary
or several in each axil, short, rather congested, including the flowers
2 cm long or less, the peduncles very short, the pedicles about 5 mm
long. Calyx-teeth acute, short. Corolla-tube cylindric, very slender,

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

319

1 mm or less in diameter, the lobes spreading, 3 or 4 mm long. Fruit
unknown.

Guimakas, Nagaba, For. Bur. 304 Gammill, February, 1904 altitude about
80 m, in thickets and open places. V., Alibutbut.

A species with somewhat the appearance of Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir.,
but with quite different inflorescence. Readily recognzable by its very short
cymes and slender flowers.

Tabernaemontana puberula sp. nov.

Arbuscula vel arbor parva, ramulis petiolis foliis fructibusque plus
minus dense puberulis vel pubescentibus ; foliis G ad 9 cm longis, mem-
branaceis, acuminatis, oblongo-ellipticis ; folliculis rubris, ovoideis vel
oblongis, 1 ad 2 cm longis, 3- ad 6-spermis.

A shrub or small tree, rather uniformly and softly puberulent or
pubescent. Branches slender, terete, grayish-brown, glabrous, the
branchlets puberulent. Leaves opposite, oblong-elliptic, ' puberulent on
both surfaces, especially beneath, G to 9 cm long, 2.5 to 4 cm wide,
membranaceous, the apex shortly acuminate, the base acute; nerves about
10 on each side of the midrib, distinct beneath, the reticulations lax;
petioles pubescent, 5 mm long or less. Follicles red, ovoid or oblong,
the apex acute, longitudinally 3-ribbed, 1 to 2 cm long, 1 cm wide or
less, the pericarp coriaceous, somewhat pubescent. Seeds 3 to 6.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Morong, Bur. Sci. 1440 Ramos, August, 1906, in
thickets and open places; Malapadnabato, Merrill 27 25, 2746, June, 1903.

A species with the general appearance'of Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir.,
but readily recognizable by its uniform soft pubescence.

VOACANGA Thou.

Voacanga globosa (Blanco) comb. nov.

Tabernaemontana globosa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 116, ed. 2 (1845) 83, ed. 3,
1: 153; Miq. FI. Ind. Bot. 2 (1856) 424.

Orchipeda foetida Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) 32, t. 66, f. D; F.-Vill. Nov.
App. (1880) 130, non Blume.

Voacanga cumingiana Rolfe in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21 (1884) 313; Vidal
Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 126; Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 184; VIerr. in
For. Bur. Bull. 1 (1903) 49; Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 117.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Sablan, Elmer 6165, April, 1904: Province of
Bataan, Larnao River, Mount Mariveles, Merrill 3798, January, 1904, .Whit ford
1079, January, 1905, For. Bur. 684, 1521, 1755, 2331, Borden, May to December,
1904, For. Bur. 2282, 3014 Meyer, December, May, For. Bur. 5467 Curran, No-
vember, 1906, Williams 509, January, 1904: Province of Cavite, Mendez Nunez,
Bur. Sci. 1356 Mangubat, August, 1906: Province of Batangas, Lipa, Marave
16: Province of Laguna, Calauan, Cuming 416; Los Banos, Elmer, April,
1906, Hallier, December, 1903; Pagsanjan, Merrill 2186, May 1903: Prov-
ince of Tayabas, Lucena, Merrill 2887, June, 1903; Atimonan, For. Bur. 6704
Kobbe, April, 1907; Gregory 108, August, 1904; Mount Banajao, Whitford 992,
October, 1904; Gumaca, Whitford 878, September, 1904; Binangonan, Whitford
829, September, 1904; Mauban, For. Bur. 10200 Curran, March, 1908. Mindoro,
Cuming 1500; Bongabong River, For. Bur. 4075 Merritt. Masbate, Merrill 3030.
Cebu, For. Bur. 6415 Espinosa, September, 1906. Leyte, Elmer 7 103, January,

320

MERRILL.

1906. Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Ahern 330 ; District of Davao, Williams
291fl.

A widely distributed endemic species, for which the earliest valid specific
name is here adopted. The type of Voacanga cumingiana Rolfe was Cuming 1806
from Negros, and while it has somewhat smaller leaves than most of the specimens
cited above, I consider it to be identical with Blanco's species.

WILLOUGHBYA Koxb.

Willoughbya luzoniensis sp. nov.

Frutex alte scandens, glabra, ecirrhosa ; foliis oppositis, firmiter mem-
branaceis vel papyraceis, oblongo-ellipticis, nitidis, utrinque acuminatis,
usque ad 9 cm longis, nervis primariis utrinque circiter 12; fnictibus
ovoideis vel ovoideo-ellipsoideis, glabris, nitidis, circiter 2.5 cm longis;
seminibus circiter 1 cm longis.

A scandent shrub without tendrils, glabrous throughout, about 15 m
high. Branches slender, terete, grayish-brown, lenticellate, the branchlets
slender, somewhat olivaceous. Leaves opposite, oblong-elliptic, 6 to 9
cm long, 2 to 3.5 cm wide, the apex rather prominently acuminate, the
base somewhat decurrent-acuminate, shining, firmly membranaceous or
papyraceous, pale or brownish when dry; primary nerves about 12 on
each side of the midrib, scarcely more distinct than are the secondary
ones and the reticulations; petioles 5 mm long or less. Flowers unknown.
Berry ovoid or ovoid-elliptical, about 2.5 cm long, and 2 cm in diameter,
the pericarp crustaceous, pale, smooth, shining, the peduncle 1 to 1.5 cm
long. Seeds irregular, 8 to 10 mm long, strongly and irregularly pitted,
in this character sponge-like.

Luzon, Province of Camarines, Caramoan, For. Bur. 12277 Curran, June, 1908.

The first species of the genus to be found in the Philippines, characterized by
its rather small fruits and its seeds which are sponge-like in appearance, but not
in texture.

CONVOLVULACEvE.

IPOMOEA Linn.

Ipomoea congesta R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 485; Choisy in DC. Prodr. 9 (1845)
369; Benth. FI. Austr. 4 (1869) 417.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 16622 Curren, February, 1909. Palmas
(southeast of Mindanao), Merrill 5353 October, 1906.

Queensland to Polynesia; new to the Philippines.

VERBENACE2E.

VI TEX Linn.

Vitex pentaphylla sp. nov.

Arbor 10 ad 20 m alta; foliis 5-foliolatis, foliolis chartaceis vel mem-
branaceis, ovatis vel elliptico-ovatis, acuminatis, subtus plus minus pubes-
centibus, vix glandulosis; cymis axillaribus, solitariis, pedunculatis; flori-
bus pubescentibus, calyce regulariter 5-dentato; fructibus nigris, glabris,
oblongo-ovoideis, circiter 1 cm longis.

NEW OK NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII. 321

A tree 10 to 20 m high. Branches brownish, glabrous, the young
parts sometimes slightly pubescent. Leaves alternate, 5-foliolate, the
common petiole 6 to 15 cm long, glabrous or somewhat pubescent: leaf-
lets chartaceous or membranaceous, ovate to elliptic-ovate, petiolulate, 7
to 16 cm long, 4 to 8 'em wide, entire, base acute, apex acuminate, the
upper surface glabrous and shining, or the midrib and nerves slightly
pubescent, the lower surface slightly paler, more or less pubescent, or
ultimately glabrous or nearly so, not at all glandular; nerves 15 to 20 on
each side of the midrib, prominent, anastomosing ; petiolules 5 to 15 mm
long, those of the lateral leaflets the shortest. Cymes axillary, solitary,
pedunculate, 10 to 15 cm long, in anthesis more or less pubescent, in
fruit nearly glabrous. Flowers purplish, tinged with white, the bracteoles
very small. Calyx cup-shaped, somewhat pubescent, about 4 mm long,
regularly 5-toothed, the teeth less than 1 mm long, broadly ovate, acute
or acuminate. Corolla about 11 mm long, somewhat pubescent outside,
the tube 5 to 6 mm long, inflated upwards; middle lobe of the lower lip
narrowly obovoid, rounded, crisped, 6 to 7 mm long, densely villous on
the median portion inside, the lateral lobes and the upper lip 3 to 4 mm
long. Filaments slightly villous below. Ovary ovoid, villous at the
apex ; style glabrous, 9 mm long. Fruit black when dry, glabrous, oblong-
ovoid, rounded at the apex, about 1 cm long, the calyx persistent, accres-
cent, somewhat saucer-shaped, 6 to 7 mm in diameter.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Siocon River, For. Bur. 9^90 Whitford &
Hutchinson . February, 1908; For. Bur. 112Jf5 Hutchinson, March, 1908. A speci-
men collected by R. S. Williams, No. 29J/9, in the District of Davao, Mindanao,
is probably referable here; it is with mature fruits, and is entirely glabrous.

This species is most closely allied to Vitcx littoralis Dene.; but is at once
distinguishable by its five leaflets which are not at all glandular beneath. It is
distinguished from V. turezaninowii Merr. by its purplish, not yellow flowers,
non-glandular leaves and inflorescence, and other characters. It is locally known
as Malaun a so, and to the Moros as Calipapa oso.

ACANTHACErE.

JUST I Cl A Linn.

Justicia tenuis sp. nov.

Herba annua, suberecta, diffusa, vel procumbens, usque ad 20 cm alta;
foliis membranaceis, ovatis, 1 ad 2 cm longis, acutis vel leviter acuminatis,
ramis ramulisque angulatis, plus minus hirsutis; inflorescentiis spicatis,
terminalibus axillaribusque, tenuibus; bracteis lanceolatis vel ovatis, acu-
minatis ; calycis segmentis 5, anguste lanceolatis, acuminatis, hyalinis ;
corolla 2-lobata, lobis imbricatis; seminibus 4, verrucosis.

An annual, suberect, diffuse, or procumbent, rather weak herb, 20 cm
high or less. Stems and branches slender, angled, more or less covered
with weak white hairs, the leaves also with a few similar ones. Leaves
ovate, 1 to 2 cm long, membranaceous, acute or slightly acuminate, the
base broad, rounded; petioles very short. Spikes many, slender, short,

322

MERRILL.

axillary, and terminating the branches, 1 to 3 cm long, few-flowered, the
flowers distant or close, Flowers blue, the bracteoles paired, the lower pair
-•5 mm long, lanceolate, acuminate, slightly hairy, the upper pair larger,
ovate to elliptic-ovate, abruptly acuminate, green with hyaline margins,
3 mm long, 2 mm wide. Sepals 5, free or nearly so, hyaline, lanceolate
or narrowly lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, apex slenderly acuminate,
more or less ciliate-hairy. Corolla about 5 mm long, blue, the tube short,
1 mm long, glabrous, 2-lobed, lobes imbricate, the larger, outer lobe
inclosing the other in hud, 4 mm long, obovate, 3-lobed, the terminal
lobe broad, retuse, the lateral ones ovate, blunt; the smaller, inner corolla-
lobe ovate, entire, 3 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, blunt-acuminate. Stamens
2; filaments about 2 mm long; anthers 2-celled, one cell above the other,
the lower cell spurred at the base, the spur rounded at its tip; pollen
elliptic. Ovary glabrous, ovoid; style simple, 2.5 to 3 mm long. Fruit
(immature) oblong, compressed, 3 mm long, 1.2 mm wide, hyaline,
apiculate, containing four rounded, compressed, verrucose seeds.

Luzon, Province of Ilocos Norte, Bur. 8c i. 2312 Mearns, February, 1907; Vin-
tar, For. Bur. 15509 Merritt & Darling; Pasuquin, For. Bur. 15536 Merritt &
Darling, November, 1908, in open grass-lands, etc., 100 to 400 m altitude.

Possibly most closely allied to Justicia procumhens Linn., which it resembles
in habit, but is much more slender than any forms of that species known to me,
differing in its very slender, continuous or interrupted spikes, five, instead of
four sepals, its blue corolla, and many other characters.

STROBILANTHES Blume.

Strobilanthes mearnsii sp. nov.

Ilcrba erecta, omnibus partibus plus minus hirsutis; foliis oblongo-
lanceolatis, vel late ovato-lanceolatis, usque ad 15 cm longis, longe tenuiter
acuminatis, denticulatis, in paribus inaequalibus ; inflorescentiis laxis,
paucifloris, pedunculis longis, hirsutis; floribus congestis, paucis; sepalis
circiter 6 mm longis, anguste lanceolatis, hirsutis; corolla alba, usque ad
2.7 cm longa; staminibus 4; filamentis villosis.

An erect, branched herb, more or less villous or hirsute throughout,
exceeding 60 cm in height. Branches terete, slender, dark-green or
brownish, hirsute. Leaves opposite, in unequal pairs, oblong-lanceolate
to broadly ovate-lanceolate, hirsute, membranaceous, the larger ones 8 to
15 cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide, the smaller ones of each pair half as large
or smaller, acuminate at both ends, the apex slenderly so, dentate, the
upper surface with numerous small rhaphides; nerves about 8 on each
side of the midrib, distinct; petioles densely hirsute, 1 to 2 cm long.
Inflorescence axillar}7, 7 to 10 cm long, few-flowered, hirsute, the flowers
capitate at the ends of the few branches, 3 to 5 flowers in a head, the
bracts foliaceous, deciduous. Calyx about 8 mm long, the lobes 6 mm
long, narrowly lanceolate. Corolla white, about 2.7 cm long, the tube
slender below, widened above, slightly hirsute outside, subequally 5-lobed.
Stamens 4; filaments villous; anthers 1.3 mm long.

NEW Oil NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

323

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Tonglon, Hearns s. n., December, 1900;
Mount Ugo, For. Bur. .15920 Bacani. Bur. Sci. 5727 Ramos, December, 1908.

A species allied to Strobilanthes pluriformis Clarke, but distinguished from
that and all other known Philippine forms in being strongly hirsute in all
parts.

RUBIACE2E.

COPTOSAPELTA North.

C. flavescens North. Ned. Nruid. Arch. 2 (1851) 113; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 2
(18571 155; Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 3 (1880) 35; Ning & Gamble in Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. 722 (1903) 138.

Randia olaciformis Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 163.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Neithley, Mrs. Clemens 1220.

llandia olaciformis Merr. must be reduced to Coptosapelta flavescens North.,
a species extending from Burma to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and
Borneo, and the first representative of the genus to be found in the Philippines.
Hooker f. gives Webera macrophylla Roxb. as a synonym of the above, which, if
correctly reduced, would be the earliest specific name for the species. Roxburgh’s
description, however, does not seem to me to apply to Coptosapelta flavescens
North.

DAMNACANTHUS Gaertn.

Darrmacanthus indicus Gaertn. f. Fruct. 3 (1805) 18, t. 182; DC. Prodr. 4
(1830) 473; Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 3 (1880) 158; Forbes & Hemsl. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. 23 (1888) 386.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Banajao, For. Bur. 7856 Curran & Merritt,
November, 1907, Bur. Sci. 21/32 Foxworthy, March, 1907, altitude 1,400-2,000 m.

The first representative of the genus for the Philippines, an interesting
addition to the continental element in the Philippine flora; eastern Himalayan
region to southern China and Japan.

GREENEA Wight & Arnott.

Greenea longiflora sp. nov.

Arbor parva, circiter 8 m alta, ramulis petiolis foliis cymisque hirsutis ;
foliis oblongo-ellipticis, papyraceis, 20 ad 30 cm longis, apice acutis vel
obscure acuminatis, nervis utrinque circiter 15; cymis axillaribus, subscor-
poideis, pauciramosis, usque ad 9 cm longis; floribus sessilibus, circiter
15 cm longis, 4-meris.

A small tree about 8 m high. Branches densely hirsute with long
brownish hairs. Leaves papyraceous, oblong-elliptic, 20 to 30 cm long,
10 to 12 cm wide, very sligthly shining, the lower surface somewhat paler
than the upper, both surfaces with numerous spreading or appressed
scattered hairs, those on the lower surface softer and paler than those
on the upper; nerves about 15 on each side of the midrib, distinct, the
reticulations rather lax; petioles densely hirsute, 2 to 4 cm long; stipules
membranaceous, caducous, oblong, about 4 cm long and 1.5 cm wide,
rounded or obtuse at the apex, hirsute. Cymes axillary, peduncled, 9
cm long or less, hirsute, the branches few. Flowers sessile, arranged

324

MERRILL.

along one side of the branches. Calyx-tube very short, the limb mem-
branaceous, 1 mm long, obscurely 4-toothed. Corolla-tube about 15 mm
long, cylindric, 3 mm in diameter, the outside with very few short
appressed hairs ; lobes 4, spreading or recurved, imbricate, broadly elliptic-
ovate, acute or blunt, 4 to 4.5 mm long. Stamens 4, the filaments very
short, inserted above the middle of the tube; anthers linear, 6 mm long,
included. Style in the male flowers about 4 mm long, 4-cleft, obscurely
pubescent.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Tibucuy, For. liur. 9Jf30 Whitford &
Hutchinson, February, 1908, in forests at an altitude of about 20 m.

The first species of the genus to be reported from the Philippines, allied to
Greenea corymbosa (Jack) K. Sch., of Burma and the Malay Peninsula, but
abundantly distinct.

GREEN IOPSIS gen. nov.

Calvcis tubus turbinatus; limbi lobi 5, subaequales, breves, sub-
rotundati, corolla breviter infundibularis, fauce villosa; limbi lobi 5,
breves, rotundati, in alabastro sinistrorsum contorto-imbricati. Stamina
5, fauci corollae inserta, inclusa, filamentis brevibus; antherae dorso supra
basin affixae, ellipticae. Ovarium 2-loculare; stylus gracilis, lobis stig-
matis brevibus, crassis; ovula in loculis plurima, in placentis septo
longitudinaliter adnatis conferta. Capsula oblonga vel ovoidea, 2-locu-
laris, septicide 2-valvis, coriacea. Semina numerosissima, elongata
praecipue in nucleo reticulato-areolata. Arbores. Folia opposita, char-
tacea vel subcoriacea, oblongo-obovata vel elliptico-obovata, petiolata.
Stipulae amplae, deciduae, interpetiolares, acuminatae. Flores parvi.
Inflorescentia terminalis, multiflora, cymis amplis, paniculatis, ramis
ramulisque patulis.

This proposed new genus is allied to Emmenopterys of southern China and to
Mussaendiopsis of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo, but differs from
both in none of its calyx lobes being accrescent, and from the latter also in its
stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla-tube. It consists of two closely
allied Philippine species, the following, the type of the genus, which has been
previously referred to Greenea, species undetermined, and the plant described
by Mr. Elmer as Mussaendiopsis multiflora.

Greeniopsis phil ippi n inensis sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 10 m alta; foliis oblongo-obovatis vel elliptico-obovatis,
subchartaceis, nitidis, 20 ad 30 cm longis, apice breviter acuminatis, basi
augustatis, decurrento-acuminatis, nervis utrinque 15 ad 18, prominen-
tibus, glabris vel juniojpbus subtus minus hirsutis; paniculis terminalibus,
amplis, ramis ramulisque patentibus, circiter 20 cm longis ; floribus
breviter pedicellatis, albis, 4 ad 5 mm longis; capsulis ellipsoideis vel
ovoideis, 4 mm longis, extus griseo-pubescentibus, septicide 2-valvatis,
apice limbo persistente coronatis.

A tree about 10 m high. Branches terete, reddish-brown, rugose, the
younger branches reddish-brown, smooth, glabrous or sometimes hirsute.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

325

Leaves opposite, oblong-obovate to elliptic-obovate, 20 to 30 cm long, <
to 12 cm wide, shining, glabrous, or when young somewhat hirsute
beneath, subchartaceous, the apex rather abruptly short-acuminate, nerves
15 to 18 on each side of the midrib, prominent on both surfaces, the
reticulations subparallel; petioles 1.5 to 2 cm long, glabrous, or when
young somewhat hirsute; stipules interpetiolar, oblong-lanceolate, brown,
glabrous or sometimes hirsute, 1 to 3 cm long, deciduous, acuminate,
sometimes cleft. Panicles terminal, grayish-appressed-pubescent, ample,
the branches and branchlets spreading, many flowered, the flowers mostly
on the upper half of the branches alternate, not or rarely secund. Flowers
white, short-pedicelled. Calyx turbinate, the tube short, about 1 mm
long and nearly 2 mm wide, appressed-gray-pubescent outside, the limb
1.5 mm long, with 5 broad, short, rounded teeth which are slightly ciliate
on the margins, none of them accrescent. Corolla-tube about 3 mm
long, somewhat widened above, the limb with 5 rounded lobes about 1
mm long, in bud somewhat overlapping to the left, the throat densely
villous within below the anthers. Stamens 5, alternate with the corolla-
lobes, the filaments short, inserted on the throat of the tube; anthers
elliptic, attached at the back above the base, about 1 mm long, obtuse,
longitudinally 2-celled, included. Ovary 2-celled; ovules indefinite, on
the central placenta which is adnate to the disseptment; style 3 mm long,
entire, crowned by the subcapitate or ellipsoid stigma which is about
1.2 mm long and somewhat cleft at the apex. Capsule coriaceous, ap-
pressed-gray-pubescent, ellipsoid or ovoid, about 4 mm long, 3 to 3.5
mm thick, crowned by the persistent calyx-limb, septicidal, 2-valved,
2-celled ; seeds numerous, elongated, rather pointed at both ends, some-
times angular, 1 mm long, externally reticulate-areolate.

Samar, Borongan, Merrill 5216 (type of the genus and species), October, 1906,
in flower and fruit, growing along the border of a Nipa swamp; without definite
locality, Cuming 1713, in fruit, in Herb. Kew. sub Greenea. Luzon, Province of
Albay, Cabit, Bur. Sci. 61,02 Rolinson, August 31, 1908, near hot springs along
the seashore, with flowers and fruits; Manito, For. Bur. 10580 Curran, June, 1908,
along the seashore, in fruit.

In young specimens, such as the type, the branchlets, inflorescence, and the
midrib and nerves on the under surface of the leaves are supplied with numerous
long, brownish hairs, but these are deciduous, the mature specimens being glabrous
or subglabrous with the exception of the more or less pubescent inflorescence.

Green iopsis multiflora (Elmer) comb. nov.

Mussaendiopsis multiflora Elm. Lead. Philip. Bot. 1 (1906) 14.

This differs from the above in having lea\es with from 9 to 12 pairs of lateial
nerves only, the fruits relatively longer and narrower (5 mm long, 2-2.5 mm
thick), and which are secund on the ultimate branchlets of the infrutesence.
In habit and general appearance it strongly resembles the preceding species, but
can be distinguished by the above characters. The flowers are unknown.

Dinagat, Ahern 1,00. (type) N. v., Hamagos.

MERRILL.

320

LITOSANTHES Blume.

L. biflora Blume Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg (1823) 21; Bijdr. (1826) 994; Miq.
FI. Ind. Bat. 2 (1857) 314; DC. Prodr. 4 (1830) 465.

Luzon, Province of Sorsogon, Adlumay Hills, For. Bur. 12383 Curran, June,
1908. Mindoro, Mount Halcon, Merrill 6172, November, 1906; Mount Sablanga,
For. Bur. 11002 Merritt, March, 1908; Mount Teluti, For. Bur. 111,78 Merritt,
May, 1908. Negros, Elmer.

I lie fiist i epi esentntive of this small genus to be found in the Philippines;
Java and Celebes.

I wo species have been described from New Guinea.

NAUCLEA Linn.

Nauclea jagori sp. nov.

Arbor vel arbuscula glabra; foliis lanceolatis vel anguste lanceolatis,
longe sensim acuminatis, 8 ad 20 cm longis, 9 ad 18 mm latis, basi
angustatis, subcoriaceis, nitidis, nervis utrinque circiter 15; capitulis
solitariis, circiter 3 cm diametro stylis exclusis; corolla glabra, 1 cm
longa.

A shrub or tree, glabrous. Brandies grayish-brown, terete, the branch-
lets somewhat compressed. Leaves lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate,
8 to 20 cm long, 9 to 18 mm wide, subcoriaceous, shining, brownish when
dry, the base narrowed, acute, the apex long and gradually acuminate;
nerves about 15 on each side of the midrib, not prominent, obscurely
anastomosing, the reticulations indistinct; petioles 3 to 7 mm long;
stipules oblong, obtuse, 12 to 15 mm long, 3 mm wide, slightly hirsute
below, caducous. Heads solitary, the peduncles about 3 cm long, the
bracts, if any, caducous, the heads, excluding the long exserted styles,
about 3 cm in diameter. Corolla 1 cm long, glabrous, widened upward,
the lobes oblong, obtuse, 2.5 mm long, 1 mm wide. Anthers 1.7 mm long.
Style about 1.5 cm long; stigma about 2.5 mm long, swollen in the
middle. Cocci 8 mm long; seeds, including the narrow, acuminate wings,
4 mm long, slightly pubescent.

Samar, F. Jagor 987, in Herb. Berol.

A very characteristic species, at once distinguished from most hitherto described
ones in the genus by its very narrow leaves. It is apparently allied to Nauclea
angustifolia Havil., of Borneo, and N. chalmersii F. Muell., of New Guinea, both
of which have very narrow leaves, but the present species differs from these in
its more numerously nerved leaves and larger flowers.

PLECTRONIA Linn.

Plectronia megacarpa sp. nov.

Arbor glabra circiter 15 in alta; foliis coriaceis, elliptico-ovatis vel
obovato-ellipticis, circiter 20 cm longis, brunneis, nitidis, apice rotundatis
vel late obscure acuminatis, basi cuncatis, nervis utrinque circiter 8,
prominentibus, nervulis obscuris; fructibus axillaribus, pedicellatis, obo-
voideis, compressis vel trigonis, 2- vel 3-locellatis, 1.5 cm longis, apice
truneatis vel retusis, basi acutis.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

327

A glabrous tree about 15 m high. Branches brownish, terete or
slightly compressed. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-ovate or obovate-elliptic,
about 20 cm long, 9 to 11 cm wide, the upper surface brown, shining,
the lower paler, dull, margins somewhat recurved, apex broad, rounded,
or broadly and obscurely blunt-acuminate, base cuneate, sometimes slightly
acuminate; nerves about 8 on each side of the midrib, prominent, the
nervules and reticulations obscure; petioles stout, 2 to 2.5 cm long;
stipules deciduous, ovate, acuminate, less than 5 mm long. Flowers
unknown. Infrutescence axillary, umbellate, the peduncle stout, about 5
mm long, the pedicels 1.5 to 3 cm long. Fruit yellow when fresh, 1.5
cm long, obovoid, trigonous and three-celled, or somewhat compressed and
two-celled, nearly 1.5 cm thick above the middle, the apex truncate or
retuse, the base acute.

Luzon, Province of Zainbales, near Santa Cruz, altitude 100 m, For. Bur. 8232
Curran & Merritt, December, 1907.

A species apparently allied to Plectronia glabra (Blume) Kurz, but with
different fruits and leaves.

Tl MON I US Rurnph.

Timonius appendiculatus sp. nov.

Arbor parva, circiter 8 m alta, glabra; foliis coriaceis oblongis vel
anguste elliptico-oblongis, usque ad 10 cm longis, basi plus minus decur-
rento-acuminatis, apice acutis vel obtusis, nervis lateralibus obscuris;
cymis axillaribus, pauciramosis, foliis multo brevioribus; floribus 4-meris,
unilateraliter spicatis, lobis corollae recurvatis, 3-appendiculatis ; drupis
globosis, obscure 12-sulcatis, polypyrenis.

A small tree glabrous throughout. Branches reddish-brown or grayish,
terete, wrinkled when dry. Leaves coriaceous, oblong to narrowly ellip-
tic-oblong, rather pale when dry, slightly shining, the apex acute or
blunt, the base somewhat decurrent-acuminate, 6 to 10 cm long, 2 to 3
cm wide; lateral nerves few, obscure, and, with the reticulations, nearly
obsolete; petioles less than 1 cm long; stipules annular, truncate, very
short. Cymes in the upper axils, about 3 cm long, peduncled, with
usually but two branches, the flowers spicately arranged on one side of
the branches only, sessile, articulated with the rachis. Calyx cupular,
about 3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, truncate. Corolla about 9 mm long,
tubular, the lobes 4, reflexed, narrowly ovate, acute, about 2 mm long,
and with three retrorse appendages near the apex, the two lateral ones
about 1 mm long, the terminal one shorter. Filaments short, inserted
at the throat or just below it; anthers linear, nearly 5 mm long, their
tips slightly exserted; style about 3 mm long. Fruit globose, shining,
obscurely about 12-sulcate, crowned by the truncate calyx, about 5 mm in
diameter, about 12-celled, and containing about 25 pyrenes.

Luzon, Province of Itizal, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 2164, 2651 Ramos, January, May,
1907, the former with staminate flowers, the latter with fruit. Mindoro, Mount
Agong, For. Bur. 086 7 Merritt.

328

MERRILL.

A very characteristic species, differing from typical Timonius in its appendaged
corolla-lobes, but in other characters typical, readily recognized by the above
character, its few-branched cymes, 4-merous, sessile flowers in unilateral spikes,
and its nearly nerveless leaves.

XANTHOPHYTUM Reimv.

Xanthophytum fruticulosum Reinw. ex Blume Bidjr. (182G) 839 ; Miq. FI.
Ind. Bat. 2 (1857) 175.

Metabolus ferruginous DC. Prodr. 4 (1830) 430.

Sclerococcus Bartl. 1. c., as syn.

Xanthophytum villarii Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 150.

Lasianthus pilosus F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 112, non Wight.

Luzon, without locality, Haenke in Herb. Prague, type of Metabolus ferru-
ginous DC.; Province of Rizal, San Mateo, Vidal 392, in Herb. Kew, type of
A', villarii Vidal.

I have examined both of the above specimens, and can see no reason for
distinguishing one from the other, or either from Reinwardt’s species. Vidal’s
specimen has smaller leaves than Haenke’s, but in all essential characters they
appear to be the same, and after a cursory examination of Javan specimens and
a careful comparison of the Philippine material with the descriptions of X.
fruticulosum I do not hesitate to reduce both DeCandolle’s and Vidal’s species
to Reinwardt’s. Miquel 1. c., had already reduced Metabolus ferruginous to
Xanthophytum fruticulosum, without however giving the range of the species as
extending to the Philippines. An interesting species known only from Java,
Borneo, and Luzon.

CAPEIFOLIACE^E.

VIBURNUM Linn.

Viburnum floribundum sp. nov. § Euviburnum, Opulus.

Frutex cirri ter 2 m alta, subglabra vel parce pubescenti ; foliis ovatis,
usque ad 7 cm longis, chartaceis, nitidis, supra glabris, subtus in axillis
barbatis, apice acutis vel acuminatis, basi inequilateraliter rotundatis,
margine serrato-dentatis, nervis utrinque 5, prominentibus; cymis termi-
nalibus, umbellato-paniculatis, dense multifloris; corolla rotata.

A shrub about 2 m high. Branches and branchlets terete, grayish- or
reddish-brown, rather stout, glabrous, the branchlets minutely puberulent
and with few scattered long hairs. Leaves ovate, 4 to 7 cm long, 2 to 4
cm wide, chartaceous, shining on both surfaces, the apex acute or acumi-
nate, the base somewhat narrowed, rounded, inequilateral, the margins
especially in the upper half, rather strongly serrate-dentate, the upper
surface glabrous, or the midrib sometimes slightly puberulent, the lower
surface glabrous except the midrib and primary nerves which are often
slightly pubescent, and the axils of the primary nerves which are barbate;
nerves 5 on each side of the midrib, ascending, very prominent, the
reticulations distinct; petioles about 5 mm long, somewhat pubescent.
Inflorescence terminal, paniculate-umbellate, intermixed frequently with
small leaves, rather dense, 5 to 7 cm in diameter, very many flowered,

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS, VII.

329

the rachis, branches and pedicels puberulent and with intermixed longer
hairs. Flowers small. Calyx-lobes narrowly ovate, less than 0.5 mm
long, pubescent. Corolla rotate, 1.8 mm long, the tube short, the lobes
elliptic, rounded. Ovary depressed-globose, glabrous. Fruit ovate, com-
pressed, 5 mm long, 4 mm wide, not ribbed, or with an obscure rib on
one side.

Luzon, Province of Abra, Mount Paraga, Bur. Set. 7071f Ramos, February,
1909, the altitude given as about 600 m.

A species manifestly allied to Viburnum luzonicum Rolfe, but distinguished
from that species by its nearly glabrous leaves which are less acuminate, more
strongly toothed, rounded and inequilateral at the base, as well as by its dense
inflorescence.

Viburnum glaberrimum sp. nov. § Euviburnum, Lantana ?

Arbor parva, glabra, ramis ramulisque crassis, valde lenticellatis ; foliis
coriaceis, glabris, nitidis, obovatis, integris, apice rotundatis, obtusis, vel
late obtuse acuminatis, basi obtusis vel leviter decurrenti-acuminatis,
nervis utrinque 6 ad 8, prominentibus ; inflorescentiis terminalibus, umbe-
llato-corymbosis ; corollae tubo cylindraceo, lobis erectis.

A small tree, glabrous throughout. Branches and branchlets stout,
terete, dark-reddish-brown, strongly lenticellate. Leaves coriaceous, shin-
ing, obovate, entire, the apex broad, rounded, obtuse, or sometimes broadly
and obtusely acuminate, the base obtuse or slightly decurrent-acuminate,
8 to 14 cm long, 6 to 8 cm wide ; nerves 6 to 8 on each side of the midrib,
very prominent beneath, the reticulations not distinct; petioles stout, 3
to 4 cm long. Inflorescence terminal, about 5 peduncles at the tip of
each branch, forming an umbellate corymb, the peduncles 4 to 5 cm long.
Calyx-tube short, the teeth very small, rounded, about 0.4 mm long.
Corolla cyclindric, 5 mm long, thick, the tube 3 mm long, the erect,
elliptic, obtuse lobes 2 mm long. Filaments about 5 mm long; anthers
exserted, 2 mm in length. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit (immature) elliptic,
compressed.

Luzon, Province of Pangasinan, near Imogen, For. Bur. 158. '{8 Merritt, Decem-
ber, 1908, in forests 300 to 450 m altitude.

A species manifestly allied to Viburnum coriaceum Blume of the Indo-Malayan
region, but at the same time very distinct, especially in its vegetative characters.

CUOURBITACE^E.

GYNOSTEMMA Blume.

Gynostemma simpl icifol ia Blume Bijdr. (1825) 23; Cogn. in DC. Monog.
Phan. 3 (1881) 915.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Sax River, Williams 2119, February, 1905.

New to the Philippines and the fourth species of the genus for the Archipelago;
previously known only from Java.

85754 9

330

MERRILL.

TRICHOSANTHES Linn.

Trichosanthes villosa Bluine Bijdr. (1820) 934; Cogn. in DC. Monog. Phan.
3 (1881) 360.

Luzon, Province of Bizal, Bosoboso, Bur. 8ci. 1027 Ramos, July, 1906, with
staminate flowers. Mindanao, District of Davao, Todaya, Copeland 1301, April,
1904, with mature fruit.

Previously known only from Java.

MELOTHRIA L inn.

Melothria scaberrima sq. nov. § Eumelothria.

Planta monoica, floribus masculinis solitariis vel binis, breviter pedi-
cellatis; foliis lanceolatis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, cliartaceis, apice acu-
m in at is, basi hastatis, margine integris vel leviter denticulatis, utrinque
scaberrimis, subtus ad nervos hispido-aculeatis, usque ad 9 cm longis;
fructibus ovoideis vel oblongo-ovoideis, glabris, basi acutis, apice acu-
minato-rostratis.

Monoecious. Branches slender, striate-suleate, glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 4 to 9 cm long, 1 to 3.5 cm wide,
chartaceous, the base hastate, truncate, the basal lobes short, spreading
or slightly reflexed, the margins aculeate, entire, or in the lower part
denticulate, gradually narrowed upward to the sharply acuminate apex,
green or olivaceous when dry, of about the same color on both surfaces,
the upper surface strongly white-glandular-scabrous, the midrib setose,
the lower surface less scabrid than the upper, the midrib and nerves
aculeate-hispid ; basal nerves 5 to 7, the inner longer pair reaching at
least to the middle of the leaf, ascending, anastomosing with the primary
lateral nerves, the reticulations very lax, obscure ; petioles 0.5 to 2 cm
long, tendrils simple, leaf-opposed or from the axils below the leaves.
Flowers white, solitary or two in an axil: staminate short-pedicel led,
solitary or paired; calyx-lobes linear, 1 mm long; corolla lobes ovate,
shorter; stamens 3, subsessile: pistillate flowers long-pedicelled ; calyx
teeth minute; corolla-lobes ovate, acuminate 3.5 mm long; stigma 2 mm
in diameter. Fruit ovoid or oblong-ovoid, terete, glabrous, about 3 cm
long, the base acute, the apex strongly acuminate-rostrate; seeds narrowly
elliptic, compressed, 5 mm long, the base appendiculate-winged.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Elmer 5862 ; Williams 1055 ; Merrill J/657 ; Topp-
ing 83; Pond s. n .; For. Bur. 15979 Bacani.

A species wudely distributed in the pine region of Benguet Province, well
characterized by its lanceolate, hastate, very scabrous leaves, and ovoid or oblong-
ovoid rostrate fruits. Probably most closely allied to Melothria zeylanica Clarke,
but very different from that species.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACE>£.

By C. B. Robinson.

( From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,

Manila, If. I.)

Although the Philippine species of this family are distributed over
several genera, these as elsewhere in the Indo-Malay region have but
few representatives, with the exception of Eugenia. That genus, as
here interpreted, includes both Jambosa and Syzygium, besides Eugenia
proper, so that the number of genera credited to the Archipelago is less
by two than if the limits ascribed to it in the Pllanzenfamilien were here
adopted. Moreover, while certain species in other genera have presented
puzzling problems, the great bulk of the work has consisted in attempting
to solve the questions relating to that genus. In it, alone of our larger
genera, the collections made by Cuming, about 70 years ago, have never
been worked up by European specialists, and only two supposed novelties
were worked out by Vidal, one of these proving identical with a species
of very wide distribution. In recent years, most of those found within
the limits of the Lamao Forest Reserve were worked out by Merrill,1 and
several others of the more striking species have also been described by him.
A smaller number has been described by Elmer. Apart from this genus,
the family has been so accurately treated by preceding workers, that no
additions have here been credited to the Philippines, although there are
several cases of exclusion, due principally to the original incorrect
localization of some of Cuming’s collections. These also, will be found
in previous articles on our flora by Merrill and Rolfe. Blanco’s species
were in all cases imperfectly characterized, though many of them can be
identified with some degree of plausibility.

In the meantime, a large quantity of material has been accumulated,
and recent additions have been considerable and often of great interest.
Many of the species are of very considerable importance, primarily for
their wood, although the larger timber-cutting firms utilize them, as yet,
in but few localities, the best-known native wood yielded by a tree
belonging to this family being Mancono, (Xanthostcmon verdugomanus) .
The necessity for a revision of the family was evident, and while many

1 This Journal 1 (1906) Suppl. 104-107.

331

332

ROBINSON.

of the species show a great range of variation, and others certainly
distinct seem to be separated by comparatively trivial characters, it is
hoped that such cases are here so grouped that the ultimate solution of
their relationships will be facilitated.

From the following table intended to show the distribution of the
species of this family in this and the nearer geographical divisions, it
will be apparent at a glance that the genera found in the Philippines
are for the most part typical in the Old World of the Indo-Malay region,
the other extensions being chiefly Australian. Various genera, wrongly
credited to the Philippines, are here excluded. In Australia, numerous
other genera are found. The Formosan comparison is interesting, as a
floristic classification, now much in favor, constitutes that island and the
Philippines into a single sub-province.

Cultivated species have in all cases been excluded, witli the exception
of Psidmm and two or three species of Eugenia, whose present distribu-
tion is such that it is difficult to pronounce an exact opinion on this
point. Psidium guajava is now so widely spread in the Philippines,
outside of cultivation, that it can not be excluded.

Genera.

China.2 3

For-

mosa.^

India.4

Malay

penin-

sula.5

Java.0

pines.

,

Aphanomyrtus ( Pxeudoem/enia)

2

1

Bacckra. _ ...

1

1

1

1

Decaspermum.

1

3

1

2 2

62 98

Euqenin .

14

131

96

Eucalyptus ...

Leptospermuin ..

2

1

1 1
1

Meamsia ..

Melaleuca ...

1

1

Osbnrnia ... ... _

2

1

1

]

2 2
1

Ithodamnia ._

1

1

1

Khodomyrtuts ....

1

i

1

1

Tristania

5

1

Xanthostemon ... ...

Total

18

6

144

110

69 109

Among the undetermined material, one sheet, For. Bur. 3880 Curran,
from Mount Pulgar, Palawan, may represent a genus as yet undescribed:
it is in flower with merely strong probabilities as to the nature of the
fruit, and the ovules are quite immature. It is possible that other

2 Forbes & Hemsley, in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23 ( 1887 ) 295-298.

3 Matsum. & Hayata in Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo 22 (190G) 142-144.

* Duthie in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. 2 (1879) 4G2-506.

3 King in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 672 (1898) G6-134.

“Koord. & Val. in Meded. ’s Lands Plant. 40 (1900) 27-184.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEJE.

QQQ
OOO

species, as yet represented by sterile or incomplete material, may further
add to the list of genera.

The material examined has consisted of the entire herbarium of this
Bureau and occasional other sheets of recent collection. This has in-
cluded practically all of Cuming’s numbers in this family : two important
collections practically unknown to me are those of Vidal and Loher,
the former especially interesting as often indicating his ideas as to the
identity of certain of Fernandez- Villar’s determinations. These, it is
understood, were made from probability and memory, rather than from
direct comparisons.

A considerable number of specimens from other closely related regions
are also in this herbarium, and direct comparison has often enabled the
solution of questions that would otherwise have been held in abeyance.
Most frequently the decision thus reached has been that the Philippine
species has to be considered distinct : in several critical cases, I have not
yet been able to make direct comparison with the species supposed to be
most closely allied. I have to further gratefully to acknowledge as-
sistance from W. W. Smith, Esq., of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta,
J. H. Maiden, Esq., of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney, Australia, and
Doctors Treub and Valeton, Buitenzorg, Java.

KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE GENERA OF MYRTACK.E.

Fruit a capsule.

Petals separate.

Leaves opposite 2. Mearnsia

Leaves alternate.

Flowers axillary, solitary, or rarely in three’s at the apex of short lateral

branches 6. Leptospermum

Flowers in umbels or panicles.

Stamens free 3. Xanthostemon

Stamens more or less united 4. Tristania

Petals united into an operculum 5. Eucalypti

Fruit indehiscent; leaves opposite.

Corolla wanting 1. Osbornia

Corolla present.

Ovary-cells 4 or 5 8. Decaspermum

Ovary-cells 1 to 3.

Leaves glabrous 10. Eugenia

Leaves pubescent.

Under surface of leaves white-tomentose 9. Rhodomyrtus

Leaves not white-tomentose 7. Psidium

1. OSBORNIA F. Muell.

Osbornia octodonta F. Muell. Fragm. 3 (1862) 31.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Laguimanoc, Vidal 315; Pitogo, For. Bur. 10237
Curran : Province of Camarines, Ragay, For. Bur. lOJflG Curran. Negros, Prov.
of Negros Occidental, Cadiz Nuevo, For. Bur. If219 Everett. Basilan, Hallier
s. n.: Palawan, Malampava Bay, For. Bur. JflfiO, 77/53 Curran.

334

ROBINSON.

In the Philippines, it occurs as a shrub or small tree, attaining a height of 8 m,
in mangrove swamps or along the beach. The only local names recorded are from
Pitogo and Ragay, at both of which places it is known as Tawalis; at the former
place it is used for posts, these lasting ten years or more.

Distribution : North Australia and Queensland ; not yet reported from islands
lying between there and the Philippines. Herbarium specimens are liable to be
confused with those of Lumnitzcra racemosa Willd.

2. M EAR NSI A Merr.

Mearnsia halconensis Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 284.

Mindoro, Mount Halcon, Merrill 51112.

A monotypic endemic genus, those most closely allied being chiefly Australasian
and Polynesian, but with outliers from New Guinea to Java (farther in cultiva-
tion), and in South Africa. Its affinities seem clearly to be with Metrosideros,
shown beside the characters mentioned in the original description by the structure
of the embryo. From that genus, it is distinguished by its tetramerous flowers
and two-celled ovary.

3. XANTHOSTEMON F. Muell.

Xanthostemon verdugonionus Naves in Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 3 (1877?)
pi. 300; ex F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 82.

X. spcciosus Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 6 (1904) 10.

X. merrillii Pampanini in Nouv. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 12 (1905) 688.

Culion, Halsey Harbor, Merrill 682. Tinago, Ahern 1/28. Dinagat, Fur. liur.
751/6, 12373 Hutchinson. Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Placer, Long 1/1/;
Surigao, Bolster 279, Moore s. n, Leyte, Babatungon, For. Bur. 12896 Rosenbluth.

Known most usually throughout its range as Mancono or Magcono, or as
Palo de hierro, rarely as Kamulauan. It is probably the tree called Bungan on
Busuanga. The wood is extremely hard, and commercially important.

Xanthostemon speciosus was distinguished from the typical form by its wider
and much shorter calyx-tube; in later collections the line of separation breaks
down, For. Bur. 12373 having flowers which approach both extremes. It is not
certain that all came from the same tree.

The genus is most widely developed in New Caledonia, extending into northern
Australia, reported also from Celebes: the endemic Philippine species marking
its farthest northern and western extension.

Endemic.

4. TRISTANIA R. Br.

Tristania decorticata Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 51.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Caua Volcano, R. N. Clark s. n.; Missiones River,
For. Bur. 17181/ Curran: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Whitford 1321/,
For. Bur. 6261 Curran: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 2682 Ramos:
Province of Tayabas, (Infanta), Tinuan River, Whitford 787: Province of Cama-
rines, Lagonoy, For. Bur. 1061/9, 10652 Curran; Paracale, For. Bur. 11523 Whit-
ford.

Borneo, Sarawak, Mount Poe (Rumput), Foxworthy 378, a shrub growing on
the mountain top at an elevation of 1,700 m: otherwise not known except
Philippine.

Most frequently known under the name of Malabayabas, also in Camarines as
Tiga, and in Cagayan as Adios and Baguitulay-bayaboj. Known to the Dyaks as
Bindang. Used for rice pestles, and for various other purposes.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEiE. 335

Genus best developed in Australia and New Caledonia, but extending through
the Malay Archipelago to the Malay Peninsula and Burma.

The flowers are white or yellow; the degree of pubescence of the inflorescence
is variable.

5. EUCALYPTUS L’Herit.

Eucalyptus naudiniana F. MuelL Australas. Jour. Pharni. 1 (1886) 239;
Maiden in Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. 26 (1903) 691, 692.

Eucalyptus multiflora Rich ex A. Gray Bot. U. S. Expl. Exped. (1854) 554;
non Poir. Suppl. 2 (1811) 594; Merr. in Philip. Jour. Sci. 3 (1908) 83, pi. 2.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Caldera, U. S. Expl. Exped. ( Wilkes ) s. n.

It has not as yet been possible to obtain additional Philippine material of
this species, although it is believed to be still abundant near the locality where
the Wilkes Expedition made its collections.

New Britain.

Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. Bot. New Holl. (1793) 41.

Luzon, Manila, Philip. Normal School 329, 330 Aurelia Malvar. Cultivated on
the grounds of the Normal School. Both specimens were collected on the same
day, from the same clump of trees, probably but not certainly from the same
tree. Mr. J. II. Maiden, Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney, N. S. W., has
very kindly confirmed the identifications, positively for no. 329 (flowering), and
probably for no. 330 (fruiting). It is also grown elsewhere in Manila.

6. LEPTOSPERMUM Forst.

Leptospermum flavescens Smith in Trans. Linn. Soc. 3 (1797) 262.

L. amboinense Blume Bijdr. (1826) 1100.

L. annae Stein in Gartenfl. 34 (1885) 66.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 18051 Curran, Merritt d
Zschokke: Province of Isabela, Mount Bagabla, For. Bur. 18569 Alvarez: Prov-
ince of Zambales, Mount Tapulao, For. Bur. 8063a Curran & Merritt, Bur. Sci.
5082b Ramos: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Copeland 285, Whitford
123, Merrill 3246, For. Bur. 7 88, 2118 Borden, For. Bur. 6259 Curran, Bur. Sci.
1579 Foxworthy : Province of Batangas, Mount Agas, For. Bur. 7717 Curran &
Merritt. Mindoro, Mount Halcon, Merrill 571f6, 5747 ; Mount Paloug, For. Bur.
8526, 8739 Merritt ; Mount Burburungan, For. Bur. 8523 Merritt. Mindanao,
Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang, For. Bur. 4669 Mearns d Hutchinson ;
District of Davao, Mount Apo, Copeland 1081, s. n., DeVore d Hoover 312, 374-

Even within our geographical limits, this is a most variable species, especially
as concerns the numbers from Malindang and Pulog, which have wider leaves
attaining 8.5 mm, definitely 3-nerved. Taken in its whole range, Tasmania to
Malacca, the range of variation has been even more widely interpreted, and T find
no sufficient warrant for segregating any of the Philippine material. It is uncer-
tain what may be finally agreed upon as the specific name, as L. porophyllum Cav.
Ic. 4 (1797) 17, pi. 330, f. 2, and L. thea Willd. Sp. PI. 2 (1799) 949, based
upon Melaleuca thea Wendl. Sert. Ilannov. (1795-1798) 24, pi. 13, are both
considered to be cospecific with L. flavescens.

As a mountain top tree or shrub this is not likely to receive local names,
the only one recorded, by Borden, from Mariveles, being Malasulasi. No economic
uses are noted, doubtless on account of its habitat.

The generic distribution range hardly exceeds that of this species, being from
New Zealand to Burma.

ROBINSON.

336

7. PSIDIUM Linn.

Leaves 4.5-15 cm long 1. P. guajava

Leaves 2-3.5 cm long 2. P. pumilum

1. Psidium guajava Linn, Sp. PI. (1753) 470.

P. pomiferum Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2 (1762) 672.

P. pyriferum Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2 (1762) 672.

P. aromaticum Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 417; nec Aubl. PI. Guinn. 1 ( 1775)
485, nec Descourt. FI. Med. Antill. 5 (1827) 229.

A very early introduction from tropical America. Mercado, writing upon the
medicinal plants of the Philippines, near the end of the seventeenth century, has
a long article upon its uses, with no reference to its introduction or distribution
in these Islands. Camel, at the very beginning of the eighteenth century, makes
no reference to it in the text, hut in the list of plants dealt with has “Quaiabas”
placed with species belonging to Eugenia.

Blanco believed that it was undoubtedly indigenous, as stems and leaves which
he positively identified with it, had been found in volcanic deposits of a period
prior to the Spanish occupation. No such material is known to be preserved, and
no direct opinion can he pronounced, hut in view of the similarity of the leaves
of several other species to those of the guava, and the general improbability of
any other than an American origin, there is no sufficient reason to depart from
the generally accepted opinion. It appears to he much more widely spread in
the Philippines than elsewhere in the East, which may indicate that this was
the first Asiatic country into which it was introduced, as might have been expected
on the basis of American origin.

At present, it is not only cultivated, hut extremely common in clearings and
former clearings throughout the Islands. The localities represented in this her-
barium are the Provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, Ilocos Sur, Union, Benguet, Bula-
can, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Tayabas, Camarines, and Albay, in Luzon; Mindoro,
Panay, Cebu, Negros, Palawan, and Basilan, and the Lanao and Davao districts
of Mindanao. Both varieties are represented.

Known as Ouayabas or Bayabas, sometimes as Guava. The fruit is used in
many ways.

Cosmopolitan in the Tropics.

2. Psidium pumilum Vahl Symb. Bot. 2 (1791) 56.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 1034 Ramos.

Also introduced and known by the same names.

8. DECASPERMUM Forst.

Flowers solitary in the leaf-axils, rarely in 3’s and then cymose 1. D. blancoi

Flowers in leafy panicles 2. D. paniculatum

1. Decaspermum blancoi Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 172.

Myrtus communis Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 422: non Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 471.

Nelitris rubra Vidal Sinops. Atlas (1883) xxvi, pi. 50, f. C: non Blume Mus.
Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1 (1851) 73.

Decaspermum rubrum F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 84; non Baill. Hist. PI. 6
(1877) 341.

Luzon, Province of Pangasinan, Balungao, Merrill 2862: Province of Principe,
Baler, Merrill 1091: Province of Zambales, Bakilan, For. Bur. 7002 Curran:
Subig, Merrill 2097 : Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, Merrill
3890, For. Bur. 1331 Borden, For. Bur. 12^01 Merritt c£- Curran: Province of
Tayabas, Cuming 801 : Province of Albay, Batan Island, Calanaga, Bur. Sci. 6282
Robinson.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEH3. 337

Local names, Digotnalit, (II.), Pangasinan; Ualisualisan, (Tag.), Zambales.

A small tree or a shrub: fruit edible.

Endemic: altitudinal range from sea level to mountain tops.

2. Decaspermum paniculatum Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 462 (1877)

61.

Nelitris paniculata Lindl. Collect. Bot. (1821) 10.

N. urvillaei Bentli. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 2 (1843) 220, quoad philip-
pinensis; non DC. Prodr. 3 (1828) 231.

f Legnotis lanceolata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 445.

? Metrosideros pictipetala Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 295.

Batanes Islands, Sabtan Island, Savidog, Bur. Sci. 8741 F6nix. Luzon,
Province of Benguet, Sablan, Elmer 6188, Williams 1384j Baguio, For. Bur. 5074
Curran ; Mount Santo Tomas, For. Bur. 927 Barnes, Elmer 5807 ; Mount Pulog,
For. Bur. 18101 Curran, Merritt & Zschokke: Province of Bataan, Mount Mari-
veles, Lamao River, Merrill 3861, Whitford 435, Elmer 6992, Leiberg 6041, For.
Bur. 1832, 1589 Borden: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, For. Bur. 3364 Ahern’s
collector, Bur. Sci. 1506 Ramos ; Antipolo, Merrill Dec. Philip. For. FI. 52 Ahern’s
colector, Bur. Sci. 3363 Ramos; Tanay, Merrill 2347: Province of Laguna, Ma-
jaijai, For. Bur. 8054 Curran & Merritt: Province of Tayabas, Cuming 821;
Tinuan River, Whitford 804; Lucban, Elmer 7818; Mount Banajao, Whitford
984; Polo Island, For. Bur. 1415 Klemme. Leyte, Palo, Elmer 7325. Bohol,
Cuming 1824 ■ Palawan, Puerto Princesa, For. Bur. 3527 Curran. Dinagat,
Ahern 465, 47 5. Mindanao, Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang, For. Bur.
4580 M earns t£- Hutchinson: Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 557,
664, s. n.: District of Cotabato, Malabang, Mrs. Clemens s. n.: District of Zam-
boanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 9068, 9476 Whitford c£- Hutchinson ; Sax River,
Williams 2107. Basilax, Hallier s. n.

Local names reported: Saling sin gang, (Ig. ), Benguet; Tayomtayom, (Tag.),
Rizal; Dugayon, Salilihan, Dinagat; Cansilay, Zamboanga; Malaruhat, Macaasin,
(Tag.), Tayabas, the two last more properly applied to species of Eugenia.

The identification of Blanco’s species, called by different names in the two
editions, is fairly probable, as all of his statements can be made to apply to
dried specimens of D. paniculatum , except that relating to the color of the petals.

Distribution: Bengal to Formosa and Australia.

9. RHODOM YRTUS (DC.) Reichb.

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Hassk. in Flora (1842) Beibl. 2: 35; Benth. in
Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 2 (1843) 220.

Myrtus tomentosa Ait. Hort. Kew. 2 (1789) 159.

Batanes Island, Camiguin Island, Bur. Sci. 4729 Fenix. Luzon, Province
of Ilocos Norte, Cuming 1253.

The transfer of Aiton’s specific name to Rhodomyrtus has been ascribed to
different authors, partly owing to the confusion due to the use of the name
first as a subgenus, and finally as a genus. I have been unable to check the
reference to Hasskarl.

Judged by description only, this is the nearest species yet known to Eugenia
glandulosa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 417, as indicated by the structure ascribed
to the ovary of the latter, which suggests rather than agrees with that of the
former. Rhodomyrtus seems to be confined in the Philippines to the extreme
north, Blanco’s plant grew at Malinta, within ten miles of Manila: nothing
corresponding to it has appeared in recent collections, including those made on
a trip to Malinta, in the hope of deciding the question.

India to Japan, southward to Malaya.

338

ROBINSON.

\ 10. EUGENIA Linn.

This genus contains the great bulk of our Myrtaceous species, and for many
reasons, requires introduction. From a purely systematic standpoint, it is
perhaps desirable to state the reasons for including all our species under a
single genus, though it is superfluous to one whose chief experience has been
Asiatic or Australian. From the time of Linnaeus himself, many attempts at
subdivision have been made, many of these bringing together numbers of closely
allied species. The most recent, that of Niedenzu,7 divides the group into the
genera Eugenia, Jambosa, and Syzygium, in accordance with the previous arrange-
ment by Bentham & Hooker as subgenera, under the same names, except that
Eueugenia was used by them for the subgenus containing the more typical species.
It, is with Jambosa and Syzygium that we have here chiefly to deal, Eugenia
proper being represented by only a few species.

Between a typical Jambosa and an equally typical Syzygium, the difference is
great. The former has large flowers, the calyx-lobes are likewise large, the
petals are free and fall separately, the disk is conspicuous, the filaments are long.
The Syzygium , on the other hand, would have small flowers, with a calyx-margin
truncate or inconspicuously lobed, the corolla would not be differentiated into
petals but full as a single calyptra, the disk would be thin and the filaments
short. Yet all these characters, except those drawn from the corolla, are, even
superficially, matters of degree. Regarding the corolla, it may be added, that
the calyptra, when fallen, is sometimes easily separable into distinct petals,
sometimes not at all, and that in different flowers upon the same branch, some
may have calyptrate corollas, while in others the petals may be free and out-
spread before falling. Experience with the Philippine species seeming to indicate
that they can be best divided into natural groups by the presence of large and
distinct calyx-lobes, as contrasted by their absence or small size, this character
lias been used as an early basis of division in the key. This being prefaced, it
would seem at least as natural to separate generically such species as E. operculata
and its very near Philippine ally, here described as E. clausa, where the apex of
the calyx falls as a preliminary to the opening of the flower in a single piece,
from the remainder, constituting practically the whole of the group, in which
nothing of the kind takes place. No such proceeding has even been suggested,
on the contrary these species are so close to others that confusion has sometimes
taken place, and a similar error in this paper has only been prevented by field
study.

It must be admitted that some of the Philippine species belonging to Eueugenia,
are so superficially different from the rest of our species, that they seem at first
sight generically distinct, but upon analysis the character upon which this dif-
ference is based proves to be pubescence and not the natural one of solitary or
racemed flowers. Indeed, this section seems to shade into Jambosa at one extreme
as perfectly as does Syzygium at the other. Further, within these sections,
there are groups of species more definitely separable from the others of the section,
than the sections are from one another.

For these and other reasons, the whole are here included within the one genus.
One direction, along which it is proposed to make future investigations, is the
nature of the seed. In E. jambolana, the cotyledons are thick and fleshy, occupy-
ing respectively the apex and the base of the cell, closely applied but easily
separated, and then distinctly showing the radicle. In other species, the cotyledons
occupy the sides instead of the extremities of the cell, or are not easily separable,

7 Pflanzenfam. 37 (1893) 78-85.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEiE. 339

often unequal, oblique or folded with the radicle included. Very few Philippine
species are yet known in fruit, and such results as have been obtained do not
warrant generalizations.

Many of the species have wide limits of variation, while others may seem to
be separated by rather trivial characters. In the cases where a good series of
specimens made it possible to form a definite opinion, the differences are often
much greater than can be expressed in any key. Often the real basis of separation
lies in the nature of the venation, and defies brief description, verbal or numerical.
In doubtful cases, there is no way to obtain a satisfactory determination except
by direct comparison with authentic material. Even then, it is often very
difficult, as two spries may be distinct but separated in such a way that it is
conceivable that additional material might close the gaps.

In general the comparison of Philippine species wdth those of other countries
has proved disappointing. Close alliances occur in the case of nearly all species,
but only in a few3 * * * 7 do they seem close enough to warrant the inclusion of our plants
with the limits of the outside species. A disproportionally high percentage of
identical species falls within the limits of Sysygium.

The number of endemic species is consequently large, and a considerable
proportion are here described as new. Several other species are represented in
this herbarium by insufficient material to warrant description, and the most
recent collections have added some of the most striking novelties. Even so, other
species are known only from Cuming’s collections, though these are now few. V ith
several important regions of the islands not or very imperfectly worked, many
additions are still to be expected.

Nearly all our Eugenias are trees, yielding hard, close-grained wood. They
are widely used for construction and internal work, but only in a few places are
they cut on a large scale. YTet, single species even, may form a measurable
proportion of the forest of a given locality,* and one of the purposes of the present
paper is to lay a basis for their separation and commercial classification. Nat-
urally, the local names are badly tangled, the same species having several names
in the same or different localities, while names like Malaruhat ( Mala-duhat ,
false Eugenia jambolana) , are applied to many species.

KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF EUGENIA.8

1 . Individual flowers subtended by one pair of bracteoles, these conspicuous or
inconspicuous.

2. Calyx-lobes conspicuous, petals free, flowers usually large.

3. Inflorescence and flowers more or less villose or silky.

4. Leaf-bases acute.

5. Leaves at least 3.5 cm wide 1 . E . aherniana

5. Leaves not attaining a width of 2.5 cm.

6. Leaves at least 2.5 cm long.

7. Leaves membranaceous 2. E. loheri

7. Leaves chartaceous or subcoriaceous 3. E. pasacaensis

3 See Merritt Bur. Philip. For. Bur. 8 (1909) 38 and elsewhere under

Malaruhat.

8 In this key and in the descriptions the calyx is understood as beginning at
the articulation of the flower and that upon which it is borne. Very often, the
lowrer part of the calyx is greatly contracted and seems to form a pedicel, but this

pseudostalk is really a part of the flower, and often in whole or part conspicuously

swollen in fruit. Frequently, flowrers are here stated to be sessile, when apparently

stalked. True pedicels are also present in a majority of species.

340

ROBINSON.

G. Leaves less than 2.5 cm long, coriaceous 4. E. diplycosifolia

4. Leaf-bases cordate 9. E. ramosii

3. Younger parts with cinnamon-colored or reddish hairs or scales, retaining
the color at maturity.

4. Leaf-apex obtuse, submarginal vein distinct 35. E. cinnamomea

4. Leaf-apex acute, submarginal vein interrupted 3G. E. mlliamsii

3. Entire plant glabrous in all stages.

4. Flowers on the trunks or on the branches below the leaves, leaf-bases
obtuse or cordate.

5. Primary lateral veins 30 or more.

G. Flowers in long branching cymes 13. E. multinervia

6. Flowers solitary on pendulous peduncles 8. E. longissima

5. Primary lateral veins 23 or less.

G. Leaves at least 30 cm long 11. E. gigantifolia

G. Leaves less than 30 cm long.

7. Inflorescence greatly condensed.

8. Veins except at base of leaf making nearly a right angle with

midrib 16. E. angulata

8. All veins strongly ascending.

9. Calyx-tube at least 1.5 cm in diameter.. 15. E. phanerophlebia

9. Calyx-tube about 7 mm in diameter 17. E. leytensis

7. Inflorescence not condensed.

8. Flowers solitary, rarely 2 in a fascicle.

9. Leaves cliartaceous or membranaceous, barely or not cordate.

5. E. bataanensis

9. Leaves coriaceous, cordate 6. E. speciosissima

8. Flowers not solitary.

9. Inflorescences from tubercles on the stem 12. E. curranii

9. Inflorescences not borne on tubercles.

10. Leaf-apex forming a slender acumen 23. E. tripinnata

10. Leaf-apex not forming a slender acumen.

11. Peduncles and usually pedicels very stout and woody.

31. E. subrot undifolia

11. Peduncles only moderately stout.

12. Calyx-tube 6 mm in diameter 32. E. mindanaensis

12. Calyx-tube at least 8 mm in diameter.

13. Calyx-lobes succulent in fruit 33. E. javanica

13. Calyx-lobes withering-persistent 34. E. calubcob

4. Flowers on the trunks or branches below the leaves, leaf-bases acute.

5. Primary lateral veins 25 or more 24. E. rubropurpurea

5. Veins rarely as many as 20, usually 12 or less.

6. Inflorescence, including flowers, less than 2 cm long.

7. Leaves nearly sessile 25. E. rubrovenia

7. Petioles 5-10 mm long 26. E. conglobata

6. Inflorescence at least 3 cm long.

7. Calyx-tube at least 2 cm in diameter 49. E. megalantha

7. Flowers smaller.

8. Branches of inflorescence stout.

9. Leaf-apices caudate-acuminate 20. E. fenicis

9. Leaves not caudate.

10. Inflorescence somewhat congested, individual flowers very

short pedicel led 18. E. malaccensis

10. Flowers distant, distinctly pedicelled. 19. E. whitfordii

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEiE. 341

8. Branches of inflorescence slender.

9. Inflorescences on trunk, many in each fascicle.

21. E. mananquil

9. Inflorescences not on trunk, solitary or paired.

10. Inflorescence widely branching, the many flowers sessile

or very short-pedicelled 22. E. luzonensis

10. Inflorescences of 1-7 long-pedicelled flowers.

23. E. tripinnata

4. Flowers axillary or terminal, leaf-bases obtuse or cordate.

5. Inflorescences pendulous, solitary or paired, 1-flowered.

6. Leaves attaining 15 cm, lateral veins about 12.... 6 . E. speciosissima
6. Leaves exceeding 30 cm long, lateral veins 25 or more.

8. E. longissima

5. Inflorescences not pendulous, at least 20 cm long, 1-3-flowered.

7. E. longipediceUata

5. Inflorescences not pendulous, 7 cm or less, lateral veins 40 or more.

10. E. merrillii

5. Inflorescences not pendulous, 1-flowered, not exceeding 8 cm, lateral

veins about 12 5. E. bataanensis

5. Inflorescences not pendulous, more than 1-flowered, 12 cm or less, veins
25 or less, or if 1-flowered sessile or subsessile.

6. Inflorescence contracted, both peduncles and pedicels very short or
wanting.

7. Submarginal vein definite.

8. Leaves lanceolate to elliptic, base cordate.

9. Calyx-tube at least 12 mm in diameter.

10. Primary veins coarse, secondary inconspicuous on upper

surface 16. E. phanerophlebia

10. Primary veins more slender, secondary evident on upper

surface 14. E. copelandii

9. Calyx-tube 6 mm in diameter 16. E. angulata

8. Leaves elliptic, base merely obtuse. 30. E. crassipes

8. Leaves ovate to orbicular 31. E. subrotundifolia

7. Main submarginal vein interrupted 29. E. stibsessi Us

6. Inflorescence widely branching.

7. Calyx-lobes less than 1 mm long 28. E. barnesii

7. Calyx-lobes conspicuous.

8. Calyx-tube 6 mm or less in diameter 32. E. mindanaensis

8. Calyx-tube at least 8 mm in diameter.

9. Peduncles and usually pedicels stout 31 . E. subrotundifolia

9. Peduncles and pedicels more slender.

10. Calyx-lobes succulent in fruit 33. E. javanica

10. Calyx-lobes withering 34. E. calubcob

4. Flowers axillary or terminal, leaf-bases acute; venation close, secondary

veins as prominent as primary or nearly so 37. E. longiflora

4. Flowers axillary or terminal, leaf-bases acute, venation open; leaves in

threes 44. E. triphylla

4. Flowers axillary or terminal, leaf-bases acute, venation open, leaves
opposite.

5. Calyx-tube at least 1 cm in diameter.

6. Flowers sessile, terminal 45. E. everettii

6. Flowers pedicelled, terminal or axillary.

ROBINSON.

342

7. Primary venation coarae 48. E. squamifera

7. Veins not coarse.

8. Petioles not exceeding 2.5 mm, usually shorter.. 5. E. bataanensis

8. Petioles at least 5 mm long, usually longer.

9. Calyx-tube 2 cm in diameter 49. E. megalantha

9. Calyx-tube less than 1.5 cm 43. E. xanthophylla

5. Calyx-tube not exceeding 1 cm in diameter.

6. Inflorescence very short, flowers small.

/.Petioles 5—10 mm long 26. E. cotiglobata

7. Petioles not exceeding 3 mm,

8. Primary veins barely evident on upper surface.. 27. E. subfoetida

8. Venation more prominent 25. E. rubrovenia

6. Inflorescence not very short.

7. Calyx-tube over 1 cm long, very slender 39. E. leptogyna

7 . Calyx-tube over 1 cm long, not very slender.

8. Flower-buds ellipsoid 40. E. sulcistyla

8. Flower-buds turbinate.

9. Calvx-lobes subequal, persistent 41. E. jam bos

9. Calyx-lobes unequal, deciduous 42. E. merrittiana

7. Calyx-tube less than 1 cm long.

8. Individual flowers with definite pedicels.

9. Inflorescence repeatedly branched, manv-flowered.

53. E. candelabriformis

9. Inflorescence few-flowered, peduncles slender.. 23. E. tripinnata

9. Inflorescence few to several-flowered, peduncles not slender.

10. Lateral veins slender 50. E. robertii

10. Lateral veins fairly strong.

11. Flowers racemosely arranged 47. E. brunnea

11. Flowers paniculately arranged 46. E. vidaliana

8. Flowers sessile or with very short pedicels.

9. Primary veins over 20, distinct 54. E. hutchinsonii

9. Primary veins under 16, secondary venation close, nearly as
conspicuous as primary 59. E. pulgarensis

9. Primary veins under 16, secondary venation open.

10. Leaves membranaceous or submembranaceous

22. E. luzonensis

1 0. Leaves cliartaceous or coriaceous.

11. Calyx-tube over 5 mm diameter, peduncles stout and
woody.

12. Lateral veins about 12 51. E. benguetensis

12. Veins at least 15 55 . E. lacust?mis

11. Calyx-tube less than 5 mm in diameter.

12. Inflorescence distinctly branched, leaf -apex not or

barely acuminate 38 . E . macgregorii

12. Inflorescence branched, leaves acuminate.

13. Petioles about 1 cm long 46. E. vidaliana

13. Petioles less than 5 mm 52. E. bordcnii

12. Flowers subcapitate on main axis of inflorescence or
short lateral branches, leaves acuminate.

13. Leaves coriaceous 57. E. philippinensis

13. Leaves cliartaceous.

14. Leaves glandular 58. E. zamboangensis

14. Leaves eglandular 56. E. palawanensis

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEHL 343

Calyx entirely closed in bud, opening transversely at anthesis, the apex falling,
or simulating a lobe.

3. Calyx 5 mm in diameter, flowers terminal 60. E. arcuatinervia

3. Calyx 3 mm in diameter, flowers below leaves 61. E. clausa

Calyx-margin truncate, or with short lobes only, leaves obtuse or cordate at
base.

3. Corolla calyptrate.

4. Leaves lanceolate to ovate 62. E. glaucicalyx

4. Leaves widest near apex . 63. E. paucivenia

3. Corolla not calyptrate 28. E. barnesii

Calyx-margin truncate or with short lobes only, corolla more often calyp-
trate, leaves acute at base.

3. Calyx-tube including pseudostalk at least 7.5 mm long.

4. Leaves including petioles over 20 cm long 64. E. subfalcata

4. Leaves less than 15 cm long.

5. Calyx at least 9 mm long.

6. Flowers mostly on the branches below the leaves.... 65. E. claviflora

6. Flowers terminal or subterminal 66. E. dementis

5. Calyx less than 9 mm long.

7. Calyx-tube abruptly widened below the apex 67- E. clavellnta

7. Calyx-tube gradually widened from base to apex.

68. E. rosenbluthii

3. Calyx-tube including pseudostalk less than 7.5 mm long.

4. Flowers on branches below leaves, rarely also axillary.

5. Secondary leaf-venation lax.

6. Petals free, leaves widest toward apex 69. E. atropunctata

6. Corolla calyptrate, leaves widest toward base 70 . E. similis

5. Secondary leaf-venation close.

6. Leaf-apices slenderly acuminate 71. E. decipiens

6. Leaf-apices broadly or not acuminate 72. E. jambolana

4. Flowers axillary or terminal.

5. Bractlets at base of flowers and forks of inflorescence rigid, persistent,
individual flowers nearly always pedicelled.

6. Leaves oblanceolate to obovate.

7. Calyx-tube 2-3 mm in diameter 74. E. sablanemis

7. Calyx-tube 4.5-5 mm in diameter 73. E. densiner via

6. Leaves orbicular or orbicular-obovate 75 , E. inerassata

5. Bractlets not persistent, more often inconspicuous.

6. Inflorescence compact, except in fruit not exceeding 2.5 cm long.

7. Primary veins crowded together.

8. Leaf-apices not or broadly acuminate 76. E. congesta

8. Leaf -apices slenderly acuminate 77. E. ugoensis

7. Primary venation more open.

8. Leaves not exceeding 3 cm long 78. E. acrophila

8. Leaves at least 4 cm long.

9. Lateral veins 10-12 79 .E.alvarezii

9. Lateral veins about 20 80. E. roseomarginata

6. Inflorescence not compact, lateral veins close, inter-reticulating,
often obscure.

7. Branches of inflorescence vexy slender.

8. Petioles at least 5 mm long, dried leaves pale or glaucous.

81. E. perpallida

8. Petioles not more than 3 mm long, dried leaves yellowish to
reddish 82. E. parva

344

ROBINSON.

7. Branches of inflorescence stout 90. E. robinsonii

6. Inflorescence not compact, lateral veins not crowded, evident.

7. Flowers larger, calyx-tube exceeding 2.5 mm diameter.

8. Base of calyx narrowed into a pseudostalk.

9. Submarginal vein slender, often obscure... 62. E. glaucicalyx

9. Submarginal vein definite.

10. Leaves chartaceous 88. E. mirnica

10. Leaves coriaceous 89. E. striatula

8. Base of calyx not forming a pseudostalk.

9. Submarginal vein on extreme margin 90. E. robinsonii

9. Submarginal vein at least 1 mm from margin.

10. Submarginal vein often irregular but thick, all veins
purple 91 . E. brittoniana

10. Submarginal vein slender, no veins purple.

92. E. mindorensis

7. L lowers small, calyx-tube not exceeding 2.5 mm in diameter.

8. Primary veins much more distinct than intervening ones.

9. Rachis and branches of inflorescence slender.

10. Calyx-tube abruptly contracted into a slender pseudostalk.

83. E. saligna

10. Calyx-tube gradually or not contracted into a pseudostalk.

84. E. astronioides

9. Rachis and branches of inflorescence rather stout.

10. Fruit 4-ribbed 85. E. costulata

10. Fruit not ribbed 86. E. benthamii

8. Primary veins hardly more distinct than the secondary.

87. E. grisea

1. Individual flowers subtended by two decussate pairs of bracteoles.

2. Leaves obtuse or cordate at base, branchlets quadrangular.

3. Branchlets strongly 4-winged 93. e. garciae

3. Branchlets only slightly or not winged.

4. Flowers on branches below leaves 94. E. polycephaloides

4. Flowers terminal or in upper axils.

5. Corolla calyptrate 95. E. oblanceolata

5. Petals separate 99 e. intumescens

2. Leaves acute at base.

3. Leaves oblanceolate, coriaceous 97. e. curtiflora

3. Leaves elliptic to obovate, chartaceous 98. E. melliodora

1. Eugenia aherniana sp. nov.

Floribus solitariis vel fasciculatis in foliorum axillibus, brevissime
pedicellatis, pedicellis calycis tuboque pubescentibus, hoc late turbinato ;
calycis lobis inaequalibus, ciliatis ; petalis 4, liberis, late ovatis, eiliatis;
staminibus numerosis; fructibus subglobosis : foliis chartaceis vel subcoria-
ceis, ellipticis, oialibus, orbicularibus, vel obovatis, basi acute acuminatis,
apice obtuse acuminatis; venis utrinque 7-9.

Flowers solitary or few, fascicled on short tubercles borne in the axils
of leaves, including the terminal and fallen, the pedicels very short and
like the calyx-tube white-pubescent; the bracteoles inconspicuous, less
than 1 mm long, ovate, obtuse, pubescent; calyx-tube broadly turbinate,
3 mm long, 5 mm in diameter at the base of the lobes; calyx-lobes 4,

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEiE. 345

unequal, 3.5-5 mm long, 5 mm wide, ciliate; petals 4, free, white, G mm
long, 4—5 mm wide, rounded at the apex, ciliate ; disk more or less pubes-
cent, of the diameter of the calyx-tube; stamens numerous, the filaments
4-5 mm long, the anthers about 1 mm long; style G mm long; ovary
2-celled; fruit edible, subglobose, 2.5 cm in diameter, crowned by the
persistent calyx-lobes, 1-celled, 1-seeded; the testa horny, the cotyledons
lunate in outline, 13 mm across the chord.

A slender tree, sometimes tall, the branches covered with gray bark,
the youngest shoots pubescent but soon becoming glabrous: leaves with
petioles 3-7 mm long, the lamina chartaceous, elliptic to orbicular or
obovate, G.5-12 cm long, 3-5.5 cm wide, acutely acuminate at the base,
the margins slightly revolute, the apex contracted into a short obtuse
.acumen, glands widely separated, not conspicuous except on young leaves;
primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib, 7—9, their apices usually
forming three submarginal veins, the intervening venation usually in-
conspicuous.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 619 (type) : Province
of Surigao, Surigao, Ahern 518: District of Zamboanga, Tetuan, Ahern 561.

Somewhat similar to E. lucida Lam., but with shorter pedicels, smaller flowers,
and much less coriaceous leaves.

Local name, Hangos, Surigao; fruit edible.

2. Eugenia loheri sp. nov.

Floribus solitariis vel binis, axillaribus vel saepius supraaxillaribus,
hand magnis, mediocriter pedicellatis, pedicellis floribusque pubescenti-
bus: calycis tubo turbinato, lobis 4, quam tubus longioribus; petalis 4,
liberis; staminibus numerosis; ovario 1- vel 2-loculari : foliis brevissime
petiolatis, membranaceis, lanceolatis vel rarius subellipticis, basi acutis,
apice in acumen obtusum productis.

Flowers most often borne a little above the axils, solitary or rarely
paired, upon villose pedicels 5-10 mm long, having at their apices a pair
of ovate bracteoles 1 mm long, subacute at the apex, white-villose espe-
cially along the central line and margins : ealyx-tube turbinate, 2 mm long,
3 mm wide at the base of the lobes, villose ; calyx-lobes 4, oblong, 3-4
mm long, 2 mm wide, the apex nearly truncate but rounded, the margins
ciliate; petals 4, free, broadly oval to orbicular, 2.5-3 mm long;, calyx-
lobes and petals veined and bearing fairly numerous, conspicuous, tuber-
culate glands; disk occupying the whole diameter of the calyx-tube, pubes-
cent; stamens numerous, the filaments 1.5—3 mm long, the anthers 0.4
mm long, the connectives more or less densely villose; style 3 mm long;
ovary 1-celled or more often 2-celled, each cell containing several ovules.

Habit unknown: the bark covering the slender branchlets grayish-
brown, tending to separate easily: leaves with petioles 1-2 mm long, the
lamina membranaceous, densely glandular, lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate
or rarely subelliptic, 2.5-5 cm long, 8-18 mm wide, the base acute, the

85754 10

:uc>

ROBINSON.

conti acted apex forming, sometimes barely, an obtuse acumen attaining
a length of 15 mm, the under surface of young leaves with a few hairs,
soon glabrous; all veins very slender and with the exception of those of
the youngest leaves difficult to count, usually only the three basal pairs
conspicuous, the uppermost of these pairs forming the main submarginal
\ein, the more apical veins nearly obsolete, or other leaves showing traces
of 3-5 others.

Luzon, Province of Pampanga, Mount Arayat, Loher 21,15 (type), distributed
as Decaspermum paniculatum: Province of Nueva Ecija, Cuming 1388, an ex-
cellent match.

3. Eugenia pasacaensis sp. nov.

f i ut ex vel aibuscula: floribus axillaribus terminalibusque, saepius
solitariis, mediocriter pedicellatis, bracteatis ; calycis tubo turbinato; caly-
cis lobis 4, oblongo-orbicularibus, mox patentibus vel reflexis; petalis 4,
libei is, disco pubescente; staminibus numerosis: foliis subcoriaceis, lance-
olatis \el elliptico-lanceolatis, basi acutis, apice obtuse acuminatis; venis
utrinque 7 vel 8, teneris, marginem baud attingentibus.

Flowers white, fragrant, axillary or terminal, solitary or in fascicles of
~ or 3, the pedicels 5-12 mm long, their bases sometimes united for a
short distance, puberulent; the 2 bracteoles at the base of the flower
1—1.2 mm long, oval, obtuse, shortly villose; calyx-tube turbinate or
subcampanulate, 2 mm long, 3 mm in diameter at the base of the lobes,
1.3 mm in diameter at its base, puberulent; calyx-lobes 4, spreading or
i e flexed, persistent, oblong-orbicular, 2.7— 3.3 mm long, and with the same
lange ol width, though some are longer than wide and others wider than
long, ciliate, the apices rounded; petals 4, free, broadly oblong, obtuse,

6 mm long, 3 mm wide; both calyx-lobes and petals veined, densely
glandular; disk as broad as the calyx-tube, pubescent; stamens numerous,
the filaments 3—4 mm long, minutely puberulent, anthers 0.5 mm long,
the connectives glabrous; style 6 mm long; ovary 2-celled, several-ovuled.

A small tree or shrub 7 m high, with a stem 10 cm in diameter, the
branches covered with gray or light-brown bark, the branchlets glandular
and often pubescent, the vegetative parts otherwise glabrous; leaves with
petioles 1-2 mm long, the lamina subcoriaceous, lanceolate or elliptic-
lanceolate, 3-5 cm long, 14-22 mm wide, the base acute, the margin
revolute, the apex forming an obtuse acumen 4-7 mm long, densely but
not veiv conspicuously glandular on the under surface; primary lateral
veins on each side of the midrib 7 or 8, often somewhat obscure, the
second from the base forming a definite vein 1-2 mm from the margin

Luzon, Province of Cainarines, Pasacao, For. Bur. 101,61 Curran , growing on
limestone cliffs along the beach at an elevation of 100 m.

This species is so close to E. bracteata Roxb., that if my only knowledge of that
species were obtained from its descriptions, it would be impossible to separate it.
There is. however, in this herbarium, a Ceylon specimen of E. bracteata, Thicaites
1586, and it shows not only a difference in the color of the pubescence, and longer
and narrower bracteoles, but the leaf-venation is very different, that of the Ceylon

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACE/E. 347

plant most closely approaching among Philippine species that of the otherwise
very different E. mimica, while the leaves (except in size) and the venation of
E. pasacaensis are similar to those of E. bordenii and E. roberlii, whose affinities
are also very different. To those Avho have no Philippine material for comparison,
it may suffice to call attention to the position of the submarginal vein.

4. Eugenia diplycosifol ia sp. nov.

Floribus axillaribus vel terminal ibus, solitariis vel duobus vel tribus
in pedunculo sessilibus; pedunculis, bracteis, bracteolis, calycibus, et
novellis incano-villosis : calycis tubo turbinato; calycis lobis 4, ovatis;
petalis 4, liberis, omnibus conspicue glandulosis; staminibus paucis; foliis
breviter petiolatis, coriaceis, ovalibus, obovatis, vel orbicularibus, basi
acutis, apice breviter obtuseque acuminatis, venis utrinque 5-8.

Flowers terminal or in the upper axils, borne singly or in pairs or
threes upon peduncles 7-11 mm long, the bracts at the base of the
peduncle oval, 3.5 mm long, obtuse ; when three flowers in a head, the
two lateral with 3 bracteoles each, the anterior bracteole lanceolate, 2
mm long, the lateral ones shorter and narrower, the central flower
ebracteolate, when flowers solitary or paired bracteoles as in lateral flowers
of a triad; bracts, peduncles, bracteoles, and calyx white-villose and with
the exception of the peduncles but including the petals densely pellucid-
punctate: calyx-tube turbinate, 2.5 mm long, 2 mm in diameter at tbe
base of the lobes; calyx-lobes 4, slightly less than 2 mm long, obtuse;
petals 4, yellow, free, suborbicular with a basal claw, 3 mm long, 3-nerved
with lateral branches, glabrous; disk of the diameter of the apex of the
calyx-tube, glabrous; stamens 20-25, biseriate, the filaments 3—4 mm
long, the anthers 0.3 mm long; style about 6 mm long; ovary 2-celled,
or 3-celled, with several ovules.

A shrub 3 m high, its stems about 2 cm in diameter, the bark deciduous,
that of the younger branches light-brown, densely covered with dark-
brown glandular tubercles, the youngest shoots hoary-pubescent, vegetative
parts otherwise glabrous, leaves with petioles 1—2.5 mm long, the lamina
coriaceous, oval, obovate, or orbicular, 17—22 mm long, 10—15 mm wide,
the base acutely acuminate, the margin revolute, the apex forming a
very short and obtuse acumen, the under surface very densely covered
with brown glands; primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib
5—8, but homologous veins irregular as regards meeting the submarginal
vein or not, the submarginal vein definite from base, sometimes prolonged
upon the petiole.

Luzox, Province of Bontoc, Talubin Barlig trail, For. Bur. 13/(03 Kleme, in
dense forest at an elevation of 1,600 m.

Closely allied to E. mabaeoides Wight, from which, however, it differs in
several particulars. Copeland 1186, Mount Apo, Mindanao, and an unnumbered
specimen collected by H. N. Whitford on Mount Silav, Negros, cospecific with one
another, are very closely allied to E. diplycosi folia, but probably distinct. One
specimen is in early fruit, the other sterile, and a final opinion can not be given
until more material is obtained.

Local name, Titimi, Ig.

348

ROBINSON.

5. Eugenia bataanensis Merr. Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 Suppl. (1906) 104.

Jambosa bataanensis Merr. Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 36.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Claveria, Bur. Sci. 7367 Itamos: Province of

Pampanga, Mount Arayat, Merrill 3932, 5014, Eor. B ur. 12308 Maule: Province
of Bulacan, For. Bur. 7 452 Curran : Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Lamao
River, Merrill 3761, Elmer 6807, Williams 729, For. Bur. 177 Barnes, For. Bur.
2083, 2386 Borden, For. Bur. 2407, 2765, Meyer: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso,
For. Bur. 2686 Ahern’s collector, Bur. Sci. 2078 Ramos: Province of Tayabas,
Mount Banajao, For. Bur. 8042 Curran A Merritt. Mindoro, Mount Calavite,
For. Bur. 8687, 8734 Merritt.

The species is variable, passing from forms with broader bases, represented
best by some of the Arayat collections, through those agreeing with the nomen-
clatorial type where the bases are narrow but still obtuse, to the Mindoro numbers
where some leaves are acute and some obtuse, the extreme being reached in the
Cagayan specimen, where the leaves are acute. In rough agreement, there is a
decrease in thickness.

The only local names noted are Calubcub and Malaruhat, on Mariveles, both
more properly applied to other species.

Endemic.

6. Eugenia speciosissima sp. nov.

Floribus solitariis, axillaribus, pedicellis circiter 2 cm longis suffultis,
magnis, calycis tubo turbinato, lobis 4; petalis 4, late rotundatis, stamini-
bus permultis: foliis coriaceis, lanceolatis vel elliptico-lanceolatis, basi
cordatis subamplexicantibus, apice obtusis.

Flowers solitary, borne in the axils of the leaves or of fallen leaves,
upon pendulous articulated pedicels about 2 cm long, subtended at the
distinct articulation by two ovate bracteoles 0.5 mm long, often with
additional bracteoles elsewhere on the pedicel : calyx-tube turbinate, the
lower portion about 5 mm in diameter, at the base of the lobes 2-3 cm
in diameter, calyx-lobes 4, unequal, the larger 2 cm wide, the apices
broadly rounded; petals 4, rose-purple, broadly rounded, 2.5 cm wide at
the base; staminal disk well developed; stamens very numerous, the
filaments about 2 cm long, the anthers 2-3 cm long; style about 2.5 cm
long.

A tree G m high, with a stem 15 cm in diameter, the branches and
branchlets covered with grayish bark, the latter somewhat flattened or
angled at the extreme apex : leaves borne on very short petioles, the lamina
coriaceous, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 11-15 cm long, 3-6.5 cm wide,
the bases cordate, gradually narrowed from below the middle to the
obtuse apex, hardly or not acuminate; primary lateral veins on each side
of the midrib 10-12, forming a conspicuous submarginal vein.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Cayapa, For. Bur. 10865 Curran (type) ; Mos-
quito Creek, For. Bur. 14193 Merritt; growing at an elevation of 2,000 m.

Closely allied to E. bataanensis Merr., distinguished by its coriaceous leaves
with much broader and more cordate bases often overlapping the branches, less
acuminate apices, flowers larger and so far as seen always axillary and pendulous,
while in E. bataanensis they are usually but not always terminal.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEjE. o4D

7. Eugenia long iped icellata (Merr.) comb. nov.

Jambosa longipedicellata Merr. Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 37.

Luzon, Province of Principe, Baler, Merrill 101/6, 10)1.

Endemic.

8. Eugenia longissima Merr. Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 50.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Sablan, Elmer 6218: Province of Zambales, Mount

Tapulao, Bur. Sci. 512) Ramos.

Endemic.

9. Eugenia ramosii sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis terminalibus, composito-subumbellatis, multifloris :
calyce petalisque extus sericeis; calycis tubo turbinato, lobis 4, rotundatis;
petalis 4, liberis; staminibus numerosis: foliis brevissime petiolatis,
chartaceis, anguste oblongis, oblanceolatis vel lanceolatis, longissimis, basi
cordatis, apice acuminatis, venis utrinque 25-30.

Inflorescence terminal, including tbe flowers about 10 cm long, branch-
ing usually four times, the branches terete, at each articulation usually
5, the ultimate branches terete, 1-1.5 cm long, 1-flowered, bracteoles
lanceolate, 1 mm long; the branches of the inflorescence and the outer
surface of the calyx and petals silky-glandular; flowers described as
yellow: calyx-tube turbinate, about 2 cm long and 1 cm in diameter at
the base of the lobes, extending about 7 mm beyond the ovary, contracted
into a pseudostalk below ; calyx-lobes 4, unequal in pairs, 2.5-4 mm long,
7-8 mm wide at the base, rounded at the apex; petals 4, free, suborbicular,
about 1 cm in diameter; stamens numerous, the filaments about 1 cm
long, the oblong anthers nearly 1.5 mm long; style about 1.5 cm long;
ovary 2-celled, several-ovuled.

A tree 10 m high, with a trunk 10 cm in diameter, the branchlets
strongly 4-angled and winged, when dry with brownish or yellowish-brown
bark: leaves with petioles about 5 mm long, the lamina chartaceous or
subcoriaceous, narrowly oblong, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 30 to at least
55 cm long, 3-8 cm wide, the base cordate, the margin barely revolute,
at tbe apex forming a narrowing acumen, probably 3-5 cm long, but
the actual apex wanting on all leaves collected, upper surface pale-green,
lower surface glaucous to brownish ; primary lateral veins on each side
of the midrib 25-30, forming three submarginal veins throughout the
length except at the extremities, the innermost the thickest.

Luzon, Province of Isabela, San Luis, Bur. Sci. 8030 Ramos, growing in forests
near the river at an elevation of 600 m.

10. Eugenia merrillii sp. nov.

Cymis terminalibus, multifloris, floribus mediocris, breviter vel non
pedicellatis, tetrameris; foliis lanceolatis, basi cordatis, apice acutis
falcatisque; venis utrinque 50-60.

Cymes terminal, widely branching, many-flowered, 4-7 cm long, the
ultimate pedicels 5 mm long or wanting: calyx-tube 1.5 cm long, 6-7

350

ROBINSON.

mm in diameter at the base of the lobes, projecting about 6 mm beyond
the ovary; calyx-lobes 4, unequal, widely rounded, 1-2 mm long, 4.5-6
mm wide; petals 4 or sometimes 5, 6-8 mm in diameter; staminal disk
somewhat thick; stamens about 300, their filaments 6-10 mm long, their
anthers oblong, 1 mm long, 0.6 mm wide; ovary 2-celled, with few ovules;
style at least 1 cm long.

A tree 9 m high, with long drooping branches, its ultimate branches
covered by purplish bark, together with the peduncles conspicuously
4-angled and 4-winged ; leaves opposite, borne on petioles 5-6 mm long,
the lamina coriaceous, olivaceous-brown and shining on the upper surface,
purplish-brown beneath, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 20-32 cm long,
3.5-6 cm wide, shallowly cordate at the base, gradually narrowed from a
short distance above the base to the usually falcate apex; veins on each
side of the midrib 50-60, not very close, intervening veins sometimes
nearly as prominent as the primary, submarginal vein distinct, leaving
a leaf-border 1—1.5 mm wide with inconspicuous veins onlv.

Palawan, Iwahig River, Merrill 760.

11. Eugenia gigantifolia Merrill sp. nov.

Floribus cymosis, pedicellatis, articulatis, caulinis, tetrameris; foliis
subsessilibus, oblanceolatis, permagnis, basi leviter cordatis, apice rotun-
datis.

Flowers cymose, borne on small tubercles on the stem or older branches,
1-9 flowers in each fascicle, the pedicels 7-13 mm long, articulated with
the flowers, when solitary themselves also articulated, terete or quadran-
gular, not or only slightly swollen at their apices, bracteoles paired, very
short and inconspicuous but comparatively wide at their bases: calvx
tuibinate, in all 2.2— 2.5 cm long, at anthesis about 1.3 cm in diameter
at the apex of the tube, at the base more or less differentiated into a
pseudostalk about 5 mm long, at the apex forming 4 unequal lobes, the
larger pair 6-7.5 mm long, 11-12 mm wide, the smaller 4-5 mm long,
8-10 mm wide, all rounded at the apex; petals 4, orbicular but truncate
at the base, 12 mm in diameter; staminal disk thick, conspicuous;
stamens 400-500, the filaments 2-3 cm long, the anthers 1.5-1. 8 mm
long; ovary 2-celled, with numerous ovules; style slender, tapering,
1.8-2 cm long, in fruit attaining a length of 4.5 cm: fruit urceolate,
13 mm long, 17 mm wide, the calyx-tube forming a rim for about 4 mm,
the calyx-lobes more or less persistent ; 2-celled, its walls 1.5 mm in
thickness, each cell containing one seed; seeds compressed, orbicular-
ovate in outline, 1 cm in diameter, their testa probably brownish.

A tree 12-20 m high, with a trunk 20-40 cm in diameter, the leaf-
bearing branches 3- or 4-angled, the bark yellowish to reddish-brown;
leaves opposite or in whorls of 3 or 4, subsessile, the petioles only 1-2
mm long, but 6-9 mm width, becoming stout midribs projecting strongly
from the under surface of the lamina; the lamina coriaceous, oblanceolate.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEiE. 351

broadly oblanceolate, or rarely elliptic, 34-66 cm long, 9-21 cm wide,
the smaller measurements probably representing young leaves, at the
base broadly but very shallowly cordate, the least injured apices rounded,
the dried lamina brown on both surfaces but paler on the under surface ;
primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib 16-23, conspicuous,
usually with a few of the intervening veins nearly as prominent, cross
veins distinct, the finer venation distinct on the under surface but not on
the upper, a distinct submarginal vein present as well as a faint one
very near the margin, the latter sometimes hidden by the slightly revolute
margins.

Culion, llalsey Harbor, Merrill 573 (type). Mindoro, Bongabon River, For.
Bur. JjllO Merritt ; Baruyan, For. Bur. 5428 Merritt ; Mount Halcon, For. Bur.
4359 Merritt. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 624- Ba-
silan, Hallier s. n.

Local names, Mcilatalisi (Tag.), Bagotalisi (Vis.), Mindoro.

12. Eugenia curran ii sp. nov.

Arbor, ramis 4-alatis: pedicellis longis, teneris, bracteolatis, floribus
caulinis, paniculatis, tetrameris; foliis oblongo-ellipticis vel anguste
ellipticis, apice acuminatis, basi cordatis, breviter petiolatis.

Flowers borne upon tubercles upon the stem, one to several panicles
6-8 cm long and 5-7-flowered from each tubercle, the peduncles and
pedicels glandular, the pedicels 9 mm to 2 cm long, quadrangular, each
having at its base a linear acute bract 2-4 mm long, and at its apex a
pair of lanceolate or ovate bracteoles less than 1 mm long : calyx-tube
broadly turbinate, about 1 cm long and 1 cm in diameter, or without the
greatly narrowed pseudostalk hemispheric; calyx-lobes 4, ovate, the
larger about 5 mm long and 7 mm wide, the smaller 3 mm long and 6 mm
wide; petals 4, ovate, somewhat acuminate, rounded at the apex, 9 mm
long, 7 mm wide; staminal disk thickened, stamens 350-400, the fila-
ments 5-10 mm long, dilated at the base, the anthers 0.7 mm long, 0.6
mm wide; ovary 2-celled, each cell containing several minute ovules; style
terete, 1.5 cm long.

A tree 16 m high, its trunk 20 cm in diameter, the ultimate branches
distinctly 4-angled, and, especially near the apex, winged, more or less
swollen at the nodes, covered with gray or brownish-gray bark:. leaves
with red annulate-rugose petioles 4-8 mm long and 1-3 mm in diameter,
the lamina oblong-elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 15—29 cm long, 4.5—8
cm wide, more or less coriaceous, shallowly cordate at the base, at the
apex forming an acumen about 1 cm long, olivaceous on the upper surface,
brownish-green and glandular-punctate beneath; primary lateral veins
on each side of the midrib 1-6-22, with a prominent vein 3-5 mm from
the margin, these veins visible on both surfaces but better on the under
where alone the fairly numerous transverse veins can be seen.

Luzon. Province of Camarines, Mount Isarog, For. Bur. 10453 Curran.

Fruit edible: wood used for boards.

ROBINSON.

:»52

13. Eugenia multinervia sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis caulifloris, cymosis, floribus mediocris, tetrameris;
petalis liberis: foliis oblongo-ellipticis, magnis, basi cordatis, apice acu-
minatis; venis utrinque 32-35.

Inflorescences fascicled upon tubercles 1.5 cm long, situated upon the
trunk, forming slender branching few-flowered cymes about 8 cm long,
their branches and the calyces and less conspicuously the petals glandular ;
bracteoles at the base of the flower and at the forks of the inflorescence
ovate, acute, 0.7-1 mm long; individual flowers, except sometimes one
or more of the three terminal, with pedicels about 1 cm long: calyx-tube
in all 13-15 mm long, 7-8 mm in diameter at the base of the lobes, the
basal 7-8 mm greatly narrowed into a pseudostalk, the upper portion of
the calyx hemispherical; calyx-lobes 4, 4-4.5 mm long, 7-8 mm wide at
the base, the apex rounded ; petals 4, free, orbicular or broadly ovate, 6-7
mm long, 7-8 mm wide, apex rounded; stamens numerous, the filaments
7 mm long, the ellipsoid anthers 0.9 mm long; style 6 mm long; ovary

2- celled, many-ovuled.

Habit unknown : the ultimate branches covered with yellowish-brown
annulate bark, 4-angled : leaves with stout petioles 5-7 mm long, the
lamina chartaceous, purplish on the upper surface, brown beneath, 27-31
cm long, 9-11 cm wide, the base distinctly but shallowly cordate, the
apex contracted into a comparatively very slender short acumen; primary
lateral veins on each side of the midrib 32-35, nearly straight, main
submarginal vein about 4-6 mm from the margin, with a faint outer
vein, midvein thick and on the under surface strongly projecting.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Cuming 1299.

14. Eugenia copelandii sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis axillaribus, brevissime pedicellatis et pedunculatis
floribus admodum magnis, tetrameris, staminibus numerosis : foliis longis,
lanceolatis, basi cordatis, apice vix acuminatis; venis utrinque 18-22,
laminae facie utraque conspicuis.

Flowers borne in very condensed axillary one- to few-flowered cymes,
the peduncles and pedicels not exceeding 2.5 mm, the entire inflorescence
io the tip of the style 4.5 cm in length: calyx-tube turbinate, extending
6-7 mm beyond the ovary, at anthesis about 1 cm long, in early fruit
1.5 cm long, 2 cm wide at the base of the 4 rounded lobes, which are

3- 6 mm long and 6-9 mm wide at the base; petals 4, about 8 mm long,
9 mm wide in the middle, somewhat abruptly contracted to a short
broad claw at the base; stamens numerous, 2-3 cm long, the anthers
about 1.5 mm long; style exceeding 3 cm in length.

Presumably a tree, the branchlets terete or slightly compressed near
the apex, covered with gray or pale bark: leaves with petioles 2-3 mm
long, the lamina submembranaceous, lanceolate, 20-32 cm long, 6-8 cm
wide, slightly narrowed near the cordate base, gradually narrowed from
below the middle to the barely acuminate nearly acute apex; primary

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACF.E. 353

lateral veins on each side of the midrib 18-22, somewhat thin, and
nearly the same color as the lamina, forming a definite submarginal vein,
the secondary veins nearly as conspicous on the upper as on the under
surface.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Davao, Copeland s. n.

15. Eugenia phaneropheletaia sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis terminalibus vel in axillis defoliatis, paucifloris ; floribus
magnis, tetrameris ; calycis tubo turbinato, 4-lobato : arbor ramulis saepius
tetragonis, foliis brevissime petiolatis, lanceolatis vel ellipticis, basi ad-
modum angustatis, cordatis, apice acuminatis.

Inflorescence terminal or rarely on the branches below the leaves,
1-3-flowered, the peduncles none or attaining 1.5 mm, the pedicels some-
times articulate, and then attaining in all a length of 6 mm, bearing
a pair of ovate bracteoles 0.5 mm long at each articulation : calyx-tube
turbinate, about 2 cm long and about 1.5 cm in diameter at the base
of the lobes, the later 4, rounded, unequal, 2-6 mm long, 5-7 mm wide ;
petals 4, broadly oval or orbicular, 8-10 mm long ; stamens very numerous,
the filaments 2-2.5 cm long, the anthers 1.5 mm long; style about 3 cm
long; ovary 2-celled, with several ovules in each cell: only very young
fruit known.

A small tree, its branchlets nearly always 4-angled and margined,
covered with gray bark: leaves with petioles 1-5 mm long, the lamina
cliartaceous, lanceolate to elliptic, 14—25 cm long, 4—7 cm wide, the base
cordate, the apex contracted to a slender obtuse acumen, the lower surface
much paler than the upper; primary lateral veins very conspicuous on
the under surface and often reddish, impressed on the upper surface,
15-18 on each side of the midrib, forming usually three submarginal
veins, the outermost very faint, the middle one quite evident, the inner
very conspicuous.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Antipolo, Bur. Sci. 3361 Ramos (type) ; ianay,
Merrill 2336: Province of Tayabas, Atimonan, For. Bur. 15265 Rosenbluth; Gui-
nayangan, For. Bur. 12269 Rosenbluth. Mindoro, Balete, For. Bur. 6200 Merritt.

From comparisons made at Kew, this species lias been noted by Mr. Merrill
as the Eugenia coarctata of Ceron’s Catalogue, which seems to lie the place where
that species was first transferred from Jambosa, although the credit is there
given to Blume. I have been quite unable to trace Blume’s species in recent
botanical literature, and E. macrocarpa Roxb., to which it is reduced in the
Index Kewensis is not enumerated among the species of Java by Koorders and
Valeton, even as a synonym, consequently it has been impossible to ascertain the
limits of E. coarctata, and the present species has been described as new. It is
certainly very closely allied to E. macrocarpa. comparison with Wight’s figure
indicating as apparent differences the much more acuminate apex, more condensed
inflorescence and shorter bracteoles. Duthie 0 says that the figure shows the
leaves too acute: if so, the most conspicuous distinction is removed.

Local name, Malayambo , (Tag.), Tayabas. When large, used as timber.

FI. Br. Ind. 2 (1878) 474.

854

ROBINSON.

16. Eugenia angulata sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis terminalibus, axillaribus, vel etiam foliis subt us suffultis,
pedunculis pedicellisque brevissimis vel nullis: floribus parvis, calycis
tubo turbinato vel fere obconico: foliis breviter petiolatis, lanceolatis vel
anguste ellipticis, basi leviter cordatis, apice attenuatis acuminatis, venis
ntrinque 15-20.

Jnfloreseences terminal, axillary, and on the branches below the leaves,
the peduncles wanting or attaining 4 mm in length, the pedicels entirely
wanting or very short, rarely in all 1 cm long: calyx-tube ranging from
obconic to nearly turbinate, extending 4-5 mm beyond the ovary, about
1 mm long, at the base of the lobes 6-7 mm in diameter, the 4 lobes
unequal, 2-1 mm long, 3-6 mm wide at the base, all rounded at the apex;
disk thickened; petals 4, 4-6 mm long; stamens probably numerous, the
few seen with filaments only 4-6 mm long and anthers less than 0.5 mm
long; style 12-15 mm long; ovary 2-celled, with several ovules.

A tiee about 7.5 m high, its trunk 10 cm in diameter, covered with
smooth pinkish-gray hark, the branchlets with gray bark, more or less
angled and somewhat margined : leaves with petioles 2-3 mm long, the
lamina chartaceous, lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic,
16-24 cm long, 3-5 cm wide, the base slightly cordate, narrowed at the
apex to a slender obtuse acumen; primary lateral veins on each side of
the midrib 15-20, frequently with intermediate veins nearly as distinct,
the secondary venation only loosely anastomosing, and on the upper
surface inconspicuous, a very definite submarginal vein present.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Sax River, Williams 2164 (type) : Lake
Lanao, ( amp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens s. n. The latter specimen is responsible for
most of the variation in the inflorescence. The species is far from the one with
most strongly angled stems even among Philippine Eugenias, but the name is
used partly in default of a better available one, partly to call attention to its
close alliance to E. sexangulata Miq., from which it is sufficiently distinguished
by its inflorescence.

17. Eugenia leytensis Elmer Leaf!. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 329.

I* loribus caulinis, fasciculatis, subsessilibus, mediocris, tetrameris; foliis
breviter petiolatis, subcoriaceis, oblanceolatis vel oblongis, basi obtusis,
apice obtusis, baud acuminatis; venis utrinque 13-19, E. malaccensi
aflfinis.

Leyte, Palo, near Bangon River, Elmer 7265.

Endemic.

18. Eugenia malaccensis Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 470.

Caryophyllus malaccensis W. F. Wight in Contr. U. S. Nat Herb 9 (1905)
217, 314.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Gumaca, Whit ford 877: Province of Albay. Ta-
baco. Bur. Sci. 8520 Robinson. Masbate, Meygaran, For. Bur. 99!) Clark. Min-
doro, Bongabong River, For. Bur. 4065 Merritt. Mindanao, Province of Surigao,
Bolster 295 : Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens s. n.: District of Davao,

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEJE.

f) • r

ODD

Davao, Ahern 834,' Santa Cruz, Williams 2871. Balabac, Bur. Sci. 411 Mangubat.
Negros, Dumaguete, Elmer 9852.

Local names, Macupa, Davao; Mangcopa, Masbate; Ja mo, Tayabas.

Widely cultivated in the tropics.

19. Eugenia whitfordii Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35
(1906) 49.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Whit ford J/68, For. Bur. 1182
Borden ; Limay, Bur. Sci. 6169 Robinson.

Local name, Malaruhat.

Endemic.

20. Eugenia fenicis sp. nov.

Floribus caulinis, cymosis, tetrameris, pedicellatis, articulatis, ovario
1-3-loculari ; foliis ellipticis, basi acutis, apice caudatis.

Flowers borne on tubercles on the stem., these sometimes also hearing
leafy shoots, cymose, 1-5-flowered, tlie total length of the fascicle includ-
ing the styles attaining 8 cm, the ultimate pedicels 7.5-15 mm long,
nearly terete and of equal diameter throughout, conspicuously articulated
with the flowers and bearing at the point of articulation a pair of incon-
spicuous bracteoles : flowering specimens unknown : fruiting calyx in all
2.3 cm long, urceolate, 1.8 cm in diameter at the apex of the tube, which
projects about 5 mm beyond the ovary, at the base forming a short
pseudostalk 3 mm long and of slightly greater diameter; calyx-lobes 4,
distant, unequal, the larger 7 mm long and 8-8.5 mm wide, the smaller
3.5 mm long, and 6 mm wide; the stamina! disk thickened, stamens fallen,
but judging from the scars probably about 300; ovary with exterior walls
1 mm in thickness, 1-3-celled, in the last case one cell as large as the
other .two together; seed from a 1-celled ovary oval in outline, compressed,
8 mm long, 6 mm wide; style 3-3.5 cm long.

A tree 8-9 m high, with a trunk 15 cm in diameter, covered with
smooth reddish-gray bark, the ultimate branches with grayish or brownish
bark, terete or at the apex somewhat angled; leaves borne on petioles
3-5 mm long and 2-2.5 mm in diameter, the lamina rather narrowly
elliptic, 9.5-18 cm long, 2. 8-5. 5 cm wide, acute at the base, caudate-
acuminate at the apex, olivaceous on the upper surface, grayish on the
under surface; primary lateral veins 9-12, along with the submarginal
vein conspicuous on both surfaces, but other venation hardly ever visible
on either surface.

Babuyanes Islands, Camiguin Island, Bur. Sci. 4065 Fenix. Close to E. whit-
fordii, as represented by Bur. Sci. 6169, which has much larger leaves than the
earlier collections of that species; distinguished bv its caudate leaf-apex and
thickened petioles.

21. Eugenia mananquil Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 290.

Myrtus mananquil Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 421. (.17. manananquil err. tvp.)

Eugenia lobas Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 48, prob.
Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 857.

ROBINSON.

:356

E. canliflora Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 291.

E. cauliflora Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 3 (1878) 177, nec DC'. Prodr. 3 (1828) 273,
nec. Miq, in Linnaea 22 (1849) 537.

Luzon, Province of Ilocos Sur, Pinapinas, For. Bur. 7121 Klemme: Province
of Zambales, Mataim, For. Bur. 6333 Curran: Province of Pangasinan, For. Bur.
Uf382 Villamil: Province of Pampanga, Mount Arayat, Bolster 112: Province of
Batangas, Looc, For. Bur. 7652 Curran c£- Merritt: Province of Tayabas, Atimonan,
Merrill 3095; Unisan, For. Bur. 6548, 6601 Kobbe; Guinayangan, For. Bur. 837,
3232 Uagger: Province of Camarines, Pasacao, Ahern 187: Province of Albay,
Batan Island, Bur. Sci. 6262 Robinson: Province of Sorsogon, For. Bur. 5753 Pray
Leyte, Ormoc, For. Bur. 12736 Rosenbluth. Mindoro, Bongabong River, Whit-
ford 1385, For. Bur. 3658 Merritt; Balete, For. Bur. 6143 Merritt; Buncuran,
For. Bur. 11428 Merritt. Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Agusan Valley, For.
Bur. 7163 Hutchinson: District of Cotabalo, Reina Regente, For. Bur. 3928 Hutch-
inson; Guitinludang, For. Bur. 6561 Hutchinson: District of Davao, DaVao,
Copeland 504-

Blanco’s original description made no reference to the leaves, and their descrip-
tion in the second edition as lanceolate with very short petioles helps but little.
For none of the most probable species is the amended description entirely satis-
factory. Villar considered it to agree best with E. javanica, but there is reason
to suppose that his interpretation of that species was only partly correct, and
while this identification is not improbable, it is probably wrong. This species is
certainly that considered by Merrill to be E. lobas Blanco. That species was
said by Blanco to be cultivated and only doubtfully indigenous: it is possible that
it was the same as E. mananquil, the latter wild, the former in cultivation, but
the facts are beyond discovery. Possible identifications, both for E. lobas and
E. bauangica Blanco are E. malaccensis. Blanco’s E. jambos has been supposed
to represent that species, but the probability is that it really was an error for
E. javanica. The present species seems to be t he one that best fits E. mananquil.

Wood hard, used in the construction of houses, especially for posts. Berry
edible.

Local names: Ansa, Pangasinan: Bagabug, Pampanga; Bitbid, Camarines;
Buabua, Mindoro; Cagucug, Cotabato; Ca jocko, Leyte; Dambuhala, Batangas;
Jangus, Surigao; Kaguku, Cotabato; Malahaguis, Sorsogon; Malaruhat, Zamba-
les; Midbid, Midbit, Tayabas; Mungilkil, Mindoro; Panglongbuyen-copaiopa,
Ilocos Sur.

It seems advisable to add a few additional data to the description given by
Merrill l. c.

Flowers in cymes 3-12 cm long, many cymes usually borne on each cauline
tubercle, the peduncles and pedicels slender, about 0.5 mm in diameter, the cymes
1-12-llowered, very rarely many-flowered and then with stouter peduncles, the
flowers articulated, with a pair of small bracteoles at the point of articulation,
flowers contracted into a pseudostalk 1.5-3 mm long.

A tree 7-20 m high, with opposite leaves borne on petioles 2.5-7 mm long,
the lamina elliptic, 7-15 cm long, 2. 5-5. 5 cm wide; lateral veins on each side
of the midrib 8-13.

Endemic.

22. Eugenia luzonensis Merr. Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 105.

Jam bosa luzonensis Merr. Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 37.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Sablan, Elmer 6229: Province of Zambales, Subig,
For. Bur. 913 Maule: Province of Bataan, Lamao River, For. Bur. 83 Barnes,
For. Bur. 619, 658, 1197, 1573 Borden, For. Bur. 6249, 7371 Curran, For. Bur.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEiK. 35 i

7373 Aguilar, Whitford 107, 357, Williams 61,1,, Elmer 6881, Merrill Dec. Philip.
For. FI. 172 Borden: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, For. Bur. 3069, 3203 Ahern's
collector, Bur. Sci. 261,8 Kamos; Tanay, Merrill 2276. Negros, Province of
Negros Oriental, Tolon, For. Bur. 12335 Everett. Mindoro, Busuangav, For. Bur.
9731 Merritt.

Local names in Bataan, Malaruhat, Malaruhat va pula, or the equivalent Red
Malaruhat, on one sheet Macopa, which is that given for Mindoro; in Rizal,
Ductulan; in Zambales, Lurnboi bundoc ; in Negros, Bumug.

Endemic.

23. Eugenia tripinnata (Blanco) comb. nov.

Myrtus tripinnata Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 421.

M. subrubens Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 294.

Eugenia cymosa F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1883) 85: non Lam. Encycl. 3 (1789)
199.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Mount Santander, Bur. Sci. 3288 Kamos; Bosoboso,
For. Bur. 2675 Ahern's collector; Antipolo, For. Bur. 1,3 \ Ahern's collector :
Province of Tayabas, between Bugulan and Pitogo, For. Bur. 10216 Curran:
Province of Camarines, Calalinga, For. Bur. 10720 Curran. Mindanao, Lake
Lanao, Mrs. Clemens 592.

Flowers borne in terminal or less often lateral cymes, rarely upon the
older branches, the individual cymes 3-5-flowered, 4-10 cm long, the
peduncles and pedicels slender, the latter 7—32 mm long ; pseudostalks at
anthesis 5—6 mm long, calyx-tube about 3 mm long, turbinate, about 7.5
mm in diameter at the base of the 4 lobes, the lobes slightly unequal,
semicircular, 2.5-3 mm long, 5—6 mm wide at the base ; petals 4, sub-
orbicular, 8 mm in diameter, rounded at the apex; staminal disk well
developed; stamens numerous, the filaments exceeding 1 cm in length;
the anthers 1.2 mm long; ovary 2-celled, each cell containing numerous
small ovules, the ovarian wall just within the margin with a conspicuous
row of oil-glands; fruit white to reddish, attaining a diameter of nearly
1.5 cm, the pseudostalk usually reduced to about 1 mm, the calyx-lobes
persistent, conspicuous.

A tree 15-20 m high, with trunks about 25 cm in diameter, the
ultimate branches covered with grayish or reddish bark; leaves borne on
petioles 2-8 mm long, the lamina chartaceous, elliptic or oblanceolate,
8-13 tm long, 3-4.8 cm wide, acute or shallowly cordate at the base, at
the apex acuminate, usually sharply, often conspicuously glandular-punc-
tate; primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib 9-13, usually
forming two definite submarginal veins.

The original description of Myrtus tripinnata contained many errors, as Blanco
tiiinsolf recognized before the publication of the second edition. In many ways
the species suggested is Eugenia luzonensis Merrill, but one point seems to be
conclusive as showing its difference from that species. The flowers are said to
form a terminal umbel, whereas in E. luzonensis they are never entirely terminal,
and only one collection has been found on which they are partially terminal.
They are very widely paniculately disposed, the single flowers umbellate, sessile
or subsessile, whereas those of the species here described as E. tripinnata, though
not truly umbellate, might be roughly so characterized. They also are more often

358

ItOBINSON.

terminal, 'ilie common name given by Blanco Malaruhat na pula, is often used
for E. luzonensis, and it is by no means unlikely that be confused the two closely
allied species.

I be synonym h. cymosa is merely based upon Villar’s identification with it of
Blanco’s species, to which it has no close alliance. E. cymosa Lam. has not been
found in the Philippines.

Endemic.

24. Eugenia rubropurpurea sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis cymosis, caulifioris; floribus breviter pedicellatis, tetra-
meris, mediocrjs, rubropurpureis : foliis anguste ellipticis, basi acutis,
apice breviter obtuseque acuminatis, venis utrinque 25-30.

Flowers borne on very short tubercles on the older parts of the branches
below the leaves, the cymes fascicled, usually 3-flowered, either distinct
as far as the tubercle or united with other cymes, the flowers articulated
with the pedicels and the latter once or twice articulated, the ultimate
pedicels 1.5—2 mm long, the entire fascicle not exceeding 3 cm in length,
but of greater diameter: calyx nearly campanulate, 1-1.2 cm long,
including a pseudostalk 2-3 mm long, the apex of the tube at anthesis
about 7 mm in diameter, bearing 4 broadly ovate rounded lobes 3—4
mm long ; petals 4, orbicular or orbicular-ovate, 7.5 mm long, (1.5— 8
mm wide, rounded at the apex, usually with many veins and several large
but not very conspicuous glands; staminal disk conspicuous; stamens
nearly 200, their filaments 1.5— 1.7 cm long, their anthers versatile,
yellowish, lanceolate, 0.7-0.8 mm long: ovary inferior, 2-celled, or when
young with 2 false partitions at the base, each cell containing several
ovules; style 2.2 cm long or slightly longer in fruit, terete, slender.

A small tree about 5 mm high, its trunk 8 cm in diameter, the bark
of the younger branches gray to grayish-brown, smooth or only slightly
striate; leaves with petioles 1-2 cm long and 2-5 mm in diameter, often
conspicuously annular-rugose when old, the lamina coriaceous, narrowly
elliptic to elliptic, 25—33 cm long, 5.2-10.5 cm wide, acute and somewhat
decurrent at the base, at the apex shortly and obtusely acuminate;
primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib 25—30, with some of the
intervening veins almost equally prominent, the anastomoses * fairly
numerous, forming a vein about 1.5 mm from the margin, and a less
conspicuous vein about 0.5 mm from the margin, the lower surface
minutely glandular-lepidote.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 9386 (type), 9380,
9398, 9465 Whitford d Hutchinson. Basii.an, Isabela, For. Bur. 4830 Hutchinson.

25. Eugenia rubrovenia sp. nov.

Tnflorescentiis terminalibus, axillaribus, vel in ramis subtus foliis,
brevibus, paucifloris; floribus parvis, sessilibus : calycis tubo turbinato,
lobis 4 ; petalis liberis : foliis breviter petiolatis vel subsessilibus, charta-
ceis, ellipticis vel- elliptico-oblanceolatis, basi acutis, apice acuminatis;
venis utrinque 11-15.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OB’1 PHILIPPINE MY RT ACE/E. 351)

Inflorescences terminal, or in the axils of present or fallen leaves, the
peduncles not exceeding 1 cm in length or almost wanting, cymose, few-
flowered, the individual flowers sessile, subtended by short bracteoles :
calyx-tube 2-3 mm long, of which about the basal 1 mm forms a pseudo-
stalk, 2. 5-3. 5 mm wide at the base of the lobes; calyx-lobes 4, somewhat
unequal, 1.5-2 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, rounded; petals 4, suborbicular,
about 2.5 mm in diameter ; stamens numerous, the filaments 2 mm long,
the anthers 0.3 mm long; style 4—5 mm long; ovary 2-celled, few-ovuled.

A small tree, its branches terete, the branchlets 4-angled, covered with
gray bark: leaves with petioles not exceeding 3 mm long or subsessile,
chartaceous, elliptic to elliptic-oblaneeolate, 12-18 cm long, 4-7 cm wide,
the base acute and decurrent, the apex rather abruptly contracted into
a short acumen, brownish when dry, the under surface somewhat paler,
glandular-dotted; primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib 11—15,
immersed in the upper surface, projecting from the lower and distinct,
purplish, forming a definite submarginal vein, or sometimes one or more
of the most basal forming an outer vein; secondary reticulation evident
but more often inconspicuous.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 973 (type), s. n.

26. Eugenia conglobata sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis axillaribus vel ramifloris, pedunculis pedicellisque brevis-
simis; calycis tubo turbinato vel subrotato, lobis 4, rotundatis; petalis
liberis; disco evoluto; staminibus numerosis: foliis submembranaceis,
ellipticis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, basi acutis, apice anguste acuminatis;
venis utrinque 8-14.

Cymes greatly condensed, few- to several-flowered, axillary or on older
branches, both peduncles and pedicels very short, never exceeding 3 mm :
calyx-tube turbinate or subrotate, 4 mm long, 5-7 mm wide at the base
of the lobes ; calyx-lobes 4, 2.5-3 mm long, 3-3.5 mm wide, rounded at
the apex ; petals 4, free, orbicular-ovate, 3.5 mm long; disk well developed ;
stamens numerous, the filaments about 5 mm long, anthers suborbicular,
about 0.2 mm in diameter; style nearly 1 cm long, ovary 2-celled.

A tree 12 m high, with a trunk 30 cm in diameter, the branchlets
covered with cinnamon-colored striate bark: leaves with petioles 5-10
mm long, the lamina chartaceous, glandular-dotted, elliptic or oblong-
lanceolate, 9-14 cm long, 3-6.5 cm wide, the base acuminately acute, the
apex forming a slender but obtuse acumen 1-2 cm long; primary lateral
veins on each side of the midrib 8-14, the basal 2-4 not conspicuously
uniting with the more apical ones and therefore not aiding to form the
submarginal vein.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Sax River, at 45 m elevation, Williams
2359 (type). Luzon, Province of Camarines, Caramoan, San Roque, For. Bur.
106 77 Curran. The latter collection has more numerously veined leaves than the
type, but there seems to be no essential difference. E. rubrivenia is also very
close, but differs by its paler bark, nearly sessile leaves, and sessile flowers.

ROBINSON.

360

27. Eugenia subfoetida sp. nov.

Inllorescentiis tenninalibus vel lateralibus, brevibus, paucifloris: calycis
tubo turbinato; Jobis 4, rotundatis: foliis subcoriaceis, lanceolatis, basi
acutis decurrentibusque, apice subcaudato-acuminatis ; vonis utrinque
10-12.

Cymes terminal or axillary, 1-3-flowered, only 1 cm long, excluding
the style, peduncles present but not more than 2 mm long, individual
flowers sessile or with very short pedicels, subtended by ovate bracteoles
less than 1 mm long but comparatively conspicuous; calyx-tube turbinate,
3 mm long, 3.5-4 mm wide at the base of the lobes; calyx-lobes 4, rounded,
3-3.5 mm long, 3-5 mm wide; petals 4, free, orbicular-ovate, 4 mm long;
disk present; stamens numerous, the filaments 6-8 mm long, the anthers
suborbicular, only 0.2 mm in diameter; style 1 cm long; ovary 2-celled,
its walls containing an unusually well-defined row of oil-glands.

A tree 10 m high, with a trunk 10 cm in diameter, its branchlets
covered with gray or brownish bark : leaves with petioles 2-3 mm long,
the lamina subcoriaceous, lanceolate, 9-13 cm long, 3-4 cm wide, the
base acute and decurrent on the petiole almost to its insertion, the apex
contracted into a very slender acumen; primary lateral veins on each side
of the midrib 10-12, forming a very definite submarginal vein from base
to apex, but none of the veins more than harely visible on the upper
surface.

Palawan, Mount Victoria, at an elevation of 1050 m, Bur. Sci. 685 Foxworthy.
Flowers white, with a slightly disagreeable odor.

28. Eugenia barnesii Merr. in Philip. Journ. 8'ci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 104.

Jambosa barnesii Merr. Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 37.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Larnao River, For. Bur. 11/0

Barnes, For. Bur. 733, 1198, 1236 Borden, For. Bur. 277 If Meyer, Whitford 251.

In spite of the small size of the calyx-lobes, which are usually only 7-8 mm
long, they are broadly rounded, and in all other respects the plant is a typical
Jambosa, and clearly allied to the species with which it is here placed. The
petals are entirely separate, but early deciduous.

Allied to E. paucipunctata Koord. & Val., from which it is easily distinguished
by its much fewer and larger flowers.

Endemic.

Local names, Malacolubcob, Malacolubcub, Putyan.

29. Eugenia subsessilis sp. nov.

lnflorescentiis terminalibus, brevissime pedunculatis et pedicellatis,
floribus mediocris, tetrameris : foliis breviter petiolatis, lanccolatis,
oblongo-lanceolatis vel elliptico-lanceolatis, basi cordatis vel obtusis, apice
acuminatis; venis utrinque 10-12, vena submarginali intemipta.

Inflorescence terminal, 3-5-flowered, the peduncles and peduncles 1-2
mm long; calyx-tube glandular, turbinate, 1.5 cm long and of about
equal diameter at the base of the lobes, projecting nearly 1 cm beyond
the ovary, calyx-lobes 4, unequal, rounded, 3-4 mm long, 5-8 mm wide

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEAL 361

at the base; petals and stamens unknown; staminal disk well developed;
style slender, attaining a length of 4 cm; ovary containing 2 cells each
with several ovules : fruit 2 cm in diameter, globose not including the
persistent free portion of the calyx-tube or the more or less deciduous
lobes, 2-celled with one seed in each.

A tree 6-9 m high, its trunk 10-12.5 cm in diameter, covered with
pinkish-gray bark, the ultimate branchlets terete, somewhat flattened at
the enlarged nodes, the ultimate ones sometimes slightly angled, covered
with bark varying in color from gray to brown; leaves borne on petioles
1-4 mm long, the lamina chartaceous, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or
elliptic-lanceolate, 10-20 cm long, 3-7 cm wide, the base cordate or
merely obtuse, the apex acuminate, straight or subfalcate ; primary lateral
veins on each side of the midrib 10—12, curved-ascending, at least some,
usually about 5, of the basal veins connected with the main submarginal
vein by slight anastomoses only but contributing to form one or more
inconspicuous veins lying without the main submarginal vein but not
prolonged to the apex.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Santa Cruz, Williams 271/8 (type) : District of
Zamboanga, San Ramon, Hallier s. n.j Saccal Island, For. Bur. 6113 Hutchinson.

Wood utilized as material in house-building on Basilan, where it is known as
Tambistambis or Gulagan.

30. Eugenia crassipes sp. nov.

Jambosa vulgaris Merr. in For. Bur. Bull. (Philip.) 1 (1903) 43, non DC. Prodr.
3 (1828) 286.

Eugenia javanica ? Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 105, non Lam.
Encycl. 3 (1789) 200.

Local name, Calubcob, Bataan.

Inflorescentiis terminalibus, pedunculis pedicellisque crassis, congestis
vel subcongestis, floribus admodum magnis, tetrameris: foliis ellipticis vel
lanceolatis, basi obtusis, baud cordatis, rarius subacutis; venis utrinque
10-12. v

Cymes terminal, the peduncles and pedicels stout, in all less than 2
cm long to the base of the terminal flower, 5-flowered, the pedicels 4-8
mm long : calyx-tube turbinate, in length 1 cm or slightly more to the
base of the lobes and there 10-13 mm in diameter; calyx-lobes 4, 3-5
mm long, 5-8 mm wide, broadly rounded; petals 4, white, suborbicular,
8 mm in diameter; disk well developed; stamens very numerous, the
filaments about 1.5 cm and the narrow anthers about 1.5 mm long; style
3.5 cm long; ovary 2-celled.

The type described as a small tree 3 m high with a trunk 3 cm in
diameter, the branchlets terete or flattened toward the apex covered with
gray or yellowish-gray bark : leaves with petioles 2-3 mm long, the lamina
chartaceous, elliptic or lanceolate, 16 to at least 20 cm long, 6-9 cm wide,
the base not cordate, obtuse or subacute ; primary lateral veins on each

85754 11 '

362

ROBINSON.

side of the midrib 10-12, arching and forming a definite submarginal
vein except sometimes near the base, veins of lower orders loosely anas-
tomosing, distinct on both surfaces but hardly conspicuous.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, For. Bur. 193
Barnes (type), Ahern 751. With these may possibly belong For. Bur. 1/281
Klemme, collected at San Vicente, Province of Cagayan, Luzon, with similar
inflorescence, but the flowers more attenuate below, longer petioles, but smaller
leaves.

31. Eugenia subrotundifol ia sp. nov.

Floribus permagnis, cymoso-paniculatis : calycis tubo turbinato, lobis
4; disco stamineo conspicuo; staminibus numerosissimis ; ovario 2-cellu-
lari: foliis coriaceis, ovalibus, late ovatis, late obovatis, vel subrotundis,
basi rotundatis, apice breviter acuminatis.

Flowers terminal on thickened usually short lateral or terminal branch-
lets, the inflorescence 1-9-flowered, cymose-paniculate, the ultimate
pedicels stout, 3-15 mm long, or in terminal flowers sometimes wanting,
the bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, acute, 2.5—3 mm long: calyx-tube
turbinate, 2 cm in diameter at the base of the lobes; the lobes 4, unequal,
semiorbicular, 8 mm long, 8—12 mm wide; staminal disk conspicuous;
stamens very numerous, the filaments 2-2.5 cm long, dilated at the base,
the anthers oblong-lanceolate, 1.5 mm long; style 3—4 cm long, thickened
near the base and there 1.5 mm wide; ovary 2-celled, the cells containing
each several ovules, or all except one aborting, the walls thick, containing
a row of glands ; ovules about 2 mm long.

A tree attaining a height of 15 m and a trunk-diameter of 50 cm, the
bark of the branches grayish or brownish, that of the flowering branchlets
yellow, brown, or purplish : leaves with stout usually purplish petioles
2-3 mm long, the lamina coriaceous, oval, broadly ovate, broadly obovate,
or nearly round, 8-15 cm long, 6-11.5 cm wide, the base rounded or
truncate or at the extreme base often acute, the apex very shortly acu-
minate; primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib 7-10, arched,
forming a very definite submarginal vein and a fainter but equally
definite one still nearer the margin, one or both surfaces at least when
dry often brownish or purplish.

Batanes Islands, Batan Island, Santo Domingo de Basco, Bur. Sci. 3591/ Finix
(type), Bur. Sci. 3203 M earns ; Fuga Island, Bur. Sci. 3237 Mcarns. Luzon,
Province of Cagayan, Abulug, For. Bur. 17109 Curran: Province of Ilocos Norte,
Cuming 1251: Province of Tayabas, between Paete (Laguna) and Piapi, For.
Bur. 10121 Curran ; Tinuan River, Whitford 756; Mauban, For. Bur. 10185
Curran; Atimonan, Whitford 701/: Province of Sorsogon, Sugod Bay, For. Bur.
5161/ Bridges.

Compared with tlie type of E. amplexicaulis -Roxb. to which it is allied, by
W. W. Smith Esq., of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, who finds that it
differs from that species by its stouter pedicels, flowers half as large again, and
comparatively much broader leaves.

Local names, Bagacbac, Batan Island; Baracbac, Cagayan; Malaambu, Tinuan
River; Barangan, Sorsogon.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYETACEJE. 363

32. Eugenia mindanaensis sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis terminalibus, axillaribus, vel rarius in axillis defoliatis,
gracilibus, saepius trifloris; floribus mediocris, 3, terminalibus sessilibus,
vel etiam singulis in ramulis lateralibus suffultis, tetrameris, caljcis tubi
superiore parte campanulata subtus valde angRstata; foliis chartaceis,
subsessilibus, oblanceolatis vel ellipticis, basi cordatis, apice acuminatis,
venis utrinque 12-14.

Individual inflorescences solitary or paired, 3-5.5 cm long, terminal,
axillar}', or sometimes in the axils of fallen leaves, most often containing
2-4 greenish- white sessile. flowers at the apex of a slender articulated
peduncle, or with an additional flower on one or both sides below the
apex, these latter borne on pedicels which increase in length according
to the distance from the apex : upper portion of the calyx-tube campanu-
late, rather abruptly contracted into a narrow pseudostalk, the latter
about 6 mm long, the upper portion of the tube 4 mm long and G mm
wide at the base of the lobes, its apex extending about 4 mm beyond the
ovary, lobes 4, rounded, unequal, though not conspicuously, 2-3.5 mm
long, 4-5 mm wide, the margins similar to the petals; petals 4, 6-7 mm
long, their margins involute, if spread about 5 mm wide, at the base
contracted into a claw 1 mm wide and at least as long; staminal disk
well developed; stamens numerous, the filaments 7-10 mm long, anthers
0.6-0. 7 mm long; ovary 2-celled, near the apex of the tube, style 12-15
mm long, stigma capitate, small but fairly conspicuous for the genus.

A tree 6 m high, its trunk 10 cm in diameter, the branchlets terete or
somewhat compressed at the apices, covered with grayish to brownish
bark; leaves with petioles not exceeding 2 mm or almost wanting, the
chartaceous lamina oblanceolate to elliptic, often somewhat oblique, 7-17
cm long, 3-8 cm wide, the base cordate, often more or less overlapping
the stem, the apices forming an obtuse acumen; primary lateral veins on
each side of the midrib 12-14, rather slender but forming a very definite
submarginal vein, another less conspicuous intervening between it and
the margin.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Santa Cruz, Williams 27 52 (type), 2801: Lake
Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 1/77. Dinagat, Ahern 1/7 9. Basilan,
DeVore & Hoover 71.

Williams 2801 seems certainly to belong with the other collections here cited,
hut is remarkable for having the calyx developed into a berry about 1 cm in
diameter, bearing upon its apex not only the unchanged calyxdobes, but the
stamens and style. Both this collection and that of Mrs. Clemens record the
fruit as edible, the former noting that it rarely contains seeds.

Local name, Tambis, Dinagat and Basilan.

33. Eugenia javanica Lam. Encycl. 3 (1789) 200, pro maxima parte.

? E. jambos Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 416, non Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 470.

Jambosa alba G. Don Gen. Hist. Diehl. PI. 2 (1832) 868.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Manila, Ahern 735, Merrill 1/106, Bur. Sci. 6710
Robinson.

Unfortunately, the three species E. javanica, E. calubcob, and E. mindanaensis

364

ROBINSON.

must be left in an unsatisfactory condition. E. subrotundi folia is undoubtedly
allied, but quite distinct. E. mindanaensis seems separable in the herbarium by
its smaller flowers, but is probably closer to what is here named E. javanica.

Regarding the remaining two, there seems to be no tangible method of separat-
ing them in the herbarium except by at least nearly mature fruit. When living
trees at that stage are examined, there is no doubt possible as to their distinctness.
The calyx-lobes of the “calubcob” have retained their size at flowering, are not
thickened, and are widespreading or reflexed; the disk between them being nearly
flat: the other species, here locally called “macupa,” has the calyx-lobes very
fleshy, incurved and nearly concealing the disk. The trees are different in habit,
and the two can be compared side by side in the Manila Botanical Gardens.

In attempting to correlate these with the species of other countries, there is
considerable difficulty. E. javanica and E. subglanca Koord. & Val. are constantly
separable by the leaves, those of the former having the odor of cinnamon, those
of the latter entirely odorless. This test is of no assistance here. Leaves taken
from the two trees above mentioned were at once compared, and both when
crushed, had the same odor, which did not suggest that of cinnamon or of cloves
to any of several persons present. To me, the odor most strongly suggests that
of similarly crushed leaves of Myrica carolincnsis of the Atlantic coast of North
America; the fruit, which rarely contains seeds, has a faintly coniferous taste.

“Macupa” seems not to exist in the Philippines apart from cultivation, “calub-
cob” is widely distributed, usually if not always along streams, and is in all
probability indigenous. All attempts to satisfactorily identify it with exotic
species having failed, it is here described as new.

It has been the custom to reduce E. jambos Blanco to E. malaccensis Linn.,
but it much more likely belongs here. I have not been able to get any record of
E. malaccensis anywhere in the neighborhood of Manila.

34. Eugenia calubcob sp. nov.

E. montana Naves in FI. Filip, ed. 3 (1877) pi. Uj5, dubie Blanco 1. c. (1837)
416, non aliorum.

E. javanica Auct. Philip., pro majore parte, non Lam. 1. c.

Inflorescentiis saepissime terminalibus, sed etiam in ramis subtus foliis
suffultis, floribus sessilibus vel pedicellatis, spurie racemose vel subcorym-
bose dispositis : calycis lobis 4, rotundatis, sub fructu nec incrassatis nee
incurvatis ; petalis 4, liberis : foliis chartaceis, lanceolatis ad ovalibus, basi
cordatis vel obtusis, apice breviter obtuse acuminatis ; venis utrinque
10-15.

Inflorescences on any part of the branch from below the leaves to the
apex, 6-18 cm long, including the flowers, the individual flowers sessile
or with pedicels up to 5 mm long, usually in threes at the apices of the
branches of the cyme, or often solitary on its lower branches, then falsely
longer-pedicelled : calyx-tube turbinate, about 1 cm in length to the bases
of the lobes and there of about 1 cm diameter; calyx-lobes 4, 2.5-5 mm
long, 4-7 mm wide at the base, the apex rounded; petals 4, free, white,
orbicular-ovate, 6-8 mm in diameter; disk thick; stamens numerous, the
filaments 10-15 mm long, the anthers about 0.7 mm long; style 2. 5-3. 5
cm long; ovary 2-celled, each cell with several ovules: fruit edible, 2-3
cm in diameter, the calyx -lobes withering-persisting, erect, spreading, or
recurved, not becoming fleshy, nor strongly incurved, the disk flat or
nearly so, 1-celled, not more than one perfect seed found.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEJE. 365

Varying from a shrub to a tree 30 m high, with a trunk-diameter up
to 55 cm, the branches covered with grayish to dark-reddish bark, the
branchlets usually drooping, with a tendency to red also frequently seen
on dried leaves : leaves subsessile or with petioles up to 6 mm long, the
lamina chartaceous, pellucid-punctate, lanceolate to elliptic, oblong, or
oval, 7.5-23 cm long, 2-10 cm wide, the base cordate or obtuse, the apex
forming a short and blunt acumen; primary lateral veins on each side of
the midrib 10-15, submarginal veins two or more, the basal veins usually
not strongly uniting with the more apical.

Babuyanes Islands, Camiguin Island, Bur. Sci. 3986 F&nix. Luzon, Province
of Ilocos Sur, Dolores, For. Bur. 7 118 Klemme: Province of Benguet, Twin Peaks,
Elmer 6350, For. Bur. 10807 Curran: Province of Nueva Ecija, near San Jos<$,
For. Bur. 81/63 Curran: Province of Pampanga, Arayat, Merrill 1378: Province
of Bulacan, Angat, For. Bur. 11172 Aguilar; Norzagaray, For. Bur. 7201 Curran:
Province of Rizal, Manila, Bur. Sci. 6789 Robinson; Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 6756
Robinson (type), Merrill 1885, For. Bur. 2860 Ahern’s collector ; San Mateo, For.
Bur. 1106 Ahern’s collector ; Antipolo, Merrill 1702, Bur. Sci. 2187 Ramos; Tanay,
Merrill 2299: Province of Laguna, Santa Maria Mavitac, For. Bur. 10078 Curran;
Mavitac, Bur. Sci. 6533 Robinson: Province of Batangas, San Juan, For. Bur. 7711/
Curran & Merritt: Province of Tayabas, Tinuan River, Whitford 819; San Andreas,
For. Bur. 1031/9 Curran; Hingoso, For. Bur. 10286 Curran; Catanauan, For. Bur.
6616 Kobbe: Province of Camarines, Pasacao, Ahern 38, 11/3, 11/5: Province of
Albay, Cuming 888. Mindoro, Cuming 1505; Mangarin, For. Bur. 9787 Merritt ;
Pola, Merrill 2379; lriron, For. Bur. 9700 Merritt; Dungay River valley, For. Bur.
1/01/0 Merritt; Busuangan, For. Bur. 9728 Merritt ; Pinamalayan, For. Bur. 5381/
Merritt. Guimaras, Nueva Valencia, For. Bur. -61/83 Everett. Balabac, Bur.
Sci. 393 Mangubat.

In contrast to its botanical difficulties, there is probably no other Philippine
species so definitely recognized throughout Luzon, except “duhat” {E. jambolana) ,
the names being mostly mere variants of that here adopted for the specific name,
appearing on different sheets as Calubcob, calobcob, calubcub, cupcup, calugcog,
carobcob, cayogpug, calopcop, the last from Mindoro: from Pinamalayan and
Nueva Ecija comes the almost inevitable malaruhat, and on two sheets, one of
them with a query, it is called tampoi, which belongs more properly to E. jambos.
The Mangyans of southwestern Mindoro know it as tuoy, and in Abra it is
baracbac.

35. Eugenia cinnamomea Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 173.

E. pellucida F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 85, non Duthie, in Hook. f. FI. Br.
Ind. 4 (1878) 485.

Luzon, Province of Ilocos Norte, For. Bur. 13910 Merritt & Darling: Province
of Zambales, For. Bur. 6921 Curran; Iba, For. Bur. 1101/7 ZschoJcke: Province of
Rizal, Bosoboso, Merrill 1861/ : Province of Albay, Cuming 81/6. Mindoro, Baco,
Merrill 1175; Maugao, For. Bur. 981/7 Merritt.

Local names, Langlangis, Ilocos; Guenayang, Rizal; Pusopuso, Mindoro.

Endemic.

36. Eugenia williamsii sp. nov.

Floribus terminalibus, corymbosis, pedicellatis : calycis lobis 4, inaequa-
libus, patentibus ; petalis 4, liberis ; staminibus numerosis : foliis oblongis,
anguste oblongis vel ellipticis, basi acutis, apice acute acuminatis.

Flowers forming a terminal, trichotomous, divaricate, corymbose cyme

366

ROBINSON.

5 cm long, the rachis and its branches purplish, subterete, bearing very
short wide bracteoles at its forks, pedicels 2.5-4 mm long: calyx-tube
6-8 mm long, 2.5 mm wide at the base of the lobes, thence uniformly
narrowed to its base; calyx-lobes 4, unequal, the larger 3.5 mm long, 5.5
mm wide, the smaller 3 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, rounded or barely and
very obtusely acuminate at the apex ; petals 4, white, 8 mm long, 6 mm
wide; staminal disk thick; stamens about 100, the filaments 14-20 mm
long, anthers 0.8 mm long; ovary 2-celled, the lumen forming slightly
more than half the diameter of the ovary, each cell containing many
ovules: fruit including the persistent calyx-lobes nearly 3 cm long, ovoid,
thin-walled, 1-celled, 1-seeded.

A tree, 12-15 m high, its trunk 12.5-20 cm in diameter, the branches
covered with reddish or blackish bark, which cracks when dry, that of the
ultimate branches grayish or brownish, together with the petioles and the
inflorescence more or less densely covered with brown or purplish glandular
hairs: leaves with petioles 6—9 mm long, the lamina subcoriaceous, upper
surface shining, olivaceous, under surface reddish or brown and dull,
oblong, narrowly oblong, or elliptic, 7—13 cm long, 2.5— 6.5 cm wide, acute
or very shortly acuminate and decurrent at the base, the apex usually
prolonged into a subacute acumen about 1 cm long; primary lateral veins
on each side of the midrib 9-12, submarginal vein indefinite.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Sax River, Williams 2128. Basilan, Bi-
nuagan, For. Bur. 6119 Hutchinson.

Closely allied to E. cinnamo'mca Vidal, differing not only by its acute leaf-tips,
but by the smaller flowers, and less distinct venation.

Local name, Malatambis, Basilan.

37. Eugenia longiflora F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 86.

Syzygium longiflorum Presl Bot. Beinerk. (1844) 70.

Eugenia marivelesensis Merr. in Philip. Jour. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 106.

Jambosa lineata Merr. in For. Bur. Bull. (Philip.) 1 (1903) 43, pro parte, non
DC. Prodr. 3 (1828) 287.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Cuming 1296: Province of Principe, Baler, Merrill
1069: Province of Isabela, Cauayan, Bur. Sci-. 7978 Ramos: Province of Rizal,
San Mateo, For. Bur. 1133 Ahern’s collector ; Tanay, Merrill 2SJt2 : Province of
Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, For. Bur. 618, 1522, 2922 Borden, For.
Bur. 2597 Meyer: Province of Tayabas, Piapi, For. Bur. 10129 Curran; Lucban,
Elmer 821/1, 9089; Gumaca, For. Bur. 6073 Kobbe. Palawan, Dawara trail, For.
Bur. 71/31 Manalo; Iwahig River, Merrill 757 neither quite typical. Mindanao,
Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 912: District of Zamboanga, Tetuan,
Ahern 593. Negros, Mount Silay, For. Bur. 7266 Everett.

The identification of Presl’s and Merrill’s species is made by description, added
to the fact that the type of the former was collected by Cuming. In all floral
characters it belongs to Jambosa, but the leaf-venation is close, as is more usual
in Syzygium. Cuming 1296 is listed by \idal as a Syzygium , and the descrip-
tion agrees exactly with that number and with no other species of Eugenia
collected by Cuming.

This species is almost identical vegetatively with E. lineata (Blums) Duthie,

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEiE. 367

and the inflorescence and flowers are also similar, but not identical. The flowers
and the calyx-lobes of E. longiflora are much the larger, probably sufficiently so to
hold the species distinct. Incidentally, the name E. lineata is not tenable for the
Indo- Javan species, as it is preoccupied as such by E. lineata DC. Prodr. 3 (1828)

273, a West Indian species, and as Myrthus lineata (liniata) Blume Bijdr. (1826)
1087, is similarly antedated by the original of the latter, Myrtns lineata Sw. FI.
Ind. Occid. (1800) 891. Assuming the correctness of the reduction by Koorders &
Valeton, its oldest tenable name seems to be E. cerasiformis DC. Prodr. 3 (1828)

274, based on Myrtus cerasiformis Blume Bijdr. (1826) 1088.

Local names, Malaruhat, Baler, Lamao, Piapi, Mindoro, and Gumaca; Guisihan
at Tanay.

Endemic.

38. Eugenia macgregorii sp. nov.

Syzygium caryophyllaceum Merr. in For. Bur. Bull. (Philip.) 1 (1903) 44,
non S. caryophyllaeum Gaertn. Fruct. 1 (1788) 186, pi. 33.

Inflorescentiis terminalibus vel subterminalibus, cymosis: calycis tubo
turbinato, lobis 4, rotundatis; pctalis liberis; staminibus mimerosis,
antheris minutis : foliis ellipticis vel ovalibus, basi acutis, apice rotundatis
vel breviter obtuse acuminatis ; venis utrinque 14—17.

Cymes terminal, widely branched, many-flowered, 5-7 cm long, the
individual flowers sessile or a few of them on pedicels 1-2 mm long:
calyx-tube turbinate, 6.5-7. 5 mm long, of which the basal half is greatly
narrowed, 4-6 mm wide at the base of the lobes ; calyx-lobes 4, rounded,
1.5 mm long, 3-4 mm wide; petals 4, white, 4-5 mm in diameter, certainly
usually free, possibly sometimes falling calyptrately ; disk thin; stamens
numerous, the filaments 8-9 mm long, the anthers 0.3 mm long; style
about 1 cm long; ovary 2-celled.

A small tree, attaining a height of 12 m and a trunk-diameter of 30
cm, the branchlets covered with grayish to brownish bark: leaves with
petioles 5-10 mm long, the lamina subcoriaceous, purplish-brown, elliptic,
oblong-elliptic, oval, or obovate, 4.5-10.5 cm long, 2.5-8 cm wide, the base
acute the apex rounded, retuse, or more often forming a very short and
broadly obtuse acumen; primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib
14-17, often but little more conspicuous than some of the secondaries,
forming a definite vein near the margin, and frequently an irregular
much less conspicuous outer vein extending through the basal two-thirds
of the leaf.

Bohol, Tagbilaran, McGregor 1279 (type) ; Guindulman, McGregor 1260.
Masbate, Bulo River, For. Bur. 1707 Clark. Negros, Province of Negros Oc-
cidental, San Carlos, For. Bur. 12Jt07 Danao. Mindoro, Calapan, For. Bur. 5307
Merritt. Tinago, Ahern Ifit. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs.
Clemens 1201.

The type was collected on cliffs along the coast, Clark and Danao obtained
their material in mangrove swamps, and the former reports the fruit as black and
edible.

Name given doubtfully from Negros as Malatampoy ; from Tinago as Palo
Maria, which belongs to Calophyllum inophyllum.

368

ROBINSON.

f

39. Eugenia leptogyna sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis terminalibus vel subterminalibus, cymosis, floribus pedi-
cellatis vel rarius sessilis; calycis tubo angusto, medio vel supra medium
sensim incrassato, sub apice iterum angustato, apice late divaricato, lobis
4, rotundatis; petalis 4, liberis; disco evoluto; staminibus numerosis;
foliis chartaceis, oblongo-lanceolatis vel lanceolatis, basi acutis, apice
acuminatis; venis utrinque 15-18.

Inflorescences terminal or subterminal, cymose, 5-9 cm long, 1-11-
flovvered, the individual flowers on pedicels 5—12 mm long, or sessile;
calyx-tube 15—21 mm long, at the base 1 mm or slightly more in diameter,
in the middle or above the middle swollen to 2.5 mm, below the apex
again contracted to 2 mm, near the apex widely spreading and about 8
mm at the base of the lobes; lobes 4, widely rounded, 3.5-5 mm long,
6-8 mm wide; petals 4, white, orbicular-ovate to oval, 8-10 mm in
diameter; disk present; stamens numerous, the filaments about 2 cm long,
the anthers nearly 1 mm long; style 3-3.5 cm long, persistent; ovary
within the swollen portion of the calyx-tube, 2-celled.

A tree 25 m high, its trunk 32 cm in diameter, the somewhat slender
branchlets covered with gray or brownish bark; leaves with petioles 6-10
mm long, the lamina chartaceous, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, rarely
oblong, 8-16 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, the base acute, the apex contracted
into a somewhat slender obtuse acumen; primary lateral veins on each side
of the midrib 15-18, forming a definite submarginal vein and one or two
fainter ones between it and the margin.

Mindoro, south of Lake Naujan, in hill forests at 50 m elevation, For. Bur.
6839 Merritt. Very remarkable among Philippines species for its very slender
calyx-tube.

The flowers are noted as very fragrant.

Very closely related to E. cylindrica Wight. The figure of the latter in the
leones pi. 528 may well stand for the present species except for the venation
of the leaves, which is distinctly different, and said by Duthie 10 to be very
characteristic of the Indian species. I can not reconcile his description of the
venation with the figure, and our species differs from both, there being two
submarginal veins, not at all unusual in the genus, but the inner is very much
nearer the margin than halfway.

40. Eugenia sulcistyla sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis terminalibus cymosis, alabastris ellipsoideis : calycis lobis
4, rotundatis, stylis longitudinaliter sulcatis: foliis ellipticis, anguste
ellipticis, oblanceolatis, vel ovalibus, basi acutis, apice acuminatis, venis
utrinque 15-20.

Cymes terminal, in late bud nearly 5 cm long, few-flowered, the pedicels
3.5-13 mm long, with a pair of small inconspicuous bracteoles at the
articulation with the flower: calyx-tube brown, 17 mm long, 7-8 mm
wide at the base of the lobes, with them nearly ellipsoid in outline,

10 FI. Br. Ind. 2 (1878) 480.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEiE. 3(59

extending about 7 mm beyond the ovary the basal 2 mm forming a
pseudostalk ; lobes 4, rounded, 4-6 mm long, 8 mm wide, the inner pair
slightly longer than the outer; petals 4, suborbicular, 5-6 mm in diam-
eter; disk evident; stamens numerous, the filaments still only about 5
mm long, the anthers about 1 mm long; style 6 mm long, with several
rather conspicuous longitudinal grooves as in E. jamhos and E. merritti-
ana; ovary close beneath the base of the style, 2-celled, with several ovules.

A tree, its dimensions not stated, the trunk with pinkish-gray -bark,
the branchlets with grayish or brownish bark: leaves with rather stout
petioles 5-10 mm long, the lamina coriaceous, elliptic, narrowly elliptic,
oblanceolate, or oval, the base acute and decurrent, the apex forming an
obtuse acumen about 1.5 cm long; primary lateral veins on each side of
the midrib 15-20, with occasional well defined, secondaries, forming a
definite submarginal vein, the venation nowhere except the midrib very
conspicuous.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Losod, For. Bur. 15873 Bacani.

41. Eugenia jambos Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 470.

E. malaccensis Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 416, saltern pro parte, non Linn. Sp. Pl.
(1753) 470.

Jambosa vulgaris DC. Prodr. 3 (1828) 286.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 18 4 '/5, 18510 Alvarez: Province of
Rizal, Antipolo, Merrill 1673 ; Manila, Merrill 1/105. Negros, Province of Occi-
dental Negros, Gimagaan River, Whitford 161/5. Panay, Cuming 161/8. Samar,
Cuming 1903.

Local names, Tampoi, Tampui, Tampul.

Widely cultivated in the tropics.

42. Eugenia merrittiana sp. nov.

Floribus terminalibus, cymosis et corymbosis, haud pedicellatis, purpur-
eis, speciosis, tetrameris; calycis lobis inaequalibus, deciduis; disco stam-
ineo incrassato; staminibus numerosis, filamentis compressis; ovario 2-
loculari : foliis breviter petiolatis vel subsessilibus, oblongis vel ellipticis,
basi acutis decurrentibusque, apice breviter acuminatis; nervis utrinque
18-25, apicem versus inconspicuis.

Flowers arranged in terminal corymbs or cymes 6-8 cm long, the
terminal flower sometimes the oldest, sometimes the youngest, the rachis
and its branches angled or terete, 1.5-2. 5 mm in diameter, its branches
1-3-flowered with no proper pedicels or these 1 mm long, bractlets
wanting: calyx-tube in all 12-22 mm long, the basal 4-11 mm differen-
tiated into a pseudostalk, the upper portion campanulate, 8-9 mm in
diameter at the base of the lobes; calyx-lobes 4, very unequal, 2-7 mm
long, 4-7 mm wide, broadly rounded, deciduous; petals 4, 5.5-6 mm long,
6.5-8 mm wide, purple, rounded, conspicuously glandular; staminal disk
moderately thick; stamens about 150, the filaments flattened, about 0.4
mm wide, 12-26 mm long, the anthers oblong, 0.6 mm long, 0.4 mm wide;
style 1.5 cm long; ovary 2-celled with several ovules in each cell, ovarian
walls rather thick.

370

ROBINSON.

A tree attaining a height of at least 15 m with a trunk 70 cm in
diameter, the bark of the ultimate branches purplish-black or streaked
with grayish-brown, somewhat striate; leaves opposite, the lamina coria-
ceous, olivaceous or brown when dry, oblong or elliptic, 6-15 cm long,
2.5— 5.5 cm wide, the apex shortly acuminate, at the acute base prolonged
sometimes almost to the insertion of the petiole, sometimes ending as
much as 6 mm from it; the under surface conspicuously glandular;
primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib 18-25, becoming very
inconspicuous toward the extremes.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Montalban, Bur. Sci. 519S Ramos (type) ; Bosoboso,
For. Bur. 31 77 Ahern’s collector: Province of Albay, Batan Island, Calanaga,
Bur. Sci. 6292 Robinson. Mindoro, Paluan, For. Bur. 9920, 991/1 Merritt ; Cayac-
yan Biver, For. Bur. 9751 Merritt.

Local name, Tumulod, at the last-mentioned locality.

43. Eugenia xanthophylla sp. nov.

Floribus axillaribus, lateralibus, rarissime terminalibus, cymosis, mag-
nis, tetrameris, pedicellatis; calycis tubo turbinato, basi baud protracto;
disco stamineo crasso; staminibus numerosissimis ; ovario 2-loculari : foliis
breviter pedicellatis, lineari-oblongis, oblongis, vel ellipticis, basi acutis
decurrentibusque, apice breviter acuminatis; venis utrinque 15-25.

blowers cymose, axillary, or at the apices of short lateral branches,
very rarely truly terminal, the cymes 1-9-flowered, in all 3-5 cm long,
the pedicels 2-12 mm long, with a pair of deciduous bractlets at their
apex: calyx-tube sometimes narrowed to form a pseudostalk for 1.5-3
mm, sometimes rounded to the base, turbinate, 1.6-1. 7 cm long, 1.4-1. 5
cm in diameter at the base of the lobes; prolonged 8-10 mm beyond the
ovary, calyx-lobes 4, unequal, broadly rounded, the larger 5 mm long and
11 mm wide, the smaller 3.5 mm long and 8 mm wide; petals 4, white
or rose, broadly oval or ovate, 8-10 mm long, 7-9 mm wide, occasionally
with one or more smaller petals within and opposite the others; staminal
disk thick; stamens over 1,000, the filaments 1.5—2 cm long, the anthers
1.2 mm long; style 2—3 cm long; ovary 2-celled, with numerous small
ovules arranged in 10-12 rows; fruit edible, attaining a diameter of 2.5
cm, its walls about 1.5 mm in thickness.

A small tree, attaining a height of 20 m, usually less, with pinkish-
gray bark, that of the ultimate branches gray, smooth; leaves borne on
petioles 3-8 mm long, the lamina chartaceous, glandular-punctate, linear-
oblong to oblong or elliptic, 6-24 cm long, 2-4.8 cm wide, acute and
decurrent.at the base, at the apex forming a short acute or obtuse acumen,
the upper surface when dry pale-olivaceous-green to brownish, the under
surface always paler, usually yellowish ; primary lateral veins on each side
of the midrib 15-25, some of the secondary veins often prominent, sub-
marginal vein distinct.

Luzon, Province of Abra, Baco, For. Bur. 11,662 Darling: Province of Nueva
Ecija, Carranglan, Merrill 293; Cuyapo, For. Bur. 9596 Zschokke: Province of

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEiE. 371

Zambales, Mount Malinta, Subig, For. Bur. 7015 Curran; Masinloc, Merrill 291/5;
Rio Baquiling, For. Bur. 6965 Curran; Botolan, Merrill 2930: Province of Bulacan,
Angat, For. Bur. 11171 Aguilar ; Norzagaray, For. Bur. 7211 Curran (type) :
Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Merrill 261/6, For. Bur. 3083 Ahern’s collectQr; Anti-
polo, Bur. 8ci. 5200 Ramos: Province of Tayabas, Guinayangan, For. Bur. 12267
Rosenbluth: Province of Sorsogon, Castila, For. Bur. 15005 Aldor. Mindoro,
Budburin, For. Bur. 9875 Merritt (not typical). Negros, Province of Occidental
Negros, Gimagaan River, For. Bur. 1/296 Everett.

Local names, Balabac, Balocboc, Zambales; Balacbat, Abra; Baracbac, Nueva
Ecija; Bislot, Rizal; Cayococ, Tayabas; Lapinig, Sorsogon; Malatampoy, Negros;
Tampuy, Mindoro.

44. Eugenia triphylla sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis axillaribus, brevissimis, trifloris: floribus magnis, tetra-
meris; foliis brevissime petiolatis, lanceolatis, anguste ellipticis, vel ob-
lanceolatis, basi acutis, decurrentibus, apice obtuse vcl saepius subacute
acuininatis, venis utrinque 15-20.

Inflorescence axillary, the peduncles 2 mm long, pedicels none or coal-
esced with the peduncle; calyx-tube campanulate, 1.3 cm long, 2 cm wide
at the base of the lobes; calyx-lobes 4, 3—6 mm long, about 1 cm wide;
petals 4, pink, nearly orbicular, slightly exceeding 1 cm in diameter;
stamens very numerous, the white filaments attaining a length of 2.5 cm,
the anthers about 0.8 mm long ; style nearly 4 cm long.

A tree 10 m high, the branchlets covered with gray or yellowish bark,
below, terete, near the apices more or less angled ; leaves in threes, with
petioles 0.5-2 mm long, lamina subcoriaceous, lanceolate, narrowly ellip-
tic, or oblanceolate, 4-9 cm long, 1-2.5 cm wide, the base acute, sometimes
spatulate, decurrent, the apex acuminate, sometimes obtusely, more often
subacutely; primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib 15-20, not
very prominent, forming a somewhat faint but definite vein close to the
involute margins.

Basilan, banks of Basilan River, at 150 m elevation, For. Bur. 3971 Hutch-
inson.

Very similar to E. xanthophylla, but apparently distinguished not only by the
number of the leaves, but also by having somewhat larger flowers without pedicels,
and by the venation of the leaves.

Local name, Tubaltubal.

45. Eugenia everettii sp. nov.

Floribus terminalibus, solitariis vel paucis, tetrameris, magnis ; sepalis
valde inaequalibus; petalis liberis; disco stamineo crasso; staminibus
numerosissimis, filamentis teneribus; ovario 2-loculari : foliis lanceolatis
vel ellipticis, breviter petiolatis, chartaceis, basi acutis, apice subacute
acuininatis; venis utrinque 8-12.

Cymes terminal at the apex of the larger or of short lateral branchlets,
1-3-flowered, peduncles and pedicels almost or entirely wanting: flower-
buds nearly ovoid to turbinate; calyx-tube 1.1-1. 5 cm long at anthesis,
and over 1 cm wide at the base of the lobes, extending 6 mm or more

372

ROBINSON.

beyond the ovary, the upper portion often more or less reflexed in fruit;
calyx-lobes 4, unequal, somewhat distant, the larger 6 mm long and
6 mm wide, the smaller 1.5—2 mm long, 4—5 mm wide, all rounded;
petals 4, white, orbicular-ovate, 7-8 mm long, 6-7 mm wide; staminal
disk thick; stamens very numerous, their slender filaments 1.5-2. 5 cm
long, their anthers 1.5 mm long; ovary 2-celled, with many ovules; style
2-3.5 cm long.

A small tree attaining 15 m in height, the bark of the ultimate branches
gray: leaves with petioles 3-7 mm long, the lamina chartaceous or sub-
coriaceous, lanceolate, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 5-13 cm long, 2.5-5 cm
wide, acute and slightly decurrent at the base, the apex prolonged into a
short subacute acumen; lateral veins 8-12, always forming a definite
submarginal vein, and on the broader leaves often a fainter outer one.

Luzon, Province of Camarines, near Lagonoy, For. Bur. 10G51 Curran. Ne-
gros, Province of Negros Occidental, Mount Silay, Whitford 11,96 Whitford d
Everrctt. Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Sax River, Williams 2110, 2189.

11 hitford 1612, from Gimagaan River, Negros, resembles this species in some
respects, but flowers are pedicelled, tlieir attachment unknown, and while it may
possibly serve as a link with E. xanthophylla, it is more probably distinct from
both.

46. Eugenia vidaliana Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. (1909) 584.

Infiorescentiis terminalibus, fructibus subglobosis, unilocularibus, mon-

ospermis, 2 cm diametro ; calycis lobis 4, persistentibus, 2-6 mm longis,
4—5 mm latis; disco evoluto; staminum maculis numerosis: foliis petiolis
circiter 1 cm longis suffultis, laminis chartaceis, oblanceolatis vel ellipticis,
7-13 cm longis, 23-45 mm latis, basi acutis, apice breviter obtuse acumi-
natis; venis utrinque 5-8.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Lucban, Elmer 9161; Guinayangan, For. Bur.
12806 Rosenbluth, the latter in flower. The flowers are white, fragrant, the calyx-
tube is turbinate, or nearly funnel-form, petals 4, suborbicular, 7-8 mm in diame- *
ter; filaments 8-10 mm long; style little exceeding 1 cm: leaves slightly wider
than in the type, the veins both on this and the cotype 10-12: the inflorescence is
a terminal interrupted, leafy, trichotomous cyme, with the flowers solitary or in
threes at the apices of its ultimate branches, on pedicels 0.5-2 mm long or rarely
sessile.

Local name, Macaasim.

Endemic.

47. Eugenia brunnea sp. nov.

Floribus paniculatis, pedicellis 1.2-2 cm longis, calycis lobis tubum
aequantibus vel superantibus, 4; petalis 4, separatim deciduis; staminibus
numerosis; ovario 2-loculari: foliis ellipticis ovatis vel ovalibus; venis
utrinque 9-11.

Flowers forming terminal or lateral 3-7-flowered panicles 4-7 cm long,
the rachis and its branches obscurely 4-angled or terete; flowers borne on
pedicels 1.2-2 cm long, with no pseudostalk or a very short one; tube of
the calyx turbinate, 5 mm long, 7 mm in diameter at the base of the
lobes; lobes 4, nearly equal, the larger 6 mm long and 8 mm wide, broadly

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEiE. 373

rounded; petals 4, suborbicular, 8 mm in diameter; staminal disk thick-
ened; stamens very numerous, their filaments slender, 1—1.5 cm long,
their anthers oblong, 0.7 mm long; style about 2.5 cm long; ovary 2-celled,
its lumen very short, and only one-third of the total width of the ovary:
fruit globose, 2 cm in diameter, crowned by the persistent erect or in-
curved calyx-lobes and the base of the style, its surface marked by many
obscure longitudinal lines.

A tree of unknown size, the bark of the ultipiate branches gray, or on
innovations darker; leaves borne on petioles 5—11 mm long, the lamina
coriaceous or subcoriaceous, when dry brown or olivaceous, o\al, elliptic;
or ovate, 5.5-12 cm long, 2. 7-6. 3 cm wide, gradually or abruptly acute
at the base, decurrent on the petiole, acuminate at the apex ; primary
lateral veins on each side of the midrib 9-11, irregular near the margins,
forming a definite submarginal vein at least beyond the middle of the
leaf, or through incomplete anastomosis two or three submarginal veins.

Luzon, Province of Principe, Baler, Merrill 1009 bis (type), 1088.

Local names, Malaruhat, Malabayabas.

48. Eugenia squamifera sp. nov.

Cymis terminalibus vel lateralibus, 1-7-floris, floribus mediocriter
pedicellatis, magnis, tetrameris : foliis lanceolatis vel oblongis, basi acutis,
apice breviter obtuseque acuminatis; venis utrinque 9—12: nodis saepe
squamiferis.

Cymes terminal or lateral, 4—5 cm long, 1— 1 7-fl.owered, the peduncles and
pedicels terete, the latter 5-12 mm long, with a pair of small bracteoles
at the articulation with the pseudostalk, and several purplish linear-
lanceolate acute scales 3—5.5 mm long at the base of the peduncle oi
sometimes at the insertion of the pedicels or at the forks of the branchlets
or in the axils of the leaves : calyx-tube turbinate, at the base narrowed
into a pseudostalk 2 mm long, in all 1.5-2 cm long and about 1.5 cm in
diameter at the base of the lobes ; calyx-lobes 4, unequal, the larger 4-6
mm long, 7-8 mm wide, the smaller 2-3 mm long, 6 mm wide; petals
4, white, obovate-orbicular, 9 mm in diameter, acuminate at the apex or
irregular in shape and smaller; staminal disk thick; stamens about 600,
their filaments 14-21 mm long, their anthers 1.4 mm long; style 2.5 cm
long ; ovary thick-walled, 2-celled, with few ovules.

A tree 4 m high, its trunk-diameter 10 cm, branches covered with gray
or purplish-brown bark, that of the ultimate ones smooth and shining:
leaves with stout purplish petioles 3-6 mm long, the lamina coriaceous,
olivaceous on the upper surface, pale-green beneath, lanceolate to oblong
or elliptic, 9-18 cm long, 3-7 cm wide, very shortly acuminate and de-
current at the base, the apex shortly and obtusely acuminate; primary
lateral veins on each side of the midrib 9—12, widely separated, in the
middle of the leaf 2 cm apart or even more.

Luzon, Province of Zambales, Mount Balingbuaya, For. Bur. 821f3 Curran d
Merritt.

374

ROBINSON.

49. Eugenia megalantha sp. nov.

Cymis terminalibus, axillaribus, vel in ramis vetustioribus ; tloribus
pleramque longe pedicellatis, magnis, tetrameris, ovario 1- vel 2-loculari:
foliis lanceolatis, oblanceolatis, vel oblongis, basi acutis, apice obtuse
acuminatis vel haud aeuminatis, angustioribus saepe falcatis, venis utrin-
que 11-15.

Cymes 1-5-flowered, terminal or in the axils of present or fallen leaves,
the peduncles very short, the pedicels fascicled, usually long, ranging
from 5 to 27 mm, bearing a pair of minute bracteoles at their articulation
with the pseudostalk, and sometimes at least a few bract-like scales at
the articulation with the peduncle: flowers white: calyx-tube turbinate,
in all 1.9-3 cm long, including a well-defined pseudostalk 2-6 mm long,
at anthesis 2—2.5 cm in diameter at the base of the lobes, extending about
1.5 cm beyond the ovary; calyx-lobes 4, unequal, 7-9 mm long, 1-2 cm
wide, rounded, splitting; petals 4, 1.3-1. 5 cm long, 1. 2-1.6 cm wide,
narrowed into a thick claw at the base; staminal disk very thick; stamens
very numerous, the filaments 1.5-3 cm long, the anthers 1.6 mm long;
style 4 cm long; ovary 1- or unequally 2-celled, with numerous small
ovules.

A spreading tree 8-12 m high, with a trunk 10-20 cm in diameter, the
hark ol the ultimate branches pale-gray: leaves with stout purple petioles
3-8 mm long, the lamina subcoriaceous or chart^ceous, lanceolate, oblan-
ceolate, or narrowly oblong or elliptic, 10-16 cm long, 2.4-S.4 cm wide,
at the base acute and somewhat decurrent, when seen from beneath ap-
pearing subobtuse, the margins revolute, the apex usually shortly and
obtusely acuminate, or on the narrower leaves not acuminate but falcate
and nearly acute; primary lateral veins on either side of the midrib
11— 15^ forming a distinct submarginal vein.

I alam an, Iwahig Kiver, liur. Sci. 781, Foxworthy. In foliage resembling
E. robertii, but widely distinct in its flowers and inflorescence, approaching some
specimens of E. xanthophylla.

50. Eugenia robertii Merr. Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 106.

E. succulenta Elmer Leafl. 1 (1908) 327.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, Elmer 5988, 8621; Bued River near
Loakan, For. Bur. 931 Barnes: Province of Zambales, Mount Balinbuaya, For.
Bur. 821,1, Curran <£- Merritt: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, For. Bur.
2636, 2857 Meyer, For. Bur. 6226 Curran, Whitford 31,9, 1182, 1211: Province of
Rizal, Bosoboso, For. Bur. 2859 Ahern's collector. Lubaxg, For. Bur. 12239
Rosenbluth, with leaves much broader than in the type, oval or almost orbicular,
but aparently otherwise identical.

Local name in Bataan doubtfully given as Malacalubcob.

Endemic.

51. Eugenia benguetensis sp. nov.

hloribus terminalibus, cymosis, crasse pedunculatis, subsessilibus, ad-
modum magnis, tetrameris; calycibus turbinatis, lobis ineaqualibus ; pe-
talis liberis, interdum 8; staminibus numerosis; ovario 2-loculari: foliis

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEJE. 375

oblongis vel ellipticis, subcoriaceis, basi acutis, apice subito breviterque
obtuse acuminatis.

Cymes terminal, sessile or subsessile, 3—4.5 cm long, the peduncles
2.5-4 mm thick, strongly 4-angled, trichotoinous, the flowers on pedicels
1-2 mm long, usually having a very short margin with several lobes:
calyx-tube turbinate, 6-7 mm long, 7—8 mm in diameter at the apex, the
lobes 4, unequal, 4-9 mm long, 7-10 mm wide, rounded at the apex,
projecting about 2 mm beyond the ovary; petals 4, suborbicular, the base
truncate, 8-10 mm long, 9-12 mm wide, sometimes with 4 additional
petals, forming an inner row, usually narrower than the outer and
irregular in shape; staminal disk rather thick; stamens about 200, the
filaments 1-1.5 cm long, the anthers 1.3-1. 7 mm long, 0.4 mm wide;
ovary 2-celled, the lumen about one-half the diameter of the ovary, each
cell containing many ovules; style 1.5 cm long.

Scrubby, tree-like, about 4.5 m high, the wood hard, the bark rather
smooth, the ultimate twigs numerous and erect, covered with reddish,
becoming grayish bark, terete or the youngest somewhat angled; leaves
borne on petioles 5-10 mm long, the lamina glandular-dotted, subcoria-
ceous, brown when dry, 6—10 cm long, 2.5-4 cm wide, oblong or elliptic,
the margins strongly revolute, acute or very shortly acuminate at the
base, at the apex suddenly contracted into a short obtuse acumen ;
primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib 10-12, arching, three
or more of them forming submarginal veins, never with the very definite
submarginal vein of E. bordenii.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Tonglon (Santo Tomas), Elmer 6265
(type) ; Palau, Lolier 2492.

Distinguishable from E. bordenii, not only by the venation, but by larger flowers,
much more revolute leaf-margins, stouter peduncles, and the color of the leaves.

52. Eugenia bordenii Merr. Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 47.

Luzox, Province of Cagayan, Aparri, For. Bur. 11216 Klemme: Province of

Rizal, Bosoboso, Merrill 2671, For. Bur. 3179 Ahern’s collector; Montalban, For.
Bur. 2434 Ahern's collector; Antipolo, For. Bur. 393 Ahern’s collector: Province
of Bataan, Lamao River, For. Bur. 328, 492, 497, 540 Barnes, For. Bur. 633,
644, 690, 691, 1206, 1208, 1630, 1736 Borden,- Williams 631, 7 25, Whitford 362:
Province of Camarines, For. Bur. 10701 Curran. Mindoro, Bongabong River,
Whitford 1465, For. Bur. 3700 Merritt; Iriron, For. Bur. 8841 Merritt. Min-
danao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 9446, 9470 Whitford <£•
Hutchinson. Basilan, Hallier s. n.

Endemic.

Local names, Amtuc, Maramatam, Cagayan; Panglomboyen, Pangasinan;
Bislot, Tayongtayong, Rizal; Malaruhat, Malaruhat na puti, Malacalubctib, Apa-
lang, Bataan; Malaruhat, Aropay, Mindoro.

53. Eugenia candelabriform is sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis terminalibus vel pseudo-terminalibus, multifloris, corym-
boso-cymosis, pluri-articulatis ; floribus admodum parvis, tetrameris;
calycis tubo turbinato, lobis 4, rotundatis; staminibus admodum paucis:

ROBINSON.

376

foliis ellipticis vel elliptico-oblanceolatis, basi acutis vel subacutis, apice
breviter obtuse acuminatis; venis utrinque 8-10.

Inflorescences at the apices of the branches, sometimes three-forked
from their base, more often the middle fork replaced by a short leaf-
bearing branch, many times branched but the flowers nearly level along
the top, 6 or 7 articulations intervening between the apex of the stem and
the individual flowers, the latter always with pedicels, these often twice
or thrice articulated, each articulation except the lowest with a pair of
very short but wide rounded and conspicuous bracteoles nearly encircling
ihe pedicels: flowers when dry yellowish or yellowish and purplish except
the whitish anthers ; calyx-tube turbinate, 4-5 mm long, 4 mm wide at
the base of the lobes ; lobes 4, 1.5— 2.5 mm long, 2.5—3 mm wide, rounded ;
petals 4, deciduous, apparently falling calyptrately at some times but
certainly separating at others, 7-8 mm in diameter; disk present, its rim
free from the calyx; stamens about 60, the filaments flat, wide, more or
less united at the base, 8-12 mm long; anthers broad, about 1 mm long;
style about 1 cm long ; ovary 2-celled.

A tree 15 m high, its trunk 25 cm in diameter, the branchlets covered
with brownish bark: leaves with petioles 5-8 mm long, the lamina coria-
ceous, elliptic-oblanceolate or elliptic, 6-8.5 cm long, 2.5-4 cm wide,
narrowed toward the base, there often more or less rounded but meeting
the petiole at an acute angle, the margins revolute, the apex forming a
short obtuse acumen; primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib
8-10, forming two or three definite submarginal veins.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Sapuan, at an elevation of 1800 in, For. Bur.
18355 Alvarez.

N. v., (Igorot), Silda.

54. Eugenia hutchinsonii Merr. sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis axillaribus, capitatis, capitulis racemose vel spicatim
dispositis: calycis tubo subturbinato, basi producto, lobis 4, triangulari-
ovatis; petalis 4, liberis; staminibus numerosis: foliis chartaceis, oblance-
olatis vel ellipticis, basi acutis, apice anguste acuminatis; venis utrinque
23-35.

Inflorescences in the upper axils, 5-7 cm long, the individual flowers
sessile in heads of three or more, the heads sessile or more often pedicelled
along the 4-angled axis of the inflorescence : calyx-tube about 7 mm long,
of which the basal 3—4 mm forms a definite pseudostalk, 5 mm in diameter
at the base of the lobes ; calyx-lobes 4, not very unequal, triangular-ovate,
2-3 mm long, 2-3 mm wide at the base; petals 4, free but apparently
sometimes falling together, white, suborbicular, 3 mm in diameter; sta-
mens numerous, the filaments 3-4 mm long, the anthers 0.4 mm long;
style over 4 mm long; ovary 2-celled, with several ovules.

A tree about 8 m high, the branchlets 4-angled, and narrowly winged,
covered with reddish-brown bark; leaves with petioles 6-10 mm long,

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEAS. 377

the lamina chartaceous, oblanceolate or elliptic, 10-17 cm long, 3-5 cm
wide, acutely acuminate and decurrent at the base, at the apex somewhat
abruptly contracted into a slender subacute acumen 1.5-2 cm long, the
upper surface when dry chocolate-brown, the lower paler-brown ; primary
lateral veins on each side of the midrib 23—35, not crowded, very distinct,
the finer venation quite evident but comparatively inconspicuous, a very
definite submarginal vein also extending from base to apex.

Basilan, between Guion and Malusu, For. Bur. Sf026 Hutchinson.

Local name, Malatambis.

55. Eugenia lacustris sp. nov.

Cymis terminalibus vel axillaribus, floribus mediocris : calycis tubo
turbinato, lobis 4, rotundatis, inaequalibus; petalis 4, liberis ; staminibus
numerosis; ovario 2-loculari : foliis coriaceis, ellipticis vel ovalibus, basi
acutis, apice anguste acuminatis; venis utrinque 15-20.

Cymes terminal or axillary, 2.5-9 cm long, sessile or peduncled, tricho-
tomous, their branches mostly stout, 4-angled, the flowers in threes, sessile :
calyx-tube about 8 mm long, extending about 4 mm beyond the ovary, 7
mm in diameter at the base of the lobes, the basal 3.5 mm or less forming
a pseudostalk, turbinate ; calyx-lobes 4, the pairs of unequal size, the outer
1.5 mm long and 4 mm wide at the base, the inner 3.5 mm long, 6 mm
wide, all rounded at the apex ; petals 4, orbicular-ovate, about 4.5 mm
long, rounded but sometimes pointed at the apex ; stamens numerous, the
filaments 7-8 mm long, the anthers 0.3 mm long; style 1.5 cm long;
ovary 2-celled with numerous ovules.

Presumably a tree, the branches terete or sometimes angled toward the
tips, covered with gray bark: leaves with petioles 3-10 mm long, the
lamina coriaceous, elliptic to ovate, 10-23 cm long (few perfect on speci-
men), 4-11 cm wide, usually inequilateral, the apex somewhat abruptly
contracted into a slender acumen about 1 cm long, the base acuminately
acute and decurrent ; the under surface highly glandular ; primary lateral
veins on each side of the midrib 15-20, the main submarginal vein
originating from the second or third from the base, the more basal veins
also continuing almost to the apex.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 299. “Lacustris” is a
translation both of “Lake” and of “Lanao.”

56. Eugenia palawanensis sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis axillaribus, 7-9 cm longis, floribus in capitulis racemose
vel paniculatim dispositis, tetrameris : calycis lobis petalis subsimilibus :
foliis petiolatis, lanceolatis vel elliptico-lanceolatis, basi acutis decurren-
tibusque apice tenuiter acuminatis, venis marginalibus tribus, exteriore vel
duabus exterioribus parum conspicuis, interiore valde conspicua, venis
utrinque 9-12.

Inflorescences axillary, 7-9 cm long, the peduncles flat or angled, the

85754—12

378

KOBIXSOX.

individual flowers few in a head, sessile, racemosely or paniculately
disposed along the peduncle; calyx-tube in all 5-6 mm long, the lower 2
mm forming a pseudostalk, the upper part shortly campanulate, 6 mm
wide at the base of the lobes; calyx-lobes 4, petaloid, 3—3.5 mm long, 4
mm wide; petals varying from broadly ovate to oblanceolate, 3-4 mpi
long; stamens numerous, the filaments 5-8 mm long, the oval anthers 0.4
mm long; style about 1 cm long; ovary 2-celled.

A tree 40 m high, with a trunk 20 cm in diameter, the bark of the
branchlets varying from greenish at the apex to gray at the base, striate
and at the apex somewhat flattened; leaves with petioles 5-8 mm long, the
lamina chartaceous but rigid, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 13-19 cm
long, 4-5.3 cm wide, the base acuminately acute and decurrent on the
petiole; three submarginal veins more or less easily traced from base to
apex, the two outer arising from the extreme base of the leaf, and more
easily seen on the upper surface owing to the slightly recurved margins,
the inner arising from the midrib about 1 cm above the base and very
conspicuous throughout, additional primary lateral veins on each side of
the midrib 9-12, prominent, many of the secondary veins also prominent
but less so than the primary.

Palawan, 4 km northeast of Puerto Princesa, in level forest near the hay at
10 m elevation, For. Bur, 3503 Curran.

57. Eugenia philippinensis sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis terminalibus vel axillaribus, saepissime fasciculatis,
floribus albis, saepius apice congestis, mediocris: calycis tubo subturbinato,
lobis 4; petalis 4, liberis; staminibus numerosis: foliis petiolatis, laminis
coriaceis, ellipticis vel ovalibus, basi acutis, apice anguste acuminatis;
venis utrinque 9-14.

Inflorescences terminal or in the axils of usually the upper leaves,
solitary or more often fascicled, 3-9 cm long, peduncles 4-angled and
more or less longitudinally striate, sparingly or not branched except at
its base, the individual flowers sessile or rarely subsessile, clustered at
the apex of the peduncle (as many as 12) with a few along its sides:
calyx-tube turbinate, 7 mm long, 6 mm wide at the base of the lobes; at
the base contracted to a definite pseudostalk; calyx-lobes 4, unequal in
pairs, the outer 2.5 mm long, 3 mm wide at the base, -the inner similar
to the 4 free petals and like them 3-4 mm long, 4-6 mm wide at the
base; stamens numerous, the filaments 4—7 mm long, anthers ovate, about
0.7 mm long; style less than 1 cm long; ovary 2-celled, ovules several.

A tree attaining a height of 20 m and a trunk-diameter of 50 cm, its
terete branches covered with gray bark: leaves with petioles 6-12 mm
long, the lamina coriaceous, elliptic, oblong, oval, or obovate, 6-13 cm
long, 3.5-6 cm wide, acutely short-acuminate and decurrent at the base,
the apex contracted into a narrow and usually nearly acute acumen 5-15

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEiE. 379

mm long; primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib 9-14, the
second or third pair from the base forming the main submarginal veins,
the latter somewhat remote from the margins (in the middle of the leaf
usually 4-6 mm), the basal veins forming fainter veins nearer the margin.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Guinayangan, Merrill 205 4 (type) : Buena Vista
Mountain, For. Bur. 10312 Curran. Leyte, Ormoc and vicinity, For. Bur. 11576,
11644 Whitford, For. Bur. 12761 Rosenbluth.

Native names, Macaasin, Malayambo, Bagohion, Tayabas: Tambitambi, Tam-
bistambis, Tulambis , Leyte. Wood used as lumber, for house-posts, and in ship-
building.

The species of this group, nos. 54 to 59, are (except the first) very puzzling,
and fuller material may necessitate a revision of the species. There is an equal
general resemblance between E. zamboangensis and E. arcuatinervia, but they are
definitely separable, as in the latter the calyx is entirely closed in bud, the apex
falling calyptrately or remaining attached to one side for a shorter or longer time,
simulating a lobe.

58. Eugenia zamboangensis sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis axillaribus vel pseudoterm inalibus, brevibus, paucifloris,
floribus mediocris; calycis tubo turbinato, lobis 4; petalis 4, liberis;
staminibus numerosis: foliis chartaceis, subellipticis, basi acutis, apice
anguste acuminatis; venis utrinque 9—15.

Inflorescence essentially axillary, though even more often a cyme is
situated in the axils of each of the pair of leaves which terminate the
branch, 2-4 cm long, sparingly or not branched, bearing usually 5 flowers,
3 at the apex and 2 a short distance below the apex, all flowers sessile;
bracteoles short, ovate, obtuse : calyx-tube turbinate, 4-5 mm long, and of
about an equal diameter at the base of the lobes, extending about 2 mm
beyond the ovary, the lower portion forming a pseudostalk; calyx-lobes 4,
unequal in pairs, the one pair 2 mm long and 5 mm wide at the base,
petaloid, the other 1.5 mm long and 3 mm wide at the base, not petaloid,
all rounded at the apex; petals 4, free, rounded, 2.5 mm long and 3.5 mm
wide; stamens numerous, the filaments 6-8 mm long, the anthers 0.4 mm
long ; style about 1 cm long ; ovary 2— celled, each cell with several ovules.

A tree attaining a height of 35 m and a trunk-diameter of 40 cm, its
ultimate branches slender, terete, covered with gray bark : leaves with
petioles 4-9 mm long, the lamina chartaceous, elliptic, 5-12 cm long,
2-5 cm wide, acutely acuminate and decurrent at the base, the apex
forming a slender acumen 1-2 cm long, the under surface very distinctly
(under the lens) glandular-dotted; primary lateral veins on each side of
the midrib 12-15, rarely fewer, the main submarginal vein formed by the
most basal conspicuous lateral vein, though a very faint vein more often
intervenes between it and the margin.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 9423, 9473 (type)
Whitford cC- Hutchinson. Basilan, Hallier s. n.

ROBINSON.

380

59. Eugenia pulgarensis sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis terminalibus, brevibus, floribus sessilibus in capitulis
paucitloris racemose dispositis; calycis lobis inaequalibus, interioribus pro
rata magnis; petalis 4, exterioribus saltern liberis: foliis coriaceis, elliptico-
oblanceolatis vel obovatis, basi acutis, margine revolutis, apice abrupte
obtuseque acuminatis; venis utrinque 10-12.

Inflorescences terminal or subterminal, 2-3 cm long, the 4-angled
rachis sometimes united with the branchlets, its branches short, terminated
by solitary or few sessile flowers: calyx-tube turbinate, 5-6 mm long,
4-5 mm wide at the base of the lobes; calyx-lobes unequal, the inner
orbicular-ovate, 3-4 mm in diameter, deciduous ; petals 4, at least the
outer free, 2 mm in diameter; stamens numerous, the filaments attaining
a length of 4 mm, the anthers orbicular-ovate, 0.5 mm long, conspicuously
gland-tipped; style 2.5 mm long; ovary thick-walled, 2-celled, the ovules
few.

A tree, its branches covered with grayish bark; leaves with petioles
2-5 mm long, the lamina coriaceous, elliptic-oblanceolate to obovate,
3. 5-6. 5 cm long. 1.5—3 cm wide, the base acute, the margin revolute, the
apex abruptly contracted into an obtuse acumen 2-5 mm long; primary
lateral veins on each side of the midrib 10-12, elevated on both surfaces,
united by numerous conspicuous anastomoses, their apices forming a
definite vein about 1.5 mm within the margin, and a fainter one just
within the line of folding.

Palawan, Mount Pulgar, where very common, For. Bur. 3882 Curran.

60. Eugenia arcuat inervia Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 104.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Cuming 1275, 1325 ; San Vicente, For. Bur. 7066,

7085 Klemme ; Camalanuigan, For. Bur. 6669 Klemme: Province of Bataan,
Mount Mariveles, For. Bur. 2598 Meyer. Mindoro, Magasanantubig River, For.
Bur. 12198 Rosenbluth. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens
1063. Cuming 1710, from Samar, is allied.

This separates into two distinct series, the Mariveles and Mindoro collections
going together, While all the Cagayan plants agree with that from Mindanao. The
latter are characterized by more coriaceous, fewer-veined leaves, and may prove
specifically separable.

Local names Carutad, Biracbac, both Negrito, Pango, Cagayan, all three from
that province: Malaruhat, Mindoro.

Endemic.

61. Eugenia clausa sp. nov.

Affinis E. operculatae Koxb. : inflorescentiis in ramis in axillis defolia-
te, paniculato-eymosis : floribus sessilibus, in triadibus dispositis, alabastris
ellipsoideis vel obovoideis, apiculatis, calycis superiore parte calyptratim
decidua; petalis liberis: foliis longiter petiolatis, chartaceis, ellipticis,
elliptico-oblanceolatis, oblongis, ovalibus vel obovatis, basi acutis, apice in
acumen brevem obtusum angustatis; venis utrinque 12-20.

Inflorescences on the branches below the leaves, 2.5-5 cm long, one or

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYltTACEiE. 381

more arising from the same axil, paniculately branched, the branchlets
terete or subterete, the individual flowers in triads, sessile, with a pair ol
deciduous ovate or lanceolate bracteoles at the base of each flower, and
showing either similar ones or their scars at lower forks: buds 3.5 mm
long, ellipsoid to obovoid, strongly apiculate, at first green, later becoming
purple from the apex downward, the apical 1.5 mm falling calyptrately
leaving a truncate margin; in anthesis the flower including the stamens
7—8 mm long; the remaining portion of the calyx nearly campanulate,
elongated to about 3 mm and 3 mm in diameter at the apex, extending
1.5 mm beyond the ovary; petals 4, white, free but falling with the calyx;
staminal disk thin; stamens numerous, the filaments 2-3.5 mm long, the
anthers 0.4 mm long, the apical gland not very conspicuous ; style 4 mm
long; ovary 2-celled, many-seeded, the wall showing in section a definite
ring of glands.

A tree 15-20 m high, its trunk about 25 cm in diameter, covered with
the branches by gray bark, the branchlets green, the nodes somewhat
swollen; leaves with petioles 12—20 mm long, the lamina chartaceous,
elliptic, oblong, elliptic-oblanceolate, oval or obovate-orbicular, 6.5-14.5
cm long, 3-7.8 cm wide, the base acutely acuminate and decurrent, the
apex narrowed into a short obtuse acumen; primary lateral veins on each
side of the midrib 12-20, slender, not crowded, easily distinguishable from
the rather conspicuous reticulated secondary venation, their apices forming
a distinct vein 2.5-3.5 mm from the margin, with a fainter external one;
upper surface of the leaves dark-green, under surface paler, both shining,
glandular-punctate.

Luzon, Province of llocos Sur, Dolores, For. Bur. <123 Klemme. Province of
Rizal, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 6760 Robinson (type), Merrill 2806; Antipolo, For. Bur.
470 Ahern’s collector. Negros, Province of Negros Occidental, Inanayan, For.
Bur. 11197 Everett. Mindoro, Amnay River, For. Bur. 11448 Merritt. (See
E. similis. )

As shown by the remarkable nature of the calyx, this species closely approaches
E. operculata Roxb., and especially var. densiflora Koord. & Val., of neither which
nor of the other varieties have I seen any material. As contrasted with the
descriptions by Koorders & Valeton, Wight, and Duthie, it seems to differ by
having much smaller inflorescences, smaller flowers, shorter stamens, and the
leaf-venation appears to be different.

Except by the young flowers it is almost impossible to distinguish this from
E. similis Merr.; but the latter has definite calyx-lobes, which often persist
beyond the flowering stage, but are more often lost at that time. I know no
character to differentiate sterile material of the two species. The name “mala-
ruhat na puti,” applied to this at Bosoboso, is given to E. similis at Lamao.

62. Eugenia glaucicalyx Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35
(1906) 50.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Merrill 3949, I1 or. Bur. 817, 826,
1250, 2748 Borden, For. Bur. 6241, 7359 Curran. Culion, Halsey Harbor,
Merrill 570, 626. Palawan, Dawara trail, For. Bur. 7 438 Manalo.

382

ROBINSON.

The collections from the latter islands do not quite agree with the type, the
submarginal vein being somewhat more distinct, and the branches of the in-
ilorescence shorter. The differences, however, are merely matters of degree, and
are not considered to justify speciiic separation, in the light of present evidence.

It is probable that For. Bur. 7 5^8 Hutchinson, from the Island of Dinagat, is
also referable here. The collection has mature white fruit, while that of E. glau-
cicatyx is still unknown. '1 he species closely approaches E. zeylanica (Linn.)
Wight, and may prove inseparable from it.

Local names, Hareeg, Bataan; Calaum, Culion.

Endemic.

63. Eugenia paucivenia sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis terminalibus, paniculato-cymosis, floribus sessilibus vel
i aiius breviter pedicel latis : calycis tubo turbinato, lobis brevissimis;
corolla calyptrata : foliis sessilibus vel subsessilibus, coriaceis, obovatis
vel subell ipticis, basi breviter auriculatis, margine revolutis, apice rotun-
datis vel obscure vel brevissime lateque acuminatis; venis utrinque 5-8.

Cymes terminal, 4-6 cm long, trichotomously forked, their branches
rather stout, angled and striate; individual flowers white, mostly in triads,
sessile or rarely on pedicels not more than 1.5 mm long; very short
bracteoles present at the forks of the inflorescence: calyx-tube turbinate,
6.5-8 mm long, extending about 3 mm beyond the ovary, 4 mm wide at
the apex; the upper margin forming 4 broadly rounded inconspicuous
undulations; corolla calyptrate, but separable into 4 petals about 4 mm
in diameter; disk thin; stamens numerous, their filaments about 6 mm
long, anthers 0.4 mm long, gland-tipped; style about 1 cm long; ovary
with comparatively thick walls, 2-celled, several-ovuled.

A tree 7-8 m high, its trunk about 15 cm in diameter, the branches
covered with brownish bark, becoming grayish on the branchlets: leaves
sessile or very shortly petioled, the lamina obovate to nearly elliptic in
outline, 4.5-7.5 cm long, 22-36 mm wide, the base auriculate or rounded
or forming a very short acumen from just before its junction with the
petiole, the margin revolute, the apex rounded or obscurely or very
broadly and shortly acuminate, the upper surface shining, the under
surface dull; primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib 5-7,
evident on both surfaces, less often with some of the intermediate veins
nearly as prominent, forming a definite submarginal vein with a short
loop-like external vein from the extreme base not reaching the middle of
the leaf and usually much shorter.

Babuyanes Islands, Camiguin Island, Bur. Sci. 1,118 Fenix. Luzon, Province
of Uocos Norte, Cuming 1186 (type).

64. Eugenia subfalcata sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis terminalibus, paniculato-cymosis, floribus sessilibus vel
breviter pedicellatis ; calycis tubo turbinato, apice subintegro; corolla
calyptrata: foliis chartaceis, lanceolatis, basi acutis, apice attenuate,
subfalcatis; venis utrinque c-irciter 30.

Inflorescence terminal, trichotomous, paniculately cymose, nearly 10

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OP PHILIPPINE MYRTACEiE. 383

cm long, its axes striate and at least tlie upper more or less angled, the
flowers in threes at the apices of its branches, sessile or the terminal on
pedicels 1-2 mm long: calyx-tube turbinate, 8-10 mm long, 5 mm wide
below the apex, the truncate or subtruncate apex incurved, 3.5 mm wide :
corolla before anthesis practically a continuation of the calyx, calyptrate ;
stamens numerous, the filaments in the young flowers about 4 mm long,
the anthers 0.7 mm long; style then less than 5 mm long; ovary 2-celled.

Branches terete, covered with very thin papery smooth brownish-purple
(when dry) bark: leaves with petioles 13-15 mm long, the lamina
chartaceous, lanceolate, 19—22 cm long, 48—64 mm wide, the base acutely
acuminate, the margins strongly revolute, the apex subfalcate, one
margin usually nearly straight, incurved on the other, forming a nearly
acute acumen 3-5 cm long; primary lateral veins on each side of the
midrib when viewed from beneath seem to be about 30, when viewed from
above hardly more conspicuous than the intervening ones and seeming
to be from 40 to 50 ; forming a slightly arched intramarginal vein but
little within the incurved margins.

Cuming 101/9, localized on the sheet as from Albay Province, Luzon, hut more
likely from Zambales. The species is very distinct from anything else in the
collection.

65. Eugenia claviflora Roxb. FI. Ind. 2 (1832) 488.

E. leptantha Wight Ic. (1842) pi. 528: Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906)
Suppl. 105, non Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 2 (1840) 321.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Camalaniugan, For. Bur. 6662 Klemme; Lalloc,
For. Bur. 181/23 Alvarez: Province of Ilocos Norte, San Quintin, For. Bur. '132
Klemme: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, For. Bur. 803, 827 Borden, For.
Bur. 261/6, 2806 Meyer, Whit ford 291/.

The Mariveles collections fall under E. leptantha, but that has been reduced to
a variety of Roxburgh’s older species. For. Bur. 7132 has definitely broadei
flowers, but is otherwise closely allied, and For. Bur. 181/32 is somewhat intei-
mediate.

Local names, Gamatulay (Negrito), Maramaotan and Cusaram (Cag.), all
from Cagayan: Panglongbuyan-gangoan, Ilocos: Carra and doubtfully Malaruhat
na puti, Bataan.

Noted as a timber tree in Cagayan: Roxburgh notes this species as a useful
timber tree in India.

India to the Malay Peninsula.

66. Eugenia dementis sp. nov.

Floribus ferminalibus, in umbello coinposito dispositis, probabiliter
eymosis, sessilibus, calycis tubo brcviter campanulato basi longitei
producto; lobis 4, parvis; petalis 4, parvis; staminibus circiter 30; ovario
2-loculari : foliis oblongo-ellipticis, basi cuneatis decurrentibusque apice
acuminatis.

Flowers arranged in a terminal compound umbel, probably cymose,
each inflorescence 4—6 cm long, more or less trichotomous, the rachis
and its branches 4-angled : individual flowers without pedicels ; calyx in
all 12-14 mm long, the pseudostalk usually definite, 9.5-12 mm long,

384

ROBINSON.

slender, the upper portion of the tube 2. 5-3. 5 mm long, campanulate,
the 4 lobes very short, triangular-ovate, acuminate; petals 4, broadly
ovate, about 1.6 mm long, 1.4 mm wide, rounded at the apex, the two
inner with processes at the base, separable and apparently falling sepa-
rately; staminal disk thin; stamens about 30, their filaments 2.5-4 mm
long, their anthers orbicular, cordate at the base, 0.3 mm in diameter;
style at anthesis 4 mm long; ovary 2-celled, each cell with several ovules.

A tree 8-10 m high, the bark of the ultimate branches covered with
grayish bark, often scaling off and leaving the branches purplish ; leaves
opposite, with petioles 5-9 mm long, the lamina elliptic-lanceolate,
10.5-12 cm long, 3.2—4 cm wide, acute and decurrent at the base, at
the apex prolonged into an acumen 1.5—2 cm long; primary lateral veins
on each side of the midrib about 50, irregularly forking and anastomosing;
submarginal vein thin but sufficiently conspicuous.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 1036 (type), 1113.

67. Eugenia clavellata Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 104.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, For. Bur. 2Vt~l

Borden, For. Bur. 2821 Meyer.

Endemic.

68. Eugenia rosenbluthii sp. nov.

Cymis terminalibus vel subterminalibus, multi floris, sessilibus in
triadibus paniculatim dispositis : calycis tubo tubaeforme, lobis 4 vel 5,
minimis ; corolla ignota ; staminibus brevissimis : foliis subcoriaceis,
ellipticis, basi acute acuminatis, apice in acumen angustum obtusum
productis; venis utrinque 20 vel pluribus, indistinctis.

Flowers terminal or subterminal, sessile or subsessile in triads, forming
a sometimes leafy panicle 5-10 cm long, its rachises slender, quadrangular,
4- or 8-ridged or almost winged: calyx-tube increasing gradually in
diameter from the base to just below the apex, where it is moderately
expanded, 6-8 mm long, 1.5-2 mm in diameter at the apex, not extending
1 mm beyond the ovary ; calyx-lobes 4 or 5, about 0.4 mm long and less
than 1 mm wide, deciduous, leaving the margin of the calyx slightly
undulate or lacerate; corolla unknown; disk thin, its margin not free;
stamens numerous, the longest filaments nearly 1 mm, comparatively
stout toward the base, narrowed to a point at the apex, anthers hardly
0.2 mm long; style about 1 mm long, its apex nearly level with that of
the calyx; ovary-cavity occupying nearly the entire length of the calyx-
tube except the basal 1 mm, 2-celled or apparently often 1-celled.

A tree 10 m high, with a trunk 30 cm in diameter, its terete or nearly
terete branches and slender branchlets covered with smooth grayish to
cinnamon-colored bark : leaves of a pair sometimes not quite opposite, the
petioles 2-4 mm long, the lamina subcoriaceous, elliptic, 4— 8 cm long,
15-36 mm wide, acutely acuminate at the base, at the apex forming a
narrow obtuse acumen 5-9 mm long, the margins revolute, both surfaces

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEJS. 385

dull-green or the upper somewhat shining, gland-dotted beneath ; primary
lateral veins on each side of the midrib 20 or more, thin, and difficult to
trace toward the extremes of the leaf, the intramarginal vein best seen
from the upper surface as beneath it is concealed or nearly concealed by
the revolute leaf-margins.

Leyte, central divide, For. Bur. 16890 Kosenbluth (type) ; Babatungon, For.
Bur. 12895 Rosenbluth.

Of Philippine species this is most similar to E. claviflora, from which its
inflorescence is sufficient to distinguish it: a much nearer ally is E. attenuata
Miq., from which, judging by the description, it seems to be separated by its rather
larger leaves and flowers and the greater extent of its ovary-cavity.

Local name, Magcusison.

69. Eugenia atropunctata sp. nov.

Infloreseentiis in axillis defoliatis, paniculato-cymosis, floribus in tria-
dibus dispositis, sessilibus, parvis: alabastris subglobosis, calycis lobis 4,
brevibus ; petalis liberis : f oliis chartaceis, oblanceolatis rarius ellipticis
vel oblongis, basi acute acuminatis, apice in acumen brevem obtusum
angustatis; venis utrinque 12—16.

Inflorescences on the branches below the leaves, 2-5 cm long, solitary
or fascicled, trichotomously paniculately branched, the individual flowers
mostly in threes, sessile, the bractlets varying from lanceolate to ovate
and mucronate and attaining a length of nearly 1 mm: flowers about

2.5 mm long, the buds subglobose or obovoid-globose ; calyx-tube about
half the total length of the flower, becoming nearly flat after anthesis,
turbinate, about 2.3 mm in diameter at the apex, the lobes 4, obtuse,
about 0.7 mm long and 1 mm wide at the base, persistent often in early
fruit; petals free, suborbicular, 1.6-2 mm long, 2 mm wide; stamens
numerous, the filaments 3 mm long, the anthers 0.4 mm long; style

1.5 mm long; ovary 2-eelled.

A tree, its branches covered with dark-gray bark, that. of the rather
slender terete branchlets paler; leaves with petioles 4-12 mm long, the
lamina cliartaceous, oblanceolate rarely elliptic or oblong, 4-13 cm long,
2—4.2 cm wide, acute or acutely acuminate at the base, decurrent upon
the petiole, the margins slightly revolute, at the apex contracted into
an obtuse acumen 5-10 mm long, when dry the upper surface usually
reddish-brown, the lower surface brown and rather densely dotted with
minute black glands; primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib
12-16, exserted on both surfaces and distinct though rather slender,
much more .conspicuous than the secondary articulations, their extremities
forming a definite vein near the margin and a very faint outer vein.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Cuming 1308 (type) ; Aparri, For. Bur. 1127 4
Klemme; San Vicente, For. Bur. 17298 Curran. Negros, Province of Negros Oc-
cidental, Gimagaan River, Whitford 1576 Whitford cG Everett. Mindanao, Lake
Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens s. n., the last specimen having lighter bark
and fewer-veined leaves.

Local name, Pango, Cagayan.

380

ROBINSON.

70. Eugenia similis Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 106.

Calypthranthes ramiflora Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 420, nec E. ramiflora Desv.
in Ilam. Prodr. PI. lnd. Occid. (1825) 43, nec E. ramiflora Miq. in Linnaea 22
(1849) 536.

Syzigium latifolium Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 294, nec S. latifolium DC.
Prodr. 3 (1828) 259, nec E. latifolia Aubl. PI. Guian. (1775) 502, pi. 1!)!), nec
alioruin.

Eugenia bracteata roxburghii F.-Villar Noviss. App. (1880) 86, quoad synonyma
saltern, non Duthie in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. 2 (1879) 502.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, Whit ford 1/13, For.
Bur. 1)11 Ahern’s collector: Province of Zambales, For. Bur. 851 Maule, Subig,
For. Bur. 5989 Curran. Mindoro, Maugao, For. Bur. 9853 Merritt, the two last
specimens with very young flowers.

The following are referable either to this species or to E. clausa, they are
either sterile or in mature fruit, and I can not distinguish them. Luzon, Prov-
ince of Nueva Ecija, Cabanatuan, For. Bur. 81/91 Curran: Province of Zambales,
Botolan, Merrill 29)0 ; Iba, Merrill 299.); Cabangan, Merrill 3001. Mashate,
Merrill 3016. Mindoro, For. Bur. 8663, 11020 Merritt; Amnay, For. Bur. 881/1
Merritt. Mindanao, District of Davao, Samal Island, For. Bur. 11522 Whitford.

There seems to be no constant character to separate the leaves of this species
from those of E. clausa: the specimens other than the respective types cited from
Lamao and Bosoboso are fruiting and are placed where they are on geographical
grounds alone, as there is nothing to distinguish them except a difference in the
shape of the leaves which will not hold for other material. The Bosoboso plants
were collected at stations several miles apart. The difference in the calyx is so
great that there can be no possible doubt that these species really are distinct.

Otherwise is the case of E. atropunctata. The latter is separated at a glance
from E. similis by the darker bark and leaves, shorter petioles, differently shaped
leaves, smaller flowers, free petals, shorter stamens, more persistent obtuse calvx-
lobes, and probably longer bracteoles, but it is very much closer to it than this
array of characters would seem to indicate.

It seems in every way probable that this is the correct disposition of Blanco’s
species, above cited, although the reduction is largely a matter of exclusion.
Blanco says under this heading that the wood known at San Jose de Batangas
under the name of “dinglas” is this species and no other, but he elsewhere ascribes
that name in the same locality to a species of Terminalia, called by him Bucida
comintana. Through the kindness of Dr. Leon Guerrero, specimens of “dinglas”
were obtained from the presidente of San Jose and proved to be the latter.

Local names, Paitan, Zambales; Malaruhat, Malaruhat na puti, Bataan.

Endemic.

71. Eugenia decipiens Koord. & Val. Bull. Bot. Inst. Buitenz. 2 (1899) 6.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, For. Bur. 1181/

Borden, For. Bur. 2181 Meyer. Both collections, the former sterile, the latter
flowering, agree perfectly with the description and with Javan material, except
that the leaves are somewhat wider in proportion to their length, especially
toward their apices, and are therefore somewhat more abruptly acuminate. They
seem entirely too close to warrant specific separation.

Local names, Malaruhat, Malaruhat na pula.

Java.

72. Eugenia jambolana Lam. Encycl. 3 (1789) 198.

Calyptranthes jambolana Willd. in Usteri Ann. 17 (1796) 23.

Syzygium jambolanum DC. Prodr. 3 (1828) 259.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEiE.

387

Eugenia djouat Perr. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris 3 (1824) 116.

Myrtus cumini Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 471.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Linao River, For. Bur. 18473 Alvarez: Province
of Ilocos Norte, Mount Piao, For. Bur. 14007 Merritt tC- Darling: Province of
Abra, Ikmen, For. Bur. 14553 Darling: Province of Union, Bauang, Elmer 5551:
Province of Nueva Ecija, Talavera, For. Bur. 8470 Curran: Province of Zambales,
Botolan, Merrill 2914; Cuming 1093: Province of Pampanga, Martinez s. n. :
Province of Bulacan, For. Bur. 12304 Maule: Province of Rizal, Novaliches, Loher
2505; San Mateo, Merrill Dec. Philip. For. FI. 109 Ahern’s collector; Bosoboso,
Merrill 1836, For. Bur. 2868 Ahern’s collector; Antipolo, Merrill 1323, Bur. Sci.
5186, 5187, 5188, 5189, 5190, 5191, 5192, 5193, 5194, 5195, 5196, 5197 Ramos:
Manila, Marave 140, Ahern 714- Province of Bataan, Moron, For. Bur. 6363
Curran ; Lamao River, Whitford s. n.; Mariveles, Ahern 779 : Province of Tayabas,
Laguimanoc, Merrill 2125; Malicboi, Richie s. n. Lubang, Merrill 970. Min-
doro, Calapan, Merrill 2575 ; Maugao, For. Bur. 9857 Merritt. Negros, Rio de
Cadiz, For. Bur. 7300 Everett. Cebu, Talisay, For. Bur. 4239 Everett. Guima-
ras, For. Bur. 268 Gammill. Palawan, Puerto Princesa, For. Bur. 3600 Curran,
Bur. Sci. 285 Bermejos.

Universally recognized throughout the islands, either by the name Duhat or
Lumboi, or very slight variants of the latter, the former being especially Tagalog,
the other preferred by the other races and the Spaniards.

India to Malaya.

It will probably be possible to avoid changing the specific name, in spite of the
fact that Linnaeus did have and describe specimens of this species under a name not
yet used in the genus. Myrtus cumini is based upon his older description in the
Flora Zeylanica 185. That (adapted from Richter) is as follows. “Arbor ramis
teretibus, cinereis. Folia lanceolata, vel ovato-lanc., oppos., glabra, integerrima,
minus acuta, petiolis longiusculis. Corymbi trifidi, compositi, laterales. Arbor
zeylanica cuminum reddens Burm. Zeyl. 27. Ankaenda Herm. Zeyl. 23.” The
identification of the specimens in Hermann’s herbarium has been carefully made by
Trimen (Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 24: 140, 142; Handbook FI. Ceyl. 1: 216, 2:179),
and the confusion by Linnaeus and his successors of Eugenia jambolana and Aero-
nychia laurifolia definitely traced. The specimens of these two species seem to
have occupied three folios of Hermann’s herbarium, one was entirely A. laurifolia,
another a mixture of the two, the remaining one was that upon which Myrtus
cumini was based, and was entirely E. jambolana. Had Linnaeus adopted any
specific name, other than “cumini,” not subsequently used, it would be obligatory
to take it up by transfer into Eugenia in place of E. jambolana. The name was
obviously borrowed from Burmann, and although the description and specimens
belong to Eugenia, the name seems to belong with Acronychia laurifolia, as is
inferentially stated by Duthie under E. jambolana. For nomenclatural purposes,
then, it seems better to refer both Myrtus cumini and Jambolifera pedunculata
of Linnaeus to Acronychia. Certainly, changes are necessary in that genus, at
least in the specific name. The generic name, is partially protected by the list
of nomina conservanda adopted by the Vienna Congress, which excludes two
of Adanson’s names, but makes no mention of the earlier Jambolifera of Linnaeus,
concerning which there is no doubt.

73. Eugenia densinervia Merr. in Philip. Jour. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 105.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, Whitford 1249,
For. Bur. 719, 813, 1178, 1815, 2921 Borden, For. Bur. 6232 Curran: Province of
Isabela, Baler, Merrill 1052.

Endemic.

388

ROBINSON.

74. Eugenia sablanensis Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 328.

Proximo E. densinerviae accedens: difFert floribus minoribus, 2-3 mm
diametro; foliis saepissime admodum minoribus angustioribusque, basi
magis cuneatis, apice magis acuminatis.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, Elmer 8879; Sablan, Elmer 6197; Twin
Peaks, Elmer 61/59: Province of Isabela, Cabagan River, For. Bur. 18562 Alvarez:
Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Merrill 1888, Bur. Sci. 2639 Ramos, For. Bur. 3178
Ahern’s coiled or : Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Lamao River, For. Bur.
621/3 Curran: Province of Isabela, Baler, Merrill 1080: Province of Tayabas,
Pitogo, Merrill 2121. Mindoro, For. Bur. 9968 Merritt. Neoros, Mount Silay,
Whitford 1520. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keitliley, Mrs. Clemens s. n.
Basilan, Santa Isabela, DeVore c£- Hoover 31.

This species can only tentatively be held distinct from E. densinervia, both
being probably too closely related to E. bracteolata Wight to be held separate.
On the type specimens, the flowers differ distinctly in size, and it is usually
possible to estimate the size of the flowers of fruiting material, but it is very
difficult to get correlating characters by which sterile specimens or those with
immature flowers can be distinguished. The leaves of E. densinervia are nearly
always slightly longer and wider (especially at the base) than those of E. sab-
lanensis, the apex is nearly always rounded, while in the latter species there is
nearly always a distinct though short acumen ; further the branches of the
inflorescence of E. densinervia are usually distinctly stouter. Nevertheless, the
species nearly or quite intergrade on all these characters. All the collections
here referred to E. densinervia are unquestionably of that species, several under
E. sablanensis have immature flowers and are so identified on the faith of the
other characters, which are of doubtful validity.

Endemic.

75. Eugenia incrassata Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 2 (1909) 581.

Inflorescentiis terminalibus, trichotomo-cymosis, apice subplanis, cir-
citer 1 cm longis, multifloris; floribus breviter pediccllatis, bibraeteatis,
admodum parvis : calycis tubo turbinato, lobis 4, parvis sed sat conspicuis,
rotundatis ; petalis calyptratis ; staminibus numerosis : foliis petiolatis,
subcoriaceis, orbicularibus vel obovato-orbicularibus, basi acute acuminatis
decurrentibusque, apice in acumen breve obtusum subito contractis; venis
utrinque 18-25, subconfertis, in venam submargin a] cm coalitis.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Lucban, Elmer 9187.

Endemic.

70. Eugenia congesta Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (190G) 49.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Mount Ababaca, For. Bur. 17201/ Curran: Prov-
ince of Lepanto, Mount Data, For. Bur. 10951/ Curran: Province of Benguet,
Mount Tonglon, For. Bur. 18368 Alvarez, Loher 5101: Province of Bataan, Mount
Mariveles, Whitford 150, 1/1/8, Elmer 6896, For. Bur. 6260 Curran.

In general the leaves of the northern specimens are longer, actually or propor-
tionally, than those from Mount Mariveles, but they are well linked together by
Whitford 150, the nomenclatorial type.

Local name, Batrnay, Benguet.

Endemic.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEJE. 389

77. Eugenia ugoensis sp. nov.

Affinis E. congestae: floribus ignotis: infrutescentibus terminalibus,
brevibus, fructibus subglobosis, calycis lobis 4 coronatis : foliis oblongis
usque ad obovatis, basi acutis, margine revolutis, apice in acumen breve
angustum obtusuin angustatis; venis utrinque 25-30, confertis.

Infrutescences terminal, excluding the fruits 1—1.5 cm long, the rachis
comparatively stout (about 2 *mm in diameter), terete or somewhat
quadrangular, not or shortly branched, bearing the scars of many fallen
flowers: fruits described as green, yellow, and red, probably indicating
stages in maturity, globose or depressed-globose, attaining 1.7 cm dia-
meter, thin-walled, 1-celled, 1-seeded, crowned by 4 somewhat conspicuous
calyx-lobes 1.5-2 mm long, with the same range of width, obtuse or
rounded at the apex.

A tree 5 m high, with a trunk described as 30 cm in diameter, the
somewhat stout branchlets covered with dark-brown or dark-grayish-
brown bark: leaves with petioles 1-2.5 mm long, the lamina coriaceous
or subcoriaceous, varying from oblong-oblanceolate to obovate, 2.5—4 cm
long, 1-2.5 cm wide, the base acute, the margin revolute, at the apex
narrowed into a slender obtuse acumen 2.5—8 mm long ; primary lateral
veins on each side of the midrib 25—30, usually nearly straight but also
forking or anastomosing, equally elevated and conspicuous on both
surfaces, their apices forming a definite submarginal vein.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Ugo, at elevations from 1,800 to 2,000 m,
For. Bur. 10913 Curran (type), For. Bur. 18030 Merritt, Bur. Sci. 5707 Ramos.

78. Eugenia acrophila sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis terminalibus, brevibus, floribus congestis : calycis tubo
turbinato, lobis 4, rotundatis; corolla calyptrata; staminibus admodum
paucis ; fructibus globosis : foliis coriaceis, parvis, saepius elliptico-
lanceolatis, basi acutis, margine revolutis, apice breviter obtuseque acu-
minatis; venis utrinque 8-12, baud confertis.

Inflorescences terminal, less than 2 cm long, including flowers or fruit,
not or hardly prolonged beyond the leaves, the cymes trichotomous, often
sessile, the white flowers at the extremities of the short branches, mostly
in threes, the forks of the inflorescence with short but broad bractlets :
calyx-tube turbinate, about 3.5 mm long, 3.5 mm wride at the base of the
lobes; calyx-lobes 4, about 1 mm long, 2 mm wide at the base, rounded
at the apex; corolla calvptrate, about 1.5 mm in circumference; stamens
few for the genus (about 20), the filaments 2-4 mm long, the suborbicular
anthers 0.4 mm in diameter ; style 3 mm long, subulate ; ovary 2-celled :
fruit globose, less than 1 cm in diameter, thick-walled, 2-celled.

A tree attaining a height of 9 m and a trunk-diameter of 30 cm, the
branchlets often roughened by the scars of fallen leaves, covered with
pinkish-gray or brownish bark : leaves with petioles 1—3 mm long, the

ROBINSON.

390

lamina coriaceous, shining on both surfaces but paler beneath, ranging
in outline from elliptic-lanceolate to oval or obovate, 12-25 mm long.
8—15 mm wide, the base acute, the margin revolute, the apex contracted
into a short obtuse acumen; primary lateral veins on each side of the
midrib 8-12, widely separated considering the shortness of the leaf, minor
reticulations few but comparatively conspicuous, all somewhat coarse, a
definite vein present just within the margin.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 18068 (type), 18036
Curran Merritt cG Zschokke: Province of Zambales, Mount Tapulao, For. Bur.
8066, 8088 Curran d Merritt, at elevations from over 2,000 to 2,700 in, the young
leaves noted as giving a reddish-brown color to the forest.

Local name, Baltic, Benguet.

79. Eugenia alvarezii sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis terminalibus et subterminalibus, brevibus, trichotomis,
floribus in ramulorum apicibis confertis: calvcis tubo turbinato-bemis-
pherico, lobis 4, brevibus; petalis liberis; staminibus multis: foliis coria-
ceis, supra praesertiin nitidis, ellipticis, elliptico-lanceolatis vel oblongis,
basi acutis, margine lente revolutis, apice anguste acuminatis; venis
utrinque 10-15, baud confertis.

Inflorescences terminal and subterminal, about 2 cm long, forming a
leafy panicle, the sessile white flowers all crowded at the extremities of the
main branches : calvx-tube turbinate-hemispheric, 4 mm long, 4 mm wide
at the apex, the lobes very short, merely forming an undulate border;
petals 4, free, orbicular-ovate, 2.5-3 mm long; stamens numerous, the
filaments about 3 mm long, the anthers 0.5 mm long; stvle subulate, 4
mm long, ovary somewhat thick-walled, 2-celled, several-seeded : fruit
reddish, slightly exceeding 1 cm in diameter, thick-walled, 2-celled, the
seeds immature.

A tree 20 m high, with a trunk 40 cm in diameter, the branches
covered with cinnamon-colored bark : leaves with petioles 3—6 mm long,
the lamina coriaceous, the upper surface vitreous-shining, the under
somewhat shining but much less so than the upper, elliptic, elliptic-
lanceolate, or oblong, 4.5—6 cm long, 2—3 cm wide, the base acute, the
margins slightly revolute, the apex rather gradually contracted into a
slender acumen not exceeding 1 cm long; primary lateral veins on each
side of the midrib 10—15, not at all crowded, raised on both surfaces,
their apices forming a submarginal vein as definite as themselves, a faint
vein on the extreme margin.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Sapuan, For. Bur. 18353 Alvarez (type, flower-
ing) ; Pauai, For. Bur. 18379 Alvarez (fruit).

Local name, Balteak.

80. Eugenia roseomarginata sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis terminalibus vel subterminalibus, floribus sessilibus, in
4— 8-lloris capitulis congestis: calycis tubo turbinato, margine undulato;
corolla calyptrata : foliis coriaceis, ovatis usque ad oblongis, basi acutis,
apice acuminatis; margine rosea; venis utrinque circiter 20.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEiE. 391

Inflorescences terminal or subterminal, 1-3 cm long, the rachises
sub terete, striate, the bractlets ovate, obtuse, 0.5 mm long, the flowers
sessile in heads of 4 to 8, paniculately disposed: buds 3.5-4 mm long;
calyx-tube turbinate, 3.5 mm long, 3 mm wide at the apex, the lobes
merely forming undulations less than 0.5 mm long, ridge running down
the side of the tube corresponding to their most elevated point; corolla
calyptrate, 3 mm in diameter; stamens numerous, the filaments not
exceeding 3 mm in length, the anthers oblong, 0.3 mm long; style as
yet only 1 mm long ; ovary somewhat thick- walled, 3-celled, few-ovuled.

A tree attaining a height of 5 m and a trunk-diameter of 30 cm, its
branches covered with gray to pinkish-gray bark : leaves with petioles
3-5 mm long, the lamina coriaceous, ovate, oblong, or more usually
lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 3.5-8 cm long, 1.8-3. 3 cm wide, the
base acute or acutely acuminate, usually decurrent, the margin not or
barely revolute, the apex obtusely acuminate or caudate, at least the
upper surface shining; primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib
18-35, usually much more conspicuous than the intervening irregularly-
reticulated intervening veins, their apices forming a vein close to the
margin, in the intervening space on the upper surface pinkish like the
under surface and not showing any veins.

Luzon, Province of Ilocos Norte, Mount Piao, For. Bur. 13975 (type), 13990
Merritt d Darling: Province of Ilocos Sur, Mount Bulagao, For. Bur. 11/051/
Merritt d Darling.

This species approaches E. striatula, but the latter is easily distinguished not
only by its widely branching inflorescence and free petals, but by its fevv^r
leaf -veins.

Local name, Pamayausin, Ilocos Norte.

81. Eugenia perpallida Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (190C) Suppl. 10C.

Syzygium pallidum Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 38;

non Eugenia pallida Berg, in Mart. FI. Bras. 14 11 231.

Luzon, Province of Isabela, Baler, Merrill 101/3: Province of Pangasinan, near
Eguia, For. Bur. 8281/ Curran d Merritt: Province of Zambales, Subig, Merrill
1761/, For. Bur. 378, 901/ Maule; Selangan, Far. Bur. 5921/ Curran ; Cauag, For.
Bur. 6019 Aguilar ; Mount Tapulao, For. Bur. 8258 Curran A Merritt: Province
of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Whit ford 1209, For. Bur. 3121/ Meyer; Limay,
Bur. Sci. 6192 Robinson: Province of Batangas, For. Bur. 7689 Curran: Province
of Albay, Manito, For. Bur. 10570 Curran. Lubang, For. Bur. 12238 Rosenbluth.
Negros, Province of Negros Occidental, Gimagaan River, Whit ford 1587 (closely
allied, but probably distinct) ; Mount Silay, Whitford 1526.

Local names, Malaruhat na pula, Payetan, Pangasinan; Arinaya, Bignay-
maching, Pielan, Malaruhat na puti, Zambales; Bulog, Negros.

Endemic.

82. Eugenia parva comb. nov.

E. acuminatissitna parva Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (190G) Suppl. 104.

Luzon, Province of Ilocos Norte, Mount Piao, For. Bur. 13980, 13981 Merritt d
Darling : Province of Ilocos Sur, Mount Bulagao, For. Bur. 11/029 Merritt d
Darling: Province of Zambales, Candelaria, For. Bur. 821/7 Curran d Merritt:
Province of Pangasinan, northwest of Baui, For. Bur. 8359 Curran d Merritt:
Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Whitford 1136, 1218: Province of Camari-
nes, near Lagonoy, For. Bur. 1061/6 Curran: Province of Albay, Cuming 861.

ROBINSON.

392

Bohol, Cuming 1825. Palawan, Panacan Point, For. Bur. 3831/ Curran ; Mount
Victoria, Bur. Sci. 730, 751 Foxworthy.

This species seems well distinct from E. acuminatissima by its essentially dif-
ferent venation; it is closely allied to E. perpallida, from which it is most easily
separated by the characters indicated in the key. The Palawan collections have in
general larger and wider leaves than the type, attaining 85 by 32 mm, but they
seem to intergrade well with the most typical material. For. Bur. 8359 is atypic,
having leaves hardly at all acuminate.

Local names, Panomanagan, Ilocos Norte; Ambabacit, Ilocos Sur.

Endemic.

83. Eugenia saligna comb. nov.

Jambosa saligna Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 1l (1855) 432.

E. acuminatissima Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 46- (1877) 67, nec Miq.
in Linnaea 19 (1847) 440, nec Berg in Mart. FI. Bras. 141 (1857) 315.

Jambosa acuminatissima Hassk. Cat. Hort. Bog. Alt. (1844) 362.

Myrtus acuminatissima Blume Bijdr. (1826) 1088.

Syzygium acuminatissimum DC. Prodr. 3 (1828) 261.

E. cumingiana Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 173, non E. cumingii Hook.
& Arn. in Hook. Bot. Misc. 3 (1833) 319.

Syzygium subdecurrens Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I1 (1855) 449.

Luzon, Province of Isabela, Baler, Merrill 106 If: Province of Benguet, Mount
Tonglon, For. Bur. 501/1; Curran: Province of Zambales, Mount Tapulao, For. Bur.
8101/, 8105 Curran tC- Merritt, Bur. Sci. 1/761/, 5096 Ramos; Candelaria, For. Bur.
821/8 Curran tf- Merritt: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Whitford 1198,
1228, For. Bur. 811, 2385 Borden, For. Bur. 21/06, 2628, 2801, 2807, 3001/ Meyer,
For. Bur. 621/8, 6269 Curran: Province of Rizal, Antipolo, For. Bur. 1/32, 1/75
Ahern’s collector; Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 11/91/ Ramos, For. Bur. 2896 Ahern’s col-
lector; Mount Dugo, Loher 2501: Province of Tayabas, Pagbilao, Merrill 1930:
Province of Albay, Cuming 925; Batan, For. Bur. 15001 Aldor. Marinduque,
Boac, For. Bur. 12153 Roscnbluth. Negros, Province of Negros Occidental, Mount
Silay, Whitford 151/1/; Cadiz, For. Bur. 5571 Everett. Leyte, Ormoc, For. Bur.
12725 Rosenbluth. Mindanao, Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang, For. Bur.
1/77 1 M earns c£ Hutchinson: Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 7 30, s. n.

This includes three more or less intergrading series, the first well represented
by the type of E. cumingiana, a second formed by the collections from Benguet,
Zambales, Tayabas, and For. Bur. 11/91/, from Rizal, distinguished by having the
under surface of the leaves very conspicuously glandular; while For. Bur. 1/32,
from Rizal, and some of the Lanao specimens have much wider leaves, often
showing two submarginal veins. There seems to be no sufficient reason for
separating them specifically.

The Philippine material has been compared with Javan specimens, taken from
trees in cultivation at Buitenzorg, and with a sheet from the Andaman Islands,
Dr. Brain’s collector 85, a duplicate from the Botanic Gardens at Calcutta, all
distributed as E. acuminatissima Kurz, and there can be no doubt tha^ Merrill’s
reduction of E. cumingiana is correct. But the former name had already been
used in Eugenia for two other species, though one does not belong to this genus:
the other is apparently valid. It has been necessary, in consequence, to accept
Miquel’s specific name as the oldest tenable one, the synonymy being taken from
Koorders and Valeton.

Local names, Malaruhat, Cahoybod, Bataan; Bujucan, Albay; Taguilumboy,
Negros; Binloan, Leyte; the Zambales form is there called Cuyagin and Malaru-
ha tsapa.

India to southern China, Malaya and tropical Australia.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEiE. 393

84. Eugenia astronioides sp. nov.

Infiorescentiis paniculato-cymosis, floribus sessilibus, saepissime in
triadibus dispositis; parvis: calyces tubo turbinato, lobis 4, brevibus,
rotundatis ; corolla calyptrata; staminibus numerosis; ovario biloculari :
foliis chartaceis, oblongis vel elliptico-lanceolatis, basi acutis, apice anguste
acnminatis; venis utrinque circiter 12, laterale ab margine remota.

Inflorescences terminal, the individual flowers in triads, or beneath the
apex sometimes single, the triads forming lax panicles 2-4 cm long, the
sessile flowers subtended by a pair of ovate obtuse fleshy .bracteoles 0.5
mm long: calyx-tube turbinate, terete or distinctly angled, 2-2.5 mm
long, 1.5-2 mm wide just below the apex, the apex often slightly incurved;
calyx-lobes 4, about 0.3 mm long, rounded; corolla calyptrate, about 1.5
mm in diameter; staminal-disk not projecting; stamens numerous, the
filaments 1-2 mm long, the anthers 0. 3-0.4 mm long; style 1.5 mm long;
ovary 2-celled, few-ovuled.

A tree or shrub, attaining a height of 10 m, and a trunk-diameter of 30
cm, its terete branches covered with gray or pinkish-gray bark: leaves
with petioles 1-4 mm long, the lamina chartaceous or submembranaceous,
oblong, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, G— 12 cm long, 1.5-3 cm
wide, the base acute and decurrent, the margin somewhat revolute, the
apex gradually narrowed and forming a slender obtuse or subacute acumen
1-1.5 cm long; primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib 10—13,
slender, much more conspicuous on the under surface, the intervening
veins only rarely prominent, the apices forming a lateral vein usually
one-fourth of the distance from the margin to the midrib.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, growing at elevations of 150—300 m above the
sea, For. Bur. 18457, 18)67 (type) Alvarez; Missiones River, For. Bur. 17194
Curran. All specimens were collected on March 3, 1909, and the flowers, described
as green and odorless, but pinkish when dry, are slightly immature. It is very
distinct from any other Philippine species, the leaves resembling those of E.
mananquil, which is not at all closely allied, and the whole aspect of the plant,
as seen on a herbarium sheet, suggesting rather indistinctly Astronia cumingiana.

Local names, Sudsod, Guisgues.

85. Eugenia costulata sp. nov.

E. cinnamomea Merr. in Philip. Jour. Sci. 1 (1900) Suppl. 104, pro parte, non
Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1880) 173.

Infiorescentiis terminalibus vel subterminalibus, divaricato-cymosis,
floribus sessilibus : calyce turbinato, lobis parvis, calyce fructibusque
saepe etiam corolla 4-costatis: foliis petiolatis, ellipticis vel lanceolato-
ellipticis, basi acutis, apice acnminatis; venis utrinque 8-12.

Cymes terminal or in the axils of the upper leaves, 4—10 cm long,
forking trichotomously, often at the base, all of its branches slender at
anthesis, thickened in fruit, acutely 4-angled, the individual flowers
usually in threes, sessile, a pair of ovate obtuse bracteoles 0.5 mm long
subtending the forks of the inflorescence and the flowers: buds about 5.5
mm long, flowers attaining at least 1 cm in length; calyx 4.5—5 mm long,

85754 13

394

ROBINSON.

2.5-4 mm wide at the apex, extending 2.5-3 mm beyond the ovary, the
4 rounded lobes inconspicuous, unequal, all less than 0.5 mm long, a con-
spicuous rib running from the apex of each lobe downward to the base of
the flower and often continued upward upon the corolla; corolla white,
calyptrate, about 1 mm in vertical height; staminal disk usually very
thin ; stamens numerous, the filaments 4-G mm long, the anthers 0.3 mm
long; styles 2-3.5 mm long, acicular, hidden by the stamens and rarely
reaching the level of the margin of the calyx; ovary 2-celled, with
numerous small ovules; fruit brown, ellipsoid, the largest about 2 cm
long and 1 cm in diameter, round in transverse section but conspicuously

4- angled, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded.

A tree 8-22 m high, its trunk 24—75 cm in diameter, the terete
branchlets covered with grayish or cinnamon-gray bark: leaves with
petioles 3-6 mm long, the chartaceous lamina elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate,

5- 14.5 cm long, 2. 8-5.5 cm wide, the base acute and decurrent, the apex
contracted into an obtuse acumen ranging in length from 5 to 30 mm
both surfaces brown but the under the paler; primary lateral veins on
each side of the midrib 8-12, quite distinct but not prominent, sometimes
rather more numerous by the development of other veins; the main
submarginal vein usually originating from the third lowest of the lateral
veins and in the middle of the leaf about 2.5—5 mm from the margin, the
second lowest lateral vein originating a less distinct vein nearer the
margin, the lowest very faint; secondary veins frequent and frequently
anastomosing.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Antipolo, For. Bur. 4 12 Ahern’s collector (type) ;
Bosoboso, For. Bur. 2150 Ahern’s collector: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles,
Lamao River, For. Bur. 814, 1188 Borden, Whitford 344 : Province of Tayabas,
Atimonan, It hitford 673. Only the first of these numbers bears flowers, the
others with one exception are in fruit, but match well. Other very similar fruit-
ing material for the same localities has no ribs upon the fruit. Further, the
leaves of this species are an excellent match for those of the type of E. cin-
namomea, but the flowers are very different.

86. Eugenia benthamii A. Gray Bot. Wilkes U. S. Expl. Exped. (1854) 520,
non E. benthamii Berg in Linnaea 27 (1856) 164.

Syzygium nitidum Benth. in Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. 2 (1843) 221, nec Eugenia
nitida Veil. FI. Flum. (1790) 208, nec Benth., nec Cambess., nec Duthie.

Luzon, Province of Bulacan, Angat, For. Bur. 7 449 Curran: Province of Rizal,
Antipolo, For. Bur. 433 Ahern’s collector: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles,
For. Bur. 2803 Meyer: Province of Tayabas, Pagbilao, Merrill 1981: Province of
Camarines, Libmanan, For. Bur. 895 VanWickle; Pasacao, For. Bur. 703 Van-
Wickle, For. Bur. 15792 Rosenbluth. Mindoro, Abonabon, Merrill 2185; Pola,
Merrill 2237. Mangsi Islands, Wilkes Expl. Exped. s. n. Two collections, in
fruit, undoubtedly cospecific with one another (Elmer 6130, Sablan, Benguet,
and For. Bur. 433 Ahern’s collector. Antipolo, Rizal), may possibly belong here,
but have a much more definite submarginal vein.

'A note on the nomenclature is necessary. E. benthamii was based by Gray
on Bentham’s species, with the citation of the Philippine specimen, and other
notes. A fragment of the Mangsi specimen is in this herbarium, and so far as

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEzE. 395

possible agrees with the specimens here cited, and is noted by Merrill 11 as also
agreeing with Bentham’s type from Tobie Island. For some reason, E. benthamii
A. Gray is not listed in the Kew Index, but a species of that name is credited
to Berg as in Linnaea 27 (1854) 104, and other species of that author in the
same paper are uniformly so dated. No direct evidence is available here to
determine the question, but the indirect evidence seems to indicate that Gray’s
name has priority by at least 18 months. In Hooker’s Journal of Botany & Kew
Garden Miscellany 6 (1854) 285-287, there is a review of Gray’s publication. A
simple calculation shows that this was the September number. From the tone
of the article, it is probable that the volume was reviewed promptly upon receipt;
from the statements that “the plates are not yet published,” and “Some of the
unpublished plates are in our possession,” it is probable that no other delays than
those of transit retarded its receipt: further, the reference to the death of Wallich
in the June number, page 185, “The. pages of our Journal were already printed,
last month, when we received the melancholy tidings of the death [in London]
* * * on the 28th of April” would indicate that the numbers were appearing

promptly, whether this refers to the number for April or for May. This, more
definitely than any other information we have yet received, would indicate that
Gray’s volume appeared about July, 1854. On the other hand, a review of the
various articles in Linnaea, in the Botanische Zeitung 15 (9 Ja 1857) 27, places
volume 27 of that magazine, with Berg’s article specifically mentioned, in the
year 1856. In the Botanische Zeitung 13 (7 D 1855) 869-871, a review of the
26th volume of Linnaea appears, written like the other by von Schlechtendal,
editor of Linnaea and coeditor of the Botanische Zetiung. In this, it is stated
that the first part of volume 27 had already appeared, and that it would at once
be followed by the others, the latter to contain Berg’s article on the Myrtaceae
of South America, Brazil excepted.

Local names, Anubing, Tayabas; Arahan, Macaasim, Malaruhat, Camarines,
the last also in Mindoro.

87. Eugenia grisea sp. nov.

Jambosa lineata Merr. in For. Bur. Bull. (Philip.) 1 (1903) 43, pro parte, non
aliorum.

Inflorescentiis cymosis, terminalibus vel subterminalibus; floribus
parvis, calycis tubo subturbinato, basi producto, apice brevissime lobato,
corolla calyptrata, staminibus numerosis ; baccis depresso-globosis : foliis
ellipticis vel elliptico-oblanceolatis, utrinque acuminatis, nitidis, sub-
coriaceis; venis utrinque 20-25, teneris.

Inflorescences terminal or in the axils of the upper leaves, 4-7 cm
long, usually trichotomously forked, the flowers mostly densely crowded
at or near the apices of the branches, the terminal clusters 3-9-flowered,
bracteoles very small or wanting: individual flowers in all about 5 mm
long, the basal 1—2 mm of which forms a pseudostalk; calyx in all about
4 mm long, about 2.5 mm in diameter at the apex, extending 1.5 mm
beyond the ovary; calyx -lobes not attaining 0.5 mm, rounded, inconspic-
uous; corolla calyptrate, about 2 mm in diameter at the base, with a
vertical height of about 0.5 mm ; staminal disk present but small ; stamens
numerous, the filaments mostly 2-2.5 mm long, the anthers about 0.5
mm long, comparatively large; style about 3 mm long; the thin-walled

11 This Journal 3 (1908) Bot. 83.

396

ROBINSON.

ovary 2-celled, with several ovules: fruit brown, depressed-globose, 15
mm long, 17-18 mm wide, crowned by the truncate neck-like free part
of the calyx, 1-celled, rarely 2-celled, each cell containing a single seed

1 cm in diameter.

A tree attaining at least a height of 8 m and a trunk-diameter of 30
cm, the bark scaly, yellowish, that of the terete or nearly terete ultimate
branches gray or somewhat pinkish-gray: leaves with petioles 6-14 mm
long, the lamina hardly more than chartaceous though by the eye alone
it would be considered coriaceous, elliptic or elliptic-oblanceolate, 6.5—13
cm long, 3-5.5 cm wide, the base acuminate and decurrent on the petiole,
the apex contracted into an obtuse acumen 5-10 mm long, the upper
surface of the lamina olivaceous and shining, the lower surface paler and
duller; primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib 20-25, usually
difficult to count accurately owing to intervening veins of nearly equal
prominence and to irregular anastomoses, all of the veins thin and of
nearly equal prominence on both surfaces, forming a definite vein about

2 mm from the margin.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, San Vicente, For. Bur. 1/290 Klemme : Province
of Rizal, Bosoboso, For. Bur. 2862 (type), 3251/ Ahern’s collector, Merrill 1821 .
Guimaras, Nagaba, For. Bur. 303 Gammill. Tinago, Ahern 1/29, 1/1/3. Mindanao,
District Province of Surigao, Surigao, Ahem 516.

A species apparently very closely related to Eugenia jamboloides Koord. & Val.,
differing most notably in the venation of the leaves.

Local names, Bansalaguin, Rizal; Butadtad, Guimaras; Lagilagi, Dinagat and
Surigao; Canomay, Tinago.

88. Eugenia mimica Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (100(1) Suppl. 212.

Two rather dissimilar series are represented by the plants here considered to
belong to this species. That agreeing with the nomenclatorial type has leaves
usually more than four times as long as wide, 23-85 mm long, 7-22 mm wide,
and their apex is comparatively broadly acuminate or merely obtuse; the other
series has thinner, larger, comparatively wider leaves, 7-14 cm long, 2-6.5 cm
wide. In spite of this great range in leaf-outline, which is from linear-oblan-
ceolate to suborbicular, the transition from the one extreme to the other passes
through such gradual stages that it seems obligatory to include them all within
the limits of the one species. It is not unlikely that these forms represent ecologic
types, the first inhabiting river margins, the latter growing on ridges, cliffs, or
in open forest.

Form 1. Leaves narrow. E. mimica proper.

Luzon, Province of Pangasinan, Cuming 958: Province of Bulacan, Angat,
For. Bur. Ill 1/1/, 11158 Aguilar ; Norzagaray, Yoder 199, For. Bur. 7168 Curran:
Province of Rizal, For. Bur. 31/31 Ahern’s collector; Montalban, Merrill 503);
Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 1)38 Ramos. Mindoro, Triron, For. Bur. 881/9 Merritt.

Form 2. Leaves wider.

Luzon, Province of Pampanga, Linga River, For. Bur. 5781 Curran : Province of
Zambales, Bagaac, For. Bur. 386 Maule: Province of Bataan, Lamao River, Williams
381: Province of Bulacan, Angat, Far. Bur. 11256 Klemme: Province of Rizal,
Antipolo, For. Bur. )10 Ahern’s collector: Province of Tavabas, For. Bur. 10331
Curran: Province of Camarines, Pasacao, Ahern 56, 77. Mindoro, Cuming 11/98;

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEvE. 3^7

Iriron, For. Bur. 8827 Merritt. Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga,
For. Bur. 9167, 9399 Whitford & Hutchinson.

For. Bur. 7 168, Cuming 958, For. Bur. 11256, For. Bur. 8827, in the order
named, form an almost perfect transition series.

Local names, Malalumbay, Zambales; Mama sin, Tayabas and Camarines;
Maladuhat, Camarines; Bansalagun, Mindoro.

Endemic.

89. Eugenia striatula sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis terminalibus vel lateralibus, cymosis, multifloris, calycis
tubo turbinato, fere truncato, petalis liberis : foliis coriaceis, apice breviter
lateque acuminatis, basi acutis, venis utrinque 12-20.

Cymes widely branching, terminal, axillary, or below the leaves, 6-12
cm long, trichotomous, the flowers mostly in threes, sessile or the middle
one very short-pedicelled, occasionally single and then appearing pedi-
celled, bracteoles ovate, very short, the branches of the inflorescence mostly
4-angled with fine longitudinal striae which are more conspicuous
throughout the length of the calyx : calyx-tube sub truncate, 7-8 mm long,
extending about 3 mm beyond the ovary, about 4.5 mm in diameter at
the apex, turbinate or nearly obconic, becoming a pseudostalk at the base ;
calyx-lobes every short, rounded, inconspicuous; petals 4, white, free,
suborbicular, 4 mm in diameter; stamens numerous, the filaments about
1 cm long, the anthers 0.4 mm long, tipped by a somewhat conspicuous
gland; style 7 mm long; ovary 2-celled with numerous ovules; fruit blue-
black, edible, ovoid, 1 cm long, 7 mm in diameter, 1-celled, or at the apex
with a rudiment of the second cell, 1-seeded.

A tree 8 m high, with a trunk attaining 25 cm in diameter, the terete
or nearly terete branches covered with gray bark: leaves with petioles
3-6 mm long, the lamina coriaceous, ranging in outline from elliptic-
lanceolate to obovate, 4-12 cm long, 18-55 mm wide, the upper surface
nearly olivaceous, the under surface paler, at the apex forming a short
obtuse acumen, the base acute and decurrent upon the petiole; primary
lateral veins on each side of the midrib 12—20, usually with a strong
intervening vein, the anastomoses quite irregular, with a very definite
vein about 1-3 mm from the margin, the margin with faint veins only,
or these hardly evident.

Luzon, Province of Zambales (probably), Cuming 101$ (type) ; Bio Baquiling,
For. Bur. 6953, 6982 Curran; San Juan, For. Bur. 8235 Curran & Merritt:
Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, For. Bur. 211$ Ahern’s collector. The locality
ascribed to Cuming’s specimen on the sheet itself is Albay Province, but the num-
bers from that province run from 834 to 947, while the localities for those between
1,040 and 1,112, both inclusive, are not definitely known. Occasional sheets, none
so far as I have seen within these limits, are localized as Zambales, so it is
nearly certain that Cuming collected in that province; the series ending in 1,039
was from Pangasinan, and that beginning with 1,113 from Ilocos Sur. It would
thus be extremely probable that the Zambales series, not otherwise accounted
for, embraced the intervening numbers, and the present species is evidence in
favor of that view.

398

ROBINSON.

90. Eugenia robinsonii Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. (1909) 583.

Inflorescentiis terminalibus vel subterminalibus, paniculato-corymbosis,

rhachide ramisque admodum crassis, ramulis ultimis brevissimis, 1-4
(saepissime 3) flores sessiles gercntibus: calycis tubo turbinato, truiicato
vel brevissime 4-lobato; petalis 4, liberis; staminibus numerosis. Arbor,
foliis mediocriter petiolatis, chartaceis, ellipticis vel oblongis, basi acute
acuminatis dedhrrentibusque, apice anguste acuminatis ; venis utrinque
15-20.

Negkos, Province of Negros Oriental, Dumaguete, Cuernos Mountains, Elmer
10050.

this closely approaches E. benthamii, and may ultimately prove to be con-
nected; at present, it seems to be well separated from typical specimens of that
species by its much closer venation, but certain intermediates bring the two very
near one another.

91. Eugenia brittoniana sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis terminalibus vel subterminalibus, floribus saepissime
sessilibus in triadibus vel sub apice solitariis et breviter pedicellatis, race-
mose vel paniculatim dispositis, calycis tubo turbinato, margine superiore
undulato vel truncato; corolla calyptrata: foliis coriaceis, ellipticis vel
oblongis, basi acute acuminatis, apice acuminatis; venis utrinque 10-12.

Inflorescences terminal and in the upper axils, the outline of the
peduncles and the apices of the flowers nearly a square ; the white flowers
at the tips of the quadrangular branches sessile in threes, below the apices
often solitary and shortly pedicelled, individual inflorescences 2.5-4 cm
long, broad but very short bracteoles present at the articulations : calyx-
tube turbinate, 4-5 mm long, 4-5 mm in diameter at the apex and 1-1.5
mm at the base, extending 3 mm beyond the ovary; its apex forming
shallow undulations or truncate; corolla calyptrate; stamens numerous,
the filaments 4-6 mm long, the anthers 0.3 mm long: style 7 mm long;
ovary thick-walled, 2-celled, few-ovuled.

A tree attaining a height of 10 m with a trunk-diameter of 15 cm, its
branches covered with gray or mottled gray and dark-brown bark : leaves
with petioles 5-8 mm long, the lamina coriaceous, elliptic, oblong, or
nearly oval, 4.5—8 cm long, 2-4 cm wide, the base acutely acuminate and
somewhat decurrent, the margin slightly recurved, the apex forming an
obtuse acumen 5-10 mm long; primary lateral veins on each side of the
midrib 10-12, purplish, the intervening veins few but fairly conspicuous,
submarginal vein definite but often irregular, when irregular the sub-
marginal vein of the' basal half of the leaf continuing beyond that point
as a faint outer vein, but sending a stronger reticulation to a vein formed
by the third or fourth lateral vein which is the true submarginal vein in
the upper half of the leaf.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, Williams 11,61, 11,61, (type). Named
for Dr. N. L. Britton, of the N. Y. Botanical Garden, under whose direction
Mr. Williams’s trip was undertaken and the writer began his study of Philippine
botany.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEiE. 399

92. Eugenia mindorensis sp. nov.

Infiorescentiis terminalibus vel sub terminal] bus, floribus sessilibus in
triadibus racemose dispositis: calycis tubo turbinato, margine superiore
undulato; corolla calyptrata: foliis coriaceis, ellipticis vel elliptico-lance-
olatis, basi acutis, apice acuminatis; venis utrinque 15-18, concoloribus.

Inflorescences terminal or in the upper axils, the axes rather stout,
terete, 2.5—5 cm long, the flowers in threes, white with an odor resembling
that of dandelions, sessile or on extremely short pedicels, the triads race-
mosely arranged : calyx-tube turbinate, 7 mm long, 2 mm in diameter at
the apex and nearly 2 mm at the base, extending 4 mm beyond the ovary,
its upper margin forming shallow undulations rather than lobes ; corolla
calyptrate; stamens numerous, the filaments 1-1.3 cm long, the anthers
0.5 mm long; style about 1 cm long; ovary thick-walled, 2-celled, several-
ovuled.

A tree attaining a height of 18 m and a trunk-diameter of 30 cm, its
terete branches covered with gray or cinnamon-gray bark : leaves with
petioles 8-12 mm long, the lamina coriaceous, elliptic or elliptic-lance-
olate, 5—10 cm long, 2. 5-4. 5 cm wide, the base acutely acuminate and
decurrent, the margin barely revolute, the apex gradually contracted and
forming an obtuse or subacute acumen about 1 cm long ; primary lateral
veins on each side of the midrib 15—18, thin but distinct on the lower
surface, usually less distinct on the upper, somewhat irregularly forking
and anastomosing, slightly paler than the mesophyll, their apices forming
a definite vein about 1 mm within the margin.

Mindoro, Yling Island, For. Bur. 9820 Merritt (type) ; Igsoso, For. Bur. 8661
Merritt.

Local name, Malaruhat.

93. Eugenia garciae Merr. in Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 36,
as syn.

Jambosa garciae Merr. loc. cit.

Mindoro, Pola, Merrill 2367. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mrs.
Clemens 17 1.

Local name, Lipote, Mindoro.

Endemic.

94. Eugenia polycephaloides sp. nov.

Infiorescentiis ramifloris, divaricato-cymosis ; calycis tubo turbinato,
lobis 4 ; petalis liberis vel fere calyptratis, 4, albis ; staminibus numerosis :
foliis breviter petiolatis vel subsessilibus, oblanceolatis vel ellipticis,
mediocris, admodum coriaceis, basi acuminatis, lente cordatis, apice obtuse
acuminatis; venis utrinque 14-18.

Inflorescences borne on the branches below the leaves, dichotomously
and trichotomously cymose, usually widely divaricate, 5-10 cm long, 7-13
cm wide, common peduncle 1 cm long or shorter or none ; bracts similar
to the bracteoles; flowers usually in threes, the individual ones sessile,
subtended by two decussate pairs of ovate or suborbicular bracteoles 2-3
mm long: calyx-tube turbinate, 5-5.5 mm long, 4-5 mm wide at the base

400

ROBINSON.

of the lobes, projecting about 3 mm beyond the ovary; calyx-lobes 4,
rounded, 1—1.5 mm long, 2-3.5 mm wide; petals free or apparently
sometimes calyptrate, white, suborbicular, 5 mm in diameter; disk
evident; stamens numerous, the filaments 7-14 mm long, the anthers
about 0.5 mm long; style slightly exceeding 1 cm in length; ovary
2-celled.

A tree 15-20 m high, with a trunk 50-75 cm in diameter, the branches
and branchlets 4-angled and sometimes slightly winged, with gray or
purplish bark : leaves with petioles about 5 mm long, or iess often subses-
sile, the lamina subcoriaceous, oblanceolate or elliptic, 6-20 cm long,
4-7.5 cm wide, the base acuminate and shallowly cordate, the apex some-
what abruptly contracted into a short obtuse acumen; lateral veins on
each side of the midrib 14-18, forming a definite submarginal vein.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, near Cavinti, For. Bur. 10163 Curran: Province
of Tayabas, Lucban, Elmer 8233, 9233: Province of Camarines, Pasacao, Ahern
203: Province of Sorsogon, Sorsogon, For. Bur. 10521 Curran (type).

This and the allied species seem closely related to Eugenia polycephala Miq.,
but do not apear to be identical with it.

Local names, Balasugan, Cagayan; Lapote, Laguna; Balegan, Sorsogon;
Maigang, Leyte.

95. Eugenia oblanceolata sp. nov.

Tnllorescentiis cymoso-paniculatis, axillaribus vel terminalibus, fioribus
sessilibus, tetrameris; calycis tubo subhemispherico, staminibus brevibus :
foliis subcoriaceis, oblanceolatis vel late oblanceolatis, acuminatis, basi
saepissime cprdatis rarius obtusis, magnis; venis utrinque 16—25.

Inflorescence cymose-paniculate, about 6 cm long, the rachis and its
branches stout, 4-angled, subtended by bracts attaining 7 mm in length
but often shorter, the individual flowers sessile, their bractlets 4, con-
spicuous, oval or nearly orbicular, 2-3 mm long : calyx-tube nearly hemi-
spherical, 4 mm long, 3-5 mm in diameter at the base of the lobes,
extending 2-3 mm beyond the ovary; calyx-lobes 4, 0.7-0. 8 mm long,
1.5-2 mm wide, their apices rounded or truncate; petals falling calyp-
trately, the cap about 3 mm in diameter, about 1 mm in vertical height;
stamens numerous, the filaments 2-4 mm long, the anthers about 0.4 mm
long ; style 6-7 mm long, tapering ; ovary 2-celled.

A tree about 10 m high, with a trunk 17.5 cm in diameter, its ultimate
branches 4-angled and often narrowly winged, with brownish or purplish
bark when dry : leaves sessile or subsessile, the lamina subcoriaceous,
oblanceolate or broadly oblanceolate, the youngest excepted 16-32 cm
long, 6-11 cm wide, acuminate at both extremities, at the base often
for one-third the length of the leaf, shortly and obtusely at the apex, the
base auriculate or merely obtuse; lateral veins 16-25, less distinct toward
the extremes, crowded near the base, the midvein strongly developed and
projecting ; finer venation evident but not conspicuous.

Samar, (probably), Cuming 1676 (type). Mindanao, District of Davao, Santa
Cruz, Williams 2862.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACE7E. 401

96. Eugenia intumescens sp. nov.

Inflorescentiis terminalibus vel in foliorum superiorum axillis, cymoso-
paniculatis, rhaehide saepissime crassa : calycis tubo turbinato, lobis 4;
petalis, 4, liberis; staminibns numerosis: foliis sessilibus vel subsessilibus,
coriaceis, ellipticis, oblanceolatis, vel obovatis, basi cordatis, apice acu-
minatis; venis utrinque 12-18.

Inflorescences cymose-paniculate, terminal or less often in the axils of
the uppermost leaves, 9-17 cm long, attaining a width of 10 cm but
usually less, the racliis and its branches 4-angled, often very stout (5 mm
wide), the bracts lanceolate, acute or subacute, often foliaceous, even 2.5
cm long ; flowers mostly clustered at the ends of the branches of the rachis,
usually three together, the individual flowers sessile, surrounded by two
decussate pairs of ovate bracteoles 2—3 mm ‘long: calyx-tube turbinate,
4-5 mm long, 5-6 mm wide at the base of the lobes, projecting about
3 mm beyond the ovary; calyx-lobes 4, rounded, 1.5-3 mm long, 2-3
mm wide; petals 4, free or very slightly attached at their bases, orbicular-
ovate; staminal disk thin; stamens numerous, the filaments about 6 mm
long, the anthers 0.5 mm long; style 6 mm long, at anthesis nearly
hidden by the stamens ; ovary 2-celled.

A tall tree, its branchlets 4-angled or nearly terete, not or obscurely
winged, the dry bark purplish or brown ; leaves sessile or with petioles
attaining a length of 5 mm; the coriaceous lamina elliptic, oblanceolate
or obovate, 10-23 cm long, 5-11 cm wide, the base shallowly cordate, the
apex narrowed into a short and comparatively slender obtuse acumen ;
primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib 12—18, forming a distinct
submarginal vein, upper surface of the lamina purplish-brown, shining,
the under surface, with the exception of the veins, much paler, green to
brown.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, For. Bur. 18349 Alvarez (probably) : Province of
Zambales, Subig, Merrill 2202: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Merrill 1877, For.
Bur. 3087 Ahern’s collector ; Antipolo, For. Bur. 480 Ahern’s collector (type),
Bur. Sci. 3360 Ramos. Masbate, Marintoc River, Merrill 2769.

Local names, Malaruhat, Zambales; Dugan, Rizal; Hagoho, Masbate. The
last two look like mistakes for Tarrietia sylvatica (Dungon), and Casuarina
equisetifolia (Agoho), respectively, both very different.

97. Eugenia curtiflora Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 328.

Arbor : inflorescentiis axillaribus, brevibus, bracteatis ; calycis tubo
turbinato; petalis calyptratis; staminibus numerosis, brevibus: foliis
coriaceis, oblanceolatis, basi acutis decurrentibusque, apice in acumen
breve acutum vel obtusum contractis, margine revolutis; venis utrinque
9-11.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, Elmer 8768.

Endemic.

98. Eugenia melliodora sp. nov.

Arbor alta: inflorescentiis axillaribus vel in axillis defoliatis, divari-
cato-cymosis, trichotomis, floribus sessilibus; calyce turbinato, lobis 4,

402

ROBINSON.

rotundatis, brevibus; corolla calyptrata; staminibus numerosis, brevibus;
ovario biloculari: foliis chartaceis, obovatis vel ellipticis, apice acuminatis,
basi acutis; venis utrinque 12-15.

Inflorescences axillary or in the axils of fallen leaves, pyramidal-ovate,
3-4 cm long, 3-6 cm wide at base, usually thrice trichotomous, the
peduncle nearly 1 cm long or wanting, the rachis and its branches about
2 mm in diameter, with orbicular-ovate bracts about 1.5 mm long at
some or all of the articulations ; individual flowers in threes, sessile, each
subtended by two decussate pairs of bracteoles, 2.5 mm long, 3 mm wide,
broadly rounded, or one of these wanting between closely appressed
flowers ; calyx-tube turbinate or broadly oblanceolate, extending about
2.5 mm beyond the ovary, 4-5 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide at the base of
the lobes; calyx-lobes 4, submembranaceous, 2-2.5 mm wide, about 0.5
mm long, rounded; petals falling calyptrately, the cap about 3 mm in
diameter, 1 mm in vertical height ; staminal disk inconspicuous ; stamens
numerous, their filaments 3-4 mm long, the lanceolate anthers about 0.4
mm long; style 5 mm long; ovary 2-celled, with numerous small ovules.

A tall tree with a stem 60 cm in diameter, the terete or nearly terete
branches covered with gray bark; leaves with caniculate petioles 7-13
mm long, the lamina chartaceous obovate or elliptic, 12-17 cm long,
6.5-9 cm wide, acute at the base, contracted at the apex into a short
obtuse acumen, the margins slightly revolute; primary lateral veins on
each side of the midrib 12—15, forming a definite submarginal vein, or
conspicuous on the lower surface, but less so than the midvein.

Luzon, Mindoro, Baco River, McGregor 22Jf.

Very closely allied to the preceding, from which fuller collections may show
it not to be distinct. Apparently differing by the size, shape, and texture of the
leaves.

blanco’s species of myrtace^e.

Nearly all of these are referred to in the proper places in the text, but a brief
summary may be advisable. In no case, is his description satisfactory, and some
of his species may well be mixtures, and there is reason for supposing that others
are twice described, apart from mere changes of name.

1. Eugenia malaccensis Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 415; ed. 2 (1845) 290.

This has generally been reduced to E. jambos , and there is every reason to

believe that the reduction is correct.

2. Mybtus mananquil 1. c. 421.

Eugenia mananquil ed. 2 290.

E. lobas ed. 1 857.

E. canliflora (cauli flora) ed. 2 291.

The second and fourth names are his changes of the first and third. These
seem to me to be the same, at least possibly. E. mananquil has been reduced to
E. javanica, but he very carefully specifies that the fruit is rounded and not
depressed-hemispheric, which should exclude E. javanica. The species here con-
nected with his names is the commonest indigenous one, to which his statements
nearly apply.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACR®. 403

3. E. bauangica ed. 1 416; ed. 2 290.

The description is entirely inadequate, but the chances are that E. malaccensis
Linn, is intended.

4. E. Montana ed. 1 416; ed. 2 291.

Naves interpreted this to be the species here named E. calubcob. Villar con-
sidered him to be wrong, and reduced it to E. macrocarpa Roxb., a species not
known to occur in the Islands. This was apparently done by reason of the
description of the fruit, but apart from the local names cited by Blanco there is
little reason to think that Naves was wrong.

5. E. glandulosa ed. 1 417; ed. 2 291.

The only Philippine species at all answering the description is Rhodomyrtus
tomentosa, but the known distribution of the latter makes the identification
unlikely.

6. E. jambos ed. 1 416; ed. 2 290 (yambos) .

This has previously been reduced to E. malaccensis, to which there is little
intrinsic objection. The probabilities are much greater that E. javanica was
intended : it seems to be the only species near Manila known as Macupa, though
farther south that name belongs to E. malaccensis.

7. PSIDIUM AHOMATICUM ed. 1 417.

P. pyriferum ed. 2 292.

This is certainly P. guajava Linn., of which both the varieties into which
Linnaeus specifically divided it are very common in the Philippines.

8. Calypthranthes jambolana ed. 1 418.

Syzygium jambulanum ed. 2 293.

Undoubtedly E. jambolana Lam.

9. Calypthranthes makai, ed. 1 419.

C. zuzygium? ed. 2 293.

Villar reduced this to E. operculata Roxb., to which the species here described
as E. clausa is at least very closely allied. There is but one objection to connect-
ing Blanco’s species with the latter; both in the Indian and Philippine plants,
the inflorescence is on the older branches, mostly below the leaves; Blanco says
“Flores terminates.” No other species agrees nearly as well with his other state-
ments, the distinctive character being the deciduous calyx-apex. Both of Blanco’s
specific names had been previously used in Calyptranthes, and were evidently
intended as mere identifications.

10. Calypthantiies ramiflora ed. 1 420.

Syzygium latifolium ed. 2 294.

This is most probably Eugenia similis Merr.

11. Myrtus tripin nat a ed. 1 421.

Myrtus %ubrubens ed. 2 294.

There are many reasons for supposing this to be E. lusonensis Merr., but the
description agrees slightly more perfectly with a nearly allied species, to which
Blanco’s specific name has here been attached.

12. Myrtus communis Blanco ed. 1 422; ed. 2 295.

There is no doubt that this is Decaspernum blancoi.

13. Pi.inia PANICULATA ed. 1 423; ed. 2 290.

Reduced by Villar to Kayea racemosa, correctly as to genus, the species now
being known as Kayea paniculata (Blanco) Merr. It is thus excluded from the
family.

404

ROBINSON.

14. Legnotis lanceolata ed. 1 445.

Metrosideros pictipetala ed. 2 295.

If this is any species represented by recent collections, it is most probably
Decaspermu m paniculatum.

15. Melaleuca grandiflora ed. 1 615.

Bombax ceiba ed. 2 372.

The second identification is correct.

The following were credited to the Philippines by Fernandez-Villar in the
Novissima Appendix, but have not been exactly matched in recent collections.

Baeckea frutescens Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 358.

This w'as credited on the authority of previous authors, who did so by wrongly
localizing Cuming 2269, the type of B. cumingiana Schauer. Villar says that he
had not seen it: Cuming 2269 came from Malacca. To be excluded.

Melaleuca leucadendron Linn. Mant. (1767) 105.

Reported as cultivated in Manila: by others its range has been extended to
the Philippines, through another wrong localization, Cuming 2212, the type of
M. cumingiana, generally reduced to M. leucadendron, being also from Malacca.

Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Voy. 1 (1799) 153, pi. IS.

Credited as cultivated: none of the eucalypti at present in cultivation here
seem to be this species.

Metrosideros vera Lindl. Collec. Bot. (1821) pi. 18.

Credited merely as the identification of M. pictipetala (see above), Villar
saying that he had not seen it. It is possible that some of our sterile material
may be of this species, but the probabilities are otherwise.

Rhodamnia trinervia Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1 (1851) 79.

A third case where others had credited a Cuming plant from Malacca to the
Philippines: Villar, again, had not seen it.

Decaspermum rubrum Baill. Hist. PI. 6: 341.

Nelitris rubra Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1 (1851) 73.

A wrong identification of Myrtus communis Blanco ( Decaspermum blancoi
Vidal ) .

Eugenia Formosa Wall. PI. As. Rar. 2 (1831) 6, pi. 108.

E. amplexicaulis Roxb. FI. Ind. 2 (1832) 483.

E. munronii Wight 111. 2: 14.

E. aquea Burm. f. FI. Ind. (1768) 114.

E. densiflora DC. Prodr. 3 (1828) 287.

E. macrocarpa Roxb. 1. c. 497.

E. crandis Wight 111. 2: 17.

E. LAETA Ham. in Mem. Wern. Soc. 5 (1826) 338.

E. griffithii Duthie in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. 2 (1878) 481.

E. rubens Roxb. 1. c. 496.

E, CYMOSA Lam. Encycl. 3 (1789) 199.

E. pellucida Duthie l. c. 485.

See E. cinnamomea Vidal.

E. grata Wight. 111. 2: 15.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEJE. 405

E. linaeta Duthie l. c. 487.

See E. longiflora F.-Vill.

E. rubric aulis Duthie l. c. 487.

E. pyrifolia Duthie l. c.

E. MONTANA Wight’ Ic. 3 (1846) pi. 1060.

E. gardneri Bedd. For. Man. Bot. 108.

Probably is E. salinga.

E. CARYOPHYLLAEA Wight 1c. (1842) pi. 51(0.

E. expansa Duthie l. c. 491.

E. oblata Roxb. 1. c. 493.

E. laevicaulis Duthie l. c. 492.

E. conglomebata Duthie l. c. 497.

E. tetragon A Wight 111. 2: 16.

E. occlusa Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 452 (1876) 130.

E. operculata Roxb. 1. c. 486.

See E. clausa.

E. heyneana Duthie l. c. 500.

E. BRACTEATA Roxb. 1. C. 490.

EXCLUDED SPECIES OE OTHER AUTHORS.

Germaria latifolia Presl Epimel. Bot. (1851) 221.

Subsequently confused by many authors with Pygeum latifolium Miq.,
(Rosaceae) , but a distinct sepecies, P. preslii Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908)
Bot. 227.

Rhodamnia glabra Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 129.

This is a case of wrong identification,
Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1 (1851)
See Merrill supra, p. 304.

The following local names have been

indicated :

Adios, ■ Tristania decorticata.

Ambabacit, Eugenia parva.

Amtuc, E. bordenii.

Ansa, E. mananquil.

Anubing, E. benthamii.

Apalang, E. bordenii.

Arahan, E. benthamii.

Arinaya, E. perpallida.

Bagabug, E. mananquil.

Bagohion, E. philippinensis.

Bagotalisi, E. gigantifolia.
Baguitulay-bayaboj, Tristania decorti-
cata.

Balacbac, Balacbat, Balocboc, E. xantho-
phylla.

Balasugan, E. polycephaloides.

the species being Memecylon ohgoneuron
353. (Melastomataceae.)

found on sheets belonging to the species

Balogan, E. polycephaloides.

Balteak, E. alvarezii.

Baltic, E. acrophxla.

Bansalaguin, E. grisea.

Bansalagun, E. mimica.

Baracbac, E. calubcob, E. subrotundi-
folia, E. xanthophylla.

Barangan, E. subrotundifolia.

Batmay, E. congesta.

Bayabas, Psidium guajava.

Bayacbac, E. subrotundifolia.
Bignay-maching, E. perpallida.

Bindang, Tristania decorticata.

Binloan, E. saligna.

Biracbac, E. arcuatinervia.

Bislot, E. bordenii, E. xanthophylla.

ROBINSON.

406

Bitbid, E. mananquil.

Buabua, E. mananquil.

Bujucan, E. saligna.

Bulog, E. perpallida.

Bumug, E. luzonensis.

Butadtad, E. grisea.

Cagucug, E. mananquil.

Cahoybod, E. saligna.

Ca jocko, E. mananquil.

Calaum, E. glaucicalgx.

Calobcob, Calopcop, Calubcob, Calubcub,
Calugcog, E. bataanensis, E. calubcob,
E. crassipes.

Cansilay, Decaspermum paniculatum.
Carobcob, E. calubcob.

Carra, E. claviflora.

Carutad, E. arcuatinervia.

Cayococ, E. xanthophylla .

Cayogpug, E. calubcob.

Conomay, E. grisea.

Cupcup, E. calubcob.

Cusara, E. claviflora.

Cuyagin, E. saligna.

Dambuhala, E. mananquil.

Digotnalit, Decaspermum blancoi.
Ductulan, E. luzonensis.

Dugan, E. intumescens.

Dugayon, Decaspermum paniculatum.
Duhat, E. jambolana.

Gamatulay, E. claviflora.

Guayabas, Psidium guajava.

Guenayang, E. cinnamomea.

Guisgues, E. astronioides.

Guisihan, E. longiflora.

Gulagan, E. subsessilis.

TIagoho, E. intumescens.

Hangos, E. aherniana.

Jamo, E. malaccensis.

Jangus, E. mananquil.

Kaguku, E. mananquil.

Karnulauan, Xanthostemon verdugonia-
nus.

Lagilagi, E. grisea.

Langlangis, E. cinnamomea.

Lapinig, E. xanthophylla.

Lapote, E. polycephaloides.

Bipote, E. garciae.

Lumboi, lumboy, E. jambolana.

Lumboi bundoc, E. luzonensis.

Macaasim, Macaasin, Decaspermum pan-
iculatum, E. benthamii, E. bordenii,
E. mimica, E. philippinensis, E. vida-
liana.

Macopa, Macupa, E. javanica, E. luzo-
nensis, E. malaccensis.

Magcono, Xanthostemon verdugonianus.

Magcusison, E. rosenbluthii.

Maigang, E. polycephaloides.

Malaambu, E. subrotundifolia.

Malabayabas, Tristania decorticata, E.
brunnea.

Malacolubcob, Malacolubcub, E. barnesii,
E. bordenii, E. robertii.

Maladuhat, E. mimica.

Malahaguis, E. mananquil.

Malaruhat, Decaspermum paniculatum,
E. arcuatinervia, E. bataanensis, E.
benthamii, E. bordenii, E. brunnea,
E. calubcob, E. decipiens, E. intu-
mescens, E. longiflora, E. luzonensis,
E. mananquil, E. mindorensis, E. salig-
na, E. similis, E. whitfordii.

Malaruhat na pula, E. decipiens, E. lu-
zonensis, E. perpallida.

Malaruhat na puti, E. bordenii, E.
clausa, E. claviflora, E. perpallida, E.
similis.

Malaruhatsapa, E. saligna.

Malasulasi, Leptospermum flavescens.

Malatalisi, E. gigantifolia.

Malatambis, E. liutchinsonii, E. william-
sii.

Malatampoy, E. maegregorii, E. xantho-
phylla.

Malayan! bo, E. phanerophlebia, E. phil-
ippinensis.

Mancono, Xanthostemon verdugonianus.

Mangcopa, E. malaccensis.

Maramatam, E. bordenii.

Maramaotan, E. claviflora.

Mareeg, E. glaucicalgx.

Midbid, Midbit, E. mananquil.

Mungilkil, E. mananquil.

Paitan, E. similis.

Palo de liierro, Xanthostemon verdugo-
nianus.

Palo Maria, E. maegregorii.

Pamayausin, E. roseomarginata.

Panglomboyen, E. bordenii.

Panglongbuyan-gangoan, E. claviflora.

Panglongbuyen-copaiopa, E. mananquil.

Pango, E. arcuatinervia, E. atropunctata.

Panomanagan, E. parva.

Payetan, E. perpallida.

Pielan, E. perpallida.

Pusopuso, E. cinnamomea.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE MYRTACEiE. 407

Putyan, E. barnesii.

Salilihan, Decaspermum paniculatum.
Salingsingang, Decaspermum panicula-
tum.

Silda, E. candelabriformis.

Sudsod, E. astronioides.

Taguilumboy, E. saligna.

Tambis, E. mindanaensis.

Tambistambia, E. philippinensis, E. sub-
sessilis.

Tambitambi, E. philippinensis.

Tampoi, Tampul, Tampuy, E. calubcob,
E- jambos, E. xanthophylla.

Tamulod, E. merrittiana.

Tawalia, Osbornia octodonta.
Tayomtayom, Decaspermum panicula-
tum.

Tiga, Tristania decorticata.

Titimi, E. diplycosifolia.

Tubaltubal, E. triphylla.

Tulambis, E. philippinensis.

Tuoy, E. calubcob.

Ualisualisan, Decaspermum blancoi.

T-’

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Vol. IV. OCTOBER, 1909 No. 4

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

By Fred W. Foxworthy.

(From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,

Manila, P. I.)

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

I. Introduction.

a. Erroneous popular notions with regard to eastern timbers.

b. Object of this work.

c. Definition of the indo-malayan region.

d. Review of previous work and acknowledgments.

IT. Properties of mood.

a. Woods of tropics and temperate regions compared.

b. Weight and hardness, tables.

c. Strength, work of Newton, Gamble, and Gardner.

d. Odor, color, taste.

III. Suitability of different woods for special purposes.

a. Enemies of wood.

b. Woods exposed to salt water.

c. Ship and boat building.

IV. Rare, ornamental or precious woods.

V. Comparative chart of common names.

VI. Timbered areas and future supplies of wood.

VII. Species notes.

VIII. Index.

I. INTRODUCTION.

erroneous popular notions with regard to eastern timbers.

The newcomer in the Orient is usually surprised at finding that soft
woods are not uncommon and that a large part of the timber of the
region is of medium or light weight. The popular notion of eastern
timbers seems to be that they are mainly hard and heavy, ornamental,
furniture or cabinet woods. This notion is probably due to the fact
that, until recent years, the only eastern woods which have reached the
European markets have been a few of the more valuable ones for furni-
ture and cabinet work; as, ebony, satinwood, rosewood, etc. Most Eu-
ropean and American works which mention eastern woods at all con-
88250 409

410

FOXWORTHY.

sider only examples like satinwood, rosewood or teak and give little
or no account of the woods of the great family of Dipterocarpacece,
which furnishes much the largest part of the timber of this part of
the world. This is as unreasonable as it would be to take a few of the
furniture woods of North America, as black walnut ( Juglans nigra)
or the wild black cherry ( Prunus seroiina), as representative of the
woods of the country. In the eastern tropics, the woods of the family
Dipterocarpacece are to the trade what the pines, spruces, firs, hemlocks,
oaks and beeches are to the trade in temperate North America and
Europe. This family, while it supplies many valuable hardwoods, sup-
plies also the most widely used soft and medium grade woods of the
eastern tropics. So wide is its distribution and so general the use of its
wood that I believe that all other woods could be spared from many
eastern markets without seriously hampering work or affecting prices.

OBJECT OF THIS WORK.

There is a great deal of confusion in the use of the common names
of the different woods. Many of the woods of the region are of wide
distribution; but, they are known by different names in different coun-
tries. This work is undertaken with the object, first, of correlating Phil-
ippine woods with the related or identical forms in other sections and
then of calling attention to the structure, uses and distribution of tbe
eastern woods.

DEFINITION OF THE INDO-MALAYAN REGION.

This is taken to include all of Ceylon, British India, Burma, the
Andamans, Siam, Cochin China, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java,
Borneo, the Philippines, and all of the Malay and Indian Archipelago
down to New Guinea. In other words, it is meant to include nearly all
of the tropical East. It constitutes a region which geographically and
commercially is quite distinct. Japan with its temperate-zone woods
constitutes a very distinct group. Australia is also very distinct, with
its eucalyptus and other characteristic woods. Wherever woods from
either of these regions come into tropical markets to any considerable
extent, they are considered in this paper. The number of cases in which
woods of the temperate regions are of commercial importance in the
eastern tropics is really very small. First of all would come the use in
India of the woods grown in the temperate forests of the lower Himalayas.
After this come the various eucalyptus species exported from Australia,
the Oregon pine from the United States, and the camphorwood from
Japan and Formosa.

REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

In the course of the comparative study of the woods of this region,
collections of botanical and commercial material have been made in some
of the countries considered and material from other countries has been

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

411

secured, by exchange. Much assistance in the way of information and
material has been given by various persons and institutions in Sarawak,
Dutch Borneo, British North Borneo, the Straits Settlements and Feder-
ated Malay States, New Guinea, Australia, Cochin China, Burma,
British India and Ceylon. Special acknowledgments for material fur-
nished are due the following: Dr. M. Treub, director of agriculture,
Buitenzorg, Java; A. M. Burn-Murdoch, conservator of forests, Feder-
ated Malay States and Straits Settlements, Kuala Lumpur; H. N.
Bidley, director Botanic Gardens, Singapore; J. H. Hewitt, late curator.
Sarawak Museum, Kuching; M. G. Bradford, municipal officer, Kuching,
Sarawak; J. C. Moulton, curator of the museum, Kuching, Sarawak;

R. S. Douglas, Resident, Baram district, Sarawak; M. Hagadorn, Sama-
rinda, Dutch East Borneo; A. J. Cools, Berouw, Dutch East Borneo;
G. J. Altman, Sandakan, British North Borneo; Dr. H. L. E. Luehring,
Anglo-Chinese School, Penang; M. Haffner, director of agriculture, Sai-
gon, Cochin China; R. S. Troup, Imperial Forest Research Institute,
Dehra Dun, northwest provinces, India; C. E. Brasier, conservator of
forests central circle, Madras, India; F. E. Lewis, Batticaloa, Ceylon;
Rev. Copland King, Ambasi, Papua, British New Guinea; R. T. Baker,
curator Technological Museum, Sydney, New South Wales; T. Kawakami,
bureau of industry, Formosan government, Taihoku, Formosa.

Previous work on the woods of this region was as follows:

Gamble, J. S. A Manual of Indian Timbers. This is by far the
most complete piece of work on eastern timbers. The notes are very
full and I have quoted from them very largely in my species notes.

Van Eeden, F. W. Houtsoorten van Nederlandsch Oost-Indie.-Kol.
Museum te Haarlem 1906. This gives very useful notes on a large
number of species.

Ridley, H. N. Timbers of the Malay Peninsula. Agric. Bull. S.

S. and F. M. S. (1901-2). Gives excellent notes on a large number
of species of the Malay Peninsula.

Nordlinger, H. Holzquerschnitte. Gives very fine cross sections
of a number of Indian woods and some very brief notes as to structure.

Wiesner, J. Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreichs. Yol. II. Describes
in detail a few species and lists a number of others from this region.

Janssonius, H. H. Mikrographie des ILolzes. Describes in great
detail a number of Javanese species.

Laslett. Records tests of the strengh of a number of Indian timbers.

Stone, H. Timbers of Commerce. Includes a very few eastern
timbers.

Boulger, G. S. Wood. Gives brief notes on quite a number of
species.

Newton, IT. In 1882 published the results of a number of tests on
about twenty different timbers of the Straits Settlements. The botanical
determinations for this work were very uncertain and it is often very
difficult to determine just what wood was meant.

412

FOXWORTHY.

Gardner, B. Mechanical Tests of Thirty Different Philippine Woods.
For. Bur. (Philip.) Bull. 4 (1907).

Beccari, 0. N"elle foreste di Borneo. Florence, 1902. In this work,
Doctor Beccari gave brief notes on the nature and uses of many of
the woods of Sarawak. Detailed structural notes on these woods collected
by Doctor Beccari were published in Malpighia by Dr. G. Bargagli-
Petrucci, and these two works constitute the best contribution to our
knowledge of the woods of Borneo.

Besides these there have been a number of individual articles on par-
ticular woods; hut there has been very little done in the way of com-
parative study of the woods of the whole region.

ir. PROPERTIES OF WOOD.

COMPARISON OF WOODS OF THE TROPICS WITH THOSE OF TEMPERATE REGIONS.

In general, tropical woods contain more of color than do those of
temperate regions. Cognate with this is the fact of their greater weight
and hardness. Distinct seasonal growth with the formation of definite
rings of seasonal growth is much less common in the tropics than in the
temperate regions.

WEIGHT AND HARDNESS.

These two qualities usually go together ; but the weight can not he
considered as an accurate measure of hardness. It is usually true that
a very heavy wood is also very hard ; but this is not always the case.
Occasionally, also, a wood which is only moderately heavy will prove to
be very hard; consequently, it is not possible to combine these two qual-
ities in one table.

Weight. — The weight of a given wood is due to the density of the
walls of the different elements together with the nature of the contained
deposits and the closeness of crowding together of the elements.

In published statements of weight, there is a considerable factor of
error due to natural variability in density, carelessness in using sapwood
and heartwood indiscriminately, and to the fact that some workers have
not used carefully dried wood. It is perfectly plain that any measure-
ment of a moisture-containing wood which does not indicate the percent-
age of contained moisture is a source of confusion in comparative studies.
Unfortunately, some workers have published weights of “air-dry” wood
without indicating what percentage of moisture was meant.

In the following table only a rough comparison has been possible among
the most used woods of this part of the world. Wherever possible, large
numbers of samples of a given wood have been tested. In many cases
this has not been possible and it has been necessary to rely on the work
of others or on comparative estimates made by traders and timber workers.

It lias seemed best to use only four classes, as outlined by Gardner and

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

413

already used by me, viz, very heavy, heavy, moderately heavy, and light.
Unless specially indicated the weight has been determined in Manila.

Some of those listed in the heavy cla§s are frequently found to furnish
examples that are properly described as very heavy. I have indicated
this bv italics in the table.

As indicated in the table, the light woods are relatively few. Some
of them, however, are found in considerable quantity. The table will
not show all of the woods which will sink when green. Many of those
in the heavy class are heavier than water when green. The number of
woods which are really heavier than water when absolutely dry is relatively
very small. Those woods of the very heavy class which are actually
heavier than water when dry are indicated by italics. Some of those
not so marked may occasionally have a weight in excess of that of water.

Table of comparative weights of eastern woods.

Very heavy.

Sp. gr., 0.90 or more:
900 kilos or more
per M3: 56 lbs. or
more per cu. ft.

Heavy.

Sp. gr., 0.70-0.90: 700-
900 kilos per M3: 44-
56 lbs. per cu. ft.

Moderately heavy.

Sp. gr.. 0.50-0.70: 500-
700 kilos per M3: 31-
44 lbs. per cu. ft.

Light.

Sp. gr. , 0.50 or less: 500 kilos
or less per M3: 31 lbs. or
less per cu. ft.

Mancono.

Dungon.

Aele.

Lauan.

Nani. b

Iptix

Acleng-parang. a

Baticulin.

Dungon-late. *

Mirabow. b

Amuguis.

Calantas.

Ebony. a

Yacal.

Annbing.

Mayapis.

Hill inn. b

Betis.

Apitong.

Red lauan.

Anjan. a

Bansalaguin.

Balacat.

Dita.

Tapani/.

Aranga.

Banaba.

Cupang.

Bacauan .»

Sasalit.

Baneal.

Teluto.

Pennagah .*

Liusin.

Banuyo.

Malapapaya.

Red sanders .»

Agoho.

Bansu. a

Meranti.b

Rohan. »

Griting. b

Balinhasay.

Seriah.

Bolongeta.

Api-api. a

Batino.

Jelutong.

Camagon.

Jarrah.b

Blimbing.a

Pincapincahan. a

Pototan. a

Blue gum. b

Butea. a

Kapok.®

Tanga 1. »

Mas-mora.a

Calumpit.

Silk cotton tree. a

Chengal.

Alupag.

Camanchilis. 11

Tui. a

Selangan batu.

Ballow.

Camphor. a

Mangasinoro.

Kulim.

Banalo. tt

Cato.

Kayu garu. a

Petaling.

Babul.*

Champaca. a

Saleng.

Anan. a

Batete.

Black wattle. a

Ratilis.

Malabera.

Batitinan.

Dalinsi.

Dapdap.®

Tampinis.

Blackwood.3

Dao.

Ilang-ilang. a

Peniow.

Calamansanay.

Duguan.

Dun.®

Kranji.b

Catmon.

Durian. a

Sterculia foetida. a

Tamarind. a

Cay go.

Del.a

Gyrocarpus jacquini. a

Pvnkadu. a

Chengal.

Bintangor. a

Barringtonia racemosa. a

Camuning. ®

Chittagong.3

Guava.®

Duabanga sp. a

Satin wood. a

Eng. a

Guijo.

Tetrameles nudifiora.®

Sandal.®

Gurjun. a

Lancte.

Hymenodictyon excel-

Boxwood. a

Hora. a

Makai. a

sum.a

Sappan.

Ingyin. a

Malasantol.

Sarcosperma arboreum. a

Saj.a

Kapor. b

Malngay.

Octomeles sumatrana. b

Harra.a

1 Kaunghmu.®

Lumbayao.

| Gerunggang.

“ These woods are placed according to their arrangement in Gamble, l. c.
b These woods are placed according to information given in Van Eeden, l. c.

414

FOXWORTHY.

Table of comparative weights of eastern woods — Continued.

Very heavy.

Heavy.

Moderately heavy.

Light.

Sp. gr., 0.90 or more:
900 kilos or more
per M3: 5(1 lbs. or
more per cu. ft.

Sp. gr., 0.70-0.90: 700-
900 kilos per M3: 44-
56 lbs. per cu. ft.

Sp. gr., 0.50-0.70: 500-
700 kilos per M3: 31-
44 lbs. per cu. ft.

Sp. gr., 0.50 or less: 500 kilos
or less per M3: 31 lbs. or
less per cu. ft.

Moka. *

Kolavu.8

Mango. *

Hernandia peltata.

Culis. »

L&notan.

Mayapis.

Khair. 8

Leban. b

Narra.

Longan. “

Mahogany. «

Nato.

Cangu, »

Mat*iasin.

Nangka. *

•

Thitya. 8

Mangachapuy.

Palo maria.

Talura. 8

Molave.

Pili.

Thitsi. "

Nedun. 8

Mahogany. 8

Nireh. b

Renghas. 8

Padauk. 8

Sacat.

Pagatpat.

Santol.

Petir.

Talisay.

Rassak.

Tamayuan.

Sal. a

Tanguile.

Piagno. b

Teak.

Siris. »

T oog. 8

Sissoo. » "

Thinkadu.8

Supa.

Silky oak. 8

Tindalo.
Thingan. »
Trincomali. 8
Tucan-calao.
Ubar

Kumpas.

* These woods are placed according to their arrangement in Gamble, l. c.
b These woods are placed according to information given in Van Eeden, l. c.

Hardness. — It is nnicli more difficult to get a satisfactory measure of
hardness than it is to get the weight. No completely satisfactory method
of determining relative hardness has come to my notice. There are,
however, certain comparative values recognized and these 1 have en-
deavored to show in the following very imperfect table. I have been able
to use only five categories, viz, very hard, hard, moderately hard, soft and
very soft. Those woods classified by Gamble as extremely hard and
extremely soft will naturally come under the very hard and very soft
classifications in this table.

Many of the very hard and very heavy woods are very dark in color.
In these cases the sapwood is usually very much lighter in color and
weight and is softer. In these woods it is the deposit of the dark-colored
substance in the wood elements when the sapwood changes to heartwood
‘that causes the hardness and weight. This is, of course, not the sole
cause. There are some woods where the sap and heart are not noticeably
different in color. In these cases, there is very little difference in weight
and hardness in the different parts of the tree. If such woods are heavy,
it will usually be found to be due to the thickness of walls of the fibers
and the close crowding together of the wood elements. This is the
case in agoho and in boxwood.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

415

Table of comparative hardness of eastern woods.

Very hard.

Hard.

Moderately hard.

Soft.

Very soft.

Anjan.

Guijo.

Teak.

Meranti.

Calantas.

Mancono.

Sal.

Banuyo.

Lauan.

Plai.

Anan.

Acle.

Banaba.

Pine.

Cotton tree.

Sissu.

Babul.

Kapor.

Champaca.

Silk cotton.

Ebony.

Ballow.

Deodar.

Balacat.

Red lauan.

Dungon-late.

Chittagong.

Jak.

Gerunggang.

Dapdap.

Dungon.

Nireh.

Kiamil.

Kappla.

Ratilis.

Billian.

Eng.

Bansu.

Lumbayao.

Hibiscus sp.

Agoho.

Molave.

Cashew.

Mayapis.

Nivar.

Tapang.

Tindalo.

Apitong.

Jelutong.

Bansalaguin.

Yacal.

Malasantol.

Mangasinoro.

Sasalit.

Batitinan.

Tanguile.

Black wattle.

Liusin.

Macaasin.

Sacat.

Telambu.

Betis.

Amuguis.

Santol.

Ilang Hang.

Aranga.

Palo maria.

Narra.

Makai.

Miraboo.

Ipil.

Piney varnish.

Durian.

Camagon.

Malugay.

Bintangor.

Blimbing.

Kumpas.

Supa.

Kolavu.

Samadera.

Bacauan.

Nedun.

Padouk.

Pili.

Pototan.

Tamarind.

Simpor.

Mango.

Tangal.

Mas-mora.

Gurjun.

Ban cal.

Chengal.

Siris.

Hora.

Tui.

Selangan batu.

Acleng-parang.

Thinkadu.

Duguan.

Kulim.

Camanchilis.

Dun.

Kayu garu.

Petaling.

Thingan.

Thitka.

Toon.

Malabera.

Cangu.

Guggar.

Pincapincahan.

Peniow.

Talura.

Kharpat.

Teluto.

Pennagah.

Mahogany.

Puna.

Malapapaya.

Tampinis.

Kakira.

Guava.

Tetrameles sp.

Plawan.

Talisay.

Jaman.

Sonneratia sp.

Sudjung.

Thitsein.

Cgmphor.

Duabanga sp.

Ballow.

Saj.

Toog.

Gyrocarpus sp.

Tamavuan.

Dahu.

Banalo.

Kleinliofia sp.

Alupag.

Griting.

Del.

Octomeles sp.

Camuning.

Jarul.

Lanete.

Red sanders.

Sandal.

Trincomali.

Api-api.

Blackwood.

1 Cato.

Kranji.

Tucan-calao.

Pynkadu.

1 Pagatpat.

Thitya.
Khair.
Rohan.
Satinwood.
Kosum.
Banderu.
Thitsi.
i Harra.
Kindal.
Sappan.
Thingyin.
Box.

Nani.

416

FOXWORTHY.

STRENGTH AND RESISTANCE TO STRAINS.

It is not the purpose of this paper to go into the question of the
lesistance ol different woods to different strains. Reference may, how-
e\ei, be made to the tests which have been made of oriental woods.

Skinner, Laslett, Balfour, and Gamble have published the results of
tests on Indian timbers. In 1882, Howard Newton published a pamphlet
showing the results of some work he had done on the timbers of the
Stiaits Settlements. In 1906, Gardner published a bulletin giving the
results of a number of careful tests on thirty different Philippine woods;
and in a second edition of this bulletin, published a year later, added
information concerning four additional woods. So far as I know, this
is the most careful piece of this kind of work which has been done in the
east.

ODOR, COLOR, TASTE, ETC.

Many "woods ha\c distinct and characteristic odors. Some of them
are agreeable— as camphor, sandal, rosewood, etc. There are a few which
are distinctly disagreeable, as kulim. The odor of a wood is often a very
good means of identifying it; but it is extremely difficult to classify odors.

Color is a variable thing in wood. Usually the heartwood of a given
species approximates closely a certain color at maturity; but individuals
may not arrive at full maturity. Moreover, in some woods the mature
heartwood may have quite a range of color change; and the occurrence
or absence of heartwood in some may be a chance variation. Color alone
is not often a sufficient means of identification of a v'ood. Naturally,
alter weathering, color is of still less value as a means of identification.

A few wroods have characteristic taste; thus, baiino and dita are bitter
and pagatpat is salty.

III. SUITABILITY OF DIFFERENT WOODS FOIl SPECIAL PURPOSES.

DURABILITY.

Tests of the durability of a wood are much more severe in the tropics
than in the temperate regions because of the high humidity combined
wdth uniform temperature, favoring fungus and bacterial growth and
the far greater liability to insect attack. There seem to have been no
complete tests made of the durability of any oriental woods; and, in
most cases, the only information available tor any particular wood is mere
hearsay or tradition. 1 here are large series of tests in progress under the
direction of the Philippine Forestry Bureau; and these will, in time,
clear up much that is nowT in doubt as to the suitability of special woods
for special purposes. In the meantime, much is known in a general
way of a number of the woods. The fact that a wood is durable in the
temperate zone is no guaranty that it will prove useful in the tropics.
Many' tiopical woods which are not durable in their native country would
last very well and be very serviceable if used in a temperate region.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

417

ENEMIES OF WOOD.

Fungus and bacterial growth. — The alternate exposure to moisture and
dryness is the condition most favorable to such growth. This condition
is found in all woods in contact with the ground — piling, bridge timbers,
corner posts of houses, etc. In timbers in contact with the ground, as
corner posts of houses, telegraph and telephone poles, fence posts, this
condition is most marked at and just above the surface of the ground;
and that is the region where decay most quickly takes place.

Dry rot is a form of decay to which some woods are particularly subject.
It seems to start in from the end of the wood and may sometimes be
prevented by capping the end of the post or beam with good thick paint.

Teredo. — This is a mollusk which bores into many timbers. It thrives
in salt or brackish water and destroys piling, boat planking, etc., by
boring into it in search of a home. It is exceedingly destructive to a
large number of timbers and is the most serious problem in wharf con-
struction.

Termites or white ants, known as “an ay” or “anay-anay” by Filipinos
and Malays, are particularly abundant in the eastern tropics. They at-
tack a wide range of different kinds of wood and it may be doubted if
any wood is entirely immune from their attacks. Many of the hard and
heavy woods are very resistant to them ; but it may be doubted if any
of these can entirely resist them without the aid of impregnation. It is
often claimed for some particularly hard wood that it is absolutely
resistant to the termites; but it will usually be found that it is really
only a fortunate chance of location which has prevented the attack.

Beetles. — Numerous small wood-boring beetles cause great destruction
among the woods of the tropics. Sapwood is particularly liable to at-
tack; but the heartwood is also liable to attack in many cases. Numerous
hardwoods, however, seem to be entirely free from this pest. A number
of woods with hard heart and trashy sapwood are regularly cleaned for
the market by being felled and left in the forest, sometimes several years,
till the beetles and termites have destroyed the sapwood.

In general, the very heavy and very hard woods are those least liable
to insect attack. This is, however, not always true; some of the very
hard woods are specially liable to the attacks of termites.

From what has been written and what seemed to be generally believed
by the trade, the following summary of woods according to their use has
been made.

WOODS EXPOSED TO SALT WATER.

Piling. — The use of a wood for piling is the extreme test of durability,
principally because of the teredo, which speedily destroys most woods.
It is to be doubted if there is any wood which is entirely immune from
its attack. A pile presents considerable surface to the air and water
alternately, furnishing a condition especially favorable to decay; and

418

FOXWORTHY.

no wood which rots quickly is suitable for piling. The use of sheathed
or impregnated woods for piling is fairly common and will doubtless
become more so where permanency is desired.

The different mangrove swamp trees are very satisfactory for tem-
porary piling and have been known to last as much as seven or eight
years exposed to teredo attack. Their best use, however, seems to be
as supports for foundations on swampy or low ground. There seems no
reason why they should not last for several hundred years in such places.

Quite another class of piling is used in many places as a support for
foundations. The piles are driven down to at least 1^ meters below the
surface and are then capped with concrete and a concrete foundation
placed on top of them. They are thus protected from the air and are
beneath the level of insect work. For such a purpose it is only necessary
to select wood strong enough to bear the weight, and otherwise useless
woods may be used.

Woods used for piling are:

In the Philippines:

Molave Vitex littoralis.

Aranga

Homalium spp.

Agoho

Casuarina cquisetifolia.

Betis

Illipe betis.

Dungon

Tarrietia sylvatica.

Dungon-late

Heritiera littoralis.

Liusin

Parinarium griffit hianum.

Mancono

Xanthostemon verdugonian

Pagatpat

Sowneratia pagatpat.

Piagao

Xylocarpus granatum.

Tabao

Lumnitzera littorea.

Yacal

Shorea or Hopea spp.

Borneo :

Bedaru

Urandra sp.

Billian

Eusideroxylon zvoageri.

Kapor

Dryobalanops spp.

Merbau

Intsia bakeri.

Nibong

Oncosperma spp.

Rassak

Vatica sp.

Selangan batu

Shorea spp.

Taruntum

Lumnitzera littorea.

the Malay Peninsula:

Bedaru

Uraiulra , sp.

Billian wangi

Palaquium obovatum.

Balia u

Parinarium 0 blongifolium.

Bintangor

Calophyllum spp.

Gelam

Melaleuca leucadcndron.

Kulim

Scarodocarpus borneensis.

Malabera

Fagraea fastigiata.

Merbau

Intsia bakeri.

Penagah

Mesua ferrea.

Tampinis

Sloetia sideroxylon.

Tenibusu

Fagraea fragrans.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

419

In India and Ceylon:

S&1 Shorea robusta.

Teak Tectona grandis.

Pynkadu Xylia dolabriformis.

Usually the logs are peeled before being used as piles ; but occasionally,
as in taruntum ( Lumnitzera littorea) and malabera ( Fagraea fastigiata) ,
it seems advantageous to use the log with the bark on it.

Of all known woods the billian or Borneo ironwood, is said to be the
best and most durable for piling. It is probable that some of the
less known woods are equally durable, but they are insufficiently known
or do not occur in sufficient quantity to make them of equal importance.

SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING.

Teak ( Tectona grandis) is the standard by which shipbuilding woods
are measured. It stands alone in the first line of Lloyd’s Register.
Other timbers of this region which are named in Lloyd’s are as follows :

Second line:

Morung saul ( Shorea robusta).

Third line:

Angelly (Artocarpus hirsuta) .

Thingan [Hopea odorata) .

Molave (Vitex littoralis) .

Dungon (Tarrietia sylvatica) .

Yacal (Shorea spp.) .

Mangachapuy (Hopea acuminata) .

Betis (Illipe betis) .

Ipil (Intsia bijuga) .

Guijo (Shorea guiso) .

Narra (Pterocarpus spp.).

Batitinan (Lagerstroemia piriformis).

Palo maria de la playa (Calophyllum inopliyllum) .

Fourth line:

Those of the first and second line when secondhand.

Fifth line:

Bed cedar (Toona spp.).

Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa) .

This by no means indicates that these are the only or even that they
are the best shipbuilding woods of the region. It merely means that
they have been sufficiently well known to be given a rating. The list
should certainly be revised to include a large number of the good woods
of the region.

For the keels of boats, a number of the more durable woods are used:
aranga, banaba, bansalaguin, betis, dungon, guijo, liusin, molave, narra,
palo maria, yacal, Bassia spp., etc.

For the planking, Icapor ( Dryobalanops spp.), guijo ( Shorea guiso),
thingan ( Hopea odorata), molave ( Vitex littoralis).

For the knees, palo maria, Ceriops spp., etc.

420

FOX WORTHY.

For masts and spars, the most widely known and used wood seems to
be bintangor or poon ( Calophyllum spp.).

For small boats, bancas, caseoes, dugouts of various sorts, a large
number of the relatively soft, light and easily worked woods are used.

WOODS IX CONTACT WITH THE GROUND.

RAILWAY TIES AND SLEEPERS.

The following woods are used:

tn the Philippines:

Molave

1 ilex littoralis.

Ipil

Intsia bijuga.

Acle

Pithecolobium acle.

Betis

Illipe betis.

Aranga

Homalium spp.

Dungon

Tarrietia syl va tica .

Yacal

Shorea spp.

Tindalo

Pahudia rhomboidea.

Sasalit

Vitex spp.

Supa

Sin dor a supa.

Anubing

Artocarpus spp.

Banaba

Lagerstroemia spp.

Bolongeta

l)i ospyros pilosanth era .

Agolio

Cas u a rin a eq u iset ifol ia .

Borneo

Pinapok

Shorea sp. ?

Billian

E usideroxylon zioageri.

Selangan batu

Shorea spp.

Resak batu

Yatica sp.

Red camphor

Dryobalanops spp.

Merabau

Intsia balceri.

In the Federated Malay States:

Chengal Balanocarpus spp.

Tn India and Ceylon:

Acacia arabica.

Acacia catechu.

Anogeissus latifolia.

Barringtonia racemosa.

Bassia latifolia.

Boswellia serrata.

Ca lophyl lum inophyl lu m .

Carey a arbor ca.

Cedrus deodara.

Ci n >i am om um g land n l i fern m .
Dalbergia latifolia.

Dalbergia sissoo.

Eucalyptus globulus.

Eugenia jambolana.

Hardwickia binata.

Ho pea pa rvi flora.

Lagerstroemi a parviflora .

I NDO-M ALA Y A N W 0( )1)S.

421

In India and Ceylon — Continued.

Melanorrhoea usitata.

# Mesua ferrea.

Mimusops littoralis.

Odina ivodier.

Pterocarpits marsupiu m.

Shorea robusta.

Tectona grandis.

Terminalia chebula.

Terminalia tomentosa.

.Xylui dolabriformis.

The chief special difficulties which timbers used for railroad ties have
to face are conditions of alternate moisture and dryness with exposure
to the air and the attacks of termites.

PAVING BLOCKS.

11 call v very few woods have been fully tested for paving blocks. It
seems undesirable to have woods for this purpose which are too hard,
because they will become slippery. It seems undesirable also that the
blocks should be very greasy. Several Australian woods which have been
tried in Manila have not done well. They have lasted less than two
years and were really the poorest of any of the woods tried. I he best,
very much the best, and most satisfactory wood tried here is Philippine
molave ( Vitex littoralis). On one of the bridges in Manila there are
molave blocks that are said to have been in constant hard wear for over
thirty years and they are still giving very good service.

The following woods of British India have been recommended for trial
as paving blocks: Pynkado ( Xylia dolabriformis ), saj (Terminalia
tomentosa), nagesar (Mesua ferrea), Lagerstroemia spp., Shorea spp.,
Hopea sp., Hardwickia sp., Soymida febnfuga.

TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE POLES.

Usually the same classes of woods that are suitable for railroad ties
will be found to be suitable for this class of work and for fence posts
and small bridges or culverts. In the Federated Malay States, chengal
is quite commonly used for this class of work. In Manila, ipil ( Intsia
bijuga) posts are used to carry electric light and trolley wires. Pagatpat,
tindalo and numerous others are used for telephone poles.

MINING TIMBER.

There is usually not very much care exercised in selecting this, but I
have known specially good results to be obtained in the Borneo coal mines
from the use of leban ( Vitex pubescens) , kumpas ( Koompassia sp.),
billian ( Eusideroxylon zwageri), griting ( Lumnitzera littorea), and
resak (Vatic a sp.).

422

FOXWORTHY.

CORNER POSTS OF HOUSES.

A very large number of different woods are found which are suitable
for this class of work; but only a few of the best are mentioned.* Tn
the Philippines: Molave ( Vitex littoralis), ipil ( Intsia bijuga), acle
( Pithecolobium acle), agoho ( Casuarina equisetifolia) , alupag ( Euphoria
cinerea), anubing ( Artocarpus sp.), aranga ( Homalium spp.), banaba
( Lagerstroemia speciosa), bansalaguin ( Mimusops elengi), banuyo
(It allaceodendron celebicum), batitinan ( Lagerstroemia batitinan),
betis ( lllipe betis), calamansanay (. Nauclea sp.), dungon ( Tarrielia
sylvatica) , dungon-late ( Heritiera littoralis) , liusin ( Parinarium grifft-
thianum), macaasin ( Eugenia spp.), mancono ( Xanthostemon verdugo-
nianiis), mangachapuy ( Hopea acuminata), narra ( Ptevocarpns spp.),
palo maria ( Calophyllum inophyllum), sasalit ( Vitex aherniana), supa
( Sindora supa), tamayuan ( Strombosia philip pinensis) , tucan-calao
(Aglaia clarkii) , and yacal ( Shorea spp.).

The list would be so long if completed for all the different countries
that it seems best to leave it to the notes on the individual species.

FURNITURE AND ORNAMENTAL WOODS.

Woods with brilliant color and pretty grain and capable of taking a
high polish are particularly numerous in this region.

These may be classified by color:

Black, dark-brown or purplish woods:

Ebony ( Diospyros spp. and Maba sp.). Ceylon; India; Malay Archi-
pelago.

Coromandel wood (Diospyros qucesita and other species). Ceylon.

Camagon ( Diospyros discolor and other species). Philippines.

Bolongeta ( Diospyros pilosanthera) . Philippines.

Rosewood or blackwood of India (Dalbergia latifolia) . India.

East Indian walnut (Albizzia procera) . India and Philippines.

Sissu (Dalbergia sissoo) . India.

Black wattle (Acacia melanoxylon) . Planted in India.

Mirabow .(Intsia bakeri). Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Ipil (Intsia bijuga). Seacoast forest throughout the whole region.

Cay-go (Sindora cochinchinensis) . Eastern Cochin China.

Anjan (Hardwickia binata) . India.

Tapang ( Koompassia excel sa ) . Borneo.

Batitinan (Lagerstroemia piriformis) . Philippines.

Acle ( Pithecolobium acle). Philippines.

Catmon (Dillenia spp.). Philippines.

Teak (Tectona grandis) . India; Java; Siam.

Supa (Sindora supa) . Philippines.

Dalinsi (Terminalia sp.). Philippines.

Lanutan ( Bombycidendron vidalianum) . Philippines.

Pynkadu (Xylia dolabriformis) . India.

Siris (Albizzia julibrissin) . India.

Coconut (Cocos nucifera) . Seacoasts everywhere.

Tamarind (T amar Indus indica) . Widely cultivated.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

423

Black, dark-brown or purplish woods — Continued.

Wa (Cassia siam ea) . Ceylon; India; Malaya.

Xedun ( Pericopsis mooniana) . Ceylon.

Palo maria or Bitaog (Calophyllum inophyllum) . Seacoasts everywhere.
Banuyo (Wallaceodendron celebicum) . Celebes; Philippines.

Dhaura (Anogeissus latifolia) . India.

Jhand (Prosopis spicigera L.). India.

Red or reddish woods:

Tindalo ( Pahudia rhomboidea) . Philippines.

Narra ( Pterocarpus spp.). India and Philippines.

Calamansanay ( Nauclea spp. ) . Philippines.

Lumbayao ( Tarrietia ja/oanica) . Philippines and Java.

Tanguile (Shorea polysperma) . Philippines.

Pennagah ( Mesua ferrea). India and Malaya.

Bintangor (Calophyllum spp.). Borneo; Malaya; India.

Gerunggang (Cratoxylon spp.). Borneo.

Renglias or Borneo redwood ( Melanorrhea and Siointonia spp.). Borneo
and Malaya.

Nireh (Xylocarpus spp.). Mangrove swamps, India to the Philippines.
Ivranji (Dialium spp.). India; Malaya; Borneo; Sumatra; etc.

Red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinm) . India.

Coral wood (Adenanthera pavonina) . India and Malaya.

Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa). India and the Philippines.

Chittagong wood (Chukrassia tabularis) . India.

Umbrella tree (Thespesia populnca) . Ceylon to the South Sea Islands.
Indian almond (Terminalia catappa). India to the Philippines.
Bansalaguin (Mimusops elengi) . India to the Philippines.

Toon (Toona spp.). India and the Philippines.

Cedar, pink or red (Acrocarpus fraxinifolius) . India.

Jambolana (Eugenia jambolana) . Widely planted.

Kaddam (Stephegyne parvifolia) . India.

Mahogany (8 icietenia mahagoni) . India (planted).

East Indian mahogany (Soymida febrifuga). India.

Margosa (Azadirachta indica) . India.

Oak, Indian (Barringtonia acutangula) . India.

Stereospermum spp. India.

Sandan (Ougeinia dalbergioides) . India.

Serayah (Ilopea or Shorea spp.). Borneo and Malaya.

Bastard teak (Pterocarpus marsupium) . India.

Thitka (Pentace burmanica) . India.

Red lauan (Shorea sp.). Philippines and Borneo.

White or yellowish woods:

Boxwood (Buxus sempervirens) . India.

Agaru (Chisochcton sp.). Philippines.

Bedaru (Urandra sp.). Borneo and Federated Malay States.

Bancal (Sarcocephalus cordatus) . India and the Philippines.

Nangca (Artocarpus integrifolia) . India; Ceylon; Java; Philippines.
Anubing (Artocarpus cumingiana) . Philippines.

Sacat (Terminalia nitcns) . Philippines.

Camuning (Murraya exotica). Malaya and the Philippines.

Cayutana ( Fagara sp.). Philippines.

Lanete (Wrightia spp.). Philippines.

Molave (Vitex littoralis) . Philippines.

424

FOXWORTHY.

White or yellowish woods- -Continued.

Catinga (Citrus sp.). India and Malaya; widely planted.

Champaca (Michelia champaca) . Widely planted.

Camphor wood ( Cinnamomum camphora) . Formosa and Ceylon.
Sandalwood (Santalum spp.). India to South Sea Islands.

Snakewood (Strychnos nux-vomica) . India.

Satin wood (Chloroxylon sirielenia) . India and Ceylon.

Canary wood (Morinda ci trifolia ) . India and planted elsewhere.

Deodar (Cedrus deodara) . India.

Chatwan (Alsionia scholaris). India to the Philippines.

Haldu (Adina cordifolia) . India to the Philippines.

Santol (Bandoricuvi indicum) . India to the Philippines.

Yellow sanders (Ximenia americana). India to the Philippines.

Culis (Memecylon edule) . India to the Philippines.

CARVING AND WOOD ENGRAVING.

For wood engraving and instruments of precision boxwood is unequaled.
In the manufacture of small articles, rulers, etc., ebony is often used
because of its freedom from shrinking.

For carving, lanete ( Wrightia spp.), molave ( Vitex littoralis), teak
( Tectona grandis), and sandal ( Santalum album) seem most in favor.
A number of other woods are used, one of them, the blackwood of India
( Dalbergia latifolia), being used in considerable quantity for the manu-
facture of carved furniture.

TOOL HANDLES.

This kind of work requires a wood which is dense and of even grain
and which will turn well.

Some of the woods most used are Mimusops elengi, Psidium guajava,
Memecylon edule , Murraya exotica, Mesua ferrea, Shorea obtusa, Eugenia
tetragona, Dodonaea viscosa, Xylocat pus spp., bamboos, etc.

CANES OR WALKING STICKS.

This requires a wood which is pretty, close-grained and capable of
finishing well.

The species most used are Balanites roxburghii, various bamboo and
palm stems, Cassia siamea, Dichrostachys cinerea, Diospyros discolor,
Diospyros pilosanthera, Diospyros and Maba spp., Dodonaea viscosa,
Grew'ta populifolia, Murraya exotica, Parrotia jaequemontiana, Prinsepia
n I ills, Pterocarpus spp., Pahudia rhomboidea, Sarcococca pruniformis,
Zanthoxylum alatum, Taxotrophis ilicifolia.

BOXES OR PACKING CASES.

Almost any wood which occurs in quantity, is easily worked and not
too hard and heavy may be used for this purpose. In places, special
industries have made it necesary to use large quantities of wood for
boxes. Thus, in Ceylon, the tea industry lias required a great number
of eases. Mr. F. E. Lewis had a very interesting article on the tea-

INDO MALAYAN WOODS.

425

box woods of Ceylon in the Trop. Agric. 18: 307-310, in which he
listed the woods used for that purpose in Ceylon. In Borneo, the cutch
companies have found that common grades of seriah are well suited
for the manufacture of the packing cases in which they ship their product.
In the Philippines, the wood of cupang (Parkia roxburghii ) has been
found to be very satisfactory for packing cases.

BARRELS AND COOPERAGE STOCK.

For loose barrels, much the same materials as for boxes may be used,
if strong enough. Tight cooperage stock, however, is a much more dif-
ficult proposition. There are plenty of woods in this region which are
strong enough and which will make tight enough barrels, but they are
usually highly colored and will give up their color readily. Thus far,
I know of no tropical wood which is the equal of white oak for this
purpose. This is a subject which needs to be worked up, as either the
barrels or the material to make them now have to be imported from
Europe or America.

MATCH WOODS.

Where the soft coniferous woods of the temperate regions are not
available, it is somewhat difficult to get really good match woods. A
few of the tropical woods are satisfactory. The following are used at
Manila: Malapapaya ( Polyscias nodosa .) which is much the most satis-
factory both for the boxes and the sticks; teluto ( Pterocymbium tinc-
torium ; pincapincahan ( Oroxylum indicum) ; and cupang ( Parkia rox-
burghii). Besides these, the wood of Ganophyllum falcatum, found in
the Philippines, New Guinea, Australia, and Java, is said to be very
good.

PAPER PULP.

Thus far the making of paper pulp has not become an important
industry in this region; but, with the increasing scarcity of wood for
pulping purposes in other regions, it is bound to become important.
Thus far, we know that various ones of the soft dipterocarps, as well
as several other woods, are well suited for this kind of work. There
are probably a number of woods which occur in some quantity in the
region which are worth investigating for this purpose.

DYE WOODS.

A number of the highly colored woods are useful as dyewoods.
Examples of these are sibucao ( Gaesalpinia sappan ), which furnishes a
red or yellow dye; red sanders ( Pterocarpus santalinus ) and other
species of Pterocarpus, which furnish red dyes; Adenanthera pavonina, a
yellow or brownish dye; ipil ( Intsia bijuga), a brown dye; some species
of Terminalia , yellow dye; tangal ( Ceriops spp.), yellowish-red dye.

The dyewoods -are not of very great commercial importance, but they
are used locally to a considerable extent.

88250 2

426

FOX WORTHY.

IV. RARE ORNAMENTAL OR PRECIOUS WOODS.

I ruler this heading it is intended to include those woods which have
a special popular interest aside from their commercial value. The prin-
cipal ones ot‘ these are boxwood, camphorwood, corkwood, ebony, incense
wood, iromvood, lignum-vitae, mahogany, rosewood, sandalwood, satin-
wood, and zebrawood.

BOXWOOD.

'This is produced by Buxus sempervirens L. (see p. 487) and is the
best wood in the world for wood engraving. Xo thoroughly satisfactory
substitute has been discovered. One of the best substitutes is a related
African species of the same genus. The following list of woods which
are sometimes used as substitutes for boxwood or which might be of
service as such is given by Watt:

A talantia monophylla.
Crataeva religiosa.
Celastrus spinosus.
Chloroxylon side tenia.
Dodoiuiea viscosa.

Gardenia gum mifera.
Gardenia latifolia.

II emicyclia sepiaria.

H omonoia symphylliaefolia.

Ixora parviflora.
Memecylon edule.
Murraya exotica.

Olea ferruginea.
Psidium guajava.
Punica granatum.
tantalum album.
Sonneratia acida.

Vi burnum erubescens.

To this list might be added Clausena excavata Bunn., Aeglc marmelos
Corr., I1 a gara spp. ol the Rutacece , and a number of fine and even-grained
Rubiaceae.

Stevenson 124-BIO; Holtzapffel 76; Watt Diet. 1:557; Boulder 147; Wiesner
2:962.

CAMPHORWOOD.

The camphorwood of Japan and Formosa is the product of Cin-
namomum camphora Fr. Xees & Eberin. (see p. 454). All parts of the
wood contain a considerable amount of the gum or oil and have a very
pronounced odor of camphor. The wood is easy to work, polishes well
and is much used in the manufacture of chests, drawers and insect-proof
cases. The demand for such articles is so great that the makers find it
difficult to get enough wood for their work. The cabinetmakers in
Manila make a great many imitation camphorwood chests. Various
soft, cheap woods, as white lauan, are used, after being first treated with
oil to give them an odor like camphorwood. The imitation camphorwood
chests are, naturally, not so durable as those made from the true camphor-
wood. After the effect of the oil with which they were treated wears off,
they are likely to be attacked by insects.

Nepal camphorwood, produced by China worn am glanduliferum Meissn.,
of British India, has brown tough wood with the odor of sassafras and
is also used for cabinet work.

A number of other members oi the family Lauracetp produce wood

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

427

which has a strong odor of sassafras. Different ones of these are known
as happla, ruan, medang Jada and calingad in the Malay Archipelago.
It is probable that some of these at any rate would make good substitutes
for camphorwood in the manufacture of insect-proof boxes.

The Borneo camphorwood is obtained from species of Dnjobalanops
(see p. 509), of the family Dipterocarpacece , and does not have an odor
like camphor, except in the neighborhood of the camphor deposits. This
wood is not used for cabinet work.

Holtzapffel 87 ; Boulger 153.

CORKWOODS.

A number of plants, from widely different families, and mostly tropical,
are found to produce what is known as corkwood; i. e., a wood which
more or less resembles true cork in its physical properties.

These woods show differences in structure but agree in having very
thin-walled elements, which are empty or filled with air in the dry wood.
These uniformly thin-walled elements cause the wood to have a very
low specific gravity and to be exceedingly soft.

Very uniform corkwood is produced by Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.
and Bombax malabarica DC. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. furnishes
another type of corkwood. The structure is varied by numerous fine
parallel concentric lines of wood parenchyma. Erythrina indica Lam.
and other species have corkwood of a quite different type — wide con-
centric belts of wood parenchyma having between them rather narrow
belts of denser tissue. The vessels are also rather large. Still another
type of corkwood is that furnished by the roots of Sonneratia pagatpat
Blanco and other species. Here the wood is very homogenous in structure
and very like a fine white cork. Some other woods which furnish cork-
wood from their stems or roots are T etranthera amara Xees, and species
of Xylopia, Anona, Hibiscus , Dyera, etc.

The corkivoods are commonly used as floats for fishing nets and as
material for the manufacture of the crude carvings so common among
wild tribes in Borneo.

Wiesner 2: 1020-1023; Blits 51; Winton 253-255.

ebony ( see p. 543 ) .

INCENSE WOODS.

Certain woods are valued because of their ability to produce a pleasant
odor when burned. Several of these have, since the most ancient times,
been employed in religious ceremonies. The best known of these is
Sanialum album L., mentioned in the Hebrew Scriptures as algum or
almug.

The lign aloes or lignum aloes of the Scriptures is the same as the
eaglew'ood of commerce and is produced by Aquillaria agallocha Roxb.
( Aloexylon agallochum Lour.), and other related species, of India and
Malaya.

428

FOXWORTHY.

The different incense woods of the Malay region are usually known
as kayu gam. Besides those mentioned, there are various species of
Gonystylus quite widely known and used.

A comparatively local incense wood is the hay a loika, which is obtained
from the roots of Dalbergia cumingiana Benth., in Borneo. It is used
mainly in China.

Besides the incense woods already named, there are a number of more
or less local importance. Some of these are Wikstroemia candollcana
Meissn., Excoecaria agallocha L., Canarium sp., Alyxia stellata B. & S.,
Epicharis loureiri Pierre, Lepiaglaia bailloni Pierre, etc.

Boorsma, G. W. Ueber Aloeholz und andere Riechhdlzer. — Bull. Uept. Agric
Buitenzorg 7 (1907) 1-43. Ridley, H. N. ; Garu and chandan. — Journ. Straits
Branch Asiat. Soc. 35 (1901) 73-82; FlUkiger-Pharmakognosie 210.

I RON WOOD.

This name or its equivalent is found applied to a number of different
woods on account of their hardness ; and any wood of conspicuous
hardness is liable to be called by this name. Nearly all the ironwoods, and
about eighty are known, have other local names, the name ironwood
having evidently been introduced after the advent of English-speaking
people. Usually the wood is extremely hard, dense and dark-colored
and sinks in water.

A list of the ironwoods of this region follows :

1. Billian or Borneo ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwayeri T. & B.). Found in

Borneo and Sumatra. (See p. 452.)

2. Agoho or kayu ru (Casuarina equisetifolia Forst.). Seacoasts throughout the

whole region. (See p. 444.)

3. Casuarina montana Jungh. Java and Borneo.

4. Ru ronan (Casuarina sumatrana Jungh.). Malaya. (See p. 444.)

5. Tampinis ( Sloetia sideroxylon T. et B.). Federated Malay States and Straits

Settlements; Borneo. (See p. 447.)

6. Cryptocarya ferrea Bl. Java.

7. Nagesah ( Mesua ferrea L.). Ceylon; India; Malaya. (See p. 505.)

8. Aglaia minaliassac T. et B. Celebes. (See p. 477.)

9. Dodonaca sp. Seacoasts. (See p. 493.)

10. Cupania lessertiana Cambess.

11. Homalium foetidum Benth.

12. Kayu besi (Metrosideros vera (Rumpli.) Niedenzu). Moluccas to China.

( See p. 535.)

13. Mancono (Xanthostemon verdugonianus Naves). Philippines. (See p. 536.)

14. Tpil ( Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) O. Ktze.). Seacoasts. (See p. 461.)

15. Mirabow ( Intsia bakeri Prain). Malaya. (See p. 461.)

16. Baryxylum rufum Lour. Cochin China.

17. Acacia farnesiana Willd. Tropics. (See p. 470.)

18. Acacia ferruginea DC. East Indies. (See p. 470.)

19. Pynkadu (Xylia dolabriformis Benth.). India. (See p. 463.)

20. Irnbricaria maxima Poir. Moluccas.

21. Sideroxylon nitidum Bl. Java.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

429

22. Suleroxylon tomentosum Roxb. Coromandel. (See p. 542.)

23. Sideroxylon ferrugineum Hook, et Arn.). Tropical Asia. (See p. 542.)

24. Arang (Maba buxifolia Pers.). India to Philippines. (See p. 547.)

25. Anan ( Fagraea fragrans Roxb.). (See p. 549.)

Boulger 191; Holtzapffel 88.

LIGNUM-VIT/E.

True lignum-vitse does not occur outside of the tropical American
region. It is the product of species of Guajacum and is of rather
restricted range. It was first introduced into Europe by the Spaniards
at about the end of the fifteenth century and has been very much in
demand ever since. It is exceedingly hard and heavy. Its specific
gravity varies between 1.17 and 1.39 and it is often credited with being
the heaviest of all known woods. The fibers are very twisted and, as a
consequence of this, it is extremely difficult to split the wood. It is
very much used for bowling-alley balls, sheaves of pulleys, rollers, police-
men’s batons, and as bushing for propellers in salt water craft. It seems
likely that the supply will approach exhaustion before long, and it is
highly desirable that some satisfactory substitute be secured.

Some of the woods which have been tried as possible substitutes
are mancono ( Xanthostemon vcrdugonianus Naves) of the Philippine
Islands; Dodonaea viscosa L., a widely distributed seacoast wood usually
of small size; Calophyllum inophyllum L., another widely distributed
seacoast plant, which has a very twisted grain and which is sometimes
used for bowling balls.

Mancono ( Xanthostemon vcrdugonianus Naves), of the Philippine
Islands, is probably the best known and most thoroughly tested of the
substitutes for lignum-vitse. It is of much the same weight and is
harder than lignum- vitae. It is of crooked grain and difficult to split.
It seems to be immune to the attacks of termites and teredo. It has
been tried in various places where it was subject to abrasion and to
droppings of water and oil and has proved very satisfactory. The
following test of mancono was made at the United States naval station,
Cavite, Philippine Islands : “The wood was installed on side grain, as a
bearing for journals rotating in salt water, in the stern bushing of a
small launch which was in constant use. At the end of seven months the
bearing was split out for examination. The wood was found to be but
little worn, and was reported by the commander of the naval station to
be ‘quite the equal of lignum-vitse, when both are used for bearings on
the side grain.’ ”

It seems probable that, for several purposes, mancono is as service-
able as lignum-vitse and a very satisfactory substitute foi that wood.

Hutchinson, W. I. A Philippine substitute for lignum-vitae. Bureau of
Forestry (Philip.) Bull. 9 (1908) 1-8; Stone 18-21; Wiesner 2: 950-952;

Holtzapffel 90; Boulger 202.

430

FOXWORTHY.

MAHOGANY.

True mahogany does not occur in nature in the Orient. It is the
product of Swietenia mahagoni L. and is found only in tropical America.
It Mas introduced into Europe by the Spaniards in the sixteenth century.
Since the middle of the eighteenth century it has been the most used and
valued of cabinet woods. The much prized Chippendale and Sheraton
chairs of the eighteenth century were made of this wood. The continual
demand for this wood for piano cases, fine furniture, cabinet work, etc.,
lias caused it to become scarce and high in price, and efforts have been
made to substitute other woods for it. More than twenty substitute or
imitation mahoganies are known, and some of them are such good woods
that they could probably secure a good market under their own proper
names. 1 lie true mahogany and the closely related Swietenia macro-
phylfa King have done well in plantations in India (Gamb. 154).
4 oung trees of both have also shown a fine rate of growth wherever tried
in the 1 hilippines. It is not improbable that these two species may
some day be of commercial importance as plantation crops in this part of
the world.

1 lie best of the substitute mahoganies belong to the subfamilv
Swietcnioidece, the “mahogany subfamily” of the Meliacece. The follow-
ing members of this subfamily are worthy of note:

Khaya senegalensis A. Juss. ( Swietenia senegalensis Desv. ). This is called
African mahogany and has supplied a large part of the mahogany on the
European and American markets for the last twenty years (Kew Bull. Misc.
Inf. 1890, 168-170). Other species are also called African mahogany. The
wood is lighter in color than the original mahogany and is also inferior to
that wood in hardness and grain. However, it is very variable and pieces
are found which are darker reddish-brown than the true mahogany.

Soymida febrifuga A. Juss. (Swietenia febrifuga Willd.), found in British
India and Ceylon, known as East Indian mahogany. This is a very hard
and very heavy wood, heavier than true mahogany and dark-red in color.
It would be of great commercial importance if it could be produced in
sufficient quantity.

Chufcrassia ( Chickrassia ) tabularis A. Juss. (Swietenia chickrassia Roxb.).
East Indian mahogany or Chittagong wood.— British India and Ceylon.
Burma and southern China. This is not so hard nor so heavy as the
preceding. It would probably be of importance if found in greater quantity.

In the subfamily Cedreloidece of the Meliacece, there are a number of
species in the genera Cedrela, of the West Indies, and Toona, of the East
Indies, which produce odorous wood known as cedar and sometimes
called mahogany. The toon of India, Toona serrata (Royle) Roemer,
is sometimes called Indian mahogany and the calantas, Toona calantas
Merr. & Rolfe, of the Philippine Islands, has sometimes been called
Philippine mahogany. They are more often and more correctly known
as cigar-box woods.

Besides those already mentioned, there are in the East several so-

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

431

called mahoganies which do not have any close relationship to the true
mahogany, except, perhaps, that of color. Some of these are :

Padouk, Andaman redwood, narra, Philippine mahogany. This is the product
of various species of Pterocarpus. It is a very choice furniture wood, but
it is, of course, not a mahogany. It does not need to be called a mahogany
to find a market.

Penagah, Palo maria, Bitaoy, or Borneo mahogany ( Calophyllum inophyllum L.).
This wood does not closely resemble mahogany. It is, in some respects,
superior to that wood.

The tanguile of Negros, a soft, red-wooded dipterocarp, has been sold in some places
as Philippine mahogany. It is found to be a satisfactory substitute for
mahogany in interior finish such as show windows, panels, and bank fur-
niture. It should be suitable also for piano cases and good furniture.

Wiesner 2: 958-9G2; Stevenson 225-249; Holtzapffel 91; Boulger 206-210;
Stone 32—35.

POISONOUS W OODS.

Occasionally there are rumors of woods which contain sufficient of a
poisonous principle to cause them to be injurious to whoever handles
them. Such reports arc usually found to be inaccurate, the poisoning
being done by other parts of the plant.

The principal poisonous woods of this part of the world are a few
Anacardiacece wdiich cause a skin irritation similar to that produced by
the “poison ivy” and “poison oak” ( Rhus spp.) of temperate regions.-
These woods are produced by species of Gluta, Iloligarna , Melanorrhoea.
Semecarpus , and Swintonia ; and they usually are known by the name of
“ringhas” in the Malay region.

When seasoned, the wood is much less likely to cause poisoning than
when fresh. The seriousness of such poisoning is often exaggerated, and
many persons are entirely immune to this class of poisoning.

Besides the woods mentioned, that of Excoccaria agallocha L., the
“eye-blinding plant” of India, is of evil repute. The wood contains an
extremely acrid dark-colored gum which is very irritant in contact with
the skin and is said to cause blindness if rubbed on the eyes. It is said
that the coolies who work this wood for charcoal suffer a great deal from
the effects of the fumes of the burning wood.

ROSEWOOD.

Rosewood is a term as generally applied as ironwood and to almost
as great a variety of plants in different parts of the world. There are
something more than thirty different rosewoods. Most of them have
heavy, dark-colored woods and quite a number belong to the Leguminosce,
in such genera as Dalbergia and Pterocarpus. Some of them contain
a fragrant resin or oil, from which the name has originated. They
have nothing more to do with the rose.

Much of the rosewood of commerce comes from Brazil and is said
to be the product of Dalbergia nigra Allem. and related leguminous
species; but members of other families also produce true rosewood.

432

FOXWORTHY.

The East Indian rosewood is the product of Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.
and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. (See p. 4G5.) Another of the Indian
rosewoods is the padauk, Burmese rosewood or narra, which is the
product of Pterocarpus indicus Willd. and other species of Pterocarpus.
The rosewood of the Seychelles is Thespesia populnea Corr. (See
p. 499.) In some portions of India a certain species of Millettia is said
to furnish small amounts of rosewood. Cordia myxa L., a small tree
of tropical Asia and Australia, is said to furnish small amounts of rose-
wood. The Borneo rosewood or renghas is a beautiful red- and purple-
streaked wood, which makes beautiful furniture. It is the product of
various species of Melanorrhoe a and Swintonia. (See p. 489.)

The woods known as kingwood or violet wood are special kinds of
rosewood, probably from species of Dalbergia and best known under these
names, from Madagascar and South America.

Wiesner 2: 1017, 1014; Stevenson 204; Holtzapffel 103; Boulger 263; Stone
62-64.

SANDALWOOD.

The white or yellow sandalwood is produced by Santalum album of
India and Malaya. Other related species and genera in Australia furnish
very good substitutes for it. The sandalwood of the Fiji Islands is
produced by Santalum fr&ycinetianum Gaud, and other species.

Exocarpus latifolia R. Br. which is said to produce a sandalwood in
Australia extends as far north as the Philippines; but it is usually of
very small size here and I have not known it to produce sandalwood.

The name chandana or sandana seems to be very generally used to
indicate various kinds of sandalwood ; but it is probable that the name
is also applied to other woods which are more or less odorous. In the
Philippines, the term sandana is known and is said to indicate an
odorous wood; but, thus far, 1 have been unable to definitely find sandal-
wood produced in the Islands. In British North Borneo the term is
also found, but sandalwood is surely very rare, if it occurs there at all.
The red sandalwood or red sanders of India is the product of Pter-
ocarpus santalinus L., and Adenanthera pavonina L.

Dysoxylum loureiri Pierre ( Epicharis loureiri Pierre) and Lcpidaglaia
baillioni Pierre ( Epicharis baillioni Pierre) are two species of melia-
ceous wood growing in Cochin China and forming large trees, the timber
of which is used for ornament, while the oil derived from it is used
for medicinal purposes. When rubbed or burnt it emits an odor of
sandalwood, on which account it is employed as incense in the temples.

Trop. Agric. 1 (1882) 800; Pierre, For. FI. Cocli. China. 358; Jumelle 338.

In India, sandalwood is largely used in ihe manufacture of boxes,
fans, and other ornamental articles of inlaid work, and to a limited
extent in medicine as a domestic remedy for all kinds of pains and
aches. The oil is largely used as a perfume, few native attars or essen-
tial oils being free from admixture with it. In the form of powder or

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

433

paste the wood is employed by the Brahmans for their distinguishing
caste marks.

The bastard sandalwood of India is Erythroxylon monogynum Koxb.
It is very fragrant and is used as a substitute for sandalwood. The
yellow sanders ( Ximenia americana L.) , of tropical America, the Pacific
Islands, Malaya, Australia, Asia and Africa, has a fragrant yellow wood
which is used as a substitute for sandalwood.

Holtzapffel 105; Wiesncr 2: 008-911; 907-940. Boulger 266-268; Stone 191.

SATINWOOD.

This is the product of Chloroxylon swietenia DC. (See p. 473.)
It is found in India and Ceylon, where it has been rather common.
Certain species of Fagara, Zanthoxylum, etc. are also known to produce
satinwood in tropical America and Australia. Certain Philippine
Rutacece have wood which would do very well as a satinwood, but they
are usually of comparatively small size and rather scattered in occurrence.
The name refers to the beautifully smooth and satiny luster which the
wood shows when finished. This wood was probably introduced into
Europe before mahogany. It was in request for rich furniture about
the end of the eighteenth century, the fashion then being to ornament
panels of it with painted medallions and floral scrolls and borders. Now
it is used for inlaying or borders and small veneers and most largely in
covering the hacks of hair and clothes brushes and in making small
articles of turnery, all kinds of furniture, railway carriages, writing and
stationery fitments and toilet requisites.

Maba buxifolia Pers. is said to furnish a kind of satinwood, but I
have never seen it so used.

There is frequently a curled grain which adds to the beauty.

HoltzapfTel 105; Stevenson 207; Stone 29-31; Wiesner 2: 953; Boulger 281.

ZEBRA WOOD.

This is a name given to varieties of wood used as veneers, and striped
so as to suggest a zebra’s skin. The name has been used for some of the
bright-streaked species of Diospyros and also for some woods which occur
in small size and which have a conspicuously variegated appearance with
bright colors. Such woods seem to be of little importance except for
canes and other small articles.

One of the trees said to produce zebrawood in South America is
Guettard-a speciosa L. This same tree is not uncommon along the sea-
coast in this part of the world, but it seems usually to be of rather small
size and but little used.

Another Philippine wood to which this name would seem to apply is
Taxotrophis ilicifolia Vid. This wood is brilliantly streaked and makes
most striking canes.

HoltzapfTel 110; Boulger 302.

[Members of the Dipterocarpacex are indicated by black-faced type.]

434

FOXWORTHY.

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438

FOXWORTHY.

VI. TIMBERED AREAS AND FUTURE SUPPLY.

INDIA.

Tropical India is said to be a dry country. It contains many splendid
woods, but tbe supply seems not to be great enough to do much more
than supply the great population. It is not necessary for the owner of
timber supplies to look farther when he has so great a home market. It
is unlikely that India will ever do a very great timber-exporting business.
It is true that quite a large number of very valuable ornamental woods
are found in India, but the valuable ornamental woods can never be
expected to provide a really great export trade. There are large sections
of India where there is a chronic timber famine and where it has been
necessary to undertake forest planting on a rather large scale to supply
the needs of the local markets. There will doubtless be much more of
this planting done in the future.

BURMA.

This section is more fortunately situated than is India proper. The
sal and teak forests of Burma constitute most of its supply of export
timber. The quantity of this is considerable and will stand exploitation
for some years to come.

SIAM AND COCHIN CHINA.

These two countries are still but little known, but it is known that
there are fine teak forests in Siam which are now being exploited, and
there are considerable areas of dipterocarp forests in Cochin China.
There are also a number of valuable ornamental woods still but little
worked in these two countries.

MALAYA.

The Malay region is the part of the tropical east which is most rich in
commercial timbers.

In the Malay Peninsula the best forests seem to be in the states of
Keddah, lvelantan, Tringganu and Pahang. In the forests of Keddah
and Tringganu are fine supplies of chcngal ( Balanocarpu-s spp. ) and
other dipterocarps. There is also a goodly quantity of merbau ( Intsia
baker i) and there is a fair sprinkling of other valuable trees. The states
of Kelantan and Pahang seem to offer some promise; although they are
comparatively little known and offer considerable difficulties in the way
of transportation.

SUMATRA.

This great island has extensive forests. It is reported to contain
great quantities of the valuable billian ( Eusidero'xylon zwageri ) and
chengal ( Balanocarpus spp.). It certainly does contain great quantities
of dipterocarp woods. It sends considerable quantities of timber to the

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

439

Singapore market in small Chinese junks; but, thus far, it has not
begun to he exploited by modern methods. There should be excellent
opportunities for one or more large companies on the island.

JAVA.

The original forests of Java have been very largely cleared. Plantation
teak is the most important timber.

BORNEO.

The forests of Borneo are extensive and comparatively untouched.
It is true that the billian is very well worked out in some sections; but
the dipterocarps are found in very great quantity and of all grades. At
present the chief obstacle to the development of these forests is the
distance from market and the meager facilities for transportation. As
the demand for wood becomes greater, the transportation will surely be
furnished and then the forests will he rapidly exploited. Borneo contains
probably the most extensive and highly developed swamp forests in the
world. These are now of comparatively little value; but they are sure
to become of the first importance.

DUTCH INDIES.

The numerous islands of the Dutch East Indies are said, many of them,
to contain valuable forests; but the nature and extent of these is largely
a matter of guesswork. There is, however, a certain amount of export
trade from the Dutch Indies in timbers which indicates that there may
be extensive and valuable forests on some of the islands.

PHILIPPINES.

The exploitable forests of the Philippines comprise about 30,000,000
acres, a very much smaller commercial forest area than that of Borneo,
Sumatra or several other places, but it is only in the Philippines that
modern methods of exploitation are employed.

It is safe to say that there is a very great area of commercial forest
in the tropical east, but it is by no means so great as many have supposed.
Popular notions of dense jungle composed solely of valuable and ex-
ploitable trees need to be revised. It is true that the jungle is dense
enough and that there are many valuable trees, but there are also many
inferior trees mixed in and the valuable ones are so scattered that there
are few places where a profitable enterprise can be started, if it aims
at only one wood or one small group of woods.

VII. SrECIES NOTES.

In the following notes it is aimed to give first the accepted common
name in the Philippines, then the common names in the other countries,
the distribution, structure and special properties, uses, and references to
the principal literature. The common names for Indian, Burmese and

440

FOXWORTHY.

Ceylon woods were taken from Gamble. Those from the Malay Peninsula
from Ridley and those from the Dutch Indies from Van Eeden and from
G. J. Filet’s Dictionary of Plant Names. Many of the notes on structure
are taken from Gamble.

I have not been able to prepare a key to the different woods of the
region; but, with the aid of Gamble’s Manual, it has been possible to
prepare family summaries in some cases.

The term “seasonal or growth ring” has seemed preferable to “annual
ring” and so is used. Also the term “pith-ray” is preferred to “medul-
lary-ray.”

Unless specially indicated, the structure described is that which is
seen in the cross section, because it is in this section that the relationship
of the different elements composing the wood is most clearly shown.
The terms “pore” and “vessel” are used interchangeably.

The structural feature most often noted in the longitudinal section
of the wood is the numerous parallel transverse lines or “ripple marks.”
These are due to regularly arranged pitting of the tracheids (see Plate
XXVI, fig. 55) or to regular arrangement of small pith-rays. The latter
condition is probably much the less frequent; and, when it occurs, gives
the appearance of ripple marks only on the tangential section.

It will be remarked in following through these notes that a common
or trade name usually applies to more than one species of plant. It
frequently happens that the wood structure is identical for a large group
of species. Occasionally the structure is seemingly identical for several
genera, as in the Ebenaccce, which seem to have only one type of structure
for the whole family.

The following are the abbreviations which I have found it convenient
to use in the species notes :

Gamb. Gamble, J. S. A Manual of Indian Timbers. New and revised edi-

tion. London, 1902.

Phil. Woods Foxworthy, F. W. Philippine Woods. This Journal 2 (1907)
Botany 351-404.

Nbrd. Nordlinger, H. Holzquerschnitte. Stuttgart (1851-1888). Vols.

1-11.

Van Fed. Van Eeeden, F. W. Iloutsoorten van Nederlandsch Oost-lndie (3d ed.

by J. J. Duyfjes) . Cat, XII. van bet Kol. Mus. te Haerlem. 1906.
Ridl. Ridley, II. N. Timbers of the Malay Peninsula. In the Agricultural

Bulletin of the S. S. and F. M. S. Singapore. Vol. 1 (1901).
Wiesner Wiesner, J. Die RohstofTe des Pflanzenreichs, 2d ed. Leipzig.

1903. Vol. 2.

Boulger Boulger, G. Wood, 2d ed. London, 1908.

Stone Stone, II. The Timbers of Commerce. London, 1905.

Lewis Lewis, F. E. Ceylon Tea-box Woods. In Trop. Agric. 18. (1898)

307-310.

Gard. Gardner, R. Mtechanical tests of thirty species of Philippine Woods.

Forestry Bureau (Philip.). Bull. 4, 2d ed., 1907.

Newton Newton, Howard. Notes and Experiments on the different kinds of
Timber in Ordinary Use in the Straits Settlements. Singapore,
1884.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

441

K. & V. Koorders, S. H., and Valeton, Tli. Bijdrage tot de kenniss der Boom-
soorten op Java. Batavia (1894-1909).

Janssonius Janssonius, H. H. Mikrograpliie des Ilolzes. Leiden, 1906-.

Two parts already issued.

Holtzapffel Descriptive Catalogue of Woods. London, 1852.

Becc. Beccari, O. Nelle foreste di Borneo. Florence, 1902.

Bargagli-Petrucci Sulla struttura dei legnami raccolti in Borneo del Dott. 0.

Semler

Beccari. In Malpighia, 1902.

Tropische und nordamerikanische Waldwirtschaft und Holzkunde.

Winton

Berlin, 1888.

Hamiusek, Dr. T. F. The Microscopy of Technical Products., trans-

Jumelle

lated by Andrew L. Winton, Ph, D., with the collaboration of Kate
G. Barber, Ph. D. New York, 1907.

Ressources Agricoles et Forestieres des Colonies Francaises. Mar-

Sa fiord

seille, 1907.

Useful Plants of Guam. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herbarium, 9. 1905.

Pierre

Flore Forestiere de la Cochinchine. Paris.

Watt Diet.

Dictionary of the Economic Products of India. Calcutta, 1885-1896.

E.-Pr.

Engler, A., und Prantl, K. Die natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien.

Sp. gr.

Specific gravity.

M.

Malay.

Hind.

Hindustani.

Beng.

Bengali.

Tam.

Tamil.

Burm.

Burmese.

Cing.

Cingalese.

Phil.

Philippine.

PTERIDOPHYTA.

The only use to which members of this group are put as timber seems
to be in the occasional use of the trunks of tree ferns as the corner posts
of native houses. This is reported from Benguet in northern Luzon
and from New Guinea. Such a use could only he very local, where tree
ferns were very abundant or where other timber was scarce. The con-
venient size and location of these stems will probably account for
their use.

Among the Bagobos, on the east slope of Mount Apo, in Mindanao, the
tree ferns are used very extensively, in preference to other woods. They
are said to be very durable; and, certainly, their shape is such as to
make it possible to utilize them with very little effort.

GYMNOSPERMS.

This group, which contains the coniferous trees, furnishes the greatest
part of the timber supply of the world, but it is only scantily represented
in the eastern tropics. There are a few representatives which are used
to some extent, as the Benguet pine of northern Luzon, the pines and
cedars of the Himalayan slopes and some of the species of Podocarpus,
which are rather widely distributed. However, none of these are used to
such an extent as to be of very general interest in this region. Wherever
met with, the wood may be readily distinguished by its nonporous
structure.

88250 3

442

FOX WORTHY.

TAXACE2E.

T axus baccata L.

Himalayas, upper Burma, China, Japan, the Philippines, etc. Forms of this
species are found in the high mountains throughout the tropics of the East.

Wood hard, heavy (sp. gr. 0.74-0.94), close and even-grained, smooth.
Sapwood white; heartwood orange-red, light-red, or white. Seasonal
rings marked by a conspicuous line. Pith-rays very numerous, regular
and long. Used for bows, carrying poles, and native furniture.

Stevenson 136-139; Gamb. 101; Nord. I., Mech. Eigensch. d. Holzer 542;
Stone 245; Iloltzapffel 110.

Podocarpus neriifolia Don.

British India, Burma, the Philippines, Borneo, Java, Sumatra; a mountain
tree of very wide distribution.

Wood light-yellow or yellowish-gray; homogenous, even-grained, soft
to moderately hard and moderately heavy. Seasonal rings distinct though
faint. Pith-rays very fine, numerous. No resin ducts, but scattered
cells with resin prominent on thin section. Used in general carpentry
and is excellent to work, hut would probably not resist white ants; also
employed for oars, spars, masts, and to make tea-boxes. Seasons well
and does not warp or shrink.

Gamb, 702, tab. XVI, fig. 3 ; Nord. V. and X. (P. branteata Bl.).

Numerous other species of Podocarpus occur in the Malay region, but they are
usually extremely local and on high mountains. So far as known their wood
resembles that just described. Australian species of Podocarpus are often known
as “yellowwood” because of the color of the wood.

PINACEvE.

Agathis alba (Lam.) (A. dammara Rich.) Plate XXII, fig. 1. Almaciga
(Phil.); dammar (M.).

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Wood soft and light, even-grained, easily worked, white, not very
durable. Used for planks and temporary construction.

Cedrus deodara (Koxb. ) Loud. Deodar; Himalayan cedar.

Himalayan region.

Wood moderately hard, light to moderately heavy, strong-scented, oilv;
sapwood white; heartwood light yellowish-brown. Seasonal rings dis-
tinctly marked by the darker autumn wood. Pith-rays fine, unequal and
irregular, fairly numerous, not deep. Resin-ducts none, the oil contained
in wood-cells in the heartwood. Railway sleepers, bridge work, build-
ing; rather brittle to work and does not take paint or varnish well. Has
strong odor. Contains a good deal of oil, which prevents it from becom-
ing water-logged, very durable. Resists wet, also white ants, and ap-
parently does not suffer much from dry rot.

Gamb. 710-716, tab. XVI, fig. J, ; Nord. XI.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

443

Pinus. Wood usually very resinous and homogenous, consisting of
alternate layers of soft and often spongy spring wood, and of hard, darker
colored autumn wood; heartwood distinct. Pith-rays fairly numerous,
rather irregular, fine to moderate broad. Vertical resin-ducts large and
numerous, visible on horizontal and vertical sections.

Pinus insularis Endl. Plate XX1J, tig. 2. Saleng.

Philippines.

A wood much resembling that of some of the yellow pines in the
United States; very resinous and of considerable local importance for
planks, house building, etc.

Phil. Woods 354.

Pinus excelsa Wall. Blue pine.

Himalaya.

Light and moderately hard. Sapwood white; heartwood light-red.
Railroad ties, planks, etc.

Gamb. 704; Nord. VIII.

Pinus longi folia Roxb. Long-leaved pine.

Himalaya.

Light and moderately hard. Sapwood white; heartwood light-reddish -
brown. Wood inferior to the preceding.

Gamb. 707, tab. XVI, fig. 3; NiJrd. VII.

Pinus lchasya Royle, P. gerardiana Wall., and P. merkusii Jungh. & de Vr.
are also used to some extent.

Cupressus torulosa Don. Himalayan cypress.

Himalaya.

Moderately hard and moderately heavy. Sapwood white; heartwood
light-brown with darker streaks, very fragrant. Very durable. Used in
building and for wood carving.

Gamb. 696, tab. XVI, fig. 1; Nord. X.

ANGIOSPERMS.

MONOCOTYLEDONS .

The monocotyledons are not to be considered as of much importance
in the production of commercial woods, but they do have some important
uses which must not be overlooked.

PANDANACE2E.

In some places the trunks of the arborescent pandans are used for
rough or temporary work, and they furnish what is sometimes called
“porcupine wood.” They are probably of little, if any, more importance
than the trunks of tree ferns.

444

FOXWORTHY.

PALMiE.

Many palms have stems which, at least in their outer part, are very
hard and strong. These palm stems are admirably suited for certain
uses, as the tlooring of native houses, the fashioning of bows and carrying
poles, the making of ornamental pillars, etc. In Borneo the nibong palm
( Oncosperma spp.) is the chief flooring material for both houses and
boats. Several species of Livistona are used in the Philippines under the
name of palma brava. The use of palm stems is usually purely local,
although occasionally small amounts are sent to Europe for use in cabinet
work. Because of the comparative infrequence of their commercial use
and because their structure is of the type so well known in monocotyledons,
it is not necessary to further consider them here.

GRAMINE^E.

Bamboos of various sorts are the main reliance in many kinds of native
structures, but their use is local. It is not customary to raise them for
export, and their structure is very generally recognized.

DICOTYLEDONS.

CASUARINACE2E.

Sapwood and heartwood not sharply differentiated, the color becoming
gradually darker from sap to heart. Vessels moderately large, and often
in radial or oblique rows. Wavy, concentric lines of wood parenchyma.
Pith-rays small to very large ; the large ones of very infrequent occurrence
in Casuarina equisetif olia, but very general in the other species. Wood
fibers very thick-walled and making up most of the mass of the wood.

Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. Plate XXII, fig. 3. Agoho ( Phil. ) ; ru (Bor-
neo, Malaya) ; chouk (Tara.) ; tinyu (Burma) ; ironwood.

On sandy shores throughout the eastern tropics, where its resemblance
in habit to the pines and firs makes it very marked.

Very hard and heavy or very heavy; difficult to work. Sapwood and
heartwood differing in color only in degree of brown. A very durable
construction timber and, perhaps, the best firewood in the world.

Phil. Woods 370, fig. 38; Gard. 68; Gamb. 665; Boulg. 233; Blits 12, 23-25;
Wiesner 2:875-879; Becc. 583.

Casuarina sumatrana Miq. (ru ronan (M. ), ironwood), and other species are
occasionally found in the Orient. They differ from the preceding in having very
large and distinct pith-rays. They are, consequently, better suited for cabinet
work.

Blits 13; Bargagli-Petrucci 9, iab. IV; Becc. 583.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

445

JUGLANDACEiE.

This family is not found very abundantly in this region. The few
representatives are usually scattered and comparatively unimpoitant.
Pores scattered; pith-rays fine; wavy concentric lines of wood parenchyma.

Englehardtia serrata Bl. Plate XXII, fig. 4.

Malaya.

An easily worked wood of not much importance.

FAGACE2E.

The members of this family are fairly numerous in the Orient, but
they are of comparatively little importance. Many of the species of
Quercus furnish a rather inferior quality of wood, which is said not
to be durable. Some species are used in India, but their use can not be
said to be at all general. Wood brownish, very hard and moderately
heavy to heavy, generally with a distinct, darker-colored heartwood.
Pores small to large, arranged in radial lines or elongated patches. Sea-
sonal rings not distinct. Wood parenchyma in wavy concentric lines
and more or less grouped about the vessels. Pith-rays small to very large.

Quercus. This genus is divided into two groups, according to the size
of the pith-rays. First group, all the pith-rays very fine, very numerous,
uniform and equidistant. Wood seasons well, does not warp or crack.
Second group, pith-rays of two classes, very fine and broad, the latter very
prominent on a vertical section, making a silver grain of rather large
plates. Wood usually warps and splits in seasoning.

Quercus soleriana Vid. Plate XXII, fig. 5. Cateban (Phil.).

Philippines.

Used comparatively little ; said not to be durable.

ULMACEvE.

Celtis australis L.

Southern Europe, tropical and temperate Asia.

Rather local in hilly country.

Wood gray or yellowish -gray, with streaks of darker color, hard and
heavy, tough and strong. Used for tool handles and other implements.

Gamb. 625, tab. XIII, fig. 8; Nord. I.

Other species of Celtis furnish wood much like the above and which is used
for the same purposes.

FOXWORTHY.

446

Trema amboinensis Blume. Anadiong (Phil.).

Tropical Asia to Australia.

\\ ood light-colored, soft or moderately hard ; moderately heavy. Pores
small or moderate-sized; pith-rays fine and moderately broad. Used in
light or temporary construction.

Gamb. 630.

MORACEiE.

Artocarpus. Heartwood moderately hard to hard, yellow, turning brown
on exposure, seasons well, moderately heavy to heavy, usually containing
a white substance in pores and pith-rays. Pores moderate-sized to large,
often surrounded by circular patches of wood parenchyma. Pith-rays
fine to moderately broad, distinct, not numerous.

Artocarpus integrifol ia L. f. Jak tree; lanca; nanca.

India and Malaya; very widely cultivated.

Yellowish to yellowish-brown, darkening very decidedly on exposure to
the air. Heavy, moderately hard, readily polishing. Used for the
backs of musical instruments, furniture and fine carpentering. Softer
and finer grained than is the wood of most other members of the genus.

Gamb. 652-654; Watt Diet. 1:332; Ridl. 257; Van Eed. 232; Stone 205;
Holtzapffel 88.

Artocarpus hirsuta Lamk.

India and Malaya.

Yellowish-brown, hard and heavy durable wood. Used for house build-
ing, furniture, etc.

Gamb. 652, tab. XIII, fig. 6; Nord. X; Watt Diet. 1 : 329-333.

Artocarpus lancifolia Roxb. Keledang (M.).

Federated Malay States.

Heartwood hard and heavy, yellow, turning dark-red, close-grained,
pores rather large partitioned, rays fine, conspicuous, lighter colored.
Durable under ground and the favorite wood for Chinese coffins.

Ridl. 256; Newton 4.

Artocarpus nobilis Thw. Del (Cing.).

Ceylon and British India.

Furnishes a very readily worked wood similar to that of A. integrifolia.

Gamb. 654 ; Stone 204.

3 lie following species are also of importance in the regions indicated:

Artocarpus chaplasha Roxb. British India. Gamb. 654; Nord. X.

Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. British India and Malaya. Gamb. 655; Nord. X.

Artocarpus gomeziana Wall. Malaya. Morubi(M.). Bargagli-Petrucci 12;
Becc. 583.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

447

Artocarpus superba Becc. Mentawa (Borneo). Bargagli-Petrucci 12; Becc.
583.

Artocarpus cumingiana Tree. Plate XXII, fig. 0. Anubing (Philippines) .
Phil. Woods 372.

All the above furnish hard and durable wood similar to that of A. hirsutn.

Ficus. The species of this genus usually produce wood of inferior
quality, and are of only local importance.

Ficus nervosa Heyne.

Ceylon.

Used for tea chests.

Lewis 310.

Sloetia sideroxylon T. & B. Plate XXII, fig. 7. Tampines (M.).

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Very hard and heavy, brownish-yellow, fine-grained wood. Formerly
much used at Singapore and considered one of the most durable woods
of the region. Now very scarce. Used for corner posts of houses,
heavy construction, carrying poles, etc.

Newton 3; Ridl. 254; Becc. 583; Bargagli-Petrucci 13, tab. IV.

Taxotrophis ilicifolia Vid. Plate XXII, fig. 8. Cuius-Cuius (Phil.).

Philippines.

A very hard and heavy wood ; heartwood streaked with greenish or
dark-brown, sometimes almost black. Frequently with scattered dark
spots. Pores of medium size, scattered. Concentric, rather wide lines
of wood parenchyma. Pith-rays fine but distinct. This is one of the
most beautiful woods for walking sticks. (See p. 433.)

URTICACEJE.

Boehmeria rugulosa Wedd.

British India.

The pretty, reddish, ■ moderately hard, durable wood is used to make
eating vessels, plates, vessels for milk and other drinkables.

Gamb. G57 ; Nord. IX; Watt Diet, 1 :484.

PROTEACE2E.

Very large pith-rays always present and connected by narrow, contin-
uous lines of wood parenchyma. Pores of moderate size.

Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. Silk oak.

Queensland and New South Wales, but cultivated throughout the tropical east.

Wood hard, light-reddish-brown; sapwood grayish-white. Suitable for
fancy furniture.

Nbrd. IX; Gamb. 57G; Stone 185.

448

FOX WORTHY.

Helicia. I his genus lias quite a number of species in this region, but
they are not commonly found with large numbers of individuals.

Helicia excelsa Bl. Membatu laiang.

Malay Peninsula.

A moderately hard and heavy wood.

Ridl. 248.

Helicia petiolaris Benn. Gong; putat tepi.

Malay Peninsula.

Very heavy and hard, used in house building.

Ridl. 248.

Helicia philippinensis Meissn. Plate XX1J, fig. 9.

Philippines.

Usually well up in the mountains and does not occur in quantity.

Helicia robusta Wall.

British India and Malaya.

A hard and heavy wood which is used for house building. .

Gamb. 575.

Helicia sp.? Plate XXII, fig. 10. K’runtum; Semaior daun basa (M.).

Sarawak.

1 am not at all sure of the determination of this wood, but its
structuie seems closest to Ilclicict. This is an important wood in northern
Sarawak. It is hard and heavy, reddish, coarse-grained and durable.
It is used in house building.

o

SANTA LACIUK

Exocarpus latifolius R. Br.

Australia and the Malay Archipelago.

Heartwood said to provide a substitute for sandalwood. (See p. 432.)

Santalum album L. White or yellow sandalwood; chandan, sandal (Hind.) ;
santagu (Burm.); sandana (Philippines and Borneo) .

British India and Malaya.

Wood yellow, reddish in spots, with alternate lighter and darker
(reddish ) zones and inconspicuous vessels and pith-rays. The wood has
a strong, penetrating, aromatic odor when first cut and this is stronger
the darker the wood. Uniformly dense, moderately hard and heavy.
Used I i om ilie mosi ancient times as incense for idols and the manufac-
ture of oil, as well as for the manufacture of small ornaments. (See
p. 432 for discussion of sandalwoods.)

Gamb. 585-588; Wiesner 2:908; Nord. XI; Stone 191.

Santalum freycinetianum Gaudich. and other species of the Hawaiian Islands
also furnish some of the white and yellow sandalwood of commerce.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

449

OLACACEA3.

Wood usually hard to very hard and heavy; pith-rays very fine and
regular; pores small and scattered; wood parenchyma in very tine broken
and irregular lines, connecting the pith-rays.

Anacolosa luzoniensis Merr. Malabignay.

Philippines.

A pale reddish-brown wood. Hard and heavy. Used for house posts,
etc. Several other species occur and are used in British Tndia, the Malay
Peninsula, and Java.

Ctenolophon parvifolius Oliv. Bungkal (M.).

Malacca, Borneo, Sumatra.

Wood rather soft, brownish-white, with very fine rays and few large
pores, which are tilled with resin.

Bull. 103.

Ochanostachys amentacea Mast. Petaling (M.).

Malacca and Borneo.

Dark, yellowish-brown wood. Durable. Pores in short radial lines.
Structure very much like that of Strombosia and wood used for the same
things. Said to be proof against white ants.

Ridl. 102.

Ochanostachys bancana (Becc. ) Valeton, of Banca, Liennga, and Sumatra, is
also known as petaling and is used for the same things.

E.-Pr. Nachtr. 147.

Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc. Plate XXII, fig. 11. Kulim (M.).

Borneo and the Malay Peninsula.

Wood very dark-brown; very hard and heavy, and very durable in the
water. Seems to resist the teredo remarkably well and is therefore much
in demand for piling. Also used for bridges and house construction.
The wood, when fresh, has a very strong odor of onions. If the wood
is not used promptly after being cut, a kind of dry rot starts in at the
end of the log. The behavior here is much like that of liusin ( Parma -
rium grifitliianum ) under similar conditions.

Becc. 574; Ridl. 102; Bargagli-Petrucci 14, tab. IV.

Strombosia philippinensis (Baill.) Rolfe. Plate XXII, fig. 12. Tamayuan.

Philippines.

Very hard, moderately heavy to heavy. Dull-yellowish to pinkish ;
fine- and straight-grained. Posts, house building, joists, rooting, axe
handles.

Phil. Woods 393.

Other species of Strombosia are found in Ceylon, British India, and Java. They
much resemble the preceding and are used for the same purposes.

450

FOXWORTHY.

Ximenia americana L. Bidara-laut (M. ) ; kakira.

Tropical America, Africa, Asia, the Malay Archipelago and the Philippines.

A hard and very heavy yellow tvood, in appearance and odor similar
to the white sandalwood, and used for it in the East Indies.

Gamb. 163; Ridl. 103; Pierre 265.

MAGNOLIACE2E.

Wood usually soft and not very durable, even-grained, white, gray,
yellow or olive-brown. Seasonal rings distinct; pores small, fairly
regular; pith-rays fine, numerous, regular. Not a group of much com-
mercial importance. The wood is usually employed for work of only a
temporary nature. The best known and generally used species is :

Michelia champaca L. Plate XXIII, fig. 13. Champaca: tjempaca kuning
(M.).

Britisli India and Burma and cultivated everywhere in the tropics.

Sap wood white, heartwood bright-olive-brown. This soft but durable
wood is used for house and carriage building, as well as for furniture,
cabinet work, carving, carriage panels, and tea-boxes.

Gamb. 12; Nord. VIII; Watt Diet. 5:243; Lewis 308; ltidl. 9; K. & V. 4:161;
Van Eed. 4; Pierre 3; Janssonius 1:103.

Other species are used, but this seems to be the best.

ANONACEiE.

This is one of the most sharply marked families in the structure
of its wood. The pith-rays are moderately large and prominent, and
they are connected by straight, parallel lines of wood parenchyma, which,
with the pith-rays, give a distinctly ladder-like appearance to the wood.
The color is often very light, though it is sometimes dark. The trees
of this family are not commonly very large and the wood is often not
very durable ; moreover, the individuals are usually of scattered occur-
rence; consequently the wood is not ordinarily used in structural work
or where large quantities of timber are required. The following are
some of the better known Anonacece.

Canangium odoratum Baill. ( Cananga odorata Hook. f. & Th.). Plate
XXIII, fig. 14. Ilang-ilang (Phil.); kadatnyan (Burm.) ; kananga (M.).

Britisli India and Malaya; cultivated in all tropical lands.

A light but tolerably hard wood; used for structural purposes and
cabinet work. Sometimes used for house posts in the Philippines.
Resonant and much used by Malays for tom-toms.

Gamb. 16; K. & V. 9:279-283; Van Eed. 7; Pierre 18; Ridl. 10; Janssonius

1:121.

Cyathocalyx zeyianicus Champ. Kekala (Cing.).

British India and Ceylon.

Wood moderately hard, yellowish-white, used for tea-chests.

Lewis 308.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

451

Goniothalamus tapis Miq. Tapis (M.).

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Moderately hard and heavy; said to be used for house building in Java.
Van Eed. 8; Ridl. 10.

Miliusa velutina Hook. f. & Th. Dom-sal (Hind.); Thabutkyi (Burin.).
East Indies.

Light-brown, tolerably hard wood; easily worked and durable; used
for carts, agricultural implements, spear shafts and oars.

Gamb. 21; Watt Diet. 5:545.

Mitrephora edwardsii Pierre.

Tropical Asia.

Yellowish, hard and very pliable. Used for balances, and small articles
of furniture.

Pierre 35.

Polyalthia cerasioides Benth. & Hook. f.

British India and Burma.

Greenish-brown, moderately hard and heavy, wood for house-finishing,
masts and spars.

Gamb. 17; Watt Diet. SDSIS.

Polyalthia longifolia (Lam.) Benth. & Hook. f. Indian fir; mast tree.

India and Ceylon; cultivated in all parts of India.

Produces white to yellowish, soft, very readily bent wood, for barrels,
drum cylinders, boxes, lead pencils and matches.

Watt Diet. 6R314; Gamb. 18.

Polyalthia suberosa (DC.) Benth. & Hook. f.

British India and Ceylon, Philippines.

A hard, heavy, tough and durable wood, used like the preceding.

Watt Diet. 1. c. 314; Gamb. 17.

Polyalthia subcordata BI.

Java and Borneo.

Produces, presumably, the very peculiar cabinet wood “Baloen adock.”
Van Eed. 8 ; Janssonius 1 : 134.

Xylopia parvifolia Hook. f. et Thoms.

Ceylon.

Produces wood for tea-chests.

Lewis 308; Gamb. 20.

MYKISTICACErE.

Wood usually light, somewhat soft, reddish-brown, with regular prom-
inent rings of hard wood without pores, looking like seasonal rings.
Pores in short radial strings, moderate-sized, rather scanty, arranged en
echelon. Pith-rays fine, numerous, irregular.

452

FOX WORTHY.

Myristica malabarica Lam.

British India.

Used for structural work but is not very durable.

Gamb. 555.

Myristica philippensis Warb. Plate XXlII, fig. 15. Duguan.

Philippines.

Wood moderately hard and moderately heavy, not durable, badly
attacked by the beetles. Light or temporary construction.

Phil. Woods 381.

Other species of Myristica have wood of much the same structure and
used for the same purposes as that here described. In Borneo, the wood
of Myristica is often known as cumpang. Bawang, a fairly good wood
of Dutch East Borneo, seems to belong here. This wood is shipped to
the New York market, to be used in the making of cigar boxes. Some
of the vessels are large and filled with a dark-red gummy deposit.

Lewis 309.

MONIMIACE2E.

Wood soft or moderately hard, usually light and not durable. Pores
small, fairly numerous, regular. Pith-rays broad, at irregular distances,
with fine ones between. Usually of little importance.

Tambourissa quadrifida Sonn.

Mascarenes, Java.

Produces the very light “bois de tambour.”

LAURACE2E.

The woods of this family are exceedingly variable in structure and
appearance, as well as in physical and chemical properties. Many rep-
resentatives of the family have wood which has a very pronounced odor,
usually agreeable, but markedly unpleasant in some, as e. g. the “stink
wood” ( Ocotea biillata) of South Africa.

The woods of the family can be grouped roughly according to several
types which are probably best handled under the common names of their
best known representatives.

BILLIAN.

Eusideroxylon zwageri T. & B. Plate XXIII, fig. 18. Billian (M.) ; kajoe
besi ( M. ) ; Borneo ironwood; ulin (oelin) ( E. Borneo) ; eijserhout (Dutch)

Borneo, Sumatra, Banka, possibly also in the Malay Peninsula.

Wood very hard and very heavy. Extremely durable. Yellowish to
dark-brown, becoming almost black with age. Pith-rays fine; vessels
medium-size to large, fringed with wood parenchyma which is continued
tangentially into fine, usually discontinuous lines. Large vessels divided
longitudinally into several compartments and filled with a yellowish,
glistening crystalline substance, which also seems to fill many of the wood

1 bsl)0-MALAYAN WOODS.

453

parenchyma cells. Woody tissue very dark and giving a strongly glisten-
ing surface in fresh transverse cut.

Uses. Piling, heavy construction, bridges, telegraph and telephone

poles. Much used for shingles in Borneo. Said not to shrink on ex-
posure to weather. Proof against termites. Perhaps the best wood in
the world for piling. Resists termites and ship worm— perhaps because
of the action of the substance filling the vessels and wood parenchyma
celi&.

Binds of billion. — At most places where billion is woiked, it is claimed
that there are two or more kinds of this wood ; e. g. billion simpor , billion
bulu, billion tembaga , etc. It is certainly true that some billion is much
lighter and less durable than the standard sort. Some billion is so light
that it will float when dry. There is a difference between sap and heart-
wood and between rapidly grown and normal trees which will, I think,
account for this. I have made efforts to examine the lighter grades of
billion wherever they occurred and I have uniformly found those trees
producing the lighter grades of billion to be very rapidly grown; in fact,
they were second growth trees, having started as sprouts from old stumps.
The young stump sprouts, being supplied with great quantities of nourish-
ment by the established root system of the old stump, were able to make
exceedingly rapid growth. In making this growth, theie was not time for
the deposit in the vessels and tissues of those substances which make for
weight and durability in as great quantities as is the case where the
tree grows at its normal and slower rate; consequently, the rapidly grown
young wood is not so heavy nor so durable and, probably, not so strong as
that of the normally grown tree.

Billion is one of the very few woods of Borneo which is known outside
this region. It is exported to Europe in some quantity and has been used
for piling at several places in Holland and France. It is deserving, of
wider use, but a few years vigorous exploiting will exhaust the available
supply of it. It is one of the trees which is deserving of planting and
careful handling.

Ridl. 247; Newt. 4; Bargagli-Petrucci 18; Becc. 581; Blits 27.

CAMPHORWOOD.

Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Nees & Eberm. Plate XXIII, fig. 17.

China, Formosa, Japan, and cultivated in many other regions.

Wood moderately hard and light to moderately heavy. Grayish to
dark-red, often prettily marked. Grain rather coarse. Pith-rays fine,
vessels moderately large to small. Distinct seasonal rings piesent, the
larger vessels being arranged in the young wood and the smaller ones en
echelon in the older wood. A rapidly growing wood. Durable, because
of the very large amount of camphor it contains and which renders it
distasteful to insects. It is used very extensively in the making of chests.

454

FOXWORTHY.

wardrobes, etc. It is so much in demand that it is very much imitated.
Sott and absorbent woods are used in place of camphonvood very often,
the wood being treated with a solution of camphor or other oil, which gives
it, temporarily, an odor resembling that of the camphonvood. (See
p. 42G.)

Fliickiger, Pharmakognosie, III, Aufl. (1891) 151; Van Eed. 201; HoltzapfTel
78.

A number of other trees in the Lauracece furnish highly aromatic wood
which sometimes resembles camphonvood in odor. Some of the Borneo
and Philippine species of Cinnamomum and possibly other genera, have
wood which is so strongly aromatic that it could probably be very well
employed for the same kinds of work as the true camphonvood. The
strongest scented one of these is a Sarawak wood known as kappla (Becc.
581), of which I have only sterile material and which I am unable to put
in a genus. Another very strongly scented wood of the same region is
known as medang lada; it is a species of Cinnamomum, and occurs locally
in some quantity.

MEDANG.

This is a name applied to a large number of different species which
show some resemblance in the structure of their wood. One of the best
known of these is Litsea perrottetii F.-Vill. (Plate XXIII, fig. 19) of the
Philippines, which is known in Manila as baticulin. The pith-rays of the
different medangs are fine to moderately broad ; vessels fine; seasonal
rings not distinct. Fine-grained; soft or moderately hard woods; white
or grayish in color; usually very easily worked and not very durable.
They are used for light or temporary construction and are pretty widely
known. Fifteen or twenty or more kinds of medang are found, but they
are not clearly marked off one from another, because the trees producing
them are usually more or less scattered. By cutting a number of
different kinds of medang it is possible to get timber in some quantity in
many localities, while, if only one particular kind of medang were used,
it would not be possible to get sufficient of the wood for many purposes.
This probably accounts for the composite nature of the wood supply
known as medang. Sometimes dark-colored woods are found under this
name, but the lighter-colored ones are much the more common.

Representatives of the following genera of this part of the world may
occasionally be found under the name of medang: Machilus, Phoebe,
Notaphoebe, Aciinodaphne, Neohtsea, Litsea, Dchaasia , Cryptocarya,
Endiandra and Lindera.

Occasionally dark-yellowish woods, species of Beilschmiedia , are found
which seem to be really intermediate between billian and medang. Beil-
schmiedia cairocan Yid. (Plate XXIII, fig. 16) of the Philippines,
known as malacadios, is a very good wood of this class. Some species of
Cryptocarya probably belong also in this class.

INDOMALAYAN WOODS.

455

HERNANDIACE^E.

A very small family of scattered trees. Wood usually of poor quality,
soft and light.

Gyrocarpus jacquini Roxb.

Tropics of both hemispheres.

Very soft and very light. Pores large and medium-sized, scanty, often
subdivided, uniformly distributed. Pith-rays very short, moderately
broad, the distance between them greater than the transverse diameter of
the pores. Used for boxes, toys and small boats.

Gamb. 350.

Hernandia peltata Meissn. Palatu (Cing.).

Seacoasts of tropics everywhere.

Very soft and very light, gray. Pores moderate-sized to large; col-
lected in oblong or linear more or less concentric dark scattered patches
of loose tissue. Pith-rays very fine, numerous, with occasional broader
ones. Cellular tissue soft.

Gamb. 575.

CAP PARI DACE2E.

Wood white or yellowish-white, moderately hard or hard. The main
character useful in determination is that of pores in radial lines, not
between each pair of pith-rays, but at intervals, pairs without pores coming
between those that contain pores.

Capparis grandis L. f.

British India, Burma and Ceylon.

A white, moderately hard, durable wood.

Gamb. 35; Nord. X; Watt Diet. 2:130.

Crataeva religiosa Forst.

Widespread in the tropics.

Wood yellowish- white, when old turning yellowish-brown, moderately
hard, even-grained. Used for drums, models, writing boards, combs and
in turnery. Not durable and liable to the attacks of beetles.

Gamb. 32; Nbrd. X.

PITTOSPORACE2E.

Wood white, moderately hard, even-grained. Seasonal rings faintly
marked. Pores small, rather scanty and irregularly distributed. Pith-
rays fine, prominent, not numerous, pale.

Pittosporum ferrugineum Ait. Giramong (M.).

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago to Australia.

Light to moderately heavy and soft or moderately hard. Wood white,
fine-grained, pores very small in clusters, fairly numerous, pith-rays fine
but rather distinct, rings fairly distinct.

Ridl. 12; Janssonius 1:22(5.

456

FOXWORTHY.

HAMAMELIDACEiE.

"Wood close-grained, pores in radial rows, not very numerous, small and
very small and only a few with wide lumen, uniformly distributed ; pith-
rays very fine, numerous.

Altingia excelsa Noronha. Rasamala (M.) ; nan-ta-yoh (Burin.).

British India, Burma, Java.

W ood hard, heavy, resinous, red, cross-grained. Pores small, uniform
and uniformly distributed in lines between the pith-rays. Pith-rays fine,
equidistant. Planks or indoor work in dry places.

Garnb. 332; Ndrd. IX (Liquidambar altingiana Bl.) ; Watt Diet. 1: 201; Van
Eed. 124.

Bucklandia populnea R. Br.

British India, Burma, Sumatra, Java.

Wood reddish-brown, rough, moderately hard and heavy, close-grained,
durable. Seasonal rings marked by a dark line with fewer pores. Pores
small, evenly distributed in radial lines. Pith-rays fine, very numerous,
uniform and equidistant. Planking and door and window frames.

Gamb. 331, tab. VII, fig. 2; Ndrd. IX; Van Eed. 125; Watt Diet. 1:545.

Foth erg ilia involucrata Falc. {Parrotia jacquemontiana Dene.).

Himalaya.

Very hard and very heavy, very close-grained; light pinkish-white;
pores extremely small, rather scanty. Walking sticks, tent-pegs, char-
poys, apd rice-pestles, also for native bows for throwing pellets.

Gamb. 331; Watt Diet. 1:111.

ROSACEiE.

The trees of this family have usually a very fine-grained and uniform
wood; however, the only genera of importance from our present viewpoint,
Parinarium and Pygeum, have wood of different structure; these have
vessels of medium size to large. All of these rosaceous woods seem to be
possessed of a more or less pronounced oxalic acid odor.

Parinarium. Wood very hard and heavy; vessels large and scattered;
wavy thin lines of wood parenchyma usually present; the one exception
known to me is Parinarium oblongifolium Hook, f., which seems to have
wood of the structure of a Pygeum.

Parinarium griffithianum Benth. Plate XXIII, fig. 20. Liusin (Phil.);
Merbatu layang (M. ) ; Manoc (Java and Celebes).

Tenasseriin or Andaman Islands, Malacca, Borneo, Philippines, to Australia.

Of wide distribution and rather scattered occurrence; a large tree.
Wood very hard and heavy, light-red; an exceedingly durable wood, but

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

457

subject to dry rot at the heart. In demand for piles. Very much like
the South American P. guianense. (Stone 101, pi. VII, jig. 57.)

Gard. 67; Phil. Woods 386; Ridl. 145; Van Eed. 122.

Parinarium oblong ifol ium Hook. f. Ballow (M.) ; Johore teak.

Malacca, Pahang.

Wood very hard and heavy, with the structure of Pygeum spp. This
wood was formerly used for piling at Singapore, and exported from there
to Ceylon, etc., but the supply of it was not great and seems to have
become almost exhausted. 1 believe it impossible to procure it on the
Singapore market at the present time. It has given way to a dipterocarp
wood from Borneo, probably a species of Shorea, which is sold under
the name of ballow.

Ridl. 144; Newton 3.

Pygeum maingayi Hook. f. Fafoo laut (M.).

Malacca.

Wood hard and heavy, pale-olive or olive-white with brownish striae
and gamboge-colored stains ; coarse grain. Construction work. Other
species of Pygewn are also used; but, so far as known, they agree in
structure with the preceding, and do not occur in any considerable
quantity.

Ridl. 145.

Pygeum pres I i i Merr. Plate XXIII, fig. 21. Lago.

Philippines.

Wood moderately hard and moderately heavy, red; fine-grained, but
with occasional concentric lines of large pores which contain red deposits.
Used in house building.

LEGUMINOSiE.

This is, next to the Dipterocarpacece , the most important family of
plants in the Orient in the production of commercial wood. In the pro-
duction of furniture and ornamental woods, it surpasses all others. Many
representatives of the family have hard, heavy wood, which is often highly
colored and shows good grain. Many of the woods are also good for
structural work.

Several clearly marked types of structure are found in the family,
but these structural types do not entirely correspond to the natural divi-
sions of the family.

Gamble1 has grouped the Indian members of the family in seven
groups according to structure. I have followed him in the main, but
have found it desirable to combine two of his groups, the Ougeinia and

‘Manual of Indian Timbers (1902) 227.

88250 — —4

458

FOXWORTHY.

Albizzia groups, because, in practice, I have not found them readily
distinguishable. The different types of structure as T have recognized
them are:

1. OUGEINIA-ALBIZZIA TYPE.

Vessels moderately large, scattered or more or less distinctly radially
or concentrically grouped ; distinctly fringed with wood parenchyma,
which usually forms elongated patches, which are sometimes almost con-
tinuous concentrically. 1 his is much the largest and most representative
group in the family. Examples of this type of structure are: Ougeinia
dalbergioicleSj Tntsia hi jug a, Albizzia procera.

2. ACACIA-CASSIA TYPE.

Vessels inclosed in irregularly shaped patches of wood parenchyma,
which are more or less united into a reticulate pattern. Cassia fistula ,
C. nodosa , and many species of Acacia.

3. DALBERGIA TYPE.

Vessels ringed, rather scanty, usually independent of the narrow, wavy,
numerous regularly distributed bands of wood parenchyma. Dalbergia
spp., Pterocarpus spp., Dialium spp.

4. BAUH1NIA TYPE.

Aumeious, regularly distributed, rather broad, concentric bands of
wood parenchyma, usually inclosing the pores. Cynometra, Crudia
blancoi , Bauhinia.

5. HARDWICIvlA TYPE.

A essels scattered, not inclosed in patches of wood parenchyma, con-
centric bands of wood parenchyma usually wanting. Sindora, Hard-
wickia, Caesalpinia sappan.

6. ERYTHRINA TYPE.

\ essels large, scanty, unequal, irregular. Alternate broad bands of
wood parenchyma and fibers making, with the pith-rays, a tesselated
pattern. Erythrina, Butea and Millettia.

These different forms may be tabulated in a key as follows:

Wood parenchyma prominent about vessels or arranged concentrically.

Wood parenchyma in patches surrounding the vessels.

Wood parenchyma patches not continuous Ougeinia-A Ibigzia type

\\ ood parenchyma patches connected and forming definite pattern.

Patches united to form reticulate pattern Acacia-Cassia type

AY ood parenchyma forming concentric lines.

Lines narrow, wavy, numerous usually not inclosing pores Dalbergia type

Lines moderately broad, inclosing pores Bauhinia type

Lines very broad, wood very soft Erythrina type

YVood parenchyma not prominent Hardwickia type

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

459

OUGEINIA -ALBIZZIA TYPE.

Acacia catechu Willd. Khair (Hind.) ; mgenda or mgunga; the cutch tree.

Tropical Africa and Asia.

Usually considered as one of the woods of the Hardwickia type (see
p. 469.)

Very hard and heavy, durable. Sapwood yellowish-white; heartwood
either dark- or light-red. Principal use, the preparation of cutch, which
is extracted from the heartwood by boiling. Railway sleepers, rice-
mortars, and agricultural implements.

Watt Diet. 1:27-44; Gamb. 29G-298; Nord. IX; Van Eed. 112.

Probably some other species of Acacia belong to this group, but they are not
of sufficient importance to be worthy of mention here.

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius W. & A. Delimas (Java).

British India, Sumatra.

Moderately hard and moderately heavy. Sapwood white; heartwood
red. Used for tea-boxes and furniture.

Gamb. 290; Nord. IX; K. & V. 1:320-323; Van Eed. 113.

Adenanthera pavonina L. ‘‘Red wood”; “Condori wood”; “coral wood”;
mas-moca ( Cingh. ) .

Tropical Asia; introduced into tropical Africa and America.

Wood hard and heavy, close-grained, durable; sapwood gray; heart-
wood red. Used in house building and for cabinet work. A dye is
also made from the wood. A substitute for the “red sanders.”

Gamb. 287; Watt Diet. 1:107; Wiesner 2:920; Ridl. 142; K. & V. 1:281-283;
Holtzapffel 82; Winton 242; Van Eed. 114.

Adenanthera bicolor Moon, of Ceylon and Malacca, and A. intermedia Merr.,
of the Philippines, show the same characteristics as the preceding.

Albizzia amara Boiv.

Tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa.

Produces a pretty, heavy, and exceedingly hard wood. Heartwood
purple-brown, light- and dark-banded. Said to have a transverse strength
in excess of either teak or sal. Used for house building and for agri-
cultural implements.

Watt Diet. 1:153.

Albizzia julibrissin Durazz.

Tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa.

Seasonal rings distinctly marked by a sharp line. Prettily marked
dark-brown to black heartwood; used for furniture.

E.-Pr. 33: 106 ; Watt Diet. 1 :156.

Albizzia lebbeck Benth. Siris (Hind.); ki-toke (Java); “East Indian wal-
nut” of the London market.

Tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa to Australia.

Wood hard; sapwood white or yellowish; heartwood dark-brown,
streaked with lighter or darker streaks. House and boat building,
agricultural implements, furniture, and the finest cabinet work.

Gamb. 303; Watt Diet. 1:157; Nord. V ( Acacia speciosa Willd.), IX ( Albizzia
lebbeck Benth.) ; Van Eed. 114; K. & V. 1 :297-299; Stone 74, pi. V, fig. Jt0.

FOXWORTHY.

460

Albizzia lebbekoides Benth.

Java, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Philippines.

Heartwood very dark-brown.

Pierre 399; Van Eed. 115; K. & V. 1 : 306-308.

Albizzia littoralis T. & B. Kelor-pante (M.).

Philippines and Malaya.

Not much used.

Van Eed. 115; K. & V. 1:301-303.

Albizzia moluccana Miq. Sengon-Iaoet (Java).

Java and the Moluccas.

Strasburger Hist. Beitr. 3:166-176; Ridl. 143; Van Eed. 115; BUrgerstein
Bericht. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. (1894) 170-172.

Albizzia montana Benth. “Caju Ticcos major;” kemlandingan (Java).

Java, Sumatra, New Caledonia, Australia.

The odor of the hard and durable wood ( lignum murinum) attracts
mice.

E.-Pr. 3s: 106; Van Eed. 116; K. & V. 1: 292-295.

Albizzia odoratissima Benth. Suriya-mara.

India, Ceylon.

Hard, very durable; sapwood white, heartwood dark-brown, brightly
banded. Agricultural implements and furniture. Looks like rosewood.

E.-Pr. 33: 106 ; Watt Diet. 1:159; Stone 73, pi. V, fig. 1,0 ; Pierre 398.

Albizzia procera Benth. “White siris”; acleng parang (Phil.).

India and Burma, Andaman and Cocos Islands, to the Philippines.

Wood hard and moderately heavy to heavy. Sapwood large, yellowish-
white, not durable; heartwood brown, shining, with alternate belts of
darker and lighter color; very like that of A. lebbek and often indis-
tinguishable from it. Sugar cane crushers, rice pounders, wheels, agri-
cultural implements, bridges, and house posts. Often used in the
Philippines as a substitute for aclc ( Pitliecolobium acle (Blanco) Vid.),
which it much resembles.

Gamb. 305; Watt Diet. 1:159; Nord. XI, V (Mimosa elata) ; Van Eed. 116;
Pierre 398.

Albizzia saponaria Blume. Gogong casay (Phil.).

Malaya.

Wood whitish, not durable, capable of producing a lather when rubbed
with water.

Albizzia stipulata Boiv.

Tropical and subtropical Asia and Malay Archipelago.

Sapwood large, white; heartwood brown, soft. A good insect-proof
wood. House building, agricultural implements, furniture, and cabinet
making.

E.-Pr. 3s: 106; Van Eed. 117; K. & V. 1:303-305.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

461

Dichrostachys cinerea W. & A. Poeng (Java).

India.

A red, extraordinarily hard wood; valued for walking sticks and tent
pegs.

Watt Diet. 3:109; Van Eed. 117; K. & V. 1:283-285.

Gliricidia sepium (Jaeq.) Steud. Madre cacao; cacahuate.

Commonly cultivated and escaped in the Philippines; introduced from tropical
America.

Produces an excellent wood, much like acle. Vessels containing yellow
deposits. Used in house building and for agricultural implements.
This wood furnishes a much more glistening surface when cut than does
acle.

Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) 0. Ktze. ( Afzelia bijuga A. Gray). Plate XXIV,
fig. 26. Ipil ; ypil; epel; miraboo laut; merbau apil; ifi-lele (Samoa); ifil
(Guam); go-mioc (Annam).

Distributed throughout the eastern tropics from Madagascar to the Sandwich
Islands. A littoral tree.

Heavy and hard (sp. gr. 0.758 to 0.909). Sapwood whitish or light-
yellow; heartwQod dark-reddish-brown. Sent to Europe as furniture
wood. Also used as a dyewood.

Wiesner 2:928; Gard. 59; Phil. Woods 384; Gamb. 280; Van Eed. 101; Watt
Diet. 1:128; E.-Pr. 3a:140; K. &. V. 2:31-35; Pierre 388; Becc. 577; Bargagli-
Petrucci 32-34, plate VI.

Intsia bakeri Prain (Afzelia palembanica Bak.). Merbau; mirabow; mi-
raboo; “ironwood.”

A very large tree of Sumatra, Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, Biouw, and Banka,
growing inland.

This and the preceding, together with other species of the genus,
furnish one of the best woods of the whole region. It is very much
in demand for furniture, heavy structural work, bridges, corner posts
of houses, telephone and electric light posts, and, in fact, anywhere that
an insect- and decay-resisting wood is needed. The wood is distinguished
by the copious sulphur-yellow deposits in its vessels. There is little,
if anything, to choose between ipil and 'mirabow . The ipil, at least when
fresh, is a shade the darker in color, otherwise the two are indistinguish-
able.

Van Eed. 102; Eidl. 140; Newton 4.

Ormosia calavensis Blanco. Bahay; ala-saga.

Philippines.

Moderately hard and heavy. Sapwood grayish-white; heartwood red.
A very good wood, which is used locally as a substitute for tindalo
( Palladia rliomboidea (Blanco) Prain).

Other species of the genus occur in India and Malaya, but they are of only
local importance.

FOX WORTHY.

462

Ougeinia dalbergioides Benth. ( Dalbergia ougeinensis Roxb.).

India.

Sapwood small, gray; heartwood mottled, light-brown, sometimes
reddish-brown. Used for furniture, agricultural implements and con-
struction. Very prominent parallel transverse markings in longitudinal
sections.

Gamb. 2.3 7 ; Nord. IX, VIII ( Dalbergia ougeinensis Roxb.) ; Watt Diet. 5:657.

Pahudia rhomboidea (Blanco) Brain (Afzelia rhomboidea V id.). Tindalo.

Philippines.

Heavy and hard. Sapwood white ; heartwood saffron or red, becoming
ver.y much darker with age. One of the finest furniture woods; also
used for structural work, railroad ties, etc.

Gard. 62; Phil. Woods. 395.

Pahudia javanica Miq. Ki-djoelang (Java).

Java and the Sunda Archipelago.

\ cry much like the preceding. Sp. gr. 0.70 to 0.77.

Van Fed. 106; E. Pr. 33: 141 ; K. & V. 2:28-30.

Parkia roxburghii G. Don, Plate XXIV, fig. 32. C'upang (Phil.) ; kurayong;
gudayong; kadoeng (M. ).

India, Indo-China, and Malaya.

Light and soft. Light color, disagreeable odor when first cut. Not
durable. Light or temporary construction, matches, shoes, boxes.

Gamb. 289; Phil. Woods 381; Gard. 69; Ridl. 142.

Parkia speciosa Hassk. Petai.

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java.

Much like the preceding and used for the same purposes.

Ridl. 142; Van Eed. 119.

Peltophorum ferrugineum Benth. ( Baryxylum inerme Pierre). Lim-vaneh
(Cochin China).

Andaman Islands, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Cochin China
Philippines.

Wood light-reddish-brown, soft, durable. Pores moderate-sized, often
subdivided, scanty; inclosed singly, or in groups of twos or threes, in
patches ol wood parenchyma which often join together concentrically.
Pith-rays very fine, very numerous, closely packed. Said to be very
good for house building, furniture, cabinet work, and small boats.

The heartwood also gives a dye used for dyeing cloth.

Gamb. 268; K. & V. 2:3-6; Van Eed. 106; Ridl. 137; Pierre 390.

Peltophorum dasyrachis Kurz ( Baryxylum dasyrachis Pierre). Lim-xet
(Cochin China).

Indo-China, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.

^ Much hke the preceding and, like it, used for furniture etc., in
Cochin China. Recommended for wood pavement,

Pierre 391 ; Jumelle 336-339.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

463

Pithecolobium acle (Blanco) Vid. Acle.

Philippines.

Moderately heavy and hard. Sapwood whitish; heartwood dark-
brown, like English walnut. Decidedly peppery odor when worked.
Very fine furniture wood.

Gard. 63; Phil. Woods 369.

Other species of Pithecolobium, so far as seen, may be grouped heie: 1 . dulce
Bentli; P. acutum Benth. ; P. lobatum Benth., Becc. 576; P. montanum Benth.,
B.-Pr. 3s: 105; P. prainianum Merr.; P. scutiferum (Blanco) Benth., and P.
subacutum Benth.

Tamarindus indica L. Tamarind.

Africa, India, Burma, Ceylon, Malaya; widely cultivated in the tropics.

Hard and very heavy. Sapwood yellowish- white, sometimes with red
streaks; heartwood dark-purplish-brown. Ripple marks on longitudinal
section. Very durable, insect proof. Turnery and charcoal.

Gamb. 278; Nord. V; Watt Diet. 6‘:409; E.-Pr. 33:140.

Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord. Banuyo (Phil.); kayu-besi-prempuan
(M.).

Celebes and the Philippines.

Moderately heavy and moderately hard. Similar to aclc in appearance
and sometimes substituted for it.

Phil. Woods 376; Gard. 65; Koorders Meded. ’s Lands Plant. 19 (1898) 446-448.

Xylia xylocarpa (Boxb.) Taub. (X. dolabriformis Benth. ) . Pyingadu; “iron-
wood;” cam-x6 (Cochin China).

India and Burma to Cochin China.

After teak the most important wood of Burma. Very hard and
very heavy, cross-grained. Heartwood dark-brown or reddish-brown. In
fresh condition, the vessels secreting an adhesive substance. Xot attacked
bv termites. A splendid material for ship and house construction, railway
sleepers, paving blocks, tent-pegs, telegraph poles, agricultural imple-
ments, carts, tool handles, piling, bridge building, etc.

Watt Diet. 64:320, Agricultural Ledger (1899) no. 11, 1-21; Sender 691;
Gamb. 285-287, tab. VI, fig. 5; Nord. IX. IV ( Inga xylocarpa) ; Boulger 123.

Sometimes said to be the same as acle. It is much heavier than that wood
and is suited for different purposes.

ACACIA-CASSIA TYPE.

Cassia fistula L. Cana fistula (Phil.) ; “Indian laburnum;” sundali (Beng.).

India, China and Malaya; widespread and widely cultivated.

Wood very hard and very heavy. Sapwood large; heartwood varying
in color from gray or yellowish-red to brick-red ; darkens much on
exposure. Durable but brittle, difficult to work, apt to splinter, the
wood is distinguished from that of the otherwise similar Ougeinia dul-
ler gioides by the arrangement of the parenchyma in unbroken, girdle-
forming zones, while that of the last named forms distinctly divided

464

FOXWORTHY.

groups. In Java said to last longer in the ground than teak and to
he untouched by insects. Posts, carts, agricultural implements, rice-
pounders, bows and boat-spars and bed-plates for machinery.

Gamb. 271, tab. VI. fig. 3; Nord. VIII; Van Eed. 103; Ridl. 136; Watt Diet.
2:219; K. & V. 2:11-13.

Cassia javanica L. Trenggoeli.

Malaya.

Moderately hard and heavy. Sapwood light; heartwood grayish or
reddish. Used in house construction.

Van Eed. 104; E.-Pr. 33:159; K. & V. 2:8-11.

Cassia nodosa Ham. Plate XXIV, fig. 27. Turukop bumi.

India and Malaya.

Moderately hard and moderately heavy. Sapwood light-brown; heart-
wood red. Not a very useful wood.

Gamb. 273; Ilidl. 136.

Cassia siamea Lam. ( C . florida Vahl). Sibusuk (M.) ; wa (Cing.).

Ceylon, India and Malaya.

Haid and heavy, durable. Sapwood whitish, rather large; heartwood
dark-brown to nearly black, in stripes of dark and light. Wood for
building, helves, walking sticks, mallets, fuel.

Gamb. 274; Van Eed. 105; Ridl. 136; Watt Diet. 2:223.

Cassia timorensis DC. Anemene.

India, Malaya, Australia.

Very hard and heavy. Dark-brown, nearly black — much resembling
the u ood of C. sio/mca. Used for house building and furniture.

Gamb. 274; Van Eed. 105; Watt Diet. 2:224; K. & V. 2:13-15.

Prosopis spicigera L. Jhand.

British India.

Wood very hard and very heavy. Sapwood large, whitish, perish-
able, heartwood purplish-brown. Firewood. Structural work, furni-
ture. Not durable.

Gamb. 288, tab. VI, fig. 6; Nord. VIII; Watt Diet. 4:341.

DALBERGIA TYPE.

Pipple marks on tangential surface.

Dalbergia cultrata Grah. Yindaik.

Burma.

Very hard and very heavy. Sapwood pale-brown; heartwood black
with dark-purple streaks.

Watt Diet. 3:6.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

465

Dalberg ia latifolia Roxb. “Indian rosewood;” “blackwood” in southern
India.

British India, Java, Andaman Islands.

Wood very hard and very heavy. Sapwood yellow, small; heartwood
dark-purple, with black longitudinal streaks. Wood with distinct rose-
like odor. The best wood of India for furniture and cabinet work.
Exported to the London market. Seems to be the material used in
the manufacture of blackwood furniture in Hongkong and Canton.

Gamb. 250-252, tab. VI, fig. lj Nbrd. VII; Van Eed. 94; Stone 63, pi. V.
fig. 37 j Watt Diet. 3:9; E.-Pr. 33:336; K. & V. 2:77-82; Holtzapffel 83.

Dalbergia oliveri Gamble. Tamalan.

Burma.

Hard and very hard, close-grained. Sapwood white ; heartwood dark-
red-brown, in color like good padouk. A very handsome wood very like
some of the South American rosewoods. It is used for ax handles.

Gamb. 256.

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Sissu.

British India.

Very hard and heavy. Sapwood small, white; heartwood brown, with
darker longitudinal veins. Shipbuilding and furniture.

Gamb. 247-249; Nord. IV; Watt Diet, 3:15; E.-Pr. 33:336; Holtzapffel 106.

Dialium indum L. Kranji.

Java.

Very hard and heavy wood, durable. Heartwood usually of a reddish
color. Used for heavy structural work and in places where great strength
and hardness are required. A number of other species of Dialium occur
in British India, the Malay Peninsula and the Malay Archipelago. They
usually occur as scattered individuals.

Newt. 5; Ridl. 138; E.-Pr. 33: 155 ; Gamb. 275; Van Eed. 105; Bargagli-
Petrucci 30-32, tab. VI.

Koompassia beccariana Taub. Kumpas; mingris.

Borneo.

Very hard and heavy; pale-reddish, not durable.

Bargagli-Petrucci 28-30; Becc. 577.

Koompassia excelsa (Becc.) Taub. (,■ 1 bauria cxcelsa Becc.) . Tapang; kayu
rajali; manga ris.

Borneo.

Very heavy and very hard. Sapwood yellowi sh- white ; heartwood dark-
red, becoming almost black with age. The buttresses of this tree are
used for table tops. Wood used for carving paddles and for making
the pans used in the hand washing of gold. Strong but very brittle.

Becc. 576; Bargagli-Petrucci 24, pi. VI.

FOXWORTHY.

466

Koompassia malaccensis Maingay. Kumpas.

Malay Peninsula.

Reddish, very hard and moderately heavy, coarse-grained, not durable.
Charcoal.

Newt. 5; Ridl. 137; E.-Pr. 33:156.

Koompassia parviflora Prain. Tualang or sialang (M.).

Malay Peninsula.

Ridl. 138.

Pterocarpus. Wood hard to very hard, moderately heavy to very heavy;
yellowish-brown, red, or purplish-red. Pores variable, small to large,
scanty, in patches of wood parenchyma joined by more or less tine, wavy,
concentric lines of the same tissue. Pith-rays very fine, uniform, equi-
distant. In color, the different species differ; P. santalinus has its wood
of a very dark claret-red color; P. indicus and P. macrocarpus of a dark
brick-red color ; P. dalbergioides has a bright-red wood, often streaked
with black ; while the wood of P. marsupium is of a brown color with a
yellowish tinge. All the species are valuable as furniture and ornamental
woods and all contain a certain amount of a substance which gives them
an aromatic odor.

Pterocarpus dalbergioides Roxb. “Andaman redwood” or Andaman padauk.

Andaman Islands.

Wood moderately hard' and heavy; sapwood gray, small; heartwood
bright-red, streaked with brown and black. Pores scanty, moderate-
sized to large, filled with resin, surrounded with pale rings and joined
by narrow, wavy, concentric lines of wood parenchyma. Pith-rays very
fine, very numerous, uniform and equidistant, Padauk is used in Europe
and America for furniture, parquet-floors, railway carriages, door-frames,
balustrades, etc. Most successfully used in the building of Pullman cars
in America. One of the most important export furniture woods of the
whole region.

Gamb. 257-259; Van Eed. 97.

Pterocarpus echinatus Pers. Narra (Phil.).

Philippines and Celebes.

Much like the preceding.

Phil. Woods 390.

Pterocarpus hypostictus Miq. Tarpandi.

Sumatra.

Masts.

Van Eed. 97.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

467

Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Plate XXIY, fig. 28. Narra (Phil.) ; angsana

(M.).

Southern India to the Malay Archipelago and southern China, Philippines.

Heartwood of a splendid red; moderately hard and with slightly
aromatic odor, durable, not attacked by termites, easily w'orked and
polished. Furniture and wagon building.

Watt Diet. 61 : 356 ; E.-Pr. 33 : 34 1 ; Ridl. 135; Culbertson in Bot. Gaz. 21
(1894) 498; Gamb. 257; Van Eed. 98; Gard. 57; Phil. Woods 390; K. & V.
2:83-88; Stone 75, pi. V, fig. J/l ; Stevenson 247-249; Becc. 570.

Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz. Padauk; padu; padoo; “inland padauk.”

India and Burma.

Produces a very hard and very heavy wood. The wood of roots and
stem-knots resembles dark mahogany, and is made up into small boxes.

Culbertson Bot. Gaz. 21 (1894) 498; Gamb. 259.

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Biji (Hind.); gammala (Cing.).

India and Ceylon.

The brown- and dark-striped, very hard, durable and easily polished
wood serves for window frames, posts, furniture, agricultural implements,
wagon and boat building, and railroad ties. The heartwood is full of
gum resin and stains yellow when damp.

Watt Diet. 61: 357; Nord. X; Gamb. 2G1, tab. VI, fig. 2.

Pterocarpus santalinus L. f. East Indian sandalwood; red sanders; calia-
turholz.

Southern India.

Wood very hard and very heavy; sapwood white, heartwood dark-
claret-red to almost black, but always with a deep-red tinge, orange-red
when first cut, the shavings giving an orange-red color. Used for house
posts, agricultural implements, carved work, and dyewood. The value
of redwood as a dye is due to a red coloring principle, “santalin,” which
is soluble in alcohol and ether, but not in water. Dissolved in alcohol,
it dyes cloth a beautiful salmon-pink color.

Van Eed. 99; Wiesner 2:937-939; Gamb. 259; Holtzapffel 103.

BAUHINIA TYPE.

Bauhinia acuminata L.

India Malaya, China.

Produces the pretty and durable “mountain ebony.”

E.-Pr. 33:149.

Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. Alabangbang (Phil.).

India and Burma to Cochin China, the Philippines, and Malaya.

Moderately hard and moderately heavy. Not very durable. Prominent
parallel transverse lines on tangential section. Wood rather poor quality.
Fuel.

Gamb. 282; Van Eed. 102; K. & V. 2:24-26; Pierre 400.

468

FOX WORTHY.

Bauhinia purpurea L.

India, Ceylon, Java.

A moderately hard structural wood.

Watt Diet. 1 :422 ; E.-Pr. 33: 151 ; Gamb. 283, tab. VI, fig. J, ; Nbrd. X.

Bauhinia retusa Ham. Semla.

Wood hard and very heavy, red, with irregular dark-red or black
patches and streaks near the center.

Gamb. 282; Nbrd. X.

Bauhinia tomentosa L.

India and Ceylon to China and the Malay Archipelago; Africa.

The firm white wood is used for handles and sheaths for weapons.

E.-Pr. 33: 149.

Bauhinia variegata L.

India and China.

Gray, moderately hard wood, used in making agricultural implements.

. Watt Diet. 1:426; E.-Pr. 33:151.

Crudia blancoi Rolfe. Big-higa.

Philippines.

Hard and heavy, not durable. Used locally in house building.

Cynometra inaequifolia A. Gray. Bulankan; melankan katong (M.).
Philippines and the Malay Peninsula.

Hard and heavy, durable. House building.

Ridl. 139.

Cynometra ramiflora L. Shungra (Beng.) ; myinkahin (Burm.) ; gal men-
dora ( Cing. ) .

Southern India and Ceylon to Burma and the Andaman Islands.

Wood red, hard, close-grained, very heavy. House and cart building.
Pierre 389; Watt Diet. 2:682; Gamb. 275; K. & V. 2:49-51. '

Derris cumingii Benth. Malacadios.

Philippines.

Hard and heavy, light-colored, durable. House building, etc.

Derris robusta Benth. ( Degnelia robusta Taub.).

India and Burma.

Wood light-brown, hard and heavy. Tea chests.

Gamb. 263; Watt Diet. 3:81.

Pongamia glabra Vent. (Qaledupa pinnata Taub.) Bansu (M. ).

Tropical forests, Ceylon to Australia.

White, turning yellow on exposure. Moderately hard and moderately
heavy. Not durable. Very distinct transverse markings on longitudinal
section.

Watt Diet. 3:81; Gamb. 262; Ridl. 135; Van Eed. 97; K. & V. 2:93-96;
Bargagli-Petrucci 22, tab. V ; Becc. 576.

I N DO-MALAY A N WOODS.

469

Millettia pendula Benth. Thinwin (Burm.).

Southern India and Burma.

Dark-colored, purplish-black, prettily marked, dense, very heavy and
hard wood. Agricultural implements.

Watt Diet. 5:247; E.-Pr. 33:271 ; Gamb. 233.

Other species are also used, but they do not seem to furnish much wood, and
the quality of the wood is indifferent.

Pericopsis mooniana Thw., Plate XXIV, fig. 25.

Ceylon.

Pale-orange-brown, streaked with darker hues. Hard, heavy, smooth,
with very pretty grain. Furniture, carts, etc. The finest furniture wood
in Ceylon.

Gamb. 265.

HARDWICK! A TYPE.

Acacia arabica Willd. Babul (Hind.).

Tropical Asia and Africa.

An excellent, durable, extensively used wood. Hard and heavy; sap-
wood large, whitish; heartwood pinkish-white, turning reddish-brown on
exposure, mottled with dark streaks. Vessels with red deposits. Agri-
cultural implements, cart wheels, house building, furniture, fuel and
charcoal. When used for furniture the timber is carefully seasoned in
water.

Watt ill Agric. Ledger (1902) 2:73; Gamb. 292; Nord. XI; F. v. Mueller 2;
Van Eed. 111.

Acacia catechu Willd. Khair (Hind.).

British India, Burma, and Ceylon; tropical Africa.

Sapwood yellowish-white, heartwood either dark- or light-red, ex-
tremely hard and very heavy. Seasons well, takes a fine polish and is
extremely durable. Used for all kinds of agricultural implements, bows,
spears, sword-handles, and wheelwright work. Employed for house
boats in Burma and very largely used as fuel for the steamers of the
Irawaddy flotilla. The fuel of dead khedr is much valued by goldsmiths.
Said to be good for railway sleepers. Said to be proof against the attack
of teredo and termites. The chief product of the tree is the cutch,
which is extracted from the heartwood by boiling.

Watt in Agric. Ledger (1902) 2:80; Gamb. 296—298; Van Eed. 112.

Acacia eburnea Willd.

India and. Ceylon.

Hard and heavy. Yellowish-white, often with a red heartwood. Used
only as fuel.

Gamb. 294; Nord. IX.

Acacia excelsa Benth.

East Australia.

Produces a kind of rosewood (E.-Pr. 33 : 110), which is also called
“ironwood” (G. A. Blits Bull. Kol. Mus. Harlem 19 (1898), and is used

470

FOX VV ORTH Y.

for construction and furniture (F. Mueller, Select Extra-tropical Plants
(1881) 1).

Acacia ferruginea DC. Ironwood.

India.

Blits 1. c.; Gamb. 298; Watt Diet. 1:50.

Acacia farnesiana Willd. Ironwood.

Throughout the tropics; original home uncertain.

Acacia koa Gray. Koa wood.

The most important furniture wood of the Hawaiian Islands.

Acacia leucophloea Willd. Pilang (M.).

British India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay Archipelago.

ood hard and heavy; sapwood large; heartwood reddish-brown with
lighter and darker streaks. Seasons well, takes a good polish, but is
often eaten by insects. Fuel. .

Gamb. 295; Watt Diet. 1:52; Van Eed. 112; K. & V. 1:286-289.

Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. Plate XXIII, fig. 23. Black wattle.

Southeastern Australia; naturalized in India.

Soft to moderately hard and moderately heavy. Sapwood light brown;
heartwood dark brown and beautifully mottled, shining, even-grained.
Fine furniture and veneer, also carriage building.

E.-Pr. 33 : 110; Semler 620; Watt Diet. 1:53; Gamb. 301; Hough Amer. Woods
7:155; Stone 81, pi. V, fig. 44.

Acacia modesta Wall.

Himalaya, Punjab.

Beautiful, dark-brown, black-striped heart. Very hard, firm and
durable. \\ heels, sugar presses, agricultural implements, etc.

Watt Diet. 1 :53.

Acacia planlfrons W. & A.

India.

Agricultural implements.

Watt Diet. 1 :54.

Acacia tomentosa Willd. Klampis (M.).

British India, Ceylon, and Malaya.

Hard and heavy, but not durable. Used only for fuel.

Van Eed. 112; K. & V. 1:289-291.

Caesalpi nia sappan L. Plate XXIV, fig. 31. Sappan wood; sibucao (Phil.),

India and Ceylon to Malaya and the Philippines, widely cultivated.

Very hard and heavy. Sapwood white, heartwood dark orange-yellow.
Fine-grained, takes a fine polish; useful for cabinet work and inlaying,
but chiefly used for dyeing. (See p. 425.)

Gamb. 267; Wiesner 2:934; Van Eed. 103; Ridl. 137; Stone 70; HoltzapfTel
105.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

471

Hardwickia binata Roxb. Anjan.

Southern India.

Very hard and very heavy. One of the hardest and most durable of
Indian woods. House and bridge building and cabinet work.

Gamb. 276; Nord. XI; Watt Diet. 4:13.

Ki ng iodendron alternifolium (Elm.) Merr. & Rolfe ( Hardwickia altenii-
folia Elm.). Plate XXIV, fig. 29. Batete.

Philippines.

Moderately heavy and bard. Keddish-brown, much stained by the oil
contained in the wood. Easily worked, but not very durable. Used for
furniture and house building.

Phil. Woods 275.

Ki ngiodendron pinnatum (Roxb.) Harms. (Hardwickia pinnata Roxb.)
Kolavu.

British India.

Moderately bard and moderately heavy. Sapwood large ; heartwood
dark-red or reddish-brown, exuding a red sticky resin. Building.

Gamb. 277.

Sindora coch i nch i nensis Baill. Plate XXIII, fig. 24. Cay-go; go-mat;
go ta-hi.

Cochin China.

Uncommonly hard, black or dark-brown, and valuable wood. Used
wherever strength and durability are desired. One of the most valuable
woods of Cochin China; very fine furniture, house posts, bridges, boats,
carriage building. Most valuable for cabinet work because of its very
fine color and the ease with which it polishes.

E.-Pr. Nachtr. 195; Pierre 385.

Sindora intermedia Baker. Petir; sapetir.

Borneo.

Wood hard and moderately heavy; light reddish-brown. House build-
ing ; said to be very durable.

Sindora sumatrana Miq. Sindoer; saparantu; sapetir.

Borneo, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula.

Moderately hard and moderately heavy. Sapwood rather large ; heart-
wood reddish or yellowish-brown, with occasional lines marked by oil.
Said to be quite durable. Used in house construction. Oil collected by
use of fire.

Van Eed. 108; K. & V. 2:45-47.

Sindora supa Merr. Supa.

Philippines.

Dark brownish-yellow, heavy and hard. Wood used for furniture and
construction. Oil collected as in the preceding.

Gard. 60; Phil. Woods 393.

472

FOXWORTHY.

Sindora wallichiana Benth. Saputi.

Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States.

Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 662 (1897) 480-483; Ridl. 140.

Sophora tomentosa L. Ki-koetjing (M. ).

Malay Archipelago.

Wood hard and heavy, dark-grayish or purplish, not much used.

K. & V. 2:100.

ERYTHR1NA TYPE.

Butea frondosa Roxb. Palas (Sanskrit); Plasa (Java).

India, Burma, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago.

Soft and light, not durable. Gray or gray-brown, white or brown
cut up fresh and quickly seasoned. Durable in water. Boxes.

Gamb. 243; Van Eed. 94; K. & V. 2:72-75.

Erythrina indica Lam. Plate XXIV, fig. 30. Daptlap; dadap.

India to Australia; much planted.

Very soft and easily lacquered. Used for knife sheaths, toys, etc.

Watt Diet. 3:269; Gamb. 242; K. & V. 2:58-61.

Erythrina suberosa Roxb. Pangia (Hind.).

Himalaya.

White, very soft wood, used for sheaths, planks, etc.

Watt Diet. 3:270; Gamb. 241.

OX ALI D ACEiE.

Averrhoa carambola L.

Widely cultivated throughout the tropics.

Wood bright-red, hard; used for structural work and furniture.

Watt Diet. 1:359; Van Eed. 54; Janssonius 2:9.

Averrhoa bilimbi L. Blimbing.

Same range as the preceding.

Grayish, soft, little used.

Van Eed. 53; Janssonius 2:13.

Connariopsis spp. Pianggu.

Borneo and the Malay Archipelago.

Small trees with white and moderately soft wood.

Becc. 573; Bargagli Petrucci 34, tab. VII.

LINACE^E.

Ixonanthes icosandra Jack. Plate XXIV, fig. 33. Pagar anak (M.).
Malay Peninsula.

Hard and heavy, yellowish-brown; used for piling, construction, etc.

Ridl. 95.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

473

ERYTHROXYLACE^E.

Erythroxylum cuneatum (Wall.) Kurz. (E. burmanicum Griff.) Medang;
lagundi; chintah; mulah.

Malay Peninsula and Arcliipelago, Philippines.

Wood heavy and compact, dark-red or brown with distinct but irregular
rings; rays very fine and numerous; pores copious and small. A good
ordinary building timber.

Ridl. 95.

RUTACEAk

Vessels and pith-rays fine; very even-grained wroods.

/Egle marmelos (L.) Correa. “Bel fruit tree;” “Bengal quince.”

British India and Burma; widely cultivated.

Yellowish- white hard and heavy w'ood, which has a sharply aromatic
odor when fresh; not durable. Seasonal rings marked by distinct lines,
and often by a continuous belt of pores. Construction, pestles of oil
and sugar mills, naves and other parts of carts, and agricultural im-
plements.

Watt Diet. 1:123; Gamb. 131, tab. II, fig. 5; Nord. IX; Van Eed. 54;
Janssonius 2:69.

Atalantia monophylla (L.) Correa.

British India to Tenasserim, Ceylon.

Yellow, very hard and heavy wood, with numerous annular zones
marked by bright lines. A boxwood substitute. The wood much
resembles that of Murray a exotica. Used for engraving, cabinet work,
and turning.

E.-Pr. 34: 192 ; Watt Diet. 1:349; Gamb. 129.

Atalantia missionis (Wight) Oliv.

British India and Ceylon.

The moderately hard, yellowish-wdiite wood with distinct seasonal
rings is used for furniture and cabinet work.

E.-Pr. 34: 192 ; Watt Diet. 1:349; Gamb. 129.

Chloroxylon swietenia DC. Plate XXIV, fig. 34. East Indian satinwood.

British India and Ceylon.

Hard and very heavy ; pale yellow with a satiny sheen when smoothed ;
very durable. Furniture and picture frames. Used locally for railroad
ties and general construction work. With distinct parallel transverse
lines on tangential section. (See p. 433.)

Wiesner 2:953; Gamb. 160-162; Nord. X; Stone 29-31; Van Eed. 67; Brown
in Trop. Agric. 19 (1899) 118.

Very similar to the West Indian satinwood ( Fagara flava (Valil) Krug &
Urb. ), which belongs to the same family.

S8250 5

474

FOXWORTHY.

Citrus aurantium L. The orange; limau manis (M.).

British India; cultivated throughout the tropics and subtropics.

Wood yellowish-white. Pores small, scanty, joined by white tangential
lines, which occasionally join, forming concentric circles. Used in
carving small ornaments.

Gamb. 130; Nord. IV; also XI ( C . vulgaris Risso, and C. nobilis Lour.) ; Ridl.
06; Van Eed. 55.

Other species of the genus show similar structure and are similarly used.

Feronia elephantum Correa. “Elephant” or “wood-apple;” kapittha; bilin.
India, Ceylon.

Yellowish-white, hard, structural w’ood.

E.-Pr. 34: 193 ; Watt Diet. 3:327; Gamb. 131; Nord. IX.

Flindersia amboinensis Poir.

Moluccas ( Ceram ) .

Produces a good wTood for some purposes.

Murraya exotica L. Plate XXIV, fig. 30. Camuning; kamuning (M.).
British India, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Philippines.

Bright-yellow, very hard and very heavy, similar to boxwood and said
to be a suitable substitute for it. Used for canes, kris handles and
carvings.

Watt Diet. 5:288; Gamb. 125; Ridl. 90; Van Eed. 57; Janssonius 2:51.

Murraya koenigii (L.) Spr.

Himalaya, Bengal, and Ceylon.

Grayish-white, hard, durable wood; serves for agricultural purposes.

Watt Diet. 5:288; Gamb. 120.

Murraya paniculata Jack. Satinwood; cosmetic-bark tree.

British India, Burma, Java, Sumatra, New Guinea.

I

The bright yellow, firm, durable wood is used for cabinet work.

E.-Pr. 34: 188.

Other liutaccce which may possibly furnish substitutes for boxwood are specie-i
of Micromelum, Limonia, Triphasia, Paramignya, Tetractomia, Fagara (Plate
XXIV, fig. 35), Melicope, Pelea, Lunasia, Glycosmis, and Thoreldora.

SIMARUBACE^E.

Ailanthus malabarica DC.

British India and Ceylon.

Wood for dishes and tea chests.

Lewis 307; Janssonius 2:81.

Irvingia malayana Oliv. Plate XXV, fig. 37. Pauh kijang (M.) .

Malacca.

A hard, heavy and readily worked wood; very straight-grained.

Pierre 203.

Irvingia oliveri Pierre, of Cochin China, is used for the same things as the
above. Other genera needing investigation are Samadera, Simaruba, Quassia,
Eurycoma, Jlrucea, Picrasma, and Soulamea.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

475

BURSE RACEME.

Wood soft to moderately hard ( Filicium very hard). Pores small or
moderate-sized, uniformly distributed. Pith-rays fine, distant.

Balanites aegyptica Delile.

Senegambia, through north tropical Africa to India and Burma.

Yellowish- white to golden-brown, beautifully marked, hard, heavy
wood ; used for furniture and walking sticks.

E.-Pr. 34:355 ; Watt Diet. 1:363.

Boswellia serrata Roxb. Guggar.

British India.

Wood moderately hard, light or moderately heavy, smooth; sapwood
white; heartwood brown (dark greenish-brown), sometimes very small,
so that the wood has been described as white; but, when present, rather
handsome, often streaked in darker and lighter bands. Pores scanty,
moderate-sized, often subdivided and often containing resin. Pith-rays
moderately broad, very short, not very numerous. Not very durable.
Used for structural work and fuel.

Gamb. 137, tab. Ill, fig. 1 ; Nord. VIII.

Bursera serrata Colebr. (Protium serratum Engl.)

British India and Burma.

Wood hard, moderately heavy; sapwood light-brown; heartwood red,
close-grained. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Pith-rays fine, red,
numerous. Used for furniture.

Gamb. 140.

Canarium commune L. Plate XXV, lig. 38. “The Java almond;” pili
(Phil.).

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, cultivated in British India and Ceylon.

Wood soft and light to moderately heavy; grayish- white, soft, smooth;
pores moderate-sized, scanty. Pith-rays brown, moderate-sized, not
numerous. Light or temporary construction.

Gamb. 141; K. & V. 4:30-33; Van Eed. CO; Janssonius 2:108.

Many other species of Canarium are used for light or temporary construction
work, as the wood is soft and easily worked.

Lewis 307-

Filicium decipiens Thvv.

British India and Ceylon.

Wood very hard and very heavy; heartwood red. Pores small, in
groups or short radial lines. Pith-rays fine, numerous, at unequal
distances. A strong structural timber.

Gamb. 142.

FOXWORTHY.

476

Garuga pinnata Roxb. Kharpat.

Northwestern India.

The reddish-gray, very heavy, but not durable wood, with darker heart,
serves for interior finishing and cabinet work.

Watt Diet. 3:484; Gamb. 138; Nbrd. IX; Jansaonius 2:87.

Protium javanicum Burm. Trengaloen.

Java.

Hard and heavy ; .sapwood whitish, small; heartwood reddish-brown,
fine-grained. Pores moderate-sized, evenly scattered. Pith-rays very
small. A good strong and durable structural timber.

K. & V. 4:22-25; Van Eed. 61; Jansaonius 2:93.

Santiria oblongifoiia Bl.

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

Wood grayish, not hard and not very durable; used for temporary
construction.

K. & V. 4:26-28.

Trigonoch lamys griffithii Hook. f. Kadondong mata hari; kijai; kumpai
ruman ( M. ) .

Malay Peninsula.

Wood dark-yellow, red, or yellowish-white, grain medium, fairly hard,
heavy; does not split; durable; used in house building.

Ridl. 99.

MELIACE^E.

Wood usually red, sometimes yellow or gray, more rarely white,
sometimes with irregular concentric bands of loose texture. Pores
various, rather scanty, generally moderate-sized. Pith-rays usually
moderate-sized.

Aglaia. Wood usually red or reddish-brown, hard to very hard and
heavy. Seasonal rings often distinct; sometimes ring-porous. Pores
small to medium size, often connected by concentric wavy lines of wood
parenchyma. Pith-rays fine, numerous, evenly distributed.

Aglaia clarkii Merr. Plate XXV, fig. 39. Tucan-calao.

Philippines.

Hard and heavy, durable. Furniture and structural work.

Phil. Woods 395.

Aglaia eusideroxylon K. & V. Lotong; langsat-loetoeng (Jav.) ; ijzerhout
( Dutch ) .

Java.

Extremely hard and heavy, aromatic, dark red, durable. Used for
house and bridge building.

K. & V. 3:128-132; Van Eed. 62.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

477

Aglaia minahassae Koord. Pisek; malinsot; ijzerhout.

Celebes, Ceram, Saparoea, Haroeka, Noesalant.

Possibly the same as the preceding species ; house and bridge building.
Van Eed. 62; Blits 30-32.

Aglaia odorata Lour.

China and the Indo-Malayan region.

A very good wood for cabinet work.

Aglaia pyramidata Hance. {A. cochinchinensis Pierre).

Cochin China.

Dark red wood, hard, agreeable odor, durable. Used for planks and
furniture.

Pierre 334.

Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.

Java, Sumatra, Moluccas, Ceylon, Burma.

Hard and very heavy, bright red. Used for spokes.

Van Eed. 63; K. & V. 3:147; Gamb. 149.

Amoora. Wood hard, close-grained, red, with a darker-colored heart-
wood. Pores small to large, often subdivided, visible or prominent on
vertical section. Pith-rays moderately broad, uniform.

Amoora aherniana Merr. Plate XXV, fig. 40. Cato.

Philippines.

Dark red; very hard and very heavy. Used for structural work.
Vessels with whitish diaphragms or deposits which show very plainly on
the longitudinal section. Occasional dark-red deposits in vessels.

Amoora cucullata Roxb.

Indo-Malayan region.

Red, hard, heavy wood. Pores joined by narrow concentric lines of
wood parenchyma.

Pierre 344; Gamb. 151; Watt Diet. 1:224.

Aphanomyxis grandifolia Bl. ( Amoora aphanomyxis R. & S.). Goela
(Jav.).

Java, Banka, Timor, Malay Peninsula.

Wood moderately hard and heavy, pale red, not durable, does not
split readily. Not much used.

Van Eed. 63 K. & V. 3:119—123.

Aphanomyxis rohituka (Roxb.) Pierre.

Indo-Malayan region.

Red, hard, and heavy wood, with concentric bands in cross-section.

Boat building.

Watt Diet. 1:224; Pierre 344.

478

FOX WORTHY.

Azad i rac h t a indica A. Jus3. Neem; “margosa tree;” “margosier.”

India and Ceylon, Malaya; also in east Africa. Often planted.

The mahogany-like, very hard and resistant, strongly scented wood
is used by carriage makers, carpenters and joiners, and also in ship-
building.

E.-Pr. 34:288 ; Watt Diet. 5:221; Van Eed. 71; K. & V. 3:21-24.

Chisocheton. Wood moderately hard or soft, light. Pith-rays distinct;
vessels of medium size or large, often divided; wood parenchyma in very
regular concentric lines.

Chisocheton philippinus Harms. Malatumbaga.

Philippines.

Not durable and not much used.

Chisocheton divergens BI. Garonton tangah (M.).

Malay Peninsula.

Ridl. 100.

Chukrassia (Chickrassia) tabularis A. Juss. “Bastard cedar;” “East In-
dian mahogany;” “white cedar;” “Indian redwood;” “Chittagong wood.”

British India to southern China; widely distributed.

Hard and heavy, yellowish to reddish-brown, with a beautiful satiny
luster. Seasons and works well. Sapwood of a lighter color. Pores
scanty, moderate-sized, often oval and subdivided, isolated, uniformly
distributed. Pith-rays fine, uniform, mostly equidistant, slightly un-
dulating, distance between the rays generally equal to the transverse
diameter of the pores. Seasonal rings distinctly marked by a sharp
line. Pine silver grain with a satiny luster. Like Soymida, it is
difficult to plane owing to' the fibers running in different directions.
Used in making fine furniture.

Gamb. 156; Nord. X; E.-Pr. 3‘:273; Watt Diet. 2:268; Sender 631; Ridl.
101; Pierre 357.

(See p. 430.)

Cipadessa fruticosa Bl.

India, Ceylon, Java.

Wood red, hard, heavy, with a faint odor resembling that of toon
wood. Pores prominent as red lines on a vertical section. Seasonal
rings marked by a white line.

Gamb. 146.

Dysoxylum. W ood reddish, rough, moderately hard. Pores prominent
on a vertical section, moderate-sized to large, often subdivided, or in short
strings. Pith-rays fine. Concentric lines in some species fairly prom-
inent.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

479

Dysoxylum amooroides Miq.

New Guinea, Java.

Wood for matches.

Wiesner 2:96; Janssonius 2:153.

Dysoxylum binectariferum Hook. f.

British India and Ceylon.

Gamb. 147 ; Nord. IX.

Dysoxylum hamiltonii Hiern.

British India.

Used for planks and for small boats.

Gamb. 148, tab. Ill, fig. 3; Nbrd. X.

Dysoxylum turczan i nowi i C. DC. Agaru.

Philippines.

A very ornamental wood known as agaru is furnished by this and
other species of the genus and possibly also by some species of Chiso-
clieton. The wood is light-colored, fine-grained, hard and moderately
heavy and takes a beautiful finish like that of satinwood. Used for fine
furniture and frequently found in the Manila market.

Epicharis loureiri Pierre (Dysoxylum loureiri Pierre). Huynduong or
“sandal.”

Cochin China, Province of Thu-dau-mot.

A very fine wood for the construction of coffins, knicknacks, and wood
carving, also ground up into a powder and used in pharmacy. The
wood has an odor resembling that of sandalwood and it is used as a
substitute for sandalwood in incense, etc.

Jumelle 338,; Pierre 352.

Lepidaglaia bailloni Pierre (Dysoxylum bailloni Pierre).

Burma and Indo-China.

' Carriage work and turnery. Sometimes sold as sandalwood.

Pierre 352; Wiesner 2:910.

Melia azedarach L. “Persian lilac;” “bead tree;” “lilac de3 Indes;” “syke-
more;” “Laurier grec.”

Much cultivated in the warmer parts of the whole world.

Sapwood yellowish- white, heartwood reddish, very easily polished and
worked; serves mainly for furniture.

K. & V. 3:12-17; Watt Diet. 5:223; Gamb. 144; Nord. VI; Hough Amer.
Woods 5:105; Janssonius 2:128; Stone 31; Van Ecd. 71.

Melia dubia Cav. “White cedar.”

East Indies.

Reddish heart ; soft and light wood. Structural work and the making
of shelves and tea-chests.

Watt Diet. 5:223; Lewis 308.

480

FOX WORTHY.

Melia indica Brandis.

British India and Burma.

Gamb. 143, tab. Ill, fig. 2; Nord. V (M. azedarach ) ; Stone 31.

Pseudocarapa championii Hems],

Ceylon.

Wood very much like that of Amoora.

E.-Pr. 34:297.

Sandoricum indicum Cav. Plate XXV, fig. 42. Santol ; “wild inangosteen.”

Indo Malayan region, Mauritius.

Sapwood gray; heartwood red, moderately hard, close grained. Takes
a beautiful polish. Pores small, oval or subdivided. Pith-rays fine,
undulating, not prominent. Wood with a faint camphor-like odor when
fresh. Easily worked; suitable for the making of models.

Gamb. 149; Watt Diet. 62:458; Phil. Woods 392; Van Eed. 72; K. & V.
3:27-30; Janssonius 2:131; Becc. 574; Pierre 353.

Sandoricum vidalii Merr. Malasantol.

Philippines.

\\ ood harder and heavier than the preceding. Sapwood white or
pinkish ; heartwood brownish-red. Used for general construction pur-
poses, small boats, roof timbers, etc.

Gard. 60; Phil. Woods 388.

Soymida febrifuga A. Juss. “Bastard cedar;” “redwood de Coromandel;”
“Indian redwood;” “East Indian mahogany;” rohan.

India and Ceylon.

Sapwood small, whitish ; heartwood extremely hard and close-grained,
very dark, red-brown, very durable, with numerous fine, concentric lines
of lighter color, often closely packed. Pores moderate-sized, scanty.
Pith-rays moderately broad, distinctly visible on a radical section as
dark shining plates, making, with the sections of the dark pores, a
very pretty .silver grain having a satiny luster. Wood somewhat cross-
grained, like sal and some others, owing to the fibers in different vertical
layers going in different directions, so that it is difficult to plane. Very
hard and heavy. Pine furniture, etc., wood carving in temples.

Watt Diet. 6s: 318 ; E.-Pr. 34:272; Gamb. 155.

(See p. 430.)

Sphaerosacme spectabilis Wall. (Amoora wallichii King; A. spectabilis
Miq. ?) .

Eastern Assam and Burma.

The reddish, hard, durable, very readily polished wood is worked up
into boats and furniture.

Gamb. 151; Watt Diet. 1:225.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

481

Swietenia mahagoni L. Mahogani; acajou.

West Indies and Central America; also planted and doing well in India.

Hard and heavy ; bright or dark cinnamon-brown to reddish-brown,
either uniform in color or well marked. Parallel transverse lines very
prominent in longitudinal section. Principal uses, furniture and cabinet
work. (See p. 430.)

Wiesner 2:959; Gamb. 153-155; Stevenson 225-239; Stone 32.

Swietenia macrophylla King.

Introduced from the West Indies. Grows well in cultivation in this part of
the world.

Wood moderately hard and moderately heavy.

Gamb. 155.

Toona. Wood pale reddish, light and soft, ring porous and with distinct
cedary odor.

Toona serrata (Royle) Roemer (Cedrela serrata Royle). “Toon tree;” “In-
dian mahogany;” “Moulmein cedar;” “cedre rouge;” “cedre de Singapore.”

India.

Light, shining, soft but durable; termite proof. A very valuable
wood, used for furniture, framing, wood carving, tea-chests, cigar boxes.

Watt Diet. 2:232; Lewis 307; Gamb. 160, tab. Ill, fig. 6 ( Cedrela serrata
Royle); Nord. IX ( Cedrela serrata Royle); Van Eed. 66; K. & V. 3:204-
207 ; Stone 37 ; Holtzapffel 108.

Toona ciliata Roem. ( Cedrela toona Roxb.). Toon; “Moulmein cedar;’
“Indian mahogany.”

British India and Burma.

Wood durable, termite proof, and used for all kinds of furniture.

Gamb. 157-159, tab. Ill, fig. 5; Nord. IV; Stone 37; Watt Diet. 2:233.

Toona febrifuga (Bl.) Harms ( Cedrela febrifuga Bl.) . Soeren.

Burma, Cochin China, Java, etc.

Structure and uses much the same as in the preceding.

Van Eed. 65; K. & V. 3:197-204; Pierre 358.

Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe. Plate XXV, fig. 41. Calantas.

Philippines.

Phil. Woods 379; Gard. 61-02.

Very much like Toona febrifuga (Bl.) Poem.

Several other closely related species of the genus are found in the
range and their use and structure is much the same as that indicated
for the species named. The genus is very closely allied to the American
Cedrela.

482

FOX WORTHY.

Xylocarpus. \\ oocl dark, red, hard and heavy. Concentric lines of
wood parenchyma seeming to mark regions of growth. Pores medium-
sized to small, scattered. Pith-rays fine.

Xylocarpus obovatus A. Juss. ( Carapa obovata 331. ) Nigue; liigi; tabigue
(Phil.); niri; nireh (M.).

East Africa to the Fiji Islands, in mangrove swamps.

Wood very fine-grained and durable. Finishes well and is often used
for fine furniture. It shrinks very little and is often made into furniture
while still very fresh ; used also for sandals. An excellent firewood.

Becc. 574; Gamb. 153; Ridl. 100; K. & V. 3:189-193; Van Eed. 04; Pierre
358; Bargagli-Petrucci 37.

Xylocarpus granatum Koen. ( Carapa moluccensis Lam.) Plate XXV, fig.
43. Piagao (Phil.); niri (M.).

Same distribution as the preceding.

A ood darker than that of X. obovatus. Used for piling, furniture,
sandals, etc.

Gamb. 153; Watt Diet. 2:142; Van Eed. 63; K. & V. 3:193-190; Pierre 359.

A third species, X. bomeensis (Becc.), is found in Borneo and the Philippines.
It is very much like X. granatum and is used for the same purposes.

Becc. 574; Bargagli-Petrucci 38.

POLY GALACE2E.

Xanthophyllum. White or yellow, moderately hard and moderately
heavy, fine-grained woods.

Xanthophyllum vitellinum Nees. Kitelor.

Java.

Very durable wood.

Iv. & V. 5:294-298; Janssonius 1 :238.

EUPHORBIACE2E.

The wood of the trees of this order has no very marked general
distinguishing characteristic; but still it may be said that it is noticeable
for the pores being usually more scanty than in many other orders. Tn
some genera they are characteristically arranged in short radial lines.
In almost all genera the pith-rays are fine, close and uniform; in some
they are very indistinct. In other genera transverse ladder-like bars
are conspicuous. In respect to color, there are three classes, the white
or gray, the red, and the brown or grayish-brown. In respect to weight,
some are very light, most moderately so, few or none very heavy. Among
white-wooded genera the most noticeable are:

(1) Soft woods: Euphorbia, Jatropha, Givotia, Ostodes, Trewia, Sa-
pium, Excoecaria. Of these Givotia and Trewia show transverse bars;

I N DO-MALA Y AN WOODS.

483

Excoecaria rather numerous and Euphorbia , Sapium and Jairopha very
few pores.

(2) Moderately hard woods: Sarcococca, Daphniphyllum , Cycloste-
mon, Croton. Of these Daphniphyllum has numerous and Croton very
few pores, while Croton and Cyclosternon show transverse bars.

(3) Hardwoods: II emicyclia, Lasiococca and Gelonium. Hemicyclia
has conspicuous, Lasiococca and Gelonium faint transverse bars.

The red-wooded genera are fairly uniform in their structure, so that
Phyllanthus, Glochidion, and Cleistanthus are characterized by pores in
short radial strings between regular numerous fine pith-rays. Fluggea
lias a harder close-grained wood, and Bischofia lias rough open-grained
wood with rather broad pith-rays.

In the genera with brown or grayish- or olive-brown wood, Macaranga
is very soft, Mallotus pale-colored and rather soft, Bridelia has a hard
wood of characteristic appearance, and Putranjiva and Baccaurea present
transverse bars, the latter wood being lighter and softer.

The better known genera can be roughly placed in synoptical form as
follows :

a. White or gray woods.

b. Soft or very soft: Euphorbia, Jatropha , Givotia, Ostocles,
Trewia , Sapium , Excoecaria, Mallotus.

bb. Moderately hard: Sarcococca, Daphniphyllum, Cyclosternon,
Croton , Baccaurea, Mallotus.
bbb. Hard: llemicyclia, Lasiococca, Gelonium.
aa. Red.

b. Soft: Macaranga.

bb. Moderately hard: Glochidion, Bishchofia, Miscliodon, Chaeto-
carpus, Aporosa, Macaranga.

bbb. Hard: Phyllanthus, Cleistanthus, Fluggea, Antidesma, Mal-
lotus.

am. Brown or grayish-brown.

b. Soft : Baccaurea, Macaranga.

bb. Moderately hard or hard: Mallotus, Bridelia, Putranjiva. Apo-
rosa, Daphniphyllum, Cyclosternon.

Although no member of the family is of very great importance as a
timber tree, it may be worth while to indicate the better known species.

Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Lumbang (Phil.) ; belgaum; “Indian wal-
nut;” “candle-nut.”

Tropical and subtropical regions of the world, the Antilles, Brazil, and
widely distributed in cultivation.

Wood gray and soft. Used for tea-chests.

Lewis 310.

484

FOXWORTHY.

Antidesma bunius Spr. Bras-bras hitam (M.) ; boeni (Jav.).

British India, Ceylon, Java, and Malaya.

Wood red, hard, similar to that of A. ghaeseinbilla. Used for beams,
rafters and the like, but not durable if exposed to the weather.

Ridl. 250; Gamb. 610; Van Eed. 219.

Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn. Baniyuyo (Phil.) ; kasumba (M.) ; horroe-
batoe (Jav.).

Same range as preceding.

Wood red, with darker-colored heartwood, smooth, hard, close and
even-grained. Seasonal rings indistinctly marked by concentric lines.
Pores small and moderate-sized, uniformly distributed. Pith-rays of
two sizes, few moderately broad rays with numerous fine rays between
them. Interior work, not a durable wood.

Gamb. 610; Ridl. 250; Van Eed. 220.

The different species of Antidesma are hard, usually red, smooth, apt to split
and warp and not durable.

Aporosa dioica (Roxb.) Muell. Arg.

British India and Burma.

A very hard wood with dark-brown heart and white sapwood. Used
for tool handles.

Watt Diet. 1:278.

Other species of Aporosa furnish good wood of brown or reddish color, but
the pieces are usually of small size.

Baccaurea sapida Muell. Arg.

British India, Burma, Andaman Islands.

Wood grayish-brown, soft, with transverse lines of wood parenchyma
very numerous. Pores small, in short radial lines. Pith-rays moderately
broad to broad, the distance between the rays being from one to three
times the transverse diameter of the pores. Easily worked and fairly
durable.

Gamb. 611.

The timber of other species is also good and varies in color from light yel-
lowish-white to dark-brown.

Ridl. 251; Van Eed. 220.

Bischofia trifoliata (Roxb.) Hook. (B. javanica Bl.). Plate XXV, fig. 44.
Toog (Phil.); gadok (Sumatra).

Tropical Asia, Malay Archipelago, Pacific Islands.

Eed, coarse-grained, moderately hard wood, with strong scent of
vinegar when first cut. Used for structural work and bridges. It is
claimed that although it warps and cracks and is attacked by white ants
when used above ground, it is almost imperishable in wet ground or
under water, so that it is particularly fitted for pile foundations and
railway sleepers.

Gamb. 607, tab. XII, fig. 5; Nord. X; Van Eed. 221; Watt Diet. 1 :454.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

485

Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng.

British India, Burma, and Ceylon.

Wood moderately hard to hard, gray to olive-brown, close-grained,
seasons well. Seasonal rings marked by pale lines. Used for cattle-
yokes, agricultural implements, carts and building; stands well under
water.

Gamb. 595; Watt Diet. 1:536.

Other species are used, whenever they are of sufficient size.

Ridl. 248.

Chaetocarpus castan icarpus (Roxb.) Thw.

East Indies, Malay region.

A bright red, moderately hard, structural wood.

Gamb. 623; Watt Diet. 2:262.

Claoxylon sp.

East Indies.

Furnishes the “bois cassant.”

Wiesner 2:98.

Cleistanthus collinus Benth.

British India and Ceylon.

Wood dark reddish-brown, tough, hard, close-grained, heartwood
small. Produces very durable house posts.

Gamb. 597, tab. XII, fig. 4; Nord. IX (Lebedieropsis orbicularis).

Cyclostemon griffithii Hook. f.

British India and Burma.

Wood light brown, hard. A durable timber for local use.

Gamb. 606.

Excoecaria agallocha L. Buta-buta (M.).

Tidal forests, Ceylon to the Philippines and Australia.

Soft and white wood, which is used for some kinds of furniture and
toys. (See p. 431.)

Gamb. 626; Watt Diet. 3:306; Ridl. 253; Becc. 583.

Givotia rottleriform is Griff.

British India and Ceylon.

Wood white, exceedingly light, very soft but even-grained. Used
for catamarans and cabinet work.

Gamb. 615; Watt Diet. 3:503.

Glochidion acuminatum Muell. Arg.

British India.

Wood red or reddish-gray, hard. Splits badly.

Gamb. 602; Nord. X ( Phyllanthus bicolor).

Other species of Glochidion are used when large enough and are fairly durable
Ridl. 249; Van Eed. 223.

FOXWORTHY.

480

Hemicyclia sepiaria W. & A.

British India and Ceylon.

Wood white with a grayish-brown heartwood, very close and even-
grained, resembling boxwood. Recommended as a possible substitute
for boxwood.

Gamb. 605.

Lasiococca symphylliaefolia Hook. f.

British India.

W ood yellowish-white, hard, smooth, close-grained. Recommended for
trial as a substitute for boxwood.

Gamb. 622.

Mischodon zeylanicus Thw.

Ceylon.

Wrood pink or pinkish-white, moderately hard, close- and even-grained.
Used for building and said to be durable in water.

Gamb. 607.

Phyllanthus emblica L. Amlabaum; mirobalanenbaum.

Mascarenes, East Indies, Sunda Islands, China, Japan, also cultivated.

Wood red, hard, close-grained, warps and splits in seasoning; no
heartwood. Carrying poles, agricultural implements, building and fur-
niture; durable under water.

Gamb. 599, tab. Jill, fig. 3; Nord. X; Watt Diet. 6‘:221; Van Eed. 227.

Several other species of Phyllanthus furnish small amounts of wood resembling
the preceding.

Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.

British India, Burma, and Ceylon.

W ood gray, moderately hard, close-grained. A structural wood, also
used in turning.

Gamb. 604; Nord. X; Van Eed. 228; Watt Diet. 6D372.

Sapium sebiferum Roxb.

China, Japan, East Indies, cultivated in the tropics everywhere.

W ood white, moderately hard. Furniture and toys.

Gamb. 025; Nord. VIII; Watt Diet. 62:472.

T rewia nudiflora L.

British India, Burma and Ceylon, to the Sunda Islands.

W ood white, soft, not durable. Used for native drums and agricul-
tural implements.

Gamb. 617; Watt Diet. 4:76; Van Eed. 228.

BUXACEvE.

The most uniform in grain of any known wood, planing almost equally
well in any direction. Very hard and very heavy (sp. gr. 0.99-0.86).
The best qualities of boxwood are the best known for wood engraving,
drawing insti uments, etc. The sawdust is very free from gritty matter,
and on that account it is much used for cleaning jewelry. Numerous

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

487

attempts have been made to find a suitable substitute for this wood, but,
thus far, unsuccessfully. (See article on boxwood substitutes, p. 426.)

Buxus sempervirens L. Boxwood.

India and western Asia to the Mediterranean region.

Stone 102; Wiesner 2:962; Gamb. 592-594; Nord. II, also Mech. Eigensch.
Holzer 514.

AN A O A R D 1 ACE/10.

The woods of this family are very variable as to color, weight, and
hardness. Pistacia , some species of Rhus , Gluta, Melanorrhoea, Odina ,
and Drimycarpus have hard woods, red or yellow; those of Semecarpus,
Mangifera, Spondias, Holigarna, and Buchanania are more or less soft,
and light-gray or brown. In some, the pith-rays are numerous, in others
scanty, but the chief general character is that of large pores which are
scanty and prominent on vertical section, and pith-rays soft, dark and
inconspicuous. Concentric lines occur in some species.

Anacardium occidentale L. “Cashew nut;” “acajoubaum;” “acajou a
fruits;” “acajou a pommes;” “acajou de Guadeloupe.”

South America; cultivated in all tropical regions.

lied, moderately hard wood. Boats and tea-chests.

Watt Diet. 1:223; Ridl. 108; Gamb. 214.

Bouea burmanica Griff. Rauminiva.

Burma and Malaya.

Light-colored sapwood, dark-reddish heartwood, sometimes dark-brown ;
rings distinct, pores small, few, scattered; concentric lines numerous,
wavy, distinct. Durable and very heavy ; posts and beams.

Ridl. 107; Gamb. 214; Pierre 366.

Bouea macrophylla Griff. Kadongan.

Malaya.

AVood yellowish-white, becoming brown toward its center. Moder-
ately hard ; does not split in drying. Kris scabbards.

Ridl. 107.

Buchanania florida var. arborescens Engl. Balinhasay (Phil.).

Philippines and the Malay Archipelago.

Moderately hard and moderately heavy, pale-reddish; rather tine but
not straight-grained. Light or temporary construction ; not durable.
Often substituted for the wood of Koordersiodendron, to which it is
much inferior.

Phil. Woods 374; Pierre 371.

Buchanania latifolia Roxb.

India, Burma, Malacca.

Brownish-gray, moderately hard, not durable. Used for boxes, tables,
etc.

Watt Diet. 1:545; Gamb. 216.

Other species of Buchanania are used, but none of them furnish very high
grade wood.

488

FOXWORTHY.

Campnosperma zeylanicum Thw.

Ceylon.

A light and rather inferior wood, used for tea-chests.

Lewis 309.

Campnosperma wallichii King. Terungtang.

Malay Peninsula.

Wood soft, rather light silvery-gray or white, fine-grained. Pores
rather large and numerous. Pith-rays fine and brown, obscure. Suit-
able for some grades of cabinet work.

Ridl. 111.

Dracontomelum mangiferum Bl. Daoe, dahoe (Sumatra); raoe (Java).

Borneo, Celebes, Sumatra, Java, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Andaman Islands.

Wood dark-gray, moderately hard and moderately heavy; fairly durable.

Card. 69; Van Eed. 85; K. & V. 4:114-117; Pierre 374.

Dracontomelum cumingianum Baill., known as lamio, and Dracontomelum dao
Merr. & ltolfe, of the Philippines, have wood which is practically indistinguishable
from that of D. mangiferum.

Drimycarpus racemosus Hook. f.

Eastern Himalaya.

Wood yellowish-gray, hard. Much prized for shipbuilding in India
(Chittagong).

Gamh. 221; Watt Diet. 3:195.

Gluta. Wood dark-red and more or less streaked with orange and
black. Pores few, often filled with resin, large, prominent on vertical
sections. Pith-rays very fine. Interrupted, very narrow, undulating, con-
centric bands. Structure of the wood in this genus much the same as
in M clanorrhoea and Swintonia.

Gluta renghas L. Renghas (M.).

Malay Archipelago and Peninsula.

Wood with decidedly irritant properties. House building, boats,
rurniture, sheaths of weapons.

Van Eed. 86; Ridl. 110; K. & V. 4:94-97; Wiesner 2:1017.

Gluta tavoyana Wall, and G. travancorica Bedd. of British India and Burma
and G. velutina Bl. (G. coarctata Hook.) of Malacca, Banka and Sumatra are
all said to furnish wood much like that of G. renghas and used for structural work
and furniture. G. velutina is said to he resistant to termites and to sea water.

Pierre 368.

Holigarna. Wood soft, grayish. Pores large, prominent on vertical
section. Pith-rays very fine,, short.

Holigarna arnottiana Hook. f.

British India.

Wood containing a poisonous gum. Used for house and boat building.

Gamb. 221.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

489

Koordersiodendron pinnatum (Blanco) Merr. ( Helicteres pinnata Blanco).
Plate XXV, fig. 45. Amuguis (Phil.).

Philippines, Celebes, and New Guinea.

Wood moderately hard, and heavy, fine-grained, dark-red. Much in
demand for construction and cabinet work.

Phil. Woods 371; Gard. 62.

Lannea grand is (Dennst. ) Engl. (Galesiam grandis 0. Ktze; Odina wodier
Roxb.). Kiamil (Hind.) wodier (Tam.); nabhay (Burm.) ; hik (Cingh.).

India, Ceylon, Burma.

A generally useful wood, which is not to be distinguished from that
of K oordersiodendron.

Watt Diet. 5:445; Ridl. 108; Van Eed. 88; Gamb. 218-220, tab. V, fig. 6;
Nord. IX; Pierre 375.

Mangifera. No heartwood, grayish to brownish in color. Pores -large,
prominent on a vertical section. Pith-rays fine, generally closely packed.
Occasionally fine, wavy, concentric lines.

Mangifera indica L. The mango.

British India, Burma, Ceylon and Malaya; widely cultivated.

Planking, doors and window frames, packing cases, canoes. Other
species of Mangifera are used in much the same way.

Gamb. 111-114; Nord. V; Ridl. 108; Watt Diet. 5:146-157; Van Eed. 87;
K. & V. 4:75-93; Lewis 309; Pierre 361.

Melanochyla spp.

Various fairly good woods of the Malay Peninsula and Borneo, which are
usually of rather small size and not in great quantity.

Becc. 575; Ridl. 110; Bargagli-Petrucci 40.

Melanorrhoea. (Plate XXV, fig. 46.) Wood dark-red, with yellowish
streaks, turning very dark after long exposure, very hard and heavy.
Pores moderate-sized, scanty, often subdivided, each pore or group of
pores inclosed in a small patch of light tissue. Pith-rays very fine, wavy,
very numerous. Numerous undulating, often interrupted, very narrow,
concentric lines of soft tissue, unequally distributed in the wood. Con-
tains a poisonous gum, which may even affect a person after the wood
is made up into furniture.

Melanorrhoea maingayi Hook. f. Rengas manau (M.) ; “Straits mahogany.”

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo.

Beams and furniture.

Ridl. 109.

Melanorrhoea usitata Wall. “Black varnish tree,” tliitsi (Burm.).

British India.

Tool handles, anchor stocks, building, railway sleepers, gunstocks.

Gamb. 217, tab. V, fig. 5; Nord. VIII; Watt Diet. 5:210; Pierre 367.

Several other species occur in the Malay region and are known by
the name of ringas (Becc. 575), or “Borneo rosewood.” Their uses are

88250 6

490

FOXWORTHY.

like those given above. Their poisonous properties have occasioned so
mucli inconvenience that the wood is gradually going out of use. Where
this wood is used, it is customary to fell it and then to leave it in the
jungle until the beetles, termites, etc., have completely destroyed the
sapwood.

Pistacia integerrima J. L. Stewart.

British India.

Wood very hard; sapwood white; heartwood yellowish-brown, beauti-
fully mottled with yellow and dark veins. Seasonal rings marked by a
belt of large pores. Pores in the rest of the wood very small, forming
irregular patches, which are frequently arranged in zigzag lines. Pith-
rays fine, very numerous. Used for furniture, carvings and all kinds of
ornamental work.

Gamb. 210, tab. V, fig. If; Nord. X.

Rhus. Wood gray, often streaked, with a yellow or brown heartwood.
Pores small, but often large and in continuous porous belts in the earlier-
formed wood. Pith-rays fine and moderately broad.

Several species occur scattered in the highlands through this range;
but they are of little importance commercially because of their small
size and scattered occurrence.

Semecarpus. Wood usually of poor quality. Used locally for light
or temporary construction. The wood has poisonous properties, like
Melanorrhoea, Swintonia, Gluta, etc., which interfere with its usefulness.

(See p. 431.)

Gamb. 220; K. & V. 4:122-230; Van Eed. 90; Lewis 309.

Swintonia. Wood much like that of Melanorrhoea, but not so prom-
inently streaked. Usually a more even, reddish or whitish color.
Equally poisonous. Large trees in the Malay Peninsula, but reaching
their best development in Borneo.

AQUIFOLIACEiE.

Ilex spp. Numerous species of this genus occur throughout the
orient, but they are usually of small size and not of any very general
usefulness. Wood fine-grained, white, hard.

celastrace.e.

Wood compact, even-grained, white. Pores very or extremely small.
Pith-rays very fine and very numerous.

Euonymus hamiltoniana Wall.

Northern India, central Asia, Japan.

The yellowish- white, soft wood is used in India for wood carving.

Watt Diet. 3:292.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

491

Euonymus crenulata Wall.

Southern India.

The white, very hard wood is considered in its native country the best
substitute for box.

Watt Diet. 3:291.

Kurrimia robusta Kurz.

Cochin China.

The wood, with a structure similar to that of Dalbergia spp., produces
excellent material for cabinet work.

Kokoona zeylanica Thw.

Ceylon.

Wood for tea chests.

Lewis 309.

Cassine glauca (Pers.) 0. Ktze.

Tropical Asia.

Clear-brown to reddish, often beautifully marked, moderately hard,
readily polished wood for framing and cabinet work.

Watt Diet. 3:207.

Lophopetalum. Wood light, soft to moderately hard, even-grained,
somewhat shining. Pores small to moderate-sized. Pith-rays very fine,
very numerous. Concentric very narrow dark lines of wood parenchyma,
prominent, interrupted, wavy.

Lophopetalum wightianum Arn.

British India, Cochin China.

Pcddish-gray, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores large, usually
subdivided, sometimes in short strings. Pith-rays fine, conspicuously
bent around the pores when they meet them. Parallel narrow concentric
lines prominent. House building.

Gamb. 174; Nord. X; Pierre 307.

Gymnosporia. Wood close- and even-grained. Pores small or very
small. Pith -rays fine and very numerous. Concentric bands prominent
in most species, caused by variations in the size of the wood cells, some
of the cells being filled with a dark resin-like substance.

Gymnosporia montana Lawson (Celastrus senegalensis Lam.).

British India.

Light-reddish-brown, soft, close-grained, durable.

Gamb. 177 ; Nbrd. XI.

ICACINACEvE.

Gonocaryum sp. Swamp trees of the forests of Burma.

Urandra apical is Thw.

Ceylon.

WT>od used for tea-chests.

Lewis 309.

492

FOX WORTHY.

Urandra sp. Plate XXV, fig. 47. Bedaru, pedaro (Sarawak); daru, daroo-
daroo (M.).

Sarawak.

Wood hard and heavy, fine- and straight-grained. Sapwood narrow,
yellowish; heartwood somewhat darker. Pores moderate-sized, narrowly
fringed and containing glistening deposits. Pith-rays medium-sized,
whitish, very distinct, giving fine grain in quartered material. This
wood is very durable, works readily and is used for canes, furniture and
piling. It has a very distinct -and pleasing odor. This wood is to he
found in some quantity in the markets at Singapore and is said to come
from Sumatra as well as Borneo. Newton credited it to Apodytes,
another genus of this family, and later it was considered one of the
Sapotaceac. (See p. 542.) I collected herbarium material and wood
samples from a tree of this in Sarawak and later obtained material of
the same wood from dealers in Singapore. My flowering material was
not mature and I could not be sure of the genus until I received good
flowering material from Mr. J. C. Moulton, curator of the museum at
Kuching. This material establishes the fact that the plant belongs
to the genus Urandra and probably to an undescribed species.

Newton 2; Ridl. 214; Becc. 584.

ACERACErE.

Wood moderately hard and close-grained; no heartwood; white or
yellowish. Pores small and very small, uniformly distributed. Pith-rays
fine and very fine, often of two sizes. Concentric medullary patches
frequent. Usually in the high mountains. Not of commercial im-
portance in this region.

SAPIN DACE2E.

Wood generally soft or moderately hard, occasionally very hard, even-
grained. Pores small or very small, generally uniform and uniformly
distributed. Pith-rays very fine or fine, rarely moderately broad, often
closely packed. Concentric bands occur in Sapindus and some other
genera but not in all.

Aphania montana Bl.

Java.

Used in house building, etc.

K. & V. 9:158-160.

Aphania paucijuga Radik. Pukan jantan; mumpilai klat; tulang putili
(M.).

Malay Peninsula.

Wood hard and heavy, flexible. Used in house building, for posts, etc.

Ridl. 106.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

493

Arytera littoralis Bl. Kulu layo hitam (M.).

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago to the Philippines.

Wood pale, reddish-white, moderately heavy and hard, rings fairly
distinct and remote; pores numerous; small rays obscure. Used m house
building.

Ridl. 106; K. & V. 9:216-220.

Dittelasma rarak Hook. f. (Sapitidus rarak DC.) Lerek (Jav.).

Malacca, Cochin China, Philippines.

Hard and heavy, durable. Used for house building.

Van Eed. 77 ; K. & V. 9 : 150-152.

Dodonaea viscosa L. Plate XXV, fig. 48. Banderu.

In all tropical lands.

Sapwood white; heartwood dark brown, extremely hard and very
heavy, called “lignum- vitae” in Australia. Used for turnery, wood
carving, walking sticks.

Ridl. 106; Gamb. 202; K. & V. 9:227-230; Van Eed. 78.

Ellatostachys verrucosa Radik.

Java, Timor, Celebes, Philippines.

Moderately hard and moderately heavy.

K. & V. 9:212-215.

Erioglossum rubiginosum Bl. (E. edule Bl.). Mertajam; kelat layu (M.).
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago to Australia.

Wood reddish- white- to chocolate-brown, grain fine, hard, does not
split in drying.

E.-Pr. 33:300 ; Ridl. 104; Van Eed. 78; Gamb. 192; K. & V. 9:154-157.

Euphoria cinerea Radik. Plate XXVI, fig. 49.

Philippines.

Dark-red, hard and heavy, durable. A very choice structural wood,
much like some of the wood of species of Nephelium.

Phil. Woods 371.

Ganophyllum falcatum Bl.

Philippines, Java, New Guinea, Australia.

Excellent wood for matches and match boxes.

Van Eed. 78; K. & V. 9:231-234.

Guioa pubescens Radik. Sugi-sugi; Nilan (M.).

Malay Peninsula.

Wood heavy and hard, light-brown, pores small, not numerous, rays
fairly fine, concentric lines rather distant and broad, undulating. Brittle.

used in building.

Ridl. 106; K. & V. 9:210.

494

FOXWORTHY.

Harpullia cupanioides Roxb. Kajoe-kaleh (M.).

Burma, Andaman Islands, Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, New Guinea.

Wood white, soft. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, in whitish patches.
Pith-rays fine, numerous.

Gamb. 199; Van Eed. 78; K. & V. 9:239-242.

Harpullia imbricata Thw.

Java.

K. & V. 9:236-239.

Lite hi chinensis Sonn. ( Nephelium litchi Cambess.) Litchi.

China, India; widely cultivated.

Wood nearly indestructible; used in carriage building and for cabinet
work.

Wiesner 2:104; Gamb. 198; Nord. V (Euphorbia litchi) ; Van Eed. 79.

Litchi philippinensis Radik.

Philippines.

A rather rare wood much like the last.

Nephelium. Wood red, hard ; prominent wavy concentric bands.

Nephelium lappaceum L. Rambutan (M.).

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Wood hard and heavy, red when fresh cut, becoming dirty-reddish-
white or whitish-brown; pores large, scattered, surrounded by patches
of lighter-colored softer tissue ; pith-rays very line and obscure, concentric
rings broken up into short wavy pieces. Apt to split in drying, but
considered good for planks, beams, and other hard work, for water
wheels, rice mills, stampers, etc.

Van Eed. 79; Ridl. 104; K. & V. 9:186-188; Pierre 319.

Nephelium longana Cambess. ( Euphoria longana Lam.). Longan.

British India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

A very hard and heavy red wood, much used for structural work and
furniture.

Watt Diet. 5:348; Gamb. 197; Nord. IX ( Euphoria longana) ; Van Eed. 80;
Pierre 318.

Nephelium mutabile Bl. Pulasan (M.).

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Philippines.

Wood harder and heavier than that of N. lappaceum.

Ridl. 105; Van Eed. 80; K. & V. 9:192.

Other species of Nephelium are also used. The wood of Euphona,
A epliehum, Litchi, and possibly some other genera, is so closely related
that I can not distinguish it by the structure.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

495

Pometia pinnata Forst. Plate XXVI, fig. 50. Dawa; lengsar; malugay
(Phil.).

New Guinea, Sunda and South Sea Islands, Philippines, Ceylon, Andamans.

A moderately hard and moderately heavy wood, reddish. Used in
structural work.

Phil. Woods 388; Card. 66; Van Eed. 80; K. & V. 9:196.

Sapindus trifoliatus L. “Soap-nut tree;” ritlia.

Southern Asia.

A yellow, hard, structural wood.

Watt Diet. 6= : 471.

Schleichera trijuga W. “Lac tree;” “Ceylon oak;” kosum (Hind.).

Tropical Asia.

Hard, durable, readily polished wood, with white sapwood and red-
brown heartwood. Used for oil and sugar mills, rice-pounders (the best
wood for the purpose in southern India), agricultural implements and
carts ; firewood and charcoal.

Gamb. 194, tab. IV, fig. 6; Nord. VII ( Melicocca trijuga Juss.) ; Watt Diet.
62:488 ; Van Eed. 81 ; K. & V. 9 : 177—180.

Xerospermum muricatum Bl. Bambutan pachat.

Malay Peninsula.

Wood brown, light, durable and good; used for building.

Kidl. 105.

Xerospermum noronhianum Bl. Ramboetan-oetan.

Sumatra and Java.

Wood much like the preceding.

Van Eed. 82; K. & V. 9:182-184.

STAPHYLEACE2E.

Turpinia pomifera DC. Geritta.

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, British India, Ceylon, and China.

Light and soft, not a durable wood. Used for household utensils.

Van Eed. 81 ; Ridl. 106.

SABIACEiE.

Meliosma dilleniaefolia Bl.

Himalaya.

White, moderately hard, even-grained. Seasonal rings marked by a
continuous line of pores and darker color. Pores small, single or sub-
divided or in rounded groups, except along the seasonal rings. Pith-rays
wavy, moderately broad or fine, distinctly marked in silver grain, which
has a satiny luster.

Gamb. 205, tab. V, fig. 3; Nord. VIII.

Several other species occur with wood as described, but they are usually
scattered and of small size.

496

FOXWORTHY.

RHAMNACE^E.

Hovena dulcis Thunb. Kemponaslii.

China, Japan, Himalaya.

Furniture and musical instruments.

Gamb. 187 ; Nord. VII.

Zizyphus. AVood reddish, moderately hard or hard ; no heartwood.
Pores small to moderate-sized, often subdivided and fringed with wood
parenchyma between numerous fine or very fine pith-rays.

Zizyphus jujuba Lam. “Indian jujube;” “Chinese date.”

China, India, Australia, tropical Africa; much cultivated.

Durable structural and furniture wood.

Gamb. 181, tab. IV, fig. 8; Nord. IX; Watt Diet. 6L370; Van Eed. 75.

Zizyphus vulgaris Lam. “Acajou d’Afrique.”

Orient to Bengal, China, and Japan; cultivated in southern Europe.

Similar to the preceding; cabinet work.

Gamb. 182; Nord. II; Watt Diet. 64:373.

Zizyphus xylopyrus Willd.

India and Ceylon.

Carriage building, agricultural implements, charcoal.

Gamb. 183; Watt Diet. 6L374.

Zizyphus zonulatus Blanco (Z. arborea Merr.). Plate XXVI, fig. 51.
Balacat.

Philippines.

Wood very pale-reddish or whitish; sapwood quickly eaten by beetles;
heartwood very durable.

Phil. Woods 374; Gard. GO.

ELAEOCAR PACE A],

Elaeocarpus lancaefolius Boxb.

Tropical Asia.

Bright-brown, soft wood, for tea chests.

Watt Diet. 3:206.

Muntingia calabura L. “Calabure;” “bois ramier;” “bois de soie.”

Mexico to the Amazon River; widely cultivated.

Wood very soft and light, not durable.

Wiesner 2:107.

Echinocarpus dasycarpus Benth.

British India.

Wood grayish-brown, soft. Used for planks and beams where not
exposed to changes of weather.

Gamb. 113; Nord. X.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

497

GON Y ST YLACEiE.

(Plate XXVI, fig. 52.)

Wood hard and heavy, sometimes with a distinct odor when cut. Sap-
wood white or yellowish; heartwood dark-brownish-yellow to almost
black. Seasonal rings not present. Pores small or medium-sized, scat-
tered, often with apparently crystalline contents. Pith -rays small, nu-
merous, bending out around the vessels. Wood parenchyma present in
irregular, broken, concentric lines.

Gonystylus bancanus (Miq.) Gilg ( G . miquelianus T. & B.). Kayu garu
(M.).

Java, Sumatra, Banca, Philippines.

The dark heartwood seems not to be of constant occurrence. W herever
the dark heart does occur, it is said to furnish a useful incense wood
and to be useful for small chests. The other species of the genus are
credited with having the same qualities. Other species of the genus are
found in the Malay Peninsula, in Sumatra, Borneo and other portions
of the Malay region.

E. Gilg in Engl. & Prantl Nachtr. 232; Teysm. & Binn. in Bot. Zeit. (1862)
265; K. & V. 9:48-51; Boorsma in Bull. Dept. Agr. Ned. Ind. 7 (1907) 6-13;
Bargagli-Petrucei 45, tab. IX; Becc. 582.

( See p. 428.)

TILIACE2E.

Berrya ammonilla Roxb. Plate XXVI, fig. 53. Halmalille; trincomali.

British India, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago.

Smooth yellow wood with dark-red heart. Heavy, very hard and
durable. Distinct parallel transverse lines in longitudinal section. On
account of its toughness and elasticity, much prized for house and boat
building, agricultural implements, etc. A possible substitute for satin-
wood.

Watt Diet. 1 :448; Semler 674; Gamb. 107; K. & V. 5:406-409; Van Eed. 46;
Bargagli-Petrucei 46, tab. IX; Stone 16—18; Becc. 573; Janssonius 1:491.

Brownlowia elata Roxb.

India and Borneo.

Soft, reddish-gray. Fine irregular bars between pith-rays, not joining
into concentric rings.

Gamb. 106.

Brownlowia tabularis Pierre.

Cochin China.

“One of the best redwoods known.” Structural work, shipbuilding,
furniture.

Pierre 132.

498

FOXWORTHY.

Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl.

British India and Ceylon, tropical Africa.

White wood, with small brown heart. Hard,, easy to work, very
durable. Used wherever firmness and elasticity must be combined, as
in masts, rudders, etc.

Watt Diet. 4:184; Gamb. 109.

Grewia microcos L.

Britisli India, Burma, Ceylon, Cochin China.

Gray, soft. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, joined by wavy belts of soft
tissue, broken but concentrically arranged.

Gamb. 112; Nord. IV; Pierre 152; K. & V. 1:226-228; Janssonius 1:502.

Numerous other species of Grewia occur and some of them are also
used like those above described.

Pentace burmanica (L.) Kurz.

British India, Malacca, Java.

White, on exposure to the air reddish, light, soft wood, used princi-
pally for boats and tea-chests.

Watt Diet. 41 : 131 ; E.-Pr. 3": 17 ; Gamb. 10G ; Pierre 151.

Schoutenia ovata Korth. Oostindisch paarden vleesch (Dutch).

Java.

Beautiful reddish-brown, long- and smooth-fibered, very elastic and
durable structural wood, surpassing all others for bows.

Van Eed. 51; K. & V. 1:211-215; Janssonius 1:525.

MALVACEAE.

Wood soft to moderately hard; light to heavy. Pores of medium
size, scattered. Pith-rays of medium size. Sapwood and heartwood
usually quite distinct. Heartwood often with distinct rose-like odor.

Bombycidendron campylosiphon (Turcz.) Warb. Plate XXVI, figs. 54, 55.

Probably not to be distinguished in the wood from B. vidalianum (Naves)
Merr. & Rolfe.

Philippines.

Wood with much the same appearance as that of Hibiscus tiliaccus but
distinctly harder and heavier; and with distinct ripple marks on the
tangential surface (Plate XXVI, fig. 55). Used for cabinet making, car-
riage building, shafts, flooring, ordinary construction, furniture, planks,
boat building, telegraph poles, sides and backs of guitars and mandolins.

Phil. Woods 385.

Hibiscus tiliaceus L. “Corkwood” of the Antilles.

Tropics of the world.

The nut-brown, very light and easily worked wood is used as floats
for fish nets, light boats, etc. Also for some purposes as a kind of
“rosewood.”

K. & V. 2:106; Watt Diet. 4:247; Gamb. 88; Nord. IX; Van Eed. 36; Ridl.
49; Janssonius 1:380.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

499

Several other species of Hibiscus which closely resemble this are used
in the same fashion.

Kydia calycina Roxb.

Himalaya, western Ghats, Burma.

The white, very tough and elastic wood without heartwood is used
for house building, rudders, and turnery.

Watt Diet. 4:569; Gamb. 89.

Thespesia populnea (L.) Corr. Plate XXVI, fig. 56. “Tulip tree;’5 “faux
bois de rose;” “bois de rose de l’Oceanie;” “Portia tree;” “umbrella tree;” baru
laut (M. ); banalo (Phil.).

Tropical Africa, Asia, Malaya, and Polynesia, to Australia; introduced and
escaped in the West Indies. •

Soft sapwood, light red ; hard, dark-red heartwood. Moderately heavy
and durable. Smells like roses when rubbed. Carriage building, furni-
ture, and cabinet work. (See p. 432.)

K. & V. 2:118; Watt Diet. 64:47; Ridl. 49; Gamb. 88; Pierre 173; Van Eed.
37 ; Stone 10.

BOMBACACE2E.

Bombax. Wood usually white, soft and light. Pores large, scanty.
Pith-rays broad.

Bombax malabaricum DC. “Cork wood;” “fromage de Hollande.”

British India to North Australia.

Durable under water ; used for floats for fishing nets, boats, boxes and
tea-chests. (See p. 427.)

Gamb. 90; Nord. XI; Watt Diet. 1:491; Wiesner 2:1022; K. & V. 2:122-125;
Van Eed. 33; Lewis 308; Janssonius 1 :398.

Boschia griffithii Mast. Daun durian; dendurien (M.).

Malacca.

Brown, darker-marked, very useful wood.

Ridl. 49.

Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. ( Eriodendron anfractuosum DC.). “Silk
cotton tree.”

Mexico, Antilles, Africa, India, Malaya.

Soft, white, weak wood. Used for chests, boats, etc.

Ridl. 48; Gamb. 91; Wiesner 2:1022; Janssonius 1 : 399 ; Van Eed. 34.

Coelostegia griffithii Benth. Pungai (M.).

Malacca.

Wood orange when freshly cut, becoming darker and of a reddish
color. Hard, flexible, and durable. Used in house building.

Ridl. 49.

Cumingia philippinensis Vid.

Philippines.

Wood soft and light, white and coarse-grained. Used for planks and
temporary construction.

500

FOXWORTHY.

Cullenia excelsa Wight.

British India, Andaman Islands, Ceylon.

Tea-chests.

Gamb. 92 ; Lewis 308.

Durio zibethinus DC. Durian.

Southern and eastern Asia, Malay Archipelago.

Wood pale-reddish-brown, soft. Pores large, scanty, often subdivided.
Pith-rays moderately broad, numerous, giving a well-marked silver grain.
Temporary construction work.

K. & V. 2:132—134; Gamb. 92; Becc. 572; Van Fed. 34; Ridl. 48; Janssonius
1:404; Bargagli-Petrucci 49, tab. X.

Several other species of this genus in Borneo and Sumatra are also used
to some extent.

Neesia altissima Bl.

Java.

Brown, beautifully marked, very soft wood, used for small cabinet
work. Termite-proof.

K. & V. 2:129-131; Van Eed. 37; Janssonius 1:408.

STEllCULIACEiE.

Wood very soft to very hard; very light to very heavy. Pores rather
scanty, often large. Pith-rays rather numerous, usually of medium size.
Concentric bands of wood parenchyma in some species.

Eriolaena candollei Wall.

Western India.

Brick-red, orange-yellow and brown striped ; moderately hard, shining.
Cart building, gunstocks, paddles, etc.

Gamb. 103; Nbrd. IX; Watt Diet. 3:265.

Other species are \ised locally in India and Cochin China.

Heritiera. Wood very heavy and very hard; dark-reddish-brown heart-
and white sapwood. Pith-rays of medium size. Wood parenchyma in
very fine, irregular, concentric lines.

Heritiera I ittoralis Dry. Totonai; dungon-late (Phil.); dungon (M.) ; sundri
(Beng. ) .

East Africa, Indo-Malayan region, Australia; a very widely distributed species.
Boat building, posts, piles, house building, palisades, etc.

Watt Diet. 4:224; Gamb. 98; Phil. Woods 383; Ridl. 51; Van Eed. 39;
K. & V. 2:170-174; Pierre 203; Janssonius 449; Bargagli-Petrucci 52, tab. XI;
Becc. 573.

Heritiera minor Lam. (H. fomes Ham.). “Plank tree” (on account of the
plank-like prop roots); sundri (Beng.).

Ganges Delta, southern India, Burma, Borneo.

Brown durable wood, considered to be the toughest in India. Boat,
house, and bridge building; also used as firewood, and furnishes the
best charcoal for gunpowder.

E.-Pr. 3": 99; Watt Diet. 4:223; Gamb. 97; Niird. XI.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

501

Kleinhofia hospita L.

India, East Africa, through Malaya to New Guinea and Polynesia.

Whitish, brown-spotted wood, valued for walking sticks, weapon han-
dles, etc.

Pierre 177; Gamb. 99; Van Eed. 39; K. & V. 2:178-181; Janssonius 401.

Pterocymbium javanicum Bl.

Java.

Wood very much the same as that of P. tinctorium.

Janssonius 439; K. & V. 2:162-105.

Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. Plate NX VI, fig. 57. leluto.
Philippines.

Wood very soft and light, whitish, no heartwood. Pitli-rays large.
Pores large and scattered; ripple marks very evident on tangential section.
Phil. Woods 395.

Pterocymbium viridiflorum T. & B. Taloetoe.

Celebes.

Like the preceding.

Van Eed. 41.

Pterospermum. Wood reddish, moderately hard. Pores small and
moderate-sized, often in short radial lines. Pith-rays fine, closely packed.

Pterospermum suberifolium Lam.

British India and Ceylon.

Structural wood.

Gamb. 101; Nord. X (pith-rays very short, arranged on the transverse section
in watermark pattern) ; Watt Diet. 4:184; Van Eed. 42; K. & V. 2.180-191.
Several other species of the genus are also used.

Sterculia. Wood usually light and soft, not durable. Pitli-rays of
medium size. Pores of medium size, scattered.

Sterculia foetida L. Telambu (Cingh.).

British India to New South Wales; cultivated in America.

Gray soft wood, for masts and boxes.

Watt Diet. 63:363 ; Gamb. 93; Van Eed. 43; Janssonius 422; K. & V. 2:
139-142.

A number of other species are used, but none are of much importance.

Tarrietia. Wood with dark red or reddish-brown heart. Moderately
hard to very hard and heavy. Pores medium-size to large, often with
colored deposits. Pitli-rays moderately large. Wood parenchyma scat-
tered, occasionally in irregular, broken, concentric lines.

Tarrietia cochinch inensis Pierre.

Cochin China.

A useful structural wood in Cochin China.

Pierre 205.

502

FOX WORTHY.

Tarrietia javanica Bl. Plate XXVI, fig. 58. Lumbayao (Phil.).

Java, Cochin China, Philippines.

Light- or dark-red ; light and easy to work. Good furniture wood.

Phil. Woods 387; Gard. 68; This Journ. 3 (1908) Bot. 171; Van Eed 44-
K. & V. 2:166-168.

Tarrietia simplicifol ia Mast. Teraling; merbaju; siku keluang (M.).

Malay Peninsula.

Wood very pale-red, becoming darker toward the center; grain medium;
fairly hard, splits in drying. Largely used in cart wheels.

Bid!. 50.

Tarrietia sylvatica (Vid.) Merr. Plate XXVI, fig. 59. Dungon.

Philippines.

Wood very hard and heavy. Dark-reddish-brown. Very durable;
much valued for piling.

Phil. Woods 382; Gard. 59.

DILLENIACE2E.

Dillenia. Wood light-red or reddish-brown, moderately hard. Pores
medium-sized, uniformly distributed, often filled with a white substance.
Pith-rays of two classes, numerous, broad or moderately broad with a few
very fine ones between them.

Dillenia aurea Smith.

Upper India, Malay Archipelago.

Gray to reddish, beautifully marked, hard, difficult to work. Con-
struction.

Watt Diet. 3:112; Gamb. 5; Nord. V; Ridl. 5; K. & V. 1:165-167; Pierre
11-13; Janssonius 76.

Dillenia indica L. (Z). speciosa Thunb.). Simpor (M.).

India, Burma, Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago; much cultivated.

Led, bright-spotted, moderately hard wood. Structural purposes.

Watt Diet. 3:113; Gamb. 4, tab. /, fig. 1; Nord. XI and IX (D. speciosa );
Ridl. 5; Van Eed. 1; K. & V. 1:161; Janssonius 71.

Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe. Plate XXVI, fig. 60. Catmon.

Philippines.

Hard and heavy; excellent furniture wood.

Phil. Woods 381.

Several other species of Dillenia are used. They seem to show the qualities
of those already mentioned.

OCHNACE2E.

Wood reddish-brown, even-grained. Pores small, uniformly distrib-
uted. Pith-rays not prominent, moderately broad, short, giving a pretty
silver grain.

INDO-MALAY AN WOODS.

503

Ochna squarrosa L.

British India and Burma.

Wood suitable for inlaying and carving.

Gamb. 136.

THEACE^E.

Eurya acuminata DC. Malukut jantan.

India to Malaya.

Wood pale-red, grain fine, splits slightly in drying. Used for beams
in house building ; also for charcoal.

Ridl. 48; Janssonius 302.

Eurya japonica Thunb. Hisakaki.

India to China, Japan, and Malaya.

Carriage building and turnery.

Pierre 126; Janssonius 306.

Gordon ia excelsa Bl. Pagar anak jantan.

British India and Malaya.

Wood pale-red, heavy and hard. Used for houses, beams, and posts.
Ridl. 48; Janssonius 334.

Gordonia obtusa Wall.

British India.

Wood pinkish- white to reddish-brown. Pores small, very numerous,
uniformly arranged between the fine, short, very numerous pith-rays, the
distance between which is equal to the transverse diameter of the pores.
Seasonal rings faintly marked by a line. Construction work.

Gamb. 67.

Schima noronhae Reinw. (S. crenata Korth.). Medang bekwoi.

British India, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines.

Timber very close-grained, dark-red ; rays very fine and obscure, not
close, pores exceedingly numerous, very small, containing a resinous
substance. The wood is heavy and hard, shining, apt to split but useful.
Used for house posts and rice mortars.

Ridl. 47; Watt Diet. 6C485; Pierre 121; Janssonius 327.

Schima wallichii Choisy.

Himalaya, Tenasserim, Farther India.

Bed, moderately hard in drying, durable. Construction work.

Gamb. 66, tab. I, fig. 5; Nord. X; Watt Diet. 62:486.

Ternstroemia japonica Thunb. Makakoku.

Ceylon, India, China, Japan, Sumatra

Bed, hard wood, sometimes used for furniture.

Janssonius 296.

504

FOXWOIITHY.

GUTTIFERZE.

Wood usually reddish, generally with a distinct heartwood, and marked
by characteristic, faint, concentric lines, which are often interrupted.
Pores variable in size, usually rather large, single or more or less
oblique wavy lines. Pith-rays fine or very tine, clearly marked.

Calophyllum. Wood soft or moderately hard, reddish, with a darker-
colored heartwood; seasons well; weight moderate. Cellular tissue reg-
ular, cells roughly rectangular. Pores medium-sized or large, promi-
nent on a vertical section, arranged in wavy strings or groups. Pith-
rays fine or very fine, indistinct on a cross-section, but prominent as
straight narrow lines on a radial section. Interrupted concentric lines
of darker color and larger cells, also prominent on vertical section.

Calophyllum inophyllum L. Plate XXVII, fig. 61. “Alexandrian laurel;”
palo maria de la playa or bitaog (Phil.) ; pennagah (M.).

Africa to India, Malaya, Australia, and Polynesia; often cultivated.

Extremely difficult to split. Used for fine furniture, bowling balls,
knees of boats, turnery, etc. (See p. 431.)

Gamb. 67, tab. /, fig. 4; Nord. IX; Phil. Woods 390; Gard. 64; Becc. 569;
Ridl. 45; Watt Diet. 2:32; Van Eed. 16; Wiesner 2:974; Janssonius 272-276.

Calophyllum spectabile Willd.

British India, Burma, and the Malay Peninsula.

Mast and spar wood.

Van Eed. 17; Watt Diet. 1:460, 2:32; Ridl. 46; Pierre 107; Janssonius
276-278.

Calophyllum tomentosum Wight. Poon.

Ceylon.

Spar wood.

Watt Diet. 2:32; Gamb. 57; Nord. X; Lewis 308.

Many other species of Calophyllum are used, usually under the name of
entangor or bintangor. They are generally used as spars or masts for small
boats. Plate XXVII, fig. 62.

Newt. 4.

Cratoxylon. Plate XXVII, fig. G3. Wood usually with more pro-
nounced concentric lines than in Calophyllum.

Cratoxylon neriifolium Kurz.

India and Burma.

Structural wood.

Gamb. 49; Watt Diet. 2:588; Pierre 49.

Cratoxylon glaucum Kortli. Gerunggang.

Borneo.

Very soft, light, red wood, for interior finish.

Several other species of Cratoxylon occur in Borneo and are often used under
the name of gerunggang.

Becc. 586.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

505

Garcinia. Hard or moderately bard, close-grained, yellowish-white,
red or gray, with numerous characteristic wavy bands of loose texture.
Pores scanty, small to large. Pith-rays usually fine.

Garcinia cowa Roxb.

Eastern Bengal, Assam, Chittagong, Burma, and the Andaman Islands.

Gamb. 54; Nord. IV; Pierre, page XXVIII, 119.

Garcinia speciosa Wall.

Coast of Martaban and Tenasserim.

The beautiful uniformly reddish-brown wood is used principally for
house and bridge building.

Watt Diet. 3:477; Pierre, page XIV, 59.

Numerous other Garcinias are used in much the same ways.

Mesua ferrea L. (M. speciosa Choisy). Plate XXVII, fig. 64. “Indian rose
chestnut;” naga-kesara; pennagah ; “the Ceylon or East Indian ironwood or
nagasholz.”

Wild in India, cultivated in the whole of the East Indies because of the white
fragrant flowers and the wood.

Wood somewhat resembling that of Calophyllum, but much harder and
heavier. Ileartwood dark-red, extremely hard. Pores moderate-sized,
scanty, often filled with yellow resin, single or grouped or in oblique
strings of varying lengths. Pitli-rays extremely fine, uniform, equidis-
tant, very numerous. Numerous tine, wavy, concentric lines of dark-
colored tissue, regular and prominent, hut of very different lengths.

Structural work and furniture. According to Grisard and v. d. Ber-
ghe, the wood has an aromatic odor and also bears the name of “Bois
d’Anis.”

E.-Pr. 3” : 21 9 ; Watt Diet. 5:238; Semler 634; Gamb. 59-61; Nord. XI; Ridl.
46; Van Eed. 19; Pierre 97.

Ochrocarpus longifolius Benth. & Hook. f.

Western India.

Wood red, hard, close- and even-grained. Pores moderate-sized. Pith-
rays moderately broad, very numerous, the distance between them equal
to, or less than the diameter of the pores. Seasonal rings marked by a
dark line. Lines of soft texture numerous, but indistinct. Numerous
resin-ducts in radial long cells, which appear as shining lines on a
horizontal, and black spots on a vertical section.

Gamb. 55.

Ochrocarpus siamensis T. And.

Cochin China; cultivated in the whole of Indo-China.

Wood almost as hard as that of Mesua ferrea and substituted for it.

Gamb. 56; Pierre 94-96.

Poeciloneuron indicum Bedd.

Western India.

Wood dark-red, heartwood darker, very hard. Pores moderate-sized,
ringed, single or in short slanting, irregular lines. Pith-rays fine,
88250 7

506

FOX WORTH Y.

numerous, the distance between them less than t lie diameter of the pores.
Occasionally very short, tine, white, concentrically running lines, espe-
cially in the sapwood. Structural work, rice-pounders and firewood.

Gamb. 61.

Kayea stylosa Thw.

Ceylon.

W ood red, moderately hard and very heavy. Pores moderate-sized, in
radial strings, which are more or less in echelon and rather scanty.
Pith-rays very fine, indistinct. Very fine concentric bands of soft texture
across the rays.

Gamb. 59.

DIPTEROCA RPACEiE.

This is, by far, the most important family of the Orient. It is
probable that this one group produces more commercial wood than all
others of the region together. The trees here are often of large size and
they constitute a larger percentage of merchantable stand than is the way
with most other groups, outside of the mangrove swamps. In places, as
some of the dipterocarp forests in India, certain species form almost
pure stands ’(sal and eng forests in Burma).

“The most striking peculiarity of this order is, that numerous species
are gregarious, forming nearly pure forests of large extent, in which one
species has obtained the upper hand, to the exclusion of almost all others.
In the tropical forests of eastern Asia, these species play the part which
in Europe belongs to trees of Coni ferae and Cupuliferae — the Scotch pine,
the mountain pine, the spruce, and the beech. The most remarkable of
these gregarious species is the sal tree, Shorea robusta, which forms pure
or nearly pure forests of vast extent at the foot of the Himalaya, from
Assam to the Punjab, and in the hills of eastern central India extending
south to near the Godavery Iliver. In a climate and on soil which suits
it, this tree reigns supreme.” (Brandis Enumeration of the Dipterocar-
paceae. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31: (1895).)

Very often a number of dipterocarp species are found making up a
very large percentage of a given stand.

Many leguminous species have very ornamental wood which is in
great demand for furniture and cabinet work, but they do not supply
anything like the quantity of wood furnished by the dipterocarps. It
is this plentiful supply of usable timber which puts the dipterocarps
far in the lead among the oriental timber-producing families.

In many sections the dipterocarps predominate to such an extent that
the market conditions would not he seriously changed if all other kinds
of wood were taken from the market. It is not to be understood, from
what has just been said, that the dipterocarps are unsuited for furniture
and cabinet work. There are some members of the family which can be

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

507

made up in a decidedly ornamental fashion; but it is as general con-
struction timber, where large quantities of good woods are required,
that the dipterocarps are most useful. There are a number of very
durable woods in the family and quite a number of fair durability,
which are very easily worked.

The family is restricted to the Orient, being found in tropical Asia
from the Seychelles to New Guinea.

The wood of the family is characterized hy the presence of resin-ducts.
These are usually arranged in incomplete concentric lines, and some-
times appear at first sight to represent seasonal rings. However, this
irregular occurrence and the incompleteness of the rings is sufficient to
show very conclusively that they do not represent such periods of growth.
Seasonal rings are never present, so far as known. There is a wide
range of color and hardness. Pith-rays fine to moderately broad. Pores
small to large. Wood parenchyma irregularly arranged, usually scat-
tered, sometimes in discontinuous tangential lines. Two kinds of pith-
rays are sometimes present, as in Vatica and some species of Diptero-
carpus.

The number of species in the family is large and many of them are
but incompletely known. When Brandis wrote his Enumeration (1895)
there were 325 species known. Since that time, there have been 25 or
30 species described and there are probably quite a number of undescribed
species in Sumatra, Borneo and other portions of Malaya.

It seems that nearly all species in the family produce wood which
is utilized, most of it commercially; consequently the classification of
dipterocarp woods is an undertaking of some magnitude. There are
groups of species which correspond in structure and which are marketed
under the same name. An effort has been made to group the diptero-
carps according to the structural groups and to apply the most used
trade names to these groups.

The following seem fairly distinct: vassal-, chengal, yacal, peniow,
mangachapuy, mangasinoro, kapor, sal or guijo , apitong, tang idle, red
lauan, ahnon, white lauan , mayapis.

RASSAK. Plate XXVII, fig. 65.

This is variously known as vassal rcsak, resale batu, empadu, and
narig, and comes principally from species of Vatica and Cotylelobium.
It is found in Borneo, Sumatra, the Philippines, Ceylon and southern
India. Trees of this group are very widely distributed. Singapore
seems to be the principal market for the wood. It is probable that some
of the wood in the Singapore market under this name is supplied by
species of Shorca. The supply of vassak in Borneo seems to be rather
limited. It is increasingly difficult to find large trees. The tree seems
less gregarious than is the habit of many other members of the family.

508

FOXWORTHY.

Wood very hard and heavy, close-grained, yellowish-brown. Like
yacal and mangachapuy, it darkens characteristically on exposure to the
air. Pith-rays of two sorts, moderately broad and very fine. Pores
small or very small, clear and unbordered. Resin very scanty, often
difficult to see at all. Wood durable; used for construction work.

Newton 6.

CHENGAL (Penak). Plate XXVH, fig. 66.

This is the best member of this group in the Federated Malay States
and Straits Settlements. It is very much the same as yacal, but may be
distinguished from that wood by the fact that the tangential section
always shows distinct parallel transverse lines (ripple marks). The
wood is used for railroad ties, telephone and telegraph poles, bridges and
construction work. It is very durable and a very satisfactory wood to
work. It is produced by different species of the genus Balanocarpus.

YACAL. Plate XXVII, fig. 67.

Yacal (Phil.) ; selangan batu (M.) ; hallow. In the Singapore market,
this wood is known as hallow and has supplanted the “Johor e teak” ( Pari -
narium ohlongifolium Hook, f.), which was the original wood sold under
that name. In Burma, the wood which seems to be the commercial
equivalent of this is known as thingan. Yacal seems to be supplied
by Shorca halangeran Burck and other species of Shorca. Some of it
is also supplied by Hopea odorata Roxb. and other species of Hopea.
The name yacal seems to be the most used name for this wood. Large
quantities of this wood are used in the Philippines for railroad ties.
Perhaps the largest place of export for the wood is British North Borneo,
where it is locally known as selangan batu and Borneo yacal.

\\ ood very hard and heavy to very heavy, brownish when first cut but
rapidly darkening on exposure to tbe air. Always giving a very glis-
tening surface in transverse section. Pores more or less distinctly
fringed and with occasional indistinct bands of wood parenchyma. Resin
distinctly present. Resin-ducts occasionally forming incomplete con-
centric lines of lighter color than the surrounding wood. Pith-rays
uniform, fine. A very excellent and durable wood, which is said to be
free from insect attacks.

Gard. 56; Phil. Woods 396.

MANGACHAPUY. Plate XXVII, fig. 68.

Much like preceding but lighter in color and weight.

This wood is also known by the following names: gagil and selangan
halu No. 2 (British North Borneo) ; chengal No. 2 (Federated Malay
States); Jcaniongan (Dutch East Borneo).

The source of this wood seems to be a group of small leaved Hopeas,
of which Hopea acuminata Merr. is one.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

509

PENIOW.

This is produced by Shorea grandiftora Brandis and is found only in
Sarawak. It is probably the best member of the family in the region
where it occurs. In durability, it is considered as second only to billian
( Eusideroxylon zwageri). Wood very hard, very heavy and very resin-
ous. More uniformly vellowish-brown than any of the preceding. Used
for piling, corner posts,' wherever great strength and durability are
required.

KAPOR. Plate XXVII, fig. 69.

Found in Borneo, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula and some of
the islands of the Malay Archipelago. The Dutch call it “kampferhout,”
and the English, “Borneo camphorwood.” Wood reddish, very straight-
grained. Besin-ducts not abundant. Pores medium-sized, not fringed,
and wood parenchyma scanty. Occasionally a faint odor of camphor in
■the wood. Ripple marks occasionally present on longitudinal sections.
Used for piling, planking, etc. Easily worked and much in demand.
Produced by the species of the genus Drgobalanops.

GUI JO (Phil.); SAL (Burma); TEKAM (Sarawak); SELANGAN BATU
MIREH (British North Borneo). Plate XXVII, fig. 70.

In the Philippines, where it is known as a shipbuilding wood, it is
produced by Shorea guiso Bl. In Burma it is known as sal and occurs
in solid stands. It is here the product of Shorea rohusta Gaertn.
Wood hard and moderately heavy to heavy. Wood parenchyma present
in some quantity, sometimes faintly fringing the vessels and often form-
ing indistinct concentric lines. Resin-ducts not infrequent. Grain
crooked. This is an exceedingly good wood, but it is very likely to
warp badly unless carefully seasoned. Used for house and shipbuilding,
planks, carriage building, etc.

Gard. 55; Phil. Woods 384.

APITONG (Phil.) ; KRUEN (M.) ; ENG (Burma). Plate XXVII, fig. 71.

' Quite a number of species of Dipterocarpus produce wood of this
grade. The most widely distributed seems to be Dipterocarpus grandi-
florus Blanco, which is found in the Philippine Islands, in northern
and western Borneo and on the Malay Peninsula. In the Philippines
the name apitong is used. In northern and western Borneo and on the
Malay Peninsula the name Tcruen is used for the same and related species.
In east Borneo the name tampoerouw or tampoedow is found for wood
which is probably mainly the product of Dipterocarpus tampurau Kortli.
In Burma, the eng, which is the product of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus
Roxb., is a wood of this quality, as is also the wood of Diptero-
carpus turhinatus Gaertn. f., the gurjun of India, and Dipterocarpus

510

FOX WORTHY.

zeylanicus Thw., the horn of Ceylon. The quality of the wood varies
to some extent in the same species under different conditions, and in
different species; but, as a genus, Dipterocarpus has rather uniform
wood. A number of different grades of apitong are recognized in the
Philippine Islands.

\\ ood moderately hard to hard and moderately heavy. Pale-grayish-
red, sometimes with a faint purplish tinge. Pores large and more or less
distinctly fringed. Wood parenchyma often rather copious. Resin-ducts
numerous and evident. Wood sometimes rather close-grained, resembling
guiju or sal, and sometimes rather coarse and open-grained. Rather
easily worked. Used for heavy structural work, planks, etc. Very suit-
able for railroad ties, wherever the termites are not bad. Other grades
of this wood are known in the Philippines as panao or hagachac.

TANGUILE (Phil.) ; KLAPAK (Dutch Borneo) ; OBAR SULUK. Plate XXVII,

fig. 72.

In the Philippines, this wood is supplied by Shorea polysperma
(Blanco) Merr. It seems to be identical with the wood known as
klapak in Dutch East Borneo and obar suluk in British North Borneo.
Wood soft to moderately hard; light. Red, close- and straight-grained.

I ‘ores of medium size. Resin white and hard, frequently forming con-
spicuous hard lines. This wood works very well and is exceedingly
well suited for interior finish. It is being sold as ‘‘Philippine mahogany.”
It is of course not a mahogany at all; but, for interior finish, it makes
a pretty substitute.

Gard. 58; Phil. Woods 394.

BED LAUAN (Phil.) ; MERANTI (M.) ; SERIAH MERAH (M.). Plate XXVII,

fig. 73.

flic product of several species of Shorea (possibly also of Ilopea) and
seemingly identical with the meranti of Borneo and Malaya and the
serial > merah ol British Jsorth Borneo and the Malay Archipelago.
Wood soft or very soft and light. Pale-reddish. Pores large, some-
times showing dark glistening deposits. Resin-ducts rather numerous,
filled with whitish deposits. Used for light furniture and light or
temporary construction. The softer pieces are well suited for pattern
work.

Newton 2; Gard. 53; Phil. Woods 38(5.

MANGAS] NORO (Phil.); SERIAH PUTEH (British North Borneo). Plate

XXVII, fig. 78.

This seems to be the product of some species of Shorea in the Philip-
pines and it is identical in structure and appearance with the scriah puteh
of British North Borneo and the bangkirai of Dutch East Borneo. W^ood

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

511

yellowish- white, soft and light. Pores arranged in a I airly regular reticu-
late pattern, and resin-ducts almost entirely absent. Easily worked;
used for planks, etc.

PALOSAPIS OR MAYAPIS. Plate XXVIII, fig. 74.

This is produced by species of Anisoptera in the Philippines. It
seems to be the same as the mersawa of the Federated Malay States
and the mirauan of Sarawak. Wood yellowish-white; pith-rays of two
sorts, moderately broad and fine. Pores of medium size. Resin- ducts
rather distinct. Wood of young trees coarse-grained and brittle, rather
difficult to work. Wood from well-grown trees is of very good quality
and seems to be fairly durable. Used for planks, crossbeams, etc.

Gard. 66; Phil. Woods 389.

WHITE LAUAN. Plate XXVIII, fig. 75.

This is produced in the Philippines by Parashorea plicata Brandis and
Pentacme contorta (Yid.) Merr. & Rolfe. It occurs in British North
Borneo under the name of gagil and urat mata and in the Straits Set-
tlements as a poor grade of seriah. It is possible that some species of
Shorea and Hopea also produce wood which is sold under this name.
Wood grayish- white or brownish-gray ; soft and light, not durable. Pith-
rays of two kinds, moderately broad and fine. Resin-ducts numerous,
often forming incomplete concentric lines, falsely resembling seasonal
rings. Wood used for various forms of light or temporary construction.

Phil. Woods 386; Gard. 52.

ALMON.

This is a good grade of lauan, with a pinkish or reddish color. It is
often exactly the equivalent of some grades of meranti and seriah. It is
probably produced by different species of Shorea and possibly also Hopea.
It is a very good wood for light construction and interior finish. The
structure of this wood is very much the same as that of tanguile , but
it is usually much softer and lighter in color than that wood. In some
parts of Luzon this wood is known as mayapis.

The soft red-wooded dipterocarps are very common, but they are
not yet very clearly understood. Tanguile , red lauan and almon are
frequently confused. The best qualities of tanguile are conspicuously
darker in color and harder than the other two woods, and red lauan is
usually distinctly coarser grained than either almon or tanguile , but there
are numerous intermediate grades of these woods which may belong to any
one of the three.

In spite of our present fragmentary knowledge of the group, it has
seemed entirely feasible to prepare the following key to the commercial
dipterocarps.

512

FOX WORTHY.

KEY TO DIPTEROCARP WOODS.

a. Wood hard and moderately heavy to very heavy.
b. Yellowish-brown or whitish when first cut.
c. Resin very scanty; pith-rays evidently of two kinds; pores small ... Itesak

cc. Resin distinctly present in whitish concentric lines.

d. Distinct parallel transverse lines on tangential section Chengal

dd. Lines not present as above.

e. With glistening fracture.

f. Straw-color or almost white when fresh Mangachapuy

If- Light- to dark-brown Yacal

ee. Without glistening fracture Peniow

bb. With distinct reddish color.

c. Resin not abundant; very straight-grained Kapor

cc. Resin abundant, not so straight-grained.

d. Pores medium size Guijo

dd. Pores large IZZI Z'lpitong

. Wood moderately hard or soft; light to moderately heavy.

b. Distinctly reddish.

c. Vessels of medium size or small; wood fine-grained Tanguile

cc. Vessels large Redlauan

bb. Usually white or yellowish, reddish tinge faint, if present.
c. Yellowish-white.

d. Poies in definite patterns . Mangasinoro

dd. Pores scattered Palosapis

cc. Grayish-white or with faint pinkish tinge.

d. Faint pinkish tinge present _ Almon

dd. Grayish-white or with slight brownish tinge White lauan

SPECIES NOTES.

The following notes are intended to serve as a list of the better
know n commercial species and to indicate the distribution and give the
more important literature on the wood of each.

Anisoptera glabra Kurz. Thinkadu (Burma).

British India, Burma, Malay Peninsula.

Used in boat building.

Ridl. GO; Gamb. 73.

Anisoptera palembanica Miq. Basoeng (Sumatra).

Van Eed. 26.

Anisoptera thurifera Blanco. Plate XXVIII, fig. 74. Mayapis or Palosapis.
Philippines.

Phil. Woods 389.

Balanocarpus maximus King. Chenghei; penak (M.).

Malay Peninsula.

Ridl. G2.

Balanocarpus penang ianus King. Damar liitam (M.).

Malay Peninsula.

Ridl. 62.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

513

Cotylelobium flavum Pierre. Rassak durian.

Sarawak.

Used in boat building.

Becc. 570.

Cotylelobium melanoxylon Pierre ( Anisoptera melanoxylon Hook.). Resak
(M.).

Borneo.

The shining brown heartwood is much prized. Next to Dryobalanops,
perhaps the most valuable tree in Labuan.

E.-Pr. 3e : 268 ; Brandis Enum. 115.

Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. Kanyinbyu (Burma).

British India and Burma.

House building and canoes.

Gamb. 72; Nord. VIII; Pierre 212.

Dipterocarpus eurhynchus Miq. Kroewing (M. ).

Sumatra, Riouw.

Van Eed. 20.

Dipterocarpus gracilis Bl. Palaglar.

Java.

I\. & V. 5:117; Janssonius 1:358.

Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blanco. Plate XXVII, fig. 71. Apitong (Phil.) ;
kruen ( M. ) .

Philippines, British North Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Banka.

Phil. Woods 372; Ridl. 55.

Dipterocarpus hasseltii Bl. Hagachac (Phil.).

Java, Philippines.

Phil. Woods 373; K. & V. 5:109-111; Janssonius 1:359.

Dipterocarpus insularis Hance.

Cochin China.

Pierre 214; Janssonius 1:348.

Dipterocarpus littoralis Bl. Lalar.

Java.

K. &. V. 5:114; Janssonius 1:348.

Dipterocarpus lowii Hook. f. Kruyn (M.).

Sarawak.

Bargagli-Petrucci 60—62 ; Becc. 569.

Dipterocarpus retusus Bl. Palaglar mien jak (M.).

Java.

K. & V. 5:112-114.

Dipterocarpus tampurau Korth. Tampoerouw or tampoedau.

South and .east Borneo.

Dipterocarpus trinervis Bl. Boembang; palalaglar; palaglar-mienjak; kla-
lar; mesegar.

Java, Sumatra.

Van Eed. 26; K. & V. 5:105-109; Janssonius 1 :354.

514 FOXWORTHY.

Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. Eng, in (Bunn.).

British India and Burma, Cochin China.

Reddish-brown, heavy, but readily worked wood. Used for structural
work.

Pierre 218; Watt Diet. 3 : 1 GO ; Gamb. 72, tab. 11, fig. 1; Nbrd. V (D. grandi-
florus Wall.), XJ.

Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. f. (D. laevis Ham.). Kanyin (Bunn.);
gurjun (Beng.).

British India and the Andaman Islands.

Red, moderately hard wood; used for house and boat building.

Watt Diet. 3:170; Gamb. 70.

Dipterocarpus vernicifluus Blanco. Panao.

Philippines.

Phil. Woods 373.

Dipterocarpus zeylanicus Thw. Hora.

Ceylon.

Gamb. 72.

Doona congestiflora Thw. Tinya.

Ceylon.

Used for tea-boxes.

Lewis 308.

Doona gardneri Thw.

Ceylon.

Wood hard, even-grained, durable, reddish-brown; called “red doon”
by sawyers in the hill country, and used for sleepers in the Haputale
railway.

Doona zeylanica Thw. Dun, doon.

Ceylon.

Wood light, moderately hard, pale-grayish-brown, durable and greatly
in request for shingles, whence the tree is often called “shingle tree.”
Gamb. 74.

Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f. Kapor; kampferhout ; Borneo camphor
wood.

Borneo, Sumatra, Malacca.

Van Eed. 27; Ridl. 61; Newton 6.

Dryobalanops beccarii Dyer. Kapor gunong and kapor paya (M.).

Sarawak.

Becc. 572; Bargagli-Petrucci 73.

Dryobalanops kayanensis Becc. Kapor bennar.

Sarawak.

Becc. 572; Bargagli-Petrucci 74.

Other species of Dryobalanops furnish wood which is not to be distinguished
from that of the species mentioned.

Hopea acuminata Merr. Plate XXVII, fig. 68. Mangachapuy or dalin-
dingan.

Philippines.

Phil. Woods 389; Gard. 68.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

O

5

Hopea beccariana Burck. Mahan besi; mangbesi.

Sarawak.

Bargagli-Petrucci 70; Becc. 572.

Hopea dryobalanoides Miq. Dammar-mata-koetjing; dammar-poetih.
Sumatra.

Hopea fagifolia Miq. Kawang; djempina; tjengal.

Banka, Java.

Van Eed. 27; K. & V. 5:124-126; Janssonius 1 : 369-374.

Hopea ferrea Pierre.

Cochin China.

Pierre 249.

Hopea grisea Brandis. Lon putte; loon putih.

Sarawak.

Becc. 571; Bargagli-Petrucci 71.

Hopea intermedia King. Jankang; merawan kunyit; mengarawan.

Malay Peninsula.

Ridl. 59.

Hopea mengarawan Miq. Ngarawan; mengrawan; tjinkang; inaranti.
Sumatra, Banka.

Van Eed. 28.

Hopea myrtifolia Miq. Mengarawan.

Sumatra.

Van Eed. 28.

Hopea odorata Roxb. Thingan (Burma); sao (Anam).

British India and Burma, Andaman Islands, Cochin China, Borneo.

Yellowish-brown, moderately hard and heavy; easy to work; not sub-
ject to insect attack. Said to combine many of the good points of oak
with the durability of teak. Much the same wood as yacal. In demand
for all kinds of building.

Pierre 224; Gamb. 75, tab. II, fig. 2; Nord. IX.

Hopea pierrei Hance.

Cochin China.

Pierre 248.

Hopea philippinensis Dyer.

Philippines.

Hopea plagata Vidal.

Philippines.

Phil. Woods 396.

Hopea treubii Heim. Mar akka.

Sarawak.

Becc. 571; Bargagli-Petrucci 72.

Hopea wightiana Wall.

British India.

Gamb. 74.

Isoptera borneensis Scheff.

Borneo, Banka, Malay Peninsula.

Becc. 571.

FOXWOIITHY.

516

Monoporanda cordifolia Thw.

Ceylon.

Pachinocarpus umbonatus Hook. f.

Borneo.

Soft white wood.

E.-Pr. 3":270.

Parashorea plicata Brandis. White lauan.

Pliilippines.

Phil. Woods 386.

Parashorea stellata Kurz. ( Shorea stellaia Dyer.) Chengal (M.) ; thin-
gadu (Burm.) ; kaunghmu (Burm.).

Burma, Malacca, Cochin China.

Brownish- white, moderately hard. Used for boat building.

Gamb. 83; Watt Diet. 62:678; Ridl. in Agric. Bull. F. M. S. & S. S. 6 (1907)
170.

Pentacme contorta (Vid.) Merr. & Rolfe. White lauan.

Philippines.

Phil. Woods 386.

Pentacme suavis A. DC. (P. siamensis Kurz). Ingyin (Burm.).

Burma, Cochin China.

Wood very hard, very heavy, cross-grained, in this respect similar to
sal which it also resembles in color. Very durable, indestructible in
water. Wood fibers diaphragmed with delicate cross-walls; the vessels
form short radial rows; the pith-rays are usually two cells wide and
have crystal-bearing border cells.

Gamb. 77; Nord. IV ( Hopea suavis Wall.); E.-Pr. 3°:263; Watt Diet. 6":678;
Pierre 225-227.

Shorea acuminata Dyer. Rambeh daun; maranti payah.

Malay Peninsula.

Ridl. 58.

Shorea aptera Burck. (Hopea balangeran de Vr., not Korth.) Miniak teng-
kawang.

Borneo.

Burck in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 6 (1887) 210.

Shorea assamica Dyer. Makai.

Assam.

Gamb. 83.

Shorea balangeran Burck. (Hopea balangeran Korth.; Parahopea balangeran
Heim.) Yacal (Phil.); njating-mahambong; tengjawang-blongseng; tengkawang-
seloengsoeng ; balangeran ( M. ) .

Banka, Borneo, Philippines.

This furnishes a part of the yacal of the Philippines, and probably,
also, a part of the selangan batu of British North Borneo.

Phil. Woods 396; Burck 1. c. 214.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

517

Shorea barbata Brandis, llesak.

Malay Peninsula.

Ridl. 59.

Shorea brachyptera Heim. Mangkabang assu.

Sarawak.

Becc. 571; Bargagli-Petrucci 67.

Shorea compressa Burck.

Borneo.

Van Eed. 28.

Shorea curtisii King. Meranti; tahi.

Malay Peninsula.

Ridl. 58.

Shorea elliptica Burck. Merawan mera.

Sarawak.

Becc. 571; Bargagli-Petrucci 66.

Shorea eximia SchefF. Koejoeng.

Banka, Sumatra.

Van Eed. 28.

Shorea falcifera Dyer. Mengkabang pinang.

Sarawak.

Bargagli-Petrucci 65; Becc. 571.

Shorea ferruginea Dyer. Sassak suppok.

Sarawak.

Becc. 571; Bargagli-Petrucci 64.

Shorea furfuracea Miq. Maranti.

Sumatra.

Burck 1. c. 219.

Shorea ghysbertsiana Burck. Mengkabang pinang.

Borneo.

A fine-grained, hard, red wood, resembling guijo.

Becc. 571.

Shorea glauca King. Balau.

Malay Peninsula.

Wood dark-brown in color and heavy, with numerous small pores, and
close fine rays. Much resembles damar laut (Shorea utilis).

Ridl. in Agric. Bull. F. M. S. & S. S. 6 (1907) 171.

Shorea gratissima Dyer.

Singapore.

Ridl. 59.

Shorea guiso (Blanco) Blume. Plate XXVII, fig. 70. Guijo.

Philippines.

Phil. Woods 384; Gard. 55.

Shorea hypochra Hance. Vin vin.

Cochin China.

The hard, yellow heartwood is much prized.

Pierre 228.

518

FOXWORTIIY.

Shorea javanica K. & V. Plalar.

Java.

K. & V. 5:121.

Shorea leprosula Miq. Seraya batu; laro (M.).

Malay Peninsula, Borneo.

Ridl. 55; Becc. 571; Bargagli-Petrucei 04.

Shorea macroptera Dyer. Kepong; kepong hantu; sassak (M. ).

Malay Peninsula, Borneo.

Ridl. 57; Bargagli-Petrucei 03; Beec. 571.

Shorea maranti Burck. (Hopea ? maranti Miq.) Meranti.

Malacca, Sumatra, Banka.

Ridl. 55-57; Van Eed. 27.

Shorea martin iana SchefF. ( Hopea macrophylla de Vr.) Tengkawang-lajar.
Borneo.

Burck 1. c. 208.

Shorea nitens Miq. Maranti bras; sengkawang.

Sumatra.

Van Eed. 28.

Shorea obtusa Wall. Thitya (Burm.).

Burma.

Gamb. 82.

Shorea palembanica Miq. Melebekan.

Sumatra.

Van Eed. 28.

Shorea parvifolia Dyer. Serayah samak; meranti daun kechil; meranti
kerap.

Malay Peninsula.

Ridl. 57.

Shorea platycarpa Heim. Mranti boava.

Sarawak.

Bargagli-Petrucei 07; Becc. 570.

Shorea polysperma Merr. Plate XXVIII, fig. 73. Tanguile.

Philippines.

Phil. Woods 394; Card. 58.

Shorea robusta Gaertn. Sfll (Hind.).

British India, Burma, Cochin China.

Sap wood small, whitish, not durable; lieartwood brown, pale when
first cut, but darkening on exposure, coarse-grained, hard, with a remark-
able fibrous and cross-grained structure; the fibers of alternate belts in
the wood on a vertical section running in opposite directions, so that
when (lie wood is dressed, a very sharp plane is necessary or it will not
get smooth; does not season well. Seasonal rings only visible in young
trees or on freshly cut wood. Pores moderate-sized lo large, often filled
with resin ; each pore or group of pores in a patch of pale, loose tissue.
Pith-rays uniform, moderately broad, straight, very prominent, joined

519

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

by short white transverse lines, the distance between the pith-rays equal
to the transverse diameter of the pores. Pith-rays mostly four cells wide
with cubical border cells. The most important structural wood of north-
ern India. Used also for joinery and railroad ties.

Janssonius 1:364—369; E.-Pr. 36:266; Gamb. 77—81, tab. II, fig. 3 ; Nurd. ;
Watt Diet. 62: 677.

Shorea selanica Bl. ( Hopea selanica Roxb.) Dammar-sila; dammar-ina-
laijoe; bahoet; kajoe-bapa; bapa-mereb; bapa-puti.

Borneo, Moluccas.

Van Eed. 28.

Shorea sericea Dyer.

Malay Peninsula.

Ridl. 58.

Shorea squamata Benth. & Hook. f.

Borneo, Philippines.

Becc. 570.

Shorea talura Roxb. Talura (Tam.)

British India.

Gamb. 82.

Shorea tumbaggaia Roxb. Tambugai (Tam.); cangu.

British India.

The wood, which is harder than that of sal, though otherwise similar,
is used in structural work.

Watt Diet. 62:679; Gamb. 81.

Shorea util is King. Damar laut numero satu.

Malay Peninsula.

A very useful and durable wood. Used for structural work, piling,
etc.

Ridl. 58; Newton 6.

Stemonoporus wighti i Thw. Halmendora.

Ceylon.

Gamb. 85.

Vateria acuminata Hayne.

Ceylon; frequently planted.

Light but hard and durable wood, with thin-walled wood cells. Ves-
sels single or in small groups. Used for tea-chests and structural work.
Lewis 308.

Vateria indica L. Piney maram ; “the piney varnish tree.”

British India.

Bough, coarse-grained, moderately hard wood with reddish-white sap
and gray heart. Used for boats, masts, coffins, tea-chests, packing cases,

etc.

Gamb. 85, tab. II, fig. It; Nord. V; Watt Diet. 62:225.

520

FOXWORTHY.

Vateria seychellarum Dyer.

Seychelles.

Wood of this rare tree much valued because of the large amount of oil
which it contains.

E.-Pr. 3® : 273.

Vatica (Synaptea) astrotricha Pierre.

Cochin China.

Yellow-brown to reddish or greenish, black-streaked, very durable.
Used for structural work and furniture.

Pierre 240.

Vatica bancana Scheff.

Banka, Java.

K. & V. 5:127-129; Janssonius 1:360-364.

Vatica bantamensis Burck.

Java, Sumatra.

K. & V. 5:129.

Vatica cinerea King. Pinang baik.

Malay Peninsula.

Ridl. 60.

Vatica chinensis L.

British India and Ceylon.

Reddish-brown, hard, close-grained.

Gamb. 84.

Vatica (Synaptea) faginea Pierre.

Cochin China.

Pierre 242.

Vatica mangachapoi Blanco. Narig (Phil.).

Philippines.

Vatica rassak Korth. Rassak; njating; dammara.

Dutch Borneo.

It seems probable that quite a number of species produce timber which
is known as rassak. In some places the wood of Vatica is known as
tjengal.

TAMARICACE M.

Tamarix articulata Vahl.

Africa, Arabia, Java, British India.

White, moderately hard wood, used for cart wheels, agricultural imple-
ments, etc.

Watt Diet. 63:409; Gamb. 46; Nord. VI.

T amarix gallica L.

India, Burma, Ceylon.

Wood white or reddish, sometimes darker in the center, but no heart-
wood. Pores small to moderate-sized, often in groups, more numerous

1ND0-MALAYAN WOODS.

521

and large in the earlier-formed wood if the seasonable rings are distinct.
Pith-rays generally broad, short, distant, giving a marked silver grain.
Gamb. 46; Nord. I.

FLACOU RTIACEiE.

Wood usually reddish-brown, moderately hard or hard. Pores small,
in short radial lines. Pith-rays fine, numerous, closely packed. The
structure closely resembles that of the red-wooded section of Euphor-
biacece.

Casearia glomerata Roxb.

British India to Hongkong and Java.

Yellowish- white, moderately hard, coarse wood.

Watt Diet. 2:209; Gamb. 378, tab. Till, fig. 5; Nord. X.

Casearia tomentosa Roxb.

British India to Java and north Australia.

Wood similar to the preceding and used for making combs.

Gamb. 379; Watt Diet. 2:209; K. & V. 1:176-178.

Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.

British India and Burma.

K. & V. 5:26—28; Gamb. 39, tab. t. fig. J ; Nord. IX; \ an Eed. 11; Janssonius
1:209; Ridl. 11.

Flacourtia ramontchi L’Herit. “Madagascar-plum.”

India, Burma, Ceylon; cultivated in Egypt and throughout southern Asia.

Red, hard, close- and even-grained, splits but does not warp, and is
durable. Pores small, in radial lines. Pith-rays fine, uniform, closely
packed and somewhat wavy. Agricultural implements and turnery.

Watt Diet. 3:399; Gamb. 40; Van Eed. 12; K. & V. 5:19-22; Janssonius
1 :208.

Gynocardia odorata R. Br.

British India.

Yellow or yellowish-brown wood; used for rough structural work.

Watt Diet. 4:194; Gamb. 41.

Homalium frutescens King. Petaling ayer.

Malay Peninsula.

A fine-grained wood, suitable for building.

Ridl. 180.

Homalium tomentosum Benth. Dalingsem.

Java to Burma.

A hard and heavy structural wood.

K. & V. 1:182-185; Van Eed. 149.

88250 8

522

FOXWORTHY.

Homalium luzoniense F.-Vill. (Plate XXVIII, fig. 79), and other species.
Aranga.

Philippines.

A very hard and durable wood. Reddish, close-grained. Pith-rays
very fine and very numerous, turning out to pass vessels. Vessels
medium-size, scattered. Used for piling and structuial work. Con-
sidered by many as the best wood for piling in the Philippines.

Phil. Woods 373; Gard. G3.

Hydnocarpus alpina Wight.

India and Ceylon.

Light-brown, hard, with streaks of darker color and clearly containing
tannin. Seasonal rings faint. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided
radially into 2 or 3, scanty. Pith-rays fine, very numerous and closely
packed, the distances between them much less that the transverse diameter
of the pores. Used for beams and rafters and a good fuel.

Gamb. 42.

Pangium edule Reimv. Putjung; pangi.

Malay Archipelago.

A hard wood ; used for house building.

Van Eed. 12; Janssonius 1:211; K. & V. 5:6-8.

Trichadenia zeylanica Thw. Tolol (Cingh.),

Ceylon.

Wood yellowish-white, hard. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided,
rather scanty, in radial patches. Pith-rays fine, very close, regular,
bent round the pores.

Gamb. 41.

DATI SCACE2E.

Tetrameles nudiflora R. Br.

India and Ceylon.

White and soft. Seasonal rings marked by a belt of close pores.
Wood cells large. Pores large, often subdivided and in short zigzag
transverse lines. Pith-rays fine to moderately broad, clearly marked,
the distance between the rays equal to the diameter of the pores. 'Pea-
chests.

Gamb. 381; K. & V. 9:37-40; Van Eed. 150; Lewis 309.

Octomeles sumatrana Miq. Plate XXVIII, fig. 80. Binuang (Phil.); mi-
nuang (M.) ; kajoe-palaka (M.).

Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines.

Wood soft, yellowish, not durable.

Van Eed. 150; Becc. 579.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

523

TIIYMELAEACE2E.

Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. Kayu-garu (M.).

British India and Malaya.

Wood white, soft and light, even-grained, scented when fresh cut. In
the interior of old trees are sometimes found irregular masses of harder
and darker-colored wood, with a lioney-like scent, which constitute the
“eaglewood” of commerce. Pores small and moderate-sized, in short
radial lines. Pith-rays fine, numerous; the distance between two con-
secutive rays less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Numerous
short transverse bands of pores and intercellular ducts filled with a
brownish substance. A valuable incense wood. (See p. 427.)

Gamb. 579.

Aquilaria malaccensis Lam., and other species also furnish eaglewood.

LYTHRACE M.

Wood grayish or reddish-brown, moderately hard. Pores of various
sizes, joined by narrow bands of wood parenchyma. Pith-rays fine,
numerous, uniform, usually bent around the pores.

Lagerstroem ia fioribunda Jack.

Tropical Asia.

Wood light-fawn-colored with the rings usually very distinct and
large, sometimes rather close, rays fine and close, rather obscure, pores
of medium size in lines along the rings, the rings being marked out by
lines of large pores.

Ridl. 179.

Lagerstroem ia hexaptera Miq. Bungah malukut.

Malay Peninsula.

Ridl. 179.

Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb.

Tropical Asia.

Wood very hard, gray or grayish-brown, often almost red, darker-
colored near the center, hard. No seasonal rings. Pores moderate-
sized and large, often subdivided, surrounded singly or in patches by
pale rings, which are joined by fine narrow, irregular, wavy, interrupted
and anastomosing bands of wood parenchyma. Pith-rays fine, very nu-
merous, inconspicuous. Used for house posts, beams and rafters, frames
for doors and windows, pieces for agricultural implements, carts and
boats.

Gamb. 371; Nord. X; Watt Diet. 4:584.

524

FOXWORTHY.

Lagerstroemia piriformis Koehne (L. batitinan Vid.). Batitinan.

Philippines.

Wood hard and moderately heavy. Sapwood light; heartwood dark-
brovvn. Fine straight grain. Seasonal rings distinct. Ring porous.
Black glistening deposits in the vessels. Used for general construction ;
posts, sleepers, flooring, joists, planks, rafters; shipbuilding, keelsons,
masts; piles; telegraph poles.

Phil. Woods 377; Gard. 65.

Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. (L. fios-regine Retz.). Plate XXVIII,
fig. 81. Jarul (Beng.) ; banaba (Phil.) ; bongoh, boengoer (M. ).

Throughout the eastern tropics.

Moderately heavy and hard. Sapwood light to pinkish; heartwood
dark-reddish-brown or light-red. Seasonal rings distinct. Ring-porous.
Straight-grained. Dark-colored, glistening deposits ih the vessels. Used
for high-grade construction, boat building, interior partitions and fur-
nishings; planks, rafters, sills, wharves; piling; furniture; carabao yokes;
barrels; railroad ties. Considered as almost the equal of teak.

Phil. Woods 374; Becc. 579; Gamb. 373, tab. VIII, fig. /,; Nord. X; Watt Diet.
4:582; K. & V. 1:190—193; Van Eed. 146; Watt in Agric. Ledger (1907) No.
9, 1-7.

Several other species also produce wood of very good quality.

SONNERATIACE2E.

Crypteronia paniculata Bl. Krakas; tjelemgan ; kajoe-ramo (M.).

British India, Malay Peninsula and Malay Archipelago.

Wood light-reddish-brown, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized,
scanty, usually subdivided radially. Pith-rays very numerous, fine, red,
inconspicuous. Used for cabinet work. Other species used in the same
manner.

Gamb. 370; Van Eed. 145; Ridl. 180; K. & V. 1:203-205.

Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb.) Ham. {Duabanga sonneratioides Ham.; La-
gerstroemia grandifiora Roxb.).

British India and Burma.

Wood gray, often streaked with yellow, soft, seasons well, neither
warps nor splits. Pores large and moderate-sized, often oval and sub-
divided, in roughly oblique lines. Pith-rays fine, very numerous, wavy.
Used for canoes, tea-boxes, etc.

Gamb. 376; Watt Diet. 3:196; Ridl. 179.

Duabanga moluccana Bl. Loctob (Phil.); takir, kedjimas (Java).

Philippines, Celebes, Java, Amboina, Bali.

Wood soft, light-colored, not durable. Used for planks and small
boats.

K. & V. 1 : 195-197 ; Van Eed. 145.

Sonneratia acida L. f. Pedada, p’dada (M.).

British India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay Archipelago.

W ood gray, soft, even-grained. Pores small, oval and subdivided, very

INDO-MA LAYAN W OODS.

525

numerous, uniformly distributed. Pith-rays very fine, very numerous,
bent around the pores. Used for models and fuel.

Gumb. 377; Nurd. X; Watt Diet. 63:275; Becc. 579; Van Eed. 147; K. & V.
1:198-200; Bargagli-Petrucci 70, tab. XIV.

Sonneratia apetala Ham.

British India, Burma, Ceylon.

Moderately hard; sapwood gray; heartwood reddish-brown. Used lor
house building, packing boxes, planks, fuel.

Gamb. 370; Watt Diet. 63:196.

Sonneratia pagatpat Blanco. Plate XXV11I, fig. 82. Pagatpat (Phil.).

Sonneratia alba Smith. Prapat (M.).

These two species are very much alike and may be identical, llie outer part
of the mangrove swamp. Throughout the Mala}' region.

Wood hard and heavy, fine-grained, with slightly disagreeable odor.
Sapwood white or grayish, heartwood dark-brown and taking up most of
the log, sapwood in a rather narrow layer. Pores small and scattered.
Works readily, but contains quite a large amount of salt and, conse-
quents, is said to cause nails or spikes to rust quickly. Shavings salty
to the taste. Air-dry wood sometimes contains as much as 1 per cent
of its weight of salt. In some parts of Borneo the natives secure salt
from the ashes of the wood. Used for house building, planking lor
boats, wall plates, bridges and all parts of structures which come in
contact with metal work ; used also for telegraph and telephone poles. It
should be tried for railroad ties. The air-roots of this tree are very corky
and light. They are commonly known in the Philippines by the name
of daluru and are used as razor hones. (See p. 427.)

Van Eed. 148; K. & V. 1:200; Becc. 579.

LECYTHI DACE2E.

Barringtonia acutangula Gaertn. Indian oak.

From the Seychelles to north Australia and Queensland.

White, shining, soft, even-grained. Pores small, often subdivided or
in radial groups between the broad and very broad, rarely line and
moderately broad, long pith-rays, which form the greater part ot the
wood, and show a handsome silver grain on radial section. Boat building
and joinery.

Gamb. 363, tab. VIII, fig. 3; Nurd. X; Watt Diet. 1:402.

Barringtonia racemosa Bl. Nivar.

Britisli India, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago.

Wood white, very soft, porous. Pores small and moderate-sized, nu-
merous, uniformly distributed. Pith-rays moderately broad, long, equi-
distant. Used principally for fuel.

Gamb. 363; Van Eed. 131; K. & V. 6:6-8.

FOXWORTHY.

526

Barrington ia speciosa Foist. Putat.

Malay Archipelago.

Wood like the preceding. A number of species of this genus furnish
wood of this grade. They are usually known by the name of putat
and are not of much commercial importance.

K. & Y. 6:4-6; Van Eed. 131; Ridl. 178.

Careya arborea Roxb.

India.

Wood moderately hard; sapwood whitish, large; heartwood dull-red,
sometimes claret-colored, very dark in old trees, even-grained. Pores
oval, moderate-sized to large, subdivided, wavy on vertical section. Pith-
rays numerous, tine, equidistant and uniform; the space between two
consecutive rays less than the diameter of the pores, around which they
bend. Across the pith-rays are numerous very fine transverse bars, not
easily seen except on a thin section. Durable. Agricultural implements,
gun-stocks, house-posts, planking, carts, furniture and cabinet work.

Gamb. 364; Nord. X; Watt Diet. 2:157.

Planchonia valida Bl. ( P . littoralis Van Iloutte).

Andaman Islands and the Malay Archipelago.

Wood reddish-brown, with yellow streaks, very hard and very heavy,
close-grained. Pores moderate-sized and large, often subdivided, in
rounded and elongated patches, which are sometimes joined by narrow,
undulating bands of softer tissue. Pith-rays very fine, numerous, bend-
ing. The pores are frequently filled up by a yellow substance, and are
prominent on a vertical section. Seasons well and takes a fine polish.

Gamb. 365; Watt Diet. 61:284; Van Eed. 139; K. & V. 6:24-26.

R HIZOPHORACE M.

Hard and usually heavy-wooded trees. Rhizophora, Ceriops, and
Bruguiera have small pores and equidistant, fine or moderately broad
rays. The pores are somethues joined by interrupted concentric bands.
The structure of Kandelia is different. Carallia and Anisophyllea differ
by having two classes .of medullary rays; short very fine rays between

the regular broad ones.

Pith-rays broad, of two classes.

Wood heavy or very heavy Carallia

Wood only moderately heavy J Oynotroches

( Anisophyllea

Pith-rays tine or moderately broad.

Pith-rays yellow, contrasting with the rest of the wood Kandelia

Pith-rays not very different in color from the rest of the wood.

•Wood orange-colored and giving a fluorescent orange-colored aqueous solution.

Ceriops

Wood not orange Rhizophora

Bruguiera

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

527

Anisophyllea zeylanica Benth.

Ceylon.

Moderately hard and heavy. Grayish-brown. Tea-boxes.

Gamb. 336; Lewis 307.

Bruguiera caryophylloides Blume. Kakandan (lam.); Bosung (M.).

Tidal forests of India and Burma, rare in Ceylon; Philippines, New Guinea.

Wood reddish, hard and heavy, close-grained. Pores small, scanty,
often subdivided. Pith-rays tine, numerous, wavy, with a pretty silver
grain.

Gamb. 334; K. & V. 4:298-300; Ridl. 172.

Bruguiera eriopetala W. & A.

Madagascar to Australia.

Wood very hard and heavy; dark-reddish. Used for piling and for
fuel.

K. & V. 4:295-297; Van Eed. 126.

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Lam. Plate XXVIII, fig. 84. Tumu (M.) ; poto-
tan (Phil.).

East Africa to Australia.

The most stately tree of the mangroves. Wood very hard and very
heavy, dark-reddish-brown. Construction and furniture in India ; piling :
fuel.

Ridl. 172; Watt Diet. 1:54; Gamb. 334; K. & V. 4:292-295; Van Eed. 127;
Bargagli-Petrucci 75.

Bruguiera parvifiora W. & A. Burrus; b’rus ; b eus (M.) ; lenggadi (Phil.).

India to Malaya and the Philippines; very abundant in the interior of man-
grove swamps.

Hard and heavy. Growing usually to only a small size, but with
a beautifully clear straight trunk. Wood less desirable than that of
Rhizophora spp., or of B. gymnorrhiza , but still a good wood. Chief use,
piling.

K. & V. 4:297; Van Eed. 127; Ridl. 172; Becc. 578.

Carallia integerrima DC. Plate XXVIII, fig. 83.

India and Ceylon to Malaya; fairly common in the Philippines, but usually
not of large size.

Pretty, red-marked heartwood, used for construction, furniture, and
fine cabinet work.

Watt Diet. 1:541; Gamb. 335, tab. VII, fig. 3; Niird. X; K. & V. 4:301-304.

Ceriops roxburghiana Arn. Tengah ; tengah puti (M.) ; tangal (Phil.).

Tropical tidal forests of the Old World.

Wood very hard and very heavy, orange-red in color and giving a
fluorescent orange color to water in which it is placed. Very durable in
water. Pith-rays distinct. The two species of this genus are distinctly
the best of the mangroves, although they are of comparatively small

528

FOX WORTHY.

size. Used for piling, roof supports, etc., specially prized as a high-
grade firewood.

K. & Y. 4: 287-289 3 Van Eed. 127.

Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C. B. Rob. ( C . candolleana Arn.). Taneal (Phil ) •
tengah ( M. ) .

Same distribution as the last.

Same kind of wood and same uses. Shipbuilding.

Watt Diet. 2:261; K. & V. 4:284-287; Van Eed. 127; Ridl. 172.

Gynotroches axillaris Bl. Mata keli; koekoeran (M.).

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

\\ ood soft, moderately heavy, not durable, light-brownish. Used for
house work, rafters, blades of oars, etc.

K. & V. 4:306-213; Ridl. 173.

Kandelia rheedii W. & A. Tumu (M.).

British India to Formosa and Malaya.

Much less common than the preceding and but little used. Pith-rays
said to be distinct from the rest of the wood because of a distinct
yellow color.

K. & V. 4: 290.

Rhizophora conjugata L. Bakko, Akit (M.) ; Bacauan (Phil.).

Tidal forests of eastern Africa, Asia, and Australia.

Very hard and very heavy; like the next.

Ridl. 172; K. & V. 4:282; Van Eed. 128.

Rhizophora mucronata Lam. Plate XXIX, fig. 86. Belukap, b’lukap (M.) ;
bacauan (Phil.).

Principal constituent of the mangrove on the Zanzibar coast (there called
mlconko) , then in the Seychelles, Madagascar, the whole of tropical Asia, through
Malaya (o Australia.

_ Mllc]l valued for construction work in regions of east Africa where
timber is scarce. Piling, firewood.

Ridl. 172; Gamb. 335; Wiesner 2:123; K. & V. 4:278-282; Boulder 241- Van
Eed. 128; Newton 6; Holtzapffel 93.

I can not distinguish the wood of Rhizophora spp. from that of Bruguiera spp.

COM BRETACE2E.

key TO THE GENERA OF COMBRETACEvE.

Pores more or less connected and surrounded by wood parenchyma.

Pores medium-sized to small Anogeissus

Pores medium-sized to large Terminals

lores not surrounded nor connected by wood parenchyma, small and in short

radial lines T

Lummtzera

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

529

Anogeissus. Wood gray usually with a small purple-brown heartwood,
hard, close-grained. Pores small, in light-colored patches sometimes
arranged more or less concentrically (A. latifolia and A. acuminata ),
sometimes radially (A . pendula) . Pith-rays fine, uniform, equidistant.

Anogeissus latifolia Wall.

British India.

Very hard and very heavy. Seasonal rings marked by lines without
pores. Pores small, very numerous, often subdivided, surrounded either
singly or in loose patches by wood parenchyma, the patches arranged
obliquely or transversely in a roughly concentric fashion. Pith-rays
very fine, extremely numerous, uniform, equidistant. Transverse di-
ameter of the pores about equal to the distance between the pith-rays.
Very strong and tough, but splits in seasoning and unless kept dry is
not very durable. Ax handles, poles for carrying loads, axles of carts,
furniture, agricultural implements, shipbuilding. Good fuel and ex-
cellent charcoal.

Gamb. 346, tab. VII, fig. \ ; Nord. X, also IX ( Conocarpus ) ; Watt Diet. 1 :257.

Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt (L. coccinea W. & A.). Plate XXIX, fig.
87. “Red-flowered mangrove;” naiia (Guam) ; culasi, sagasa, tabao (Phil.) ;
taruntum, griting (M. ) ; doekoek, doekoek-ageng (Jav. ) ; taroengtoeng (Suma-
tra) ; api-api (Java and Sumatra).

British India and Ceylon to Australia and Polynesia; a mangrove swamp tree.

Wood hard and heavy, grayish- or yellowish-brown, occasionally with
a certain reddish tinge. Pine-grained, with faint rose-like odor when
first cut. Irregular seasonal rings said to be sometimes present. Pores
small, in short radial lines. Pith-rays fine, numerous, the distance
between them about equal to the diameter of the pores. Wood strong
and durable. Used for piling, with the bark on. In Borneo, this wood
is considered as second only to billian for piling, and much of it is
exported for that purpose. On the Malay Peninsula it is used for the
axles of carts. Used for boat building by the natives of Kaiser Wil-
helmsland. Not much used in the Philippines, although it is very
widely distributed. t

Ridl. 173; Van Eed. 129; Safford 385; Becc. 578: Bargagli-Petrucci 77, tab.
XIV ; K. & V. 9:31-33.

Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. Kripa (Beng.) ; yinye (Burin.).

Tropical east Africa, Madagascar, Ceylon, British India, Burma, Java, New
Guinea, Australia, Polynesia, Philippines, and Formosa.

This is a much smaller and less important tree than the last, but it is
said to be very important as a firewood in some sections. The wood is
strong and durable and is sometimes used for house posts. •

Gamb. 348; K. & V. 9:33; Watt Diet. 5:97.

530

FOXWOKTHY.

Terminalia. The woods of the Pentaptera and Chuncoa sections are
dark-colored, rather like, but darker and rougher than walnut; those of
the Catappa section are lighter in color, but have occasionally an irregular
dark heartwood. In the former class the pores are larger and the texture
rather more open, but in this respect T. belerica comes between the two.
In all, the pores are in patches or single, and these patches are more or
less concentrically confluent, and in all the pith-rays are fine, numerous,
and uniform. The wood of T. oliveri resembles that of T. chcbula in the
Catappa section, but has smaller pores.

SUBGENUS 1, CATAPPA.

Terminalia catappa L. “The Indian almond;” “Malabar almond;” talisai
(Guam); talisay, dalisai (Phil.); talie (Samoa); kaorika, kauarika (Rara-
tonga) ; tavola (Fiji); kamani (Hawaii); almendro (Spanish America); bada-
mier (French); saori (Solomon Islands); tipop, tipapop (Ponape, Caroline
Islands); badam (Beng. ) ; kottamba (Cing. ) ; katapang (Malay).

Madagascar, British India and Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago to
New Guinea and Polynesia; cultivated in all the tropics.

Wood red, with lighter-colored sapwood, hard. Pores moderate-sized,
scanty, joined by wavy, short, concentric bands of wood parenchyma.
Pith-rays fine. Troughs, carts, posts, planks, etc.

Gamb. 337; Safford 385; Watt Diet. 6:22; Phil. Woods 393; Ridl. 173;
K. & V. 9:27; Van Eed. 129.

Terminalia belerica Roxb. Behara (Hind.); bohera (Beng.); tani (Tam.);
btilfi (Cing.); thitsein (Burm.).

British India, Ceylon, Burma, Malacca.

Wood yellowish-gray, hard, no heartwood, not durable, readily attacked
by insects ; seasonal rings indistinct. Pores very scanty, large, frequently
divided, joined by irregular, wavy, concentric bands of wood parenchyma.
Fine, uniform and equidistant pith-rays distinctly visible in the darker
and harder portions between the bands, and on radial section, where, too,
the pores are prominent. Planking, packing-cases, canoes, and in north-
west India for house building after it has been steeped in water, which
renders it more durable.

Gamb. 337, tab. VIII, fig. 5; N6rd. VIII; Watt Diet. 64 : 22 ; Van Eed. 129;
K. & V. 9:17-20.

Terminalia chebula Retz. Harm (Hind.).

British India and Ceylon to Malaya.

Wood very hard, brownish-gray with a greenish or yellowish tinge,
with an irregular small dark-purple heartwood, close-grained, fairly
durable. Seasonal rings indistinct. Pores small, and moderate-sized,
often subdivided, singly or in groups surrounded by small patches of
wood parenchyma which are slightly confluent into more or less con-
centrically arranged bands. Pith-rays very fine, uniform, equidistant,

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

531

numerous, stopping at or bent round the pores or groups of pores. The
wood takes a good polish and is fairly durable ; it is used for furniture,
carts, agricultural implements, and house building. Beddome says it
is cross-grained and difficult to work.

Gamb. 338-340, tab. VII, fig. 6; Nurd. VIII; Watt Diet. 6‘:24.

Terminalia citrina Roxb., and T. angusti folia Roxb., of this section axe two
Indian species of local importance.

SUBGENUS 2, PENTAPTERA.

Terminalia arunja Bedd. Arjfm (Beng.).

Western India and Ceylon.

Sapwood reddish-white; heartwood with darker-colored streaks, very
hard and heavy. Seasonal rings doubtful. Pores moderate-sized and
large, sometimes verv large, uniformly distributed, more nuineious and
larger than in T. tomentosa, often subdivided into 2 to 4 compartments,
each pore surrounded by a ring of wood parenchyma. Numerous, thin,
wavy, concentric lines, which frequently anastomose. Pitto-rays veiy
fine and numerous. Wood apt to split in seasoning and not easy to work.
Used for carts, agricultural implements, boats, and for building purposes.

Gamb. 341; Van Eed. 126; Nurd. IX ( T . macrocarpa Steud.).

Terminalia oliveri Brandis. Than (Burm.).

Burma.

Wood hard, close- and even-grained, resembling that of T. chebula ;
sapwood yellow to gray; heartwood purplish-brown, streaked and clouded,
very irregular. Pores small or very small, numerous, often subdivided,
singly or in groups surrounded by patches of loose tissue which run into
more or less concentrically arranged bands. Pith-rays fine and very fine,
numerous, regular.

Gamb. 340.

Terminalia tomentosa W. & A.

India, Ceylon.

Sapwood reddish-white; heartwood dark-brown, hard, beautifully
variegated with streaks of darker color, showing on a radial section as
dark streaks which are generally undulating. Pores moderate-sized and
large, uniformly distributed, each pore inclosed in an irregularly shaped
and generally elongated patch of wood parenchyma; these patches aie
often arranged in concentric lines and frequently joined by thin, wavy,
concentric bands. Pith-rays not distinct, very fine, numerous, uniform,
equidistant, often wavy, the transverse diameter of the pores many
times larger than the distance between the rays. House building, carts,
rice-pounders, ship and boat building, railroad ties.

Gamb. 341-344; Nurd. VIII; Watt Diet. 6*: 37-41.

FOXWORTHY.

532

SUBGENUS 3, CHUNCOA.

Terminalia paniculata W. & A.

Western British India.

\\ ood gray, with darker heartwood, very hard. Pores large and
moderate-sized, oval, often subdivided, numerous, surrounded by faintly
marked patches of wood parenchyma, arranged in oblique and wavy lines
and connected into somewhat concentric bands. Pith-rays fine, uniform,
wavy, numerous; the distance between them usually less than the diam-
eter of the pores. Structural work.

Gamb. 344.

' SUBGENUS 4, BIALATA.

Terminalia bialata Wall.

Burma and the Andaman Islands.

Wood gray and beautifully mottled, moderately hard and heavy.
Structure and uses the same as in T. belerica.

Gamb. 34S; K. & V. 9:28-30.

PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF TERMINALIA.

Thus far the Philippine species of Terminalia have not been sufficiently
understood to make it possible to work out their structure with anything
like completeness. Most of our Philippine species belong to the section
Catappa. Our species in this section are T. catappa L., T. pellucida
Presl, T. nitens Presl, T. edulis Blanco, T. ellipsoidea Merr., and T.
mollis Polfe; in the section Diptera we have T. calamansanay Rolfe.

Some of these woods are known under the names of Talisay (Phil.
Woods 303), calumpit (Phil. Woods 380), dalinsi (Phil. Woods 381),
and sacat, Plate XXIX, fig. 88, (Gard. 58; Phil. Woods 392). Until
the specific limits are better known, it will be difficult to do anything
with the structure of these woods.

Besides these, there is a Terminalia furnishing a very good wood
known as bingos, dinglas, or lamia ( Terminalia com inf ana (Blco.) Merr.).
This wood is dark-gray with purple markings. It is hard and moderately
heavy, durable, works readily and is used for structural work and for
furniture. It is sometimes sold under the name of batitinan, and it is
so fine grained that it is sometimes used as a substitute for molave
( Vitex littoralis Dene.).

MYRTACEiE.

Pores small to moderate-sized, often arranged in more or less con-
spicuous concentric belts, or else in short strings. Pith-rays fine and
numerous.

Eucalyptus. This very large genus is mainly confined to Australia,
but it produces such quantities of wood and it is so extensively handled
that it is a prominent factor in all eastern markets. Certain species have

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

533

been rather extensively planted in India and elsewhere. A few of the
best known species are here considered.

Wiesner 2:97G— 982 includes the following characterization.

Wood in cross section with numerous, prominent, light-colored spots,
which contain small vessels and which frequently or always are arranged
in obliquely placed stripes of changeable direction, arranged in concentric
zones and so forming an appearance more or less suggesting annual
rings. Sometimes there are seen on the cross-seetion cavities in which
there is a dark-reddish-brown mass. Wood hard, heavy, usually splitting
easily but roughly, checking and warping badly, but tough, elastic,
strong and durable. The Eucalyptus woods are divided into two groups
on the ground of color. The one light-brown, having about the appear-
ance of ordinary oak wood, from which, however, it differs very markedly
by the irregular appearance of the cross-section and the absence of broad
pith-rays; the others appear dull-red to fleshy-red, about the tint of red
Casuarina wood or of horseflesh wood, with which woods, however, they
are not to be confused. Both sorts of Eucalyptus woods have the same
structure.

LIGHT-'BKOWN' EUCALYPTUS WOODS.

Distinct from the reddish-colored species by the. scanty development of
wood parenchyma and by the contents of the wood parenchyma and pith-
ray cells. Both of these elements contain in many cells light-brown or
yellowish-brown coloring material which is quickly or slowly blackened
by iron chloride, partially soluble in water, which it colors, blackened by
quicklime.

Eucalyptus globulus Labill. The blue gum.

Victoria and Tasmania; naturalized in British India and Ceylon.

Wood gray with darker streaks and moderately hard. Very heavy.
Pores small to moderate-sized, round, in groups or in radial or oblique
lines; closely packed in concentric belts in the annual rings. Pith-rays
fine, very numerous, the intervals between the rays smaller than the
diameter of the pores. Pores marked on a longitudinal section. House
beams, railway sleepers, bridge-work, charcoal.

Stone 125; Gamb. 353. tab.. VIII, fig. 1 ; Nbrd. VI; Hough's American Woods,
8:183; Van Eed. 133.

Eucalyptus maculata Hook. “Spotted gum,” in Queensland and New South
Wales.

Eucalyptus microcorys F. v. Muell. “Tallowwood,” same range.

Eucalyptus obliqua L’Her. “Stringybark,” in Tasmania, New South Wales
and southern Australia. In Australia, the shaggy-barked species are usually
called “stringy bark trees,” while the smooth-barked species are called “iron
bark trees.”

Eucalyptus pilularis Smith. “Blackbutt,” in Tasmania, New South Wales
and Queensland.

Stone 124.

534

FOX WORTHY.

REI) EUCALYPTUS WOODS.

Tn addition to the points already mentioned, the red Eucalyptus woods
frequently have two- or three-layered pith-rays. The yellowish crystalline
substance in the cells seems to he sometimes only sparingly present. Cal-
cium oxalate seems to be wanting. Chips coloring alcohol or water, the
latter more darkly red, without the content of the cells being noticeably
dissolved ; it remains unchanged in boiling water and is only dissolved
when quicklime is added. The unchanged contents of the cells deeply
blackened by iron chloride.

Of Eucalyptus species with red wood, the following are to be placed
here :

Eucalyptus crebra F. v. Mueller. Ironbark in New South Wales, Queensland
and north Australia.

Eucalyptus marginata Sm. The jarrah or bastard mahogany.

West Australia; cultivated in British India.

\\ ood hard, sapwood white, heartwood red. Pores small, scanty, scat-
tered unevenly, but chiefly in pale concentric bands. Pith-rays very
fine, very numerous. Heavy construction work, piling.

Gamb. 353; Van Eed. 133; Stone 114; Stevenson 250-254.

Eucalyptus rostrata Schl. Red gum, West Australia.

Eucalyptus resinifera Smith. Forest-mahogany, West Australia.

Stone 115.

Very many other species are used, but those mentioned are said to be the
ones most commonly exported. Many of these woods seem to have proved quite
durable for street paving in temperate regions.

Eugenia. Plate XXIX, fig. 89. Wood rough, moderately hard to
very hard, seasons well, usually reddish- or grayish-brown. Pores small
to moderate-sized, more or less arranged in concentric bands, sometimes
joined by pale tissue of large wood cells. Pith- rays fine, numerous. A
very large number of species, which are very difficult to distinguish.
The timbers are usually good, and some are exceptionally so, and can be
used for house or ship building. In the Philippines, woods of this genus
are known as macaasin or malaruliat. In the Federated Malay States,
they are known as kayu 1-1 at. Some very fine and some rather indifferent
woods belong to the genus; but, as vet, I have not been able to properly
classify them. Mail}' of the species of Eugenia are of very scattered oc-
currence and do not grow to unusual size, consequently they are not a
very considerable factor in the market.

Ridl. 175-178; Phil. Woods 387; Newton 5; Gard. 61.

Eugenia caryophyllaea Wight.

Van Eed. 134; Gamb. 359; Nord. VII ( Myrtus caryophyllata L.) ; I\. & V.
6:101-104.

Eugenia jambolana Lam. Jaman (Hind.).

Van Eed. 135; Gamb. 361, tab. VIII, fig. 2; Nord. VII; K. & V. 6:132-136.

I >' DO- MALAYAN WOODS.

535

Eugenia jambos L.

Van Eed. 135; Gamb. 357; Nord. V ( Myrtus jambosa) ; I\. & V. 6:53-55.

Eugenia operculata Roxb.

Van Eed. 137; Gamb. 360; Nord. IX; K. & V. 6:148-152.

Eugenia wallichii Wight.

Gamb. 357 ; Nord. IX.

Sudjung. — There is found in the Island of Mindanao a very hard wood
of this name which is probably produced by some species of Eugenia.
The wood is dark-brown in color, contains a considerable amount of oil
and is very durable. It is often used for corner posts of houses.

Leptospermum flavescens Sm. (Leptospermum amboinense Reinw.)

Sunda and Molucca Islands, Australia, Malay Peninsula.

Very hard wood used for tool handles.

Van Eed. 138; E.-Pr. 37:94.

Melaleuca leucadendron L. “Cajeput tree.”

British India, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, and Australia.

Reddish-brown, hard. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, producing wavy
lines on a vertical section. Pith-rays fine, extremely numerous. Piling.

Van Eed. 138; Gamb. 351; Ridl. 174; K. & V. 6 : 180—183 ; Stone 132-134.

Metrosideros ( Nania ). Very hard and very heavy wood. Pores and
pith-rays very small, hard to distinguish with a lens. Dark-purplish-
brown.

Metrosideros vera Lindl. (Nania vera Miq.) Eijserhout; kajoe besi; nani
(M.).

Java, Amboina, Ternate, the Moluccas.

Very hard and very heavy; dark-reddish-brown; durable; very dif-
ficult, to work. Resists the teredo. House and bridge building.

Van Eed. 139; K. & V. 6:168-171.

Other species of the genus in Australia and New Zealand are also noted for
fine grain, hardness and durability.

Psidium guajava L.

Cultivated throughout the tropics.

Wood grayish-brown, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores small, nu-
merous, in short radial groups. Pith-rays fine, short, numerous, in-
distinct. Engraving, spear handles, charcoal, firewood.

Van Eed. 139; Gamb. 355; Ridl. 175; Nord. V ( Psidium pyriferum) ; K. & V.
6:35.

Rhodamn ia trinervia Blume. (Rhodamnia cinerea Jack.) Mempayan (M.).

British India, through Malaya, to Australia.

Wood brown, moderately hard, with faint irregular but more or less
concentric very narrow lines of loose texture. Pores small to moderate-
sized, irregularly distributed, occasionally in somewhat concentric lines.

FOXWORTHY.

536

Pith-rays few, moderately broad to broad, with myny very fine between
them. Beams for house building and plow bandies.

Vail Eed. 139; Gamb. 355; Nord. IV (Myrtus trinervia Sm.), VII (Myrtus
mclastomoides F. M. ) ; ltidl. 174.

Tristania. Wood hard to very hard and heavy to very heavy; durable.
Iteddish or dark-reddish; close-grained. Pores small; pith-rays small.
Wood parenchyma scanty.

Tristania burmannica Griff.

British India and Malaya.

Gamb. 354.

Tristania decorticata Merr. Malabayabas.

Philippines, Sarawak.

Wood hard and heavy, fine-grained; dark-reddish-brown; used for tool
handles.

Tristania merguensis Griff.

Straits Settlements.

Ridl. 175.

Tristania obovata Benn. Palawan, prawan.

Banka, Sumatra, Borneo.

Very fine firewood. Used for the tin and gold mines.

Van Eed. 140; Bargagli-Petrucci 78, tab. XV.

Tristania whitiana Griff.

Singapore.

Ridl. 175.

Various species of Tristania are known in Borneo by the name of Ptawan and
the wood is used for firewood; Becc. 578, 585.

Xanthostemon verdugonianus Naves. Plate XXIX, fig. 90. Mancono
(Phil.)

Philippines; Surigao, Leyte, Palawan, Camarines.

Very hard and very heavy. Probably the hardest and heaviest of
Philippine woods. Exceedingly durable. A possible substitute for lig-
num-vitce.

Phil- Woods 388; Hutchinson, For. Bur. (Philip.) Bull. 9 (1908).

MELASTOMATACErE.

W ood heavy, hard, fine-grained. Usually light-colored. Pores and
pith-rays fine to very fine.

Astronia papetaria Blume.

Malay Archipelago.

Good structural wood.

Van Eed. 144.

Melastoma malabathricum L. Sendukduk.

British India, Burma, and Ceylon.

Gamb. 360; Ridl. 178.

■

INDO MALAYAN WOODS. 537

Memecylon. Wood very hard, close-grained, brown or whitish. Pores
small, in irregular groups. Pith-rays many, extremely fine to fine.

Memecylon edule Roxb. Nipis kulit; “ironwood tree.”

India, Ceylon, Malaya.

Valuable hard durable wood, which is one of the best substitutes for
boxwood. (See p. 42(>.)

(bind). 368; Watt Diet. 5:226; Ridl. 178; K. & V. 5:210; Becc. 579.

Pternandra caerulescens Jack.

British India, Burma, Straits Settlements.

Wood light and soft.

(iamb. 368; Ridl. 178.

A KA LI A< 'E„E.

Wood white, usually soft. Pores small, usually rather scanty; a
line of larger pores often indicating the seasonal rings. Pith-rays mod-
erately broad, not numerous, giving a silver-grain.

Aralidium pinnatifidum Miq. Alus surat.

Straits Settlements.

W ood faint-dull-red, hard, splits deeply in drying. Upright supports
of bridges and heavy work of a similar description.

Ridl. 180; (iamb. 384.

Polyscias nodosa Seem. Plate XXIX, lig. 91. Malapapaya.

Philippines and Malay Archipelago.

Matchwood; the best wood for this purpose in the Philippines.

Phil. Woods 387; K. & V. 7:11—13; \ an Eed. 151.

coknacea:.

Pores usually small and in short radial lines, and the pith-rays fine and
numerous.

Alangium lamarckii Thw.

East Indies.

Hard, close-, and even-grained, sapwood light-yellow, heartwood
olive-brown, with a pleasant scent. Pores small, scanty, in short radial
lines of 2 to 5. Pith-rays fine, closely packed, wavy, bent round the
pores, the diameter of which is slightly greater than the distance between
the rays.

Watt Diet. 1:155; Gamb. 389.

Marlea begoniaefolia Roxb.

British India, Java, Philippines.

Wood white, soft, even-grained. Seasonal rings marked by a belt
Of numerous pores. Pores moderate-sized and large, small in the outer
portion of each ring. Pith-rays short, wavy, fine and moderately broad.
Structural work.

Gamb. 389; K. & V. 5:82—84.

88250 — —9

538

FOXWORTHY.

Marlea ebenacea C. B. Clarke. Lidali kerbau putih.

Straits Settlements.

Wood hard, strong, and durable, yellow with a red heart.

Ridl. 180.

Marlea nobilis C. B. Clarke. Sutubal.

Straits Settlements.

Hard and durable; structural work.

Ridl. 180.

Mastixia arborea C. B. Clarke.

British India and Ceylon.

Wood greenish-gray, soft. Pores small, numerous, evenly distributed.
Pith-rays fine and very fine, numerous and short. Seasonal rings indis-
tinct.

Gamb. 391.

MYRSINACE/E.

Wood compact, close-grained. Pores very small or extremely small,
often in groups or in radial or oblique lines. Pith-rays distant, fine to
broad, more often broad. Resin-ducts frequent, sometimes among the
wood cells, sometimes in the rays.

Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco ( Aegiceras majus Gaertn.). Tinduc-
tinducan (Phil.); truntum (M.).

A constituent of the mangrove swamp, Ceylon to the Philippines and Australia.
Wood reddish or dark-brown, often streaked with yellow, moderately
hard, even-grained. Pores very small, scanty, uniformly distributed.
Pith-rays moderately broad to broad, short, scanty, dark, yellow in spots.
Very oily; used in structural work and for firewood.

Gamb. 442; Ridl. 212; Van Eed. 161; K. & V. 5:276-278.

Aegiceras floridum Roem. & Schult. Plate XXIX, fig. 92.

Philippines, Amboina, New Guinea.

Very much like the preceding.

Ardisia. \\rood moderately hard. Pores small, usually in radial lines.
Pith-rays broad.

Ardisia paniculata Roxb.

British India.

Vrood pinkish-white, moderately hard. Pores small, in radial lines.
Pith-rays short, broad, wavy.

Gamb. 441.

Maesa. Wrood light-brown, soft. Pores small, scanty, sometimes in
short radial lines, often filled with resin. Pith-rays usually fine, numer-
ous.

Maesa indica (Roxb.) Wall.

British India and Ceylon.

Brownish-white wood, used for posts.

Gamb. 438; K. & V. 5:222-224.

.1 NDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

Maesa rugosa Clarke.
British India and Java.
Gamb. 437.

539

Myrsine africana L.

British India and South Africa.

Wood light-brown, moderately hard. Pores extremely small, scat-
tered or in short radial lines, between the distant, moderately broad
pith-rays, which contain many resin-cells.

Gamb. 438; Nbrd. V (M. retusa Ait.).

SAPOTACEiE.

The wood of the Sapotacece has a well-marked character, somewhat
difficult to describe accurately, but easily recognized when understood,
as it resembles that of no other family except Ebenacece , where the woods
are usually black or gray, while those of Sapotacece are usually red. Wood
hard, smooth, durable; heartwood dark-colored, generally red. Pores
small and moderate-sized, in wavy, radial lines, which are frequently
oblique, the lines being more or less in echelon. Pith-rays numerous,
fine, equidistant, joined by fine, transverse bars or concentric lines of
loose texture.

Eassia. Wood hard, smooth, durable, usually with red heartwood.
Pores small and moderate-sized, in short radial or oblique lines, more or
less in echelon. Pith-rays numerous, fine, equidistant, joined by fine
transverse bars.

Bassia latifolia Roxb.

British India and Burma.

Wood hard to very hard; sapwood large; heartwood reddish-brown.
Seasonal rings indistinct. House building, furniture and country vessels,
naves of wheels.

Gamb. 447, tab. IX, fig. 4; Nord. X.

Chrysophyllum roxburghii G. Don. “Star apple.”

British India, Java, Sumatra and Philippines.

Wood white, close-grained, moderately hard. Pores in small radial
lines bending into oblique strings. Pith-rays numerous, very fine.
Shingles.

Gamb. 443; Ridl. 212; K. & V. 1:130; Lewis 309.

Illipe. Wood soft to very hard and light to very heavy. Wood of
some species very durable. Peddish. At any rate the harder woods with
a considerable amount of saponin in the wood, lathering when wet.

Illipe latifolia (Roxb.) Engler. ( Bassia latifolia Roxb.) “Butter tree;” “ma-
hua tree.”

British India.

Wood hard with red heart.

Watt Diet. 1:445.

540

FOX WORTHY.

Illipe malabrorum Ktinig. ( liassio longifolia L.) ilowa tree; inahua tree.

Ceylon, Malabar.

Reddish, moderately hard. Structural work and shipbuilding.

Watt Diet. 1:410; E.-Pr. 4,:134.

Illipe betis (Blco.) Merr. Plate XXIX. fig. 93. Betis.

Philippines.

Piling and heavy construction, very durable.

Phil. Woods 377 ; Gard. 63.

Isonandra perrottetiana Wight.

Wood light-reddish-brown, hard, close-grained. Pores small to mod-
erate-sized, in narrow groups which are somewhat radially but obliquely
arranged, and often fork. Pith-ravs fine, regular. Transverse lines
clear and conspicuous, regular and wavy. Structural and finishing work.

Gamb. 445.

Mimusops. Wood red, very hard. Pores small, in short radial or
oblique lines. Pith-rays very fine, very numerous, uniform and equi-
distant. Numerous wavy, concentric lines.

Mimusops elengi L. Poko Tanjong; tandjoeng; ki-taiidjoeng; boengo-tand-
joeng (M. ) ; bansalaguin (Phil.).

British India and Ceylon and throughout the Malayan region.

Widely cultivated in the tropics. Wood very hard and very heavy;
close- and even-grained; sapwood reddish-brown; heart wood dark-red.
Strong, durable. Piling and heavy construction work, tool handles.

Gamb. 449; Ridl. 213; Van Eed. 104; Watt Diet. 5:251; Phil. Woods 375;
Gard. 04.

Mimusops kauki L. San, saoe (M.); “iromvood.”

Malay Peninsula, Java, Celebes.

Much like the preceding and used for the same things.

K. & V. 1:156-158; Van Eed. 164; Ridl. 214.

Mimusops I ittoralis Kurz. “Andaman bullet wood.”

Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Very hard and very heavy ; reddish-brown to pinkish-brown ; durable.
Structural work.

Gamb. 451; Watt Diet. 5:253; E.-Pr. 4,:152.

Palaquium. Plate XXIX, fig. !)4. Reddish, moderately hard and
heavy to very hard and heavy. Pores moderate-sized, in radial echeloned
strings. Pith-rays fine, numerous. Transverse concentric line's numer-
ous, wavy. Wood with or without saponin.

Palaquium barnesii Merr. Nato.

Philippines.

Soft or moderately hard and moderately heavy. Light planking and
temporary construction work.

Phil. Woods 391.

iNDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

541

Palaquium borneense Burck. Njatoe-doerian.

Borneo.

Van Eed. 164.

Palaquium javense Burck. Njatoli; njatoe; kawang; djempina; grawang.

Java.

Furniture and structural work.

Van Eed. 165; K. & V. 1:143-145.

Palaquium sp. Xyatto pisang.

Sarawak.

Very hard and durable. Boats.

Palaquium obovatum Engl. Belian wangi. Betis.

Timber very dull-reddish, grain medium, very hard and very heavy;
splits slightly in drying; affords beams of excellent quality, which remain
undecayed a long time under water and are not badly eaten by termites.
Pith-rays fine, rings distinct and irregular with very fine concentric rings
numerous and wavy. Pores moderate in short rows parallel with the
ravs, often subdivided, not very numerous.

Ridl. 213; also in Agric. Bull. E. M. S. & S. S. (1906) 39; (1907) 171.

Palaquium polyanthum Engl.

British India.

Wood red, hard. Pores moderate-sized, in wavy radial lines, some-
times slightly oblique. Pith-rays fine, not prominent. Fine wavy,
parallel and equidistant concentric lines. Planks, tool handles, etc.

Gamb. 440; Nord. X.

Palaquium bancanum Burck.

Malay Peninsula,

Wood reddish-brown, rays tine and close, pores moderate, in radial
rows ; rings fairly distinct, fiber wavy. A light wood with a good gloss.

Ridl. 213.

Numerous other species of Palaquium are used, most of them oi not
very good quality.

The name nato, with its variants, is applied to this genus and its
close relatives, gutta-percha bearing plants, all the way from Madagascar
to the Pacific. In the Malay Peninsula the equivalent term is taban and
in Sumatra balam.

Becc. 579.

Payena leerii Kurz. Gutali-sundik ; njatoe-balam-bringin ; balam-tandjong ;
poeting; getah-seundik (M.).

Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Banka, Riouw.

Wood used for house building.

Van Eed. 165; Ridl. 213.

542

FOX WORTHY.

Payena lucida A. DC. Niato balam.

British India and Malay Peninsula.

Wood red, hard. Pores moderate-sized, in short radial lines. Pith-
rays very fine, very numerous, uniform, equidistant. Numerous parallel,
wavy, concentric lines, not very prominent. Planking.

Gamb. 449; Ridl. 213.

Sarcosperma arboreum Benth.

British India.

Wood pink, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized, in long, wavy,
radial lines. Pith-ray§ numerous, fine, equidistant, the distance between
two rays much less than the diameter of the pores. Indistinct concentric
lines. Used in making canoes.

Gamb. 443.

Sideroxylon ferrugineum Hook. Tuak-tuak.

Malay Peninsula.

Wood hard and heavy, pinkish-brown in color, with very fine rays,
and wavy concentric lines, the pores arranged in wavy lines radiating
from the center, whiter than the ground color and giving the wood a
pleasing mottled appearance.

Ridl. 212; Van Eed. 165.

Sideroxylon tomentosum Roxb.

British India, Burma, and Ceylon.

Wood light-yellowish-brown, moderately hard (plains specimens) to
hard (hills specimens). Pores fine (hills) to moderate-sized (plains),
in groups in short lines, usually oblique, the groups somewhat far apart
and in echelon. Pith-rays very fine, very numerous, equidistant. Very
numerous, very faint lines across the rays, irregular. Structural work.

Gamb. 444.

Many other species of Sideroxylon are used locally, but they do not commonly
occur in much quantity and so are not of much importance commercially.

Bedaru, Daru . or Daroo-daroo. This wood has been credited to this
family at various times. Ridley (314) says that it is evidently sapota-
ceous. King and Gamble in their materials for a Flora of the Malay
Peninsula,- under the description of Sideroxylon malaccense Clarke,
make the following statement: “Mr. Cantley (the collector) says that
this tree gives the true ‘daru-daru’ wood of the Malay Peninsula.”

The wood now known as bedaru or daru in Sarawak and Singapore
is distinctly not sapotaceous in structure. (See p. 493.) I have collected
herbarium material and wood from the same tree in Sarawak and have
compared the wood with the material sold under that name by the timber
dealers at Singapore and have found the two to be identical. It is a
species of Urandra (Icacinaceae) .

2 Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 742:162.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

543

EBENACEiE.

This family is important because it produces the ebony of commerce.
The sap and heartwood are often very distinct; sapwood white, yellow,
pink or reddish or gray; heartwood black or black-streaked, sometimes
with a greenish tinge. Wood hard to very hard and heavy to very heavy.
Pores small to moderate-sized, scanty, often in short radial lines which
are distant and somewhat in echelon, each pore surrounded by a collar
of wood parenchyma one cell thick. Wood parenchyma in fine, more
or less regular, sometimes indistinct, parallel concentric lines. The
Sapotacece are distinguished from the Ebcnacece by having usually red
or yellow wood, longer radial lines of pores which have a more conspic-
uously oblique arrangement. Also the Sapotacece do not have the col 1 ai
of wood parenchyma about the pores.

The different members of the family have such uniform structure
that it seems impossible to distinguish the different genera and species
structurally.

Any member of the family may furnish ebony, if the heartwood is
sufficiently developed. Many species do furnish ebony, but most ol
them are of small size and so relatively unimportant. The true black
heartwood seems to be somewhat irregular in occurrence. Occasionally
a tree of good size seems to lack it entirely. In many cases, old injuries
are found to be bordered by a small amount of the black heartwood.
The following statements by Hiern 3 show which are the best known
commercial species and their region of occurrence.

The following species supply ebony:

Diospyros ebenum Konig. India, etc.

D. melanoxylon Roxb. India.

D. dendo Welw. Angola, west tropical Africa.

D. sylvatica Roxb. India, etc.

D. gardneri Thw. Ceylon.

D. hirsuta L. f. Ceylon.

D. discolor Willd. Malaya, etc.

D. embryopteris Pers. India, etc.

D. ebenaster Retz. Malaya, etc.

D. montana Roxb. India, etc.

D. insignis Thw. Ceylon and southern India.

D. tupru Ham. India.

[). mespiliformis Hochst. Tropical Africa.

D. truncata Zoll. & Mor. Java.

D. tessellaria Poir. Mauritius.

D. haplostylis Boiv. Madagascar.

D. microrhombus. Madagascar.

D. ramiflora Wall. Northeast India.

M aba buxifolia Pers. India, Madagascar, etc.

M. mulala Welw. Angola, west tropical Africa.

Euclea pseudebenus E. Mey. South Africa.

8 Hiern, Ebenaceae 29.

FOX WORTHY.

544

I lie following species also produce good wood:

UioapyroH maUtcnpai A. DC. Wood yellow with black spots. Philippines.
/>. pilosqnthera Blanco. Ornamental wood.

]>. pilosa A. DC. Timber tit for building purposes. Cochin China.

/>. chloroxylon Roxb. Wood pale. Circars, India.

IK faliosa Wall. Valuable light-colored wood. Southern India.

IK la nceacfolia Roxb. Hard and handsome wood. East Indies.

Calamander or Coromandel wood, a finely variegated and scarce wood,
is produced by L). quaesita Thw. and by D. op positi folia Tlnv.

Anchors for large boats are made, in the Province of Tavoy in Burmah,
of the wood of Maba buxifoha Pers.

Those species which produce a mottled or streaked wood are really
much more beautiful than the dead hlack ebony, but this latter is
usually more in demand.

Artificial chain/. — Local dealers often use various artificial means to
produce an even black color. European dealers sometimes dye pieces
of box or pear wood and sell them for ebony. The fine, even grain of
these woods makes them well suited for this purpose. They are usually
lighter in weight than the true ebony and the color given them is
usually only superficial.

In the Philippines, it is said that camagon , bolongeta and other native
ebonies, which are only streaked with the black heartwood may be colored
uniformly black by being buried for some months in the salt mud of
the mangrove swamp. 1 can not vouch for the correctness of this
statement, but it sounds reasonable. 1 think that the method indicated
or the application of certain chemicals may be successfully used to
produce a good even black heartwood. This would, in reality, be merely
a hastening of the normal process of heartwood formation and it should
produce a very good ebony. Experiments are in progress to determine
the feasibility of this scheme.

I ses of ebony. — Ebony is employed to make pianoforte keys, the
stringholder in violins, spear-points, fine furniture and cabinet work,
canes, inlaying; and the best kind of ebony is very valuable on account
of its. maintaining a permanent shape and not warping, and is therefore
used for rules and measures. This freedom from shrinking and warping
is probably due to the fact that the wood is very fine-grained and all
the elements of the wood are filled up with a homogeneous substance
which is probably some combination of an iron salt with a tannic acid.

CLASSIFICATION OF PHILIPPINE EBONIES.

Philippine ebonies are black, streaked or dull-grayish in color.

Black ebonies. — These have heartwood of a uniform dead black. They
are known as ebano or ata-ata. Ebano is usually produced by Maba
buxifoha Pers. The sapwood is white and the heartwood very sharply
marked off from it. This is a very satisfactory ebony, but it is of

I XIX (-MALAYAN WOODS.

545

rather local occurrence ancl is usually of small size. It seems to fur-
nish the best of the ebony canes sold in Manila.

Ata-ata. — This is the name given to Diospyros spp. which have a
white or streaked sapwood and a dead black heart. The sapwood and
heartwood are not here so sharply separated as in 31 aba buxi folia and
the relative amount of heartwood is less; ata-ata seems to be of fairly
common occurrence from southern Luzon southward. It usually forms
considerably larger trees than does Maba bar if alia.

Streaked ebonies. — These are the most beautiful woods of the group.
They are known as bolongeta and camagon.

Bolongeta. — This is produced by Diospyros pi/osarithera Blanco, and,
probably, other species. The sapwood is pink or reddish and the heart-
wood black with brownish or reddish streaks. This is a large tree of
frequent occurrence and wide distribution in the Archipelago. It is used
for various articles of furniture and for structural work. It is sometimes
used for piling, but is said to be very subject to teredo attack. If an
artificial seasoning method can be devised, this will be a. very prominent
source of commercial ebony.

Camagon. — This seems to be mainly the product of Diospyros dis-
color Willd. Next to bolongeta, it is the most commonly seen of our
ebonies. It is cultivated for its fruit, which is known as niabolo. The
sapwood is gray-mottled to purplish-gray with black spots; the heart-
wood is black with brownish streaks. It is not to be distinguished in
appearance from the Calamander wood of Ceylon. It is commonly used
for fancy furniture and for canes.

Of the other ebonies, Diospyros nitida Merr. may be mentioned for
its uniform dull bluish-gray wood, much like the sapwood of camagon.
Apparently this species does not form a distinct heartwood. It is of
small size and relatively infrequent occurrence.

Other forms of ebony may occur in the Islands, but they are certainly
not of commercial importance. The so-called “white ebonv,” Diospyros
malacapai A. DC., is not well known. It may he nothing but sapwood
of ata-ata or other ebonies.

I believe that any of the above-described ebonies may, at times, pro-
duce the dense black form.

Ebonies in Malaya. — Kayu a rang is the name applied to those ebonies
of the Malay region which produce a distinct black heartwood.

In Borneo, various species of Dios/tyros which do not have distinct
black heartwood are known as kayu malarn or mar pinang.

Some very fine large ebony logs are produced in the Moluccas and in
Sumatra. Borneo does not seem to produce very much.

Indian ebonies. — Gamble classifies the Indian ebonies as follows:

(1) Heartwood wholly black or only slightly streaked: ebenum, tomentosa,
melanoxylon, assimilis.

546

FOXWORTHY.

(2) Heartwood regularly streaked black and brown or gray: kurzii, quaesita,
oocarpa, thwaitesii, gardneri, insignis, oppositifolia, undulata.

(3) Heartwood very small, merely black streaks in the brownish-gray or gray
wood: embryopteris, foliolosa, sylvatica, ehretioides, microphylla, humilis, ovali-
folia, kaki, tupru.

(4) Heartwood none, wood red, white, gray, or yellowish: martabanica, mon-
tana, toposia, foliolosa, lotus, chloroxylon , oppositifolia, candolleana, nilagirica,
crumenata, pyrrhocarpa.

Ceylon ebonies. — The ebonies, perhaps, reach their highest development
on the Island of Ceylon. They have been carefully studied and Id.
Wright’s “The Genus Diospyros in Ceylon; its Morphology, Anatomy
and Taxonomy” 4 is much the most complete work of its sort.

Diospyros ebenum Kbnig. Itam (M.) ; ebbenhout; ebony.

Ceylon, south India, Sumatra, Malacca, the Moluccas, Celebes.

This is the best-known ebony tree. There is very little of it cut in
India, the trees not being very common, and being found only here and
there and of small size; but in Ceylon it is one of tbe chief woods, the
average sales being 300 tons yearly. When the wood of this species is
evenly black, it is sold as ebony; when it is at all streaked, it is sold as
“bastard” ebony. Used for turning, cabinet work, piano keys, rulers,
walking sticks, brushes and general furniture, in Europe; and in China,
for chopsticks, pipes and carved stands.

Wright 14G-151; Van Eed. 168.

The following are a few of the best-known commercial ebonies.

Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.

British India and Ceylon.

This produces most of the ebony that comes from British India. It
is rare in Ceylon.

Gamb. 461, tab. IX, fig. 6; Nord. IX; Stone 154, pi. X, fig. 85; Wright 174-178.

Diospyros quaesita Thw. Calamander or Coromandel wood.

Ceylon.

Bed, hazel-brown or chocolate-brown, with handsome black stripes.
This very beautiful wood is found only in Ceylon and seems not to be
plentiful there, but it has set a widely recognized standard of beauty. It
is used for a great many different kinds of ornaments.

Wright 166-171; Boulger 178.

D. kurzii of the Andaman Islands, is said to furnish wood very much like
calamander in ornamental value. D. oocarpa and D. affinis of Ceylon are also
said to approach calamander in ornamental value, but they have a much larger
proportion of the useless sapwood. The camagon, Diospyros discolor Willd., of
the Philippines (Phil. Woods 380), is not to be distinguished in appearance from
calamander. It is more plentiful and is at least as good a wood.

‘Ann Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya 2 (1904-05) 1-204.

1ND0- MALAYAN WOODS.

547

Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco. Bolongeta.

Philippines.

This is a very good example of those ebonies which have a streaked
heart and reddish sapwood. It is of equal beauty with camagon.

Phil. Woods 378.

Diospyros chloroxylon Boxb. The so-called “green ebony” of central and
southern India.

Wood yellowish-gray, moderately hard. The greenish tinge seems not
to be pronounced. Used principally for firewood.

Wiesner 2:1005; Gamb. 458; Nord. VII (D. tomentosa Poir.).

Maba buxifolia Pers. Plate XXIX, fig. 95. Ebano; ironwood.

British India, Ceylon, tropical Africa, Madagascar, Burma, Malay Peninsula,
Malay Archipelago to Australia.

Sapwood white; heartwood even dead black. Small pieces of ebony
of good quality. Used for small ornaments, anchors for boats, etc.

Gamh. 452; Watt Diet. 5:102; K. & V. 1:23-25; Phil. Woods 383.

Wiesner 2:986-991 gives a discussion of ebonywood. Other discussions of
ebony are found in Stevenson 258-261, HoltzapfFel 83, and Boulger 169.

SYMPLOCACE^E.

Wood white, close-grained, soft to hard. Pores small, numerous,
usually evenly distributed. Pith-rays fine and moderately broad, the
latter short.

Symplocos crataegoides Ham.

British India and Burma.

Turnery and carving.

Gamb. 464, tab. X, fig. 1; Nord. VIII.

Many other species are found, but they are ordinarily rather small or of scanty
occurrence.

STYRACACIEE.

Wood white to light-brown, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores
small, scanty, usually subdivided. Pith-rays short, fine, very numerous.
Faint, white, regular, concentric, transverse bands.

Styrax benzoin Dryand. Menjan; kemajan; kamian; kajoe-limoeta.

Siam, Malacca, Sumatra, Java.

Wood of but little value, though it is occasionally used in house build
ing and for bridges.

Van Eed. 171; Pierre 260; Ridl. 215.

Styrax serrulata Roxb.

British India and Burma.

Gamb. 467-

548

FOXWOKTFI Y.

( )LEACE M.

Wood white or yellowish-white or light-brown, sometimes with a dark
irregular heartwood, usually close- and even-grained. Pores sometimes
in white patches. Pith-rays usually line, sharply defined. In Oh man thus
the pores are in reticulate anastomosing patches. In Osmanth us and
Linociera there are narrow concentric lines, the relationship of which
to seasonal rings is very doubtful.

Linociera. Wood yellowish-white or light-brown, hard, close-grained.
Pores small, usually in short radial groups. Pith-rays fine or very fine,
distinct, numerous. Fine, fairly regular concentric lines prominent.

Linociera intermedia Wight.

British India.

W ood fine, like boxwood.

Gamh. 473.

Several other species of this region, which are usually either small or very
much scattered, are found to produce the same kind of wood.

Osmanthus fragrans Lour.

British India to China and Japan. .

Wood white, hard, close- and even-grained. Pores in irregular light-
colored patches, radially elongated, arranged obliquely and branching;
the patches somewhat distant and forming a net-work, and the pores
small and numerous in them. White, very narrow parallel concentric
lines, which look like seasonal rings, but are not. Pith-rays fine, uniform.

Gamh. 472; Nord. IX.

Schrcbera swieten ioides Roxb. ( Xathusia sivietenioides (Roxb.) O. Ivtze.)
Moka (Hind.).

British India and Burma.

Wood brownish-gray, hard, close-grained; no definite heartwood, but
irregular masses of purple or claret-colored wood in the center, and
scattered throughout the tree. Seasonal rings indistinct. Pores small,
often in small groups in radial arrangement. Pith-rays fine, numerous,
uniform and at equal distances. Beams of weavers’ looms, combs,
turnery.

Gamh. 4t>!), tab. X, fig. ,1 ; Nbrd. X; Watt Diet. 6-:488.

SA LVADORAOE.E.

Salvadora persica L.

India, Persia, Syria, Arabia, central Africa.

Wood white, soft. Pores small, in short radial lines, inclosed in oval
patches of soft tissue, very scantily distributed, but prominent on a
vertical section. Xumerous fine, interrupted, concentric bands of wood

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS. 549

parenchyma, separating broader bands of firm texture, in which the
fine and numerous pith-rays are distinctly visible.

Gamb. 476; Nord. XT.

Salvadora oleoides Dene.

British India, Afghanistan.

Wood light-red, moderately hard, with a small, irregular, purple
heart wood. Pores large and small, oval, often subdivided, surrounded
by irregular patches of wood parenchyma, which are joined into wavy,
i r regular, zigzag, concentric hands; scanty, hut much more numerous and
prominent than in S. persica. prominent on a vertical section. Pith-rays
fine, numerous, distinct, at unequal distances. Structural work, agri-
cultural implements, Persian wheels and the knee timbers of boats.

Gamb. 477, tab. X, fiy. Nord. X: Watt Diet. 6 :448.

LOGANIACEvE.

Fagraea. Plate XXIX. fig. 1H>. Wood hard, close-grained, gray or
light-brown. Pores large, scantv, often subdivided. Pith-ravs fine, very
numerous. Concentric pale hands numerous: in those there may be
(extremely fine) pores.

Fagraea fastigiata Ml. Malebera; malbira.

Malay Peninsula, Java.

Wood of a dirty yellowish color with very close narrow rays, and
scattered pores partitioned. It has a great reputation for resisting
water, and if the trunks are used with the bark on, resist the teredo, so
that it is a very valuable timber for wharfs and piles.

Kidl. 217; K. & V. 9:80.

Fagraea fragrans Roxb. Allan (Burm.); tembusu ( M. ) ; “kings -wood ;’
kajoe-radjali ; urung ( Phil. ) .

British India, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Wood light-brown, hard, close-grained. Pores (or intercellular ducts)
large, very scanty, often subdivided and filled with a white substance.
Numerous pale concentric bands alternating with bands of firmer tissue
in which the fine numerous pith-rays are distinctly visible. Numerous
very fine, parallel transverse lines in longitudinal section. One of the
most important woods of the Malay Peninsula. One of the best woods
for piling. House building, boat anchors, etc. Very durable, untouched
by white ants and fungus and lasts a long time in the ground.

Gamb. 496; Wicsner 2:1015; Ridl. 216; Watt Diet. 3:812; \ an Eed. 179;
K. & V. 9:86.

550

FOX WORTHY.

Fagraea speciosa Bl. Tembusu tembaga; tembusu taking; tembusu paya.

Malay Peninsula.

Wood like that of F. fragrans but more compact and resinous, with a
strong odor and showing no concentric lines. Very durable. House
beams, bridges and planks.

Ridl. 216.

Fagraea wallichiana Benth.

Malay Peninsula.

A ery heavy and darker in color than that of other species. A very
fine compact wood.

Ridl. 217.

Strychnos nux-vomica L. Kajoe-oelar; “snake wood ;” “strychnine tree;”
bidara-pahit.

Ceylon, British India, Burma, Java.

Wood white, close-grained, durable. Ho heartwood, no seasonal rings.
Pores of two classes; large pores very scanty; very small pores numerous,
in irregular ramified patches, which are joined by concentric and oblique
white lines. Pith-rays white, fine and moderately broad, numerous,
sharply defined in the darker tissue. The large pores, which are prom-
inent as white streaks on a vertical section are filled with a white pith-
tissue, and sometimes ramify; they may be not vessels, but large inter-
cellular ducts. The wood is bitter and is not eaten by white ants. Used
for plow-shares, car-wheels, cots and fancy cabinet work.

Gamb. 497; Watt Diet. 6s: 382; Van Eed. 190; K. & V. 9:65-68; Boulger 274.

Other species of Strychnos are also used, but their wood has a structure
like that just described.

APOCYNACEyE.

M ood white, soft to hard, even-grained, rarely with heartwood. Pores
small or very small, scanty, in short or long radial groups. Pith-rays
very fine, very numerous. Occasional light concentric lines as in
A Istonia.

Alstonia macrophylla Wall. Plate XXX, fig. 97. Batino.

Philippines.

Much harder than A. scholaris. Without the white concentric lines.
Pores distinctly in radial rows. Structural work.

Phil. Woods 377.

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Plate XXX, fig. 98. Dita; chatwan; Plai;
"corkwood.”

British India and Ceylon to New Guinea and Australia, Philippines.

Wood white, soft, even-grained, seasons badly, and soon gets moldy
and discolored if allowed to season in the log. Pores moderate-sized,
oval, subdivided, ringed, scanty. Pith-rays fine, wavy, irregularly
distributed, with numerous intermediate extremely fine rays. Numerous

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

551

fine, wavy, concentric lines at unequal distances. Used for floats, black-
boards, tool handles, scabbards, coffins, etc.

Gamb. 483, tab. X, fig. 5; Becc. 580; Nord. X; Ridl. 216; Phil. Woods 382;
Watt Diet. 1:199; Van Eed. 174; K. & V. 1:117-120; Wiesner 2:1022; Lewis 309.

Dyera. Wood white, very soft and very light, with. large pores, which
are rather few in number. Pith-rays close; numerous, fine, irregular
transverse lines of wood parenchyma.

Dyera costulata Hook. f. Jelutong.

Malay Peninsula.

Used for making clogs, and also for planking, boxes, models, the
cheaper grade of Chinese coffins, etc.

Ridl. 215.

Dyera lowii Hook. f. Plate XXX, fig. 99. Jelutong, djeloetoeng, djiuluton.

Borneo.

Much the same uses as the preceding. Both of these species furnish
wood which closely resembles that of Alstonia scholaris.

Van Eed. 176; Bargagli-Petrucci 84; Becc. 580.

Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. Kurchi bark; conessi bark.

British India and Burma.

Wood white, soft, even-grained. Seasonal rings marked by a faint
line. Pores small, numerous, grouped in radial lines. Pith-rays fine,
very numerous. Cellular tissue loose. Wood carving.

Gamb. 484; Nord. VII; Watt Diet. 4:258.

Wrightia. Wood white, moderately hard. Pores small, scanty, in
short radial lines. Pith-rays very fine, numerous.

Wrightia javanica DC. Bintaos; mentaos, djalitri.

Java, British India.

Used for wood carving and ornament.

Van Eed. 177; K. & V. 1:112-114.

Wrightia laniti (Blanco) Merr. Plate XXX, fig. 100. Lanete.

Philippines.

This wood is not to be distinguished from the last. It is the best
Philippine wood for carving; and it is used in the carving of sacred
images, light construction, bolo scabbards, canes, cooking utensils, chairs,
musical instruments, shoes, trunks, turning, wardrobes, window-sills.

Phil. Woods 385.

Wrightia tinctoria R. Br.

British India and Burma.

Wood ivory-white, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores scanty, very
small, in short radial lines. Pith-rays extremely fine, numerous. Wood
carving.

Gamb. 486; Watt Diet. 64 : 3 1 7 .

FOXWORTHY.

552

Wrightia tomentosa Roem. & Sclmlt.

British India, Ceylon, Burma.

Wood white or yellowish, moderately hard, even-grained. Seasonal
rings marked by a pale line and occasionally more pores; pores in the
rest of the wood very small, in short radial groups, scanty. Pith-rays
very fine and extremely fine, very numerous, closely packed. Turnery
and wood carving.

(lamb. 487; Watt Diet. 64::H7.

Other genera of Apocytjaceae which occasionally furnish pieces of fine-grained
wood are Cerbera , Kick aria, Ochrosia and Tabemaemontana. These usually are of
but scattered occurrence and small size.

EOURAGINACE.E.

No well-marked character for the family.

Cordia. Pores oi variable size, more or less joined by concentric, often
broken, belts of loose tissue, separated by darker belts in which the pith-
rays are prominent. C. myxa and C. octandra have soft wood's, the
others have hard woods much resembling good teak ; durable and suitable
for carpentry.

Cordia fragrantissima Kurz.

Burma.

Wood moderately hard, reddish-brown with darker streaks, beautifully
mottled, has a flagrant scent. Pores moderate-sized to large, in round-
ish patches, which are joined by occasional, broken, concentric lines.
Pith-rays rather distant, moderately broad. Small quantities have been
exported to London.

Gamb. 501, lab. XI, fig. 2; Nord. X.

Cordia myxa L.

Egypt to tropical Australia; also frequently planted.

\\ ood grayish-brown, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized or large,
scanty, scattered and frequently double, or partitioned, joined by angled
wood cells; the alternate bands denser and closer in texture. Pith-rays
short, moderately broad, shallow. Boat building, well-curbs, agricultural
implements, gunstocks, canoes.

Gamb. 500, lab. XI, fig. 1 ; Niird. X; K. & V. 7:t>4-6(>.

Ehretia. Wood very light-brownish or yellowish- white, moderately
hard, even-grained, usually rough. Pores small, in radial lines or scat-
tered, in some species larger in the earlier-formed wood where they mark
the seasonal rings. Pith-rays fine to moderately broad, regular.

Ehretia acuminata Br.

British liufia, Burma, Java to Australia.

Wood very light-brown, rough, moderately hard, resembling that of
the ash. Pores of two kinds: those in the earlier-formed wood, large
and closely packed in a line, making conspicuous seasonal rings; those
in the rest ol the wood small, scattered. Pith-rays short, moderately

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

558

broad, not numerous. Scabbards, sword-hilts, gun-stocks, and used for
building and agricultural implements.

Gamb. 503, tab. XI, fig. 3; Nord. Ill; K. & V. 7:74-76.

Ehretia laevis Roxb.

British India, Persia, China.

Wood grayish or brownish-white, moderately hard, even-grained. Sea-
sonal rings indistinctly marked. Pores small, grouped in small clusters
or radial lines. Pitli-rays fine, short, numerous. Tough and durable;
agricultural implements and building.

Gamb. 503; Watt Diet. 3:203.

Ehretia javanica Bl. (E. wallichiana Hook. f. & Th.) Kendal; Ki-bako.
British India, Burma and Java.

Wood yellowish -white, moderately hard, rough. Seasonal rings marked
by light-colored belts. Pores small and moderate-sized, in scattered
groups and short radial lines. Pith-rays short, numerous, uniform.
Building, charcoal, tea-boxes.

Gamb. 504; Nord. X; K. & V. 7:76-78; Van Eed. 182.

VEREENACEvE.

Wood usually of good quality, not liable to warp or split, of various
colors. Pores usually moderate-sized, scanty, those in the earlier formed
wood larger and marking the seasonal rings. Pith-rays generally fine
and moderately broad, regular. The wood of Avicennia is quite anom-
alous.

Avicennia officinalis L. Plate XXX, fig. 101. Api-api (M.).

Mangrove swamps, tropical East Africa to Australia.

Wood brown or gray, hard and heavy, in alternate layers of pore-
bearing tissue and loose large-celled tissue without pores; the former-
layer shows the large, moderate-sized or small pores in radial stiings
of 1 to 5 between the fine short pith-rays; the latter is much narrower
and darker, forming belts which occasionally join each other, so that
the layers are clearly not seasonal growths. Wood very brittle. Fire-
wood, mills for husking paddy, rice-pounders, and oil-mills.

Gamb. 546, tab. XI, fig. 6; Nord. Ill; Watt Diet. 1:360; K. & V. 7:217-221;
Van Eed. 187; Ridl. 219.

Callicarpa. Wood white or brownish-white, even-grained. Pores
small to large, usually in radial lines. Pith-rays moderately broad to
broad. Usually small shrubs.

Callicarpa arborea Roxb. Ambon (M.).

British India and Burma, Malay Peninsula.

Wood light-brownish-white, moderately hard, even-grained. Seasonal
rings marked bv a line of harder wood. Pores rather scanty, small to
large, oval and often elongated, subdivided into numerous compartments,
often in radial lines. Pith-rays broad, with numerous fine rays between

88250 10

554

FOX WORTHY.

them, well marked on a radial section; the distance between the rays
greater than the transverse diameter of the pores. Charcoal.

Gamb. 525; Rid). 218.

Gmel ina arborea Roxb. Goomar teak; peddah gomra; gumaldi.

British India, Burma, Ceylon.

Wood yellowish, grayish, or reddish-white, with a glossy luster, even-
grained, soft, light and strong, durable, does not warp or crack. Seasonal
rings marked either by a white line or by more numerous pores in the
spring wood. Pores large and moderate-sized, often subdivided, rather
prominent on a vertical section; sometimes arranged in rough, more or
less concentric lines. Pith-rays short, moderately broad, prominent.
Wood easily worked and readily takes paint or varnish; it is very durable
under water. Highly esteemed for planking, furniture, door-panels,
carriages and palanquins, and for well-work, boats, toys, packing-cases
and all ornamental work; it is used in Burma for carving images and
canoes. Roxburgh says it is very like teak.

Gamb. 537-539; Nord. IV; Watt Diet. 3:515; E.-Pr. 4^:173.

Peronema canescens Jack. Soengkei-melajoe (Sumatra); loewis-madans
(Borneo). °

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

W ood white, light but fairly hard; rings distinct, marked with a close
continuous -line of pores. Pores large, few, often partitioned. Used
for house posts and bridge building.

Van Eed. 188; Ridl. 219; K. & V. 7:214.

} Premnd' W ood light-brown or gray, often streaked, moderately hard.
Pores small or moderate-sized, rather scanty, often subdivided. Pith-
rays fine or moderately broad, with a silver grain of very small plates.

Premna integrifolia L.

Ceylon, British India, Burma, Philippines.

W ood light-creamy-brown, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores mod-
erate-sized, sometimes subdivided, numerous. Pith-rays fine, close, fairly

numerous. Wood with pleasant scent, fresh and fragrant, not so aromatic
as sandal.

Gamb. 535.

Premna pyramidata Wall.

Burma.

Wrood very light-brown or yellowish-white, often streaked, hard, close-
grained, smooth. Pores small or moderate-sized, sometimes subdivided,
fairly numerous. Pith-rays fine to moderately broad, numerous, close.’
Wood seasons and polishes well and is used for weaving-shuttles.

Gamb. 530, tab. XI, fig. 5; Nord. IV.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

555

Premna tomentosa Willd. Boenpboelan; boelang; bolang; gadoengan; ga-
doeng.

Ceylon, British India, Java.

Wood said to be almost as durable as teak. Used for house building.

Van Eed. 188; K. & Y. 7:179-182.

Tectona grandis L. f. Plate XXX, fig. 102. Teak; jati.

British India, Burma, Java, Siam, and much planted.

“The best teak is from Malabar, then the Java teak ; the Burmese and
also the Siamese teak is usually lighter in weight and of brighter color;
the greater part of this comes by way of Bangkok, Moulmein, or Rangoon.

“Wood moderately hard, strongly and characteristically scented and
containing an oil which is easily perceptible to the touch and is pre-
servative; sapwood white, usually small; heartwood dark, golden-yellow,
turning brown, dark-brown and finally almost black with age. Annual
rings marked by one or more lines of regularly arranged pores, often set
in a belt of loose tissue; in the rest of the wood the pores are scattered,
scanty, sometimes subdivided, variable in size from small to moderate-
sized, a few large. Pith-rays moderately broad to broad, fairly numerous,
giving a conspicuous handsome silver-grain of elongated plates. Pith
large quadrangular.

“The small pieces left in working up big logs are worked up into
shingles. There is one difficulty in the utilization of teak wood, viz.,
that it is so often unsound at the center, necessitating scantlings being
cut so as to leave the center out. The unsoundness is due partly to
the large soft pith which is easily bored by insects, allowing damp and
rot to enter afterwards, and partly, perhaps, to so much of the teak
still brought out coming from old overmature trees. Teak is the chief
export timber of India and Burma, also the chief building timber of
the country. The wood is exported chiefly for shipbuilding, especially
for the backing of armor plates in battle ships and for the decks of
most vessels, also for the construction of railway carriages and for the
best class of house carpentry, being admirably suited for staircases, balus-
trades, door and window frames and furniture. In India it is used
for all purposes of house and ship building, for bridges, railway sleepers,
furniture, shingles, etc. It is used for carving, the Burmese carved teak-
wood being especially noted, in Burma itself carved Tvyaungs/ or monas-
teries, being prominent in almost every village of any importance. The
wood is very durable, as is shown by the specimens obtained by Brandis
from the old city of Vijiyanagar (Hampi) in the South Deccan, which
are still sound and good though probably five hundred years old. There
are also in the Dehra collection pieces, now quite black and very hard,
from the ancient city of Ujjain in Ajmere, whose age must be very

POX WORTHY.

55(5

great. Hie durability is probably due to the large amount of oil con-
tained in the wood. This oil is used medicinally, as a substitute for
linseed oil and as a varnish.” (Gamb. 526-534.)

Nord. IV (sapwood only); Watt Diet. 64: 1-14 ; Ridl. 220; Winton 229;
Wiesner 2:1003-1005; K. & V. 7:165-172; Van Eed. 189-194; Blits 48-50; Phil.
Woods 394; Stone 170; Stevenson 209-274; Holtzapffel 107.

The teak is probably the best known of all tropical woods. It has a
wider range of usefulness than any other and has become the standard
for estimating the value of other woods from the rest of the world. Other
woods surpass it for special purposes, but for general utility there is
none to equal it. Moreover, the way in which it adapts itself to cultiva-
tion on comparatively poor soil makes it certain that it can maintain a
place in the world’s markets indefinitely.

Tectona hamiltoniana Wall.

Burma.

A hard and very heavy wood, which is light-brown, close-grained, with
an irregular dark-brown heartwood. Pores small, often subdivided, rather
scanty. 1 ith-ra}rs line, the distance between them equal to the trans-
veise diameter of the pores. Seasonal rings marked by a continuous
white line with somewhat larger pores. Harder and heavier than teak.

Gamb. 534.

Vitex. Wood gray, brown or olive-brown, moderately hard to very
bal’d. Pores small or moderate-sized. Pith-rays fine to moderately broad.

Vitex aherniana Merr. Plate XXX, fig. 103. Sasalit.

Philippines.

Very hard and heavy to very heavy. Dark-brownish-yellow. Very
durable; house posts, etc.

Phil. Woods 392; Gard. 67.

Vitex altissima L. f. Myrole; mibella.

British India and Ceylon.

W ood gray with a tinge of olive-brown, hard, close-grained, polishes
well. Seasonal rings distinctly marked by a belt of firmer wood on the
outer edge. Pores small, scanty. Pith-rays fine, numerous, wavy, very
heavy. Structural work and carts.

Gamb. 540; Watt Diet. 6*: 247.

Vitex littoral is Dene. (Vitex timoriensis Walp.) Plate XXX 104

Molave. ’

Philippines, Timor.

\\ ood hard and heavy ; pale-yellow ; fine and usually straight-grained.
Seasonal rings present, diffuse-porous. Slightly acid odor. Bitter taste.
Turning greenish-yellow when treated with an alkaline solution. Stain-
ing water a greenish-yellow color. Often said to be the finest Philippine
wood. Much valued for house and ship building. Classed in the third
line of Lloyd’s Register. Some of its uses in the Philippines are:

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

557

Axles, beams, bridges, cabinet making, carabao yokes, cogwheels, general
high-grade construction, docks, doors, finishing of houses, firewood, floor-
ing, footings in the ground, futtocks, palo (wooden club to pound rice),
posts, joists, knees, piles, pillars, pinions, planks, plows, rafters, rice
mortars, shipbuilding, cutwater, ships’ knees, ribs, frames, siding of
houses, sleepers, sternposts, sugar presses, wedges, wheel rims, undersills,
paving blocks, railroad ties. For many purposes, it seems to be fully the
equal of teak.

Phil. Woods 389; Gardner 55; Van Eed. 194; Boulger 217; Sender 685.

Vitex pubescens Vahl. Halban; calipapa; leban; kuzoe-arak; molave.

British India, Burma, Andaman Islands, Borneo, Philippine Islands, Malay
Archipelago and Peninsula.

Wood smooth, reddish-brown or olive-brown, very hard, close-grained,
seasonal rings marked by a more or less sharp line and by a broad belt
of firmer wood on the outer edge. Pores small to moderate-sized, scanty,
uniformly distributed. Pith-rays fine and very fine, numerous, equidis-
tant. Difficult to distinguish from the preceding. Durable, used for
structural work, mine-props, etc.

Gamb. 541; Ridl. 218; Van Eed. 195; K. & V. 7:202-204.

Other species of Vitex are also used, furnishing wood of excellent quality.

BIGNONlACEiE.

Pores usually moderate-sized, ringed or in patches of loose texture
which are often oblique or confluent into more or less broken concentric
belts; they are often filled with resin. Pith-rays fine, regular.

Dolichandrone. Pores rather scanty, small to moderate-sized, in
oblique lines and sometimes in concentric bands. Pith-rays fine, numer-
ous. Texture, color and hardness variable.

Dolichandrone spathacea (L. f.) K. Sch. ( D longissima (Lour.) K. Sell.,
D. rheedii Seem.) Tui (Phil.).

Malabar to New Guinea.

Wood white, soft. Pores small, often subdivided, in wavy, narrow,
concentric bands. Pith-rays very fine, very numerous. Not durable.
Used for temporary construction.

Gamb. 512; Van Eed. 183; K. & V. 1 : 69-7 1 ; Becc. 581.

Heterophragma. Pores moderate-sized, ringed. Pith-rays fine, the dis-
tance between the rays being equal to or greater than the transverse
diameter of the pores. No regular distinct concentric bands.

Heterophragma adenophyllum Seem.

British India.

Sapwood light-yellow ; heartwood orange-yellow, with occasional darker
streaks, moderately hard to hard. Pores moderate-sized, ringed, filled
with yellow resinous matter, uniformly distributed, but occasionally
running into more or less concentric lines. Pitb-rays fine to moderately

558

FOX WORTHY.

broad, the distance between them equal to or greater than the diameter
of the pores.

(Jamb. 514, tab. XI, fig. Jf • Nbrd. IX (sapwood).

Millingtonia hortensis L. Sekar-poetih ; potean.

British India, Burma and Malay Archipelago.

Wood soft, yellowish-white. Seasonal rings marked by the younger
wood with few pores and the older wood with rather more numerous ones.
Pores small, numerous, arranged in light-colored patches which run to-
gether to form a more or less concentric zigzag pattern. Pith-rays tine,
the distance between the rays somewhat larger than the transverse di-
ameter of the pores. Very soft and corky; used for boxes and other
temporary uses.

Gamb. 509; Watt Diet. 5:247; Van Eed. 183.

Oroxylum indicum Benth. Pincapincahan (Phil.); pohon-pedang, kajoe-
sabel ( M. ) .

British India, Burma, Andamans, Ccvlon, Malaya.

W ood yellowish-white, soft ; no heartwood. Pores scanty, moderate-
^ized, uniformly distributed. Seasonal rings marked by more numerous
pores. Pith-rays fine to moderately broad. Matchwood.

Gamb. 510; Ridl. 218; Van Eed. 184.

Pajanelia rheedii DC.

British India, Burma, Andaman Islands.

Wood orange-brown, very hard, close-grained. Pores large, occasion-
ally filled with yellow resin; each pore surrounded by a narrow ring of
wood parenchyma, uniformly distributed. Pith-rays fine, very numerous,
uniform and nearly equidistant, prominent. Wood very similar to that
of Planchonia littoralis, but differs by more prominent pith-rays and
larger pores, which are not arranged in bands, but isolated.

Gamb. 517.

Various species of Radermachera and, possibly, other genera occasionally
furnish trees of sufficient size to give soft and easily worked woods.

Stereospermum. Wood grayish-brown, heartwood (if present) yel-
lowish-brown. Pores small to large, variable in size, scanty, surrounded
by wood parenchyma, the patches joined into more or less concentric belts.
Pith-rays fine to moderately large, rather scanty.

Stereospermum chelonioides DC.

British India, Burma, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula.

Wood hard, gray, no heartwood. Pores moderate-sized and large,
joined by narrow, irregular, wavy, interrupted belts and lines of soft
tissue. Pores frequently filled with a white substance of a resinous
nature, which is prominent on a vertical section. Pith-rays short, wavy,
moderately broad, numerous. House building, furniture, canoes, tea-
boxes.

Gamb. 514; Ridl. 217; Watt Diet. 6a:466; Van Eed. 184.

INDOMALAYAN WOODS.

559

Stereospermum suaveolens 1)C.

British India and Ceylon.

Wood hard; sapwood gray; heartwood small, yellowish-brown, beauti-
fully mottled with darker streaks, very hard, seasons and polishes well.
Pores moderate-sized, inclosed in patches of wood parenchyma which are
more or less concentrically arranged and sometimes run together into
concentric belts. Pores frequently filled with a white shining substance,,
which becomes yellow in the heartwood. Pith-rays fine, sharply defined,
numerous, wavy, equidistant. Durable, easy to work and good for
building, but the amount of heartwood is small. An excellent firewood
and makes good charcoal.

Gamb. 515; Watt Diet. 63:367.

IiUBIACEiE.

Wood white, yellow, or rarely red, close- and even-grained, generally
hard or moderately hard; usually no heartwood. Pores small or very
small; in Anthocephalus cadamba and a few other species, moderate-sized.
Pith-rays uniform, equidistant, fine or very fine, often closely packed. In
Morinda the pores collect in patches, but otherwise the structure is very
uniform. Many of the species have woods resembling boxwood, and
worthy of practical test to see if they could not be used as substitutes
for it.

Adina. Wood yellowish, moderately hard to hard, even-grained. Pores
small, numerous. Pith-rays fine and very fine, numerous.

Adina cordifolia Hook. f.

British India, Burma, Ceylon.

No heartwood. Seasonal rings faint. Pores small, numerous, evenly
distributed. Pith-rays very fine, short, numerous. Combs, turnery,
house posts. Durable.

Gamb. 401, tab. IX, fig. 2; Nord. VII, IX; Watt Diet. 1:114.

Adina rubescens Hemsl. Berombong (M.).

Malay Peninsula.

Heartwood yellow, with distinct rings. Hard and heavy wood suitable
for building.

Ridl. 209.

Anthocephalus cadamba (Boxb.) Miq. Henlija, kajoe-koening (M.).

Southeastern Asia, Malay Archipelago, New Guinea.

Wood white, with a yellowish tinge, soft, even-grained. Pores large,
oval, elongated, subdivided, sometimes in short radial lines, scanty.
Pith-rays fine, numerous, close together, bent outward where they touch
the pores. Structure very similar to that of Sarcocephalus cordatus
Miq. Structural work, joinery, tea-chests.

Gamb. 400; Nord. IX; Watt Diet. 1 :266; Van Eed. 154; K. & V. 8:8-11.

56(1

FOX WORTHY.

Canthium. W ood hard, close-grained. Pores very small, numerous.
Pith-rays fine and very fine, numerous, regular.

Canthium didymum Roxb. Butulang.

British India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay Peninsula.

White or light-brown. Seasonal rings marked by a dark line with few
or no pores. A fine wood used for agricultural purposes. In Ceylon,
its resemblance to boxwood lias caused it to be called “Ceylon boxwood.”
Gamb. 419; Ridl. 211.

Gardenia. W ood creamy-white, smooth, close-grained, hard, but cuts
easily. Pores small to extremely small, evenly distributed, often scanty.
Pith-rays short, very fine to fine, numerous. Like the species of Randia,
those of Gardenia have the characters of boxwood, and deserve attention
as possible substitutes for the cheaper rougher work of engraving, tool-
handles, etc.

Gardenia barnesii Merr. Plate XXX, fig. 105.

Philippines.

W ood very hard and very heavy, white, much resembling boxwood,
for which it could possibly be substituted. An excellent wood for small
ornaments.

Gardenia coronaria Ham.

British India and Burma.

Combs and turnery, liable to crack. .

Gamb. 416; Ndrd. IY ( O. costata) .

Gardenia gummifera L. f.

British India.

Gamb. 415; Watt Diet. 3:481.

Gardenia tubifera Wall. Delima hutan (M.).

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.

WTood white, grain fine, medium hard and heavy, splits in drying.
Used for house building and is fairly durable.

Ridl. 210; Van Fed. 115; K. & V. 8:90.

Guettarda speciosa L. Seacoast teak; Ketapang-ketek (M.).

Seacoasts throughout the Indo-Malayan region.

Wrood yellow, with a tinge of red. Pores small, often in radial lines.
Pith-rays moderately broad and very fine.

Gamb. 418; K. & V. 8:129-131.

Hymenodictyon excelsum Wall.

British India, Burma, Philippines.

Wood white, when cut up fresh; if cut up dry, brownish-gray; soft.
Seasonal rings indistinctly marked. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, single
or subdivided. Pith-rays few, moderately broad, alternating with others,
fine, bent around the pores. Wrood cells large. Tea-boxes, scabbards,
grain-measures, palanquins, toys.

Gamb. 400; Ndrd. IX; Watt Diet. 64:349; K. & V. 8:50-52.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

561

Ixora. Wood brownish, hard, close-grained. Pores small. Pith-rays
very fine, numerous, regular. Very numerous species but usually of
relatively small size.

Gamb. 420; Ridl. 211; K. & V. 8:146-169.

Pavetta and Coffea are much like the last.

Mitragyne. Wood reddish- or yellowish-brown. Pores small to mod-
erate-sized, not very numerous. Pith-rays fine, numerous, uniform.
Wood cells usually rather large.

Mitragyne parvifolia Korth. ( Stephegyne parvifolia Korth.) Kajoe mas,
kajoe-koening ( M. ) .

British India, Burma, Ceylon.

Wood light-pinkish-brown, moderately hard, even-grained, much re-
sembling that of Adina cor difolia, but rather harder, and at once
recognized by its different color. Pores small, numerous, uniformly
distributed. Pith-rays very fine, numerous, short. The wood is easily
worked and polishes well; it is durable, if not exposed to wet. It is used
in building, furniture, agricultural implements, combs, cups, spoons and
platters, and for turned and carved articles.

Gamb. 403; Nord. VII and X; Van Eed. 155; K. & V. 8:38-40.

Morinda tinctoria Roxb. Mengkudu.

British India, Burma, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Wood red, often yellow with red streaks, moderately hard, close-grained.
Seasonal rings fairly marked. Pores small, scanty, in radial or oblique
groups, rather distant from each other. Pith-rays fine and moderately
broad, rather distant. Durable; plates and dishes.

K. & V. 8:192-194; Gamb. 422; Ridl. 211.

Nauclea sp. Plate XXX, fig. 106. Calamansanay.

Philippines.

Wood hard and heavy, yellow with a beautiful rose tint; close- and
straight-grained. No seasonal rings. Pith-rays very fine, pores small
and scattered. Used for flooring, masts of boats, beams in interior con-
struction, posts for houses or in contact with the ground, shipbuilding,
telegraph poles, window sills.

Phil. Woods 378.

Randia. Wood creamy-white, light-brown or grayish-brown, smooth,
close-grained, hard. Pores small or very small, evenly distributed. Pith-
rays fine and very fine, numerous.

Randia dumetorum Lam.

British India, Burma, Ceylon, Abyssinia, China, Sunda Islands.

Seasonal rings marked by a belt without pores. Agricultural imple-
ments, fences, fuel.

Gamb. 413; Watt Diet. 6:391; K. & V. 8:96.

562

FOXWORTHY.

Sarcocephalus cordatus Miq. Plate XXX, fig. 107. Bancal (Phil.) ; kajoe-
mas (M.) ; bakmi (Ceylon) ; “yellow wood.”

Ceylon, Burma, Malacca, Philippines, Malay Archipelago, New Guinea, North
Australia.

Wood soft, sapwood light-yellow, heartwood bright-yellow. Pores
moderate-sized, rather scanty, usually subdivided, in rough radial lines
between the numerous fine pith-rays which bend round them. Furniture,
door frames, panels, sandals, tea-chests.

Gamb. 400; Nord. VI; Phil. Woods 375; Lewis 309; Van Eed. 157; K. & V.

8:13-15.

Sarcocephalus junghuhnii Miq. Mangel; chermin ayer (M.) ; mambog
(Phil.).

Malay Peninsula, Philippine Islands.

Wood fairly heavy, bright-yellow when fresh, turning brown; not very
hard. Sapwood not very distinct. Pores large and small mixed, rays
very close and fine, rings fairly distinct and regular, narrow and almost
poreless. A good ordinary building wood, durable.

Ridl. 209.

Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. Cingum (M.).

In the mangrove swamps throughout this region.

Wood dark-brown, fine-grained, rings obscure, pores exceedingly small,
and pith-rays very fine.

Ridl. 210; K. & V. 8:125-127.

Urophyllum glabrum Wall.

Malay Peninsula.

Maingay says Urophyllum is the kayu gading ; the wood is very pale
whitish-red or reddish-white, grain medium, very hard, splits very slightly
in drying. Used for the manufacture of kris handles and probably
valuable for carving or wood engraving. The name kayu gading is
applied to several plants which have white (like ivory) hard wood,
chiefly species of Canthium, Petunga venulosa and also Hunteria corym-
bosa.

Ridl. 210; K. & V. 8:66-68.

Wendlandia. Wood reddish-brown. Pores small, evenly distributed.
Pith-rays of two kinds, very fine and fine or moderately broad, numerous.

Wendlandia exserta DC.

British India,

Hard. Seasonal rings marked by fewer pores in the later-formed wood.
Building, agricultural implements, house posts.

Gamb. 408; Nord. IX ( W. excelsa) ; Watt Diet. 6B402.

Other species of the genus in India and Malaya produce wood very
much like that already described, but usually in small pieces.

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

563

COMPOSITE.

Wood soft and light. Pores moderate-sized, rather scanty. Pith-rays
moderately broad to fine.

Vernon ia arborea Ham. Plate XXX, fig. 108. Merambong (M. ).

Malay Peninsula, Philippine Islands, Malay Archipelago.

Wood white or brownish; used for house building but is not durable.
Ridl. 211; K. & V. 5:50-54.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate XXII.

Fig. 1. Agathis alba.

2. Pinus insularis.

3. Casuarina equisetifolia.

4. Engelhardtia serrata.

5. Quercus soleriana.

6. Artocarpus cumingiana.

Fig. 7. Sloetia sideroxylon.

8. Taxotropliis ilicifolia.

9. Helicia philippinensis.

10. K’runtum.

11. Scorodocarpus borneensis.

12. Strombosia philippinensis.

Plate XXIII.

Fig. 13. Michelia charapaca.

14. Canagium odoratum.

15. Myristica philippensis.

16. Beilschmiedia cairocan.

17. Cinnamomum camphora.

18. Eusideroxylon zwageri.

Fig. 19. Litsea perrottetii.

20. Parinarium grifflthianum.

21. Pygeum preslii.

22. Pithecolobium acle.

23. Acacia melanoxylon.

24. Sindora cochinchinensis.

Plate XXIV.

Fig. 25. Pericopsis mooniana.

26. Intsia bijuga.

27. Cassia nodosa.

28. Pterocarpus indicus.

29. Kingiodendron alternifolium.

30. Erythrina indica.

Fig. 31. Caesalpinia sappan.

32. Parkia roxburghii.

33. Ixonanthes icosandra.

34. Chloroxylon swietenia.

35. Fagara integrifoliola.

36. Murraya exotica.

Plate XXV.

Fig. 37. Irvingia malayana.

38. Canarium commune.

39. Aglaia clarkii.

40. Amoora aherniana.

41. Toona calantas.

42. Sandoricum indicum.

Fig. 43. Xylocarpus granatum.

44. Bischofia trifoliata.

45. Koordersiodendron pinnatum.

46. Melanorrhoea sp.

47.. Urandra sp.

48. Dodonaea viscosa.

Plate XXVI.

Fig. 49. Euphoria cinerea.

50. Pometia pinnata.

51. Zizyphus zonulatus.

52. Gonystylus bancanus.

53. Berrya ammonilla.

54. Bombycidendron campylosi

plion.

Fig. 55. Bombycidendron campylosi-
phon (long, section).

56. Thespesia populnea.

57. Pterocymbium tinctorium.

58. Tarrietia javanica.

59. Tarrietia sylvatica.

60. Dillenia sp.

565

566

FOXWORTHY.

Plate XXVII.

Fig. 61. Calophyllum inophyllum.

62. Calophyllum borneense.

63. Cratoxylon sp.

64. Mesua ferrea.

65. Yatiea sp.

66. Balanocarpus sp.

Fig. 67. Shorea balangeran ?

68. Ilopea acuminata.

69. Dryobalanops sp.

70. Shorea guiso.

71. Dipterocarpus grandiflorus.

72. Shorea polysperma.

Plate

Fig. 73. Red Lauan.

74. Anisoptera sp.

75. White Lauan.

76. Cotylelobium sp.

77. Cotylelobium sp.

78. Serial) puteh.

XXVIII.

Fig. 79. Homalium sp.

80. Octomeles sumatrana.

81. Lagerstroemia speciosa.

82. Sonneratia pagatpat.

83. Carallia integerrima.

84. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza.

Plate XXIX.

Fig. 85. Ceriops tagal.

86. Rhizophora sp.

87. Lumnitzera littorea.

88. Terminalia nitens.

89. Eugenia sp.

90. Xanthostemon verdugonianus.

Fig. 91. Polyscias nodosa.

92. Aegiceras floridum.

93. Ulipe betis.

94. Palaquium sp.

95. Maba buxifolia.

96. Fagraea sp.

Plate XXX.

Fig, 97. Alstonia macrophylln.

98. Alstonia scholaris.

99. Dyera lowii.

100. Wrightia laniti.

101. Avicennia officinalis.

102. Tectona grand is.

Fig. 103. Vitex alierniana.

104. Vitex Iittoralis.

105. Gardenia barnesii.

106. Nauclea sp.

107. Sarcocephalus cordatus.

108. Vernonia sp.

(All figures with a magnification of five diameters.)

Fox woiu'iiY : In do- Malayan Woods. J

LI’UIL. JoUKN. SCI., VoL. IV, No. 4.

Fig. 4. — Engelhard i ia sertata.

Fig. 5. — Quercus soleriana.

Fig. 6. — Artocarpus eumin-
giana.

Fig. 7. — Sloctia sidcroxylon.

Fig. 8. — Taxotrophis ilicifolia. Fig. 9. — Hclicia phiUppincnsis.

Fig. 10. — K’runtuin.

Fig. 1 4 . — Scarodocarpus bor-
ne crisis.

Fig. 12. — Alrombnsia pliihp-
p inensis.

PLATE XXII.

Fox worthy : Imhi-Malayan Woods. |

[Pmi,. ./oi'HN. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 4.

Fig. 16. — Beilschmicdia
cairocan.

Fig. 17. — Cinnamomum cam-
phora.

Fig. 18. — Eusideroxylon
zwageri.

Fig. 19. — Litsea perrottetii.

Fig. 20. — Parinarium grif-
fithianum.

Fig. 21. — Pygeum prcslii.

XXI 1 1.

Fig. 24. — Sindora cochinchi-
nensis.

Fox worthy : In »o- -Mala van Woods.]

[Phil. .Tourn. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 4.

Fig. 28. — Ptcrocarpus indicus.

Fig. SO.— Frgthrina indu'd.

-Ixonanthes icosan-

i Ira .

Fig. 29 . — K ing iod end ron
alternifolium.

Fig. 32. — Parkia roxburghii.

Fig. 31. — Caesalpinia sappnn.

Fig. 34. — •Chloroxylnn suicte-
nia.

Fig. 35- Fagara integri folia..

Fig. 30. M nrmi/a exoliea.

XXIV.

Foxworthy : Indo-Mai.ayan Woods.]

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 4.

Fig. 43. — \ylocarpus grana-
tum.

Fig. 44. — Bischofia javanica.

Fig. 45. — Koordcrsiodendron
pinnatum.

Fig. 46. — Melanorrlioea sp.

Fig. 47. — Urandra sp.

Fig. 48. — Dodonaca viscosa.

PLATE XXV.

Fox worthy : Indo-Malayan Woods. J

[Phil. Journ. Set., Vol. IV', No. 4.

Fig. 52. — Gonystylus banca-

11 IIS.

Fit;. 53. — Berrya ammonilla.

Fig. 54. — Bovibycidendron
campylosiphon.

Fig. 55 . — Bo w bycidendron
campy losiphon.

Fig. 5(5. — Thespesia populnen.

Fig. 57. — Pterocymbium tinc-
toriurn.

Fig. 58. — Tarrietia javanici *.

Fig. 59. — Tarrietia sylvatica.

Fig. (50. — Dillenia sp.

F> 1_ AT E XXVI.

Foxworthy: Indo-Malayan Woods.]

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 4.

xxv 1 1 .

Foxworthy: Indo-Malayan Woods.]

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 4.

-Anisoptera sp.

White Union.

Fig. 79. — Homdlium sp.

Fig. 80. — Octomeles sumatrana.

Fig. 82. — Sonneratia p agatpat.

Fig. 83. — Carallia integerrima.

Fig. 81. — Lagerstroemia
speciosa.

Fig. 84. — Bruguiera gym-
norrhiza.

f>i_ate: xxviii.

Foxworthy : Indo-Malayan Woods. |

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 4.

Fig. 88. — Terminalia nitons.

Fig. 89. — Eugenia sp.

Fig. 90. — Xanthostcmon
verdugonianus.

Fig. 91. — Polyschis nodosa.

Fig. 92. — Aegiceras flori-
dum.

Fig. 93. — Illipe bctis.

fwps ■ *■ ■

aasaBagsB^i

Fig. 94. — Palaquium sp.

Fig. 95. — Malta buxifnlia.

Fig. 9G. — Fagraca sp.

XXIX.

Foxworthy: Indo-Malayan Woods.]

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 4.

Fig. 97. — Alstonia macrophylla.

Fig. 98. — Alstonia scliolaris.

Fig. 99. — Dyera loicii.

Fig. 100. — Wrightia laniti.

Fig. 101. — Avicennia offici-
nal is.

Fig. 102. — Tectona grand is.

Fig. 103. — Vitcx ahcrniana.

Fig. 104. — Vitcx littora.’is.

Fig. 105. — Gardenia barnesii.

Fig. 108. — Vernon ia sp.

Fig. 106. — Nauclca sp.

Fig. 1 07. — Sarcoceplxalus.
eordatus.

XXX.

VIII. INDEX.

Abauria excelsa Becc 465

Acacia 458

arabica Willd 420,469

catechu Willd 420, 459, 469

eburnea Willd 469

excelsa Benth 469

farnesiana Willd 428, 470

ferruginea DC 428,470

koa Gray 470

leucophloea Willd .... 470

melanoxylon B. Br. Plate

XXIII. Fig. 23 422,470

modesta Wall. 470

planifrons W. & A 470

speciosa Willd 459

tomentosa Willd 470

Acacia- Cassia type 458

acajou 481

acajou a fruits 487

acajou a pOmmes 487

acajoubaum 487

acajou d'Afrique .-. 496

acajou de Guadeloupe 487

Aceraceae 492

acle 413, 415, 520, 422, 434, 463

acleng parang 413, 415, 434, 460

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius W. &

A 423,459

Actinodaphne 454

Adenantliera bicolor Moon 459

intermedia Merr 459

pavonina L 423, 425,

432, 459

Adina 559

Adina cordifolia Hook. f. .. 424, 559, 561

rubescens Hemsl 559

Aegiceras corniculatum (L. )

Blanco 538

floridum Roem. &
Schult. Plate

XXIX. Fig. 92 538

majus Gaertn 538

re in italics.)

Page.

/Kgle marmelos (L. ) Correa.... 426,473

African mahogany 430

Afzelia bijuga A. Gray 461

palembanica Bak 461

rhomboidea Vid 462

agaru 423,434,479

Agathis alba (Lam.) Plate XXII.

Fig. 1 442

dammara Rich 442

Aglaia 476

Aglaia clarkii Merr. Plate XXV.

Fig. 39 422, 476

cochinchinensis Pierre 477

eusideroxylon K. & V 476

minahassae T. & B 428

minaliassae Koord 477

odorata Lour 477

pyramidata Hance 477

roxburgiana Miq 477

agoho 413,

415, 418, 420, 422, 428, 434, 444

aij -samara 434

aijulet 437

Ailanthus malabarica DC 474

akat 437

akit 528

alabangbang 467

Alangium lamarckii Thvv 537

ala-saga 461

Albizzia amara Boiv 459

julibrissin Durazz 422, 459

lebbeck Benth 459, 460

lebbeckoides Benth 460

littoral is T. & B 460

moluccana Miq 460

montana Benth 460

odoratissima Benth 460

procera Benth 422, 458, 460

saponaria Bluine 460

stipulata Boiv 460

Aleurites moluccana ( L. ) Willd. .. 483

Alexandrian laurel 504

algum - 427

567

568

FOXWORTHY.

Page.

almaciga 442

almendro 530

almon 507,511,512

almug 427

Aloexylon agallochum Lour . 427

alossul 435

Alstonia macrophylla Wall. Plate

XXX. Fig. 97 550

scholaris (L.) R. Br.

Plate XXX. Fig. 98.... 424,

427, 550, 551

Altingia excelsa Neronha 456

alupag 413,415,422,434

alus surat 537

Alyxia stellata R. & S 428

ambi 434

ambon 553

amlabaum 486

Amoora 477, 480

Amoora aherniana Merr. Plate

XXV. Fig. 40 477

aphanomyxis R. & S 477

cucullata Roxb 477

spectabilis Miq 480

walichii King 480

amuguis 413,415,434,489

Anacardiaceae 487

Anacardium occidentale L 487

Anacolosa luzoniensis Merr 449

anadiong 446

anan 413,415,429,435,549

Andaman Bullet wood 540 !

redwood 431, 436, 466

padauk 466

anemene 464 j

angelly 419

angiosperms 443

angsana 436, 467

Anisophyllea 526

Anisophyllea zeylanica Benth 527

Aniaoptera Plate XXVIII. Fig.

74 511

Ansoptera glabra Kurz 512 j

melanoxylon Hook 513

palembanica Miq 512

thurifera Blanco 512

anjan 413,415,422,471

Anogeiaaus 528, 529

Anogeiaaus acuminata 529

lati folia Wall 420, 529

pendula 529

Anonaceae 450

Anona

Page.

427

Anthocephalua cadamba (Roxb.)

Miq 559

Antidesma 483

Antidesma bunius Spr 484

ghaeaembilla Gaertn, .. 484

antipolo 434

anubing 413, 420, 422, 423, 434, 447

Aphania montana B1 492

paucijuga Radik 492

Aphanomyxis grandifolia 111 477

rohituka (Roxb.)

Pierre 477

api-api 413,415,434,529,553

apitong 413,

415, 434, 507, 509, 510, 512, 513

Apocynaceae 550, 552

Apodytes 492

Aporosa 483

Aporosa dioica (Roxb.) Muell.

Arg 484

appi-appi 434

Aquifoliaceae 490

Aquilaria agallocha Roxb 427, 523

malaccensis Lam 523

Araliaceae 537

Aralidium pinnatifidum Miq 537

arang 429

aranga 413, 415, 418, 419,

420, 422, 434, 522

Ardisia 538

Ardisia paniculata Roxb 538

ar j On 53 1

artificial ebony 544

Artocarpus sp 420, 422

chaplasha Roxb 446

cumingiana Tree.

Plate XXII. Fig. 6.... 423,

447

gomeziana Wall 446

hirsuta Lamk. 419, 446. 447

integrifolia L. f 423, 446

lakoocha Roxb 446

lancifolia Roxb 446

nobilis Thw 446

superba Becc 447

Arytera littoralis B1 493

asphal 434

Astronia papetaria B1 536

ata-ata 544, 545

Atalantia missionis (Wight) Oliv. 473

monophylla (L. ) Cor-
rea 426, 473

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

569

Page.

Averrhoa bilimbi L 472

carambola L 472

Avicennia officinalis L . Plate

XXX. Fig. 101 553

Azadarachta indica A. Juss 423, 478

B.

babul 413, 415, 469

bacauan 413, 415, 434, 528

Baccaurea 483

Baccaurea sapida Muell. Arg 484

badam 437,530

badamier 530

badoli 436

bahay 461

bahoet 519

bakao 434

bakko

528

bakmi 434, 562

bako 434

balacat 413,415,434,496 j

I

balam 541

balam-tandjong 541

balangeran 516

Balanites aegyptica Delile 475

rqxburghii 424

Balanocarpus sp. Plate XXVII.

Fig. 66 420, 438, 508

Balanocarpus maximus King 512

penangianus King.. 512

balau 517

baleon adock 451

balinliasay 413,434,487

balis-bukkol 434

ball au 418

hallow 413, 415, 436, 437, 457, 508

bamboos 424

banaba 413, 415, 419, 420,

. 422,423,434,524

banalo 413,415,434,499

bancal 413, 415, 423, 434, 562

banderu — 415, 493

bangkirai 436,510

bani - 434

bani-bani 434

baniyuyo - 484

bansalaguin 413, 415, 419, 422,

423, 434, 540

bansu 413, 415, 434, 468

banuvo 413,415,422,423,434,463

bapa-mereh 519

bapa-puti 519

88250 11

Page.

barrels and cooperage stock 425

Barringtonia acutangula Gaertn. 423,

525

racemosa Bl. 413,420,525

speciosa Forst 256

baru laut 499

baru waru laut 434

Baryxylum dasyrachys Pierre 462

inerme Pierre 462

Baryxylum rufum Lour 428

basoeng 436, 512

Bassia spp 419, 539

latifolia Roxb 420, 539

longifolia L 540

bastard cedar 478, 480

mahogany 534

sandalwood 433

teak 423

batete 413,435,471

baticulin 413,435,454

batitinan 413, 415, 419,

422, 435, 524, 532

batino 413, 435, 550

Bauhinia 458

type 458, 46 1

acuminata L 467

malabarica Roxb 467

purpurea L 468

retusa Ham 468

tomentosa L 468

variegata L 468

bawang 435, 452

bead tree 479

bebya 437

bedara china 434

bedaroh 434

bedaru 418, 423, 437, 492, 542

bedata 437

beetles 417

bel fruit tree 473

behara 530

Beilschmiedia cairocan Vid. Plate

XXIII. Fig. 16 454

belgaum 483

belian - 435

belian wangi 541

belukap 528

bengal quince 473

benger 434

bengkuang 435

| beriya 437

berombong 559

570

FOXWORTHY.*

Page.

Berrya ammonilla Roxb. Plate

XXVI. Fig. 53 • 497

betis 413, 415, 418, 419,

420, 422, 435, 540,541

b'eus 436, 527

bhara 434

bidara-laut 450

bidara-pahit 550

bientaus 436

big-biga 468

Bignoniaceae 557

biji - 467

bilin 474

billian.... 413, 415, 418, 419, 420, 421, 428,
435, 438, 439, 452, 453, 454, 509, 529

billian bulu 453

simpor 453

tembaga 453

wangi 418

bingas 532

bintangor 413,415,418,

420, 423, 435, 504

bintaos 551

bintungan 437

binuang 522

Bischolia 483

Bischofia trifoliata (Roxb.) Hook.

Plate XXV. Fig. 44 484

javanica B1 484

bitanhol 435

bitaog 423,431,437,504

blackbutt 533

black ebonies 544

black varnish tree 489

black wood 413,415,422,424,465

black wattle 413,415,422,470

blimbing 413,415,472

blue gum 413, 533

blue pine 443

b'lukap 528

boaxmgsa 437

boeli-boeli 437

Boehmeria rugulosa Wedd 447

boelang 555

boembang 5 13

boengboelan 555

boengoer 524

boengo-tandjoeng 540

boeni 484

bohera 530

bois cassant 485

bois d'Anis 505

bois de rose de l'Oceanie 499

Page.

bois de soie 496

bois de tambour 452

bois ramier 496

bolang 555

bolongeta 413}

420, 422, 435, 544, 545, 547

Bombacaceae 499

Bombax 499

Bombax malabaricum Dc 427, 499

bombi 435

Bombycidendron campylosiphon
(Turcz. ) Warb. Plate XXVI.

Figs. 54, 55 498

Bombycidendron vidalianum

(Naves) Merr. & Rolfe 422,498

bongoh 434,524

Borneo camphorwood 427, 509, 514

ironwood 419,428,452

mahogany 43 1

redwood 423

rosewood 432, 489

yacal 508

Borraginaceae 552

Boschia griffithii Mast 499

bosung 527

Boswellia serrata Roxb 420,475

Bouea burmanica Griff 487

macrophylla Griff 487

box 415

boxes or packing cases 424

boxwood 413,423,426,487

Bridelia 483

Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng 485

bras-bras hitam 484

Brownlowia elata Roxb 497

tabularis Pierre 497

Brucea 474

Bruguiera spp 526, 528

Bruguiera caryophylloides B1 527

eriopetala W. & A 527

gymnorrhiza Lam.

Plate XXVIII. Fig.

84 527

parviflora W. & A 527

b'rus 436,527

Buchanania florida var. arbores-

cens Engl 487

latifolia Roxb 487

Bucklandia populnea R. Br 456

bukal 434

bulankan 468

bfilfi 530

bungah malukit 1 523

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

57 J

Page.

bunga tanjong 434

bungkal 449

Burmese rosewood 432

burrus - 527 |

Bursera serrata Colebr 475

Burseraceae 475

buta-buta 485

Butea 413, 458

Butea frondosa Roxb 472

butter tree 539

butulang 560

buwa-rau 435

Buxaceae 486

Buxus sempervirens L 423, 426, 487

cacahuate 461

Caesalpinia sappan L. Plate

XXIV. Fig. 31 425,458,470

cajeput tree 535

caju ticcos major 460

calabure 49®

calamander 435, 544, 546

calamansanay 413, 422, 423, 435, 561

calantas 413, 415, 430, 435, 481

calapapang 436

Calesiam grandis 0. Ktze 489

caliaturliolz 467

calingad 427

calipapa 436, 557

Callicarpa 553

Callicarpa arborea Roxb 553

Calophyllum 418, 420, 423, 504, 50o

Calophyllum borneense. Plate
XXVII. Fig. 62..

i n o p b y 1 1 u m L.

Plate XXVII.

Fig. 61 419, 420,

422, 423, 429, 431,504

spectabile Will 504

tomentosum Wight 504

calumpit - 413,435,532

camagon 413,

415, 422, 435, 544, 545, 546, 547

camanchilis 413,415

camphor 413, 415, 424

camphorwood 426, 453

Campnosperma wallichii King 488

zeylanicum Thw. .. 488

camuning 413,415,423,435,474

cam-x6 434, 463

Cananga odorata Hook. f. & Th. .. 450

Page.

Canangium odoratum Baill. Plate

XXIII. Fig. 14 450

Canarium sp 428

Canarium commune L. Plate

XXV. Fig. 38 475

canary wood 424

candle-nut 483

canes or walking sticks 424

Canthium 560, 562

Canthium didymum Roxb 560

cangu 414,415,519

cana fistula 463

Caparidaceae 455

Capparis grandis L. f 455

Carallia 526

Carallia integerrima DC. Plate

XXVIII. Fig. 83 527

Carapa moluccensis Lam 482

obovata B1 — 482

Careya arborea Roxb 420, 526

carving and wood engraving 424

Casearia glomerata Roxb 521

tomentosa Roxb 521

cashew 415,487

Cassia fistula L 458, 463

florida Vahl 464

javanica L 464

nodosa Ham. Plate XXIV.

Fig. 27 458,464

siamea Lam 423, 424, 464

timorensis DC 464

Cassine glauca (Pers.) O. Ktze. .. 491

Casuarina 533

Casuarinaceae 444

Casuarina equisetifolia F o r s t .

Plate XXII. Fig. 3.. 418,

420, 422, 428, 444

montana Jungh 428

sumatrana Miq 428, 444

catapang 437

cateban 445

catinga 424, 435

catmon 413, 422, 435, 502

cato 413, 415, 435, 477

cay day 437

cav-go 413, 422, 47 1

cayutana 423, 435

cedar, Pink or red 423

cedre de Singapore 481

Cedrela 430,481

Cedrela febrifuga B1 481

serrata Royle 481

toona Roxb 481

57 ‘2

FOXWORTHY.

Page.

cedre rouge 481

Cedrua deodara (Roxb.) Loud 420,

424, 442

Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. .. 427,499

Celastraceae 490

Celastrus senegalensis Lam 491

spinosus 426

Celtis australis L 445

Cerbera 552

Ceriops 419, 425, 526

Ceriops candollcana Arn 528

roxburghiana Arn 527

tagal (Perr.) C. B. Rob.

Plate XXIX. Fig. 85.... 528

Ceylon boxwood 500

Ceylon oak 495

Chaetocarpus 483

Chaetoearpus castanicarpus Roxb.

Thw 485

chalta 435

chambu 436

champaca 413, 415, 424, 450

chandan 448

chandana 432

chaplash v 434

chatwan 424, 435, 550

chengal 413,415,420,421,

436, 438, 507, 508,512,516

chengliei 512

chermin ayer 562

Chinese date 496

chintah 473

Chisochiton 423, 478, 479

Chisochiton divergens B1 478

philippinus Harms.... 478

Chittagong 413,415

Chittagong wood 423,430,478

Chloroxylon swietenia DC. Plate

XXIV. Fig. 34 424,426,433,473

chouk 434, 444

Chrysophyllum roxburghii G. Don 539
Chukrassia (Chickrassia) tabu-

laris A. Juss 423, 430, 478

cigar-box woods 430

cingum 562

Cinnamomum 454

Cinnamomum cumphora ( L. )

Nees & Eberm.

Plate XXIII.

Fig. 17 .... 424, 426, 453

gland uliferum
Meisn 420, 426 I

Page.

| Cipadessa fructicosa B1 478

[ Citrus sp 424

Citrus aurantium L 474

nobilis Lour 474

vulgaris Risso 474

Claoxylon sp 485

Clausena excavata Bunn 420

Cleistanthus 483

Cleistanthus collinus Benth 485

coconut 422

Cocos nucifera L 422

Coflfea 561

Coelostegia griflithii Benth 499

Combretaceae 528*

Compositae 503

condori wood 459

| Conessi bark 551

Connariopsis spp 472

j Conocarpus 529

I coral wood 423, 459

Cordia 552

Cordia fragrantissima Kurz 552

myxa L 432, 552

octandra 552

corkwood 427, 498, 499, 550

Cornaceae 537

corner posts 422

Coromandel 435, 546

Coromandel wood 422, 544

cosmetic bark tree 474

cotton tree 415

Cotylebium 507

Cotylelobium sp. Plate XXVIII.

Figs. 70, 77 513

Cotylelobium flavum Pierre 513

melanoxylon Pierre.. 513

Crataeva religiosa Forst 426, 455

Cratoxylon Plate XXVII. Fig. 63.. 504

Cratoxylon glaucum Korth 504

neriifolium Kurz 504

Croton 483

Crudia blancoi Rolfe 458,468

Cryptocarya 454

Crvptocarya ferrea B1 428

Crypteronia paniculata B1 524

cuius-Cuius 447

culasi 529

culis 414, 424

Cullenia excelsa Wight 500

Cumingia philippinensis Vid 499

cumpang ..... 435, 452

cupang 413,425,435,462

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

573

Page. I

Cryptocarya ferrea B1 428

cumpas 437

cutch tree 459

Cupressus torulosa Don 443

Ctenolophon parvifolius Oliv. 449

Cyathocalyx zevlanicua Champ. .. 450

Cyclostemon 483

Cvclosteinon griffithii Hook. f. .... 48.)

Cynoinetra 458

Cynometra inaequifolia A. Gray.. 4(i8

ramiflora L 408

D.

dadap 472

dalioe 488

dahu 415

Dalbergia sp 431, 458, 491

Dalbergia cultrata Grah - 404

cumingiana Benth 428

latifolia Boxb 420,

422, 424, 432, 405

nigra Allem 431

oliveri Gamble 405

ougeinensis Boxb 402

sissoo Boxb 420,

Dalbergia type,
dalindingan —

dalingsem

dalinsi

dalisai

daluru

damar hitam ..
damar laut

422, 432, 465

458,464

514

413, 422, 532

530

525

512

517

damar lant numero satu

dammar

dammara

519
442

520

dammar-malaijoe 519

dammar-mata-koetjing 515

dammar-poetih 515

dammar-sila 519

dao 413, 435

daoe 488

dapdap 413, 415, 472

Daphniphyllum 483

daroo-daroo 492, 542

darn 437, 492, 542

Datiscaceae 522

dan con-rai 434

daun durian 499

dawa 44)5

Deguelia robiista Taub 468

Dehaasia 454

Page.

del 413,415,440

delima hutan 500

deliinas 459

dendurien 499

Deodar 415, 424, 442

Derris cumingii Benth 408

robusta Benth 408

dhaura 423

Dialium spp 423,458

Dialium indum L 405

Dichrostachys einerea W. & A. .. 424, 461

Dicotyledons 444

Dillenia Plate XXVI. Fig. 60.... 422, 502

Dillenia aurea Smith 502

Dilleniaceae 502

Dillenia indica L 502

philippinensis Bolfe 502

speciosa Thunb 502

dinglas 532

dingsa 437

Dipterocarpaceae 457,506

Dipterocarpus 425,507,510

Dipterocarpus alatus Boxb 513

eurliynchus Miq. .. 513

gacilis B1 513

grandiflorus Wall... 514

grandiflorus Blanco
Plate XXVII,

Fig. 71.... 509,513,514

hasseltii B1

insularis Hance ....

la-evis Ham

littoralis B1

lowii Hook, f

retusus B1

tampurau Korth. ..

trinervis Bl

tuberculatus

Boxb. ., 509, 514

turbinatus

Gaertn 509, 514

verniciiluus Blanco 514

zeylanicus Thw 509-

510, 514

j dita 413, 435, 550

Dittelesma rarak Hook, f 493

Diospyros spp 422, 424, 433, 545

Diospyros affinis 540

assimilis 545

candolleana 546

chloroxylon Boxb 544,

546, 547

513

513

514
513
513
513
509
513

574

FOX WORTHY.

Page.

Diospyros crumenata 546

dendo Wehv 543

discolor Willd 522,

524, 543, 545, 546

ebenaster Retz 543

ebenum Konig.... 543, 545, 546

ehretioides 546

embryopteris 543, 546

foliolosa 544, 546

gardneri 543, 546

haplostylis Boiv 543

hirsuta L. f 543

humilis 546

insignis 543, 546

kaki 546

kurzii 546

lancaefolia Roxb 544

lotus 546

Page.

Dodonaea sp 428

Dodonaea viscosa L., Plate XXV.

Fig. 48 424,426,429,493

doekoek 529

doekoek-ageng 529

Dolichandrone 557

Dolichandrone longissima (Lour.)

K. Sch 557

rheedii Seem 557

spathacea ( L. f . )

K. Sch 557

dolo 435

domba 437

dom-sal 451

doon 514

Doona congestiflora Thw 514

gardneri Thw 514

zeylanica Thw 514

malacapai A. DC 544, 545

martabanica 546

melanoxylon Roxb 543,

545, 546

mespiliformis Hochst. .. 543

microphylla 546

microrhombus 543

montana Roxb 543, 546

nilagirica 546 }

nitida Merr 545

oocarpa 546 I

oppositifolia Thw 544, 546

ovatifolia 546

pilosa A. DC 544

pilosanthera Blanco 420,

422, 424, 544, 545, 547

pyrrhocarpa 546

quaesita Thw 422, 544, 546

ramiflora Wall 543

sylvatica Roxb 543, 546

tessellaria Poir 543

thwaitesii 546

tomentosa Poir 547 I

toposia 546

truncata Zoll. & Mor. .. 543 \

tupru Ham 543, 546

undulata 546

djalitri 551

djambu 436

djaran 434

djati 437

djeloetoeng 551

djempina 515, 541

djiuluton 551

488

488
488
487
48S

69 418,419,427,509,513

Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn.

f 514

beccarii Dyer 514

kayanensis Becc. .. 514

Duabanga sp 413,415

Duabanga grandiflora ( Roxb.)

Ham 524

moluccana B1 524

Dracontomelum cumingianum

Baill

dao Merr. &

Rolfe

mangiferum Bl.

Drimycarpus

Drimycarpus racemosus Hook. f. ..
Dryobalanops Plate XXV1T. Fig.

sonneratioides Ham 524

dudhi 436

duguan 413,415,435,452

dun 413, 514, 415

dungon 413,415,

418, 419, 420, 422, 435, 500, 502
dungon-late .. 413,415,418,422,435,500

durability 416

durian 413,415,500

Durio zibethinus DC 500

Dyera 427,551

Dyera costulata Hook, f 551

lowii Hook. f. Plate XXX.

Fig. 99 551

dyewoods 425

Dysoxylum 478

Dysoxylum amooroides Miq 479

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

575

Page.

Dysoxylum bailloni Pierre 47!)

binectariferum Hook.

f 479

hamiltonii Hiern 479

loureiri Pierre 432,479

turczaninowii C. DC. - 47 9

E.

eaglewood 427,523

East Indian mahogany 423,

430, 478, 480

East Indian sandalwood 467

East Indian satinwood 473

East Indian walnut 422, 459

ebano 544, 547

ebbenhout 546

Ebenaceae 440, 539, 543

ebony 413,415,422,424,435,545

Echinocarpus dasycarpus Benth. .. 496

Ehretia 552

Ehretia acuminata Br 552 j

javanica B1 553

laevis Roxb 553

wallichiana Hook. f. &

Th 553

eijserhout 435, 452, 535

elephant apple 474

Ellatostachys verrucosa Radik 493

empadu 507

Endiandra 454

enemies of wood 417

eng 413,415,434,506,509,514

Englehardtia serrata Bl. Plate

XXII. Fig 4 445

entangor 435, 504

epel 461

Epicharis baillioni Pierre 432

Epicharis loureiri Pierre.... 428,432,470
Eriodendron anfractuosum DC. .. 499

Erioglossum edule Bl 493

rubiginosum Bl 493

Eriolaena candollei Wall 500

Erythrina 458

Erythrina type 458,472

Erythrina indica Lam. Plate

XXIV. Fig. 30.... 427,472

suberosa Roxb 472

Erythroxylaeeae 47 3

Erythroxylum burmanicum Griff. 473
cuneatum (Wall.)

Kurz 473

Erythroxylon monogynum Roxb. .. 433

Page.

etteriya 435

etuna 435

Eucalyptus 532

Eucalyptus crebra F. v. Muell 534

globulus Labi 11 420,533

maculata Hook 533

marginata Sm 534

microcorys F. v.

Muell. ..._ 533

obliqua L'Her 533

pilularis Smith 533

resinifera Smith 534

rostrata Schl 534

Euclea pseudebenus E. Mey 543

Eugenia Plate XXIX. Fig. 89 ... 422, 534

caryophyllaea Wight 534

jambolana Lam. .. 420, 423, 534

jambos L 535

operculata Roxb 535

tetragona 424

wallicliii Wight 535

Euonymus crenulata Wall 491

hamiltoniana Wall 490

Euphoria cinerea Radik. Plate

XXVI. Fig. 49 422,493

longana Lam 494

Eurya acuminata DC 503

japonica Thunb 503

Eurycoma 474

Eusideroxylon zwageri Plate

XXIII. Fig. 18 418,

420, 421, 428, 438, 452, 509

Excoecaria 483

Excoecaria agallocha L 428,431,485

Exocarpus latifolius R. Br 432, 448

eye-blinding plant 431

Euphorbia 483

Euphorbia litchi 494

Eupliorbiaceae 482, 521

F.

fafoo laut 457

Fagaceae 445

Fagara 423,426,433,474

Fagara flava (Vahl) Krug &

,Urb 473

integrifolia Plate XXIV.

Fig. 35

Fagraea Plate XXIX. Fig. 96 549

fastigiata Bl 418, 419, 549

speciosa Bl 550

fragrans 418,429,549,550

wallichiana Benth 550

576

FOXWORTHY.

Page.

faux bois de rose 499

Feronia elephantum Correa 474

Ficus nervosa Heyne 447

Filicium decipiens Thw 475

Flacortiaceae 521

Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb 521

ramontchi L'Herit 521

Flindersia amboinensis Poir 474

Fluggia 483

forest-mahogany 534

Fothergilla involucrata Falc 456

fromage de Hollande 499

fungus and bacterial growth 417

furniture and ornamental woods.. 422

G.

gadoeng 555

gadoengan 555

gadok 484

gagil 436,508,511

Oaledupa pinnata Taub 468

gal mendora 468

galmosa 436

gal-siyambala 437

gammala 436,467

gangaw 437

Ganophyllum falcatum B1 425,493

Garcinia 505

Garcinia cowa Roxb 505

speciosa Wall 505

Gardenia 560

Gardenia barnesii Merr. Plate

XXX. Fig. 105 560

coronaria Ham 560

costata 560

gummifera L. f 426, 560

latifolia 426

tubifera Wall 560

ga ronton tangah 478

Garuga pinnata Roxb 476

gelam 418

Gelonium ; 483

geritta 495

gerontang tengah 434

gerunggang 413,415,423,437,504

getali-seundik 541

giramong 455

Givotia 483

Givotia rottleriformis Griff 485

gium 436

Gliricidia sepium (Jack) Steud. .. 461

Page.

Glochidion 483

Glochidion acuminatum Muell.

Arg 485

GHuta 431,487,490

coarctata Hook 488

renghas L 488

tavoyana Wall 488

travancorica Redd 488

velutina X B1 488

Glycosmis 474

Gmelina arbor ea Roxb 554

g°ela 477

gogong casay 460

go-mat 471

go-mioc 461

gong 448

Goniothalamus tapis Miq 451

Gonocaryum sp 491

Gonystylaceae 497

Gonystylus 428

Gonystylus baneanus (Miq.) Gilg
Plate XXVI. Fig.

52 497

miquclianus T. & B. .. 497

goomar teak 554

goran 437

Gordonia excelsa B1 503

obtusa Wall 503

go ta-hi 471

Gramineae 444

grawang 541

green ebony 547

Grevillea robusta A. Cunn 447

Grewia microcos L 498

populifolia 424

tiliaefolia Vahl 498

griting 413,415,421,437,529

Guajacum 429

guava 413,415

gudah 435

gudayong 435, 462

Guettarda speciosa L 433, 560

guggar 415,475

guijo 407,410,412,415,

417,419, 435,509

Guioa pubescens Radik 493

gumaldi 554

gurjun 413,415,434,509,514

gutah-sundik 541

Guttiferae 504

Gymnosperms 441

Gymnosporia montana Lawson ... 491

INDO-MALAYAN AVOOPS.

577

Page.

Gynocardia odorata R. Br. •'>21

Gynotroclies 526

Gynotroches axillaris Bl. 528

Gyrocarpus sp 415

Gyrocarpus jacquini Roxb 413,455

H.

hagachac 510, 513

halban 436, 557

haldu 424

lialeban 436

halmalille 497

halmendora 519

Hamamelidaceae 456

hardness 412, 414

Hardwickia 421, 458

Ifardimckia alternifolia Elm. 471

binata Roxb. .. 420, 422, 471

pinnata Roxb 471

Hardwickia type 458, 469

Harpullia cupanioides Roxb 494

imbrieata Thw 494

harra 414, 415, 530

Helicia sp 448

Helicia excelsa Bl 448

petiolaris Benn. 448

philippinensis M e i s n .

Plate XXII. Fig. 9 448

robusta Wall 448

Helicteres pinnata Blanco 489

Hemicyclia 483

Hemicyclia sepiaria W. & A. .... 426, 486

henhja 559

Heritiera 500

fomes Ham 500

littoralis Dry 418,422,500

minor Lam. 500

Hernandia peltata Meisn 414, 455

Hernandiaceae 455

Heterophragma 557 ;

Heterophragma adenophyllum

Seem 557

Hibiscus 415, 427

Hibiscus tiliaceus L 498

hik 434, 489

Himalayan cedar — 442

Himalayan cypress 443

hisakaki 503

Holarrhena antidysenterica

Wall 551

Holigarna 431, 487

Holigarna arnottiana Hook, f 488

Page.

Homalium spp. Plate XXVIII.

Fig. 79 418, 420, 422

Homalium foetidum Benth 428

frutescens King 521

luzoniense F.-Vill 522

tomentosun Bentli 521

Homonoia symphylliaefolia 426

hondapara 435

Hopea 418,421,423,510,511

1 lopea acuminata Merr. Plate

XXVII. Fig. 68 419,

422, 508, 514

balangeran de Vr 516

balangeran Korth 516

beccariana Burck 515

dryobalanoides Miq 515

fagifolia Miq 515

ferrea Pierre 515

grisea Brandis 515

intermedia King 515

rnacrophylla de Vr 518

maranti Miq 518

mengarawan Miq 515

myrtifolia Miq. 515

odorata Roxb 419, 508, 515

pa rvi flora 420

philippinensis Dyer 515

pierrei Hance 515

plagata Vidal 515

selanica Roxb 519

suavis Wall 516

treubii Heim 515

wigbtiana Wall 515

bora „ 413,415,434,510,514

horroe-batoe 484

Hovenia dulcis Thunb. 496

hulit-tengah 437

Hunteria corvmbosa 562

huynduong 47 9

Hydnocarpus alpina \\7ight 522

Hvmenodietyon excelsum AA7all. .. 413,560

I.

Icacinaceae 491,542

ifil 461

ifi-lele 461

ijzerhout 476,477

ilang-ilang 413, 415, 450

Illipe betis (Blco.) Merr. Plate

XXIX. Fig. 93 418,

419, 420, 422, 490, 539, 540

latifolia (Roxb.) Engl 539

malabrorum Konig 540

578

FOX WORTHY.

Page.

Imbricaria maxima Poir 428

in 514

incense woods 427, 523

Indian almond 423, 530

fir 451

jujube 496

laburnum 463

mahogany 481

oak 525

redwood 478, 480

rose chestnut 505

rosewood 465

walnut 483

Inga xylocarpa 463

ingas-burung 434

ingyin 413,516

inland padauk 467

Intsia bijuga (Colebr. ) 0. Ktze

Plate XXIV. Fig. 26 419,

420, 421, 422, 425, 428, 458, 461

bakeri Prain 418,

420, 422, 428, 438, 461

ipil 413, 415,

419, 420, 421, 422, 425, 428, 435, 461

ironbark 533, 534

ironwood 428, 444,

461, 463, 469, 470, 537, 540, 547

ironwood, The Ceylon or East In-

dian

505

Irvingia malayana Oliv.

Plate

XXV. Fig. 37 ....

474

oliveri Pierre ....

474

Isonandra perrottetiana Wight .... 540

Isoptera borneensis Scheff

515

itam

546

Ixonanthes icosandra Jack

Plate

XXIV. Fig. 33

472

Ixora

561

Ixora parviflora

426

J.

jak tree

415, 434, 446

jaman

415,534

jambolana

423

jambu

434

jankang

515

jarrah

413,534

jarul

415,434, 524

jati

437, 555

Jatropha

483

Java almond

475

jelutong

413,415, 551

1

Page.

jhand

Johore teak

.. 436, 457, 508

Juglandaceae

445

K.

kabaing

kachang kayu laut

434

kadatnyan

450

kadayong

435

kaddam

kaddupuli

437

1 kadoeng

462

kadol

kadondong hutan ....

437

kadondong mata liari

476

kadongan

487

' kahra

kajoe-bapa

519

-besi

535

-kaleh

494

-koening

559, 561

-limoeta

547

-mas

561,562

-oelar

550

-palaka

522

-radja

549

-ramo

524

-sabel

558

-soesoe

436

kakandan

527

kakira

415,450

kalwara

435

kamani

530

kampferhout

. 436,509,514

kamian

547

kamini

... 435

kamuning

435,474

kanagi

435

kanagona

434

kananga

450

Kandelia

526

Kandelia rheedii W. & A

528

kaniongan

508

kanna komper

437

kanthal

434

lcanyin

514

kanyinbyu

513

kaorika

530

kapini

437

kapittha

474

kapok

413

kapor

414,415,418,419, 436,

507, 509, 512

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

57 9

Page.

kapor bennar 514

gunong 514

paya 514

kappla 415,427,454

kasai - 436

kasumba 484

katapang 437,530

kationgan 436

kauarika 530

kaunghmu 414, 516

kawang 515,541

kaya 434

Kayea stylosa Thw 506

kayu arang 435, 545

besi 428

besi benar 436

-besi-prempuan 463

gading 562

-garu 413,415,428,497,523

klat 534

laka 428

malam 435, 545

-mas 434

poris 434

rajah 437, 465

ru 428

kedjimas 524

kekala — 450

kelat jambu 436

layo 493

keledang 446

kelor-pante 460

kemajan 547

kemlandmgan 460

kemponashi 496

kendal 553

keowra 437

kepong 518

kepong hantu 518

ketapang-ketelc 560

khair 414,415,459,469

kharpat 415,476

Khaya senegalensis A. Juss 430

kiamil 415,434,489

ki-badak 435

-bako 553

Kickxia 552

ki-djoelang 462

ki-djulang 437

kijai 476

ki-katjang 437

ki-koetjing 472

Page.

ki-manuk 436

kina 435

kindal 415

Kingiodendron alter nifolium
(Elm.) Merr.

& Rolfe Plate
XXIV. Fig. 29 471

pinnatum
( R o x b . )

Harms 471

kingwood 432

kings-wood 549

ki-reming 437

-riang 434

-tandjoeng 540

kitelor 482

ki-toke 459

klalar 513

klampis 470

klapak.., 437,510

klat .r 436

kledang 434

Kleinhofia sp 415

hospita L 501

kloempit 435

koa wood 470

koejoeng 517

koekoeran 528

Kokoona zeylanica Thw 491

kolavu 414,415,435,471

Koompassia sp 421

beccariana Taub 465

e x c e 1 s a (Becc. )

Taub 422, 465

malaccensis Main-

gay 466

parviflora Prain 466

Koordersiodendron 487

Koordersiodendron pinnatum
(Blco.) Merr. Plate XXV. Fig.

45 489

kos 434

kosum 415, 495

kottamba 437,530

krakas 524

krandji 437

kranji 413, 415, 423, 437, 465

krewing 434

kripa 437 , 529

kroewing 513

kruen 434, 509, 513

k’runtum. Plate XXII. Fig. 10.... 448

580

FOX WORTHY.

Page.

kruyn 513

kul 434

kulim 413,415,418,437,449

kulu layo liitam 493

kumpas 414,415,421,437,465,466

kumpas ruman 476

kurayong 435, 462

kurchi bark 551

kurku 434

Kurrimia robusta Kurz 491

kuzoe-arak 557

Kydia calycina Roxb 499

kyetmouk 434

kyetyo 436

kyun 437

L.

lac tree 495

Lagerstroemia spp .. 420,421

batitinan Vidal.. 422, 524

floribunda Jack......

flos-rcginae Retz. ..
grandiflora Roxb...

hexaptera Miq

parviflora Roxb

piriformis Koehne

523

524
524
523
420,

523
4 19.

524

lago

speciosa (L.) Pers.

Plate XXVIII.

Fig. 81 419,

422, 423, 524

457

lagundi 473

lalar 513

lamio 488

lanca 446

lanete 413,415,423,424,436,551

langaray 436

langsat-loetoeng 476

lanotan 414

lanutan 422

Lannea grandis (Demist.) Engl...

laro

lasila 532

Lasiococca 483

Lasiococca symphylliaefolia Hook.

f 486

lauan 413,415,511

Lauraceae 454, 454

laurier grec 479

leban 414,421,436,557

489

518

Page.

Lebedieropsis orbicularis 485

Lecythidaceae 525

Leguminosae 457

lengadi 437

lenggadi 527

lengsar 495 •

Lepiaglaia bailloni Pierre 428, 432

Lepidaglaia bailloni Pierre 479

Leptospermum amboinensc Reimv. 535

flavescens Sm 535

lerek 493

lettokthein 430

leza 435

lidah kerbau putih 538

lign aloes 427

lignum aloes .'. 427

lignum murinum 460

lignum-vitae 429, 493, 530

lilac des Indes 479

limau manis 474

Limonia 474

lim-vangh 4G2

lim-xet 402

Linaceae 472

Lindera 454

Linociera 548

Linociera intermedia Wight 548

Liquidambar altingiana B1 450

litclii 494

Litchi chinensis Sonn 494

pbilippinensis Radik 494

Litsea 454

Litsea perrottetii F.-Vill. Plate

XXIII. Fig. 19 454

liusin 413,

415, 418, 419, 422, 430, 449, 456

Livistona 444

liyan 434

loctob 524

loewis-madang 554

Loganiaceae 549

lonbo 434

longan 414, 494

long-leaved pine 443

Ion putte 515

loon putih 515

Lophopetalum wightianum Arn. .. 491

lotong 476

lumbang 483

lumbayao 413, 415, 423, 436, 502

Lumnitzera 528

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

581

Page.

Lumnitzera coccinea W. & A 529

littorea (Jack) Voigt
Plate XXIX. Fig.

87

418,419,421,529

racemosa Willd 529

Lunasia

474

lungsir

434

Lythraceae

523

M.

Maba spp

422,424

Maba buxi folia

Pers. Plate

XXIX. Fig. 95..

429,433

543, 544, 545, 547

Maba mulala Welw 543

mabolo

545

macaasin

414, 415, 422, 436, 534

Macaranga

483

Machilus

454

Madagascar-plum

521

435

madre cacao

461

Maesa

538

Maesa indica (Roxb.) Wall 538

rugosa Clarke 539

Magnoliaceae

450

mahadan

436

maha-debara

434

mahan besi

515

mahogani

414, 415, 423, 430, 481

mahua tree

539,540

makai

413, 415, 516

makakoku

503

Malabar almond

530

malabayabas

536

malabera

413, 415. 418, 419

malabignay

449

malacadios

454, 468

malapapaya

413, 415, 425, 436, 537

434

malaruhat

534

malasantol

413.415,480

malatumbaga

478

malebera

549

malbira

549

malinsot

477

Mai lotus

483

maloh

435

malugay

. 413,415,436.495

malukut jantan

503

Malvaceae

498

mancono

413,415,

418, 422, 428, 429, 436, 536

Page.

mambog 562

mangachapuy 414, 419, 422,

436, 507, 508, 512, 514

mangaris 437,465

mangasinoro.. 413, 415, 436, 507, 510, 512

mangbesi 515

mangel 562

Mangifera 487

Mangifera indica L 489

mangkabang assu - 517

mango 414, 415, 489

inanoc 456

mara - 434

mar akka 515

maranti 515

maranti bras 518

maranti payali 516

margosa tree 423,478

margosier 478

Marlea begoniaefolia Roxb 537

ebenacea C. B. Clarke 538

nobilis C. B. Clarke 538

mar pinang 545

mas-mora 413, 415, 459

Mastixia arborea C. B. Clarke 538

mast tree 451

mata keli 528

match woods 425

ma-uletanshe 434

mawewek 434

mayapis 413,

414,415,436, 507,511,512

meda lakri 435

medang 435, 454, 473

medang bekwoi 503

medang lada 427, 454

Melaleuca leucadendron L 418, 535

melankan katong 468

Melanochyla sp 489

Melanorrhoea Plate XXV. Fig.

40 423,431,432,487,488,490

Melanorrhoea maingayi Hook. f. .. 489

usitata Wall 421, 489

Melastoma malabathricum L 536

Melastomataceae 536

I melebekan 518

Meliaceae 476

Melia azedarach 479, 480

dubia Cav. 479

indica Brandis 480

| M elicocca trijuga Juss 495

[ Melicope 474

582

FOXWORTHY.

Page.

Meliosma dilleniaefolia B] 495

membatu laiang 448

Memecylon 537

Memecylon edule Roxb 424, 426, 537

mempayan 535

mengarawan 515

mengkabang pinang 517

mengkudu 561

mengrawan 515

menjan 547

mentaos 551

mentawa 434, 447

raeraca 436

merambong 563

meranti 413,

415, 436, 510, 511, 517, 518

meranti boaya 518

daun kechil 518

kerap 518

merawan kunyit 515

mera 517

merbaju 502

merbau 418, 420, 435, 438, 461

apil 461

paya 435

merbatu layang 456

layong 436

mersawa 436,511

mertajam 493

mesegar 513

Mcsna speciosa Choisy 505

ferrea L. Plate XXVI T.

Fig. 64 418,

421,423, 424, 428, 605

Metrosideros 535

Metrosideros vera Lindl 428, 535

mgenda or mgunga 459

mibella 556

Micbelia champaca L. Plate

XXIII. Fig. 13 424,450

mirobalanenbaum 486

Micromelum 474

Miliusa velutina Hook. f. & Th. .. 451

Milletia 432,458

Milletia pendula Benth 469

Millingtonia hortensis L 558

Mimosa data 460

Mimusops 540

Mimusops elengi L 422,

423, 424, 540

kauki L 540

littoralis Kurz 421, 540

Page.

mingris 437, 465

mining timber 421

minjak tengkawang 516

{ minuang 522

| miraboo 415,461

miraboo laut 461

mirabow 413, 422, 428, 435, 461

mirauan 511

Mischodon 483

Mischodon zeylanicus Thw 486

Mitragyne 561

Mitragyne parvifolia Korth 561

Mitrephora edwardsii Pierre 451

mkonko 528

modu 437

tnoka 414,548

molauin aso 436

molave 414,415,418,419,420,

421, 422, 423, 424, 436, 532, 556, 557

Monimiaceae 452

Monocotyledons 443

Monoporanda cordifolia Thw 516

Moraceae 446

Morinda 559

Morinda citrifolia 424

tinctoria Roxb 561

inorubi 446

morung saul 419

Moulmein cedar 481

mountain ebony 467

mowa tree 540

mulah 473

mumpilai klat 492

munamal 434

Muntingia calabura L 496

Murraya exotica L. Plate XXIV.

Fig. 36.... 423,424,426,473,

474

koenigii (L. ) Spr. 474

paniculata Jack 474

muruta 434

inyaukchaw 434

myinkabin 468

myladi 436

Myristicaceae 451

Myristica malabarica Lam 452

philippensis W a r b.

Plate XXIII. Fig.

15 452

myrole 556

Myrsinaceae 538

I XDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

58o

Page.

Myrsine africana L 539

retusa Ait 539

Myrtaceae 532

Myrtus caryophyllata L 534

jambosa - 535

melastomoides F. M 536

trinervia Sm 536

N.

na 437

naM 434

nabhay 489

naga-kesara 505

nagasholz 505

nngosah 428

nagesar 437

nanca 440

nangka 414, 423, 434

nani 413,415,535

Nania vera Miq 535

nan ta-yoh 456

nana 529

narig 436, 520

naring 507

narra 414, 415,

419, 422, 423, 431, 432, 436, 466, 467
A athvsia swietenioides (Roxb.)

0. Ktze 548

nato 414,436,540,541

Nauclea sp. Plate XXX. Fig. 106.. 422,

423, 561

nedun 414,415,423

neem 478

Neesia altissima B1 500

Neolitsea 454

Nepal camphorwood 426

Nepbelium 493, 494

Nephelium lappaceum L 494

lichi Cambess 494

longana Cambess 494

mutabile B1 494

ngarawan

niato

niato balam
nibong

nigi

nigue

nilan

nipis kulit

nireh

iiiri

515

436

542

418,444

482

437,482

493

537

414, 415, 423, 482
437, 482

Page.

nagesar 421

nivar 415, 525

njating 520

njating-mahambong 516

njatoe 541

nj atoh 541

njatoe-balam-bringin 541

njatoe-doerian 541

njattoe 436

Notaphoebe 454

nyatto * 436

nyatto pisang 435, 541

O.

oak, Indian 423

obar suluk 437, 510

Ochanostachys amentacea Mast. .. 449

bancana ( Becc. )

Valeton 449

Ochnaceae 502

Ochana squarrosa L 503

Oclirocarpus longifolius Benth. &

Hook, f 505

siamensis T. And. .. 505

Ochrosia 552

Ocotea bullata 452

Octomeles sp 415

Octomeles sumatrana Miq. Plate

XXVIII. Fig. 80 413, 522

oelin 435, 452

Odina 487

Odina ivodier Roxb 421, 489

odor, taste, color 416

Olacaceae 449

Oleaceae 548

Olea ferruginea 426

Oncosperma spp 418, 444

ondon 435

Oostindisch paarden vleesch 498

orange 474

Ormosia calavensis Blco 461

Oroxylum indieum Benth 425, 558

Osmanthus 548

Osmanthus fragrans Lour 548

Ostodes 483

Ougeinia-Albizzia type 458

Ougeinia 457

Ougeinia dalbergioides Benth 423,

458, 462, 463

Oxalidaceae 472

FOXWORTHY.

584

p.

Page.

Pachi nocarpus umbonatus Hook.

f 516

padauk 414,432,436,467

padoo 467

padouk 415, 431, 465

padu 467

pagar anak 472

pagar anak jantan 503

pagatpat 414,415,418,421,437,525

pagsainguin 437

Pahudia javanica Miq 462

rhomboidea (Blanco)

Prain.. 420,423,424,461,462

Pajanelia rheedii DC 558

palaglar 513

palalaglar 513

palaglar-mienjak 513

Palaquium sp. Plate XXIX. Fig.

94 540,541

Palaquium bancamnn Burck 541

barnesii Merr 540

boneense Burck 54 1

javense Burck 541

obovatum Engl 418, 541

polyanthuni Engl 541

palas 472

palatu 455

palawan 536

palma brava 444

Palmae 444

palm stems 424

palo maria 414,415,422,423,431

palo-maria de la playa 419, 437, 504

palosapis 511,512

panao 510, 514

Pandanaceae 443

pangi 522

pangia 472

Pangium edule Reinw 522

pantaga 435

pantat ulat puti 434

paper pulp 425

Parahopea balangeran Heim 516

Paramignya 474

Parashorea plicata Brandis 511,516

stellata Kurz 516

Parinarium griffithianum Benth.

Plate XXIII. Fig.

20 418,422,449,456

guianense 457

oblongifolium Hook.

f 418,456,457,508

Page.

Parkia roxburghii G. Don Plate

XXIV. Fig. 32 425, 462

speciosa Hassk 462

Parrot ia jacquemontiana Dene 424,

456

parsipu 434

pauli kijang 474

Pavetta 56 1

paving blocks 421

Payena leerii Kurz 541

lucida A. DC _. 542

p'dada 437, 524

pedada 437, 524

pedaro 492

peddah gomra 554

peinne 434

Peltophorum ferrugineum Benth... 462

dasyrachis Kurz 462

penaga 437

penagab 418,431,437

penak 509, 512

peniow 413,415,437,507,509,512

pennagah 413,415,423,437,504,505

Pentace burmanica (L. ) Kurz 498

Pentacme contorta (Vid.) Merr.

& Rolfe 511,516

Siam ensis Kurz 516

suavis A. DC 516

Pericopsis mooniana Thw. Plate

XXIV. Fig. 25 423, 469

Peronema canescens Jack 554

Persian lilac 479

perupat 437

petai 462

petaling 413,415,437,449

petaling ayer 434,521

petir 414, 437, 471

Petunga venulosa 562

Philippine mahogany 430,431,510

Phoebe 454

Phyllanthus 483,486

Phyllanthu8 bicolor 485

emblica L 486

piagao 414,418,437,482

pianggu '. 472

piango 435

Picrasma 474

pilang .*. 470

pili 414, 415, 475

piling 417

pinapok ^ 420

Pincapincahan 413,415,425,558

pine 415

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

585

Page.

Pinaceae 442

pinang balk 520

piney maram 519

piney varnish tree 415,519

pinleon 437

pinlikanayo 435

Pinus 443

Pinus excelsa Wall 443

gerardiana Wall 443

insularis Endl. Plate XXI T.

Fig. 2 443

khasya Royle 443

longifolia Roxb. . 443

merkusii Jungh. & Vr 443

pisek 477

Pistacia 487

Pistacia integerrima J. L. Stew-
art 490

Pitliecolobium acle (Blco.) Vid.

Plate XXIII.

Fig. 22 420,

422, 400, 463

acutum Benth 463

dulce Benth 463

lobatum Benth 463

montanum Benth. 463
prainianum

Merr 463

scutiferum (Blco.)

Benth 463

subacutum

Benth 463

pith-ray 440

Pittosporaceae 455

Pittosporum ferrugineum Ait 455

plai 415, 435, 550

plalar 518

Planclionia littoralis 558

Planchonia littoralis Van Houtte. 526

valida B1 526

plank tree 500

plasa 472

plawan 415, 536

Podocarpus 441

Podocarpus bracteata B1 442

neriifolia Don 442

Poeciloneuron indicum Bedd 505

poeng 461

poeting 541

pohon-pedang 558

poisonous woods 431

88260 12

Page.

poko Tanjong 434, 540

Polyalthia cerasioides Benth. &

Hook, f 451

longifolia (Lam.)

Benth. & Ilook, f. .. 451

subcordata B1 451

Benth. & Hook. f. .. 451

suberosa (DC.)

Benth. & Hook. f. .. 451

Polygalaceae 482

Polyscias nodosa Seem. Plate

XXIX. Fig. 91 425, 537

Pometia pinnata Forst. Plate

XXVI. Fig. 50. 495

ponga 434

Pongamia glabra Vent 468

ponnyet 437

poon 420, 435, 504

porcupine wood 443

pore 440

poris 434

Portia tree 434, 499

poshur 437

potean 558

pototan 413,415,437,527

prapat 437,525

prawan 536

Premna 554

Premna integrifolia L 554

pyramidata Wall 554

tomentosa Willd 555

Prinsepia utilis 424

Prosopis spicigera L 423, 464

Proteaceae 447

Protium javanieum Burm. 476

serratum Engl 475

Pseudocarapa championii Hemsl. .. 480

Psidium guajava L 424,426, 535

pyriferum 535

Pteridophyta 441

Pternandra caerulescens Jack 537

Pterocarpus 419,

422, 423, 424, 431, 458, 466
Pterocarpus dalbergioides Roxb. .. 466

echinatus Pers 466

hypostictus Miq 466

indicus Willd. Plate

XXIV. Fig. 28 432,

466, 467

macrocarpus Kurz.. 466, 467

marsupium Roxb 421,

423, 466, 467

580

FOX WORTHY.

Page.

Pterocarpus santalinus L. f 423,

425, 432, 400, 4G7

Pterocymbium javanicum 131 501

tinctorium (Blco.)

Merr. Plate
XXVI. Fig. 57 .. 425,

501

viridiflorum T. &

B , 501

Pterospermum 501

Pterospermum suberifolium

Lam 501

pukan jantan 492

pulai 435

pulasan utan 435, 494

pulei 435

pun _ 437

puna 415,437

pungai 499

Punica granatum 420

putat 250

putat tepi 448

put j ung 522

Putranjiva 483

Putranjiva roxburghii Wall 480

putut 437

Pygeum 450

Pygeum maingayi Hook, f 457

preslii Merr. Plate

XXIII. Fig. 21 457

pyingadu 434, 435, 403

pyinma 434

pynkadu 413,415,419,421,422,428

pyu 434

Q-

Quassia 474

Quereus 445

Quercus soleriana Vid. Plate

XXII. Fig. 5 ... 445

R.

Radermachera 558

railway ties 420

rambeh daun 510

ramboetan-oetan 495

rambutan 434, 494

rambutan pachat 495

Randia 500,561

Randia dumetorum Lam 501

raoe 488

Page.

rare, ornamental or precious

woods 42G

rasamala 459

rasmora 434

rassak 414,418,430,507,520

! rassak durian 513

ratilis 413,415

Rauminiya 487

red camphor 420

cedar 419

doon 514

flowered mangrove 529

gum 534

lauan Plate XXV11I. Fig. 73.. 413,

415, 423, 430, 507, 510, 511, 512

sandalwood 432

sanders 413

415, 423, 425, 432, 459, 407

wood 459

redwood de Coromandel 480

renghas 414, 423, 432, 434, 488

rengas manau 489

resale 421,436,507,512,513,517

resak batu 420, 507

Rhamnaceae 499

Rhizophora spp. Plate XXIX. Fig.

86 526,527,528

Rhizophoraceae 520

Rhizophora conjugata L 528

mucronata Lam 528

Rhodamnia finer ea Jack 535

trinervia B! 535

Rhus 431,487,490

! rim 437

ringa 434

'ingas 489

ringhas 431

ripple marks 440

ritha 495

rohan 413,415,480

rohituka 435

Rosaceae 455

rosewood 431, 49s

rosewood of India 422

rosewood of the Seychelles 432

ru 434,444

ruan 427

Rubiaceae 559

rukattana 435

ru ronan 428, 444

Rutaeeae 473, 474

1ND0-MALAYAN WOODS.

587

s.

Sabiaceae

Page.

495

saeat
sfigasa
sagun
saj ....
sal

414, 415, 423, 532

529

437

413, 415, 421

414, 415, 419, 435, 438, 459,
500, 507, 509,510,518,519

saleng 413, 437, 443

Salvadoraceae 548

Salvadora oleoides Dene 549

persica L 549, 548

Samadera 415,474

san 540

sandal 413,415,448,479

sandalwood 424, 432

sandan 423

sandana 432, 448

Sandoricum indicum Cav. Plate

XXV. Fig. 42 424,

480

vidalii Merr 480

santagu

Santalaceae ....

Santalum spp.

Santalum album L 426, 427, 432, 448

freycinetianum G a u -

dieh 432, 448

Santiria oblongifolia B1 476

santol 414,415,424,437,480

saoe ow

saori 530

saparantu 4 1 1

sapetir 437,471

Sapindaceae - 492

Sapindus 492

Sapindus rarak DC 493

trifoliatus L 495

Sapium 483

Sapium sebiferum Roxb 480

Sapotaceae 492, 539, 543

saputi 437, 472

sappan wood 413,415,470

Sarcoeephalus cordatus Miq. Plate

XXX. Fig. 107.... 423,

559, 502

448

448

424

Page.

Sarcosperma arboreum Benth. .. 413, 542

sasalit 413,415,420,422,550

sassak 518

sasak gurah 437

sassak suppok 517

satinwood 413,415,424,433,474

Saulamea 474

Scliima crenata Korth 503

noronhae Reinw *-..... 503

wallichii Clioisy 503

Schleichera trijuga Willd 495

Schrebera swietenioides Roxb 548

Sclioutenia ovata Korth 498

Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc.

Plate XXII. Fig. 11 418,449

Scyphiphora hydrophyl 1 a e e a

Gaertn - 562

seacoast teak 560

seasonal or growth ring 440

sekar-poetih 558

selangan batu 413

415, 418, 420, 437, 508, 510

selangan batu mireh 435, 509

semaior daun basa — 448

Semecarpus 431,487,490

semla 468

sendukduk 536

sengkawang 518

sengon-laoet 460

sepota 43a

serayah 423

seraya batu - 518

serayah samak 518

serial) 413, 425, 511

seriah puteh Plate XXVIII. Fig.

78 510

puti 436

merah 430, 510

ship and boat building 419

shingle tree 514

| shoondul 435

Shorea 418, 419,

420. 422, 423, 457, 507, 510, 511

Shorea acuininta Dyer 516

aptera Burck 516

assamica Dyer 516

balangeran Burck Plate

XXVII. Fig. 67 508, 510

junghuhnii Miq

Sarcococca

Sarcococca pruniformis

562

483

424

barbata Brandis 517

brachyptera Heim 517

compressa Burck 517

588

FOXWORTHY.

Page.

Sliorea curtisii King 517

elliptica Burck 517

eximia Scheff 517

faleifera Dyer 517

ferruginea Dyer 517

furfuracea Miq 517

ghysbertsiana Burck 517

glauca King 517

grandi flora Brandis 509

gratissima Dyer 517

guiso (Blanco.) Bl. Plate

XXVII. Fig. 70.. 419,509,517

hypochra Hance 517

javanica K. & V 518

leprosulaMiq 518

macroptera Dyer 518

maranti Burck 518

martiniana Scheff 518

nitens Miq 518

obtusa Wall 424, 518

palembanica Miq 518

parvifolia Dyer 518

platycarpa Heim 518

polysperma Merr. Plate
XXVII. Fig. 72.. 423,510,518

robusta Gaertn 419,

421,506, 509,518

selanica Bl 519

sericea Dyer 519

stcTlata Dyer 516

squamata Benth.&Hook.f. 519

talura Roxb 519

tumbaggaia Roxb 519

utilis King 517,519

shungra 468

sialang 466

sibucao 425,470

sibusuk 464

Sideroxylon ferrugineum Hook. &

Arn 429,542

malaccense Clarke.... 542

nitidum Bl 428

tomentosum Roxb. 429, 542

siku keluang 502

silimpo 434

silk cotton tree 413. 415, 499

silky oak 414, 447

Simaruba 474

Simarubaceae 474

simpor 415,435,502

simumpat 437

Page.

sindoer 471

Sindora 458

Sindora cochinchinensis Baill.

Plate XXIII. Fig.

24 422,471

intermedia Baker 471

sumatrana Miq 471

supa Merr 420,422,471

Sindora wallichiana Benth 472

sintol 437

siris 414,415,422,434,459

sissoo 414

sissu 415,422,465

sit 434

sleepers 420

Sloetia sideroxylon T. & B. Plate

XXII. Fig. 7 418,428, 447

snakewood 424, 550

soap-nut tree 495

soengkei-melajoe 554

soeren 48 1

Sonneratia sp 415

Sonneratiaceae 524

Sonneratia acida L. f 426, 524

alba Smith 525

apetala Ham 525

pagatpat Blanco Plate

XXVIII. Fig. 82.. 418

427, 525

Sophora tomentosa L 472

Soymida febrifuga A. Juss 421,

423, 430, 480

Sphaerosacme spectabilis Wall 480

Spondias 487

spotted gum 533

Staphyleaceae 495

star apple 539

Stemonoporus wightii Tliw 419

Stephegyne parvifolia Korth 423, 561

Sterculia 50 1

Sterculiaceae 500

Sterculia foetida L 413, 501

Stereospermum ; 423, 558

Stereospermum chelonioides DC.. 558

suaveolens DC .. 559

stink wood 452

Straits mahogany 489

streaked ebonies 545

strength 41 6

stringybark 533

Strombosia 449

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

589

Page.

Strombosia philippinensis (Baill.)

Rolfe Plate XXII.

Fig. 12 422,449

Strychnine tree 550

Strychnos nux-vomica L 424, 550

Styracaceae 547

Styrax benzoin Dryand 547

serrulata Roxb 547

sudjung 415,437,535

SUgl-SUgl

493

sundali 463 j

sundri 435, 500 j

suntang puti 435

supa 414,415,420,422,435,437,471

suriya 434

suriya-mara 460

sutubal 538

Swietenia chickrassia Roxb 430

febrifuga Willd 430

maerophylla King 430, 481

mahogani L 423, 430, 481

senegalensis Desv 430

Swintonia 423, 431, 432, 488, 490

sykemore 479

Symplocaceae 547

Symploeos crataegoides Ham 547

T.

tabao 418,

taban

Tabernaemontana

tabigue

tabyu

tahi

takir

talie

talisay 414,415,437,530,

tallowwood

•taloetoe

talura 414,415,

tamalan

tamarind 413,415,422,

Tamarindus indica L 422,

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix articulata Vahl

gallica L

tamayuan 414,415,422,437,

Tambourissa quadrifida Sonn

tambugai

tambulian

tampines 437,

529
541
552
482
437
517
524

530

532

533
501

519
465
463
463

520
520
520
449
452
519
435
447

Page.

tampinis 413,415,418,428,437

tampoedau 513

tampoedow 509

tampoedouvv 434

tampoerouw 509,513-

tandjoeng 540

tangal 413,415,425,437,527,528

tanguile 414,415,

423, 431, 437, 507, 510, 511, 512, 518

tani 530

tapang - 413,415,422,437,465

tapis 451

taroengtoeng 529

Tarrietia 501

Tarrietia cochinchinensis Pierre.. 501
j a v a n i c a Bl. Plate

XXVI. Fig. 58 423, 502

simplicifolia Mast 502

sylvatica (Vid.) Merr.

Plate XXVI. Fig. 59.. 418,

419, 420, 422, 502

tarpandi 466

taruntum 418,419,437,529

taungmeok 435

taungpeinne 434

tavola 530

Taxaceae 442

Taxotrophis ilicifolia Vid. Plate

XXII. Fig. 8 424,433,447

Taxus baccata L 442

teak 414, 415,

419, 422, 424, 437, 438, 439, 459, 555

teca 435

teck 437

Tectona grandis L. f. Plate XXX.

Fig. 102 419,

421, 422, 424, 555

hamiltoniana Wall 556

tekam 436, 509

tekka 437

telambu 415, 501

telegraph and telephone poles 421

teluto 413,415,425,437,501

telutu 437

tembusu 418,435,549

tembusu paya 550

talang 550

tembaga 550

tengah 437,527,528

tengah puti 527

tengjewang-blongseng 516

590

FOXWORTHY.

Page.

tengkawang-lajar . 518

tengjawang-blongseng 516

teraling 502

teredo 417

teringtang cliiit . 434

Terminalia 422, 425, 528, 530

Terminalia angustifolia Roxb 531

arunja Bedd 531

belerica Roxb 530, 532

bialata Wall 532

calamansanay Rolfe.. 532

catappa L 423, 530, 532

chebula 421,530,531

citrina Roxb 531

comintana ( Blanco )

Merr 532

edulia Blanco 532

ellipsoidea Merr 532

macrocarpa Steud 531

mollis Rolfe 532

nitens Presl Plate

XXIX. Fig. 88.... 423, 532

Page.

thitya 414,415,518

Thoreldora 474

Thymelaeaceae 523

tibao 437

Tiliaceae 497

tindalo 414

415, 420, 421, 423, 437, 461, 462

tinduc-tinducan 533

tinya 514

tinyu 434,437,444

tipapop 530

tipop 530

tjelemgan 524

tjempaca kuning 450

tjengal 5i5j 52o

tjinkang 515

tolol 522

toog 414,415,437,484

tool handles 424

toon 415,423,430,435,478,481

Toona 419,423,481

Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe

oliveri Brandis 530, 531

paniculata W. & A. .. 532

pellucida Presl 532

tomentosa W. & A. .. 421,531

termites 417

Ternstroemia japonica Thunb 503

terungtang 488

Tetractomia 415,474

Tetrameles nudiflora R. Br 413, 522

Tetranthera amara Nees 427

thabutkyi 451

tliabyay 436

thabyebyu 436

thabyu 435

tham6 434

than 531

thanatka 435

Theaceae 503

Thespesia populnea (L.) Corr.

Plate XXVI. Fig. 56 423, 432, 499

thingadu 516

thingan 414,415,419,437,508,515

thingyin 415

thinkadu 414,415,436,512

thinwin 434, 469

thitkado 435

thitsein 415,530

thitka 415

thitni 435

thitsi 414,415,489

thitto 437

Plate XXV. Fig. 41.... 430, 481

ciliata Roem 481

febrifuga (Bl.) Harms 481

serrata (Royle) Roomer.. 430, 481

totonai 500

Trema amboinensis Blume 446

trenggoeli 464

trengaloen 475

Trewia 483

Trewia nudiflora L 486

Trichadenia zeylanica Thw 522

Trigonochlamys griffithii Hook. f. 476

trincomali 414,415,497

Tripliasia 474

truntum 538

Tristania 530

Tristan ia burmannica Griff 536

decorticata Merr 536

mergensis Griff 536

obovata Benn 536

Whitiana Griff 536

tualang 466

tuak-tuak 542

tucan-calao 414,415,422,437,476

tui 413,415,557

tulang putih 492

tulip tree 499

tulutu 437

tumu 437,527,528

Turpinia pomifera DC 495

turukop buini 464

INDO-MALAYAN WOODS.

591

U. .

w.

Page.

Page.

ubar ; 436, 414

udang-udang 437

ulin 435, 452

Ulmaceae 445

umbrella tree 423, 499

unsuna 437

Ur aw dr a Plate XXV. Fig. 47 418,

423, 492, 542

Urandra apiealis Tliw 491

urat mata 511

Urophyllum glabrum Wall 562

Urticaceae 447

urung 549

V.

vammi 434

vap 437

Vateria acuminata Ilayne 519

indica L 519

seychellarum Dyer 520

Vatica Plate XXVII. Fig. 65 418,

421, 507

Vatica (Synaptea) astrotricha

Pierre 520

bancana Scheff 520

bantamensis Burck 520

chinensis L. 520

cinerea King 520 !

( Synaptea ) f a g i n e a

Pierre 520 r

mangachapoi Blanco 520

rassak Korth 520

Verbenaceae 553

Vernonia sp. Plate XXX. Fig. 108

Vernonia arborea Ham 563 j

vessel 440

Viburnum erubescens 426

vin-vin 517

violet wood 432 j

Vitex aherniana Merr. Plate XXX.

Fig. 103 422, 556 |

altissima L. f 556

littoralis Dene Plate XXX.

Fig. 104 418,419,

420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 532, 556

pubescens Valil 421, 557

timoriensis Walp 556

wa 423, 464

Wallaceodendron celebicum

Koord 422, 423, 463

weight 412, 413

Wendlandia 562

Wendlandia excels a 562

Wendlandia exserta DC 562

white ants 417

white cedar 478, 479

white ebony 545

white lauan Plate XXVIII. Fig.

75 436,507,511,512,516

white or yellow sandalwood 448

white siris 460

Wikstroemia candolleana Meisn. .. 428

wild mangosteen 480

wodier 489

wood-apple 474

woods in contact with the ground.. 420

Wrightia 423,424,551

Wrightia javanica DC 551

laniti (Blanco) Merr.

Plate XXX. Fig. 100.. 551

tinctoria It. Br 551

tomentosa R o e m. &

Schult 552

X.

Xanthophyllum 482

Xanthophyllum vitellinum Nees.. 482

Xanthostcmon verdugo n i a n u s

Naves Plate XXIX. Fig. 90 418,

422, 428, 429, 536

Xerospermum muricatum B1 495

noronhianum B1 495

Ximenia americana L 424, 433, 450

Xylia dolabriform is Benth 419,

421,422,428, 463
xylocarpa ( Roxb. ) Taub. .. 463

Xylocarpus 423, 424, 482

. Xylocarpus borneensis (Bece.)— - 482

gra natum Koen.

Plate XXV. Fig.

43 418, 482

Xylocarpus obovatus A. Juss 482

Xylopia 427

Xylopia parvifolia Hook. f. &

Thoms 451

592

FOXWORTHY.

Y.

Page.

yacal 413, 415, 418, 419,

420, 422, 437, 507, 508. 512, 518, 516

yellow sanders 424, 433

yellow wood 442, 562

yindaik 464

yinye 437,529

ypil 461

Z.

Zanthoxvlum 433

Page.

Zantboxyhnn alatum 424

zebrawood 433

zi 434

Zizyphus 496

Zizyphus arborea Merr 496

jujuba Lam 496

vulgaris Lam 496

zonulatus Blanco Plate

XXVI. Fig. 51 496

zylopyrus Willd 496

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THE PHILIPPINE

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Vol, IV .NOVEMBER, 1909

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF

NEW SPECIES, I *

By Oakes Ames.

(From ihe Ames Botanical Laboratory, North Easton, Mass., U. 8. A.)

It has been suggested by Dr. Fritz Kranzlin that the species of Den-
drochilum which I have assigned to the section Acoridium ought to
constitute a distinct genus. Dr. Kranzlin asserts that the form of the
labellum is quite distinctive in Acoridium on account of its likeness to
the letter E. When I studied Dendrochilum tenellum in the preparation
of Fascicle I of “Orchidaceae” I felt strongly that it belonged to a genus
entirely distinct from Dendrochilum because of the absence of stelidia
from the column and of the peculiar subfiliform leaves. Since then I
have been convinced by a study of more material that Acoridium belongs
to Dendrochilum. In the first place, the E-formed labellum on which
Dr. Kranzlin lays emphasis is only characteristic of a majority of the
species of the section Acoridium and is not found in D. turpe, D. ohgan-
thum, D. hastatum, D. Merrillii and D. ocellatum, which clearly belong
to the section. In the second place the lack of stelidia in the species of
§ Acoridium is not a wholly satisfactory differentiating character between
it and § Platyclinis. It is not satisfactory because the lack of stelidia
expresses a condition which is approached by well-defined species of Den-
drochilum such as D. palawanense and because D. Merrillii in which the
stelidia are absent from the column is in every other respect a well-marked
species of Dendrochilum § Platyclinis. Furthermore, there is no habitat
distinction by which to separate the species of Acoridium from Den-
drochilum. The linear leaf characteristic of D. tenellum, D. sphacelatum

S9217

* Proof corrected by E. D. Merrill and C. B. Robinson.

503

594

AMES,

and D. luzonense passes into the broadly lanceolate leaves of D. Merrillii
through such species as 1). gramini folium, D. tenuifolium, D. turpe and
]). philippinense. The calli on the labellum of D. tenue, D. parvulum
and D. venustulum are not characteristic of Acoridium as a whole and
consequently are worthless in the consideration of generic segregation.
Alter eliminating the characters which 1 have named there is nothing
further, in my opinion, which may be reasonably regarded in an attempt
to form a distinct genus with the species of § Acoridium.

Through an unfortunate oversight on the part of I)r. Kranzlin, who
completed tlie Coelogyninae for “Das Pflanzenreich,” left unfinished by
Dr. Pfitzer, the titles on my plates of Dendrochilum species were over-
looked. These plates were practically duplicates of the set prepared for
Fascicle II of “Orchidaceae,’ and were loaned to Dr. Kranzlin to facilitate
his work on species which I had recently described. I believed that Dr.
Kranzlin would understand from the legends on the plates that in my
forthcoming volume Acoridium would be displaced bv Dendrochilum.
As it turned out Dr. Kranzlin failed to observe the change in my work
indicated by the plates and as a result an unlooked-for controversy ensued
in which Dr. Kranzlin insisted 1 that the plates loaned to him were
inscribed with the generic name Acoridium. Here again Dr. Kranzlin
erred, as a subsequent examination proved the correctness of my assertion
to the effect that the loaned plates were inscribed with the generic name
Dendrochilum. Dr. Kranzlin’s work preceded mine, for which the plates
were prepared, and consequently the changes in “Orchidaceae’’ Faso. II,
which were made at the end of the introduction were necessary. Dr.
Kranzlin himself directed my attention to his unfortunate oversight.

DENDROCHILUM Bl.

D. (§ Acoridium) pulogense sp. nov.

Pseudobulbi congregati, pyriformes, in sicco rugosi plus minus 1
cm longi, juniores vaginis subacutis mox in fibras solutis inclusi. Folia
acuta vel obtusa, linearia, 2-7.5 cm longa, circa 2 mm h\ta. Petiolus
pcrgracilis. Pedunculus gracilis, filiformis, 4-10 cm longus. Bracteae
inflorescentiae glumaceae, pedicellum brevem et ovarium multo exeedentes.
Inflorescentia laxiflora. Flores 6-10. Rhachis vix flexuosa. Sepala
lanceolata, acuminata, acuta, 1-nervia, circa 3 mm longa plus minus 1
mm lata. I etala scpalis similia, ovata vel rotundata, valde acuminata,
l-nen ia, 3 mm longa. Labellum 3-lobatum, 1 obi laterales membranacei
semicrescentiformes, obtusi, lobus medius tridentatus. Calli 3, unus ad
basim lobi lateralis utriusque, unus in medio partis saccatae labclli.
Columna minuta, columnae Dendrochili tenelli. similis.

Ibis species is represented in the herbarium of the Bureau of Science by two
collections, both of which were made by the same collectors on Mount Pulog.

’Orchis 2: 78.

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, I.

595

No. 16342 was found at an altitude of 2,500 m, and according to the notes made
by the collectors had flesh-colored flowers. The foliage of no. 16347 is very
variable, (only one plant of no. 10342 was found), so much so that at first glance
two distinct species appear to be mingled. Dendrochilum tenue (Ames) Pfitzer
and D. parvulum (Ames) Pfitzer are very close affinities of D. pulogense.

Mount Pulog, Province of Benguet, Luzon, January, 1909, For. Bur. lG3Jt 7
(type), 16.11/2 Curran, Merritt <£• Zschoklce.

D. (§ Acoridium) auriculare sp. nov.

Pseudobulbi congregati, longitudinaliter rugosi, subpyriformes, circa
2 cm longi, juniores vaginis svibacutis mox in fibras solutis inclusi.
Folium cum petiolo 1-2 dm longum. Lamina 6.5-13 cm longa, 1.5-2. 7
cm lata, oblongi-lanceolata, acuminata, acuta vel subobtusa. Petiolus
gracilis, 1.7-6 cm longus. Pedunculus subfiliformis, multo folium
excedens, plus minus 2 dm longus. Bracteae inflorescentiae glumaceae,
pedicellum brevem ct ovarium multo excedentes. Flores in racemo laxo
dispositi, albi. Sepala lateralia ovato-lanceolata, 3-nervia, 7 mm longa,
4 mm lata, Sepalum superius oblongum vel oblongi-ellipticum, 7 mm
longum, 3.5 mm latum. Petala rotundato-elliptica vel rotundato-ovata,
6.5-7 mm longa, 4.5-5 mm lata, 3-nervia. Labellum 4.5 mm longum,
3-nerviuin, 3-lobatum; lobus medius subreniformis, lateralibus major, 3.5
mm longus; lobi laterales auriculares, 1.5 mm longi, inter eos in disco
labelli callus magnus. Colmnna sectionis, circa 2 mm longa.

In general aspect Dendrochilum auriculare suggests D. Hutchinsonianum Ames,
although analysis of the flowers shows clearly the differences between the two
species. The lateral lobes of the labellum in D. Hutchinsonianum are distinctly
linear-falcate, while in D. auriculare they are auriculate, much reduced in size
and much shorter than the middle lobe (cf. Orchidaceae 2: 96, fig.). D. auriculare
is one of the largest-flowered species of the Acoridium section.

Province of Benguet, Luzon, December, 1908, Maximo Bamos, Bur. Bci. 5818
(type). Mount Ugo, Province of Benguet, December 17, 1908, Maximo Ramos,
Bur. Sci. 5111. Collector’s note. — “The color of the flowers is nearly white.”

**D. venustulum (Ames) Pfitzer in Das Pflanzenreich 32 (1907) 116.

Mount ITgo, Province of Benguet, Luzon, December, 1908, Maximo Ramos,
Bur. Bci. 581/0. This species was originally described as Acoridium venustulum
in the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 19 (1906) 147 and
later illustrated in Orchidaceae 2: 88. It is apparently a rare species as the
specimens gathered by Ramos are the only ones, with the exception of the type
material, which have been collected for the Bureau of Science.

D. philippinense (Ames) Pfitzer in Das Pflanzenreich 32 (1907) 118.

A very odd form of this species has come from the Lusod-Bayabas trail.
Province of Benguet, Luzon, which appears to have smaller flowers than the
type. At first I felt no little hesitation in identifying the plants as D. philip-
pinense. As all the racemes examined exhibit the peculiarity referred to 1 have
prepared the following description.

Lateral sepals lanceolate, acuminate, acute, about 3.5 mm long, 1.5
mm wide; upper sepal oblong, acute, 3 mm long, about 1 mm wide,
petals acute, 3 mm long, 1.75 mm wide. Labellum 3-lobed, tbe lateral
lobes equaling tbe middle lobe, linear falcate, about 1 mm long, middle

596

AMES.

lobe broader than the laterals, middle lobe oblong, rounded, acute at the
apex, 1 mm long, 0.75 mm wide. At the base of each lateral lobe there
is a minute rounded callus. Column typical of the section.

The flowers are fleshy and most difficult to dissect as the sepals and
petals break under very slight pressure. The labellum is thick and
has a conduplicate middle lobe. No comments by the collectors have been
made regarding the color of the flowers but in dried specimens those near
the base of the raceme are brownish with the labellum yellow, those near
the apex yellowr. Although the racemes appear to be perfectly normal,
flowers have the appearance of keeping partly closed so that even the old
ones look like buds. The texture of the flowers is extraordinary and
unlike that of any other known species of the genus from the Philippine
Islands.

Province of Benguet, Luzon, December 16, 1908, altitude 2,000 m, For.- Bur.
15763 Curran & Merritt.

D. ocellatum (Ames) Plitzer in Das Pflanzenreich 32 (1907) 117.

This species, the type of which is represented by a small plant in the herbarium
of the Bureau of Science, has been again collected by Bacani. The flowers exhibit
the same hyaline dots from which the specific name was derived. These dots
are in the form of minute protuberances which give the sepals and petals a
\ ei i uculose character. According to the collector’s notes the flowers are brown.

In the top of a mango tree, Lusod, Province of Benguet, Luzon, December
14, 1908, For. Bur. 15908 Ilacani.

D. bicallosum Ames Orchidaceae 2 (1908) 117.

This species was originally collected in Mindoro by Elmer D. Merrill at an
altitude of about 950 m on Mount Halcon. On October 23, 1907, Curran and
Merritt obtained material in Laguna Province, Luzon, which I unhesitatingly
lefer to D. bicallosum. The leaves of several of the specimens from Luzon are
longer and broader than those of the Mount Halcon plants, in several being
nearly 2 dm long and 5 cm wide. Otherwise there are no conspicuous dif-
ferences although the plants from Luzon are more luxuriant, a character which
may be accounted for by more favorable conditions for growth.

Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, at an altitude of 550 m, in ridge
forest; flowers brownish-yellow, October 23, 1907, For. Bur. 7797 Curran £ Merritt.

D. pumilum Reiclib. f. Bonplandia 3 (1855) 222.

Specimens which agree almost perfectly with the Cuming plant in the her-
barium of the British Museum of Natural History numbered 2102, the number on
which Reichenbach f. founded D. pumilum, have been collected in Laguna Province,
Luzon, by ( nrran and Merritt. Dendrochilum pumilum is placed among the
doubtful plants in the Pfitzer-Kranzlin monograph in Engler’s “Pflanzenreich”
without reference to the specimen of the type number in the British Museum.
From my studies 1 have been unable to discover any sufficient reason for a total
disregard of the evidence which this specimen furnishes. An interesting side-
light on the subject is supplied by a single plant in the Gray Herbarium which
was collected in the Philippines by the Wilkes Expedition. This plant is in-
adequate for a sure diagnosis although it clearly belongs to Dendrochilum and
is probably conspecific with D. icnuc Pfitzer. In Reichenbach’s handwriting
it has been referred with a query to Dendrochilum pumilum! Together with
Reichenbach’s original description and the specimen in the British Museum, the

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, I. 597

specimen in the Gray Herbarium seems to me to be of very great interest and
value.

Mount Banajao, Laguna Province, Luzon, very common on trees, flowers
yellowish-green, November 10, 1907, H. M. Curran and M. L. Merritt, For. Bur.
8019; at an altitude of 2,000 m, November 10, 1907, Curran and Merritt, For. Bur.
8034; at an altitude of 1,400 m, November 10, 1907, Curran and Merritt, For.
Bur. 8023, 8021.

D. strictiforme (Ames) Pfitzer in Das Pflanzenreicb 32 (1907) 116.

This species was first discovered by Elmer D. Merrill between Suyoc and
Pauai in Benguet Province. The present specimen was collected in Laguna Prov-
ince.

Mount Banajao, Laguna Province, Luzon, at an altitude of 1,400 m, flowers
white, November 1, 1907, H. M. Curran & M. L. Merritt, For. Bur. 8024.

D. cinnabarinum Pfitzer in Das Pflanzenreich 32 (1907) 104; Ames Orchida-
ceae 2: viii ; 3: 10, pi. 27, 11, B, b.

This very interesting species of the Dendrochilum pumilum group has again
been found. Messrs. Curran, Merritt and Zschokke collected specimens at an
altitude of 2640 m, January 5, 1909, on Mount Pulog, Province of Benguet, Luzon,
For. Bur. 16348. Until the rediscovery of the species D. cinnabarinum was only
known through the specimens gathered in Benguet by A. Loher (no. 461).

CESTICH IS Pfitzer.

C. nutans sp. nov.

Pseudobulbi 3 cm longi, pyriformes. Folia oblonga, acuta; 3 dm longa,
2-3 cm lata. Sepala 7 mm longa, 3 mm lata. Petala linearia, 7 mm
longa, 0.5 mm lata. Labellum cuneato-flabellatum, 8 mm long urn, prope
apicem 8 mm latum, callo ad basim. Columna arcuata, 6 mm longa.

C. nutans is a robust species, allied to C. Merrillii , with oblong acute
leaves which are considerably longer than the winged scape. The raceme
is slender and nutant. The flowers according to the collector’s notes are
brick-red. The labellum is cuneate-flabellate in outline, 2 mm wide at
the base, and near the point of union with the column very fleshy, and
somewhat channelled.

Camp Keithley, Lake Lanao, Mindanao, May 1907, Mary Strong Clemens s. n.:
Province of Surigao, April 6, 1906, F. H. Bolster 289. Here also belongs the
plant collected on Mount Victoria, Island of Palawan, in March, 1906, by F. W.
Fox worthy. Bur. Sci. 638.

ANGRAECUM Thou.

A. ph i I i pp i nense Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 336; Orchidaceae
2: 246; 3: 69, pi. 50.

This species which was originally collected on Mount Halcon by E. D. Merrill,
has been found at Imogen, Province Nueva Viscaya, Luzon, where H. M. Curran
collected specimens on December 22, 1908, For. Bur. 10860. The flowers of the
plant collected by Curran have spurs or nectaries about 10 cm long. A com-
parison between the plants from Luzon and those from Mindoro clearly proves
that the spur of the type was not fully developed on the date of collection.
This statement is sufficient to account for the discrepancy between the measure-
ments given above and those published in the original description. It is a
well established fact that the spurs in orchids increase in length as the flowers

598

AMES.

develop. This characteristic is frequently misleading and not unlikely to cause
confusion. The leaves of the specimens from Luzon measure 6.5 cm in length
and 1.5 cm in width.

The collector’s notes state that the plants were found at an altitude of
1,400 in and that the flowers are white and fragrant and very ornamental.

DENDROBIUM Sw.

D. hymenanthum Reichb. f. in Bonplandia 3 (1855) 222; Walpers Annales
Botanices Systematicae 6: 302.

'I his very rare species which was among the novelties secured by IT. Cuming
(no. 2135) in the Philippine Islands has been twice collected by the botanists of
the Bureau of Science. It is closely related to Dendrobium Micholitzii Rolfe
(cf. Ames Orchidaceae 1: 41, pi. 11). The stems are yellow, about 8 cm long,
quadrangular, very slender, bifoliate at the summit, with the oblong-elliptic
leaves 2-3.5 cm long, 8 mm wide. The flowers, which are borne at the summit
of llie stem, are fragrant; the mentum is tinged with “purple” outside. Pedicels
slender, subfiliform, about 2 cm long. Lateral sepals triangular, acute, prolonged
into a stout, curved, obtuse mentum; from tip of sepals to tip of mentum 16
nun long. Upper sepal lanceolate, 7 mm long. Petals similar to the upper
sepal, but narrower, 5 mm long. Labellum about 2 cm long, somewhat oblan-
ceolate, dilating gradually from the cuneate base to the rounded, 7 mm wide
apex ; near the apex 'is a small crest of short, yellowish hairs.

The director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew has very kindly compared
my material with the Cuming specimen preserved in the Kew Herbarium and has
assured me that the specimens collected by Ramos are conspecific with the Cuming
plant,

Montalban, Province of Rizal, Luzon, W. Schultze, May, 1908, Bur. Sci. 5610;
Maximo Ramos, July 29, 1907, Bur. Sci. 3035. According to Ramos the flowers
last a very short time.

Note. — From an excellent photograph which accompanies the plants collected
by Ramos it appears that the flowers are produced singly at the summit of the
stem.

D. epidendropsis Kriinzlin in Orchis 2 (1908) 79, fig.

The material which I have identified as D. epidendropsis was collected by W. S.
Lyon (no. 118). Although a native of the Philippine Islands the exact locality
from which Mr. Lyon’s plant came is not known. Mr. Lyon flowered it in his
garden in November, 1908. He described the flowers as greenish-yellow, coriaceous
in texture, wax-like, and both within and without glossy as if varnished. A
single leaf, and what appears to be an undersized stem and three flowers constitute
the specimen at hand. The leaf is oblong-lanceolate, 7 cm long. 1.5 cm wide,
subcoriaceous. The stem is fusiform, clothed with several scarious sheaths, at
the summit is a short raceme, 2 cm long, which bears three 3 cm long flowers.
The flowers are conspicuous because of the long subfalcate mentum which is 2 cm
long and about 3 mm in diameter.

In the herbarium of the Bureau of Science there are three specimens which
agree with my interpretation of Dendrobium epidendropsis. Two of these were
collected on Mount Mariveles, Province of Bataan. The third specimen was
taken in the Province of Rizal.

Lamao River, Mount Mariveles, Province of Bataan, Luzon, growing on trees on
exposed ridges, at an altitude of 9©6 m. flower odorless, lip bright, pale-green,
petals pale-green with 3 or 4 brown stripes from base to tip, December 10, 1904,
T. E. Borden, For. Ilur. 2109; near same locality, on trees, flowers yellow with

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, I.

599

a tinge of red, November, 1904, A. D. E. Elmer 683!): Province of Rizal, Luzon,
November 23, 1907, Maximo Ramos, Hur. Sci. 3060.

Note. — The specimens collected by Elmer and Borden have stems up to 2 dm
long and narrowly lanceolate leaves, 1.3 dm long, 1—1.9 cm wide. The flowers
of the specimen collected by EJmer are, in a dried state, strongly tinged with purple
and resemble large flowers of Dendrobium secundum. The racemes on all the
specimens examined appear to have been few-flowered.

D. Dearei Reichb. f. in Card. Chron. 52 (1882) 301.

Mindoro, January, 1908, For. Bur. 8526 Merritt.

D. (§ Aporum) Merrill i i Ames Orchidaceae 2: 181, fig.

In Orchis 2: 96, Dr. Kranzlin in a review of "Orchidaceae Ease. II,” criticises
rather severely my description of Dendrobium Merrillii and suggests that to me
the genus Dendrobium is a seven-sealed book. Uis reason for this unkind remark
is based on the words “Folia . . . conduplicata, explanata 14 mm lata.” By these
words he understands that D. Merrillii is a species with broad leaves and con-
sequently inadmissible as a member of § Aporum. Unfortunately the word "ex-
planata” is misleading, although it was intended to indicate that the leaves if
spread out would then measure 14 mm in width. As a matter of fact the leaves
are characteristic of § Aporum and resemble the leaves of such species as D.
atropurpureum Miq. and D. sagittatum J. J. Smith. In his criticism Dr. Kranzlin
has quoted from my description and has omitted the word “conduplicata” which I
thought was a sufficient offset to the problematical condition expressed by “ex-
planata.” The leaves of D. Merrillii are in reality equitant and in the type
measure 7 mm across in the vertical direction of the stem.

BULBOPHYLLUM Thou.

B. bataanense Ames Orchidaceae 1 : 96.

Among living plants sent from Mount Mariveles this species bloomed in May,
1909, in my greenhouse. The flowers are yellowish, faintly tinged with purple
and conspicuously nerved with pale-green. The sepals, especially the upper one,
are sprinkled with fine purple dots. The labellum is similarly marked with the
addition of a bright yellow spot at the base of the cordate apical portion. The
original description of this species was prepared from dried material, consequently
the color of the flowers could not be given accurately.

Mount Mariveles, Province of Bataan, Luzon, Elmer D. Merrill, 1905.

PHALAENOPSIS Bl.

P. Linden ii Loher in Journ. des Orch. 6 (1895) 103.

Among the orchids collected by W. S. Lyon is a specimen of Phalaenopsis
which is surely conspecific with P. Lindenii. It agrees in every detail with the
description published in “Le Journal des Orchid<5es.” P. Lindenii is described
as resembling P. Schilleriana in its foliage and as having flowers which suggest
those of P. rosea (P. equestris). Mr. R. A. Rolfe has suggested that Mr. Lolier’s
species may be a natural hybrid resulting from a cross between P. Schilleriana
and P. rosea which would give P. Veitchiana Reichb. f. The specimen at
band is not at all in agreement with P. Veitchiana as figured and described
in horticultural literature. The flowers are about 2.5 cm in diameter and
the apical lobe of the labellum is rotund apiculate, 1 cm long by 8 mm wide.
The lateral lobes are oblong, obtuse, somewhat dilated at the apex, about 7 mm
long, the fleshy callus between the lateral lobes is disc-shaped when spread out.
The lateral sepals are somewhat ovate-falcate, 13 mm long, 7 mm wide. The
petals are spathulate, obtuse, 16 mm long, 6 mm wide.

600

AMES.

Mr. Lyon says that the flowers are very persistent. According to his notes
the anterior surface of the column and the lip are rich-purple, otherwise the
perianth is light-rosy-purple, each segment marked with seven well defined lines,
those on the lip continuous or uninterrupted, those on the sepals and petals
broken or formed by dots. The leaves are mottled gray and green and are almost
identically like those of Phalaenopsis Schilleriana in coloration.

In addition to Mr. Lyon’s specimen I have studied three others from the Philip-
pines which 1 do not hesitate to refer to P. Lindenii. Two of these are in the
herbarium of the Bureau of Science, the third in the herbarium of the New York
Botanical Garden. All of these were collected in Benguet Province, Luzon. The
specimen in the New York Botanical Garden collection has larger flowers than the
others, these being about 3 cm across, with the rotund apical lobe of the lip
about 1.3 cm long by 1.2 cm wide. The tip of the lip is in no way divided and
is not at all in agreement with the lip of P. Veitchiana as represented in plate 213
of the Floral Magazine. Until more material has been studied it seems best to
adopt Air. Loher’s name for this Phalaenopsis. The specimens in the herbarium
of the Bureau of Science have a branched inflorescence not unlike that of lonopsis
utricularioides Lindl. in general aspect, although much stouter. In Orchis ( 1 : 82,
fig. 37) this species has been very fully illustrated. The analysis of the flowers
is very detailed.

Baguio, Province of Benguet, Luzon, August 24, 1906, 11. M. Curran, For. Bur.
5121, 5122, flowers light-pink and white; October 21, 1904, R. S. Williams (no.
1947 bis) in lib. New York Botanical Garden; W. S. Lyon (no. 39).

Note: Mr. Lyon says the plant is called P. Lindenii at Manila.

AERIDES I x>ur.

A. Lawrenceae Reichb. f. Card. Chron. N. S. 20 (18H3) 640, 307, 368.

In Orchidaceae 2: 249, I listed this species, basing my conclusions on a specimen
collected by the Rev. R. F. Black in Mindanao. This specimen was fragmentary
and my identification was in a way provisional. Another specimen has come
to hand from W. S. Lyon which is undoubtedly .4. Lawrenceae. The flowers are
large, about 2.5 cm in diameter and very ornamental. Unfortunately Mr. Lyon
forgot the exact locality from which he obtained his specimens which flowered
in his garden at Manila.

Philippine Islands, IF. S. Lyon 25.

HABENARIA Willd.

H. Leibergii Ames Orchidaceae 2: 34, fig.

This species has been collected in Rizal Province by D. LeRoy Topping who
found specimens in July, 1908. The type was discovered by J. B. Leiberg on
Mount Mariveles in 1904. One of the specimens found by Topping shows an
interesting variation from the type in its larger leaves which measure nearly 1
dm in length and 4-5 cm in width. On this luxuriant form the flowers are in a
dense raceme, about 20 in number,

Montalban, Rizal Province, Luzon, July, 1908. Bur. Sri. 5226 Topping.

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE PALMS, 11.

By 0. Beccari.

( Florence , Italy.)

ARECA Linn.

Areca macrocarpa Becc. sp. nov.

Inter majores. Folia ampla, 2.5 m longa, petiolo brevissimo crasso;
segmentis numerosis aequidistantibus, valde approximate, lanceolato-
falcatis, valde acuminatis, 1-costnlatis et 5 cm latis, vel 2-costulatis et
subduplo latioribus; majoribus 1 m et ultra longis, superioribus sensim
decrescentibus, terminalibus in flabellum non unitis. Spadices ....
Fructus majusculi, 7 cm longi, ovoideo-elliptiei, perianthio 16 — IT mm
alto suffulti, in medio 5 cm lati, utrinque fere acqualiter attenuati,
superne conici, apice mammillaeformi et areola 5 mm lata terminati ;
semine e basi plana conoideo, apice obtuso, 28 mm longo, 22 mm lato.

A rather large palm, apparently of the dimensions of A. Whitfordii.
Leaves large, 2.5 m long in one specimen, its petiolar part very short,
strongly arched, 5 cm broad near the lowest leaflets, slightly concave
above, rounded beneath; the rachis is broadly channelled above in its
first or basal portion and prominently so in the median portion, and has
an acute, salient angle along its center; leaflets very numerous, equidistant,
very close together, almost imbricate and inserted at an acute angle,
lanceolate-falcate, long-acuminate, 1-costulate and 5 cm broad, or 2-costu-
late and about twice as wide, the largest, those of the middle, 1 m long,
and at times more; the upper gradually shorter, the ultimate ones being
the smallest and not united to form a flabellum. Spadices .... Fruits
large, ovoid-elliptic, 7 cm long, 5 cm in diameter in the middle, and
thence gradually, and almost equally diminishing toward both ends,
tapering at the apex to a conical point which terminates in an almost
flat surface, about 5 mm in diameter. Seed^conoidal, 28 mm long, 22
mm broad, having a truncate or flat base, and a blunt point; the branches
of the raphe are much anastomosed and form a close net all around the
seed. Fruiting perianth 16 to 17 mm high, with thick, coriaceous, sub-
deltoid, acute sepals; the petals have a triangular dead point, sharply
defined from the lower living part.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 9103 Whitford d
Hutchinson, January, 1908.

601

BECCARI.

602

Of this fine and large Areca, I have seen only one entire leaf, and a few
fruits; these latter are even larger than those of A. Catechu ; in fact no other
species of the genus is known with such large fruits. Otherwise it seems related
to A. Whitfordii.

Areca mammillata var. mindanaoensis Becc. var. nov.

Differs from the typical forms growing in Palawan, especially by its
fruits, which are considerably larger. It is a plant about 4 m high.
Leaves in one specimen 1.4 m long in the pinniferous part with a petiolar
part 25 cm in length; the leaf-sheath is 22 cm long. Stem 3 cm in
diameter. Leaflets about 28 on each side, equidistant, 30 to 35 cm apart,
1-costate, but occasionally 2-costate, narrowly falcate, the intermediate
ones 45 to 50 cm long, 18 to 20 mm broad, otherwise as in the type, the
two terminal leaflets form a small, forked flabellum, are 4- or 5-costulate,
and terminate with as many pairs of rather obtuse teeth as there are costae,
these are, however, more acute than in the type. Fruits larger than in
the type, very narrowly oblong-ellipsoid, diminishing a good deal toward
both ends, about 3 cm long, 9 mm in diameter. Seed 13 mm long, 6.5
mm broad. Fruiting perianth 12 mm high.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 91^1 Whitford
Hutchinson, in forests at about 20 m above sea level, Dece giber, 1007.

PINANGA Bl.

Pinanga geonomaeform is Becc. sp. nov.

Uracil lima, sobolifera, 1.5 m alta, eaudiee tenuiter arundinaceo. Folia
in circumscriptione oblonga, 25—35 cm longa, 1 1—12 cm lata, irregulariter
et interrupte in segmentos paucos, utrinque 1—2, pinnatisecta; segmentis
lateralibus e basi lata sensim in acumen falcatum attenuatis; inferioribus
angustis, 1- vel 2-costulatis, superioribus 3-7-costulatis et 3-6 cm latis,
duobus terminalibus in flabellum profunde furcatum unitis et in margine
exteriore inciso-dentatis. Spadix gracillimus, indivisus, 10-16 cm longus;
fructibus concinnis, exacte biseriatis, angustissimis, teretibus, saepe cur-
vulis, 13-14 mm longis, 3 mm crassis, perianthio depresse cupulari, 3
mm lato, 1.5 mm alto, truncato et ad faucem paullo coarctatum suffultis.

A very delicate and elegant palm 1 to 1.5 m high, growing in small
clusters. Stems very slender, 7 to 10 mm in diameter, very distinctly
ringed every 3 to 6 cm; internodes slightly clavate, dotted with small
orbicular tobacco-colored scales. Leaves pinnatisect; the leaf-sheaths
finely striate and dotted like the stems and with the remains of a deciduous
membranaceous ligule at their mouths; the petiole slender, 6 to 8 cm
long, 2.5 to 3 mm thick, this, and the rachis are also dotted with scales;
the blade is oblong, 25 to 35 cm long, 11 to 12 cm broad, thinly papyra-
ceous, dull, and about the same color on both surfaces, irregularly and
interruptedly divided down to the rachis, into a very few, unequal, alter-
nate or decurrent segments (2 to 4 on each side), which gradually
narrow from a broad base to a falcate and acuminate point; the lowest

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE PALMS, II.

603

leaflets are small, narrow and 1- or 2-costulate, those of the middle are 3
to 6 cm broad and with 3 to 7 costae, the two of the apex are more or
less cleft, and acutely toothed on their upper outer margin and are
united by their bases but rather divaricated, so as to form a deeply forked
flabellum with a wide reentering angle between them. Spadix very simple
and consisting of the very flattened axis or rachis, 10 to 14 cm long, more
or less pedicellate, recurved when in fruit. Male flowers comparatively
large for the small size of the plant, irregularly angular, 10 to 1 2 mm
long ; the calyx very small ; the segments of the corolla falcate, very
acuminate. Fruiting perianth shallowly cupular or somewhat depressed,
3 mm broad, 1.5 mm high, broader at the base than at the mouth. The
scars left by the fallen fruits on the rachis are relatively large, orbicular,
and flat, with the lower bract small but distinct, rounded in its outline,
but minutely apiculate in the center, deflexed or ringent. Fruits dis-
tinctly bifarious, or pectinate, about 6 mm apart and 14 to 18 in number
on each side, terete with a blunt apex, very slender, often slightly curved,
13 to 14 mm long, 3 mm thick.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 10155 Curran, March, 1908; Province
of Rizal, Loher 7 055.

It is one of the smallest and most elegant species known, with unbranched
spadices like F. disticha, hut with pinnately cleft leaves, resembling those of some
species of Geonoma.

Pinanga sclerophylla Becc. sp. nov.

Mediocris, caudice, ut videtur, circ. 4 cm diam. Folia cireiter 85 cm
longa ; vagina coriacea 35 cm longa; petiolo nullo; segmentis numerosis
approximatis, 12-18 mm inter se dissitis, aequidistantibus, subti liter
coriaceis, rigidissimis, omnibus rectis (minime falcatis) ; basilaribus et
intermediis unicostatis, 35—40 cm longis, 16—20 mm latis, longe et sensim
acuminatis; superioribus sensim minoribus, apice obtusiusculis, interdum
bicostulatis et apice obscure bidentatis, summis in flabellum prof unde
furcatum unitis. Spadices cireiter 25 cm longi, in ramulos nonnullos
irregulariter cireum axem insertos divisi et parte pedicellari brevi praediti,
floribus omnibus distincte 3-seriatis; ramulis fructiferis rigidis, crassius-
culis, 14-17 cm longis, basi cireiter 4 mm crassis, sursum pa rum atte-
nuatis, plus minusve trigonis. Fructus triseriati, parvi, late ovati, apice
minute apiculato-mammillati, basi (in sicco) abruptissime caudiculati,
13 mm longi, 7.5-8 mm lati, 7-8 mm inter se dissiti ; seminc late ovato,
8 mm longo, 6.5 mm lato, utrinque rotundato, raphidis ramis ascenden-
tibus ad 9, quorum 3 vel 4 centralibus apicem superantibus, caeteris ad
latus recurvis, omnibus laxe anastomosantibus. Perianthium fructiferum
depresse cupulare, 4.5 mm latum, cireiter 2 cm altum, truncatum, in ore
parum coarctatum.

A rather slender plant, about 4 m high. The stem, judging by the
size of the leaf-sheath, may be about 4 cm in diameter. Leaves about 85
cm long in the pinniferous part; petiole quite obsolete; leaf-sheath

604

BECCARI.

coriaceous, about 35 cm long; rachis, in its intermediate portion with a
very salient angle in the center of its surface, very finely punctulate
under the lens; leaflets numerous, about 35 on each side, equidistant,
12 to 18 mm apart, thinly coriaceous and very stiff, dull and of about
the same color on both surfaces, straight, not at all falcate or sigmoidal;
those of the base and of the central part are ensiform, unicostate, 35 to
40 cm long, 16 to 20 mm broad, gradually long-acuminate, somewhat
narrowed toward the base, which is 7 to 8 mm broad and with the margins
bent backward; the upper leaflets shorten gradually and become less
acuminate, occasionally they become bicostate, when this occurs, they are
obscurely bidentate at the apex; 4 or 5 leaflets of the summit are united
together and form a deeply forked flabellum ; the mid-costa is very
prominent above, beneath it is slender and bears a few linear scales; the
secondary and tertiary nerves are rather conspicuous, and give a distinctly
striate appearance to both surfaces; the margins are more or less distinctly
thickened. Spadix about 25 cm long with several branches, irregularly
inserted around the axis; the pedicellar part is short and flattened; the
branches when bearing fruit are rigid, rather thick, 14 to 17 cm long,
4 mm in diameter at the base, slightly lessening upward, more or less
trigonous, the flowers being distinctly arranged in three longitudinal
series; the areolae left by the fallen fruits are very superficial, 7 to 8 mm
apart on each longitudinal line, bordered by very narrow bracts; of these
the lower has a round margin and is not apiculate in the middle. Fruits
small, broadly ovoid, inconspicuously apiculate and mammillate at the
apex, suddenly caudiculate at the base (when dry) in the portion im-
mersed in the perianth, 13 mm long, 7.5 to 8 mm broad. Seed broadly
ovoid, 8 mm long, 6.5 mm broad, rounded at both ends, its basal fove-
ola, corresponding to the embryo, slightly oblique; the main vascular
branches of the raphe are 9, ascendent, of these 3 or 4 pass over the top,
the others bend laterally, and are slightly anastomosed. Fruiting peri-
anth shallowly cupular, 4.5 mm broad, 2 mm high, truncate, and slightly
narrowed at the mouth.

Mindoro, Mount Halcon, For. Bur. J/^68 Merritt, June, 1906. altitude about
1,500 in.

Pinanga sclerophylla is evidently closely related to P. Woodiana, from which it
differs chiefly by its very stiff, unicostate, narrower, and much more approximate
leaflets, by the seed which in general is rounder in shape, and in the raphe having
more numerous branches.

Pinanga Woodiana Becc. sp. nov.

Mediocris, caudice, ut videtur, circiter 4 cm diametro. Folia circiter
2 m longa; petiolo . . . . ; segmentis numerosis, concinne aequidistan-
tibus, utrinque inter se 15 cm dissitis, spisse chartaceis et rigidis, elongato-
laneeolatis, rectis vel vix ad apicem falcatis; intermediis bicostulatis, 55
cm longis et in medio 4.5 cm latis, sursum in acumen longiusculum rigi-

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE PALMS, II.

f>05

dum abeuntibus, inferne quoque nonnihil attenuato. Spadices circiter 20
cm longi, in ramulos nonnullos irregulariter circum axem insertos divisi,
et parte pedicellari brevi praediti; ramnlis fructiferis rigidis, crassiusculis,
12-15 cm longis, e basi fere usque ad apicem c-irciter 4 mm crassis, et,
parte apicali excepta, trigonis. Fructus pro maxima parte 3-seriati, su-
perne vulgo bifarii, parvi, ovoideo-elliptici, utrinque aequaliter attenuati,
apice minute apiculato-mammillati, 12 mm longi, 7 mm lati; semine
ovoideo, 9 mm longo, 6 mm lato, superne rotundato, basi non producto,
foveola embrionali nonnihil obliqua, raphidis ramis vulgo 5, vix vel non
anastomosantibus, ramo centrali tantum apicem seminis superanti. Per-
ianthum fructiferum depresse cupulare, 3.5 cm latum, 1.5 mm altum, in
ore exacte truncatum et parum coarctatum.

A rather slender plant 4 to 5 m high. Stems solitary, 3.5 to 4 cm in
diameter, with the internodes about 4 cm long and the annular scars
or rings left by the fallen leaves 12 to 14 mm broad. Leaves about 2

m long; petiole ; rachis, in the intermediate portion, with a

very prominent salient angle along the center of the upper surface, at
first puberulous, later very minutely dotted (under the lens) ; leaflets
about 25, and 5 cm apart on each side, very regularly equidistant; the
medial ones bicostulate, elongate-lanceolate, straight, or very obsoletely fal-
cate, stiff and rather thickly papyraceous, 55 cm long, 4.5 cm broad in the
middle, and thence gradually narrowing upward to a rather long-acu-
minate rigid point, they narrow also from the lower third or fourth
downward to a base which is about 1 cm broad, are dull and subcon-
colorous on both surfaces, slightly paler, but not glaucescent, beneath ;
the costae in the upper surface are prominent and acute, in the lower
rounded and bearing a few elongate scales ; secondary nerves very slender,
and slightly stouter than the very numerous tertiary ones; this causes
the two surfaces, when dry, to be finely striate; the margins are slightly
thickened. Spadices about 20 cm in length with a pedicellar part 3 cm
long, recurved in fruit, divided into not very numerous (14 in one
specimen) branches; these are irregularly inserted around the main axis,
rigid, about 4 cm thick throughout, 12 to 15 cm long, more or less
trigonous. Flowers mostly distinctly 3-seriate, the uppermost usually
bifarious; the areol® left by the fallen fruits are very superficial, 5 to
6 mm apart in each line, bordered by very narrow bracts; of these the
lower are also very narrow with a round margin and not apiculate in
the center. Fruits small, 12 mm long, 7 mm broad, red, turning dark-
purple, ovoid-elliptic, diminishing equally to both ends, inconspicuously
mammilate at the apex. Seed ovoid, 9 mm long, 6 mm broad, rounded
above, not caudiculate at the base, the embryonal foveola somewhat
oblique; the branches of the raphe are usually 5, ascending; of these only
that of the center passes over the top of the seed, the others bend at its
sides, and not at all or but very slightly anastomose. Albumen very

BKCCARI.

606

deeply ruminated. Fruiting perianth shallowly cupular, 3.5 mm broad
and 1.5 mm high, truncate, and slightly narrowed at the mouth.

Mindoro, Mount Halcon, on forested ridges at 1,100 in altitude, Merrill 5(i80,
November, 190G.

At the request of Mr. Merrill t his fine palm is named after Major-General
Leonard Wood to whom Mr. Merrill was indebted for the opportunity of making
the ascent of Mount Halcon.

Related to Pinanya sclerophylla and /'. negrosensis, but more especially to
P. rigicla. It is chiefly characterized bv its rigid, not very approximate, lanceolate,
bicostulate, straight leaflets, and by the spadices with 3-seriate fruits; (be fruits
are borne on 3-gonous brancblets, which are inserted all around the main axis.

NORMANBYA F. Muell.

Normanbya Merrillii Becc. sp. nov., Plates XXX, XXXI.

A line palm with the habit of Areca Catechu but with a shorter and
thicker stem; this is about 25 cm in diameter at its base, and very closely
annulate-cicatricose, sometimes not very straight, slightly tapering toward
the summit. Leaves large, pinnate, about 2 m long, gracefully and
strongly arched, deciduous at every new production of spadices, these being
infrafrondales, or springing from below the lowest leaves. Leaf-sheaths
exactly cylindric, 50 to 55 cm long, and about 15 cm in diameter,
coriaceous, thinning and truncate at the mouth, strongly striate on both
surfaces, when dry covered externally with a very thin and minute ashy-
furfuraceous coating. Petiole short and broad, 10 to 15 cm long, 5 to
6 cm broad, broadly channelled above, convex beneath, its margins acute.
Rachis robust, flattened above, narrowly channelled in its basal part and
with a slight prominent salient angle higher up, beneath with an obtuse
angle below and flattish toward the end. Leaflets numerous, about 50
on each side, subequi distant, very closely set at a rather acute angle,
and slightly overlapping or subimbricate, narrowly lanceolate', broadest
at about the middle, narrowing thence toward the base — where the
margins are gradually bent backward — and gradually acuminate to a
long, straight, or slightly falcate apex, which in the lower and inter-
mediate leaflets is more or less divided into two linear lacinise; these
in the upper leaflets1 become shorter and finally disappear in the few
leaflets near the top, the apex in these being truncate and denticulate-
praemorse; the leaflets are besides firmly papyraceous, with only a central
costa; this latter not very stout, almost equally prominent on both sur-
faces in its basal part, nearly vanishing from the middle upward and
furnished with a few, very narrow, 5 to 8 mm long, brown, chaffy scales;
the margins of the leaflets are conspicuously thickened by a stout nerve,
even thicker than the midcosta; the secondary nerves are faint on the
upper surface, which is green, almost shining, and slightly longitudinally
plicate along some of the nerves; the lower surface is dull and rendered
more or less distinctly ash-colored by a very thin, adherent, undetachablc
coating; moreover the lower surface is unequally striate by secondary and

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE PALMS, II.

607

tertiary nerves which here are more prominent than above; the largest
leaflets, the medials, are as much as 70 to 75 cm in length and 4 to 5
cm in width; those near the base are narrower and shorter than the
medials and very acuminate; those of the apex, also narrow, often linear,
and quite free at the base. From the bases of the leaflets, and between
them, especially in the newly expanded leaves, there often hang long
strands which are apparently analogous to the filaments interposed be-
tween the divisions of the leaves of the Washingtonias, and of many
other palms having palmate leaves. Spadix forming a panicle 40 to 50
cm in length and about as wide, with a thick semilunar base embracing
the stem, and a very short (2 to 3 cm long) peduncular part; the panicle
is ultradecompound, and is divided into several approximate, alternate,
very spreading or almost horizontal, rather thick, gradually diminishing
primary branches, _of which the lowest are twice branched, and the upper
ones simply divided into a few branehlets; these ultimate or flowering
branchlets are spreading, slightly arched, 3 to 10 cm long, rigid, terete,
1.5 to 2 mm thick at the base, rugose-striate, (when dry) more or less
distinctly zigzag-sinuous in the subulate termination; in their lower part,
the branchlets bear all around a few (1 to 6) glomeruli of ternate flowers,
one female between two males, and higher, almost distically, only solitary
male flowers; there is no distinct bract at the base of the branches or
branchlets but only a semicircular raised margin. Spathes not seen by
me, -very early deciduous ; their position is marked by 2 or 3 very narrow
annular rings around the base of the spadix. The whole inflorescence
is smooth and glaucous when fresh and in flower. The 3-nate flowers
are subtended by a common and very short scale-like rounded bract;
the central female flower is embraced by two special rather conspicuous
sepaloid bracts which are crescent-shaped, and which form under the
fruiting perianth a slightly concave, 5 mm broad, cup or calycule; the male
flowers of the glomerules are devoid of a special bract, while those at the
ends of the branchlets, which are single, have a rudimentary one. Male
flowers symmetric, when full grown and in bud, regularly oblong-ovoid,
slightly narrowing toward a rather blunt apex, 10 to 12 mm long, 7
mm broad ; the calyx cupular, its sepals smooth outside, imbricate, sub-
rotund-reniform or broader than high, with almost scariose, thin, entire,
glabrous margins, otherwise very thinly coriaceous, slightly thickened
and gibbous at the base: the corolla twice as long as the calyx; the petals
coriaceous, smooth outside, and narrowly elliptic, concave or boat-shaped;
stamens numerous, somewhat unequal; filaments filiform, very slender,
coalescent by their bases, not inflected at their summit, unequal, anthers
narrowly linear, also somewhat unequal, 4 to 6 mm long, usually acute
or apiculate at the summit, but occasionally obtuse or even emarginate,
inserted on the filament a little above the base of the dorsal side, with
very narrow parallel cells, which are united by a relatively broad linear
connective and are very shortly divided at their base; rudimentary ovary

608

.BECCARI.

conspicuous, with a broadly conical ovoid base, suddenly narrowing into
a filiform style, which attains the length of the longest anthers and is
not thickened at its top. Female flowers opening after the fall of the male
ones, globose-conical, acute, about 6 mm long, when the males are full
grown; sepals strongly imbricate, concave, suborbicular ; petals very
broad, imbricate in their basal part, suddenly contracted into a very short,
triangular, valvate point. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovulate, ovoid, with a tri-
gonous acute apex, this being formed by 3 trigonous connivent stigmas
(while still enclosed in the bud) ; ovule suspended laterally in the small
basilar cell; staminodes 6, very small and short, with rudimentary
anthers, and forming by their united bases a small 6-toothed hvpogynous
cup. Fruiting perianth accrescent, cupular, 10 mm high, 15 mm across
at the mouth, covering the lower third of the fruit; the petals consid-
erably larger and longer than the sepals, with more or less crenulate
margins. Fruit (when quite ripe) bright-red, 3 cm long, 18 mm broad,
elliptic-ovoid or slightly ovoid, suddenly contracted into a short stout
beak, upon which rest the remains of the black, short, trigonous, connivent
stigmas; pericarp slightly fleshy, on the whole about 1 mm thick when
dry; epicarp very thinly crustaceous, very minutely shagreened when
seen under a strong lens; mesocarp with a few layers of rigid, slightly
anastomosing, slender, unequal fibres, of which some in the outer layer
are flattened and 0.5 to 1 mm broad; endocarp thin, crustaceous or
subpergamentaceous, polished inside, usually more or less adherent to
the testa of the seed. Seed erect, ovoid, terete, rounded at both ends,
16 to 17 mm long, 13 mm broad, free in the cavity of the endocarp, to
which however the greater part of its pellicular testa is adherent, its
surface dull ; hilum narrow, extending from the base to the top of the
seed; the branches of the raphe are numerous, very distinct and impressed,
chiefly descending from the top, much branched and forming a close
network all around the entire seed. Albumen bony, usually with a
small cavity in the center, deeply and closely ruminated, embryo exactly
basilar.

Commonly cultivated as an ornamental tree in Manila and locally known as
“Bunga de Jolo” and “Bunga de China” (The Jolo or Chinese Areca) . The
original home of the species is doubtful, and it may not be a native of the
Philippines. Mr. Merrill, who has supplied me with specimens, informs me that
old residents of Manila state that it was introduced from Jolo, one of the islands
of the Sulu Archipelago; however, it has not been collected in a wild state
anywhere in the Philippines. Mr. Merrill surmises that this may be the “Areca
palm bearing large clusters of scarlet fruit” mentioned by Burbidge1 as occurring
on the “Hill of Tears,” Island of Jolo, above an altitude of 1,500 m.

The nuts of Normanbya Merrillii are a good substitute for those of Areca
catechu, and are somewhat used by the natives for chewing with lime and the
leaves of Piper betle.

The nearest ally of this palm, amongst those known to me, appears to be

1 The Gardens of the Sun (1880) 213.

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE PALMS, II.

609

Xormanbya ( Ptychosperma ) MueUeri from New Guinea, with which it exactly
agrees in the structure of the fruit, which is ruminate and terete and not deeply
silicate as in the typical species of Ptychosperma. From Xormanbya MueUeri
however it differs in the leaflets, which in that palm are set in groups, while
they are equidistant in N. Merrillii. Furthermore the termination of the leaflets
of N. Merrillii is not the same as in X. MueUeri and in all species of Ptychos-
perma, which have leaflets praemorse at the tip; those of X. Merrillii having a
bifid apex. It is however, very evident that this structure is derived from that
found in several species of Ptychosperma, where the two margins of the leaflets
are more or less prolonged into a double acuminate point; in addition the
uppermost leaflets in X. Merrillii are distinctly praemorse.

The genus Xormanbya is distinguishable from Ptychosperma only by its terete,
not longitudinally grooved seed, bnt though very similar in all other charactei-
istics to this, it is perhaps better to keep it as a separate genus, for if we refuse
to attach any value to the characters derived from the form and rumination of
the seed, we shall find ourselves obliged to consider the genus Ptychosperma as
an amalgamation of heterogeneous palms.

ON COSPERM A Illume.

Oncosperma platyphyllum Becc. sp. nov.

Gracile et subelatum ( ?) . Folia elongata ; vagina rubiginose furfuracea
et spiculis nigris gracillimis armata ; petiolo brevissimo ; rhaclii subiner-
mi ; segmentis numerosis aequidistantibus, 4—5 cm inter se dissitis, ensifoi -
mibus, acuminatis; intermediis 60 cm longis, 4—4.5 cm latis; superioribus
et basilaribus angustioribus et valde brevioribus. Spadix comparate intei
affines brevis, ramnlis floriferis 27-28 cm longis, 5-6 mm spissis, apicem
versus paullo attenuate, prof unde crebreque scrobiculatis, pulvinulis
floralibus orbicularibus, 2 mm latis. Fructus 5-seriati, sphaerici, 14-15
mm diametro, stigmatum residuis lateralibus. Perianthium fructiferum
9-10 mm diametro.

Apparently not a large tree, about of the size of 0. gradlipes. Leaves
elongate, with numerous equidistant leaflets; leaf -sheaths finely rusty-
furf uraceous, strongly striated externally and more or less co\eied with
very slender needle-like, unequal, brittle, black, shining spiculge, which
vary in length from a few mfri to 2 cm ; similar spiculao are to be found
near the margins of the petiole on its under surface and a few are
scattered along the under surface of the racliis ; the petiole is very short,
2.5 to 3 cm broad, rounded beneath, flat above. The intermediate leaflets
are 60 cm long, 4 to 4.5 cm broad, 4 to 5 cm apart, ensiform, straight,
acuminate, longitudinally plicate along 2 or 3 secondary nerves on each
side of the midcosta; upper and lower leaflets narrower and much shorter.
Spadix apparently not very large; the few flower-bearing branches seen
by me are about 27 cm long, 5 to 6 mm thick, narrowing a little toward
the apex, very closely and regularly grooved by 5 longitudinal rows of
orbicular, slightly concave scrobiculi, which have below them a con-
spicuous, triangular, acute, horizontal or slightly deflexed bract; the
circular scar left by the fallen lruits is 2 mm in diametei. Int uit (when

89217 — —2

010

MECCA HI,

not quite mature) perfectly spherical, 14 to 15 mm in diameter, with a
very finely granulated surface, and with the scar left by the stigma quite
lateral. Fruiting perianth 5) to 10 mm in diameter; the divisions of the
calyx and of the corolla very broadly triangular and almost equal.
Seed

Xkokos, Gimagaan River, Whitford 1670, May, 1906.

this species seems at first sight to l>e very similar to O. gracilipcs, from which,
however, it differs in its broader leaflets, in the more slender branches of the
spadix, in the perfectly spherical fruit with quite lateral (not subapical) remains
of the stigmas, in the smaller perianth, and, occasionally, in the smaller scars
left by the fallen fruits on the branchlets.

Oncosperma horridum (Griff.) Scheff.

.Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, San Ramon, Copeland 1626.

I he above specimen differs but slightly from the plants growing in the Malay
Peninsula, and in the islands of the Malay Archipelago. In the specimen I have
seen, the spines covering the spathe are, however, criniform and much more
slendei than in the type; also the dry fruit has a thinner pericarp and the
remains of the stigmas are less prominent. The fruits are 22 mm in diameter.

Oncosperma filamentosum MI.

Palawan, Caranagan River, For. Bur. .17 00 Curran, February, 1906, in river
swamps.

The specimens exactly correspond to those of the plant so common along the
estuaries of the Malay Archipelago, the Malay Peninsula, Siam, and Cochinchina.

Oncosperma gracilipes Becc. in Philip, dourn. Sci. 2 (1906) Mot. 228.

Luzon, Provinces of Laguna and Tayabas, between Paete and Piapi, For. Bur.
J01J,8 Curran, March, 1908, in hill forests, altitude 100 to 200 m.

Growing in clumps, the trunk 10 m high and 12 cm in diameter, fruit red
(Curran). The fruits are immature, 14 mm in diameter, slightly longer than
broad. The plant seems to be more robust than that on which the species was
established.

HETEROSPATHE Sclieff.

Heterospathe philippinensis Becc.

J’tychoraphis philippinensis Becc. in Ann. Jard. Bot. Unit. 2 (1885) 90, et
in Webbia 1 (1905) 47.

Cuming distributed this palm under No. 1J,76 with flowers only; it has been
found again by .4. Loher at Montalban, Province of Rizal, Luzon ( Vo. 7 091 in Herb.
Kew.), March, 1906, and on Mount Matulid at 1,200 m elevation, also in the
Province of Rizal, in flower and fruit, March 15. 1906, (No. 705-1 in Herb. Kew.).

It is a slender palm 1 to 2 m high, with a stem apparently about 2
cm in diameter, sometimes stoloniferous ; the leaves are delicate, about
8u cm long in the pinniferous part, with numerous very regularly set
leaflets; petiole deeply channelled above; leaflets thinly papyraceous,
narrow and elongate, very slightly falcate near the apex, which is very
acuminate, and has a very shortly cleft tip; the medials are 25 cm long
and 1 2 mm broad ; the upper ones are gradually shorter but are not or
only slightly narrower, while the lower ones are narrower but not at all
or only slightly shorter. The spadix is small, about 45 cm long in one
specimen, with a very lax panicle carried on a rather long straight
peduncular part; the panicle is composed of a few, very spreading.

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE PALMS, II.

61 1

straight, and filiform branches, of which the lower are hi- or tri-furcate,
and the upper simple. The spat lies are two; the lowest is 18 cm long,
flattened, two-edged, with very sharp or narrowly winged margins and a
narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, marcescent limb, the second spathe is
tubular, closely sheathing lower down, and marcescent above. Male flowers
oblong, 3 mm long; the segments of the corolla deeply striated externally.
Fruits ovoid-subventricose, almost symmetrically very suddenly and con-
spicuously beaked, 10 mm long, (! mm broad, finely shagreened by nu-
merous linear sclerosomes. Seed globular-ovoid, (> mm long, 5 mm broad.

Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. sp. nov.

Gracilis, 3-5 m alta, eaudice 6-9 cm diametro. Folia in parte pin-
nifera eireiter 1.2 m longa, petiolo longiusculo (circiter 50 cm longo),
segmentis aequidistantibus, circiter 3 cm inter se dissitis, ensiformibus,
acuminatis, prope apicern nonnihil falcatis, intermediis 35-40 cm longis,
2-2.5 cm latis. Spadix nutans, 70 cm longus (in specimine uno) longe
pedunculatus, ramulis fioriferis teretibus, filiformibus crebre sinuosis,
13—20 cm longis, vix 2 mm crassis. Fructus anguste ellipsoidei, utrinque
subaequaliter attenuati, basi aeutiusculi, superne fere symmetrice cuspi-
dati, 10-11 mm longi, 5 mm crassi, extus crebre granuloso-lineolati,
periantbio late cyathiformi et bracteolis parvis cupulam parvam incom-
pletam simulantibus suffulti ; semine ovoideo, basi rotundato, superne
acuto, 7.5 mm longo, 4 mm crasso.

This is a more robust plant than H. philippinensis, of which, perhaps, it may
be considered as the representative form in the Island of Negros. The leaves are
larger and have larger leaflets, and the spadix is considerably more robust, with
a peduncular part about 10 mm thick, and about 50 cm in length; the fruit is
more elongate and very distinctly cuspidate, or acutely beaked, and, consequently,
the seed is also more distinctly ovoid and rather acute.

The specimens which I consider as typical, were collected in the Island of
Negros, by //. N. Whitford (No. 1539) in May, 1906, on Mount Silay, Province
of Occidental Negros. In the same Island it has also been collected by A. D. E.
Elmer at Dumaguete, Cuernos Mountains, Province of Negros Oriental, in March,
1908. Xos. 91/31} and 1011/7. In Elmer’s specimens the leaflets are smaller and
the fruits less acuminate than in those represented by Whitford’s material; con-
sequently they are nearer than the latter to the true II. philippinensis of Luzon.

I reproduce here Elmer’s field note of his No. 91/31/: “Slender erect trees 3 to 5
meters high; in damp mossy woods at 4,000 feet or more; stems 2 to 3 inches
thick, obscurely ringed, with soft reddish wood; leaves 1 to 3 m long; the lower
one-third without leaflets, the basal portion of the petioles expanded, the sides
soon becoming marcescent; inflorescence paniculate, 1 to 3 feet long, upon equally
long peduncles; flowers small, sessile, cream-white throughout; fruits green,
becoming yellowish, and ultimately vermilion-red; the fruits are sometimes eaten,
are not hard but wholly tasteless.” N. v. salaway.

Heterospathe cagayanensis Becc. sp. nov.

Arbor mediocris, circiter 6 m alta. Folia ampla, segmentis aequi-
distantibus circiter 5 cm inter se dissitis, ensiformibus, acuminatis, prope
apicem leviter falcatis, intermediis 65 cm longis, 3 cm latis. Spadix

6 1 2 BECCARI.

patule duplicato-ramosus, ramulis floriferis teretibus, vulgo 15-18 cm
longis, rigidis, crassiusculis, 2-2.5 mm spissis. Fructus spherici, stig-
matum residuis fere exacte apicalibus apiculato-mucronati, 7 mm dia-
metro, perianthio concaviusculo minime pedicelliformi et bracteolis
conspicuis, in cupulam brevem elevatis, suffulti.

A tree about 0 m high. Leaves large; leaflets equidistant, about 5 cm
apart on each side, ensiform, slightly falcate near the end, very gradually
acuminate to a long subulate tip, papyraceous, shortly and slightly nar-
rowed toward a not very acute base, subconcolorous on both surfaces,
miicostate, accompanied on each side of the mid-costa by two rather
prominent and distinct secondary nerves; the margins conspicuously
thickened ; at the base of the mid-costa on the upper surface is to be found
a small but very distinct glandular tubercle; the few leaflets seen by
me are apparently from the central part, these are G5 cm long, 3 cm
broad. The spadix is diffusely twice branched, the primary branches *
being divided into 2 to 4 flowering branchlets; these are rigid, terete,
usually 15 to 18 cm long, 2 to 2.5 mm thick, bearing the flowers and
fruits spirally arranged. Fruit spherical, almost centrally mucronate-
apiculate by the remains of the stigmas, 7 mm in diameter. Seed 5.5
mm in diameter. Fruiting perianth very slightly concave. Floral bracts
forming a distinct shallow cup for receiving the base of the perianth.
The main axis of the spadix and branchlets very minutely scabrid.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 11286 Klemme, April, 1908, local name
dumayaca.

Closely related to Heterospathe data, but distinguished by its branches and
branchlets being shorter, thicker, and more rigid, more deeply scrobiculate, while
the flower bracts form a distinct cup; by the fruit being less distinctly tuberculate
on its surface, with the remains of the stigmas almost central; and by the perianth
being almost explanate and not subpedicelliform.

ARENGA Labi 11.

Arenga tremula Becc. comb. nov.

Caryota tremula Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 744; Ivunth Enum. PI. 3 (1841) 549.

Caudex crassus et brevis, 2 m altus ad summum, circiter 30 cm
diametro. Folia amplissima, usque ad 5 m longa, segmentis numerosis
alternis; intermediis 55—70 cm longis, ambitu irregulari, in utroque
margine antrorsum lobatis et sinubus 4-6 saepius oppositis plus minusve
excavatis, in sinubus 4-7 cm dum caetero 7—12 cm latis, antice dentato-
serratis, apice rotundato vel lobulato, versus basin plus minus vel longe
cuneatis, ipsa basi acuta, ad insertionem in margine inferiori saepius
auriculatis; pinna terminali anguste cuneato-flabelliformi, biloba. Flores
masculi subclavato-oblongi, basi parum attenuati, in vertice rotundati,
staminibus circiter 150. Fructus globoso-oblongi, utrinque rotundati,
in vertice obscure 3-costulati, 3.5 cm longi, 3 cm crassi, seminibus
elongato-ellipticis, subtrigonis, utrinque obtusis, 25-20 mm longis, 17
mm latis.

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE PALMS, II.

613

Stem short and thick, 2 m high at most, and about 30 cm in diameter.
Leaves very large, as much as 5 m in length, very similar to those of .4.
Ambong ; the leaflets are numerous, alternately subequidistant, in the
intermediate portion of the rachis they are to 7 cm apart, and have a
conspicuous axillary callus at their insertion; they are firmly papyra-
ceous, green above, paler underneath and whitish, especially when young;
the mid-costa is inconspicuously dotted with very minute, orbicular, brown
scales; their general form is very irregularly elongate-lanceolate, but the
outline is more or less deeply broken by 4 to 6 superimposed indentations
and their corresponding lobes, they are more or less cuneately narrowed
below to an acute base, which is often shortly auricled on the lower
margin; usually the leaflets are also somewhat narrowed above to an
obtuse or broadly rounded, or even bilobed apex ; the margins of the
lobes are irregularly and sharply dentate-serrate; the terminal leaflet is
cuneately flabellate and deeply bilobed, the others (in full grown plants)
are 55 to 70 cm long, and 4 to 7 cm wide in correspondence with the
indentations, and 7 to 12 cm in their broadest parts. Spadices with
several simple flowering branches, these at the time they are loaded with
fruits are subterete, 12 to 14 mm in diameter, glabrous and with a
polished surface in the spaces between the fruits. Male flowers in bud,
when full grown, are subclavate-oblong, 17 to 18 mm long; the calyx
shortly cupular, slightly narrowed at the mouth; the sepals broader than
high and with a split-crenulate margin, more or less gibbous at the base;
petals oblong and boat-shaped, acute but not apiculate; stamens very
numerous (150 or more at times) ; anthers very narrow, subulate, aristate;
the scars left by the fallen flowers bear the punctiform marks of 30 to
40 fibro-vascular bundles. The two special bracts of each female flower,
after the fall of the fruit, are arched, crescent-shaped, entire and forming
a very shallow cup, but with their margins not or only slightly overlap-
ping each other. Fruiting perianth 27 mm broad; the sepals transversely
elongate-reniform, similar to the floral bracts, but with split-crenulate
margins, 12 to 13 mm broad, 5 mm high; the petals coriaceous, concave,
deltoid, 15 mm long and about as broad. Fruits globose-oblong, equally
rounded at both ends, 3.5 cm long, 3 cm broad, not very distinctly
tricostulate on the top, and with a small trigonous cleft in the center of
this. Seeds elongate-elliptic, 25 to 26 mm long, 17 mm broad, sub-
trigonous, convex on the back, and with an obtuse salient angle on the
axial side, blunt at both ends.

Apparently widely distributed in the Philippines. Luzon, Province of Tayabas,
For. Bur. 10213, 10280 Curran, local name caong. Cebu, Bur. Sci. 1737 McGregor.
Palawan, ridge slope 2 miles northwest of Irauan, altitude 200 m, For. Bur. 35-,i2
Curran, January, 1906; Mount Victoria, Bur. Sci. 735 Foxworthy, March, 1906.
altitude 250 m, local name Ubud. Balabac, Merrill 5372, October, 1906. A source
of sago, the buds also used for food (Curran). The wild people of Palawan, the
Tagbanuas, use the pith from the petioles for plugs on the ends of their arrows,
to make them fit tightly into their blowguns (Merrill).

BECOAIII.

614

I liei'c is little or no doubt that this is Caryota tremula of BlrtJico. That
author, however, describes the female flowers of this palm as having t> sepals,
probably because lie considered the bracts as sepals.

Arenga tremula is very closely related to A. Ambong, from which it differs
hy the male flowers having a rounded top, and more numerous stamens; but
specially in its oblong, not spherical fruit.

ORANIA Zipp.

Orania decipiens Becc. sp. nov.

Robusta, caudice circiter 8 in longo, 24 cm diametro. Frondes 4-5 m
longae, segmentis supra nitidis, subtus albicantibus, praecipue prope basin
pluricostulatis ; majoribus usque ad 1 m longis. Spadices amp] i, du-
plicato-ramosi, longe peduneulati, ramulis floriferis gracilibus, inferioribus
40—45 cm longis, superioribus brevioribus, e basi 3 mm ‘crassa sursum in
acumen tenue leviter et regulariter “zig-zag” sinuosum sensim attenuatis.
Flores in ramulorum dimidiam inferiorem partem terni, intermedio
foemineo, alaribus masculis, caetero geminati et tantum masculi. Fructus
globosi, basi nonnihil attenuati, ibique subacuti, 40-42 mm longi, 35-37
mm lati ; epicarpio fragili, tenui; mesocarpio 3—4 mm spisso, tibris
numerosis crassis, fere osseis, in superficie endocarpi erectis, praedito;
endocarpio lignoso, tenui, basi paullo producto et obtuse apiculato; semine
globoso, basi paullo explanato, 23 mm lato; embryone supra medium
locato ; albumine osseo, intus pleno.

Stems 8 m high and 24 cm in diameter. Leaves large, 4 to 5 m long
(Merritt), apparently very similar to those of 0. philippinensis. Leaflets
almost shining above, dull and whitish beneath, with the mid-costa very
robust accompanied on each side by 3 or 4 other minor costa1, and with
several secondary nerves between these; the median leaflets the largest,
up to 1.5 m long, 0 cm broad. Spadices large, twice branched, with
a robust, and at its base 7 to 8 cm thick, peduncular part; the ultimate
divisions or flowering branchlets are slender and of these the lower are
40 to 45 cm long, the upper shorter, 3 mm thick at the base and from
here gradually diminishing to a slender, and slightly but regularly, zig-
zag-sinuous tip. The flowers are 3-nate in the lower half of the branchlets,
and here the flower in the center is female, those at the sides male;
upward only geminate male flowers are to be found. Fruits spherical
in their upper part, slightly prolonged downward into a blunt and slightly
gibbous point at their bases which gives them a subpyriform shape, 40
to 45 mm long and 35 to 37 mm broad ; epicarp thin and brittle: mesocarp
3 to 4 mm thick, full of numerous, short, almost bony fibers, which are
erect in respect to the surface of the endocarp; this is very thin and
woody, on the whole spherical and like the general form of the entire
Iruit slightly prolonged at the base into a very obtuse point. Seed
globose, with a slightl}r flattened base, 23 mm broad ; the embryo is placed
rather far above the middle; albumen bony, solid throughout. The base

NOTES ON 1'IIILIITI NE I 'ALMS, II.

615

of the fruit being slightly asymmetric, the divisions of the perianth are
unequally deflexed; otherwise the fruiting perianth is not accrescent, and
the segments of the corolla are deltoid, rather blunt and thickish.

Mindoro, Bongabong River, For. Bur. J 120 Merritt, May, 1 900. X. v. baiuja.
Mindanao, L>istrict of Zamboanga, Port Banga, For. Bur. 91 79 Whit ford &
Hutchinson, January, 1908. The fruits of the specimens from this last locality
are however slightly smaller than those of the typical form from Mindoro; they
are 37 mm long and 31 to 32 mm thick, and have a thinner mesocarp with the
woody fibers less distinctly normal to the surface of the endocarp. Evidently
this is a local form, which may be distinguished by the name mindanaoensis.

The fruits of Orania decipiens are about the size of those of O. macrocladus,
and by a superficial observation they might be mistaken for these; they are
however slightly larger and are not, like those of <>. macrocladus, perfectly
spherical, but are slightly diminished toward the base; they also differ from
those of 0. macrocladus by the thicker mesocarp, full of the peculiar kind of
bony fibers erect on the surface of the mesocarp, and interposed between it and the
epicarp, which are characteristic of 0. regalis, <). philippinensis etc.; in 0.
macrocladus this kind of fiber is wanting; moreover the position of the embryo
differs in the two species, it being placed below the middle of the seed in 0.
macrocladus and not very far from its summit in 0. decipiens.

LI VISTONA R. Brown.

Livistona Whitfordii Becc. in Martel li’s VVebbia 1 (1905) 341.

To this species I refer For. Bur. o87li Curran, collected to the north of Aglao,
Province of Zambales, Luzon, January, 1907. The height of the plant is said to
be 25 m with the trunk 40 cm in diameter. The fruit (which 1 have not seen)
is 2 cm in diameter. Native name tekis (Curran).

I have described 2 the petiole of this species as quite smooth, but in the specimen
mentioned above, it is armed in its lowest part with rather robust recurved
spines, but in the remaining part only with scattered rudimentary tuberculiform
spinules, of which some are nearer its apex.

Livistona mindorensis Becc. sp. nov.

Elata, caudice ad 28 m longo, 20 cm diametro. Frondes regular iter
multifidae; petiolo inerrni; segmentis in parte centrali alte unitis, externe
fere usque ad basin separatis, ehartaceis, superne nitidiusculis, subtus
paullo pallid ioribus, profunde bipartitis, sive in laeinias dims longe acu-
minatas, attamen non flaccidas, divisis. Spadices elongati in quovis spatlia
terni, sive jam ab ima basi in 3 spadices partiales, aequales, collaterales,
ex apice spathae primariae unicae, valde compressae, erumpentes, divisi.
Quisque spadix partialis rigidus, rectus, digiti crassitie, teres, spathis
tubulosis apice breviter apertis, arete vaginatus; inflorescentiis partial i bus
20-2 5 cm longis, jam a basi bipartitis, caetero simpliciter ramosis, ramulis
fructiferis majoribus 7—8 cm longis. Fructus parvi, spbaerici, 13—14 nun
diametro (non plane maturi).

A slender and tall tree, the trunk rising to 28 m in height and being
20 cm in diameter (Merritt). Leaves orbicular, regularly multifid and

3 Webbia loc. cit.

616

BECCARI.

with a large, central, undivided part, the primary sinuses remaining at
about 80 cm from the apex of the petiole, while at the sides they are
only a few centimeters from it; petiole (in one specimen) with quite
smooth margins from the base throughout; segments papyraceous, rather
brittle, when dry subshining above, slightly paler beneath; transverse
veinlets fine and rather sharp; in the leaves of not quite full-grown plants
the segments are very deeply bifid and the divisions are elongate, very
acuminate, but not hanging; the central segments of the leaves of the
adult plant are at their point of separation 4.5 cm broad, and diminish
from this point very gradually toward the end, which is deeply bifid,
the divisions being about 15 to 20 cm long, and apparently not, or only
slightly, hanging. Spadices very elongate, triple, or composed of 3, equal,
collateral spadices which are quite free from the base and protrude from
the same basal spathe; the sheath is coriaceous, brittle, of a reddish-brown
color, like all the other parts of the spadix, glabrous and shining, strongly
flattened, 9 cm broad, with two almost winged edges; the partial spadices
are rigid, straight with several rather distant partial inflorescences, and
with the undivided axial parts terete, as thick as a finger, tightly sheathed
by tubular spathes, which are quite glabrous, briefly open, expanded at
the apex, and terminating with an auriculiform, rather obtuse, or at
times shortly bidentate limb. Partial inflorescences divided from near
the base into two main branches, these bearing numerous simple floriferous
branchlets, of which the lowest are 7 to 8 cm long and the others gradually
shorter. The fruit is spherical, 13 to 14 mm in diameter, when not quite
mature.

In the forests, a few metres above the level of the sea, Bongabong River,
Mindoro, For. Bur. If 108 Merritt, May, 1900.

It is clearly allied to Livistona rotundifolia and L. microcarpa, but is distin-
guished from both by the central segments deeply bifid and with the divisions
elongated and gradually acuminate. Moreover 1 do not know of any other species
of Livistona with three distinct, equal, collateral spadices issuing from the same
basal spathe; but then it is not'certain whether or not this is accidental, or is
a constant characteristic of L. rtnndorensis. The three flowering axes or partial
spadices are very similar in their dimensions, branching, color, and spathes to the
corresponding parts of the above-mentioned species. The fruits of L. mindorensis,
however, are apparently larger than those of L. microcarpa, and smaller than
those of L. rotundifolia.

Livistona inaequisecta Becc. sp. nov.

Robusta; frondium petiolo in parte basilari crebre spinis robustis, plus
minusve reversis, 10-15 mm longis armato, superne subinermi ; limbo
amplo, inaequaliter profunde duplicato-partito, segmentis majoribus 2- vel
3-costulatis, profunde 2- vel 3-partitis, laciniis elongatis, acuminatissimis
et apice flaccidis. Spadix elongatus, in 7 vel 8 inflorescentias partiales
divisus, spathis primariis subtiliter coriaceis, basi tubulosis, superne antice
fissis et apice lanceolato-auriculatis, ad margines fibrosis; inflorescentiis
partialibus arcuatis, amplis, duplieato-ramosis, ramulis fructiferis tore-

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE PALMS, II.

617

tibus, 10-20 cm longis et ad basin 2-2.5 mm crassis, crebre tuberculatis.
Flores parvi, globosi, 1.6 mm lati. Fructus globosi, perianthio brevissime
pedicelliformi suffulti, 14—15 mm diametro, ad matnritatem azureis et
nitidis; mcsocarpio parcissime crasso; endocarpio tenuissimo, fiagili.
Semen globosum, non exacte sphaericum, 11 mm latum, intus feie usque
ad medium processu raphidis cylindraceo perfossum.

A large and robust tree. Leaves large, the blade measuring in one
specimen 1.25 m from the ligule to the end of the central leaflets (this
came apparently from a full grown plant) ; leaf-sheaths disintegrated
into fibers of a reddish color, and with the principal vascular bundles
forming long, woody, very rigid, flattened strands, 2 to 5 mm broad.
Petiole armed in its lower portion with numerous and approximate, more
or less reversed spines, which have a tumescent base 10 to 12 mm broad,
and are 10 to 15 mm long; in the upper portion the petiole bears only
a few small superficial spines at the sides near the apex; ligule short,
woody, crescent-shaped, with a smooth margin; the blade is firmly papy-
raceous, green and concolorous on both surfaces, with the divisions
marked by very fine and inconspicuous, transverse veinlets; the blade is
orbicular in outline, very deeply and unequally multifid, some of the
sinuses or reentering angles between the divisions being either deepei, oi
else situated nearer the apex of the petiole than others; the deepei
sinuses divide the blade into several primary partitions or segments,
which are 2- or 3-cos.tulate, and are in their turn subdivided higher up
into 2 or 3 secondary segments, the secondary segments are thus separated
from each other by the secondary sinuses, and are again deeply cleft into
two very acuminate hanging laciniae; of the primary divisions the outer-
most remain free a few centimeters above the apex ol the petiole, and have
very narrow secondary segments and very long and flaccid laciniae; the
intermediate are united for a longer distance, and the single segments
are 3 cm broad where they separate from each other, and have shorter
ultimate laciniae than the outermost; the union of the central extends
still higher up and the single segments are 4 cm broad at their base,
and though also long acuminate are shorter than in all the preceding
segments. The spadix in one specimen has the peduncular part as thick
as the wrist and is divided into 7 or 8 partial inflorescences; these are
arched, rather large, twice branched, and have their main axis divided
near the base into two branches; the fruiting ultimate branchlets are
terete, 10 to 20 cm long, 2 to 2.5 cm thick at the base, with the pulvinuli
of the fallen flowers very close together and tuberculiform. The spathes
are thinly coriaceous, brown, scaly-furfuraceous externally, shining and
darker inside, rigid, with a long basal tubular part, which terminates in
an elongate auriculiform limb; this is more or less lacerated and fibrous
at its margins. Flowers small, globular, 1.6 mm in diameter; the sepals
orbicular, thick only at their base, otherwise very thin and hyaline; the

618

UECCARI.

corolla is twice as long as the calyx, its divisions deltoid and tliickish;
the stamina! urceolum is 6-lobed, the lobes broader than high, with a
very short subulate filament in the center of their retuse upper margins;
anthers, after dehiscence, orbicular; carpels glabrous, the style very
shoit. Fruits globular, 14 to 15 mm in diameter, when quite mature
polished and of a bluish color externally; the mesocarp very scanty;
the endocarp woody, very thin, brittle. Seed globular, hut not a true
sphere, 11 mm broad, the intrusion of the raphe cylindraceous, pene-
trating almost to the center of the albumen. Fruiting perianth forming
a pedi cuius to the fruit, very small and short, not quite 2 mm broad.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Santa Maria Mavitac, For. Hue. 1007!) Curran ,
1 ehi uary, 1908, n. v. licol; Cavinti, Loher 7 058, February, 1900, (Herb. Kew. ).

Among the Philippine species of Livistona this is easily distinguishable by its
leaves being unequally parted into several primary 2- or 3-costulate divisions,
having the ultimate divisions very long, very gradually acuminate, and more or
less flaccid, and by its round fruit. It is however very closely related to /,.
cochmchmensw, which has also leaves with 2- or 4-costulate primary divisions;
but L. inaequisecta has smaller flowers and these have the sepals callous and
thick only at their base and in the greatest peripheric part are very thin and
pellucid, or hyaline. The fruits also are apparentlv smaller, at least the few
that I have seen.

2ALACCA Reinw.

Zalacca Clemensiana Becc. sp. nov.

folia ampla, petiolo spinis longis armato, segmentis interrupte fasci-
culate, elonga to-lanceol at i s, supra viridibus, nitentibus et albieantilms;
inlet mediis fere rectis et non longe acuminatis, 45 cm longis, 6— (5.5 cm
latis; superioribus apicem versus leviter falcatis et abrupte in acumen
subulatum coarctatis, basi tantum 3-costu latis, caetero unicostatis, costulis
lateralibus superne evanescentihus. Spadix ntasculus ut videtur brevis,
in ramos nonnullos approximatos divisus; ratnis (5-H spicas approximatas
lerentibus; spathis primariis extus ferrugineo-tomentosis, marcescentibus
et dilacerato-fissis ; spicis masculis, dum florentibus, cylindraceis, gra-
ci 1 1 bus, 5-7 cm longis, 10-11 mm crassis, spathellis distinctis, non in
annulum connatis, bracteiformibus, late conoavis, acutis, striatis; brac-
teolis parvis, lanoso-ramentaceis. Flores masculi spathellas paullo suitor-
antes, 4 mm longi; calyce fere usque ad basin 3-partito, phyllis line-
a ri bus subhyalinis ; corolla calyce paullo longiori, Itasi attenuata, fere
usque ad medium 3-partita, segmentis oblongis.

leaves very large, covered with long spines in the petiolar part ; rachis
in the intermediate portion acutely trigonous, with a line of long spines
beneath along the center. Leaflets interruptedly fasciculate, elongate-
lanceolate, rigidly papyraceous, shining above, having a very tenuous and
adherent ashy-colored coating beneath; the intermediate leaflets almost
stiaight, about 45 cm long, (5 to (5.5 cm broad; those near the summit,
and apparently also those near the base, slightly falcate towards the

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE PALMS, II.

619

apex, where they abruptly and symmetrically taper into a long filamentose
tip; the margins minutely spinulous from the middle upward, the
spinules becoming closer near the apex; transverse veinlets very sharp
and prominent on the upper surface, much less visible underneath ; the
mid-costa almost equally prominent on both surfaces, smooth and ac-
companied on each side by several unequal, slender, parallel, secondary
nerves, of which one, lying nearer to the margin, is often stronger than
the others, especially near the base, where the leaflets may be called
subtricostulate ; but these side costae evanesce upward. Male spadix
apparently short, with several approximate short branches ; each branch
being subtended by a primary spathe and bearing G to 8 approximate
spikelets; the primary spathes are covered with a tenuous, rusty, sott
indumentum, are marcescent and much lacerated or split longitudinally,
and reduced to several strips and filaments. Male spikelets when in
flower cylindraceous, slender, 5 to 7 cm long, 10 to 1 L mm broad, borne
on a very short pedicel, which is embraced by a short and broad, mem-
branaceous, bracteiform secondary spathe; the spathes are not connate by
their margins and they do not form an annular involucre, as is usual
with the other species, but are individually distinct, bracteiform, concave,
very broad, acute, and striate, each bearing two flowers; bracteoles small
woolly-ramentaceous. Male flowers small, slightly* longer than the spathe-
lets, 4 mm long; calyx split to the base into 3, linear, thinly mem-
branaceous or subhyaline, striate segments; the corolla is slightly longer
than the calyx, three-parted nearly to the middle, and tapering below, its
segments are short, oblong; stamens united to the corolla as far as the
base of the segments ; anthers oblong, obtuse.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mary Strong Clemens 1 109, June,
1907.

In its leaflets being whitish beneath, this species approaches Zalacca Blumeana,
Z. edvlis, and especially Z. vermicnlaris, hut it differs from these as from all
the other species known to me, in the spathes and the male spikes, which are
individually distinct, and are not connate by their margins to form a compound
annular spathe.

KORTHALSIA Bl.

Korthalsia scaph igeroides Becc. sp. nov.

Gracilis, caudice 15-18 mm diametro; ocrea inflata, elongato-elliptica,
9_10 cm longa, 2 cm crassa, subtiliter coriacea, aculeis parvis, brevibus,
sparsis, armata. Frondes plantae nondum fertilis non cirriferae, petiolo
gracili, complanato, biconvexo, circiter 20 cm longo, 4 mm lato, ad mar-
lines inermi ; segmentis distincte ansatis, anguste rhomboideo-cuneatis,
l.-,_20 cm longis, 4-6 cm latis, superne in acumen centrale tenue, elong-
ation, produetis et argute dentatis, subtus albicantibus et costulis ad 7
percursis.

Father slender, the sheathed stem apparently 15 to 18 mm in diameter.

BECCARI.

620

Ocrea elongate-elliptic, ventricose, 9 to 10 cm long, 2 cm broad, thinly
coriaceous, armed with small scattered, short, rigid prickles. Leaves with
a slender biconvex, flattened petiolar part, about 20 cm long, 4 mm broad,
with rather obtuse and smooth edges, armed beneath along the center
with a few solitary claws; rachis in the intermediate portion armed
almost regularly with termite claws; leaflets distinctly ansatc, narrowly
rhomboid-cuneate, broadest above their middle, 15 to 20 cm long, 4 to
5 cm broad, rather acutely praemorse-dentate in the upper margins, and
produced at the summit into an acuminate point, green above, white
beneath, with about 7 primary costae. Spadix unknown.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, For. Bur. J/816 Hutchinson, July.

N. v., tanguguid.

This is to all appearances the representative form in the Philippines of K.
scaphigera from which it differs in the much more elongate ocrea.

lo K. scaphigcroidcs are probably to be referred some noncirriferous leaves
from young plants collected on Basilan Island, For. Bur. (HOG Hutchinson.
July, 1006.

Korthalsia squarrosa Becc. sp. nov.

Mediocris, caudice vaginato, 2 cm diametro. Frondes cirro verticil-
latim aculeato terminate; vagina spiculis gracilibus, 5-6 mm longis,
armata ; ocrea longiuscula (6-7 cm longa), chartacea, marcescenti et
fragili, arete vaginanti, minime inflata, in ventre aperta; petiolo superne
piano, subtus convexo, ad margines spinis nonnullis rectis, horizontal ibus,
armato; segmentis longiuscule ansatis, rhomboideo-cuneatis, 18-20 cm
longis, 6-7 cm latis, supra viridibus, subtus albicantibus, antice argute
inaequaliter dentatis, dentibus major ibus aristatis. Spadicis spicae ilori-
fer;c cylindraceae, apice obtusse, 20 cm longae, 20—22 mm crassie, squarrosac,
bracteis in tomento non immersis, late ovatis, argute venoso-striatis ;
apice non adpresso, triangulari ; floribus inter bracteolas in dorso carinatas
et palool is vestitas, nidulantibus, 13 mm longis; calyce cyathiformi, usque
ad medium trilobo; corolla calyce 3-plo longiori. Fructus

Sheathed stem about 2 cm in diameter. Leaf -sheaths armed with very
small slender spiculae, 5 to 6 mm long, resting on a tuberculiform base.
Ocrea papery, marcescent, brittle, rather elongate (apparently 6 to 7 cm
long), closely sheathing but open on the ventral side (not inflated).
Leaves of the adult plant terminated by a long and slender cirrus, which
is densely armed with semiverti dilate, very slender, sharp claws; petiole
quite flat above, convex beneath with acute margins, sparingly armed with
short, straight, horizontal spines. Leaflets green above, white beneath ;
those of the upper part of cirri ferous leaves having 11 main and radiating
nerves or costa; and being 18 to 20 cm long and 6 to 7 cm broad in their
upper part, from where they gradually or cuneately narrow downward
to a very acute and distinctly ansate base; the upper part of the blade
is triangular and acuminate and acutely but irregularly toothed, with
the largest teeth aristate. Spikes cylindraceous, thick and short, and

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE PALMS, II.

621

with a blunt apex, 20 cm long and 20 to 22 mm in diameter, squarrose
or with the larger bracts or spathes not immersed in wool, very broadly
ovate and terminated by a free, triangular, not appressed, point; this is
very finely, neatly, and striately veined longitudinally. Flowers 13 mm
long, hermaphrodite, solitary in the axils of the bracts from which the
summit of the corolla emerges; the flowers are not immersed in wool,
but are placed between and tightly embraced by two, special, elongate,
concave bracteoles which are acutely carinate on the back and are covered
on the carinae and at the summit with furfuraceous, appressed paleolae
(not woolly hairs) ; calyx cyathiform, parted to the middle into 3, broadly
ovate, obtuse, concave lobes, very finely striate-veined; corolla about 3
times as long as the calyx, parted to about the middle into 3 oblong
segments. Fruit

Palawan, near Iwahig, For. Bar. 4185 Curran, May, 1906.

Of this very distinct species I have seen fragments of the stem and of one
leaf and a few detached spikes with flowers in an advanced stage. It is a species
very well characterized by its thick, squarrose, glabrous spikelets, the bracts and
the flowers not being immersed in wool. In this respect Korthalsia squairosa
closely resembles K. robusta Bl., which has the same kind of spikes and flowers.
The spikes with squarrose spathes are quite different from the usual form in
Korthalsia, being very similar to those of some species of Zalacca.

To K. squarrosa apparently belongs a sterile specimen collected by Elmer D.
Merrill, No. 5884, on Balaba.c Island, although this has much broader leaflets
than those of the specimen described above; but this in Korthalsia is a very
variable characteristic, as the breadth of the leaflets seems to vary on the same
plant with its age and with their position along the stem.

In the above-mentioned specimen collected by Merrill, the leaf is about 70
cm long in the pinniferous part; the petiole is 10 cm long; the rachis is irreg-
ularly armed with small alternate claws; the leaflets are few, 6 or 7 on each
side, rhomboid, distinctly ansate, especially the upper ones, 15 to 20 cm long, 8
to 10 cm broad; the ocrea is truncate at the summit, open on the ventral side,
12 cm long, and armed with very slender, needle like, horizontal spiculae, 10 to
15 mm long.

Vidal 4066, collected at Sorsogon, Luzon, is also a Korthalsia, but the spe-
cimen of this number in my herbarium is indeterminable, as it consists only
of the intermediate portion of a leaf which resembles that of Merrill 5384, but
larger and with a shorter petiole; probably Vidal’s specimen belongs to a species
differing from K. squarrosa.

CALAM US Linn.

Calamus Hookerianus Becc. in Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: tab. i0.

I have identified with this species a Calamus, For Bur. 10630 Curran, collected
at about 200 m elevation on the Adumay Hills, Province of Albay, Luzon,
June, 1908.

The above-mentioned specimen exactly agrees with plate 70 of my monograph;
the leaflets, however, of the type specimen bear bristles on three nerves on the
upper surface, but beneath only on the mid-costa, while in Curran’s specimen
three nerves on both surfaces are bristly.

The native country of C. Hookerianus was not previously known, the type
specimen in the Herbarium at Kew being of uncertain origin; now that we

622

BECCARI.

know that C. Hookcvianus is a Philippine species, it is possible that the original
specimen was one of Cuming’s distributed plants.

The extremely elongated spadix, the very long, slender, simple partial in-
florescences, the long, divaricate, cylindraceous spikelets, the forms of the spathels,
involucre, and perianths of the young fruits, are exactly the same in Curran’s
specimen and in the type of the species at Kew.

Calamus Arugda Becc. sp. nov.

►Seandens, mediocris. bolia (cirrifera) nonnihil ampla, segmentis
aequidistantibus, in parte media 6-7 cm inter se dissitis, e basi acutiuscula
(“1 1 i ] >t ico-lanceolatis, acuminatis, rigide chartaceis, 5-costulatis, interne
midis, superne vix vel non secus costulas spinulosis, medianis 45—46 cm
Jongis, 5— 6.3 cm latis. Spadix foemineus densus, in ramulos breves
utri tujue spicis 3 1 valde approximatis praeditos; spathis superioribus
tubuloso-infundibuliformibus, 3—5 cm longis, in ore marcescentibus ; spicis
brevibus, 3-4 cm longis, paucifloris; spathellis concavis amplectentibus.
Flores foeminei vulgo in spicarum parte basilari gem ini, et flore alari vel
neutro destituti, superne solitarii et flore neutro comitati. Fructus (im-
maturi) ovoideo-elliptici, basi attenuati, superne late con ice rostrati;
squamis per orthostichas 15 ordinatis, squarrosis, apice paullo productis
et eroso-ciliolatis.

Scandent, of moderate size or ratber large, the stems (naked canes ?)

4 cm in diameter (Klemme). Lea f -sheaths Leaves rather

large: in the small portion seen by me they have equidistant, alternate,
not very closely set leaflets (6 to 7 cm apart) ; the intermediate portion
ol the racliis is slightly convex beneath and is here armed with small
claws along the middle, above it is 2-faced with an obtuse, salient angle.
Leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, broadest at about their middle, and narrowing
equally to both ends, gradually acuminating to a not conspicuously bristly
tip, the base acute, rigid-papyraceous, green, slightly paler beneath than
above, 5-costulate, the costae very sharp, smooth, or bearing a few incon-
spicuous spinules above, quite smooth beneath, margins very minutely
and oppressed ly spinulous from the base, transverse veinlets very fine,
very approximate and continuous; the leaflets seen by me, apparently
belonging to the intermediate portion of a leaf from a young plant, are

45 to 46 cm long, 5 to 6.3 cm broad. Male spadix Female

spadix, not entire, apparently very dense; the summit of one (or of a
partial inflorescence ?) with several short, approximate branehlets, each
of these terminated by a short, unarmed, thick, caudieulum. 10 to 15 cm
long. F path es (primary or secondary ?) tubular-infundibuliform, 3 to

5 cm long, thinly rusty-furfuracequs, thinly coriaceous, exsucoous, mar-
ceseent, and more or less fibrous-lacerate at the mouth, prolonged at one
side into a triangular, acuminate and acutely, dorsally keeled point; the
keel covered with rigid spiculiform bristles which rest on bulbous bases;
branehlets inserted inside, but near the mouth of their respective spathes,

6 to S cm long, with 3 or 4 spikelets on each side; secondary (or ter-
tiary ?) spathes infundibular, similar to the primary but smaller, and not

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE PALMS, II.

623

bristly; spikelets shorty 3 to 4 cm long, rather broad, with a zigzag-sinuous
axis, and with only 4 or 5 alternate flowers, or pairs of flowers, on each
side; spathes broad, concave, embracing the involucre, and produced at
one side into a triangular point; involucrophore concave, quite sessile,
attached laterally to the base of the spathel above its own; involucre
shallowly, and, often, asymmetrically cupular, usually bidentate at one
side. Female flowers ovatej 6 mm long, usually in pairs at each spathel
in the lower part of the spikelets; in this case they are not accompanied by
a neutral flower; near the end of the spikelets the female flowers are
solitary, and the involucre bears a very depressed, lunate, sharply defined
areola for the reception of the neuter flower. Fruit, when still very
young, ventricose in the middle, narrowed at both ends, stoutly beaked
and terminated by three, small, recurved stigmas. Scales in fifteen lon-
gitudinal series, not channelled along the middle, of a straw-yellow color
in the posticous part and with a broad black marginal line, apices squar-

rose, slightly produced, and erosely-ciliate. Seed Fruiting

perianth campanulate, narrowing to a rather acute base; the calyx split
down past the middle into three broadly ovate lobes; the corolla barely
longer than the calyx.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Lalloc, in dense forests at about 50 m above the
sea, For. liur. 66Jf9 Klemme, April, 1907.

A very singular species of the group of V. palustris, related to G. Jenningsianus,
but quite distinct by its larger fruit and especially by its geminate flowers in the
lower part of the spikelets. N. v. arugda.

Calamus Jenningsianus Becc. sp. nov.

Scandens, mediocris, caudice vaginato circitcr 2.5 cm diametro; vagina
crebre spiculis parvis, brevibus (4—5 mm longis) armata; ocrea breviter
ligulaeformi, glabra. Folia cirro robusto elongato terminata, petiolo 12
cm longo, supra piano et aculeis brevibus erectis consperso; segmentis
non numerosis, aequidistantibus, 4-5 cm inter se dissitis, e basi acuta
anguste elliptico-lanceolatis, acuminatis, 3-5-costulatis, intermediis 22—25
cm longis, 30-32 mm latis. Spadix foemineus breviuseulus, caudiculo
brevi terminatus; spathis primariis interne tulnilosis, superne apertis et
in dorso acute carinatis, carina aculeata; spatbis secundariis infundibuli-
formibus, laxe vaginantibus, spicis brevibus, 2-3 cm longis, scorpioideis,
paucifloris; floribus utrinque 2 vel 3, alternis, spathellis infundibuli-
formibus. Fructus late ovoideo-elliptici, circiter 25 cm longi, 18 mm
lati, squamis per orthostichas 12 ordinatis, erassiusculis, valde convexis
et profunde in medio canaliculatis, stramineis, anguste nigro-marginatis ;
seinine globoso, 11 mm diametro, undique extus minute foveolato, albu-
mine profunde ruminato.

Scandent, of moderate size; sheathed stem apparently 2.5 cm in
diameter. Leaf -sheaths rather densely armed with small, rigid, and
short (4 to 5 mm long), horizontal spiculae, which rest on bulbous
bases. Ocrea shortly liguliform, glabrous. Leaves terminated by a robust

MECCA III.

624

cirrus, and about 80 cm long in the pinniferous part, the petiole about
10 mm broad and 12 cm long (in one specimen), quite flat above, and
here sprinkled with small and straight erect spines, convex, and smooth
beneath, its margins acute and sparingly prickly, rachis flatfish beneath,
where only toward the summit it is armed with semiverticillate claws,
the lower surface quite smooth, the upper surface of rachis prickly near
tbe base but otherwise smooth and with a not very acute salient angle;
the cirrus is strongly armed with f-verticilled claws. Leaflets not very
numerous, equidistant, rather remotely set (4 to 5 cm apart on each side) ;
elliptic-lanceolate, broadest about their middle, and equally narrowing
to both ends; gradually acuminate to an inconspicuously bristly tip, the
base acute, rigid-papyraceous, green on both surfaces, but paler beneath
than above, 3- or 5-costulate; the cost® very sharp above, smooth on
both surfaces with the exception of 1 or 2 spinules, which are occasionally
to be found at the base of the mid-costa on the upper surface; transverse
veinlets minute, much interrupted, not very prominent, margins minutely
spinulous near the apex, otherwise smooth. The intermediate leaflets
are 22 to 25 cm long, 30 to 32 mm broad, the others somewhat smaller,

but of the same form. Male spadix Female spadix apparently

not very elongate, terminated by a short, tail-like appendix; primary
spathes thinly coriaceous, those of the apical portion of the spadix (the
others not seen by me) flattened, tubular in their lower part, enlarged
above and open on the ventral side, terminated by a triangular, acuminate,
acutely keeled point, the keel spinous; secondary spathes infundibuliform,
rather loosely sheathing, unarmed, obliquely truncate and ciliolate at the
mouth, produced at one side into a short deltoid point; spikelets short,
2 to 3 cm long, scorpioid, rather thick, with very few (4 or 5 in all)
alternate flowers; the spikelets of the lower part of the partial inflores-
cences probably longer and with a few more flowers. Spathels infundi-
buliform, obliquely truncate, very shortly produced into a rather broad
triangular point at one side, obscurely dorsally keeled; involucrophore
obliquely attached to the base of the spathel above its own, shallowly
cupular, bidentate on the posticous or axial side; involucre shallowly
cupular, with an irregular, undulate margin; areola of the neuter flower
depressedly lunate, sharply bordered. Fruit broadly ovoid-elliptic, about
25 mm long, 18 mm broad, very suddenly and conspicuously beaked,
scales arranged in 12 longitudinal series, relatively thick, strongly convex,
deeply channelled along the middle, of a straw-yellow color, with a very
narrow blackish marginal line, the point also blackish and very slightly
produced. Seed globular, but not exactly spherical, about 11 mm in
diameter, rather regularly and minutely foveolate all around, without
a distinct chalazal fovea; albumen very deeply ruminated.

Mindoro, Mount Ilalcon, For. Bur. J/^00 Merritt, June, 1906, altitude about
1,500 m. Named in honor of Lieut. T. II. Jennings who accompanied Mr. Merritt
on his trip to Mount Halcon.

/

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE PALMS, II.

625

A very peculiar species belonging to the group of C. palustris, but with a
seed having a ruminate albumen and with the leaflets equidistant, lanceolate, and
5-costulate. It is related to C. Arugda. Of this species I have seen only a leaf,
the summit of a spadix, and a few fruits.

Calamus mindorensis Becc. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 235.

This species was originally described from the female plant only. Male
specimens have now been collected, also in Mindoro, by M. L. Merritt, in June,
1907. For. liur. 6211. It is a commercial rattan. Native name tumalin.

It is a very high-scandent plant. The specimen seen by me has a
sheathed stem 5 cm in diameter. The leaves are about 2 m long and
terminate in a very robust cirrus; the petiole is almost obsolete; the
leaflets are as already described (l. c .) Male spadix forming a large,

compound and diffuse panicle, 2 m in length, glabrous in all parts, div ided
into several triple-branched, partial inflorescences; primary spathes thinly
coriaceous, greenish-yellow, tubular, tightly sheathing, smooth ; the first
spathe is 15 cm long, and about 3 cm broad, flattened, two-edged, the
edges very sharp and spinous above, horizontally truncate and fringed
with paleaceous scales at the mouth, prolonged at one side into an
elongate, triangular, dorsally-keeled and spinous point. The partial in-
florescences are flexuous, very long and slender, one, belonging to the
lower part of the panicle, is 1.2 m in length, with its axial part 5 to G
mm thick at the base and with about 12 branches, distically inserted on
each side; secondary spathes tubular, tightly sheathing, 3 to 4 cm long,
smooth, entire, truncate and also ciliate at the mouth, and prolonged at
one side into a triangular acute point; the secondary branches are in-
serted outside the mouth of their respective spathes, and have a distinct
axillary callus, they are slender, flexuous, 2 to 2.5 mm thick, 30 cm long,
or thereabouts, and bear numerous distichously arranged spikelets ; the
tertiary spathes are smooth, elongate-infundibuliform, 10 to 15 mm long,
truncate and ciliate at the mouth like the others, prolonged at one side
into a triangular point which subtends their respective spikeleK The
spikelets are spreading,* arched, usually 2 cm long, or at times shorter,
comb-like, bearing about 20, very approximate, exactly bifarious flowers
on each side, and when measured with the flowers are about G mm broad ;
spathels very short, very closely packed, concave and almost boat-shaped,
obtuse, and deflexed; involucre formed by two concave bracteoles united
bv their bases, and immersed in their respective spathels which contribute
with the involucre to form a small cup to their respective flowers.
Flowers in contact one with the other, the full grown buds 2.5 to 3 mm
long, cylindraceous, apiculate ; the calyx has 3, deltoid, acute, deeply
striate teeth ; the corolla is twice as long as the calyx.

Calamus trispermus Becc. in Perkins Fragm. FI. Philip. (1904) 46, et in
Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11: tab. 180.

Of this species, which was described from very incomplete material, I have seen
recently in the Kew Herbarium, a fine specimen with an entire fruiting spadix,
89217 3

620

BECCARI.

a portion of the stem, and an entire leaf from a full-grown plant; it was collected
by A. Loher at Montalban, Province of Rizal, Luzon, in February, 1908, (No. 7071
in Herb. Kew.).

It is a scandent and robust species. The sheathed stem is 5 to 6 cm
in diameter and the naked canes are 2.5 cm thick. The leaf -sheaths are
rather thick and woody, more or less covered with tobacco-colored, very
appressed and almost immersed scales, and are strongly gibbous above,
obliquely truncate at the mouth, which is entire, has a sharp margin and
■is more or less furnished with spines ; they are also armed, especially in
their upper part and above the gibbosity, with rather robust, scattered,
horizontal, short (5 to 10 mm long) spines, which have a broad base and
leave on the surface of the sheath a very distinct impression of their
form; this is concave on the lower and convex on the upper surface; the
ligule is represented by a short rim inside the mouth of the sheath. The
leaf is about 2.2 m long in the pinniferous part and terminates in a
rather long, very robust cirrus; the petiolar part is very short, 2.5 cm
broad at its base, flattish and covered with small, erect prickles above,
rounded and smooth beneath, its margins more or less prickly; the
racliis is flattish and also prickly above in its first portion, but higher
up becomes convex, and towards the extremity has an obtuse, salient
angle ; beneath it is slightly convex, more or less covered with rusty scales,
and armed toward the upper extremity of the pinniferous part with at
first solitary, then ternate, and finally half-whorled very robust claws; on
their cirrus the half or the three-quarter whorls are regularly spaced
every 3 to 4 cm. The leaflets are about 30 on each side, rather regularly
alternate and equidistant, 3 to 6 cm apart, and toward the end even
more; they are rigidly papyraceous, green, smooth on the nerves and
concolorous on both surfaces, somewhat concavo-convex, lanceolate or
elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, the tip bristly; the medial leaflets are 30
cm long, or thereabout, and 5 to 7 cm broad ; those of the extremities are
smaller, all are 5-costulate, with a few secondary, rather distinct nerves
interposed between the costae; transverse veinlets very crowded and
numerous; the margins spinulous near the base, the spinules gradually
passing into rigid, spreading hairs near the apex. The spadix is rather
diffuse, 70 cm in length, slightly nodding, with a rather rigid axis and
only 4 or 5 partial spreading inflorescenses. The primary spathes are
tightly sheathing, fugaciously rusty-furfuraceous, elongate-infundibuli-
form, armed with small, short claws in their upper part; the lower spathe
is 20 cm long, 18 cm broad at the mouth, flattened, very sharply two-
edged, entire and obliquely truncate at the mouth, which is fringed with
small, rusty paleolse, and is produced at one side into a triangular, acutely
keeled point ; the other primary spathes are entire, 10 cm long, narrowing
toward the base, where they are flat, with sharp margins on the inner
side, and are prolonged at the apex into a triangular, acutely keeled point.
The partial inflorescences are 20 to 35 cm in length, have only 3 or 4

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE PALMS, II.

627

spikelets on each side, and terminate in a small, angular, tail-like ap-
pendix. The spikelets are 7 to 12 cm long, otherwise as already described
(l. c. ) .

The type specimen of C. trispermus ( Merrill .1645, Herb. Manila) differs from
that collected by Loher only in the more elongate spikelets; while the discrepancies
which may be noted in the descriptions of the leaves of the two, are due to the
fact that the leaf of Loher’s specimen is one from the upper part of a full-grown
plant, where the leaves have almost equidistant leaflets; while the leaf of Merrill’s
specimen was a non-cirriferous one, probably from the lower part of the stem, or
that of a young plant, where apparently the leaflets are approximate in pairs.

Calamus microcarpus Becc. in Records Bot. Surv. India 2: 213 et in Ann.
Bot. Gard. Calc. 1 1 : tab. 218.

This species, described by me from Vidal 3952, has been again collected by
Loher, (Herb. Ivew. ), at Montalban, Province of Rizal, Luzon, in 1905, and again
in Mindanao, Camp Keithley, Lake Lanao, by Mrs. Mary Strong Clemens, in
October, 1907.

An entire leaf of Loher’s specimen measures 1.1 m in the pinniferous
part, has a rather long petiole, and terminates in a long, rather slender
cirrus, which is armed with half whorls of very acuminate claws. The
intermediate leaflets are 25 to 30 cm long, 14 to 15 mm broad, and are
very distinctly approximate in several groups; they have the mid-costa
very prominent, but the side nerves are not so strong as in Vidal’s speci-
men, are quite smooth on the under surface, and have only a few spinules
on a nerve on each side of the mid-costa above ; the margins are minutely
and appressedly spinulous. (In Vidal’s type specimen the leaflets have
rigid bristles on 3 nerves above, and the margins are spreadingly spinul-
ous.) The spadix is 55 cm in length ; the spathes are conspicuously
inflated, and the upper ones not prickly. The fruits are ovoid, 8 mm
long (without the perianth) and G mm broad, otherwise as already
described.

Mrs. Clemens’ specimen has a spadix apparently longer and more
robust that those collected by Loher and Vidal, and the fruits are also
slightly larger. In fact, in Mrs. Clemens’ specimens, the fruits, when
completely mature, are almost globular, or subobovoid-globular, with a
short obtuse and relatively large beak, 7 mm through, and 10 mm in
length, not including the small perianth which is distinctly pedicelliform.
The seed is globular, slightly depressed and G mm broad, otherwise as
already described.

Calamus m icrosphaerion Becc. in Perkins Fragm. FI. Philip. (1904) 45 et in
Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 1 1 : tab. 204.

I consider as belonging to this species a sterile specimen, collected by W. I.
Hutchinson in the Moro Province, Mindanao, in July, 1906. (For. Bur. No. 1/818).
N. v. pudlus.

Calamus Diepenhorsti i (Miq.) var. exulans Becc. var. nov.

This possesses a great likeness to some Malayan forms in the spinescence of the
leaf-sheaths, in the extraordinary length of the spadices and in all other principal
characteristics; it differs only in the leaflets, which are without bristles on the

628

BECCA HI.

mid-costa above, but beneath have tlie mid-costa closely bristly ami the side
nerves naked. In the Malayan forms the leaflets have Ion# bristles on .‘1 nerves
beneath, the mid-costa being smooth, while the mid-costa above is bristly. The
female spikelets of this variety are also less distinctly zigzag-sinuous, the invo-
lucre of the flower does not form so regular and deep a cup as in the type and the
areola of the neuter flower is crescent-shaped and not roundish. Otherwise the
similarity of the Philippine variety to the Malayan type is very evident.

The male plant was collected bv F. W. Foxicorthy in March, 1900, on Mount
Victoria, Palawan, (liar. Sci. vVo. 756), and the female by Loher, in Luzon, at
Montalban. Province of Rizal, March, 1906, ( No. 701,5 in Herb. Kew.). N. v.
paUmanac.

The male specimen lias a leaf 1.5 m long; the leaflets are numerous,
equidistant, subtricostulate, the mid-costa is rather prominent, above
bristly-spinulous near the apex, the side costae with long bristles; under-
neath the mid-costa is furnished with bristles, and the side nerves are
naked. The male spadix is, as in the species, extraordinarily long, and
not essentially different from that of the Malayan type; but the. secondary
and tertiary branches and the spikelets are inserted just at the mouth
of their respective spathes, and these terminate in a broad, horizontal
or deflexed point. The male flowers also are slightly smaller, more ap-
proximate, inserted at a wider angle, and therefore have the spathes
shorter and less distinctly infundibuliform.

In Loher ’s (female) specimen the sheathed stem is 3 cm in diameter;
the leaf-sheaths are strongly gibbous above, and densely armed with hori-
zontal rows of confluent, triangular, laminate, black spines, which have a
lighter-colored sharply defined base. An entire leaf has a petiolar part 15
cm long, its total length being 1.18 m ; the petiole has prickly margins; the
racliis is armed beneath with a line of single claws along the center, and
with a similar line on each side. The leaflets are numerous, equidistant,
almost equally green on both surfaces; the medials 30 to 35 cm long,
Iti to 18 mm broad, rather distinctly 3-costulate, their mid-costa on the
upper surface is smooth, or has a few small spinules near the apex, the
side costulae are slender, and also have a few straggling spinules; under-
neath the mid-costa is rather closely bristled, and the side nerves are
usually naked, but on these also a few setiform spinules may sometimes
be observed. The spadix is 6 (!) meters long (in one specimen), includ-
ing the slender, terminal, very minutely and closely clawed cirrus, simply
decompound, with a few, very distant, partial inflorescences, exactly as in
the type, but with the spathes more thickly set with prickles, the
secondary and tertiary spathes are also set with minute prickles in their
upper part; the spikelets are 15 to 18 cm long, very slightly zigzag-
sinuous; with up to 15 or 16 flowers on each side; the involucre is
slightly cupular; and the areola of the neuter flower is crescent-shaped,
with sharp margins. The fruit is wanting.

629

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE PALMS, II.

Calamus Merrill i i Becc. in Webbia 1 (1905) 67 et in Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta
1 1 : tab. 167.

To this species is referable a line fruiting specimen with an entire spadix
collected by Loher at Montalban, Province of Rizal, Luzon, July, 1905, (No. 7076
in Herb. Kew. ) .

Of this specimen the sheathed stem is 6 to 7 cm in diameter. J he
fruiting spadix is robust, nodding, 1.3 in long, including a terminal, tail-
like, flattened, subulate appendix, which is formed of several tightly
sheathing, smooth, or slightly prickly spathes-; it is divided into 8 gradu-
allv diminishing, spreading, and arched partial inflorescences, of which
the largest (which are also the lowest) are 35 to 40 cm in length. 1 bo
lowest spathe is strongly flattened, 3 to 3.5 cm broad, two-edged (the
edges sharp and without spines), 1(> to 17 cm long, very tightly sheathing,
slightly obliquely truncate at the mouth, and very sparingly armed with
a few straight small spines; the other primary spathes are tubular, more
or less longitudinally split, obliquely truncate at the mouth, prolonged
above at one side into an acuminate, dorsally keeled point, and bearing
irregularly distributed, small, broad-based, and subbulbous horizontal
prickles. The largest partial inflorescences carry 10 to 13 spikelets on
each side and terminate in a small smooth tail-like appendix; the
secondary spathes are truncate at the mouth, and prolonged at one side
into a broad triangular point; they are either quite smooth or have at
most one or two rudimentary or tuberculiform prickles. The spikelets
are 8 to 9 cm in length, slightly flattened, 8 mm broad between the
spathels (not taking into account the flowers). Fruit spherical, witli a
rather thick and blunt beak on the top, about 12 mm in diameter. Leaves
as already described (in Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta l. c .) ; the rachis in
the lower and intermediate parts is rather deeply channelled above ; leaflets
3 to 3.5 cm apart on each side, with bristles which may reach 3 cm in
length.

The type specimens of C. Merrillii were Merrill 1893 from Bosoboso, liovince
Rizal, Luzon, male plant, and Loher 1361 (Herb. Kew.), in fruit.

Calamus Merrittianus Becc. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 233.

I refer to this species specimens collected at Camp Keithley, Lake Lanao,
Mindanao, by Mrs. Mary Strong Clemens, in June, 1907, (Nos. 1112 and 112k) ;
they differ, however, from the type plant found by Merritt in Mindoro, (For. Bur.
3912), in the spathes being less densely set with prickles; therefore presenting a
transitional form between C. Merrittianus and C. Merrillii. Perhaps C. Merrit-
tianus is only a geographical variety of C. Merrillii.

Calamus grandifolius Becc. sp. nov.

Robustus et scandens, caudice vaginato 4 cm diametro; vagina tenuiter
lignosa, densissime spinis nigris tenuissimis, 25—30 mm longis, arm at a ,
ocrea breviter ligulaeformi, hispida. Folia ampla, 1.7 m in paite pin-
nifera longa, cirro robusto valde aculeato terminata ; petiolo robusto,

BECCARI.

630

2:> cm longo, 20-22 mm lato, superne planiusculo et spinis brevibus
eiectis aimato; segmentis numerosis, a equidistant i bus, rigide papyraceis,
utrinque nitidis, e basi acuta latiuscule lanceolatis, acuminatis, major-
ibus 40—42 cm longis, 4—5.5 cm latis. Spadix foemineus circiter 50
cm longus, rigidus, strictus, erectus, in paucas (4 in specimine uno)
parvas sensim decrescentes inflorescentias partiales divisus et caudiculo
ineiine terminatus; spathis primariis tubulosis, in ore barbato-hispidis,
intlorescentiis basilaribus 1—8 cm longis, utrinque spicis 3 vel 4 praeditis;
spathis secundariis infundibuliformibus, apice setosis, spicis brevibus et
crassiusculis, 2-3.5 cm longis, paucifloris; floribus biseriatis, sursum versis,
e basi plana et 5 mm lata, late conoideis.

Apparently large and scandent. Sheathed stem about 4 cm in diam-
eter. Leaf-slicaths strongly gibbous above, woody, very densely armed
with very slender and scattered, elastic, very narrowly laminiform and
sometimes bristle-like, blackish, shining, unequal spines, of which the
largest are 25 to 30 mm long. Ocrea shortly liguliform, axillary, fringed
with long and rigid bristles. Leaves very large (in one specimen the
pinniferous part is 1.7 m long) terminated by a very robust, strongly
clawed cirrus; petiole about 25 cm long, 20 to 22 mm broad, flat at the
base above and convex beneath ; upwards flattened and biconvex, covered,
especially on the upper surface, with short, ascendent spines, these spines
also covering the first portion of the rachis; on the margins the spines
are not longer than elsewhere; the rachis is armed beneath (from the
base upward) first with solitary, then with 2- or 3-nate, and at the
extremity with halt-whorled, very robust claws; on the upper surface the
rachis is convex-bifacial with a smooth salient angle; leaflets numerous,
alternate, equidistant, 5 to 7 cm apart (on each side), rigidly papyra-
ceous, shining on both surfaces, rather broadly lanceolate, narrowing from
below the middle to a rather acute base, very gradually acuminate to a
bristly tip; the intermediate ones 40 to 42 cm long, 4 to 5.5 cm broad;
the mid-costa is slender, but sharp above, and has 4 or 5 or at times more,
slender, unequal secondary nerves on each side of it; all nerves smooth on
both surfaces; transverse veinlets very close together and very sharp;

margins remotely and appressedly spinulous. Male spadix

Female spadix rigid, strict, erect, short (50 cm long in one specimen),
apparently appressed to the stem, with a very short (3 cm long), 15 mm
broad, almost unarmed, much flattened pedicellar part, which gradually
passes into the first spathe. The spadix bears only four small, gradually
decreasing partial inflorescences, which are inserted inside the mouths
of their respective spathes and are covered in every part with a brown
scaly scurf. The primary spathes are tubular, minutely and appressedly
furfuraceous at the mouth with stiff, black, shining bristles; the lowest
spathe much flattened, two-keeled, the keels bearing rather long, subbristly
spines; the upper spathes somewhat inflated, carinate and spinous on the

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE PALMS, II.

631

back, terminated by a short triangular point; the lowest partial inflo-
rescences are the largest, they are 7 to 8 cm long with only 3 or 4 spikelets
on each side; secondary spathes infundibuliform, truncate at the mouth
and slightly prolonged at one side, furnished at the summit with a few
long stiff bristles; spikelets short and rather thick, 2 to 3.5 cm long, with
two series of 6 or 7, assurgent, not flatly bifarious flowers ; spathels very
shortly infundibuliform, embracing the involucre, involucrophores and
involucre (which are very much alike) very shallowly cupular and
orbicular; areola of the neuter flower depressedly lunate and sharply
bordered. Female flowers conical, 5 mm long and 5 mm broad; the foim
of the flower being given by the calyx, which has a very broad, flat, callous
base, and a very contracted, shortly 3-toothed mouth ; the teeth about as
long as the small segments of the corolla; stigma small, triangular,
spreading.

Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Banajao, Loher 7088, February, 1906,
(Herb. Kew.). N. v. saba-ang.

A very singular species, easily distinguishable by its short, straight, rigid
female spadix, with the spathes fringed at the mouth by numerous stiff subspiny
bristles and also by its large leaves and lanceolate leaflets. It would seem by
its short spadix, with its gradually decreasing subinflated spathes, to belong to
the group of G. siphonospathus, but it has a quite peculiar habit. The spadix
is also very much like that of C. dimorphacanthus, but the leaves are quite
different, and are very similar to those of C. ornatus. The spadix was detached,
nevertheless I entertain little doubt but that it belonged to the same plant as
the leaves described above.

Calamus dimorphacanthus Becc. in Records Bot. Surv. India 2: 214 et in
Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 1 1 : tab. 219.

Specimens corresponding to the type were collected by A. D. E. Elmer on Mount
Santo Tomas (Tonglon), Province of Benguet, Luzon, in May, 1904, No. 6238.

In these specimens the spadix bears almost mature fruits not differing
from those of the type ; but the partial inflorescences are more robust, the
largest being 12 cm in length, and with the lowest spikelets forked; the
primary spathes are fugaciously rusty-furfuraceous, of these the lower
are more or less prickly, the upper smooth. The fruits are 8 to 10 mm
long. The leaflets are narrow, and are furnished with rather long bristles
on the mid-costa above ; their margins are ciliate with rather spreading
hairs. C. dimorphacanthus appears to be a very polymorphous species,
including several distinct varieties or subspecies.

Calamus dimorphacanthus var. montalbanicus Becc. var. nov.

The specimen upon which I have established this variety is remarkable
for the extraordinary spinescence of the leaf-sheaths and especially of
the ocrea, which moreover, is extraordinarily developed. ' The sheathed
stem is 3 cm in diameter; the leaf -sheaths are densely armed with laminate
flexible, scliistaceous or almost black, unequal spines, the largest being
20 to 25 mm long; the ligule is 15 cm long (in one specimen), papyraceous

ltECOAKI.

63 42

and very rigid, very densely beset by very unequal, horizontal, and often
subseriate, or confluent spines, otherwise similar to those occurring on
the leaf-sheaths. Leaves 1.2 m long in the pinniferous part, and termi-
nated by a robust and strongly clawed cirrus; leaflets linear, very nu-
merous and closely set, equidistant, naked underneath, and furnished
above on the mid-costa, and on one nerve on each side of it, with a
few, but relatively robust, subspiny bristles; the margins are rather
closely and appressedly spinulous; the petiole, which is 15 cm long, and
the rachis, are both strongly armed above with unequal spines; the medial
leaflets are 19 to 20 cm long, and 8 to 10 mm broad. Male spadix about
40 cm in length, narrowing gradually to a tail-like tip, with 7 or 8 tubular,
gradually diminishing, shortly imbricate, primary spathes. Male partial
inflorescences short and dense.

The type specimen of this variety (a male plant in the Kew Herbarium) was
collected by .1. Loher in May, 1905, on the summit of Mount Batay at 1,380 m
elevation, near Montalban, Province of Rizal, Luzon, (No. 7085 in Herb. Kew.).

1 he variety differs from the type by its leaf-sheaths being very densely spinous,
by its large, very rigid and also densely spinous ligule, and by its very narrow
3-nerved leaflets, the 3 nerves bearing bristles on the upper surface. In the type
the ligule is membranaceous, brittle, and much less spinous, and the leaflets are
bristly only on the mid-costa above, while the hairs on the margins are more
spreading.

Calamus dimorphacanthus var. zambalensis Becc. var. nov.

A more robust plant than the type. Sheathed stem 4 cm in diameter
and perhaps at times more; naked canes 2.5 cm in diameter, with a
light-straw-colored very polished surface; leaf-sheath very densely spinous
as in the other forms; ligule not so long as in the type, densely covered
with spicuhe. Petiole robust and short, very densely spinous; the leaflets,
are very numerous, very closely set, rigid, or papery-subcoriaceous, nar-
rowly lanceolate; the medial ones 20 cm long or thereabouts, and 15 to
20 mm broad, naked beneath, and furnished above on the mid-costa
with rigid, subspiny bristles; the side nerves are smooth ; the margins are
conspicuously ciliate with spreading spinules; the cirrus is, as usual in
this species, robust and armed with half-whorls of strong and tumescent
claws. Fruiting spadix 55 cm long in one specimen; primary spathes
rather densely spinulous; partial inflorescences short, having few branches
and these with few spikelets, which are rigid and thickish; spathels and
involucrophore as in the other forms; involucre distinctly discoid, orbic-
ular, flat or slightly convex. Fruit larger than in type, globose-ovoid,
13 mm long, about 10 mm broad, borne on a short but distinctly pedicel-
liform, cylindraceous, fruiting perianth; scales shining, arranged in 15
longitudinal series, slightly furrowed along the middle, brown with a
darker uniform margin all around, the point blunt.

Luzon, Province of Zambales, Mount Tapulao, For. Bur. 8.'/12 Curran <6
Merritt , December, 1907, on exposed peaks in the elfinwood, altitude about 2,000

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE PALMS, II.

633

in, very abundant locally and the only species of the genus in the locality
according to the collectors.

Prospectus of the varieties of Calamus dimorphacanthus :

1. Ligule membranous, brittle, armed with few spinules, leaflets very narrow,

bristly only on the mid-costa above, margins ciliated with spreading, spinuli-
form hairs. Fruit 8 to 10 mm long forma typica

2. Ligule very long (as much as 15 cm) rigid, very densely armed with horizontal,

more or less seriate spines; leaflets very numerous, narrow, bearing above,
on the mid-costa, and on one nerve on each side of it, several subspiny
bristles; margins ciliated with rather robust spreading spinules.

var. montalbanicus.

3. Ligule relatively short, bristly-spinulous; leaflets very closely set, very stiff

and thickish, narrowly lanceolate, furnished with conspicuous subspiny
bristles only on the mid-costa above, margins ciliated with spreading
spinules. Fruit larger than in type (13 mm long, 10 mm broad).

var. zambalensis.

Calamus halconensis Becc. sp. nov.

Scandens, mediocris, vaginis densissime spinis laminaribus, inaequa-
libus, creberrime plus minusve seriatis ac basi confluentibus armata;
ligula rigide elongata, densissime spinoso-hispida. Frondium petiolo
breviusculo (7-8 cm longo), spinis inaequalibus armato; parte pinnifera
circiter 1 m longa; cirro validissimo aculeis reduncis robustis semiver-
ticillatis armato; segmentis numerosis, aequidistantibus, ensiformibus, 20-
25 cm longis, 13-15 cm latis, subtus levibus, supra in costa media et secus
nervos 2 setosis; marginibus crebre adpresseque ciliato-spinulosis. Spadix
fructifer circiter 30 cm longus, spathis levibus ; inflorescentiis partialibus
parvis et parcc ramosis. Fructus ovati vel subobovati, obtusissime inucro-
nati, una cum perianthio fructifero, distincte pedicelliformi, 17 mm
longi, 12 mm lati; squamis per orthostichas 12 ordinatis, nitidis, luride
stramincis, apice rotundatis, in medio profunde sulcatis ; semine ovato,
10.5 mm longo, 7 mm lato, grosse alveolato-sulcato et in dorso longitud-
inaliter sculpto.

Scandent, of moderate size. Leaf-sheaths very densely armed with
very unequal, laminate, more or less closely seriate, confluent spines ;
ligule rigid, 5 to 6 cm long, entirely covered, in one specimen, with very
rigid, needle-like spiculae of unequal length. Leaves with the petiole
armed with the same kind of unequal spines as in C. dimorphacanthus,
7 to 8 cm long, the pinniferous part apparently about 1 m in length,
terminated by a very robust, strongly clawed cirrus; leaflets numerous,
equidistant, ensiform, or very narrowly lanceolate, 20 to 25 cm long, 13
to 15 mm broad, smooth underneath, sprinkled above on the mid-costa
and on one nerve on each side of it, with not very rigid bristles ; margins
rather closely and appressedly spinulous. Fruiting spadix about 30 cm
long, with smooth spathes, and very few, small, slightly branched, partial
inflorescences, of which the lowest are only 5 cm in length and have
very few spikelets. Fruit ovoid or subobovoid, obtusely beaked, 17 mm

634

BECCARI.

long, including the perianth, 12 mm broad; scales in 12 longitudinal
series, polished, of a dirty straw color, with a paler, narrow, scarious
margin, deeply furrowed in the middle quite to the point, and almost
bigibbous, their apices blunt and with a blackish spot. Seed ovoid, 10.5
mm long, 7 mm broad, broadly pitted and irregularly grooved, rather
deeply furrowed on the raphal side, and without a chalazal fovea,

Mindoro, Mount Halcon, For. Bur. J/399 Merritt, June, 1 900, in forests at
about 1,500 m altitude.

1 have seen of this plant only a very incomplete specimen of the leaf-sheath
and leaves, an entire spadix, and a few fruits; and these were detached from the
spadix, although to all appearances, they really belonged to it. In the vegetative
organs, Calamus halconensis does not, apparently, differ from some forms of
C. dim orphacant hits, hut the fruit is of different type, and resembles more that of
C. microcarpus.

Calamus Vidalianus Becc. in Records Bot. Surv. India 2: 212 et in Ann. Bot.
Gard. Calcutta 1 1 : tab. 211.

This, which was an imperfectly known species described by me from Vidal 938
(Herb. Kew. ), has been rediscovered by A. Loher at Montalban, Province of Rizal,
Luzon, March, 190G, (No. 7087 in Kew Herbarium).

In Loher’s specimen the sheathed stem is 2 cm in diameter, the leaf-
sheaths are greenish or purplish-green, gibbous above, feebly armed with
very small, straight, broad-based spines, 2 to 3 mm long; the mouth is
truncate and fringed with scales and few spinules. One leaf is 1.6 m
long in the pinniferous part, and terminates in a rather long, robust,
and strongly clawed cirrus; the petiole is quite obsolete; the leaflets
are about 30 on each side, rather approximate and equidistant in the
lower part of the rachis, more distant and somewhat irregularly arranged
above; the medials are 30 to 32 cm long and 20 to 25 mm broad and are
usually furnished, near the base of the mid-costa on the upper surface,
with 1 or 2 spinules ; these are more robust than some which stand
higher up; one nerve on each side of the mid-costa is also more or less
spinulous, but occasionally a single nerve on one side only is so; under-
neath all nerves are naked; the rachis on the upper surface of its lower
portion, is armed with unequal, erect spines, which disappear higher up,
where the rachis is bifacial, with the salient angle very obtuse; under-
neath, the rachis is smooth in its basal part but toward the end is armed
with claws, which are single at first, then geminate, and are finally set
in half-whorls. The spadix is erect, diffuse, 90 cm long, with only 4 or
5 partial inflorescences on each side, and terminates in a short tail-like
prickly appendix; the lowest spathe is flattened, two-edged, 12 cm long;
all the other primary and secondary spathes are fringed at the mouth
with small paleolae; the lower partial inflorescences are 30 to 35 cm
long with 7 or 8 spikelets on each side ; the upper are shorter, and have
fewer spikelets. The lower spikelets are 5 to 6 cm long, and have 10 to

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE PALMS, II.

635

12 flowers on each side; the upper are shorter and bear fewer flowers.
The spikelets in Loher’s specimen are therefore somewhat more slender,
and bear a few more flowers than those of Vidal’s No. 988, but are
otherwise identical with them.

Calamus Blancoi Kunth Enum. PI. 3 (1S41) 595; Becc. in Webbia 1 (1905)
66, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta, 11: t. Gf.

A specimen with a female spadix collected near Zamboanga, Mindanao by
IV. I. Hutchinson (For. Bur. Jt819) , July, 1906, does not differ from other specimens
that I have seen from Luzon and from Leyte; it is therefore apparently a constant
form, although closely allied to Calamus mollis Blanco.

Calamus discolor (Mart.) var. rsegrosensis Becc. var. nov.

A specimen of a Calamus collected by F. Danao in Negros, apparently belongs
to a distinct variety of the form which I have recently described in Elmer’s
“Leaflets” as typical C. discolor. The specimen consists only of the upper part
of the leaf, and of a few partial inflorescences of a male spadix. There is not
however all the requisite evidence to prove that this specimen really represents
the male plant of C. discolor, although the male spadix of the type, and the
female one of this proposed variety are unknown; the leaf, however, of the plant
from Negros, with its leaflets white beneath, though endowed with some peculiar-
ities of its own, leaves little doubt as to its specific indentity with or at least of
its great affinity to C. discolor.

It is a high-climber. Leaf-rachis rusty-furf uraceous ; leaflets very
numerous, equidistant, very narrowly linear-lanceolate, broadest at about
their middle, green above and white beneath, exactly as in the type,
from which, however, they differ in being smaller, and in having a few
bristles on the mid-costa above only, while the under surface is sprinkled
all over, except at the base, with scattered, small, spadiceous, subspiuy
bristles; the largest leaflets, i. e., the medials, are 20 to 22 cm long,
and 9 to 10 mm broad. Male spadix apparently rather large, with
several partial inflorescences ; each of these forming rather dense panicles,
20 to 30 cm long, twice branched, covered with a soft detachable whitish
scurf on the spathes and spathels ; secondary spathes infundibuliform,
rather loosely sheathing; branches 10 to 12 cm long, or at times less,
bearing a few gradually decreasing branchlets, which carry 4 to 0 dis-
tich ously arranged spikelets on each side; the spikelets are inserted at
the mouth of their respective spathes, are 2 to 3 cm long, flattened,
comb-like, with perfectly bifarious, horizontal, contiguous flowers; the
axes of the spikelets are slender, not brittle ; spathes very short, concave,
apiculate at one side, very strongly and firmly striately veined; involucre
cupular, obliquely truncate, 2-dentate on the axial side. Flowers small,
ovoid; the calyx sharply and firmly striately-veined like the spathes, with
3 acute teeth.

Negros, Province of Negros Occidental, Cadiz, For. Bur. 12J/32 Danao, March
10, 1908, altitude about 50 m above the sea. N. v. limoran.

636

BECCARI.

DAEMONOROPS Bl.

Daemonorops Margaritae (Hance) var. palawanicus Becc. var. nov.

It is the first and only species of Daemonorops of the group of Cymbospatha to
be discovered in the Philippine Islands. I have referred it to D. Margarita ;, a
species indigenous to southern China, from which it differs in the seed, which is
more or less globular, and obsoletelv 3-gonous, and can not be called reniform, as
that of D. Margaritae is described as being.

Palawan, near Iwahig, Bur. Sci. 899 Foxworthy, May, 1906.

Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. var. radulosus var. nov.

This differs from the “forma typica” in the petiole, and the first
portion of the rachis, being densely prickly on both surfaces; the upper
salient angle of the rachis is also spinulous throughout 1o the end of
the pinniferous part.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Mauban, For. Bur. 10190 Curran, March, 1908.
1 also refer here a specimen collected at Camp Keithley, Lake Lanao, Mindanao,
Mrs. Clemens 898, January, 1907, the fruits globose-ovoid, 15 mm in diameter
(very immature), and also Loher 7018, male specimen, from the Province of Rizal,
Luzon, April, 1905.

Daemonorops Curran ii Becc. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 238.

To this species must he referred an unnumbered specimen collected by Mrs.
Mary Strong Clemens in Mindanao, Camp Keithley, Lake Lanao, September, 1907;
it differs however from the type which was collected hy Curran in Palawan
(For. Bur. 3791), in the leaflets which have 5 bristly nerves above instead of 3,
and in the pedicellar part of the spadix which is entirely covered with stiff bristles,
which unite in their basal part to form several callous, subcristate bodies; the
fruit and the seed, seem also to be more ovoid in the Mindanao than in the
Palawan plant.

Daemonorops Clemensianus Becc. sp. nov.

Scandens, caudicibus vaginatis circiter 2 cm diametro; vaginae undique
spinis tenuibus nigrescentibus breviter seriatis obsessis et in ore spinis
numerosis laminaribus crebre imbricatis, valde elongatis (8-12 cm longis,
2-4 mm latis) armatae, frondium petiolus circiter 25 cm longus, bicon-
vexus, circum et ad margines spinis rectis armatus; rhachis supra levis;
cirrus gracilis; pars pinnifera circiter 1-3 m longa, segmcntis numerosis,
subaequidistantibus 2. 5-3. 5 cm inter se remotis, lineari-ensiformibus,
supra secus nervos 3 spinulosis, subtus in costa media tantum setis long-
iusculis praeditis; segmentis intermediis 40-42 cm longis, 13-15 mm
latis. Spadix masculus 50-60 cm longus, strictus, parte pedicellari 6-10
cm longa et dense spiculifera suffultus; spathis primariis in apicem del-
toideum spiculiferum productis; spatha extima spiculis fasciculatis plus
minusve praedita; floribus masculis circiter 4 mm longis, calyce breviter
cyathiformi. Spadix foemineus rigidus, parte pedicellari spiculis densis
et basi confluentibus ac callosis praeditus, in plurimas approximatas in-
florescentias partiales, 10-15 cm longas, divisus; spicis majoribus 5-7
cm longis, utrinque 7- vel 8-floris ; involucrophoro obconico, 3-4 mm longo.
Fructus majusculi, sphaerici, breviter lateque rostrato mammillati, 22-24

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE PALMS, II.

037

mm dianietro, squamis per 18 ortliostichas ordinatis, stramineis, anguste
nitideque longitudinaliter sulcatis; semine irregulariter globoso, lb-1*
mm dianietro, minute tuberculoso et alveolate; fovea chalazae superficial!,
punctiforini, indistincta.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keitliley, Mrs. Clemens 1221, September, 1907.

Related to D. ochrolepis but easily distinguishable from this by its very
narrowly ensiform leaflets, and larger fruit, which are about the size of those of
D. calapparius, and among the largest in the whole genus.

Daemonorops Loherianus Becc. sp. noy.

Scandens, caudicibus vaginatis 2.5 cm dianietro; vaginae spiculis ni-
grescentibus, 5-10 mm longis, irregulariter oblique seriatis, armatae, in
ore nudae et inermes; frondium petiolus circiter 2o cm longus, wide
biconvexus, marginibus acutis, utrinque spinis ascendentibus obsessus,
rachis snperne spinulosa; cirrus elongatus gracilis; pars pinnifera ciicitei
1.3 m longa; segmentis numerosis aequidistantibus approximatis, angus-
tissime lanceolatis, apice acuminato-subulatis ; intermediis 20-23 cm
longis, 14-18 mm latis, supra secus nervos tres crebre setosis, subtus costa
media tantum setis longis sparsa. Spadix masculus inapertus, elongatus,
angustus, teres, 45 cm longus, 12 mm diametro, erectus, parte pedicellari
brevissima dense spinosa praeditus; spathis primariis 7 vel 8, per giadus
sensim decrescentibus ; spatha basilari acute bicarinata et secus caiinas
spiculis parvis radiatim fasciculatis praedita, apice rostro tenui spinuloso
terminata, caetero inermi, spathis superioribus etiarn rostratis et apice
spiculiferis, caeterum levibus. Flores masculi pro rata valde elongati et
angustissimi (8-10 mm longi, 1 mm crassi) ; calyce tubuloso, cylindraceo,
breviter 3-dentato; corolla calyce triple longiori, phyllis striatis, angustis-
simis, acuminatis. Spadix foemineus et fructus desiderantur.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Siva bundoc, Loher 1013, June, 1905, in Kew Her-
barium.

It is apparently related to the species of the group of D. lamprolepis of the
IHptospatha division. It is well characterized by the strongly biconvex petiole,
and more especially by the very slender and unusually long male flowers, the
tubular calyx, and also by the mouth of the leaf-sheaths being quite smooth and
entirely devoid of spines, bristles, or other kind of fringe.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Plate XXX. Normanbya Merrillii Becc. A tree cultivated in Manila, showing
habit. Photograph by Martin.

XXXI. Normanbya Merrillii Becc. Fig. 1, fruit, with the epicarp removed,
showing the fibers of the mesocarp; fig. 2, seed as seen from the
raphal side; fig. 3, seed, side view; fig. 4, seed, longitudinal sec-
tion; fig. 5, the same in cross section; fig. 6, male flower in bud;
fig. 7, male flower with one petal removed; fig. 8, fruiting perianth
as seen from above; fig. 9, the same, side view. All figures twice
natural size.

639

Beccaki : Notes on Philippine Palms, II.]

[Phil. Jouun. Sci., Vol. IV, No.

Plate XXX.— NORMANBYA MERRILLI Becc.

Bkccari : Notes on Philippine Palms, II.]

[Phil. JOurn. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 5.

Plate XXXI. — NORMANBYA MERRILLI Becc.

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF PHILIPPINE COMBRETACE^.

By E. D. .Merrill.

(Front the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,

Manila, P . I.)

This small group has been worked over chiefly with a view to clearing
np some points connected with the genus TertninaUa. some species of
which are of importance from a forestry standpoint, as the timber is at
least locally utilized to a greater or less extent. Four years ago I
published a key to the Philippine species of Terminalia,1 recognizing-
eleven species, the same number that is recognized in the following con-
sideration, although several of the species admitted in the previous paper
have been shown by additional material to lie invalid, and have here been
reduced. In the interim a single new species has been described, and a
second one is proposed below. Some changes in nomenclature have also
become necessary, and a few of the specimens previously referred to
certain species, due to misinterpretation of these, have now been referred
to their proper ones. Additional material is required to thoroughly work
out the relationships of the forms in the section Bialata, / ernt inahci
cala niaiisanai ( Blanco) Rolfe, and related forms, while as yet the flowers
of Tor hi Utahn quadrictlata are unknown. /. iiiagarapali \ id., a very
distinct species, judging from the very short description, has not as yet
been rediscovered.

Table showing the distribution of Indo-Malagan, Chinese, Formosan, and
Philippine Combrctacew.

(letiera.

Philip-

pines.

.

Formosa.

China.

Malay

Penin-

sula.

Malay

Archi-

pelago.

British

India.

4 i

1

1

‘4

2

10

11

18

2

1

2

2

2

1

1

i

2

2

3

Terminalia. ..

11

1

i

8

10

P2

Total ... - -

18

3

4

23

“

40 '

1 Publications of the Bureau of Government Laboratories 17 (1004) 31-36.

04 1

89217 4

642

MERRILL.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

Petals none, calyx-limb deciduous; trees 1. Terminalia

Petals 4 or 5.

Calyx-limb persistent; leaves alternate; trees of the mangrove swamps.

2. Lumnitzera

Calyx-limb deciduous; scandent shrubs.

Flowers small, the calyx-tube above the ovary less than 1 cm long.

3. Combretum

Flowers rather large, the calyx-tube above the ovary 4 to 6 cm long.

4. Quisqualis

1. TERMINALIA Linn.

I* luit ovoid, oblong, or elliptic, sometimes compressed, never winged, but in some
species keeled at the edges. § catapua.

Fruit ellipsoid, strongly compressed and keeled, about 5 cm long.... 1. 7. catappa
Fruit oblong, very slightly compressed and keeled, about 10 cm long.

2. T. mayarapali

I i uit slightly compressed, hardly keeled, 1.5 cm long or less; leaves glandular-

punctate J 3. T.edulis

Fruit not at all compressed or keeled.

Inflorescence of paniculate spikes 4. T.eomintana

Inflorescence of simple spikes; leaves glandular-punctate and with glands in
the axils of the nerves; petioles usually with from 1 to 3 glands.

Spikes rather strongly pubescent; leaves 10 to 18 cm long; fruits ellipsoid
or ovoid, not or very obscurely apiculate, about 5 cm long.

5. T. obcarpa

Spikes glabrous; leaves 7 to 12 cm long; fruits oblong-ovoid and strongly
apiculate or ovoid and scarcely apiculate, 4 cm long or less.

Petioles and midribs usually somewhat pubescent, the former with 3-1,
or no glands near the apex; fruits less than 2.5 cm long.

0. T. pellucida

Leaves entirely glabrous, very strongly shining and usually dark-brown
when dry, the petioles usually with two glands at about the middle;

fruits about 4 cm long, strongly apiculate 7. 7. nitens

bruit elliptic or narrowly elliptic, its edges produced into two broad, coriaceous
wings. § BIA LATA.

Inflorescence, young branches, petioles and under surfaces of the leaves softly
ferruginous-pubescent; fruit, including the wings, 0 cm wide.... 8. 7. blancoi

Leaves glabrous beneath 9. 7. calamansanai

bruit equally or subequally 2—3—4-winged, the wings less than 5 mm wide; leaves

ovate-elliptic to orbicular-elliptic; spikes panicled 10. 7. polyantha

Fruit equally 4-winged, the wings submembranaceous, 1 to 1.3 cm wide; leaves
oblong-obovate to elliptic-obovate, 15 to 25 cm long 11. 7. yuadrialata

1. Terminalia catappa Linn. Mant. (1771) 510; Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 2
(1878) 444; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 80; Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip)
17 (1904) 35.

7. latifolia Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 376, non Sw.

7. mauriiiana Blanco 1. c. ed. 2 (1845) 264, ed. 3, 2: 126, non Lam.

Throughout the Philippines at low altitudes, especially near the sea, and
somewhat cultivated as a shade tree. India to Malaya and Polynesia; planted in
most tropical countries.

REVISION OF PHILIPPINE COMBRETACEAL

643

Native names Talisay or Dalisay in most Philippine dialects; Sp.-Fil. Almen-
dras, corresponding to the “Indian almond” of English speaking people in the
east.

Terminalia polyantha Presl, which was previously reduced by me to this
species from the abridged description given by Miquel, is in no way allied to
T. catappa. The specimen reported as T. catappa from Mangsi Island, by A. Gray
in the “Botany of the Wilkes U. S. Exploring Expedition”, is T. littoralis Seem.,
and was doubtless wrongly localized on the label, as the species is a Polynesian one.
The sterile specimen reported also by Gray “from a small island in the Sooloo
Sea” as T. glabrata Forst. ?, may have been T. catappa, but I have seen no
specimen.

2. Terminalia magarapali Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) XXIV, t. 1/8, fig. C ;
Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 35.

T. procera F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 80, non Roxb.

Alabat Island, fide Vidal, specimen no longer extant, locally known as
M agarapali.

This species should prove to he a very distinct one, characterized especially
by its very large fruits, which are about 10 cm long. It has not as yet been
collected a second time.

3. Terminalia edulis Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 205, ed. 3, 2: 127; Vidal
Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 127; Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 33.

Terminalia angustifolia Blanco 1. c. ed. 1 (1837) 377, non Jacq.

Pentaptera mollis Presl Epim. Bot. (1852) 214.

Terminalia mollis Rolfe in Journ. Bot. 23 (1885) 312; Vid. Phan. Cuming.
Philip. (1885) 112, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 127.

Terminalia belerica F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 80; Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883)
t. 1,8, fig. II. non Roxb.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. liar. 11215 Klemme, For. Bur. 11/761, 11/811/
Darling, For. Bur. 17182 Curran: District of Bontoc, For. Bur. 17080 Curran:
District of Lepanto, Bur. 8ei. 7017 Ramos: Province of llocos Sur, For. Bur. 7116
Klemme: Province of Nueva Ecija, For. Bur. 81/30, 81/71 Curran: Province of
Nueva Vizcaya, For. Bur. 11/862, 11/867 Darling: Province of Zambales, For. Bur.
5000, 6830 Curran, Merrill 2068: Province of Pangasinan, Cuming 1001/ (cotype
of Pentaptera mollis Presl) : Province of Bulacan, For. Bur. 11187 Aguilar:
Province of Rizal, For. Bur. 1887, 31/11 Ahern's collector, Merrill 1626, 2283, Bur.
8ci. 2033 Ramos: Province of Bataan. Ahern 306, For. Bur. 1387, 1652 Borden:
Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 10 Ware, For. Bur. 601/0 Kobbe, Merrill 2588,
For. Bur. 10226, 10356, 10386 Curran: Province of Camarines, For. Bur. 101/81/,
10170 Curran, Ahern 1. Mindoro, For. Bur. 1,1/81, 711/2, 881,8, 0882 Merritt.
Palawan, For. Bur. 5187, 71,21 Manalo. Masbate, For. Bur. 12818 . 12657
Rosenbluth, Merrill 2750. Guimabas, For. Bur. 206 0 am mill. Mindanao, For.
Bur. 01/12, 01,88 Whitford d Hutchinson.

Native names: Calupi, Calusit, Alupi (Cagayan); Calautit (llocos); 8aca t .
Calamansali (Nueva Ecija); Calaotit (Nueva Vizcaya); Calumpit (Zambales.
Bataan, Rizal, Tayabas, Mindoro); Bisal (Bulacan); Cayumayen (Zambales);
Calumagon. Cotrnoc (Camarines); Burauis (Palawan); Magtalisay, Calumanog
(Masbate); Tayataya (Guimaras).

A widely distributed endemic species, yielding the timber commercially known
as Calumpit. With the abundant material cited above, I am no longer able to
distinguish Terminalia mollis (Presl) Rolfe from T. edulis Blanco. Young speci-
mens of Blanco’s species have exactly the same type of pubescence as has Presl’s,

MERRILL.

644

and a number of specimens among' those above cited show both softly pubescent
leaves and branchlets, and other more mature perfectly glabrous leaves on the
same branches. Mature plants are nearly glabrous throughout.

4. Terminalia comintana (Blanco) Merr. in Rhilip. .Journ. Sci. 4 (1009)
But. 300.

Bucida com intuna Blanco FI. Filip. ( 1 SB7 ) 850, ed. 2 (1845) 265, ed. 3. 2: 48.

Terminalia chebula F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 80, non Retz.

Terminalia multiflora Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 34.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, extending from northern
Luzon to Mindanao. For numerous specimens representing the species, see those
cited by myself I. c. Additional material is represented by the following:

Lrzov, Province of Cagayan. For. liar. 18^80 Alvarez: Province of Ilocos Sur,
For. liar. 13028 Faraiso : Province of Nueva Ecija, For. Bur. 1)310 Saroca.
Lkytk. For. Bur. 12766 Hosenbluth.

Native names: Lasila, Lasilac (Cagayan. Ilocos); Bang las (Nueva Ecija);
Bingas (Zambales) ; Alaytulopoi ( Pangasinan ) ; Xaghubo, Palauag, Saplungan
(llizal); Dinglas (Batangas); Baugias (Tayabas, Mindoro); Tiroron (Cama-
rines) ; Malatagum (Zamboanga); Batitinan ( Zambales. Zamboanga ) ; Batitinan-
babaye (Ticao) ; Bong as. Banyan (Leyte).

Terminalia polyant ha Presl, reduced to this species by me. with doubt, belongs
in a different section of the genus.

( eleb: s.

5. Terminalia oocarpa Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 32,
Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 103, sphalm. orocarpa.

Terminalia ellipsoidea Merr. I. c. 33.

Terminalia pellucida Merr. 1. c. pro parte.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur. 17176 Curran: Province of Ilocos Norte.
For. Bar. 13880 Merritt c£ Darling: Province of Rizal, Merrill 18211, For. Bur.
2!)!>2 Ahern's collector: Province of Bataan, For. Bur. 1216. 2075 Borden. Whit ford
3)7. Williams 687, For. Bur. 67 Barnes (type), For. Bur. 22)0, 2570 Meyer:
Province of Tayabas, Merrill 10)3, 1951, 1052, 28J)6, For. Bur. 1 .) Ware, Whit ford
8.20, For. Bur. 10.275 Curran, For. Bur. 11512 Whit ford : Province of (amarines,
For. Bur. 1063) Curran, Ahern 52. Mindoro, For. Bur. 3600, 11388 Merritt,
II hit ford 1)70, Merrill 21)8 (type of Terminalia ellipsoidea Merr.).

Native names: Dalinsi (Tayabas, Camarines) ; 8 a cat (Cagayan, Bataan);
Talisag del monte (Bataan); Talisay gubat (Mindoro); Calutit (Ilocos); 1 ta-
pa-tad (Rizal); Calumpit (Tayabas, Mindoro); Balinsil (Infanta); Malagabi
( Mindoro) .

This species is closely allied to ’Terminalia pellucida Presl, but is distinguished
by its larger leives, much larger fruits, and pubescent spikes. The abundant
material now available has lead me to reduce Terminalia ellipsoidea, as the
characters on which that species was based, do not appear to be constant.

Endemic.

6. Terminalia pellucida Presl Epim. (1852) 214; Vidal Phan. Cuming.
Philip. (1885) 112, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 127; Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ.

( Philip. ) 17 (1904) 35.

Luzon, Province of Zambales, For. Bur. 110)0 Xschokhe , Merrill 1755, 2105,
2001: Province of Pangasinan, Cuming 1030 (cotype), For. Bur. 8268 Curran <(•
Merritt, For. Bur. 1)351 1 illamil: Province of Pampanga. For. Bur. 5023 Curran.
Two specimens from Palawan, Bur. Sri. 7 52 Foxuorthy, For. Bur. )157 Curran,
may be referable here.

REVISION OF PHILIPPINE COMBRETACEiE.

645

Native names: Solo-solo (Pampanga) ; Sobo-sobo (Zambales) ; Saguet (Zam-
bales, Pangasinan ) ; Sacut, Aritongtong, Hakit (Zambales).

Endemic.

7. Terminalia nitens Presl Epim. (1852) 214; \ id. Phan. Cuming. Philip.
(1885) 112, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1880) 127; Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.)
17 (1004) 33, Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1000) Suppl. 103.

Terminalia belerica var. laurinoides F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 80, non Clarke.

Luzox, Province of Cagayan, Cuming 1326 (cotype) : Province of I locos Norte,
For. Bur. 13958 Merritt <6 Darling: Province of 1 locos Sur, For. Bur. 13023,
1301,8 Cara iso : Province of Zambales, HalHer , For. Bur. 0001, 5 911 Curran , Jot .
Bur. 8313 Curran & Merritt. For. Bur. 9608, 9611 Zschokke: Province of Rizal,
Merrill 2800, For. Bur. 10033 Curran, Bur. Sci. 203', Kamos: Province of Batangas.
For. Bur. 7631/ Curran & Merritt: Province of Bataan, For. Jiur. 1205, 151, 7, 1562,
1619, 1738, 3058 Borden, For. Bur. 221,1 Meyer, For. Bur. 61, Barnes, Whitford
393, Bur. Sci. 1565 Foxworthy: Province of Tayabas. For. Bur. 15261, Rosenbluth.
Mindoro, Whitford 11,79, For. Bur. 7 l',S Merritt. Palawan, For. Bur. 1,1,91,
Curran. Masbate, For. Bur. 12591, Rosenbluth, Whitford 1691. Mindanao.
District of Zamboanga, For. Bur. 921,0, 921,1, 9166 Whitford d Hutchinson.

Native names: Sacat (Bataan, Rizal, Tarlac, Mindoro, Batangas); Dalinsi
(Tayabas) ; Daminsil , Malagabi (Mindoro) ; Magtalisay (Masbate) ; M antalisay
(Zamboanga); Calautit, Calactit, Anaguep (llocos).

The last three species form a group of closely allied forms, but which are
distinguishable, 1 believe, by the characters indicated in the key. The present
species is usually distinguishable by its leaves being dark-brown and very shining
when dry, a character in which it differs strongly from the other two.

Endemic.

8. Terminalia blancoi sp. nov. § Bialata.

Terminalia mollis Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 34, non Presl.

Arbor usque ad 20 m alta, ramulis junioribus, foliis subtus, petiolis,
infloreseentiis, fructibusque ferrugineo-pubescentibus ; foliis chartaceis vel
subcoriaceis, elliptico-ovatis vel elliptico-obovatis, acuminatis, basi acutis,
usque ad 18 cm longis, nervis utrinque circiter 10, distinctis, petiolo
usque ad 4 cm longo; spiels simplicibus, axillaribus, foliis aequilongis;
floribus 5-meris; fructibus 3 cm longis, late 2-alatis, cum alis G cm
latis.

A tree 20 m liigb or less. Branches terete, brownish, the growing tips
thickened, ferruginous-pubescent, and with numerous petiolar scars, the
flowers and spikes crowded at the apices. Leaves chartaceous or subco-
riaceous, elliptic-ovate to elliptic-obovate, 9 to 18 cm long, 5 to 10 cm
wide, the base acute or acuminate, often slightly inequilateral, the apex
acuminate, the upper surface glabrous, or the midrib sometimes pubescent,
brown when dry and slightly shining, the lower surface paler, usually
rather densely and softly ferruginous-pubescent, the pubescence persist-
ing on specimens bearing mature fruits ; nerves about 10 on each side of
the midrib, distinct, obscurely anastomosing, the ultimate reticulations
fine, brown, distinct; petioles 1.5 to 4 cm long, usually with three or
four glands, these sometimes wanting. Spikes axillary, solitary, simple,
crowded with the leaves at the apices of the branches, about as long as

(>46

MERRILL.

the leaves, very densely ferruginous-pubescent. Flowers 5-merous, the
calyx densely pubescent inside and out, about 4 mm in diameter, the
lobes reflexed in anthesis, ovate. Stamens 10. Fruits ovate, slightly
pubescent, 3 cm long, including the two coriaceous rounded wings 6 cm
wide.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Merrill, Decades Philippine Forest Flora 2 (type),
207 Ahern’s collector, For. Bur. 3251, Ahern’s collector, Bur. Bci. 1009 Ramos,
Merrill 2835: Province of Benguet, Twin Peaks, Elmer 0395.

This species is probably the form mentioned by Blanco in the original descrip-
tion of Gimbernatia calamansanai, as differing from the original form, which was
collected in Laguna Province by Azaola, in its broader fruits, G. calamansanai
having fruits (including the wings) “mas de una pulgada de ancho v media de
alto,” while the other form mentioned has fruits up to two and one-half inches
wide. The specimens cited above seem to represent a form that is constantly
distinct from typical Terminalia calamansanai, recognizable by its much larger
leaves, larger fruits, and its pubescence. All the sheets from Rizal Province bear
the native (Tagalog) name Calamansacat .

!). Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfc in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21
(1*84) 310; Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 127; Merr. Govt. Lab. Publ.
(Philip.) 17 (1004) 35.

Gimbernatia calamansanai Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 266, ed. 3, 2: 120.

Terminalia alata F.-Vill. Nov. App, (1880) 80, non Kurz.

Terminalia parviflora Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 36, non
Presl.

This species presents several forms, which may eventually prove to be of
specific rank when more material is available for study and comparison. The
typical form is represented by specimens bearing fruits (including the wings)
about 4 cm wide, and 2 cm long, as in the following specimens :

Luzon, Province of Zambales, Merrill 2981, For. Bur. 5839 Curran: Province of
Bataan, Ahern 785. Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Ahern 329. For. Bur. 0900
Curran, specimen in flower, from Zambales, is probably also referable here.

Not being satisfied that the following two forms are specifically distinct, they
are here indicated as varieties of T. calamansanai :

Var. platypteris var. nov.

Differt a typo fructibus majoribus, cum alis circiter 2.5 cm longis,
7 ad 8 cm latis.

Luzon, Province of Zambales, Subic, For. Bur. 371 Maule, March, 1904, locally
known as Subo-subo.

Var. acuminata var. nov.

Differt a typo et var. praecedente fructibus longioribus, cum alis 3 ad
3.5 cm longis, 5 ad 5.4 cm latis.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas (Principe), Merrill 1007, August-September, 1902.

Endemic.

10. Terminalia polyantha Presl Epim. (1852) 213; Vidal Phan. Cuming.
Philip. (1885) 112, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 128.

Terminalia parviflora Presl 1. c. 214; Vidal 1. cc.

Luzon, Province of Zambales, For. Bur. 0950, 0980, 0989, 0990 Curran: Province
of Batangas, Cuming 11,39 (cotype of Terminalia parviflora). Mindoro. Cuming
1510 (cotype of Terminalia polyantha) .

REVISION OF PHILIPPINE COMBRETACEJ3.

647

This species, although remarkably uniform in vegetative and floral characters,
shows some variation in its fruits, which have from two to four wings, one of the
Cuming specimens showing 2- and 3-winged fruits on the same plant. From an
examination of cotypes of both of Presl’s species, before me, I am unable to
distinguish them, and hence have included both under the first specific name. In
my first consideration of Philippine Term inalia ~ both of the species described by
Presl were misinterpreted, as neither the original descriptions of the species, nor
cotype material was then available in Manila. T. polyantlia was reduced to
T. catappa, to which it is not at all closely allied, while the specimen refeixed to
T. parviflora does not represent that species. Later 3 T. polyantha was referred
by me with doubt to T. comintana, which it resembles strongly in its inflorescence,
and closely in its leaves, but which has entirely different fruits.

Endemic.

11. Terminalia quadrialata Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot, 301.
This species is represented by a number of specimens from southern Luzon,
Masbate, and Samar, but the flowers are as yet unknown. It is apparently
universally known as Toog in the regions in which it is found.

Endemic.

EXCLUDED SPECIES.

Terminalia arjuna Bedd.; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 80.

An Indian form, not known from the Philippines, and doubtless listed by
F.-Villar through a misconception of the species.

2. LUMNITZERA Willd.

Racemes axillary; flowers white; stamens as long as the petals 1 . L. racemosa

Racemes terminal; flowers scarlet; stamens twice as long as the petals.

2. L. lit tor ea

1. Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. in Ges. Naturf. Ir. Neue Schr. 4 (1803)
187; DC. Prodr. 3 (1828) 22; Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 2 (1878) 452;
Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 1 1 2 (1856) 606; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 81; King in Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. 66 2 (1897) 334; Vid. Sinopsis Atlas (1883) t. J,8, fig- C, Rev. PI.
Vase. Filip. (1886) 128.

Petaloma alba Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 344, ed. 2 (1845) 240, ed. 3, 2. 82;
Naves 1. c. ed. 3, t. 126.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 10381^ Curran, April, 1908. Cebu,
Bur. Sci. 1718 McGregor, September, 1906.

Native names Culasi (Tag.), ex Blanco; Labau (lag.).

In mangrove forests, apparently not very common in the Philippines. India
to Formosa, the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Madagascar, tropical Australia,
and Polynesia.

2. Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt Hort. Suburb. Calcut. (1845) 39;

Kurz Forest FI. Brit. Burma 1 (1877) 469.

Pyrranthus littoreus Jack Mai. Miscel. 2 (1822) 57.

Laguncularia purpurea Gaudich. Voy. Uranie (1826) 481, t. 104.

Lumnitzera purpurea Presl Repert. 1 (1834) 155; Sclium. & Lauteib. 11.

Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Siidsee (1901) 468; Merr. in Forest. Bureau (Philip.) Bull.
1 (1903) 155.

1 Publications of the Bureau of Government Laboratories 17 (1904) 31-36.

3 This Journal 4 (1909) Botany 300.

618

MERRILL

Lumnitzera coccinea W. & A. Prodr. 1 (1834) 316; Miq. FI. hid. Bat. 1‘
( 1856) 606; Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 2 (1878) 452; F.-Vill. Nov. App.
(1880) 80; \ id. Rev. PI. \ asc. Filip. ( 1886) 128; King, in dourn. As. Soc. Beng.
66 - (1897) 334.

Petaloma coccinea Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 345, ed. 2 (1845) 240, ed. 3. 2: 83.
Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Fur. 7083 Klemme: Province of Zambales,
Meitill 3082, tor. Fur. 0888 ( urron. Fur. Sci. 1,7 32 ltamos: Province of Tayabas,
Merrill 21,83, 2065, For. Fur. 1023), 10386. 10250 Curran, (Principe) Merrill
1J',6: Province of Sorsogon, For. Fur. 10506 Curran. Mindoro, Merrill 2305,
For. Fur. 51,27. 0807, 0802 Merritt. Culion, Merrill 583. Palawan, Fur. Sci.
266 Ferine jos, For. Fur. 3.711 Curran. Fur. Sci. 61 1, Foxworthy. Masbate, For.
Fur. 12660 Koscnbluth. For. Fur. 100), \ ('lark. Negros, For. Fur. 15013 Diehl. For.
Fur. .>603 Everett. Dinagat, Ahern 1,1,1. Basilan, For. Fur. 1,020 Hutchinson.
Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Ahern 501; District of Davao. Copeland 1323;
District of Zamboanga, For. Fur. 031,5, 01,36 Whit ford d Hutchinson.

Native names: Carifurog (Negrito, Cagayan) ; Lebato, Fasasic, lAbato, Agnaya ,
Aguia, Calapini, Culasi, Anilay, Colisiman (Tag.); Taboo, Duloc-duloc, Fuloc-
buloc, Saga-sa, Maoro (Vis.); Canting-panting (Moro).

In mangroves and beach forests throughout the Philippines, abundant. India
to the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago to New Guinea, tropical Australia, and
Polynesia. Lumnitzera pedicellata Presl of the Marianne and Marshall Islands
is doubtfully distinct.

3. COMBRETUM Linn.

Calyx-tube less than 3 mm long.

All parts glabrous or nearly so ]. C. acuminatum

Inflorescence and calyx-tubes very densely lepidote 2. C. squamosum

( alyx-tube elongated, at least 5 mm long.

Flowers in elongated spikes, the calvx-tubes only slightly puberulent.

3. C. extension

Flowers densely arranged at the ends of the panicle-branches, the calyx-tubes
rather densely puberulent 4. C. confusum

1. Combretum acuminatum Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) 28. FI. Ind. 2 (1832)
228; Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 2 (1878) 455; Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip.
(1885) 112, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 128; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 81.

Samar, Cuming 1681.

The range given for this species by Clarke, 1. c, is from the Transgangetic
Peninsula from Assam to Singapore, Ceylon, Madras Peninsula?, Malaya to the
Philippines, but he may have included more than typical Combretum acuminatum
Roxb. in his conception of the species. King4 does not include the species in his
"Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula” as occurring in the area covered
hy that work, nor does he mention it in his discussions of the accepted species.
As 1 have only a fragment of Cuming’s specimen, and no Indian material for
comparison, I am constrained to accept Clarke’s identification of Cuming’s specimen
for the present. The Philippine specimen seems, however, to differ from Rox-
burgh’s species, as described, in being quite glabrous.

As to the name of the species, Kurz5 accepts Combretum costaUum Roxh.. which
has page priority over C. acuminatum Roxb.

4 dourn. As. Soc. Beng. 66- (1897) 335-341.

1 Forest Flora of British Burma 1 (1877) 465.

REVISION OF PHILIPPINE COMBIlETACEiE.

649

2. Combretum squamosum Roxb. Hurt. Beng. (1814) 28, FI. Ind. 2 (18.12)
231; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I1 (1856) 607; Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 2 (1878)
456; F.-Yill. Nov. App. (1880) 81; Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 112, Rev.
PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 128; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906)' Suppl. 103;
King in Journ. As. Soe. Beng. 66- (1807) 339.

Combretum squamosum var. luzonicum Presl Epim. (1852) 216.

Combretum distillatorium Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 295.

Combretum laxum Blanco 1. c. ed. 2 (1845) 206, ed. 3, 2: 22; 1‘ .A ill. Nov. App.
(1880) 81. non Roxb.

Luzox, Province of Ilocos Sur, Cuming 1122: Province of Zambales, Hallicr
s. n. : Province of Nueva Ecija, For. Bur. 8501, Curran: Province of Pangasinan,
Bur. Sci. ',831 Ramos: Province of Ri/.al. Bur. Sci, 5 Foxworthy, Merrill 181,0,
For. Bur. 100 J .1 hern’s collector: Province of Bataan, Whitford 1032, For. Bur.
2301/. 2173 Meyer, Elmer 6713, For. Bur. 231,1, 2338 Borden. Cut.ion, Merrill
601,. Panay, Copeland s. n. Basilax, Hallier s. n.

Northern and eastern Bengal to Nepal, ( hittagong. the Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago.

3. Combretum extensum Roxb. llort. Beng. (1814) 28. 11. Ind. 2 (1832)
229; Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 2 (1878) 458; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
662 (1897) 337; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 300.

Palawan, Mount Pulgar, Bur. Sci. 51,7 Foxworthy. Mindoro, For. Bur. 1/071,
Merritt.

India to the Andaman Islands, the Malay Peninsula, and Java.

4. Combretum confusum Merr. & Rolfe in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot.
116.

Combretum sexalatum Merr. 1. c. 1 (1906) Suppl. 212. pro parte.

Luzon, Province of Rizal. For. Bur. 3130 Ahern’s collector, Bur. Sci. 1,60 7
Ramos.

An endemic species, closely allied to and possibly not specifically distinct from
Combretum sundaicum Miq. of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.

EXCLUDED SPECIES.

C. wallich it DC.; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 81.

C. OVALIFOLIUM Roxb. ; F.-Vill. 1. c.

C. micropetalum DC.; Llanos in Mem. Ac. Cienc. Madr. 4 (1859) 502.

C. rotun DIFOLIUM DC.; Llanos l. c.

None of the above species are represented by extant Philippine botanical
material, and all were doubtless credited to the Archipelago through misconcep-
tions of the species by F.-Villar and Llanos.

4. QU 1SQUALIS Linn.

Quisqualis indica Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2 (1762) 556; Presl Rel. Haenk. 2 (1830)
25; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 361, ed. 2 (1845) 254, ed. 3. 2: 109; Hook. f. FI.
Brit. Ind. 2 (1878) 459; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 81; Vid. Cat. PI. Prov.
Manila (1880) 30, Sinopsis Atlas (1883) t. 1,8, f. D, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885)
112, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 128; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 1 1 (1855) 610; King
in Journ. As. Soc. Beng 66 2 (1897) 342; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906)
Suppl. 103. 3 (1908) Bot. 422.

(J. spinosa Naves in Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 3, t. 133.

Q. malabqrica F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 81. non Bedd.

(J. densi flora F.-Vill. 1. c. non Wall.?

MERRILL.

65( )

Babuyanes, Camiguin Island, Bur. Sci. 3958 Ftnix. Luzon, Province of Ca-
gayan, For. Bur. 18610 Klemme, Bur. Sci. 7930 Ramos : Province of Isabela. Bur.
8ci. 312 7 M earns, For. Bur. 18582, 18587 Alvarez, Bur. Sci. 8069 Ramos: Province
of Zambales, Merrill 1746, Cuming 1197: Province of Nueva Ecija, Merrill 276:
Province of Bataan, For. Bur. 1497 Ahern’s collector, Bur. Sci. 952 Mangubat,
\\ hit ford 39, 1287: Manila, Normal School 169 Nunez: Province of Rizal, For.
Bur. 2907 Ahern’s collector, Merrill 1676, 2324, Bur. Sci. 3300 Ramos: Province
of Tayabas, Gregory 89, Whitford 7 06, For. Bur. 6611 Kobbc, Bur. Sci, 2357
M earns: Province of Cainarines, Ahern 179, 290: Province of Albav, Bur. Sci.
6418 Robinson. Mindoro, Merrill 913, 2216, 2464, McGregor 157. Ticao, For.
Bur. 1053, 2536 Clark. Cebu, Barrow 9. Mindanao, Lake Lanao, ,1/rs Clemens
278.

Native names: Tal-lolong (11.) ; Talulong (Cag.) ; Tortoraoc (Zamb.); Tan-
golon, Niogniogan, Tangolo (Tag.); Bonor, Tangolan (Vis).

Widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, and occasionally'
cultivated for ornamental purposes. India (cultivated), to Burma, southern
( liina and Formosa, the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago to New Guinea;
cultivated in other tropical countries.

L1CHENES 1NSULARUM PH1L1PP1N ARUM, 1.

By E. A. Wainio.

( Helsingfors , Finland.)

I DISCOIJCHENES.

A. CYCLOCARPEAE.

Trib. 1. PARMELIEAE.

1. EUMITRIA Stirt.

Axis chondroideus thalli late tubulosus, stratum myelohyphicum, ex
hyphis baud conglutinatis formatum, continens.

1. E. endorhodina Wain. sp. nov.

Strato gonidiali roseo et reactionibus thalli dignota. Thallus e rectus,
long. circ. 80 mm, rigidus, stramineo-glaucescens, teres, apices et basin
versus laevigatus, ceterum totus verruculis minutissimis (circ. 0.15—0.1
mm latis), apice stramineis, esorediatis, creberrimis instructis, sat in-
crebre dichotome ramosus, ramis adventitiis spinulaeformibus, circ. 1-5
mm longis et 0.2 mm crassis ornatus. Stratum gonidiale crebre con-
textum, tenue, roseum, primum subalbidum, KHO intensius rubescens.
Axis chondroideus tubulosus, IvHO intense lutescens, stratum myelohy-
phicum laxissime contextum, KHO lutescens, continens.

Luzon, prov. Benguet, Pauai, liur. Sci. Jf5J/3 p. p. M earns, alt. 2100 m s. m.
Ad corticem Pini insularis Endl. Ster.

2. E. endochroa Wain. sp. nov.

Var. papillata Wain.

Thallus verruculis esorediatis instructus. Strato gonidiali albido-
stramineo a specie praecedente differt. Thallus erectus, long. circ. 90-
130 mm, rigidus, glauco-stramineus, teres, apices et basin versus laevigatus,
ceterum totus verruculis minutissimis (circ. 0.1 mm latis), apice stra-
mineis, esorediatis, creberrimis instructus, increbre dichotome et partim
sympodialiter ramosus, ramis adventitiis spinulaeformibus, circ. 2-12 mm
longis, circ. 0.2 mm crassis ornatus, jodo non reagens. Stratum gonidiale

051

652

WAI.XIO.

teinie, erebre contextum, albido-stramineum, KHO lutescens, dein auran-
tiaco-i'ulvescens. Axis chondroideus tubulosus, KIIO parum lutescens,
stratum myelohyphicum laxissime contextual, KHO leviter lutescens,
continens. E. trullifera (Nvl.) Wain. (Tsnea Nvl. apud Croinb., Lich.
('hall. Exp. (1878) 224) strato gonidiali stramineo roseo-maculato oete-
risque notis ah hac varietate secundum specimen orig. in herb. \vl. differt.

Luzon, prov. Laguna, mims Banajao, For. Bur. 7 991 p. p. Curran <(- Merritt:
prov. Le panto, mens Data, Merrill 1,990 p. p., alt. 2100 m s. m. Ad truncos
arboruni. 8ter.

Var. farinosa Wain.

'Phallus verruculis deni um soralia parvula formantibus, crebris in-
structus. Stratum gonidiale stramineum aut deinutn sulphureum, KIIO
leviter lutescens, dein aurantiaco-fulvescens. Axis chondroideus tubu-
losus, KIIO parum lutescens, stratum myelohyphicum laxissime con-
textum, KHO leviter lutescens, continens. Apothecia circ. 4-5 mm lata,
disco carneo-pallido, tenuiter pruinoso, margine spinuloso, spinulis nume-
rosis, excipulo subtus laevigato. Hypothecium stramineum. Epithecium
stramineum, granulosum. Sporae distichae, ellipsoideae, apicibus rotun-
datis, decolores, simplices, long. 0.008-0.001), crass. 0.005-0.007 mm.
Asci jodo caerulescentes.

Luzon, prov. Laguna, mons Banajao, For. Bur. 791)1 p. p. Curran d Merritt.
Ad truncum arboris. Fert.

2. USNEA (Dill.) Pers.

1. U. florida (L.) Wain.

Var. subcomosa Wain. (Addit. Licli. Antill.)

Stratum myelohyphicum erebre contextum, KHO intense lutescens.
Axis chondroideus crassitudine mediocris.

Luzon, prov. Lepanto, mons Data. Merrill 1,1)05, alt. 2100 m s. m. In arboribus
Fert.

2. U. perplexans (Stirt.) Wain.

Stratum myelohyphicum erebre contextum, KHO lutescens, dein ru-
bescens. Axis chondroideus crassitudine mediocris.

Luzon, prov. Benguet, Baguio, cum For. liar. 15021: Curran. Ad Finum
insularem Endl. Ster.

•1. U. australis Fr. (I . cinchonartnn ( F£e) Wain.)

Forma subinermis Wain. (fitud. Licli. Br6s. 1:7)

I hallus erectus, increhre dichotome ramosus, ramulis adventitiis parcis
aut fere null is, erebre verruculosus. Stratum myelohyphicum laxe con-
textum, KIIO lutescens, dein rubescens. Axis chondroideus tenuis.

Luzon, prov. Benguet, Pauai, Bur. Sci. 1,51,2 p. p. M earns, alt. 2100 m a. m.:
Prov. Laguna, mons Banajao, For. Bar. 7991 p. p. Curran d Merritt. Ster.

LIOHENES INSULAltUM PHILIl'PINARUM, I.

653

4. U. pycnoclada Wain. sp. nov.

'Phallus fruticulosus, erectus, long. eirc. 1 rt— 35 min, sat mollis, stra-
mineus aut demum partim pallido-stramineus, tores, apioem versus cre-
berrime iteratim dichotome ramosus, ceterum minus crebre iteratim
dichotome et sympodialiter ramosus, ramis primariis 1-0.5 mm erassis et
maxima parte creberrime cartilagineo-verruculosis, verrueulis angustis-
simis, ramis superioribus laevigatis, apices versus soraliis numerosis aut
parcis instructus, ramis adventitiis nullis. Stratum myelohvphicum
laxissime contextum, KHO non reagens. Axis chondroideus tenuis, neque

K HO, nee jodo reagens.

Luzon, prov. Laguna, mens Banajao, cun. For. Bur. 7999, 8000 Curran &
Merritt.

5. U. philippina Wain. sp. nov.

Var. primaria Wain.

Stratum myelohyphicum KHO non reagens. Tballus pendulus, demum
elongatus (200 mm excedens), parum rigidus, stramineus aut glam es-
eenti-sti amineus, teres, increbre aut sat increbre iteratim dichotome
ramosus, axillis vulgo patentissimis, ramis primariis 1. 5-0.6 mm erassis,
laevigatas, partim cortice increbre aut crebre annulato-diffraeto, ramis
adventitiis et sored i is destitutes. Stratum myelohyphicum bene evolu-
tion, ex hvphis crebre eontextis formatum, KHO non reagens. Axis
chondroideus crassitudine mediocris (mesinus), KHO non reagens, jodo
demum intense caerulescens.

LUZON, prov. Lepanto, mons Data, Merrill ',082, alt- 2100 n, s. m. A<1 Finum
insularem Endl. Ster.

Yar. M earns ii Wain.

Stratum myelohyphicum KHO lutescens. Tballus apicibus filiformi-
bus, tenuioribus quam in var. primaria,, ramis piimaiiis O.i O.o mm
erassis. Axis chondroideus jodo distincte (at baud intense) caerulescens.
I Tahiti! haec species est similis U. intercalari Krempelh., at defectu sore-
diorum et reactionibus ab ea differens.

Luzon, prov. Benguet, Pauai, Bur. 8ci. M earns, alt. 2100 m s. m. Ad

Finum insularem Endl. Ster.

6. U. trichodea Ach.

U. ciliata (Mull. Arg.) Wain. V. trichodea var. ciliata Miill. Arg. Lich. Beitr.
(El. 1875) n. 43, hand Xeuropogon melaxanthus var. ciliatus Nyl. Licli. No\. Zd.
( 18157) 245 (=var. sphacelata R. Br.)

Tballus pendulus, demum elongatus, flexilis, stramineo-glaucescens aut
albido-glauceseens, teres, sympodialiter et increbre dichotome ramosus,
ramis primariis 0.7-0.3 mm erassis, laevigatus aut passim parce verru-
eulis parvis instructus (aut in specimine orig. cortice demum annulato-
diffraeto), sorediis destitutus, ramis adventitiis circ. 1-18 mm longis,

WAINIO.

7

654

squarrosis partim abundanter instructus. Stratum myelohyphicum ex
hypliis crebre contextis formatum, KHO lutescens, dein mox rubescens,
jodo non reagens. Axis chondroideus crassitudine mediocris (mesinus),
jodo non reagens. Heactionibus cum specimine orig. congruens.

Luzon, prov. Batangaa, For. Bur. 7812 Curran & Merritt. In minis arborum.
Ster.

Var. rubiginosa (Ilepp).

I . longissima b. rubiginosa Hepp in Zolling. Syst. Verzeichn. (1854) 7; Mont,
et v. <]. Bosch Lich. Jav. (1856) 2.

fj. trirhodea v. rubiginosa Miill. Arg. Lich. Beitr. (FI. 1878) n. 84.

Phallus saepe crassior, faeile rubescens. Thallus pendulus, demum
elongatus, sat frag il is, strain ineo-glaucescens, in humiditate faeile rubes-
cens, teies, sympodialiter et increbre dichotome ramosus, ramis primariis
1-0. d mm crassis, laevigatas et passim parce verruculis parvis instructus
et in ramis primariis cortice vulgo areolato aut annulato-diffracto, sore-
diis dest i tutus, ramis adventitiis circ. 3-15 mm longis, squarrosis abun-
danter Jnstructus. Stratum myelohyphicum ex hypliis crebre contextis
formatum, KHO lutescens, dein mox rubescens. Axis chondroideus cras-
situdine mediocris (mesinus), facile rubescens, jodo non reagens. Cum
specimine, in Java a Kurz lecto, in herb. Nyl. (n. 36472) etiam reactio-
nibus congruens.

Lezox, prov. Bataan, La mao, For. Bur. 75.10 Curran. In arbore. Ster.

7. U. squarrosa Wain. sp. nov.

Phallus pendulus, demum elongatus, sat Hexilis aut leviter fragilis,
stramineus aut glaucescenti-strara incus, teres, sympodialiter et increbre
dichotome ramosus, ramis primariis 1-0.4 mm crassis, partim laevigatus,
partim plus minusve increbre verruculosus, verruculis parvis et saepe
parum prominentibus, circ. 0.001 mm latis, stramineis, in ramis primariis
cortice vulgo annulato-diffracto, sorediis destitutus, ramis adventitiis circ.
1-22 mm longis, circ. 0.2-0.15 mm crassis, squarrosis abundanter in-
structus. Stratum myelohyphicum ex hypliis crebre contextis formatum,
sat tenue, KHO lutescens, dein rubescens, jodo non reagens. Axis chon-
droideus sat crassus (pachynus), solidus aut interdum demum poro tenui
medullam laxam continente instructus, jodo caerulescens. Apothecia
lateralia aut subterminalia, circ. 3-4 mm lata, disco livido-caesio aut
carneo-pallido, vulgo bene pruinoso, margine spinulis numerosis aut paucis
aut nullis ornato, excipulo subtus laevigato. Sporae 8-nae, ellipsoideae
aut subgloboso-ellipsoideae, simplices, decolores, long. 0.008-0.009, crass.
0.005-0.008 mm. Habitu similis est U. trichodeae Ach., cujus thallus
jodo non reagens et stratum myelohyphicum KHO baud distincte reagens
secundum specimen orig. e Nova Scotia in herb. Ach.

Mindanao, (’astra Keithley prope lacum Lanao, Mary Strong Clemens 1308-
prov. Zamboanga, Port. Banga, For. Bur. 0300 Whit ford & ' Hutchinson. In
arboribns. Fert.

LICHENES INSULARUM PHILIPPINARUM, I.

655

8. U. longissima Ach.

Var. typica Wain.

Stratum myelohyphicum thalli KHO non reagens ; axis cliondroideus
pachynus, jodo caerulescens.

Luzon, prov. Lepanto, mons Data, cum Merrill 4644, alt* 2100 m s. m. : prov.
Benguet, Pauai, Bur. Sci Mearns, alt. 2100 m s. m. In arboribus. Ster.

Var. misamisensis Wain.

Thallus paullo magis fragilis quam in f. typica. Stratum myelohy-
phicum KHO lutescens. Axis cliondroideus jodo caerulescens. Apothe-
cia circ. 2-0.7 mm lata, disco concavo aut piano, carneo-pallido, tenuiter
pruinoso, margine ramulis numerosis ornato, excipulo subtus laevigato.
Sporae 8-nae, ellipsoideae aut subgloboso-ellipsoideae, long. 0.008-0.009,
crass. 0.005—0.006 mm.

Mindanao, prov. Misamis, mons Malindang, For. Bur. JfiOl Mearns <€ Hutchin-
son. Luzon, prov. Lepanto, mons Data, cum Merrill 4944, alt. 2100 m s. m. In
arboribus. Fert.

9. U. furcata Wain. sp. nov.

Var. communis Wain.

Stratum myelohyphicum laxe contextum. Thallus pendulus, demum
elongatus, flexilis aut sat mollis, stramineus aut stramineo-pallidus, teres,
sat increbre iteratim dichotome et partim parceque sympodialiter ramosus,
ramis primariis 1.5— 0.5 mm crassis, apicibus filiform i-attenuatis vulgo
elongatis, laevigatus, leviter nitidus, sorediis destitutus, ramis adventitiis
nullis. Stratum myelohyphicum ex hypliis laxe contextis formatum,
KHO lutescens, dein rubescens, jodo non reagens. Axis cliondroideus
tenuis (leptinus) jodo non reagens. Apothecia lateralia aut subtermi-
nalia, 5. 5-1. 5 mm lata, disco carneo-pallido aut testaceo-livido, tenuiter
stramineo-pruinoso, margine spinulis numerosissimis aut paucis instructo,
excipulo subtus laevigato. Sporae 8-nae, disticbae, simplices, decolores,
ellipsoideae aut subgloboso-ellipsoideae, long. 0.008-0.011, crass. 0.006-
0.008 mm. Hymenium jodo intense caerulescens. Kamificatione thalli
et habitu similis est U. dichotomae Fr., quae secundum specimen n. 36452
in herb. Nyl. (ex herb. Deless.) thallo parce soredioso et KHO non
reagente ab ea differt. U. fragilis Wain, et U. flexilis Stirt. thallo sym-
podialiter ramoso ab ea distinguuntur.

Luzon, prov. Lepanto, mons Data, Merrill 4990, alt. 2100 m s. m. : prov.
Benguet, Pauai, Bur. Sci. 4543 p. p. Mearns: prov. Tayabas, mons Banajao, For.
Bur. 7999 Curran & Merritt: prov. Z timbales, mons Tapulao, For. Bur. 8167
Curran <C- Merritt. Negros, mons Canlaon, Banks s. n. In arboribus. Fert.

Var. marivelensis Wain.

Stratum myelohyphicum partim laxe, partim crebre contextum, KHO
lutescens, dein mox rubescens, jodo ngn reagens. Axis chondroideus
tenuis, jodo non reagens. Thallus ramis primariis 2-0.2 mm crassis.
U. Vriesiana Mont, et v. d. Bosch jam reactione thalli ab hac planta differt.

Luzon, prov. Bataan, mons Mariveles, Merrill 3685. In arbore. Fert.

650

WAIXIO.

3, OROPOGON Tli. Fr.

1. O. loxensis (F0e) Tli. Fr.

Forma fuscescens Wain.

Habitu et colore tlialli AJeetoriae divergenti (Ach.) similis. 'I'lmllus
luseescens, nitidus, poris parcis, subclausis rimaeformibusque, stratis
cortical i bus neque K HO, nec ( ’aClJ )a reagentibus, medulla laxissima et
cavernosa KHO distincte lutescente. Thallus etiam in f. isabellina
Wain, eodem modo reagens (b. e. in forma tvpica, thallo isabellino-
pallescente instructa).

Luzon, prov. Lepanto, mons Data, cum Morrill J.v.j alt. 2100 m s. m. In
arboribus. Ster.

4. RAMALINA Ach.

I. R. pollinaria (Westr.) Acli.

Var. insularis Wain.

Suhsimilis var. inttrmediae (Xyl.) et R. sco purine Wain., at thallo
slriis medullaribus parcis parvisque instructo. Thallus long. circ. 20-25
mm. crebre dichotome fastigiato-ramosus, raniis primariis 1-0.5 mm latis,
apicibus sensim ant inaequaliter attenuate, tenuibus, vulgo obtusis, sora-
liis parvis apicem versus instructus, erectus, compressus, leviter longitros-
sum corrugatus ant abrupte subcanaliculatus, pallido-stramineus, leviter
nitidus, coitice tenui et partini fere semipellucidus. Stratum medullare
Kilt) non reagens. I’arum differt a specimine orig. R. intermediae
(Del.) Xyl.

I'ltiAN. (Archipel. Sulu), Morrill 5J,05. In arbusto. Ster.

-• R. gracilenta Ach.

\ar. torulosa Xyl. (A', uracilenta f. torulosa Xyl. Hec. Mon. Itamal. ( 1S70) 20).

Secundum specimen orig. n. 37196 in herb. Xyl. thallus striis medul-
laiilms stramineis, brevibus, saepe prominentibus crebre ornatus. Sporae
fusiformi-oblongae, apicibus sat obtusis, long. 0.011-0.015, crass. 0.004-
0.005 mm, observante Xyl.

Ad corticem arbor is prope Manilam lectn a (latidiohand. Fcrt.

3. R. linearis (S\v.) Mtill. Arg.

In mhoribus in monte, alt. 000 m s. in., in prov. Benguet, insula Luzon, lecta
a Wallis (secundum specimen in lierB. meo), Ster.

4. R. subfraxinea Xyl.

1 hallos laciniis elongatis, canalieulatis, striis medullaribus oblongis
ct ellipsoideis, leviter aut paruni prominentibus praesertim interne orna-
tus, canaliculatus, medulla KHO non reagente. Laciniae elongatae, long,
usque ad 10 cm, statura sicut in var. subcanaliridnta Xvl., at sporae rectac
aut ]>arce ohliquae, apicibus obtusis, long. 0.10-0.013, crass. 0.004-0.005
mm.

In arboribus in insulin Philippines secundum specimen a Llanos lectum in
herb. meo. Fert.

LICHENES INSULA HUM PlllLIUPINARUM, 1.

657

5. R. vittata Nyl. 1. c. 62.

Secundum specimen n. 36971 in herb. Nyl. in insulis Philippinensibus a
Cuming lecta. Fert.

5. CETRARIA (Ach.) Th. Fr.

1. C. straminea Wain. sp. nov.

Thallus strainineus aut glaucescenti-stramineus et passim nigricanti-
variegatus, leviter nitidus, laevigatas aut passim parcissime stigmatoideo-
punctatus, iutus alb us, irregular iter laciniatus lobatusque, laciniis cire.
25-5 min latis, apice rotundatis, adpressus, apicibus saepe leviter adsccn-
( lentil) us, isidiis et sored i is destitutes, margine passim parce ciliato et
pycnoconidangiis sessilibus aut aj)ieibus spinulorum atlixis ornato, subtus
nigricans, sat nitidus, pseudocyphellis albis, minutis, parum impressis,
crebre punctatus, ceterum laevigatas, rbizinis parcissimis instruct us,
IvHO superne non reagens, iutus leviter lutescens, dein leviter rubescens,
CaCl202 non reagens, his solutionibus unitis superne leviter lutescens,
intus leviter rubescens. Statura tlialli subsimilis Parmeliae perlatae.
Herbario Nylanderi haec species deest.

Luzon, prov. Laguna, nions Banajao, For. Bur. 1088 Curran rf Merritt. Ad
truncum arboris. Ster.

6. PAR ME LI A (Ach.) De Not.

1. P. (sect. Amphigymnia) perlata Kraempelh.

Thallus margine sorediosus, medulla KHO lutescente et, addito
CaCl202, rubesccnte.

Mindanao, Castra Keithley prope lacum Lanao, Clemens 1300: prov. Zam-
boanga. Copeland “C”. Tn rupe. Ster.

2. P. Zollingeri Hepp in Zolling. Syst. Verz. (1854) 6; Mont. & v. d. Bosch
Lich. Jav. (1856) 16, (baud Hue Lich. Extra-Eur. 207).

F. saccatiloba Nyl. FI. (1885) 608 (hand Tayl. in Hook. Journ. Bot. (1847)
174, second. Mull. Arg. Lich. Beitr. n. 1353, et Hue 1. c. 206).

Thallus sorediis et ciliis et isidiis destitutes, KHO superne et intus
lutescens, 0ad202 noil reagens, at bis solutionibus unit is intus U\ib i
rubescens. Coll. Zollinger n. 1241 secundum 4 specim. in herb. Nyl.
cum speciminibus Philippinensibus congruens ; medulla tlialli in n. 35340
et 35546 KHO lutescens, in n. 35329 et 35331 primum lutescens, dein

dilute fuscescenti-fulvescens.

Luzon, prov.
Copeland “M”.
1328. Camigiin

Benguet, For. Bur. 13021 Curran: prov. Bataan, nions Mariveles,
Mindanao, Castra Keithley prope lacum Lanao, Clemens 131.'f,
(Babuyanes), Bur. Sci. J,1Vt Fenix. Ad truncos arborum. Fert.

3. P. n ilgherrensis Nyl.

Thallus margine ciliatus et sorediosus. Medulla neque KHO, nec
CaCl202 reagens, at bis reagentiis unitis rubescens.

Luzon, prov. Lepanto, mons Data, Merrill IflM, alt. 2100 m s. m. : prov.
Benguet, Baguio, For. Bur. 1562Jf Curran. Ad truncos Pini insularis Endl. Ster.

89217 5

658

WAINIO.

4. P. corniculans Nyl. Kl. (1886) 607.

Medulla thalli lieque KIIO, nee CaUl202 reagens, at his solutionibus
oiiilis intense nibescens. Thallus isidiis et sorediis destitutes, margine
bene ciliato. Apothecia perforata, margine plus minusve dentato cilia-
toque, excipulo subtus laevigato aut rugoso.

Luzon, prov. Zambales, For. Bur. 8161 Curran d Merritt: prov. Benguet, mons
Tonglon, Bur. Sci. 51,89 Ramos. Mindoro, mons Halcon, Merrill 5738. A<1

truncos arborum et in rupibus. Fert.

5. P. Merrillii Wain. sp. nov.

Ihallus superne sordide albidus aut glaucescenti-albidus, praesertim
centrum versus et ad margines etiam nigricanti-variegatus, intus albus,
subtus totus ater aut raro parti m ad ambitum pallidus, laciniis circ.
30—10 mm la t i s, irregtdariter lobatis, lobis nonnullis apice rotundatis
subintegrisque, ceterum margine profunde dentata et laciniata, dentibus
lacinulisque saepe 1-10 mm longis, 0.3-0.8 (-1) mm latis, simplicibus
aut fuicatis, sat acutis aut apice angustato, planis aut superne convexis,
sat laxe affixes, lobis saepe partim contortis at plus minusve imbricatis
adscendentibusve, ceterum sat laevigatus, margine passim parce aut sat
parcc ciliato, ciliis 3-0.5 mm longis, nigris, simplicibus, sorediis et isidiis
destitutus, subtus rhizinis brevibus, nigris passim parcissime instructus,
KIIO superne lutescens, intus leviter lutescens, CaCl202 non reagens,
at his solutionibus unitis intus leviter rubescens. Apothecia mediocria’
circ. 5-8 mm lata cupuliformia, subpedicellata aut sessilia, imperforata
aut raro demum minute perforata, disco rufo aut testaceo-rufescente,
undo, opaco aut nitido, margine tenui, minute papilloso-denticulato aut
paice lacinulato, baud ciliato, excipulo subtus sat laevigato aut leviter
luguloso. Hymenium circ. 0.1 mm crassum, ascis solis jodo caerules-
ccntibus. Sporae 8-nae, distichae, simplices, decolores, ellipsoideae, long.
0.019—0.030, crass. 0.011—0.017 mm, membrana 0.003 mm crassa, exosporio
et endosporio sat distincto, apicibus rotundatis. Conceptacula pvcnoco-
nidiorum thallo ambitum versus immersa, apice atro parum emergente.
Pycnoconidia hand bene cognita (unum subbifusiforme, rectum, '"long.'
0.007, crass. 0.0007 mm, inter sterigmata male evoluta vidi). Habitu
similis est P. disparili Nyl., quae lacinulis subtus albidis et medulla
CaCl202 non reagente et thallo ciliis destitute secundum specimen orig.
n. 35103 in herb. Nyl. ab ea disinguitur.

Luzon, prov. Zambales, Bur. Sci. 5156 Ramos, For. Bur. 8177 Curran d
Merritt: prov. Benguet, mons Tonglon, Bur. Sci. 51,93 Ramos. Mindoro, mons
Halcon, Merrill 6163, alt, 2400 m s. m. Ad truncos. Fert,

6. P. coralloidea (Mey. & Flot.) Wain, fitud. Lich. Br4s. 1: 33.

Thallus isidiosus, medulla alba, KHO non reagente, CaCl.,0., rubes-
cente.

Mindanao, t astra Keithley prope lacum Lanao, cum Clemens 1319. Ad trun
cum arboris. Ster.

LICHEN ES INSULARUM PHILIPPINARUM, I.

659

7. P. latissima Fee var. cristifera (Tayl.) Hue.

Thallus ciliis desti tutus, intus KHO lutescens, dein nibescens.

Mindanao, prov. Davao, Copeland 1219. Ad truncum arboris. Ster.

8. P. Clandelii (Harm.) Wain, in Schmidt FI. Koh Chang Licli. (1909) 337.

Yar. Clemensae Wain. var. nov.

Thallo subtus late dcnudato, passim rhizinis brevibus et papillis crebris
instructo et margine parcissime ciliato a P. Clandelii differens et ad P.
latissimam accedens. Thallus margine sorediosus, KHO superne lutes-
eens, intus lutescens, dein rubescens. Apothecia cupuliformia, breviter
pedicellata, imperforata, disco testaceo, nudo, margine subintegro aut
crenato, ciliis destituto, excipulo subtus laevigato, soredioso (sporis baud
juvenilibus) . Pycnoconidia lageniformi-subfusiformia aut parce sub-
bifusiformia, recta, long. 0.007—0.005, crass. 0.0007 mm.

Mindanao, Castra Keithley prope lacum Lanao, Clemens 1319, 1311f p. p., 1328
p. p. Ad truncos arborum. Fert.

9. P. (Irregularis) cetrata Acli.

Mindanao, prov. Davao, mons Apo, Copeland 1090 p. p., alt. 1800 in s. m. Ad
truncum arboris. Ster.

10. P. manilensis Wain. sp. nov.

Thallus albidus aut glaucescenti-albidus, intus albus, interne niger,
laciniis circ. 8-3 mm latis, inaequaliter dilatatis, basi vulgo valdc
angustatis, irregulariter inaequaliterque lacinulatis, apice rotundato-di-
latato aut anguloso-lacinulato angustatoque, adpresso aut leviter adscen-
dente, sorediis et isidiis destitutes, vulgo sat laevigatus, cortice continuo
aut centrum versus fortuito rimosus, subtus partiin rugulosus, usque ad
marginem rhizinis crebris, sat brevibus, 0.5-0. 7 mm longis, nigris, saepe
ramulosis, tenuibus instructus, KHO superne lutescens et demum ful-
vescens, intus non reagens, CaCl202 non reagens, his solutionibus unitis
intus non reagens. Apothecia numerosa et partim crebra mediocria aut
minora, circ. 3.5-2 mm lata, primum cupuliformia, dein applanata
peltataque, basi bene constricta, sessilia, imperforata, disco rufo, nudo,
nitido, margine sat tenui, din involute, subintegro aut leviter tisso, ciliis
destituto, excipulo extus laevigato. Paraphyses increbre ramoso-con-
nexae, tubulis tenuibus, membranis gelatinoso-incrassatis, ceterum in-
distincte limitatis, at apicibus rufescenti-clavatis distincte limitatis.
Epithecium rufeScens, gelatina cuticulari fere decolore. Sporae 8-nae,
disticliae, simplices, decolores, ellipsoideae, apicibus rotundatis, membrana
0.001 mm crassa, long. 0.02-0.013, crass. 0.01-007 mm. Jodo asci
soli caerulescentes. P. macro car poides Wain, apotheciis subpedicellatis et
vulgo perforatis, P. subtiliacea Kyi. rhizinis parcis et thallo superne
calcareo-glaucescente et P. fecunda Hue sporis minoribus ab hac specie
differunt.

Luzon, prov. Benguet, mons Tonglon, Bur. Sci. 51/82a Itamos. Ad saxa. Fert.

WAINLO.

660

11. P- Hookeri Tayl. in Hook. .Tourn. Hot. (1847) 169; Wain. Cat. Welw.
Afr. PI. Lich. (1901) 400.

Thallus isidiosus, KUO superne lutescens, iiitus lutescens et demum
rubescens, CaCl20., non reagens. P. mciphora Nyl. Lich. Guin. 45,
t hallo majore ah hac specie differt.

Luzon, prov. Bengtiet, Baguio, For. Bur. 15626 Curran. Ad truncum Pint
insularis Endl. Ster.

12. P. (sect. Sublinearis) americana (Mey. Plot.) Mont.; Wain. Licli.
Nov. Bar. I, Hedwigia (1899) 122.

Thallus subtus margine fibrillosus, ceterum glaber, superne isidiosus,
sorediis destitulus, KUO superne lutescens, intus primum lutescens, dein
rubescens.

Luzon, prov. Benguet, Baguio, For. Bur. 15625 Curran. Ad truncum Bini
i axillaris Endl.; nwns Tonglon, Bur. Bci. 5 Ramos, in rupe. Ster.

13. P. sorocheila Wain. Licli. Nov. Bar. 1. Hedwigia (1899) 123.

Thallus subtus margine fibrillosus, ceterum subtus glaber, isidiis des-

titutus, partim in apice et parce etiam in margine laeiniarum soraliis
rotundatis instructus, KIIO superne flaveseens, intus primum lutescens,
dein rubescens.

Luzon, prov. Lepanto, ns Data, Merrill 5, alt. 2100 m s. m. Ad truncos

Bini insularis Endl. Ster.

14. P. subdissecta Nyl. FI. (1882) 452; Nvl. & Croud), in .Tourn. Hot. (1882)
51.

I ha 1 1 us albidus, adpressus, isidiis minutissimispassim parce instructus,
sorediis et ciliis destitutus crebre iteratim dichotome ramosus, laciniis
sublinearibus, 1-0.3 mm latis, apicibus obtusis aut truncatis retusisve,
KIIO superne lutescens, intus non reagens, Cat ’UK non reagens, at bis
solutionibus unitis intus rubescens. Apothecia peltata applanataque,
adpressa, sessilia, disco rufo, undo, nitido, piano aut leviter concavo,
margine sat tenui, leviter crenulato, excipulo subtus laevigato, isidiis des-
6 tut a. 1 1 vmenium 0.035—0.04 mm crassum, praesertim ascis jodo caeru-
lescentibus. Epithecium testaceo-rufescens. Paraphvses crebre -septatae,
tubulis mediocribus, 0. 002-0. 0025 mm crassis, apice parum incrassatis,
membranis parum gelatinoso-incrassatis. Sporae 8-nae, distiehae, sim-
pl ices, decolores, ellipsoideae, apicibus rotundatis, long. 0.005-0.01, crass.
0.003— 0.000.) mm. /'. dissrrta Nvl. apotbeciis vulgo cupulitormibus, ex-
cipulo isidioso et sporis majoribus ab line specie differt.

Luzon, prov. Benguet. Baguio, For. Bur. 156.12 Curran. Ad truncos Bini
insularis Endl. Fert.

15. P. (div. Endoxantha) biformis Wain. sp. nov.

'Phallus strand neo-glaucescens aut partim cincreo- aut pallido-glau-
cescens, medulla flava aut straminea aut partim stramineo-albida, subtus
nigricans aut ad ambitum angitste aut late pallidus vel castaneus, laciniis
biformibus, aliis latis, latitudine usque ad 5 mm, sicut in P. tiliacca

LICHENES I XSTLAUl'M PIIILIPPINARUM, I.

661

rotundato-lobatis crenatisve, inaequaliter dilatatis, aliis angustis, circ.
0.3-0. 7 mm latis, sicut in P. laevigata sublinearibus, erebre iteratim
dicliotome ramosis, apicibus truncatis ant obtusis, partim ad presses,
partini apicibus recurvis adscendentibus, saepe etiam laciniis imbricatis,
sat laevigatus, leviter nitidns aut opacus, isidiis et sorcdiis destitutus,
subtus fere usque ad marginem rhizinis crebris, 1. 5-0.5 mm longis, nigris,
simplicibus aut parcius etiam leviter ramulosis, tenuibus instructus, KHO
superne baud reagens aut leviter flavescens, intus lutescens et demum
aurantiaeo-rubescens (forma pavaiensis) aut aurantiaco-fulvescens (forma
dataensis), partibus intus subalbidis baud reagentibus, 0aCl.,02 non
reagens. Apothecia minora aut parva, 2.5— 0.7 mm lata, peltata appla-
nataque, sessilia, tenuia, imperforata, disco rufo aut testaceo-rufescente,
nudo, sat opaco, margine tenuissimo, subintegro aut leviter crenulato,
excipulo extus laevigato, interdum pycnoconidangiis instructo. Hyme-
nium circ. 0.05 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens aut partim aseis solis
caerulescentibus. Epithecium testaceo-rufescens, gclatina cuticulari pas-
sim pallidiore. Paraphyses tubulis sat tenuibus, apice paullo crassioribus,
membranis gelatinoso-incrassatis, usque ad apicem indistincte limitatis.
Sporae 8-nae, distichae, si mpl ices, decolores, ellipsoideae, apicibus rotun-
datis, membrana vix 0.001 mm crassa, long. 0.014-0.01, crass. 0.008-
0.006 mm. P. dene ga ns Nyl. Lich. Ceyl. (1900) 6, secundum specimen
orig. n. 35129 in herb. Nyl. tballo soridiis et isidiis destitute et medulla
straminea instructa, facie externa huic speciei omnino similis est, at
secundum annotationem Nylanderi tballo KHO baud reagente et sporis
brevioribus ab ea differ!. P. endochlora Height. Lich. Oeyh (1870) 140,
secundum specimen orig. n. 35077 in herb. Nyl. item bis est similis, at
observante Nyl. tantum extus KHO reagens.

Forma pauaiensis Wain.

Luzon, prov. Benguet, Pauai, Kttr. Sci. M34 Meant* , alt. 2100 m s. ni. Ad
truncum arboris. Ster.

Forma dataensis Wain.

Luzon, prov. Lepanto, mons Data, Merrill .',118 ?', alt. 2100 m s. m. Ad truncum
arboris. Fert.

Trib. 2. STEREOCAULEAE.

1. STER EOCAU LON Scbreb.

1. S. nesaeum Nyl.

Var. zeorina Wain.

Perithecium ex hyphis radiantibus, pachydermaticis, conglutinatis
formatum, semipellucidum, in margine anguste denudatum, ceterum
amphithecio thallino, gonidia continente, obductum. Pars intima axis
chondroidei et partes exteriores pseudopodetiorum KHO lutescentes.
Apothecia KHO lutescentia, hvmenium et hypothecium KHO demum
aurantiaco-rubescentia. Amphithecium ex hyphis crassis, pachydermati-
cis, irregulariter contextis, aere disjunctis aut partim in superficie excipuli

WAINIO.

nr, 2

eonglutinatis, et ex hyphis tenuibus leptodermaticis, gonidia obducentibus,
form a turn. Hypothecium pallidum, strato medullari ex hyphis irregular-
iter contextis, lcptodermaticis, eonglutinatis formato, impositum. Sporae
aciculares, longissimae, spiraliter contortae, multiseptatae. Cephalodia
sessilia, foveolato-rugosa, gonidia scytonemea, filamenta 0.01-0.013 mm
erassa, cellulis 0.007-0.008 mm crassis, in serie simplice concatenatis
formantia, parce continentia. Pycnoconidia aciculari-fusiformia, medio
leviter inerassata, apicibus attenuatis tenuissimisque, leviter curvata, long.
0.008-0.01, crass. 0.0007-0.001 mm.

Luzon, prov. Benguet, mons Tonglon (Santo Tomas), Elmer Pauai,

Merrill J/926, alt. 2100 m s. m.: prov. Lepanto, Balili, Merrill 4879: prov.
Zambales, mons Pinatubo, Bur. Sci. 2577 Foxworthy. Ad saxa. Fert.

Var. lecideoides Wain.

Perithecinm primum amphithecio thallino obductum, demum late
denudatum. Ceterum pseudopodetia et apothecia et eorum reactiones
sicut in var. zeorina. Amphithecium thallinum apotheciorum demum
saepe gonidiis destitutum. Hymenium et hypothecium KHO demum au-
rantiaco-rubescentia.

Luzon, prov. Benguet, Baguio, Merrill 4866; mons Tonglon, Bur. Sci. 54 77
liamos: prov. Bataan, mons Mariveles, Merrill 3561. Mindanao, prov. Misamis,
mons Malindang, For. Bur. 4806 Mcarns <£- Hutchinson. Ad saxa. Fert.

2. S. graminosum Schaer. in Moritzi Syst. Verz. Zolling. Jav. Pflanz.
(1845-46) 127; Zolling. Syst. Verz. (1854) 6; Mont. & v. d. Bosch Lich. Jav
(1856) 28.

8. turgcsccns Nyl. Syn. Lich. 248; Lich. Ins. Guin. 43.

Pseudopodetia KHO neque superne nec intus reagentia, at verruculae
phyllocladoideae KHO lutescentes. Apothecia lecideina, subtus fuscentia.
In b. alpina Laur. verruculae phyllocladoideae majores et apothecia
zeorina, subtus strato tomentoso, thallo concolore obducta. Etiam in S.
tomentosa Laur. apothecia zeorina.

Luzon, prov. Zambales, mons Pinatubo, Bur. Sci. 2545 Foxworthy : prov.
Laguna, mons Banajao, For. Bur. 7984 Curran <6 Merritt. Ad saxa. Fert.

3. S. arbuscula Nyl. Prodr. FI. Nov. Gran. ed. 2 (Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot IV 19
(1863) 12).

S. nanum var. arbuscula Nyl. Enum. Gen. Lich. (1857) 97.

Leprocaulon arbuscula Nyl. Lich. Ins. Guin. 8.

Pamuli phylloeladoidei applanati, KHO non reagentes. Pseudopo- .
detia basi emorientia et apice postea adhuc diu accrescentia.

Luzon, prov. Lepanto, mons Data, Merrill 4958, alt. 2100 m s. m. Supra
muscos in rupe. Ster.

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CONTENTS.

Page.

AMES, OAKES. Notes on Philippine Orchids with De-
scriptions of New Species, I 5g3

BECCARI, O. Notes on Philippine Palms, II 601

MERRILL, E. D. A Preliminary Revision of Philip-
pine Combretacese

041

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Yol. IV DECEMBER, 1909

No. 6

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS WITH DESCRIPTIONS
OF NEW SPECIES, II.1

By Oakes Ames.

(From the Ames Botanical Laboratory, North Easton, Mass., U. 8. A.)

In the following notes I have arranged the genera according to the
system adopted by Pfitzer in Engler and PrantTs “Die natiirlichen
Ptlanzcnf ami lien. ’ The species included were, with few exceptions,
collected for the Bureau of Science. In all thirty-one species are
treated of which twenty-two are additions to my previously published
lists ot‘ Philippine orchids.

EPIPACTIS Boehmer.

Epipactis clausa A. A. Eaton ex Ames Orcliidaceae 3 (1908) 41, pi. 38.'

In addition to the solitary specimen which constitutes the type, preserved in
the herbarium of the Bureau of Science, f have now seen two sets of specimens
which make possible the following emendations of the description published in
Fascicle III of “Orchidaceae” :

Lateral sepals broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, A mm long. Upper
sepal similar to the laterals and nearly equal to them, strongly relieved
at the tip. Petals dolabriform, 4 mm long. Labellum 2.5 to 3 mm
long, saccate, somewhat cymbiform, obtuse, with unequal clavate hairs or
emergences inside.

The plants exceed 2 dm in height and arise from a creeping, fleshy rhizome.
The leaves, about four in number, 4 cm apart, on the succulent stem, appear to
have been dark-green when fresh, ornamented with whitish nerves. The margins
•of the leaves in dried specimens are usually strongly crenulate and in fresh

(!(>:{

91262

1 Proof corrected by E. 1). Merrill and C. B. Robinson.

AMES.

<>64

material it is highly probable that this character is a peculiarity of the species.

When the plants mature their fruit, the racemes enlarge in <li.ameter and the
slender raceme represented in “Orchidaceae” Ease. Ill is hardly characteristic.
Notes made by the collectors indicate that the flowers are white.

•According to Mr. Eaton’s notes, E. clausa is nearly related to E. pusilla, from
which it differs in its broader petals and deeply cymbiform but not saccate
labellum.

Luzon, District of Lepanto, Mount Data, Merrill J,591, October 29, 1905,
terrestrial in the mossy forest at an altitude of about 2,200 m: Province of
Benguet, Mount Santo Tomas, R. S. Williams 1922, October 30, 1904.

The specimens gathered by Williams are in fruit, and are preserved in the
herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden.

Epipactis rubicunda (Bl.) A. A. Eaton in Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 21
(1908) 65.

Of this species there are two specimens in the herbarium of the Bureau of
Science which A. A. Eaton identified as E. rubicunda. In accordance with the
rules of priority and in conformity with the articles of the Vienna code governing
nomenclature, Eaton referred to the genus Epipactis all the species formerly
grouped under Goodyera, asserting that the name Epipactis appears to have been
first used by Boehmer in the third edition of Ludwig’s “Definitiones Generum
Plantarum.’ Although Boehmer published no binomial combination he gave
several references to the plant designated by Linnaeus as Satyrium repens, now
generally known as Goodyera repens R. Br. or Pei annum repens Salisb.

The specimens of Epipactis rubicunda already referred to are showy plants with
elliptic, acuminate leaves nearly 1.5 dm long anil with channeled petioles, 3 to
6.5 cm long, which clasp the stems.

The inflorescence is rather densely many-flowered, 1.8 to 3 dm long. The
pubescent flowers are about 8 mm long, nearly exceeded by the narrowly lanceolate,
pubescent, acute floral bracts.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mary Strong Clemens s. n., September,
October, 1906. Luzon, Province of Laguna, Bur. Sci. 60/i9 Robinson, March 5-11,
1908.

For a detailed account of Eaton’s reasons for taking up the name Epipactis for
the species formerly referred to Goodyera, his paper cited above should be con-
sulted. The species formerly included in Epipactis are placed by Eaton in
Serapias.

COELOGYNE Lindl.

Coelogy ne Rochussenii De Vriese Illustr. Orcbid. hides Oriental. (1854)
t. 2; t. 11, f. VI.

This species is represented in the herbarium of the Bureau of Science by a
single specimen. The leaf is broadly lanceolate or elliptic, acuminate, conspic-
uously nerved. The lamina is 2.5 dm long, 11 cm wide; the slender petiole
exceeds 5 cm in length. The flowers are produced in elongated, flexuose racemes.
A scarious elliptic bract, 1.8 cm long, subtends each flower. The sepals and petals
are narrowly lanceolate, about 2.5 cm long. The labellum up to the base of the
middle lobe is provided with three denticulate carinne, and beyond the base of the
middle lobe two additional, abbreviated carinae arise. The middle lobe is
acuminate.

Although C. Rochussenii is referred to the § Tomcntosae in Pfitzer’s mono-
graph of the Coelogyninae, the material at hand is sparsely furfuraceous and, with
the exception of the ovaries, nearly smooth.

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, II.

665

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mary Strong Clemens s. n., September,
1907. Flowers yellowish, hillside forests. This species lias not hitherto been
reported from the Philippines.

Coelogyne integerrima sp. nov.

Aff. C. cinnamomcac. Pseudobulbi plus minus G cm longi, ovoidei,
diphvlli. Folia lanceolata, acuminata, valde 3- ad 5-nervia, plus minus
2 dm longa, circa 3.5 cm lata. Pedunculus crectus plus minus 30 cm
longus. Raccmus laxus, bracteis jam dejectis. Sepala latcralia carinata,
lanceolata, acuta, 2.5 cm longa, 9 mm lata. Sepalum dorsale simile.-
Petala linearia, acuta, 3-nervia, 2.5 cm longa, 5 mm lata. Labellum
integerri mum , oblanceolatum, acuminatum, 2.4 cm longum, 1 cm latum,
prope apicem in disco carinae 3.

Coelogyne integerrima belongs to the § Carinatae and -appears to be closely
allied to C. cinnamomea, from which it differs in its larger llowers and entire
labellum. The leaves are much broader in relation to their length than those of
C. cinnamomea. The labellum is entire, without lobes. The keels on the disc
are smooth and extend from the base to the tip, the lateral ones being more
prominent near the middle.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Pulog, Merrill 6350, May, 1909, in the
lower mossy forest, altitude about 2,200 m. Flowers greenish-yellow.

PHOLI DOT A Lindl.

Pholidota ventricosa (Bl.) Reiclib. f. in Bonplandia 5 (1857) 43.

Dr. Kranzlin has described Pholidota sesquitorta, a species which is very close
to P. ventricosa. J. -J. Smith considers them conspecific. In the key to the
species of Eupholidota in Engler’s “Pflanzenreich,” P. ventricosa is distinguished
from P. sesquitorta by means of the floral bracts, which exceed the flowers in the
former, and in the latter are usually shorter than the flowers. The material which
I refer to P. ventricosa, including the specimen cited in “Orchidaceae” Fasc. II,
has floral bracts which are about equal to the flowers. The key in Das 1 flanzen-
reich” distinguishes the bracts of P. ventricosa by their tips; these being obtuse.
In my material the bracts are acute. The description of P. ventricosa, in “Das
Pflanzenreich” however, says “acutae.” The type of Pholidota ventricosa in the
Leiden Herbarium lacks flowers, so that it is quite difficult to tell much about
it except for the analysis published by Blume in his “Tabellen.” On the type
only the leaves and a naked peduncle remain. On the same sheet with the type
a good specimen is mounted which J. J. Smith has identified as P. ventricosa.
The material I have studied agrees very well with this specimen.

Until the status of P. sesquitorta is finally established, I am of the opinion
that the Philippine material should be referred to P. ventricosa.

Luzon, District of Lepanto, For. Bur. 5115 Klemme, October, November, 1906.
Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mary Strong Clemens s. n., February,
1907.

DENDROCHILUM Blume.

Dendrochilum anfractoides Ames Orchidaceae 3 (1908) 13, pi. 28.

Another specimen of this rare species has come to hand which exhibits all the
characters that were referred to in the original description as of value in
separating it from Dendrochilum anfractum. The middle lobe of the labellum
is conspicuously tridentate, the lateral teeth being fleshy and almost like marginal

AMES.

660

calli at the base of the membranaceous detiexed middle tooth. The lateral lobes
are setaceous, and, when in their normal position, strongly curved upward at
the tip. The calli at the base of the labellum are peculiar in that they are
linear and curved, not like papillae. The leaves in the present specimen are
scarcely 4 cm long and about equal in length to the naked part of the peduncle.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Pauai, Bur. Sei. pilia Mearns, July, 1907.

CESTICHIS Thou.

Cestichis Clemensiae sp. nov.

AIT. C. vestitae Ames. Planta parvula, erecta. Caulcs 3 ad 6 cm alti.
Folia 2, oblonga, obtusa, 5.8 cm longa, circa 1 cm lata, coriacea, rigida.
Bacernus circa 8 cm longus. Bracteae infloresceniiae lineari-lanceolatae,
acutae, pediccllis breviores. Sepala lateralia oblonga vel clliptica, obtusa,
2 mm longa. Sepalum dorsalc simile. Pctala linearia, 2 mm longa.
Labellum lanceolatum, 2 mm longum, ad apicem valde retusum vel biden-
tatum. Columna arcuata.

C. Clemensiae appears to be a near affinity of C. vestita which is a more robust
species with much larger leaves and flowers. It is also closely related to Liparis
<onfusa J. J. Smith, from which it is readily distinguished by its smaller stems
and leaves and by its smaller flowers. I lie lips of G. vestita, Liparis confusa,
ami C. Clemensiae are very similar. These species are most easily recognized by
the differences in their vegetative parts. It may be that they represent forms
of a polymorphic species, but until more material has been studied with this
suggestion in mind they should be regarded as distinct from one another. I have
seen six plants of C. Clemensiae. *

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mary Strong Clemens 120, February
190«.

OBERONIA Lindl.

Oberonia aporophylla Reichb. f. Bonplandia 3 (1855) 223.

In my second list of the orchids collected in the Philippines for. the Bureau
of Science this species was included. The material on which determination was
attempted consisted of fruiting specimens. Since the publication of Fascicle II
of “Orchidaceae” more material has conic to hand in which the flowers are in
excellent condition for study. I he labellum, petals, and sepals agree perfectly
with the sketch of a flower of 0. aporophylla in Lindley’s herbarium at Kew,
and the habit of the plant is like that of the material, numbered 2113, collected
in the Philippines by Cuming. O. aporophylla is a slender caulescent species
about 2 dm tall with from 10 to 20, triangular, acute, obliquely ascending leaves
which are about 2 cm long. The leafy stem terminates in a slender, rather
loosely flowered, spicate raceme about 1 dm long. The labellum is subpandurate,
emarginate, somewhat auriculate on each side at base, 1.5 mm long, the terminal
portion is finely toothed. The petals are linear.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mary Strong Clemens (HIP, September,
October, 1906.

POLYST ACHY A Lindl.

Polystachya luteola Hooker Exotic Flora 2: t. 102.

I have seen a single plapt of this species from Mindanao. In every detail its
vegetative and floral parts agree with specimens in my herbarium from Florida.
U. S. A., and from Cuba. Flowers from a plant collected near Miami, Florida,
when moistened in water and laid beside flowers from the Philippines resembled
them so closely that it was quite impossible to distinguish between them by any

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, II.

(>()7

evident characteristic. The neuration. the form of the sepals and petals, and
the outline of the labellum proved similar in both.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mary Strong Clemens s. n., Septem-
ber, October, 1907.

PODOCHILUS Blume.

Podochilus Clemensiae sp. nov.

Planta 4 dm alta vel etiam altior, gracilis. Folia linearia, disticlia,
4 ad 6 cm longa, 4 ad G mm lata, obtusa, ad apicem inaequaliter bilobata
cuspidata. Flores circa 20, distichi, in racemis laxis ex axillis foliorum
emergentibus. Racemus 2.5 ad 3 cm longus. Bracteae inflorescentiae
lanceolatae, acutae, ovariis breviores, 2 mm longae. Sepala lateralxa
ovata, acuta vel subobtusa, 3 ad 3.5 mm longa, 2 mm lata. Sepalum
d-orsalc ovato-lanceolatum, lateral ibus brevius. Petala oblonga, obtusa
vel subtruncata, circa 2 mm longa, 1 mm lata. Labellum cuneatum,
obtusum, 2 mm longum. Columna brevissima.

Podochilus Clemensiae is a slender, extremely graceful species which sug-
gests P. pendulus in habit, although the leaves are narrower in relation to their
length than those of P. pendulus and longer than the racemes. The labellum
resembles that of /'. lancifolius, but is entire, and the membrane at the base
which forms a pocket or cup is very strongly developed and extends nearly to
the middle of the labellum. Although the racemes are prevailingly axillary,
they are sometimes, perhaps frequently, terminal. The material at hand is very
copiously flowered.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mary Strong Clemens s. n., September,
1907.

Podochilus crotalinus sp. nov.

Glaberrimus, erectus ( ?), circa 3 dm altus, pluricaulis ; folds distichis,
lineari-oblongis, ad vaginam articulatis, bilobulatis, nervo intermedio in
apiculum setiforme minutum producto, basi vix attenuatis, 1 ad 2 cm
longis, medio 3 ad 5 mm latis; spica terminale, disticlia, multiflora, 2.3
cm longa; bracteis lanceolato-ellipticis, 8 ad 10 mm longis, flores plus
minusve excedentibus; sepalis lateralibus valde obliquis, acuminatis,
trinerviis, G mm longis; sepalo intermedio ovato; petalis lineari-oblongis
obtusis, sepalis paulo brevioribus; labello 5 mm longo, eircuito oblongo
supra medio dilatato obscure trilobate.

In the specimens examined the flowers are old and badly shrivelled so that
the form of the labellum is difficult to observe. The basal half is almost rotund,
slightly concave, the apical half is subflabelliform and apparently truncate. Near
the point of origin of the apical lobe or half there are two thickened lines. The
extreme base of the lip resembles that of P. distichus Schlechter. The floral
bracts, which are scarious and so arranged as to resemble the rattles of Crotalus
horridus, are elliptic-lanceolate or ovate, about 6 mm wide near the base and at the
apex subobtuse, scarcely acute, and obscurely, if at all. cuspidate. The distichous
inflorescence is from 1.8 to 2 cm wide in its greatest diameter. The nearest
affinity of P. crotalinus is P. distichus Schlechter. The form of the inflorescence,
however, and the very broad floral bracts are differentiating characters.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mary Strong Clemens s. n., November,
1906.

AMES.

(*,58

Podochilus Cumingii Schlechter in Fedde’s Repertorium 3 (1907) 19.

1 refer here specimens gathered in Mindanao and Luzon. The mentum formed
by the lateral sepals is deeply saccate. The labellum is lanceolate and at the base
where it joins the slender claw produced into a subquadrate appendage. This
appendage is truncate and not at all emarginate or bilid. Hooker’s description
of /’. microphyllus Lindl. in the “Flora of British India” agrees in detail with
my material except for the height of the plants which in Hooker’s material is
greater than in mine. Schlechter refers the species described by Hooker to P.
sciuroides. P. sciuroides appears to be closely related to P. Cumingii. In his
monograph of the Podochilimc Schlechter describes the labellum of P. Cumingii as
5-nerved. My material has the labellum 3-nerved with the lateral nerves branched.
Schlechter describes the labellum of P. sciuroides as 3-nerved with the laterals
branched. P. sciuroides is a taller species than P. Cumingii. In the specimens
from Mindanao the stems are rarely more than 1 dm long. For the present it
seems best to adopt for the Philippine species the name proposed by Schlechter.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mary Strong Clemens s. n., Sep-
tember, 1907. Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Copeland s. n.,
November 23, 1907, in moss on trees, flowers white; Bur. Sci. 1078 Foxworthy,
October 17, 1900: Province of Pampanga, Mount Arayat, Merrill 1/260, September
15, 1905, epiphyte on mossy trees at an altitude of 820 m.

Although the flowers are described as white by the collectors, they appear,
when dried, to have been tinged with purple.

Schlechter, in his monograph, does not use the name P. Cumingii. In the
“Repertorium” l. c., however, he asserts that the Philippine plant referred to
P. Zollingeri in his monograph constitutes a new species for which he proposes
the name P. Cumingii.

Podochilus plumosus sp. nov.

Planta parvula, glabra, plumosa, simplex. Folia disticha, linearia,
circa 1 cm longa, 1 mm lata, acuta, approximata. Flores terminales et
laterales. Pedunculus folio brevior. Bracteae inflorescentiac imbricatae.
Scpala lateralia lanceolata, acuta, 1-nervia, circa 3 mm longa. Sepalum
dorsale ovato-lanceolatum, acutum, 1-nervium. Petala oblanceolata vel
elliptica, subacuta vel obtusa, 1-nervia, 2 mm longa, 1 mm lata. La-
bellum rhombicum, ad basim sagittatum, 3 mm longum, 2 mm latum.
Rostellum quadridentatum. Oapsula (5 mm longa.

P. plumosus is a graceful species, the leafy stems of which have the appearance
of feathers and suggest the leaves of Taxodiuyn distichum. The flowers are
produced singly on short peduncles which are almost completely hidden by scarious
imbricating bracts. The labellum is rhombic above the sagittate base and hardly
acute at the apex. P. plumosus belongs doubtfully to § Apista. Doubtfully, be-
cause according to Schlechter’s remarks § Apista is always characterized by hav-
ing the inflorescence terminal. Our species is hardly a member of § Appendicula
and probably forms a transition between it and § Apista, having all the characters
of the latter group and in addition a lateral as well as a terminal inflorescence.

From P. Cumingii, P. plumosus is readily distinguished by the more slender,
longer leaves and by the very different inflorescence, as well as by the position
of the flowers.

Luzon, Province of Zambales, Mount Tapulao, Bur. Sci. 1,763 llamos, Decern
ber, 1907, Bur. Sci. 3986 Curran (flowered in orchid house, Manila, March, 1908) :
Province of Tayabas (Infanta), Whitford 803, September 11, 1904, on rocks and
trees along the Tinuan River, altitude about 80 m.

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, II.

H69

Podochilus strictus sp. nov.

Caules 1 ad 2 dm alti. Folia disticha, linearia, apiculata, 11 mm
longa, circa 1 mm lata. Pedunculus terminal is. hacemus usque ■> ad
10 mm longus. Bvacteae inflovcsccntiae lanceolatae, acutae, 1 mm longac.
Flores 2.5 ad 3 mm longi. Sepalum dorsale lanceolatum, subacutum,
concavum, 1-nervium, usque ad 3 mm longum. Sepala lateralia ovato-
lanceolata, acuta. Pctala lanceolata, 1-nervia, obtusa, circa 2.5 mm
longa, 1 mm lata. Labellum supra medium circa 1 mm latum, breviter
unguiculatum, subquadratum, 3-nervium, obtusum, prope basiin sagit-
tatum vel auriculatum. Rostellum bipartitum.

Podochilus strictus is a slender species which appears to he very near P.
microphyllus Lindl. and P. bicaudatus Schlechter. The racemes, which are clothed
at the base with several imbricating scarious bracts, are comparatively many-
flowered, with rigid, distichous, cymbiform floral bracts. In dried specimens,
the leaves, which are directed obliquely upwards, are sometimes twisted and
consequently give the plant a very strict appearance. Near the summit of the
stems, lateral growths arise which produce roots at the point of origin.

I have not seen the type specimen of Podochilus bicaudatus but according to
Sclilechter’s description that species differs from P. strictus in its shorter leaves,
smaller, fewer flowers and shorter racemes. Podochilus acicularis Hooker f., which
Schlechter refers to P. tenuis, is similar to P. strictus, but has a very different
lip from that species and a very different habit (cf. Hooker’s “leones PI ant arum”
pi. 211,7). '

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keitliley, Bur. Sci. 3002 Mrs. Lyon (specimen
flowering in orchid house, Manila, January, 1906), Mrs. Clemens 132: District of
Zamboanga, For. Bur. 9103 Whitford d Hutchinson, December 12, 1907.

Podochilus bicaudatus Schlechter in Fedde’s Repertorium 3 (1907) 19.

In the herbarium of the Bureau of Science there is a single specimen collected
by Elmer D. Merrill in February, 1903, on the Island of Paragua which may
prove to be conspecific with Podochilus bicaudatus. Unfortunately only one
flower was preserved on this specimen and that one, imperfect to bfgin with,
was destroyed by dissection. The leaves are 5 mm long, twisted when dry,
linear, acuminate. They agree perfectly with Sclilechter’s description in Fedde’s
“Repertorium.” In general habit the plant resembles P. tenuis as illustrated in
Hooker’s “leones Plantarum” (pi 211, 7) but is not so stout nor so tall. The
labellum is oblong, obtuse, sagittate at base, and measures 2 mm in length. The
specimen collected by Merrill is numbered 775.

AGROSTOPHYLLUM Blume.

Agrostophyllum philippinense sp. nov.

Aff. A. papuano Schltr. et A. formosano Kolfe. Habitu simile A.
majori Hook. f. Caules aliquid compressi. Planta 5 dm alta. Fob a
disticha oblongi-lanceolata, obtusa, plus minus 1.5 dm longa, prope basim
plus minus 2.5 cm lata. Inflorescentia capitata, circa 4 cm lata, densa.
Sepala lateralia 3-nervia, oblonga, acuta, 5 mm longa, 2 mm lata. Se-
palum dorsale valde concavum, 4 mm longum. Petala ovata, subacuta,
4 mm longa, 2 mm lata. Labellum 4.5 mm longum, ad basim concavum

r

670 AMES.

\el ventricoso-saccatum, anticG in lamella cordiformi instnictum. Co-
in hi na clavata, 4 mm longa.

Agrostophyllum philippinense is perplex ingly near A. majus Hook, f., but
differs from it among other characters in its petals and longer leaves. It is also
near A. papuanum Schlechter, but lias the leaves longer in relation to their
width, and larger heads of flowers. According to Mr. Rolfe’s description in the
Annals of Botany 9. 157, it must be closely allied to .1. formosanum. The
label lum resembles closely that of A. majus but the epichil is cordate. J. J. Smith
refers A. majus to A. longifolium Reichb. f. In my herbarium there is an
excellent photograph of a specimen preserved in the herbarium at Leiden which
is labeled Appendicula longifolia Bl. This specimen has narrower, longer leaves
and a smaller inflorescence than my Philippine specimens. Further study may
show that Agrostophyllum philippinense is merely a form of A. majus, and that
both should be referred to the older A. longifolium. For the present, however,
I believe that the Philippine species should be regarded as distinct from .1. majus
and A. longifolium.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, For. Bur. WOO Borden, Septem-
ber 10, 1004, on trees, rocky mountain ridge, altitude about’ 1,000 m, “corolla
cream-white, lip whiter, no odor:” Province of Rizal, Mount Batay, Loher 0020
(specimen flowering in Manila).

CERATOSTYLIS Blume.

Ceratostylis rubra sp, nov.

AfT. C. grandiflorae J. J. Smith. Planta robusta. Caulis ramosus
plus minus 4 dm longus, bracteis chartaceis, imbricatis, arete vaginan-
tibus, dense vestitus. Folia coriacea, rigid a, linearia, ad apicem bilobata,
phis minus 1 dm longa, circa 5 mm lata. Sepala lateralia oblongi-lan-
ceolala, acuta, 7-nervia, membranacea, mentum obtusum formantia. ad
basim coliaerentia, 2 cm longa, 4 mm lata. Sepalum dorsal e oblongum,
1.7 cm longurn, circa 5 mm latum. Pelala oblanceolata, subacuta, 7-
nervia, 1.9 mm longa, prope apicem 4.5 mm lata. Labellum lanceolatum,
acuminatum, 3-nervium, 8 mm longurn. Gynosicmium 5 mm longurn,
brachns magma, rotundatis.

Ceratostylis rubra is perhaps most nearly allied to C. grandiflora J. J. Smith.
From that species it differs in the form of the leaves, in its labellum, which is
lanceolate-acuminate or acuminate from a rounded base, and in the nerves of
the sepals and petals. 4 or the genus the flowers are extraordinarily large and
according to the collectors’ notes and dried specimens are red. In a photograph
of living specimens cultivated at Manila the leaves appear to be thick, fleshy,
recurved, and on the upper surface strongly channeled. When alive the perianth-
organs are spreading and in the center of the flower the characteristic column
is erect and very conspicuous. The flowers arise from among large, reticulated
bracts. These bracts when dry are rufous and prominently veined.

I have not seen Ceratostylis retisquama Reichb. f., which was based on No.
2152 of t uming’s Philippine plants. This species is very inadequately described
in “Bonplandia” 5: 53. The specific name of Reichenbach’s plant might easily
apply to the species in hand.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. 30.', 2 Ramos, August 19, 1907: Province
of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Bur. Sci. 3070 Foxworthy, “flowers red with white
center.” Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Bur. Sci. 301,0, 3072 Mrs. Cle-
mens (specimens flowering in Manila) : without locality, IF. S. Jg/on 30.

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, 11.

671

Ceratostylis latipetala sp. nov.

Alt'. C. rubrae, speciei quam liabitu et structura liaec species conspicue
simulat. Planta robusta. Caulis ramosus. Folia coriacea, rigida, li-
nearia, 9 ad 15 cm longa, 5 ad 10 mm lata. Sepala lateralia ovata vel
ovato-oblonga, obtusa, 9-nervia, 1.8 cm longa, 6.5 mm lata, mentum
obtusum formantia. Sepalum dorsale oblongi-lanceolatum, obtusuin, 1.5
cm longum, 6 mm latum. Petala cuneato-ovata, ad apicem rotundata,
1.5 ad 1.8 cm longa, 8 ad 9 mm lata. La, helium minutum, unguiculatum,
subbastatum vel suborbiculare, acuminatum, obtusum, 3-nervium, 2.25
ad 3 mm longum, lamellis 2 intramarginalibus ; unguis circa 2 mm
longus. Gynostemium brachiis magnis, rotundatis.

In habit Ceratostylis latipetala is almost indistinguishable from C. rubra.
In its flowers, however, it exhibits unmistakable differences from that species.
The labellum alone will serve as a constant differentiating character. This organ
is concealed in the sac formed by the coherent lateral sepals. From studies of
several flowers the labellum appears to vary to a large extent in the nature of
the ca Hi. Sometimes they are very conspicuous, at other times difficult to observe.
As in C. rubra so in C. latipetala the peduncles of the flowers are invested with
a series of nervose bracts, the outer one forming a closely appressed sheath which
reaches to the base of the perianth. The ovary is always concealed in the bracts.
The flowers are described as orange-red. The petals are very characteristic of this
species and are the broadest yet recorded for the genus.

Mindanao, Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang, For. Bur. 1/661 M earns <{-
Hutchinson, May, 1006, altitude about 1,400 m.

PHAIUS 1 .our.

Phaius grandifolius Lour. FI. Cochinchinensis (1700) 520.

I have seen of this species two specimens which were collected in Mindanao.
Along roadsides not far from Malabang, Province of Cotabato, Mindanao, Novem-
ber, 1906, Mary Strong Clemens 815.

EULOPHIA R. Br.

Eulophia squalida Bindley Bot. Reg. (1841) Misc. 77.

I refer to this species specimens from Luzon. The plants bear two flower-
shoots between which the leaves arise after the flowers are expanded. The sepals
are very fleshy, the lateral ones oblong, acute, strongly falcate, about 2 cm long.
The petals are oblong-elliptic, obtuse, with raised longitudinal nerves. The
labellum is 2 cm long, obscurely 3-lobed, blunt and rounded at the apex, where
there are several conspicuously raised nerves. At the base it is contracted into
a sulcate claw. The outline of the labellum agrees with the figure of E. squalida
published by J. J. Smith in the second volume of plates which illustrate “Die
Orchideen von Java” ( Plate CLXV). According to the notes made by Doctor Fox-
worthy the plants found on Mount Pinatubo grew in very coarse gravelly soil
where they received the most intense heat of the sun and where they bloomed
in the latter part of the dry season.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Bur. Sci. 2818 Mearns, April, 1907 : Province of
Zambales, Mount Pinatubo, Bur. Sci. 2575, 2619, 2613 Foxworthy, April, 1907,
flowers white with purple markings, altitude 700 m. Palawan, Bur. Sci. 898
Foxworthy, May 22, 1906, edge of forest along trail, flowers white, marked with
yellow.

r

672 A MBS.

DENDROBIUM Sw.

Dendrobiurr. Lyonii Ames Orchidaceae 2 (1908) 177.

D. acuminatum Kriinzl. in Orchis 2: 73, not Rolfe.

Dr. F. Kriinzlin in “Orchis” reduces this species. He refers it to the
synonymy of Dendrobium acuminatum Rolfe. The colored plate which accom-
panies his article is a fair portrait of D. Lyonii and very unlike Dendrobium
acuminatum. As Dr. Kriinzlin has expressed the opinion that D. Lyonii is not
specifically distinct from D. acuminatum and as he has treated it as a variety
of this species, supplementary remarks to those I published in “Orchidaceae” seem
called for, especially as Dr. Kriinzlin has asserted that the illustration of D.
acuminatum in “Orchidaceae” (plate 17) is erroneous and worthless as scientific
evidence.

Aside from the structural differences between D. Lyonii and D. acuminatum,
outlined in the original descriptions, there are constitutional differences, if we
may rely on the authority of Mr. Lyon, who has collected both species and
who has grown them in his garden at Manila. Mr. Lyon assures me that the
elevations along the mountains of Bataan where these species grow have been
carefully estimated and that D. acuminatum is not found below three thousand
feet and that it is abundant at an altitude of 3,700 teet. D. Lyonii, on the other
hand, does not occur above the third Forest Station (2,200 feet) and is found in
a narrow zone between 1,700 and 2,000 feet. This difference in distribution is
accentuated by the behavior of the plants under culture. At sea level in Manila
D. acuminatum is tractable and easily brought to flower, while 1). Lyonii is with
difficulty kept alive.

Mr. Lyon who has studied both species in the field and in his gardens of Nag-
tahan, Manila, writes in a letter dated January 14, 1909: “1 notice of course in
reading your diagnoses that you lay little if any stress upon vegetative features,
but the one I have called your attention to, the presence of an awn or short hard
tooth, at the apex of pseudobulbs of D. Lyonii, is a constant feature.” “Since the
receipt of your letter 1 have gone over my entire collection, 85 plants of D. Lyonii
and 34 of D. acuminatum and I find that this holds universally good. The apical
tooth (rather than awn) is very persistent as well as the old flower-scape. The
old flower-scapes decay and fall away from D. acuminatum the same season, while
those on D. Lyonii persist certainly for three or more years.”

Mr. Lyon asserts that D. acuminatum is practically scentless, while D. Lyonii,
especially in the morning, and more or less all the time, is strongly and delight-
fully fragrant.

Dr. Kriinzlin’s criticism of plate 17 of “Orchidaceae” is not justified by facts.
The plater in question was prepared from a co-type of D. acuminatum, as is stated
on the second page of Fasc. II. The flowers w*ere drawn with reasonable regard
to accuracy and the material which furnished them was carefully preserved for
reterence. Dr. Kriinzlin assumes that the flowers were drawn smaller than they
are in nature and that failure to designate the amount of reduction renders the
plate worthless as scientific evidence. He bases his remarks on the measurements
given in Mr. Rolfe’s original description of D. acuminatum. In my redescription
on page 171 the sepals are given as “up to 3 cm long.” In the plate the upper-
most flower has lateral sepals that measure 2.7 cm long. In the specimen from
which the plate was prepared the lateral sepals are 2.3 to 3 cm in length.
Dr. Kriinzlin fails to make allowance for foreshortening in the drawing, and,
therefore, makes an unjust criticism.

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, II.

673

In his description of D. acuminatum in “Orchis,” Dr. Kriinzlin gives the length
of the sepals and petals as 3 to 3.5 cm. In the plate which accompanies his
description the lateral sepals exceed 4.5 cm in length and in one flower are 5 cm
long. Dr. Kranzlin’s plate on the other hand portrays D. Lyonii which produces
larger flowers than D. acuminatum.

Notwithstanding Dr. Kranzlin’s remarks regarding the color of the flowers of
D. acuminatum and D. Lyonii no change is necessary in the descriptions pub-
lished in “Orchidaceae.” D. Lyonii bears purplish flowers according to Mr. Lyon’s
notes and the type material. D. acuminatum has whitish or yellowish sepals and
petals and a deeper-colored labellum (brownish when dry).

In Fedde’s “Repertorium novarum Specierum regni vegetabilis,” 2 Dr. Kriinzlin
takes up the name Sarcopodium and refers to it in addition to a new species,
namely S. Stella silvae, Dendrobium acuminatum and D. Lyonii. This last he now
calls Sarcopodium acuminatum var. Lyonii! Sarcopodium Stella silvae was col-
lected in Luzon by A. Loher and is described as a near affinity of Dendrobium
acuminatum.

Dendrobium Sanderae Rolfe in Gard. Ohron. Ill 45 (1909) 374, jig. 163 ;
Orchid Review 17 (1909) 209, fig. 17.

I refer to this species two specimens of Dendrobium from Luzon. My material
agrees with Mr. Rolfe’s description and with the illustration which accompanies it.
No habitat is given for Dendrobium Sanderae either in the “Gardeners’ Chronicle”
or in the “Orchid Review,” so that we may presume that the place of origin of
the species is unknown to Mr. Rolfe or else a trade secret. Mr. Rolfe received
the type material from Messrs. Sander and Sons of St. Albans, England, who
probably introduced it from the East Indies, as it is nearly allied to Dendrobium
Dearei and D. parthenium. The petals of the Philippine material are white,
about 4 cm long, and nearly 3 cm wide, rounded at the tip and cuneate at the
base. The white sepals are much narrower than the petals and are acute. The
middle lobe of the labellum is obcordate or obovate with the margin dentate or
crenate. The lateral lobes are much smaller than the middle one and rounded.
The throat and lateral lobes are conspicuously striated with purple. In habit
D. Sanderae resembles D. Dearei very closely. The flowers, however, are larger
than those of the older species. The striations on the labellum help to distinguish
the one from the other. D. Dearei has a white and yellow labellum.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Bur. Sci. 3Jf07 Mearns, July, 1907 : District of
Lepanto-Bontoc, Bur. Sci. 56Uf Dean C. Worcester, July, 1908, “flowers white,
faint odor, throat and tube with purple lines inside:” northern Luzon, IF. S. Lyon
lllf, on pine trees, altitude 1,000 to 1,200 m.

ERIA Lindl.

Eria ph i I ippi nensis Ames Orchidaceae 1 (1905) 94.

To this species I refer, with some hesitation, specimens from Benguet which
Curran and Merritt collected in December, 1908. The flowers are much larger
than in the type, the labellum measures 9 mm in length. The color of the
flowers is a deep- wine-pur pie. Near the apex of the labellum there is a linear
thickening.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Lusod-Bayabas trail, For. Bur. 15717 Curran &
Merritt, December 16, 1908, altitude 1500 m, flowers deep-coral-red.

2 7: 40.

(April, 1909.)

674

AMES.

PHREATIA Lind I .

Phreatia bracteata sp. nov.

Pseudobulbi eongregati, rotundati, circa 2 cm longi. Folia 2, oblongi-
lanceolata, acuta, coriacea, 8 ad 10.5 cm longa, circa 1.5 cm lata, ad
basim sulcata. Scapus usque ad 2.2 dm longus, bracteatus. Bracteac
scariosae, 9 ad 20 mm longae, acutae. Raccmus elongatus, usque ad fi
cm longus. Bracieae inflorcscentiae scariosae, ovato-lanceolatae, acutae,
pedicellum cum ovario excedentes, 3 ad 4 mm longae, circa 2 mm latae.
Sepala lateraMa late ovata, obtusa, mentum formantia, 3.5 mm longa, ad
basim 2.5 mm lata. Sepalum dorsale oblongum, obtusum vel quadratum,
2 mm longum. Peiala oblonga, obtusa, 2 mm longa, 1.25 mm lata.
Labellum ovatum, obtusum, 2 mm longum, 1.5 mm latum, ad basim
saccatum. Cohimna minuta. Rostelluni bifidum.

The floral bracts are very conspicuous, slightly rigid and in dried specimens
brownish at the center with a wide hyaline margin. The bracts of the scape are
tubular, closely appressed and somewhat hyaline when dry. In general habit the
plants resemble Phreatia seaphioglossa Schlechter.

Luzon, Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 7 815 Curran <£• Merritt, November, 1907:
Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Bur. Sci. 5 180 Topping, It. 8. Williams
910, along the Lamao River at an altitude of about 1000 m: Province of Pam-
panga, Mount Arayat, Merrill 8916, October 23, 1904, altitude 820 m, flowers
white, odorless.

BULBOPHYLLUM Thou.

Bulbophyllum cuneatum R. A. Rolfe in Ames Orchidaeeae 1 (1905) 98.

This, apparently rare species, has been discovered again on Mount Mariveles
by 1). Le Roy Topping. In his original diagnosis Mr. Rolfe described the scapes
as recurved. In my observations I find that this characteristic is always strongly
developed and gives the scape below the raceme the appearance of a shepherd’s
crook. Just at the point of curvature the scape is thickened and below tbe
inflorescence conspicuously dilated. The bracts appear to have been purplish and
in the dried specimens examined the petals and lips are deep-purple.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Bur. 8ci. 5183 Topping.

Bulbophyllum Dearei Reichb. f. in Flora 71 (1888) 156.

In the herbarium of the Bureau of Science there are seven flowers of this
species sent by Mary Strong Clemens from Camp Keithley. When alive they
were described by the collector as orange-yellow marked with purple. The
plants from which the flowers were taken were found on large Ficus and
Vitex trees. The specimens from Camp Keithley agree very well with speci-
mens of B. Dearei preserved in my herbarium. The upper sepal is beautifully
veined and cross-veined with brown so that the yellow ground-color is bright
and suggests sunlight as seen when filtered through the leaves of trees upon the
forest llora. The lateral sepals are conspicuously marked with purple and
strongly falcate. The petals are yellow and slightly falcate. B. bataanense
Ames is a near ally of B. Dearei, but is smaller in all its parts and has a narrow
upper sepal.

Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mary Strong Clemens s. n., June,

July, 1907.

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, II.

675

THELASIS Blume.

Thelasis obtusa Blume Bijdr. (1825) 386.

I refer to this species the material collected by Leiberg on Mount Mariveles,
Luzon. This material has monophyllous pseudobulbs which are much shrivelled
in the dried state. They appear to have been globular when alive. The general
habit of the plants recalls T. capitata Bl. but the raceme is elongated, slightly
less than 4 cm long, and comparatively lax. The labellnm is somewhat saccate
and has a minute crest along the median line. Schlecliter regards T. obtusa
as closely related to T. macrobulbon Ridl., from which it differs in part through
its monophyllous pseudobulbs. T. macrobulbon is diphyllous.

In the herbarium of the Bureau of Science there are four flowering scapes of
a species of Thelasis, presumably from Java, which .1. J. Smith has identified as
T. obtusa Bl. 1 have compared Leiherg’s specimens with these and I find that
the floral parts are in almost perfect agreement.

T. obtusa has not been reported, heretofore, as native to the Philippines.

Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, II. Leiberg b 01/b, July 20,
1904, epiphytic, altitude about 900 m.

SACCOLABIUM Blume.

Saccolabium chionanthum Lindl. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3 (1859) 35.

I follow the authority of J. J. Smith in referring to this species S. perpusillum
Hook. f. The material from the Philippines which I have studied is in almost
perfect agreement with the illustration published in Hooker’s “leones Plantarum
(pi. 2129). The flowers are not so pubescent as shown in Hooker’s plate, but
are papillose. Ridley states that the flowers when alive are hardly pubescent
and are rather minutely papillose. His observations in regard to this character
convince me that Hooker’s illustration may exaggerate it.

The sepals and petals of the Philippine specimens agree perfectly with the
figures published by Hooker (although they are very obscurely ciliolate on the
margin). The labellum terminates in the same kind of a fleshy apex and at
the base produces the same kind of a scrotiform sac as shown by Hooker. The
structure of the column in Hooker’s plate agrees with my material.

In general habit Saccolabium chionanthum suggests Phreatia parvula, and
unless carefully examined might readily be confused with it when dried.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. 3055 Ramos, November 14, 1907, flowers
small, white.

Java, Sumatra, Singapore.

TRICHOGLOTTIS Blume.

Trichoglottis latisepala sp. nov.

Caulis tenuis, subflaecidus, elongatus, plus minus 3 dm longus, 2.4
mm in diametro. Vaginae 1.5 ad 1.7 cm longae. Folia lineari-lan-
ceolata, acuta, 7 ad 12 cm longa, 7 ad 10 mm lata, coriacea. Pedunculi
pauciflori. Flores parvuli. Sepala lateralia 5 mm longa, subbipartita,
vel biloba; lacinia posterior 4 mm longa, obtusa, lacinia anterior similis
sed angustior et subbrevior, 2 mm longa. Sepalum dorsale oblonguin,
obtusum, 3-nervium, (i mm longum. Petala oblonga, subspathulata,
obtusa, 5 mm longa, 2 mm lata. Labellum 3-lobatum, lobx latcrales

676

AMES.

parvi, uncinati, obtusi ; lobus medius suborbicularis vel ellipticus. Callus
pilosus prope basim. Calcar 3 ad 3.5 mm longum.

Trichoglottis lalisepala is very closely allied to T. lanceolaria Bl. It is dis-
tinguished from that species by its stouter stems, larger leaves and larger flowers.
The lateral sepals are shaped like the wing of a bird; the lobes are rounded.
The anterior or lower lobe is only slightly shorter than the spur, against which
it is closely appressed. The posterior or upper lobe is oblong-lanceolate with
a prominent rib along the middle. The pubescent callus at the base of the middle
lobe of the labelluin is triangular at the free end.

Tn the Herbarium Hookerianum at Kew there is a specimen from Java, col-
lected by Lobf>, which resembles T. latisepala and may prove to be conspecific
with it. With this specimen there are sketches which show a flower very similar
to the flower of T. latisepala. The lateral sepals are referred to in a note as
being decurrent on the spur. This Javan specimen was originally identified as
7’. lanceolaria. T. latisepala may prove to be a variety of T. lanceolaria but it
does not agree with Javan material in my herbarium identified by J. J. Smith.

Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, on an island in Cumalarang Bay, For.
Fur. 1231/5 Hutchinson, April 19, 1908, in coast forests, flowers light-pinkish-white.
Negros, For. Fur. 722/1 Everett, March 19, 1907.

Trichoglottis retusa Blume Bijdr. (1825) 360.

Several specimens collected in different parts of the Philippines appear to
belong here. T. retusa differs from other Philippine species in its very fleshy
oblong leaves which are unequally and conspicuously bilobed or retuse at the tip.
The ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent or densely papillose labelluin is also
characteristic.

Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Foist er 225, January 17, 1906, flowers yellow,
spotted with red. Negros, For. Fur. 5553 Everett, July-October, 1906. Luzon,
Province of Tayabas, For. Fur. 9053 Curran, March 22, 1908. Basilan, For. Fur.
6103 Hutchinson.

INDEX TO PHILIPPINE BOTANICAL LITERATURE, V.

By E. D. Mekkill.

(From Ihe Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,

Manila, P. I.)

Anonymous. Decades kewensis, XLVil, XLVIII. Kew Bull. (1908) 105-116.

Pogostemon nepetoides Stapf is described from material collected in the
Philippines by Micholitz.

Ascherson, P. & Graebner, P. Potamogetonaceae. Pflanzenreich 31 (1907)

1-184.

In this monograph of the family nine genera are recognized, of which
Potamogeton, with 87 species and many varieties, is the only one represented
in the Philippines. A single species, P. malainus Miq., is credited to the
Archipelago, but two or three additional ones occur here.

Berkeley, M. J. Enumeration of the Fungi collected by H. Cuming, Esq., F. L. S.,
in the Philippine Islands. Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1 (1842) 142—157,

t. 6, f. 5; t. 7, f. 6-11.

Thirty-five species are enumerated, of which twenty-two are described as
new; Agaricus philippinensis, Lentinus connatus, Panus badius, Lenzites
pallida, Jj. acuta, Polyporus cumingii, P. grammocephalus, P. philippinensis,
P. elongatus, P. intybaceus, Trametes versatilis, T. badia, Daedalea inconcinna,
D. tenuis, Stcreum perlatum, Corticium hydnatinum, Clavaria surculus,
Sphaeria pileiformis, S. examinans, S. micraspis, Tulostoma pusillum, and
Dichonema erectum.

Boerlage, J. G. Koordersiodendron celebicum Engl. Ic. Bogor. 1 (1901 ) 55-58,
plates 91}, 95.

The above species is figured and described in detail; it is a synonym of
Koordersiodendron pinnatum (Blanco) Merr., this monotypic genus extending
from Luzon to Celebes and New Guinea.

Copeland. E. B. Some New and Critical Ferns. Elmer’s Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1
(1908) 233-235. (Article 13.)

Dennstaedtia elmeri Copel., Cyclophorus acrostichoides var. gracilis Copel.,
Elaphoglossum luzonicum Copel., and Dryopteris dubia Copel., are described
as new, and notes are given on several other species.

DeCandolle, C. A Revision of the Indo-Malayan Species of Cedrela. Records Bot.
Surv. Ind. 3 (1908) 357-376.

Nine species are recognized, with many varieties, a single species, C. febri-
fuge Blume, being credited, with doubt, to the Philippines. See Merrill &
Rolfe, This Journal 3 (1908) Bot. 105.

DeCandolle, C. Meliaceae novae. Ann. Conserv. Jard. Bot. Qendve 10 (1907)
122-176.

Many species are described, including a single one from the Philippines,
Aglaia langlassei C. DC., which is very closely allied to if not identical
with A. harmsiana Perk.

677

H78 MERRILL.

Dunn, S. T. A Revision of the Genus Illigera, Blume. Journ. Linn. Soc. Hot.
38 (1908) 290-297.

Thirteen species are recognized, of which two are found in the Philippines,
/. tcrnata (Blanco) Dunn (=/. luzonensis (Presl) Merr.), and I. platyandra
Dunn, the former confined to the Philippines and Formosa, the latter to
southern China, Hongkong, Indo-China, and the Philippines. In regard to the
former, Illigera luzonensis is the oldest valid name, although the original
description and plate are both erroneous in some details. I have examined
the type in the Prague Herbarium.

Elmer, A. D. E. Freycinetia from Lucban. Leafl. Philip. Hot. 1 (1907) 212-219.
(Article 11.)

Eleven species are enumerated from Lucban and Mount Banajao, Province
of Tayabas, Luzon, of which eight are described as new: F. lucbanensis Elm.
(—1''. ferox Warb. !), F. confusa Elm. ( —F. vidalii Hemsl. !), F. hemsleyi
Elm. non Warb. (=F. rigida Elm.), I’’, dilatata Merr. ex Elm., F. banahaensis
Elm., F. palawanensis Merr. ex Elm., F. merrillii Elm., and F. warburgii Elm.
(See Merrill, Philippine Freycinetia, This Journal 3 (1908) Hot. 307-315.)

Elmer, A. D. E. Some New Leguminosae. Leafl. Philip. Hot. 1 (1907) 221-232.
(Article 12.)

A new genus, Luzon ia, is described, and the following new species': Luzonia
purpurea Elm., Cynometra densiflora Elm. (=Erythrophloeum /), C. alter-
nifolia Elm. [=Hardwickia altcrnifolia Elm., =Kingiodendron !), Pithecolo-
biunt williamsii Elm. (=Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord. !), Dioclca um-
brina Elm., Dunbaria merrillii Elm., Cacsalpinia benguetensis Elm. = Mezon-
curum benguetcnse Elm. (=G. sepiaria Roxb.), Strongylodon zschokkei Elm.,
Derris l ianctides Elm., liauhinia whitfordii Elm., and Mucuna curranii Elm.

Elmer, A. D. E. A Fascicle of Tayabas Figs. Leafl. Philip. Hot. 1 (1907)

236-261. (Article 14.)

Forty-one species are enumerated from the region about Lucban, Province
of Tayabas, Luzon, of which the following are described as new: Ficus in-
equifolia Elm., /■'. warburgii Elm., F. banahaensis Elm., F. lucbanensis Elm.,
F. tayabensis Elm., and F. linearifolia Elm. Several other species are- cred-
ited to the Philippines for the first time.

Elmer, A. D. E. A century of New Plants. Leafl. Philip. Hot. 1 (1908) 272-359.
(Article 16.)

One hundred species are described as new, a large number of which are
manifestly identical witli previously described ones. Pollia philippinensis is
probably the same as P. thyrsiflora (Blume) Steud., Persea sterculioides is
Phoebe, Scutinanthe enyleri ascribed to Hurseraceae , is Heynia sumatrana
Miq. (Meliaceae) , Dichapetalum spicatum, ascribed to Dichapetalaceae, is
Osmelia conferta (Turcz.) Benth. (Flacourtiaeeae) , Glochidion leytense is
an extreme form of G. album (Blanco) Boerl., G. sablanense is not specifically
distinct from G. benguetense, Pimeleodendron dispcrsum is Actephila, Croton
curtiflorus, ascribed to the Euphorbiaceae , is Synopsis philippinensis Hemsl.

{ Hamamelidaceae) , Antidesma membranaefolium is .1. oumingii Muell. Arg.,
Ilex rolfei is apparently the same as I. formosana Max., Grewia banahaensis,
ascribed to Tiliaceae, is Leptonychia ! (Sterculiaceac) , Pterocymbium gigan-
tifolium is Sterculia jagori Warb., Eurya myrtilloides, ascribed to Theaceae,
is Ilex luzonica Rolfe ! (Aquifoliaceae) , Homalium sorsogonense is H. vilta-
rianum Vid., Eugenia succulenta is E. robertii Merr., Uivca glabrata is It.
luzonensis Ilallier f. !, Schefflera piperoidea is S. trifoliate Merr. & Rolfe !,
Stachys rubisepala is Calamintha umbrosa (Bieb.) Benth. !, Gomphostemma

PHILIPPINE BOTANICAL LITERATURE, V.

679

luzonense is Paraphlomis rugosa (Benth.) Prain ( Phlomis rugosa Benth.),
TJncaria clavisepala is U. velutina Havil., Wendlandia membranifolia is W.
luzoniensis DC., and probably the same as TV’, paniculata DC., and Blumea
copelandii is Conyza japonica Less.

This is the last article of the first volume of the “Leaflets”, and is fol-
lowed by four pages of errata and an index, bringing the volume up to 374
pages. In the errata the following new names appear: Vernonia benguetensis
(V. vialis Elm. p. 94, non DC.), Emilia marivclensis (E. humifusa Elm. p. 148,
non DC.), Freycinetia rigida (F. hemsleyi Elm. p. 214, non Warb.), Hard-
ivickia altei'nifolia Elm. (Cynometra alternifolia Elm. p. 223), and Mezo-
neurum beng-uetense (Caesalpinia benguetensis Elm. p. 226).

In volume 2, the sequence of both articles and pages is continued from
volume 1.

Gehrmann, K. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographic der Gattung Bridelia mit beson-
derer Beriicksichtgung der africanischen Arten. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 41 (1908)
Beil. 95: 1-42.

Forty-three species are recognized, of which two, Bridelia stipulates Blume,
and B. tomentosa Blume, are credited to the Philippines.

Hamet, B,. Monographic du Genre Kalanchoe. Bull. Herb. Boiss. II 7 (190( i
870-900; 8 (1908) 17-48.

Sixty-one species are recognized, a single one, Kalanchoe pinnata Pers.,
credited to the Philippines.

Hennings, P. Fungi philippinenses I. lledwigia 47 (1908) 250—265.

One hundred and thirteen species are enumerated, of which sixty-one species,
and one genus, Merrilliopeltis, are described as new. The same paper is also
printed in This Journal 3 (1908) Bot. 41-58., but the one in “lledwigia” has
priority.

Hemsley, W. B. Sycopsis philippinensis Hemsl. Book. Ic. PI. TV 9 (1907) sub
pi. 2836.

The above species is described, but not figured, the first representative of
the family (Hamamelidaceae) , to be found in the Philippines. The same
species has been later described by Mr. Elmer as Croton curtiflorus, Leafl.
Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 310.

Hemsley, W. B. Sciaphila clemensae Hemsl. Book. Ic. PI. IV 9 (1907) pi.
2850, f. 7-U.

The above species is described and figured from material collected by Mrs.
Clemens in Mindanao; the second species of the genus for the Philippines.

Hemsley, W. B. Aleurites trisperma Blanco. Kew Bull. (1908) 105, 106.

Mature fruits and seeds of the above species are figured and described,
and the relationships of the species with Aleurites fordii Hemsl., discussed.

Hochreutiner, B. P. G. Revision du Genre Hibiscus. Ann. Conserv. Jard. Bot.
Geneve 4 (1900) 23-169.

One hundred and ninety-seven species are recognized in the genus of which
but few are definitely credited to the Philippines: of the species considered,
the following are now known from the Archipelago; Bibiscus lampas Cav.,
B. campylosiphon Turcz., B. tiliaceus Linn., B. syriacus Linn, (cult.),
B. surattensis Linn., B. cannabinus Linn, (cult.), B. sabdariffa Linn, (cult.),
B. rosa-sinensis Linn, (cult.), B. mutabilis Linn, (cult.), B. esculentus Linn,
(cult.), II. abelmoschus Linn., II. haenkeanus (Presl) Hoclir., and B. manihot
Linn. var. pun gens (Roxb.) Hochr. Several additional species have since
been described from the Archipelago.

91262 2

MERRILL.

680

Jack, J. B. & Stephani, F. Hepaticae Wallisianae. Bcdwigia 31 (1891) 11-27.

Twenty-one Philippine species are enumerated, collected in Luzon by
Wallis. 1 liree species are described as new, Herbertia longispina -lack &
Steph., Thysa nolejeu nea gottschei Jack & Stepli., and Schistochila wallisii
Gott. & Jack.

Kranzlin, F. Neue und kritischen Arten. Orchis 2 (1907) 16.

Microstylis philippinensis is described as new.

Macfarlane, J. M. Nepenthaceae. Pflanzenreich 3 6 (1908) 1-92.

The family consists of a single genus, Nepenthes, of which 58 species and
many varieties are recognized. The following are credited to the Philippines:
Nepenthes blancoi Plume, .V. philippinensis Macfar., N. copclandii Merr.,
A. ventricosa Blanco, A. burkei Mast., and the varieties excellent Veitch
and prolifica Mast., N. phyllamphora Willd., N. alata Blanco, and the varie-
ties ccnstata Macfar., and biflora Macfar., and V. deaneana Macfar. The
above species, with the exception of N. phyllamphora Willd., are endemic in
the Philippines.

Mildbraed, J. Stylidiaceae. Pflanzenreich 35 (1908) 1-98.

Six genera are recognized, the species being mostly confined to the southern
hemisphere, the greatest number in Australia. Stylidium, the largest genus,
has 103 species, all Australian except a few that extend to Malaya and
India. No species is recorded from the Philippines, but the Australian
Stylidium alsinoidcs B. Br., has been collected several times in Luzon.

Murrill, W. A. Some Philippine Polyporaceae. Bull. Torr. llot. Club. 34 (1907)
465-481.

Sixty-nine species are enumerated from the Philippines, the following being
described as new: Coriolus cuneatiformis, Funalia philippinensis, Hapalo
pilus subrubidus, Inonotus elmerianus, Mioroporellus subdealbatus, Polyporus
coracinus, P. palensis, Spongipellis luzoncnsis, Trametes caespitosa, T. la-
maensis, T. luzoncnsis, T. subaeuta, T. toilliamsii, Tyromyces elmeri, Amauru-
derma elmeriwnum, Elfvingia elmeri, Fames luzonensis, F. philippinensis,
QanodeYma subtornatum, G. william sianum, Pyropolyporus lamaensis, P.
mcrrillii, P. ivilliamsii, and Gloeophyllum cdulc. There are also many new
combinations.

Murrill, W. A. A collection of Philippine Polypores. Elmer’s Leafl. Philip. Bot.

1 (1908) 252-271. (Article 15.)

Thirty-six species are enumerated, the paper being compiled from one by
the same author published previously in the Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 34 (1907)
465-481, noted above.

Murrill, W. A. Additional Philippine Polyporaceae. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 35
(1908) 391-416.

One hundred and two species are enumerated, based on material supplied
by the Bureau of Science. One new genus, Whitfordia, based on Fames
warburgiana P. llenn., and the following 38 new species are described :
Coltricia benguetensis, Coriolopsis copelandi, C. bataanensis, C. mclteoflara.
C. subcrocata, C. clemensiae, Coriolus currani, C. per pv stilus, C. rubritinctus,
<’. subvernicipes, Cyeloporellus barbatus, Favolus resinosus, F. subrigidus,
Hapalopilus ramosii , Hexagona luzonensis. H. pertenuis, Inonotus clemensiae,
Trametes conglobata, T. insu laris, Tyromyces mcrrillii, T. subchioneus, T.
unguliformis, Amauroderma asperulatum, A. bataanense, A. clemensiae, .1.
ramosii, Fames subresinosus, F. subungulatus, Ganoderma balabaccnse. < 1 .
currani, Pyropolyporus subextensus, P. tenuissimus, P. tricolor, Baedalca
isabellina, I), subcon fra gosa, Gloeophyllum nigrozonatum, Lenzites clemensiae.
and L. submurina.

PHILIPPINE BOTANICAL LITERATURE, V.

681

Oliver, D. Strychnos ignatii Bergius. Hook. Icon. IV 3 (1892) pi. 2212.

What is supposed to he the above species is figured and described, and
the complicated synonymy of the species is discussed.

Oliver, D. Strychnos multiflora Benth. Hook. Iron. TV 3 (1892) pi. 2213.

The above Philippine species is figured and described.

Pampanini, R. & Bargagli-Petrucci, G. Monografia della famiglia delle Stack-
housiaceae. Bull. Herb. Boiss. II 5 (1905) 901-916; 1046-1060; 1145-1160:
6 (1906) 39-44.

Two genera are recognized, Btackhousia Sm., and Macgregoria F. Muell.,
the latter monotypic and confined to Australia, the former with 20 species
and many varieties, confined to Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand, with
a single variety in the Philippines. The specimen collected in Luzon by
Cuming (no. 976), referred by Bentham to 8. muricata Lindl., is made the
type of 8. intermedia Bailey var. philippi nensis Pamp. The introduction and
systematic part of the paper is by Pampanini, and the anatomical part is
by Bargagli-Petrucci.

Pfitzer, E. & Kriinzlin, F. Orchidaceae-Monandrae-Coelogyninae. Pflanzenreich
32 (1907) 1-169.

Fifteen genera are recognized, the following species credited to the Phil-
ippines: Coelogyne bilamellata Lindl., C. sparsa Reichb. f., C. chloroptera
Reiclib. f., C. marmorata Reichb. f., all endemic, the last imperfectly known;
Dendrochilum araclinitum Reichb. f., D. convallariiforme Schauer, D. filiforme
Lindl., D. cucullatum (Ames) Pfitz., D. longilabre (Ames) Pfitz., D. gra-
ciliscapum (Ames) Pfitz., I). magnum Reichb. f., I), cobbianum Reichb. f.,
D. latifolium Lindl., I). cucumerinum Reichb. f. (?), D. uncatum Reichb. f.
and var. lancifolia Reichb. f., D. cinnabarinum Pfitz., D. glumaceum Lindl.,
and var. v alida Rolfe, D. longifolium Reichb. f., D. sphacelatum (Ames)
Pfitz., D. tenellum (Ames) Pfitz., D. williamsii (Ames) Pfitz., D. gramini-
folium (Ames) Pfitz., I). tenellifolium (Ames) Pfitz., D. tenue (Ames)
Pfitz., I). parvulum (Ames) Pfitz., D. venustulum (Ames) Pfitz., D. stricti-
forme (Ames) Pfitz., D. oliganthum (Ames) Pfitz., D. ocellatum (Ames)
Pfitz., D. recurvum (Ames) Pfitz., D. philippinense (Ames) Pfitz., D.
turpe (Ames) Pfitz., I), anfractum (Ames) Pfitz., D. merrillii (Ames)
Pfitz., D.? pumilum Reichb. f., D. whitfordii (Rolfe) Pfitz. & Kriinzl., all
endemic except D. longifolium ; Pholidota triotos (Reichb. f.) Pfitz., P. con-
choidea Lindl., and P. imbricaia Lindl., the first two endemic, the last
widely distributed. Dendrochilum especially should be studied with reference
to Ames Orcliidaceae 2 (1908) 76-121, where descriptions of and key to 43
Philippine species are given, including many new species not considered in the
above monograph.

Prain, D. Patchouli. Kew Bull. (1908) 78—82.

The patchouli plant of commerce is shown to be Pogostemon cablin (Blanco)
Benth., first described from Philippine material.

Prantl, K. Das System der Fame. Arb. Kgl. Bot. Garten Breslau 1 (1892)

1-38.

In a consideration of the genus Microlepia , the following species are
credited to the Philippines: M. trichosticha J. Sm., M. pilosula (Wall.)
Presl, and M. speluncae (L.) Moore.

Radlkofer, L. Sapindaceae Philippinenses novae. Elmer’s Leafl. Philip. Hot.
1 (1907) 208-211. (Article 10.)

Four species are described as new, Allophylus unifoliatus Radik., Aphania
angustifolia Radik.. Dictyoneura sphaerocarpa Radik., and Mischocarpus
ellipticus Radik.

682

MERRILL.

Robinson, C. B. Alabastra philippinensia, I. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 35 (19081
63-75.

In this paper the following new species are described: Pandanus glauciphyl-
lus, Thalictrum philippincnse, Anaxagorca radiata, Cyathocalyx acuminatus ,
Mitrephora williamsii, Uvaria rubra, Uvaria scandens, Sabi a philippincnsis,
Elaeocarpus venosus, Daphne luzonica, Sarcopyramis dclicata, and Clethra
williamsii. Thesium sanlaloides Hance, and Pisonia longirostris T. & B.,
are credited to the Philippines for the first time, while critical notes are
given on several other species. The paper is based on material collected in
the Philippines by R. S. Williams.

Rolfe, R. A. The Localities of Cuming’s Philippine Plants. Kew Bull. (1908)
116-119.

Considerable previously unpublished information regarding Cuming’s ex-
plorations in the Philippines is given, taken largely from his correspondence
with Sir William Hooker.

Rolfe, R. A. New Orchids, Decade 32. Kew Bull. (1908) 412-416.

Coelogyne loheri Rolfe is described from material collected in Luzon.

Schlechter, R. Monographic dcr P'odochilinae. M£m. Herb. Boiss. 21 (1900)
1-78.

Four genera are recognized, of which the largest is Podochilus with 47
species, the following being credited to the Philippines: P. serpyllifolius
Lindl. and P. zollingeri lleichb. f., Java and the Philippines, P. cornutus
(Bl.) Schltr., Indo-Malaya to southern China and the Philippines, P.
mioranthus (Lindl.) Schltr., endemic, P. undulatus (Bl.) Schltr., Malay
Archipelago and the Philippines, P. xytriophorus (Reichb. f.) Schltr., Malay
Peninsula to Borneo and the Philippines, P. pendulus (Bl.) Schltr., Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago to New Guinea and the Philippines, and P. philip-
pinensis Schltr., endemic. Thelasis with 6 species has one representative in
the Philippines, T. elongata Bl., extending to Hongkong, the Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago.

Seemen, 0. von. Fine neue Quercus-Art von den Philippinen. Fedde's Repcr-
torium 5 (1908) 21.

Qucrcus merrillii Seem., is described from material collected in Palawan.

Servettaz, C. Note prgliminaire sur la Systematique des Elaeagnac6es. Bull.
Herb. Boiss. II 8 (1908) 381-394.

Thirty-eight species of Elaeagnus are recognized, the only genus of the
family extending to the Philippines, represented here by E. cumingii
Schlecht., a species which has been reduced by most recent authors to E.
latifolia Linn.

Sonnerat, P. Voyage i\ la Nouvelle Guin6e. i-xvi, 1-202, pi. 1-120. Paris, 1776.

Pages 19-147 and plates 12-94 refer to the Philippines, and there are
occasional Philippine notes elsewhere, so that these Islands, in spite of the
title, form the main subject-matter of the book, which is of greater ornitho-
logical than botanical importance.

Sonnerat left France in 1769, and Port Louis in Mauritius on June 29,
1771, and visiting several smaller islands en route reached Cavite on Sep-
tember 3. He sailed again on December 29, having spent the intervening
time in Manila, Cavite, and especially in what he considered an adventurous
trip to the country near Laguna de Bay. The week from January 7 to 14
was passed at Antique in Panay, whence he sailed to Zamboanga, arriving
January 18. From here one of the two ships made a side trip to Jolo.
The reunited expedition sailed from Zamboanga on February 9, and made

PHILIPPINE BOTANICAL LITERATURE, V.

683

no further stops in the Philippines, visited the Moluccas and other islands
as far as New Guinea, and was again in Mauritius by June 4.

With the doubtful exception of Menichea rozata, no specific names were
originated in this work, but several plants were figured and described, a
majority of them Philippine. Those figured from this Archipelago are “le
roucou” pi. 13, Bixa orellana L.; “la sapotte negro” pi. Ik-16, Diospyros
ebenaster Retz.; “la bergkias,” pi. 17, 18, which he believed to be only an
introduced plant in the Philippines, a species of Gardenia, referred by De-
Candolle to G. thunbergiana L. f., somewhat resembling G. longiflora Vidal,
but not agreeing exactly with any recent collections; “la pandacaqui,” pi.
19, Tabemaemontana pandacaqui Poir., subsequently described from Son-
nerat’s collections, and erroneously localized as from New Guinea; “le lima
ou fruit a pain,” pi. 57-60, Artocarpus rima Blanco, usually reduced to
A communis Forst. ; “le cacao,” pi. 61, 62, Tlicobroma cacao L.; “le petit
citron doux,” pi. 63, Triphasia trifoliata (L.) DC.; “la houette,” pi. 90, 91,
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn., here said to be native; la menichea rozata.
pi. 92, 93, on which Butonica rosata Miers was in part based, Barringtonia
racemosa (L.) Roxb. ; “la manssanas,” pi. 9k, Zizyphus jujuba L. Two other
Philippine plants are figured from collections made before his arrival in
the Islands, “la pagatpate,” pi. 10, 11, Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl., and
“le bonet quarre ou la Commercona,” pi. 8, 9, Barringtonia asiatica (L.)
Kurz. Reference is made on page 196 to the introduction into Mauritius
in 1768 by Prevost of the nutmeg, afterwards described from Sonnerat’s
collections as Myristica philippensis Lam., Mauritius afterwards solving as
a centre of distribution for this species into other tropical countries.

Many of his collections subsequently formed a part of Commerson’s her-
barium, and have occasionally been credited to the latter, who never visited
the Philippines, being prevented by unfavorable conditions on the occasion
of his chief attempt. (C. B. Robinson.)

Sonnerat, P. Voyages aux Indes orientales et i\ la Chine, fait par ordre du Eoi,
depuis 1774 jusqu’en 1781. i-xvi, 1-318, i-viii, 1-298, pi. 1-1^0. Paris,
1782.

This work is more or less supplementary to the preceding and only pages
104-119 of the second volume relate to the Philippines. No further description
is given of species from the Archipelago, but there are interesting notes on the
cultivation of many important plant products. He appears to have made
but the one visit. (C. B. Robinson.)

Turczaninow, N. Description des Elaeocarpees des collections asiatiques de MM.
Cuming et Zollinger. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 19 2 (1846) 489-496.

The following species are described from the Philippines: Elaeocarpus
nitidus Turcz., non Jack, which Turczaninow himself later1 reduced to

E. oblongus Gaertn., Mocanera isotricha ( = Elaeocarpus isotrichus ( lurcz.)

F. -Vill. ) , and M. multiflora (=E. multiftorus (Turcz.) F.-Vill.).

Turczaninow, N. Decas secunda generum adhuc non descriptorum adjectis

descriptionibus nunnullarum specierum Byttneriacearum. Bull. Soc. Nat.
Mosc. 1 93 (1846) 497-510.

Four genera and five species are described as new, based on Cuming’s
Philippine plants; Hexagonotheca cordata ( —Berry a ammonila Roxb.),
Antherotriche lanceolata (—Anisoptera thurifera Blanco), Pterocalymna
paniculata {—Lagerstroemia paniculata (Turcz.) Vid.), Gonostcgia opposit-
ifolia and G. alternifolia (both = Memoralis pentandra (Roxb.) Wedd.).

1 L. c. 31 1 (1858) 235.

MERRILL.

684

Turczaninow, N. Decas tertia generum adhuc non descriptorum adjectis des-
criptionibus nonnullarnm speeierum Myrtacearum Xerocarpicaruni atque
Umbelliferarum imperfectarum. Bull. Soc. Xat. .1 lose. 20’ (1847) 148-174.

A single Philippine plant is considered, Anisostemon trifoliatus, described
as a new genus and species ( —Connarus trifoliatus (Turcz.) Rolfe).

Turczaninow, N. Asclepiadeae aliquae indescriptae. Hull. Hoc. Xat. .1 lose. 211
(1848) 25C-202.

One genus and species in two other genera are described as new, based
on ( inning’s Philippine plants ; Triplolepis cumingii ( —Streptocaulon cumingii
(Turcz.) F.-Vill.) , Streptocaulon obtusuni (=S. baumii Decne.), and
Secamone macrostachya (=Tylophora perrottetiana Decne.).

Turczaninow, N. Decas quarta et quinta generum adhuc non descriptorum.
Hull. Soc. Xat. AIosc. 2 11 (1848) 570-591.

Four genera and six species are described as new, based on Cuming’s Phil-
ippine plants; Lachnopetalum glabrum (=Lepidopetalum perrottetii Blume),
Otolepis nigrescens ( —Qtophora fruticosa Blume), Zygolepis rufescens
(= Ary ter a rufescens (Turcz.) Radik. ), Meladenia densiflora (=Psoralea bad-
ocana (Blanco) Benth.), Schleichera subundulata (=Mischocarpus sundaicus
Blume), and S. reooluta (= Mischocarpus fuscescens Blume).

Turczaninow, N. Synanthereae quaedam hucusque indescriptae. Hull. Soc. Xat.

1 lose. 24 1 (1851) 100-214.

The following Philippine species are considered: Conyza tetraptera n. sp.

( =Laggcra alata Less.) , (\ oligandra n. sp. ( =0. viscidula Wall.) , Minyranthes
beta ophylla n. gen. & n. sp. {—Siegesbeekia orientalis L.), Bidens tridentata
n. sp., and It. denudata n. sp. (both — Glossogyne tenuifolia Cass.), Spilanthes
gi andifloi a n. sp., Qynura affinis n. sp. and (I. glabra n. sp. (both=(7.
sarmentosa DC.).

Turczaninow, N. Asclepiadeae quaedam indescriptae fasciculus 2. Hull. Soc.
Nat. .1 lose. 252 (1852) 310-325.

A single Philippine species is considered, Amblyoglossum brevipes as a
new genus and species (=Tylophora brevipes (Turcz.) F.-Vill.).

Turczaninow, N. Animadversiones ad primam partem herbarii Turczaninow-
ianii nunc Universitatis Caesareae Charkowiensis. Hull. Soc. Xat. ifosc.
27- (1854) 271bis-372.

The following plants are credited to, or described from the Philippines:
Stephanie corymbose Blume, to which 1100 Cuming is referred, the specimen
being S. extgua Miers, Cissampelos cumingiana n. sp. (-C. pareira L.),

( epparis lesiopoda n. sp., luzonensis n. sp., (\ lobbiana n. sp., the latter
credited to Singapore, but the specimen was from the Philippines, Roydsia
philippinensis n. sp., (=Stixis philippinensis (Turcz.) Merr.), Hisingera f
gi andifolia n. sp., which has been reduced to Flacourtio rukam 7.. & M.,
Salomonia ramosissima n. sp. ( =S . oblongifolia DC.), Securidaca corymbose
n. sp., Pittosporum brochysepalum n. sp. (=P. pentandrum (Blanco) Merr.),
Borgia glandulosa n. sp. ( =H. serrate Blanco), and Pentaloba fasciculate
n. sp. (=Msodeia fasciculate (Turcz.) F. Vill .=Rinorea). Three species of
Phoberos are mentioned without specific name, all referable to Scolopie.

Turczaninow, N. Animadversiones in secundam partem herbarii Turezaninow-
ianii, nunc universitatis Caesareae Charkowiensis. Hull. Soc. Xat. \fosc.

3 1 1 (1858) 185-250; 379-470.

In this paper about sixty Philippine species are considered, including four
genera and thirty-seven species which are described as new, as follows:
Pavonia rubiformis n. sp. ( =Urcna lobata L.), Hibiscus campylosiphon n. sp.

( =Bombycidendron campylosiphon (Turcz.) Warb.), Malachra lineariloba

PHILIPPINE BOTANICAL LITERATURE, V.

685

n. sp. (=M. fasciata Jacq., var. lineariloba (Turcz.) Giirke), Grewia peti-
tiana A. Rich.?, G. cumingiana n. sp., G. eriopoda n. sp., Columbia celebica
Blume?, C. inaequilatera n. sp. (=C. serratifolia (Cav.) DC.), Sczegleewia
involucrata n. gen. & n. sp. (— Symphorema luzonicum (Blanco) h.-\ill.),
Diplodiscus paniculatus n. gen. & n. sp., which has been reduced by liene
to Brownlowia, but which is apparently a valid genus, Hopea squamata n. sp.

( —Shorea squamata (Turcz.) Dyer), Saurauia rugosa n. sp. (=S. elegans
(Choisy) F.-Vill. ) , Sclerostylis nitida n. sp. ( =Atalantia disticha (Blanco)
Merr. ), Micromelum tephrocarpum n. sp., .1/. molle n. sp., the latter and
possibly the former the same as .1/. pubescens Blume, Ancistrolobus flori-
bundus n. sp. (— Cratoxylon floribundum (Turcz.) F.-Vill.), A. micradenius
n. sp. (=C. blancoi Blume), Schmidelia grossedentata n. sp. {—Allophylus
grossedentatus (Turcz.) Radik.), Sapindus forsythii DC.?, the specimen being
referable to 8. saponaria Linn, var., Sapindus cinereus n. sp. (=Euphoria
cinerea (Turcz.) Radik.), 8. steUulatus n. sp. (-E. stellulata (Turcz.)
Radik.), possibly not distinct from the preceding, S.f cultratus n. sp. (=Tri-
gonachras cultrata (Turcz.) Radik.), Cupania lessertiana Cambess. (the
specimen is Mischocarpus sundaicus Bl.), Dodonaea viscosa L., Otolepis
nigrescens Turcz. (—Otophora fruticosa Blume), Aglaia cumingiana n. sp.,
A. macrobotrys n. sp., A. denticulata n. sp.. A. hexandra n. sp., Schizochiton
tetrapetalus n. sp. (=Chisocheton) , Hartighsea cauliflora n. sp. (=Dyso-
xylum cumingianurn C. DC.), H. schizochitoides n. sp. {—Dysoxylum schizo-
chitoide (Turcz.) C. DC.), Sandoricum indicum L., Dasycoleum philippinum
n. sp. (=Chisochiton philippinum (Turcz.) Harms), Cissus flexuosa n. sp.
(= Stemonurus laxiflorus (Miers) Merr.), Vitis cumingiana n. sp. a
doubtful species, Oxalis cumingiana n. sp. (—Biophytum sensitivum (L.)
DC.), Toddalia effusa n. sp. and T.f ambigua n. sp., (both=7T. asiatica (L.)
Kurz), Euonymus timorensis Zipp.?, (the specimen is E. pliilippinensis
Merr.), Celastrus polybotrys n. sp. {—C. paniculatus Ro.xb.), Cascaria cinerea
n. sp., C. leucolepis n. sp. (the latter based on a specimen collected by Lobb,
and credited to Singapore, but Lobb’s specimen in the Kew herbarium is
labelled Luzon), Stachycrater philippinus n. gen. & n. sp. (= Osmelia philip-
pina (Turcz.) Benth.), Buchanania longifolia Span.? (the specimen is B.
arborescens Blume), Garuga mollis n. sp. (=Garuga abilo (Blanco) Merr.),
and Marignia? nitida n. sp. (=Glycosmis cochinchinensis (Lour.) Pierre).

Turczaninow, N. Animadversiones ad Catalogum primum et secundum herbarii
Universitatis Charkoviensis. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 36' (1863) 545-615.

The following Philippine species are considered: Lachnopetalum glabrum
Turcz. is transferred to Ratonia, as R. lachnopetalum, and Zygolepis rufes-
cens to the same genus as R. zygolepis (see above 684), Zanthoxylumf
triplinerve n. sp., a doubtful species, Chailletia benthamiana n. sp. {—Dicha-
petalum benthamianum (Turcz.) Engl.), Ryssopteris ovata n. sp. ( =Anisop -
teris ovata (Turcz.) Merr. & Rolfe), and Helicteres hirsuta Blume, var.?

Turczaninow, N. Verbenaceae et Myporaceae nonnullae hucusque indescriptae.
Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 3 6- (1863) 193-227.

Sczegleewia luconensis n. gen. & sp. (non Sczegleewia iurez. supia)

( = Pterosperm um obllquum Blanco) , and Premna pliilippinensis n. sp.
(— Vitex turczaninoivii Merr.), are described from the Philippines.

Turczaninow, N. Quelques observations sur les espSces du genre Clethra. Bull.
Soc. Nat. Mosc. 362 (1863) 228—235.

Clethra lancifolia Turcz. is described from the Philippines, based on
Cuming 855, and Lobb Jf99, the latter credited to Singapore, but collected in
Luzon.

PHILIPPINE BORAGINACEE.

By C. B. Robinson.

( From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,

Manila, P. I.)

This family has an unusually small number of species endemic in
the Philippines, only 3 of the 21 here reported being as yet unknown
outside the Archipelago, and one of these is very closely related to a
species of very wide distribution. No novelties are recorded, but an
attempt has been made to settle the synonymy, so far as its Philippine
complications are concerned: nearly all the systematic problems, however,
involve plants of other countries. It is improbable that the present
figures will be materially altered by future exploration. Both tropical
and temperate elements are included, the former represented by the
species of such genera as Cordia and Eliretia, the latter by Cynoglossum ,
Bothriospermlim , and Trigonotis, in which the Philippines mark the
extreme southeastern limit, at least for the species represented. The
appended table enumerates the species of all the genera of the family
which have been found in Malaysia.

Genus.

India.1

Malay

Penin-

sula.2

Malay

Archi-

pelago3

China.4

For-

mosa.5

Philip-
pine Is-
lands.

1

4

i

i

1

1

1

1

i

1

15

3

16

2

i

3

10

1

5

2

2

10

2

7

7

7

4

16

2

9

2

2

3

3

2

1

5

1

1

12

1

6

4

2

3

5

1

2

5

4

1

i

61

17

140

9

44

51

17

21

1 Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. 4 (1883) 134—179.

2 King & Gamble in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 742 (1905) 277-284.

’ Boerl. Handl. Kenn. FI. Ned. Ind. 22 (1899) 486-488.

4 Forbes & Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26 (1890) 143-155; 36 (1905)
451-530.

“Matsum. & Hayata in Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo 22 (1906) 253-259.

687

688

KUI5INS0N.

KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE GENERA OF BOBAOINACEAE."

Styles terminal.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing.

Style single.

Style twice forked 1. Cordia

Style distinctly 2-lobed 2. Ehretia

Style simple or indistinctly 2-lobed.

Leaves less than 2 cm long 4. Rotula

Leaves at least 5 cm long 5. Tournefortia

Styles 2 2. Ehretia

Herbaceous.

Fruit entire 3. Coldenia

Fruit splitting naturally into 2 or 4 <i. Heliotropium

Styles not terminal ; never trees or shrubs.

Fruiting calyx enlarged, inclosing nutlets 7. Trichodesma

Fruiting calyx not enlarged, usually spreading.

Nutlets armed with barbed prickles 8. Cynoglossum

Nutlets tuberculate-roughened 9. Bothriospermum

Nutlets very smooth 10. Trigonotis

1. CORDIA Linn.

Calyx not or very obscurely ribbed.

Calyx and tube of corolla about same length 1. C. blancoi

Corolla-tube over twice as long as calyx 2. C. subcordata

Calyx strongly 10-ribbed 3: C. cumingiana

1. Cordia blancoi Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 192.

C. sebestena Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 121; Naves in Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 3
( 1877) pi. 1/3; non Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 190.

C. dichotoma Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 123; forsan Foist. Prodr. (1786) 18.

C. myxa Llanos Mem. Real Acad. Ci. Madrid 4 (1859) 508; Benth. FI. Austr.
4 (1869) 386, quoad philippinensis ; Vidal Sinops. Atlas (1883) xxxiv, pi. 70, D;
F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 137; forsan Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 190.

C. speciosa f Naves 1. c. ; non Salisb. Prodr. (1796) 111.

C. leschenaultii Vidal Revis. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 193; non DC. Prodr. 9
(1845) 482.

C. paniculata F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 138; forsan Roth Nov. PI. Sp.
(1821) 125.

Luzon, Province of Ilocos Sur, Santiago, For. Bur. 17/069 Merritt d Darling:
Province of Benguet, Sugpan, For. Bur. 11/131 Merritt d Darling: Province of
Isabela, Ilagan, Bur. Sci. 8131/ llamos: Province of Nueva Ecija, Bongabong,
For. Bur. 9595 Zschokke: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Merrill 1827, 2625; Taytay,
Bur. Sci. 2687 Ramos: Province of Zambales, Botolan, Merrill 1912: Province
of Bataan, Mariveles, Ahern 783 ; Lamao River, Whit ford 1262, For. Bur. 768,
1267, 1273 Borden, Merr. Dec. Philip. For. FI. 191 Borden: Province of Cavite,
Magallanes, For. Bur. 7695 Merritt d Curran: Province of Laguna, Los Banos,
Elmer s. n.: Province of Tayabas, Malicboi, Ritchie 22m; Mulanay, For. Bur.
10305 Curran : Tayabas, For. Bur. 7100 Kobbe : Province of Camarines, Tinam-
bac, For. Bur. 11/257 Aguilar; Pasacao, Ahern 33, 791: Province of Sorsogon,
between Sorsogon and Gubat, For. Bur. 1051/6 Curran. Mindoro, Mangarin,

0 This key is only partially natural, as it is intended for local use, and some
of our species do not show clearly the characters of their genera.

PHILIPPINE 1? 0 HAG I N ACE-® .

689

For. Bur. 9793 Merritt ; Maugao, For. Bur. 9849, 9S5G Merritt ; Bulalacao, For.
Bur. 9862 Merritt. Guimaras, Nagaba, For. Bur. 321 Gammill. Masbate, Uson,
For. Bur. 1008 Clark. Burias, For. Bur. 983 Clark. Leyte, Palo, Elmer 7373;
Ormoc, For. Bur. 11574 Whitford. Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Ahern 355:
Province of Misamis, Cuming 1612: District of Davao, Davao, Copeland 3)2;
Darong, Williams 2697 ; Santa Cruz, Williams 2713, 27 V,: Lake Lanao, Camp
Keithley, Mrs. Clemens 605, 643, 1070, s. n . : District of Cotabato, Malabang,
Mrs. Clemens s. n. : District of Zamboanga, San Ramon, Hallier s. n.; Port Banga,
For. Bur. 9256, 9366 Whitford & Hutchinson. Basilan, Hallier s. n. Palawan,
Twahig, Bur. Sci. 833 Foxworthy ; Irahuan, For. Bur. 4502 Curran.

This species is undoubtedly very closely allied to C. myxa Linn., and in spite
of a total lack of material for comparison, would here have been reduced to it,

had it not been for Clarke’s positive statement 7 “leaves never

acuminate.” Throughout the long series of plants above quoted, there are only
three or four mature leaves in all which are not acuminate, the acumen is
occasionally acute, but much more often obtuse, its width nearly constant. Even
the great majority of very young leaves distinctly show an acumen. Bentham,
who includes the Philippine plants, not then described as separate, with C. myxa,
says, l. c., that the leaves are “very obtuse or shortly acuminate,” but 1 do not
know how far Philippine material may have been responsible for the exception,
Giirke 8 figures them as shortly and sharply acuminate. The size of the flowers
of G. blancoi more often exceeds the limits stated by ( larke for C. myxa, the
calyx before anthesis often having a length of 5.5 or even 6 mm.

A specimen with the under surface of the (young) leaves and the inflorescence
much more pubescent than any of the collections above cited, but otherwise
agreeing with the species, is For. Bur. 455 Ahern’s collector, Antipolo, Prov.
Rizal, Luzon, the type of C. blancoi mollis Merr. Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.)
35 (190t>) 61.

Local names, anonang , anunang, anunong, or anonung , throughout the Archi-
pelago, recorded as one or other of these variants from Ilocos, Benguet, Nueva
Ecija, Rizal, Bataan, Cavite, Tayabas, Camarines, and Sorsogon provinces in
Luzon, also from Mindoro, Guimaras, Masbate, Levte, Surigao. Davao. Zamboanga,
and Palawan.

Celebes: range of C. myxa, Egypt to tropical Australia.

2. Cordia subcordata Lam. 111. 1 (179?) 421.

C. banalo Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 124.

C. ignota Blanco 1. c. ed. 2 (1845) 88.

Luzon, Province of Batangas, Malabuyo, For. Bur. 77)2 Curran t£- Merritt:
Province of Tayabas, Pitogo, For. Bur. 10233 Curran: Province of Camarines,
Pasacao, Ahern 84, For. Bur. 10478 Curran. Burias, For. Bur. 1733 Clark.
Mindoro, Baco, For. Bur. 5507 Merritt. Mindanao, District of Davao, Malalag,
Copeland 620; Santa Cruz, DcVore t£- Hoover 230, Williams 2734. Basilan,
For. Bur. 6120 Hutchinson, Hallier s. n. Palawan, Agoho Point, For. Bur. 3780
Curran ; near Puerto Princesa, For. Bur. 3528 Curran.

Local names, balug, Basilan; agotot, Burias; sigan dagat, Camarines.

East Africa, Madagascar, southern Asia, and Malaya to Australia and Hawaii.

3. Cordia cumingiana Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 187.

C. propinqua Merr. Bur. Govt. Lab. Puhl. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 60.

Luzon, Province of Union, Bauang, Elmer 5663 : Province of Pangasinan,

7 FI. Br. Ind. 4 (1883) 136.

5 Pflanzenfam. 43a: 82, f. 33, M-P.

690

ROBINSON.

Cuming 1012: Province of Rizal, Antipolo, Merrill 1321 ; Bosoboso, For. Bur.
2069 Ahern’s collector; Montalban, Merrill 5060, For. Bur. 2454 Ahern’s collector.
Mindoro, Baco, Merrill 1181. Leyte, Palo, Elmer 7 101. Mindanao, District of
Davao, Davao, Copeland S. «.

This species is mentioned by Gtirke in the Pflanzenfamilien as belonging to
the section Myxa; it has, however, the calyx strongly 10-ribbed, quite as it is in
American species belonging to the sections Oerascanthus and Pilicordia, and as
the corolla does not persist beyond flowering time, it is to be included in the
latter. All species recorded as belonging to either of the two last sections are
tropical American, all those of Pilicordia being Brazilian, and this is apparently
a case of remarkable geographical distribution.

The types of C. cumingiana and C. propinqua are not identical, but subsequent
collections have united the two series. The Mindanao and Leyte specimens have
leaves with acute bases, and thicker styles, one of the Montalban numbers has
the acute bases but the slender styles found in all the rest.

Local name, Anonang lalaqui, Mindoro.

Endemic.

SPECIES EXCLUSA.

Cordia olitoria Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 123.

Certainly to be excluded from the family; reduced by F.-Villar to Pisonia
inermis Forst. (Nyctaginiaceae) .

2. EHRETIA L inn.

Styles single, bifid.

Leaves serrate 1. E. acuminata

Leaves entire.

Calyx increasing in fruit, fruit 4-6 mm diameter, corolla-tube 4 to 6 mm

long 2. E. navesii

Calyx not increasing in fruit, fruit smaller, corolla-tube shorter.

3. E. philippinensis

Styles two, undivided, more rarely single and deeply parted 4. E. microphylla

1. Ehretia acuminata R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 497.

E. polyantha DC. Prodr. 9 (1845) 503.

E. virgata Blanco FI. Filip. ( 1837) 127, non Sw. Prodr. (1788) 47.

E. onava DC. 1. c. 511.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, San Vicente, For. Bur. 11208 Klemme: Province
of Nueva Ecija, near San Jose, For. Bur. 8470 Curran: Province of Zambales,
between Castillejos and Aglao, For. Bur. 5848 Curran: Cabuuan, For. Bur. 6038
Curran: Province of Rizal, San Mateo, For. Bur. 1131 Ahern’s collector; Bosoboso,
Merrill 1846, 1857; Cavtilabag, Bur. Sci. 21 Foxworthy ; Antipolo, Merrill 1670,
For. Bur. 458 Ahern’s collector.

Although both Naves and F.-Villar agreed in interpreting Blanco’s species
quite differently, there can be no doubt that it and therefore E. onava, which was
based on it, should be reduced to E. polyantha. The latter is clearly synonymous
with E. acuminata, although, in that species, the corolla-tube is said to be very
short, and its lobes 3 mm long, in Philippine material the tube is nearly 1 mm,
and the lobes rarely 2.5 mm, the leaves also varying from elliptic-oblong, as
described for E. acuminata, almost to orbicular.

Local names, opa, Cagayan; balagla, Nueva Ecija; calibinung, baliwit, Zam-
bales; tanaua, panau, malaanonag, canawa, Rizal. The names from near Manila
suggest Blanco’s onava.

Himalayas to Japan and Australia.

PHILIPPINE BORAGINACEAE.

691

2. Ehretia naves ii Vidal Revis. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 194.

E. virgata Naves in Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 3 (1877?) pi- 70, nec Blanco nec S\v.

E. setosa Naves 1. c., non Itoxb. FI. Ind. 2 (1824) 342.

Menais mollis Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 139.

E. mollis Merr. Bur. Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 6 (1904) 5; non Wall, ex
DC. Prodr. 9 (1845) 511.

Menais blanda Blanco ex DC. 1. c. 512, quasi synon.

E. onava F.-Vill. Noviss. App. (1880) 138, non DC. 1. c.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Solana, Bur. Sci. 788-4 Ramos: Province of
Isabela, Cabagan Nuevo. Bur. Sci. S087 Ramos: Province of Ilocos Norte, Cuming
1184; Nagpartian, For. Bur. 13842 Merritt & Darling; Bangui, For. Bur. 1380S
Merritt t(- Darling: Province of Ilocos Sur, Cuming 1130: District of Lepanto,
Cervantes, Bur. Sci. 7 022 Ramos: Province of Nueva Vizcaya, Paloc River,
For. Bur. 18015 Merritt, For. Bur. 10864 Curran; Dupax, For. Bur. 14855
Darling: Province of Benguet, Baguio, Elmer 8480; Twin Peaks, Elmer 6333:
Province of Nueva Ecija, For. Bur. 8422 Curran; Carranglang, Merrill 300:
Province of Pangasinan, Villasis, Alberto 37; Rosales, Alberto 65, 71: Province
of Rizal, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 122 Foxworthy; Antipolo, For. Bur. 7031 Curran;
Mount Santander, Bur. Sci. 3250 Ramos; Malapadnabato, Merrill 2724 ; Manila,
Merrill s. n.: Province of Laguna, Los Banos, Elmer s. n.: Province of Tayabas,
Pagsalan, For. Bur. 10363 Curran. Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Surigao,
Bolster 236.

Typical specimens of this species are easily distinguished from typical ones
of E. philippinensis, but there are often puzzling intermediates. To the charac-
ters given in the key, it may be added that the leaves of E. navesii are usually
broader, more rounded at the base, and have more numerous veins than those
of the other species, but none of these can be depended upon. Even as regards
the more natural characters given in the key, it must be confessed that specimens
here referred to one or the other species approach the limits of size given very
closely; further, several collections, all referred here to E. navesii, seem to have
the calyx already longer at antliesis: these grade into the others so gradually
that they have not been separated. I have not followed Clarke in his reduction
of E. philippinensis to E. laevis var. timoriensis, because the only description

1 have found of flowers of the latter states that the corolla-tube is shorter than
the calyx; in E. philippinensis, they are regularly longer, though sometimes but
little, being about the size ascribed by Clarke to typical E. laevis. Indian and
Ceylon material of that species in this herbarium, though undoubtedly very
closely allied, seems sufficiently distinct. If Formosan material in this herbarium
named as E. formosana Hemsley has been correctly identified, that species must
be reduced to E. navesii. Otherwise, it is apparently confined to the Philip-
pines.

Local names, maragooed, Ilocos Norte; talibunog, Lepanto; malatadiang,
Nueva Vizcaya; malahayabas, Nueva Ecija (surely an error); sangubat, Rizal;
calambunog, Pangasinan; alimbungug, Surigao.

3. Ehretia philippinensis DC. Prodr. 9 (1845) 504.

E. beurreria Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 127; non E. bourreiia Linn. Sp. 11. ed.

2 (1762) 275.

E. blancoi DC. 1. c. 511.

E. laevis timoriensis Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. 4 (1883) 142, quoad
philippinensis.

Babuyanes Islands, Camiguin Island, Bur. Sci. 4 HO Fenix. Luzon, Prov-
ince of Ilocos Sur, For. Bur. 11,11,3 Merritt & Darling: District of Bontoc, Bontoc,

ROBINSON.

692

For. Fur. 10971) Curran: Province of Benguet, Mount Pulog, For. Fur. 18198
Curran Merritt d Zschokke; Sugpan, For. Fur. 11,105 Merritt rf- Darling; Baguio,
For. Fur. 1581,3 Curran d Merritt; Twin Peaks, For. Fur. 10803 Curran: Prov-
ince of Zani bales, Candelaria, Fur. Sci. 1,712 Ramos; Tapulao, Fur. Sci. 5102
Ramos: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Laniao Kiver, Williams 368, 513 ,
Elmer 6830, For. Fur. 2103 Borden: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, For. Fur.
1993 Ahern’s collector, Merr. Dec. Philip. For. FI. 21,5 Ahern’s collector: Prov.
ince of Ca marines, Pasacao, Ahern 122, 152. Ckbu, Daliiulangan Kiver, For.
Fur. 61,1,9 Everett. Neqbos, For. Fur. 5591, Everett. Guimaras, For. Fur. 285
Gam mill. Palawan, Tanabag River, For. Fur. 71,19 Manalo. Mindanao,
District of Davao, Santa Cruz, Williams 2756: Lake Lanao, Camp Iveithley,
Mrs. Clemens 306, 511, s. n.: District of Zamboanga, Tetuan, Ahern 576. Ba-
silan, 1 lallicr s. n.

Local names, aurnaug, 1 locos Sur; ludungla, Bontoc; anonang, Benguet; mala-
paeo, Zambales; palimumog, talibobong, Rizal; anonangin, macaisa, Catnarines;
alibungog, Cebu; clamungog, Guimaras.

Endemic: E. laevis ranges from India to Australia.

4. Ehretia microphylla Lam. 111. 1 (179?) 425.

E. buxifolia Roxb. PI. Corom. 1 (1795) 42, pi. 57.

Carmona lieterophylla Cav. 1c. 5 (1799) 23, pi. 1,38.

Carmonea heterophylla Blanco FI. Filip. ( 1837 ) 209.

Ehretia heterophylla Sprang. Syst. 1 (1825) 048; Naves in Blanco FI. Filip,
ed. 3 (1877 ?) pi. 72.

Cordia retusa Valil Symb. 2 (1791) 42; non Ehretia retusa Wall, ex DC.
Prodr. 9 ( 1845) 511.

Batanes Islands, Batan Island, Santo Domingo de Basco, Fur. Sci. 3623
F&nix. Babuyanes Islands, Camiguin Island, Fur. Sci. 1,017 Fcnix. Luzon,
Province of llocos Norte, Bangui, For. Fur. 11,692 Darling: Province of Cagayan,
Fur. Sci. 7903 Ramos, For. Fur. 16620 Curran, For. Fur. 161,63, 16690 Bacani:
Province of Nueva Vizcaya, Dupax, Fur. Sci. 821,8 Ramos; Santa Cruz, For. Fur.
15785 Curran <£• Merritt: Province of Benguet, Sablan, Elmer 6167 ; Twin Peaks,
Elmer 631,7: Province of Union, Bauang, Fcnix 7: Province of Bataan, Lamao
River, Merrill 2538, Elmer 6850, W illiams 186, For. Fur. 1603 Forden: Province
of Rizal, Manila, Merrill 31,76, Marave 1,6; Malapadnabato, Merrill 2726: Prov-
ince of Laguna, Los Banos, Elmer s. n. : Province of Tayabas, Pagsalan, For.
Fur. 11112, 11121 Curran: Province of Camarines, Pasacao, Ahern 810. Mas-
hate, Merrill 3057. Ticao, For. Fur. 1011, Clark. Bohol, Guindulman. Fur.
Sei. 1238 McGregor. Mindanao, District of Davao, Davao, Copeland 881, ;
Santa Cruz, Williams 2763: District of Cotabato, Malabang, Mrs. Clemens 787:
District of Zamboanga, Tetuan, Ahern 551,, 621. Basilan, DcVorc d lloover 13.

Local names, palupo, Batan; itsa, llocos; cha, Bataan; chaa bundoc, Manila;
chain bundoc, Malapadnabato; putputay, Pasacao; marumara, Masbate; rna-
ramara, Ticao; buyobuyo, buyocbuyoc, Zamboanga, Basilan; ycha nga atap, Union.

It is still uncertain which is the oldest available name for this species; the
oldest, that of Valil, is not available. The first part of volume 1 of Lamarck’s
Illustrations was published in 1791, the first part of volume 2 in 1797. Ehretia
microphylla was published in the second or remaining part of volume 1, one of
the few parts of the entire work for which the dates have not been accurately
ascertained. This name has been generally adopted of late on the supposition
that it dated from 1791, the presumption is still in its favor.

India, Malaya, Formosa.

PHILIPPINE BOBAGINACEjE.

693

3. COLDENIA Linn.

Coldenia procumbens Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 125.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Solana, Bur. Sci. 78.92 Ramos: Province of Union,
San Fernando, Herb. San Fern. High School: Province of Pangasinan, Cuming
995; Baui, Bur. Sci. 7/929 Ramos: Province of Pampanga, Arayat, Merrill 1464:
Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 8787 Robinson ; Taytay, Bur. Set. 2655
Ramos; Tanav, Bur. Sci. 33)3 Ramos. Mindoro, Magaran, Bur. Sci. 663 7
Robinson.

Local name, papa atinuang , Union.

Cosmopolitan in the tropics of both hemispheres.

4. ROTULA I .our.

Rotula aquatica Lour. FI. Cochinch. (1790) 121.

Rhabdia lycioides Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2 (1827) 136, pi. 195.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Tuguegarao, Bolster 198, Bur. Sci. 7874 Ramos:
Province of Ilocos Norte, Bur. Sci. 2225 M earns : Province of Zambales, Cande-
laria, Bur. Sci. 4809 Ramos: Province of Bulacan, near Norzagaray, Yoder 171:
Province of Rizal, Montalban, For. Bur. 3400 Ahern’s collector. Mindoro, Tubile,
For. Bur. 8646, 9929 Merritt.

Used as a house decoration at Tuguegarao, where it is very common. Plant
usually scandent, growing on rocks in river-beds, or in sandy soil near streams.

The identity of Rotula aquatica and Rhabdia lycioides was stated by Clarke,®
but without comment. Loureiro’s names are the older, both for the species and
genus, the genus is considered to be monotypic, and the name Rotala in the
Lythraceae, the only obstacle, is sufficiently distinct. If Rhabdia were retained,
a new combination would be necessary. In order to finally settle the ques-
tion, information was sought from J)r. A. B. Rendle, of the British Museum
of Natural History, where Loureiro’s collections are preserved. He writes :
“Loureiro’s type of Rotula aquatica consists mostly of leafless twigs but there are
fragments of flowers fruits and leaves which put beyond doubt the identity of
the plant with Rhabdia lycioides. An anatomical examination of the twigs con-
firms the identity. As you suggest in your letter the name Rotula must be taken
for the genus.”

Tropics of both hemispheres.

5. TOURNEFORTIA Linn.

Coastal trees or shrubs; corolla-tube about same length as calyx.... 1 . T. argentea
Shrubby, usually scandent; corolla-tube much longer than calyx.

Calyx densely tomentose 2. T. horsfieldii

Calyx, though pubescent, not tomentose 3. T. sarmentosa

1. Tournefortia argentea Linn. f. Suppl. (1781) 133.

T. arborea Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 129.

Batanes Islands, Sabtan Island, Santo Domingo de Basco, Bur. Sci. 3762 Fcnix.

Babuyanes Islands. Fuga Island, Bur. Sci. 3252, 3253 M earns ; Babuyan Island,
Bur. Sci. 3894 Fcnix: Camiguin Island, Bur. Sci. 3894, 4004 F6nix. Luzon,
Province of Cagayan, Palaui Island, For. Bur. 16934 Curran: Province of Panga-
sinan, northwest coast, Bur. Sci. 8351 Curran & Merritt: Province of Camarines,
Pasacao, Ahern 221, 244- Mindoro, Pinamalayan, For. Bur. 6733 Merritt ;

Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. 4 (1883) 145.

ROBINSON.

694

Tubile, For. Bur. 855 '/ Merritt. Ai*o Island, Mindoro Straits, Merrill l/ll/,
Bur. Sci. 17!) Bermejo. Balabac, Bur. Sci. 382 Mangubat. Sxjlu, Jolo, Williams
3121/. Leyte, Panaon Island, Lyon 13.

Local names, vangta, Sabtan; bantal, Palaui; baracbarac, Apo Island.

Ceylon to Australia and Mauritius.

2. Tournefortia horsfieldii Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 2 (1857) 927.

Luzon, Province of Ilocos Norte, Cuming 1215, Bur. Sci. 2318 Mearns; Bangui,
For. Bur. 11/601/ Darling; Badoc, For. Bur. 13954 Merritt & Darling: Province of
Benguet, Baguio, Elmer 81/67, Topping 11/3 ; Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 16103 Curran
Merritt tC- Zschokke: Province of Zambales, Mount Tapulao, Bur. Sci. 1/70!) Ramos;
Kio Baquiling, For. Bur. 60S0 Curran .' Province of Pangasinan, Villasis, Alberto
86: Province of Pampanga, Arayat, Merrill 13§5.

Very doubtfully distinct from F. sarmentosa. Duplicates of the two Cuming
collections upon which these species were credited to the Philippines are in this
herbarium, and have been very carefully examined. The most obvious difference
is in the extent of the pubescence, not only upon the calyx, but also the corolla,
rachis, and the under surface of the leaves. There is a further difference in
the shape of the calyx-lobes, those of T. sarmentosa being shorter and broader
and more obtuse, those of T. horsfieldii being longer (2.5 mm), narrowly
lanceolate, and subacute. An attempt to separate the later collections on this
basis, has led to the conclusion that its apparent naturalness is illusory. Miquel
places these species in different sections, the fruits of T. sarmentosa being capable
of division into two, those of T. horsfieldii into four parts. Fruits were examined
from all our Philippine collections having them, 20 in all, and all gave practically
the same result, that they more easily divided into two. but each of these again
divided nearly as easily into two. When the attempt is made by inserting a
needle at the base, the first split is a quadrant in about one-fourth of the cases.
Otherwise, the numbers above cited well agree with Miquel’s description. The
corolla-tube, both in our specimens referred to this and to the following species
is longer than described for either, in a large majority of the cases being from
7 to 12 mm. But it is often possible on the same branches to find others,
apparently mature but much shorter, so that while this may possibly be a
natural character, it is incapable of application. With this goes a difference
in the length of the corolla-lobes, both lobes and tube appearing to elongate after
the flowers have opened.

Local name, pangas, Pampanga.

Malaya.

3. Tournefortia sarmentosa Lam. 111. 1 (179?) 416.

T. urvilleana Cham, in Linnaea 4 (1829) 465.

T. hirsutissima Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 128; non Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 140.

Babuyanes Islands, Camiguin Island, Bur. Sci. 301/0 Fcnix. Luzon, Province
of Cagayan, Bur. Sci. 7006 Ramos, For. Bur. 161/00 Bacani, For. Bur. 16730
Curran, For. Bur. 18616 Klemme : Province of Benguet, Bur. Sci. 5305 Ramos:
Province of Union, Bauang, Elmer 5652: Province of Bataan, Dinalupijan,
Merrill 1575 ; Lamao River, Whitford 15, Merrill 2525, Williams 525, For. Bur.
281/1/ Meyer: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Merrill Dec. Philip. For. FI. 260 Ahern’s
collector; Jala-Jala, Chamisso (carbon-print of type of T. urvilleana in herb.
Berol.) : Province of Laguna, Los Banos, Hallier s. n., Elmer s. n.; Calauan,
Cuming 1/68: Province of Tayabas, Atimonan, Whitford 606: Province of Camari-
nes, Ahern 256. Polillo, Burdeos, Bur. Sci. 0212 Robinson. Masbate, Merrill
301/0, For. Bur. 1692 Clark. Romblow, Copeland s. n. Lubang, Merrill 971.
Palawan, Puerto Princesa, For. Bur. 351/0 Curran, Bur. Sci. 330 Bermejo;

PHILIPPINE BORAGINACEJE.

695

Iwahig, Bur. Sci. 805 Foxworthy, Merrill 784. Ubian, Merrill 5397. Mindanao,
District of Davao, Santa Cruz, Williams 2705: District of Zamboanga, San Ramon,
Eallier s. n. Basilan, Eallier s. n.

Mauritius to Malaya and Australia.

6. H ELIOT RO PI U M Tourn.

Coarse weed, with leaves at least 5 cm long L B. indicum

Much smaller, leaves not, over 1.5 cm long.

Fruit distinctly 4-lobed - -• B. bracteatum

Fruit not or indistinctly 4-lobed 3. E. strigosum

1. Heliotropium indicum Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 130.

Heliophytum indicum DC. Prodr. 9 (1845) 55G.

Tiaridium indicum Lehm. Asperif. 1 (1818) 14.

Heliotropium parviflorum Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 80, non Linn. Mant. 2
(1771) 201.

So common throughout the Archipelago that it is now rarely collected, repre-
sented in this herbarium by the following.

Babuyanes Islands, Camiguin Island, Bur. Sci. 3970 F6nix. Batanes
Islands, Batan Island, Bur. Sci. 3700 Fenix. Luzon, Province of Ilocos Norte,
Bur. Sci. 22^1 Mearns: Province of Zambales, Merrill 2092, Bur. Sci. 5071 Ramos:
Province of Pampanga, Parker: Province of Bataan, Williams 1/8, For. Bur.
195.'t Borden: Province of Rizal, Elmer 5534, Philip. Normal School 182 Abceda,
Merrill 28: Province of Laguna, Cuming 7 23, Marave IfS : Province of Cavite,
Bur. Sci. 176 Foxworthy: Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 6609 Kobbe. Marin-
duque, collector unknown. Panay, Merrill 2409. Mindanao, Province of Su-
rigao, Allen 154: District of Davao, DeVore cG Hoover 208: Lake Lanao, Mrs.
Clemens. Basilan, DeVore it- noover 81, 83.

Local names, malacudcuran, Zambales; camantigui, Manila; hinlalayon, Bu-
lacan; bunut leon, Tayabas : trompa elefante, Manila; Marinduque, Panay, Basilan;
apostes, Basilan. The names given by Blanco under H. parviflorum are hinlalayon
and cotingcotingan.

Tropics of both hemispheres.

2. Heliotropium bracteatum R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 493.

Mindanao, District of Davao, Davao, Copeland 538.

Southern India to Australia.

3. Heliotropium strigosum Willd. Sp. PI. 1 (1797) 743.

Luzon, Province of Zambales, Iba, Merrill 328, with very narrow leaves,
falling under the variety brevifolium.

Western Asia to Australia.

Heliotropium cueassavicum Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 130.

This species is reported by Fernandez-Villar as growing near the shore at
Manila. It is not represented by recent collections, but is not unlikely to have
been introduced.

Heliotropium coromandelianum Naves in FI. Filip, ed. 3. (1877) pi. 28;
F.-Vill. in Noviss. App. (1883) 138; non Retz. Obs. 2 (1781) 9.

f Schleidenia parciflora Llanos in Mem. Real Acad. Ci. Madrid 4 (1859) 499;
non DC. Prodr. 9 (1845) 557.

This species, now regarded as a synonym of H. ovalifolium Forsk., is not,
represented by Naves’ plate, and nothing corresponding to either has appeared in
recent collections: the plate was presumably drawn from Philippine material,
but is too imperfect to permit exact identification. The known Philippine plants
91262 3

ROBINSON.

696

which superficially most resemble it belong to other families, but it may prove
to be a true Hcliotropium. Llanos’ species, from Angeles, Pampanga, where it
is known as taling-bondoc, has no other means of identification: it was reduced
to //. coromandelianum by Villar, and if really known to him. may prove the
key to the situation. As yet, this local name does not appear in this herbarium on
any sheet of Boraginaceae or any species of other families suggested by Naves’
plate.

7. TRICHODESMA R. Br.

Calyx-lobes in fruit cordate or hastate 1. T.indicum

Calyx-lobes not cordate nor hastate 2. T. zeylanioum

1. Trichodesma indicum R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 496.

Borago indica Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 137; Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 60,
non Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 81.

Luzon, Province of Rizal, Tanay, Bur. Sci. 3335 Ramos; Manila, Merrill s. n.:
Province of Laguna, Santa Rosa. Bur. Sci. 6093 Robinson.

Persia, India, Mauritius.

2. Trichodesma zeylanicum R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 496.

Borago zeylanica Burm. f. FI. Ind. (1768) 41.

Borago indica Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 81.

B. afrieana ? Blanco FI. Filip, ed. 2 (1845) 60.

Ltzon, Province of Cagayan, Tuguegarao, Bur. Sci. 7 050 Ramos: Province of
I locos Norte, Bur. Sci. 230.’,, 2303 M earns; Banna, Bur. Sci. 769.', Ramos: Prov-
ince of Pampanga, Arayat, Merrill 1J,66: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Merrill
2623: Province of Tayabas, Cuming 680: locality unknown, Marave 160.

India, Australia, Mascarene Islands. There seems to be much doubt regarding
the occurrence of this genus elsewhere in Malaya, in spite of its wide distribution:
Miquel enumerates both of the present species, but apparently had not seen either;
Boer 1 age omits the genus altogether. In the Philippines, it is almost certainly
introduced, although long established.

8. CYNOGLOSSUM Tourn.

Nutlets margined, stem-pubescence appressed 1. C. furcatum

Nutlets not margined, stem-pubescence spreading 2. C. micranthum

1. Cynoglossum furcatum Wall, in Roxb. FI. Ind. 2 (1824) 6.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Bued River, Merrill 1,299; Baguio, Elmer 6381,
Mil Hams 1129; Rio Trinidad, Bur. Sci. 551,3 Ramos: District of Bontoc, For.
Bur. 11,1,57 Darling, For. Bur. 16533 Curran if Merritt. Mindanao, District of
Davao, Mount Apo, Copeland 1131,.

Afghanistan to Ceylon and Japan.

2. Cynoglossum micranthum Desf. Cat. Hort. Paris. (1804) 220.

Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Cuming 131,1: Province of Nueva Vizcaya, Mount
Cmuguen, Bur. Sci. 8265 Ramos: Province of Benguet, Pauai, Bur. Sci. 1,1,45
Mearns; Sayat to Balangaban, For. Bur. 1591,9 Bacani ; Rio Trinidad, Bur. Sci.
551,3a Ramos; Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 16103 Curran Merritt t€ Zschokke ; Mount
Tonglon (Santo Tomas), Merrill 1,833, For. Bur. 1,956 Curran, Bur. Sci. 51,71,
Ram os.

While these are the species so-called in eastern Asiatic botany, they do not
exactly agree with the descriptions in the Flora of British India. Our C. mi-
cranthum differs in having slightly larger calyx-lobes, and nearly all the flowers
are pedicelled except when very young; the fruit in our specimens is about 4 mm
in diameter: Philippine C. furcatum has more pubescent leaves than described,

PHILIPPINE BORAGINACEdE.

697

though the Apo specimen which is in flower seems to be cospecific and is less
pubescent than the plants from northern Luzon; the stems have the appressed
pubescence directed downward except toward the apex ; the fruit is about 0 mm
in diameter.

China, Malaya, India, eastern Africa.

9. BOTH RIOS PERM UM Bunge.

Bothriospermum tenellum Fiscli. & Mey. Ind. Sem. (1835) 24.

Anchusa tenella Hornem. Hort. Hafn. 1 (1812-1815) 17fi.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, Elmer 577 ), Williams 135!).

There is difficulty over the specific name, involving species in two genera.
Hornem. Enum. PI. Hort. Bot. Hafn. (1807) 3, enumerated Anchusa tenella Herb.
Valil, with no additional data, so that the name is a mere nomen nudum. The
plant was Cynoglossum denticulatum DC. Prodr. 10 (1846) 150, with no other
earlier synonyms.

In 1813. Hort. Reg. Bot. Hafn. 1: 170, Hornemann definitely published An-
chusa. tenella, the basis of the present species, and added as a note: “In Herb.
Valilii asservatur sub nomine Ancli. zeylanica planta liuic similis, sed cum
inflorescentia (Racemus) differt, lianc novam esse speciem opinatus sum.”

Jacquin, Eel. 1 (1811-1816) 47, pi. 29, has the following: “29. Anchusa zey-
lanica. Anchusa zeylanica, herbacea caule prostrato, foliis ovatis, hirsutis;
floribus solitariis interfoliaceis pedunculatis. Anchusa zeylanica. Herb. Valilii.
Hornemann, Enumer. plant, liorti botanici hafniensis. 1807.” This is followed by
a description of a plant, presumably that from which his diagnosis was drawn,
which has been found by DeCandolle and others to be the same as Bothriosper-
mum tenellum.

The difficulties thus are two, the first a question of fact, whether Hornemann s
or Jacquin’s name is the older, the other a matter of interpretation, as to which
of the two species is to be considered the type of Anchusa- zeylanica Jacq.

Bibliographic research can alone decide the former, hut the probabilities, based
upon the number of pages in his volume, give the preference to Jacquin. It seems
clear, moreover, that lie took the name from Hornemann, believing that lie had
the same species as the plant of the Valil herbarium: had Hornemann actually
published A. zeylanica, there would lie no other option than to identify Jacquin's
species with Cynoglossum denticulatum, making necessary a change in its specific
name. But since A. zeylanica Valil ex Hornem. is a nomen nudum, it is appa-
rently better to retain the name for the plant that Jacquin actually had and
described, namely Bothriospermum tenellum, leaving the question simply bne of
priority of publication.

To Dr. C. H. Ostenfeld, I am greatly indebted not only for copies from the
three publications here cited, but also for a reexamination of the specimen in
Vahl’s herbarium.

Northwestern Himalayas to Japan and Formosa.

10. TRIGONOT1S Stev.

Trigonotis philippinensis Merr. in Philip. Journ. Fci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 228.

Luzon, Province of Benguet, Pauai to Baguio, Merrill IfHOOj Pauai, Bur. Sci.

Mcarns; Mount Pulog, For. Bur. IGlOlf Curran Merritt d Zschokhe.

Endemic, much the farthest southeastern extension of the genus.

Young flowers of this species, when compared with others taken from Indian
material of Eritrichium strictum Decne., showed about equal curvature of the
receptacle in the two species: in fruiting specimens of 7’. philippinensis the

698

ROBINSON.

receptacle is quite flat, moreover the tetrahedral nutlets are quite as in Trigonotis,
though proportionally somewhat longer than in any Indian species, and quite
different from those of any Eritrichium.

The name of this genus, under the Vienna code, is Endogonia Lindl., dating
from 1847, while Trigonotis was published in 1851. There is a still older
Endogona of Rafinesque, 1836, not a valid genus, as it is universally reduced to
Anthcricum Linn., but quite sufficient to prevent the employment of Lindley’s
name here.

STUDIES IN THE VEGETATION OF THE PHILIPPINES.

I. THE COMPOSITION AND VOLUME OF THE DIPTEROCARP
FORESTS OF THE PHILIPPINES.

By H. N. Whitfokd.

( From the Bureau of Forestry, Manila, P. I.)

SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS.

I. The virgin forest area of the Philippines comprises approximately
40,000 square miles or about one-third the total area.

II. Seventy-five per cent of the virgin forest area (30,000 square miles)
is covered with forests in which the members of the dipterocarp family
predominate.

III. The members of the dipterocarp family, comprising an average
of 75 per cent of the volume, can, from a forester’s and lumberman’s
standpoint, be divided into three tree groups, viz, the hard and durable
yacals, the apitongs, and the lauans.

IV. The apitongs and lauans can furnish by far the greatest amount
of timber. The apitongs can be favorably compared to the hard pines
in general mechanical properties, the lauans, to the soft pines.

V. From many standpoints the dipterocarp family is to the Philip-
pines what the pine and oak families are to the United States and other
temperate countries.

VI. Success in virgin forest growth should be measured in terms of
bulk or bulk and annual increment combined.

VII. The nearer the climatic, edaphic, and biotic conditions reach
the optimum, the heavier the bulk of the forest and the simpler the
systematic arboreal composition.

VIII. If measured in bulk alone, some temperate regions as compared
with the Philippines show greater success in forest growth. If annual
increment is used in combination with bulk, the forests of the Philippines
will compare favorably with forest growth in temperate regions.

IX. If the tropics in general are like the Philippines in the above re-
spects, they can be depended on to produce woods to compete with general
construction timbers grown in temperate regions.

X. An inventory of the forest resources of other tropical regions will
give scientific and economic results of great importance.

699

700

WHITFORD.

INTRODUCTION.

An estimate of the capacity of any region to produce and maintain a
virgin forest presupposes a standard of comparison by which to judge
success in forest growth.

What is meant by success depends on the investigator’s standpoint.
Those who critically examine forest growth can, I think, be roughly
divided into four classes. These are systematic botanists, ecological bot-
anists, lumbermen, and foresters. The systematic botanist would usually
consider the most successful forest to be that which contains on a unit
of surface the greatest number of species of all kinds from the ground to
the tops of the highest trees. On the above idea, variety in species and
farm are the main points considered. Thus the forest is composed of
a great many species assuming in outline a great many forms, such as
lichens, mosses, liverworts, herbs, epiphytes, parasites, climbing bamboos
and palms and dicotyledonous trees. He usually brings his material
together in the form of a “flora,” associating plants in groups or families.
Thus a qualitative analysis is made of the forest. The idea of bulk is
expressed in vague terms, associated with different species, like “common”
or “abundant,” “a large tree,” “a liana,” etc. A brief description of
the region usually precedes the lists of plants. This is the conventional
idea of the tropical forests and those people, who disregard value as an
element ol success would place such a forest as the most successful in
the world.

The ecological botanist will consider habitat as well as vegetation. He
will divide the forest into formations or societies, or types, corresponding
to the different habitats, and then describe each forest type in greater or
less detail, calling attention qualitatively, and more or less quantitatively,
to the composition of the forest. He may or may not make an attempt
to measure, or express in some way, the factors of the habitat. To him
the best physical and biotic conditions produce the best or most successful
forest which he calls a mesophytic forest. The idea of “succession” may
or may not be considered. In the above ideas there is little or no attempt
to measure the amount of vegetation per unit of surface, hence they may
be designated as qualitative standards in distinction from the quantitative
standards, viz, the standard of the lumberman and the forester.

The lumberman takes into consideration “value” as an element of
success in forest growth. Any given forest would be judged by the trees
suitable for his needs and the rest would be considered as “weed trees.”
As the cost of handling a large amount and a few kinds of lumber is
less than in handling a small amount and many kinds on any given area,
he desires to obtain a great bulk of one or of very few kinds of timber
per unit of area. To him the most successful forest in the world would
be the greatest amount of the most valuable timbers of the most con-

STUDIES IN THE VEGETATION OF THE PHILIPPINES, I. 701

venient size best situated, so as to yield the highest profits to immediate
utilization.

The forester would inject into the lumberman’s view the idea of
increment for the sake of future yields and the possibility that the woods
which he now considers as valueless, may, in a readjustment of market
conditions, become valuable. In other words, the forester’s standard of
success is the earning capacity of the forest as a permanent investment.

These four views, the systematic botanist’s, containing the idea of
variety associated (consciously or not) with bulk; the ecologist’s, associat-
ing the idea of bulk and variety with habitat; the lumberman’s, consider-
ing the variety and bulk of wood necessary for his present needs; and
the forester’s, considering the variety and bulk for present and future
use, are, I believe, fairly representative of the different standpoints of
observing men who judge forest and forest conditions. An ideal studv
of the vegetation of a forest would be a combination of all of these in
which the vegetation would be arranged by habitats with the idea of
succession recognized and the physical and other factors measured. A
complete list of plants in each habitat could be obtained, the number
(stand) of each species could be enumerated, the volume by cubic contents
or weight of each plant ascertained, and the market value of each
merchantable kind could be estimated.

Because of the impracticability of such a study, I propose to use bulk
as measured, in cubic contents as the standard of comparison by which
success is judged in forest vegetation. By “bulk” I mean the amount of
vegetable tissue (mainly wood) that is formed and maintained for a
greater or less length of time. I’rom this standpoint the unit of aiea
(of a size large enough to be considered a region ) that produces and
is able to maintain for some time the greatest amount of vegetable tissue
per unit of surface is the most successful. 1 am purposely leaving out
of account the idea of annual increment, principally because it is im-
practicable at present to give any figures showing this. In a general way
the influence of this element of success will be used in certain conclusions
at the close of this paper. The measuring of the forest by weight per
unit of surface would perhaps be a better standard of comparison. 1 bis
could easily be obtained with the volume and specific gravity of each kind
of wood mentioned. The idea of judging by value is disregarded because
it would not be a stable standard of comparison.

It is proposed to confine the discussions of the dipterocarp forests in
this paper to the dicotyledonous trees and after a preliminary discussion
on the composition of the forest with a mention of trees of all sizes, to
limit the studies to those trees above a certain diameter. That the
forest is composed of plants other than dicotyledonous trees goes without
saying. Most descriptions of tropical forests give, I think, undue im-
portance to these other elements. Thus one gains the impression that

702

WHITFOHD.

tree palms, epiphytic orchids and ferns, insectivorous plants, large lianas
and the like are the main features of tropical forests, principally because
these forms are not as a rule present in temperate regions and con-
sequently are more apt to force themselves upon investigators from
temperate regions. After all, these peculiar forms are only ornaments
that a tropical climate permits. Stripped of their showy forms the
tropical forests of the Philippines are more nearly like temperate forests
than they are different from them.

To measure the entire bulk of any forest is impracticable. It is
therefore proposed to apply the methods used by lumbermen and foresters,
viz, rough cruising and valuation surveys.

While the measurement of the merchantable “bulk” of the forest is
not by any means the entire bulk, yet for the purposes of this paper it
can be used comparatively and will give a far better indication of what
comprises the main bulk than merely indicating the number of trees and
other plants. It may be objected that the measurement of trees of mer-
chantable size gives undue importance to those reaching that size, and
that if those species that do not reach merchantable size were measured,
the proportion of the entire bulk would be greatly changed in favor of
the smaller species. It must be remembered, however, that the large-
sized species have small-sized unmeasured representatives and that the
quantity of the latter in most instances would be as great as the entire
bulk of the other species that do not reach merchantable sizes. Then
the- great- amount of bulk in the branches of the large trees would add
greatly to the bulk of the principal species. All things considered, it is
believed that if the entire woody bulk of the forest could be measured
the relative proportion of the principal family would be even greater
than that shown in the tables given below.

In most of the discussions on the composition and volume given below
no attempt is made to arrange the forests under discussion in “types.”
That “types” do exist is without question, but a discussion of such types
and their composition and volume is reserved for another paper.

FORESTS IN BATAAN PROVINCE.

In a previous paper 1 by the author the results of a quantitative analysis
of the arboreal composition of a number of measured plots was given.
In these no consideration of volume was taken other than that all trees
under 4 meters in height were excluded.

In order to give a more comprehensive idea of the volume, one 2 of
these tables taken at random has been copied and then rearranged.

Table I illustrates the complexity qualitatively and quantitatively.

1 Whitford, II. N. The Vegetation of the Laraao Forest Reserve. This Journal

1 (1906) 373-431; 637-682.

2 Loc. cit. 637, 638.

STUDIES IN THE VEGETATION OF THE PHILIPPINES, I. 703

It shows that, on an area of 8,325 square meters (a little over 2 acres)
there are 1,160 trees (representing 85 species) over 4 meters in height.
Column A gives the number of trees and B the percentage of each.

Table I.

Name of plant.

A.

B. !'

1. Dipterocarpus grandiflorus

Blanco ..

182

15.7

2. Shorea polysperma Merr. ...

134

11.5

3. Memecylon edule Roxb.

94

8.1

4. Aporosa sphaeridophora

Merr. .

81

7.0

5. Temstroemia toquian F.-
Vill.

66 |

5. 7

6. Dio spy r os pilosanthera
Blanco -

59 i

5.1

7. Santiria nitida Merr.

52

4.5

8. Calophyllum blancoi PI. &
Tr

46

4. 1

9. Pent acme contorta Merr. &
Rolfe- _ - - -

41

3.5

; 10. Cyclostemon microphyllum

Merr.

30

2.6

11. Eug nia glaucicalyx Merr. __

26

2.2

12. Cinnamomum mercadoi Vid.

23

2.0

j 13. Aporosa symplocosi/olia
Merr. - _

22

1.9

14. Semecarpus perrottetii

March.- -_

22

1.9 j

15. llopea acuminata Merr.

20

1.7 i

16. Quercus sp. -

17

1.6

17. Kayea panicttlata Merr.

15

1.3

1 18. IAtchi philippinensis Radik.

15

1.3

19. Plectronia riridis Merr. _ .

12

L0 1

20. Euphoria cinerea Radik

12

1.0

| 21. Shorea guiso Blume- - -

12

1.0

22. Ellipanthus luzoniensis Vid._

10

(*)

i 23. Symplocos oblong ifolia Rolfe.

10

—

| 24. Vatica mangachapoi Blume _

10

25. Baccaurea tetrandra Bail!.--

10

8

27. Pandanus luzoniensis Merr

8

28. Anisoptera thurifera Blanco.

6

29. Calophyllum ivhitfordii Merr

6

30. Gonocaryum caUeryanum

6

31. Ormosia calavcnsis Blanco..

6

32. Knema heterophylla Warb...

6

33. Excoecaria philippinensis

5

34. Dimorphocalyx longipes

4

35. Kopsia longiflora Merr

4

36. Litsea luzonica F.-Vill

4

Name of plant.

Litsea fulva F.-Vill

Myristica philippensis Lam. __
Sideroxylon d u cl it a n

Blanco

Talauma villariana Rolfe

Antidcsma edule Merr.

Ficus sp.

Aglaia harmsiana Perk.

Cham per ei a cumingiana

Merr

Eugenia sp.

Eugenia sp

Grewia stylocarpa Warb.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48. Mangifcra altissima Blanco —

49. Pygeurn glandulosum Merr

50. Shorea sp

51. Sterculia brevipetiolata

Merr

52. Linociera sp.

53. Unona clusiflora Merr.

54. Aglaia bordenii Merr.

55. Albizzia procera Benth.

56. Ardisia philippinensis

A. DC

57. Artocarpus comm u n i 8

Forst.

58. Buchanania arborcscens Bl. __

59. Citrus hystrix DC.

60. Cyathocalyx globosus Merr.

61. Dipterocarpus vcrnicifluus

Blanco

Ficus .sp.

Guioa sp.

Ixora sp.

Ixora sp.

Memecylon sp.

Michclia cumingii

& Rolfe

Mitrcphora merriUii C.

Rob.

Merr.

Palaquium tenuipetiolatum

Merr.

Randia sp.

Shorea sp

Voacanga sp

to 85. (unknown species).

Total (85)

A.

B.

4

4

4

—

1 4

3

3

2

2

j

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

i 2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

...

1

1

1

1

1

1

—

1

.! i

i

i

i

i

12

. 1, 160

The following have less than 1 per cent.

704

WHITFOliD.

But when judged from the standpoint of size a quite different im-
pression is obtained. By that standard, we should note that of the 1,1G0
trees only 826 (about 71 per cent) reach merchantable size (.30 centi-
meters in diameter), that 409 of these (35 per cent of the whole number
or 50 per cent of those that may reach merchantable size) are of one
botanical family (the Dipterocarpaceae) .

Table 11 shows the species and number of the dipterocarps found
in the above mentioned plot.

Table II.

Name of plant.

Num-

ber.

Name of plant.

Num-

ber.

Dipterocarpus qrandiflorm Blanco .

182

Vat ica mangachapoi Blume

10

Shorca polysperma Merr.

134

6

Pentacme contorta Merr. it Rolfe

41

Shorca spp. _

Ilopea acuminata Merr. .

20

i i

Shorca guiso Blume ___

12

Total

409

-

It will be seen that of the Dipterocarpaceae, two species, Dipterocarpus
(j ran (lift 'or us and Shorca polysperma, have 316 representatives or about
38 per cent of the total number of trees that may reach a merchantable
diameter of 30 centimeters.

’Hie following table shows the proportion of the other trees mentioned
in 'Table 1 by families that may reach merchantable size when mature.

Table III.

Name of plant.

Number. Name of plant.

Number.

Tiieaceae:

Anacardiaceae:

1. Trmstrocmia toquian F.-Vill

-j

66 : 15. Semecarpus perrottetii March.

22

Kbenaceae:

16. Mangi/era altissima Blanco . . .

2

2. Dios/ryro s pilosanthera Blanco..

-y 17. Buchanania arborescens Blume.

25

Bukseraceak:

Fagaceak:

3. Santirifi nitiila Merr. ...

| 18. Quercns sp.

17

Guttiferae:

Connakaceak:

4. Calophyllum hlancoi PI. it Tr. .

_ 46

19. Elli pan thus hconiensis Vid.

10

ft. Calophyllum whitfordii Merr.

6

Myristicaceae:

Myrtaceae:

1 20. Kncma hcterophyl/a Warb.

6

6. Eugenia glaucicalyx Merr.

26

21. Myristica philippensis Lam.

4

7. Eugenia sp. ....

8

Leguminosae:

8. Eugenia sp. _ _ _

2

22. Ormosia calavcnsis Blanco. „

6

9. Eugenia sp.

2

23. Albizzia procera Benth.

1

Lauraceae:

"s 24. Pahudia rhomboidca Prain ..

1

10. Cinnamomum mercadoi Vid.

1 23

Icacinaceae:

11. IAtsea luzonica F.-Vill

4

25. Gonocaryum calleryanum Becc. __

6

12. IAtsea fulra F.-Vill. -----

4

jjl j Sapotaceae:

Sapindaceae:

J

26. Sidcrorylon duclitan Blanco

4

13. Litchi phUippinensis Radik. ... _

15

27. Palaquium tenuipetiolatum

14. Euphoria cinerea Radik.

12

Merr. . ..

1

27 ||

b I

STUDIES IN THE VEGETATION OF THE PHILIPPINES, I.

705

Table III — Continued.

Name of plant. 1 Number.

Name of plant.

Number.

Meliaceae:

Rosacea e:

28. Aglaia harmsiana Perk. ; 2

32. Pyc/eum glandulomm Merr. --- -

2

29. A glaia harden ii Merr. _ . - - 1

Moraceae:

Opii.tacEae:

33. Artocnrpus communis Forst.

i

30. Champertia cumingiana Merr 2

Anonaceae:

Tiliaceae:

34. Cyathocalyx globosus Merr.

i

417

1

While all the trees mentioned above may in exceptional cases reach
a diameter limit of 30 centimeters, as a matter of fact most of them will
reach when mature not over 40 centimeters in diameter and very few of
them have the power to reach the diameter and height of some of the
dipteroearps.

Tf bulk were taken into consideration the proportion of the dipteroearps
would be much greater. This will be shown in another connection.

The 334 remaining trees that can not reach, when mature, 30 centi-
meters in diameter will not average over 15 centimeters in diameter.
Strange to say, while 40 species are represented in these, the vast
majority of them are distributed among species of the Euphorbiaceae and
Melastomataceae. Thus Memecylon edule Roxb. ( Melastomataceae ) is
represented by 94 trees, and Aporosa sphaeridophora Merr. by 81, Cyclos-
temon micro phyllum Merr. by 30, Aporosa symplocosifolia Merr. by 22,
and Baccaurca tetrandra Bail!, by 10. The last four named belong to
the Euphorbiaceae.

It might be argued that plots adjoining the one given above might
greatly increase the number of species. While this is true to a certain
extent, yet the possibilities are not great when it is known that on the
Lamao Forest Reserve comprising 4,426 hectares and ranging in altitude
from sea level to 1,406 meters there have been listed so far 548 tree
species. This covers the trees of all habitats from those where introduced
tree species are found to the mossy forests on top of the highest peaks.
It is to be expected that the variety of habitats thus represented would
bring about a variety in tree species peculiar to those habitats. Thus
beach and mangrove habitats show distinct sets, river bottoms others, the
mossy forest and various types of dipterocarp forest still others. It
should be noted here that all eight of the dipteroearps found on the
Lamao Forest Reserve of 4,426 hectares are also found on the plot given
above comprising less than one hectare. At the time I wrote the “Vegeta-
tion of the Lamao Forest Reserve” the significance of the above did not

706

WHITFORl).

appeal to me as my studies had not been extensive enough to reach
certain conclusions that have since become apparent.

The figures given above, showing that about 50 per cent of the actual
number of trees over 4 meters in height on one hectare are members of
one family, arc significant not only from an ecological standpoint but
from a lumberman’s standpoint.

Since they were compiled, various parts of the Islands have been studied
in detail and still larger areas have been visited so that the conclusions
reached herein have solid foundations. The work of other men cooperat-
ing with me shows similar results.

Previous to my work on the Lamao Forest Reserve, Bryant 3 made
valuation surveys on the Lamao River basin, in Bataan Province. In
general, his figures show the predominance of the dipterocarps both in
stand and bulk. His statement concerning this family is as follows:

“In the region south of a line drawn from Bagac on the west coast to
Lamao to the east coast, an area of approximately 65,900 acres, * * *
a detailed examination was made of the forest. In this part of the
province the family of the Dipterocarpaccae reaches a fine development and
constitutes the bulk of the merchantable timber.” 4

Unfortunately for the purposes of this paper all trees of a merchantable
size were not considered by Bryant so the exact proportion of dipterocarps
to all others can not be given.

A recent estimate of the stand and volume of all timber over 40 centi-
meters in diameter was made on a tract of land covering approximately
50 hectares near Limay, Bataan Province. This tract is immediately
adjacent to that covered by Bryant. All trees on this tract above 40
centimeters were counted and the volume was obtained by the sample tree
method. The altitudinal range is from 170 to 425 meters. The follow-
ing shows the stand in this forest:

3 Preliminary report on working plan of Bataan Province. Report of the
Bureau of Forestry of the Philippine Islands, from July 1, 1901 to September
2, 1902, from the Report of the Philippine Commission, pp. 483-500.

* Loc. cit. p. 484.

STUDIES IN TIIE VEGETATION OF THE PHILIPPINES, I. 707

Table IV. — Stand on 50 (49.49) hectares on Limay ( Bataan ) tract — all trees
40 centimeters and over counted.

Scientific name.

Dipterocarpaceae:
Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blanco.
Dipterocarpus vernicifluus Blanco..
Pmtacmc contorta Merr. & Rolfe.—

Anisoptera thurtfera Blanco

Shvrea polysperma Merr.

Shorca guiso Blume

Total Dipterocarpaceae

All others

Total

Common name.

Number
of trees
per «
hectare.

Per

cent.

Apitong _

1 12

17.3

Panao .

White lauan __ .

1

19.6

28.6

Palosapis -

4.6

6.6

Tanguile ___ - -

5.1

7.3

Guijo

.8

1.1

42.1

27

60.9

39.1

69. 1

Among the others the following were noted :

FAGACEAE-Qitercws spp. ; Ulmaceae-OcIOs sp.; Moraceae -Artocarpus communis
Forst., Ficus variegata Blume and other Ficus spp.; Olacaceae -Strombosia
philippinensis Rolfe; A N ON ACEAE-Xyl op i a dehiscens Merr., Gyathocalyx globosus
Merr.; M yristicaceae- Myristica philippensis Lam., Knema heterophylla Warb. ;
JjAVRACEAE-Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal, Lit sea spp., Endiandra coriacea Merr.;
RosACEAE-Pt/grewm glandulosum Merr., Parinarium griffithianum Benth. ; Legumi-
nosae -Pithecolobium acle Vid., Adenantliera intermedia Merr., Parkia roxburghii
G. Don, Pahudia rhomboidea Prain; BuRSERACEAE-Oarmmtw spp., Santiria nitida
Merr. ; Meeiaceae-D ysoxylum spp., Reinwardtiodendron merrillii, Amoora spp.,
Aglaia spp.; VoLYGAiACEAE-Xanthophylhim sp. ; EupiiORBiACEAE-/fisc7io/ia tri-
foliata Hook., Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg., Macaranga tanarius Muell.-Arg., En-
dospermum peltatum Merr.; AxACARDiACEAE-Matipi/era altissima Blanco, Draconto-
melum cumingianum Bail]., Dracontomelum dao Merr. & Rolfe, Koordersiodendron
pinnatum Merr., Semecarpus perrottetii March.; SAPINDACEAE-Euphoria cinerca
Radik., Pometia pinnata Forst.; RHAMNACEAE-Zizi/p7ms zonulatus Blanco; Ster-
CUEIACEAE-Pterospernum spp., Pterocymbium tinctorium Merr.; Dilleniaceae-
Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe; GVTTIEERAE-Calophyllum blancoi PI. & Tr., Galo-
phyllum ivhitfordii Merr.; Dipterocarpaceae- Hopea acuminata Merr., Vatica
mangachapoi Blanco; DATISCACEAE-Octoirieles sumatrana Miq. ; Lythraceae-
Lagerstroemia speciosa Pers. ; CowBKETACEAE-Terminalia spp.; MYBTACEAE-Eugenia
spp.; SAPOTACEAE-ZWipe ramiflora Merr., Palaquium luzoniense Vid., Palaquium
tenuipetiolatum Merr.; EuENACEAE-ZHosp?/ros pilosanthera Blanco; Apocynaceae-
Alstonia scholaris R. Br. ; VERBENACEAE-Vifea? littoralis Decne.; Bignoniaceae-
Radermachera pinnata Seem.

708

WIIITFORI).

On the above mentioned plot there were counted in all 3,458 trees; of
these 2,110 belong to the enumerated dipterocarps (Ilopca acuminata and
Vatica mangachapoi not being included) and the remainder 1,348 dis-
tributed among the remaining of which the list given above is fairly
representative. An examination of this list shows that there are included
29 families and over 60 species.

The following table gives the volume on the Limay tract:

Table V. — Volume on 50 (JptJpd) hectares on the Lima y (Bataan) tract — all
trees JfO centimeters and over included.

j Scientific name.

L

Common name.

Cubic

meters

per

hectare.

Per

cent.

Diptekocarpaceae:
l>ipterocarpu8 grandiflorm Blanco
Dipterocarpus vernicifluus Blanco
Pcntacme contorta Merr. & Rolfe
Anisoptcra thurifera Blanco
Shorea polysperma Merr.

Apitong ..

Panao
White launn
Palosapis

J 81. 6

06. 5
28
16
4.1

28.6

28.3

9.8

5.6

1.5

Shorra git iso Blume

Total Dipterocarpaceac ___

196.2
89.0

285. 2

68.8

31.2

100. 0

All others

Total ... . .

1 ables 1 V and \ show that 60.9 per cent of the stand and 68.8 per
cent of the volume respectively on the above tract are composed of six
species of Dipterocarpaceac, and that three species, viz, Dipterocarpus
grandiflorus, Dipterocarpus vcrnicifluus and Pcntacme contorta form 45.9
per cent of the stand and 51.9 per cent of the volume.

FORESTS ON A DELTA PLAIN IN MINDORO.

In cooperation with M. L. Merritt, a tract of land on the east coast
ol Mindoro comprising some 55 square miles was examined. This is
a delta formation, slightly raised, forming a number of different physio-
graphic units. Corresponding to these are distinct vegetative types.
In this connection it is not important to distinguish between these.
After some intensive study to learn to distinguish the numerous kinds of
trees found on the tract, valuation surveys were run bv what is known

STUDIES IN THE VEGETATION OF THE PHILIPPINES, I. 709

as the strip method. All through the work botanical collections were
made, by felling trees if necessary, in order to check up the identifications.
Thus such identifications as were made were checked up in Manila and
those that could not he made were determined by systematic botanists.
Thus a fair idea was obtained of the composition of the forest.5

Tables VI and VII show the stand of timber on two types on the
Mindoro delta plain. (All trees over 40 centimeters were measured.)

Table VI. — Narra type ( average of 28. j hectares.)

Scientific name.

Common name.

White lauan_

Guijo

Apitong

Hagachac

Narra,

Amuguis

Dipt eroca kpaceae:

Pentacme contorta Merr. & Rolfe

S/iorea guiso Blume

Diptcrocarpm sp.

Dipterocarpns affinis Brandis

Total Dipterocarpacear

Leguminosae:

Pterocarpus indicus Willd.

Anacardiaceae:

Koordersiodendron pinnatum Merr. -

Pracontomelum dao Merr. & Rolfe Dao

Meliaceae? ; Agupanga? —

Combretaceae:

Terminalia pellucida Presl Malagabi

Terminalia nitem Presl i Sacat

Terminalia ediilix Blanco ' Calumpit

Burseraceae:

Canarium luzonicum A. Gray | Pili

Canarium villosum F.-Vill. Pagsahinguin

Ulmaceae:

Celtis sp | Malaguibuyo -

All others6 * 8

Total

Number
of trees
per

hectare.

Per

cent. |

14.811

22. 23

4. 243

6. 37

2. 555

3.83

.450

.68

22. 059

33.11

4.769

7.16

4.702

7. 06

3.395

5. 10

4.709

7. 07

| 1.322

1.98

| 1.048

1.57

3. 126

4.69

21.498

32.26

66. 628

100

5 For a more detailed statement of the composition and character of this forest
see Merritt, M. L. and Whitford, II. N. A Preliminary Working Plan for the

Public Forest Tract of the Mindoro Lumber and Logging Company, Bongabon,

Mindoro, P. I. Bureau of Forestry (Philip.) Bulletin 6 (1906) 1-55.

8 See Merritt & Whitford 1. c., 53-55, for list.

710

WHITFORD.

Table Vir! — Hagachac type ( average of lJf hectares.)

Scientific name.

Common name.

Number
of trees
per

hectare.

Per

cent.

Dipterocarpaceae:

Pentacmc contorta Merr. & Rolfe

White lauan

11.016

18.28

Dipterocarpus affinis Brandis __ _

10.519

17. 45

Shorea qniso B]ume_ _

3. 338

5. 54

Dipterocarpus sp.

.111

.23

Total Dipterocarpaceae . .

25. 014

41.50

Leguminosae:

1‘terocarpus indicus Willd. ...

.568

.95

Anacardiaceae:

Koordtrtiodcndron pinnatum Merr.

Amuguis

3. 625

6. 01

Dracontomelum dao Merr. & Rolfe

3.907

6.48

Meliaceab?

6.326

10.50

Ulmaceae:

CelUt sp

3.128

5.19

Burseraceae:

1 Canarium luzonicam A. Gray

Pili

I

Canarium viliosum F.-Vill.

Pagsahinguin

j> 1.354

2.25

Combrktackae:

Terminalia peUucida Presl

Malagabi ...

Terminalia nitons Presl .

. .994

1.65

Terminalia edulis Blanco ...

All others.

15. 352

25. 47

Total

60. 268

100

It will be seen by the above that in the natra type approximately 22
trees out of every GO and in the hagachac type 25 but of every GO trees
per hectare are dipterocarps or respectively 33.11 per cent and 41.50
per cent of all trees over 40 centimeters.

Unfortunately for the purposes of this paper the volume tables pub-
lished in Bulletin 6, showing the cubic contents of timber per unit of
area do not include all of the species. But the results given below show-
ing the proportion of dipterocarps are not far from the actual proportion,
for a large per cent of the species not mentioned show a maximum
diameter of not over 45-50 centimeters and short boles usually one-fifth
to one-third the length of the boles of the dipterocarps. Four species,
Dracontomelum, agupanga and two species of Canarium mentioned in
the stand tables are not included in the tables below. Agupanga has a
short bole usually about one-fifth the length of any of the dipterocarps
of the same diameter. While the bole of the Canarium is somewhat
longer yet the number of trees per hectare is small. Neither agupanga nor
the Canariums attain the maximum diameter of the dipterocarps. Dra-
contomrlum dao on the other hand, reaches a maximum of 140 centi-

STUDIES IN THE VEGETATION OF THE PHILIPPINES, I. 711

meters, the maximum of Pentacme contorta, but the bole is invariably
shorter in trees of the same diameter.

Tables VIII and IX show the volume in the two types mentioned in
Table VI and VII.

Table VIII. — Narra type.

Average

Scientific name.

Common name.

per

hectare.

cent.

Cubic

Dipterocarfaceae:

meters.

White lauan.

62. 55

14.90

8.8

Dipterocarpus sp. .

Apitong _ ...

11.03

6.5

Dipterocarpus affmis Brandis.

Hagachac - — —

2. 39

1.4

90. ST

53.7

—

Leguminosae:

Pterocarpus indicus Willd. - . .

Narra - --

12.50

7.4

Anacardiaceae:

Koordersiodendron pinnatum Merr.

A'muguis

12.08

7.2

Combretaceae:

Terminalia pellucida Presi .. --

Malagabi

!

Sacat

1 3. 75

2.2

Terminalia edulis Blanco . - -

Calumpit __ ,

1

All others (estimated) -

50.00

29.5

Total

169.20

100

Table IX. — Hagachac type.

Scientific name.

Common name.

Average

per

hectare.

Per

cent.

Dipterocarpaoeae:

Pentacme contorta Merr. & Rolfe.

White lauan . .

Cubic

meters.

42.4

43.3

13.7

.2

99.6

28.1

28.7

9.1

.1

66.0

Guijo _

.

Leguminosae:

1.3

7.9

„

40.0

.9

5.2

1.3
26.6

Anacardiaceae:

Koordersiodendron pinnatum Merr. _ .

Combretaceae:

Terminalia pellucida Presi.

Amuguis .
Malagabi

150.7

100

91262 4

712

WHITFOltD.

The figures show the percentage of bulk of the dipterocarps iu the
two types to be respectively 53.7 per cent and (16 per cent, a percentage
that is much higher than that of the stand, indicating that the volume
of these trees averages higher than that of the other species.

FORESTS IN NORTHERN NEGROS.

On the lower slopes of Mount Silay, Negros, is a large body of timber.
In cooperation with H. D. Everett, this region was investigated.

The work was done on a lumber concession containing about 16,000
hectares of solid dipterocarp forest. The tract lies on the lower slopes
of Mount Silay just back of the coastal strip of cultivated sugar lands,
here about 10 kilometers wide. It is situated on both sides of the Himu-
gaan River. The land is characterized by gentle slopes, with alternating
ridges; the elevation ranges from 30 to 370 meters. Small streams and
arroyos are scattered profusely over the tract.7

The methods used in estimating the stand and determining the com-
position of the forest were identical with those in Mindoro.

Tables X and XI show the stand and volume of the forest.

Table X. — Stand of trees J/0 centimenters and over in diameter in northern Negros
( average of 5Jf.65 hectares).

Scientific mime.

Common name.

Number
of trees
per

hectare.

Percent.

Dipterocarpaceae:
JHpUrocarpus (/randiflonin Blanco

19. 158
16. 178
11.32
20. 854

| 5. 114

23. 6

19.9

13.9

25. 7
6.3

Shorea furfuraeca M iq. ?

Almon lauan

Shorea polyxpcrma Merr. _

; Shorea sp._ ...

Pentacme contorta Merr. & Rolfe ..

Parashorea plicata Brandis

Bagtican lauan.

Total Dipterocarpaceae .. ._

72. 624
8. 626

89.4

10.6

All others .... .

Total .

81.250

100

The significance of these figures, showing a dipterocarp stand of 72.624
trees per hectare out of a total of 81.250 and a percentage of 89.4 needs no
comment.

Diospyros mindanaensis Merr. ( Ebenaceae ) and Vitex aherniana

Everett, H. D. and Whitford, H. N. A Preliminary Working Plan for the
Public Forest Tract of the Insular Lumber Company, Negros Occidental. P. 1.
Bureau of Forestry (Philip.) Bull. 5 (1906) 1-54.

STUDIES IN THE VEGETATION OF TIIE PHILIPPINES, I. 713

Merr. ( Verbenaceae ) with a stand of 1.4 and 0.95 trees respectively per

hectare are the only two other species of any numerical importance in
this forest, though the following species occur very scattered: Hopea
philippinensis Dyer and Hopea acuminata Merr., ( Dipterocarpaceae ),
Calophyllum sp., ( Guttiferae ), Eugenia spp., (Myrtaceae), Canarium
sp., and Santiria nitida Merr., (Burseraceae) , Palaquium spp., ( Sapo -
taceae), Terminalia spp., (Combretaceae) , Koordersiodendron pinnatum
Merr., Dracontomelum dao Merr. & Kolfe, Mangifera aWssima Blanco,
(Anacardiaceae) , Macaranga tanarius Muell.-Arg., (Euphorbiaceae) , Dil-
lenia sp., (Dilleniaceae) , Neolitsea sp., (Lauraccae) , and Artocarpus com-
munis Forst., ( Moraceae ).

The volume of the dipterocarps is given in the following table. The
minor species are not included in this estimate because of their small
numbers and comparative unimportance.

Table XI. — Volume per hectare of the six principal species J/0 centimeters and
over in diameter on a tract in northern Negros ( average of 54.65 hectares) .

!

Species.

Common name.

Average

per

hectare.

Cubic

meters.

66.63
92. 02

Shared furfuracea Miq. ?

Shorea polysperma Merr.. __ _

59. 93

185. 18

)

Pcntacme contorta Merr. & Rolfe

Pcirashorea plica/a Brandis . _ _

Bagtican lanan...

1 25.23

Total . .

428. 99

While the figures of the stand show 89.4 per cent of dipterocarps it
is estimated that the six species given above comprise more than 95
per cent of the total bulk of the forest.

FORESTS IN AROllOY REGION, MASBATE.

On a detail to investigate the forest resources of the Aroroy mining
region in Masbate rough estimates of stand were made. This study,
comprising 200 square kilometers, is more than half in forest. The
topography is rough and consists of sharp ranges of hills and higher and
more resistant peaks. The hills are about 125 to 150 meters in altitude
and the highest peak is 362 meters. Approximately 80 per cent of the
forested area, distinguished as the lower slope type, is distinctly diptero-
carpous in nature.

714

WHITFORD.

The following shows its character :

Table XII. — Stand of trees SO centimeters and over in diameter on the lower
slope type of the Aroroy region. Masbate ( average of 16 acres).

Scientific name.

Common name.

Average
number
of trees
per

hectare.

Per

cent.

DlPTEROCA RPACEAE:

Paras/iorca plicata Brandis . .

Bagtiean lauan___

47.5

5G. 88

Guijo

. 7

.82

_ Combretaceae:

Terminalia quadrialata Merr.

Toog

12

14.36

Stercuuaceae:

4.2

5.02

Anacardtaceae:

Dao

1.7

•

2.02

Koordersiodendronpinnatnm Merr. _ _

Legi minosae:

Amuguis ..

. 5

.6

Pterocarpus indicus Willd. . _

Olacaceae:

Narra - . .

1.5

1.8

Tamayuan

.9

1.1

14.5

17.4

Total

83. 5

100

It is thus to be noted that 47 trees out of 83, or approximately 57 per
cent of the stand, belong to two species of the dipterocarps. A discussion
of the other types of forest in this region is reserved for another paper.

FORESTS OF THE ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA IN MINDANAO.

In cooperation with W. I. Hutchinson, the forests of a lumber con-
cession located at Port Banga at the head of Zamboanga Peninsula on
the Island of Mindanao were investigated. The work here was similar
to that accomplished in Mindoro and Negros. This tract, comprising
355 square kilometers, has about 52 per cent (or 186 square kilometers) in
virgin forest. Of this, 16,144 hectares or 86.37 per cent is forest in which
the dipterocarps predominate.

The topography of the region is rough and broken. It is composed
mostly of low irregular ridges 15 to 100 meters in Height extending into
headlands bordering on the sea. These lead inward to the base of the
mountains. The rivers are small and beyond tidal limits are hill streams
with canon-like valleys whose beds are full of bowlders and rock outcrops.
Tables XI II and XIY show the stand and volume on two types.

STUDIES IN THE VEGETATION OF THE PHILIPPINES, I. i 1 5

Table XIII. — Stand in yacal type — trees Jt0 centimeters and over in diameter-
Port Banga, Zamboanga, Mindanao: ( average of 51.17 hectares).

Scientific name.

Dipterocarpaceae:

llopea plagata Vid

Pentacme contorta Merr. & Rolfe

Parashorea plicata Brandis

Diptcrocarp us sp.

Sliorea guiso Blume

Vatica sp.

(?)

Sliorea si/immata Turcz. ?

Shorea furfuracea Miq. ?

llopea ? sp.

Total Dipterocarpaceae

Stercui.iaceae:

Tarrietia javanica Blume

Leguminosae:

Kingiodendron alternifolium Merr. & Rolfe

All others
Total „

Common name.

Average
number
of trees
per

hectare.

Per cent
of total
stand.

Yacal - .

12.41

15. 59

White lauan..
Bagtican lauan.—

1 7'24

9.10

Apitong

3. 875

4.87

Guijo .

3. 335

4.19

Narig . —

2.535

3.19

Calunti lauan

2.38

2.99

Danlig lauan _
Almon lauan ..

| 2. 175

2.72

Malavacal _

1. 025

1.29

34. 975

43.94

Lumbayao -

7.23

9.08

Batete

3.59

4.51

33. 785

42. 47

79. 580

100

Table XIV. — Stand in lauan type — trees JfO centimeters and over in diameter-
Port Banga, Zamboanga, Mindanao: ( average of 15 hectares).

Scientific name.

Dipterocarpaceae:

Pentacme contorta Merr. & Rolfe

Parashorea plicata Brandis

Shorea squamata T urez. ?

Sliorea furfuracea Miq.?

Diptcrocarpus sp

(?) -----

llopea f sp.

Shorea guiso Blume

llopea plagata Vid

Vatica sp.

Total Dipterocarpaceae

Stercui.iaceae:

Tarrietia javanica Blume

Leguminosae:

Kingiodendron alternifolium Merr. & Rolfe.

All others

Total

Common name.

Average
number
of trees
per

hectare.

I’er cent
of total
stand.

Bagtican lauan—
White lauan. _

| 13. 38

16.59

Danlig lauan

Almon lauan

| 6.27

7. 77

Apitong.. .. .

4.47

5. 54

Calunti lauan

3.46

4.29

Malavacal ...

3. 28

4.07

Guijo

2. 73

3.38

Yacal

2.40

2. 98

Narig

LOO

1.24

_.

36. 99

45. 86 i

Lumbayao.

3. 74

4.64

Batete -

3.07

37.41

3. 81
45. 69

81.21

100

710

WHITFOBD.

Table XV. — Yield in yacal type — trees 1/0 centimeters and over in diameter
( average of 51.17 hectares).

Scientific name.

Common name.

Average

per

hectare.

I’er cent
of total
stand.

Diptkrocarpaceae:

Cubic

meters.

Hopea plaqata Vid. _

Yacal. .

50.37

17.4

Pentacme contorta Merr. & Rolfe.
Parashorea plicata Brandis ... _ .

White lauan
Bagtican lauan . ..

| 2(1. 02

9.0

IHpltrncarpus sp. . ....

12. O')

4. 2

Shorea qniso Blume

16. 80

.1. /

(?)

Calnnti lauan

12. 3t

4.3

Shorea squamata Turcz. ?

Danlig lauan _ .

| 9. 40

Shorea furfuracea Miq.?

8.8

Vatico sp. ... _

Narig _

6.14

2.1

Hopea f sp. .....

2.83

1

Total Dipleroearpaceae _

136. 01

47.

Stkrculiaceae:

~

Tarrietia javanica Blume .

21.35

Leguminosae: .

7.4

Kingiodendron alternifolium Merr. &. Rolfe

Batete . .

7.29

2.6

All others

124. 35

43

Total

289.00

100

'1

Table XVI. — Volume in lauan type — trees 1/0 centimeters and over in diameter
(average of 15 hectares).

Scientific name.

Common name.

Average

per

hectare.

Percent
of total
stand.

1 (JPTEItOCA rpaceae:
Pentacme contorta Merr. & Rolfe

Cubic

meters.

| 51. 14

| 21.91

17.00
13.68
12. 76
9.09
8. 57
1. 55

17.5

7. 5

5.8

4.6
4.4
3.1

2.9
.5

Parashorea plicata Brandis
Shorea squamata Turcz. ?

Bagtican lauan

Shorea furfuracea Miq.?. _

1 (?)

Calnnti lauan

Shorea quiso Blume.

Dipterocarpus sp. _

Hopea plagata Vid. ... ...

Hopea ? sp. .

Malayacal

Vatica sp. . . ... ..

Total Dipterocarpaceae

135. 70

46.3

Sterccliaceae:
Tarrietia javanica Blume

12. 34

6.27
138. 42

4.2

2.1

47.4

Leguminosae:

Kingiodendron alternifolium Merr. & Rolfe.
All others ... ..

Batete

Total __

292. 73

100

STUDIES IN THE VEGETATION OF THE PHILIPPINES, I. 717

These figures show the bulk of dipterocarps to be not so high here as
in some other forests, yet the preponderance of that family is still too
apparent to be overlooked.

The following, giving some idea of the composition of the forest, is
a list of the principal trees other than those mentioned in the yield and
stand tables :

Fagaceae- Querous sp. ; U lm ace ae- C eltis sp. ; MoRACEAE-ArtocarpMs communis
Forst. ; Anonaceae -Canangium odoratum Baill.; Myristicaceae- Myristica spp.;
Rosaceae -Parinarium griffithianum Benth.; BuRSERACEAE-Uonarttim spp.; Legtj-
minosae -Erythrophloeum dcnsifforum (Elmer) Merr., Albiszia saponaria Bitime;
HvpnoRBixcKAE-Cyclostemon spp. ; ANACARDiACEAE-Aoordersiodendron pinnatum
Merr.; Sapindaceae-E«p horia cinerea Radik., Pometia pinnata Forst.; Riiamna-
CEAE-Zizyphus zonulatus Blanco; Tieiaceae- (/reader stylocarpa Warb. ; Stercu-
LiACEAE-Pterospermum spp., Pterocymbium tinctorium Merr.; G u tt ui; k a e - Ca l o -
phyllum spp., Garcinia spp.; DiPTEROCARPACEAE-77opea spp., Anisoptera sp.;
Lyt] i ra c ea e - L a g erst ro ern ia piriformis Koeline; CoMBRETACEAE-TermwaZw nitens
Presl; M y r x a c e a r> e n i a spp.; Sapotaceae -Palaquium spp.; Ebenaceae-ZBos-
pyros spp.; Apoc Y ac e ae- Wrig htia laniti Merr.; V eriben aceae- Vitex littoralis
Decne., Vitex aherniana Merr.; RiTBiACEAE-Sarcocepftalws cordatus Miq.

FORESTS OF LEYTE, MINDORO, AND VARIOUS PARTS OF LUZON, AND

MINDANAO.

Itough estimates of timber made in tbe Davao District of Mindanao
show also the predominance of dipterocarps. On the Island of Samal
near Davao, at least 80 per cent of the volume of the forest is composed
of dipterocarps, mainly Pentacme contorta Merr. & Kolfe, Parashorea
plicata Brandis, and Shorea guiso Blume. Untouched forests on the
mainland at the head of Davao Gulf showed the dipterocarp forests reach-
ing to the tide-water in many places and even occupying all but the
frontal zones of the beaches.

The above represent regions in which more or less detailed studies
have been made by the author. More hurried trips made in the Provinces
of Tayabas and Camarines on the Island of Luzon, in the District of
Zamboanga on the Island of Mindanao, and on the Island of Leyte, show
that the large bodies of forest are composed of dipterocarps in greater
or less proportion usually running over on an average ?0 to 80 per cent
of the bulk. The published work of Merritt 8 for Mindoro and the
unpublished results of Curran, Dagger, Klemme, and other foresters in
the Bureau of Forestry for various parts of the Island of Luzon, of
Hutchinson for parts of Mindanao, and of Rosenbluth for northern Leyte,
give results in entire confirmation of those mentioned above.

8 M. L. Merritt. The Forests of Mindoro, Bureau of Forestry (Philip.) Bull.
8 (1008) 1-51.

718

WHITFORD.

SUMMARY OF STAND AND VOLUME.

The following is a summary of the stand and volume tables given in
this paper.

Per cent of Diptrr-

ocarpaceae by—

Locality.

Stand.

Volume.

Bataan Province, Luzon:

Limay.. . .

60.9

68. 80

Mindoro:

Narratvpe

33.11

53. 70

Hagachae type __

•41.50

66.00

Negros .

89.4

95.00

Zamboanga, Mindanao:

Yaealtype

43.7

47.00

Lauan type.

45.86

4ft 3

Samal Island, Mindanao _

"80

Leyte ...

•80

Masbate. ...

47.5

_____

a Estimated.

It will be seen from the above that from 33 per cent to 89 per cent
of the stand and 4G per cent to 95 per cent of the volume of these forests
are composed of species of the Dipterocarpaceae. It is estimated that at
least 75 per cent of the present virgin forest area comprising some 40,000
square miles is of like nature. Such a forest has been found in practically
all classes of habitats from sea level to an altitude of approximately 900
meters on the largest mountain masses. Within these forests, to be sure,
there are local conditions such as character of soil, steepness of slope,
exposure to severe atmospheric conditions, and those due to artificial
interference, that do not favor dipterocarps at the present time. However,
the vegetation in many of these situations is only transitory in nature
and may be considered as stages in succession toward some form of the
most successful forest, viz, the dipterocarp forests. As mentioned here-
tofore it is not the intention to discuss in this paper the different types,
nor the different stages of succession. Briefly it can be stated that a
representative of a climax forest is found in Negros where the bulk reaches
about 429 cubic meters per hectare of wood. Here it is believed that a
combination of edaphic, climatic, and biotic factors have reached the
optimum necessary to the establishment of most successful growth in
the Philippines. The climate is uniform as regards temperature, and
with the exception of a short dry season interspersed with showers it
is fairly uniform as regards humidity and rainfall. The topography is
composed of gentle slopes so that the soil wash is not great nor in the
rainy season is there an accumulation of excessive moisture in the soil.
It is probable that originally a greater part of the area of the Philippines

STUDIES IN THE VEGETATION OF THE PHILIPPINES, I. 719

which is now under cultivation or in grass, and that lias physiographic
features similar to that of the Negros forest mentioned above had a
forest that contained a similar composition and volume.

The forests of the Bataan and Port Banga regions on the other hand,
are handicapped by less favorable climatic and edaphic conditions. The
dry season is more pronounced and the topography is rough, in consequence
of which the bulk of the forest is much less and the composition is more
complex.

Again, the delta plain of Mindoro, which has a climate similar to that
of northern Negros, during the wet season is periodically flooded by rain,
which makes the soil excessively moist during a part of the year. The
volume of the forest is consequently much less and the forest more
complex in composition.

In temperate regions, generally speaking, the nearer success that
mature forest growth attains, the simpler the arboreal composition. From
the above the conclusion can be drawn that in this respect tropical virgin
forests are like those found in temperate zones.

ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS.

The economic aspect of the predominance of dipterocarp forests in
the Philippines is significant. The high percentage of the members of
one family, in many places approaching pure stands, and the comparatively
high bulk per unit of surface make lumbering on a large scale with
modern methods possible. In the previous tables the bulk per hectare
is given in cubic meters, regardless of whether the trees are sound or
decayed. Making liberal allowances for unsound timber the regions
investigated are conservatively estimated to run from 8,000 to 30,000
or more, board feet per acre. Individual acres will yield 100,000 or
more board' feet. Including all species, the volume of the dipterocarp
-forests in the Philippines is estimated to be about 200 billion feet of
lumber board measure.

The impression is general that tropical forests yield woods that can
not compete with the coniferous woods of temperate regions. Fernow 0
speaking of the lumber supplies of Australia, Brazil and other South
American countries states the following:

“The valuable hardwoods of those countries, possessing excellent quality
besides their beauty, for which we use them at present, will never be
able to compete or supplant our own materials, for they occur in single
individuals scattered among hundreds of other species; so that to supply
any considerable quantity of any one kind requires culling over many
acres, which renders them too expensive for general use.”

What are the facts of the case as regards the Philippine forests? It is
true that with the exception of very limited stands of pine, the forests

9 Fernow, B. E. Economics of Forestry (1904) 34.

720

WHITFORD.

here are composed of broad-leaved trees, and would, in the United States
at least, be classed as hardwoods. In texture, however, a large per cent
of the trees produce woods with the general mechanical properties of
pines and other conifers.

The dipterocarp woods may he divided into three groups. Of these the
lauans ( Pentacme contnrta, Parasliorea plicata and a number of species
of Sliorca), though slightly harder, are not dissimilar to the white pines
in mechanical structure. They are being used in the Philippines for
, lighter classes of general construction and bid fair to replace all imported
woods of like qualities.10

The apitongs (species of Dipterocarpus and Shorea guiso ) will compare
favorably with the hard pines and are being used for heavier classes of
general construction. The yacals (certain species of Hopea, Vatica, and
Sliorca ) are hard and durable and are used for general construction
work, especially where contact with the ground is necessary. However,
the great bulk of the Philippine forests is composed of trees that yield
timber of the grades of lauan and apitong. Of the trees other than
dipterocarps found in the dipterocarp forest probably one-half of the
bulk is composed of woods that would grade with the lauans or apitong.
Of these the family Anacanhaceae produces K oordcrsiodcndron pinnatum
(amuguis), Dracontomelum dao (dao), Mangifera altissima (pahutan) ;
in the Sapotaceae are Illipc rami flora and several species of Palaquium ;
in the Stcrcuhaccae are Tarrietia javanica (lumbayao) and other species
of several genera; in the Sapindaceae is Pometia pinnata (malugay) ; in
the Rhamnaceae are species of Zizyphus (balacat) ; in the Combretaceae
are several species of Terminalia, and in the Rubiaceae is Sarcocephalus
cordatus (bancal).11

The prevalent idea that the tropics produce nothing but hardwoods
suitable for special uses like the teak for shipbuilding, and the mahoganies
and their substitutes, for fine interior finish, furniture and cabinet making,
is due, in the Philippines at least, to a number of causes.

1. The wood-destroying forces in the tropics are much greater than
in temperate regions. The continual heat and moisture favor the rapid
development of fungi, and with the presence of anay (white ants) tend
to shorten the duration of untreated timbers in almost every class of
construction, consequently hard durable timbers are sought for permanent
structures.

2. The cost of extracting such timbers by crude methods (animal and

10 On account of color and fine figure, when quarter sawn, the best grades of
the lauans are valuable for furniture, cabinet making, and fine classes of interior
finish, and are used extensively as such.

11 See Foxworthy, F. W. Philippine Woods, This Journal 2 (1907) Botany
351-404, and Gardner, R. Mechanical Properties and Uses of Thirty-four Philip-
pine Woods, Bureau of Forestry (Philip.) Bull. 4 (1906) 1-66, for description of
the uses and mechanical properties of these woods.

STUDIES IN THE VEGETATION OF THE PHILIPPINES, I.

721

manual labor) is great, but the ruling high prices justify the expense.
The cost of extracting the softer woods by the same methods is as great
or nearly as great because the logs are usually much larger in size. The
price paid for such logs is comparatively low so that the profits, if any,
are much lower. The introduction of modern logging machinery will
reduce and is reducing the cost of logging greatly.

3. The demand for great amounts of cheap construction timbers is
supplied by bamboo stems or palms, and small or young dicotyledonous
trees.

4. No widespread attempt has ever been made to place the general
construction woods of the tropics on the markets of temperate zones.

It is shown from the above that the volume per acre of the dipterocarp
forests of the. Philippines is great enough to allow lumbering operations
on a large scale, and the supply is sufficient to allow a large per cent for
export of the cheaper classes of timber. It is believed that in time such
timbers will be exported to temperate regions and sold at a price that will
allow them to compete successfully with timber of a like grade. That it
is not done at the present time is due to certain unfavorable economic
conditions, which will in time be overcome.

The amount of timber in the Philippines is limited, principally because
the land area of the Philippines (about 120,000 square miles) is small,
with a virgin forest area of approximately 40,000 square miles. What
proportion of this will ultimately be absolute forest land, to yield con-
tinuous crops of timber is not yet known. Large deforested areas are
on non-agricultural land. It is shown that so far as the Philippines
are concerned the forests yield mostly general construction timbers, which
are as a rule practically unknown to the temperate zone markets of the
world. Borneo with an area approximately two and one-half times that
of the Philippines is rich in dipterocarps and because of its smaller popu-
lation probably has a much larger percentage of virgin forest area than
the Philippines. There as well as in other parts of the thinly settled
Malayan regions, so far as is known, no attempt has been made to take
an inventory of the forest resources. In thickly settled Java nearly all
of the accessible virgin forest area has been removed. With the exception
of eng ( Diptero carpus tuberculatus Eoxb.) and sal ( Shorea robusta
Gaertn.), the dipterocarps of Burma and tropical India are little known
outside local markets. Concerning the forests of Burma I quote the
following from a letter of M. L. Merritt who recently visited a small
portion of this region. “Naturally I saw more of the plains and low
hill forests than any other. Here teak ( Tectona grandis ) and pyingado
{Xylia dolabriformis ) are the two species which they regard as being
most valuable. The former is very scattered and I doubt if there will
be one-half to one-third trees to the acre. Pyingado is more numerous
and will run approximately one to three trees per acre. The dipterocarps,
Vipterocarpus alatus and Dipterocarpus laevis, both of which resemble

722

WHITFORD.

Dipterocarpus grandiflorus and Dipterocarpus vernicifluus in shape of
bole, habits of growth and wood as well as fruit, and Dipterocarpus
tuberculatus occur scattered all through the forest and probably have as
large a yield as there is of all other species combined. They are not
logged, however, except in the more accessible places. I also noted a
Parashorea and a Shorea in the forest.” Foxworthy12 states that if all
woods other than the dipterocarps were excluded from the markets of
the tropical East, the markets would hardly feel the difference.

So much for the Asiatic tropics. Will the tropical regions of Africa
and South America show similar quantities of general construction
timbers in their virgin forest? So far as I know, economic and scientific
explorations have been mainly attempts, from the viewpoint of the
lumberman, to find valuable hardwoods of the mahogany grade or hard
durable timbers. The forests as a whole have not been sized up from the
standpoint of the forester with a view to the utilization of all the species.
From the results of the investigations given above, made in the Philip-
pines, it is probable that the virgin forests of South America and Africa
will show that a greater part of their bulk will consist of woods suitable
for general construction purposes of certain classes, which can, with the
introduction of modern methods of logging and milling and with improved
economic conditions that are sure to come with the development of the
tropics, be placed in the markets of the temperate regions at a cost that
will enable them to compete with woods of similar qualities found in
virgin forests in temperate regions or grown there as successive crops.

In the United States an inventory of the natural resources is being
made with a view to conserving them. An attempt is being made to
extend this conservation inventory to other parts of the world. So far
as the forest resources of the world are concerned I believe that there is no
problem that will ultimately yield greater scientific and economic results
than an inventory of the forest resources of the tropical world. This will
include a mapping of the forested areas, a rough estimate of the standing
timber, and a brief description of the areas as regards their lumbering
possibilities and the classes of timber found.

Mention was made above (page 701) that increment should be con-
sidered as a factor in an estimation of success in forest vegetation. In
some forest trees of the Philippines rings of growth occur. In others
these are lacking or obscure. It is not known whether these rings are
annual or only seasonal. On this account no estimate can be made of
the annual increment from rings of growth. Actual measurement of rate
of tree growth in the tropics is not extensive enough to be of general
application. It is believed, however, that the rate of growth in the
tropics is much greater than in temperate zones, that generally speaking
the soft wood forest trees will reach maturity in one-half to two-thirds

13 Foxworthy, F. W. Indo-Malayan Woods. This Journal 4 (1909) Botany 500.

STUDIES IN THE VEGETATION OF THE PHILIPPINES, I. 723

of the time they require in regions where the climatic conditions inhibit
growth entirely for a considerable part of the year. If bulk alone is
considered as a measure of success in forest growth, the virgin forests
of some parts of the temperate regions are surely more successful than
those of the tropics. This is especially true of the northwestern part of
the United States where exceedingly heavy stands of coniferous forests
occur. But if the annual increment is also used as an element of success
it is believed that some tropical regions are capable of producing more
bulk per year than temperate regions. Again, this is of economic
importance. While the land area of the north temperate zone is much
greater than that of the tropics and the absolute forest land (that is land
that is better fitted for forest growth than agriculture) is also mucli
greater, this inequality is in a measure offset by the possibility that eacli
acre of land in the tropics can probably produce from one and a half to
two crops of timber for one crop in temperate regions. A theoretical
discussion of the causes of the shorter lives of tropical trees is reserved
for another paper.

I wish to express my thanks to E. D. Merrill, Botanist of the Bureau of
Science, for assistance in referring tree species to their scientific names,
and especially to H. M. Curran, Forester in the Bureau of Forestry, for
valuable suggestions in the preparation of this paper.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

EXPLANATION OF TIIE PLATES.

Plate XXXII. A tree of Dipterocarpus vernicifluus, (panao) , showing the form
of the hole and crown. Bataan Province, Luzon.

XXXIII. Interior view of a dipterocarp forest on a delta plain in Mindoro
showing scattered large trees.

XXXIV. Interior view of a dipterocarp forest in Masbate. The trees are
all one species, Parashorea plicata, ( bagtican lauan) .

XXXV. Outside view of a dipterocarp forest in Negros, on the lower

slopes of Mount Silay. This forest will yield over 30,000 feet

per acre, board measure, clear lumber, and consists of an
almost pure stand of apitong and lauan.

XXXVI. Interior view of a dipterocarp forest on the lower slopes of
Mount Silay, Negros. The trees are red lauan and almon,
species of Chorea.

XXXVII. Interior view of a dipterocarp forest on the slopes of Mount

Silay, Negros. The trees are tanguile, almon, and red lauan,

all closely related species of Chorea.

XXXVIII. Interior view of a dipterocarp forest on the lower slopes of Mount
Silay, Negros. The trees are red lauan and almon, species of
Shorea.

725

Whiiford : Vegetation of the Philippines, I.]

[Phil. .Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 6.

XXXI I

Whitford : Vegetation of the Philippines, I.]

[Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 6.

XXXI I I.

WlIITFORIl : VUGHTATION OF 'I 1 IF.

lm.ipi’iNus,

| Pi iti.. .Ioitrn. SCI., Voi., IV, No. •!.

1.1

M LATE XXXIV

Whitford : Vegetation of the Philippines, l.|

[Phil, Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 6.

plate; x xx v.

[Phil. Jofrn. Sit., Vol. IV, No. fi.

Whitford: Vegetation’ of the Philippines, 1.1

X X XV I .

Whitfori) : Vegetation of the Philippines,

1

[Phil, Journ. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 6.

XXXVII.

Whitford : Vegetation of the Philippines, I.]

[Phil. Joukn. Sci., Vol. IV, No. 6.

PLATE XXXVIII.

e>‘ '

ERRATA.

Page 103, line 6 from bottom, for philippensis, read philippica.

Page 268, line 15 from bottom, for latisliqua, read latisiliqua.

Page 270, line 8 from bottom, for Pimelodendron, read Pimeleodendron.

Page 313, for ALIXIA, read ALYXIA.

Page 332, table, read Pseudoeugenia, Malay Peninsula 2; Aphanomyrtus,

Java 1.

Page 334, line 18 from top, for verdugon ionus, read verd ugon ian us.

Page 353, line 6 from top, for phanerophelebi a, read phanerophlebia.

Page 354, line 19 from bottom, after from insert being.

Page 359, line 2 from bottom, for rubrivenia, read rubrovenia.

Page 367, line 5 from top, for Myrthus, read Myrtus.

Page 374, line 7 from bottom, for aparently, read apparently.

Page 394, line 19 from bottom, instead of for, read from.

Page 395, line 24 from top, for Zetiung, read Zeitung.

Page 403, line 14 from bottom, for calypthanthes, read oalypthranthes.

line 5 from bottom, for Decaspernum, read Decaspermurn.

Page 405, line 1, for linaeta, read lineata.
line 7, for salinga read saligna.

Page 440, add Blits Blits, G. A. Bulletin van bet Kolotiiaal Museum te
Haarlem 19 (1898).

Page 606, line 13 from top, for Plate XXX, read Plate XXX bis.

Plate XXII, fig. 11, for Scarodocarpus, read Scorodocarpus.

Plate XXIV, fig. 34, for suietenia, read sunetenia.

Plate XXV, fig. 38, for Canaium, read Canarium.

Plate XXVI II, fig. 78, for Serial, read Seriah.

Plate XXIX, fig. 96, for Fagraca, read Fagraca.

Plate XXX, fig. 105, for barnesii, read barnesii.

Plate XXX.— NORMANBYA MERRILLI Becc., read Plate XXX bis.— NORMANBYA MERRILLII Becc

91262 5 727

INDEX

(New species and new combinations published for the first time are in black-faced type;
synonyms and species mentioned incidentally in the text are indicated by the page
references being in italics. It is to be noted that nothing included in No. 4, pages 409
to 592, “Indo-Malayan Woods,” is indexed here, as that number is separately indexed.)

Page, j

Acanthaceae rf2l

Aceraceae 28;>

Acer L 285

curranii Merr 285

laevigatum Wall 286

philippinum Merr 286

Acoridium N. & M 593, 595

venustulum Ames 595

Acronychia laurifolia B1 -• 58 1

Actephila B1 276

dispersa (Elmer) Merr 276

gigantifolia Koorders -- - 277

Actoplanes cannaeformis K. Schum — 193

Adelmeria Ridl 155, 179

bifida Ridl 179

pinetorum Ridl. 180

Aerides Lour 600

lawrenceae Reichb. f. 600 [

Aeschynomene paludosa ltoxb - 269

Agelaea Soland 126

borneensis (Hook, f.) Merr. .. 127

everettii Merr 127

vestita Hook, f 12 7

vestita Vid 126

wallichii Hook, f • 126

Aglaia Lour — 27°

badia Merr 270

bicolor Merr 270

denticulata Turpz. 27 1

everettii Merr 271

hexandra Turcz - 270

Agrostistachys Dalz - 274

pubescens Merr. 274

Agrostophyllum B1 669

formosum Rolfe 6C9, 670

longifolium Reichb. f. 670

majus Hook, f 670

papuanum Schltr 669

philippinense Ames. .. 669

Ahernia Merr. — 295

glandulosa Merr 295

Albizzta Durazz 265

myriophylla Roxb. — 265

scandens Merr 265

Alectoria divergens (Ach.) 656

Alpinia L 1 ->5,180,1 83

alba Teysm. 189

Page.

Alpina brevilabris Presl 189, 190

conchigera Griff 190

copelandii Ridl 184

cumingii K. Schum. - 187, 189

elegans K. Schum 181

flabellata Ridl 188

flabellata var. major Ridl 188

foxworthvi Ridl 189

galanga Sw — 18 7

galanga var. pyramidata (Bl.)

K. Schum. 186

gigantea F.-Vill 181

glabrescens Ridl. 185, 186

gracilis Rolfe .

graminea Ridl.
haenkei Presl .
illustris Ridl. .

leptosolenia K. Schum. .... - 181

magnifica Rose 1 77

malaccensis Presl 185

malaccensis Rose • 185

mollis Presl 191

musaefolia Ridl 186

nobilis Ridl 185

parviflora Rolfe 178, 179

penduliflora Ridl. 187

philinpinensis Ridl. ... 185

pubifiora K. Schum 188

pulchella K. Schum 189

pyramidata Bl 186

rolfei K. Schum 179

rosella Ridl 190

rufa K. Schum 190

trachyascus K. Schum 185

Alsophila R. Br 28

albosetacea Bedd 55

andersoni Scott 56

bakeri Zeiller 56

batjanensis Christ 55

bongardiana Mett 61

boninsimensis Christ 38

burbidgei Baker 55

calocoma Christ 53

dementis Copel 59

commutata Mett 36

confucii Christ 60

contaminans Wall 60

crinita Hook - 50

729

730

INDEX.

Page.

Alsophila denticulata Baker 37

dimorpha Christ 31,

dubia Bedd 33, 36

elmeri Copel 54

extensa J. Sm 50

fauriei Christ .. 60

formosana Baker 35

fuliginosa Christ . 1,3

henryi Baker 38

junghuhniana Kze. 58

khasiana Moore 61

kingii Clarke 56

latebrosa Wall 52

lepifera J. Sm. 40

margarethae Schr 38

melanopus Hassk. 48

melanorachis Copel. 38

mertensiana Kze 59

mindanaensis Christ 34

modesta Baker 48

obscura Scort. g 7

ornata Scott 59

podophylla Hook 33

pustulosa Christ 51

ramispina Hook. 36

rheosora Baker 34

ridleyi Baker 36

sangirensis Christ . 37

saparuensis v. A. v. R 61

subglandulosa Hance 1,6

trichodesma Scort 55

truncata Brack 39

wallacei Mett 48

xantholepis Christ 61

Alyxia Banks 313

luzoniensis Merr 313

monilifera Vid 313

parvifolia Merr 313

sinensis Champ 313

Amomuin L 155 , 15G, 170

arboreum Lour 192

cardamon L 773

curcuma Jacq 167

deuteramomum K. Schum. . 173

elegans Ridl 172

flavum Ridl 770

fusiforme Ridl 171

hirsutuin Lam 192

latifolium Lam 166

lepicarpum Ridl * 174

lepicarpum var. pubescens

Ridl 174

loheri K. Schum 171

parviflorum Presl 178

propinquum Ridl 172, 175

spurium Gmel 169

sylvestre Poir 169

trilobum Ridl 172, 173

warburgii K. Schum 171

zerumbet L 169

zerumbeth Koenig 166

zingiber Naves 169

Amphicosmia Gardn 28

Amylotheca cumingii Van Tiegh 11,1

Anacardiaceae 284

Page.

Anacolosa Bl 261

luzoniensis Merr. 253

Anchusa tenella Hornem. 697

zeylanica Jacq 697

Ancistrolobus floribundus Turcz. ... 293

ligustrinus Spach 292

micradenius Turcz 293

Andrachne sp 7 2

Andropogon L 250

leptos Steud 250

Angiopteris Hoffm 8

angustifolia Presl 9

cartilagidens Christ 9

crassipes Wall 9

evecta (Forst.) Hoffm 8

pruinosa Kze. 9

simills Presl 9

Angraecum Thou. 597

pbilippinense Ames 597

Anisostemon trifoliatus Turcz 119

Antidesma Burm 275

cordato-stipulaceum Merr. 275

flliforme Bl 280

ghaesembilla Gaertn 276

subcordatum Merr 275

Apocynaceae 313

Appendicula longifolia Bl 670

Arceuthobium Bieb 130

Arehangiopteris Christ & Gies. 9

henryi Christ & Gies. 9

Archytaea vahlii Choisy 11,9

Areca L 601

catechu L 602

macrocarpa Becc 601

mamillata var. mindanaoensis

Becc 602

whitfordii Becc 601, 602

Arenga Labill 612

ambong Becc 611,

tremula Becc 612, 611,

Ascarina Forst 69, 70

pliilippinensis C. B. Rob 70

polystachya Forst 70

Asplenium L 113

elmeri Christ 113

epiphyticum Copel 113

gracile Fee 113

gracilifolium Copel 113

laserpitiifolium Lam. .. 113

scolopendroides J. Sm. 113

tenuifolium Don 113

trifoliatum Copel 113

Athyrium Roth 112

anisopteron Christ 112

crenato-serratum Milde 113

halconense Christ 112

macrocarpum (Bl.) Bedd. .. 112

Atkinsonia F. Muell ISO

Azadirachta A. Juss 272

indica A. Juss 273

integrifoliola Merr 272

Azolla Lam 14

africana Desv 14

pinnata R. Br 11,

INDEX.

731

IS

Baccaurea Lour

lanceolata (Miq. ) Muell.-

Arg

‘ Baeckea cumingiana Schauer

frutescens L ---

Balantium Kaulf

copelandi Christ

javanicum (Bl.) Copel. ...

Page.

277

277

M

404
28, 61
62
62

Banksia speciosa Koen 192

Barringtonia Forst 299

balabacensis Merr 299

Bauhinia L 265

kappleri Sagot - - 265, 266

krugii Urban 265, 266

latisiliqua Cav 268, 269

maculata Ten 265, 266

monandra Kurz 265, 266

richardiana Wall. ... 265

Bennettia filiformis Muell.-Arg. 280

javanlca It. Br. 280

Blachia Baill. 277

philippinensis Merr. 277

Bombax ceiba Burm. 404

Boottia Wall 247

odorata Wall 21/8

renifolia Merr 247

Borago africana Blanco 696

Indica Blanco 696

indica L. 696

zeylanica Burm. f 696

Bothriospermuni Bunge 687,697

tenellum F. & M. 697

Botrychium Sw 5

daucifolium Wall 7

japonieum (Prantl) Un-

derw 7

lanuginosum Wall 7

lunaria (L.) Sw 6

matricariae (Schrank)

Spr 6

obliquuin Muhl 6

simplex Hitclic 6

strictuin Underw — 7

ternatum (Thunb.) Sw. .. 7

virglnianum (L.) Sw 7

Brabejum ? caliculatum Blanco Ilf 8

Bradleia phllippica Cav 103

phllippensis Willd 103

Breynia Forst - 104

acuminata Muell.-Arg 104

cernua Muell.-Arg. — 86, 105

cernua acutifolia Muell.-Arg. 105
rhamnoides (Retz.) Muell.-

Arg 104

Bucida comintana Blanco 300, 6JfJf

Bulbophyllum Thou. 599, 674

bataanense Ames 599

cuneatum Rolfe 674

dearei Reichb. f 674

Burmanniaceae 250

Burmannia.L ‘ 250

azurea Griff. 250

coelestis D. Don 250

Caesalpinia torquata Blanco 268

Calamus L 621

arugda Becc 622, 625

blancoi Kunth 635

diepenhorstii var. exulans

Becc 627

dimorphacanthus Becc 631, 633

dimorphacanthus var. mon-

talbanicus Becc 631

dimorphacanthus var. za.m-

balensis Becc 632

discolor Mart 635

discolor var. negrosensis

Becc 635

grandifolius Becc 629

halconensis Becc. 633, 634

hookerianus Becc. 621

jenningsianus Bqcc 623

merrillii Becc 629

merrittianus Becc. 629

microcarpus Becc. 627, 63 If

microsphaerion Becc 627

mindoreusis Becc 625

mollis Blanco 635

ornatus Bl — 631

palustris Griff 623, 625

siphonospathus Mart 631

trispermus Becc .. 625, 627

vidalianus BecC 634

Calathea fasciculata Presl 196

Calophyllum L 291

auriculatum Merr. 291

venulosum Zoll 292

Calyptranthes jambolana Willd 386, lf03

makal Blanco If03

ramiflora Blanco 386, lf03

zuzygium Blanco If 03

Camptandra Ridl 155

Candollina barthei Van Tiegh llflf

haenkeana Van Tiegh llflf

malifolia Van Tiegh. llflf

Cannaceae 156, 197

Ganna L 197

edulis Ker 198

glauca Rose 198

indica L. 198

orientalis Rose. 198

warszewiezii Hort 198

Caprifoliaceae 328

Carmona heterophylla Cav — 692

Carmonea heterophylla Blanco.... 692

Caryophyllus malaccensis W. F.

Wight 851f

Caryota tremula Blanco 612, 61lf

Caulinia ovalis R. Br. 67

Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv 2Jf8

malabarica (L. ) Merr 21f8

Ceratopteris Brongn. 26

thalictroides (L.. ) Brongn. 27

Ceratostylis Bl 670

grandiflora J. J. Smith.... 670

latipetala Ames 671

retisquama Reichb. f. 670

rubra Ames 670

Page.

Cestichis Thou 597, 666

clemensiae Ames 666

merrillii Ames 59 7

nutans Ames 597

vestita Ames 666

Cetraria (Ach.) Th. Fr 657

straminea Wain 657

Chloranthaceae .'. 69

Chloranthus Sw 69

brachystachys B1 69

inconspieuus Blanco 69

officinalis B1 69

salicifolius Presl 69

Chnoophora glauca B1 60

lurida B1 Jf5

Chonemorpha G. Don 314

elastica Merr 314

griffithii Hook, f 311,

Ckristensenia Maxon 11

aesculifolia (Bl.) Max-
on 11

cumingiana Christ ...... 11

Clbotium Kaulf 63

assamicum Hook 63

baranetz (L.) J. Sm 63, 61,

baranetz var. lampongense

v. A. v. R 61)

baranetz var. setosum v. A.

v. R 6Jf

cumingii Kunze 64

sumatranum Christ 63

Cicca L 87

acidissima Blanco 87

decandra Blanco 77

disticha L 87

pentandra Blanco 7 4, 75

CIchlanthus philippensis Van Tiegh. .. 139

Cleistoloranthus Merr 130, 150

verticillatu3 Merr. .. 150

Cluytia androgyna L 72

Cnestis Juss 117, 127

corniculata Blanco 127, 128

diffusa Blanco 127, 128

erecta Blanco 125, 126

glabra Blanco 125

polyphylla Blanco 127

ramiflora Griff 127

trifolia Blanco 125

vestita Wall 127

volubilis Blanco 122, 125

Coelogyne Lindl 664

cinnamomea Lindl. 665

integerrima Ames 665

rochussenii De Vr 664

Coldenia L 693

procumbens L 693

Combretaceae 300, 641

Combretum L 300, 648

acuminatum Roxb 648

confusum Merr. & Rolfe.. 649

costatum Roxb 6J/8

distillatorium Blanco 61f9

extensum Roxb 300, 649

laxum Blanco 5^9

micropetalum DC 649

Page.

Combretum ovalifolium Roxb. ... 649

rotundifolium DC 649

sexalatum Merr 6-J9

squamosum Roxb. 649

squamosum luzonicum

Presl 61,9

sundaicum Miq 61f9

wallicliii DC 649

Conamomum RidI 155

Connarus L 147. ng

bracteatus Merr 120

culionensis Merr. 120

ferrugineus F.-Vill 128

foliosus Jack 128

hallieri Merr 122

igneus Wall 128

mindanaensis Merr. ...! 122

monocarpus F.-Vill 126

monocarpus L 122

neurocalyx Planch 120, 121

obliquus Walp 126

obtusifolius Planch 121

paniculatus F.-Vill 126

polyanthus Planch 119

rolfei Vid 119

stellatu3 Merr 119

subinaequifolius Elm 124

trifoliatus (Turcz.) Rolfe.. 119

whitfordii Merr 123

Convolvulaceae 320

Coptosapelta Korth 323

flavescens Korth 323

Cordia L 687, 688

banalo Bianco 689

blancoi Vid 688, 689

blancoi mollis Merr 689

cumingiana Vid 689, 690

dichotoma Blanco 688

ignota Blanco 689

leschenaultii Vid 688

myxa L 689

myxa Llanos 688

olitoria Blanco 690

paniculata F.-Vill 688

propinqua Merr 689, 690

retusa Vahl 692

sebestena Blanco 688

speciosa Naves 688

subcordata Lam 689

Costus L 155, 191

arabicus L 192

clemensae Ridl 193

crispiflorus Stokes 192

foeniculaceus Noronha 192

glabratus Reichb. f 192

globosus Bl 193

loureiri Horan 192

nipaleusis Rose 192

sericeus Bl 192

speciosus Sm 192

. speciosus var. argyrophyllus

Wall 192

vaginalis Salisb 192

warburgii K. Schum 171

INDEX.

733

294

293

292

293

294
293

292

293
293

292

293
293

Page.

Cratoxylon Bl. 292

arborescens Vid. 293

biflorum Turcz 292

blancoi Bl 293

blancoi var. apiculatum

Merr. — •

celebicum Bl.

chinense (Retz.) Merr.

floribundum F.-Vlll

formosuin (Jack) Dyer...

hornschuchii Naves

ligustrinum Bl.

micradenium F.-Vill

polyanthum F.-Vill

polyanthum Korth.

sumatranum F.-Vill

sumatranum Naves

Croton ^7S

ardisioides Hook. f. 273

argyratus Bl 278

Cryptocarya R. Br 254

ampla Merr — 258

bicolor Merr - 255

everettii Merr 257

glauca Merr 258

lauritlora (Blanco)

Merr 254, 2 '9

luzoniensis Vid 254

palawanonsis Merr 256

pallida Merr 256

Cucurbitaceae

Curcuma L 156,166

domestica Lour 16 <

longa L - 16 i

longiflora Salisb. — 166

speciosa Link 166

zedoaria Rose 166

zerumbet Roxb. — 166

Currania Copel H2

gracilipes Copel 112

Cyatheaceae - '

Cyathea Smith 28,111

adenochlamys Christ

albosetacea (Bedd.) Copel. ..

alderwereltii Copel

alternans (Wall.) Presl

andersoni (Scott) Copel

aneitensis Hook

arachnoidea Hook

asslmilis Hook

atropurpurea Copel

batjanensis (Christ) Copel. ..
boninsimensis (Christ) Copel.
brunoniana (Wall.) Clarke &

Baker — -

brunonis Wall

burbidgei (Baker) Copel

callosa Christ

calocoma (Christ) Copel. ....
calocoma var. congesta Christ

caudata (J. Sm.) Copel 51. 53

celebica Bl 51

celebica v. A. v. R 51

chinensis Copel 55

christii Copel 42, 49

54

55
50
33

56
39
39

49
36
45
38

57
32
55

50
53
53

Page.

Cyathea dementis Copel 59

commutata Spr 36

confucii (Christ) Copel. 60

contaminans (Wall.) Copel. 52,

« 55, 60, 61

crenulata Bl 46

crinita (Hook.) Copel 40

curranii Copel 52

cyclodonta (Christ) v. A. v.

R 56

decipiens (Scott) Clarke &

Baker 57

dimorpha (Christ) Copel. .... 34

dulitensis Baker 33

elmeri Copel 54

faurlei (Christ) Copel 60

fenicis Copel 61

ferruginea Christ 48

formosana (Baker) Copel 35, 36

foxworthyi Copel. ... 46

fructuosa Copel 34

fuliginosa (Christ) Copel 43

glabra (Bl.) Copel. -- 33,34,35

halconensis Christ 51

hancockii Copel 36, 37

havilandi Baker 45

henryi (Baker) Copel 38

heterochlamydea Copel. 42

hookeri Thw 32

hymenodes Mett 47

inquinans Christ — 43

integra J. Sm 35

javanica Bl. 44

junghuhniana (Kze.) Copel. .. 58

kingii (Clarke) Copel 56

korthalsii Mett 4 7

lanaensis Christ 47

latebrosa (Wall.) Copel. ... 52, 54,
55, 56

latebrosa var. major Christ.. 52

lepifera (J. Sm.) Cep 1. 40

leucophaes Hassk. 58

leucotricha Christ 54

loheri Christ 42

loherivar. tonglonensis Christ 43

lurida (Bl.) Copel. ... 45

margarethae ( Sell r. ) Copel. .. 38

mearnsii Copel 5i

melanopus (Hassk.) Copel. .. 48

melanorachis Cop 1 38

mertensiana (Kze.) Copel. .. 59

mindanaensis (Christ) Copel. 34

mitrata Copel 42

modesta (Baker) Copel 48

moluccana R. Br 32

negrosiana Christ 42, 49

obscura (Scort.) Copel 3i

oinops Hassk. 44

oldhami 35, 59

orientalis Moore 47

ornata (Scott) Copel. 59

philippinensis Baker 34

philippinensis Baker var.

nuda Copel 411

podophylla (Hook.) Copel. 33,34,36

INDEX.

734

Page.

Cyathea polypoda Baker 35

pustulosa (Christ) Cope] 51

raciborskii Cope] 45

ramispina (Hook.) Copel. . . 36

recommutata Copel 36

rheosora (Baker) Copel. 34

ridleyi (Baker) Copel 36

rufo-pannosa Christ 41

runensis v. A. v. R 58

saccata Christ . 58

sangirensis (Christ) Copel. .. 37

schizochlamys Baker 44

sinuata Hook. & Grev 32

spinulosa Wall 57

squaniata 36

squamulata (Bl.) Copel 36, 37

strigosa Christ 41

subglandulosa (Hance) Copel. 46

suluensis Baker 35

sumatrana Baker 44, 50

teysmannii Copel 51

tomentosa (Bl.) Z. & M 40

trichodesma ( Scort. ) Copel. .. 55

tripinnata Copel 39

truncata (Brack.) Copel. .... 39

walkerae (Presl) Hook 47

wallacei (Mett.) Copel 48,55

zollingcriana Mett 41

Cynoglossum 687, 696

denticulatum DC 69 7

furcatum Wall 696

micranthum Desf 696

Cynometra L 266

alternifolia Elm. 267

densiflora Elm 267

simplicifolia Harms 266

luzoniensis Merr 266

Cyperaceae 250

I)

Daemonorops Bl 636

calapparius Bl C37

clemensianus Becc 636

curranii Becc 636

lainprolepis Becc 637

loherianus Becc. 637

margaritae Hance 636

margaritae var. palawa-

nicus Becc 636

ochrolepis var. radulo-

sus Becc 636

Damnacanthus Gaertn. f. 323

indicus Gaertn. f 323

Decaspormufn Forst 336

biancoi Vid 336, ’,03, 1,01,

paniculatum Kurz 337,

81,6, 404

rubrum Baill 1,01,

rnbrum F.-Vill 836

Dendrobium Sw .... 598, 672

acuminatum Kranzl. ... 67 2

acuminatum Rolfe 672, 673

atropurpureum Miq 599

dearei Reichb. f 599, 673

epidendropsis Kranzl 598

hymenanthum Reichb. f. 598

Page.

endrobium lyonii Ames 672, 673

merrillii Ames 599

micholitzii Rolfe 598

parthenium Reichb. f 673

sagittatum J. J. Smith.. 599

sanderae Rolfe 673

secundum Lindl 599

!’i ndrochilum Bl 593 , 594( 665

anfractoides Ames 665

anfractum (Ames)

Pfltz 665

auriculare Ames 595

bicallosum Ames 596

cinnabarium Pfltz 597

graminifolium (Ames)

Pfltz 59J,

hastatum Ames 593

hutchinsonianum Ames 595

luzonense Ames 591,

merrillii (Ames)

Pfltz 593, 591,

o c e 1 1 a t u m (Ames)

Pfltz 593, 596

oliganthum (Ames)

Pfltz 593

palawanense Ames .... 593

parvulum (Ames)

Pfltz 591,, 595

philippinense (Ames)

Pfltz 591,, 595

pulogense Ames 594

pumilum Reichb. f. .. 596, 597
sphacelatum (Ames)

Pfltz 593

strictiforme (A m e s)

Pfltz 597

tenellum Ames 593, 591,

tenue (Ames) Pfltz 591,,

595, 596

tenuifolium (Ames)

Pfltz 59J,

turpe (Ames) Pfltz. 593, 591,
venustulum (Ames)

Pfltz 591,, 595

Dendrolirium ornatum Bl 217

rugosum Bl 212

Dendrophthoe haenkeana Miq 11, j,

incarnata Bl 1J,8

luzonensis G. Don 135

malifolia Miq. 1J,J,

pentapetala G. Don 133

philippensis Miq 139

Dennstaedtia formosae Christ 62

Desmodium Desv. 267

retroflexum (L.) DC 267

Dicksonia L’H6r 62

blumei (Kze.) Moore 62

javanica Bl 62

Dimorphocalyx Thw 278

denticulatus Merr 278

Diospyros L 305

ahernii Merr 305

buxifolia (Bl.) Hiern 305

canomoi A. DC 311

curranii Merr. 306, 310

INDEX

735

Page.

Page.

Piospyros discolor Willd. 305, 308

everettii Merr 307

foveo-reticulata Merr 308

inclusa Merr. 308

korthalsiana Hiern 310

maritima B1 311

microphylla Bedd. 305

mindanaensis Merr 309

montana Roxb 310

montana var. parva Merr. .. 310

phanerophlebia Merr 310

reticulata Elm 306

subrigida Hochr. 310

whitfordii Merr 311

Dipterocarpaceae, composition and
volume Philippine dipterocarp for-
ests 699

Donax Lour 155, 193

nrundastrum K. Schum 193

arundastrum Lour 194

cannaeformis ( F o r s t . )

Rolfe 193, 191,

grandis Ridl. 194

parviflora Ridl 194

Droseraceae 263

Drosera L 263

burmanni Vahl 263

Dryopteris Adanson Ill

tenerrima Copel. Ill

Dysoxylum B1 273

klemmei Merr 273

thyrsoideum Hiern 271/

K

Ebenaeeae 305

Ehretia L 687, 690

acuminata R. Br 690

beurreria Blanco — 691

blancoi DC 691

bourreria L 691

buxifolia Roxb 692

formosana Hemsley 691

heterophylla Spreng. 692

laevis Roxb 691, 692

laevis var. timoriensis

Clarke 691

microphylla Lam. 692

mollis Merr 691

navesii Vid , 691

onava DC 690, 691

philippitiensis DC 691

polyantha DC 690

setosa Naves — 691

virgata Blanco .. . 690, 691

Blaeocarpaceae 288

Elaeocarpus L. 288

cumingii Turcz 289

curranii Merr 288

luzonicus Merr. 289

multiflorus (Turcz.) F.-

Vill. 290

sphaericus (Gaertn.) K.

Schum 290

subglobosus Merr. 290

Elettariopsis Bak 155

Ellipanthus Hook. f.

124

calophyllus F.-Vill 121)

helferi Vid 121)

luzoniensis Vid. 124, 125

mindanaensis Merr 124

tomentosus F.-Vill 121)

| Elmeria Ridl 167

bifida Ridl 179

pinetorum Ridl. .... 180

Elodea formosa Jack 291}

Elytranthe ampullacea Engl 11,6

cumingii Engl. 11,1

Embelia myrtillus Kurz 11,0

Embolanthera Merr . 263

spicata Merr. 263

Emmenopterys Oliv 321,

Enrila dichotoma Blanco 287

Epipactis Boelimer 663

clausa A. A. Eaton 663

pusilla (Bl.) A. A. Eaton.... 661,

rubicunda (Bl.) A. A. Eaton 664

Eria Lindl 201,202,673

aeridostachya Reichb. f 213, 236

anceps Leavitt 219, 237

annulata Bl 223, 21,2

armeniaca Lindl 217

bambusifolia Lindl. 203

bidens Ridl 217,218

binabayensis Ames 223, 242

brachystachya Reichb. f 221, 241

bractescens Lindl 209, 210, 231

bractescens var. latipetala

Leavitt 210, 232

clemensiae Leavitt .... '220, 238

compacta Ames 208, 231

copelandii Leavitt 203, 226

copelandii var. fusiformis

Leavitt 204, 227

curranii Leavitt 210, 233

cylindrostachya Ames 211, 234

cymbiformis J. J. Smith 224, 243

dillwynii Hooker 209

elmeri Ames 207, 208, 230

falcata J. J. Smith 211,

fastigatifolia Ames 221, 240

floribunda Lindl. 209, 231

fusca Bl 222, 241

gigantea Ames 217 , 218, 239

graciliscapa Rolfe 205, 228

halconensis Ames 224, 242

hutchinsoniana Ames 204, 227

iridifolia Hook, f 217 , 218

junghuhnii J. J. Smith 215

kingii Hook, f 218

longibracteata Leavitt 219, 238

longicruris Leavitt 205, 206, 228

longilabris Lindl 210, 232

lyonii Leavitt 212, 234

major Ridl 218, 239

mearnsii Leavitt 216, 236

merrillii Ames 213, 235

merrittii Ames 207, 229, 230

microphylla Bl 221,

odorifera Leavitt 223, 242

oligantha Hook, f 223

INDEX,

73G

Page.

Eria ornata Lindl 217, 23G

ovata Lindl 205, 207, 230

phaeotricha Schlechter 223

philippinensis Ames 204, 227, 673

polyura Lindl. ...: 203, 226

profusa Lindl 210, 233

pubescens Wight 20 7

racemosa Leavitt 206, 229

ramosii Leavitt 224, 243

retroflexa Lindl 206, 207, 229

ringens Reichb. f 203, 206, 207, 229

rugosa Lindl . 212, 235

scortechinii Stapf 218

stellata Lindl 212, 235

stricta Lindl 217

tenuifolia Ridl 204

tricuspidata Rolfe — 218

ventricosa Leavitt 211, 234

ventricosa var. benguetensis

Leavitt 212, 234

vulpina Relcbb, f 222, 241

whitfordii Leavitt 215, 236

woodlana Ames 205, 228

Ericaceae 304

Erythrophloeum Afzel 267

densiflorum (Elm.)

Merr 267

Eucalyptus L’Herit 335

globulus Labill 404

multiflora Rich 335

naudiniana F. Muell 335

tereticornis Sm 335

Eufilicineae 14

Eulophia squalida Lindl 671

Euphorbiaceae 274

Eugenia L 331, 338

acrophila C. B. Rob 389

acuminatissima Kurz 392

acuminatissima parva Merr. 391

aherniana C. B. Rob 344

alvarezii C. B. Rob 390

amplexicaulis Roxo 362, 404

angulata C. B. Rob — 354

aquea Burm. f 404

arcuatinervia Merr 379, 380

astronioides C. B. Rob 393

atropunctata C. B. Rob 385, 386

attenuata Miq 385

barnesii Merr 360

bataanensis Merr 348

bauangica Blanco 356, 40.3

benguetensis C. B. Rob 374

benthamii A. Gray — 394, 398

bordenii Merr 34 7, 375

bracteata Roxb 346, 405

bracteata roxburghii F.-Vill. 386

bracteolata Wight 388

brittoniana C. B. Rob 398

brunnea C. B. Rob 372

calubcob C. B. Rob. .. 363, 364, 403
candelabriformis C. B. Rob. 375

canliflora Blanco 356, 402

caryophyllaea Wight 405

cauliflora Blanco 356

cerasiformis DC 367

Page.

Eugenia cinnamomea Merr 393,394

cinnamomea Vid 365, 366, 404

clausa C. B. Rob 338,

380, 386, 403, 405

clavellata Merr 384

claviflora Roxb 383, 385

dementis C. B. Rob. 383

coarctata Ceron 353

congesta Merr 388, 389

conglobata C. B. Rob 359

conglomerata Duthie 405

copelandii C. B. Rob 352

costulata C. B. Rob 393

crassipes C. B. Rob 361

cumingiana Vid . 392

curranii C. B. Rob ... ..... 351

curtiflora Elm 401

cyliudrica Wight 368

cymosa F.-Vill 35 7

cymosa Lam 358, 404

decipiens Koord. & Val 386

densiflora DC 404

densinervia Merr 387, 388

diplycosifolia C. B. Rob 347

djouat Perr 387

everettii C. B. Rob. ... 371

expansa Duthie 405

fenicis C. B. Rob. ... 355

formosa Wall 404

garciae Merr 399

gardneri Bedd 405

gigantifolia Merr 350

glandulosa Blanco 357,403

glaucicalyx Merr 381

grandis Wight 404

grata Wight 404

grifflthii Duthie 404

grisea C. B. Rob 395

heyneana Duthie 405

hutchinsonii Merr 376

incrassata Elm 388

intumescens C. B. Rob 401

jambolana Lam 338,

339, 386, 403

jamboloides Koord. & Val. 396

jambos Blanco .. 356, 363, 364, 403

jambos L 369

javanica Auct. Philip 364

javanica Lam. .. 356, 363, 402, 403

javanica ? Merr 361

lacustris C. B. Rob ... 377

laeta Ham. 404

iaevicaulis Duthie 405

leptantha Wight 383

leptogyna C. B. Rob 368

leytensis Elm 354

lineata (Bl.) Duthie 366,

367, 405

lineata (Sw.) DC.) 367

lobas Blanco 355, 356, 402

loheri C. B. Rob 345

longiflora (Presl) F.-Vill. 366, 405
longipedicellata (Merr.) C.

B. Rob 349

longissima Merr 349

INDEX.

737

Page.

Eugenia lucida Lam 345

luzonensis Merr 356, 357, 403

mabaeoides Wight 347

macgregorii C. B. Rob 367

macrocarpa Roxb 353, 403, 404

malaccensis Blanco 369,1(02

malaccensis L 354, 361/, Jj03

mananquil Blanco .... 355, 393, 402

marivelesensis Merr 366

megalantha C. B. Rob 374

melliodora C. B. Rob 401

merrillii C. B. Rob 349

merrittiana C. B. Rob 369

mimica Merr 3Jf7, 396

mindanaensis C. B. Rob. .. 363, 364
mindorensis C B. Rob.

montana Blanco

montana Naves

montana Wight

multinervia C. B. Rob.

munronii Wight -

oblanceolata C. B. Rob.

oblata Roxb ~

occlusa Kurz

operculata Roxb

380, 381, 1(03, 405

palawanensis G. B. Rob 377

parva (Merr.) C. B. Rob 391

pasacaensis C. B. Rob 346

paucipunctata K o o r d . &

Val 360

paucivenia C. B. Rob. 382

pellucida Duthie 404

pellucida F.-Vill. 365

perpallida Merr 391

phanerophlebia C. B. Rob. 353

philippinensis C. B. Rob 378

polycephala Miq 400

polycephaloides C. B. Rob. 399

pulgarensis C. B. Rob. 380

pyrifolia Duthie — 405

ramosii C. B. Rob 349

robertii Merr 34 7, 374

robinsonii Elm. 398

rosenbluthii C. B. Rob. 384

roseomarginata C. B. Rob. .. 390

rubens Roxb 404

rubricaulis Duthie 405

rubrovenia C. B. Rob - 358, 359

rubropurpurea C. B. Rob 358

sablanensis Elm. 388

saligna C. B. Rob 392, 405

sexangulata Miq 354

similis Merr 381 386, 403

speciosissima C. B. Rob 348

squamifera C. B. Rob 373

striatula C. B. Rob 391, 397

subfalcata C. B. Rob 382

subfoetida C. B. Rob 360

subglauca Koord. & Val 364

subrotundifolia C. B. Rob. 362, 364

subsessilis C. B. Rob 360

succulenta Elm 374

sulcistyla C. B. Rob 368

399

403
364
405
352

404

400

405
405
338,

Page.

Eugenia tetragona Wight 405

triphylla C. B. Rob 371

tripinnata (Blanco) C. B.

Rob 357

ugoensis C. B. Rob 389

vidaliana Elm 372

whitfordii Merr 355

williamsii C. B. Rob 365

xanthophylla C. B. Rob 370,

371, 372
379
382
671
651

651

652

651

651

652
149
254
279
279
269
269
253

253

250
149
252
252
252
250
250
295
267
267
267
74
74

leucopyrus F.-Vill 74, 75

microcarpa B1 74

obovata Ham 74

virosa (Roxb.) Baill 74

Fusanus ? parasitus Blanco 151

Galearia Zoll. & Mor 280

filiformis (Bl.) Boerl 280

' Garnotiella philippinensis Stapf 250

! Gastrochilus Wall 155, 165

longipes King & Prain ..

longipetiolata Ridl

1 Gelonium Roxb

racemulosum Merr

j Geocharis K. Sch

Geostachys Ridl

Germaria latifolia Presl

j Gimbernatia calamansanai Blanco....

166

166

280

281

156

155

405

646

zamboangensis C. B. Rob

zeylanica (L.) Wight

Eulophia R. Br

Eumitria Stirt

endochroa Wain

endochroa var. farinosa

Wrain

endochroa var. papillata

Wain

endorhodina Wain. .

trullifera (Nyl.) Wain.

Eurycoma longifolia Jack

Eusideroxylon borneense F.-Vill

Everettiodendron Merr

philippinensa Merr.

Evodia Forst

monophylla Merr

Exocarpus Lab

rolfeanus (O. Kuntze)
Merr.

F

Fagaceae

Fagraea ligustrina Bl

Ficus L

merrittii Merr

nota (Blanco) Merr

Fimbristylis Vahl

cymosa R. Br

Flacourtiaceae

Flemingia Roxb

blancoana Llanos

lineata (L.) Roxb

Fluggea Willd

flexuosa Muell.-Arg

738

INDEX.

Page.

Ginalloa Korth. ISO, 153

cumtngiana (Presl) F.-Vill. 153
cumingiana var. angustifolia

Merr 153

Gironnlera Gaudich 251

curranii Merr 251

Gleicheniaceae iift 21

Gleichenia Sm 22

amboinensis v. A. v. R. .. 23

arachnoides Mett 26

bullata Moore 26

circinnata Sw 22

circinnata var. borneensis

Bak 22

crassifolia (Presl) Copel. . 25

dolosa Copel 2 1

excelsa J. Sm 26

gigantea Wall 26

glauca Hook 28

hallieri Christ .... 25

hirta 111 23

hisplda Mett 23

japonlca Spr 26

koordersi Christ 21

laevigata (Willd. ) Hook. .. 24

laevissima Christ 25

linearis (llurm.) Clarke.. 25

loheri Christ 24 j

longissima Bl. 26

norrisii Mett 26

oceanica Kuhn 24

vestita Bl. 23

vulcanica Bl. 23

warburgii Christ 25

Globba L, 155, 156, 158

barthei Gagnep 162

brevlfolia K. Schum 160

campsophylla K. Schum ... 159

ectobolus K. Schum 162, 163

gracilis K. Schum 161, 162

lieterobractea K. Schum 162,161

latifolia Ridl 161

leucocarpa Ridl. 161

marantina L 162, 163

merrillii Ridl. 160

parviflora Presl 159

parviflora Vid. 159

parviflora var. brevifolia K.

Schum 160

pulchella K. Schum. 189

pyramidata Gagnep. 158

strobilifera Zoll 161

ustulata Gagnep 163

zollingerl Gagnep 163

Glochidion Forst 87

album (Blanco) Boerl. 87, 9-4, 99

angulatum C. 11. Rob 91

benguetense Elm 97

breynioldes C. B. Rob. 95

camiguinense Merr. 96, 100

coronulatum C. B. Rob 94

cuminghii Muell.-Arg. .. 99

curranii C. B. Rob. ... 102

diversifolium Merr 101

eleutherostylum Muell.-

Arg 92

Page.

Glochidion fenicis Merr 90

hirsutum Muell.-Arg 92

lanceolatum Hayata 90

lancifolium C. B. Rob 90

latistylum C. B. Rob. ..... 93

leytense Elm 99, 100

littorale Bl 92

llanosii Muell.-Arg. 94

longistylum C. B. Rob 96

luzonenze Elm. 100

malabaricum Redd 93

malindangense Merr. 101

merrillii C. B. Rob. .. 91 ), 100

mindorense C. B. Rob 96, 98

molle Bl ... 86, 95

molle Merr 9.J

nitidum D. & G 91

phillppicum (Cav.) Benth. 99, 103

philippinense Benth 103

psidioides C. B. Rob. 92

quinquestylum Elm 89

reticulatum Elm 104

rubrum Bl 7 Jf, 9-4, 101

sablanense Elm 97

subfaleatum Elm 98

triandrum (Blanco) C. B.

Rob 89, 92, 96

trichogynum Muell.-Arg. .. 87,

94, 97, 99

urophylloides Elm 86, 90

velutinum Wight 97

villosum Miq 9-4

williamsii C. B. Rob 95

zeylanicum (Gaertn.) A.

Juuss 91

Goodyera repens R. Br 66.4

Gramineae 248

Greenea Wight & Arnott 323

corymbosa (Jack) K. Schum. 32- 4

longiflora Merr 323

Greeniopsis Merr 324

multiflora (Elm.) Merr. .. 325

philippinensis Merr 324

Grewia banahaensis Elm 291

Guttiferae 291

Gymnosphaera glabra Bl 35

squamulata Bl 37

Gynopogon parvifolia Merr 313

Gynostemma Bl 329

simplicifolia Bl 329

Gyrostemon blancoi Llanos 10 1

H

Habenaria Willd 600

leibergii Ames 600

Halophila baillonii Aschers 68

decipiens Ostenf 68

ovalis (R. Br.) Hook 67

ovata Gaudich 67, 68

Hamamelidaceae — 263

Haplochorema K. Sch 155

Hardwickia alternifolia Elm 267

pinnata Roxb 268

Iledycarpus lanceolatus Miq. 277

INDEX.

739

Page.

Hedychium Koen 155, 164

album Ham. 161f

borneense Ridl. 165

coronarium Koen. 156, 164

gandasulium Ham 161f

lingulatum Hassk 161/

philippinense K. Schum. .. 164

prophetae Ham 161/

Hedysarum lineatum L 26 7

Heliophytum indicum DC. 695

Heliotropium Tourn 695

bracteatum R. Br 695

coromandelianum Naves 695,
696

curassavicum L. 695

indicum L 695

parviflorum Blanco 695

strigosum Willd. 695

Hellenia grandiflora Retz 192

pubiflora Benth. 188

rufa Presl 190

Helminthostachys Kaulf 7

zeylanica (L.)

Hook 8

Hemiandrina borneensis Hook, f 12 7

Hemitelia R. Br. 28

capensis R. Br. 61

crenulata Mett 1/5

manilensis Presl 59

sumatrana v. A. v. R 50

Heterospathe Scheff. 610

cagayanensis Becc 611

elata Scheff 612

negrosensis Becc 611

philippinensis Becc. .. 610, 611

Heynea Roxb 273

sumatrana Miq 273

trijuga Roxb 273

trijuga var. multijuga C. DC. 273

Hibiscus batacensis Blanco 290

Hillia longiflora Blanco 11/5

Homalanthus A. Juss 282

bicolor Merr 282

fastuosus P.-Vill 282

populneus Pax .... 282

Homalium Jacq .. 297

curranii Merr 297

luzoniense F.-Vill 297

villarianum Vid 29 7

Ilornstedtia Retz 155, 156, 174

conica Ridl ... 175

conoidea Ridl .. 175

imperialis Ridl 177

lophophora Ridl. 176

megalocheila Ridl 175

microcheila Ridl 176

paradoxa Ridl 179

philippinensis Ridl 172, 175

Hydnocarpus Gaertn 297

subfalcata Merr 297

venenata Gaertn 298

Hydropteridineae .... 11

Hypericum L 294

aegyptium Blanco 291/

bifiorum Lam 292

ehinense Retz 292

Page.

Hypericum coehinchinense Lour 292

formosanum Maxim. 295

giraldii Keller 295

loheri Merr 294

olympicum Blanco 293

1

Illicium L 254

evenium King 251/

philippinense Merr — 254

Ilythuria cannaeformis Raf 193.

Ionopsis utricularioides Lindl. 600

Ipomoea L. 320

congesta R. Br 320

J

Jambolifera peduneulata L 387

Jambosa DC 331,338

acuminatissima Hassk 392

alba G. Don 363

barnesii Merr 360

bataanensis Merr 31/8

garciae Merr 399

lineata Merr 366, 395

longipedicellata Merr. 31/9

luzonensis Merr 356

saligna Miq. 392

vulgaris DC 369

vulgaris Merr 361

Justicia L 321

procumbens L 322

tenuis Merr 321

K

Kaempferia L 156, 165

galanga L 165

humilis Salisb. 165

plantaginifolia Salisb. ... 165

sessilis Koen 165

Kaulfussia B1 H

Kayea paniculata {Blanco) Merr 403

racemosa P.-Vill 1/03

Kickxia B1 815

blancoi Rolfe 315

merrittii Merr 315

Kingiodendron Harms - 267

alternifolium (Elm.)

Merr. & Rolfe 267

Kirganelia alba Blanco 99

nigrescens Blanco 86

pumila Blanco 86

triandra Blanco 92

villosa Blanco 91/

Kolowratia Presl 155, 181

elegans Presl 181

erucaeformis Ridl 182

Korthalsia B1 613

robusta B1 621

scaphigera Mart 620

scaphigeroides Becc 619, 620

squarrosa Becc 620, 621

Kosteletzkya Presl - 290

batacensis (Blanco)

F.-Vill 290

Kurrimia gracilis Vid 287

740 INDEX.

Page.

Laguncularia purpurea Gaudich 61)7

Lanthorus blumeanus Van Tiegh 133

cumingii Van Tiegh 133

pentasepalus Van Tiegh. .. 133

spicifer Presl 133

Lasianthus pilosus F.-Vill 328

Lauraceae 254

Lecythidaeeae 299

Legnotis lanceolata Blanco 337, 1)0 1)

Leguminosae 265

Leprocaulon arbuscula Nyl 662

Leptonychia Turcz 291

banaliaensis (Elm.)

Merr 291

heteroclita ( R o x b . )

Kurz 291

Leptopteris Presl Ilf

Leptosolena Presl 155, 180

haenkei Presl 181

insignis Ridl 181

Leptospermum Forst 335

amboinense B1 335

annae Stein 335

flavescens Smith 335

porophyllum Cav 335

thea Willd 335

Leucopogon malayanus Jack llf9

Leucoxylum buxifolium B1 305

Lichenes 651

Linociera Sw 312

acuminatissima Merr 312

pallida Merr 313

philippinensis Merr 313

Liparis confusa J. J. Smith 666

Litosanthes B1 326

biflora B1 326

Litsea Lam 259

bicolor Merr 259

cinnamomea B1 261

grandis Hook, f 261

hutchinsonii Merr 259

luzonica (Bl.) F.-Vill 260

philippinensis Merr 260

villosa Bl 261

zeylanica C. & Fr. Nees 261

Livistona R. Br 615

cochinchinensis Bl 618

inaequisecta Becc 616, 618

microcarpa Becc 616

mindorensis Becc 615

rotundifolia Mart. 616

whitfordii Becc 615

Lonicera symphoricarpus Blanco 139

Loranthaceae 129

Loranthus L 129, 130, 131

acuminatissimus Merr 143

acutus (Van Tiegh.) Engl. 135

ahernianus Merr 143

ampullaceus Roxb. 145

banahaensis Elm 145

barthei Engl 11)1)

basilanensis Merr 134

benguetensis Merr 134

btcolor Roxb 149

blcoloratus Elm. ... 137

Page.

Loranthus blancoanus F.-Vill 148

blumeanus Engl 133

boholensis Merr 141

carinatulus Wall 149

cauliflorus Merr 136

dementis Merr 140

coccineus Jack 149

congestiflorus Merr. 147

copelandii Merr 140

cuernosensis Elm 138

cumingianus Engl 135, 11)1

cumingii Engl 133, 135, 11)1

curranii Merr. 144

curvatus Bl 11)1

curvatus Vid 11)0

estipitatus Stapf 139

fasciculatus Bl 149

ferrugineus Roxb 140

formosus F.-Vill 11)6

forsterianus Llanos 135

fuscus Bl 139, 149

geminatus Merr 146

globosus Roxb 149

globosus Vid 11)6

haenkeanus Presl 144

halconensis Merr 143

hallieri Merr. . 140

heteranthus Wall 148

hexanthus Merr 137

hutchinsonii Merr. 138

incarnatus Jack 11)8

lanaensis Merr 136

loheri Merr 140

luzonensis Presl 135

macgregorii Merr 146

malifolius Presl 11)1)

mearnsii Merr 136

merrittii Merr 134

miudanaensis Merr 142

mirabilis Van Huerck &

Muell.-Arg 135

nodosus Engl 131)

ovatifolius Merr 143

pallens Wall 149

pauciflorus Blanco 11)9

pentandrus L 141

pentapetalus Roxb 133

philippensis C. & S 139, 11)9

pulcher DC 149

repan dus Bl 139

retusus Jack 149

revolutus Merr 142

scurrula L 139, 149

secundiflorus Merr 142

sessiliflorus Merr 133

sessilifolius Engl 135

sphaerocarpus Bl 149

splienoideus Bl 139, 11)9

spicifer F.-Vill 133

subalternifolius Merr 141

tenuis Merr. 136

tomentosus Blanco 11)9

tomentosus Naves 11)5

viridis Merr 145

wallichianus Schult 149

williamsii Merr 148

INDEX.

741

Page.

Loropetalum R. Br — 26'i

T.owiaceae 156

Lowia Scort - 156

Liumnitzera Willd 647

coccinea W. & A 6Jf8

littorea (Jack) Voigt .... 647

pedicellata Presl 6'f8

purpurea Presl ... 61/7

racemosa Willd 331f, 647

Lygodium Sw 17

basilanicum Christ 18

circinnatum (Burm.) Sw. .. 18

digitatum Presl 18

flexuosum (L.) Sw 19, 20

japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. .. 20

matthewi Copel 20

mearnsii Copel - 19

merrilli Copel - 20

polystachyum Wall 19

salicifolium Presl 19

scandens (L.) Sw 19

semihastatum ( C a v . )

Desv 18

teysmannii v. A, v. R 18

trifurcatum Baker 18

31

Macaranga Thou 282

congestiflora Merr 282

Machilus Nees 262

nervosa Merr. 262

Macroglossum Copel 9

alidae Copel 9

Magnoliaceae 254

Maingaya Oliv 261)

Mallotus Lour 283

korthalsii Muell.-Arg 283

muricatus Muell.-Arg 126

Malvaceae 290

Marantaceae 155, 156, 193

Maranta L 197

arundinacea L 197

Marattiaceae 8

Marattia Sw 10

fraxinea Sm 10

pellucida Presl 10

sambucina B1 10

silvatica B1 10

ternatea de Vr 11

vestita Christ 10

Marsileaceae 1 1

Marsilea L 12

brachycarpa A. Br. 13

brachypus A. Br — 13

condensata Baker 13

corornandelica Burm 13

crenata Presl 12

gracilenta A. Br IS

mearnsii Christ 12

minuta L 12, 13

quadrata A. Br 13

quadrifolia L 12

Matoniaceae 27

Matonia R. Br 27

foxworthyi Copel 27

pectinata R. Br 27

Page

Mayepea pallida Merr 31.3

Mearnsia Merr ... 334

halconensis Merr. 334

Medinilla Gaudich . 302

curranii Merr. 302

luzoniensis Hook, f — Uf9

mindorensis Merr. 302

ovalis Merr. .. 303

verticillata Merr 302

Melaleuca cumingiana Turcz. 404

grandiflora Blanco JfOJf

leucadendron L 404

thea Wendl 3.35

Melanthesa acuminata Muell.-Arg. .. 10Jf

cernua Decne 105

cernua acutifolia Muell.-

Arg 105

Melasma Berg 70

Melastomataceae 302

Meliaceae 270

Meliosma B1 286

lancifolia Hook. f. 286

monophylla Merr 286

Melothria L 330

scaberrima Merr. 330

zeylanica Clarke 330

Memecylon L 304

oligoneuron B1 304, 405

Menais blanda Blanco 691

mollis Blanco 691

Metabolus ferrugineus DC 328

Metrosideros pictipetala Blanco .... 337, JfO-'f

vera Lindl 404

Mezoneurum Desf 268

glabrum Desf. 268

latisiliquum ( C a v . )

Merr 268

procumbens Blanco 268

Microdesmis Planch 283

caseariaefolia Planch. .... 283

Monophrynium K. Schum. — 155, 196

congestum Ridl. 197

fasciculatum K. Schum. 196

simplex Elm 196

Moraceae - 252

Musaceae - 156, 198

Musa L 198

abaca Perr 109

coccinea Andr 199

mindauaensis Miq - 199

paradisiaca L 156, 199

sapientum L 156, 199

sylvestris Colla 199

textilis Nee 199

troglodytarum var. textoria

Blanco 199

Mussaendiopsis Baill 62-i

multiflora Elm 32Jf, 325

Myrtaceae 331

Myrtus acuminatissima B1 392

cerasiformis B1 367

communis Blanco 336, 1/03, IfOJf

cumini L 387

lineata B1 36 t

lineata Sw 307

mananquil Blanco 35o, J/02

74*2

INDEX,

Page.

Myrtus subrubens Blanco 357, 1/03

trlpinnata Blanco 357, 1/03

tomentosa Alt 337

N

Nauclea L 326 j

angustifolia Havil 326

chalmersii F. Muell 326

jagori Merr 326

Nelitris paniculata Lindl 337

rubra B1 JfOl/

rubra Vid 336

urvillael Benth 337

Neolitsea (Benth.) Merr. 261

villosa (Bl.) Merr 261

zeylanica Merr 261

Neuropogon melaxanthus var. ciliatus

Nyl 653

Neyraudia Hook. f. 250

madagascarensis (Kunth)

Hook, f 250

Nicolaia Horan 17 if

Iraperialis Horan 177

Nigrina L .' 70

Nigrina Thunb 70

Normanbya F. Muell 606

merrillii Becc. 606, 608

muelleri Becc 609

Notothixos Oliver ISO, 152

curranii Merr, 152

philippinensis Elm 153

sulphureus Merr 152

Nuytsia R. Br 130

o

Oberonia Lindl 666

aporophylla Reichb. f 666

Ochrosia Juss 315

littoralis Merr 315

Octomeria stellata Spreng 213

Odontychium K. Sch 155

Olacaceae 253, 312

Omphalobium obliquum PresI 126

pictum Blanco 125

Oncoba Forsk 296

Oncosperma Bl 609

filaraentosum Bl 610

gracilipes Becc 609, 610

horridum (Grift.) Scheff. 610

platyphyllum Becc 609

Ophioglossaceae 3

Ophioglossum L. 3

braunii Prantl 4

fibrosum Schum 3

gramineum Willd 4

inconspicuum v. A. v. R.

intermedium Hook 5

japonicum Prantl 4

macrorhizum Kze 5

obovatum Miq 4

parvifolium Grev. &

Hook 5

pedunculosum Desv 4, 5

pendulum L 5

pumilum v. A. v. R 1/

Page.

Ophioglossum reticulatum L 4

simplex Ridl 5

timorense Miq 4

Orania Zipp 614

decipiens Becc .... 614, 615

decipiens f. mindanaoensis

Becc 615

macrocladus Mart 615

philippinensis Scheff. 611/. 615

regalis Bl. 615

Orchidaceae 593, 663

Orchipeda foetida Vid 319

Oropogon Th. Fr 656

loxensis (Fee) Th. Fr 656

loxensis f. fuscescens Wain. 656

Osbornia F. Muell 333

octodonta F. Muell 333

Osmelia Thw 298

Osmundaceae 14

Osmunda L 15

banksiifolia (Presl) Kuhn.. 16

bipinnata Hook 15

bromeliifolia (Presl)

Copel. 16,17

cinnamomea L 16

cinnamomea var. foklenense

Copel. 16

clayton iatia L. 16

Javanica Bl 17

lancea Thunb 16

mildei C. Chr 15

regalls L 15

regalis var. japonlca Thunb. 15, 16

vachelii Hook 17

Ostodes Bl 283

serrato-crenata Merr. 283

r

Palmae 601

Panicum L 248

arnottianum Nees 21/8

caespitosum Sw 21/9

cordatum Biise 249

dichotomiflorum Michx 21)9

luxurians Merr 21/9

luxurians Willd 2Jf9

malabaricum (L.) Merr. .... 248

miliare Lam 21/9

montanum Roxb 21/9

multinode Presl ... 21/9

nodosum Hook, f 21/8, 21/9

ouonbiense Balansa 21/9

paludosum Roxb. .... 249

proliferum Hook, f 21/9

prostratum Lam 21/9

reptans L 249

Parinarium Aubl 264

curranii Merr 264

racemosum Merr 261/

racemosum Vid 261/

Parkeriaceae 26

Parmelia (Ach.) De Not 657

americana (Mey. & Flot.)

Mont 660

biformis Wain. 660

INDEX.

743

Page. |

Parmelia biformis f. dataensis Wain. 661
biformis f. pauaiensis Wain. 661

cetrata Ach. * 659

clandelii (Harm.) Wain 659

clandelii var. clemensae

Wain - 659

coralloidea (Mey. & Flot.)

Wain 658

corniculans Nyl 658

denegans Nyl 661

disparilis Nyl 658

dissecta Nyl. 660

endochlora Height 661

fecunda Hue 659

hookeri Tayl 660

laevigata 661

latissimS. var. cristifera

(Tayl.) Hue 659

macrocarpoides Wain 659

manilensis Wain 659

meiphora Nyl 660

merrillii Wain 658

nilgherrensis Nyl 657

perlata Kraempelh 657

saccatiloba Nyl 65 7

sorochelia Wain .... 660

subdissecta Nyl ... 660

subtiliacea Nyl 659

tiliaeea 660

zollingeri Hepp 657

Pentaptera mollis Pros] 61t3

Peramium repens Salisb 661 \

Peranema Don Ill

cyatheoides Don Ill

luzonica Copel Ill

Persea sterculioides Elm 262

Petaloma alba Blanco 61fl

coccinea Blanco 61/8

Petalostigma F. Muell 280

Phacelophrynium K. Schum 155, 194

bracteosum K.

Schum 195

interr upturn K.

Schum 194

Phaeomeria Hindi 156, 11/ 1/, 177

imperialis Hindi 177

Phaius Hour 671

grandiflora Hour 671

Phalaenopsis B1 599

equestris Reichb. f 599

lindenii Hoher 599, 600

rosea Hindi 599

schilleriana Reichb. f. 599, 600
veitchiana Reichb. f. .. 599, 600

Phanera maculata Rich 265, 266

Phanerosorus Copel 28

sarmentosus (Baker)

Copel. ... 28

Phoebe Nees 262

opaca BI 263

sterculioides (Elm.) Merr 262

Phoenicanthemum pentapetalum Miq. 133

Pholidota Hindi 665

sesquitorta Kranzl 665

ventricosa (Bl.) Reichb. f. 665

Page.

Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin 250

Phreatia Hindi 674

bracteata Ames 674

scaphioglossa Schltr 674

Plirygilanthus Eichl 130, 151

obtusifolius Merr 151

Phrynium Willd. 155, 195

capitatum Willd 196

fasciculatum Horan 196

malaccense Ridl 196

philippinensis Ridl 195

Phyllanthinae 71

Phyllanthus H 75

acidissimus Muell. -Arg. 87

acidus Merr 87

acuminatissimus C. B.

Rob 78

albus Muell. -Arg 99

benguetensis C. B. Rob. 78

blancoanus Muell.-

Arg 83, 85

buxifolius (Bl.) Muell. -

Arg 85

carolinianus Blanco 81

cernuus Poir 105

chamissonis Klotz 77

compressicaulis Muell. -

Arg 86

cordatulus C. B. Rob 76, 7 9

cumingii Muell. -Arg 99

curranii C. B. Rob 77

distichus Muell. -Arg 87

diversifolius Miq 101

dumosus C. B. Rob 79

eriocarpus Muell. -Arg. .. 86

everettii C. B. Rob 80

gaudichaudii marianus

Muell. -Arg 86

gigantifolius Vid. 99

insulanus Muell. -Arg 86

kirganelia Blanco 81

laciniatus C. B. Rob 84

lamprophyllus Muell. -

Arg 76

leucogynus Muell. -Arg. .. 86

leytensis Elm 85

littoralis Muell. -Arg 92

llanosit Muell. -Arg 94

marianus Muell. -Arg 86

microcarpus Muell. -Arg. 77
mindorensis C. B. Rob. .. 82, 85

mollis F.-Vill 95

mollis Muell. -Arg 95

multilocularis Muell.-

Arg 86

myrtifolius Wight 81

nigrescens Muell. -Arg. .. 86

niruri Blanco 83

niruri H 81, 86

philippinensis Muell. -

Arg 103

phillyreaefolius Poir 86

pubescens Klotz 91f

pulcher Muell. -Arg 86

pumilus Muell. -Arg 86

91262 6

744

INDEX.

Page.

Phyllanthus retleulatus Merr 105

retlculatus Poir. ... 77

rhamnoides Retz 101f

samarensis Muell.-Arg. .. 79, 81

simplex Retz 81, 86

sttpularis Merr 82, 85

tenuipes C. B. Rob. 78

tetrander Blanco 83

triandrus Muell.-Arg 92

Page.

i olypodium subsecundo - dissectum

Zoll 114

tenuilore Kze lilt

tenuisectum B1 lilt

Polystachya Lindl 666

luteola Hook 666

Prosaptia Presl 115

linearis Copel 115

Psidium L. 336

tricliogynus Muell.-

Arg - 97

triphlebius C. B. Rob. .... 82

urinaria L 78, 79, 86

villosus Poir 91,

virosus Roxb 77/, 75 |

Pilularia L 11

Pimeleodendrou dispersum Elm. ... 276

Pinalia floribunda O. Kuntze 209

Pinanga B1 602

distlcha B1 003

geonomaeformis Becc 602

negrosensis Becc 606

rigida 606

sclerophylla Becc 603, 601t, 606

woodiana Becc 604

Pisonia inermis Forst 690

Plagiogyria Mett H4

glauca Mett Hit

nana Copel 114

Plagiostachys Ridl 155, 156, 177

elegans Ridl 178

? parviflora Ridl 178

philippinensis Ridl 177

? rolfei Ridl 179

Plectronia L 326

glabra (Bl.) Kurz 327

megacarpa Merr 326

Pleiogynium Engl 284

solanderi (Benth.) Engl. 284

Plinia paniculata Blanco - If03

Poa malabarica L 21,8

Podochilus Bl 667

aclcularis Hook, f 669

bicaudatus Schltr 669

clemensiae Ames 667

crotalinus Ames 667

cumingii Schltr 668

distichus Schltr 66 7

lancifolius Schltr 667

microphyllus Lindl 668, 669

pendulus Schltr. 66 7

plumosus Ames 668

scluroides Schltr 668

strictus Ames 669

tenuis Lindl. 669

zollingeri Reichb. f. —

Polypodium Linn 114

curranii Copel 114

decorum Brack 415

dollchopterum Copel lHt

gedeanum Racib Hlf

minutum Bl Hlf

subfalcatum Bl Hit

subpinnatifidum Bl H4

aromaticum Blanco 336, 1,03

guajava L 332, 336, 403

pomiferum L -- 336

pumilum Vahl 336

pyriferum L 336, 1,03

Ptychoraphis philippinensis Becc 610

Ptychosperma Labill 609

Putranjiva Wall. 280

Pyramidocarpus Oliv. 296

Pyrranthus litioreus Jack 61j7

Pygeum latifolium Miq - lf05

preslil Merr 405

(>

Quercus L 250

merrittii Merr 251

obliquinervia Merr. 250

Qulsqualis L. 649

densiflora F.-Vill 67/9

indica L 649

malabarica F.-Vill 67/9

spinosa Naves 61,9

K

Ramalina Ach. 656

gracilenta Ach 656

gracilenta var. torulosa Nyl. 656

intermedia (Del.) Nyl 6>6

linearis (Sw.) Muell.-Arg. .. 656

pollinaria (Westr.) Ach 656

pollinaria var. insularis

Wain 656

pollinaria var. intermedia

(Nyl.) 656

scoparia Wain 656

subfraxinea Nyl 656

subfraxinea var. subcanali-

culata Nyl — 656

vittata Nyl 657

Randia olaciformis Merr 323

Rauwolfia L 316

javanica Koord. & Val 316

samarensis Merr. 316

spectabilis (Miq.) Boerl 316

sumatrana Jack 316

Ravenala madagascariensis Gmel.

Regnellidium Lindm.

Renealmia exaltata Blanco

gracilis Blanco

Rhabdia lycioides Mart

Rhamnaceae

Rhodamnia glabra Vid.

trinervia Bl

Rhodomyrtus (DC.) Reichb

tomentosa Hassk

156, 199
11
181
181

693

287

307,, 1,05
404
337
337, 1,03

INDEX,

745

Page.

Rosaceae 264

Rotula Lour 693

aquatica Lour 693

Rourea AubI , 117 , 122, 125

commutata Planch 128

dasyphylla Miq 128

erecta (Blanco) Merr ... 125

heterophylla Planch. 125

multiflora Planch 125

rugosa F.-Vill 128

santa loides W. & A 128

volubilis (Blanco) Merr. 125

Rubiaceae 323

Rutaceae 269

S

Sabiaceae 286

Saceolabium B1 675

chionanthum Lindl 675

perpusillum Hook, f 675

Salgada lauriflora Blanco 251,

Salviniaceae 13

Salvinia (Micheli) Adans 14

cucullata Roxb 14

natans (L.) All 14

Santalaceae 253

Sareopodium Lindl 673

acuminatum var. lyonii

Kranzl 673

stella silvae Kranzl 673

Satyrium repens L 661,

Sauropus B1 72

albicans B1 72

androgynus (L.) Merr 72

brevipes Muell.-Arg 73

macranthus F.-Vill 72

scandens C. B. Rob 72

Scepasma buxifolia B1 85

Schizaeaceae 11, , 17

Schizaea Smith 20

dichotoma (L. ) Smith 21

digitata (L.) Sw 21

flstulosa Labill 21

malaccana Baker 21

Schleidenia parciflora Llanos 695

Scitamineae 155, 157

Sclerococcus BartI 328

Scurrula haenkeana G. Don 11,1,

malifolia G. Don 11,1,

philippensis G. Don 139 ■

Scutinanthe engleri Elm 273

Securinega Comm 73

acuminatissima C. B. Rob. 73

flexuosa Muell.-Arg 71,

microcarpa Muell.-Arg 71,

obovata Muell.-Arg 7.)

ovata Vid 71,, 75

Semecarpus perrottetii March 286

Sesbania Pers 269

aculeata var. paludosa Baker 269

cochinchinensis Kurz 269

grandiflora Miq 269

paludosa Prain 269

roxburghii Merr 269

Page.

Spondias pleiogyna F. Muell 281,

solanderi Benth 281,

Stemmatophyllum acutum Van Tiegh. 135

cumingii Van Tiegh. 135

1 uzonense Van

Tiegh 135

nodosum Van Tiegh. 131,

sessilifolium Van

Tiegh 135

Sterculiaceae 291

Stereocaulon Schreb 661

alpina Laur 662

arbuscula Nyl 662

graminosum Schaer 662

nanum var. arbuscula

Nyl 662

nesaeum Nyl 661

nesaeum var. lecideoides

Wain. 662

nesaeum var. zeorina

Wain 661

tomentosa Laur 662

turgescens Nyl 662

Strobilanthes B1 322

mearnsii Merr 322

pluriformis Clarke 323

Stromatopteris Mett 21

Strophioblachia Boerl 284

fimbricalyx Boerl 284

Sycopsis Oliv 261,

Symplocaceae 107

Symplocos L 107

ahernii Brand 109

angularis Elm 107

cumingiana Brand 107, 110

curtiflora Elm 107

ferruginea Roxb. var. phil-

ippinensis Brand 109

floridissima Brand.. 107 , 108, 109
floridissima var. serrata

Brand 108

fragrans Elm 107

hutchinsonii Brand 109

imbricata Brand 108

imperialis Brand 109

inconspicua Brand 110

merrilliana Brand 110

oblongifolia (Presl) Rolfe.. 109

patens Presl 109

peninsularis Brand 110

polyandra Brand 109

whitfordii Brand 110

Syzygium Gaertn 331, 338

acuminatissimum DC 392

caryophyllaceum Merr 367

jambolanum DC 386

jambulanum Blanco 1,03

latifolium Blanco 386, 1,03

longiflorum Presl 366

nitidum Benth 391,

pallidum Merr 391

subdecurrens Miq 392

INDEX.

74(>

Page.

Tabernaeiuontana L 316

caudata Merr -• 316

globosa Blanco 379

linearifolia Merr. .. 317

megacarpa Merr 318

mucronata Merr 318

pandacaqui Polr 319

puberula Merr 319

Terminalia L 300, 647, 642

alata F.-Vill 6-46

angustifolia Blanco 643

arjuna Bedd. 647

belerica F.-Vill 643

belerlca var. laurinoides

F.-Vill 645

blancoi Merr 645

calamansanai (Blanco)

Rolfe 647, 646

calamansanai var. acumi-
nata Merr 646

calamansanai var. platyp-

teris Merr 646

catappa L 301, 642, 6Jf3, 6Jfi

chebula F.-Vill 300, 544

comintana (Blanco) Merr. 300,
SOI, 644, 647

edulis Blanco 643

ellipsoidea Merr 644

glabrata Forst. 643

latifolia Blanco 642

littoralls Seem 643

magarapali Vid 647, 643

mauritlana Blanco 642

mollis Merr 645

mollis Rolfe ..' 64 !

multiflora Merr 300, 6JfJf

nitens Presl , - 645

oocarpa Merr. 644

parviflora Merr 646

parviflora Presl 646

pellucida Merr 644

pellucida Presl 644

polyantha Presl 300,

6J,3, 644, 646, 647

procera F.-Vill 64 3

quadrialata Merr. .. 301, 647, 647

Thalia cannaeformis Forst. f 7 93

Thelasis 67®

capitata B1 67, >

macrobulbon Ridl 675

obtusa B1 675

Tiaridium indicum Lehm. 695

Timonius Rumph 327

appendiculatus Merr 327

Todea Willd 1J>

Tournefortia L. ®93

arborea Blanco 693

argentea L 693

hirsutlssima Blanco 694

horsfieldii Miq 694

sarmentosa Lam. 694

urvilleana Cham 69 4

Trichadenla Thw. 298

philippinensis Merr 298

zeylanica Thw 299

Trichilia rimosa Blanco ....

Trichodesma R. Br

indicum R. Br

zeylanicum R. Br.

Trichoglottis B1

lanceolaria B1

latisepala Ames 67

retusa B1

Trichosanthes L

villosa B1

Tridesmis ochnoides Spach

Trigonotis Stev

philippinensis Merr. ...

Tristania R. Br.

decorticata Merr

Troostwyckia singulars Miq

II

Page.

273

696

696

696

675

676
5, 676

676
330
330
294
687
687
334
334
1 27

Ulmaceae

Usnea (Dill.) Pers

australis Fr

australis f. subinermis Wain. ..

ciliata (Muell.-Arg.) Wain

cinchonarum (Fde) Wain

dichotoma Fr

florida (L. ) Wain

florida var. subcomosa Wain. ..

flexilis Stirt

fragilis Wain

furcata Wain

furcata var. communis Wain. ..
furcata var. marivelensis Wain.

longissima Ach ----

longissima var. misamisensis

longissima var. rubiginosa Hepp
longissima var. typica Wain. ..

perplexans (Stirt.) Wain

philippina Wain

philippina var. mearnsii Wain,
philippina var. primaria Wain.

pycnoclada Wain

squarrosa Wain

trichodea Ach 653

trichodea var. ciliata Muell.-

Arg

trichodea var. rubiginosa

(Hepp) Muell.-Arg

vriesiana Mont. & v. d. Bosch. ..

V

Vaccinium L

alvarezii Merr

barandanum Vid

benguetense Vid

Ventilago Gaertn. :

dichotoma (Blanco) Merr.

gracilis Merr. & Rolfe

leiocarpa Benth.

lucens Miq

luzoniensis Vid.

maderaspatana F.-Vill. ...

maderaspatana Vid

monoica Blanco

oblongifolia B1

261

652

652

652

653
652
655
652
652

655

655

655

655

655

655
65 4
655

652

653
653
653

653

654
, 654

653

654

655

304

304

304

304

287

287

287

287

287

287

287

287

287

287

INDEX.

747

Verbenaceae

Viburnum L

coriaceum B1

floribundum Merr

glaberrimum Merr

luzonicum Rolfe

Viscum

angulatum Heyne

articulatum Burm

capense Llanos

compressum Poir

cumingianum Presl

falcatum Llanos

japonlcum Thunb

monoicum Presl

opuntla Thunb

opuntioides Cav

orientale Willd

oxycedri Llanos —

pbilippense Llanos

ramosissimum Wight .. . ..

Vitex L

littoralis Dene -

pentaphylla Merr

turezaninowii Merr.

Voacanga Thou

cumingiana Rolfe

globosa (Blanco) Merr.
plumeriaefolia Elm

Page.

320

328

329

328

329 J
329

130, 151
151
151
151
151
153

151

152

151

152
151
151 ‘
151
151
151

320

321

320

321
319
319
319
318

AY

Webera macrophylla Roxb 323

Willoughbya Roxb 320

luzoniensis Merr 320

X

Xanthophytum Reinw

fruticulosum Reinw.

villarii Vid

Xanthostemon F. Muell

merrillii Pamp.

speciosus Merr

verdugonianus Naves

Xylophylla obovata Willd

Xylophyllos rolfeana O. Kuntze

Page.
328
328
328
334
331,
33k
331, 334
... 74,75
253

Zalacca Reinw

blumeana Mart

clemensiana Becc

edulis B1

vermicularis Becc.
Zarcoa philippica Llanos ....

Zerumbet zingiber Lestib

Zingiberaceae

Zingiber Adans

amaricans B1

blancoi Hassk

cassumunar Roxb.

mollis Ridl

officinale Rose

ovoideum B1

pubisquama Ridl.
spectabile Griff. .

spurium Koen

truncatum Stokes

zerumbet Sm

Zizyphus Juss

Zizyphus hutchinsonii Merr.

618

619

618

619

619

99, 100, 103

169

155, 157

155, 156, 168

169

......... 169

167, 169

168

168

... 169

169

170

169

169

169

288

288

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